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Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of the United States Navy) ship was named . Meanwhile, John Ericsson had similar ideas, and received funding to build . Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the U.S. Army at the beginning of the war, devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South. Lincoln adopted the plan in terms of a blockade to squeeze to death the Confederate economy, but overruled Scott's warnings that his new army was not ready for Document [2] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862. As its economy steadily degenerated, it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens. Abbreviations used in these notes: Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, Document [3] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The Document [4] (Title: Anaconda Plan) a few weeks, as the state militias were incorporated into the national service, the militias of Indiana and Illinois were added to his command. From this power base, he felt enabled on April 27, 1861 to write a letter to General Winfield Scott outlining his strategy. He proposed an immediate march on Richmond, by this time the capital of the Confederacy, directed up the Kanawha River; alternatively, if Kentucky were to leave the Union, a march directly across that state should take Nashville, after which he would "act on circumstances." Scott's endorsement of McClellan's letter, which he submitted to the Document [5] (Title: Anaconda Plan) The form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days. Consequently, the Anaconda has been somewhat rehabilitated, and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincoln's strategy throughout. The Anaconda had a logical development, both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle. The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln. On April 19, 1861, a week after the bombardment of Fort Sumter that marked the outbreak of the war, he announced that the ports Document [6] (Title: Anaconda Plan) his army numbered approximately 29,500 men. When word of the loss of Vicksburg reached the garrison at Port Hudson, Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner, the commander there, knew that further resistance was pointless. On July 9, 1863, he surrendered the post and its garrison to the Federal Army of the Gulf and its commander, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. Henceforth, in the phrase of Abraham Lincoln, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea." The Anaconda Plan as proposed by Scott relied on the blockade, as he stated it, "so as to envelop the insurgent States and bring them Document [7] (Title: George B. McClellan) control the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy, accompanied by a strong Union blockade of Southern ports. This plan, which would require considerable patience of the Northern public, was derided in newspapers as the Anaconda Plan, but eventually proved to be the outline of the successful prosecution of the war. Relations between the two generals became increasingly strained over the summer and fall. McClellan's first military operations were to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and subsequently became the state of West Virginia. He had received intelligence reports on May 26 that the Document [8] (Title: Anaconda Plan) snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. In the early days of the Civil War, Winfield Scott's proposed strategy for the war against the South had two prominent features: first, all ports in the seceding states were to be rigorously blockaded; second, a strong column of perhaps 80,000 men should use the Mississippi River as a highway to thrust completely through the Confederacy. A spearhead, a relatively small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats, should advance rapidly, capturing the Confederate positions down the river in sequence. They would be followed by Document [9] (Title: American Civil War) Britain. By early 1861, General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but he overruled Scott's caution about 90-day volunteers. Public opinion, however, demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond. In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; Document [10] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Most historians regard this as merely a modification of the basic strategy in the course of events. At least one serious historian, however, denies that there ever was anything like a coherent strategy for subduing the South. Rowena Reed contends that the central government in Washington was unable to impose its will on the field commanders, so that the war was a series of independent campaigns, each of which was conducted according to the whims of whatever general happened to be in charge. According to her view, the Anaconda is a later, conceptual imposition of order on events for which Document [11] (Title: Anaconda Plan) permission from the Navy Department and troops from the War Department to seize the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay. Following his famous "Damn the torpedoes" run past the forts, they fell and were occupied by Federal soldiers. Mobile itself remained in Confederate control, but it was no longer useful as a port. Although a century and a half has elapsed since the end of the Civil War, the importance of the Anaconda Plan remains to some extent a matter of debate. Clearly, the war was not the relatively bloodless affair that General Scott promised in his original proposal. Document [12] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Kentucky. Perhaps most damaging, the war as proposed would subjugate the Confederacy piecemeal, with by necessity the border states bearing most of the burden, "instead of enveloping them all (nearly) at once by a cordon of ports on the Mississippi to its mouth from its junction with the Ohio, and by blockading ships on the sea board." The germ of Scott's Anaconda Plan for suppressing the insurrection is seen in the endorsement. In a few days, he had given it more thought, and he submitted his own proposal in a letter to McClellan on May 3, 1861. A second letter, Document [13] (Title: Anaconda Plan) to terms with less bloodshed than by any other plan." Insofar as he foresaw direct combat, it was to be more or less confined to the central thrust down the Mississippi River. Almost surely he did not anticipate the level of violence that it provoked. For that matter, the blockade itself had to be modified by events, provoking much of the bloodshed that he hoped to avoid. Scott's proposal for the blockade was not properly a strategy, although it is often referred to as such by historians. It did not estimate the forces that would be needed to guard the Document [14] (Title: Anaconda Plan) a more traditional army, marching behind them to secure the victories. The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans; when they fell, the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth, and the rebellion would be cut in two. Scott's plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War. That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and using the Army to pressure civilians to demand surrender. It was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army. The complete Question: what was the anaconda plan in the civil war Answer: Union blockade of the Southern ports Long Answer: The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. Gold Document ID: 3

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of the United States Navy) ship was named . Meanwhile, John Ericsson had similar ideas, and received funding to build . Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the U.S. Army at the beginning of the war, devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South. Lincoln adopted the plan in terms of a blockade to squeeze to death the Confederate economy, but overruled Scott's warnings that his new army was not ready for Document [2] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862. As its economy steadily degenerated, it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens. Abbreviations used in these notes: Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, Document [3] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The Document [4] (Title: Anaconda Plan) a few weeks, as the state militias were incorporated into the national service, the militias of Indiana and Illinois were added to his command. From this power base, he felt enabled on April 27, 1861 to write a letter to General Winfield Scott outlining his strategy. He proposed an immediate march on Richmond, by this time the capital of the Confederacy, directed up the Kanawha River; alternatively, if Kentucky were to leave the Union, a march directly across that state should take Nashville, after which he would "act on circumstances." Scott's endorsement of McClellan's letter, which he submitted to the Document [5] (Title: Anaconda Plan) The form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days. Consequently, the Anaconda has been somewhat rehabilitated, and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincoln's strategy throughout. The Anaconda had a logical development, both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle. The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln. On April 19, 1861, a week after the bombardment of Fort Sumter that marked the outbreak of the war, he announced that the ports Document [6] (Title: Anaconda Plan) his army numbered approximately 29,500 men. When word of the loss of Vicksburg reached the garrison at Port Hudson, Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner, the commander there, knew that further resistance was pointless. On July 9, 1863, he surrendered the post and its garrison to the Federal Army of the Gulf and its commander, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. Henceforth, in the phrase of Abraham Lincoln, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea." The Anaconda Plan as proposed by Scott relied on the blockade, as he stated it, "so as to envelop the insurgent States and bring them Document [7] (Title: George B. McClellan) control the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy, accompanied by a strong Union blockade of Southern ports. This plan, which would require considerable patience of the Northern public, was derided in newspapers as the Anaconda Plan, but eventually proved to be the outline of the successful prosecution of the war. Relations between the two generals became increasingly strained over the summer and fall. McClellan's first military operations were to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and subsequently became the state of West Virginia. He had received intelligence reports on May 26 that the Document [8] (Title: Anaconda Plan) snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. In the early days of the Civil War, Winfield Scott's proposed strategy for the war against the South had two prominent features: first, all ports in the seceding states were to be rigorously blockaded; second, a strong column of perhaps 80,000 men should use the Mississippi River as a highway to thrust completely through the Confederacy. A spearhead, a relatively small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats, should advance rapidly, capturing the Confederate positions down the river in sequence. They would be followed by Document [9] (Title: American Civil War) Britain. By early 1861, General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but he overruled Scott's caution about 90-day volunteers. Public opinion, however, demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond. In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; Document [10] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Most historians regard this as merely a modification of the basic strategy in the course of events. At least one serious historian, however, denies that there ever was anything like a coherent strategy for subduing the South. Rowena Reed contends that the central government in Washington was unable to impose its will on the field commanders, so that the war was a series of independent campaigns, each of which was conducted according to the whims of whatever general happened to be in charge. According to her view, the Anaconda is a later, conceptual imposition of order on events for which Document [11] (Title: Anaconda Plan) permission from the Navy Department and troops from the War Department to seize the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay. Following his famous "Damn the torpedoes" run past the forts, they fell and were occupied by Federal soldiers. Mobile itself remained in Confederate control, but it was no longer useful as a port. Although a century and a half has elapsed since the end of the Civil War, the importance of the Anaconda Plan remains to some extent a matter of debate. Clearly, the war was not the relatively bloodless affair that General Scott promised in his original proposal. Document [12] (Title: Anaconda Plan) Kentucky. Perhaps most damaging, the war as proposed would subjugate the Confederacy piecemeal, with by necessity the border states bearing most of the burden, "instead of enveloping them all (nearly) at once by a cordon of ports on the Mississippi to its mouth from its junction with the Ohio, and by blockading ships on the sea board." The germ of Scott's Anaconda Plan for suppressing the insurrection is seen in the endorsement. In a few days, he had given it more thought, and he submitted his own proposal in a letter to McClellan on May 3, 1861. A second letter, Document [13] (Title: Anaconda Plan) to terms with less bloodshed than by any other plan." Insofar as he foresaw direct combat, it was to be more or less confined to the central thrust down the Mississippi River. Almost surely he did not anticipate the level of violence that it provoked. For that matter, the blockade itself had to be modified by events, provoking much of the bloodshed that he hoped to avoid. Scott's proposal for the blockade was not properly a strategy, although it is often referred to as such by historians. It did not estimate the forces that would be needed to guard the Document [14] (Title: Anaconda Plan) a more traditional army, marching behind them to secure the victories. The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans; when they fell, the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth, and the rebellion would be cut in two. Scott's plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War. That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and using the Army to pressure civilians to demand surrender. It was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army. The complete Question: what was the anaconda plan in the civil war

Answer: Union blockade of the Southern ports Long Answer: The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. Gold Document ID: 3

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Giambi's replacement, hit a pinch-hit home run off Royals closer Jason Grimsley in the bottom of the 9th inning to win 12–11. The streak was snapped two nights later in Minneapolis, the A's losing 6–0 to the Minnesota Twins. The Major League record for consecutive games without a loss is 26, set by the NL's New York Giants in 1916. There was a tie game embedded in that streak (ties were not uncommon in the days before stadium lights) and the record for consecutive wins with no ties is 22, held by the Cleveland Indians in 2017. On March 30, Document [2] (Title: 1996 Oakland Athletics season) Prieto, Steve Wojciechowski, and Dave Telgheder) managed to win more than eight games. Oakland's bullpen also ranked among the league's worst. Reliever Carlos Reyes lead all pitchers in strikeouts with 78. All told, the A's boasted a team ERA of 5.20; this was the 10th best total in the 14-team American League. The Athletics' offense was only slightly better. As had been the case in prior years, slugger Mark McGwire was the main draw; he crushed a league-high (and Oakland franchise record) 52 home runs in 1996. Designated hitter Gerónimo Berroa and catcher Terry Steinbach belted 36 and 35 home Document [3] (Title: 2013 American League Division Series) to the ALCS for the third straight season, becoming the first team to do so since the 1998–2001 New York Yankees made four straight appearances. The Athletics have now lost their last six winner-take-all Game 5s, the last two at the hands of the Tigers (2012 and 2013). They are now 1–12 in playoff-clinching games since 2000, the only win coming in 2006 when they swept the Minnesota Twins in the ALDS. As of 2018, this is the most recent time that a Detroit-based team advanced in a major league postseason. 2013 ALDS (3–2): Detroit Tigers over Oakland Athletics 2013 Document [4] (Title: 1974 American League Championship Series) to clinch the league crown for Oakland. Pitching dominated the 4-game set, the A's batting a meager .183 but the O's a paltry .177. After Game 1, superior A's pitching held the O's to just one run and 12 hits over the next 3 games, hitting a very weak .135 (12-89), sealing an Oakland victory. 1974 ALCS (3–1): Oakland A's over Baltimore Orioles 1974 American League Championship Series The 1974 American League Championship Series was a best-of-five matchup between the East Division Champion Baltimore Orioles and the West Division Champion Oakland A's. It was a rematch of the previous year's Document [5] (Title: 2017 Oakland Athletics season) 2017 Oakland Athletics season The 2017 Oakland Athletics season was the 50th for the Oakland Athletics franchise in Oakland (all at Oakland Coliseum), as well as the 117th in club history. The A's began the season on April 3 at home against Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and finished the season at the Texas Rangers on October 1. They finished the season in last place in their division and did not make the playoffs for the third consecutive season, but did finish the season on a strong note with a winning record in September. For the first time in several Document [6] (Title: 1975 Oakland Athletics season) 1975 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1975 season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They went on to play the Boston Red Sox in the 1975 American League Championship Series, losing in three straight games. After the Athletics' victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1974 World Series under Alvin Dark, pitcher Catfish Hunter filed a grievance. He won the American League Cy Young Award in 1974 with a record of 25–12 and a league-leading 2.49 earned run average. Hunter uncovered a violation of his Document [7] (Title: 1968 Oakland Athletics season) this time by a 4–1 score with Dave McNally besting Lew Krausse before 50,164 at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. On May 8 against the Minnesota Twins, Hunter pitched the first regular season perfect game in the American League since 1922, but the paid attendance in Oakland was only 6,298 on a Wednesday night. The game was scoreless until the bottom of the seventh when Hunter squeezed the first run in. In the eighth, he drove in two more with a bases-loaded single, and ended with three hits and three RBI. Hunter was inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Document [8] (Title: 1992 Oakland Athletics season) a 2-1 edge in the series. October 11, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum For the fourth game, Toronto threw Morris against Oakland's Bob Welch. In the second inning, Olerud tagged Welch for a solo homer to give the Jays the lead. However, the Athletics came back in a big way with a five-run third and tacked on another run in the sixth when Sierra doubled Rickey Henderson home, giving Oakland a seemingly secure 6-1 advantage. In the top of the eighth, however, La Russa pulled Welch, who had been cruising along, and went to his bullpen. The Jays capitalized by scoring three Document [9] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Dan Haren ended up pitching far better for Oakland than Mulder did for St. Louis. Also during this time, the Athletics won an American League record 20 games in a row, from August 13 to September 4, 2002. The last three games were won in dramatic fashion, each victory coming in the bottom of the ninth inning. Win number 20 was notable because the A's, with Tim Hudson pitching, jumped to an 11–0 lead against the AL-cellar dwelling Kansas City Royals, only to slowly give up eleven unanswered runs to lose the lead. Then, Scott Hatteberg, enduring criticism as Jason Document [10] (Title: Bob Kennedy) the Atlanta Braves until 1968. In 1968, when the Athletics moved from Kansas City to Oakland, Kennedy was their first manager. Oakland finished sixth in a 10-team league with an 82–80 record, a notable improvement from the 62–99 last-place 1967 Athletics. It was also the franchise's first winning season since 1952, when the team was still in Philadelphia. According to the 1972 book "Mustache Gang", authored by Ron Bergman, on the last day of the season Kennedy walked into Charlie Finley's office, expecting an extension. Five minutes later, Kennedy had been fired. After that, he spent six years (1970–75) as Document [11] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) 1973 Oakland Athletics season The 1973 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their third consecutive American League West title with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. The A's went on to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their second straight AL Championship, and won the World Series in seven games over the New York Mets to take their second consecutive World Championship. The 1973 A's had three 20-game winners in Jim (Catfish) Hunter, Ken Holtzman and Vida Blue. The A's were on the receiving end of some milestones as well. On July 3, Nolan Ryan Document [12] (Title: 1989 American League Championship Series) Jays finished the 1989 regular season with an 89–73 record (.549). However, their winning of the American League East division title was by a much narrower margin: only two games over the Baltimore Orioles. The ALCS began with Games 1 and 2 being played at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, with the Athletics winning both. The Series then shifted to the SkyDome in Toronto, where the Blue Jays managed a win in Game 3 before losing Games 4 and 5 to Oakland. Athletics ace Dave Stewart earned two wins (in Games 1 and 5), while closer Dennis Eckersley saved three games Document [13] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) injury to Brett Anderson further impacted the A's starting rotation. From September 13 to 24 the A's would lose six out of eight games, with the final loss being a 5-4 defeat at the hands of the Rangers that put the A's five games behind the division leaders (with only nine left to play), though the A's were not mathematically eliminated. After winning two of their next three games against the Rangers, they then swept the Seattle Mariners (highlighted by their last regular-season walk-off), while the Rangers lost two games out of three to the division-rival Los Angeles Angels. With Document [14] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) the Rangers leading the A's by only two games, the teams faced off in Oakland for the final three games of the season. The A's took the first two games by scores of 4-3 and 3-1, respectively; the first win clinched a postseason berth for the Athletics, while the second momentarily tied the A's with the Rangers for first place and set up a winner-take-all game for the division crown. In the final game, a 5-1 Rangers lead after the 2nd inning was not enough as the Athletics scored six runs in the 4th (including two off a fly ball Document [15] (Title: 2010 Oakland Athletics season) the 1999 season and a Short-Season A team since 2000, signed on with Toronto for the next four seasons. Oakland signed two-year deals with the Midwest League's Burlington Bees (Athletics' affiliate from 1963–1974, MWL title in 1965) and New York–Penn League's Vermont Lake Monsters. Oakland agreed to a four-year extension with Triple-A Sacramento through the 2014 season. Sacramento has been Oakland's Triple-A team since 2000. ALL STAR SELECTION<br> Pacific Coast League (AAA), July 14, 2010 @ Coca-Cola Park, Allentown, Pennsylvania<br> PCL vs. International League, 1–2 Postseason All-Star Selection – Chris Carter Texas League-South (AA), June 30, 2010 @ Citibank Ballpark, Document [16] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Game 4 of the American League Division Series. The A's lost the ALDS to the eventual American League Champion Detroit Tigers in 5 games. Bob Melvin was awarded the 2012 AL Manager of the Year award, and outfielder Josh Reddick was awarded a Gold Glove, becoming the first A's outfielder since 1985 to do so. Following the season shortstop Cliff Pennington was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for outfielder Chris Young, as part of a 3 team trade. In 2013, under manager Bob Melvin after going 96-66 and claiming their second straight division title over the heavily favored Texas Rangers Document [17] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) 1972 Oakland Athletics season The 1972 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning the American League West with a record of 93 wins and 62 losses. In the playoffs, they defeated the Detroit Tigers in a five-game ALCS, followed by a seven-game World Series, in which they defeated the Cincinnati Reds for their first World Championship since 1930, when the club was in Philadelphia. In 1972, the A's began wearing solid green or solid gold jerseys, with contrasting white pants, at a time when most other teams wore all-white uniforms at home and all-grey ones on the road. Similar to Document [18] (Title: 1971 Oakland Athletics season) = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1971 Major League Baseball All-Star Game Sunday, October 3, 1971, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland Monday, October 4, 1971, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland Tuesday, October 5, 1971, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California 1971 Oakland Athletics season The 1971 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 101 wins and 60 losses. In their first postseason appearance of Document [19] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) that was misplayed by Josh Hamilton) and scored five more runs in the eventual 12-5 victory. Having secured the division championship, the Athletics faced the Detroit Tigers in the 2012 American League Division Series. The A's were shut down by Detroit ace Justin Verlander in Game 1, and followed that loss with a 5-4 defeat in Game 2. The Athletics, now down 2-0 in a best-of-five series, returned to Oakland for Game 3. Brett Anderson saved the Athletics' season by shutting out the Tigers in a 2-0 Athletics victory. Then, trailing 3-1 heading into the bottom of the 9th inning, Document [20] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) allowed 3.27 runs per game (while pitching six shutouts). The rest of the division struggled over the same span; as such, Oakland's 38th victory allowed it to pull within three games of the first-place Rangers. The A's cooled down in subsequent weeks; poor play from the rest of the division, however, allowed them to gain further ground. The team finished with a 51–63 record; despite being 12 games under .500, the A's were only one game behind the first-place Rangers. All four of the American League West's teams finished the strike-shortened season with losing records. This is the only such Document [21] (Title: 2002 Oakland Athletics season) were during the streak. Many of the Athletics' victories were by narrow margins; closer Billy Koch recorded either a win or save in 12 of the streak's 20 games. The Athletics' 18th and 19th wins came courtesy of game-ending hits by shortstop Miguel Tejada. On September 4, Oakland sought to win its 20th consecutive game; in doing so, the team hoped to break the 1947 New York Yankees' American League record of 19 consecutive wins. Their opponent was the Kansas City Royals. Over the first three innings of the game, Oakland shelled Kansas City pitchers Paul Byrd and Darrell May Document [22] (Title: Oakland, California) of the BART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway through Berkeley. Oakland currently has professional teams in three sports: baseball, basketball, and football. The Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, and appeared in another three consecutive World Series from 1988 to 1990, winning their fourth championship in 1989. The Golden State Warriors won the 1974–75, 2014–15, 2016–17, and the 2017–18 NBA championships, while losing in 2016. The Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977, Super Bowl XV in 1981, and Document [23] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) in the bottom of the inning, winning on a walk-off single by Salvador Pérez. The A's ended 2015 with a disappointing 68-94 record, last place in the AL West. Like in 2015, the A's were in last place with a 69-93 record. In November 2016, after the season ended, Wolff sold his 10% stake in the team to John J. Fisher, who became the full owner of the team; Wolff is now the chairman emeritus. For the third straight year, the A's were in last place with a 75-87 record. But the team finished well as they won 10 of Document [24] (Title: Bob Geren) the 28th manager in Oakland Athletics franchise history. He replaced Ken Macha, who was fired after disagreements with players and general manager Billy Beane. In 2007, Geren led the A's to a 76–86 record. In 2008, the Athletics finished the season with a 75-86 record. In March 2009, the A's and Geren agreed to a contract extension for one year, with an additional options year. During the 2010 season, the A's finished with an even .500 winning percentage (81-81 record). On September 11, 2010, MLB.com announced that Oakland had exercised Geren's option for 2011, assuring him another season in the Document [25] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) 2012, as a number of experts picked the Athletics to lose as many as 100 games in the highly competitive AL West. The A's managed to play winning baseball through mid-May and held a 22-21 record on May 21, before a nine-game losing streak brought them down to a season-low eight games under the .500 mark. In Bob Melvin's first full season as manager, the team began to gel in the month of June. Between June 2 (the day the nine-game losing streak ended) and June 30, the A's posted a 15-12 record; then erased their deficit with a 19-5 Document [26] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) 1981 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1981 season saw the A's finish with an overall record of 64 wins and 45 losses. They finished the season with the best record in the American League (and second best in all of baseball). Due to the infamous 1981 players strike, the league resorted to a split-season format; this new format saw the winners of both halves of the season playing in the first divisional playoff in MLB history. The A's qualified by posting the AL West's best record in the first half of the season. While they swept the Kansas City Document [27] (Title: 1999 Oakland Athletics season) 1999 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1999 season involved the A's finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. In doing so, the Athletics finished with their first winning record since 1992. The campaign was also the first of eight consecutive winning seasons for the Athletics (the last of these coming in 2006). "Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" "Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H Document [28] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Rich Harden and Chad Gaudin to the Chicago Cubs for Sean Gallagher, Josh Donaldson, Eric Patterson, and Matt Murton. Then on July 17, the A's traded Joe Blanton to the Philadelphia Phillies for three minor leaguers. An 18–37 record for the months of July and August (including a 10-game losing streak) dropped the A's into third place, where they would finish the season. They ended 2008 with a disappointing 75–86 record. Several players were acquired in the offseason trades (pitchers Dana Eveland and Greg Smith from the Dan Haren trade, outfielder Ryan Sweeney from the Swisher trade and reliever Joey Document [29] (Title: 1976 Oakland Athletics season) 1976 Oakland Athletics season The 1976 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 74 losses, 2½ games behind the Kansas City Royals, meaning that the A's failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 1970. This team set and still holds the modern Major League team record for most stolen bases in a season with 341. The Athletics would not eclipse this season's win total until 1988 (when they won 104). Indeed, nearly all of the team's stars (Sal Bando, Rollie Fingers, Gene Tenace, Joe Document [30] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) but by the end of the month, they had pulled within 2 games of the Texas Rangers for the AL West lead, setting the stage for a season ending, 3 game series that would decide the winner of the 2012 division title. The A's swept the series, culminating in 12-5 victory which saw the A's come back from a 4 run deficit to clinch the AL West for the first time since 2006. The A's ended the regular season with a record of 94-68, leading the Major Leagues in walk-off wins, with 14 in the regular season, and one in Document [31] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) 2012 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2012 season was the organization's 45th in Oakland, California and the 112th in club history. The team finished with a final record of 94–68, claiming first place in the American League West and reaching the postseason for the first time since 2006. After winning their last game of the season, they took sole possession of the West for the first time all year, overtaking the Texas Rangers. The A's had trailed Texas by 13 games on June 30, and had a five-game deficit with nine days left in the season. The 2012 team, Document [32] (Title: 2002 Oakland Athletics season) City reliever Jason Grimsley. The home run clinched the AL-record 20th consecutive victory for the Athletics. Oakland's streak came to an end with a 6-0 loss to the Minnesota Twins on September 6. The A's continued to play well down the stretch, as evidenced by their final record of 103-59. The club's late-season surge allowed it to hold off the Anaheim Angels, who finished four games behind them at 99-63. Oakland's regular season exploits, however, once again failed to translate into postseason success. The team again lost the American League Division Series (this time to the Twins) in five games. Document [33] (Title: 1995 Oakland Athletics season) same span) left the A's 17.5 games out of first place. As had also been the case in 1994, Oakland mounted a dramatic comeback; an Angels collapse, combined with a surge of their own, allowed them to pull within five games of first place on September 20. The September 20th victory would be their last, as Oakland lost each of the regular season's final nine games. They finished the campaign eleven games behind the AL West champion Seattle Mariners. The Athletics' on-field mediocrity, however, contained a few bright spots. Mark McGwire clubbed 39 home runs in a mere 104 games; Document [34] (Title: Big Three (Oakland Athletics)) Athletics to an 11-1 win in Game 4 to force a deciding Game 5 back in Oakland. The A's would then lose Game 5 7-5 and would then be eliminated from the postseason. The next season, Mark Mulder would have an AL-leading 21 wins to lead the "Big Three" and the Oakland Athletics into the postseason as a wild card. Mark Mulder would make his postseason debut in Game 1 of the ALDS against the Yankees. Mark Mulder would have a strong postseason debut as he allowed only one run in 6.2 innings to lad the A's to a 5-3 Document [35] (Title: 1999 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" 1999 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1999 season involved the A's finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. In doing so, the Athletics finished with their first winning record since 1992. The campaign was also the first of eight consecutive winning seasons for the Athletics (the last of these coming in 2006). "Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; Document [36] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the division title for the first time since 1975, winning the first half of the split season, then defeating the Royals in the divisional playoffs before losing to the Yankees in the ALCS. While the team was successful, it came at a high price, both for the team and for the pitching staff. Following a season in which the team led the league in complete games with 94—an astonishing number for the time—the Athletics again led the league with 60 complete games out of 109 total games in the strike-shortened season. For the second time, the pitching staff completed more Document [37] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) the day after Catfish Hunter, A's pitcher Dallas Braden pitched a perfect game, the 19th in Major League history, in a 4-0 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays at the Coliseum. The next homestand was a week-long celebration of the feat, with a commemorative graphic placed on the outfield wall on May 17. Oakland finished the 2010 season with an 81-81 record; 2nd in the division, 9 games behind Texas, and 1 game ahead of Los Angeles. Oakland finished the 2011 season with a 74-88 record; 3rd in the division, 22 games behind Texas. Pitcher Rich Harden returned on a Document [38] (Title: 1991 Oakland Athletics season) of Fame in Cooperstown in 1987, the right-handed starter won 161 regular season games in ten seasons for the A's, the first three in Kansas City and the last seven in Oakland. He won 20 or more games in each of his last four seasons in Oakland and was 4–0 with one save in seven World Series appearances. Hunter won the Cy Young Award in his final season in Oakland in 1974, as the A's won their third consecutive World Series. His record in the 1974 regular season was 25–12 with 23 complete games; he led the league in wins Document [39] (Title: 1971 World Series) swept the Oakland A's in the American League Championship Series. The Orioles were coming off their third straight AL playoff series sweep (twice over the Minnesota Twins and once over Oakland) and their third straight season with over 100 wins (109 (1969), 108 (1970), 101 (1971)). Featuring four pitchers with twenty or more wins (Dave McNally (21), Mike Cuellar (20), Pat Dobson (20), Jim Palmer (20)), the booming bats of sluggers Frank Robinson (28, 99, .281) and Boog Powell (22, 92, .256), and the sure hands of Brooks Robinson at third and Mark Belanger at short, the O's were primed Document [40] (Title: 1990 Oakland Athletics season) microscopic 0.61 ERA while recording 48 saves. As a team, the Athletics allowed only 570 runs (the fewest in the American League by a wide margin). The Athletics easily won the American League West for a third consecutive season. They swept the Boston Red Sox, four games to none, in that year's American League Championship Series; in doing so, they won a third consecutive American League pennant. The Athletics entered the 1990 World Series as heavy favorites. Despite this, however, they were themselves swept by the Cincinnati Reds. The Athletics have not reached the World Series since. On June 29, Document [41] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) series, only to lose the next three straight. In 2001, Oakland became the first team to lose a best-of-five series after winning both of the first two games on the road. In 2004, the A's missed the playoffs altogether, losing the final series of the season—and the divisional title—to the Anaheim Angels. This period in Oakland history featured splendid performances from a trio of young starting pitchers: right-hander Tim Hudson and left-handers Mark Mulder and Barry Zito. Between 1999 and 2006, the so-called "Big Three" helped the Athletics to emerge into a perennial powerhouse in the American League West, combining Document [42] (Title: Catfish Hunter) with a squeeze bunt in the seventh and a bases-loaded single in the eighth. Hunter continued to win games, and in 1974 received both "The Sporting News"'s "Pitcher of the Year" award and the American League Cy Young Award after going 25–12 with a league leading 2.49 earned run average. The A's also won their third consecutive World Series. Hunter's statistics while he was with the Athletics were impressive: four consecutive years with at least 20 wins, and four World Series wins without a loss. He had won 161 games for the A's, 131 in seven seasons in Oakland and Document [43] (Title: History of the Los Angeles Angels) 99 games and earn the American League wildcard berth. The Oakland Athletics won 103 games, putting the Angels in second place in the division. The Halos defeated the AL East champions New York Yankees 3 games to 1 in the American League Division Series, ending the Yankees' streak of 4 straight American League Pennants, and the Minnesota Twins 4 games to 1 in the ALCS, to win the American League pennant for the first time in their history. In the 2002 World Series they met the Wildcard San Francisco Giants, paced by slugger Barry Bonds, in what ended up being Document [44] (Title: 2014 Oakland Athletics season) things went well for the team; by August 9th, they had upped their lead over the Angels to four games. From that point forward, however, the As were met with disaster. An historic collapse, defined largely by ineffective hitting and a spate of narrow losses, saw Oakland tumble in the American League standings; all told, the team won just 16 of its final 46 games. The Athletics only managed to clinch an AL Wild-Card berth on the final day of the regular season. The team finished some ten games behind the Angels, who clinched the league's best record with an Document [45] (Title: Big Three (Oakland Athletics)) lose Game 4 9-2, which would mean that it would take a fifth game to decide the series. Mark Mulder would take the mound for Game 5 and would attempt to advance to the ALCS, but his attempt did not go very well as he allowed four runs in 4.1 innings as the A's would lose Game 5 5-3 and would then be eliminated in the ALDS by the Yankees for the second consecutive year. Barry Zito would lead the "Big Three" and the Athletics the following year with an AL-leading 23 wins, a 2.75 ERA, and 182 strikeouts, and Document [46] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) Mulder, to the Atlanta Braves and St. Louis Cardinals (respectively); in both instances, he received prospects in return. The A's retained All-Star starter Barry Zito; despite this, many worried about the quality of the team's remaining starters. Some even picked the Athletics to finish last in the American League West, despite their having finished second (one game behind the Anaheim Angels) just months prior. The A's seemed to validate these concerns in the early days of the 2005 season. On May 29, they were 17-32 (the third-worst record in baseball at the time); moreover, the team trailed the division-leading Angels Document [47] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) the Athletics held a 4–0 lead after six innings, but the Orioles scored four in the seventh off Blue to tie the game; the key blow was a three-run home run by catcher Andy Etchebarren. Baltimore second baseman Bobby Grich broke the tie with a solo home run in the 8th inning, and the Orioles went on to win, 5–4. October 11, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 5, Hunter pitched a 5-hit shutout as the Athletics won, 3–0, and took the series 3 games to 2. The Athletics' victory over the New York Mets in the 1973 Series Document [48] (Title: 2018 Oakland Athletics season) 2018 Oakland Athletics season The 2018 Oakland Athletics season was the 118th season for the Oakland Athletics franchise, all as members of the American League, and their 51st season in Oakland (all at Oakland Coliseum). The A's were managed by Bob Melvin in his eighth year as manager of the A's. They played their home games at Oakland Coliseum as members of Major League Baseball's American League West Division. The A's began the season on March 29 against the Los Angeles Angels and finished the season on September 30 against the Angels as well. On September 24, they clinched their Document [49] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) instance in MLB history. The 1994 Players' Strike ended the season (and the A's postseason hopes) entirely. While the Rangers would win their first-ever division title in 1996, the A's would have to wait until 2000 to return to the postseason. Despite compiling a record of 51–63 by Friday, August 12, the Athletics were only one game behind the Texas Rangers for the lead in the AL West Division. They had scored 549 runs (4.82 per game) and allowed 589 runs (5.17 per game). The Athletics finished the strike-shortened season 28th in triples, with just 13, but they led the Document [50] (Title: 1970 Oakland Athletics season) 1970 Oakland Athletics season The 1970 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. In 1970, owner Charlie Finley officially changed the team name from the Athletics to the "A's". An "apostrophe-s" was added to the cap and uniform emblem to reflect that fact. During the off-season, Reggie Jackson sought an increase in salary, and A's owner Charlie Finley threatened to send Jackson to the minors. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn successfully intervened in their dispute. Reggie Jackson demanded $60,000 per season, while he was offered $40,000 by Document [51] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) contending for the AL West crown. Pitcher Huston Street was voted the A.L. Rookie of the Year in 2005, the second year in a row an Athletic won that award, shortstop Bobby Crosby having won in 2004. For the fifth straight season, third baseman Eric Chavez won the A.L. Gold Glove Award at that position. The 2006 season brought the A's back to the postseason after a three-year absence. After finishing the season at 93–69, four games ahead of the Angels, the A's were considered the underdog against the highly favored Minnesota Twins. The A's swept the series 3–0 however, Document [52] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) end of this span, their record stood at 13–36. The A's, then firmly in last place, trailed the division-leading Angels (who also had a sub-.500 record) by nine games. Oakland continued to lose ground over the following two weeks; at their absolute nadir, the Athletics' 19–43 record trailed the division-leading Rangers (who had since overtaken the Angels) by 12.5 games. The A's, instead, launched themselves back into contention with a turnaround. Over their next 22 games, the Athletics went 19–3; this surge raised their record to 38–46. Oakland's much-maligned pitching staff powered the resurgence; over the 22-game span, Athletics pitchers Document [53] (Title: 1974 Oakland Athletics season) Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" The Athletics defeated the Baltimore Orioles, 3 games to 1. 1974 Major League Baseball All-Star Game 1974 Oakland Athletics season The 1974 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their fourth consecutive American League West title with a record of 90 wins and 72 losses. In the playoffs, the A's defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their third straight AL pennant, and in the World Series, the first ever played entirely on the West Coast, defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to take their Document [54] (Title: 1989 Oakland Athletics season) Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" October 3, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 4, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 6, 1989, at SkyDome October 7, 1989, at SkyDome October 8, 1989, at SkyDome All-Star Game 1989 Oakland Athletics season The 1989 Oakland Athletics season saw the A's finish in first place in the American League West division, with a record of 99 wins and 63 losses, seven games in front of the Kansas City Royals. It was their second consecutive AL West Document [55] (Title: 2000 Oakland Athletics season) 2000 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2000 season was the team's 33rd in Oakland, California. It was also the 100th season in franchise history. The team finished first in the American League West with a record of 91-70. The A's, in winning the division, snapped an eight-year postseason drought. The division championship was also the first of the so-called "Moneyball" era. Over the next six seasons, the Athletics would reach the postseason a total of four additional times. The season saw the debuts of eventual ace starters Barry Zito and Mark Mulder. These two pitchers, along with Tim Hudson Document [56] (Title: 1969 Oakland Athletics season) Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1969 Oakland Athletics season The 1969 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's compiling a record of 88 wins and 74 losses. With its expansion to 12 teams in 1969, the American League had been divided into two 6-team divisions. In their first year in the newly established American League Document [57] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) of the cross-bay San Francisco Giants that they own the territorial rights to San Jose and Santa Clara County. In 2005, many pundits picked the Athletics to finish last as a result of Beane's dismantling of the Big Three. At first, the experts appeared vindicated, as the A's were mired in last place on May 31 with a 19–32 (.373) won-loss record. After that the team began to gel, playing at a .622 clip for the remainder of the season, eventually finishing 88–74 (.543), seven games behind the newly renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and for many weeks seriously Document [58] (Title: 1976 Oakland Athletics season) Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1976 Oakland Athletics season The 1976 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 74 losses, 2½ games behind the Kansas City Royals, meaning that the A's failed to make the Document [59] (Title: Ken Holtzman) in which he batted regularly during the season, he had only two home runs. Oakland won Game 5 and became the first team to win three consecutive World Series since the New York Yankees won five straight from 1949 to 1953. After losing in salary arbitration in February, Holtzman had an 18–14 record for the 1975 A's as they won their fifth straight American League Western Division title. On June 8, against the Detroit Tigers, he had what would have been his third career no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth by a Tom Veryzer double. He would Document [60] (Title: 1974 World Series) won in an opponent or neutral stadium or arena. 1974 World Series (4–1): Oakland A's (A.L.) over Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.) 1974 World Series The 1974 World Series matched the two-time defending champions Oakland Athletics against the Los Angeles Dodgers with the A's winning the Series in five games. Rollie Fingers figured in three of the four Oakland victories, posting a win and two saves, and was honored as the Series MVP. Oakland became the first team to win three consecutive Series since the New York Yankees won five in a row between 1949 and 1953; the win secured the Document [61] (Title: 1974 Oakland Athletics season) 1974 Oakland Athletics season The 1974 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their fourth consecutive American League West title with a record of 90 wins and 72 losses. In the playoffs, the A's defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their third straight AL pennant, and in the World Series, the first ever played entirely on the West Coast, defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to take their third consecutive World Series championship. Paid attendance for the season was 845,693. In early 1974, owner Charlie Finley tried to sell the team with an asking price of Document [62] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) surge in July, highlighted by the first-ever four-game sweep of the New York Yankees in Oakland. This stellar play put the once-dead Athletics into the heat of the AL West race: while they had trailed the division-leading Rangers by 13 games on June 30, they were only 3.5 back on July 28. A 5-8 start to August, however, widened the Rangers' lead to six games. Additionally, veteran pitcher Bartolo Colón was suspended after testing positive for synthetic testosterone on August 22. Facing these problems, the A's won 13 of their final 15 August games, due in part to the season Document [63] (Title: Barry Zito) just been steady all season long." In Game 3 of the ALDS, Zito went six innings and gave up three earned runs against the Twins, earning the win. However, the Twins defeated the Athletics in five games, making the Athletics the first team to lose the deciding game of a series three years in a row. Zito would go on to win the AL Cy Young Award with a 23–5 record, narrowly defeating Pedro Martínez in the voting. He led the league with 23 wins, was second in winning percentage (.821), and third in both ERA (2.75) and strikeouts (182). Document [64] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) and Los Angeles Angels,the Athletics lost Game 5 of the ALDS to Justin Verlander and the Detroit Tigers for the second straight season in their own ballpark. Josh Donaldson had an MVP-caliber season, with a .301 batting average 24 home runs, and 93 RBIs. Despite his age, Bartolo Colón was in contention for a Cy Young Award, going 18-6, with 117 strikeouts and a 2.65 ERA. During the regular season the A's saw the additions of former A's catcher Kurt Suzuki from the Washington Nationals, Alberto Callaspo from the Los Angeles Angels,and Stephen Vogt off waivers from the Tampa Bay Document [65] (Title: 1971 Oakland Athletics season) 1971 Oakland Athletics season The 1971 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 101 wins and 60 losses. In their first postseason appearance of any kind since 1931, the A's were swept in three games by the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Championship Series. Vida Blue became the first black player in the history of the American League to win the American League Cy Young Award. He was also the youngest AL player in the 20th century to win the MVP Award. During the year, Vida Blue was on Document [66] (Title: 1992 Oakland Athletics season) were decided by two runs or fewer; at the end of the Game 3, Oakland trailed Toronto 2 games to 1. In Game 4, Oakland led the Jays 6-1 after seven innings; a furious Toronto rally, however, resulted in a 7-6 Toronto victory (and a 3-1 Blue Jays series lead). The Athletics never recovered from the collapse, and ultimately succumbed to the favored Jays in six games. The 1992 season signaled the end of an era in Oakland. The team would miss the postseason in each of the next seven seasons; by the time of the Athletics' next division title Document [67] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) Runs Batted In" 2005 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2005 season was their 37th in Oakland, California. It was also the 105th season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 88-74. The Athletics entered the 2005 season with low expectations. The team had won more than ninety games in each of the previous five seasons; despite this, there were concerns about the team's starting pitching. During the 2004–05 offseason, general manager Billy Beane traded two of the team's so-called "Big Three" starting pitchers. Beane traded two of the three, Tim Document [68] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) 3-2 to the New York Yankees in the 2001 American League Division Series. "Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" 2001 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2001 season was the team's 34th in Oakland, California, and the 101st season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 102-60. The Athletics entered the 2001 season with high expectations. Much of the excitement stemmed from the team's trio of promising young starting Document [69] (Title: 1975 Oakland Athletics season) W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1975 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1975 season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They went on to play the Boston Red Sox in the 1975 American League Championship Series, losing in three straight games. After the Athletics' victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1974 World Series under Document [70] (Title: 2000 Oakland Athletics season) the American League. The offense was led by Jason Giambi, who won the American League MVP Award at the end of the season. The team collectively hit 239 home runs in 2000 (also an Oakland record); in total, nine different Athletics hit at least ten home runs. The Athletics fought the Seattle Mariners in the standings for most of the season. In the end, the Athletics narrowly prevailed; they finished only half a game ahead of the 91-71 Mariners (who won the AL Wild Card). The Athletics then played the New York Yankees in the ALDS. They would lose the Document [71] (Title: Connie Mack) that record with 120 losses in their inaugural season and the 2003 Detroit Tigers surpassing it with 119 although those teams played 162 game schedules, not 154 like the Athletics. All told, the A's finished dead last in the AL seven years in a row from 1915 to 1921, and would not reach .500 again until 1926. The rebuilt team won back-to-back championships in 1929–1930 over the Cubs and Cardinals, and then lost a rematch with the latter in 1931. As it turned out, these were the last postseason appearances for the A's not only in Philadelphia, but for another Document [72] (Title: 2014 Oakland Athletics season) impressive 98-64 finish. The Athletics met the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 American League Wild Card Game. The Athletics held a 7-3 lead over the Royals through seven innings; a furious Royals rally, however, saw the Royals tie the game by scoring three runs in the eighth inning and one run in the ninth. In the 12th inning, the Athletics' took an 8-7 lead on an Alberto Callaspo line drive; the Royals, however, would again rally for a 9-8 walk-off victory (their first playoff win in 29 years). The Athletics did not reach the postseason again until the 2018 Document [73] (Title: 2001 New York Yankees season) Oakland A's three games to two in the ALDS, and then the Seattle Mariners, who had won 116 games, four games to one in the ALCS. By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year, the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–1924 New York Giants, and the Yankee teams of 1936–1939, 1949–1953, 1955–1958 and 1960–1964 as the only dynasties to reach at least four straight pennants. The Yankees had now won eleven consecutive postseason series over a four-year period. However, the Yankees lost the World Series in a dramatic 7 game series to the Arizona Diamondbacks, when Yankees star closer Mariano Document [74] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" "Note: G = Games played; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts; BB = Bases on Balls" Oakland wins series, 3-0. Yankees win the Series, 3-0 </div></div> 1981 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1981 season saw the A's finish with an overall record of 64 wins and 45 losses. They finished the season with the best record in the American League (and second best in all of baseball). Due to the infamous 1981 Document [75] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) 2008 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2008 season marked their 40th year in Oakland, California. It was also the 108th season in franchise history. The team finished third in the American League West with a record of 75-86. The Athletics were not expected to contend for the American League West title in 2008. Despite this, the team remained near first place well into July. The Athletics fortunes peaked on July 11, when a 9-2 rout of the Angels allowed them to pull within four games of first place. The team then lost 44 of its 68 remaining games. The Document [76] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) Oakland scored three runs (the final on a Coco Crisp walk-off single) to capture a come-from-behind 4-3 victory in Game 4. The A's comeback was not to be, however, as a dominant outing by Verlander ended the A's season in Game 5. The Athletics' 94-68 record in 2012 was their best in nearly a decade. Manager Bob Melvin and General Manager Billy Beane were honored with the Greatness in Baseball Yearly (GIBBY) Award as the Manager of the Year and Executive of the Year, respectively. The Athletics played the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series. 6:07 p.m. (EDT) at Comerica Document [77] (Title: 1990 Oakland Athletics season) would finish the season with both an MLB-leading 27 wins and a 2.95 ERA; this performance was strong enough to net the 1990 Cy Young Award. Welch, as of 2014, remains the last MLB pitcher to win at least 25 games in a season. Fellow starter Dave Stewart, winner of 22 games, finished in a tie (with Pittsburgh starter Doug Drabek) for the second-most wins in MLB. 1989 All-Star Mike Moore, 1991 All-Star Scott Sanderson, and longtime Athletic Curt Young rounded out the American League's top rotation. The Athletics' bullpen was led by superstar closer Dennis Eckersley, who posted a Document [78] (Title: 1991 Oakland Athletics season) 1991 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1991 season was the team's 24th in Oakland, California. It was also the 91st season in franchise history. The team finished fourth in the American League West with a record of 84-78. The 1991 season saw the Athletics' American League dominance come to an abrupt end. Between 1988 and 1990, the team had won three American League pennants and one World Series title; in the process, they won a combined 306 regular season games. In light of these accomplishments, the Athletics were initially favored to win yet another American League pennant. A fourth Document [79] (Title: 2002 World Series) in the AL West standings. However, the A's and Angels both mounted late-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The A's won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, four games behind the A's, but won the AL wild card, six games ahead of the Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball. San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (now Document [80] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) Royals in the AL West playoff, they were themselves swept by the New York Yankees in the 1981 American League Championship Series. The Athletics' 1981 season ranks among the organization's most interesting. The A's, only two years removed from a disastrous 54-108 finish, won their first AL West crown since 1975 under second-year manager Billy Martin. The "Billyball" A's began the season with a then-AL record 11 consecutive wins (this record was later broken by the 1987 Milwaukee Brewers, who raced out to a 13-0 start). The squad followed its first loss of the season, a tough 3-2 loss to Document [81] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) half of the 2005 season, combined with a dramatic Angels surge, saw the Athletics finish seven games out of first place. The 2005 season also saw Athletics closer Huston Street win the American League Rookie of the Year Award. Street earned the honor after posting a 1.72 earned run average in his first major-league season; he did so while recording 23 saves. The Rookie of the Year Award was Oakland's second in as many years (and sixth overall). "Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Document [82] (Title: 1970 Oakland Athletics season) "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1970 Oakland Athletics season The 1970 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. In 1970, owner Charlie Finley officially changed the team name from the Athletics to the "A's". An "apostrophe-s" was added to the cap and uniform emblem to Document [83] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) by 12.5 games. The Athletics would follow this poor start with a stunning turnaround. From May 30 to August 13, Oakland would go a league-best 50-17. The surge was brought about, in large part, by the strong pitching of young starters Dan Haren (received in the Mulder trade), Rich Harden, and Joe Blanton. The team stunningly erased their 12.5 game deficit over this span. Oakland would pace the Angels well into September; at their peak, on August 30, the A's actually led the Angels by two games. In the end, though, the team fell short; a collapse in the second Document [84] (Title: 1974 World Series) of timely hitting. They also made six errors in five games, in addition to a number of mental errors. The A's won the Series despite batting only .211 in the Series, the lowest in a five-game Series since the Baltimore Orioles hit .146 in the 1969 Series. , the A's are the only non-Yankee team to win three consecutive World Series. This was the last major league championship for a Bay Area team won in its home stadium or arena until the Golden State Warriors won the 2017 NBA Finals in Oakland, ending a streak of 13 Bay Area championships Document [85] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) In Game 1, the Orioles jumped on Oakland starter Vida Blue and reliever Horacio Piña for four runs in the bottom of the first inning. Jim Palmer pitched a 5-hit shutout as the Orioles won, 6–0. October 7, 1973, at Memorial Stadium In Game 2, the Athletics hit three home runs off Baltimore starter Dave McNally, and won 6–3 behind Catfish Hunter. October 9, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 3, the Athletics won 2–1 when shortstop Bert Campaneris homered to lead off the bottom of the 11th inning. October 10, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 4, Document [86] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) on the team once they become free agents. Perhaps as a result, at the turn of the 21st century, the A's were a team that usually finished at or near the top of the A.L. West Division, but could not advance beyond the first round of the playoffs. The Athletics made the playoffs for four straight years, from 2000 to 2003, but lost their first round (best three-out-of-five) series in each case, 3 games to 2. In two of those years (2001 against the Yankees and 2003 against the Red Sox), the Athletics won the first two games of the Document [87] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) the last 14 games of the season setting the stage for that magical 2018 season. On April 21st, Sean Manaea threw the Athletics franchise's 12th no hitter, and their first since Dallas Braden in 2010. The A's surprised the American League by winning 97 games, and earned a trip to the postseason as a wild card team. It was that amazing season that would earn Bob Melvin As American League Manager of the Year. History of the Oakland Athletics The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day, having begun as Document [88] (Title: 1972 Detroit Tigers season) Fingers to put Detroit ahead. After Sal Bando and Mike Epstein singled to open the bottom of the 11th, Chuck Seelbach came on in relief of Lolich who had pitched 10 innings. Gonzalo Márquez singled to right, driving in two runs to give the A's the win in Game 1. October 8, 1972, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Game 2 was a lopsided 5–0 win for the A's, as Blue Moon Odom (15–6) pitched a complete game shutout and held the Tigers to three hits. Woodie Fryman (10–3), who had been virtually unhittable in August and September, gave up four runs Document [89] (Title: 1988 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" October 5, Fenway Park October 6, Fenway Park October 8, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 9, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum All-Star Game 1988 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1988 season involved the A's winning their first American League West title since 1981, with a record of 104 wins and 58 losses. In 1988, the elephant was restored as the symbol of the Athletics and currently adorns the left sleeve of home and road uniforms. The elephant was retired as team mascot in 1963 by then-owner Charles Document [90] (Title: 1973 World Series) 1973 World Series (4–3): Oakland A's (A.L.) over New York Mets (N.L.) 1973 World Series The 1973 World Series matched the defending champions Oakland Athletics against the New York Mets; the A's won in seven games for their second of three consecutive World Series titles. The Mets won the National League East division by 1½ games over the St. Louis Cardinals, then defeated the Cincinnati Reds, three games to two, in the National League Championship Series. The Athletics won the American League West division by six games over the Kansas City Royals, then defeated the Baltimore Orioles, three games to Document [91] (Title: 1985 Oakland Athletics season) in" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1985 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1985 season involved the A's finishing 4th in the American League West with a record of 77 wins and 85 losses. While the Athletics' Document [92] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the Seattle Mariners, with six more victories. Their 17-1 start (through 18 games) remains unmatched. The A's starting rotation (consisting of Rick Langford, Matt Keough, Steve McCatty, Mike Norris, and Brian Kingman) received national attention during the torrid start; the unit was collectively featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated's April 27, 1981, edition. The periodic heroics of Tony Armas and Rickey Henderson also drew notice. The Athletics, however, slumped badly following the 17-1 start. While they regained some of their swagger during the season's second half, they ultimately played .500 baseball for the rest of the season. Even still, Document [93] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) the 10th, which possibly cost the Athletics the game. Rich Harden started the second game of the two game series and led the Athletics to a 5–1 win over the Red Sox after pitching six strong innings while giving up one run on three hits and also struck out nine. "Note: G = Games Played; AB = At bats; R = Runs Scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts; SB = Stolen bases; OBP = On-Base Percentage; SLG = Slugging Percentage" "Note: G = Document [94] (Title: 1988 Oakland Athletics season) 1988 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1988 season involved the A's winning their first American League West title since 1981, with a record of 104 wins and 58 losses. In 1988, the elephant was restored as the symbol of the Athletics and currently adorns the left sleeve of home and road uniforms. The elephant was retired as team mascot in 1963 by then-owner Charles O. Finley in favor of a Missouri mule. The A's defeated the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS, but lost the World Series to the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games, including a dramatic, classic Document [95] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) they failed to build upon the momentum of their division-winning 2000 campaign. The rival Seattle Mariners, in stark contrast, raced to a historic 52-14 start. As expected, the offense performed well; Oakland was instead hamstrung by unexpectedly terrible starting pitching. At the season's midpoint, the A's boasted a sub-.500 record (39-42); they trailed the division-leading Mariners by some 21 games. The Athletics responded with arguably the most dominant second half in modern MLB history. Over their final 81 regular season games, the A's went 63-18 (a record since the league switched to a 162-game schedule); this included 29 wins in Document [96] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) and 1974. Unlike Mack's champions, who thoroughly dominated their opposition, the A's teams of the 1970s played well enough to win their division (which was usually known as the "American League Least" during this time). They then defeated teams that had won more games during the regular season with good pitching, good defense, and clutch hitting. Finley called this team the "Swingin' A's." Players such as Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, Joe Rudi, Bert Campaneris, Catfish Hunter, Rollie Fingers, and Vida Blue formed the nucleus of these teams. The players often said in later years that they played so well as Document [97] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) low. The Athletics belied these low expectations with a 7–5 start. The team's pitching staff continued to hemorrhage runs (allowing 79 in 12 games); the staff was bailed out, however, by their red-hot offense (which scored 93 runs over the same span). On April 17 (the day of Oakland's seventh win), the A's were 1.5 games ahead of the second-place California Angels. The Athletics' offense soon cooled down, however. This drop in production, combined with continued pitching woes, set the stage for a monumental collapse. Between April 19 and May 29, Oakland lost 31 games in 37 tries; at the Document [98] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the A's won the AL West's first half with a 37-23 mark; they also led the division in total wins despite losing the second half to the Royals. The A's swept these 50-53 Royals in the ALDS. The A's themselves were humbled in the ALCS, as the Yankees outscored Oakland 20-4 in a humiliating three-game rout. The 1981 ALCS is perhaps best remembered as the purported birthplace of "the wave"; while the phenomenon's origin is disputed, it is most commonly attributed to Krazy George Henderson, who introduced it to the Athletics' crowd during the series' final game. Despite high expectations, Document [99] (Title: 1974 World Series) the American League West division by five games over the Texas Rangers, then defeated the Baltimore Orioles, three games to one, in the American League Championship Series. The Oakland A's, dynasty or not, had become something of a running joke in the American League, consistently matching their on-field heroics with locker-room meltdowns and intra-squad theatrics. After yet another banner year (Catfish Hunter won 25 games, Reggie Jackson knocked in 105 runs, and Billy North stole 54 bases), the team seemed to be winning more attention for its dysfunctional communication patterns than for its superior lineup. Hunter was threatening to file Document [100] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) Games Played; GS = Games Started; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games Played; SV = Save" 2008 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2008 season marked their 40th year in Oakland, California. It was also the 108th season in franchise history. The team finished third in the American League West with a record of 75-86. The Athletics were not expected to contend for the American League West title in 2008. Despite this, the team remained near first place well into July. Document [101] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) their final 33 games. The Athletics' maligned rotation returned to form; over their final games, Zito, Mulder, Hudson, and Lidle went a combined 48-10. On July 25, the Athletics acquired slugger Jermaine Dye from the Kansas City Royals for prospects; this move further energized the already-surging squad. The Athletics ultimately weren't able to catch up with Seattle (which won an AL-record 116 games), but their remarkable run allowed them to clinch the AL's Wild Card. The Athletics' 102 wins remain the most by a Wild Card team in MLB history. The Athletics faced the New York Yankees (the three-time defending Document [102] (Title: 1997 Oakland Athletics season) no starter won more than six. None of the team's top four starters (Ariel Prieto, Steve Karsay, Mike Oquist, and Dave Telgheder) finished the season with an ERA of less than 5.00; the Athletics, as a team, finished with an earned run average of 5.48 (easily the MLB's worst). All told, the A's allowed a season total of 946 runs. This remains the worst such figure in Oakland history. More puzzling was the fate of the offense. Oakland, as expected, remained one of the league's best power-hitting teams. The Athletics' sluggers hit a total of 197 home runs (third-most in Document [103] (Title: 1972 American League Championship Series) A's went on to beat the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series in seven games. The A's won despite a team batting average of .224, superb pitching by Oakland held the Tigers to a meager .198 team batting average in the pitchers-dominated series. 1972 ALCS (3–2): Oakland A's over Detroit Tigers 1972 American League Championship Series The 1972 American League Championship Series took place between October 7 and 12, 1972. The Oakland Athletics (93–62 on the season) played the Detroit Tigers (86–70 on the season) for the right to go to the 1972 World Series, with the A's coming out Document [104] (Title: 1987 Oakland Athletics season) at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California, the home of the Oakland Athletics of the American League. The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 2-0 in 13 innings. Montreal Expos outfielder Tim Raines was named the Most Valuable Player. "Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" 1987 MLB All-Star Game 1987 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1987 season involved the A's finishing 3rd in the American League West with a record of 81 Document [105] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) 2005 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2005 season was their 37th in Oakland, California. It was also the 105th season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 88-74. The Athletics entered the 2005 season with low expectations. The team had won more than ninety games in each of the previous five seasons; despite this, there were concerns about the team's starting pitching. During the 2004–05 offseason, general manager Billy Beane traded two of the team's so-called "Big Three" starting pitchers. Beane traded two of the three, Tim Hudson and Mark Document [106] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) in Cincinnati, and all four Series victories were by a single run. Gene Tenace hit four home runs and drove in nine runs to power the A's offense, and was named the series Most Valuable Player. 1972 World Series (4–3): Oakland Athletics (A.L.) over Cincinnati Reds (N.L.) 1972 Oakland Athletics season The 1972 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning the American League West with a record of 93 wins and 62 losses. In the playoffs, they defeated the Detroit Tigers in a five-game ALCS, followed by a seven-game World Series, in which they defeated the Cincinnati Reds for their Document [107] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) 100-win season since finishing 107-45 in 1931. However, they lost to the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Championship Series. In 1972, the A's won their first league pennant since 1931 and faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. That year, the A's began wearing solid green or solid gold jerseys, with contrasting white pants, at a time when most other teams wore all-white uniforms at home and all-grey ones on the road. Similar to more colorful amateur softball uniforms, they were considered a radical departure for their time. Furthermore, in conjunction with a Moustache Day promotion, Finley offered Document [108] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" October 7, 1972, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum October 8, 1972, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum October 10, 1972, at Tiger Stadium October 11, 1972, at Tiger Stadium October 12, 1972, at Tiger Stadium In 1972, the A's won their first league pennant since 1931 and faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. The A's seven-game victory over the heavily favored Reds gave the team its first World Series Championship since 1930. Of the four wins against the Reds, three of them occurred Document [109] (Title: Oakland Athletics) commencement of interleague play in 1997. Through the 2018 regular season, the Athletics have won 63 games, and the Giants have won 57 contests. The A's also have edges on the Giants in terms of overall postseason appearances (18-12), division titles (16-8) and World Series titles (4-3) since both teams moved to the Bay Area, even though the Giants franchise moved there a decade earlier than the A's did. On March 24, 2018 the Oakland A's announced that for the Sunday March 25, 2018 exhibition game against the San Francisco Giants, A's fans would be charged $30 for parking and Document [110] (Title: 1989 American League Championship Series) (Games 2, 4, and 5) to send Oakland to the World Series. Athletics left fielder Rickey Henderson was named the ALCS MVP. During the Series, Henderson had doubled, tripled, hit two home runs (in Game 4), and drove in 5 runs. Tuesday, October 3, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California The A's went off as heavy favorites largely due to their status as defending American League champions. The Blue Jays had been in second place much of the year before catching and passing the Baltimore Orioles on the final weekend of the season. Both teams threw their aces Document [111] (Title: 1995 Oakland Athletics season) 4.50; only one such starter, Todd Stottlemyre, managed to record double-digit wins in the strike-shortened campaign. The Athletics, despite their weak pitching, managed to contend in the first half of the season. On July 1, a win over the division-leading California Angels brought them within 1.5 games of first place; it also ran their record to a surprising 34-28. As had been the case in 1994, the A's followed their surprising start with a prolonged slump; between July 2 and August 15, the team went only 13-28. The collapse, along with an Angels surge (the Angels went 30-11 over the Document [112] (Title: 1989 Oakland Athletics season) 1989 Oakland Athletics season The 1989 Oakland Athletics season saw the A's finish in first place in the American League West division, with a record of 99 wins and 63 losses, seven games in front of the Kansas City Royals. It was their second consecutive AL West title, as well as the second straight year in which they finished with the best record in all of baseball. The team defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the ALCS, then swept their cross-Bay rivals, the San Francisco Giants, in an earthquake-marred World Series. "Note: Pos = position; G = Document [113] (Title: 1968 Oakland Athletics season) W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1968 Oakland Athletics season The 1968 Oakland Athletics season was the franchise's 68th season and its first in Oakland, California. The team finished sixth in the American League with a record of 82 wins and 80 losses, placing them 21 games behind the eventual World Series champion Detroit Tigers. The Athletics' paid attendance for the season was 837,466. The 1968 season represented a tremendous Question: how many games have the oakland a's won this season Answer: 75 Long Answer: Season Wins Losses Win% Place Playoffs 2008 75 86 . 466 3rd in AL West 2009 75 87 . 463 4th in AL West 81 81 . 500 2nd in AL West 2011 74 88 . 457 3rd in AL West 2012 94 68 . 580 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers, 2--3 2013 96 66 . 593 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers, 2--3 2014 88 74 . 543 2nd in AL West Lost ALWC vs. Kansas City Royals, 8--9 2015 68 94 . 420 5th in AL West 2016 69 93 . 426 5th in AL West 2017 75 87 . 463 5th in AL West 10 - Year Record 795 824 . 491 -- -- All - Time Record 8,834 9,322 . 487 -- -- Gold Document ID: 100

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Giambi's replacement, hit a pinch-hit home run off Royals closer Jason Grimsley in the bottom of the 9th inning to win 12–11. The streak was snapped two nights later in Minneapolis, the A's losing 6–0 to the Minnesota Twins. The Major League record for consecutive games without a loss is 26, set by the NL's New York Giants in 1916. There was a tie game embedded in that streak (ties were not uncommon in the days before stadium lights) and the record for consecutive wins with no ties is 22, held by the Cleveland Indians in 2017. On March 30, Document [2] (Title: 1996 Oakland Athletics season) Prieto, Steve Wojciechowski, and Dave Telgheder) managed to win more than eight games. Oakland's bullpen also ranked among the league's worst. Reliever Carlos Reyes lead all pitchers in strikeouts with 78. All told, the A's boasted a team ERA of 5.20; this was the 10th best total in the 14-team American League. The Athletics' offense was only slightly better. As had been the case in prior years, slugger Mark McGwire was the main draw; he crushed a league-high (and Oakland franchise record) 52 home runs in 1996. Designated hitter Gerónimo Berroa and catcher Terry Steinbach belted 36 and 35 home Document [3] (Title: 2013 American League Division Series) to the ALCS for the third straight season, becoming the first team to do so since the 1998–2001 New York Yankees made four straight appearances. The Athletics have now lost their last six winner-take-all Game 5s, the last two at the hands of the Tigers (2012 and 2013). They are now 1–12 in playoff-clinching games since 2000, the only win coming in 2006 when they swept the Minnesota Twins in the ALDS. As of 2018, this is the most recent time that a Detroit-based team advanced in a major league postseason. 2013 ALDS (3–2): Detroit Tigers over Oakland Athletics 2013 Document [4] (Title: 1974 American League Championship Series) to clinch the league crown for Oakland. Pitching dominated the 4-game set, the A's batting a meager .183 but the O's a paltry .177. After Game 1, superior A's pitching held the O's to just one run and 12 hits over the next 3 games, hitting a very weak .135 (12-89), sealing an Oakland victory. 1974 ALCS (3–1): Oakland A's over Baltimore Orioles 1974 American League Championship Series The 1974 American League Championship Series was a best-of-five matchup between the East Division Champion Baltimore Orioles and the West Division Champion Oakland A's. It was a rematch of the previous year's Document [5] (Title: 2017 Oakland Athletics season) 2017 Oakland Athletics season The 2017 Oakland Athletics season was the 50th for the Oakland Athletics franchise in Oakland (all at Oakland Coliseum), as well as the 117th in club history. The A's began the season on April 3 at home against Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and finished the season at the Texas Rangers on October 1. They finished the season in last place in their division and did not make the playoffs for the third consecutive season, but did finish the season on a strong note with a winning record in September. For the first time in several Document [6] (Title: 1975 Oakland Athletics season) 1975 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1975 season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They went on to play the Boston Red Sox in the 1975 American League Championship Series, losing in three straight games. After the Athletics' victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1974 World Series under Alvin Dark, pitcher Catfish Hunter filed a grievance. He won the American League Cy Young Award in 1974 with a record of 25–12 and a league-leading 2.49 earned run average. Hunter uncovered a violation of his Document [7] (Title: 1968 Oakland Athletics season) this time by a 4–1 score with Dave McNally besting Lew Krausse before 50,164 at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. On May 8 against the Minnesota Twins, Hunter pitched the first regular season perfect game in the American League since 1922, but the paid attendance in Oakland was only 6,298 on a Wednesday night. The game was scoreless until the bottom of the seventh when Hunter squeezed the first run in. In the eighth, he drove in two more with a bases-loaded single, and ended with three hits and three RBI. Hunter was inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Document [8] (Title: 1992 Oakland Athletics season) a 2-1 edge in the series. October 11, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum For the fourth game, Toronto threw Morris against Oakland's Bob Welch. In the second inning, Olerud tagged Welch for a solo homer to give the Jays the lead. However, the Athletics came back in a big way with a five-run third and tacked on another run in the sixth when Sierra doubled Rickey Henderson home, giving Oakland a seemingly secure 6-1 advantage. In the top of the eighth, however, La Russa pulled Welch, who had been cruising along, and went to his bullpen. The Jays capitalized by scoring three Document [9] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Dan Haren ended up pitching far better for Oakland than Mulder did for St. Louis. Also during this time, the Athletics won an American League record 20 games in a row, from August 13 to September 4, 2002. The last three games were won in dramatic fashion, each victory coming in the bottom of the ninth inning. Win number 20 was notable because the A's, with Tim Hudson pitching, jumped to an 11–0 lead against the AL-cellar dwelling Kansas City Royals, only to slowly give up eleven unanswered runs to lose the lead. Then, Scott Hatteberg, enduring criticism as Jason Document [10] (Title: Bob Kennedy) the Atlanta Braves until 1968. In 1968, when the Athletics moved from Kansas City to Oakland, Kennedy was their first manager. Oakland finished sixth in a 10-team league with an 82–80 record, a notable improvement from the 62–99 last-place 1967 Athletics. It was also the franchise's first winning season since 1952, when the team was still in Philadelphia. According to the 1972 book "Mustache Gang", authored by Ron Bergman, on the last day of the season Kennedy walked into Charlie Finley's office, expecting an extension. Five minutes later, Kennedy had been fired. After that, he spent six years (1970–75) as Document [11] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) 1973 Oakland Athletics season The 1973 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their third consecutive American League West title with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. The A's went on to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their second straight AL Championship, and won the World Series in seven games over the New York Mets to take their second consecutive World Championship. The 1973 A's had three 20-game winners in Jim (Catfish) Hunter, Ken Holtzman and Vida Blue. The A's were on the receiving end of some milestones as well. On July 3, Nolan Ryan Document [12] (Title: 1989 American League Championship Series) Jays finished the 1989 regular season with an 89–73 record (.549). However, their winning of the American League East division title was by a much narrower margin: only two games over the Baltimore Orioles. The ALCS began with Games 1 and 2 being played at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, with the Athletics winning both. The Series then shifted to the SkyDome in Toronto, where the Blue Jays managed a win in Game 3 before losing Games 4 and 5 to Oakland. Athletics ace Dave Stewart earned two wins (in Games 1 and 5), while closer Dennis Eckersley saved three games Document [13] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) injury to Brett Anderson further impacted the A's starting rotation. From September 13 to 24 the A's would lose six out of eight games, with the final loss being a 5-4 defeat at the hands of the Rangers that put the A's five games behind the division leaders (with only nine left to play), though the A's were not mathematically eliminated. After winning two of their next three games against the Rangers, they then swept the Seattle Mariners (highlighted by their last regular-season walk-off), while the Rangers lost two games out of three to the division-rival Los Angeles Angels. With Document [14] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) the Rangers leading the A's by only two games, the teams faced off in Oakland for the final three games of the season. The A's took the first two games by scores of 4-3 and 3-1, respectively; the first win clinched a postseason berth for the Athletics, while the second momentarily tied the A's with the Rangers for first place and set up a winner-take-all game for the division crown. In the final game, a 5-1 Rangers lead after the 2nd inning was not enough as the Athletics scored six runs in the 4th (including two off a fly ball Document [15] (Title: 2010 Oakland Athletics season) the 1999 season and a Short-Season A team since 2000, signed on with Toronto for the next four seasons. Oakland signed two-year deals with the Midwest League's Burlington Bees (Athletics' affiliate from 1963–1974, MWL title in 1965) and New York–Penn League's Vermont Lake Monsters. Oakland agreed to a four-year extension with Triple-A Sacramento through the 2014 season. Sacramento has been Oakland's Triple-A team since 2000. ALL STAR SELECTION<br> Pacific Coast League (AAA), July 14, 2010 @ Coca-Cola Park, Allentown, Pennsylvania<br> PCL vs. International League, 1–2 Postseason All-Star Selection – Chris Carter Texas League-South (AA), June 30, 2010 @ Citibank Ballpark, Document [16] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Game 4 of the American League Division Series. The A's lost the ALDS to the eventual American League Champion Detroit Tigers in 5 games. Bob Melvin was awarded the 2012 AL Manager of the Year award, and outfielder Josh Reddick was awarded a Gold Glove, becoming the first A's outfielder since 1985 to do so. Following the season shortstop Cliff Pennington was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for outfielder Chris Young, as part of a 3 team trade. In 2013, under manager Bob Melvin after going 96-66 and claiming their second straight division title over the heavily favored Texas Rangers Document [17] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) 1972 Oakland Athletics season The 1972 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning the American League West with a record of 93 wins and 62 losses. In the playoffs, they defeated the Detroit Tigers in a five-game ALCS, followed by a seven-game World Series, in which they defeated the Cincinnati Reds for their first World Championship since 1930, when the club was in Philadelphia. In 1972, the A's began wearing solid green or solid gold jerseys, with contrasting white pants, at a time when most other teams wore all-white uniforms at home and all-grey ones on the road. Similar to Document [18] (Title: 1971 Oakland Athletics season) = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1971 Major League Baseball All-Star Game Sunday, October 3, 1971, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland Monday, October 4, 1971, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland Tuesday, October 5, 1971, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California 1971 Oakland Athletics season The 1971 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 101 wins and 60 losses. In their first postseason appearance of Document [19] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) that was misplayed by Josh Hamilton) and scored five more runs in the eventual 12-5 victory. Having secured the division championship, the Athletics faced the Detroit Tigers in the 2012 American League Division Series. The A's were shut down by Detroit ace Justin Verlander in Game 1, and followed that loss with a 5-4 defeat in Game 2. The Athletics, now down 2-0 in a best-of-five series, returned to Oakland for Game 3. Brett Anderson saved the Athletics' season by shutting out the Tigers in a 2-0 Athletics victory. Then, trailing 3-1 heading into the bottom of the 9th inning, Document [20] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) allowed 3.27 runs per game (while pitching six shutouts). The rest of the division struggled over the same span; as such, Oakland's 38th victory allowed it to pull within three games of the first-place Rangers. The A's cooled down in subsequent weeks; poor play from the rest of the division, however, allowed them to gain further ground. The team finished with a 51–63 record; despite being 12 games under .500, the A's were only one game behind the first-place Rangers. All four of the American League West's teams finished the strike-shortened season with losing records. This is the only such Document [21] (Title: 2002 Oakland Athletics season) were during the streak. Many of the Athletics' victories were by narrow margins; closer Billy Koch recorded either a win or save in 12 of the streak's 20 games. The Athletics' 18th and 19th wins came courtesy of game-ending hits by shortstop Miguel Tejada. On September 4, Oakland sought to win its 20th consecutive game; in doing so, the team hoped to break the 1947 New York Yankees' American League record of 19 consecutive wins. Their opponent was the Kansas City Royals. Over the first three innings of the game, Oakland shelled Kansas City pitchers Paul Byrd and Darrell May Document [22] (Title: Oakland, California) of the BART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway through Berkeley. Oakland currently has professional teams in three sports: baseball, basketball, and football. The Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, and appeared in another three consecutive World Series from 1988 to 1990, winning their fourth championship in 1989. The Golden State Warriors won the 1974–75, 2014–15, 2016–17, and the 2017–18 NBA championships, while losing in 2016. The Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977, Super Bowl XV in 1981, and Document [23] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) in the bottom of the inning, winning on a walk-off single by Salvador Pérez. The A's ended 2015 with a disappointing 68-94 record, last place in the AL West. Like in 2015, the A's were in last place with a 69-93 record. In November 2016, after the season ended, Wolff sold his 10% stake in the team to John J. Fisher, who became the full owner of the team; Wolff is now the chairman emeritus. For the third straight year, the A's were in last place with a 75-87 record. But the team finished well as they won 10 of Document [24] (Title: Bob Geren) the 28th manager in Oakland Athletics franchise history. He replaced Ken Macha, who was fired after disagreements with players and general manager Billy Beane. In 2007, Geren led the A's to a 76–86 record. In 2008, the Athletics finished the season with a 75-86 record. In March 2009, the A's and Geren agreed to a contract extension for one year, with an additional options year. During the 2010 season, the A's finished with an even .500 winning percentage (81-81 record). On September 11, 2010, MLB.com announced that Oakland had exercised Geren's option for 2011, assuring him another season in the Document [25] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) 2012, as a number of experts picked the Athletics to lose as many as 100 games in the highly competitive AL West. The A's managed to play winning baseball through mid-May and held a 22-21 record on May 21, before a nine-game losing streak brought them down to a season-low eight games under the .500 mark. In Bob Melvin's first full season as manager, the team began to gel in the month of June. Between June 2 (the day the nine-game losing streak ended) and June 30, the A's posted a 15-12 record; then erased their deficit with a 19-5 Document [26] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) 1981 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1981 season saw the A's finish with an overall record of 64 wins and 45 losses. They finished the season with the best record in the American League (and second best in all of baseball). Due to the infamous 1981 players strike, the league resorted to a split-season format; this new format saw the winners of both halves of the season playing in the first divisional playoff in MLB history. The A's qualified by posting the AL West's best record in the first half of the season. While they swept the Kansas City Document [27] (Title: 1999 Oakland Athletics season) 1999 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1999 season involved the A's finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. In doing so, the Athletics finished with their first winning record since 1992. The campaign was also the first of eight consecutive winning seasons for the Athletics (the last of these coming in 2006). "Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" "Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H Document [28] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) Rich Harden and Chad Gaudin to the Chicago Cubs for Sean Gallagher, Josh Donaldson, Eric Patterson, and Matt Murton. Then on July 17, the A's traded Joe Blanton to the Philadelphia Phillies for three minor leaguers. An 18–37 record for the months of July and August (including a 10-game losing streak) dropped the A's into third place, where they would finish the season. They ended 2008 with a disappointing 75–86 record. Several players were acquired in the offseason trades (pitchers Dana Eveland and Greg Smith from the Dan Haren trade, outfielder Ryan Sweeney from the Swisher trade and reliever Joey Document [29] (Title: 1976 Oakland Athletics season) 1976 Oakland Athletics season The 1976 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 74 losses, 2½ games behind the Kansas City Royals, meaning that the A's failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 1970. This team set and still holds the modern Major League team record for most stolen bases in a season with 341. The Athletics would not eclipse this season's win total until 1988 (when they won 104). Indeed, nearly all of the team's stars (Sal Bando, Rollie Fingers, Gene Tenace, Joe Document [30] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) but by the end of the month, they had pulled within 2 games of the Texas Rangers for the AL West lead, setting the stage for a season ending, 3 game series that would decide the winner of the 2012 division title. The A's swept the series, culminating in 12-5 victory which saw the A's come back from a 4 run deficit to clinch the AL West for the first time since 2006. The A's ended the regular season with a record of 94-68, leading the Major Leagues in walk-off wins, with 14 in the regular season, and one in Document [31] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) 2012 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2012 season was the organization's 45th in Oakland, California and the 112th in club history. The team finished with a final record of 94–68, claiming first place in the American League West and reaching the postseason for the first time since 2006. After winning their last game of the season, they took sole possession of the West for the first time all year, overtaking the Texas Rangers. The A's had trailed Texas by 13 games on June 30, and had a five-game deficit with nine days left in the season. The 2012 team, Document [32] (Title: 2002 Oakland Athletics season) City reliever Jason Grimsley. The home run clinched the AL-record 20th consecutive victory for the Athletics. Oakland's streak came to an end with a 6-0 loss to the Minnesota Twins on September 6. The A's continued to play well down the stretch, as evidenced by their final record of 103-59. The club's late-season surge allowed it to hold off the Anaheim Angels, who finished four games behind them at 99-63. Oakland's regular season exploits, however, once again failed to translate into postseason success. The team again lost the American League Division Series (this time to the Twins) in five games. Document [33] (Title: 1995 Oakland Athletics season) same span) left the A's 17.5 games out of first place. As had also been the case in 1994, Oakland mounted a dramatic comeback; an Angels collapse, combined with a surge of their own, allowed them to pull within five games of first place on September 20. The September 20th victory would be their last, as Oakland lost each of the regular season's final nine games. They finished the campaign eleven games behind the AL West champion Seattle Mariners. The Athletics' on-field mediocrity, however, contained a few bright spots. Mark McGwire clubbed 39 home runs in a mere 104 games; Document [34] (Title: Big Three (Oakland Athletics)) Athletics to an 11-1 win in Game 4 to force a deciding Game 5 back in Oakland. The A's would then lose Game 5 7-5 and would then be eliminated from the postseason. The next season, Mark Mulder would have an AL-leading 21 wins to lead the "Big Three" and the Oakland Athletics into the postseason as a wild card. Mark Mulder would make his postseason debut in Game 1 of the ALDS against the Yankees. Mark Mulder would have a strong postseason debut as he allowed only one run in 6.2 innings to lad the A's to a 5-3 Document [35] (Title: 1999 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" 1999 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1999 season involved the A's finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. In doing so, the Athletics finished with their first winning record since 1992. The campaign was also the first of eight consecutive winning seasons for the Athletics (the last of these coming in 2006). "Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; Document [36] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the division title for the first time since 1975, winning the first half of the split season, then defeating the Royals in the divisional playoffs before losing to the Yankees in the ALCS. While the team was successful, it came at a high price, both for the team and for the pitching staff. Following a season in which the team led the league in complete games with 94—an astonishing number for the time—the Athletics again led the league with 60 complete games out of 109 total games in the strike-shortened season. For the second time, the pitching staff completed more Document [37] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) the day after Catfish Hunter, A's pitcher Dallas Braden pitched a perfect game, the 19th in Major League history, in a 4-0 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays at the Coliseum. The next homestand was a week-long celebration of the feat, with a commemorative graphic placed on the outfield wall on May 17. Oakland finished the 2010 season with an 81-81 record; 2nd in the division, 9 games behind Texas, and 1 game ahead of Los Angeles. Oakland finished the 2011 season with a 74-88 record; 3rd in the division, 22 games behind Texas. Pitcher Rich Harden returned on a Document [38] (Title: 1991 Oakland Athletics season) of Fame in Cooperstown in 1987, the right-handed starter won 161 regular season games in ten seasons for the A's, the first three in Kansas City and the last seven in Oakland. He won 20 or more games in each of his last four seasons in Oakland and was 4–0 with one save in seven World Series appearances. Hunter won the Cy Young Award in his final season in Oakland in 1974, as the A's won their third consecutive World Series. His record in the 1974 regular season was 25–12 with 23 complete games; he led the league in wins Document [39] (Title: 1971 World Series) swept the Oakland A's in the American League Championship Series. The Orioles were coming off their third straight AL playoff series sweep (twice over the Minnesota Twins and once over Oakland) and their third straight season with over 100 wins (109 (1969), 108 (1970), 101 (1971)). Featuring four pitchers with twenty or more wins (Dave McNally (21), Mike Cuellar (20), Pat Dobson (20), Jim Palmer (20)), the booming bats of sluggers Frank Robinson (28, 99, .281) and Boog Powell (22, 92, .256), and the sure hands of Brooks Robinson at third and Mark Belanger at short, the O's were primed Document [40] (Title: 1990 Oakland Athletics season) microscopic 0.61 ERA while recording 48 saves. As a team, the Athletics allowed only 570 runs (the fewest in the American League by a wide margin). The Athletics easily won the American League West for a third consecutive season. They swept the Boston Red Sox, four games to none, in that year's American League Championship Series; in doing so, they won a third consecutive American League pennant. The Athletics entered the 1990 World Series as heavy favorites. Despite this, however, they were themselves swept by the Cincinnati Reds. The Athletics have not reached the World Series since. On June 29, Document [41] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) series, only to lose the next three straight. In 2001, Oakland became the first team to lose a best-of-five series after winning both of the first two games on the road. In 2004, the A's missed the playoffs altogether, losing the final series of the season—and the divisional title—to the Anaheim Angels. This period in Oakland history featured splendid performances from a trio of young starting pitchers: right-hander Tim Hudson and left-handers Mark Mulder and Barry Zito. Between 1999 and 2006, the so-called "Big Three" helped the Athletics to emerge into a perennial powerhouse in the American League West, combining Document [42] (Title: Catfish Hunter) with a squeeze bunt in the seventh and a bases-loaded single in the eighth. Hunter continued to win games, and in 1974 received both "The Sporting News"'s "Pitcher of the Year" award and the American League Cy Young Award after going 25–12 with a league leading 2.49 earned run average. The A's also won their third consecutive World Series. Hunter's statistics while he was with the Athletics were impressive: four consecutive years with at least 20 wins, and four World Series wins without a loss. He had won 161 games for the A's, 131 in seven seasons in Oakland and Document [43] (Title: History of the Los Angeles Angels) 99 games and earn the American League wildcard berth. The Oakland Athletics won 103 games, putting the Angels in second place in the division. The Halos defeated the AL East champions New York Yankees 3 games to 1 in the American League Division Series, ending the Yankees' streak of 4 straight American League Pennants, and the Minnesota Twins 4 games to 1 in the ALCS, to win the American League pennant for the first time in their history. In the 2002 World Series they met the Wildcard San Francisco Giants, paced by slugger Barry Bonds, in what ended up being Document [44] (Title: 2014 Oakland Athletics season) things went well for the team; by August 9th, they had upped their lead over the Angels to four games. From that point forward, however, the As were met with disaster. An historic collapse, defined largely by ineffective hitting and a spate of narrow losses, saw Oakland tumble in the American League standings; all told, the team won just 16 of its final 46 games. The Athletics only managed to clinch an AL Wild-Card berth on the final day of the regular season. The team finished some ten games behind the Angels, who clinched the league's best record with an Document [45] (Title: Big Three (Oakland Athletics)) lose Game 4 9-2, which would mean that it would take a fifth game to decide the series. Mark Mulder would take the mound for Game 5 and would attempt to advance to the ALCS, but his attempt did not go very well as he allowed four runs in 4.1 innings as the A's would lose Game 5 5-3 and would then be eliminated in the ALDS by the Yankees for the second consecutive year. Barry Zito would lead the "Big Three" and the Athletics the following year with an AL-leading 23 wins, a 2.75 ERA, and 182 strikeouts, and Document [46] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) Mulder, to the Atlanta Braves and St. Louis Cardinals (respectively); in both instances, he received prospects in return. The A's retained All-Star starter Barry Zito; despite this, many worried about the quality of the team's remaining starters. Some even picked the Athletics to finish last in the American League West, despite their having finished second (one game behind the Anaheim Angels) just months prior. The A's seemed to validate these concerns in the early days of the 2005 season. On May 29, they were 17-32 (the third-worst record in baseball at the time); moreover, the team trailed the division-leading Angels Document [47] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) the Athletics held a 4–0 lead after six innings, but the Orioles scored four in the seventh off Blue to tie the game; the key blow was a three-run home run by catcher Andy Etchebarren. Baltimore second baseman Bobby Grich broke the tie with a solo home run in the 8th inning, and the Orioles went on to win, 5–4. October 11, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 5, Hunter pitched a 5-hit shutout as the Athletics won, 3–0, and took the series 3 games to 2. The Athletics' victory over the New York Mets in the 1973 Series Document [48] (Title: 2018 Oakland Athletics season) 2018 Oakland Athletics season The 2018 Oakland Athletics season was the 118th season for the Oakland Athletics franchise, all as members of the American League, and their 51st season in Oakland (all at Oakland Coliseum). The A's were managed by Bob Melvin in his eighth year as manager of the A's. They played their home games at Oakland Coliseum as members of Major League Baseball's American League West Division. The A's began the season on March 29 against the Los Angeles Angels and finished the season on September 30 against the Angels as well. On September 24, they clinched their Document [49] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) instance in MLB history. The 1994 Players' Strike ended the season (and the A's postseason hopes) entirely. While the Rangers would win their first-ever division title in 1996, the A's would have to wait until 2000 to return to the postseason. Despite compiling a record of 51–63 by Friday, August 12, the Athletics were only one game behind the Texas Rangers for the lead in the AL West Division. They had scored 549 runs (4.82 per game) and allowed 589 runs (5.17 per game). The Athletics finished the strike-shortened season 28th in triples, with just 13, but they led the Document [50] (Title: 1970 Oakland Athletics season) 1970 Oakland Athletics season The 1970 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. In 1970, owner Charlie Finley officially changed the team name from the Athletics to the "A's". An "apostrophe-s" was added to the cap and uniform emblem to reflect that fact. During the off-season, Reggie Jackson sought an increase in salary, and A's owner Charlie Finley threatened to send Jackson to the minors. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn successfully intervened in their dispute. Reggie Jackson demanded $60,000 per season, while he was offered $40,000 by Document [51] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) contending for the AL West crown. Pitcher Huston Street was voted the A.L. Rookie of the Year in 2005, the second year in a row an Athletic won that award, shortstop Bobby Crosby having won in 2004. For the fifth straight season, third baseman Eric Chavez won the A.L. Gold Glove Award at that position. The 2006 season brought the A's back to the postseason after a three-year absence. After finishing the season at 93–69, four games ahead of the Angels, the A's were considered the underdog against the highly favored Minnesota Twins. The A's swept the series 3–0 however, Document [52] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) end of this span, their record stood at 13–36. The A's, then firmly in last place, trailed the division-leading Angels (who also had a sub-.500 record) by nine games. Oakland continued to lose ground over the following two weeks; at their absolute nadir, the Athletics' 19–43 record trailed the division-leading Rangers (who had since overtaken the Angels) by 12.5 games. The A's, instead, launched themselves back into contention with a turnaround. Over their next 22 games, the Athletics went 19–3; this surge raised their record to 38–46. Oakland's much-maligned pitching staff powered the resurgence; over the 22-game span, Athletics pitchers Document [53] (Title: 1974 Oakland Athletics season) Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" The Athletics defeated the Baltimore Orioles, 3 games to 1. 1974 Major League Baseball All-Star Game 1974 Oakland Athletics season The 1974 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their fourth consecutive American League West title with a record of 90 wins and 72 losses. In the playoffs, the A's defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their third straight AL pennant, and in the World Series, the first ever played entirely on the West Coast, defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to take their Document [54] (Title: 1989 Oakland Athletics season) Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" October 3, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 4, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 6, 1989, at SkyDome October 7, 1989, at SkyDome October 8, 1989, at SkyDome All-Star Game 1989 Oakland Athletics season The 1989 Oakland Athletics season saw the A's finish in first place in the American League West division, with a record of 99 wins and 63 losses, seven games in front of the Kansas City Royals. It was their second consecutive AL West Document [55] (Title: 2000 Oakland Athletics season) 2000 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2000 season was the team's 33rd in Oakland, California. It was also the 100th season in franchise history. The team finished first in the American League West with a record of 91-70. The A's, in winning the division, snapped an eight-year postseason drought. The division championship was also the first of the so-called "Moneyball" era. Over the next six seasons, the Athletics would reach the postseason a total of four additional times. The season saw the debuts of eventual ace starters Barry Zito and Mark Mulder. These two pitchers, along with Tim Hudson Document [56] (Title: 1969 Oakland Athletics season) Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1969 Oakland Athletics season The 1969 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's compiling a record of 88 wins and 74 losses. With its expansion to 12 teams in 1969, the American League had been divided into two 6-team divisions. In their first year in the newly established American League Document [57] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) of the cross-bay San Francisco Giants that they own the territorial rights to San Jose and Santa Clara County. In 2005, many pundits picked the Athletics to finish last as a result of Beane's dismantling of the Big Three. At first, the experts appeared vindicated, as the A's were mired in last place on May 31 with a 19–32 (.373) won-loss record. After that the team began to gel, playing at a .622 clip for the remainder of the season, eventually finishing 88–74 (.543), seven games behind the newly renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and for many weeks seriously Document [58] (Title: 1976 Oakland Athletics season) Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1976 Oakland Athletics season The 1976 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 74 losses, 2½ games behind the Kansas City Royals, meaning that the A's failed to make the Document [59] (Title: Ken Holtzman) in which he batted regularly during the season, he had only two home runs. Oakland won Game 5 and became the first team to win three consecutive World Series since the New York Yankees won five straight from 1949 to 1953. After losing in salary arbitration in February, Holtzman had an 18–14 record for the 1975 A's as they won their fifth straight American League Western Division title. On June 8, against the Detroit Tigers, he had what would have been his third career no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth by a Tom Veryzer double. He would Document [60] (Title: 1974 World Series) won in an opponent or neutral stadium or arena. 1974 World Series (4–1): Oakland A's (A.L.) over Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.) 1974 World Series The 1974 World Series matched the two-time defending champions Oakland Athletics against the Los Angeles Dodgers with the A's winning the Series in five games. Rollie Fingers figured in three of the four Oakland victories, posting a win and two saves, and was honored as the Series MVP. Oakland became the first team to win three consecutive Series since the New York Yankees won five in a row between 1949 and 1953; the win secured the Document [61] (Title: 1974 Oakland Athletics season) 1974 Oakland Athletics season The 1974 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning their fourth consecutive American League West title with a record of 90 wins and 72 losses. In the playoffs, the A's defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS for their third straight AL pennant, and in the World Series, the first ever played entirely on the West Coast, defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to take their third consecutive World Series championship. Paid attendance for the season was 845,693. In early 1974, owner Charlie Finley tried to sell the team with an asking price of Document [62] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) surge in July, highlighted by the first-ever four-game sweep of the New York Yankees in Oakland. This stellar play put the once-dead Athletics into the heat of the AL West race: while they had trailed the division-leading Rangers by 13 games on June 30, they were only 3.5 back on July 28. A 5-8 start to August, however, widened the Rangers' lead to six games. Additionally, veteran pitcher Bartolo Colón was suspended after testing positive for synthetic testosterone on August 22. Facing these problems, the A's won 13 of their final 15 August games, due in part to the season Document [63] (Title: Barry Zito) just been steady all season long." In Game 3 of the ALDS, Zito went six innings and gave up three earned runs against the Twins, earning the win. However, the Twins defeated the Athletics in five games, making the Athletics the first team to lose the deciding game of a series three years in a row. Zito would go on to win the AL Cy Young Award with a 23–5 record, narrowly defeating Pedro Martínez in the voting. He led the league with 23 wins, was second in winning percentage (.821), and third in both ERA (2.75) and strikeouts (182). Document [64] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) and Los Angeles Angels,the Athletics lost Game 5 of the ALDS to Justin Verlander and the Detroit Tigers for the second straight season in their own ballpark. Josh Donaldson had an MVP-caliber season, with a .301 batting average 24 home runs, and 93 RBIs. Despite his age, Bartolo Colón was in contention for a Cy Young Award, going 18-6, with 117 strikeouts and a 2.65 ERA. During the regular season the A's saw the additions of former A's catcher Kurt Suzuki from the Washington Nationals, Alberto Callaspo from the Los Angeles Angels,and Stephen Vogt off waivers from the Tampa Bay Document [65] (Title: 1971 Oakland Athletics season) 1971 Oakland Athletics season The 1971 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 101 wins and 60 losses. In their first postseason appearance of any kind since 1931, the A's were swept in three games by the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Championship Series. Vida Blue became the first black player in the history of the American League to win the American League Cy Young Award. He was also the youngest AL player in the 20th century to win the MVP Award. During the year, Vida Blue was on Document [66] (Title: 1992 Oakland Athletics season) were decided by two runs or fewer; at the end of the Game 3, Oakland trailed Toronto 2 games to 1. In Game 4, Oakland led the Jays 6-1 after seven innings; a furious Toronto rally, however, resulted in a 7-6 Toronto victory (and a 3-1 Blue Jays series lead). The Athletics never recovered from the collapse, and ultimately succumbed to the favored Jays in six games. The 1992 season signaled the end of an era in Oakland. The team would miss the postseason in each of the next seven seasons; by the time of the Athletics' next division title Document [67] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) Runs Batted In" 2005 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2005 season was their 37th in Oakland, California. It was also the 105th season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 88-74. The Athletics entered the 2005 season with low expectations. The team had won more than ninety games in each of the previous five seasons; despite this, there were concerns about the team's starting pitching. During the 2004–05 offseason, general manager Billy Beane traded two of the team's so-called "Big Three" starting pitchers. Beane traded two of the three, Tim Document [68] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) 3-2 to the New York Yankees in the 2001 American League Division Series. "Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" 2001 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2001 season was the team's 34th in Oakland, California, and the 101st season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 102-60. The Athletics entered the 2001 season with high expectations. Much of the excitement stemmed from the team's trio of promising young starting Document [69] (Title: 1975 Oakland Athletics season) W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1975 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1975 season involved the A's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They went on to play the Boston Red Sox in the 1975 American League Championship Series, losing in three straight games. After the Athletics' victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1974 World Series under Document [70] (Title: 2000 Oakland Athletics season) the American League. The offense was led by Jason Giambi, who won the American League MVP Award at the end of the season. The team collectively hit 239 home runs in 2000 (also an Oakland record); in total, nine different Athletics hit at least ten home runs. The Athletics fought the Seattle Mariners in the standings for most of the season. In the end, the Athletics narrowly prevailed; they finished only half a game ahead of the 91-71 Mariners (who won the AL Wild Card). The Athletics then played the New York Yankees in the ALDS. They would lose the Document [71] (Title: Connie Mack) that record with 120 losses in their inaugural season and the 2003 Detroit Tigers surpassing it with 119 although those teams played 162 game schedules, not 154 like the Athletics. All told, the A's finished dead last in the AL seven years in a row from 1915 to 1921, and would not reach .500 again until 1926. The rebuilt team won back-to-back championships in 1929–1930 over the Cubs and Cardinals, and then lost a rematch with the latter in 1931. As it turned out, these were the last postseason appearances for the A's not only in Philadelphia, but for another Document [72] (Title: 2014 Oakland Athletics season) impressive 98-64 finish. The Athletics met the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 American League Wild Card Game. The Athletics held a 7-3 lead over the Royals through seven innings; a furious Royals rally, however, saw the Royals tie the game by scoring three runs in the eighth inning and one run in the ninth. In the 12th inning, the Athletics' took an 8-7 lead on an Alberto Callaspo line drive; the Royals, however, would again rally for a 9-8 walk-off victory (their first playoff win in 29 years). The Athletics did not reach the postseason again until the 2018 Document [73] (Title: 2001 New York Yankees season) Oakland A's three games to two in the ALDS, and then the Seattle Mariners, who had won 116 games, four games to one in the ALCS. By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year, the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–1924 New York Giants, and the Yankee teams of 1936–1939, 1949–1953, 1955–1958 and 1960–1964 as the only dynasties to reach at least four straight pennants. The Yankees had now won eleven consecutive postseason series over a four-year period. However, the Yankees lost the World Series in a dramatic 7 game series to the Arizona Diamondbacks, when Yankees star closer Mariano Document [74] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in" "Note: G = Games played; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts; BB = Bases on Balls" Oakland wins series, 3-0. Yankees win the Series, 3-0 </div></div> 1981 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1981 season saw the A's finish with an overall record of 64 wins and 45 losses. They finished the season with the best record in the American League (and second best in all of baseball). Due to the infamous 1981 Document [75] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) 2008 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2008 season marked their 40th year in Oakland, California. It was also the 108th season in franchise history. The team finished third in the American League West with a record of 75-86. The Athletics were not expected to contend for the American League West title in 2008. Despite this, the team remained near first place well into July. The Athletics fortunes peaked on July 11, when a 9-2 rout of the Angels allowed them to pull within four games of first place. The team then lost 44 of its 68 remaining games. The Document [76] (Title: 2012 Oakland Athletics season) Oakland scored three runs (the final on a Coco Crisp walk-off single) to capture a come-from-behind 4-3 victory in Game 4. The A's comeback was not to be, however, as a dominant outing by Verlander ended the A's season in Game 5. The Athletics' 94-68 record in 2012 was their best in nearly a decade. Manager Bob Melvin and General Manager Billy Beane were honored with the Greatness in Baseball Yearly (GIBBY) Award as the Manager of the Year and Executive of the Year, respectively. The Athletics played the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series. 6:07 p.m. (EDT) at Comerica Document [77] (Title: 1990 Oakland Athletics season) would finish the season with both an MLB-leading 27 wins and a 2.95 ERA; this performance was strong enough to net the 1990 Cy Young Award. Welch, as of 2014, remains the last MLB pitcher to win at least 25 games in a season. Fellow starter Dave Stewart, winner of 22 games, finished in a tie (with Pittsburgh starter Doug Drabek) for the second-most wins in MLB. 1989 All-Star Mike Moore, 1991 All-Star Scott Sanderson, and longtime Athletic Curt Young rounded out the American League's top rotation. The Athletics' bullpen was led by superstar closer Dennis Eckersley, who posted a Document [78] (Title: 1991 Oakland Athletics season) 1991 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1991 season was the team's 24th in Oakland, California. It was also the 91st season in franchise history. The team finished fourth in the American League West with a record of 84-78. The 1991 season saw the Athletics' American League dominance come to an abrupt end. Between 1988 and 1990, the team had won three American League pennants and one World Series title; in the process, they won a combined 306 regular season games. In light of these accomplishments, the Athletics were initially favored to win yet another American League pennant. A fourth Document [79] (Title: 2002 World Series) in the AL West standings. However, the A's and Angels both mounted late-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The A's won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, four games behind the A's, but won the AL wild card, six games ahead of the Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball. San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (now Document [80] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) Royals in the AL West playoff, they were themselves swept by the New York Yankees in the 1981 American League Championship Series. The Athletics' 1981 season ranks among the organization's most interesting. The A's, only two years removed from a disastrous 54-108 finish, won their first AL West crown since 1975 under second-year manager Billy Martin. The "Billyball" A's began the season with a then-AL record 11 consecutive wins (this record was later broken by the 1987 Milwaukee Brewers, who raced out to a 13-0 start). The squad followed its first loss of the season, a tough 3-2 loss to Document [81] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) half of the 2005 season, combined with a dramatic Angels surge, saw the Athletics finish seven games out of first place. The 2005 season also saw Athletics closer Huston Street win the American League Rookie of the Year Award. Street earned the honor after posting a 1.72 earned run average in his first major-league season; he did so while recording 23 saves. The Rookie of the Year Award was Oakland's second in as many years (and sixth overall). "Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Document [82] (Title: 1970 Oakland Athletics season) "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1970 Oakland Athletics season The 1970 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League West with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. In 1970, owner Charlie Finley officially changed the team name from the Athletics to the "A's". An "apostrophe-s" was added to the cap and uniform emblem to Document [83] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) by 12.5 games. The Athletics would follow this poor start with a stunning turnaround. From May 30 to August 13, Oakland would go a league-best 50-17. The surge was brought about, in large part, by the strong pitching of young starters Dan Haren (received in the Mulder trade), Rich Harden, and Joe Blanton. The team stunningly erased their 12.5 game deficit over this span. Oakland would pace the Angels well into September; at their peak, on August 30, the A's actually led the Angels by two games. In the end, though, the team fell short; a collapse in the second Document [84] (Title: 1974 World Series) of timely hitting. They also made six errors in five games, in addition to a number of mental errors. The A's won the Series despite batting only .211 in the Series, the lowest in a five-game Series since the Baltimore Orioles hit .146 in the 1969 Series. , the A's are the only non-Yankee team to win three consecutive World Series. This was the last major league championship for a Bay Area team won in its home stadium or arena until the Golden State Warriors won the 2017 NBA Finals in Oakland, ending a streak of 13 Bay Area championships Document [85] (Title: 1973 Oakland Athletics season) In Game 1, the Orioles jumped on Oakland starter Vida Blue and reliever Horacio Piña for four runs in the bottom of the first inning. Jim Palmer pitched a 5-hit shutout as the Orioles won, 6–0. October 7, 1973, at Memorial Stadium In Game 2, the Athletics hit three home runs off Baltimore starter Dave McNally, and won 6–3 behind Catfish Hunter. October 9, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 3, the Athletics won 2–1 when shortstop Bert Campaneris homered to lead off the bottom of the 11th inning. October 10, 1973, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum In Game 4, Document [86] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) on the team once they become free agents. Perhaps as a result, at the turn of the 21st century, the A's were a team that usually finished at or near the top of the A.L. West Division, but could not advance beyond the first round of the playoffs. The Athletics made the playoffs for four straight years, from 2000 to 2003, but lost their first round (best three-out-of-five) series in each case, 3 games to 2. In two of those years (2001 against the Yankees and 2003 against the Red Sox), the Athletics won the first two games of the Document [87] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) the last 14 games of the season setting the stage for that magical 2018 season. On April 21st, Sean Manaea threw the Athletics franchise's 12th no hitter, and their first since Dallas Braden in 2010. The A's surprised the American League by winning 97 games, and earned a trip to the postseason as a wild card team. It was that amazing season that would earn Bob Melvin As American League Manager of the Year. History of the Oakland Athletics The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day, having begun as Document [88] (Title: 1972 Detroit Tigers season) Fingers to put Detroit ahead. After Sal Bando and Mike Epstein singled to open the bottom of the 11th, Chuck Seelbach came on in relief of Lolich who had pitched 10 innings. Gonzalo Márquez singled to right, driving in two runs to give the A's the win in Game 1. October 8, 1972, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Game 2 was a lopsided 5–0 win for the A's, as Blue Moon Odom (15–6) pitched a complete game shutout and held the Tigers to three hits. Woodie Fryman (10–3), who had been virtually unhittable in August and September, gave up four runs Document [89] (Title: 1988 Oakland Athletics season) = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" October 5, Fenway Park October 6, Fenway Park October 8, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum October 9, Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum All-Star Game 1988 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1988 season involved the A's winning their first American League West title since 1981, with a record of 104 wins and 58 losses. In 1988, the elephant was restored as the symbol of the Athletics and currently adorns the left sleeve of home and road uniforms. The elephant was retired as team mascot in 1963 by then-owner Charles Document [90] (Title: 1973 World Series) 1973 World Series (4–3): Oakland A's (A.L.) over New York Mets (N.L.) 1973 World Series The 1973 World Series matched the defending champions Oakland Athletics against the New York Mets; the A's won in seven games for their second of three consecutive World Series titles. The Mets won the National League East division by 1½ games over the St. Louis Cardinals, then defeated the Cincinnati Reds, three games to two, in the National League Championship Series. The Athletics won the American League West division by six games over the Kansas City Royals, then defeated the Baltimore Orioles, three games to Document [91] (Title: 1985 Oakland Athletics season) in" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1985 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1985 season involved the A's finishing 4th in the American League West with a record of 77 wins and 85 losses. While the Athletics' Document [92] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the Seattle Mariners, with six more victories. Their 17-1 start (through 18 games) remains unmatched. The A's starting rotation (consisting of Rick Langford, Matt Keough, Steve McCatty, Mike Norris, and Brian Kingman) received national attention during the torrid start; the unit was collectively featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated's April 27, 1981, edition. The periodic heroics of Tony Armas and Rickey Henderson also drew notice. The Athletics, however, slumped badly following the 17-1 start. While they regained some of their swagger during the season's second half, they ultimately played .500 baseball for the rest of the season. Even still, Document [93] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) the 10th, which possibly cost the Athletics the game. Rich Harden started the second game of the two game series and led the Athletics to a 5–1 win over the Red Sox after pitching six strong innings while giving up one run on three hits and also struck out nine. "Note: G = Games Played; AB = At bats; R = Runs Scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts; SB = Stolen bases; OBP = On-Base Percentage; SLG = Slugging Percentage" "Note: G = Document [94] (Title: 1988 Oakland Athletics season) 1988 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1988 season involved the A's winning their first American League West title since 1981, with a record of 104 wins and 58 losses. In 1988, the elephant was restored as the symbol of the Athletics and currently adorns the left sleeve of home and road uniforms. The elephant was retired as team mascot in 1963 by then-owner Charles O. Finley in favor of a Missouri mule. The A's defeated the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS, but lost the World Series to the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games, including a dramatic, classic Document [95] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) they failed to build upon the momentum of their division-winning 2000 campaign. The rival Seattle Mariners, in stark contrast, raced to a historic 52-14 start. As expected, the offense performed well; Oakland was instead hamstrung by unexpectedly terrible starting pitching. At the season's midpoint, the A's boasted a sub-.500 record (39-42); they trailed the division-leading Mariners by some 21 games. The Athletics responded with arguably the most dominant second half in modern MLB history. Over their final 81 regular season games, the A's went 63-18 (a record since the league switched to a 162-game schedule); this included 29 wins in Document [96] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) and 1974. Unlike Mack's champions, who thoroughly dominated their opposition, the A's teams of the 1970s played well enough to win their division (which was usually known as the "American League Least" during this time). They then defeated teams that had won more games during the regular season with good pitching, good defense, and clutch hitting. Finley called this team the "Swingin' A's." Players such as Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, Joe Rudi, Bert Campaneris, Catfish Hunter, Rollie Fingers, and Vida Blue formed the nucleus of these teams. The players often said in later years that they played so well as Document [97] (Title: 1994 Oakland Athletics season) low. The Athletics belied these low expectations with a 7–5 start. The team's pitching staff continued to hemorrhage runs (allowing 79 in 12 games); the staff was bailed out, however, by their red-hot offense (which scored 93 runs over the same span). On April 17 (the day of Oakland's seventh win), the A's were 1.5 games ahead of the second-place California Angels. The Athletics' offense soon cooled down, however. This drop in production, combined with continued pitching woes, set the stage for a monumental collapse. Between April 19 and May 29, Oakland lost 31 games in 37 tries; at the Document [98] (Title: 1981 Oakland Athletics season) the A's won the AL West's first half with a 37-23 mark; they also led the division in total wins despite losing the second half to the Royals. The A's swept these 50-53 Royals in the ALDS. The A's themselves were humbled in the ALCS, as the Yankees outscored Oakland 20-4 in a humiliating three-game rout. The 1981 ALCS is perhaps best remembered as the purported birthplace of "the wave"; while the phenomenon's origin is disputed, it is most commonly attributed to Krazy George Henderson, who introduced it to the Athletics' crowd during the series' final game. Despite high expectations, Document [99] (Title: 1974 World Series) the American League West division by five games over the Texas Rangers, then defeated the Baltimore Orioles, three games to one, in the American League Championship Series. The Oakland A's, dynasty or not, had become something of a running joke in the American League, consistently matching their on-field heroics with locker-room meltdowns and intra-squad theatrics. After yet another banner year (Catfish Hunter won 25 games, Reggie Jackson knocked in 105 runs, and Billy North stole 54 bases), the team seemed to be winning more attention for its dysfunctional communication patterns than for its superior lineup. Hunter was threatening to file Document [100] (Title: 2008 Oakland Athletics season) Games Played; GS = Games Started; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games Played; SV = Save" 2008 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2008 season marked their 40th year in Oakland, California. It was also the 108th season in franchise history. The team finished third in the American League West with a record of 75-86. The Athletics were not expected to contend for the American League West title in 2008. Despite this, the team remained near first place well into July. Document [101] (Title: 2001 Oakland Athletics season) their final 33 games. The Athletics' maligned rotation returned to form; over their final games, Zito, Mulder, Hudson, and Lidle went a combined 48-10. On July 25, the Athletics acquired slugger Jermaine Dye from the Kansas City Royals for prospects; this move further energized the already-surging squad. The Athletics ultimately weren't able to catch up with Seattle (which won an AL-record 116 games), but their remarkable run allowed them to clinch the AL's Wild Card. The Athletics' 102 wins remain the most by a Wild Card team in MLB history. The Athletics faced the New York Yankees (the three-time defending Document [102] (Title: 1997 Oakland Athletics season) no starter won more than six. None of the team's top four starters (Ariel Prieto, Steve Karsay, Mike Oquist, and Dave Telgheder) finished the season with an ERA of less than 5.00; the Athletics, as a team, finished with an earned run average of 5.48 (easily the MLB's worst). All told, the A's allowed a season total of 946 runs. This remains the worst such figure in Oakland history. More puzzling was the fate of the offense. Oakland, as expected, remained one of the league's best power-hitting teams. The Athletics' sluggers hit a total of 197 home runs (third-most in Document [103] (Title: 1972 American League Championship Series) A's went on to beat the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series in seven games. The A's won despite a team batting average of .224, superb pitching by Oakland held the Tigers to a meager .198 team batting average in the pitchers-dominated series. 1972 ALCS (3–2): Oakland A's over Detroit Tigers 1972 American League Championship Series The 1972 American League Championship Series took place between October 7 and 12, 1972. The Oakland Athletics (93–62 on the season) played the Detroit Tigers (86–70 on the season) for the right to go to the 1972 World Series, with the A's coming out Document [104] (Title: 1987 Oakland Athletics season) at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California, the home of the Oakland Athletics of the American League. The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 2-0 in 13 innings. Montreal Expos outfielder Tim Raines was named the Most Valuable Player. "Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In" 1987 MLB All-Star Game 1987 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 1987 season involved the A's finishing 3rd in the American League West with a record of 81 Document [105] (Title: 2005 Oakland Athletics season) 2005 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics' 2005 season was their 37th in Oakland, California. It was also the 105th season in franchise history. The team finished second in the American League West with a record of 88-74. The Athletics entered the 2005 season with low expectations. The team had won more than ninety games in each of the previous five seasons; despite this, there were concerns about the team's starting pitching. During the 2004–05 offseason, general manager Billy Beane traded two of the team's so-called "Big Three" starting pitchers. Beane traded two of the three, Tim Hudson and Mark Document [106] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) in Cincinnati, and all four Series victories were by a single run. Gene Tenace hit four home runs and drove in nine runs to power the A's offense, and was named the series Most Valuable Player. 1972 World Series (4–3): Oakland Athletics (A.L.) over Cincinnati Reds (N.L.) 1972 Oakland Athletics season The 1972 Oakland Athletics season involved the A's winning the American League West with a record of 93 wins and 62 losses. In the playoffs, they defeated the Detroit Tigers in a five-game ALCS, followed by a seven-game World Series, in which they defeated the Cincinnati Reds for their Document [107] (Title: History of the Oakland Athletics) 100-win season since finishing 107-45 in 1931. However, they lost to the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Championship Series. In 1972, the A's won their first league pennant since 1931 and faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. That year, the A's began wearing solid green or solid gold jerseys, with contrasting white pants, at a time when most other teams wore all-white uniforms at home and all-grey ones on the road. Similar to more colorful amateur softball uniforms, they were considered a radical departure for their time. Furthermore, in conjunction with a Moustache Day promotion, Finley offered Document [108] (Title: 1972 Oakland Athletics season) pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" October 7, 1972, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum October 8, 1972, at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum October 10, 1972, at Tiger Stadium October 11, 1972, at Tiger Stadium October 12, 1972, at Tiger Stadium In 1972, the A's won their first league pennant since 1931 and faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. The A's seven-game victory over the heavily favored Reds gave the team its first World Series Championship since 1930. Of the four wins against the Reds, three of them occurred Document [109] (Title: Oakland Athletics) commencement of interleague play in 1997. Through the 2018 regular season, the Athletics have won 63 games, and the Giants have won 57 contests. The A's also have edges on the Giants in terms of overall postseason appearances (18-12), division titles (16-8) and World Series titles (4-3) since both teams moved to the Bay Area, even though the Giants franchise moved there a decade earlier than the A's did. On March 24, 2018 the Oakland A's announced that for the Sunday March 25, 2018 exhibition game against the San Francisco Giants, A's fans would be charged $30 for parking and Document [110] (Title: 1989 American League Championship Series) (Games 2, 4, and 5) to send Oakland to the World Series. Athletics left fielder Rickey Henderson was named the ALCS MVP. During the Series, Henderson had doubled, tripled, hit two home runs (in Game 4), and drove in 5 runs. Tuesday, October 3, 1989, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland, California The A's went off as heavy favorites largely due to their status as defending American League champions. The Blue Jays had been in second place much of the year before catching and passing the Baltimore Orioles on the final weekend of the season. Both teams threw their aces Document [111] (Title: 1995 Oakland Athletics season) 4.50; only one such starter, Todd Stottlemyre, managed to record double-digit wins in the strike-shortened campaign. The Athletics, despite their weak pitching, managed to contend in the first half of the season. On July 1, a win over the division-leading California Angels brought them within 1.5 games of first place; it also ran their record to a surprising 34-28. As had been the case in 1994, the A's followed their surprising start with a prolonged slump; between July 2 and August 15, the team went only 13-28. The collapse, along with an Angels surge (the Angels went 30-11 over the Document [112] (Title: 1989 Oakland Athletics season) 1989 Oakland Athletics season The 1989 Oakland Athletics season saw the A's finish in first place in the American League West division, with a record of 99 wins and 63 losses, seven games in front of the Kansas City Royals. It was their second consecutive AL West title, as well as the second straight year in which they finished with the best record in all of baseball. The team defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the ALCS, then swept their cross-Bay rivals, the San Francisco Giants, in an earthquake-marred World Series. "Note: Pos = position; G = Document [113] (Title: 1968 Oakland Athletics season) W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" 1968 Oakland Athletics season The 1968 Oakland Athletics season was the franchise's 68th season and its first in Oakland, California. The team finished sixth in the American League with a record of 82 wins and 80 losses, placing them 21 games behind the eventual World Series champion Detroit Tigers. The Athletics' paid attendance for the season was 837,466. The 1968 season represented a tremendous Question: how many games have the oakland a's won this season

Answer: 75 Long Answer: Season Wins Losses Win% Place Playoffs 2008 75 86 . 466 3rd in AL West 2009 75 87 . 463 4th in AL West 81 81 . 500 2nd in AL West 2011 74 88 . 457 3rd in AL West 2012 94 68 . 580 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers, 2--3 2013 96 66 . 593 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers, 2--3 2014 88 74 . 543 2nd in AL West Lost ALWC vs. Kansas City Royals, 8--9 2015 68 94 . 420 5th in AL West 2016 69 93 . 426 5th in AL West 2017 75 87 . 463 5th in AL West 10 - Year Record 795 824 . 491 -- -- All - Time Record 8,834 9,322 . 487 -- -- Gold Document ID: 100

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bryant G. Wood) fall to the Israelites as they began their conquest of the Promised Land - an event which the Bible's internal chronology places at around 1406 BC, based on the early 15th century BC exodus-conquest model. This is based on . During a series of excavations from 1930 to 1936 John Garstang found a destruction layer at Jericho corresponding to the termination of City IV which he identified with the biblical story of Joshua and dated to c. 1400 BC. It was therefore a shock when Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s, using more scientific methods than had been available to Garstang, Document [2] (Title: The Twelve Spies) entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert, save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land. For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled. According to Rabbinic tradition (as seen in the Document [3] (Title: Promised Land) that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees through whom they inherit the right to re-establish their "national homeland". Palestinians also claim partial descent from the Israelites and Maccabees, as well as all the other peoples who have lived in the region. The imagery of the "Promised Land" was invoked in African-American spirituals as heaven or paradise and as an escape from slavery, which can often only be reached by death. The imagery and term have also been used in popular culture (see Promised Land (disambiguation)), sermons and in speeches, such as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) Document [4] (Title: Promised Land) of the united Kingdom of Israel under David. The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time, and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land. Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau. Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as Document [5] (Title: Promised Land) described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (). The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, whose discourse suggests Document [6] (Title: Israeli-occupied territories) the Jewish people is based on the Torah, especially the books of Genesis and Exodus, as well as the Prophets. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by God to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the Biblical covenants between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show. The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being: Document [7] (Title: Moab) extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants, but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. God renewed his covenant with the Israelites at Moab before the Israelites entered the "promised land" (). Moses died there, prevented by God from entering the promised land. He was buried in an unknown location Document [8] (Title: Jewish mythology) land after Abraham; and, while promises are made to Ishmael about founding a great nation, Isaac, Abraham's son by his half-sister Sarah, inherits God's promises to Abraham. Jacob is the son of Isaac and Rebecca and regarded as a Patriarch of the Israelites as his twelve sons became the progenitors of the "Tribes of Israel". The story of the exodus is told in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Israelites had settled in the Land of Goshen in the time of Joseph and Jacob, but a new pharaoh arose who enslaved and oppressed the children of Israel. Document [9] (Title: The Twelve Spies) believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died. Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering. God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to Document [10] (Title: History of Western civilization before AD 500) them to the "Promised Land" of Israel. While the historicity of these accounts is not considered precise, the stories of the Hebrew Bible have been an inspiration for vast quantities of Western art, literature and scholarship. Around 1000BC, the Israelites had a period of power under King David who captured Jerusalem. His son King Solomon constructed the first magnificent Temple at Jerusalem for the worship of God. The Jews rejected the polytheism common to that age and would worship only God, whose Ten Commandments instructed them on how to live. These commandments remain influential in the West and prohibited theft, Document [11] (Title: Beshalach) the people to whom you shall come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you," in and the words, "Terror and dread fall upon them," in show that no creature was able to withstand the Israelites as they entered into the Promised Land in the days of Joshua, and those who stood against them were immediately panic-stricken and lost control of their bowels. And the words, "till Your people pass over, O Lord," in allude to the first advance of the Israelites into the Promised Land in the days of Joshua. And the words, "till the Document [12] (Title: Land of Israel) concept. uses the term Canaan strictly for the land west of the Jordan, but Land of Israel is used in Jewish tradition to denote the entire land of the Israelites. The English expression "Promised Land" can denote either the land promised to Abraham in Genesis or the land of Canaan, although the latter meaning is more common. The border with Egypt is given as the "Nachal Mitzrayim" (Brook of Egypt) in Numbers, as well as in Deuteronomy and Ezekiel. Jewish tradition (as expressed in the commentaries of Rashi and Yehuda Halevi, as well as the Aramaic Targums) understand this as Document [13] (Title: Promised Land) Isaac and grandson Jacob. The promise was confirmed to Jacob at , though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying". Other geographical borders are given in which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates). The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. says: It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time Document [14] (Title: Biblical archaeology) University archaeologist Ze'ev Herzog wrote in the Haaretz newspaper: This is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the Land of Israel: the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to swallow is that the united monarchy of David and Solomon, which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many that the God Document [15] (Title: Moses) Sihon in Transjordan, received God's blessing through Balaam the prophet, and massacred the Midianites, who by the end of the Exodus journey had become the enemies of the Israelites due to their notorious role in enticing the Israelites to sin against God. Moses was twice given notice that he would die before entry to the Promised Land: in Numbers 27:13, once he had seen the Promised Land from a viewpoint on Mount Abarim, and again in Numbers 31:1 once battle with the Midianites had been won. On the banks of the Jordan River, in sight of the land, Moses assembled Document [16] (Title: Book of Joshua) Benjamin, Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun, Issachar and Dan. Subsequently, 48 cities with their surrounding lands were allocated to the Tribe of Levi (, cf. ). Omitted in the Masoretic Text, but present in the Septuagint, is a statement that: By the end of chapter 21, the narrative records that the fulfilment of God's promise of land, rest and supremacy over the enemies of the Israelites was complete.(Joshua 21:43-45) The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews makes reference to Joshua and the promise of rest in . The tribes to whom Moses had granted land east of the Jordan are authorized Document [17] (Title: Shlach) men who had seen God's signs would see the Promised Land, except Caleb and Joshua. In the fourth reading (, "aliyah"), God swore that all of the men 20 years old and up, except Caleb and Joshua, would die in the wilderness. God said that the Israelites' children would enter the Promised Land after roaming the wilderness, suffering for the faithlessness of the present generation, for 40 years, corresponding to the number of days that the scouts scouted the land. The scouts other than Caleb and Joshua died of plague. Early the next morning, the Israelites set out to the Document [18] (Title: Muslim supporters of Israel) promise". He explains the Quran went even further to consider the Promised Land as the permanent inheritance for the Israelites (26:59): "Thus it was, but we made the Children of Israel inheritors of such things (the Promised Land)" He continued by saying "No Muslim has the right to interfere with the gathering of the Jews in Israel, as this is the will of God himself". The former Egyptian Muslim nuclear scientist Noha Hashad was arrested multiple times for conducting pro-Jewish Quran research, suffering beatings and torture at the hands of the authorities. During the chaos following the fall of the Document [19] (Title: Land of Israel) is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people based on the Torah, particularly the books of Genesis and Exodus, as well as on the later Prophets. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was first promised by God to the descendants of Abram; the text is explicit that this is a covenant between God and Abram for his descendants. Abram's name was later changed to Abraham, with the promise refined to pass through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson. This belief is not shared by most adherents of replacement theology (or supersessionism), who Document [20] (Title: Ehud) out to the Lord” and the subsequent rescue are evident in Judges 3.15: “but when the Israelites cried out to the Lord, the Lord raised up for them a deliverer, Ehud son of Gera.” The rather lively and glorious tale is ended with the refrain of “and the land had rest 80 years,” (Judges 3.30) an editorially constructed ending typical to Gideon and other “major” judge stories in the book of Judges. He was the second judge chosen by God. Barry Webb sees Ehud as "directed by the Lord, who used this most unlikely hero to bring deliverance to his Question: who made it to the promised land in the bible Answer: the Israelites Long Answer: The promise was first made to Abraham (Genesis 15: 18 - 21), then confirmed to his son Isaac (Genesis 26: 3), and then to Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis 28: 13), Abraham's grandson . The Promised Land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (Exodus 23: 31). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (Numbers 34: 1 - 12), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (Deuteronomy 1: 8). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (Deuteronomy 19: 8 - 9). Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bryant G. Wood) fall to the Israelites as they began their conquest of the Promised Land - an event which the Bible's internal chronology places at around 1406 BC, based on the early 15th century BC exodus-conquest model. This is based on . During a series of excavations from 1930 to 1936 John Garstang found a destruction layer at Jericho corresponding to the termination of City IV which he identified with the biblical story of Joshua and dated to c. 1400 BC. It was therefore a shock when Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s, using more scientific methods than had been available to Garstang, Document [2] (Title: The Twelve Spies) entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert, save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land. For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled. According to Rabbinic tradition (as seen in the Document [3] (Title: Promised Land) that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees through whom they inherit the right to re-establish their "national homeland". Palestinians also claim partial descent from the Israelites and Maccabees, as well as all the other peoples who have lived in the region. The imagery of the "Promised Land" was invoked in African-American spirituals as heaven or paradise and as an escape from slavery, which can often only be reached by death. The imagery and term have also been used in popular culture (see Promised Land (disambiguation)), sermons and in speeches, such as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) Document [4] (Title: Promised Land) of the united Kingdom of Israel under David. The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time, and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land. Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau. Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as Document [5] (Title: Promised Land) described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (). The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, whose discourse suggests Document [6] (Title: Israeli-occupied territories) the Jewish people is based on the Torah, especially the books of Genesis and Exodus, as well as the Prophets. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by God to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the Biblical covenants between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show. The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being: Document [7] (Title: Moab) extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants, but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. God renewed his covenant with the Israelites at Moab before the Israelites entered the "promised land" (). Moses died there, prevented by God from entering the promised land. He was buried in an unknown location Document [8] (Title: Jewish mythology) land after Abraham; and, while promises are made to Ishmael about founding a great nation, Isaac, Abraham's son by his half-sister Sarah, inherits God's promises to Abraham. Jacob is the son of Isaac and Rebecca and regarded as a Patriarch of the Israelites as his twelve sons became the progenitors of the "Tribes of Israel". The story of the exodus is told in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Israelites had settled in the Land of Goshen in the time of Joseph and Jacob, but a new pharaoh arose who enslaved and oppressed the children of Israel. Document [9] (Title: The Twelve Spies) believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died. Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering. God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to Document [10] (Title: History of Western civilization before AD 500) them to the "Promised Land" of Israel. While the historicity of these accounts is not considered precise, the stories of the Hebrew Bible have been an inspiration for vast quantities of Western art, literature and scholarship. Around 1000BC, the Israelites had a period of power under King David who captured Jerusalem. His son King Solomon constructed the first magnificent Temple at Jerusalem for the worship of God. The Jews rejected the polytheism common to that age and would worship only God, whose Ten Commandments instructed them on how to live. These commandments remain influential in the West and prohibited theft, Document [11] (Title: Beshalach) the people to whom you shall come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you," in and the words, "Terror and dread fall upon them," in show that no creature was able to withstand the Israelites as they entered into the Promised Land in the days of Joshua, and those who stood against them were immediately panic-stricken and lost control of their bowels. And the words, "till Your people pass over, O Lord," in allude to the first advance of the Israelites into the Promised Land in the days of Joshua. And the words, "till the Document [12] (Title: Land of Israel) concept. uses the term Canaan strictly for the land west of the Jordan, but Land of Israel is used in Jewish tradition to denote the entire land of the Israelites. The English expression "Promised Land" can denote either the land promised to Abraham in Genesis or the land of Canaan, although the latter meaning is more common. The border with Egypt is given as the "Nachal Mitzrayim" (Brook of Egypt) in Numbers, as well as in Deuteronomy and Ezekiel. Jewish tradition (as expressed in the commentaries of Rashi and Yehuda Halevi, as well as the Aramaic Targums) understand this as Document [13] (Title: Promised Land) Isaac and grandson Jacob. The promise was confirmed to Jacob at , though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying". Other geographical borders are given in which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates). The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. says: It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time Document [14] (Title: Biblical archaeology) University archaeologist Ze'ev Herzog wrote in the Haaretz newspaper: This is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the Land of Israel: the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to swallow is that the united monarchy of David and Solomon, which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many that the God Document [15] (Title: Moses) Sihon in Transjordan, received God's blessing through Balaam the prophet, and massacred the Midianites, who by the end of the Exodus journey had become the enemies of the Israelites due to their notorious role in enticing the Israelites to sin against God. Moses was twice given notice that he would die before entry to the Promised Land: in Numbers 27:13, once he had seen the Promised Land from a viewpoint on Mount Abarim, and again in Numbers 31:1 once battle with the Midianites had been won. On the banks of the Jordan River, in sight of the land, Moses assembled Document [16] (Title: Book of Joshua) Benjamin, Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun, Issachar and Dan. Subsequently, 48 cities with their surrounding lands were allocated to the Tribe of Levi (, cf. ). Omitted in the Masoretic Text, but present in the Septuagint, is a statement that: By the end of chapter 21, the narrative records that the fulfilment of God's promise of land, rest and supremacy over the enemies of the Israelites was complete.(Joshua 21:43-45) The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews makes reference to Joshua and the promise of rest in . The tribes to whom Moses had granted land east of the Jordan are authorized Document [17] (Title: Shlach) men who had seen God's signs would see the Promised Land, except Caleb and Joshua. In the fourth reading (, "aliyah"), God swore that all of the men 20 years old and up, except Caleb and Joshua, would die in the wilderness. God said that the Israelites' children would enter the Promised Land after roaming the wilderness, suffering for the faithlessness of the present generation, for 40 years, corresponding to the number of days that the scouts scouted the land. The scouts other than Caleb and Joshua died of plague. Early the next morning, the Israelites set out to the Document [18] (Title: Muslim supporters of Israel) promise". He explains the Quran went even further to consider the Promised Land as the permanent inheritance for the Israelites (26:59): "Thus it was, but we made the Children of Israel inheritors of such things (the Promised Land)" He continued by saying "No Muslim has the right to interfere with the gathering of the Jews in Israel, as this is the will of God himself". The former Egyptian Muslim nuclear scientist Noha Hashad was arrested multiple times for conducting pro-Jewish Quran research, suffering beatings and torture at the hands of the authorities. During the chaos following the fall of the Document [19] (Title: Land of Israel) is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people based on the Torah, particularly the books of Genesis and Exodus, as well as on the later Prophets. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was first promised by God to the descendants of Abram; the text is explicit that this is a covenant between God and Abram for his descendants. Abram's name was later changed to Abraham, with the promise refined to pass through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson. This belief is not shared by most adherents of replacement theology (or supersessionism), who Document [20] (Title: Ehud) out to the Lord” and the subsequent rescue are evident in Judges 3.15: “but when the Israelites cried out to the Lord, the Lord raised up for them a deliverer, Ehud son of Gera.” The rather lively and glorious tale is ended with the refrain of “and the land had rest 80 years,” (Judges 3.30) an editorially constructed ending typical to Gideon and other “major” judge stories in the book of Judges. He was the second judge chosen by God. Barry Webb sees Ehud as "directed by the Lord, who used this most unlikely hero to bring deliverance to his Question: who made it to the promised land in the bible

Answer: the Israelites Long Answer: The promise was first made to Abraham (Genesis 15: 18 - 21), then confirmed to his son Isaac (Genesis 26: 3), and then to Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis 28: 13), Abraham's grandson . The Promised Land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (Exodus 23: 31). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (Numbers 34: 1 - 12), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (Deuteronomy 1: 8). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (Deuteronomy 19: 8 - 9). Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash) the crew about the location of nearby highways, suggesting that they could make an emergency landing. The crew declined and asked for a radar vector to the airport. As the radar vector was given to the crew, the flight disappeared from the radar screen. Communications between the crew and the controller, however, were still made. At 11:27, the crew reported that they have gotten "back the left engine now" and radar contact was re-established. However, a few seconds later the crew reported that they have lost both engines. The controller informed the crew that the Pennsylvania Turnpike was right below Document [2] (Title: Shanksville, Pennsylvania) their command center and where family members first saw the aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials, and where visitors can leave them today. The initial phase of permanent construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial, including the visitor's center, was completed by the 10th anniversary in 2011. The memorial is built around the crash site, following the plane's flight path, and protecting the area of impact, known as the "Sacred Ground", which remains protected and accessible only to family members of the passengers and crew. Shanksville's volunteer firefighters, as well as emergency personnel from nearby towns of Central Document [3] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 737) Allegheny Airlines Flight 737 Allegheny Airlines Flight 737 was a Convair CV-580 (aircraft registration that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on January 6, 1969. Eleven of the 28 occupants on board were killed. Flight 737 took off from Washington D.C. bound for Detroit, Michigan with intermediate stops in Harrisburg, Bradford, and Erie, Pennsylvania. The flight was uneventful until the aircraft began its approach to Bradford. Weather was overcast with one and one half miles visibility and snow showers. At ten miles from the airport, Flight 737 requested and received clearance to make its Document [4] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) taxi commercial operators certificate." Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 was a scheduled commuter flight from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, operated by Air East. On January 6, 1974, while on approach to Johnstown–Cambria County Airport, the Beechcraft Model 99A operating the flight crashed short of the runway after it failed to maintain flying speed and made a premature descent below the safe approach slope for undetermined reasons. Of the 15 passengers and two crew members on board, 11 passengers and the aircraft captain were killed. Flight 317 took off from Pittsburgh International Airport at 6:15 p.m. on Document [5] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. Many of the passengers then attempted to regain control of the aircraft from the hijackers. During the struggle, the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed strip mine in Stonycreek Township, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, about southeast of Pittsburgh and northwest of Washington, D.C. A few people witnessed the impact from the ground, and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour. Of the four aircraft hijacked on September 11 – the others were American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77 Document [6] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) 93 to be shot down, but upon learning of the crash, is reported to have said, "I think an act of heroism just took place on that plane." At 10:03:11, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed coal strip mine known as the Diamond T. Mine owned by PBS Coals in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County. The National Transportation Safety Board reported that the flight impacted at 563 mph (906 km/h, 252 m/s, or 489 knots) at a 40-degree nose-down, inverted attitude. The impact left a crater eight to ten feet deep Document [7] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) and reported that the losses included the flag that had hung over the U.S. Capitol on September 11, 2001; a handful of personal items of the passengers and crew; DVD copies of the annual commemoration ceremony and of meetings of the Flight 93 National Memorial Federal Advisory Commission; and about 100 tribute items left by visitors. Flight 93 National Memorial The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville, and southeast of Pittsburgh. Document [8] (Title: Somerset County, Pennsylvania) a region known as Turkeyfoot. People of "The Jersey Settlement" emigrated from Essex and Morris Counties, New Jersey about 1770. Somerset County gained worldwide attention in 2001 when a hijacked airliner, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in Stonycreek Township, near the town of Shanksville as part of the September 11 attacks. The first confirmed report of the plane's crash came from Somerset County Airport as reported on NBC's "The Today Show". The most likely target of this flight was the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. The terrorists' plans for this plane were thwarted by the actions of the passengers and Document [9] (Title: Allegheny Mountains) ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!" The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93—which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks—in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville. The memorial honors the passengers and crew of Flight 93, who stopped Al-Qaeda terrorists from reaching their intended target. Folklore: Botany: Allegheny Mountains The Allegheny Mountain Range , informally the Alleghenies and also spelled Alleghany and Allegany, is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the Eastern United States and Canada and posed a significant barrier to land travel in Document [10] (Title: Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania) 2010, a new temporary entrance and memorial were opened at an area called "The Western Overlook". It is where the FBI set up their command center and where family members first saw the aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials, where visitors can leave them today. The initial phase of permanent construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial, including the visitor's center, was to be completed by the 10th anniversary in 2011. The first phase of the permanent memorial was completed, opened, and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The current design for the memorial is a modified version of Document [11] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 was a regularly scheduled commercial flight between New York City and Birmingham, Alabama which crashed in the pre-dawn hours of January 6, 1946 while landing at Birmingham Municipal Airport, resulting in three fatalities. The accident is the only fatal recorded Part 121 (Air Carrier) accident at the airport. (UPS Airlines Flight 1354 was a scheduled cargo flight from Louisville International Airport to Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport which crashed killing the crew, the only persons aboard, during approach on August 14, 2013 but was not a passenger-flight.) On Sunday, January 6, 1946, Document [12] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) and crew members made cellular telephone calls aboard the flight and learned about the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. As a result, the passengers and crew members decided to mount an assault against the hijackers and wrest control of the aircraft. The plane crashed in a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., killing all 39 civilians, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officer, and four terrorists aboard. The memorial is located in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. The entrance to the memorial Document [13] (Title: U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania) the Ohio border and the Valley Forge interchange). From the Pittsburgh area, US 30 heads east through Greensburg, where it intersects U.S. Route 119. It then heads into Somerset County, where it meets U.S. Route 219 east of Jennerstown. On September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in an empty field approximately two miles (3 km) south of U.S. 30, in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County. The heroism of the passengers and crew apparently thwarted the hijackers' plan to crash into either the US Capitol Building or the White House in Washington D.C.. The entrance to the permanent Flight Document [14] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 736) years after the crash, one of its survivors announced she was paying for a plaque for the flight's victims, survivors, and rescuers. Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 was a regularly scheduled flight that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1968. Twenty of the 47 occupants on board were killed. Flight 736 was operated using a Convair CV-580 (registration number "N5802"). The aircraft was originally certificated as a Convair CV-440 on March 4, 1957, but was modified to include upgraded turbine engines and propellers and re-certificated as a CV-580 Document [15] (Title: Shanksville, Pennsylvania) Trade Center and The Pentagon, the passengers on board revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target. There are two memorials to the event. The original, temporary Flight 93 National Memorial to the passengers and crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about from the crash site. On July 8, 2010, a new temporary entrance and memorial were opened at an area called "the Western Overlook". It is where the FBI set up Document [16] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Douglas DC-3 (registration NC21786), flying as Flight 105 originating in New York City with stops in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Knoxville, Tennessee, crashed while attempting to make an instrument approach to Runway 18 at Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport) in Birmingham, Alabama. The plane crashed into Village Creek at the south end of runway 18-36. The captain, first officer, and a check airman who occupied the cockpit jump seat perished in the crash; several passengers were injured, none fatally. The regularly scheduled flight departed New York City’s LaGuardia Field at 7:00 p.m. Eastern time on Document [17] (Title: History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania) worldwide when, on July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded off East Moriches, New York, with the loss of 230 lives. On board were sixteen students from Montoursville High School and their five adult chaperones who were on a class trip to France as part of a student exchange program. Condolences came from as far away as Japan, Australia, and Belgium. Tom Ridge, United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005), was governor of Pennsylvania at the time of the crash, and attended a vigil at the school with his wife. Ridge and New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani would also Document [18] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) rest nose-down with the passenger area suspended over the waters of the creek. Though the cockpit was crushed, the passenger cabin was largely undamaged and no fire resulted. Rescue personnel alerted by the tower immediately worked to evacuate passengers and rescue the three critically injured pilots in the cockpit. Most of the passengers were from various cities in central Alabama, with one passenger each from New Orleans, Louisiana; Biloxi, Mississippi; Atlanta, Georgia; and Brentwood, Pennsylvania. An article, photograph of the wrecked airplane, and photograph of flight attendant Miss Betty Proctor appeared at the top of the front page of the Document [19] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410) installation of “absolute terrain warning indicators” in all air carrier scheduled aircraft. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 was a scheduled flight from Chicago, Illinois, to Norfolk, Virginia, with intermediate stops in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Washington, D.C. On 13 June 1947, the aircraft serving the flight, a Douglas DC-4, crashed into Lookout Rock in the West Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains, while en route to Washington. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed in what was at the time the second-worst airplane accident in the history of U.S. domestic air travel. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight Document [20] (Title: United 93 (film)) part of the September 11 terrorist attacks, possibly intended to crash into and destroy the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. It was the only plane of all four hijacked that failed to reach its intended target; instead, it crashed in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, near Shanksville, about 150 miles (ca 240 km) northwest of Washington. The cockpit voice recorder tape from United Flight 93 has never been made public; however, a transcript was made public after the film was completed, shedding more light on what actually happened in the final 30 minutes before the plane crashed. Some parts contradict Document [21] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 371) Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 was a scheduled passenger flight on December 1, 1959, between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio with stops in Pennsylvania at Harrisburg, Williamsport, Bradford, and Erie. The Martin 2-0-2 operating the flight departed Harrisburg with 26 passengers and crew on board and crashed while maneuvering to land at Williamsport Regional Airport in poor weather. A passenger was the lone survivor. Of the 26 passengers and crew many came from Pennsylvania or other Mid-Atlantic states, however there were two foreign nationals on board: one from France and the other from Lithuania. The crash was Document [22] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) The pilot, first officer, and a check airman who occupied the cockpit jump seat perished in the crash; several passengers were injured, none fatally. The first officer and check airman died the evening of the crash at Norwood Hospital in Birmingham; the captain shortly after. One passenger was paralyzed by his injuries. The flight attendant was hospitalized for shock and a possible chest injury but was widely praised for ensuring everyone was buckled just prior to landing and her efforts to administer first aid after the crash. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 was a regularly Document [23] (Title: Merion air disaster) Merion air disaster On April 4, 1991, a Piper Aerostar propeller-driven aircraft collided in mid-air with a Bell 412 helicopter over Merion Elementary School in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. All five people in both aircraft were killed including United States Senator John Heinz, the sole passenger of the Piper. Two school children on the ground were also killed by falling debris. An investigation discovered the cause of the accident to be poor judgment and pilot error of the crews from both aircraft. Heinz's Piper departed from Williamsport Regional Airport in Central Pennsylvania at about 11:25 a.m. Heinz was in Williamsport Document [24] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) by reporting that, "We have a report now that a large plane crashed this morning, north of the Somerset County Airport, which is in western Pennsylvania, not too terribly far from Pittsburgh, about 80 miles or so, a Boeing 767 jet. Don't know whose airline it was, whose airplane it was, and we don't have any details beyond that which I have just given you." In the confusion, he also erroneously reported a second hijacked plane heading for the Pentagon after the crash of the first. Flight 93 fragmented violently upon impact. Most of the aircraft wreckage was found near Document [25] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410) Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 was a scheduled flight from Chicago, Illinois, to Norfolk, Virginia, with intermediate stops in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Washington, D.C. On 13 June 1947, the aircraft serving the flight, a Douglas DC-4, crashed into Lookout Rock in the West Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains, while en route to Washington. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed in what was at the time the second-worst airplane accident in the history of U.S. domestic air travel. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 departed Chicago at 13:52 for Norfolk, Virginia with scheduled stops in Document [26] (Title: Roland Mertz) appointment, Bud served 24 years with the Pennsylvania State Police as a Communications Operator. In 1993 he was appointed as Communications Instructor for the State Police Bureau of Training and Education. On September 11, 2001, Bud responded to the crash site of United Flight 93 in Somerset County operating from the Pennsylvania State Police Command Post during the first week of that tragic event. Bud has a long history in public safety. He has been an active volunteer firefighter with the Greensburg Fire Department, Truck Company #2 in Westmoreland County for 35 years. Bud is also a principal handler and Document [27] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) a regularly scheduled commuter flight to Johnstown. There were 15 passengers aboard. The flight's captain, Daniel Brannon, 39, had accumulated 6,331 flight hours, including 383 hours in the Beechcraft 99A; the first officer, Gerald Knouff, 24, had accumulated 1790 flight hours, including 380 hours in the Beechcraft 99A. Both pilots had been hired by Air East in July 1973, approximately six months before the accident. At around 7:05 p.m., while on approach to Runway 33 at Johnstown–Cambria County Airport in Richland Township, the plane descended below the lowest safe approach slope, then stalled, at which point the pilots lost control. Document [28] (Title: Loss of control (aeronautics)) another Boeing 737 spun out of control and crashed, the Boeing 737-3B7 flying the route which was registered N513AU, was approaching runway 28R of Pittsburgh International Airport, located in Findlay Township, Pennsylvania. The aircraft suddenly banked violently to the left, rolled upside down, then went into a downward spiral while rolling left. The jet then crashed near the airport; the crash killed all 127 passengers and 5 crew. The bodies of the occupants were so severely fragmented that the crash site was initially declared a biohazard by the NTSB. Both crashes were traced to a malfunction in the planes' rudder Document [29] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) the plane. United Airlines Flight 93 United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control. All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757–222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. The hijackers Document [30] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) United Airlines Flight 93 United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control. All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757–222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. The hijackers stormed the Document [31] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 736) Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 was a regularly scheduled flight that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1968. Twenty of the 47 occupants on board were killed. Flight 736 was operated using a Convair CV-580 (registration number "N5802"). The aircraft was originally certificated as a Convair CV-440 on March 4, 1957, but was modified to include upgraded turbine engines and propellers and re-certificated as a CV-580 on May 25, 1965. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accumulated a total of 29,173 flight hours. Flight 736 Document [32] (Title: September 11 attacks) another five hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower (2 WTC). Five hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 am. A fourth flight, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers fought the four hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the Capitol or the White House. Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77, and 175 Document [33] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 was a scheduled commuter flight from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, operated by Air East. On January 6, 1974, while on approach to Johnstown–Cambria County Airport, the Beechcraft Model 99A operating the flight crashed short of the runway after it failed to maintain flying speed and made a premature descent below the safe approach slope for undetermined reasons. Of the 15 passengers and two crew members on board, 11 passengers and the aircraft captain were killed. Flight 317 took off from Pittsburgh International Airport at 6:15 p.m. on January 6, 1974 on Document [34] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) Flight 93 National Memorial The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville, and southeast of Pittsburgh. The memorial was made to honor the passengers and crew of Flight 93, who stopped the terrorists from reaching their target by fighting the hijackers. A temporary memorial to the 40 victims was established soon after the crash, and the first phase of the permanent memorial was completed, opened, and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The Document [35] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 371) the first fatal accident in the history of Allegheny Airlines and was the deadliest until the 1969 crash of Allegheny Airlines Flight 853. Also the crash was the largest aviation incident in county history, and was the only deadly incident involving Williamsport Regional Airport until the Merion air disaster in 1991. Flight 371 was scheduled from Philadelphia to Cleveland with stops at Harrisburg, Williamsport, Bradford, and Erie. Flight 371 departed Philadelphia at 08:15 and proceeded under visual flight rules to Harrisburg where it landed at 08:51 without incident. Flight 371 departed Harrisburg at 09:06 with 22 revenue passengers, 4 crew Document [36] (Title: Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania) craft to target the United States Capitol building or the White House in Washington, D.C. The crash here was a result of a struggle over control of the plane between hijackers and passengers, who learned of the plane's intended fate through cellphone calls to and from family members. All 44 people aboard the plane, including four hijackers, were killed. The community intends to preserve the Flight 93 crash site as a historical memorial. The original temporary memorial to the passengers and crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about 500 yards from the crash site. On July 8, Question: where did the plane crash on 911 in pennsylvania Answer: a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania Long Answer: United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four Al - Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks . It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control . All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured . The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757--222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. Gold Document ID: 30

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash) the crew about the location of nearby highways, suggesting that they could make an emergency landing. The crew declined and asked for a radar vector to the airport. As the radar vector was given to the crew, the flight disappeared from the radar screen. Communications between the crew and the controller, however, were still made. At 11:27, the crew reported that they have gotten "back the left engine now" and radar contact was re-established. However, a few seconds later the crew reported that they have lost both engines. The controller informed the crew that the Pennsylvania Turnpike was right below Document [2] (Title: Shanksville, Pennsylvania) their command center and where family members first saw the aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials, and where visitors can leave them today. The initial phase of permanent construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial, including the visitor's center, was completed by the 10th anniversary in 2011. The memorial is built around the crash site, following the plane's flight path, and protecting the area of impact, known as the "Sacred Ground", which remains protected and accessible only to family members of the passengers and crew. Shanksville's volunteer firefighters, as well as emergency personnel from nearby towns of Central Document [3] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 737) Allegheny Airlines Flight 737 Allegheny Airlines Flight 737 was a Convair CV-580 (aircraft registration that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on January 6, 1969. Eleven of the 28 occupants on board were killed. Flight 737 took off from Washington D.C. bound for Detroit, Michigan with intermediate stops in Harrisburg, Bradford, and Erie, Pennsylvania. The flight was uneventful until the aircraft began its approach to Bradford. Weather was overcast with one and one half miles visibility and snow showers. At ten miles from the airport, Flight 737 requested and received clearance to make its Document [4] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) taxi commercial operators certificate." Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 was a scheduled commuter flight from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, operated by Air East. On January 6, 1974, while on approach to Johnstown–Cambria County Airport, the Beechcraft Model 99A operating the flight crashed short of the runway after it failed to maintain flying speed and made a premature descent below the safe approach slope for undetermined reasons. Of the 15 passengers and two crew members on board, 11 passengers and the aircraft captain were killed. Flight 317 took off from Pittsburgh International Airport at 6:15 p.m. on Document [5] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. Many of the passengers then attempted to regain control of the aircraft from the hijackers. During the struggle, the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed strip mine in Stonycreek Township, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, about southeast of Pittsburgh and northwest of Washington, D.C. A few people witnessed the impact from the ground, and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour. Of the four aircraft hijacked on September 11 – the others were American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77 Document [6] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) 93 to be shot down, but upon learning of the crash, is reported to have said, "I think an act of heroism just took place on that plane." At 10:03:11, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed coal strip mine known as the Diamond T. Mine owned by PBS Coals in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County. The National Transportation Safety Board reported that the flight impacted at 563 mph (906 km/h, 252 m/s, or 489 knots) at a 40-degree nose-down, inverted attitude. The impact left a crater eight to ten feet deep Document [7] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) and reported that the losses included the flag that had hung over the U.S. Capitol on September 11, 2001; a handful of personal items of the passengers and crew; DVD copies of the annual commemoration ceremony and of meetings of the Flight 93 National Memorial Federal Advisory Commission; and about 100 tribute items left by visitors. Flight 93 National Memorial The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville, and southeast of Pittsburgh. Document [8] (Title: Somerset County, Pennsylvania) a region known as Turkeyfoot. People of "The Jersey Settlement" emigrated from Essex and Morris Counties, New Jersey about 1770. Somerset County gained worldwide attention in 2001 when a hijacked airliner, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in Stonycreek Township, near the town of Shanksville as part of the September 11 attacks. The first confirmed report of the plane's crash came from Somerset County Airport as reported on NBC's "The Today Show". The most likely target of this flight was the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. The terrorists' plans for this plane were thwarted by the actions of the passengers and Document [9] (Title: Allegheny Mountains) ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!" The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93—which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks—in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville. The memorial honors the passengers and crew of Flight 93, who stopped Al-Qaeda terrorists from reaching their intended target. Folklore: Botany: Allegheny Mountains The Allegheny Mountain Range , informally the Alleghenies and also spelled Alleghany and Allegany, is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the Eastern United States and Canada and posed a significant barrier to land travel in Document [10] (Title: Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania) 2010, a new temporary entrance and memorial were opened at an area called "The Western Overlook". It is where the FBI set up their command center and where family members first saw the aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials, where visitors can leave them today. The initial phase of permanent construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial, including the visitor's center, was to be completed by the 10th anniversary in 2011. The first phase of the permanent memorial was completed, opened, and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The current design for the memorial is a modified version of Document [11] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 was a regularly scheduled commercial flight between New York City and Birmingham, Alabama which crashed in the pre-dawn hours of January 6, 1946 while landing at Birmingham Municipal Airport, resulting in three fatalities. The accident is the only fatal recorded Part 121 (Air Carrier) accident at the airport. (UPS Airlines Flight 1354 was a scheduled cargo flight from Louisville International Airport to Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport which crashed killing the crew, the only persons aboard, during approach on August 14, 2013 but was not a passenger-flight.) On Sunday, January 6, 1946, Document [12] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) and crew members made cellular telephone calls aboard the flight and learned about the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. As a result, the passengers and crew members decided to mount an assault against the hijackers and wrest control of the aircraft. The plane crashed in a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., killing all 39 civilians, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officer, and four terrorists aboard. The memorial is located in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. The entrance to the memorial Document [13] (Title: U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania) the Ohio border and the Valley Forge interchange). From the Pittsburgh area, US 30 heads east through Greensburg, where it intersects U.S. Route 119. It then heads into Somerset County, where it meets U.S. Route 219 east of Jennerstown. On September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in an empty field approximately two miles (3 km) south of U.S. 30, in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County. The heroism of the passengers and crew apparently thwarted the hijackers' plan to crash into either the US Capitol Building or the White House in Washington D.C.. The entrance to the permanent Flight Document [14] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 736) years after the crash, one of its survivors announced she was paying for a plaque for the flight's victims, survivors, and rescuers. Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 was a regularly scheduled flight that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1968. Twenty of the 47 occupants on board were killed. Flight 736 was operated using a Convair CV-580 (registration number "N5802"). The aircraft was originally certificated as a Convair CV-440 on March 4, 1957, but was modified to include upgraded turbine engines and propellers and re-certificated as a CV-580 Document [15] (Title: Shanksville, Pennsylvania) Trade Center and The Pentagon, the passengers on board revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target. There are two memorials to the event. The original, temporary Flight 93 National Memorial to the passengers and crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about from the crash site. On July 8, 2010, a new temporary entrance and memorial were opened at an area called "the Western Overlook". It is where the FBI set up Document [16] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Douglas DC-3 (registration NC21786), flying as Flight 105 originating in New York City with stops in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Knoxville, Tennessee, crashed while attempting to make an instrument approach to Runway 18 at Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport) in Birmingham, Alabama. The plane crashed into Village Creek at the south end of runway 18-36. The captain, first officer, and a check airman who occupied the cockpit jump seat perished in the crash; several passengers were injured, none fatally. The regularly scheduled flight departed New York City’s LaGuardia Field at 7:00 p.m. Eastern time on Document [17] (Title: History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania) worldwide when, on July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded off East Moriches, New York, with the loss of 230 lives. On board were sixteen students from Montoursville High School and their five adult chaperones who were on a class trip to France as part of a student exchange program. Condolences came from as far away as Japan, Australia, and Belgium. Tom Ridge, United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005), was governor of Pennsylvania at the time of the crash, and attended a vigil at the school with his wife. Ridge and New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani would also Document [18] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) rest nose-down with the passenger area suspended over the waters of the creek. Though the cockpit was crushed, the passenger cabin was largely undamaged and no fire resulted. Rescue personnel alerted by the tower immediately worked to evacuate passengers and rescue the three critically injured pilots in the cockpit. Most of the passengers were from various cities in central Alabama, with one passenger each from New Orleans, Louisiana; Biloxi, Mississippi; Atlanta, Georgia; and Brentwood, Pennsylvania. An article, photograph of the wrecked airplane, and photograph of flight attendant Miss Betty Proctor appeared at the top of the front page of the Document [19] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410) installation of “absolute terrain warning indicators” in all air carrier scheduled aircraft. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 was a scheduled flight from Chicago, Illinois, to Norfolk, Virginia, with intermediate stops in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Washington, D.C. On 13 June 1947, the aircraft serving the flight, a Douglas DC-4, crashed into Lookout Rock in the West Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains, while en route to Washington. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed in what was at the time the second-worst airplane accident in the history of U.S. domestic air travel. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight Document [20] (Title: United 93 (film)) part of the September 11 terrorist attacks, possibly intended to crash into and destroy the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. It was the only plane of all four hijacked that failed to reach its intended target; instead, it crashed in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, near Shanksville, about 150 miles (ca 240 km) northwest of Washington. The cockpit voice recorder tape from United Flight 93 has never been made public; however, a transcript was made public after the film was completed, shedding more light on what actually happened in the final 30 minutes before the plane crashed. Some parts contradict Document [21] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 371) Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 was a scheduled passenger flight on December 1, 1959, between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio with stops in Pennsylvania at Harrisburg, Williamsport, Bradford, and Erie. The Martin 2-0-2 operating the flight departed Harrisburg with 26 passengers and crew on board and crashed while maneuvering to land at Williamsport Regional Airport in poor weather. A passenger was the lone survivor. Of the 26 passengers and crew many came from Pennsylvania or other Mid-Atlantic states, however there were two foreign nationals on board: one from France and the other from Lithuania. The crash was Document [22] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105) The pilot, first officer, and a check airman who occupied the cockpit jump seat perished in the crash; several passengers were injured, none fatally. The first officer and check airman died the evening of the crash at Norwood Hospital in Birmingham; the captain shortly after. One passenger was paralyzed by his injuries. The flight attendant was hospitalized for shock and a possible chest injury but was widely praised for ensuring everyone was buckled just prior to landing and her efforts to administer first aid after the crash. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105 was a regularly Document [23] (Title: Merion air disaster) Merion air disaster On April 4, 1991, a Piper Aerostar propeller-driven aircraft collided in mid-air with a Bell 412 helicopter over Merion Elementary School in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. All five people in both aircraft were killed including United States Senator John Heinz, the sole passenger of the Piper. Two school children on the ground were also killed by falling debris. An investigation discovered the cause of the accident to be poor judgment and pilot error of the crews from both aircraft. Heinz's Piper departed from Williamsport Regional Airport in Central Pennsylvania at about 11:25 a.m. Heinz was in Williamsport Document [24] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) by reporting that, "We have a report now that a large plane crashed this morning, north of the Somerset County Airport, which is in western Pennsylvania, not too terribly far from Pittsburgh, about 80 miles or so, a Boeing 767 jet. Don't know whose airline it was, whose airplane it was, and we don't have any details beyond that which I have just given you." In the confusion, he also erroneously reported a second hijacked plane heading for the Pentagon after the crash of the first. Flight 93 fragmented violently upon impact. Most of the aircraft wreckage was found near Document [25] (Title: Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410) Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 was a scheduled flight from Chicago, Illinois, to Norfolk, Virginia, with intermediate stops in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Washington, D.C. On 13 June 1947, the aircraft serving the flight, a Douglas DC-4, crashed into Lookout Rock in the West Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains, while en route to Washington. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed in what was at the time the second-worst airplane accident in the history of U.S. domestic air travel. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410 departed Chicago at 13:52 for Norfolk, Virginia with scheduled stops in Document [26] (Title: Roland Mertz) appointment, Bud served 24 years with the Pennsylvania State Police as a Communications Operator. In 1993 he was appointed as Communications Instructor for the State Police Bureau of Training and Education. On September 11, 2001, Bud responded to the crash site of United Flight 93 in Somerset County operating from the Pennsylvania State Police Command Post during the first week of that tragic event. Bud has a long history in public safety. He has been an active volunteer firefighter with the Greensburg Fire Department, Truck Company #2 in Westmoreland County for 35 years. Bud is also a principal handler and Document [27] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) a regularly scheduled commuter flight to Johnstown. There were 15 passengers aboard. The flight's captain, Daniel Brannon, 39, had accumulated 6,331 flight hours, including 383 hours in the Beechcraft 99A; the first officer, Gerald Knouff, 24, had accumulated 1790 flight hours, including 380 hours in the Beechcraft 99A. Both pilots had been hired by Air East in July 1973, approximately six months before the accident. At around 7:05 p.m., while on approach to Runway 33 at Johnstown–Cambria County Airport in Richland Township, the plane descended below the lowest safe approach slope, then stalled, at which point the pilots lost control. Document [28] (Title: Loss of control (aeronautics)) another Boeing 737 spun out of control and crashed, the Boeing 737-3B7 flying the route which was registered N513AU, was approaching runway 28R of Pittsburgh International Airport, located in Findlay Township, Pennsylvania. The aircraft suddenly banked violently to the left, rolled upside down, then went into a downward spiral while rolling left. The jet then crashed near the airport; the crash killed all 127 passengers and 5 crew. The bodies of the occupants were so severely fragmented that the crash site was initially declared a biohazard by the NTSB. Both crashes were traced to a malfunction in the planes' rudder Document [29] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) the plane. United Airlines Flight 93 United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control. All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757–222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. The hijackers Document [30] (Title: United Airlines Flight 93) United Airlines Flight 93 United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control. All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757–222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. The hijackers stormed the Document [31] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 736) Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 was a regularly scheduled flight that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1968. Twenty of the 47 occupants on board were killed. Flight 736 was operated using a Convair CV-580 (registration number "N5802"). The aircraft was originally certificated as a Convair CV-440 on March 4, 1957, but was modified to include upgraded turbine engines and propellers and re-certificated as a CV-580 on May 25, 1965. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accumulated a total of 29,173 flight hours. Flight 736 Document [32] (Title: September 11 attacks) another five hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower (2 WTC). Five hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 am. A fourth flight, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers fought the four hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the Capitol or the White House. Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77, and 175 Document [33] (Title: Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317) Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 Commonwealth Commuter Flight 317 was a scheduled commuter flight from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, operated by Air East. On January 6, 1974, while on approach to Johnstown–Cambria County Airport, the Beechcraft Model 99A operating the flight crashed short of the runway after it failed to maintain flying speed and made a premature descent below the safe approach slope for undetermined reasons. Of the 15 passengers and two crew members on board, 11 passengers and the aircraft captain were killed. Flight 317 took off from Pittsburgh International Airport at 6:15 p.m. on January 6, 1974 on Document [34] (Title: Flight 93 National Memorial) Flight 93 National Memorial The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about north of Shanksville, and southeast of Pittsburgh. The memorial was made to honor the passengers and crew of Flight 93, who stopped the terrorists from reaching their target by fighting the hijackers. A temporary memorial to the 40 victims was established soon after the crash, and the first phase of the permanent memorial was completed, opened, and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The Document [35] (Title: Allegheny Airlines Flight 371) the first fatal accident in the history of Allegheny Airlines and was the deadliest until the 1969 crash of Allegheny Airlines Flight 853. Also the crash was the largest aviation incident in county history, and was the only deadly incident involving Williamsport Regional Airport until the Merion air disaster in 1991. Flight 371 was scheduled from Philadelphia to Cleveland with stops at Harrisburg, Williamsport, Bradford, and Erie. Flight 371 departed Philadelphia at 08:15 and proceeded under visual flight rules to Harrisburg where it landed at 08:51 without incident. Flight 371 departed Harrisburg at 09:06 with 22 revenue passengers, 4 crew Document [36] (Title: Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania) craft to target the United States Capitol building or the White House in Washington, D.C. The crash here was a result of a struggle over control of the plane between hijackers and passengers, who learned of the plane's intended fate through cellphone calls to and from family members. All 44 people aboard the plane, including four hijackers, were killed. The community intends to preserve the Flight 93 crash site as a historical memorial. The original temporary memorial to the passengers and crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about 500 yards from the crash site. On July 8, Question: where did the plane crash on 911 in pennsylvania

Answer: a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania Long Answer: United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four Al - Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks . It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control . All 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured . The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757--222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California. Gold Document ID: 30

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Rockstar 101) extended play (EP) in the United States through Masterbeat.com on June 2, 2010, to the iTunes Store on July 13, and in the United Kingdom through Amazon on June 29, 2010. These EP's consist of remixes by various DJs and music producers, including Dave Audé and Mark Picchiotti. "Rockstar 101" is a grunge-crunk and hip hop song which lasts for three minutes and fifty-eight seconds. It features an "aggressive" guitar solo from Slash, according to Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly". Rihanna uses her lower register and "heavy" modulation to perform the most of the song, and she "growls" the lyric Document [2] (Title: Chris Rea) think of" from "The Road to Hell", the songs "Steel River" which refers to a nickname for River Tees, and "Windy Town, reflect Rea's feelings about the industrial decline of Middlesbrough and the re-development of the town centre while he was out of the country touring through the years: Chris Rea Christopher Anton Rea ( ; born 4 March 1951) is a British rock and blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, recognisable for his distinctive, husky-gravel voice and slide guitar playing. The book "Guinness Rockopedia" described him as a "gravel-voiced guitar stalwart". The "British Hit Singles & Albums" stated that Rea was Document [3] (Title: Rockstar (Poison song)) Rockstar (Poison song) "Rockstar" is a song by American Rock band Poison it was released as the first single from their then upcoming album "Hollyweird". The song was first released as a digital download single on May 27, 2001 and then as a CD single in May 2002. The lyrics were written by Bret Michaels and C.C. DeVille. "Rockstar" has been performed 20 times by the band in concert. Its first performance was on May 27, 2001. It was a regular in the setlist on the Glam, Slam, Metal, Jam Tour, but only played once on the Hollyweird World Tour. Document [4] (Title: Trevor Steel) Trevor Steel Trevor David Steel (born January 5, 1958 in Hampstead) is a singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is a mainstay member of the alternative rock band, The Escape Club, which formed in 1983, disbanded in 1992 and reformed in 2009. In 1988, with other members of The Escape Club, he co-wrote their number-one "Billboard" Hot 100 hit "Wild, Wild West". Steel has also worked as a record producer and owns a recording label. In 2004 he relocated to Australia and appeared as a judge on TV talent search series, "Popstars Live". In 2006 Steel founded a record Label, Sunday Morning Document [5] (Title: Steel Panther) from Metal Skool to Steel Panther, making a new debut at The Rockin' Saddle Club in Redlands, California. In an interview with Michael Starr, he states that the band's name wasn't inspired by Steel Dragon, the band with Zakk Wylde and Mark Wahlberg in the movie Rock Star (in which Michael Starr makes a cameo appearance). In May 2008, the band signed a contract with Republic Records (owned by record label Universal Records) announcing plans for a new studio album. Steel Panther released "Feel the Steel" on June 8, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on October 6, 2009 in Document [6] (Title: Rockstar (Poison song)) Rockstar (Poison song) "Rockstar" is a song by American Rock band Poison it was released as the first single from their then upcoming album "Hollyweird". The song was first released as a digital download single on May 27, 2001 and then as a CD single in May 2002. The lyrics were written by Bret Michaels and C.C. DeVille. "Rockstar" has been performed 20 times by the band in concert. Its first performance was on May 27, 2001. It was a regular in the setlist on the Glam, Slam, Metal, Jam Tour, but only played once on the Hollyweird World Tour. Document [7] (Title: Jeff Scott Soto) Zakk Wylde, Jeff Pilson and Jason Bonham for the soundtrack of the movie "Rock Star" along with Michael Matijevic of the band Steelheart, whose second album featured Soto on background vocals. He sang lead vocals on an album inspired by the TV series "Biker Mice From Mars". Soto performed at the 2000 annual OIQFC 'Freddie Mercury Birthday Party' at Reading in the UK, where he performed “Dragon Attack” with Brian May. Since that first meeting, Soto and May have become friends, and Soto has appeared with the SAS Band (Spike’s All Stars), Queen sideman Spike Edney's band. Jeff also appeared Document [8] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) his way to Seattle and starts a new band with his old friend and former bandmate Rob. At the same time Steel Dragon, failing to evolve to the changing tastes and styles of the 1990s (as glam metal was pushed aside for grunge), has its fame fizzle out. Chris finds Emily working in the coffee shop she and her roommate purchased a few years earlier, but is initially too ashamed to speak to her. While walking one evening, Emily sees a flyer for his band posted on the wall and takes it down. In the final scene, Chris is singing Document [9] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of The Mayfield Four and now the frontman of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance. The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, and the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces. Kennedy is the only actor Document [10] (Title: Nick Catanese) in the movie "Rock Star" in 2001. Catanese played guitarist Xander Cummins, of the fictional Steel Dragon tribute band Blood Pollution. The film also featured performances by musicians such as Zakk Wylde, Jason Bonham, Myles Kennedy, Brian Vander Ark, Blas Elias, Jeff Pilson and Ralph Saenz. He also has credits on Black Label Society's concert DVDs, "Boozed, Broozed and Broken-Boned" and "The European Invasion – Doom Troopin". Nick plays Paul Reed Smith electric guitars, and plays Gibson acoustic guitars live with Black Label Society. Nick previously played Washburn guitars, and moved to Paul Reed Smith when his Washburn contract expired Document [11] (Title: Iron Steel) FMQB and No. 6 Most Added at CMJ Loud Rock. They are now in the process of recording their full-length album. The album is scheduled to have special guest appearances from a number of people on the album, including Herman Li (DragonForce), Vadim Pruzhanov (DragonForce), Aaron Lewis (Staind), and Mike Mushok (Staind). On the album will be the songs from the EP, a few covers, and new original songs. It is not known when it will be released. The band recently added a new song titled "Saints of Sin" and a cover of the Judas Priest track Rapid Fire on Document [12] (Title: Tracy Thornton) music) with steel drums. He has recorded and released “Pan Rocks”, “Pan Rocks II…Pan Bangerz Ball” and “Pan Rocks lll…Ska Punk’d” where you’ll hear your favorite rock, punk and heavy metal classics all done in a thunderous steelpan style! He also puts on “Pan Rocks” concerts that combine steel bands and musicians nationally and internationally to form 30 to over 100 piece steel orchestras strictly to perform and rock out the music from his trilogy of “Pan Rocks” CDs! “Pan Rocks” was tapped to do a showcase concert at PASIC 2015 in San Antonio, TX with over 80 players strong. Document [13] (Title: Holy Dragons) Sheffield" Mikhailova - bass guitar (ex-"Lamia", "GB-5", "Green Low"), the group becomes known as the Holy Dragons. Under that name the band goes into enters the studio for the first studio recordings and gives live performances. At that time the band recorded the first licensed album – "Dragon Steel" (an earlier version of the album, with Anders Kraft vocals), which was released in Kazakhstan by "Studio Iris" in the tape format. It took the band only 28 hours of studio time. For the promotion purposes the band presented two most successful tracks from the album in the form of a Document [14] (Title: ZP Theart) for Skid Row. The band continued to tour throughout 2016 with Theart as their frontman. Following a year of touring, on 15 January 2017, he was declared their official lead vocalist. ZP Theart ZP De Villiers Theart (born 27 May 1975) is a South African singer, songwriter, and the lead vocalist for Skid Row. Theart first garnered attention as the original singer of British power metal band DragonForce. His name "ZP" is not an abbreviation, but his grandfather's initials (whose name was Zachery Paul). Theart was also hired by Riot Games for the voice of Karthus in the songs "Deathfire Document [15] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) Steel Dragon recordings, and Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song – a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris meets Blood Pollution at a rehearsal session, but he finds out that he has been replaced with his arch-rival, the (now former) lead singer of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob also cites Chris' inability to create his own musical style, preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band. One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy (Dominic West), and is offered an audition for the band (thanks Document [16] (Title: Steel Prophet) of new songs were being recorded. The 2008 release "The Shallows Of Forever" by Steel Legacy Records consists of very old recordings from a time before the band had even released their first demo "Inner Ascendance". In February 2011, Steve Kachinsky announced on the official Steel Prophet internet forum that the band has got 8 songs ready and will start recording the new album when another 6 songs will be done. The album will contain a new metal version of the fun-song "Oleander" that was the outro of their 2001 album "Book Of The Dead". Over the course of 2014, Document [17] (Title: Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons) Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons was a band fronted by former Ramones bassist Dee Dee Ramone. It was formed in March 1992, and was the second post-Ramones band for Dee Dee, following Dee Dee Ramone and the Spikey Tops. The band was made up of Ramone on guitar and vocals, former Liars, Cheats and Thieves members Richie Screech (aka Richie Karaczynski) and Alan Valentine on guitar and bass respectively, and Scott Goldstein on drums. In the band's short time together, they only released one 7" single which featured an original song Document [18] (Title: Steel Prophet) Ice T's band "Body Count". Dennis later rejoined Steel Prophet. Half a year later, Steve Kachinsky announced that they once again changed their vocalist. It was announced that Bruce Hall, vocalist of the band Agent Steel, was the new vocalist for Steel Prophet. Yet, no new material was recorded with him and no live shows were played either. In March 2007, Steve Kachinsky announced that Rick Mythiasin rejoined the band. On May 4, 2008, the new song "Trickery Of The Scourge", with Rick as vocalist, was uploaded to the official Steel Prophet MySpace site. It was also announced that plenty Document [19] (Title: Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s) Midnite", were released during the 1980s, as the game's title suggests; "Because, It's Midnite" is performed by the fictional "80s hair metal" band Limozeen from the Internet cartoon Homestar Runner (Harmonix co-founder/CEO Alex Rigopulos is a professed fan of Homestar Runner). Two songs were originally written in the 1970s, but were covered by bands in the 1980s. These songs are "Radar Love" by Golden Earring, but covered by White Lion and "Ballroom Blitz" by Sweet and covered by Krokus. The song list includes tracks such as "Round and Round" by Ratt, "Metal Health" by Quiet Riot, "Holy Diver" by Dio, Document [20] (Title: Beefcake the Mighty) Steel", "Bad Bad Men" (during the chorus, and also the "Yeehaw" at the beginning) "Fight", (by Bishop) "Crush, Kill, Destroy", "Hate Love Songs" (by Orr, originally slated to be performed by Mike Derks, who wrote the song), "The Bonus Plan" (by Evans), "Metal Metal Land", "The Price of Peace" and "Beat You to Death" (the latter two also by Orr). Beefcake has always had a relatively high voice, in sharp contrast to his large size. Beefcake the Mighty Beefcake the Mighty is the bassist in the metal band Gwar. He appears as a stout (hence his name) humanoid girded in Document [21] (Title: Rockstar (soundtrack)) to every one of us." In an interview with "Mid-Day", he stated, "I consciously kept away from using distorted guitars and heavy snazzy music. But I have done it here in "Rockstar". Plus most songs are acoustic." For the song "Katiya Karun" singer Harshdeep Kaur noted that the song was recorded at AR Studios, Powai, Mumbai. Rahman asked the translation of "Katiya Karun" lyrics to which she explained the meaning to him. The lyrics translate as, "I spin your cotton all night, the entire day is spent in this thought, I shall live and die for you, Be a spinning Document [22] (Title: Rock and a Hard Place) Ron Wood and Jagger perform guitars for the recording. Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts perform bass and drums, respectively. Keyboards are played by Matt Clifford and Chuck Leavell. The Kick Horns provided brass for the recording. Lisa Fischer, Sarah Dash and Bernard Fowler all perform backing vocals. "Rock and a Hard Place" was released as the second single from "Steel Wheels" on 13 November 1989 in the UK. "Cook Cook Blues", a slow blues outtake from the 1983 album "Undercover", was the B-side. The single reached number 63 in the UK, number 23 in the U.S. and number 1 on Document [23] (Title: Steel Panther) included Wembley Arena, London. In April 2015, the group had a cameo in the music video for the Ninja Sex Party song "Road Trip" to tell of their sexual exploits that year. Michael Starr contributes vocals to "6969" on NSP's third album "Attitude City" as the head Dick Elder. On January 7, 2016, Steel Panther's acoustic album "Live from Lexxi's Mom's Garage" became available for pre-order with the new song "That's When You Came In", preceding the album's release on February 26. The band went on the Adult Swim call-in show "FishCenter Live" to promote the album on January 22, Document [24] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) Rock Star (2001 film) Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris "Izzy" Cole, a tribute band singer who ascended to the position of lead vocalist of his favorite band, which was inspired by the real-life story of Tim "Ripper" Owens, singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he left the band. In the mid-1980s, Chris Cole (Mark Wahlberg) is a Pittsburgh fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By Document [25] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song). Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers (Jason Flemyng), and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm (Timothy Olyphant). During a live performance, Rob's playing fails to live up to Chris' over-demanding standards regarding note-for-note accuracy to the original Document [26] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band and gives an outstanding performance of "We All Die Young" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is actually a song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist Miljenko Matijevic provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name "Izzy". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come Document [27] (Title: Russ Parrish) released their debut album, Hole Patrol, and began incorporating original songs into their live sets. The "classic" Steel Panther lineup was also cemented by this point, with Travis Haley on bass and Darren Leader on drums, and with the Rikki Ratchet and Michael Diamond aliases being replaced with Satchel and Michael Starr, respectively. Six years later, the band renamed to Steel Panther and released their first album under the name, entitled Feel the Steel. In his early days, Parrish used a white Ibanez RG770 with sharktooth inlays as his primary guitar. During the Fight era, he primarily played a Heartfield/Fender Document [28] (Title: Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song)) The song was also used in the found footage science fiction thriller "Project Almanac" (2014). The song was also used in "" game trailer. The song was also used in "MotoGP 18" game trailer. The music video debuted on December 10, 2012. It was directed by Syndrome and features actors Lou Diamond Phillips and Alexandra Daddario and puppeteers from Puppet Heap. The video revolves around a mysterious female drifter (Daddario) on a quest to save her friends in Imagine Dragons from the perils of a sinister, underground puppet-fighting ring led by Phillips. The Champion of the fight, a large purple Document [29] (Title: Michael Kiske) project Avalon. Michael sang the self-titled track on the project's debut album "The Land of New Hope". In the same year he also sang as a guest on the duet "Fly", featured on Infinita Symphonia's self-titled album. During December, he participated in the "Christmas Metal Symphony 2013 tour", sharing the stage with Joey Belladonna, Udo Dirkschneider, Chuck Billy, Joacim Cans, Floor Jansen and a symphonic orchestra. In 2014, he sang on the duet "Black And White Forever", featured on Starchild's self-titled debut album. During 2015, Kiske sang as a guest on the title track of the Wolfpakk album "Rise of Document [30] (Title: Steely Dan) every track and lead guitar on five tracks; Fagen added piano, electric piano, organ, synthesizers, and percussion on top of his vocals; touring drummer Keith Carlock played on every track. To complete his "Nightfly" trilogy, Fagen issued "Morph the Cat" in 2006. Steely Dan returned to annual touring that year with the Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan and The Fab-Originees.com Tour. Despite much fluctuation in membership, the live band featured mainstays Herrington, Carlock, bassist Freddie Washington, the horn section of Michael Leonhart, Jim Pugh, Roger Rosenberg, and Walt Weiskopf, and backing vocalists Carolyn Leonhart and Cindy Mizelle. The 2007 Heavy Rollers Tour Document [31] (Title: Josie (Steely Dan song)) groove." J.J. Syrja notes that the song even echoes disco, but doesn't "fall victim" to it. Becker plays a guitar solo on the song, one of the few on "Aja". Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet particularly praised his solo, calling it "a real stormer." Fagen sings the lead vocals. The other musicians on the song include Chuck Rainey on bass guitar, Victor Feldman on electric piano and Larry Carlton and Dean Parks on guitar. The drummer is Jim Keltner, who critic Victor Aaron particularly praises for a fill that restarts the song near the end after a brief pause. Seguin Document [32] (Title: Babymetal) Totman and Herman Li of prominent power metal band DragonForce, the song was subsequently released as a bonus track of their first live album "", simultaneously released on January 7, 2015 along with the band's third live video album "", and later released as a digital single. Li later revealed via Twitter and Facebook posts that he and Totman had been working on the song's guitar parts since 2013. In 2015, the re-released their eponymous album via earMusic and RAL/Sony Music Entertainment. Ahead of their performance at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards on June 15, the trio made a Document [33] (Title: Holy Dragons) the band. In 1999 the band gave a lot of live performances, starred in the TV show, wrote half an hour live video for the TV- program "City Jazz, City Blues", then recorded an album "Rock Ballads / Dragon Ballads" - consisting entirely of ballads, 8 songs, some of them were included into the compilation album "The Best" and some of them were also released as a bonus track to the earlier versions of CD- edition of "Judgment Day" and "Gotterdammerung", and a little later – "House of The Winds" (album, which is based on the songs composed in the Document [34] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) with his band in a bar and Emily walks in. Chris leaves the stage and speaks to her. They reconcile, ending the film with a kiss and the final note of Chris' first original song "Colorful" (which is actually a song by The Verve Pipe). During the credits, Cuddy talks about the future of the band and Beers is shown to have taken up Irish Dancing after his sacking from Steel Dragon. The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson, Black Label Society founder & Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde, actor Dominic West, and ex-Foreigner Document [35] (Title: Holy Dragons) as "Thunder in the Night" and "Judgment Day". Shortly after the recording is finished, Gill Sheffield left, and by the middle of July 1998 there came Daniel "Dan" Throne - vocals (ex-"Wooсk") and Steven Dreico - bass guitar (ex-"Wooсk"). The band overwrites the vocal lines on Dragon Steel (this version of the album became a cassette compilation "The Best"), released by Kazakhstan Fair Play studio in 1999. In 2008, the album was released by CD Russian label "Metalism Records". By the end of the year, the group was joined by Alex - (drums, ex-"Deathrack"). The year 1999 was mega-effective for Document [36] (Title: Dragon Soul) is sung by Greg Ayres, who also did the voice of Guldo in "Dragon Ball Z Kai". Part 5 is sung by Sonny Strait, who is also the voice of Krillin. Part 6 is sung by Brina Palencia herself, who also does the voice of Chiaotzu and Puar. Part 7 is sung in a trio by Sean Schemmel, Justin Cook, and Greg Ayres. Part 8 is also sung in a trio by Vic Mignogna, Sonny Strait, and Brina Palencia. Dragon Soul "Dragon Soul" is the seventh single by Japanese singer Takayoshi Tanimoto. He performed the song with guitarist and composer Document [37] (Title: Melissa Auf der Maur) original songs and cover versions. Featuring a cover version of Devos "Gates of Steel" and early renditions of songs Auf der Maur would feature on her debut studio album, the show was poorly received due to its "seeming lack of preparation" and "was little more than pleasantly mopey and blurry garage rock" according to a Variety review. Courtney Love subsequently named her backing band The Chelsea, also hiring Maloney and Sloan in the process, while touring for her debut studio album, "America's Sweetheart" (2004). Later the same year, Auf der Maur formed Hand of Doom, a Black Sabbath cover band Document [38] (Title: Steel Panther) Viper Room, and subsequently the Key Club, playing covers of 1980s hair metal hits while parodying the bands that made the songs famous. Despite the name changes, and some members putting in time in a Van Halen tribute band, they finally managed to gain some success. In 2003 Steel Panther released "Hole Patrol", their self-produced debut extended play. The band appeared in a Discover Card advertisement as Danger Kitty and in the sitcom Drew Carey Show as themselves. Also in 2003, their song "Death to All But Metal" was included in a compilation CD called "Hey, That's What I Call Document [39] (Title: Marc Hunter) fashion designer, and the couple had two children. Their daughter, Bella Hunter, covered Dragon's song, "April Sun in Cuba", in February 2009 for "RocKwiz Salutes the Bowl" (March 2009) – a celebration of the Myer Music Bowl's 50th anniversary – on an episode of season six of the SBS program, "RocKwiz". Live performances by various artists were also released as a DVD of the same name. She was a contestant on season four of the Australian version of "The X Factor", in August 2012 but she was eliminated before the finals. In October 2011 Hunter's biography, "Chasing the Dragon: the Document [40] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) sleeping with so many groupies, Emily leaves him. After the end of the tour, Izzy reports to the next series of Steel Dragon recording sessions with song concepts and artwork for the band's next album. The rest of the band rejects Izzy's ideas, with Kirk explaining that the band has to stay true to the "Steel Dragon thing" to fulfill fan expectations. Izzy is angered upon realizing that he was only recruited for his vocal abilities. After a heartfelt conversation with Mats about how he feared he had no control over the direction life has taken him, Izzy begins to Document [41] (Title: Holy Dragons) single, called "Wild Cat". The band (although vocalist Anders "Caban" Kraft wasn't very much accepted by foreign listeners), showed solid heavy metal on this album. Perhaps it was the first complete recording of an album of the metal band from Kazakhstan (except for demo records), which has been available outside the country. "Dragon Steel" became the first and last release for Anders "Caban" Kraft, bassist Gill Sheffield and drummer Simon, who were replaced by Daniel "Dan" Thorne, Steven Dreico and Seva Sabbath respectively. Later, vocals for this album were rewritten for CD format release with a new singer, who became Document [42] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) whose actual voice is used.. Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio. Blood Pollution (Chris Cole's former band and a Steel Dragon tribute band) is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm. Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins. After "The New Document [43] (Title: Steel Panther) Sludge! Vol. 1" put out by the Metal Sludge web site. Their cover of the song "Fantasy" by Aldo Nova was used as the opening musical theme for the MTV program "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". On November 27, 2007 Metal Skool played original songs as well as covers of KISS songs at the Gene Simmons roast, they can be seen in the background of Gene Simmons' reality show "Gene Simmons Family Jewels". That year, they also appeared as themselves on "Las Vegas" in the episode "The High Price of Gas". In April 2008 the band decided to change their name Document [44] (Title: Holy Dragons) 90s). "Rock Ballads/Dragon Ballads," spawned a music video for the song, "Christmas Time," and was released independently, as was their third album, "House of the Winds" in 1999. It was published in 2001 as a part of a cassette box set "Rage Of The Dragon Lords". Later, in 2004 re- mastered album version (2004, "Obitel Vetrov"), with Russian-lyrics Holger Komaroff vocals was released on CD by "Metalism Records" in cooperation with the "Soyuz Music" and "Metalagen". All this activity was combined with concerts and even work "in the club format." Also in 1999, the band creates a website and puts Document [45] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's road manager, Mats (Timothy Spall), serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy. His new lifestyle impacts his life both for better and worse, particularly with his relationship with his supportive girlfriend, Emily Poule (Jennifer Aniston), when she decides not to continue with him throughout the remainder of the tour as a rock star girlfriend, though Emily and Izzy agree to get back together when the tour reaches Seattle. Eventually, Steel Dragon Document [46] (Title: Iron Steel) their MySpace page. Former Iron Steel Iron Steel is an American heavy metal supergroup from Atlanta, Georgia. The band was formed on the No Fear Music tour by "Fran Strine" when he was bored one day and wanted to make song. Their current line-up consists of five members: Fran Strine (vocals), Tommy Redd (guitar), Jim LaMarca (guitar), David Ellefson (bass) and Morgan Rose (drums). To date Iron Steel has released EP album titled "Devil May Care". It is a hit on college and metal radio. The band has debuted at No. 35 with a bullet on the FMQB charts, No. Document [47] (Title: J.A. Steel) and a Taiwanese record company, Rock Records. Alexeev's album, "Wintertales", was released in 1996, as Asia's economy was on the verge of collapse, and record sales were slow. During her two-year hiatus, Steel traveled extensively in Asia and even lived for a brief time in Singapore. Upon her return to the United States, she re-entered the entertainment industry and began planning her first feature from a screenplay that she had written in 1996. The screenplay, entitled "Triad", was about an ex-motocycle racer turned cop Cody Reynolds and his Asian partner, Michael Li. Cody's girlfriend in the film was a vice-detective Document [48] (Title: A Sound of Thunder (band)) Driver". In 2018 the band released their seventh album, "It Was Metal," again produced by Kevin ‘131’ Gutierrez. Funded again on Kickstarter they raised $66,246, over two times their $30,000 goal. The first single released, "Lifebringer", is about Nina Osegueda's Paladin in the PC game "World of Warcraft." On June 15, 2018, the same day the album released to the public, the animated video for "It Was Metal" was posted to the band's YouTube page. It featured Brian Posehn as the voice of the dragon. MetalNation gave the album high praise: ""It Was Metal is nearly an hour long, yet Document [49] (Title: Steel Prophet) however this was the first album where the majority of lyrics were written by Mythiasin. Those were the reasons for Rick to leave the band. In 2004, new vocalist Nadir D`Priest joined the band. Soon after that, they released their seventh and last studio album "Beware" through Nightmare Records. The album received generally favorable reviews even though the style of music was changed a bit by D'Priest's vocal style, bringing a slight glam rock vibe into the music. Shortly after that former Hellion bassist Glenn Cannon was added to the lineup while Vince Dennis (Vincent Price) was on tour with Document [50] (Title: DragonForce) live footage from their tour around Europe was released along with the song. The song was also a huge success on MP3.com where it charted at No. 1 for 2 weeks as the most downloaded song. In 2002, the band signed to Noise Records and began recording their debut album, "Valley of the Damned". Harper performed the bass tracks for the album, but left the band in 2002 because of a tendon problem that required surgery. The title track, re-released in promotion of the album, is one of the best-known DragonForce songs to date and is a staple of their Document [51] (Title: Nuno Bettencourt) his band DramaGods contributed their song "S'OK" to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4 the Kids, produced by Slang Productions to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need. In November 2009, Bettencourt announced that he would be touring with Barbadian singer Rihanna on her "Last Girl on Earth Tour" as lead guitarist, having appeared alongside her in several TV shows and other performances. He has since performed as Rihanna's lead guitarist on every subsequent tour, including her "Loud" (2010), "777" (2012) and "Diamonds World" (2013) tours, respectively. In July 2011, Steel Panther reported to Document [52] (Title: Rockstars and Lawnmowers) songs that had yet to be recorded. It also features a song from Johnny Scroggs ("Veil"), who performs lead vocals on the track. The album was mastered by Cinninger and released a year later in 2005. Many of the new songs from the album are currently performed in concert by Umphrey's McGee and Engelmann's band Mother Vinegar. Karl Engelmann: vocals, bass, guitar Jake Cinninger: guitar, vocals, piano Steve Krojniewski: drums with Johnny Scroggs: vocals on "Veil" Graphic Design: Rob Heimbrock Rockstars and Lawnmowers Rockstars and Lawnmowers is the third album from Ali Baba's Tahini, best known as the band Jake Question: who sings the steel dragon songs in rockstar Answer: Miljenko Matijevic Long Answer: The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark . Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces . Kennedy is the only actor whose actual voice is used. . Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio. Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Rockstar 101) extended play (EP) in the United States through Masterbeat.com on June 2, 2010, to the iTunes Store on July 13, and in the United Kingdom through Amazon on June 29, 2010. These EP's consist of remixes by various DJs and music producers, including Dave Audé and Mark Picchiotti. "Rockstar 101" is a grunge-crunk and hip hop song which lasts for three minutes and fifty-eight seconds. It features an "aggressive" guitar solo from Slash, according to Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly". Rihanna uses her lower register and "heavy" modulation to perform the most of the song, and she "growls" the lyric Document [2] (Title: Chris Rea) think of" from "The Road to Hell", the songs "Steel River" which refers to a nickname for River Tees, and "Windy Town, reflect Rea's feelings about the industrial decline of Middlesbrough and the re-development of the town centre while he was out of the country touring through the years: Chris Rea Christopher Anton Rea ( ; born 4 March 1951) is a British rock and blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, recognisable for his distinctive, husky-gravel voice and slide guitar playing. The book "Guinness Rockopedia" described him as a "gravel-voiced guitar stalwart". The "British Hit Singles & Albums" stated that Rea was Document [3] (Title: Rockstar (Poison song)) Rockstar (Poison song) "Rockstar" is a song by American Rock band Poison it was released as the first single from their then upcoming album "Hollyweird". The song was first released as a digital download single on May 27, 2001 and then as a CD single in May 2002. The lyrics were written by Bret Michaels and C.C. DeVille. "Rockstar" has been performed 20 times by the band in concert. Its first performance was on May 27, 2001. It was a regular in the setlist on the Glam, Slam, Metal, Jam Tour, but only played once on the Hollyweird World Tour. Document [4] (Title: Trevor Steel) Trevor Steel Trevor David Steel (born January 5, 1958 in Hampstead) is a singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is a mainstay member of the alternative rock band, The Escape Club, which formed in 1983, disbanded in 1992 and reformed in 2009. In 1988, with other members of The Escape Club, he co-wrote their number-one "Billboard" Hot 100 hit "Wild, Wild West". Steel has also worked as a record producer and owns a recording label. In 2004 he relocated to Australia and appeared as a judge on TV talent search series, "Popstars Live". In 2006 Steel founded a record Label, Sunday Morning Document [5] (Title: Steel Panther) from Metal Skool to Steel Panther, making a new debut at The Rockin' Saddle Club in Redlands, California. In an interview with Michael Starr, he states that the band's name wasn't inspired by Steel Dragon, the band with Zakk Wylde and Mark Wahlberg in the movie Rock Star (in which Michael Starr makes a cameo appearance). In May 2008, the band signed a contract with Republic Records (owned by record label Universal Records) announcing plans for a new studio album. Steel Panther released "Feel the Steel" on June 8, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on October 6, 2009 in Document [6] (Title: Rockstar (Poison song)) Rockstar (Poison song) "Rockstar" is a song by American Rock band Poison it was released as the first single from their then upcoming album "Hollyweird". The song was first released as a digital download single on May 27, 2001 and then as a CD single in May 2002. The lyrics were written by Bret Michaels and C.C. DeVille. "Rockstar" has been performed 20 times by the band in concert. Its first performance was on May 27, 2001. It was a regular in the setlist on the Glam, Slam, Metal, Jam Tour, but only played once on the Hollyweird World Tour. Document [7] (Title: Jeff Scott Soto) Zakk Wylde, Jeff Pilson and Jason Bonham for the soundtrack of the movie "Rock Star" along with Michael Matijevic of the band Steelheart, whose second album featured Soto on background vocals. He sang lead vocals on an album inspired by the TV series "Biker Mice From Mars". Soto performed at the 2000 annual OIQFC 'Freddie Mercury Birthday Party' at Reading in the UK, where he performed “Dragon Attack” with Brian May. Since that first meeting, Soto and May have become friends, and Soto has appeared with the SAS Band (Spike’s All Stars), Queen sideman Spike Edney's band. Jeff also appeared Document [8] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) his way to Seattle and starts a new band with his old friend and former bandmate Rob. At the same time Steel Dragon, failing to evolve to the changing tastes and styles of the 1990s (as glam metal was pushed aside for grunge), has its fame fizzle out. Chris finds Emily working in the coffee shop she and her roommate purchased a few years earlier, but is initially too ashamed to speak to her. While walking one evening, Emily sees a flyer for his band posted on the wall and takes it down. In the final scene, Chris is singing Document [9] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of The Mayfield Four and now the frontman of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance. The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, and the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces. Kennedy is the only actor Document [10] (Title: Nick Catanese) in the movie "Rock Star" in 2001. Catanese played guitarist Xander Cummins, of the fictional Steel Dragon tribute band Blood Pollution. The film also featured performances by musicians such as Zakk Wylde, Jason Bonham, Myles Kennedy, Brian Vander Ark, Blas Elias, Jeff Pilson and Ralph Saenz. He also has credits on Black Label Society's concert DVDs, "Boozed, Broozed and Broken-Boned" and "The European Invasion – Doom Troopin". Nick plays Paul Reed Smith electric guitars, and plays Gibson acoustic guitars live with Black Label Society. Nick previously played Washburn guitars, and moved to Paul Reed Smith when his Washburn contract expired Document [11] (Title: Iron Steel) FMQB and No. 6 Most Added at CMJ Loud Rock. They are now in the process of recording their full-length album. The album is scheduled to have special guest appearances from a number of people on the album, including Herman Li (DragonForce), Vadim Pruzhanov (DragonForce), Aaron Lewis (Staind), and Mike Mushok (Staind). On the album will be the songs from the EP, a few covers, and new original songs. It is not known when it will be released. The band recently added a new song titled "Saints of Sin" and a cover of the Judas Priest track Rapid Fire on Document [12] (Title: Tracy Thornton) music) with steel drums. He has recorded and released “Pan Rocks”, “Pan Rocks II…Pan Bangerz Ball” and “Pan Rocks lll…Ska Punk’d” where you’ll hear your favorite rock, punk and heavy metal classics all done in a thunderous steelpan style! He also puts on “Pan Rocks” concerts that combine steel bands and musicians nationally and internationally to form 30 to over 100 piece steel orchestras strictly to perform and rock out the music from his trilogy of “Pan Rocks” CDs! “Pan Rocks” was tapped to do a showcase concert at PASIC 2015 in San Antonio, TX with over 80 players strong. Document [13] (Title: Holy Dragons) Sheffield" Mikhailova - bass guitar (ex-"Lamia", "GB-5", "Green Low"), the group becomes known as the Holy Dragons. Under that name the band goes into enters the studio for the first studio recordings and gives live performances. At that time the band recorded the first licensed album – "Dragon Steel" (an earlier version of the album, with Anders Kraft vocals), which was released in Kazakhstan by "Studio Iris" in the tape format. It took the band only 28 hours of studio time. For the promotion purposes the band presented two most successful tracks from the album in the form of a Document [14] (Title: ZP Theart) for Skid Row. The band continued to tour throughout 2016 with Theart as their frontman. Following a year of touring, on 15 January 2017, he was declared their official lead vocalist. ZP Theart ZP De Villiers Theart (born 27 May 1975) is a South African singer, songwriter, and the lead vocalist for Skid Row. Theart first garnered attention as the original singer of British power metal band DragonForce. His name "ZP" is not an abbreviation, but his grandfather's initials (whose name was Zachery Paul). Theart was also hired by Riot Games for the voice of Karthus in the songs "Deathfire Document [15] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) Steel Dragon recordings, and Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song – a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris meets Blood Pollution at a rehearsal session, but he finds out that he has been replaced with his arch-rival, the (now former) lead singer of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob also cites Chris' inability to create his own musical style, preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band. One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy (Dominic West), and is offered an audition for the band (thanks Document [16] (Title: Steel Prophet) of new songs were being recorded. The 2008 release "The Shallows Of Forever" by Steel Legacy Records consists of very old recordings from a time before the band had even released their first demo "Inner Ascendance". In February 2011, Steve Kachinsky announced on the official Steel Prophet internet forum that the band has got 8 songs ready and will start recording the new album when another 6 songs will be done. The album will contain a new metal version of the fun-song "Oleander" that was the outro of their 2001 album "Book Of The Dead". Over the course of 2014, Document [17] (Title: Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons) Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons Dee Dee Ramone and the Chinese Dragons was a band fronted by former Ramones bassist Dee Dee Ramone. It was formed in March 1992, and was the second post-Ramones band for Dee Dee, following Dee Dee Ramone and the Spikey Tops. The band was made up of Ramone on guitar and vocals, former Liars, Cheats and Thieves members Richie Screech (aka Richie Karaczynski) and Alan Valentine on guitar and bass respectively, and Scott Goldstein on drums. In the band's short time together, they only released one 7" single which featured an original song Document [18] (Title: Steel Prophet) Ice T's band "Body Count". Dennis later rejoined Steel Prophet. Half a year later, Steve Kachinsky announced that they once again changed their vocalist. It was announced that Bruce Hall, vocalist of the band Agent Steel, was the new vocalist for Steel Prophet. Yet, no new material was recorded with him and no live shows were played either. In March 2007, Steve Kachinsky announced that Rick Mythiasin rejoined the band. On May 4, 2008, the new song "Trickery Of The Scourge", with Rick as vocalist, was uploaded to the official Steel Prophet MySpace site. It was also announced that plenty Document [19] (Title: Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s) Midnite", were released during the 1980s, as the game's title suggests; "Because, It's Midnite" is performed by the fictional "80s hair metal" band Limozeen from the Internet cartoon Homestar Runner (Harmonix co-founder/CEO Alex Rigopulos is a professed fan of Homestar Runner). Two songs were originally written in the 1970s, but were covered by bands in the 1980s. These songs are "Radar Love" by Golden Earring, but covered by White Lion and "Ballroom Blitz" by Sweet and covered by Krokus. The song list includes tracks such as "Round and Round" by Ratt, "Metal Health" by Quiet Riot, "Holy Diver" by Dio, Document [20] (Title: Beefcake the Mighty) Steel", "Bad Bad Men" (during the chorus, and also the "Yeehaw" at the beginning) "Fight", (by Bishop) "Crush, Kill, Destroy", "Hate Love Songs" (by Orr, originally slated to be performed by Mike Derks, who wrote the song), "The Bonus Plan" (by Evans), "Metal Metal Land", "The Price of Peace" and "Beat You to Death" (the latter two also by Orr). Beefcake has always had a relatively high voice, in sharp contrast to his large size. Beefcake the Mighty Beefcake the Mighty is the bassist in the metal band Gwar. He appears as a stout (hence his name) humanoid girded in Document [21] (Title: Rockstar (soundtrack)) to every one of us." In an interview with "Mid-Day", he stated, "I consciously kept away from using distorted guitars and heavy snazzy music. But I have done it here in "Rockstar". Plus most songs are acoustic." For the song "Katiya Karun" singer Harshdeep Kaur noted that the song was recorded at AR Studios, Powai, Mumbai. Rahman asked the translation of "Katiya Karun" lyrics to which she explained the meaning to him. The lyrics translate as, "I spin your cotton all night, the entire day is spent in this thought, I shall live and die for you, Be a spinning Document [22] (Title: Rock and a Hard Place) Ron Wood and Jagger perform guitars for the recording. Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts perform bass and drums, respectively. Keyboards are played by Matt Clifford and Chuck Leavell. The Kick Horns provided brass for the recording. Lisa Fischer, Sarah Dash and Bernard Fowler all perform backing vocals. "Rock and a Hard Place" was released as the second single from "Steel Wheels" on 13 November 1989 in the UK. "Cook Cook Blues", a slow blues outtake from the 1983 album "Undercover", was the B-side. The single reached number 63 in the UK, number 23 in the U.S. and number 1 on Document [23] (Title: Steel Panther) included Wembley Arena, London. In April 2015, the group had a cameo in the music video for the Ninja Sex Party song "Road Trip" to tell of their sexual exploits that year. Michael Starr contributes vocals to "6969" on NSP's third album "Attitude City" as the head Dick Elder. On January 7, 2016, Steel Panther's acoustic album "Live from Lexxi's Mom's Garage" became available for pre-order with the new song "That's When You Came In", preceding the album's release on February 26. The band went on the Adult Swim call-in show "FishCenter Live" to promote the album on January 22, Document [24] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) Rock Star (2001 film) Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris "Izzy" Cole, a tribute band singer who ascended to the position of lead vocalist of his favorite band, which was inspired by the real-life story of Tim "Ripper" Owens, singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he left the band. In the mid-1980s, Chris Cole (Mark Wahlberg) is a Pittsburgh fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By Document [25] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song). Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers (Jason Flemyng), and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm (Timothy Olyphant). During a live performance, Rob's playing fails to live up to Chris' over-demanding standards regarding note-for-note accuracy to the original Document [26] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band and gives an outstanding performance of "We All Die Young" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is actually a song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist Miljenko Matijevic provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name "Izzy". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come Document [27] (Title: Russ Parrish) released their debut album, Hole Patrol, and began incorporating original songs into their live sets. The "classic" Steel Panther lineup was also cemented by this point, with Travis Haley on bass and Darren Leader on drums, and with the Rikki Ratchet and Michael Diamond aliases being replaced with Satchel and Michael Starr, respectively. Six years later, the band renamed to Steel Panther and released their first album under the name, entitled Feel the Steel. In his early days, Parrish used a white Ibanez RG770 with sharktooth inlays as his primary guitar. During the Fight era, he primarily played a Heartfield/Fender Document [28] (Title: Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song)) The song was also used in the found footage science fiction thriller "Project Almanac" (2014). The song was also used in "" game trailer. The song was also used in "MotoGP 18" game trailer. The music video debuted on December 10, 2012. It was directed by Syndrome and features actors Lou Diamond Phillips and Alexandra Daddario and puppeteers from Puppet Heap. The video revolves around a mysterious female drifter (Daddario) on a quest to save her friends in Imagine Dragons from the perils of a sinister, underground puppet-fighting ring led by Phillips. The Champion of the fight, a large purple Document [29] (Title: Michael Kiske) project Avalon. Michael sang the self-titled track on the project's debut album "The Land of New Hope". In the same year he also sang as a guest on the duet "Fly", featured on Infinita Symphonia's self-titled album. During December, he participated in the "Christmas Metal Symphony 2013 tour", sharing the stage with Joey Belladonna, Udo Dirkschneider, Chuck Billy, Joacim Cans, Floor Jansen and a symphonic orchestra. In 2014, he sang on the duet "Black And White Forever", featured on Starchild's self-titled debut album. During 2015, Kiske sang as a guest on the title track of the Wolfpakk album "Rise of Document [30] (Title: Steely Dan) every track and lead guitar on five tracks; Fagen added piano, electric piano, organ, synthesizers, and percussion on top of his vocals; touring drummer Keith Carlock played on every track. To complete his "Nightfly" trilogy, Fagen issued "Morph the Cat" in 2006. Steely Dan returned to annual touring that year with the Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan and The Fab-Originees.com Tour. Despite much fluctuation in membership, the live band featured mainstays Herrington, Carlock, bassist Freddie Washington, the horn section of Michael Leonhart, Jim Pugh, Roger Rosenberg, and Walt Weiskopf, and backing vocalists Carolyn Leonhart and Cindy Mizelle. The 2007 Heavy Rollers Tour Document [31] (Title: Josie (Steely Dan song)) groove." J.J. Syrja notes that the song even echoes disco, but doesn't "fall victim" to it. Becker plays a guitar solo on the song, one of the few on "Aja". Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet particularly praised his solo, calling it "a real stormer." Fagen sings the lead vocals. The other musicians on the song include Chuck Rainey on bass guitar, Victor Feldman on electric piano and Larry Carlton and Dean Parks on guitar. The drummer is Jim Keltner, who critic Victor Aaron particularly praises for a fill that restarts the song near the end after a brief pause. Seguin Document [32] (Title: Babymetal) Totman and Herman Li of prominent power metal band DragonForce, the song was subsequently released as a bonus track of their first live album "", simultaneously released on January 7, 2015 along with the band's third live video album "", and later released as a digital single. Li later revealed via Twitter and Facebook posts that he and Totman had been working on the song's guitar parts since 2013. In 2015, the re-released their eponymous album via earMusic and RAL/Sony Music Entertainment. Ahead of their performance at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards on June 15, the trio made a Document [33] (Title: Holy Dragons) the band. In 1999 the band gave a lot of live performances, starred in the TV show, wrote half an hour live video for the TV- program "City Jazz, City Blues", then recorded an album "Rock Ballads / Dragon Ballads" - consisting entirely of ballads, 8 songs, some of them were included into the compilation album "The Best" and some of them were also released as a bonus track to the earlier versions of CD- edition of "Judgment Day" and "Gotterdammerung", and a little later – "House of The Winds" (album, which is based on the songs composed in the Document [34] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) with his band in a bar and Emily walks in. Chris leaves the stage and speaks to her. They reconcile, ending the film with a kiss and the final note of Chris' first original song "Colorful" (which is actually a song by The Verve Pipe). During the credits, Cuddy talks about the future of the band and Beers is shown to have taken up Irish Dancing after his sacking from Steel Dragon. The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson, Black Label Society founder & Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde, actor Dominic West, and ex-Foreigner Document [35] (Title: Holy Dragons) as "Thunder in the Night" and "Judgment Day". Shortly after the recording is finished, Gill Sheffield left, and by the middle of July 1998 there came Daniel "Dan" Throne - vocals (ex-"Wooсk") and Steven Dreico - bass guitar (ex-"Wooсk"). The band overwrites the vocal lines on Dragon Steel (this version of the album became a cassette compilation "The Best"), released by Kazakhstan Fair Play studio in 1999. In 2008, the album was released by CD Russian label "Metalism Records". By the end of the year, the group was joined by Alex - (drums, ex-"Deathrack"). The year 1999 was mega-effective for Document [36] (Title: Dragon Soul) is sung by Greg Ayres, who also did the voice of Guldo in "Dragon Ball Z Kai". Part 5 is sung by Sonny Strait, who is also the voice of Krillin. Part 6 is sung by Brina Palencia herself, who also does the voice of Chiaotzu and Puar. Part 7 is sung in a trio by Sean Schemmel, Justin Cook, and Greg Ayres. Part 8 is also sung in a trio by Vic Mignogna, Sonny Strait, and Brina Palencia. Dragon Soul "Dragon Soul" is the seventh single by Japanese singer Takayoshi Tanimoto. He performed the song with guitarist and composer Document [37] (Title: Melissa Auf der Maur) original songs and cover versions. Featuring a cover version of Devos "Gates of Steel" and early renditions of songs Auf der Maur would feature on her debut studio album, the show was poorly received due to its "seeming lack of preparation" and "was little more than pleasantly mopey and blurry garage rock" according to a Variety review. Courtney Love subsequently named her backing band The Chelsea, also hiring Maloney and Sloan in the process, while touring for her debut studio album, "America's Sweetheart" (2004). Later the same year, Auf der Maur formed Hand of Doom, a Black Sabbath cover band Document [38] (Title: Steel Panther) Viper Room, and subsequently the Key Club, playing covers of 1980s hair metal hits while parodying the bands that made the songs famous. Despite the name changes, and some members putting in time in a Van Halen tribute band, they finally managed to gain some success. In 2003 Steel Panther released "Hole Patrol", their self-produced debut extended play. The band appeared in a Discover Card advertisement as Danger Kitty and in the sitcom Drew Carey Show as themselves. Also in 2003, their song "Death to All But Metal" was included in a compilation CD called "Hey, That's What I Call Document [39] (Title: Marc Hunter) fashion designer, and the couple had two children. Their daughter, Bella Hunter, covered Dragon's song, "April Sun in Cuba", in February 2009 for "RocKwiz Salutes the Bowl" (March 2009) – a celebration of the Myer Music Bowl's 50th anniversary – on an episode of season six of the SBS program, "RocKwiz". Live performances by various artists were also released as a DVD of the same name. She was a contestant on season four of the Australian version of "The X Factor", in August 2012 but she was eliminated before the finals. In October 2011 Hunter's biography, "Chasing the Dragon: the Document [40] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) sleeping with so many groupies, Emily leaves him. After the end of the tour, Izzy reports to the next series of Steel Dragon recording sessions with song concepts and artwork for the band's next album. The rest of the band rejects Izzy's ideas, with Kirk explaining that the band has to stay true to the "Steel Dragon thing" to fulfill fan expectations. Izzy is angered upon realizing that he was only recruited for his vocal abilities. After a heartfelt conversation with Mats about how he feared he had no control over the direction life has taken him, Izzy begins to Document [41] (Title: Holy Dragons) single, called "Wild Cat". The band (although vocalist Anders "Caban" Kraft wasn't very much accepted by foreign listeners), showed solid heavy metal on this album. Perhaps it was the first complete recording of an album of the metal band from Kazakhstan (except for demo records), which has been available outside the country. "Dragon Steel" became the first and last release for Anders "Caban" Kraft, bassist Gill Sheffield and drummer Simon, who were replaced by Daniel "Dan" Thorne, Steven Dreico and Seva Sabbath respectively. Later, vocals for this album were rewritten for CD format release with a new singer, who became Document [42] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) whose actual voice is used.. Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio. Blood Pollution (Chris Cole's former band and a Steel Dragon tribute band) is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm. Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins. After "The New Document [43] (Title: Steel Panther) Sludge! Vol. 1" put out by the Metal Sludge web site. Their cover of the song "Fantasy" by Aldo Nova was used as the opening musical theme for the MTV program "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". On November 27, 2007 Metal Skool played original songs as well as covers of KISS songs at the Gene Simmons roast, they can be seen in the background of Gene Simmons' reality show "Gene Simmons Family Jewels". That year, they also appeared as themselves on "Las Vegas" in the episode "The High Price of Gas". In April 2008 the band decided to change their name Document [44] (Title: Holy Dragons) 90s). "Rock Ballads/Dragon Ballads," spawned a music video for the song, "Christmas Time," and was released independently, as was their third album, "House of the Winds" in 1999. It was published in 2001 as a part of a cassette box set "Rage Of The Dragon Lords". Later, in 2004 re- mastered album version (2004, "Obitel Vetrov"), with Russian-lyrics Holger Komaroff vocals was released on CD by "Metalism Records" in cooperation with the "Soyuz Music" and "Metalagen". All this activity was combined with concerts and even work "in the club format." Also in 1999, the band creates a website and puts Document [45] (Title: Rock Star (2001 film)) to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's road manager, Mats (Timothy Spall), serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy. His new lifestyle impacts his life both for better and worse, particularly with his relationship with his supportive girlfriend, Emily Poule (Jennifer Aniston), when she decides not to continue with him throughout the remainder of the tour as a rock star girlfriend, though Emily and Izzy agree to get back together when the tour reaches Seattle. Eventually, Steel Dragon Document [46] (Title: Iron Steel) their MySpace page. Former Iron Steel Iron Steel is an American heavy metal supergroup from Atlanta, Georgia. The band was formed on the No Fear Music tour by "Fran Strine" when he was bored one day and wanted to make song. Their current line-up consists of five members: Fran Strine (vocals), Tommy Redd (guitar), Jim LaMarca (guitar), David Ellefson (bass) and Morgan Rose (drums). To date Iron Steel has released EP album titled "Devil May Care". It is a hit on college and metal radio. The band has debuted at No. 35 with a bullet on the FMQB charts, No. Document [47] (Title: J.A. Steel) and a Taiwanese record company, Rock Records. Alexeev's album, "Wintertales", was released in 1996, as Asia's economy was on the verge of collapse, and record sales were slow. During her two-year hiatus, Steel traveled extensively in Asia and even lived for a brief time in Singapore. Upon her return to the United States, she re-entered the entertainment industry and began planning her first feature from a screenplay that she had written in 1996. The screenplay, entitled "Triad", was about an ex-motocycle racer turned cop Cody Reynolds and his Asian partner, Michael Li. Cody's girlfriend in the film was a vice-detective Document [48] (Title: A Sound of Thunder (band)) Driver". In 2018 the band released their seventh album, "It Was Metal," again produced by Kevin ‘131’ Gutierrez. Funded again on Kickstarter they raised $66,246, over two times their $30,000 goal. The first single released, "Lifebringer", is about Nina Osegueda's Paladin in the PC game "World of Warcraft." On June 15, 2018, the same day the album released to the public, the animated video for "It Was Metal" was posted to the band's YouTube page. It featured Brian Posehn as the voice of the dragon. MetalNation gave the album high praise: ""It Was Metal is nearly an hour long, yet Document [49] (Title: Steel Prophet) however this was the first album where the majority of lyrics were written by Mythiasin. Those were the reasons for Rick to leave the band. In 2004, new vocalist Nadir D`Priest joined the band. Soon after that, they released their seventh and last studio album "Beware" through Nightmare Records. The album received generally favorable reviews even though the style of music was changed a bit by D'Priest's vocal style, bringing a slight glam rock vibe into the music. Shortly after that former Hellion bassist Glenn Cannon was added to the lineup while Vince Dennis (Vincent Price) was on tour with Document [50] (Title: DragonForce) live footage from their tour around Europe was released along with the song. The song was also a huge success on MP3.com where it charted at No. 1 for 2 weeks as the most downloaded song. In 2002, the band signed to Noise Records and began recording their debut album, "Valley of the Damned". Harper performed the bass tracks for the album, but left the band in 2002 because of a tendon problem that required surgery. The title track, re-released in promotion of the album, is one of the best-known DragonForce songs to date and is a staple of their Document [51] (Title: Nuno Bettencourt) his band DramaGods contributed their song "S'OK" to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4 the Kids, produced by Slang Productions to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need. In November 2009, Bettencourt announced that he would be touring with Barbadian singer Rihanna on her "Last Girl on Earth Tour" as lead guitarist, having appeared alongside her in several TV shows and other performances. He has since performed as Rihanna's lead guitarist on every subsequent tour, including her "Loud" (2010), "777" (2012) and "Diamonds World" (2013) tours, respectively. In July 2011, Steel Panther reported to Document [52] (Title: Rockstars and Lawnmowers) songs that had yet to be recorded. It also features a song from Johnny Scroggs ("Veil"), who performs lead vocals on the track. The album was mastered by Cinninger and released a year later in 2005. Many of the new songs from the album are currently performed in concert by Umphrey's McGee and Engelmann's band Mother Vinegar. Karl Engelmann: vocals, bass, guitar Jake Cinninger: guitar, vocals, piano Steve Krojniewski: drums with Johnny Scroggs: vocals on "Veil" Graphic Design: Rob Heimbrock Rockstars and Lawnmowers Rockstars and Lawnmowers is the third album from Ali Baba's Tahini, best known as the band Jake Question: who sings the steel dragon songs in rockstar

Answer: Miljenko Matijevic Long Answer: The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark . Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces . Kennedy is the only actor whose actual voice is used. . Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio. Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dodiya) of Hajikhan Pathan and Rao Maldev The war was fought with the Maharaja Uday Singh, the son of Bhan was injured in this battle. During Akbar's climbing 1557 AD, the Sardars of Mewar, who had failed in the process of arbitration through Sanda and Rawat Sahibkhana, Bhan's son, but when the war When it started, Sanda was brilliantly killed by the Royal Army on the west bank of the Ghambari river. Bhima Singh Dodiya, successor of Sanda, defeated Mansingh's elephant as the main ally of Pratap in the famous Haldighati war and received Veergati. In the battle between Maharana Amar Document [2] (Title: Gujarat under Muhammad Shah) Mahárája was defeated. Abheysingh changed his position, and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides tried to kill the opposing commander. But as both Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Mahárája fought disguised as common soldiers, neither party succeeded. At first the Mahárája who had the advantage in position repulsed the enemy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the river-bed that the Ráthoḍs gave way. They rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and finally pursued as far as Sarkhej. The Mahárája, who had not expected so determined an opposition, now sent Momín Khán and Amarsingh Document [3] (Title: Battle of Attock) repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery. The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, who led the Ghazis on another cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery. When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a war elephant that repulsed the Afghans "at all points", and routed the remaining Afghan troops. Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces. Amritsar, Lahore, and other large Document [4] (Title: Yashwantrao Holkar) June 1804, the Governor General, in a letter to General Gerard Lake, wrote that the defeat caused a great insult. This would endanger the company rule in India, and hence Yashwantrao Holkar should be defeated as soon as possible. On 8 July 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the army of Colonel Manson and Leukan at Mukundare and Kota. Bapuji Scindia surrendered before Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar. From June till September 1804, he defeated the British at different battles. On 8 October 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar attacked Delhi to free Mugol Emperor Shah Alam II, who was imprisoned by the British. He Document [5] (Title: Sudoiphaa) Kaliabar to join his forces in an attack upon the Mughals at Guwahati. Atan Burhagohain failed to detect the real motive of the wily Laluksola Borphukan. The expulsion of Mughals being the primary objective of the expedition of the Burhagohain, he readily compiled with the Borphukan's requisition and dispatched to his camp Govinda Phukan, Betmela Phukan and Tepartalia Ram Phukan together with their soldiers and provisions. When the three commanders arrived at the Borphukan's camp at Kaliabar, he took them inside on the pretext of having a conference and divested them of the soldiers under their commands. Tepartalia Ram Phukan, Document [6] (Title: Suri, Birbhum) Birbhum. Asad Jama Khan also got prepared with a cavalry of about 5,000 soldiers, and an infantry of nearly 20,000. In the battle, Asad Jama Khan was defeated and his zamindari was snatched. He took shelter amidst the very dense woods of Chotanagpur. There he had a clandestine meeting with a Maratha army general, Shivabhatta, and Shivabhatta joined him with a cavalry of two to three thousand soldiers as well as a large infantry. Another battle was fought near Kariddhya in 1763 in which he was defeated again. Thus, the British got the control of Suri. During the early years Document [7] (Title: Sudingphaa) stand against Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju and his Burmese forces in the battle of Hadirachowki. In the battle Chandrakanta Singha was finally defeated and his army totally eliminated. Chandrakanta Singha narrowly escaped to British ruled Goalpara district. Meanwhile, after receiving the news of Chandrakanta's defeat and threatened by growing Burmese power, Purandar Singha and his forces also retreated from Assam. The victorious Burmese assumed themselves as the undisputed Masters of Brahmaputra valley. The Burmese commander sent an insolent message to the British Officer commanding at Goalpara warning him that, if protections were afforded to Chandrakanta Singha, a Burmese army of Document [8] (Title: Battle of Sobraon) major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the Dogra commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir Henry Hardinge, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith Document [9] (Title: Seohara) river Ganga and its influence extended to Delhi and Najib-ul-Daula adopted the title and became the royal army Vetnadikari. However, because of his success became his powerful enemies and his co Bijnor Marathas attacked and it was the beginning of discord were the years. Najib actually held himself and the work done by him in the kingdom of the strip got the victory of Panipat. However, after his death in 1770. His son, who was defeated by the Marathas Jbita Khan captured the Sampuarn Ruhelknd. 1772 Nawab of Oudh in Rohilaon that made peace with the Marathas bond funds instead Document [10] (Title: Mir Qasim) Unlike Siraj-ud-Daulah before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler. The success at Buxar established the British East India company as a powerful force in the province of Bengal in a much more real sense than the Battle of Plassey seven years earlier and the Battle of Bedara five years earlier. By 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and were completely in charge of this former Mughal province. Mir Qasim was defeated by during the Battle of Murshidabad, Battle of Gherain and the Battle of Udhwa nala. Plundered of most of his treasures, placed on Document [11] (Title: Akali Phula Singh) so he came back to fight on a horse. Whilst fighting on horse his horse got shot so he came back to the battlefield on in howdah on the elephant upon which he would be fired down and attain martyrdom. Around this time General Ventura, Hari Singh Nalwa, and Sirdar Budh Singh attacked Muhammad Azim Khan's army. When the Ghazis heard that Azim Khan ran away they lost hope and were quickly defeated. The Sikhs chased away any surviving enemies and after winning the battle the news of Akali Phula Singhs death spread around the army. Ranjit Singh with tears Document [12] (Title: Rahmat Banu Begum) the help of famous Ahom general Lachit Borphukan in the famous battle of Battle of Saraighat. Lachit Borphukan earned much fame by defeating famous Mughal general Ram Singha in this battle. Had there been no Lachit Bagphukanas the general of the Ahom Army, it would have been utterly impossible on the part of the Ahoms to win the battle. In that case Guwahati would have remained as the part of Mughal Empire as before. Even after being defeated in the hands of Lachit Bagphukanas, Ram Singh I spoke highly of the manifold qualities of the Ahom Soldiers. Then, after a Document [13] (Title: Battle of Buxar) disappeared into an impoverished obscurity. Shah Alam realigned himself with the British, and Shah Shuja [Shuja-ud-Daula] fled west hotly pursued by the victors. The whole Ganges valley lay at the Company's mercy; Shah Shuja eventually surrendered; henceforth Company troops became the power-brokers throughout Oudh as well as Bihar". Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Document [14] (Title: Anandapala) 1002 already proved an able warrior and general in leading many battles prior to his ascension. According to 'Adáb al-Harb' (pp. 307–10) in about 990 CE, it is written, ""the arrogant but ambitious Raja of Lahore Bharat, having put his father in confinement, marched on the country of Jayapála with the intention of conquering the districts of Nandana, Jailum (Jehlum) and Tákeshar"" (in an attempt to take advantage of Jayapala's concentrated effort with defence against the armies of Ghazni). ""Jayapala instructed Prince Anandapala to repel the opportunist Raja Bharat. Anandapala defeated Bharat and took him prisoner in the battle of Document [15] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) at the site in Patparganj, marked out by a surrounding ditch, commemorating Cornet Sanguine and British soldiers who fell during the battle. Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the British army, led by Colonel Fawcett, at Kunch, in Bundelkhand. On 8 June 1804, the Governor General, in a letter to Lord Lake, wrote that the defeat caused a great insult to the British prestige in India. On 8 July 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the army of Colonel Manson and Leukan at Mukundare and Kota. Bapuji Scindia surrendered before Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar. From June till September 1804, he defeated the British at Document [16] (Title: Akbar) supremacy and retreated back to Kabul. In 1564, Mughal forces conquered the Gondwana kingdom, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, Durgavati, a Rajput warrior queen of the Gonds. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Document [17] (Title: Buxar) Buxar Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The Battle of Buxar and Battle of Chausa were fought in the vicinity. Buxar Railway Station lies on Patna–Mughalsarai section of Howrah–Delhi main line. It is approximately 125 km from the state capital of Patna. The local language of Buxar is Bhojpuri. India census, Buxar had a population of 102,861. Males constitute 52.65% of the population and females 47.35%. Buxar has an average literacy rate of 79.77%, higher than the national average of Document [18] (Title: Singranatore family) the transformation of events of 1757 to 1764 where European forces were in a struggle to oust the Indian rulers and establish rule in Bengal, that resulted in direct rule over all of India. In 1764, the Battle of Buxar, saw the loss of Bengal from the Mughals, as Emperor Shah Alam II became a pensioner of the British after a loss. With him, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the Ruler of Awadh was restored, while Nawab Mir Qasim, the Ruler of Bengal lost his control on Bengal. Murshid Quli Jafar Khan, the Nawab of Bengal governed Bengal, through his feudal chiefs, the Document [19] (Title: Ahmad Shah Bahadur) Khan, the "Mir Bakshi" and commander of the Mughal army, was joined by Bhakt Singh in Marwar against the forces of Ram Singh and Ishvari Singh. The sides fought each other in 1750 at the Battle of Raona. Immediately after the battle, Ishwari Singh reconciled with Salabat Khan and the confrontation ended in ceasefire. Soon afterwards the Maratha Confederacy invaded Jaipur and Ishwari Singh committed suicide. In 1750, Muin-ul-Mulk ceded territories to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to seek an end to all hostilities. However, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded again in 1751 and occupied Kashmir the opposing Mughals led by Document [20] (Title: Battle of Concepción) Colonel William Barret Travis and his company of cavalry rode ahead of the main body of the army. When they reached Concepción, the Mexican Army was still visible in the distance. The small band of Texian cavalry pursued but the Mexican soldiers reached Bexar safely. Less than 30 minutes after the battle ended, the rest of the Texian Army arrived. Austin felt that the Mexican morale must be low after their defeat and wanted to proceed immediately to Bexar. Bowie and other officers refused, as they believed Bexar was too heavily fortified. The Texians searched the area for any Mexican Document [21] (Title: Battle of Khanwa) a strong offensive-defensive formation had been prepared by Babur. Rana Sanga, fighting in a traditional way, attacked the Mughal army's flanks. He was prevented from breaking through by reinforcements dispatched by Babur. Once the advance of the Rajputs and their Afghan allies had been contained, Babur's flanking tactic came into play. The carts and matchlockmen were ordered to advance, hemming in the Rajputs and their allies. At about this time Silhadi of Raisen deserted the Ranas army and went over to Babur's. Despite putting up a gallant fight, Rana Sanga and his allies suffered a disastrous defeat. Following his victory, Document [22] (Title: Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar) station assigned to it, but kept moving from place to place until a strong detachment under Major Hector Munro joined the army under the command of Major John Carnac, in the neighbourhood of Patna. Major Munro then assumed the command, and being well supported by his men, quelled a formidable mutiny among the troops. After 20 Sepoys had been executed by Major Munro by blowing them off guns, and with discipline restored, he attacked the enemy at Buxar, on 23 October 1764 in what became the Battle of Buxar. Though the force opposed to him was five times as numerous Document [23] (Title: Yashwantrao Holkar) on his own. He defeated the British army, led by Colonel Fawcett, at Kunch, in Bundelkhand as well as attacked Delhi to free the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who was imprisoned by the British and attacked the army of Colonel Ochterlony and Berne. This battle lasted for a week, but Yashwant Rao Holkar could not succeed because Colonel Ochterlony was supported by Lord Lake. Yashwant Rao Holkar won the title of ""Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur"" as a token of admiration by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam for his bravery. Afraid of the power and enthusiasm of Yashwant Rao Holkar, Document [24] (Title: Baz Bahadur) battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561. One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his lust for Rani Roopmati. Rani Roopmati poisoned herself upon hearing of the fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fled to Khandesh. Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad, who attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur but was soon defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa, and Document [25] (Title: Buxar district) Buxar district Buxar district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar with headquarters at Buxar City. The district was carved out from Bhojpur District in 17th March 1991. It shares a border with Uttar Pradesh and is located on the banks of the Ganges River. This place was also known as “Siddhashram”, “Vedgarbhapuri”, “Karush”, “Tapovan”, “Chaitrath”, “VyaghraSar”, “Buxar” in ancient history. It is said that Ahilya, the wife of Gautam Rishi restored her human body from that of stone and got salvation by a mere touch of the feet of Lord Rama. This place is now known as Ahirauli, Document [26] (Title: Fateh Shah) Sirmur) and Garhwal. He also believes that it is likely that the subjects of Garhwal suffered from "lawless activities" of some of the Guru's followers. These reasons could have led him to ally with Bhim Chand to attack the Guru. According to the author of "Bichitra Natak", and majority of historians, the battle resulted in the victory of the author's (i.e. the Guru's) forces, and the enemy forces fled from the battlefield. However, authors such as Pandit Harikrishna Raturi, Anil Chandra Banerjee and A. S. Rawat believe that the battle ended without any consequences, since the Guru's victory is not Document [27] (Title: Ahom–Mughal conflicts) Assamese were fighting for their life and liberty, and the Mughals for the mere luxury of triumph and territorial expansion. The Barphukan intended to chase them further still, but he was dissuaded by Achyutanda Doloi. The combat came to an end, and it was a decisive victory for the Assamese. This battle is known in history as the Battle of Saraighat. Ram Singha weakened by the repeated losses retreated to Rangamati in March 1671. Hadira opposite to Goalpara became the Ahom frontier out post. Thus Mughals were evicted from Kamrup, strong fortifications were constructed at Guwahati. Thus Ahoms remained in Document [28] (Title: Warren Hastings) in 1764 when a dispute broke out in the settlement of Patna he captured its British garrison and threatened to execute them if the East India Company responded militarily. When Calcutta dispatched troops anyway, Mir Qasim executed the hostages. British forces then went on the attack and won a series of battles culminating in the decisive Battle of Buxar in October 1764. After this Mir Qasim fled into exile in Delhi, where he later died (1777). The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) gave the East India Company the right to collect taxes in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor. Hastings Document [29] (Title: Adrián Woll) the Second Division, and then was Second in Command and finally became the Commander in Chief. Woll then undertook his expedition against San Antonio de Bexar. On September 11, 1842, after two hours of intense musket fire, his soldiers rounded up 150 prisoners. On his return march to his base camp on the Rio Grande, he was defeated by the Texans at the Battle of Salado Creek on September 17, and also at the Battle of Hondo River on September 22. The Mexican government rewarded him with a plaque designed exclusively for him, which had a gold-edged circle of dark Document [30] (Title: Suklingphaa) the Ahom forces. Haripad Dekaphukan seized this opportunity, and escorted the Kacharis to Birah-Bebejia near the Kalang river where they were properly established. Haripad Dekaphukan started chasing the enemy force to permanently crush their resistance, however the enemy avoided to give any battle to the royal force. This hide and seek game continued for days, until one day, the royal forces unexpectedly came in face-to-face to combine force of Moamorias and Kacharis at the mouth of the Kalang river. There ensued a fierce battle between both sides, in which the combine force of Moamoria and Kacharis was decisively defeated. Many Document [31] (Title: Battle at Machhiwara) them but they were defeated by the Mughal army at Machhiwara opening the way to Sirhind which was occupied by the Mughals. The subsequent victory at the Battle of Sirhind allowed Humayun to reestablish the Mughal empire. Battle at Machhiwara The Battle of Machhiwarra was fought between Mughal Empire and Suri Empire in 1555. After the death of Islam Shah Suri, the Suri Empire was in a civil war where various contenders to the throne fought each other for supremacy. Sikandar Shah Suri was occupied with his struggle against Ibrahim Shah Suri when Humayun mobilized an army from Kabul. He Document [32] (Title: Shah Alam II) on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro. The battle fought at Buxar, a town located on the bank of the Ganges river then within the territory of Bengal, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Soon after the Battle of Buxar, Shah Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated by the British, sought their protection by signing the Treaty of Document [33] (Title: Sudingphaa) bravely. But the Burmese came in overwhelming numbers and Holiram's forces were defeated. He himself was injured by a rifle bayonet thrust inflicted by a Burmese soldier. Chandrakanta Singha and his followers retreated across the border into British ruled Goalpara district. After this victory, the Burmese tried to expand their rule in other parts of Assam. The tributary chiefs, who were under the Ahom rule, offered their submission to the Burmese. Prominent among them was the ruler of Darrang. The only part of the Ahom Kingdom which escaped the Burmese domination was the tract between the Buri Dihing and the Document [34] (Title: Jogeswar Singha) thick of battle; personally leading his soldiers; and engaged in hand-to-hand combat with enemy soldiers. For some time his troops held their own, but in the end their ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more than that of Chandrakanta’s forces. Chandrakanta Singha and his remaining forces managed to escape back to Guwahati as the Burmese, like Chandrakanta Singha’s forces run out of ammunitions and a lot of them were injured or dead after the battle. Mingi Maha Bandula sent Burmese Document [35] (Title: Battle of Nalapani) to fight against us collectively. The fighting around Nalapani, more than any other battle, established the reputation of the Gurkhas as warriors, and won the admiration of the British. Gillespie had been killed and Balbhadra and his 600 men had held the might of the British and their native Indian troops for a month. Even with only 70 remaining survivors after his water source had been cut off, Balbhadra had refused to surrender, and instead had charged out and successfully fought his way through the siege. It set the tone for the rest of the campaign. Fraser recorded the situation Document [36] (Title: Islam in Kashmir) defeated Raja Jaipal (1002 C.E), the ruler of Waihand (near Peshawar, in modernday Pakistan).Anandpal, the son and successor of Jaipal, also suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Mahmud in 1009 C.E., and died a few years later. Anandpal's son Trilochanpala, whose power of influence was now confined only to the Salt Range, appealed to Samgramaraja (1003-28 C.E), the king of Kashmir, for help against Mahmud. A large army contingent was sent by Samgramaraja, who joined Trilochanpala's forces, and won a battle against a reconnaissance party of Sultan Mahmud. Seeing this, Mahmud personally advanced for battle and defeated Trilochanpala Document [37] (Title: Dhulikhel) another defeat when one soldier stabbed Mahindra Sing in the back and roped spear. He died on the spot. His brother, Naamsing also was stabbed with khukuri (cited by Somdhwoj Bista, "Shahi sainik Itihaas:" 36). In this way, the battle ended and Dhulikhel was won on B.S. 1820 Kartik 10 on Sunday. The next day, Khadpu and Panauti were conquered whereas on Kartik 14 Gorkhalis won Banepa, Sanga and Nala. Until B.S. 1972, administrative center of Kavrepalanchok was at Chautara. Then, it shifted to Banepa until B.S. 1980 after which it subsequently shifted to Dhulikhel which stands till date. Dhulikhel Document [38] (Title: Sudingphaa) Raja or Young King for some reason unknown). The initial attack by Chandrakanta Singha on Burmese entrenchments was repelled by the Burmese, and his commander Subedar Jagadish Bar Bahadur died in action, while his other two commanders, Gopal Singh and Bhola Paniphukan narrowly escaped. Boasted by their initial victory, the Burmese came out of their entrenchment and attacked Chandrakanta's camp, but Chandrakanta Singha now personally led his army and repulsed the Burmese, inflicting heavy casualties. Seeing the Burmese army in chaos, he led the counter-offensive on Burmese entrenchment and successfully broke Burmese defenses; and recaptured Guwahati in January 1822. The Document [39] (Title: Battle of Buxar) to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. The British army engaged in the fighting numbered 7,071 comprising 859 British, 5,297 Indian sepoys and 918 Indian cavalry. The alliance army's numbers were estimated to be over 40,000. According to other sources, the combined army of the Mughals, Awadh and Mir Qasim consisting of 40,000 men was defeated by a British army comprising 10,000 men. The Nawabs had virtually lost their military power after the battle of Buxar. The lack of basic co-ordination among the three disparate allies was responsible for their decisive defeat. Mirza Najaf Khan commanded the Document [40] (Title: Battle of Peshawar (1001)) funeral pyre, lit it and threw himself into the fire. Mahmud later conquered the upper Indus region, and then in 1009, defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a battle at Chhachh. He then captured Lahore and Multan, giving him control of the Punjab region. Battle of Peshawar (1001) Battle of Peshawar, was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Sultan Mahmud bin Sebuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre. Document [41] (Title: Battle of Raichur) Battle of Raichur The Battle of Raichur was a battle fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 CE in the town of Raichur, India. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagar forces and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river Krishna. This battle had far-reaching effects; it weakened the power and prestige of the Adil Shahi and got the ruler to make alliance with other Deccan sultanates powers to take on Vijayanagara and defeat it at the Battle of Talikota. The fort of Raichur was built by Kakatiya king Rudra in Document [42] (Title: Sudingphaa) On 19 April 1822 A.D. the 20,000 Burmese led by Mingi Maha Bandula and the 2000 mixed Assamese-Hindustani forces led by Chandrakanta Singha fought the decisive battle at Mahgarh. Chandrakanta Singha is said to have displayed unusual vigour and courage by himself present in the thick of battle; personally leading his soldiers; and engaged in hand-to-hand combat with enemy soldiers. For some time his troops held their own, but in the end their ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more Document [43] (Title: Battle of Sar-e-Pul) The battle was nevertheless manfully supported and the assailants in front driven back on their center. It was even thought at one time by Shaybani’s best officers, that the battle was lost and they advised him to quit the field. Meanwhile, however, the Uzbek's flanking division having driven in Babur's left attacked his center in the rear pouring in showers of arrows and the whole left of his line being thus forced in and thrown into disorder that with the center became a scene of inextricable confusion. Only ten or fifteen men remained around Babur. They seeing that all was Document [44] (Title: Battle of Peshawar (1001)) he arrived at Peshawar with a select group of 15,000 cavalry, and a large corps of "ghazis" and Afghans. An account of the battle between the invading Turkic Ghaznavids and the Shahi kingdom was given by Al-Utbi in "Tarikh Yamini". According to Al-Utbi, Mahmud pitched his tent outside the city upon reaching Peshawar. Jayapala avoided action for some time waiting for reinforcements, and Mahmud then took the decision to attack with swords, arrows, spears. Jayapala moved his cavalry and elephants to engage his opponent, but his army was decisively defeated. According to the sources, Jayapala along with members of his Document [45] (Title: Shuja-ud-Daula) whose troops crossed the flooded Ganges river into his province. As the chosen Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, Shuja-ud-Daula commanded a sizeable army of Mughal troopers, who cut off the supplies of the Marathas and even defeated them in pitched confrontations during the Third Battle of Panipat and eliminated the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau. Shuja is also known for his role in the Battle of Buxar, a battle that was no less definite in Indian history. He along with the forces of Shah Alam II and Mir Qasim were defeated by the British forces in one of the key Document [46] (Title: Raja Sitaram Ray) his artillery along the banks of Madhumati and garrisoned his troops in the jungles in the tract between Madhumati and Barasia. Sitaram's troops met the Mughal army in the banks of Barasia. During the battle, the Mughal army was defeated, and Mir Abu Torap was killed by Mena Hati. Sitaram's army marched forward and captured the fort of Bhusna. Sitaram stationed a section of his army at Bhusna and put himself at the command of the fort. The Mohammadpur fort was put under the command of Mena Hati. The rest of the army was garrisoned along the Madhumati. Sitaram knew Document [47] (Title: Raja Sitaram Ray) and Sangram Singh went along the Padma and embarked near Faridpur and then marched to Bhusna. Sitaram too marched forward with his troops and in the ensuing battle the Mughals were defeated. The Mughal army surrounded the fort of Bhusna and Sitaram sensed that it would be difficult to hold on to both the forts at Bhusna and Mohammadpur. In the meantime, Dayaram had marched to Mohammadpur with his forces. Knowing that it would not be easy for him to capture the fort in a direct battle, he conspired and had Mena Hati killed by sabotage, sending his severed head Document [48] (Title: Hyder Ali) Nanjaraja Wodeyar be invested should that happen, and he only later came to formally pay his respects to the new rajah. He took advantage of this opportunity to engage in a sort of house cleaning: the raja's palace was plundered, and its staff reduced to the point where virtually everyone employed there was also a spy for Hyder Ali. After the Battle of Buxar the British led by Hector Monro decided to support the Maratha Confederacy against the Shah Alam II, the Nawabs and Mysore. As the power struggle between Mysore and the Peshwa continued it soon began to involve Document [49] (Title: Haryana) First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas. Haryana Document [50] (Title: Fateh Burj) of the Mughal army.<ref name="http://www.cuttingloose.in/fateh-burj-at-chappar-chiri"> </ref> In 1710, Banda Singh Bahadur won the battle against Wazir Khan, who commanded the Mughal army at Chappar Chiri. Wazir Khan had planned to stop the march of the Sikh army led by Banda Singh Bahadur to Sirhind. He established his capital at Lohgarh (Haryana). Fateh Burj The Fateh Burj (; ) is the tallest minar in India situated in the historical village of Chappar Chiri in the SAS Nagar district, Punjab. The 328 ft tower is dedicated to establishment of the Sikh Misls in a large part of India in 1711. Chappar Chiri Document [51] (Title: Mir Jafar) and 200 Frenchmen and waged a campaign against the British during the Seven Years' War. Although the French were eventually defeated, the conflict between the British East India Company and the Mughal Empire would continue to linger and ended in a draw, which eventually culminated during the Battle of Buxar. The breakup of the centralized Mughal empire by 1750, led to creation of a large number of independent kingdoms in Northern, Central and Western India, as also Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Each of them were in conflict with their neighbor. These kingdoms Document [52] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) Battle of Saraighat The Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. Although much weaker, the Ahom Army defeated the Mughal Army by brilliant uses of the terrain, clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, military intelligence and by exploiting the sole weakness of the Mughal forces—its navy. The Battle of Saraighat was the last battle in the last major attempt by the Mughals to extend their Document [53] (Title: Battle of Tughlaqabad) status and assumed the title of Vikramaditya (or "Bikramjit"), an appellation used by a number of Hindu kings in India's ancient past. His reign was to be short-lived as he would again clash with the Mughals only a month later. This time the battlefield would be at Panipat, not far from the site where Akbar's grandfather, Babur, had been victorious against the Lodis 30 years earlier. Tardi Beg's loss at Tughlaqabad was not received well in the Mughal camp and Bairam Khan had him murdered shortly thereafter. Battle of Tughlaqabad The Battle of Tughlaqabad (also known as the Battle of Document [54] (Title: Akbar) Battle of Tukaroi in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only Orissa was left in the hands of the Karrani dynasty as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general, Khan Jahan Quli, and had to flee into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal. Document [55] (Title: Battle of Guler (1696)) Battle of Guler (1696) The Battle of Guler was fought between the armies of the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal forces aided by Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. In an expedition against Guru Gobind Singh, Rustom khan failed and he returned in shame.Therefore, General Hussain khan marched to besiege Anandpur. On his way, Mudhkar Shah (ruler of Dadwal) along with his sons were defeated by khan.Moreover, other Hindus like Chand Katoch of Kangra and Bhim Chand of Bilaspur submitted before Muslim army without fight. Hussain Khan demanded certain amount from the rajas. Raja of Guler State brought less Document [56] (Title: Daud Khan Karrani) fierce battle, the Bengalis and Afghans were at the verge of victory. However, Akbar then re-captured the neighboring fort of Hajipur, which was the source of rations for the army of his opponent. The Bengalis along with the Afghans fell in distress and retreated to Bengal. Akbar returned to the capital after appointing Munim Khan as the governor of Bihar and Bengal. Todar Mal was also left to assist him. On 3 March 1575 a fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Afghans in Tukaroi. The result was a draw and the Afghans retreated to Katak, Orissa. The Document [57] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) defeated and killed by Khizr Khan, son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal, in April 1557. The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies. Second Battle of Panipat The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556, between the forces of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu king at Delhi and forces of Muslim Emperor Akbar. Hemu had conquered the states of Delhi and Agra a few months earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Document [58] (Title: History of Bengal) seriously defeated the Nawab on 23 June 1757 at the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab's soldiers betrayed him. The Nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own Nawab for Bengal and extended their direct control in the south. Chandernagore was restored to the French in 1763. The Bengalis attempted to regain their territories in 1765 in alliance with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, but were defeated again at the Battle of Buxar (1765). The centre of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell. The plunder of Bengal directly Document [59] (Title: History of India) of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and his Hindu general Hemu Vikramaditya had established secular rule in North India from Delhi until 1556. After winning Battle of Delhi, Akbar's forces defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on Document [60] (Title: Dushasana) Kurukshetra war, when the battle continued after sunset he was killed by Bhima. He along with Duryodhana lead one of the Akshauhanis of the Kaurava army. On the 1st day of the war he was defeated by Nakula but was spared by him for sake of Bhima's vow. On the 13th day of the war he was defeated by Abhimanyu badly. On the 17th day of the Kurukshetra War, Bhima defeated and killed Dussasana.He and Dussasana were fighting with bows and arrows.Later, Dussasana's arrows pierced Bhima.Then Bhima attacked him with his mace and caused him to fall on the ground.He Document [61] (Title: Isa Khan) engaged in a battle against Mughal naval forces with the assistance of Masum Khan Kabuli, an ex-Mughal defector. At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's pargana and city. However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and Mughal was defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured. It is recorded that in this clash, Isa personally fought Man Sing in a duel. However, the duel ended inconclusively when Isa Khan stopped fighting after Man Singh's sword broke. The noble gesture touched Man Singh and both men Document [62] (Title: Buxar Fort) In 1812, Francis Buchanan visited the fort.He stated that only the southern side of the fort and bastions standing. He also mentioned that the fort had a subterranean passage which housed ancient images and that place is known as Patalganga. In 1871–1872 Alexander Cunningham visited the fort, he stated that he did not find any historical artifacts there and also said that it was “a purely Brahmanical site” and that it had “nothing of archaeological interest.” Buxar Fort Buxar Fort is a fort located in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern Document [63] (Title: Ahom–Mughal conflicts) on both occasions, but they gained a naval battle, and soon afterwards repulsed the Muhammadans and Ram Singha was compelled to retire to Hajo where he quarreled with Rashid Khan. Eventually Ram Singha cut his tent ropes and ordered him out of the camp. Soon afterwards the Muhammadans were again defeated near Sualkuchi, both on land and water. At this juncture, Ramsingh I challenged Chakradhwaj Singha to single combat, and undertook, if he were defeated, to return with the army to Bengal. The Ahom king declined the invitation, and ordered his generals to renew their attack. They did so, and Document [64] (Title: Robert Clive) Clive lost hardly any European troops; in all 22 sepoys were killed and 50 wounded. It is curious in many ways that Clive is now best-remembered for this battle, which was essentially won by suborning the opposition rather than through fighting or brilliant military tactics. Whilst it established British military supremacy in Bengal, it did not secure the East India Company's control over Upper India, as is sometimes claimed. That would come only seven years later in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, where Sir Hector Munro defeated the combined forces of the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab of Awadh Document [65] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) is also known for Atan Burhagohain's "dagga judha" (guerilla warfare). Ram Singh protested that these harassing campaigns lowered the "dignity of warfare", and withdrew from fighting (October 1669 – March 1970), to no particular military advantage. One of these battles stood out for a major Ahom reversal. Exasperated with the delaying tactics of the Borphukan, Ram Singh asked for a duel with the Ahom king. He promised to withdraw from Assam with his army if he was defeated. Lachit updated Chakradhwaj Singha about this proposal, who rejected the offer on the ground that it was beneath his dignity to duel Document [66] (Title: Battle of Raichur) services. Krishnadevaraya made a demand that Maraikar be returned along with the money which was duly refused. During the period of peace Krishnadevaraya made extensive preparations for a grand attack on Raichur doab. After the court decided that Raichur should be attacked the king invited all commanders (Nayakas) in his service to take part in the battle. The battle was fought in Raichur between the armies of Krishnadevraya and Sultanate of Bijapur where the armies of Bijapur were crushed by the armies of Vijaynagar Empire. Both the armies have large number of cavalry , infantry and elephants. Some sources claims Document [67] (Title: Battle of Añaquito) combat between the infantries favored Pizarro's side, being superior in number. Benalcázar was wounded by several shots, while Juan de Guevara and Sánchez Dávila were both killed. With their leaders dead, the viceroy's infantry crumbled. The victorious rebel cavalry destroyed the enemy without compassion, while the musketeers did not cease fire. The viceroy, who valiantly fought in the left flank, was finally reached by a blow from Hernando de Torres (a resident of Arequipa), receiving a mortal wound in the head. At first, they did not identify him due to the indigenous uncu over his armor. However, a little while Document [68] (Title: Battle of Bhuchar Mori) battalions, while Gujar Khan and Mirza Anwar, the Nawab attacked Kunwar Ajaji, Jasa Vajir. Kunwar Ajaji was on the horse and Mirza Aziz Koka was on an elephant. Ajaji had attacked Mirza Aziz Koka with a spear but he was not harmed. But Ajaji was attacked by Mughal soldiers and he died on the battlefield. Jasa Vajir, Mehramanji, Dungarani, Bhanjidal, Dahyo Lodak, Nag Vajir and Togaji Sodha also died on the battlefield. 2000 Kathiawar soldiers died. In Mughal forces, Mohammed Rafi, Saiyad Saifuddin, Saiyad Kabir, Saiyad Alikhan too died. Both armies suffered heavily. It is believed that both armies lost Document [69] (Title: Battle of Nalapani) of Gillespie, while another was dedicated with the inscription "Our brave adversary Bul Buddur and his gallant men". In Nepal, the story of the battle at Nalapani has gained a legendary status and has become an important part of the nation's historical narrative, while Balbhadra himself has become a national hero. The fighting spirit displayed by the Nepalese in this and other following battles of Anglo-Nepalese War ultimately led to the recruitment of Gurkhas into the British Army. The battle provides the setting to a Nepali musical drama called "Nalapanima" written by Bal Krishna Sama and composed by Shiva Shankar. Document [70] (Title: Grass Fight) little doubt that he intended to find a reason to attack. Burleson managed to stop the entire army from following by sending Colonel William Jack with 100 infantry to support Bowie's men. About from Béxar, Bowie and his men spotted the Mexican soldiers crossing a dry ravine. This was likely near the confluence of the Alazán, Apache, and San Pedro Creeks. Bowie's men charged the Mexican party, scattering the mules. The mounted forces briefly exchanged fire, and then both sides dismounted and took cover in dry streambeds. The Mexican forces counterattacked but were repulsed. In Béxar, General Cos saw the Document [71] (Title: Battle of Bhaktapur) kings of Kathmandu and Lalitpur, Jaya Prakash Malla and Tej Narasingh Malla, had sought refuge in Bhaktapur after losing their kingdoms. The three kings joined forces to do battle with the Gorkhali army, but they were defeated, again due to betrayal by the nobles. The soldiers of the treacherous nobles opened the city gates and let the Gorkhalis in. Shah's troops possessed muskets, in addition to swords and bows and arrows. There was fierce fighting in front of the palace, but the invaders finally broke through the gates. According to the journal kept at the monastery of Jana Baha, Kathmandu, Document [72] (Title: Battle of Khajwa) And just when the war elephants collided with Aurangzeb's Sepoys, Shah Shuja ordered his son Buland Akhtar to lead the elite Sowars against the Sepoys of Aurangzeb. Buland Akhtar's attack was aided by the three armored war elephants and their outcome was highly successful. Aurangzeb's cavalry commander Islam Khan himself was nearly killed by a cannonball while his cavalry was absolutely confused against the War elephants and the assault of the rival cavalry led by Buland Akhtar. Aurangzeb realized the battle was nearly lost and ordered a full-scale attack by his reserves led by Kilich Khan Bahadur and Shaista Khan, Document [73] (Title: Buxar) of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.[4] The battle fought at Buxar, a "small fortified town" within the territory of Bengal, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Buxar Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The Document [74] (Title: Battle of Raichur) great wealth and its enormous armies, was at the height of its power, the foreign traders were eminently successful and when Vijayanagar fell, and the city became desolate and depopulated, the foreign traders had no market for their goods, and trade decayed. (). (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62773998) Battle of Raichur The Battle of Raichur was a battle fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 CE in the town of Raichur, India. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagar forces and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river Krishna. This battle had far-reaching effects; it Document [75] (Title: Battle of Sirhind (1555)) were defeated by the Mughal army in Battle of Machhiwara and Sirhind was occupied by the Mughals. Sikandar led an army of 80,000 and met the Mughals at Sirhind. On June 22, 1555 they met in battle. Humayun and Bairam Khan carried out a daring raid in a rainstorm like Sher Shah Suri had done at the Battle of Chausa to defeat Humayun. Sikandar was defeated by the Mughal army and was compelled to retreat to the Sivalik Hills in northern Punjab. The victorious Mughals marched to Delhi and occupied it and reestablished their empire in India. Battle of Sirhind Document [76] (Title: Buxar Fort) was restored after bathing in a holy tank which was later named VyaghraSar. The word Buxar is derived from VyaghraSar. The tiger face of Rishi Vedshira, an outcome of the curse of the sage Rishi Durvasha, was restored after bathing in a holy tank which was later named VyaghraSar. Buxar fort is located on the banks of the river Ganga in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The fort was established by King Rudra Deo in 1054. Document [77] (Title: Shah Alam II) Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Mir Qasim on his part encouraged Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II to engage the British. Shah Alam II was acknowledged emperor by the Durrani Empire his declared reign extended to the: "24 Pargana's of the Sundarban's" Mir Qasim, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad (and Bihar),"Raja of Banares", Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Ghazipur, Hyder Ali's Mysore, Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool, Nawab of the Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore, Nawab of Junagarh, Rohilkhand of Lower Doab, Rohilkhand of Upper Doab, and Nawab of Bhawalpur. The Battle of Buxar was fought Document [78] (Title: Battle of Itakhuli) Battle of Itakhuli The Battle of Itakhuli was fought in 1682 between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire. The Ahoms pushed back Mughal control to the west of the Manas river for good. The main battle was fought at a garrison island on the Brahmaputra, in which the Mughal fauzdar, Mansur Khan, was defeated and the remnant of the Mughal forces pursued to the Manas river. With this win, the Ahoms recovered Sarkar Kamrup from the Mughals. After Gadadhar Singha became the Ahom king in 1681, preparations began in March 1682 for a war to expel the Mughals from Document [79] (Title: Purandar Singha) ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more than that of Chandrakanta's forces. Chandrakanta Singha and his remaining forces managed to escape back to Guwahati as the Burmese, like Chandrakanta Singha's forces run out of ammunitions and a lot of them were injured or dead after the battle. Mingi Maha Bandula sent Burmese Commander Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju in pursuit of Chandrakanta Singha. Unable to resist the Burmese with his small force, Chandrakanta Singha fall back to Hadirachowki (Assam chowki), where Document [80] (Title: Battle of Angaco) the battle it was defeated once again by the Unitarians, with Crisóstomo Álvarez at its head. Despite being wounded, he led his troops and pursued the federal cavalry, which retreated for the third time. Aldao ordered a new maneuver, with commander Rodríguez to attack with cavalry from the rear, but the Unitarians had been warned and shot at close range. Rodríguez was among those killed. Acha moved along his line, haranguing his troops to raise their courage. He told them the enemy would kill any prisoners, so they should die fighting if need be. Aldao, overcome by despair, personally led Document [81] (Title: Sher Shah Suri) General Ibrahim Khan. But, Sher Khan defeated the force at the battle of Surajgarh in 1534 after forming an alliance with Ujjainiya Rajputs and other local chiefdoms. Thus he achieved complete control of Bihar. In 1538, Sher Khan attacked Bengal and defeated Mahmud Shah. But he could not capture the kingdom because of the sudden expedition of Emperor Humayun. On 26 June 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and defeated him. Assuming the title "Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah", he defeated Humayun once again at Kannauj in May 1540 and forced him out of India. After the Document [82] (Title: Battle of Patan) Nagas held on to their positions before finally being overwhelmed at around 9 pm in the night. The victory at Patan destroyed the armies of the two most powerful Rajput kingdoms of India and forced them to pay heavy tributes to the Scindia's. Ismail begs army was also reduced to a few hundred men and was forced to flee. This victory also showed the whole subcontinent that Maratha power had not faded after Panipat and helped consolidate Maratha rule in northern India. Pitted against European armed and French trained Marathas, Rajput states capitulated one after the other. Marathas managed to Document [83] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) of Panipat of 1526. Although Hemu had lost his artillery to the Mughals before the battle, his forces held the numerical superiority. However, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow in the middle of the battle and fell unconscious. Seeing their leader going down, his army panicked and dispersed. Hemu was captured and subsequently beheaded for going against the caliphate. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Akbar. Humayun, the successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri who established the Sur Empire Document [84] (Title: Panipat) of Delhi, and the Turko-Mongol warlord Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers. This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, a Hindu King of Delhi. Hemu, who had captured states like Agra and Delhi defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king, had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, Document [85] (Title: Battle of Ghaghra) the competitors for the throne of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri the future sovereign of Delhi and other Afghans of influence sent to tender their submission. This amounted to a breaking up of the Lohani dynasty of Bihar leaving only Sultan Mahmud Lodi and his adherents to be combated. Babur now proceeded to cross the Kermnas and encamped beyond Chousa (that was to become celebrated by the calamity of his son) and Baksara or Buxar. Marching thence he found that Sultan Mahmud whose army had been daily suffering from defection and who had been lying not far off attended by only Document [86] (Title: Bhavashankari) she accounted for a sizeable Pathan casualty. The superior warfare skills of Bhurishrestha soldiers coupled with the strategic advantage, led them to victory. Osman Khan, wounded and defeated, fled the battle ground. After a lot of hardship he reached Orissa in the guise of a fakir. Mughal emperor Akbar, who was always wary of a Pathan resurgence in Bengal, decided to strengthen the alliance with Bhurishrestha. He sent Man Singh, the then governor of Bengal to the court of Bhurishrestha as the representative of the Mughal Empire. Man Singh arrived at Garh Bhawanipur with the Mughal seal. In a special Document [87] (Title: Battle of Salher) that around 10,000 men were killed on both the sides. The Mughal military machines (consisting of cavalry, infantry, and artillery) were outmatched by the light cavalry of the Marathas. The imperial Mughal armies were completely routed and the Marathas gave them a crushing defeat. 6,000 horses, an equal number of camels, 125 elephants, and an entire Mughal train were captured by the victorious Maratha Army. Other than this, a large amount of goods, treasures, gold, jewels, clothes, and carpets were seized by the Marathas. The Sabhasad Bakhar describes the battle as follows "As the fighting began, such a (cloud of) Document [88] (Title: Battle of Delhi (1737)) Marathas. The Maratha plunder of Delhi weakened the Mughal Empire, which got further weakened after successive invasions of Nadir Shah in 1739 and Ahmad Shah Abdali in the 1750s. The continuous attacks led to another Battle of Delhi, in 1757, which largely effaced the remaining central authority of Mughal Empire. Battle of Delhi (1737) The First Battle of Delhi or The Raid of Delhi took place on 28 March 1737 between Maratha Empire and the Mughals. The Mughals were devastated by the fierce attack, and lost half of their army which compelled them to ask for all regional rulers to Document [89] (Title: Mir Jafar) East India. The Company soon went to war with him and his allies. The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal:suja ud-dullah the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. With the defeat in Buxar, Mir Qasim was eventually overthrown. Mir Jafar managed to regain the good graces of the British; he was again installed Nawab in 1764 and held the position until his death in 1765. In Document [90] (Title: Battle of Plassey) Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Umichand and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-Daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators. The battle ended in 11 hours. This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. The British now wielded enormous Document [91] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) the Battle of Sinhagad, the fort was scaled during the dead of the night, but victory was secured with loss of Tanaji. The Battle of Kalyan occurred between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire between 1682 and 1683. Bahadur Khan of the Mughal Empire defeated the Maratha army and took over Kalyan. The Marathas attempted a counter offensive, but failed and they were repulsed by Mughal forces. The Battle of Bhupalgarh occurred between the Mughal and Maratha empires in 1679. The battle resulted in the capture, loot and razing of the fort of Bhupalgarh under Firangoji Narsala by the Mughal Document [92] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) remain with the Ahoms. Lachit Borphukan's own brother and successor Borphukan, Laluk Sola, deserted Guwahati for the Mughals in 1679. It remained with the Mughals until 1682, when the Ahoms under Gadadhar Singha recovered it and ended Mughal control in Kamrup for ever, though the Mughal administration of 80 years cast a long shadow. Battle of Saraighat The Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. Although much weaker, the Document [93] (Title: Shveta) Sweta, Shanka, Satanika, Sahtanika, disguised Yudhishthir, Bhima, Nakula and Sahdeva with the army attacked and defeated him. But when Susharma was defeated he took them all far from the kingdom so all of them rested there itself. Meanwhile, Kurus attacked the kingdom again so Uttar Kumar and disguised Arjuna attacked them and defeated them all and returned when the resting Matsyas also returned. At that time the incognito period of the Pandavas and Draupadi was finished. On the very first day of the Kurukshetra war, Uttar Kummar was slain by Shalya. Sweta became furious and attacked Shalya, badly defeating him. Document [94] (Title: Battle of Dholpur) fell on the Sultans army, and in a short time put the enemy to flight. "Many brave and worthy men were made martyrs and the others were scattered". The Rajputs pushed the Sultans army up to Bayana. Hussain Khan taunted his fellow nobles from Delhi: "It is a hundred pities that 30,000 horsemen should have been defeated by so few Hindus." By this victory all that part of Malwa which had been usurped by Muhammad Shah (Sahib Khan), younger brother of Sultan Mahmud Khilji II of Mandu, during his rebellion against his brother, and had subsequently been taken possession of Document [95] (Title: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) south, and the Mughal Empire, which controlled the entire Doab (the tongue of land between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers) as well as the Delhi region. In 1765, the combined forces of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor met the British at the Battle of Buxar. The British won, but they did not take any territory; the whole of Awadh was restored to the Nawab, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam was restored the subahs of Allahabad and Kora in the lower Doab, with a British garrison in the fort of Allahabad. Governor-General Warren Hastings later augmented the territory of Awadh Document [96] (Title: Suklingphaa) gathered some Hindustani mercenaries along with some local levies obtained from the Ahom's vassal rulers, the Rajah of Beltola and Dimarua. With this force, Kalia Bhomora Borphukan crossed the Brahmaputra river, attacked and defeated the rebel forces. Meanwhile, dissension broke out in the rebel camp. Many people of Kamrup were dissatisfied by the overbearing conduct and autocratic leadership of Har Datta Choudhary and his brother Bir Datta Choudhary. The brothers tried to escape, but eventually they were caught and put to a painful death. Some of the Hindustani mercenaries, who had joined the rank of the rebels, tried to cross Document [97] (Title: Purandar Singha) he made preparation to resist the Burmese with his mixed levies consisting of Sikh, Hindustanis and Assamese soldiers. On 21 June 1822, Chandrakanta Singha made his final stand against Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju and his Burmese forces in the battle of Hadirachowki. In the battle Chandrakanta Singha was finally defeated and his army totally eliminated. Chandrakanta Singha narrowly escaped to British ruled Goalpara district. Meanwhile after receiving the news of Chandrakanta's defeat and threatened by growing Burmese power, Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain also withdraw their forces from Assam. The victorious Burmese assumed themselves as the undisputed Masters of Brahmaputra Document [98] (Title: Man Singh I) by Afghan "Kabailies". Man Singh was accompanied by "Rao Gopaldas" of Nindar in this expedition, who bravely made way for Mughal army in the pass. After crossing the pass Man Singh decisively defeated five major tribes of Afghans including Yusufzai and "Mandar" tribes. The flag of Amber was changed from "Katchanar" (green climber in white base) to "Pachranga" (five colored) to commemorate this victory. This flag continued in use until accession of Jaipur state in India. This permanently crushed the revolt and the area remained peaceful thereafter. In 1586 CE, Akbar sent another army under Raja Bhagwant Das, father of Document [99] (Title: Jogeswar Singha) Borphukan. It was joined en route by the chiefs of Mungkong, Hukong and Manipur, and, by the time Namrup was reached, its number had swollen to about sixteen thousand. Purnananda Burhagohain sent an army to oppose the invaders. A battle was fought at Ghiladhari in which the Assamese army was routed. At this juncture Purnananda Burhagohain died or some say, committed suicide by swallowing diamonds, leaving the entire Ahom government leaderless. His eldest son, Ruchinath was appointed as Burhagohain. The Ahom war council decided to continue the war; and a fresh army was hastily equipped and sent to resist the Document [100] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) commanders in Guwahati. In the meeting which included Lachit Borphukan, the only dissenter to the proposal was Atan Burhagohain, who displayed his statesmanship. Atan Burhagohain argued that there was no guarantee that the Emperor at Delhi will abide by Ram Singh's assurance. Also, a settlement then would mean that the drain on the country's resources would have been in vain. Further, what was the guarantee that once the Mughals take Guwahati, they would not reach for Garhgaon or even Namrup. Atan Burhagohain was able to persuade the other commanders and the Ahoms rejected this proposal. The diplomatic efforts of Ram Document [101] (Title: Battle of Buxar) many more were wounded. Another source says that there were 69 European and 664 sepoy casualties on the British side and 6,000 casualties on the Mughal side. The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash. Immediately after the battle Munro decided to assist the Marathas, who were described as a "warlike race", well known for their relentless and unwavering hatred towards the Mughal Empire and its Nawabs and Mysore. The British victory at Buxar had "at one fell swoop, disposed of the three main scions of Mughal power in Upper India. Mir Kasim [Qasim] Document [102] (Title: Shuja-ud-Daula) Shuja-ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Daulah (b. – d. ) was the Subedar Nawab of Oudh from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775 . Though a minor royal, he is best known for his key roles in two definitive battles in Indian history – the Third Battle of Panipat which temporarily halted Maratha domination of the northern regions of the Mughal Empire and overthrew Shah Jahan III and reaffirmed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor of the Mughal Empire. He had allied himself with Mir Qasim and took part in the Battle of Buxar, which ended in defeat. Shuja-ud-Daulah was the son Document [103] (Title: Rudranarayan) Pathan forces were completely routed. Rajiv Lochan Ray, the general of Gajapati Mukundadeva and the commander-in-chief, of the combined forces showed remarkable valour and bravery. He had literally annihilated the Moslem army. Owing to this victory Gajapati Mukundadeva wrested the control of Saptagram. He built a temple at Tribeni at a ghat at Gajagiri on the banks of Ganga. After the defeat in the Battle of Tribeni, Sulaiman Karrani was forced to make peace. He realised that he would never be able to conquer Bhurishrestha unless he could defeat Rajiv Lochan Ray, the general of Gajapati Mukundadeva in the battlefield, Document [104] (Title: Battle of Haldighati) arrow, and he fell off his mount. Husain Khan, a Mughal "faujdar", leapt from his own elephant onto Ram Prasad and made the enemy animal a Mughal prize. With the loss of their war elephants, the Mughals were able to press the Mewaris from three sides, and soon their leaders began to fall one by one. The tide of the battle had shifted, and Rana Pratap soon found himself wounded by arrow and spear. Realising that the day was lost, Bida Jhala seized the royal umbrella from his commander and charged at the Mughals, claiming to be the Rana himself. Document [105] (Title: Purandar Singha) command of General Maha Minhla Minkhaung was dispatch from Burma with Badan Chandra Borphukan. It was joined en route by the chiefs of Mungkong, Hukong and Manipur, and, by the time Namrup was reached, its number had swollen to about sixteen thousand. Purnananda Burhagohain sent an army to oppose the invaders. A battle was fought at Ghiladhari in which the Assamese army was routed. At this juncture Purnananda Burhagohain died or some say, committed suicide by swallowing diamonds, leaving the entire Ahom government leaderless. His eldest son, Ruchinath was appointed as Burhagohain. The Ahom war council decided to continue the Document [106] (Title: Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)) Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) The Battle of Nirmohgarh was fought between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire in 1702. The Imperial army was defeated in the bloody Battle of Anandpur (1700). After hearing the defeat of Mughal army in the battle, Aurangzeb (the Mughal Emperor of India) himself sent a fresh army under Wazir Khan against the Guru. Wazir Khan, thus, proceeded with a large number of troops, reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. Wazir Khan met the Sikhs just outside Anandpur on the bank of river Satluj at Nirmohgarh. The Mughals attacked the Guru from one side Document [107] (Title: Bangladesh Army) defeated a 50,000 strong Bengal Army of Nawab Siraj-ud-daullah in the Polashey(Plassey) in 1757 and later the forces of Nawab Mir Qasim at the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The Army of Bengal was formed, which later became part of a united Indian Army from 1895 to 1947. The eastern part of the British India was a prominent place for military and police recruitment, with entire horse-mounted cavalry and lancer units being recruited there prior to the Bengal Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Post-mutiny, units with the epithet "Bengal" in their name, such as Bengal Sappers and Bengal Cavalry, were largely Document [108] (Title: Battle of Narela) unidentified foe who had treacherously lead a surprise attack on the Marathas, the night before was Najib-ud-daula, a courtier of the Mughal emperor. Najib betrayed the emperor and his wazir at the most critical time and moved out of Delhi with his 20,000 well equipped troops to join the invader's camp. As a result, the emperor got alone once again and Abdali successfully marched to the Red Fort unopposed and looted the capital city of Mughals. Battle of Narela The Battle of Narela took place on 16 January 1757, at Narela, on the outskirts of Delhi, between the Maratha Army Document [109] (Title: Battle of Ab Darrah Pass) Muhammad Shaybani, was caught and killed. When news of the defeat of their Khan reached the Uzbeks in Bukhara and Samarkand the result was shock and panic. Those Mughals who had supported Muhammad Shaybani and presently stationed in Khurasan left for Kunduz. News of these new developments arrived in Babur’s Kabul. He immediately decided to recover the Kingdom of his forefathers. Babur marched towards Kunduz in the winter passing through the difficult Ab Darrah Pass. He spent the Eid ul-Fitr, Muslim festival marking the end of the month of Ramadan, near Bamyan. He reached Kunduz in January, 1511. As soon Document [110] (Title: Battle of Buxar) crossing the river, thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment. Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of Gemstones and later committed suicide. Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II, who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British. Historian John William Fortescue claimed that the British casualties totalled 847: 39 killed and 64 wounded from the European regiments and 250 killed, 435 wounded and 85 missing from the East India Company's sepoys. He also claimed that the three Indian allies suffered 2,000 dead and that Document [111] (Title: Affair at Galaxara Pass) up a steep slope toward the mountains, from which they had originally come. The Mexican Lancers attempted to rally but were broken buy the continuing charge by Hays and his men, and fell back over the summit of the mountain. Hays continued in close pursuit where they found the defeated lancers being reinforced by the main body of the Light Corps, 500 lancers under their commander General Joaquin Rea. At this point in the contest, the revolvers and rifles of the mounted riflemen had all been discharged in the advance and none had sabres. In the face of the disadvantage Document [112] (Title: Suhungmung) the first significant victory in March 1533 when a naval force was defeated with heavy losses to Turbak's forces. This led to a period of stalemate with the two armies encamped on opposite banks of the Dikrai River. The Ahoms finally attacked the invaders and defeated them in a number of battles. In the final battle fought near the Bharali River, Turbak was killed and his army pursued till the Karatoya river in present-day North Bengal. The captured soldiers subsequently became the first significant Muslim population of the Ahom Kingdom. They were called "Garia" since they were from Gaur, and Document [113] (Title: Malwa Sultanate) Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561. Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur, but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar Sultanate and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa. Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period. In 1562, Akbar sent another army, led by Abdullah Khan, an Uzbeg, which finally defeated Baz Bahadur. He fled Document [114] (Title: Muslim conquests of Afghanistan) Anandapala and capturing the fort of Bhimnagar. He was allowed to rule as a feudatory in Punjab for some time. An alliance between Anandpala's son, Trilochanpala, and Kashmiri troops was defeated. During the warfare from 990-91 to 1015, Afghanistan, and later Punjab and Multan were lost to the Ghaznavids. Trilochanpala's rule was limited to eastern Punjab and he gained respite from the Muslim invasions with retreat to Sirhind. He allied with the Chandellas and in 1020-21 was defeated at a river called Rahib by Al-Utbi, while Firishta and Nizamuddin Ahmad identify it as Yamuna. He was killed in 1021 A.D. Document [115] (Title: Battle of Itakhuli) the next day at dawn, met with Masur Khan at Guwahati and retreated to Rangamati secretly by boat. The cavalier—under Indradaman, Dalan Singh and Kabir Khan—retreated by land, pursued by the Borbarua by land and water up to the Manas river. The evacuated fort of Itakhuli was then occupied by the Chetia Borphukan. The war spoils were enormous—pearls, gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, weapons and animals of war. Among the prisoners, the cousins of Raja Ramsingh were released, but the Bhatdhara Phukan, brother of the late Laluksola Borphukan who had abandoned Guwahati, was ghoulishly killed. With the fall of Itakhuli, Document [116] (Title: Battle of Buin) lost almost 300 men between dead and wounded, while Santa Cruz had almost 70 casualties. This battle had no decisive effects on the war development. Both commanders continued their respective plans, Bulnes moving north avoiding an engagement were the superior number of Santa Cruz' army were determinant, and Santa Cruz trying to chase down Bulnes and force him into a decisive battle. This situation continued until January 20, when at Yungay Bulnes defeated decisively the confederate army, vanquishing the Peru Bolivian Confederacy forever. Battle of Buin The Battle of Buin was fought on January 6, 1839, during the Chilean second Document [117] (Title: Suklingphaa) to suppress the rebellion in the east. Haripad Dekaphukan was accompanied by other veteran generals of Kachari-Moamoria war. They were Chandra Gohain or Captain Gohain, the Bacha Rajkhowa, Hao Sagar Bora and Bhiturual Phukan (officer in charge of inner chambers of Royal Palace), along with five companies of sepoy and other soldiers from different regions. Haripad Dekaphukan crossed the Dibru river and attacked the rebels at Bhutiating or Bahatiating. The rebels were defeated and they beat a hasty retreat to Holongaguri or Solongaguri. The Ahom army besieged the enemy there. After some time, monsoon arrives and heavy rain then set Document [118] (Title: North 24 Parganas district) the Mughal Empire in the ruling of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal and Greater 24 Parganas, but also fought and resisted the Portuguese in the early years of the 17th Century. When he was finally defeated by the Mughals. Pratapaditya lost both the battles of Salka and Magrahat. His fate was sealed and he was compelled to tender submission to Islam Khan at Dhaka. His kingdom was annexed. Probably he died at Benares on his way to Delhi from Dhaka, as a prisoner. of war to the Mughals. After his death, Bhavanand Majumdar, who had been in the service of Pratapaditya, was Document [119] (Title: Battle of Tukaroi) at Fatehpur Sikri on 18 January 1575 after seven months of strenuous travelling and campaigning. The Mughal army marched into the capital of Bengal, Tanda (near Gaur), and Daud withdrew to Odisha. The action was forced on Munim Khan who was compelled to engage before he was ready. In the early stages of the conflict the Mughal commander received several severe wounds and victory seemed assured to the Bengal army. But later in the day the fall of Daud's general Gujar Khan caused fortune to change sides and brought about the total defeat of Daud who fled from the field. Document [120] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) himself into battle, atop an elephant named "Hawai". His left was led by his sister's son, Ramya, and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar. His army was an experienced and confident lot and Hemu had, by this time, been victorious in 22 battles for Adil Shah. In this battle however, Hemu had no artillery. Hemu began the attack himself and loosed his elephants among the right and left wings of the Mughals. Those soldiers who were able to escape the rampage, rather than retreating, chose to veer to the sides and attack the flanks of Hemu's cavalry, pelting them with Document [121] (Title: Buxar Fort) The city is known for its cultural heritage as it is the place where Lord Rama killed the demon Taraka and also the site of sage Vishvamaitra's Ashram. Buxar district has close linkage with that of its parent district Bhojpur and has an old history. According to mythology ancient significance of Buxar is mentioned in epics like Brahamana Purana and Varah Purana. During the excavations held during 1926–1927 along the river bank they unearthed two seals with inscriptions in the early Brahmi script that date back to the 3rd century and 4th century, indicating that the mound is quite ancient. Document [122] (Title: Kabul Shahi) against the armies of Ghazni). ""Jayapala instructed Prince Anandapala to repel the opportunist Raja Bharat. Anandapala defeated Bharat and took him prisoner in the battle of Takeshar and marched on Lahore and captured the city and extended his father's kingdom yet further."" However, during his reign as emperor many losses were inflicted on his kingdom by the Ghaznavids. During the battle of Chach between Mahmud and Anandapala, it is stated that ""a body of 30,000 Gakhars fought alongside as soldiers for the Shahi Emperor and incurred huge losses for the Ghaznavids"". However, despite the heavy losses of the enemy, he Document [123] (Title: Buxar) 59.5%; with male literacy of 87% and female literacy of 65%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Geography Buxar district occupies an area of 1,703 square kilometres (658 sq mi). Mythology It is said that Ahilya, the wife of Gautam Rishi restored her human body from that of stone and got salvation by a mere touch of the feet of Lord Rama. This place is now known as Ahirauli, and is situated six kilometers away from Buxar. Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command Document [124] (Title: Mir Qasim) Mir Qasim. Qasim later fell out with the British and fought them at the Battle of Buxar. His defeat has been suggested as the last real chance of preventing a gradual British expansion in large parts of North East India following Britain's victory in the Seven Years War. Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim repaid the British with lavish gifts. To please the British, Mir Qasim robbed everybody, confiscated lands, reduced Mir Jafar's purse and depleted the treasury. However, he was soon tired of British interference and endless avarice and like Mir Jafar before him, yearned to break free of Document [125] (Title: Narasingha Deva I) saw him appear on the battlefield with his sword. Multiple armies of regional kingdoms like that of Gauda, Lata, Gurjara, Karnata, Malwa, etc. are described to have been decisively defeated due to the strength of his army. Narasimha Deva was victorious against the Turko-Afghan rulers of Mamluk dynasty in Bengal that had captured Bihar and Bengal. He not only repulsed their attacks but pushed them as far back as Padma River in current-day Bangladesh. According to the Sanskrit work of Ekavali of the poet Vidydhara, Narasingha Deva I's military achievements against the Muslim forces are decorated with titles like "Yavanabani Document [126] (Title: Indian Rebellion of 1857) local magistrate, defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels. On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah, but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house, severely defeated, and driven back. On 30 July, Major Vincent Eyre, who was going up the river with his troops and guns, reached Buxar and heard about the siege. He immediately disembarked his guns and troops (the 5th Fusiliers) and started marching towards Arrah, disregarding direct orders not to do so. On Document [127] (Title: Ram Rai Pur) rose to fight back against the Mughals. Shams Khan was defeated in Rahon. 1716 AD The capture and execution of Katar Singh Dhaliwal and his followers in the year 1716 led to the persecution of the Sikhs. The Sikhs were thought to be completely crushed, in reality they were temporarily subdued. 1807 AD Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab) crossed the Sutlej and attacked the Rajput fort of Nariangarh in the Ambala district. Katar Singh Dhariwal's grandson Mohan Singh Dhariwal & Tara Singh Gheba, accompanied him; however Tara became ill and died on his way home during the siege. His death was Document [128] (Title: Battle of Mahidpur) battle. However, they were helped by Gafur Khan, a traitor in the Holkar's camp. Khan deserted the battlefield with the force under his command. After this, the Holkars were decisively defeated. Malhar Rao II, Tatya Jog and others escaped to Alot. A peace treaty was signed on 6 January 1818 at Mandsaur. Holkars accepted all the terms laid down by Britishers in the Treaty of Mandsaur. At the conclusion of this Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Holkars lost much of their territory to the British and were incorporated into the British Raj as a princely state of the Central India Agency. Document [129] (Title: Bukka Raya I) to be a mixture of several stories. His wrong date points to his having partly depended upon the original chronicle of Nuniz, or the summary of it published by Barros; while the rest of the tale savours more of Hindu romance than of historical accuracy. He retains, however, the tradition of an attack by the king of Delhi and the latter’s subsequent retirement. Under Bukka Raya's 21-year reign (37, according to Nuniz) the kingdom prospered and continued to expand as Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India, continually expanding the territory of the empire. He defeated the Document [130] (Title: Battle of Buxar) right flank of the Mughal imperial army and was the first to advance his forces against Major Hector Munro at daybreak; the British lines formed within twenty minutes and reversed the advance of the Mughals. According to the British, Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes. But by midday, the battle was over and Shuja-ud-Daula blew up large tumbrils and three massive magazines of gunpowder. Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh, who responded by blowing up his boat-bridge after Document [131] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) However Panhala was surrendered to Siddi Jauhar, Shivaji took revenge later. The Battle of Chakan was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in the year 1660. Firangoji Narsala defended the Sangram Durg with just 320 troops against the 20,000 of Shaista Khan for 56 days before being forced to surrender. The battle resulted in mughal victory. An Uzbek general, Kartalab Khan, was sent on a mission to attack and reduce Shivaji's maharaj forts in the Konkan on 3 February 1661. He left Pune with 30,000 troops. This time the Mughals did not march openly, since they wanted Document [132] (Title: Burmese invasions of Assam) 15, 1819 at Phulpanisiga, near Janji. The Burmese army was defeated with a loss of about 300 soldiers and retreated a short distance. The Assam army, instead of pursuing the defeated Burmese, returned to the Ahom capital Jorhat leading to much confusion and panic. Failing to instill confidence, Ruchinath Burhagohain and Purandar Singha sailed down to Guwahati, and the Burmese army was able to occupy the capital two days later. Chandrakanta was reinstated as the king on March 9, 1819 followed by execution of the Ahom officials who had supported Ruchinath Burhagohain; and in the middle of April 1819 Kiamingi Document [133] (Title: Battle of Raichur) 1284 CE which passed on to the Vijayanagar kingdom after the decline of Kakatiyas. Ever since, the fort has been under dispute for nearly two centuries. The fort was captured by Bahmanis in 1323 CE. Saluva Narasimha Raya expressed a wish in his testament that the city of Raichur be recaptured. This has been in the mind of Krishnadevaraya since his coronation in 1509. In the year 1520 Krishnadevaraya sent Seyed Maraikar, a Muslim in his service to Goa with a large sum of money to buy horses. Maraikar instead went to Adil Khan with the money and offered his Document [134] (Title: Abhayapuri) Koch Bihar. Soon after the declaration of independence, the two kingdoms started displaying hostilities against each other. Raghu Rai was succeeded by his son Parikshit Narayan and was defeated in 1602 by the army of Nawab of Dhaka (governor for the Mughals) who was moved by Lakshmi Narayan (ruler of Koch Bihar). Parikshit was defeated at Dhubri (now a district in Assam) and sued for peace. But soon, he continued with the hostilities and in 1614 was driven up to Pandu, now in Guwahati. There, Parikshit surrendered and agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire. But before he Document [135] (Title: Suhungmung) when a commander advanced up the Brahmaputra in fifty vessels. This too was defeated. In yet another expedition, the Barpatra Gohain slain the commander, Bit Malik, and captured cannons and guns. The most successful among these initial raids on the Ahom Kingdom was the one led by Turbak. Turbak, a Gaur commander, advanced against the Ahom Kingdom in April 1532 with a large force. He first faced Suklen, Suhungmung's son, at Singri. In this battle Suklen was defeated and wounded and the Ahoms retreated to Sala. The Ahoms again faced reverses at Sala and some other expeditions thereafter, but won Document [136] (Title: History of Bihar) 22 battles against the Afghans, from Punjab to Bengal and had defeated Akbar's forces twice, at Agra and Delhi in 1556, before succeeding to the throne of Delhi and establishing a 'Hindu Raj' in North India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Quila in Delhi. He was killed in the Second Battle of Panipat. From 1557 to 1576, Akbar the Great, the conquering Mughal Badshah (emperor), Bengal (Which controlled Bihar) to his empire, dividing Bihar and Bengal each into one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level provinces; Bihar with seat at Patna) and the region passed through uneventful Document [137] (Title: Lachit Borphukan) Hoolungapara 16 km from Jorhat. There is no portrait of Lachit Barphukan, but an old chronicle does provide a physical description: After being defeated by Lachit and his forces, the Mughals army sailed up the Brahmaputra river from Dhaka towards Assam advancing to Guwahati. The Mughal Army under Ram Singh I consisted of 30,000 infantry, 15,000 archers, 18,000 Turkish cavalry, 5,000 gunners and over 1000 cannons besides a large flotilla of boats. Ram Singh, the Mughal commander in chief failed to make any advance against the Assamese army during the first phase of the war. An arrow carrying a letter Document [138] (Title: Ahmad Shah Bahadur) Muin-ul-Mulk were entirely defeated and captured in 1753. Ahmad Shah Durrani pardoned captured Mughal viceroy Muin-ul-Mulk due to his courageousness in battle and reappointed Muin-ul-Mulk as his representative with the permission of the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Various chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy had from two fronts defeated the subjects of Ahmad Shah Bahadur in Gujarat and Orissa. In 1750, the Marathas annexed Gujarat from the Mughals, and fierce battles continued between the two sides it was during that havoc that the Raj Bovri Mosque complex was destroyed during a massive fray in 1753. In response to the annexation Document [139] (Title: Chand Bibi) Khan-I-Khana started taking possession of districts that were not included in the cession of Berar. Sohil Khan, who was returning to Bijapur, was ordered to come back and attack Khan-I-Khana's Mughal forces. The Mughal forces under Khan-I-Khana and Mirza Shah Rukh left Murad's camp at Sahpur in Berar and encountered the combined forces of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda under Sohil Khan near Sonpet (or Supa) on the banks of Godavari River. In a fierce battle on 8–9 February 1597, the Mughals won. In spite of their victory, the Mughal forces were too weak to pursue their attack and returned to Document [140] (Title: Diwan Mohanlal) the Battle of Plassey, Siraj-Ud-Daulah faced off against the British, apparently with overwhelming force, but at the critical time Mir Jafar's men stood watching passively while the soldiers of Siraj-Ud-Daula were decimated by the smaller but much better armed British forces. In the said 'so called' battle Mohanlal and his fellow leader Mir Madan fought their best on side of the Nawab Army. After the death of Mir Madan, he wanted to attack the British army rapidly and advised Siraj-Ud-Daula that the decision of retreat may be fatal for the Nawab. But the Nawab was already misguided by Mir Jafar Document [141] (Title: Battle of Buxar) Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The battle was fought at Buxar, a "small fortified town" within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganges river about west of Patna; it was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam surrendered, and the war was brought Document [142] (Title: Bhadrajun) Emperor of India. He also fought a second battle at Merata, when he suffered injuries and was subsequently defeated by Viram Deo. In 1563-64, the Rathores lost their capital city of Jhodpur to Pathan Malik, a commander of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, but they retained their territory around Bhadrajun. During this war, they could not sustain their army’s needs as adequate provisions were not available inside the fort. Also, there was no help forthcoming from outside powers. Maldeo, also known as Rana Chandrasen, abandoned the fort and reached Bhadarajun and remained there for seven years. In 1651, Mukan Dasji of Document [143] (Title: History of India) Mahal; which were then melted down by Suraj Mal in 1763. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. Mughal rule were further weakened by constant native Indian resistance; Banda Singh Bahadur led the Sikh Khalsa against Mughal religious oppression; Hindu Rajas of Bengal, Pratapaditya and Raja Sitaram Ray revolted; and Maharaja Chhatrasal, of Bundela Rajputs, fought the Mughals and established the Panna State. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. Sikh holocaust Document [144] (Title: Sunyatphaa) forces began to retreat without any fight. When the general Lachit Borphukan learnt about this he himself came to the battle scene and boarded his boat accompanied by six other war vessel and rushed towards the enemy with his seven boats. The appearance of Lachit Borphukan filled the soldiers with enthusiasm and courage. The retreating Ahom army and fleet joined their general and fell upon the invading Mughal forces. The Ahom war vessels entered into the thick of Mughal fleet and in the fight that ensued, the Mughals were completely defeated and the Ahoms gained a decisive victory. This battle Document [145] (Title: Bukka Raya I) Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. Bukka defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to Rameswaram. His son, Kumara Kampana campaigned with him and their efforts were recorded in the Sanskrit work Madura Vijayam(also known as Veerakamparaya Charitram) written by his wife Gangambika. By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab and also took control of Goa, the kingdom of Odisha (Orya) were also captured and Bukka forced the Document [146] (Title: Kingdom of Nepal) valiantly against the Gorkha forces, but were ultimately forced to vacate the Gadhi after mid-night. About 500 soldiers of Hariharpur died in the battle. Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal extended his help to kings of Kathmandu valley with his forces to attack the Gorkhali forces. On 20 January 1763, Gorkhali commander Vamsharaj Pande won the battle against Mir Qasim. Similarly, Captain Kinloch of British East India Company also extended his support by sending contingents against Gorkhalis. King Prithvi Narayan sent Kaji Vamsharaj Pande, Naahar Singh Basnyat, Jeeva Shah, Ram Krishna Kunwar and others to defeat the forces of Gurgin Document [147] (Title: Mir Qasim) Mir Qasim overran the Company offices in Patna in 1763, killing several Europeans including the Resident. Mir Qasim allied with Shuja-ud-Daula of Avadh and Shah Alam II, the itinerant Mughal emperor, who were also threatened by the British. However, their combined forces were defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Mir Qasim had also attacked Nepal during the reign of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the King of Nepal. He was badly defeated as the Nepali soldiers had various advantages including terrain, climate and good leadership. The short campaign of Mir Qasim was significant as a direct fight against British outsiders. Document [148] (Title: Humayun) the main mosque surrounded. Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, marched from his territories in the Punjab, ostensibly to aid Humayun. However, his return home had treacherous motives as he intended to stake a claim for Humayun's apparently collapsing empire. He brokered a deal with Hindal providing that his brother would cease all acts of disloyalty in return for a share in the new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed. In June 1539 Sher Shah met Humayun in the Battle of Chausa on the banks of the Ganges, near Buxar. This was to become an entrenched battle in Document [149] (Title: Battle of Chapakchur) end. Battle of Chapakchur The Battle of Chapakchur (Turkish:"Çapakçur") was a decisive battle fought between Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Jahan Shah and Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Uzun Hasan. Jahan Shah was defeated by Uzun Hasan in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present-day eastern Turkey on October 30 (or November 11), 1467. The conflict between Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu had reached its zenith under the leadership of the former group named Jahan Shah and latter group named Uzun Hassan. Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu had been vying Document [150] (Title: Military history of India) the foundation of the Mughal Empire After Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the Mewar ruler Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput army of 20,000 intending to defeat Babur and capture Delhi. The Mughals had superior artillery, which prevailed against the Rajput cavalry yet Mughals won only when Tomar general betrayed Rana Sanga, resulting in his defeat by Babur at the Battle of Khanua (16 March 1527). During the reign Rana Sanga's son Rana Udai Singh II, Babur's grandson Akbar conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar. In the Battle of Haldighati (21 June 1576) between Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh, the Document [151] (Title: Muhammad bin Tughluq) fight in the hills and was defeated by the Hindu Katoch kingdom of Kangra, nearly all his 10,000 soldiers perished and he was forced to retreat. Tughluq died in 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh in order to intervene in a war between members of the Gujjar tribe. He had lived to see his empire fall apart. It was during his reign that Turkish empire of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Hammir Singh of Mewar, and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South India. All these three warriors were able to inflict humiliating defeats on Document [152] (Title: Grass Fight) and bravery under a destructive fire from our men, preserving ... strict order and exhibiting no confusion." The infantry abandoned their charge when they realized that Texian James Swisher had led a band of cavalry to try to take the Mexican cannon. The Mexican forces then withdrew towards Béxar. Four Texians were wounded in the fighting, and one soldier deserted during the battle. In his reports, Burleson claimed that 15 Mexican soldiers had been killed and 7 wounded, while Bowie claimed that 60 Mexican soldiers had been killed. In his book "Texans in Revolt: the Battle for San Antonio, 1835", Document [153] (Title: Atan Burhagohain) victory of the Assamese in the Battle of Saraighat. The Prime Minister was personally in charge of the command of the northern division of the Ahom army on the north bank of Guwahati. His camp was situated at Lathia Parvat, and he had with him 80 "chor-bachas" or commando soldiers in his "Pali" (meaning a unit of command under a commander in Assamese). From his base at Lathia fort, he initiated a campaign of guerrilla attacks on the Mughals, employing many well known commandos: Lai, Lechai, Chili, Mabi, Mari, Achor, Tunai, Baduli, and other spies who entered the enemy's camps Document [154] (Title: Babur) battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty. Babur wrote in his memoirs about his victory: After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga. The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the Rajput ruler Rana Sanga on 17 March 1527. Rana Sanga wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing Document [155] (Title: Battle of Sar-e-Pul) resist Muhammad Shaybani, scattered in various directions. Muhammed Majid Tarkhan who had once more joined Babur fled to Khusroe Shah in Kunduz, some escaped to Uratippa. Qamber Ali and others after reaching Samarkand hastily removed their families from it as from a place doomed to destruction. A very few remained in the city following the fortune of their leader. Later Babur recalls the Uzbek tactic which he believes lead to their victory; Battle of Sar-e-Pul After the Uzbeks were driven out of Samarkand in early 1501 C.E., they regrouped in Bukhara. Muhammad Shaybani began to prepare for another attempt to Document [156] (Title: Purandar Singha) war; and a fresh army was hastily equipped and sent to resist the Burmese. Like the former one, it was utterly defeated, near Kathalbari east of Dihing. The Burmese continued their advance pillaging and burning the villages along their line of march. Ruchinath Burhagohain endeavored in vain to induce the reigning Ahom monarch Chandrakanta Singha to retreat to Guwahati, and then, perceiving that the latter intended to sacrifice him, in order to conciliate Badan Chandra and his Burmese allies, fled westwards to Guwahati. The Burmese occupied the capital Jorhat and Badan Chandra triumphantly entered the capital, interviewed Chandrakanta Singha and Document [157] (Title: Buxar Fort) Buxar Fort Buxar Fort is a fort located in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The fort was established by King Rudra Deo in 1054 . The city is known for its cultural heritage as it is the place where Lord Rama killed the demon Taraka and also the site of sage Vishvamaitra's Ashram. The word Buxar is derived from VyaghraSar. The tiger face of Rishi Vedshira, an outcome of the curse of the sage Rishi Durvasha, Question: who was defeated in the battle of buxar Answer: Mughal Empire Long Answer: Battle of Buxar Part of The Bengal Wars Date 22 October 1764 Location Near Buxar Result British East India Company victory Belligerents Mughal Empire Nawab of Awadh Mir Qasim Durrani and Rohilla Factions British East India Company Commanders and leaders Shah Alam II Shuja - ud - Daula Mirza Najaf Khan Mir Qasim Hector Munro of Novar Strength 40,000 140 cannons 7,072 30 cannons Casualties and losses Disputed British claim: 2,000 killed 733 - 847 killed, wounded or missing Gold Document ID: 150

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dodiya) of Hajikhan Pathan and Rao Maldev The war was fought with the Maharaja Uday Singh, the son of Bhan was injured in this battle. During Akbar's climbing 1557 AD, the Sardars of Mewar, who had failed in the process of arbitration through Sanda and Rawat Sahibkhana, Bhan's son, but when the war When it started, Sanda was brilliantly killed by the Royal Army on the west bank of the Ghambari river. Bhima Singh Dodiya, successor of Sanda, defeated Mansingh's elephant as the main ally of Pratap in the famous Haldighati war and received Veergati. In the battle between Maharana Amar Document [2] (Title: Gujarat under Muhammad Shah) Mahárája was defeated. Abheysingh changed his position, and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides tried to kill the opposing commander. But as both Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Mahárája fought disguised as common soldiers, neither party succeeded. At first the Mahárája who had the advantage in position repulsed the enemy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the river-bed that the Ráthoḍs gave way. They rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and finally pursued as far as Sarkhej. The Mahárája, who had not expected so determined an opposition, now sent Momín Khán and Amarsingh Document [3] (Title: Battle of Attock) repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery. The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, who led the Ghazis on another cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery. When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a war elephant that repulsed the Afghans "at all points", and routed the remaining Afghan troops. Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces. Amritsar, Lahore, and other large Document [4] (Title: Yashwantrao Holkar) June 1804, the Governor General, in a letter to General Gerard Lake, wrote that the defeat caused a great insult. This would endanger the company rule in India, and hence Yashwantrao Holkar should be defeated as soon as possible. On 8 July 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the army of Colonel Manson and Leukan at Mukundare and Kota. Bapuji Scindia surrendered before Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar. From June till September 1804, he defeated the British at different battles. On 8 October 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar attacked Delhi to free Mugol Emperor Shah Alam II, who was imprisoned by the British. He Document [5] (Title: Sudoiphaa) Kaliabar to join his forces in an attack upon the Mughals at Guwahati. Atan Burhagohain failed to detect the real motive of the wily Laluksola Borphukan. The expulsion of Mughals being the primary objective of the expedition of the Burhagohain, he readily compiled with the Borphukan's requisition and dispatched to his camp Govinda Phukan, Betmela Phukan and Tepartalia Ram Phukan together with their soldiers and provisions. When the three commanders arrived at the Borphukan's camp at Kaliabar, he took them inside on the pretext of having a conference and divested them of the soldiers under their commands. Tepartalia Ram Phukan, Document [6] (Title: Suri, Birbhum) Birbhum. Asad Jama Khan also got prepared with a cavalry of about 5,000 soldiers, and an infantry of nearly 20,000. In the battle, Asad Jama Khan was defeated and his zamindari was snatched. He took shelter amidst the very dense woods of Chotanagpur. There he had a clandestine meeting with a Maratha army general, Shivabhatta, and Shivabhatta joined him with a cavalry of two to three thousand soldiers as well as a large infantry. Another battle was fought near Kariddhya in 1763 in which he was defeated again. Thus, the British got the control of Suri. During the early years Document [7] (Title: Sudingphaa) stand against Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju and his Burmese forces in the battle of Hadirachowki. In the battle Chandrakanta Singha was finally defeated and his army totally eliminated. Chandrakanta Singha narrowly escaped to British ruled Goalpara district. Meanwhile, after receiving the news of Chandrakanta's defeat and threatened by growing Burmese power, Purandar Singha and his forces also retreated from Assam. The victorious Burmese assumed themselves as the undisputed Masters of Brahmaputra valley. The Burmese commander sent an insolent message to the British Officer commanding at Goalpara warning him that, if protections were afforded to Chandrakanta Singha, a Burmese army of Document [8] (Title: Battle of Sobraon) major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the Dogra commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir Henry Hardinge, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith Document [9] (Title: Seohara) river Ganga and its influence extended to Delhi and Najib-ul-Daula adopted the title and became the royal army Vetnadikari. However, because of his success became his powerful enemies and his co Bijnor Marathas attacked and it was the beginning of discord were the years. Najib actually held himself and the work done by him in the kingdom of the strip got the victory of Panipat. However, after his death in 1770. His son, who was defeated by the Marathas Jbita Khan captured the Sampuarn Ruhelknd. 1772 Nawab of Oudh in Rohilaon that made peace with the Marathas bond funds instead Document [10] (Title: Mir Qasim) Unlike Siraj-ud-Daulah before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler. The success at Buxar established the British East India company as a powerful force in the province of Bengal in a much more real sense than the Battle of Plassey seven years earlier and the Battle of Bedara five years earlier. By 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and were completely in charge of this former Mughal province. Mir Qasim was defeated by during the Battle of Murshidabad, Battle of Gherain and the Battle of Udhwa nala. Plundered of most of his treasures, placed on Document [11] (Title: Akali Phula Singh) so he came back to fight on a horse. Whilst fighting on horse his horse got shot so he came back to the battlefield on in howdah on the elephant upon which he would be fired down and attain martyrdom. Around this time General Ventura, Hari Singh Nalwa, and Sirdar Budh Singh attacked Muhammad Azim Khan's army. When the Ghazis heard that Azim Khan ran away they lost hope and were quickly defeated. The Sikhs chased away any surviving enemies and after winning the battle the news of Akali Phula Singhs death spread around the army. Ranjit Singh with tears Document [12] (Title: Rahmat Banu Begum) the help of famous Ahom general Lachit Borphukan in the famous battle of Battle of Saraighat. Lachit Borphukan earned much fame by defeating famous Mughal general Ram Singha in this battle. Had there been no Lachit Bagphukanas the general of the Ahom Army, it would have been utterly impossible on the part of the Ahoms to win the battle. In that case Guwahati would have remained as the part of Mughal Empire as before. Even after being defeated in the hands of Lachit Bagphukanas, Ram Singh I spoke highly of the manifold qualities of the Ahom Soldiers. Then, after a Document [13] (Title: Battle of Buxar) disappeared into an impoverished obscurity. Shah Alam realigned himself with the British, and Shah Shuja [Shuja-ud-Daula] fled west hotly pursued by the victors. The whole Ganges valley lay at the Company's mercy; Shah Shuja eventually surrendered; henceforth Company troops became the power-brokers throughout Oudh as well as Bihar". Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Document [14] (Title: Anandapala) 1002 already proved an able warrior and general in leading many battles prior to his ascension. According to 'Adáb al-Harb' (pp. 307–10) in about 990 CE, it is written, ""the arrogant but ambitious Raja of Lahore Bharat, having put his father in confinement, marched on the country of Jayapála with the intention of conquering the districts of Nandana, Jailum (Jehlum) and Tákeshar"" (in an attempt to take advantage of Jayapala's concentrated effort with defence against the armies of Ghazni). ""Jayapala instructed Prince Anandapala to repel the opportunist Raja Bharat. Anandapala defeated Bharat and took him prisoner in the battle of Document [15] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) at the site in Patparganj, marked out by a surrounding ditch, commemorating Cornet Sanguine and British soldiers who fell during the battle. Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the British army, led by Colonel Fawcett, at Kunch, in Bundelkhand. On 8 June 1804, the Governor General, in a letter to Lord Lake, wrote that the defeat caused a great insult to the British prestige in India. On 8 July 1804, Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the army of Colonel Manson and Leukan at Mukundare and Kota. Bapuji Scindia surrendered before Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar. From June till September 1804, he defeated the British at Document [16] (Title: Akbar) supremacy and retreated back to Kabul. In 1564, Mughal forces conquered the Gondwana kingdom, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, Durgavati, a Rajput warrior queen of the Gonds. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Document [17] (Title: Buxar) Buxar Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The Battle of Buxar and Battle of Chausa were fought in the vicinity. Buxar Railway Station lies on Patna–Mughalsarai section of Howrah–Delhi main line. It is approximately 125 km from the state capital of Patna. The local language of Buxar is Bhojpuri. India census, Buxar had a population of 102,861. Males constitute 52.65% of the population and females 47.35%. Buxar has an average literacy rate of 79.77%, higher than the national average of Document [18] (Title: Singranatore family) the transformation of events of 1757 to 1764 where European forces were in a struggle to oust the Indian rulers and establish rule in Bengal, that resulted in direct rule over all of India. In 1764, the Battle of Buxar, saw the loss of Bengal from the Mughals, as Emperor Shah Alam II became a pensioner of the British after a loss. With him, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the Ruler of Awadh was restored, while Nawab Mir Qasim, the Ruler of Bengal lost his control on Bengal. Murshid Quli Jafar Khan, the Nawab of Bengal governed Bengal, through his feudal chiefs, the Document [19] (Title: Ahmad Shah Bahadur) Khan, the "Mir Bakshi" and commander of the Mughal army, was joined by Bhakt Singh in Marwar against the forces of Ram Singh and Ishvari Singh. The sides fought each other in 1750 at the Battle of Raona. Immediately after the battle, Ishwari Singh reconciled with Salabat Khan and the confrontation ended in ceasefire. Soon afterwards the Maratha Confederacy invaded Jaipur and Ishwari Singh committed suicide. In 1750, Muin-ul-Mulk ceded territories to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to seek an end to all hostilities. However, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded again in 1751 and occupied Kashmir the opposing Mughals led by Document [20] (Title: Battle of Concepción) Colonel William Barret Travis and his company of cavalry rode ahead of the main body of the army. When they reached Concepción, the Mexican Army was still visible in the distance. The small band of Texian cavalry pursued but the Mexican soldiers reached Bexar safely. Less than 30 minutes after the battle ended, the rest of the Texian Army arrived. Austin felt that the Mexican morale must be low after their defeat and wanted to proceed immediately to Bexar. Bowie and other officers refused, as they believed Bexar was too heavily fortified. The Texians searched the area for any Mexican Document [21] (Title: Battle of Khanwa) a strong offensive-defensive formation had been prepared by Babur. Rana Sanga, fighting in a traditional way, attacked the Mughal army's flanks. He was prevented from breaking through by reinforcements dispatched by Babur. Once the advance of the Rajputs and their Afghan allies had been contained, Babur's flanking tactic came into play. The carts and matchlockmen were ordered to advance, hemming in the Rajputs and their allies. At about this time Silhadi of Raisen deserted the Ranas army and went over to Babur's. Despite putting up a gallant fight, Rana Sanga and his allies suffered a disastrous defeat. Following his victory, Document [22] (Title: Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar) station assigned to it, but kept moving from place to place until a strong detachment under Major Hector Munro joined the army under the command of Major John Carnac, in the neighbourhood of Patna. Major Munro then assumed the command, and being well supported by his men, quelled a formidable mutiny among the troops. After 20 Sepoys had been executed by Major Munro by blowing them off guns, and with discipline restored, he attacked the enemy at Buxar, on 23 October 1764 in what became the Battle of Buxar. Though the force opposed to him was five times as numerous Document [23] (Title: Yashwantrao Holkar) on his own. He defeated the British army, led by Colonel Fawcett, at Kunch, in Bundelkhand as well as attacked Delhi to free the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who was imprisoned by the British and attacked the army of Colonel Ochterlony and Berne. This battle lasted for a week, but Yashwant Rao Holkar could not succeed because Colonel Ochterlony was supported by Lord Lake. Yashwant Rao Holkar won the title of ""Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur"" as a token of admiration by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam for his bravery. Afraid of the power and enthusiasm of Yashwant Rao Holkar, Document [24] (Title: Baz Bahadur) battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561. One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his lust for Rani Roopmati. Rani Roopmati poisoned herself upon hearing of the fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fled to Khandesh. Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad, who attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur but was soon defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa, and Document [25] (Title: Buxar district) Buxar district Buxar district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar with headquarters at Buxar City. The district was carved out from Bhojpur District in 17th March 1991. It shares a border with Uttar Pradesh and is located on the banks of the Ganges River. This place was also known as “Siddhashram”, “Vedgarbhapuri”, “Karush”, “Tapovan”, “Chaitrath”, “VyaghraSar”, “Buxar” in ancient history. It is said that Ahilya, the wife of Gautam Rishi restored her human body from that of stone and got salvation by a mere touch of the feet of Lord Rama. This place is now known as Ahirauli, Document [26] (Title: Fateh Shah) Sirmur) and Garhwal. He also believes that it is likely that the subjects of Garhwal suffered from "lawless activities" of some of the Guru's followers. These reasons could have led him to ally with Bhim Chand to attack the Guru. According to the author of "Bichitra Natak", and majority of historians, the battle resulted in the victory of the author's (i.e. the Guru's) forces, and the enemy forces fled from the battlefield. However, authors such as Pandit Harikrishna Raturi, Anil Chandra Banerjee and A. S. Rawat believe that the battle ended without any consequences, since the Guru's victory is not Document [27] (Title: Ahom–Mughal conflicts) Assamese were fighting for their life and liberty, and the Mughals for the mere luxury of triumph and territorial expansion. The Barphukan intended to chase them further still, but he was dissuaded by Achyutanda Doloi. The combat came to an end, and it was a decisive victory for the Assamese. This battle is known in history as the Battle of Saraighat. Ram Singha weakened by the repeated losses retreated to Rangamati in March 1671. Hadira opposite to Goalpara became the Ahom frontier out post. Thus Mughals were evicted from Kamrup, strong fortifications were constructed at Guwahati. Thus Ahoms remained in Document [28] (Title: Warren Hastings) in 1764 when a dispute broke out in the settlement of Patna he captured its British garrison and threatened to execute them if the East India Company responded militarily. When Calcutta dispatched troops anyway, Mir Qasim executed the hostages. British forces then went on the attack and won a series of battles culminating in the decisive Battle of Buxar in October 1764. After this Mir Qasim fled into exile in Delhi, where he later died (1777). The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) gave the East India Company the right to collect taxes in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor. Hastings Document [29] (Title: Adrián Woll) the Second Division, and then was Second in Command and finally became the Commander in Chief. Woll then undertook his expedition against San Antonio de Bexar. On September 11, 1842, after two hours of intense musket fire, his soldiers rounded up 150 prisoners. On his return march to his base camp on the Rio Grande, he was defeated by the Texans at the Battle of Salado Creek on September 17, and also at the Battle of Hondo River on September 22. The Mexican government rewarded him with a plaque designed exclusively for him, which had a gold-edged circle of dark Document [30] (Title: Suklingphaa) the Ahom forces. Haripad Dekaphukan seized this opportunity, and escorted the Kacharis to Birah-Bebejia near the Kalang river where they were properly established. Haripad Dekaphukan started chasing the enemy force to permanently crush their resistance, however the enemy avoided to give any battle to the royal force. This hide and seek game continued for days, until one day, the royal forces unexpectedly came in face-to-face to combine force of Moamorias and Kacharis at the mouth of the Kalang river. There ensued a fierce battle between both sides, in which the combine force of Moamoria and Kacharis was decisively defeated. Many Document [31] (Title: Battle at Machhiwara) them but they were defeated by the Mughal army at Machhiwara opening the way to Sirhind which was occupied by the Mughals. The subsequent victory at the Battle of Sirhind allowed Humayun to reestablish the Mughal empire. Battle at Machhiwara The Battle of Machhiwarra was fought between Mughal Empire and Suri Empire in 1555. After the death of Islam Shah Suri, the Suri Empire was in a civil war where various contenders to the throne fought each other for supremacy. Sikandar Shah Suri was occupied with his struggle against Ibrahim Shah Suri when Humayun mobilized an army from Kabul. He Document [32] (Title: Shah Alam II) on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro. The battle fought at Buxar, a town located on the bank of the Ganges river then within the territory of Bengal, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Soon after the Battle of Buxar, Shah Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated by the British, sought their protection by signing the Treaty of Document [33] (Title: Sudingphaa) bravely. But the Burmese came in overwhelming numbers and Holiram's forces were defeated. He himself was injured by a rifle bayonet thrust inflicted by a Burmese soldier. Chandrakanta Singha and his followers retreated across the border into British ruled Goalpara district. After this victory, the Burmese tried to expand their rule in other parts of Assam. The tributary chiefs, who were under the Ahom rule, offered their submission to the Burmese. Prominent among them was the ruler of Darrang. The only part of the Ahom Kingdom which escaped the Burmese domination was the tract between the Buri Dihing and the Document [34] (Title: Jogeswar Singha) thick of battle; personally leading his soldiers; and engaged in hand-to-hand combat with enemy soldiers. For some time his troops held their own, but in the end their ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more than that of Chandrakanta’s forces. Chandrakanta Singha and his remaining forces managed to escape back to Guwahati as the Burmese, like Chandrakanta Singha’s forces run out of ammunitions and a lot of them were injured or dead after the battle. Mingi Maha Bandula sent Burmese Document [35] (Title: Battle of Nalapani) to fight against us collectively. The fighting around Nalapani, more than any other battle, established the reputation of the Gurkhas as warriors, and won the admiration of the British. Gillespie had been killed and Balbhadra and his 600 men had held the might of the British and their native Indian troops for a month. Even with only 70 remaining survivors after his water source had been cut off, Balbhadra had refused to surrender, and instead had charged out and successfully fought his way through the siege. It set the tone for the rest of the campaign. Fraser recorded the situation Document [36] (Title: Islam in Kashmir) defeated Raja Jaipal (1002 C.E), the ruler of Waihand (near Peshawar, in modernday Pakistan).Anandpal, the son and successor of Jaipal, also suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Mahmud in 1009 C.E., and died a few years later. Anandpal's son Trilochanpala, whose power of influence was now confined only to the Salt Range, appealed to Samgramaraja (1003-28 C.E), the king of Kashmir, for help against Mahmud. A large army contingent was sent by Samgramaraja, who joined Trilochanpala's forces, and won a battle against a reconnaissance party of Sultan Mahmud. Seeing this, Mahmud personally advanced for battle and defeated Trilochanpala Document [37] (Title: Dhulikhel) another defeat when one soldier stabbed Mahindra Sing in the back and roped spear. He died on the spot. His brother, Naamsing also was stabbed with khukuri (cited by Somdhwoj Bista, "Shahi sainik Itihaas:" 36). In this way, the battle ended and Dhulikhel was won on B.S. 1820 Kartik 10 on Sunday. The next day, Khadpu and Panauti were conquered whereas on Kartik 14 Gorkhalis won Banepa, Sanga and Nala. Until B.S. 1972, administrative center of Kavrepalanchok was at Chautara. Then, it shifted to Banepa until B.S. 1980 after which it subsequently shifted to Dhulikhel which stands till date. Dhulikhel Document [38] (Title: Sudingphaa) Raja or Young King for some reason unknown). The initial attack by Chandrakanta Singha on Burmese entrenchments was repelled by the Burmese, and his commander Subedar Jagadish Bar Bahadur died in action, while his other two commanders, Gopal Singh and Bhola Paniphukan narrowly escaped. Boasted by their initial victory, the Burmese came out of their entrenchment and attacked Chandrakanta's camp, but Chandrakanta Singha now personally led his army and repulsed the Burmese, inflicting heavy casualties. Seeing the Burmese army in chaos, he led the counter-offensive on Burmese entrenchment and successfully broke Burmese defenses; and recaptured Guwahati in January 1822. The Document [39] (Title: Battle of Buxar) to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. The British army engaged in the fighting numbered 7,071 comprising 859 British, 5,297 Indian sepoys and 918 Indian cavalry. The alliance army's numbers were estimated to be over 40,000. According to other sources, the combined army of the Mughals, Awadh and Mir Qasim consisting of 40,000 men was defeated by a British army comprising 10,000 men. The Nawabs had virtually lost their military power after the battle of Buxar. The lack of basic co-ordination among the three disparate allies was responsible for their decisive defeat. Mirza Najaf Khan commanded the Document [40] (Title: Battle of Peshawar (1001)) funeral pyre, lit it and threw himself into the fire. Mahmud later conquered the upper Indus region, and then in 1009, defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a battle at Chhachh. He then captured Lahore and Multan, giving him control of the Punjab region. Battle of Peshawar (1001) Battle of Peshawar, was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Sultan Mahmud bin Sebuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre. Document [41] (Title: Battle of Raichur) Battle of Raichur The Battle of Raichur was a battle fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 CE in the town of Raichur, India. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagar forces and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river Krishna. This battle had far-reaching effects; it weakened the power and prestige of the Adil Shahi and got the ruler to make alliance with other Deccan sultanates powers to take on Vijayanagara and defeat it at the Battle of Talikota. The fort of Raichur was built by Kakatiya king Rudra in Document [42] (Title: Sudingphaa) On 19 April 1822 A.D. the 20,000 Burmese led by Mingi Maha Bandula and the 2000 mixed Assamese-Hindustani forces led by Chandrakanta Singha fought the decisive battle at Mahgarh. Chandrakanta Singha is said to have displayed unusual vigour and courage by himself present in the thick of battle; personally leading his soldiers; and engaged in hand-to-hand combat with enemy soldiers. For some time his troops held their own, but in the end their ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more Document [43] (Title: Battle of Sar-e-Pul) The battle was nevertheless manfully supported and the assailants in front driven back on their center. It was even thought at one time by Shaybani’s best officers, that the battle was lost and they advised him to quit the field. Meanwhile, however, the Uzbek's flanking division having driven in Babur's left attacked his center in the rear pouring in showers of arrows and the whole left of his line being thus forced in and thrown into disorder that with the center became a scene of inextricable confusion. Only ten or fifteen men remained around Babur. They seeing that all was Document [44] (Title: Battle of Peshawar (1001)) he arrived at Peshawar with a select group of 15,000 cavalry, and a large corps of "ghazis" and Afghans. An account of the battle between the invading Turkic Ghaznavids and the Shahi kingdom was given by Al-Utbi in "Tarikh Yamini". According to Al-Utbi, Mahmud pitched his tent outside the city upon reaching Peshawar. Jayapala avoided action for some time waiting for reinforcements, and Mahmud then took the decision to attack with swords, arrows, spears. Jayapala moved his cavalry and elephants to engage his opponent, but his army was decisively defeated. According to the sources, Jayapala along with members of his Document [45] (Title: Shuja-ud-Daula) whose troops crossed the flooded Ganges river into his province. As the chosen Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, Shuja-ud-Daula commanded a sizeable army of Mughal troopers, who cut off the supplies of the Marathas and even defeated them in pitched confrontations during the Third Battle of Panipat and eliminated the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau. Shuja is also known for his role in the Battle of Buxar, a battle that was no less definite in Indian history. He along with the forces of Shah Alam II and Mir Qasim were defeated by the British forces in one of the key Document [46] (Title: Raja Sitaram Ray) his artillery along the banks of Madhumati and garrisoned his troops in the jungles in the tract between Madhumati and Barasia. Sitaram's troops met the Mughal army in the banks of Barasia. During the battle, the Mughal army was defeated, and Mir Abu Torap was killed by Mena Hati. Sitaram's army marched forward and captured the fort of Bhusna. Sitaram stationed a section of his army at Bhusna and put himself at the command of the fort. The Mohammadpur fort was put under the command of Mena Hati. The rest of the army was garrisoned along the Madhumati. Sitaram knew Document [47] (Title: Raja Sitaram Ray) and Sangram Singh went along the Padma and embarked near Faridpur and then marched to Bhusna. Sitaram too marched forward with his troops and in the ensuing battle the Mughals were defeated. The Mughal army surrounded the fort of Bhusna and Sitaram sensed that it would be difficult to hold on to both the forts at Bhusna and Mohammadpur. In the meantime, Dayaram had marched to Mohammadpur with his forces. Knowing that it would not be easy for him to capture the fort in a direct battle, he conspired and had Mena Hati killed by sabotage, sending his severed head Document [48] (Title: Hyder Ali) Nanjaraja Wodeyar be invested should that happen, and he only later came to formally pay his respects to the new rajah. He took advantage of this opportunity to engage in a sort of house cleaning: the raja's palace was plundered, and its staff reduced to the point where virtually everyone employed there was also a spy for Hyder Ali. After the Battle of Buxar the British led by Hector Monro decided to support the Maratha Confederacy against the Shah Alam II, the Nawabs and Mysore. As the power struggle between Mysore and the Peshwa continued it soon began to involve Document [49] (Title: Haryana) First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas. Haryana Document [50] (Title: Fateh Burj) of the Mughal army.<ref name="http://www.cuttingloose.in/fateh-burj-at-chappar-chiri"> </ref> In 1710, Banda Singh Bahadur won the battle against Wazir Khan, who commanded the Mughal army at Chappar Chiri. Wazir Khan had planned to stop the march of the Sikh army led by Banda Singh Bahadur to Sirhind. He established his capital at Lohgarh (Haryana). Fateh Burj The Fateh Burj (; ) is the tallest minar in India situated in the historical village of Chappar Chiri in the SAS Nagar district, Punjab. The 328 ft tower is dedicated to establishment of the Sikh Misls in a large part of India in 1711. Chappar Chiri Document [51] (Title: Mir Jafar) and 200 Frenchmen and waged a campaign against the British during the Seven Years' War. Although the French were eventually defeated, the conflict between the British East India Company and the Mughal Empire would continue to linger and ended in a draw, which eventually culminated during the Battle of Buxar. The breakup of the centralized Mughal empire by 1750, led to creation of a large number of independent kingdoms in Northern, Central and Western India, as also Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Each of them were in conflict with their neighbor. These kingdoms Document [52] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) Battle of Saraighat The Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. Although much weaker, the Ahom Army defeated the Mughal Army by brilliant uses of the terrain, clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, military intelligence and by exploiting the sole weakness of the Mughal forces—its navy. The Battle of Saraighat was the last battle in the last major attempt by the Mughals to extend their Document [53] (Title: Battle of Tughlaqabad) status and assumed the title of Vikramaditya (or "Bikramjit"), an appellation used by a number of Hindu kings in India's ancient past. His reign was to be short-lived as he would again clash with the Mughals only a month later. This time the battlefield would be at Panipat, not far from the site where Akbar's grandfather, Babur, had been victorious against the Lodis 30 years earlier. Tardi Beg's loss at Tughlaqabad was not received well in the Mughal camp and Bairam Khan had him murdered shortly thereafter. Battle of Tughlaqabad The Battle of Tughlaqabad (also known as the Battle of Document [54] (Title: Akbar) Battle of Tukaroi in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only Orissa was left in the hands of the Karrani dynasty as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general, Khan Jahan Quli, and had to flee into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal. Document [55] (Title: Battle of Guler (1696)) Battle of Guler (1696) The Battle of Guler was fought between the armies of the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal forces aided by Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. In an expedition against Guru Gobind Singh, Rustom khan failed and he returned in shame.Therefore, General Hussain khan marched to besiege Anandpur. On his way, Mudhkar Shah (ruler of Dadwal) along with his sons were defeated by khan.Moreover, other Hindus like Chand Katoch of Kangra and Bhim Chand of Bilaspur submitted before Muslim army without fight. Hussain Khan demanded certain amount from the rajas. Raja of Guler State brought less Document [56] (Title: Daud Khan Karrani) fierce battle, the Bengalis and Afghans were at the verge of victory. However, Akbar then re-captured the neighboring fort of Hajipur, which was the source of rations for the army of his opponent. The Bengalis along with the Afghans fell in distress and retreated to Bengal. Akbar returned to the capital after appointing Munim Khan as the governor of Bihar and Bengal. Todar Mal was also left to assist him. On 3 March 1575 a fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Afghans in Tukaroi. The result was a draw and the Afghans retreated to Katak, Orissa. The Document [57] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) defeated and killed by Khizr Khan, son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal, in April 1557. The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies. Second Battle of Panipat The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556, between the forces of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu king at Delhi and forces of Muslim Emperor Akbar. Hemu had conquered the states of Delhi and Agra a few months earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Document [58] (Title: History of Bengal) seriously defeated the Nawab on 23 June 1757 at the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab's soldiers betrayed him. The Nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own Nawab for Bengal and extended their direct control in the south. Chandernagore was restored to the French in 1763. The Bengalis attempted to regain their territories in 1765 in alliance with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, but were defeated again at the Battle of Buxar (1765). The centre of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell. The plunder of Bengal directly Document [59] (Title: History of India) of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and his Hindu general Hemu Vikramaditya had established secular rule in North India from Delhi until 1556. After winning Battle of Delhi, Akbar's forces defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on Document [60] (Title: Dushasana) Kurukshetra war, when the battle continued after sunset he was killed by Bhima. He along with Duryodhana lead one of the Akshauhanis of the Kaurava army. On the 1st day of the war he was defeated by Nakula but was spared by him for sake of Bhima's vow. On the 13th day of the war he was defeated by Abhimanyu badly. On the 17th day of the Kurukshetra War, Bhima defeated and killed Dussasana.He and Dussasana were fighting with bows and arrows.Later, Dussasana's arrows pierced Bhima.Then Bhima attacked him with his mace and caused him to fall on the ground.He Document [61] (Title: Isa Khan) engaged in a battle against Mughal naval forces with the assistance of Masum Khan Kabuli, an ex-Mughal defector. At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's pargana and city. However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and Mughal was defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured. It is recorded that in this clash, Isa personally fought Man Sing in a duel. However, the duel ended inconclusively when Isa Khan stopped fighting after Man Singh's sword broke. The noble gesture touched Man Singh and both men Document [62] (Title: Buxar Fort) In 1812, Francis Buchanan visited the fort.He stated that only the southern side of the fort and bastions standing. He also mentioned that the fort had a subterranean passage which housed ancient images and that place is known as Patalganga. In 1871–1872 Alexander Cunningham visited the fort, he stated that he did not find any historical artifacts there and also said that it was “a purely Brahmanical site” and that it had “nothing of archaeological interest.” Buxar Fort Buxar Fort is a fort located in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern Document [63] (Title: Ahom–Mughal conflicts) on both occasions, but they gained a naval battle, and soon afterwards repulsed the Muhammadans and Ram Singha was compelled to retire to Hajo where he quarreled with Rashid Khan. Eventually Ram Singha cut his tent ropes and ordered him out of the camp. Soon afterwards the Muhammadans were again defeated near Sualkuchi, both on land and water. At this juncture, Ramsingh I challenged Chakradhwaj Singha to single combat, and undertook, if he were defeated, to return with the army to Bengal. The Ahom king declined the invitation, and ordered his generals to renew their attack. They did so, and Document [64] (Title: Robert Clive) Clive lost hardly any European troops; in all 22 sepoys were killed and 50 wounded. It is curious in many ways that Clive is now best-remembered for this battle, which was essentially won by suborning the opposition rather than through fighting or brilliant military tactics. Whilst it established British military supremacy in Bengal, it did not secure the East India Company's control over Upper India, as is sometimes claimed. That would come only seven years later in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, where Sir Hector Munro defeated the combined forces of the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab of Awadh Document [65] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) is also known for Atan Burhagohain's "dagga judha" (guerilla warfare). Ram Singh protested that these harassing campaigns lowered the "dignity of warfare", and withdrew from fighting (October 1669 – March 1970), to no particular military advantage. One of these battles stood out for a major Ahom reversal. Exasperated with the delaying tactics of the Borphukan, Ram Singh asked for a duel with the Ahom king. He promised to withdraw from Assam with his army if he was defeated. Lachit updated Chakradhwaj Singha about this proposal, who rejected the offer on the ground that it was beneath his dignity to duel Document [66] (Title: Battle of Raichur) services. Krishnadevaraya made a demand that Maraikar be returned along with the money which was duly refused. During the period of peace Krishnadevaraya made extensive preparations for a grand attack on Raichur doab. After the court decided that Raichur should be attacked the king invited all commanders (Nayakas) in his service to take part in the battle. The battle was fought in Raichur between the armies of Krishnadevraya and Sultanate of Bijapur where the armies of Bijapur were crushed by the armies of Vijaynagar Empire. Both the armies have large number of cavalry , infantry and elephants. Some sources claims Document [67] (Title: Battle of Añaquito) combat between the infantries favored Pizarro's side, being superior in number. Benalcázar was wounded by several shots, while Juan de Guevara and Sánchez Dávila were both killed. With their leaders dead, the viceroy's infantry crumbled. The victorious rebel cavalry destroyed the enemy without compassion, while the musketeers did not cease fire. The viceroy, who valiantly fought in the left flank, was finally reached by a blow from Hernando de Torres (a resident of Arequipa), receiving a mortal wound in the head. At first, they did not identify him due to the indigenous uncu over his armor. However, a little while Document [68] (Title: Battle of Bhuchar Mori) battalions, while Gujar Khan and Mirza Anwar, the Nawab attacked Kunwar Ajaji, Jasa Vajir. Kunwar Ajaji was on the horse and Mirza Aziz Koka was on an elephant. Ajaji had attacked Mirza Aziz Koka with a spear but he was not harmed. But Ajaji was attacked by Mughal soldiers and he died on the battlefield. Jasa Vajir, Mehramanji, Dungarani, Bhanjidal, Dahyo Lodak, Nag Vajir and Togaji Sodha also died on the battlefield. 2000 Kathiawar soldiers died. In Mughal forces, Mohammed Rafi, Saiyad Saifuddin, Saiyad Kabir, Saiyad Alikhan too died. Both armies suffered heavily. It is believed that both armies lost Document [69] (Title: Battle of Nalapani) of Gillespie, while another was dedicated with the inscription "Our brave adversary Bul Buddur and his gallant men". In Nepal, the story of the battle at Nalapani has gained a legendary status and has become an important part of the nation's historical narrative, while Balbhadra himself has become a national hero. The fighting spirit displayed by the Nepalese in this and other following battles of Anglo-Nepalese War ultimately led to the recruitment of Gurkhas into the British Army. The battle provides the setting to a Nepali musical drama called "Nalapanima" written by Bal Krishna Sama and composed by Shiva Shankar. Document [70] (Title: Grass Fight) little doubt that he intended to find a reason to attack. Burleson managed to stop the entire army from following by sending Colonel William Jack with 100 infantry to support Bowie's men. About from Béxar, Bowie and his men spotted the Mexican soldiers crossing a dry ravine. This was likely near the confluence of the Alazán, Apache, and San Pedro Creeks. Bowie's men charged the Mexican party, scattering the mules. The mounted forces briefly exchanged fire, and then both sides dismounted and took cover in dry streambeds. The Mexican forces counterattacked but were repulsed. In Béxar, General Cos saw the Document [71] (Title: Battle of Bhaktapur) kings of Kathmandu and Lalitpur, Jaya Prakash Malla and Tej Narasingh Malla, had sought refuge in Bhaktapur after losing their kingdoms. The three kings joined forces to do battle with the Gorkhali army, but they were defeated, again due to betrayal by the nobles. The soldiers of the treacherous nobles opened the city gates and let the Gorkhalis in. Shah's troops possessed muskets, in addition to swords and bows and arrows. There was fierce fighting in front of the palace, but the invaders finally broke through the gates. According to the journal kept at the monastery of Jana Baha, Kathmandu, Document [72] (Title: Battle of Khajwa) And just when the war elephants collided with Aurangzeb's Sepoys, Shah Shuja ordered his son Buland Akhtar to lead the elite Sowars against the Sepoys of Aurangzeb. Buland Akhtar's attack was aided by the three armored war elephants and their outcome was highly successful. Aurangzeb's cavalry commander Islam Khan himself was nearly killed by a cannonball while his cavalry was absolutely confused against the War elephants and the assault of the rival cavalry led by Buland Akhtar. Aurangzeb realized the battle was nearly lost and ordered a full-scale attack by his reserves led by Kilich Khan Bahadur and Shaista Khan, Document [73] (Title: Buxar) of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.[4] The battle fought at Buxar, a "small fortified town" within the territory of Bengal, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Buxar Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The Document [74] (Title: Battle of Raichur) great wealth and its enormous armies, was at the height of its power, the foreign traders were eminently successful and when Vijayanagar fell, and the city became desolate and depopulated, the foreign traders had no market for their goods, and trade decayed. (). (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62773998) Battle of Raichur The Battle of Raichur was a battle fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 CE in the town of Raichur, India. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagar forces and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river Krishna. This battle had far-reaching effects; it Document [75] (Title: Battle of Sirhind (1555)) were defeated by the Mughal army in Battle of Machhiwara and Sirhind was occupied by the Mughals. Sikandar led an army of 80,000 and met the Mughals at Sirhind. On June 22, 1555 they met in battle. Humayun and Bairam Khan carried out a daring raid in a rainstorm like Sher Shah Suri had done at the Battle of Chausa to defeat Humayun. Sikandar was defeated by the Mughal army and was compelled to retreat to the Sivalik Hills in northern Punjab. The victorious Mughals marched to Delhi and occupied it and reestablished their empire in India. Battle of Sirhind Document [76] (Title: Buxar Fort) was restored after bathing in a holy tank which was later named VyaghraSar. The word Buxar is derived from VyaghraSar. The tiger face of Rishi Vedshira, an outcome of the curse of the sage Rishi Durvasha, was restored after bathing in a holy tank which was later named VyaghraSar. Buxar fort is located on the banks of the river Ganga in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The fort was established by King Rudra Deo in 1054. Document [77] (Title: Shah Alam II) Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Mir Qasim on his part encouraged Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II to engage the British. Shah Alam II was acknowledged emperor by the Durrani Empire his declared reign extended to the: "24 Pargana's of the Sundarban's" Mir Qasim, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad (and Bihar),"Raja of Banares", Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Ghazipur, Hyder Ali's Mysore, Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool, Nawab of the Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore, Nawab of Junagarh, Rohilkhand of Lower Doab, Rohilkhand of Upper Doab, and Nawab of Bhawalpur. The Battle of Buxar was fought Document [78] (Title: Battle of Itakhuli) Battle of Itakhuli The Battle of Itakhuli was fought in 1682 between the Ahom Kingdom and the Mughal Empire. The Ahoms pushed back Mughal control to the west of the Manas river for good. The main battle was fought at a garrison island on the Brahmaputra, in which the Mughal fauzdar, Mansur Khan, was defeated and the remnant of the Mughal forces pursued to the Manas river. With this win, the Ahoms recovered Sarkar Kamrup from the Mughals. After Gadadhar Singha became the Ahom king in 1681, preparations began in March 1682 for a war to expel the Mughals from Document [79] (Title: Purandar Singha) ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men. The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more than that of Chandrakanta's forces. Chandrakanta Singha and his remaining forces managed to escape back to Guwahati as the Burmese, like Chandrakanta Singha's forces run out of ammunitions and a lot of them were injured or dead after the battle. Mingi Maha Bandula sent Burmese Commander Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju in pursuit of Chandrakanta Singha. Unable to resist the Burmese with his small force, Chandrakanta Singha fall back to Hadirachowki (Assam chowki), where Document [80] (Title: Battle of Angaco) the battle it was defeated once again by the Unitarians, with Crisóstomo Álvarez at its head. Despite being wounded, he led his troops and pursued the federal cavalry, which retreated for the third time. Aldao ordered a new maneuver, with commander Rodríguez to attack with cavalry from the rear, but the Unitarians had been warned and shot at close range. Rodríguez was among those killed. Acha moved along his line, haranguing his troops to raise their courage. He told them the enemy would kill any prisoners, so they should die fighting if need be. Aldao, overcome by despair, personally led Document [81] (Title: Sher Shah Suri) General Ibrahim Khan. But, Sher Khan defeated the force at the battle of Surajgarh in 1534 after forming an alliance with Ujjainiya Rajputs and other local chiefdoms. Thus he achieved complete control of Bihar. In 1538, Sher Khan attacked Bengal and defeated Mahmud Shah. But he could not capture the kingdom because of the sudden expedition of Emperor Humayun. On 26 June 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and defeated him. Assuming the title "Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah", he defeated Humayun once again at Kannauj in May 1540 and forced him out of India. After the Document [82] (Title: Battle of Patan) Nagas held on to their positions before finally being overwhelmed at around 9 pm in the night. The victory at Patan destroyed the armies of the two most powerful Rajput kingdoms of India and forced them to pay heavy tributes to the Scindia's. Ismail begs army was also reduced to a few hundred men and was forced to flee. This victory also showed the whole subcontinent that Maratha power had not faded after Panipat and helped consolidate Maratha rule in northern India. Pitted against European armed and French trained Marathas, Rajput states capitulated one after the other. Marathas managed to Document [83] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) of Panipat of 1526. Although Hemu had lost his artillery to the Mughals before the battle, his forces held the numerical superiority. However, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow in the middle of the battle and fell unconscious. Seeing their leader going down, his army panicked and dispersed. Hemu was captured and subsequently beheaded for going against the caliphate. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Akbar. Humayun, the successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri who established the Sur Empire Document [84] (Title: Panipat) of Delhi, and the Turko-Mongol warlord Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers. This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, a Hindu King of Delhi. Hemu, who had captured states like Agra and Delhi defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king, had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, Document [85] (Title: Battle of Ghaghra) the competitors for the throne of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri the future sovereign of Delhi and other Afghans of influence sent to tender their submission. This amounted to a breaking up of the Lohani dynasty of Bihar leaving only Sultan Mahmud Lodi and his adherents to be combated. Babur now proceeded to cross the Kermnas and encamped beyond Chousa (that was to become celebrated by the calamity of his son) and Baksara or Buxar. Marching thence he found that Sultan Mahmud whose army had been daily suffering from defection and who had been lying not far off attended by only Document [86] (Title: Bhavashankari) she accounted for a sizeable Pathan casualty. The superior warfare skills of Bhurishrestha soldiers coupled with the strategic advantage, led them to victory. Osman Khan, wounded and defeated, fled the battle ground. After a lot of hardship he reached Orissa in the guise of a fakir. Mughal emperor Akbar, who was always wary of a Pathan resurgence in Bengal, decided to strengthen the alliance with Bhurishrestha. He sent Man Singh, the then governor of Bengal to the court of Bhurishrestha as the representative of the Mughal Empire. Man Singh arrived at Garh Bhawanipur with the Mughal seal. In a special Document [87] (Title: Battle of Salher) that around 10,000 men were killed on both the sides. The Mughal military machines (consisting of cavalry, infantry, and artillery) were outmatched by the light cavalry of the Marathas. The imperial Mughal armies were completely routed and the Marathas gave them a crushing defeat. 6,000 horses, an equal number of camels, 125 elephants, and an entire Mughal train were captured by the victorious Maratha Army. Other than this, a large amount of goods, treasures, gold, jewels, clothes, and carpets were seized by the Marathas. The Sabhasad Bakhar describes the battle as follows "As the fighting began, such a (cloud of) Document [88] (Title: Battle of Delhi (1737)) Marathas. The Maratha plunder of Delhi weakened the Mughal Empire, which got further weakened after successive invasions of Nadir Shah in 1739 and Ahmad Shah Abdali in the 1750s. The continuous attacks led to another Battle of Delhi, in 1757, which largely effaced the remaining central authority of Mughal Empire. Battle of Delhi (1737) The First Battle of Delhi or The Raid of Delhi took place on 28 March 1737 between Maratha Empire and the Mughals. The Mughals were devastated by the fierce attack, and lost half of their army which compelled them to ask for all regional rulers to Document [89] (Title: Mir Jafar) East India. The Company soon went to war with him and his allies. The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal:suja ud-dullah the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. With the defeat in Buxar, Mir Qasim was eventually overthrown. Mir Jafar managed to regain the good graces of the British; he was again installed Nawab in 1764 and held the position until his death in 1765. In Document [90] (Title: Battle of Plassey) Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Umichand and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-Daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators. The battle ended in 11 hours. This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. The British now wielded enormous Document [91] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) the Battle of Sinhagad, the fort was scaled during the dead of the night, but victory was secured with loss of Tanaji. The Battle of Kalyan occurred between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire between 1682 and 1683. Bahadur Khan of the Mughal Empire defeated the Maratha army and took over Kalyan. The Marathas attempted a counter offensive, but failed and they were repulsed by Mughal forces. The Battle of Bhupalgarh occurred between the Mughal and Maratha empires in 1679. The battle resulted in the capture, loot and razing of the fort of Bhupalgarh under Firangoji Narsala by the Mughal Document [92] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) remain with the Ahoms. Lachit Borphukan's own brother and successor Borphukan, Laluk Sola, deserted Guwahati for the Mughals in 1679. It remained with the Mughals until 1682, when the Ahoms under Gadadhar Singha recovered it and ended Mughal control in Kamrup for ever, though the Mughal administration of 80 years cast a long shadow. Battle of Saraighat The Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. Although much weaker, the Document [93] (Title: Shveta) Sweta, Shanka, Satanika, Sahtanika, disguised Yudhishthir, Bhima, Nakula and Sahdeva with the army attacked and defeated him. But when Susharma was defeated he took them all far from the kingdom so all of them rested there itself. Meanwhile, Kurus attacked the kingdom again so Uttar Kumar and disguised Arjuna attacked them and defeated them all and returned when the resting Matsyas also returned. At that time the incognito period of the Pandavas and Draupadi was finished. On the very first day of the Kurukshetra war, Uttar Kummar was slain by Shalya. Sweta became furious and attacked Shalya, badly defeating him. Document [94] (Title: Battle of Dholpur) fell on the Sultans army, and in a short time put the enemy to flight. "Many brave and worthy men were made martyrs and the others were scattered". The Rajputs pushed the Sultans army up to Bayana. Hussain Khan taunted his fellow nobles from Delhi: "It is a hundred pities that 30,000 horsemen should have been defeated by so few Hindus." By this victory all that part of Malwa which had been usurped by Muhammad Shah (Sahib Khan), younger brother of Sultan Mahmud Khilji II of Mandu, during his rebellion against his brother, and had subsequently been taken possession of Document [95] (Title: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) south, and the Mughal Empire, which controlled the entire Doab (the tongue of land between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers) as well as the Delhi region. In 1765, the combined forces of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor met the British at the Battle of Buxar. The British won, but they did not take any territory; the whole of Awadh was restored to the Nawab, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam was restored the subahs of Allahabad and Kora in the lower Doab, with a British garrison in the fort of Allahabad. Governor-General Warren Hastings later augmented the territory of Awadh Document [96] (Title: Suklingphaa) gathered some Hindustani mercenaries along with some local levies obtained from the Ahom's vassal rulers, the Rajah of Beltola and Dimarua. With this force, Kalia Bhomora Borphukan crossed the Brahmaputra river, attacked and defeated the rebel forces. Meanwhile, dissension broke out in the rebel camp. Many people of Kamrup were dissatisfied by the overbearing conduct and autocratic leadership of Har Datta Choudhary and his brother Bir Datta Choudhary. The brothers tried to escape, but eventually they were caught and put to a painful death. Some of the Hindustani mercenaries, who had joined the rank of the rebels, tried to cross Document [97] (Title: Purandar Singha) he made preparation to resist the Burmese with his mixed levies consisting of Sikh, Hindustanis and Assamese soldiers. On 21 June 1822, Chandrakanta Singha made his final stand against Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju and his Burmese forces in the battle of Hadirachowki. In the battle Chandrakanta Singha was finally defeated and his army totally eliminated. Chandrakanta Singha narrowly escaped to British ruled Goalpara district. Meanwhile after receiving the news of Chandrakanta's defeat and threatened by growing Burmese power, Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain also withdraw their forces from Assam. The victorious Burmese assumed themselves as the undisputed Masters of Brahmaputra Document [98] (Title: Man Singh I) by Afghan "Kabailies". Man Singh was accompanied by "Rao Gopaldas" of Nindar in this expedition, who bravely made way for Mughal army in the pass. After crossing the pass Man Singh decisively defeated five major tribes of Afghans including Yusufzai and "Mandar" tribes. The flag of Amber was changed from "Katchanar" (green climber in white base) to "Pachranga" (five colored) to commemorate this victory. This flag continued in use until accession of Jaipur state in India. This permanently crushed the revolt and the area remained peaceful thereafter. In 1586 CE, Akbar sent another army under Raja Bhagwant Das, father of Document [99] (Title: Jogeswar Singha) Borphukan. It was joined en route by the chiefs of Mungkong, Hukong and Manipur, and, by the time Namrup was reached, its number had swollen to about sixteen thousand. Purnananda Burhagohain sent an army to oppose the invaders. A battle was fought at Ghiladhari in which the Assamese army was routed. At this juncture Purnananda Burhagohain died or some say, committed suicide by swallowing diamonds, leaving the entire Ahom government leaderless. His eldest son, Ruchinath was appointed as Burhagohain. The Ahom war council decided to continue the war; and a fresh army was hastily equipped and sent to resist the Document [100] (Title: Battle of Saraighat) commanders in Guwahati. In the meeting which included Lachit Borphukan, the only dissenter to the proposal was Atan Burhagohain, who displayed his statesmanship. Atan Burhagohain argued that there was no guarantee that the Emperor at Delhi will abide by Ram Singh's assurance. Also, a settlement then would mean that the drain on the country's resources would have been in vain. Further, what was the guarantee that once the Mughals take Guwahati, they would not reach for Garhgaon or even Namrup. Atan Burhagohain was able to persuade the other commanders and the Ahoms rejected this proposal. The diplomatic efforts of Ram Document [101] (Title: Battle of Buxar) many more were wounded. Another source says that there were 69 European and 664 sepoy casualties on the British side and 6,000 casualties on the Mughal side. The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash. Immediately after the battle Munro decided to assist the Marathas, who were described as a "warlike race", well known for their relentless and unwavering hatred towards the Mughal Empire and its Nawabs and Mysore. The British victory at Buxar had "at one fell swoop, disposed of the three main scions of Mughal power in Upper India. Mir Kasim [Qasim] Document [102] (Title: Shuja-ud-Daula) Shuja-ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Daulah (b. – d. ) was the Subedar Nawab of Oudh from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775 . Though a minor royal, he is best known for his key roles in two definitive battles in Indian history – the Third Battle of Panipat which temporarily halted Maratha domination of the northern regions of the Mughal Empire and overthrew Shah Jahan III and reaffirmed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor of the Mughal Empire. He had allied himself with Mir Qasim and took part in the Battle of Buxar, which ended in defeat. Shuja-ud-Daulah was the son Document [103] (Title: Rudranarayan) Pathan forces were completely routed. Rajiv Lochan Ray, the general of Gajapati Mukundadeva and the commander-in-chief, of the combined forces showed remarkable valour and bravery. He had literally annihilated the Moslem army. Owing to this victory Gajapati Mukundadeva wrested the control of Saptagram. He built a temple at Tribeni at a ghat at Gajagiri on the banks of Ganga. After the defeat in the Battle of Tribeni, Sulaiman Karrani was forced to make peace. He realised that he would never be able to conquer Bhurishrestha unless he could defeat Rajiv Lochan Ray, the general of Gajapati Mukundadeva in the battlefield, Document [104] (Title: Battle of Haldighati) arrow, and he fell off his mount. Husain Khan, a Mughal "faujdar", leapt from his own elephant onto Ram Prasad and made the enemy animal a Mughal prize. With the loss of their war elephants, the Mughals were able to press the Mewaris from three sides, and soon their leaders began to fall one by one. The tide of the battle had shifted, and Rana Pratap soon found himself wounded by arrow and spear. Realising that the day was lost, Bida Jhala seized the royal umbrella from his commander and charged at the Mughals, claiming to be the Rana himself. Document [105] (Title: Purandar Singha) command of General Maha Minhla Minkhaung was dispatch from Burma with Badan Chandra Borphukan. It was joined en route by the chiefs of Mungkong, Hukong and Manipur, and, by the time Namrup was reached, its number had swollen to about sixteen thousand. Purnananda Burhagohain sent an army to oppose the invaders. A battle was fought at Ghiladhari in which the Assamese army was routed. At this juncture Purnananda Burhagohain died or some say, committed suicide by swallowing diamonds, leaving the entire Ahom government leaderless. His eldest son, Ruchinath was appointed as Burhagohain. The Ahom war council decided to continue the Document [106] (Title: Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)) Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) The Battle of Nirmohgarh was fought between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire in 1702. The Imperial army was defeated in the bloody Battle of Anandpur (1700). After hearing the defeat of Mughal army in the battle, Aurangzeb (the Mughal Emperor of India) himself sent a fresh army under Wazir Khan against the Guru. Wazir Khan, thus, proceeded with a large number of troops, reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. Wazir Khan met the Sikhs just outside Anandpur on the bank of river Satluj at Nirmohgarh. The Mughals attacked the Guru from one side Document [107] (Title: Bangladesh Army) defeated a 50,000 strong Bengal Army of Nawab Siraj-ud-daullah in the Polashey(Plassey) in 1757 and later the forces of Nawab Mir Qasim at the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The Army of Bengal was formed, which later became part of a united Indian Army from 1895 to 1947. The eastern part of the British India was a prominent place for military and police recruitment, with entire horse-mounted cavalry and lancer units being recruited there prior to the Bengal Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Post-mutiny, units with the epithet "Bengal" in their name, such as Bengal Sappers and Bengal Cavalry, were largely Document [108] (Title: Battle of Narela) unidentified foe who had treacherously lead a surprise attack on the Marathas, the night before was Najib-ud-daula, a courtier of the Mughal emperor. Najib betrayed the emperor and his wazir at the most critical time and moved out of Delhi with his 20,000 well equipped troops to join the invader's camp. As a result, the emperor got alone once again and Abdali successfully marched to the Red Fort unopposed and looted the capital city of Mughals. Battle of Narela The Battle of Narela took place on 16 January 1757, at Narela, on the outskirts of Delhi, between the Maratha Army Document [109] (Title: Battle of Ab Darrah Pass) Muhammad Shaybani, was caught and killed. When news of the defeat of their Khan reached the Uzbeks in Bukhara and Samarkand the result was shock and panic. Those Mughals who had supported Muhammad Shaybani and presently stationed in Khurasan left for Kunduz. News of these new developments arrived in Babur’s Kabul. He immediately decided to recover the Kingdom of his forefathers. Babur marched towards Kunduz in the winter passing through the difficult Ab Darrah Pass. He spent the Eid ul-Fitr, Muslim festival marking the end of the month of Ramadan, near Bamyan. He reached Kunduz in January, 1511. As soon Document [110] (Title: Battle of Buxar) crossing the river, thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment. Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of Gemstones and later committed suicide. Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II, who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British. Historian John William Fortescue claimed that the British casualties totalled 847: 39 killed and 64 wounded from the European regiments and 250 killed, 435 wounded and 85 missing from the East India Company's sepoys. He also claimed that the three Indian allies suffered 2,000 dead and that Document [111] (Title: Affair at Galaxara Pass) up a steep slope toward the mountains, from which they had originally come. The Mexican Lancers attempted to rally but were broken buy the continuing charge by Hays and his men, and fell back over the summit of the mountain. Hays continued in close pursuit where they found the defeated lancers being reinforced by the main body of the Light Corps, 500 lancers under their commander General Joaquin Rea. At this point in the contest, the revolvers and rifles of the mounted riflemen had all been discharged in the advance and none had sabres. In the face of the disadvantage Document [112] (Title: Suhungmung) the first significant victory in March 1533 when a naval force was defeated with heavy losses to Turbak's forces. This led to a period of stalemate with the two armies encamped on opposite banks of the Dikrai River. The Ahoms finally attacked the invaders and defeated them in a number of battles. In the final battle fought near the Bharali River, Turbak was killed and his army pursued till the Karatoya river in present-day North Bengal. The captured soldiers subsequently became the first significant Muslim population of the Ahom Kingdom. They were called "Garia" since they were from Gaur, and Document [113] (Title: Malwa Sultanate) Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561. Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur, but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh, Tufal Khan of Berar Sultanate and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa. Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period. In 1562, Akbar sent another army, led by Abdullah Khan, an Uzbeg, which finally defeated Baz Bahadur. He fled Document [114] (Title: Muslim conquests of Afghanistan) Anandapala and capturing the fort of Bhimnagar. He was allowed to rule as a feudatory in Punjab for some time. An alliance between Anandpala's son, Trilochanpala, and Kashmiri troops was defeated. During the warfare from 990-91 to 1015, Afghanistan, and later Punjab and Multan were lost to the Ghaznavids. Trilochanpala's rule was limited to eastern Punjab and he gained respite from the Muslim invasions with retreat to Sirhind. He allied with the Chandellas and in 1020-21 was defeated at a river called Rahib by Al-Utbi, while Firishta and Nizamuddin Ahmad identify it as Yamuna. He was killed in 1021 A.D. Document [115] (Title: Battle of Itakhuli) the next day at dawn, met with Masur Khan at Guwahati and retreated to Rangamati secretly by boat. The cavalier—under Indradaman, Dalan Singh and Kabir Khan—retreated by land, pursued by the Borbarua by land and water up to the Manas river. The evacuated fort of Itakhuli was then occupied by the Chetia Borphukan. The war spoils were enormous—pearls, gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, weapons and animals of war. Among the prisoners, the cousins of Raja Ramsingh were released, but the Bhatdhara Phukan, brother of the late Laluksola Borphukan who had abandoned Guwahati, was ghoulishly killed. With the fall of Itakhuli, Document [116] (Title: Battle of Buin) lost almost 300 men between dead and wounded, while Santa Cruz had almost 70 casualties. This battle had no decisive effects on the war development. Both commanders continued their respective plans, Bulnes moving north avoiding an engagement were the superior number of Santa Cruz' army were determinant, and Santa Cruz trying to chase down Bulnes and force him into a decisive battle. This situation continued until January 20, when at Yungay Bulnes defeated decisively the confederate army, vanquishing the Peru Bolivian Confederacy forever. Battle of Buin The Battle of Buin was fought on January 6, 1839, during the Chilean second Document [117] (Title: Suklingphaa) to suppress the rebellion in the east. Haripad Dekaphukan was accompanied by other veteran generals of Kachari-Moamoria war. They were Chandra Gohain or Captain Gohain, the Bacha Rajkhowa, Hao Sagar Bora and Bhiturual Phukan (officer in charge of inner chambers of Royal Palace), along with five companies of sepoy and other soldiers from different regions. Haripad Dekaphukan crossed the Dibru river and attacked the rebels at Bhutiating or Bahatiating. The rebels were defeated and they beat a hasty retreat to Holongaguri or Solongaguri. The Ahom army besieged the enemy there. After some time, monsoon arrives and heavy rain then set Document [118] (Title: North 24 Parganas district) the Mughal Empire in the ruling of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal and Greater 24 Parganas, but also fought and resisted the Portuguese in the early years of the 17th Century. When he was finally defeated by the Mughals. Pratapaditya lost both the battles of Salka and Magrahat. His fate was sealed and he was compelled to tender submission to Islam Khan at Dhaka. His kingdom was annexed. Probably he died at Benares on his way to Delhi from Dhaka, as a prisoner. of war to the Mughals. After his death, Bhavanand Majumdar, who had been in the service of Pratapaditya, was Document [119] (Title: Battle of Tukaroi) at Fatehpur Sikri on 18 January 1575 after seven months of strenuous travelling and campaigning. The Mughal army marched into the capital of Bengal, Tanda (near Gaur), and Daud withdrew to Odisha. The action was forced on Munim Khan who was compelled to engage before he was ready. In the early stages of the conflict the Mughal commander received several severe wounds and victory seemed assured to the Bengal army. But later in the day the fall of Daud's general Gujar Khan caused fortune to change sides and brought about the total defeat of Daud who fled from the field. Document [120] (Title: Second Battle of Panipat) himself into battle, atop an elephant named "Hawai". His left was led by his sister's son, Ramya, and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar. His army was an experienced and confident lot and Hemu had, by this time, been victorious in 22 battles for Adil Shah. In this battle however, Hemu had no artillery. Hemu began the attack himself and loosed his elephants among the right and left wings of the Mughals. Those soldiers who were able to escape the rampage, rather than retreating, chose to veer to the sides and attack the flanks of Hemu's cavalry, pelting them with Document [121] (Title: Buxar Fort) The city is known for its cultural heritage as it is the place where Lord Rama killed the demon Taraka and also the site of sage Vishvamaitra's Ashram. Buxar district has close linkage with that of its parent district Bhojpur and has an old history. According to mythology ancient significance of Buxar is mentioned in epics like Brahamana Purana and Varah Purana. During the excavations held during 1926–1927 along the river bank they unearthed two seals with inscriptions in the early Brahmi script that date back to the 3rd century and 4th century, indicating that the mound is quite ancient. Document [122] (Title: Kabul Shahi) against the armies of Ghazni). ""Jayapala instructed Prince Anandapala to repel the opportunist Raja Bharat. Anandapala defeated Bharat and took him prisoner in the battle of Takeshar and marched on Lahore and captured the city and extended his father's kingdom yet further."" However, during his reign as emperor many losses were inflicted on his kingdom by the Ghaznavids. During the battle of Chach between Mahmud and Anandapala, it is stated that ""a body of 30,000 Gakhars fought alongside as soldiers for the Shahi Emperor and incurred huge losses for the Ghaznavids"". However, despite the heavy losses of the enemy, he Document [123] (Title: Buxar) 59.5%; with male literacy of 87% and female literacy of 65%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Geography Buxar district occupies an area of 1,703 square kilometres (658 sq mi). Mythology It is said that Ahilya, the wife of Gautam Rishi restored her human body from that of stone and got salvation by a mere touch of the feet of Lord Rama. This place is now known as Ahirauli, and is situated six kilometers away from Buxar. Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command Document [124] (Title: Mir Qasim) Mir Qasim. Qasim later fell out with the British and fought them at the Battle of Buxar. His defeat has been suggested as the last real chance of preventing a gradual British expansion in large parts of North East India following Britain's victory in the Seven Years War. Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim repaid the British with lavish gifts. To please the British, Mir Qasim robbed everybody, confiscated lands, reduced Mir Jafar's purse and depleted the treasury. However, he was soon tired of British interference and endless avarice and like Mir Jafar before him, yearned to break free of Document [125] (Title: Narasingha Deva I) saw him appear on the battlefield with his sword. Multiple armies of regional kingdoms like that of Gauda, Lata, Gurjara, Karnata, Malwa, etc. are described to have been decisively defeated due to the strength of his army. Narasimha Deva was victorious against the Turko-Afghan rulers of Mamluk dynasty in Bengal that had captured Bihar and Bengal. He not only repulsed their attacks but pushed them as far back as Padma River in current-day Bangladesh. According to the Sanskrit work of Ekavali of the poet Vidydhara, Narasingha Deva I's military achievements against the Muslim forces are decorated with titles like "Yavanabani Document [126] (Title: Indian Rebellion of 1857) local magistrate, defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels. On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah, but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house, severely defeated, and driven back. On 30 July, Major Vincent Eyre, who was going up the river with his troops and guns, reached Buxar and heard about the siege. He immediately disembarked his guns and troops (the 5th Fusiliers) and started marching towards Arrah, disregarding direct orders not to do so. On Document [127] (Title: Ram Rai Pur) rose to fight back against the Mughals. Shams Khan was defeated in Rahon. 1716 AD The capture and execution of Katar Singh Dhaliwal and his followers in the year 1716 led to the persecution of the Sikhs. The Sikhs were thought to be completely crushed, in reality they were temporarily subdued. 1807 AD Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab) crossed the Sutlej and attacked the Rajput fort of Nariangarh in the Ambala district. Katar Singh Dhariwal's grandson Mohan Singh Dhariwal & Tara Singh Gheba, accompanied him; however Tara became ill and died on his way home during the siege. His death was Document [128] (Title: Battle of Mahidpur) battle. However, they were helped by Gafur Khan, a traitor in the Holkar's camp. Khan deserted the battlefield with the force under his command. After this, the Holkars were decisively defeated. Malhar Rao II, Tatya Jog and others escaped to Alot. A peace treaty was signed on 6 January 1818 at Mandsaur. Holkars accepted all the terms laid down by Britishers in the Treaty of Mandsaur. At the conclusion of this Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Holkars lost much of their territory to the British and were incorporated into the British Raj as a princely state of the Central India Agency. Document [129] (Title: Bukka Raya I) to be a mixture of several stories. His wrong date points to his having partly depended upon the original chronicle of Nuniz, or the summary of it published by Barros; while the rest of the tale savours more of Hindu romance than of historical accuracy. He retains, however, the tradition of an attack by the king of Delhi and the latter’s subsequent retirement. Under Bukka Raya's 21-year reign (37, according to Nuniz) the kingdom prospered and continued to expand as Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India, continually expanding the territory of the empire. He defeated the Document [130] (Title: Battle of Buxar) right flank of the Mughal imperial army and was the first to advance his forces against Major Hector Munro at daybreak; the British lines formed within twenty minutes and reversed the advance of the Mughals. According to the British, Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes. But by midday, the battle was over and Shuja-ud-Daula blew up large tumbrils and three massive magazines of gunpowder. Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh, who responded by blowing up his boat-bridge after Document [131] (Title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire) However Panhala was surrendered to Siddi Jauhar, Shivaji took revenge later. The Battle of Chakan was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in the year 1660. Firangoji Narsala defended the Sangram Durg with just 320 troops against the 20,000 of Shaista Khan for 56 days before being forced to surrender. The battle resulted in mughal victory. An Uzbek general, Kartalab Khan, was sent on a mission to attack and reduce Shivaji's maharaj forts in the Konkan on 3 February 1661. He left Pune with 30,000 troops. This time the Mughals did not march openly, since they wanted Document [132] (Title: Burmese invasions of Assam) 15, 1819 at Phulpanisiga, near Janji. The Burmese army was defeated with a loss of about 300 soldiers and retreated a short distance. The Assam army, instead of pursuing the defeated Burmese, returned to the Ahom capital Jorhat leading to much confusion and panic. Failing to instill confidence, Ruchinath Burhagohain and Purandar Singha sailed down to Guwahati, and the Burmese army was able to occupy the capital two days later. Chandrakanta was reinstated as the king on March 9, 1819 followed by execution of the Ahom officials who had supported Ruchinath Burhagohain; and in the middle of April 1819 Kiamingi Document [133] (Title: Battle of Raichur) 1284 CE which passed on to the Vijayanagar kingdom after the decline of Kakatiyas. Ever since, the fort has been under dispute for nearly two centuries. The fort was captured by Bahmanis in 1323 CE. Saluva Narasimha Raya expressed a wish in his testament that the city of Raichur be recaptured. This has been in the mind of Krishnadevaraya since his coronation in 1509. In the year 1520 Krishnadevaraya sent Seyed Maraikar, a Muslim in his service to Goa with a large sum of money to buy horses. Maraikar instead went to Adil Khan with the money and offered his Document [134] (Title: Abhayapuri) Koch Bihar. Soon after the declaration of independence, the two kingdoms started displaying hostilities against each other. Raghu Rai was succeeded by his son Parikshit Narayan and was defeated in 1602 by the army of Nawab of Dhaka (governor for the Mughals) who was moved by Lakshmi Narayan (ruler of Koch Bihar). Parikshit was defeated at Dhubri (now a district in Assam) and sued for peace. But soon, he continued with the hostilities and in 1614 was driven up to Pandu, now in Guwahati. There, Parikshit surrendered and agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire. But before he Document [135] (Title: Suhungmung) when a commander advanced up the Brahmaputra in fifty vessels. This too was defeated. In yet another expedition, the Barpatra Gohain slain the commander, Bit Malik, and captured cannons and guns. The most successful among these initial raids on the Ahom Kingdom was the one led by Turbak. Turbak, a Gaur commander, advanced against the Ahom Kingdom in April 1532 with a large force. He first faced Suklen, Suhungmung's son, at Singri. In this battle Suklen was defeated and wounded and the Ahoms retreated to Sala. The Ahoms again faced reverses at Sala and some other expeditions thereafter, but won Document [136] (Title: History of Bihar) 22 battles against the Afghans, from Punjab to Bengal and had defeated Akbar's forces twice, at Agra and Delhi in 1556, before succeeding to the throne of Delhi and establishing a 'Hindu Raj' in North India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Quila in Delhi. He was killed in the Second Battle of Panipat. From 1557 to 1576, Akbar the Great, the conquering Mughal Badshah (emperor), Bengal (Which controlled Bihar) to his empire, dividing Bihar and Bengal each into one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level provinces; Bihar with seat at Patna) and the region passed through uneventful Document [137] (Title: Lachit Borphukan) Hoolungapara 16 km from Jorhat. There is no portrait of Lachit Barphukan, but an old chronicle does provide a physical description: After being defeated by Lachit and his forces, the Mughals army sailed up the Brahmaputra river from Dhaka towards Assam advancing to Guwahati. The Mughal Army under Ram Singh I consisted of 30,000 infantry, 15,000 archers, 18,000 Turkish cavalry, 5,000 gunners and over 1000 cannons besides a large flotilla of boats. Ram Singh, the Mughal commander in chief failed to make any advance against the Assamese army during the first phase of the war. An arrow carrying a letter Document [138] (Title: Ahmad Shah Bahadur) Muin-ul-Mulk were entirely defeated and captured in 1753. Ahmad Shah Durrani pardoned captured Mughal viceroy Muin-ul-Mulk due to his courageousness in battle and reappointed Muin-ul-Mulk as his representative with the permission of the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Various chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy had from two fronts defeated the subjects of Ahmad Shah Bahadur in Gujarat and Orissa. In 1750, the Marathas annexed Gujarat from the Mughals, and fierce battles continued between the two sides it was during that havoc that the Raj Bovri Mosque complex was destroyed during a massive fray in 1753. In response to the annexation Document [139] (Title: Chand Bibi) Khan-I-Khana started taking possession of districts that were not included in the cession of Berar. Sohil Khan, who was returning to Bijapur, was ordered to come back and attack Khan-I-Khana's Mughal forces. The Mughal forces under Khan-I-Khana and Mirza Shah Rukh left Murad's camp at Sahpur in Berar and encountered the combined forces of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda under Sohil Khan near Sonpet (or Supa) on the banks of Godavari River. In a fierce battle on 8–9 February 1597, the Mughals won. In spite of their victory, the Mughal forces were too weak to pursue their attack and returned to Document [140] (Title: Diwan Mohanlal) the Battle of Plassey, Siraj-Ud-Daulah faced off against the British, apparently with overwhelming force, but at the critical time Mir Jafar's men stood watching passively while the soldiers of Siraj-Ud-Daula were decimated by the smaller but much better armed British forces. In the said 'so called' battle Mohanlal and his fellow leader Mir Madan fought their best on side of the Nawab Army. After the death of Mir Madan, he wanted to attack the British army rapidly and advised Siraj-Ud-Daula that the decision of retreat may be fatal for the Nawab. But the Nawab was already misguided by Mir Jafar Document [141] (Title: Battle of Buxar) Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The battle was fought at Buxar, a "small fortified town" within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganges river about west of Patna; it was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam surrendered, and the war was brought Document [142] (Title: Bhadrajun) Emperor of India. He also fought a second battle at Merata, when he suffered injuries and was subsequently defeated by Viram Deo. In 1563-64, the Rathores lost their capital city of Jhodpur to Pathan Malik, a commander of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, but they retained their territory around Bhadrajun. During this war, they could not sustain their army’s needs as adequate provisions were not available inside the fort. Also, there was no help forthcoming from outside powers. Maldeo, also known as Rana Chandrasen, abandoned the fort and reached Bhadarajun and remained there for seven years. In 1651, Mukan Dasji of Document [143] (Title: History of India) Mahal; which were then melted down by Suraj Mal in 1763. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. Mughal rule were further weakened by constant native Indian resistance; Banda Singh Bahadur led the Sikh Khalsa against Mughal religious oppression; Hindu Rajas of Bengal, Pratapaditya and Raja Sitaram Ray revolted; and Maharaja Chhatrasal, of Bundela Rajputs, fought the Mughals and established the Panna State. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. Sikh holocaust Document [144] (Title: Sunyatphaa) forces began to retreat without any fight. When the general Lachit Borphukan learnt about this he himself came to the battle scene and boarded his boat accompanied by six other war vessel and rushed towards the enemy with his seven boats. The appearance of Lachit Borphukan filled the soldiers with enthusiasm and courage. The retreating Ahom army and fleet joined their general and fell upon the invading Mughal forces. The Ahom war vessels entered into the thick of Mughal fleet and in the fight that ensued, the Mughals were completely defeated and the Ahoms gained a decisive victory. This battle Document [145] (Title: Bukka Raya I) Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. Bukka defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to Rameswaram. His son, Kumara Kampana campaigned with him and their efforts were recorded in the Sanskrit work Madura Vijayam(also known as Veerakamparaya Charitram) written by his wife Gangambika. By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab and also took control of Goa, the kingdom of Odisha (Orya) were also captured and Bukka forced the Document [146] (Title: Kingdom of Nepal) valiantly against the Gorkha forces, but were ultimately forced to vacate the Gadhi after mid-night. About 500 soldiers of Hariharpur died in the battle. Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal extended his help to kings of Kathmandu valley with his forces to attack the Gorkhali forces. On 20 January 1763, Gorkhali commander Vamsharaj Pande won the battle against Mir Qasim. Similarly, Captain Kinloch of British East India Company also extended his support by sending contingents against Gorkhalis. King Prithvi Narayan sent Kaji Vamsharaj Pande, Naahar Singh Basnyat, Jeeva Shah, Ram Krishna Kunwar and others to defeat the forces of Gurgin Document [147] (Title: Mir Qasim) Mir Qasim overran the Company offices in Patna in 1763, killing several Europeans including the Resident. Mir Qasim allied with Shuja-ud-Daula of Avadh and Shah Alam II, the itinerant Mughal emperor, who were also threatened by the British. However, their combined forces were defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Mir Qasim had also attacked Nepal during the reign of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the King of Nepal. He was badly defeated as the Nepali soldiers had various advantages including terrain, climate and good leadership. The short campaign of Mir Qasim was significant as a direct fight against British outsiders. Document [148] (Title: Humayun) the main mosque surrounded. Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, marched from his territories in the Punjab, ostensibly to aid Humayun. However, his return home had treacherous motives as he intended to stake a claim for Humayun's apparently collapsing empire. He brokered a deal with Hindal providing that his brother would cease all acts of disloyalty in return for a share in the new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed. In June 1539 Sher Shah met Humayun in the Battle of Chausa on the banks of the Ganges, near Buxar. This was to become an entrenched battle in Document [149] (Title: Battle of Chapakchur) end. Battle of Chapakchur The Battle of Chapakchur (Turkish:"Çapakçur") was a decisive battle fought between Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Jahan Shah and Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Uzun Hasan. Jahan Shah was defeated by Uzun Hasan in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present-day eastern Turkey on October 30 (or November 11), 1467. The conflict between Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu had reached its zenith under the leadership of the former group named Jahan Shah and latter group named Uzun Hassan. Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu had been vying Document [150] (Title: Military history of India) the foundation of the Mughal Empire After Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the Mewar ruler Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput army of 20,000 intending to defeat Babur and capture Delhi. The Mughals had superior artillery, which prevailed against the Rajput cavalry yet Mughals won only when Tomar general betrayed Rana Sanga, resulting in his defeat by Babur at the Battle of Khanua (16 March 1527). During the reign Rana Sanga's son Rana Udai Singh II, Babur's grandson Akbar conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar. In the Battle of Haldighati (21 June 1576) between Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh, the Document [151] (Title: Muhammad bin Tughluq) fight in the hills and was defeated by the Hindu Katoch kingdom of Kangra, nearly all his 10,000 soldiers perished and he was forced to retreat. Tughluq died in 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh in order to intervene in a war between members of the Gujjar tribe. He had lived to see his empire fall apart. It was during his reign that Turkish empire of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Hammir Singh of Mewar, and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South India. All these three warriors were able to inflict humiliating defeats on Document [152] (Title: Grass Fight) and bravery under a destructive fire from our men, preserving ... strict order and exhibiting no confusion." The infantry abandoned their charge when they realized that Texian James Swisher had led a band of cavalry to try to take the Mexican cannon. The Mexican forces then withdrew towards Béxar. Four Texians were wounded in the fighting, and one soldier deserted during the battle. In his reports, Burleson claimed that 15 Mexican soldiers had been killed and 7 wounded, while Bowie claimed that 60 Mexican soldiers had been killed. In his book "Texans in Revolt: the Battle for San Antonio, 1835", Document [153] (Title: Atan Burhagohain) victory of the Assamese in the Battle of Saraighat. The Prime Minister was personally in charge of the command of the northern division of the Ahom army on the north bank of Guwahati. His camp was situated at Lathia Parvat, and he had with him 80 "chor-bachas" or commando soldiers in his "Pali" (meaning a unit of command under a commander in Assamese). From his base at Lathia fort, he initiated a campaign of guerrilla attacks on the Mughals, employing many well known commandos: Lai, Lechai, Chili, Mabi, Mari, Achor, Tunai, Baduli, and other spies who entered the enemy's camps Document [154] (Title: Babur) battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty. Babur wrote in his memoirs about his victory: After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga. The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the Rajput ruler Rana Sanga on 17 March 1527. Rana Sanga wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing Document [155] (Title: Battle of Sar-e-Pul) resist Muhammad Shaybani, scattered in various directions. Muhammed Majid Tarkhan who had once more joined Babur fled to Khusroe Shah in Kunduz, some escaped to Uratippa. Qamber Ali and others after reaching Samarkand hastily removed their families from it as from a place doomed to destruction. A very few remained in the city following the fortune of their leader. Later Babur recalls the Uzbek tactic which he believes lead to their victory; Battle of Sar-e-Pul After the Uzbeks were driven out of Samarkand in early 1501 C.E., they regrouped in Bukhara. Muhammad Shaybani began to prepare for another attempt to Document [156] (Title: Purandar Singha) war; and a fresh army was hastily equipped and sent to resist the Burmese. Like the former one, it was utterly defeated, near Kathalbari east of Dihing. The Burmese continued their advance pillaging and burning the villages along their line of march. Ruchinath Burhagohain endeavored in vain to induce the reigning Ahom monarch Chandrakanta Singha to retreat to Guwahati, and then, perceiving that the latter intended to sacrifice him, in order to conciliate Badan Chandra and his Burmese allies, fled westwards to Guwahati. The Burmese occupied the capital Jorhat and Badan Chandra triumphantly entered the capital, interviewed Chandrakanta Singha and Document [157] (Title: Buxar Fort) Buxar Fort Buxar Fort is a fort located in Buxar, Bihar, India. Buxar is a city in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India bordering eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Buxar District. The fort was established by King Rudra Deo in 1054 . The city is known for its cultural heritage as it is the place where Lord Rama killed the demon Taraka and also the site of sage Vishvamaitra's Ashram. The word Buxar is derived from VyaghraSar. The tiger face of Rishi Vedshira, an outcome of the curse of the sage Rishi Durvasha, Question: who was defeated in the battle of buxar

Answer: Mughal Empire Long Answer: Battle of Buxar Part of The Bengal Wars Date 22 October 1764 Location Near Buxar Result British East India Company victory Belligerents Mughal Empire Nawab of Awadh Mir Qasim Durrani and Rohilla Factions British East India Company Commanders and leaders Shah Alam II Shuja - ud - Daula Mirza Najaf Khan Mir Qasim Hector Munro of Novar Strength 40,000 140 cannons 7,072 30 cannons Casualties and losses Disputed British claim: 2,000 killed 733 - 847 killed, wounded or missing Gold Document ID: 150

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) came to end on 15 August 1945. Until 1 August 1946, "Comet" ranged the Pacific Ocean in the postwar redeployment of military men and the return to the United States of homeward-bound veterans. She made seven transpacific voyages, calling at such ports as Okinawa, Guam, Saipan, Hollandia, Manus, Sasebo, Tsingtao, and Taku in the western Pacific; Kodiak, Dutch Harbor, Adak, and Attu in the Territory of Alaska; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, San Pedro, and San Diego, California. "Comet" was decommissioned at Seattle on 14 August 1946, and transferred to the War Shipping Administration for disposal. On 1 September 1946, Document [2] (Title: Project 2012 (Hersheypark)) featured a group of flashing pictures that featuring the area underneath sooperdooperLooper's brake run with the first turnaround of Comet in the background, part of a barcode, another picture with part of a barcode and a black & white image with objects on it, as well as a restroom sign with a red line through it, a picture of one of the benches in front of the Tilt-A-Whirl ride with an arrow pointing to behind the bench, and another picture of the same bench with the date of July 18, 2011 on it. The pictures of the bench led to Document [3] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) pool was closed, drained and filled, following the 1928 season, the station in the western end of Comet Hollow was moved to the eastern end of Comet Hollow along the creek, near the entrance of the Mill Chute, a log flume ride. The station remained in that location until 1950, when it was moved to the southern end of Comet Hollow, adjacent to the Comet and parallel to Spring Creek. Following the 1970 season, Hershey Park began a redevelopment plan which called for the park to become a theme park. Hershey Park was renamed Hersheypark, and the park went through Document [4] (Title: Lincoln Park (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)) accident on the park's 1946 "Comet" wooden roller coaster in 1986 caused people to question the safety of the park. Facing declining attendance, Jay Hoffman, the park's owner, invested $75,000 in updating the park. This plan included moving the park's 1921 carousel to Battleship Cove in Fall River, and dismantling a smaller "kiddy" version of the "Comet" roller coaster. In a May 1987 story from "The Providence Journal", he is quoted as saying that the park had been fully inspected and was safe. However, just four months later on September 29, the braking system on the roller coaster failed, causing Document [5] (Title: History of Hersheypark) located in Rhineland, while the other station was located behind the penny arcade, next to Coal Cracker. Trailblazer, the park's third roller coaster, fourth ever built, opened in 1974. Because of its addition, the Turnpike in Comet Hollow was truncated in size. However, it was the ride's last season in the park, because in 1975, it was replaced by the Twin Turnpike. The Twin Turnpike featured a middle guide rail, which reduced damage to the cars. The main focus of the area where the Twin Turnpike was built was the Kissing Tower, a 330 foot tall tower. Himalaya was also Document [6] (Title: History of Hersheypark) Miniature Railroad. The former featured a live steam powered 4-4-0 locomotive, named "Meridia", built for the park by Crown Metal Products. In 1962, the park replaced the Aerial Joy Ride with Starship America, which is still in the park as of 2011. In 1964, the park added a kiddie ride, Wells Cargo, and a thrill ride, Flying Coaster, located near the main entrance of the park. In 1965, the park added a number of kiddie rides to Kiddieland, including Dizzy Drums, Traffic Jam, Helicopters and Space Age. Skyview and Tip-Top (later removed in 1980) were installed in 1966. The Monorail Document [7] (Title: Nay Aug Park) coaster, the Comet Coaster (also known as Comet, Jr.). There was a miniature Lackawanna train which went around the roller coaster. The arcade pavilion building was previously a dance hall during the 1930s and 1940s where big bands came to play. From the 1950s until the park's closing, the building housed the bumper cars amusement ride, which was ringed by various arcade machines and amusements like pinball, skee-ball, skill crane and other machines. The pavilion was open on 2-3 sides in the summer months. Directly in front of the pavilion was the Carousel. The park was closed in the 1990s, Document [8] (Title: Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters) ride operating consistently. The ride was damaged beyond repair by a storm on September 21, 1938. Schmeck engineered a second Flying Turns for Hershey Park in August 1941. Due to the entry of the United States into World War II, and the resulting rationing of building materials, the roller coaster was never built. It would have been located in the park next to what is now the Wave Swinger, and part of where the Comet lift hill is located. Though Bartlett and Miller went on to build several more Flying Turns-type coasters, PTC never proposed another. On November 27, 1991, Document [9] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) for the park. Purchased on May 8, 1909, for a sum of , construction of the ride began in July 1910. The ride opened for its first run in September 1910. The ride operated a single track with no switches, which meant the track could only hold one train. When the ride opened in 1910, there was one station located near the intersection of Park Boulevard and Park Avenue, which never changed throughout the remainder of the ride's existence. The other station was located in what is today western Comet Hollow near the carousel and the original pool. When that Document [10] (Title: Mill Chute (Hersheypark)) Mill Chute (Hersheypark) The Mill Chute was a ride at Hersheypark from 1929 until 1972. Milton S. Hershey purchased the ride from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company when the decision was made to build a new pool and drain the existing pool and neighboring lake in Comet Hollow. In 1963, the ride was renovated and rethemed. It was renamed Lost River and maintained that theme until 1972. During the 1972 season Hurricane Agnes struck Hershey, and the resulting flood of the park caused irreparable damage to the ride. As a result, the ride was closed for the remainder of the 1972 Document [11] (Title: Mini-Comet) oval shaped kiddie coaster. The trains were painted blue, while the track was painted red. It operated in two locations in Hersheypark; near the Comet in The Hollow and in Kissing Tower Hill next to the OutBoard MotorBoats, Whip and then Himalaya. It operated in The Hollow in 1974 and 1975, then in Kissing Tower Hill from 1976 until its removal after the 1978 season. Charles J. Jacques wrote in his book "Sweetness of Success" that it was an Allen Herschel built ride. It was also believed to be a Miler Manufacturer based on images of the coaster from 1978. Document [12] (Title: Comet (Lincoln Park)) Comet (Lincoln Park) The Comet was a twister-layout wooden roller coaster that operated in the now defunct Lincoln Park in Massachusetts. It operated from 1946 until 1987. The coaster, originally named Cyclone, was designed by Edward Leis and Vernon Keenan and built by National Amusement Devices. The ride was 3000 feet long, and had a top speed of 55 mph and lasted two minutes and ten seconds. It had two trains, each with five cars, arranged with two per row, two rows per car, for a total of 20 riders per train. The coaster was originally designed to run with Document [13] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark) The Miniature Railroad was a ride at Hersheypark from 1910 until 1971. The train ran a course along Park Boulevard, near the intersection with Park Avenue, around Spring Creek into Comet Hollow. It was the second ride Milton S. Hershey purchased for his park, after buying a carousel. While the railroad is no longer in operation, the train has been undergoing restoration since 2007, and was first publicly displayed in 2011. Milton S. Hershey, owner of what was then called Hershey Park, had made the decision to purchase a carousel for his amusement park in 1908. Hershey Document [14] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) Flyer Comet (Whalom Park) Flyer Comet was a wooden roller coaster located at Whalom Park in Lunenburg, Massachusetts. The roller coaster was built in 1940 and operated until is permanent closure in 2000. In 2006, after the lift motor and part of its electronics were gutted, Flyer Comet was demolished. When the 1923 Shooting Star roller coaster was destroyed in 1938 by a hurricane, Whalom staff hired the National Amusement Device Company and designer Vernon Keenan to create a new coaster for the park. Many parts from the Shooting Star were used to construct the ride, which was then called Document [15] (Title: Comet (Hersheypark)) Comet (Hersheypark) Comet is a wooden roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to Skyrush. Built in 1946 by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the coaster features a double out and back track layout. When built it was jointly owned by Hershey Park and PTC. Comet goes up a 97-foot lift, and then drops 96 feet at 47°. After the first drop the car goes up a hill and then makes a left 180-degree turn, drops back down another hill, goes up a small hill, and then Document [16] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) to Comet Hollow. Towards the end of the 1971 season, the ride fell victim to vandalism. Vandals placed objects on the tracks, which caused the train to derail. The train was damaged and not able to be used for operation. As a result, the ride was placed in storage for the 1972 season. However, the park still wanted to restore and operate the ride. One such concept was developed after the park opened the Rhineland section of the park in 1973. The ride would have been called the Rhineland Express. However, due to the extensive damage done to train, combined Document [17] (Title: Hersheypark) Traver Tumble Bug ride next to the Mill Chute. It was removed in 1981 to make room for the Wave Swinger. The park's carousel, before being moved to Carousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet. Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels. A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time. One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes. A Document [18] (Title: History of Hersheypark) (now renamed Hersheypark), was remodeled into Founder's Circle in honor of original founder Milton S. Hershey. In 2006, Hersheypark introduced the Reese's Xtreme Cup Challenge, the first interactive dark ride to have two cars compete against each other. In 2007, Hersheypark celebrated its 100th anniversary. A fireworks show occurred every weekend, and as another aspect of the celebrations, Hersheypark opened the Boardwalk at Hersheypark, a water park and themed area. The area filled in the remaining grass area of Midway America. East Coast Waterworks, a water play area, Coastline Plunge, four water slides, a FlowRider called Waverider, a kiddie wave Document [19] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) the Comet. The ride was Whalom Park’s third roller coaster since the park opened in 1893, and no new coasters ever replaced it or were added to the park. Whalom Park was bought by Global Developments in 2001. They started clearing the land on October 10, 2006; the roller coaster was dismantled on Oct. 18. The area is currently being redeveloped into Emerald Estates. The entrance to the ride was decorated with shooting stars/comets. The Black Hole tunnel was added over a hilly portion of the track in 1990, and was meant to add to the space theme of the Document [20] (Title: Wild Cat (Hersheypark)) into significant disrepair as a result of the Second World War economy requiring most wood and supplies to go to the United States' war effort. Schmeck designed the replacement roller coaster, Comet, which was Milton Hershey's last purchased ride (he died before Comet's completion), and is still in operation as of the 2018 Hersheypark season. In 1995, Hersheypark announced they were building a new wooden roller coaster for the 1996 season. They chose the name "Wildcat" in honor of the Wild Cat, and used the slogan, "The Cat is back!" Wild Cat (Hersheypark) The Wild Cat (initially The Joy Ride) Document [21] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) to 22 October 1944), and the Luzon operation (the Lingayen Gulf landings, 11 January 1945). USS Comet (AP-166) The third USS "Comet" (AP-166) was a United States Navy "La Salle"-class transport in commission from 1944 to 1946. She saw service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the latter stages of World War II and the immediate postwar period. "Comet" was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as the Maritime Commission type C2-S-B1 hull MC 293 by the Moore Dry Dock Company at Oakland, California, and was launched on 21 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. E. Warren. She was Document [22] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) ride. Flyer Comet (Whalom Park) Flyer Comet was a wooden roller coaster located at Whalom Park in Lunenburg, Massachusetts. The roller coaster was built in 1940 and operated until is permanent closure in 2000. In 2006, after the lift motor and part of its electronics were gutted, Flyer Comet was demolished. When the 1923 Shooting Star roller coaster was destroyed in 1938 by a hurricane, Whalom staff hired the National Amusement Device Company and designer Vernon Keenan to create a new coaster for the park. Many parts from the Shooting Star were used to construct the ride, which was then Document [23] (Title: Crystal Beach, Ontario) sell varieties of loganberry drinks, mostly in Southern Ontario and Western New York. Following the park's closing in 1989, the rides and buildings sold by auction on October 17. The Comet was moved to The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom in Queensbury, New York where it still operates today. A roller coaster known as the Silver Comet was built at Fantasy Island in nearby Grand Island, New York with a loading platform and signage similar to the original Crystal Beach Comet. The Ferris wheel from the park was sold to Centreville Amusement Park in Toronto, Ontario and remains in operation. Document [24] (Title: Hersheypark) in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek. This is one of the oldest areas of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area. The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today. The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop. There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located. A Streco turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown. In 1932 the Park installed a Document [25] (Title: History of Hersheypark) Twin Turnpike stands as of 2016). In 1972, the first phase of redevelopment was completed. This included the addition or relocation of a number of rides. Three new areas were constructed: Carrousel Circle, Der Deitsch Platz (The Pennsylvania Dutch Place) and the Animal Gardens. Der Deitsch Platz featured a Pennsylvania Dutch theme while the Animal Gardens was a petting zoo and replaced the old Hershey Park Zoo. Neither of these areas included any rides. Carrousel Circle built to the west of Der Deitsch Platz and between Hersheypark Arena and Comet, which had been the site of a baseball field dating Document [26] (Title: History of Hersheypark) an agreement with PTC to build a new roller coaster to replace Wild Cat for the 1946 season. It would be the largest roller coaster in the nation. In 1946 the wooden roller coaster Comet replaced Wild Cat. It was Milton Hershey's last purchased ride before he died. In 1949, the park added a new section to the park, called Kiddieland. Kiddieland featured 7 kiddie rides, including two new ones: a Kiddie Horse and Buggy ride and a Lucas Motor Boat ride. Twin -high Ferris wheels were added the following season in 1950. In 1952, the park added a kiddie Document [27] (Title: Hersheypark) Hersheypark Hersheypark (known as Hershey Park until 1970) is a family theme park situated in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, about east of Harrisburg, and west of Philadelphia. Founded in 1906 by Milton S. Hershey, as a leisure park for the employees of the Hershey Chocolate Company, it is wholly and privately owned by Hershey Entertainment & Resorts Company . It has won several awards, including the IAAPA Applause Award. The park opened its first roller coaster in 1923, the Wild Cat, an early Philadelphia Toboggan Company coaster. In 1970, it began a redevelopment plan, which led to new rides, an Document [28] (Title: History of Hersheypark) the park's first pool. When the pool was drained, the building was left unoccupied and the Mill Chute was built next to it. In 1930, the park turned the building into what was called "Fun House." When it was renovated in 1938, it was given the name Whoops! In 1945, the park purchased a new wooden roller coaster from PTC. Due to its location and size, Whoops! was torn down. Today, that space is occupied by the Comet station and the midway for Comet Hollow. Laughland was a Magic Carpet type of fun house built by PTC in Hersheypark in Document [29] (Title: History of Hersheypark) issues, and the park transitioning into a theme park, the fun house was torn down. It was replaced with the Whipperoo which moved from Comet Hollow. In 1977, Himalaya was moved from Comet Hollow to near the same location of Funland, replacing Whipperoo. In 1990, the Himalaya was removed and the Flying Falcon was installed on the opposite side of the entrance to the Hershey Park Zoo (now called ZooAmerica). When Hersheypark formally opened on May 30, 1906, Mr. Hershey did not have a manager in charge of the park. This continued throughout the first season. In 1907, he promoted Document [30] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) USS Comet (AP-166) The third USS "Comet" (AP-166) was a United States Navy "La Salle"-class transport in commission from 1944 to 1946. She saw service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the latter stages of World War II and the immediate postwar period. "Comet" was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as the Maritime Commission type C2-S-B1 hull MC 293 by the Moore Dry Dock Company at Oakland, California, and was launched on 21 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. E. Warren. She was commissioned as USS "Comet" (AP-166) on 15 February 1944 with Commander V. F. Stieglitz, USNR, Document [31] (Title: Project 2012 (Hersheypark)) more clues located around the park at each of the park's roller coasters and ending up back at the "soon to be removed" restrooms in Comet Hollow. These clues led enthusiasts to the phrase "Ride the Edge", the potential catch phrase of the new attraction. Through the O'Connell website, there were clues dropped that something would be taking place on July 18 around a bench near the Tilt-a-Whirl in Comet Hollow. On that day, players that went to the Park found a QR code on the back of the bench, that when scanned, gave them "01. r" Upon further discovery, Document [32] (Title: History of Hersheypark) back to 1905, featured several new rides and a mixture of kiddie rides and adult rides. The Carrousel which had been sitting along Spring Creek in Comet Hollow was moved to the center of the circle, and rides were built around it. Three rides were relocated from the old kiddieland area: Space Age, Helicopters and Traffic Jam (then known as Motorcycles). Two new small rides were purchased: Scrambler and Monster. The biggest ride was Hersheypark's second roller coaster (third built, overall): Toboggan. (Toboggan was later removed following the 1977 season.) These rides were placed next to Comet, in the area Document [33] (Title: History of Hersheypark) was added in 1969. In 1970, the Rotor was added. Despite the investment in the park, there was an overall decline in it. There were fewer people to pick up trash, and attractions were subject to vandalism since there wasn't a gate around the park. The park got to the point that it faced one of two options: reinvent itself or close. They chose to reinvent the park. A five-year redevelopment plan was started in 1971 to convert the regional amusement park Hershey Park into a large theme park called "Hersheypark", as it is known to this day. This five-phase Document [34] (Title: Mini-Comet) before coming to a stop. Mini-Comet Mini-Comet was a kiddie roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was situated near Comet in The Hollow section of Hersheypark from 1974 through 1975. It was relocated to Kissing Tower Hill in 1976, where it remained in operation until its removal at the end of the 1978 season. The ride was purchased used at a public sale; it was constructed by B.A. Schiff & Associates, some time before 1974. The coaster featured an oval track with a series of small hills. It completed the circuit five times before the ride cycle Document [35] (Title: History of Hersheypark) slightly larger and more powerful than the latter. Sidewinder, a Vekoma Boomerang coaster, was added in 1991. In 1996, the wooden coaster Wildcat was added and was named after the Wild Cat that previously operated from 1923 to 1946. Great Bear opened in 1998, the park's most expensive single ride to date. Wild Mouse opened in 1999. Several rides were also added during this decade. In 1994 the water plunge ride Tidal Force opened. A Ferris wheel and Whip ride were added in 1997. Four other new rides were added in 1999. These include the Merry Derry Dip fun slide, Document [36] (Title: Mill Chute (Hersheypark)) Chute. Mill Chute (Hersheypark) The Mill Chute was a ride at Hersheypark from 1929 until 1972. Milton S. Hershey purchased the ride from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company when the decision was made to build a new pool and drain the existing pool and neighboring lake in Comet Hollow. In 1963, the ride was renovated and rethemed. It was renamed Lost River and maintained that theme until 1972. During the 1972 season Hurricane Agnes struck Hershey, and the resulting flood of the park caused irreparable damage to the ride. As a result, the ride was closed for the remainder of the Document [37] (Title: Hersheypark) Spring Creek between the base of Storm Runner's first drop and the station for Trail Blazer.) The park has had several pools, the first located next to Spring Creek in Comet Hollow, the area themed as The Hollow as of 2018. The first pool operated from 1908 until 1911, which included a toboggan-slide ride called Shoot-the-Chutes. This pool was replaced by a cement pool which opened in 1912 and remained in use through the 1928 season. That pool was replaced by a new pool complex on the western edge of the park, which included a large bathhouse, one large pool Document [38] (Title: Comet (Waldameer)) Comet (Waldameer) Comet is a wooden roller coaster that is located at Waldameer Park in Erie, Pennsylvania, United States. It was designed by Herbert Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company in 1951. It is similar to other Schmeck-designed PTC junior wooden coasters which feature a layered, figure-8/oval layout. However, Comet is taller than the previous junior wooden coaster designs. Comet is an ACE Coaster Classic. The ride begins with a right turn out of the station onto a lift hill. It then drops and heads back up into a left turn which faces the parking lot. It drops Document [39] (Title: Comet (Lincoln Park)) July 11, 2012. Comet (Lincoln Park) The Comet was a twister-layout wooden roller coaster that operated in the now defunct Lincoln Park in Massachusetts. It operated from 1946 until 1987. The coaster, originally named Cyclone, was designed by Edward Leis and Vernon Keenan and built by National Amusement Devices. The ride was 3000 feet long, and had a top speed of 55 mph and lasted two minutes and ten seconds. It had two trains, each with five cars, arranged with two per row, two rows per car, for a total of 20 riders per train. The coaster was originally designed Document [40] (Title: Crystal Beach Cyclone) season. Of the three, the Crystal beach version was the most famous and longest lasting, eventually being dismantled in September 1946 due to the high maintenance costs and falling revenues. Some of the wood and steel from the Cyclone was used by John Allen and Herbert Schmeck (both designers for the Philadelphia Toboggan Company) in the construction of the Crystal Beach Comet coaster in 1948. Over 225 tonnes of metal were used in building the ride, which used a steel support structure instead of the more traditional wood. Having said this, it is still considered a "woodie", due to the Document [41] (Title: Mini-Comet) Mini-Comet Mini-Comet was a kiddie roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was situated near Comet in The Hollow section of Hersheypark from 1974 through 1975. It was relocated to Kissing Tower Hill in 1976, where it remained in operation until its removal at the end of the 1978 season. The ride was purchased used at a public sale; it was constructed by B.A. Schiff & Associates, some time before 1974. The coaster featured an oval track with a series of small hills. It completed the circuit five times before the ride cycle ended. The Mini-Comet was an Document [42] (Title: The Comet (Great Escape)) coaster started its existence at Crystal Beach (an amusement park near Fort Erie, Ontario) as a ride known as Cyclone in 1927. Cyclone was known as a fearsome coaster. Its metal support structure was torn down and rebuilt as The Comet in 1947. The ride was saved shortly after the park closed down forever after the 1989 season. Charlie Wood, the owner of The Great Escape in Queensbury, New York successfully bid for The Comet and it sat in storage for a few years in Fantasy Island before making its way to the park in Queensbury where it began service Document [43] (Title: Cascade Park (amusement park)) new roller coaster of his own design, originally using the same name (Gorge), but several years later changing the name to "The Comet". The coaster cars were built by National Amusement Devices, in their popular Century Flyer style. The coaster's highest point was and boasted a track length. One of the coaster's most unusual features was that it was built on the edge of a valley. Most roller coasters of the day were towed up to the highest point by a chain and as the energy and momentum of the coaster was expended, the hills got smaller towards the end. Document [44] (Title: History of Hersheypark) the town instilled a need for the park to evolve into an amusement park. A trolley was instituted in the place, as well as the park’s first ride in 1908: a used carrousel and band organ, and an amphitheater followed in 1909. Soon, the park began expanding each year. The carrousel, bandstand, and restaurant were enlarged in 1912, and a Convention Hall followed three years later. The very first roller coaster, Wild Cat, was introduced for the 20th anniversary, and the amusement park fad in the 1920s added a bumper cars ride and the Mill Chute water flume. After this Document [45] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) a number of other changes, including removing a variety of old rides. The Miniature Railroad, however, continued to operate despite the addition of the park's gate in 1971. The addition of the gate and the location of the ride placed a portion of the track within the park gate, and a portion of the track outside the park gate. The Comet Hollow station was inside the park, and the Park Boulevard station was outside the gate. Guests of the park could get their hand stamped so they would be able to renter the park by taking the Miniature Railroad back Document [46] (Title: Hersheypark) coaster in 1923, the Wild Cat, for the town of Hershey's twentieth anniversary, which operated until 1945. It was replaced by the park's second wooden roller coaster, Comet, in 1946. Between then and 1996, the park added six roller coasters, including SooperdooperLooper, the first complete-circuit, modern-day looping steel roller coaster on the East Coast of the United States, which opened in 1977. In 1996, Hersheypark added its third wooden roller coaster (Wild Cat and Comet being the first two) naming it Wildcat (initially The Wildcat), after the original Wild Cat. Between then and 2015, the park added nine roller coasters. Document [47] (Title: History of Hersheypark) holiday. However, the park was able to maintain the rides it had, so they remained in relatively good condition. However, Wild Cat was declining throughout the period, and once the war ended, Hershey began to look for the next roller coaster. In the 1944 season, the park reached an agreement to purchase a used carousel built by PTC in 1919. (It still operates in the park today, with music from a 1926 Wurlitzer model #153 Military Band Organ.) The carousel was the last ride Milton Hershey purchased and saw in operation as he died that year. However, he had reached Document [48] (Title: Hersheypark) taken of them by park photographers throughout their day, as well as a Subway restaurant. The next section that was merged, formerly known as Music Box Way, is home to the Music Box Theater, the first enclosed theater stage in the park. It also includes rides such as the Fender Bender bumper cars, the Pirate, Reese's Xtreme Cup Challenge, as well as a number of kiddie rides. It is from this area that guests can access The Hollow, Pioneer Frontier, and a bridge leading to Kissing Tower Hill. This section was originally named "Comet Hollow" after the oldest operating coaster Document [49] (Title: Wild Cat (Hersheypark)) Wild Cat and construct a new roller coaster in 1946. The Wild Cat was the first roller coaster designed by Herbert Schmeck . Milton S. Hershey had The Wild Cat built at a cost of $50,000, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the town of Hershey. It was the first roller coaster built in Hersheypark. However, unlike all other roller coasters build at the park since, Wild Cat was owned by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) and the land the ride was built on was leased to PTC on an agreement that expired in 1945. When the ride opened on Document [50] (Title: History of Hersheypark) period, although the Great Depression cast its shadow on the park, more new attractions and the Hershey Arena and Stadium were added. To celebrate the town of Hershey's twentieth anniversary, Milton Hershey ordered a roller coaster from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC). Hershey chose not to purchase the roller coaster, but rented the land that the ride was built on to PTC. The ride opened on June 23, 1923, as the Joy Ride. It was changed to Wild Cat several years later and operated through the 1945 season when it torn down and replaced by Comet. A small Ferris wheel Document [51] (Title: History of Hersheypark) 1938. It was initially called Death Valley Fun House, and in 1940, it was renamed Laughland. Laff Land was originally the back portion of the park's first theater, Hershey Park Theater. Both the Theater and Laff Land were torn down following the 1965 season, and replaced with a flat ride, Tip-Top. Funland was the park's third fun house. It opened in 1946 and was located on the southern hill of the park, next to Park Avenue, across from Hershey Park Zoo. The fun house remained a staple of the park through the 1972 season. However, due to vandalism and maintenance Question: when was the comet built at hershey park Answer: 1946 Long Answer: Comet is a wooden roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania . It is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to Skyrush . Built in 1946 by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the coaster features a double out and back track layout . When built it was jointly owned by Hershey Park and PTC. Gold Document ID: 51

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) came to end on 15 August 1945. Until 1 August 1946, "Comet" ranged the Pacific Ocean in the postwar redeployment of military men and the return to the United States of homeward-bound veterans. She made seven transpacific voyages, calling at such ports as Okinawa, Guam, Saipan, Hollandia, Manus, Sasebo, Tsingtao, and Taku in the western Pacific; Kodiak, Dutch Harbor, Adak, and Attu in the Territory of Alaska; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, San Pedro, and San Diego, California. "Comet" was decommissioned at Seattle on 14 August 1946, and transferred to the War Shipping Administration for disposal. On 1 September 1946, Document [2] (Title: Project 2012 (Hersheypark)) featured a group of flashing pictures that featuring the area underneath sooperdooperLooper's brake run with the first turnaround of Comet in the background, part of a barcode, another picture with part of a barcode and a black & white image with objects on it, as well as a restroom sign with a red line through it, a picture of one of the benches in front of the Tilt-A-Whirl ride with an arrow pointing to behind the bench, and another picture of the same bench with the date of July 18, 2011 on it. The pictures of the bench led to Document [3] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) pool was closed, drained and filled, following the 1928 season, the station in the western end of Comet Hollow was moved to the eastern end of Comet Hollow along the creek, near the entrance of the Mill Chute, a log flume ride. The station remained in that location until 1950, when it was moved to the southern end of Comet Hollow, adjacent to the Comet and parallel to Spring Creek. Following the 1970 season, Hershey Park began a redevelopment plan which called for the park to become a theme park. Hershey Park was renamed Hersheypark, and the park went through Document [4] (Title: Lincoln Park (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)) accident on the park's 1946 "Comet" wooden roller coaster in 1986 caused people to question the safety of the park. Facing declining attendance, Jay Hoffman, the park's owner, invested $75,000 in updating the park. This plan included moving the park's 1921 carousel to Battleship Cove in Fall River, and dismantling a smaller "kiddy" version of the "Comet" roller coaster. In a May 1987 story from "The Providence Journal", he is quoted as saying that the park had been fully inspected and was safe. However, just four months later on September 29, the braking system on the roller coaster failed, causing Document [5] (Title: History of Hersheypark) located in Rhineland, while the other station was located behind the penny arcade, next to Coal Cracker. Trailblazer, the park's third roller coaster, fourth ever built, opened in 1974. Because of its addition, the Turnpike in Comet Hollow was truncated in size. However, it was the ride's last season in the park, because in 1975, it was replaced by the Twin Turnpike. The Twin Turnpike featured a middle guide rail, which reduced damage to the cars. The main focus of the area where the Twin Turnpike was built was the Kissing Tower, a 330 foot tall tower. Himalaya was also Document [6] (Title: History of Hersheypark) Miniature Railroad. The former featured a live steam powered 4-4-0 locomotive, named "Meridia", built for the park by Crown Metal Products. In 1962, the park replaced the Aerial Joy Ride with Starship America, which is still in the park as of 2011. In 1964, the park added a kiddie ride, Wells Cargo, and a thrill ride, Flying Coaster, located near the main entrance of the park. In 1965, the park added a number of kiddie rides to Kiddieland, including Dizzy Drums, Traffic Jam, Helicopters and Space Age. Skyview and Tip-Top (later removed in 1980) were installed in 1966. The Monorail Document [7] (Title: Nay Aug Park) coaster, the Comet Coaster (also known as Comet, Jr.). There was a miniature Lackawanna train which went around the roller coaster. The arcade pavilion building was previously a dance hall during the 1930s and 1940s where big bands came to play. From the 1950s until the park's closing, the building housed the bumper cars amusement ride, which was ringed by various arcade machines and amusements like pinball, skee-ball, skill crane and other machines. The pavilion was open on 2-3 sides in the summer months. Directly in front of the pavilion was the Carousel. The park was closed in the 1990s, Document [8] (Title: Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters) ride operating consistently. The ride was damaged beyond repair by a storm on September 21, 1938. Schmeck engineered a second Flying Turns for Hershey Park in August 1941. Due to the entry of the United States into World War II, and the resulting rationing of building materials, the roller coaster was never built. It would have been located in the park next to what is now the Wave Swinger, and part of where the Comet lift hill is located. Though Bartlett and Miller went on to build several more Flying Turns-type coasters, PTC never proposed another. On November 27, 1991, Document [9] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) for the park. Purchased on May 8, 1909, for a sum of , construction of the ride began in July 1910. The ride opened for its first run in September 1910. The ride operated a single track with no switches, which meant the track could only hold one train. When the ride opened in 1910, there was one station located near the intersection of Park Boulevard and Park Avenue, which never changed throughout the remainder of the ride's existence. The other station was located in what is today western Comet Hollow near the carousel and the original pool. When that Document [10] (Title: Mill Chute (Hersheypark)) Mill Chute (Hersheypark) The Mill Chute was a ride at Hersheypark from 1929 until 1972. Milton S. Hershey purchased the ride from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company when the decision was made to build a new pool and drain the existing pool and neighboring lake in Comet Hollow. In 1963, the ride was renovated and rethemed. It was renamed Lost River and maintained that theme until 1972. During the 1972 season Hurricane Agnes struck Hershey, and the resulting flood of the park caused irreparable damage to the ride. As a result, the ride was closed for the remainder of the 1972 Document [11] (Title: Mini-Comet) oval shaped kiddie coaster. The trains were painted blue, while the track was painted red. It operated in two locations in Hersheypark; near the Comet in The Hollow and in Kissing Tower Hill next to the OutBoard MotorBoats, Whip and then Himalaya. It operated in The Hollow in 1974 and 1975, then in Kissing Tower Hill from 1976 until its removal after the 1978 season. Charles J. Jacques wrote in his book "Sweetness of Success" that it was an Allen Herschel built ride. It was also believed to be a Miler Manufacturer based on images of the coaster from 1978. Document [12] (Title: Comet (Lincoln Park)) Comet (Lincoln Park) The Comet was a twister-layout wooden roller coaster that operated in the now defunct Lincoln Park in Massachusetts. It operated from 1946 until 1987. The coaster, originally named Cyclone, was designed by Edward Leis and Vernon Keenan and built by National Amusement Devices. The ride was 3000 feet long, and had a top speed of 55 mph and lasted two minutes and ten seconds. It had two trains, each with five cars, arranged with two per row, two rows per car, for a total of 20 riders per train. The coaster was originally designed to run with Document [13] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark) The Miniature Railroad was a ride at Hersheypark from 1910 until 1971. The train ran a course along Park Boulevard, near the intersection with Park Avenue, around Spring Creek into Comet Hollow. It was the second ride Milton S. Hershey purchased for his park, after buying a carousel. While the railroad is no longer in operation, the train has been undergoing restoration since 2007, and was first publicly displayed in 2011. Milton S. Hershey, owner of what was then called Hershey Park, had made the decision to purchase a carousel for his amusement park in 1908. Hershey Document [14] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) Flyer Comet (Whalom Park) Flyer Comet was a wooden roller coaster located at Whalom Park in Lunenburg, Massachusetts. The roller coaster was built in 1940 and operated until is permanent closure in 2000. In 2006, after the lift motor and part of its electronics were gutted, Flyer Comet was demolished. When the 1923 Shooting Star roller coaster was destroyed in 1938 by a hurricane, Whalom staff hired the National Amusement Device Company and designer Vernon Keenan to create a new coaster for the park. Many parts from the Shooting Star were used to construct the ride, which was then called Document [15] (Title: Comet (Hersheypark)) Comet (Hersheypark) Comet is a wooden roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to Skyrush. Built in 1946 by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the coaster features a double out and back track layout. When built it was jointly owned by Hershey Park and PTC. Comet goes up a 97-foot lift, and then drops 96 feet at 47°. After the first drop the car goes up a hill and then makes a left 180-degree turn, drops back down another hill, goes up a small hill, and then Document [16] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) to Comet Hollow. Towards the end of the 1971 season, the ride fell victim to vandalism. Vandals placed objects on the tracks, which caused the train to derail. The train was damaged and not able to be used for operation. As a result, the ride was placed in storage for the 1972 season. However, the park still wanted to restore and operate the ride. One such concept was developed after the park opened the Rhineland section of the park in 1973. The ride would have been called the Rhineland Express. However, due to the extensive damage done to train, combined Document [17] (Title: Hersheypark) Traver Tumble Bug ride next to the Mill Chute. It was removed in 1981 to make room for the Wave Swinger. The park's carousel, before being moved to Carousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet. Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels. A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time. One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes. A Document [18] (Title: History of Hersheypark) (now renamed Hersheypark), was remodeled into Founder's Circle in honor of original founder Milton S. Hershey. In 2006, Hersheypark introduced the Reese's Xtreme Cup Challenge, the first interactive dark ride to have two cars compete against each other. In 2007, Hersheypark celebrated its 100th anniversary. A fireworks show occurred every weekend, and as another aspect of the celebrations, Hersheypark opened the Boardwalk at Hersheypark, a water park and themed area. The area filled in the remaining grass area of Midway America. East Coast Waterworks, a water play area, Coastline Plunge, four water slides, a FlowRider called Waverider, a kiddie wave Document [19] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) the Comet. The ride was Whalom Park’s third roller coaster since the park opened in 1893, and no new coasters ever replaced it or were added to the park. Whalom Park was bought by Global Developments in 2001. They started clearing the land on October 10, 2006; the roller coaster was dismantled on Oct. 18. The area is currently being redeveloped into Emerald Estates. The entrance to the ride was decorated with shooting stars/comets. The Black Hole tunnel was added over a hilly portion of the track in 1990, and was meant to add to the space theme of the Document [20] (Title: Wild Cat (Hersheypark)) into significant disrepair as a result of the Second World War economy requiring most wood and supplies to go to the United States' war effort. Schmeck designed the replacement roller coaster, Comet, which was Milton Hershey's last purchased ride (he died before Comet's completion), and is still in operation as of the 2018 Hersheypark season. In 1995, Hersheypark announced they were building a new wooden roller coaster for the 1996 season. They chose the name "Wildcat" in honor of the Wild Cat, and used the slogan, "The Cat is back!" Wild Cat (Hersheypark) The Wild Cat (initially The Joy Ride) Document [21] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) to 22 October 1944), and the Luzon operation (the Lingayen Gulf landings, 11 January 1945). USS Comet (AP-166) The third USS "Comet" (AP-166) was a United States Navy "La Salle"-class transport in commission from 1944 to 1946. She saw service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the latter stages of World War II and the immediate postwar period. "Comet" was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as the Maritime Commission type C2-S-B1 hull MC 293 by the Moore Dry Dock Company at Oakland, California, and was launched on 21 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. E. Warren. She was Document [22] (Title: Flyer Comet (Whalom Park)) ride. Flyer Comet (Whalom Park) Flyer Comet was a wooden roller coaster located at Whalom Park in Lunenburg, Massachusetts. The roller coaster was built in 1940 and operated until is permanent closure in 2000. In 2006, after the lift motor and part of its electronics were gutted, Flyer Comet was demolished. When the 1923 Shooting Star roller coaster was destroyed in 1938 by a hurricane, Whalom staff hired the National Amusement Device Company and designer Vernon Keenan to create a new coaster for the park. Many parts from the Shooting Star were used to construct the ride, which was then Document [23] (Title: Crystal Beach, Ontario) sell varieties of loganberry drinks, mostly in Southern Ontario and Western New York. Following the park's closing in 1989, the rides and buildings sold by auction on October 17. The Comet was moved to The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom in Queensbury, New York where it still operates today. A roller coaster known as the Silver Comet was built at Fantasy Island in nearby Grand Island, New York with a loading platform and signage similar to the original Crystal Beach Comet. The Ferris wheel from the park was sold to Centreville Amusement Park in Toronto, Ontario and remains in operation. Document [24] (Title: Hersheypark) in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek. This is one of the oldest areas of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area. The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today. The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop. There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located. A Streco turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown. In 1932 the Park installed a Document [25] (Title: History of Hersheypark) Twin Turnpike stands as of 2016). In 1972, the first phase of redevelopment was completed. This included the addition or relocation of a number of rides. Three new areas were constructed: Carrousel Circle, Der Deitsch Platz (The Pennsylvania Dutch Place) and the Animal Gardens. Der Deitsch Platz featured a Pennsylvania Dutch theme while the Animal Gardens was a petting zoo and replaced the old Hershey Park Zoo. Neither of these areas included any rides. Carrousel Circle built to the west of Der Deitsch Platz and between Hersheypark Arena and Comet, which had been the site of a baseball field dating Document [26] (Title: History of Hersheypark) an agreement with PTC to build a new roller coaster to replace Wild Cat for the 1946 season. It would be the largest roller coaster in the nation. In 1946 the wooden roller coaster Comet replaced Wild Cat. It was Milton Hershey's last purchased ride before he died. In 1949, the park added a new section to the park, called Kiddieland. Kiddieland featured 7 kiddie rides, including two new ones: a Kiddie Horse and Buggy ride and a Lucas Motor Boat ride. Twin -high Ferris wheels were added the following season in 1950. In 1952, the park added a kiddie Document [27] (Title: Hersheypark) Hersheypark Hersheypark (known as Hershey Park until 1970) is a family theme park situated in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, about east of Harrisburg, and west of Philadelphia. Founded in 1906 by Milton S. Hershey, as a leisure park for the employees of the Hershey Chocolate Company, it is wholly and privately owned by Hershey Entertainment & Resorts Company . It has won several awards, including the IAAPA Applause Award. The park opened its first roller coaster in 1923, the Wild Cat, an early Philadelphia Toboggan Company coaster. In 1970, it began a redevelopment plan, which led to new rides, an Document [28] (Title: History of Hersheypark) the park's first pool. When the pool was drained, the building was left unoccupied and the Mill Chute was built next to it. In 1930, the park turned the building into what was called "Fun House." When it was renovated in 1938, it was given the name Whoops! In 1945, the park purchased a new wooden roller coaster from PTC. Due to its location and size, Whoops! was torn down. Today, that space is occupied by the Comet station and the midway for Comet Hollow. Laughland was a Magic Carpet type of fun house built by PTC in Hersheypark in Document [29] (Title: History of Hersheypark) issues, and the park transitioning into a theme park, the fun house was torn down. It was replaced with the Whipperoo which moved from Comet Hollow. In 1977, Himalaya was moved from Comet Hollow to near the same location of Funland, replacing Whipperoo. In 1990, the Himalaya was removed and the Flying Falcon was installed on the opposite side of the entrance to the Hershey Park Zoo (now called ZooAmerica). When Hersheypark formally opened on May 30, 1906, Mr. Hershey did not have a manager in charge of the park. This continued throughout the first season. In 1907, he promoted Document [30] (Title: USS Comet (AP-166)) USS Comet (AP-166) The third USS "Comet" (AP-166) was a United States Navy "La Salle"-class transport in commission from 1944 to 1946. She saw service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the latter stages of World War II and the immediate postwar period. "Comet" was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as the Maritime Commission type C2-S-B1 hull MC 293 by the Moore Dry Dock Company at Oakland, California, and was launched on 21 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. E. Warren. She was commissioned as USS "Comet" (AP-166) on 15 February 1944 with Commander V. F. Stieglitz, USNR, Document [31] (Title: Project 2012 (Hersheypark)) more clues located around the park at each of the park's roller coasters and ending up back at the "soon to be removed" restrooms in Comet Hollow. These clues led enthusiasts to the phrase "Ride the Edge", the potential catch phrase of the new attraction. Through the O'Connell website, there were clues dropped that something would be taking place on July 18 around a bench near the Tilt-a-Whirl in Comet Hollow. On that day, players that went to the Park found a QR code on the back of the bench, that when scanned, gave them "01. r" Upon further discovery, Document [32] (Title: History of Hersheypark) back to 1905, featured several new rides and a mixture of kiddie rides and adult rides. The Carrousel which had been sitting along Spring Creek in Comet Hollow was moved to the center of the circle, and rides were built around it. Three rides were relocated from the old kiddieland area: Space Age, Helicopters and Traffic Jam (then known as Motorcycles). Two new small rides were purchased: Scrambler and Monster. The biggest ride was Hersheypark's second roller coaster (third built, overall): Toboggan. (Toboggan was later removed following the 1977 season.) These rides were placed next to Comet, in the area Document [33] (Title: History of Hersheypark) was added in 1969. In 1970, the Rotor was added. Despite the investment in the park, there was an overall decline in it. There were fewer people to pick up trash, and attractions were subject to vandalism since there wasn't a gate around the park. The park got to the point that it faced one of two options: reinvent itself or close. They chose to reinvent the park. A five-year redevelopment plan was started in 1971 to convert the regional amusement park Hershey Park into a large theme park called "Hersheypark", as it is known to this day. This five-phase Document [34] (Title: Mini-Comet) before coming to a stop. Mini-Comet Mini-Comet was a kiddie roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was situated near Comet in The Hollow section of Hersheypark from 1974 through 1975. It was relocated to Kissing Tower Hill in 1976, where it remained in operation until its removal at the end of the 1978 season. The ride was purchased used at a public sale; it was constructed by B.A. Schiff & Associates, some time before 1974. The coaster featured an oval track with a series of small hills. It completed the circuit five times before the ride cycle Document [35] (Title: History of Hersheypark) slightly larger and more powerful than the latter. Sidewinder, a Vekoma Boomerang coaster, was added in 1991. In 1996, the wooden coaster Wildcat was added and was named after the Wild Cat that previously operated from 1923 to 1946. Great Bear opened in 1998, the park's most expensive single ride to date. Wild Mouse opened in 1999. Several rides were also added during this decade. In 1994 the water plunge ride Tidal Force opened. A Ferris wheel and Whip ride were added in 1997. Four other new rides were added in 1999. These include the Merry Derry Dip fun slide, Document [36] (Title: Mill Chute (Hersheypark)) Chute. Mill Chute (Hersheypark) The Mill Chute was a ride at Hersheypark from 1929 until 1972. Milton S. Hershey purchased the ride from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company when the decision was made to build a new pool and drain the existing pool and neighboring lake in Comet Hollow. In 1963, the ride was renovated and rethemed. It was renamed Lost River and maintained that theme until 1972. During the 1972 season Hurricane Agnes struck Hershey, and the resulting flood of the park caused irreparable damage to the ride. As a result, the ride was closed for the remainder of the Document [37] (Title: Hersheypark) Spring Creek between the base of Storm Runner's first drop and the station for Trail Blazer.) The park has had several pools, the first located next to Spring Creek in Comet Hollow, the area themed as The Hollow as of 2018. The first pool operated from 1908 until 1911, which included a toboggan-slide ride called Shoot-the-Chutes. This pool was replaced by a cement pool which opened in 1912 and remained in use through the 1928 season. That pool was replaced by a new pool complex on the western edge of the park, which included a large bathhouse, one large pool Document [38] (Title: Comet (Waldameer)) Comet (Waldameer) Comet is a wooden roller coaster that is located at Waldameer Park in Erie, Pennsylvania, United States. It was designed by Herbert Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company in 1951. It is similar to other Schmeck-designed PTC junior wooden coasters which feature a layered, figure-8/oval layout. However, Comet is taller than the previous junior wooden coaster designs. Comet is an ACE Coaster Classic. The ride begins with a right turn out of the station onto a lift hill. It then drops and heads back up into a left turn which faces the parking lot. It drops Document [39] (Title: Comet (Lincoln Park)) July 11, 2012. Comet (Lincoln Park) The Comet was a twister-layout wooden roller coaster that operated in the now defunct Lincoln Park in Massachusetts. It operated from 1946 until 1987. The coaster, originally named Cyclone, was designed by Edward Leis and Vernon Keenan and built by National Amusement Devices. The ride was 3000 feet long, and had a top speed of 55 mph and lasted two minutes and ten seconds. It had two trains, each with five cars, arranged with two per row, two rows per car, for a total of 20 riders per train. The coaster was originally designed Document [40] (Title: Crystal Beach Cyclone) season. Of the three, the Crystal beach version was the most famous and longest lasting, eventually being dismantled in September 1946 due to the high maintenance costs and falling revenues. Some of the wood and steel from the Cyclone was used by John Allen and Herbert Schmeck (both designers for the Philadelphia Toboggan Company) in the construction of the Crystal Beach Comet coaster in 1948. Over 225 tonnes of metal were used in building the ride, which used a steel support structure instead of the more traditional wood. Having said this, it is still considered a "woodie", due to the Document [41] (Title: Mini-Comet) Mini-Comet Mini-Comet was a kiddie roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was situated near Comet in The Hollow section of Hersheypark from 1974 through 1975. It was relocated to Kissing Tower Hill in 1976, where it remained in operation until its removal at the end of the 1978 season. The ride was purchased used at a public sale; it was constructed by B.A. Schiff & Associates, some time before 1974. The coaster featured an oval track with a series of small hills. It completed the circuit five times before the ride cycle ended. The Mini-Comet was an Document [42] (Title: The Comet (Great Escape)) coaster started its existence at Crystal Beach (an amusement park near Fort Erie, Ontario) as a ride known as Cyclone in 1927. Cyclone was known as a fearsome coaster. Its metal support structure was torn down and rebuilt as The Comet in 1947. The ride was saved shortly after the park closed down forever after the 1989 season. Charlie Wood, the owner of The Great Escape in Queensbury, New York successfully bid for The Comet and it sat in storage for a few years in Fantasy Island before making its way to the park in Queensbury where it began service Document [43] (Title: Cascade Park (amusement park)) new roller coaster of his own design, originally using the same name (Gorge), but several years later changing the name to "The Comet". The coaster cars were built by National Amusement Devices, in their popular Century Flyer style. The coaster's highest point was and boasted a track length. One of the coaster's most unusual features was that it was built on the edge of a valley. Most roller coasters of the day were towed up to the highest point by a chain and as the energy and momentum of the coaster was expended, the hills got smaller towards the end. Document [44] (Title: History of Hersheypark) the town instilled a need for the park to evolve into an amusement park. A trolley was instituted in the place, as well as the park’s first ride in 1908: a used carrousel and band organ, and an amphitheater followed in 1909. Soon, the park began expanding each year. The carrousel, bandstand, and restaurant were enlarged in 1912, and a Convention Hall followed three years later. The very first roller coaster, Wild Cat, was introduced for the 20th anniversary, and the amusement park fad in the 1920s added a bumper cars ride and the Mill Chute water flume. After this Document [45] (Title: Miniature Railroad (Hersheypark)) a number of other changes, including removing a variety of old rides. The Miniature Railroad, however, continued to operate despite the addition of the park's gate in 1971. The addition of the gate and the location of the ride placed a portion of the track within the park gate, and a portion of the track outside the park gate. The Comet Hollow station was inside the park, and the Park Boulevard station was outside the gate. Guests of the park could get their hand stamped so they would be able to renter the park by taking the Miniature Railroad back Document [46] (Title: Hersheypark) coaster in 1923, the Wild Cat, for the town of Hershey's twentieth anniversary, which operated until 1945. It was replaced by the park's second wooden roller coaster, Comet, in 1946. Between then and 1996, the park added six roller coasters, including SooperdooperLooper, the first complete-circuit, modern-day looping steel roller coaster on the East Coast of the United States, which opened in 1977. In 1996, Hersheypark added its third wooden roller coaster (Wild Cat and Comet being the first two) naming it Wildcat (initially The Wildcat), after the original Wild Cat. Between then and 2015, the park added nine roller coasters. Document [47] (Title: History of Hersheypark) holiday. However, the park was able to maintain the rides it had, so they remained in relatively good condition. However, Wild Cat was declining throughout the period, and once the war ended, Hershey began to look for the next roller coaster. In the 1944 season, the park reached an agreement to purchase a used carousel built by PTC in 1919. (It still operates in the park today, with music from a 1926 Wurlitzer model #153 Military Band Organ.) The carousel was the last ride Milton Hershey purchased and saw in operation as he died that year. However, he had reached Document [48] (Title: Hersheypark) taken of them by park photographers throughout their day, as well as a Subway restaurant. The next section that was merged, formerly known as Music Box Way, is home to the Music Box Theater, the first enclosed theater stage in the park. It also includes rides such as the Fender Bender bumper cars, the Pirate, Reese's Xtreme Cup Challenge, as well as a number of kiddie rides. It is from this area that guests can access The Hollow, Pioneer Frontier, and a bridge leading to Kissing Tower Hill. This section was originally named "Comet Hollow" after the oldest operating coaster Document [49] (Title: Wild Cat (Hersheypark)) Wild Cat and construct a new roller coaster in 1946. The Wild Cat was the first roller coaster designed by Herbert Schmeck . Milton S. Hershey had The Wild Cat built at a cost of $50,000, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the town of Hershey. It was the first roller coaster built in Hersheypark. However, unlike all other roller coasters build at the park since, Wild Cat was owned by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) and the land the ride was built on was leased to PTC on an agreement that expired in 1945. When the ride opened on Document [50] (Title: History of Hersheypark) period, although the Great Depression cast its shadow on the park, more new attractions and the Hershey Arena and Stadium were added. To celebrate the town of Hershey's twentieth anniversary, Milton Hershey ordered a roller coaster from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC). Hershey chose not to purchase the roller coaster, but rented the land that the ride was built on to PTC. The ride opened on June 23, 1923, as the Joy Ride. It was changed to Wild Cat several years later and operated through the 1945 season when it torn down and replaced by Comet. A small Ferris wheel Document [51] (Title: History of Hersheypark) 1938. It was initially called Death Valley Fun House, and in 1940, it was renamed Laughland. Laff Land was originally the back portion of the park's first theater, Hershey Park Theater. Both the Theater and Laff Land were torn down following the 1965 season, and replaced with a flat ride, Tip-Top. Funland was the park's third fun house. It opened in 1946 and was located on the southern hill of the park, next to Park Avenue, across from Hershey Park Zoo. The fun house remained a staple of the park through the 1972 season. However, due to vandalism and maintenance Question: when was the comet built at hershey park

Answer: 1946 Long Answer: Comet is a wooden roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania . It is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to Skyrush . Built in 1946 by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the coaster features a double out and back track layout . When built it was jointly owned by Hershey Park and PTC. Gold Document ID: 51

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Wang Wenyin) March 2014 that Wang Wenyin will set up a company in Singapore to expand the trading of metals and to purchase global mining assets. As of 25 June 2015 Wang Wenyin is ranked number 125 on Forbes’ list of global billionaires with a net worth of $15 billion, and the 8th richest man in China. Wang resides in Shenzhen, China. Wang Wenyin Wang Wenyin (, born 1968) is a Chinese businessman, chairman of Amer International Group, a Chinese company that produces cable and copper products and with interests in mining. Wang was born in the Chinese province of Anhui. He Document [2] (Title: Iris Fontbona) Fontbona was ranked the 35th richest person on Bloomberg's Billionare List. This position fell to 83rd in 2016. Fontbana lost a quarter of her wealth in 2012. Fontbona acquired her wealth following the death of her husband, Andrónico Luksic Abaroa, in 2005 from cancer. The bulk of her husband's business went to their three sons, Guillermo, Jean Paul and Andronico. Jean Paul manages Antofagasta, Luksic Group's copper mining group and one of the largest mining companies in the world. Fontbona and her family control Antofagasta, the Santiago-based mining company. Through the publicly-traded company Quiñenco, they control Banco de Chile, Madeco, Document [3] (Title: LGBT billionaires) LGBT billionaires According to American LGBT-interest magazine "The Advocate", Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani with a net worth of $8.1 billion is currently the world's richest person who is openly part of the LGBT community. In 1980, DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen came out as the first openly gay billionaire in the world. He had dated women before such as Cher, but finally came to terms with this sexuality in the early 1980s and had become one of the most important forces in the gay rights movement by 1992. Giorgio Armani is known for being notoriously private and has remained relatively Document [4] (Title: Billionaire) of 152 countries. The majority of billionaires are male, as fewer than 11% (197 of 1,826) on the 2015 list were female billionaires. In 2015, there were ten LGBT billionaires. The United States has the largest number of billionaires of any country, with 536 as of 2015, while China, India and Russia are home to 213, 90 and 88 billionaires respectively. As of 2015, only 46 billionaires were under the age of 40, while the list of American-only billionaires, as of 2010, had an average age of 66. According to a 2016 Oxfam report, the wealth of the poorest 95% Document [5] (Title: African-American history) the increasing visibility of blacks in the political arena. Economic progress for blacks' reaching the extremes of wealth has been slow. According to Forbes richest lists, Oprah Winfrey was the richest African American of the 20th century and has been the world's only black billionaire in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Not only was Winfrey the world's only black billionaire but she has been the only black on the Forbes 400 list nearly every year since 1995. BET founder Bob Johnson briefly joined her on the list from 2001 to 2003 before his ex-wife acquired part of his fortune; although he Document [6] (Title: Billionaire) John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916, and still holds the title of history's wealthiest individual. As of 2018, there are over 2,200 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over , up from in 2017. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight richest billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race". According to the "Forbes" report released in March 2017, there are currently 2,043 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, from 66 countries, with a combined net worth of $7.67 trillion, which is more than the combined GDP Document [7] (Title: Red McCombs) ... not on a par with other candidates." Three days later he apologized, and pledged "total support" for Strong. Red McCombs Billy Joe "Red" McCombs (born October 19, 1927), is an American billionaire. He is the founder of the Red McCombs Automotive Group in San Antonio, Texas, a co-founder of Clear Channel Communications, chairman of Constellis Group, a former owner of the San Antonio Spurs, San Antonio Force, Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Vikings, and the namesake of the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin. He is on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans. He Document [8] (Title: Yu Huijiao) however, the combined wealth of his immediate family is 7.5 billion USD. Forbes listed Yu's wife, Zhang Xiaojuan (), as the 12th richest self-made female billionaire in the world. Yu Huijiao Yu Huijiao () is the founder and chairman of YTO Express (), a Chinese express courier service. After the failure of his architecture firm, Yu founded a courier service to help pay his bankruptcy bills. Initially, he and his wife had 15 employees who delivered packages by bicycle in Tonglu County, near Hangzhou. , YTO Express employs over 22 thousand people across mainland China and Hong Kong, with an Document [9] (Title: Alberto Cortina) their billionaires list ranking as the 828th wealthiest man in the world. In June 2015 Banque de Dakar starts to provide financial services at its headquarters in the capital of Senegal and providing banking services at a Pan African level focusing in the UEMOA region. The bank is controlled by the BDK Financial Group led by Cortina along with various relevant shareholders. In February 2016 Alfredo Sáenz Abad is appointed president of the bank and in March he acquires 5% of BDK's shares. Alberto Cortina has held the following titles: Alberto Cortina Alberto Cortina de Alcocer (born January 20, 1947, Document [10] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) $3.5 billion. The United States accounted for 38% of the lists, down from 44% the year prior. The World's Billionaires 2010 The World's Billionaires 2010 edition was 24th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2010. It was released online on March 10, 2010. Forty reporters across 13 countries contributed to the list. Carlos Slim and Bill Gates were featured on the cover. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Microsoft's Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for Document [11] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed Document [12] (Title: Philip Anschutz) stakes in the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings and venues including the Staples Center and O2 Arena. AEG is the world's largest owner of sports teams, sports events, and sports venues. One of the world's wealthiest individuals, Anschutz has been an active philanthropist. He was listed as #113 on the Forbes list of billionaires in January 2015, with a net worth of $10.3 billion. He heads the Anschutz Foundation. Anschutz and his wife have contributed over $100,000,000 to the new medical, dental, nursing, and pharmacy campus of the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Aurora, Colorado, which Document [13] (Title: Zhang Li (entrepreneur)) No.4 with $4.075 billion. Zhang Li (entrepreneur) Zhang Li (; born 1953 in Guangzhou, Guangdong), is a Chinese entrepreneur and billionaire. He is President of the Fuli Group (富力集團/富力集团). In Hurun Report's 2013 China Rich List he was the 57th richest person in China with a net-worth of around $2.850 billion. Zhang was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China in 1953. Zhang at beginning was an industrial worker in a textile factory (since 1973), later became an official served in the local government. 1986, He became the chief manager of the Garden Village Hotel (Chinese: 花园村酒店). 1988, he first entered the Document [14] (Title: Bill Gates) May 2006 interview, Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought. In March 2010, Gates was the second wealthiest person behind Carlos Slim, but regained the top position in 2013, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires List. Carlos Slim retook the position again in June 2014 (but then lost the top position back to Gates). Between 2009 and 2014, his wealth doubled from 40 billion to more than 82 billion. Since October 2017, Gates was surpassed by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos as the richest person in the Document [15] (Title: Wang Jianlin) person in the world with . In 2015, Bloomberg, listed him as the richest person in Asia with . According to "Forbes", in 2016 he was the richest person in Asia with . A year later, Forbes ranked him 18th in its 2017 World's Billionaires list, making him the richest man in China with a net worth of . However, on May 14, Jack Ma overtook Wang Jianlin as the richest man in China, thanks to Ma's Alibaba Group's increases in stock prices. He is married to Lin Ning (), and has a son, Wang Sicong (; born 1988), educated Document [16] (Title: The World's Billionaires) first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires. The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s. Source: "Forbes". The World's Billionaires The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine "Forbes". The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the Document [17] (Title: The World's Billionaires) an individual's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled. Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living. Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded Document [18] (Title: Forbes Fictional 15) of fictional characters under consideration for the list is calculated by combining the fictional source texts with real-world information about stock and commodity prices. As wealthy as the fictional characters on the list have been, their wealth has historically been exceeded by that of real-world billionaires such as Bill Gates and Carlos Slim. Forbes Fictional 15 The "Forbes" Fictional 15 was a list from "Forbes" business magazine that listed the 15 richest people in the realm of fiction produced between 2002 to 2013. The members are characters from movies, books, cartoons, television, video games, and comics. To qualify for the Document [19] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) 2012. It tracks the 500 wealthiest people in the world. The ranking was designed to provide a more transparent and accountable presentation of the world's biggest personal fortunes. At first, the index only tracked the 20 richest people in the world, and then expanded to 100, 200, 400 and later 500 in October 2016. At its launch in 2012, Mexican telecommunications tycoon Carlos Slim was in the top spot, with an estimated $65.8 billion net worth. Beginning in May 2013, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates was the world's top billionaire. Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and Spanish fashion retailer Amancio Ortega both Document [20] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) his own wealth. "Harry Potter" author JK Rowling and former Research In Motion CEO Jim Balsillie were among whose who fell off the list. A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 different countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Three new billionaires from Morocco represented their nation, which did not have any billionaire in 2011. Georgia and Peru also were newly represented. Moscow was the home to Document [21] (Title: David and Simon Reuben) David and Simon Reuben David Reuben (born 1941) and Simon Reuben (born 1944) are British businessmen and philanthropists. In the 2016 "Forbes" magazine list of billionaires, David and Simon Reuben were ranked as the 60th wealthiest people in the world, with a net worth of 14.4 billion. In 2016 they were named by "The Sunday Times" as Britain's richest people, with a net worth of 13.1 billion. The brothers were born in Mumbai, India, the sons of David Sassoon Reuben and Nancy Reuben, a prosperous Baghdadi Jewish family. The family had lived in British India since the mid-1800s with other Document [22] (Title: Korean ruling class) power elites of the world have found sufficient high profile rich in Korea as to generate accurate numbers. Forbes magazine has hinted at Korea having at the very least 7 high billionaires living on the peninsula, and at least ten families alone who control in the high billions in assets. There are possibly another 5 Korean billionaires abroad, mostly in the USA who maintain dual citizenship. Low billionaire families are generally accepted to number more than 10 and less than 20; while domestic newspapers have indicated that there are at least 100 families who have more than $250 million in Document [23] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557% to $13.5 billion. Placing 51st overall, he finished one spot ahead of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg too was among the top gainers, adding $9.5 billion to his fortune. Fellow Facebook founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. Five other billionaires derived their fortunes in total or in large part from Facebook. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet Document [24] (Title: The World's Billionaires) mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P., appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison, Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively. In the 29th annual "Forbes" list of global Document [25] (Title: Ion Țiriac) well as exhibits that previously belonged to great names such as Sir Elton John, Sammy Davis Jr. or Bernie Ecclestone. Ion Țiriac became the first Romanian to enter Forbes' List of billionaires in the 2007 Forbes rankings, ranking 840th in the world. His wealth was estimated at $1.0 billion as of 2010, according to the magazine. In 2010, TOP 300 Capital declared Ion Țiriac the richest man in Romania with a wealth estimated at €1.5–€1.6 billion ($2–$2.2 billion). In 2018, Ion Tiriac ranked #1867 on the "Forbes" World's Billionaires list, with wealth listed at US $1.2 billion. Țiriac was married Document [26] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Amancio Ortega moved up a spot to number five, despite stepping down from Zara's top post during the year. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg was also among the top gainers, adding $4 billion to his fortune. Dustin Moskovitz, also of Facebook, was the youngest self-made billionaire on the list at age 27. Making her debut on the list at age 41, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire Document [27] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth. Oracle founder Larry Ellison rounded out the top five. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to crack the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. 24-year-old Perenna Kei, daughter of Chinese real estate developer Ji Haipeng, was the youngest person on the list. At age 99, David Rockefeller was the oldest. Among the largest gainers Document [28] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) and 7% from the real estate industry. The average billionaire is 62 years old, and 87% of the world's billionaires are male. Approximately 68% of them have a bachelor's degree or higher levels of education. UHNW individuals are of crucial importance not only to the finance, banking and investment industry, but also to luxury companies who target UHNW individuals, charities, universities and schools amongst others. UHNW individuals are notable players in the field of philanthropy; many of them have their own private foundations and support a variety of causes, from education to poverty relief. Financial institutions are known for their Document [29] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) second as he had in 2014. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway placed third while the founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat, became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to make the list. In the 29th annual list of global billionaires, ist.cord 1,826 billionaires Document [30] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, including 37 new names. Russia was third with 111. Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Sixteen of the female billionaires came from Germany, the second most of any country. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to high inflation in the country. The World's Billionaires 2014 The World's Billionaires 2014 edition was 28th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's Document [31] (Title: Black billionaires) Winfrey was considered especially powerful because of her influence on American consumer choices and her pivotal role in getting Barack Obama elected. Wealth valuations by "Forbes" magazine Black billionaires Black billionaires is a term used to describe African Americans and others of Black African ancestry with a net worth of at least US$1 billion. According to Forbes 2018 ranking of the world's billionaires, Nigerian business magnate Aliko Dangote with a net worth of $13.8 billion is the world's richest black person. Others on the list are Nigeria's Mike Adenuga with $4.6 billion, American media mogul Oprah Winfrey with a net Document [32] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) in real time. The World's Billionaires 2012 The World's Billionaires 2012 edition was 26th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2012. It was released online on March 7, 2012. Telecommunications mogul Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Investor Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of Document [33] (Title: The World's Billionaires) list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in its history. Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the "Forbes" 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his previous number one ranking was in 2009. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing Document [34] (Title: Charles Butt) list of the world’s top billionaires beginning in 2016. The magazine changed its methodology to exclude individuals from families that share their fortunes. Charles Butt Charles Clarence Butt (born February 3, 1938) is an American billionaire businessman, who inherited his family's San Antonio-based H-E-B supermarket chain in 1971. The privately held company has more than 300 stores and $20 billion in sales, according to "Forbes". Charles Clarence Butt was born on February 3, 1938, the son of Howard Edward Butt Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth, and the grandson of Florence Butt, who founded H.E. Butt in 1905. Butt graduated from Document [35] (Title: Billionaire) 2008. Data for each year is from the annual "Forbes" list of billionaires, with currency figures given in U.S. dollars. Billionaire A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally, a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) is commonly used to reference a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000). The American business magazine "Forbes" produces a complete global list of known Document [36] (Title: Michael Bloomberg) time, there were only four fortunes in the U.S. that were larger (although the Wal-Mart family fortune is split among four people). He had moved from 142nd to 17th in the "Forbes" list of the world's billionaires in only two years (March 2007 – March 2009). In March 2012, Forbes reported Bloomberg's wealth at $22 billion, ranking him 20th in the world and 11th in the United States. By September 2013, Bloomberg's wealth was reported by Forbes as $31 billion and ranked him as the 10th richest person in the United States. In September 2015, his net worth was $43.3 Document [37] (Title: University of California, Berkeley) (Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas), Hearst, and Bechtel families. There are at least 18 living alumni billionaires: Masayoshi Son (SoftBank), Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons, Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment), Bill Joy (computer programmer and Sun Microsystems founder), Eric Schmidt (Google Chairman), Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim (wealthiest Kuwaiti), Kutayba Alghanim, Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC, wealthiest Taiwanese), Robert Haas (Levi Strauss & Co.), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru), Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, Victor Koo, and Lowell Milken. University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Document [38] (Title: The World's Billionaires) not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at , up from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was , up from in 2017. , Microsoft founder Bill Gates had topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first Document [39] (Title: The World's Billionaires) person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved Document [40] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) Bloomberg Billionaires Index The Bloomberg Billionaires Index is a daily ranking of the world's richest people. The index debuted in March 2012 and tracks the net worth of the 500 wealthiest people on the planet. It draws information from "action in the stock market, economic indicators and news reports," features a profile of each billionaire, and includes a tool that allows users to compare the fortunes of multiple billionaires. The index is updated every day at the close of trading in New York. Bloomberg Billionaires Index is a daily ranking of the world's billionaires published by Bloomberg News since March Document [41] (Title: Nerijus Numavičius) companies operating in food, baby food and pet food production and sales businesses, covering Sweden, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Belarus, Lithuania, Slovakia and other European and Asian countries. According to a study carried out by the investment bank Prudentia and stock exchange Nasdaq Riga (Riga Stock Exchange), the value of Maxima Group was totaling 1.62 billion and increased by 26% in 2017 (YOY) Forbes magazine included Nerijus Numavičius in The World's Billionaires 2015 list and his net worth was valued above EUR 1 billion. He was the first billionaire on this list in the Baltic states. In 2016, Lithuania got Document [42] (Title: Lund University) been ranked among the top ten richest men in the world. Dan Olofsson (1950–) is a Swedish entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the company Sigma and the foundation Star for Life and is a large shareholder in the company ÅF. Anders Dahlvig (1957–) was the CEO and President of the IKEA group between 1999 and 2009, during which IKEA experienced an average growth of 11 percent, and is the current chairman of the New Wave Group. Charlotta Falvin (1966–) is a Swedish businesswoman who is the chairman of the companies Teknopol, Barista, Multi-Q and Ideon AB and the previous CEO Document [43] (Title: The World's Billionaires) time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "the poorest half of the human race". Each year, "Forbes" employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world's wealthiest individuals. Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to "Forbes", they received three types Document [44] (Title: Jorge M. Pérez) Jorge M. Pérez Jorge M. Pérez (born October 17, 1949) is an American billionaire real estate developer, art collector, philanthropist and author. He is best known as the chairman and CEO of The Related Group. He is ranked 264th on the Forbes 400 list with a net worth of $3 billion as of October, 2017. He is a longtime friend of U.S. president Donald Trump and has built Trump-branded properties. Pérez was born October 17, 1949 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to Cuban parents of Spanish origin. He lived in Colombia before moving to Miami in 1968. His father was the Document [45] (Title: Aliko Dangote) by UK-based company Richtopia at number 6 in the list of 100 Most Influential Philanthropists. Aliko Dangote Aliko Dangote GCON (born 10 April 1957) is a Nigerian business magnate, investor, and owner of the Dangote Group, which has interests in commodities in Nigeria and other African countries. As of March 2018, he had an estimated net worth of US$14.1 billion. Dangote is ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 100th-richest person in the world and the richest in Africa, and peaked on the list as the 23rd-richest person in the world in 2014. He surpassed Saudi-Ethiopian billionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi Document [46] (Title: The World's Billionaires) $22.5 billion. At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world's youngest self-made billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney. A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. Eighty-nine women made the Document [47] (Title: Sunday Times Rich List 2016) Sunday Times Rich List 2016 The Sunday Times Rich List 2016 is the 28th annual survey of the wealthiest people resident in the United Kingdom, published by "The Sunday Times" on 24 April 2016. Long-term compiler Philip Beresford was joined by Robert Watts for the 2016 list. An estimated wealth of £103 million is required for entry in the 2016 list. Newly added to the list for the first time, and ranked in the top 100, are John Grayken, Christo Wiese, Sunil Vaswani & Family, and Martin Moller. The "Daily Mail" noted that "Britain's Super Rich have taken a hammering Document [48] (Title: The World's Billionaires) up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s. The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion. Slim narrowly eclipsed Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of Document [49] (Title: The World's Billionaires) inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111. Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country. Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at Document [50] (Title: The World's Billionaires) stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987. The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan). On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world. In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people Document [51] (Title: Lakshmi Mittal) on the previous year. Meanwhile, in 2016 "Forbes" magazine's annual billionaires list assessed estimated Mittal's wealth in 2016 at as the 135th-wealthiest billionaire with a net worth of 8.4 billion. Mittal's net worth peaked in 2008, assessed by "The Sunday Times" at £27.70 billion, and by "Forbes" at 45.0 billion, and rated as the fourth-wealthiest individual in the world. Lakshmi Mittal Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; born 15 June 1950) is an Indian steel magnate and "Zamindar", based in the United Kingdom. He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steelmaking company. Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and Document [52] (Title: Yelena Baturina) Soviet republics. The couple denied the accusations as "total rubbish". In the 2018 ranking of The World's Billionaires, published by "Forbes" on 6 March, Baturina with $1,2 billion remains for the 13th consecutive year the richest woman of Russia, and the only Russian female billionaire. Baturina is also the only independent self-made woman entrepreneur in the construction section of the Forbes list; she is number 55 of 56 self-made women billionaires who have built their fortune from scratch. Altogether there are 227 women on the list, over 75% of them have inherited their wealth from family. According to Forbes, Baturina's Document [53] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) on the list. American investor Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Oracle founder Larry Ellison rounded out the top five. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led "Forbes" editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Mark Zuckerberg. The founder of Facebook saw his fortune fall by $4 billion to $13.3 billion, but he wasn't the Document [54] (Title: The World's Billionaires) first American to take the top spot of the World's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot-com bubble's height in 1999 when Gates' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list. The dot-com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear. Billionaires' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis; 2009 was the Document [55] (Title: Black billionaires) "Forbes" billionaire list since 2002 and in 2012 had a net worth of $12.5 billion. Michael Lee-Chin of Canada, who is Jamaican of Chinese and Black ancestry was on the list from 2001 to 2010, but dropped off in 2011. In 2013 Isabel Dos Santos who is of both Angolan and Middle Eastern ancestry made the list with a $2 billion net worth. Of all the above-mentioned billionaires identified by "Forbes," only Oprah Winfrey qualified for "Forbes" 2009's list of the world's 20 most powerful billionaires, a list which considered not only wealth, but also market sway and political clout. Document [56] (Title: Scott Lin) of US$1.2 billion. Lin was listed on "The World's Billionaires" for the first time in 2015; his fortune was valued at US$1.5 billion. In early 2017, Lin's net worth was US$3.2 billion, ranking seventy-sixth on a "Forbes" list of businesspeople in technology, and ninth on Taiwan's list. When the 2017 Forbes Taiwan Rich List was released in June, Lin was valued at US$2.7 billion and ranked thirteenth. Lin is married and has two sons, Lin En-chou and Adam Lin. Scott Lin Scott Lin (; born 1933) is a Taiwanese billionaire and cofounder of Largan Precision. Scott Lin was born in Document [57] (Title: Zhou Chengjian) of a number of Chinese businessmen that had mysteriously gone missing. A week later, news reported that he has returned to work. In 2008, Zhou Chengjian and his family was estimated worthy US$ 1.9 billion by the Hurun Report magazine. His daughter also holds a major share of the Metersbonwe Group. In 2014, Zhou was ranked No.892 in Hurun Report's Global Rich List 2014, with a wealth of US$1.9 billion, which is a quite rare case because in 2009 the world's economy is in recession and the most billionaires in the list suffered from wealth shrink, but Zhou still earned Document [58] (Title: Financial Review Rich List) the list; the other times being in 2009 and 2017. Pratt succeeded Harry Triguboff who topped the list in 2016, when it was estimated he had a personal net worth of 10.62 billion in 2016. Gina Rinehart held the mantle between 2011 and 2015. In 2012 "BRW" proclaimed Rinehart as the richest woman in the world, a title that appeared to have slipped in subsequent years, according to "Forbes Asia". Fourteen individuals and/or families have made every list; including Maurice Alter, Lindsay Fox, John Gandel, Bruce Gordon, Bruno & Rino Grollo, David Hains, John Kahlbetzer, Solomon Lew, Frank Lowy, Grahame Document [59] (Title: Alan Trefler) Entrepreneurs, and he speaks publicly on business and software topics at various events and conferences. Among other publications, he has appeared in "Barron's", the BBC, "Forbes", "Fortune", "The New York Times", the "Wall Street Journal", "Reuters", and "Bloomberg Television." Trefler made the Forbes Billionaire’s List in March 2017. A master-level chess player who had been playing chess since his childhood, Trefler competed in the 1975 World Open Chess Championship in New York City. Still a college student at Dartmouth, he entered the tournament with a 2075 Elo rating, 125 points below the lowest master-rated player, ranking him 115th overall in Document [60] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) the most billionaire with 78, followed by New York City with 58, and London with 39. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Combined net worth of the billionaire list rose to a record $4.6 trillion. However, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441, including 7 of the top 20). The list average was a net worth of $3.7 billion. To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires Document [61] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) ever. Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. Laurene Powell Jobs, widow of Steve Jobs, was just behind Domingo, inheriting a fortune of $9 billion. India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian. Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing reclaimed that title, despite a slight drop in Document [62] (Title: The World's Billionaires) suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop-offs, with 29, followed by the United Document [63] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) The World's Billionaires 2012 The World's Billionaires 2012 edition was 26th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2012. It was released online on March 7, 2012. Telecommunications mogul Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Investor Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the Document [64] (Title: Wealth of Donald Trump) indicated they are examining the matter. Trump was listed on the initial "Forbes List" of wealthy individuals in 1982 as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. Former "Forbes" reporter Jonathan Greenberg stated in 2018 that during the 1980s Trump had deceived him about his actual net worth and his share of the family assets in order to appear on the list. According to Greenberg, "it took decades to unwind the elaborate farce Trump had enacted to project an image as one of the richest people in America. Nearly every assertion supporting that claim was untrue. Document [65] (Title: Warren Buffett) the enlarged group with his Berkshire Hathaway, which provided $3 billion, underlining his instrumental role during the crisis in debt and equity markets. In 2008, Buffett became the richest person in the world, with a total net worth estimated at $62 billion by Forbes and at $58 billion by Yahoo, overtaking Bill Gates, who had been number one on the Forbes list for 13 consecutive years. In 2009, Gates regained the top position on the Forbes list, with Buffett shifted to second place. Both of the men's values dropped, to $40 billion and $37 billion respectively—according to Forbes, Buffett lost Document [66] (Title: The World's Billionaires) the top. Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list. Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led "Forbes" editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, Document [67] (Title: Eka Tjipta Widjaja) at 17. Mr. Widjaja received his honorary Doctorate degree in Economics from Pittsburg State University. He has since retired from the limelight and handed his business over to his children, in particular Indra, Teguh and Franky and grandson Eric Oei Kang, who headed up the Hong Kong-listed construction company Creator Holdings. Hong Kong Creator Holdings is now one of Hong Kong's most well known and prominent companies, with many projects in Asia. Widjaja's second son, Singapore tycoon Oei Hong Leong, is one of Southeast Asia's richest men, ranked by Forbes Magazine as #37, with a net worth of US$355 million. Document [68] (Title: Warren Buffett) by "Forbes" as the richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of approximately $62 billion. In 2009, after donating billions of dollars to charity, he was ranked as the second richest man in the United States with a net worth of $37 billion with only Bill Gates ranked higher than Buffett. His net worth had risen to $58.5 billion as of September 2013. In 1999, Buffett was named the top money manager of the Twentieth Century in a survey by the Carson Group, ahead of Peter Lynch and John Templeton. In 2007, he was listed among "Time"'s Document [69] (Title: Wang Jianlin) government and "clear" from the government as well. "If the government never talk to entrepreneurs, they'll never know what entrepreneurs want to invest, develop or solve." Wang Jianlin has been ranked prominently in worldwide billionaire lists for years. The previous year, Forbes ranked him the 128th richest person in the world, with . In August 2013, he was listed as the wealthiest person in China with a net worth of by Bloomberg. In September 2013, his net worth rose to , according to numbers of the Hurun Report. According to the Hurun Report, in 2014 he was the 25th richest Document [70] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) The World's Billionaires 2011 The World's Billionaires 2011 edition was 25th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2011. It was released online on March 8, 2011. Russian investor Lucio Mata, a newcomer for 2011, was the cover photo. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Microsoft founder Bill Gates added $3 billion to his fortune and placed Document [71] (Title: Stephen Saad) of twenty-nine, he sold his share in Covan Zurich for US$3 million, thus becoming a millionaire. In 1997, together with Gus Attridge, he co-founded Aspen Pharmacare, a public company traded on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It has become the largest producer of generic medicines on the African continent. He serves as its chief executive and Gus Attridge as its deputy chief executive, and serves on its board of directors. In 2011, he was worth US$640 million, becoming one of Africa's 40 richest people. His stock portfolio went up 75% in 2013. He is now worth US$1.4 billion. Additionally, he chairs Document [72] (Title: Mortimer Zuckerman) Mortimer Zuckerman Mortimer Benjamin Zuckerman (born June 4, 1937) is a Canadian-born American media proprietor, magazine editor, and investor. He is the co-founder, executive chairman and former CEO of Boston Properties, one of the largest real estate investment trusts in the United States. Zuckerman is also the owner and publisher of "U.S. News & World Report", where he serves as editor-in-chief. He formerly owned the "New York Daily News" "The Atlantic" and "Fast Company". On the "Forbes" 2016 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 688 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. As of February 9, 2018, Document [73] (Title: Sunday Times Rich List 2016) in the last year, as it was revealed 10 men have been downgraded from billionaires to mere multi-millionaires." Sunday Times Rich List 2016 The Sunday Times Rich List 2016 is the 28th annual survey of the wealthiest people resident in the United Kingdom, published by "The Sunday Times" on 24 April 2016. Long-term compiler Philip Beresford was joined by Robert Watts for the 2016 list. An estimated wealth of £103 million is required for entry in the 2016 list. Newly added to the list for the first time, and ranked in the top 100, are John Grayken, Christo Wiese, Sunil Document [74] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering from 2009's global financial crisis. His magazine declared that Asia was leading the recovery, with the US lagging behind, based on the billionaire list. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12% of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50% from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was Document [75] (Title: Jeff Bezos) Bezos Expeditions. On July 27, 2017, he became the world's wealthiest person when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. Bezos's wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by "Forbes" on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. The first centi-billionaire on the "Forbes" wealth index, he was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018. Bezos was born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, Document [76] (Title: Garrett Camp) the "Wall Street Journal", "TechCrunch", BBC News, "Inc. Magazine", "PRWeek", "Monocle’s" "Entrepreneurs" and AllThingsD. In 2015, he was the 283rd-richest person in the world and the third-richest Canadian, with an estimated wealth of US$5.3 billion according to "Forbes". He has joined The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away half of his wealth to charity. The Giving Pledge was created in 2010 by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates to encourage the world's richest people to "publicly dedicate the majority of their wealth to philanthropy" while they're still alive. In a personal blog post announcing his plans, Camp spoke Document [77] (Title: The Giving Pledge) by the following year, "The Huffington Post" reported that a total of 81 billionaires had committed. As of 2012, signatories of the pledge included: Hasso Plattner, David Rockefeller, Azim Premji, Richard Branson, Elon Musk, Tim Cook, Sara Blakely, and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw. By May 2017, 158 individuals and/or couples were listed as pledgers. At least $365 billion of giving has been pledged by 139 individuals, with a combined 2016 net worth of $731 billion. Below is a list of all net worth amounts (pledges are not shown): The Giving Pledge The Giving Pledge is a campaign to encourage wealthy people to Document [78] (Title: Eddie and Sol Zakay) Hilton and several Thistle Hotels, six in central London and one in Edinburgh. The brothers are thought to be majority owners of Topland which, according to "This is Money" in 2003, is "ultimately controlled from the British Virgin Islands". On the "Forbes" 2016 list of the world's billionaires, they were ranked #688 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. The company has since diversified into natural resources and renewable energy. In 2012, "The Guardian" reported that Topland and Eddie Zakay were being sued by the U.K.'s Ministry of Justice for allegedly having "conspired with a property agent in 2002 to Document [79] (Title: Billionaire) Billionaire A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally, a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) is commonly used to reference a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000). The American business magazine "Forbes" produces a complete global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate Document [80] (Title: David and Simon Reuben) has doubled. David and Simon Reuben David Reuben (born 1941) and Simon Reuben (born 1944) are British businessmen and philanthropists. In the 2016 "Forbes" magazine list of billionaires, David and Simon Reuben were ranked as the 60th wealthiest people in the world, with a net worth of 14.4 billion. In 2016 they were named by "The Sunday Times" as Britain's richest people, with a net worth of 13.1 billion. The brothers were born in Mumbai, India, the sons of David Sassoon Reuben and Nancy Reuben, a prosperous Baghdadi Jewish family. The family had lived in British India since the mid-1800s Document [81] (Title: Lakshmi Mittal) but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015. In spite of the drop, "Forbes" estimated that he still had a personal wealth of in October 2013. Mukesh Ambani remains the richest Indian, overtaking him, although they have frequently traded places. In 2017, Forbes ranked him as the 56th-richest person in the world with a net worth of US$20.4 billion. He is also the "57th-most powerful person" of the 72 individuals named in "Forbes'" "Most Powerful People" list for 2015. His daughter Vanisha Mittal's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history. Mittal has been a member of the board of Document [82] (Title: Bill Gates) world. Bill Gates has held the top spot on the list of The World's Billionaires for 18 out of the past 23 years. Gates has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667 and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667. In 1989, he founded Corbis, a digital imaging company. In 2004, he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett. In 2016, he was discussing his gaming habits when he revealed that he was color-blind. In a BBC interview, Gates claimed "I've paid more tax than any individual ever, and Document [83] (Title: Roman Avdeev) the lists of European and global billionaires for the first time. In 2014, Adveev’s holding company Garden Hills consolidated more than 98% of Veropharm, one of the largest drug makers in Russia. He then sold Garden Hills to Abbott for an estimated $650 million. In 2016, he bought OPIN development group from Mikhail Prokhorov and integrated it into its real estate assets. In 2017, Avdeev became the co-owner of FC Torpedo Moscow club. In 2018 he was included in "Putin List", released by the US Treasury, among 210 Russian politicians and billionaires from Forbes list . In 2014, Avdeev established Document [84] (Title: Shin Kyuk-ho) his family were ranked 136th on "Forbes" magazine's list, "The World's Billionaires." In 2009, Shin was ranked 38th on the magazine's list of South Korea's richest people. Lotte itself was South Korea's fifth largest conglomerate as of 2017. In June 2017, Shin retired from his role as board director of Lotte Holdings Co. after holding the position for nearly 70 years. In December 2017, he was sentenced to four years in prison after he was convicted of embezzling 128.6 billion won (119 million USD) from Lotte. However, Shin was allowed to remain free given his poor health. Shin has a Document [85] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.05 trillion, up from $6.4 trillion in 2014. 46 of the billionaires on the list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25% hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. Mark Zuckerberg, the social media magnate and founder of Facebook, was placed at number 16 with $33.4 billion. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the Document [86] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) second, the same place he finished in 2010. Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett remained in third with $50 billion. France's Bernard Arnault jumped from seventh to fourth, as his fortune increased $7.5 billion. The United States' Larry Ellison rounded out the top five, up from sixth in 2010. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list. However, Nigeria commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was Document [87] (Title: Billionaire (Los Angeles, California)) Seven Dwarfs images, a $200,000 wall of candy dispensers, Dom Pérignon-filled fire extinguishers, over 130 works of art (including photographs by Timothy White and a $1 million sculpture by Liao Yibai), and a seven-person full-time staff with separate living quarters. The residence includes an auto gallery with US $30 million in luxury vehicles including Lamborghinis, Ferraris, Bentleys, a Rolls Royce, a Bugatti Veyron, ten motorcycles, a one-of-a-kind Pagani Huayra worth more than $2 million, and a 1936 Mercedes-Benz 540K worth in excess of $15 million. Billionaire (Los Angeles, California) Billionaire is a private residence located at 924 Bel Air Road Document [88] (Title: Black billionaires) billion and Mo Ibrahim, a British billionaire of Sudanese Nubian ancestry, who has been on the "Forbes" Billionaire list since 2008 and in 2012 had a net worth of $1.1 billion. In the years since, American investor Robert Smith, with a net worth of $4.4 billion, and American sports executive Michael Jordan, with $1.65 billion, have risen to the list. From 2001 to 2003, Forbes listed American television network executive Bob Johnson as a billionaire, but dropped him after his fortune was split in his divorce. He returned to "Forbes" Billionaire list in 2007 with a net worth of $1.1 Document [89] (Title: Warren Buffett) Warren Buffett Warren Edward Buffett (; born August 30, 1930) is an American business magnate, investor, speaker and philanthropist who serves as the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world and has a net worth of US$84.4 billion as of November 1, 2018, making him the third-wealthiest person in the world. Buffett was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He developed an interest in business and investing in his youth, eventually entering the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 before transferring and graduating from University of Nebraska at Document [90] (Title: Zhang Yin (entrepreneur)) fifth richest person in China. (On a later Forbes list she was displaced as China's richest woman by 25-year-old Yang Huiyan) On June 2014, Zhang was named Asian CEO of the Year for 2014 at RISI's 15th annual Asian Pulp and Paper Conference. As of July 2016 Forbes estimates her wealth to be US$1.12 B, the #384 richest person in China (down from #216 in 2014), and the #1724 richest person in the world. Zhang's first marriage resulted in one child and a divorce. She met her second husband, Liu Ming Chung, in Hong Kong and the couple married shortly Document [91] (Title: Micky Jagtiani) business empire from the Persian Gulf to China. In 2014, he launched his family office with assets worth $5 billion. In April 2015, he was ranked 291 in the Forbes list of world billionaires, with a net worth of US$5.0 billion. In 2000, he established LIFE (Landmark International Foundation of Empowerment), to support underprivileged children in India, through school and healthcare development programmes, homes for destitute children, vocational and non-formal schools, community clinics and medical camps for slum-dwellers and an old age home Chennai. Micky Jagtiani Mukesh Wadhumal "Micky" Jagtiani (born 15 August 1952 in Kuwait) is an Indian billionaire Document [92] (Title: Eugene Kaspersky) Kaspersky threatening to go after competitors by "rubbing them out in the outhouse," using a phrase popularized by Vladimir Putin. The company denied the allegations. Kaspersky was ranked #1,567 on "Forbes" "Billionaires List 2017" with a net worth of US$1.3 billion (as of March 2017). He first made the list in 2015 when his net worth reached US$1 billion. Kaspersky lives in Moscow, Russia with his wife and five children. He and his first wife were divorced in 1998. On 21 April 2011, his son, Ivan, then 20, was kidnapped for a $4.4 million ransom. Kaspersky worked with a friend Document [93] (Title: The World's Billionaires) joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self-made billionaire. Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction, known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005, contributing to economic growth worldwide. The founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, become billionaires at age 30. Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African-American billionaire. As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot-com bubble, 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year. In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African-American billionaire. Gates became the Document [94] (Title: Millionaire) of millionaires in the world. According to the report, the US has 17.3 million millionaires, highest in the world. The following is a list of the countries with the most millionaire households in U.S. dollars worldwide according to the Boston Consulting Group's 2017 study. The following is a list of the cities with the most US$ millionaires. There is a wide disparity in the estimates of the number of millionaires residing in the United States. A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 16.6 million millionaires in the Document [95] (Title: Upper class) A-list actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former U.S. President, yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of the upper class. At the pinnacle of U.S wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to "Forbes Magazine", there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $400 million. Today, the average net worth is $2.8 billion. Wal-Mart Walton Document [96] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire ever. Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest-ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 Document [97] (Title: Wealth) Having a leading position in the development of rational sciences, in new technologies and in economic production leads to wealth, while the opposite can be correlated with poverty. Billionaires such as Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Elon Musk, Charlie Munger and others advise the following principles of wealth creation: The wealth of households amounts to USD 280 trillion (2017). According to the eighth edition of the Global Wealth Report, in the year to mid-2017, total global wealth rose at a rate of 6.4%, the fastest pace since 2012 and reached USD 280 trillion, a gain of USD 16.7 trillion. Document [98] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) saw a large increase in their respective net worths during 2016 and 2017 and challenged Gates for the number one spot. Bezos eventually surpassed him and remains the world's top billionaire. The Index reported on hidden wealth and uncovered more than 400 hidden billionaires since its founding. Bloomberg Billionaires founding editor Matthew Miller said in 2013 that hidden billionaires are identified by "making sure that we have accounted for all the companies in closely-held assets around the world." Some of the billionaires the index has uncovered includes JP Morgan Chase & Co chairman Jamie Dimon, In-N-Out Burger president Lynsi Torres, Document [99] (Title: Richard Li) musical maestros. Richard Li Richard Li Tzar Kai is a Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist. He is the younger son of businessman Li Ka-Shing and brother of Victor Li. Li was 15th in the Forbes List of Hong Kong's 50 Richest people for 2017. The same publication named Li as 385th in the list of the world's billionaires, with an estimated fortune of $4.3 billion. Li attended St. Paul's Co-educational College in Hong Kong and left at age thirteen to be educated at Menlo School in Atherton, California. To earn money, he took shifts at McDonald's and also worked as Document [100] (Title: Billionaire (Los Angeles, California)) Billionaire (Los Angeles, California) Billionaire is a private residence located at 924 Bel Air Road in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles. The home designed by Bruce Makowsky is the most expensive house for sale in the United States (as of 2017) and one of the largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The previous home occupying the lot was owned by Hollywood star Judy Garland until 1967. The property was acquired by Makowsky on May 7, 2012, for US $7.9 million. The structure was built over the course of four years by 250 workers. Listed on January Document [101] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. The average net worth of those on the list increased from $3.6 billion in 2010 to $3.7 billion. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, surpassing the 1,125 people who made the list in 2008. Their combined wealth was $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. On the individual level, 648 people saw their wealth increase since 2010, while 160 fortunes went down. One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires, 115, while Russia Document [102] (Title: Donald Trump) have raised serious concerns about his cardiac health. In its 2018 billionaires ranking, "Forbes" estimated Trump's net worth at $3.1 billion (766th in the world, 248th in the U.S.) making him one of the richest politicians in American history. During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138 spots. When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion; however FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show Document [103] (Title: Jeff Bezos) before market close; he gained $7 billion in one hour. By the time the "Forbes" list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion. However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett. After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world. Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated. Document [104] (Title: Lu Guanqiu) billion). Lu was the richest individual living in Zhejiang Province. Lu was married, with four children, and lived in Hangzhou. He died on 25 October 2017, aged 72. Lu Guanqiu Lu Guanqiu (;17 January 1945 – 25 October 2017) was a Chinese billionaire entrepreneur, and the founder of Wanxiang Group. He was the 18th richest person in China, according to the Hurun Report China Rich List 2013, the 286th richest person in the world, and reportedly the richest person in Zhejiang Province. He was a delegate to the Chinese National People's Congress. Lu was born in January 1945 in , Document [105] (Title: Charles Koch) received various awards and honors, including: Charles Koch Charles de Ganahl Koch (; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman, political donor and philanthropist. As of June 2018, he was ranked as the 8th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $50.7 billion. Koch has been co-owner, chairman, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967, while his brother David Koch serves as executive vice president. Charles and David each own 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business. Originally involved exclusively in oil Document [106] (Title: Jeff Bezos) 2018 listing. Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO). He was first included on "Forbes" "The World's Billionaires" list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion. His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop. His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion. He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion. The following year, his net worth increased by 104% to $2.5 billion. From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his Document [107] (Title: Jorge M. Pérez) Miami, Florida, with his wife, Darlene Pérez. He has four children. He is a member of the Democratic Party and has worked closely with the presidential campaigns for Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama. He is a friend and former business partner of Donald Trump, who wrote the foreword for Pérez's 2008 book, "Powerhouse Principles". Jorge M. Pérez Jorge M. Pérez (born October 17, 1949) is an American billionaire real estate developer, art collector, philanthropist and author. He is best known as the chairman and CEO of The Related Group. He is ranked 264th on the Forbes 400 list Document [108] (Title: Bill Gates) "Forbes" magazine's 400 Richest People in America issue. He was worth $1.25 billion and was the world's youngest self-made billionaire. Since 1987, Gates has been included in the "Forbes" The World's Billionaires list and was the wealthiest from 1995 to 1996, 1998 to 2007, 2009, and has been since 2014. Gates was number one on "Forbes"' 400 Richest Americans list from 1993 through to 2007, 2009, and 2014 through 2017. "Time" magazine named Gates , as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. "Time" also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's Document [109] (Title: Economic inequality) sources of Oxfam's data, considers the criticism about debt to be a "silly argument" and "a non-issue . . . a diversion." Oxfam's 2017 report says the top eight billionaires have as much wealth as the bottom half of the global population, and that rising inequality is suppressing wages, as businesses are focused on delivering higher returns to wealthy owners and executives. In 2018, the Oxfam report said that the wealth gap continued to widen in 2017, with 82% of global wealth generated going to the wealthiest 1%. According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than Document [110] (Title: Moscow) the recession. Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in . Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" ("ONÈKSIM") group, owns huge assets in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 Document [111] (Title: Jim Davis (businessman)) mater, Middlebury College. A library on its campus has also been named for him. He formerly sat on its Board of Trustees, on the Worcester Academy's, and on Newbury College's. He sits on the Board of Trustees of the Sports Museum of New England and formerly Boston Children's Museum. As of 2017, Davis is the 324th richest person in the world, and the 94th richest in the United States, with an estimated wealth of US$5.1 billion. Davis is married, and has two children. He lives in Newton, Massachusetts. Davis donated almost $400,000 to the Trump Victory Committee in September 2016. Document [112] (Title: Nathan Blecharczyk) Blecharczyk, Chesky and Gebbia joined Warren Buffett and Bill Gates' 'The Giving Pledge', a select group of billionaires who have committed to give the majority of their wealth away. In early 2017, Blecharczyk transitioned to chief strategy officer at Airbnb. He was listed as the 474th richest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of US$3.8 billion according to "Forbes" 2017 "The World's Billionaires List". Blecharczyk was announced as the chairman of Airbnb China, also known as Aibiying, in October 2017. Blecharczyk resides in San Francisco, California. He is married to Elizabeth Morey Blecharczyk, a neonatologist. They have two Document [113] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing. A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia Document [114] (Title: Black billionaires) billion. In 2008 Johnson's wealth dropped again, this time to approximately $1.0 billion and by 2009 he fell off the list again. Nigerian petroleum executive Femi Otedola briefly emerged as a billionaire in 2009, but did not remain one in subsequent years. He returned to the list in the company of a fellow Nigerian, sugar tycoon Abdul Samad Rabiu, in 2016, but both were dropped from the rankings the following year. Multiracial billionaires with significant black ancestry have also been identified over the years. Saudi Arabian billionaire Mohammed Al Amoudi, of Hadhrami Yemeni and Ethiopian descent, has been on the Document [115] (Title: Poverty) those at the bottom of the economic ladder." It has been reported that only 1% of the world population controls 50% of the wealth today, and the other 99% is having access to the remaining 50% only, and the gap has sharply increased in the recent past. In 2018, Oxfam reported that the gains of the world's billionaires in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, was enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over. José Antonio Ocampo, professor at Columbia University and former finance minister of Colombia, and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, former UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Document [116] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) biggest loser. That was Brazil's Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 different countries. The United States had the most newcomers with 27. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. Document [117] (Title: Li Ka-shing) Li Ka-shing Sir Li Ka-shing (born 13 June 1928) is a Hong Kong business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He was born in Chao'an, Chaozhou. As of January 2018, Li is the 23rd richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$37.7 billion. He is the senior advisor for CK Hutchison Holdings, after he retired from the Chairman of the Board in May 2018; through it, he is the world's leading port investor, developer, and operator of the largest health and beauty retailer in Asia and Europe. Li was one of the most influential entrepreneurs in Asia, presiding Document [118] (Title: Aliko Dangote) Aliko Dangote Aliko Dangote GCON (born 10 April 1957) is a Nigerian business magnate, investor, and owner of the Dangote Group, which has interests in commodities in Nigeria and other African countries. As of March 2018, he had an estimated net worth of US$14.1 billion. Dangote is ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 100th-richest person in the world and the richest in Africa, and peaked on the list as the 23rd-richest person in the world in 2014. He surpassed Saudi-Ethiopian billionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi in 2013 by over $2.6 billion to become the world's richest person of African descent. Document [119] (Title: The World's Billionaires) States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67 percent) was entirely self-made; 184 (13 percent) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20 percent) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. Vietnam's Phạm Nhật Vượng was the first person from that country to be included in this list. Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 Document [120] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) America Movil rose 35%. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Investor Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion, up form $37 billion. Christy Walton was the highest ranking women, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion. At age 25, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg was the world's youngest billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the top newcomers with an estimated fortunate $4 billion acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney. A total of 1,011 people made the 2010, up from 793 the year before, but short of the all-time record Document [121] (Title: Alexander Mashkevitch) list of billionaires at #287. In 2017, he was on the list at #1098, with a worth of $1.9 billion. On April 6, 2011, Mashkevitch announced his intention to found a Jewish version of "Al-Jazeera" that would "represent Israel on an international level, with real information." Alexander Mashkevitch Alexander Antonovich Mashkevich (; also transliterated Alexandr Mashkevic; ; born 23 February 1954) is a businessman and investor. He has major holdings and close political relationships in Kazakhstan. He holds both Kazakh and Israeli citizenship; according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, he usually travels on his Israeli passport and "rarely spends more Document [122] (Title: Ma Huateng) Buffett for their similarity in investments, and often described as an "aggressive acquisitor". As of March 2018, he is China's richest man, and the 14th wealthiest in the world, with a net worth of US$51.1 billion. On 21 November 2017, he surpassed both Larry Page and Sergey Brin to become the ninth richest man in the world, and the first Chinese to enter Forbes' top 10 richest men list. Ma was born in Badagang, Dongfang County (now Dongfang City), Hainan.. When his father, Ma Chenshu, got a job as a port manager in Shenzhen, near Hong Kong, the young Ma Document [123] (Title: Forbes 400) boom. In April 2018, an ex-"Forbes" reporter Jonathan Greenberg alleged that Donald Trump had inflated his actual wealth in order to be included on the Forbes 400 listing. Greenberg provided original audio recordings of his 1984 exchange with "John Barron", one of the pseudonyms of Donald Trump, and eventually included Trump at the end of the Forbes 400 list at $100 million, one fifth of the $500 million which "Barron" was claiming as Donald Trump’s net worth. This figure was later corrected and, following civil proceedings years later, Trump admitted the name was fabricated. Over the first 25 years of Document [124] (Title: Wang Jian (businessman)) Fortune Global 500, with total revenue of US$53 billion in 2017. Chen acted as the public face of the company, while Wang was a hands-on manager with a lower public profile. Both men were instrumental in HNA's phenomenal transformation from a small airline to a global conglomerate with assets worth US$230 billion, including major stakes in Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Deutsche Bank, NH Hotel Group, and ownership of Ingram Micro. However, HNA's acquisition spree was substantially funded by debt, which had reached US$90 billion in 2018, and it was working to sell billions of dollars of assets to reduce its Document [125] (Title: Paris Latsis) was estimated as the 101st largest in the world. Eventually the Latsis family expanded into banking, oil refining and real estate. Forbes magazine recently estimated the Latsis family fortune at US $7.5 billion – placing them at No. 54 on the magazine's list of the world's richest people. As from 2005 he and Terry Dougas are the owners of the 1821 Media, "a multimedia production and finance company that specializes in high quality films, television, graphic novels and digital media" that got its name from the Greek Revolution of 1821. Among the stars that have worked with the label are Document [126] (Title: Jeffrey Kang) . In 2006, Kang was ranked among the richest people in China by Forbes, with a net worth of ¥17 Billion CNY. In 2015, he joined the ranks of The World's Billionaires defined in USD by Forbes at age 45. Kang's total calculated executive compensation listed in his firm's annual accounts for 2014 was ¥2,933,000 CNY about $500,000 USD. Kang started his career in China's telecommunications sector as a sales engineer in charge of the components business for Matsushita Electric Industrial now known as Panasonic from 1992 - 1995. In 1995 he invested $50,000 USD to form his own company Document [127] (Title: Mukesh Ambani) by Forbes as the 18th-wealthiest person in the world. He surpassed Jack Ma, executive chairman of Alibaba Group, to become Asia's richest person with a net worth of $44.3 billion in July 2018. He is also the wealthiest person in the world outside North America and Europe. As of 2015, Ambani ranked fifth among India's philanthropists, according to China’s Hurun Research Institute. Through Reliance, he also owns the Indian Premier League franchise Mumbai Indians. In 2012, "Forbes" named him one of the richest sports owners in the world. He resides at the Antilia Building, one of the world's most expensive Document [128] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) Ferrari Motors heir Piero Ferrari and the chairman of Biel Crystal Manufactory Yeung Kin-Min. While reporting on hidden billionaires, the index provides coverage of and attempts to put in perspective the wealth of the world's richest people, such as the Queen of England and U.S. President Donald Trump. The index offers a dynamic look at the wealth controlled by the world's richest people while trying to offer a new perspective on how the media views and tracks the movement of that wealth. The index "is built to change daily depending on stock fluctuations and economic/company news." To calculate individuals' wealth, Document [129] (Title: Larry Page) "the most influential company of the digital era". As of July 2014, the Bloomberg Billionaires Index lists Page as the 17th richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of $32.7 billion. At the completion of 2014, "Fortune" magazine named Page its "Businessperson of the Year," declaring him "the world's most daring CEO". In October 2015, Page was named number one in Forbes' "America's Most Popular Chief Executives", as voted by Google's employees. In August 2017, Page was awarded honorary citizenship of Agrigento, Italy Also in August Larry declined to attend a USA Senate hearing. An empty seat Document [130] (Title: Michael Bambang Hartono) the Djarum group also controls several shopping malls and buildings in Jakarta, including Grand Indonesia, Hotel Indonesia and BCA Tower. According to "Forbes", Hartono has a net worth of $10.7 billion, as of October 2018, making him the 75th richest person in the world. He and his brother – who was also listed slightly above him at 69th – were named as the richest Indonesians in 2017, the 9th year in a row they were listed as such. His company is also active in internet ventures, controlling e-commerce website and one of Indonesia's largest online communities Kaskus. He lives in Document [131] (Title: The World's Billionaires) list, but only 14 of them were self-made. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering Document [132] (Title: The World's Billionaires) from 2009's global financial crisis. In June 2010, Gates and Buffett announce the Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signatories, but some of the signatories have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion. In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, the world's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30% smaller than the previous year's list. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, four years after starting the company, Document [133] (Title: Richard Li) Richard Li Richard Li Tzar Kai is a Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist. He is the younger son of businessman Li Ka-Shing and brother of Victor Li. Li was 15th in the Forbes List of Hong Kong's 50 Richest people for 2017. The same publication named Li as 385th in the list of the world's billionaires, with an estimated fortune of $4.3 billion. Li attended St. Paul's Co-educational College in Hong Kong and left at age thirteen to be educated at Menlo School in Atherton, California. To earn money, he took shifts at McDonald's and also worked as a caddy Document [134] (Title: Ingvar Kamprad) later, he fell to 162nd after his lawyers produced documents proving that the foundation he established and heads in Liechtenstein owns IKEA, and that its bylaws bar him and his family from benefiting from its funds. In June 2015, Kamprad was listed as the eighth wealthiest person in the world in the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, with an estimated net worth of $58.7 billion. Forbes reported Kamprad's net worth as of February 2016 to be $3.4 billion. While generally a private person, Kamprad had published a few notable works. He first detailed his philosophies of frugality and simplicity in a manifesto Document [135] (Title: Billionaire) dropped by 38% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400 million. In the same period, the wealth of the richest 62 people between the World's Billionaires increased by $500bn (£350bn) to $1.76tn. This number has fallen dramatically from 388 as recently as 2010. More recently, in 2017 an Oxfam report noted that just eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race". The table below lists numerous statistics relating to billionaires, including the total number of known billionaires and the net worth of the world's wealthiest individual for each year since Document [136] (Title: Salman F Rahman) as the ruling party. Salman F Rahman Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman (born 23 May 1951) is a Bangladeshi industrialist. He was ranked 1685th on the list of billionaires in the world published by Beijing-based Hurun Gobal in 2017. He is the current vice chairman of Beximco Group, one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh. Since 2009, he has been serving as the private sector development affairs adviser to the Bangladesh Awami League President Sheikh Hasina. Currently Rahman is acting as the president of several trade bodies including Association of Television Channel Owners (ATCO). Rahman is the son of Fazlur Rahman Document [137] (Title: Harry Triguboff) club's merger period of 2000 and into 2015. Triguboff donates heavily to political parties and uses his influence to seek policy changes. In August 2010, he proposed that the federal government should insist on Reserve Bank interest rates being dropped to improve housing affordability. According to the 2017 "Financial Review Rich List", Triguboff's personal net wealth was estimated at 11.40 billion, an increase of $0.78 billion on the previous year. Meanwhile, "Forbes Asia" estimated his wealth in 2015 at 5.6 billion. In 2015, "Forbes Asia" magazine's annual billionaires list assessed Triguboff as the world's 262 wealthiest billionaire. His earnings result Document [138] (Title: The World's Billionaires) behind China, Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions (over 65 percent) while just 230 (under 13 percent) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by "Forbes"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s annual list of the world's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett Document [139] (Title: Edwin Soeryadjaya) in the world according to Forbes. Edwin Soeryadjaya Edwin Soeryadjaya (born 17 July 1949) also known as Tjia Han Pun is a Chinese Indonesian businessman, He is the son of the late William Soeryadjaya, who founded automotive group Astra International. Soeryadjaya set up investment firm Saratoga Investama Sedaya in 1998. Today, through his private equity firm, PT Saratoga Investama Sedaya, he holds an ownership in coal miner Adaro Energy. He also has a stake in cell tower company Tower Bersama Infrastructure and bought Mandala Airlines in 2011 with his partner Sandiaga Uno. Currently Edwin was known as the 12th richest Document [140] (Title: Warren Buffett) percent of his fortune to philanthropic causes, primarily via the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He founded The Giving Pledge in 2009 with Bill Gates, whereby billionaires pledge to give away at least half of their fortunes. He is also actively contributing to political causes, having endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election; he has publicly opposed the policies, actions, and statements of the current U.S. president, Donald Trump. Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of three children and the only son of Leila (née Stahl) and Congressman Howard Buffett. Buffett began Document [141] (Title: Jeff Bezos) minutes, slightly less than the annual Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan. On March 6, 2018, Bezos was officially designated the wealthiest person in the world with a registered net worth of $112 billion. He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion) who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third. He is considered the first registered centi-billionaire (not adjusted for inflation). His wealth, in 2017–18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans. Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries Document [142] (Title: Eike Batista) Matter" ("O X da Questão") which recounts his trajectory in the business world and offers tips on entrepreneurialism. In 2011, Batista was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the 8th richest person in the world and the richest in South America. His wealth was at one time estimated at US$30 billion. Batista was also featured in Bloomberg Markets magazine as the only Brazilian on the list of the 50 most influential people in global finance, published for the first time in September 2011. The magazine focused on people “whose comments move markets; whose deals set the value of companies or securities; Document [143] (Title: James Harris Simons) by the I.R.S. over a loophole that saved their fund an estimated $6.8 billion in taxes over roughly a decade." He was named by the "Financial Times" in 2006 as "the world's smartest billionaire". According to "Forbes" magazine Simons has a net worth of $18 billion USD as of February 2017. This makes him #24 on the Forbes 400 richest people list. In 2014, Simons reportedly earned $1.2 billion including a share of his firm's management and performance fees, cash compensation and stock and option awards. In 2011, he was included in the 50 Most Influential ranking of "Bloomberg Markets Document [144] (Title: Sheldon Adelson) billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to #178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes' Annual "Biggest Winner" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes, and as of December 2014, his net worth is $30.4 billion. Adelson owns Document [145] (Title: Five Star Billionaire) Five Star Billionaire Five Star Billionaire is a novel by Tash Aw, published in 2013. It was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 2013 Man Booker Prize, Aw's first nomination. A series of narratives cover the experiences of Malaysian migrants attempting to settle in China and make new lives for themselves. Writing for "The Guardian", Aminatta Forna wrote... "Even where the narrative takes a dramatic turn, it is delivered in Aw's spare, fresh, cool, almost dispassionate prose, which though it succeeds in many ways somehow never quite leaves the page. Instead the characters drift towards their various Document [146] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) The World's Billionaires 2010 The World's Billionaires 2010 edition was 24th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2010. It was released online on March 10, 2010. Forty reporters across 13 countries contributed to the list. Carlos Slim and Bill Gates were featured on the cover. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Microsoft's Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of Document [147] (Title: Walter Kwok) Properties (until ouster in 2008, see below section). As of March 2018, all three brothers were listed in the Forbes 2018 "The World's Billionaires", with a net worth of US$16.5 billion (Thomas and Raymond) and US$8 billion (Walter only) respectively. In a separate listing, the Kwok family was listed as the third-richest in Forbes's "2017 Asia's Richest Families", with a net worth of US$40.4 billion as of November 2017. The net worth by Forbes as of his death was US$6.9 billion. Kwok was kidnapped by the notorious gangster "Big Spender" Cheung Tze-keung on 30 September 1997, and was released seven Document [148] (Title: Paradise Papers) Facebook and Twitter via an intermediary—Russian-American entrepreneur Yuri Milner, who befriended Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and was a business associate of Jared Kushner, President Donald Trump's son-in-law. American singer Madonna, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, American billionaire George Soros, founder of Open Society Foundations, and former NATO supreme commander in Europe General Wesley Clark are also named in the papers. This list includes some of President Donald Trump's foremost donors, who together funneled nearly $60 million to organizations supporting his campaign and transition. They include casino magnate Sheldon Adelson; resort owner Steve Wynn; hedge fund managers Robert Mercer and Paul Singer; Document [149] (Title: Paul Singer (businessman)) manager Jim Chanos stated in an August 2009 radio interview that he and Singer had met with G7 finance ministers in 2007 to warn them that the global financial system was increasingly unstable and approaching a catastrophe, with banks on the verge of sinking the global economy. The pair argued that decisive action was called for, but Chanos claims they were met with indifference. In 2015, Singer was 327th on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans, 1006th among the world's billionaires, 350th of American billionaires, and the 16th highest earning hedge fund manager. Singer has been divorced since 1996. Document [150] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) from the previous year's list was Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. A rapid rise in the price of Facebook stock saw his net worth soar from $13.3 billion in 2013 to $28.5 billion in 2014. WhatsApp co-founder Jan Koum saw his net worth rise from less than a billion to $6.8 billion. He debuted at #202 overall, while partner Brian Acton debuted at #551 with $3 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, represented combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers. The list included 42 female newcomers. One Document [151] (Title: The World's Billionaires) were listed, that included 195 newcomers of whom 76 were from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women. The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was , up from in 2015. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world, with a record Document [152] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) list with 1,191 positions while just 230 came into their wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. The United States has the largest number of billionaires. The number of Russian billionaires declined the most; being down to 76 billionaires from 111 of 2014. Russia is now placed behind China, Germany and India. Iceland again has a billionaire in the list after a gap of five years with the entry of Thor Bjorgolfsson. Guatemala has a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in history. Monarchs Document [153] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) of 1,125. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, which includes Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. China, India, South Korea, and Turkey were among 11 countries that saw a doubling of the numbers billionaires. Eighty-nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self-made. Of the 89, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Half of those 14 self-made women came from China. Steve Forbes said Document [154] (Title: Thumbay Moideen) by Forbes Middle East Magazine – for four consecutive years from 2014 to 2017, Arabian Business 50 Richest Indians in the GCC by Arabian Business Magazine, published by ITP Publishing Group – for four consecutive years in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 Forbes Middle East’s Top 100 Indian Leaders in the UAE" and Top 100 [Companies] making an impact in the Arab World, Top 100 most influential Indians in the Middle East for three consecutive years in 2010, 2011, 2012 as well as in 2014 by Arabian Business Magazine. He received ‘The Eminent Aloysian Alumini Award 2016’, jointly organized by Document [155] (Title: Jeff Bezos) His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%. When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year. Bezos was officially ranked as the third wealthiest person in the world up from the 5th spot in 2016. His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 Document [156] (Title: The World's Billionaires) of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list. Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson, in the Document [157] (Title: Economic inequality) half of the population, or 160 million people, and that the growing disparity between the wealthy and the poor has created a "moral crisis", noting that "we have not witnessed such extreme levels of concentrated wealth and power since the first gilded age a century ago." In 2016, the world's billionaires increased their combined global wealth to a record $6 trillion. In 2017, they increased their collective wealth to 8.9 trillion. The existing data and estimates suggest a large increase in international (and more generally inter-macroregional) component between 1820 and 1960. It might have slightly decreased since that time at Document [158] (Title: George Soros) the 19th richest person in the world, the world's richest hedge-fund manager, and 19th on its list of the 400 wealthiest Americans, with a net worth estimated at $25.2 billion. Soros lost almost $1 billion in the weeks after the election of Republican Donald Trump as U.S. president in 2016. Soros has been active as a philanthropist since the 1970s, when he began providing funds to help black students attend the University of Cape Town in apartheid South Africa, and began funding dissident movements behind the Iron Curtain. Soros's philanthropic funding includes efforts to promote non-violent democratization in the post-Soviet Document [159] (Title: Carlos Slim) ahead of Bill Gates. On March 11, 2009, "Forbes" ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison. On March 10, 2010, "Forbes" once again reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest person, with a net worth of . At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of and respectively. He was the first Mexican to top the list. It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. It was also the first time the Document [160] (Title: Black billionaires) Black billionaires Black billionaires is a term used to describe African Americans and others of Black African ancestry with a net worth of at least US$1 billion. According to Forbes 2018 ranking of the world's billionaires, Nigerian business magnate Aliko Dangote with a net worth of $13.8 billion is the world's richest black person. Others on the list are Nigeria's Mike Adenuga with $4.6 billion, American media mogul Oprah Winfrey with a net worth of $2.8 billion (2018),South African gold magnate Patrice Motsepe, with $2.9 billion,South African Diamonds mining magnate Byaruhanga Kimberly Junior,with $2.8 billion, Nigeria's Folorunsho Alakija with $2.5 Document [161] (Title: Liu Yongxing) Bloomberg’s Billionaires Index ranked him at #93 globally with $12.3 billion. His brothers are also billionaires and owners of their own companies. Liu Yongxing Liu Yongxing (, born June 1948) is a Chinese businessman. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of East Hope Group, a Chinese company active in the agribusiness as well as chemical and non-ferrous metal industries. He is the honorary president of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce in Sichuan, a part-time professor at China Agricultural University, MBA lecturer, and a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC. Liu Yongxing was born in Sichuan, China, and Document [162] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) continue, and this change in demographics has significant impact on the various organizations that specifically target UHNW individuals, such as luxury companies, financial institutions, charities and universities. The Billionaire Census 2013 was co-published by Wealth-X and UBS. The average net worth of the world's billionaire is US$3 billion, with a liquidity on average of 18% of net worth. 60% of the world's billionaires are self-made, 20% have inherited their fortune and 20% have both inherited and grown their wealth. 18% of the world's billionaires have derived their wealth from finance, banking and investment; as opposed to 9% from industrial conglomerates Document [163] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) (after deducting residential and passion investments such as art, planes, yachts and real estate). At per the last count, there were 211,275 UHNW individuals in the world, with a total combined net worth of US$29.7 trillion. Billionaires are a special category of UHNW individuals, having net worth in excess of US$1 billion. According to the Billionaire Census 2014, there were 2,325 billionaires in the world, with a combined net worth of US$7.3 trillion. In 2014, these individuals represented just over 1% of the world's UHNW population and 24% of the world's UHNW total wealth. The June 27, 2017 "World Ultra Document [164] (Title: The World's Billionaires) $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list. However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest Document [165] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) The World's Billionaires 2014 The World's Billionaires 2014 edition was 28th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2014. It was released online on March 3, 2014. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but was last number one in 2009. Mexican tycoon Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four Document [166] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) and other royalty are not included in the list. The World's Billionaires 2015 The World's Billionaires 2015 edition was the 29th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people. The new list was released online on March 2, 2015. As of 2015, Bill Gates had been placed at the top of this list 16 times. Bill Gates was again named the richest person in the world in "Forbes" Magazine's annual list of the world's billionaires. This is the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the Document [167] (Title: Jan Kulczyk) billionaires. Kulczyk was top ranked 13 times at the list of the 100 richest Poles issued by the Wprost magazine. In 2007, he was ranked 12th, due to his divorce from Grażyna Kulczyk. In 2015, Forbes ranked him 418th richest man in the world ($4 billion). Jan Kulczyk Jan Kulczyk (24 June 1950 – 29 July 2015) was a Polish billionaire businessman. He was the founder and owner of Kulczyk Holding (headquartered in Warsaw) and an international investment house Kulczyk Investments (former name: Kulczyk Investment House) with headquarters in Luxembourg and offices in London and Kiev. According to "Forbes", Kulczyk Document [168] (Title: The Billionaire) The Billionaire The Billionaire, also known as Top Secret: Wai Roon Pan Lan (, ), is a Thai biographical film produced by Nadao Bangkok and released by GMM Tai Hub. It was directed by Songyos Sugmakanan, and stars Pachara Chirathivat, Somboonsuk Niyomsiri (aka Piak Poster) and Walanlak Kumsuwan. "The Billionaire" tells the story of Itthipat Kulapongvanich and how he, at the age of nineteen, dropped out from university to launch a packaged fried seaweed business that is now Taokaenoi Food & Marketing and became one of Thailand's youngest (baht) billionaires. The film was released on 20 October 2011 in Thailand, Document [169] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014, up from 138 the previous year. However, only 12 of them were completely self-made without the help of parents or spouses. Overall, 66% of the list was self-made, 13% achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21% through a mixture of the two. The combined wealth of the top 20 rose from $714.5 billion to $838.6 billion. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the Document [170] (Title: Forbes 400) 13 billionaires, and a net worth of million secured a spot on the list. The 1982 list represented 2.8% of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States. The 1982 Forbes 400 had 22.8% of the list composed of oil fortunes, with 15.3% from manufacturing, 9% from finance and only 3% from technology driven fortunes. The state of New York had the most representation on the list with 77 members followed by California with 48. In the year 2000, Forbes 400 saw the highest percent of the Gross Domestic Product represented by the list at 12.2% driven by the internet Document [171] (Title: Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha) was ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 5th richest man in Thailand, reportedly worth US$4.9 billion, as of 28 October 2018. In August 2010, the Asia Football Investments consortium including Vichai and his son Aiyawatt purchased English Football League Championship club Leicester City. He succeeded Milan Mandarić as chairman of the club in February 2011 while continuing as owner, and Aiyawatt became the vice chairman. In July 2011, the club's formerly named Walkers Stadium was renamed the King Power Stadium. Leicester City went on to win the 2015–16 Premier League title after starting the season as 5000/1 rank outsiders. Shortly Document [172] (Title: The World's Billionaires) of 565. China had 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau), Germany had 114, and India had the fourth most with 101; India had reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's 2016 list of the world's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication Document [173] (Title: The World's Billionaires) from these lists. The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year. In the 32nd annual "Forbes" list of the world's billionaires, the aggregate wealth of the top 20 richest people on Earth amounts to about 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising Document [174] (Title: The World's Billionaires) fourth. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers. One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014. Approximately 66 percent of the list was self-made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through Document [175] (Title: LGBT billionaires) Skavlan. LGBT billionaires According to American LGBT-interest magazine "The Advocate", Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani with a net worth of $8.1 billion is currently the world's richest person who is openly part of the LGBT community. In 1980, DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen came out as the first openly gay billionaire in the world. He had dated women before such as Cher, but finally came to terms with this sexuality in the early 1980s and had become one of the most important forces in the gay rights movement by 1992. Giorgio Armani is known for being notoriously private and has remained Document [176] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) was next with 101. Moscow was the home to the most billionaires of any city, 79, overtaking New York City. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe for the first time since the 1990s. The list included 214 newcomers. Of those, 54 were from China and 31 from Russia. The World's Billionaires 2011 The World's Billionaires 2011 edition was 25th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2011. It was released online on March 8, 2011. Russian investor Document [177] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) The World's Billionaires 2013 The World's Billionaires 2013 edition was 27th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2013. It was released online on March 3, 2014 and published in the March 25 print edition of "Forbes". Mexico's Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates remained in second, while Zara founder Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Oretega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone Document [178] (Title: Millionaire) a US millionaire in 1900, or more than 100 million dollars to have the same impact on the US economy. Another commonly used term is "multimillionaire" which usually refers to individuals with net assets of 10 million or more of a currency. There are approximately 584,000 US$ multimillionaires worldwide in 2017. Roughly 1.5% of US$ millionaires can also correctly be identified as ultra-high-net-worth individuals (ultra-HNWIs), those with a net worth or wealth of $30 million or more. There are approximately 226,000 US$ ultra-HNWIs in the world in 2017, according to Wealth-X. The rising prevalence of people possessing ever increasing quantities Document [179] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) The World's Billionaires 2015 The World's Billionaires 2015 edition was the 29th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people. The new list was released online on March 2, 2015. As of 2015, Bill Gates had been placed at the top of this list 16 times. Bill Gates was again named the richest person in the world in "Forbes" Magazine's annual list of the world's billionaires. This is the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim, Mexican business magnate, came in Document [180] (Title: White Brazilians) and none declared for blacks or Asians. The most successful Brazilian entrepreneurs have historically been white. Jorge Paulo Lemann, an investor and the child of Swiss immigrants, is ranked as the 19th richest person in the world by Forbes, with an estimated net worth of US$38.7 billion. Eduardo Saverin is the Co-founder of Facebook, one of the world's wealthiest companies, and most powerful social media platforms, was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Whites dominate Brazilian fashion. Gisele Bundchen has been the highest paid model in the world for 10 years. With a reported net worth of $290 million, she is Document [181] (Title: The World's Billionaires) contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441). To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires in real time. In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with Document [182] (Title: Bill Gates) Since 1987, Gates has been included in the "Forbes" list of the world's wealthiest people, an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. From 1995 to 2017, he held the "Forbes" title of the richest person in the world all but four of those years, and held it consistently from March 2014 to July 2017, with an estimated net worth of US$89.9 billion . However, on July 27, 2017, and since October 27, 2017, he has been surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who Document [183] (Title: Wealth of Donald Trump) of his personal brand. In its 2018 billionaires ranking, "Forbes" estimated Trump's net worth at $3.1 billion (766th in the world, 248th in the U.S.). Bloomberg Billionaires Index listed Trump's net worth as $2.48 billion on May 31, 2018, and Wealth-X listed it as at least $3.8 billion on July 16, 2018. In July 2015, federal election regulators released new details of Trump's self-reported wealth and financial holdings when he became a Republican presidential candidate, reporting that his assets are worth above $1.4 billion, which includes at least $70 million in stocks, and a debt of at least $265 million. Document [184] (Title: Al-Waleed bin Talal) company with investments in companies in the financial services, tourism and hospitality, mass media, entertainment, retail, agriculture, petrochemicals, aviation, technology and real-estate sectors. In 2013, the company had a market capitalization of over $18 billion. Al-Waleed is Citigroup's largest individual shareholder, the second-largest voting shareholder in 21st Century Fox, a minor shareholder in Zaveriwala Holdings LLC and owns Paris' Four Seasons Hotel George V and part of the Plaza Hotel. "Time" has called him the "Arabian Warren Buffett". In November 2017 "Forbes" listed Al-Waleed as the 45th richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of $18.7 billion. Document [185] (Title: Billionaires' Row (Manhattan)) million penthouse at One57, the record for an apartment in New York was $88 million paid by Dmitry Rybolovlev for a penthouse at 15 CPW. In 2016, the United States Treasury Department announced it would start identifying and tracking the purchase of multi-million-dollar units, especially those paid for in cash or via shell companies, to cut down on the practice of money laundering. New laws in China restricting capital outflow have also been implemented, and lower oil prices have affected potential Middle Eastern buyers. Uncertainty over Brexit has also played a role. This has weakened the market for the highest-end Document [186] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67%) was entirely self-made; 184 (13%) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20%) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. Two billionaires – Sulaiman Al Rajhi and Roman Avdeev - tied for the most children with 23. Both of their fortunes are tied to the banking industry, Al-Rajhi Bank and Credit Bank of Moscow respectively. The World's Billionaires 2013 Document [187] (Title: Warren Buffett) Mark Zuckerberg signed a promise they called the "Gates-Buffett Giving Pledge", in which they promise to donate to charity at least half of their wealth, and invite other wealthy people to follow suit. in 2018, after making almost $3.4 billion donations, Buffet was ranked 3rd in the "Forbes"' List of Billionaire 2018. Warren Buffett continues to help fund and support his family's individual foundations which include Susan Buffett's "Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation", Susan Alice Buffett's "Sherwood Foundation", Howard Graham Buffett's "Howard G. Buffett Foundation", and Peter Buffett's "NoVo Foundation".<ref> Warren Buffett Warren Edward Buffett (; born August 30, 1930) is Document [188] (Title: Charles Koch) Charles Koch Charles de Ganahl Koch (; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman, political donor and philanthropist. As of June 2018, he was ranked as the 8th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $50.7 billion. Koch has been co-owner, chairman, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967, while his brother David Koch serves as executive vice president. Charles and David each own 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business. Originally involved exclusively in oil refining and chemicals, Koch Industries now Document [189] (Title: Rinat Akhmetov) and Steel Works Plant and the Azov Stal Steel Plant, both owned by Metinvest. Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in "Korrespondent" magazine annual Ukraine's Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of: "Forbes" The World's Billionaires rating: In 2018 Akhmetov’s fortune was valued at approx. $5.9 billion. Bloomberg reported that he was the richest person in the Ukraine and that he had regained all of his losses suffered after the conflict with Russia in 2013-2014. Akhmetov has been noted as a financier and unofficial leader of the Party of Regions political party. Following the Orange Revolution, Akhmetov Document [190] (Title: Height discrimination) ceilings and pay gaps. For example, short guy fraternity members include: Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos (5'7<nowiki>"</nowiki>), Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg (5'7<nowiki>"</nowiki>) and Google co-founder and Alphabet President Sergey Brin (5'8<nowiki>"</nowiki>). With an estimated net worth of over $150 billion, Bezos is ranked as the richest person in the world, while Zuckerberg and Brin consistently rank in the top 20. Heightism is also a factor in dating preferences. For some people, height is a noteworthy factor in sexual attractiveness. The greater reproductive success of taller men is attested to by studies indicating that taller men are more Document [191] (Title: The World's Billionaires) The World's Billionaires The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine "Forbes". The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars, based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is Document [192] (Title: Hussain Sajwani) of operations at DAMAC Group. He was called one of Middle East's Future Stars by the Arabian Business Achievement Awards 2017, organized by Arabian Business. Hussain Sajwani Hussain Sajwani (born 1952/53) is an Emirati billionaire property developer, and the founder and chairman of real estate development company DAMAC Properties. DAMAC Properties was ranked number one on the Forbes 2017 Global 2000 list of the fastest growing global companies based on the compound annual growth rate of revenues from 2013 to 2016. In the "Forbes" 2018 rankings, Sajwani was the world's 4th richest Arab with a net worth of $4.1 billion. Question: who topped the forbes world's billionaires list 2017 Answer: Microsoft founder Bill Gates Long Answer: In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $3.75 billion, down US $110 million from 2015 . Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion, up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News . As of 2017, Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years. Gold Document ID: 177

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Wang Wenyin) March 2014 that Wang Wenyin will set up a company in Singapore to expand the trading of metals and to purchase global mining assets. As of 25 June 2015 Wang Wenyin is ranked number 125 on Forbes’ list of global billionaires with a net worth of $15 billion, and the 8th richest man in China. Wang resides in Shenzhen, China. Wang Wenyin Wang Wenyin (, born 1968) is a Chinese businessman, chairman of Amer International Group, a Chinese company that produces cable and copper products and with interests in mining. Wang was born in the Chinese province of Anhui. He Document [2] (Title: Iris Fontbona) Fontbona was ranked the 35th richest person on Bloomberg's Billionare List. This position fell to 83rd in 2016. Fontbana lost a quarter of her wealth in 2012. Fontbona acquired her wealth following the death of her husband, Andrónico Luksic Abaroa, in 2005 from cancer. The bulk of her husband's business went to their three sons, Guillermo, Jean Paul and Andronico. Jean Paul manages Antofagasta, Luksic Group's copper mining group and one of the largest mining companies in the world. Fontbona and her family control Antofagasta, the Santiago-based mining company. Through the publicly-traded company Quiñenco, they control Banco de Chile, Madeco, Document [3] (Title: LGBT billionaires) LGBT billionaires According to American LGBT-interest magazine "The Advocate", Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani with a net worth of $8.1 billion is currently the world's richest person who is openly part of the LGBT community. In 1980, DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen came out as the first openly gay billionaire in the world. He had dated women before such as Cher, but finally came to terms with this sexuality in the early 1980s and had become one of the most important forces in the gay rights movement by 1992. Giorgio Armani is known for being notoriously private and has remained relatively Document [4] (Title: Billionaire) of 152 countries. The majority of billionaires are male, as fewer than 11% (197 of 1,826) on the 2015 list were female billionaires. In 2015, there were ten LGBT billionaires. The United States has the largest number of billionaires of any country, with 536 as of 2015, while China, India and Russia are home to 213, 90 and 88 billionaires respectively. As of 2015, only 46 billionaires were under the age of 40, while the list of American-only billionaires, as of 2010, had an average age of 66. According to a 2016 Oxfam report, the wealth of the poorest 95% Document [5] (Title: African-American history) the increasing visibility of blacks in the political arena. Economic progress for blacks' reaching the extremes of wealth has been slow. According to Forbes richest lists, Oprah Winfrey was the richest African American of the 20th century and has been the world's only black billionaire in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Not only was Winfrey the world's only black billionaire but she has been the only black on the Forbes 400 list nearly every year since 1995. BET founder Bob Johnson briefly joined her on the list from 2001 to 2003 before his ex-wife acquired part of his fortune; although he Document [6] (Title: Billionaire) John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916, and still holds the title of history's wealthiest individual. As of 2018, there are over 2,200 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over , up from in 2017. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight richest billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race". According to the "Forbes" report released in March 2017, there are currently 2,043 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, from 66 countries, with a combined net worth of $7.67 trillion, which is more than the combined GDP Document [7] (Title: Red McCombs) ... not on a par with other candidates." Three days later he apologized, and pledged "total support" for Strong. Red McCombs Billy Joe "Red" McCombs (born October 19, 1927), is an American billionaire. He is the founder of the Red McCombs Automotive Group in San Antonio, Texas, a co-founder of Clear Channel Communications, chairman of Constellis Group, a former owner of the San Antonio Spurs, San Antonio Force, Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Vikings, and the namesake of the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin. He is on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans. He Document [8] (Title: Yu Huijiao) however, the combined wealth of his immediate family is 7.5 billion USD. Forbes listed Yu's wife, Zhang Xiaojuan (), as the 12th richest self-made female billionaire in the world. Yu Huijiao Yu Huijiao () is the founder and chairman of YTO Express (), a Chinese express courier service. After the failure of his architecture firm, Yu founded a courier service to help pay his bankruptcy bills. Initially, he and his wife had 15 employees who delivered packages by bicycle in Tonglu County, near Hangzhou. , YTO Express employs over 22 thousand people across mainland China and Hong Kong, with an Document [9] (Title: Alberto Cortina) their billionaires list ranking as the 828th wealthiest man in the world. In June 2015 Banque de Dakar starts to provide financial services at its headquarters in the capital of Senegal and providing banking services at a Pan African level focusing in the UEMOA region. The bank is controlled by the BDK Financial Group led by Cortina along with various relevant shareholders. In February 2016 Alfredo Sáenz Abad is appointed president of the bank and in March he acquires 5% of BDK's shares. Alberto Cortina has held the following titles: Alberto Cortina Alberto Cortina de Alcocer (born January 20, 1947, Document [10] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) $3.5 billion. The United States accounted for 38% of the lists, down from 44% the year prior. The World's Billionaires 2010 The World's Billionaires 2010 edition was 24th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2010. It was released online on March 10, 2010. Forty reporters across 13 countries contributed to the list. Carlos Slim and Bill Gates were featured on the cover. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Microsoft's Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for Document [11] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed Document [12] (Title: Philip Anschutz) stakes in the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings and venues including the Staples Center and O2 Arena. AEG is the world's largest owner of sports teams, sports events, and sports venues. One of the world's wealthiest individuals, Anschutz has been an active philanthropist. He was listed as #113 on the Forbes list of billionaires in January 2015, with a net worth of $10.3 billion. He heads the Anschutz Foundation. Anschutz and his wife have contributed over $100,000,000 to the new medical, dental, nursing, and pharmacy campus of the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Aurora, Colorado, which Document [13] (Title: Zhang Li (entrepreneur)) No.4 with $4.075 billion. Zhang Li (entrepreneur) Zhang Li (; born 1953 in Guangzhou, Guangdong), is a Chinese entrepreneur and billionaire. He is President of the Fuli Group (富力集團/富力集团). In Hurun Report's 2013 China Rich List he was the 57th richest person in China with a net-worth of around $2.850 billion. Zhang was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China in 1953. Zhang at beginning was an industrial worker in a textile factory (since 1973), later became an official served in the local government. 1986, He became the chief manager of the Garden Village Hotel (Chinese: 花园村酒店). 1988, he first entered the Document [14] (Title: Bill Gates) May 2006 interview, Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought. In March 2010, Gates was the second wealthiest person behind Carlos Slim, but regained the top position in 2013, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires List. Carlos Slim retook the position again in June 2014 (but then lost the top position back to Gates). Between 2009 and 2014, his wealth doubled from 40 billion to more than 82 billion. Since October 2017, Gates was surpassed by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos as the richest person in the Document [15] (Title: Wang Jianlin) person in the world with . In 2015, Bloomberg, listed him as the richest person in Asia with . According to "Forbes", in 2016 he was the richest person in Asia with . A year later, Forbes ranked him 18th in its 2017 World's Billionaires list, making him the richest man in China with a net worth of . However, on May 14, Jack Ma overtook Wang Jianlin as the richest man in China, thanks to Ma's Alibaba Group's increases in stock prices. He is married to Lin Ning (), and has a son, Wang Sicong (; born 1988), educated Document [16] (Title: The World's Billionaires) first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires. The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s. Source: "Forbes". The World's Billionaires The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine "Forbes". The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the Document [17] (Title: The World's Billionaires) an individual's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled. Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living. Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded Document [18] (Title: Forbes Fictional 15) of fictional characters under consideration for the list is calculated by combining the fictional source texts with real-world information about stock and commodity prices. As wealthy as the fictional characters on the list have been, their wealth has historically been exceeded by that of real-world billionaires such as Bill Gates and Carlos Slim. Forbes Fictional 15 The "Forbes" Fictional 15 was a list from "Forbes" business magazine that listed the 15 richest people in the realm of fiction produced between 2002 to 2013. The members are characters from movies, books, cartoons, television, video games, and comics. To qualify for the Document [19] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) 2012. It tracks the 500 wealthiest people in the world. The ranking was designed to provide a more transparent and accountable presentation of the world's biggest personal fortunes. At first, the index only tracked the 20 richest people in the world, and then expanded to 100, 200, 400 and later 500 in October 2016. At its launch in 2012, Mexican telecommunications tycoon Carlos Slim was in the top spot, with an estimated $65.8 billion net worth. Beginning in May 2013, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates was the world's top billionaire. Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and Spanish fashion retailer Amancio Ortega both Document [20] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) his own wealth. "Harry Potter" author JK Rowling and former Research In Motion CEO Jim Balsillie were among whose who fell off the list. A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 different countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Three new billionaires from Morocco represented their nation, which did not have any billionaire in 2011. Georgia and Peru also were newly represented. Moscow was the home to Document [21] (Title: David and Simon Reuben) David and Simon Reuben David Reuben (born 1941) and Simon Reuben (born 1944) are British businessmen and philanthropists. In the 2016 "Forbes" magazine list of billionaires, David and Simon Reuben were ranked as the 60th wealthiest people in the world, with a net worth of 14.4 billion. In 2016 they were named by "The Sunday Times" as Britain's richest people, with a net worth of 13.1 billion. The brothers were born in Mumbai, India, the sons of David Sassoon Reuben and Nancy Reuben, a prosperous Baghdadi Jewish family. The family had lived in British India since the mid-1800s with other Document [22] (Title: Korean ruling class) power elites of the world have found sufficient high profile rich in Korea as to generate accurate numbers. Forbes magazine has hinted at Korea having at the very least 7 high billionaires living on the peninsula, and at least ten families alone who control in the high billions in assets. There are possibly another 5 Korean billionaires abroad, mostly in the USA who maintain dual citizenship. Low billionaire families are generally accepted to number more than 10 and less than 20; while domestic newspapers have indicated that there are at least 100 families who have more than $250 million in Document [23] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557% to $13.5 billion. Placing 51st overall, he finished one spot ahead of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg too was among the top gainers, adding $9.5 billion to his fortune. Fellow Facebook founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. Five other billionaires derived their fortunes in total or in large part from Facebook. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet Document [24] (Title: The World's Billionaires) mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P., appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison, Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively. In the 29th annual "Forbes" list of global Document [25] (Title: Ion Țiriac) well as exhibits that previously belonged to great names such as Sir Elton John, Sammy Davis Jr. or Bernie Ecclestone. Ion Țiriac became the first Romanian to enter Forbes' List of billionaires in the 2007 Forbes rankings, ranking 840th in the world. His wealth was estimated at $1.0 billion as of 2010, according to the magazine. In 2010, TOP 300 Capital declared Ion Țiriac the richest man in Romania with a wealth estimated at €1.5–€1.6 billion ($2–$2.2 billion). In 2018, Ion Tiriac ranked #1867 on the "Forbes" World's Billionaires list, with wealth listed at US $1.2 billion. Țiriac was married Document [26] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Amancio Ortega moved up a spot to number five, despite stepping down from Zara's top post during the year. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg was also among the top gainers, adding $4 billion to his fortune. Dustin Moskovitz, also of Facebook, was the youngest self-made billionaire on the list at age 27. Making her debut on the list at age 41, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire Document [27] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth. Oracle founder Larry Ellison rounded out the top five. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to crack the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. 24-year-old Perenna Kei, daughter of Chinese real estate developer Ji Haipeng, was the youngest person on the list. At age 99, David Rockefeller was the oldest. Among the largest gainers Document [28] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) and 7% from the real estate industry. The average billionaire is 62 years old, and 87% of the world's billionaires are male. Approximately 68% of them have a bachelor's degree or higher levels of education. UHNW individuals are of crucial importance not only to the finance, banking and investment industry, but also to luxury companies who target UHNW individuals, charities, universities and schools amongst others. UHNW individuals are notable players in the field of philanthropy; many of them have their own private foundations and support a variety of causes, from education to poverty relief. Financial institutions are known for their Document [29] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) second as he had in 2014. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway placed third while the founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat, became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to make the list. In the 29th annual list of global billionaires, ist.cord 1,826 billionaires Document [30] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, including 37 new names. Russia was third with 111. Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Sixteen of the female billionaires came from Germany, the second most of any country. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to high inflation in the country. The World's Billionaires 2014 The World's Billionaires 2014 edition was 28th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's Document [31] (Title: Black billionaires) Winfrey was considered especially powerful because of her influence on American consumer choices and her pivotal role in getting Barack Obama elected. Wealth valuations by "Forbes" magazine Black billionaires Black billionaires is a term used to describe African Americans and others of Black African ancestry with a net worth of at least US$1 billion. According to Forbes 2018 ranking of the world's billionaires, Nigerian business magnate Aliko Dangote with a net worth of $13.8 billion is the world's richest black person. Others on the list are Nigeria's Mike Adenuga with $4.6 billion, American media mogul Oprah Winfrey with a net Document [32] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) in real time. The World's Billionaires 2012 The World's Billionaires 2012 edition was 26th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2012. It was released online on March 7, 2012. Telecommunications mogul Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Investor Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of Document [33] (Title: The World's Billionaires) list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in its history. Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the "Forbes" 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his previous number one ranking was in 2009. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing Document [34] (Title: Charles Butt) list of the world’s top billionaires beginning in 2016. The magazine changed its methodology to exclude individuals from families that share their fortunes. Charles Butt Charles Clarence Butt (born February 3, 1938) is an American billionaire businessman, who inherited his family's San Antonio-based H-E-B supermarket chain in 1971. The privately held company has more than 300 stores and $20 billion in sales, according to "Forbes". Charles Clarence Butt was born on February 3, 1938, the son of Howard Edward Butt Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth, and the grandson of Florence Butt, who founded H.E. Butt in 1905. Butt graduated from Document [35] (Title: Billionaire) 2008. Data for each year is from the annual "Forbes" list of billionaires, with currency figures given in U.S. dollars. Billionaire A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally, a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) is commonly used to reference a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000). The American business magazine "Forbes" produces a complete global list of known Document [36] (Title: Michael Bloomberg) time, there were only four fortunes in the U.S. that were larger (although the Wal-Mart family fortune is split among four people). He had moved from 142nd to 17th in the "Forbes" list of the world's billionaires in only two years (March 2007 – March 2009). In March 2012, Forbes reported Bloomberg's wealth at $22 billion, ranking him 20th in the world and 11th in the United States. By September 2013, Bloomberg's wealth was reported by Forbes as $31 billion and ranked him as the 10th richest person in the United States. In September 2015, his net worth was $43.3 Document [37] (Title: University of California, Berkeley) (Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas), Hearst, and Bechtel families. There are at least 18 living alumni billionaires: Masayoshi Son (SoftBank), Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons, Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment), Bill Joy (computer programmer and Sun Microsystems founder), Eric Schmidt (Google Chairman), Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim (wealthiest Kuwaiti), Kutayba Alghanim, Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC, wealthiest Taiwanese), Robert Haas (Levi Strauss & Co.), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru), Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, Victor Koo, and Lowell Milken. University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Document [38] (Title: The World's Billionaires) not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at , up from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was , up from in 2017. , Microsoft founder Bill Gates had topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first Document [39] (Title: The World's Billionaires) person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved Document [40] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) Bloomberg Billionaires Index The Bloomberg Billionaires Index is a daily ranking of the world's richest people. The index debuted in March 2012 and tracks the net worth of the 500 wealthiest people on the planet. It draws information from "action in the stock market, economic indicators and news reports," features a profile of each billionaire, and includes a tool that allows users to compare the fortunes of multiple billionaires. The index is updated every day at the close of trading in New York. Bloomberg Billionaires Index is a daily ranking of the world's billionaires published by Bloomberg News since March Document [41] (Title: Nerijus Numavičius) companies operating in food, baby food and pet food production and sales businesses, covering Sweden, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Belarus, Lithuania, Slovakia and other European and Asian countries. According to a study carried out by the investment bank Prudentia and stock exchange Nasdaq Riga (Riga Stock Exchange), the value of Maxima Group was totaling 1.62 billion and increased by 26% in 2017 (YOY) Forbes magazine included Nerijus Numavičius in The World's Billionaires 2015 list and his net worth was valued above EUR 1 billion. He was the first billionaire on this list in the Baltic states. In 2016, Lithuania got Document [42] (Title: Lund University) been ranked among the top ten richest men in the world. Dan Olofsson (1950–) is a Swedish entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the company Sigma and the foundation Star for Life and is a large shareholder in the company ÅF. Anders Dahlvig (1957–) was the CEO and President of the IKEA group between 1999 and 2009, during which IKEA experienced an average growth of 11 percent, and is the current chairman of the New Wave Group. Charlotta Falvin (1966–) is a Swedish businesswoman who is the chairman of the companies Teknopol, Barista, Multi-Q and Ideon AB and the previous CEO Document [43] (Title: The World's Billionaires) time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "the poorest half of the human race". Each year, "Forbes" employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world's wealthiest individuals. Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to "Forbes", they received three types Document [44] (Title: Jorge M. Pérez) Jorge M. Pérez Jorge M. Pérez (born October 17, 1949) is an American billionaire real estate developer, art collector, philanthropist and author. He is best known as the chairman and CEO of The Related Group. He is ranked 264th on the Forbes 400 list with a net worth of $3 billion as of October, 2017. He is a longtime friend of U.S. president Donald Trump and has built Trump-branded properties. Pérez was born October 17, 1949 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to Cuban parents of Spanish origin. He lived in Colombia before moving to Miami in 1968. His father was the Document [45] (Title: Aliko Dangote) by UK-based company Richtopia at number 6 in the list of 100 Most Influential Philanthropists. Aliko Dangote Aliko Dangote GCON (born 10 April 1957) is a Nigerian business magnate, investor, and owner of the Dangote Group, which has interests in commodities in Nigeria and other African countries. As of March 2018, he had an estimated net worth of US$14.1 billion. Dangote is ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 100th-richest person in the world and the richest in Africa, and peaked on the list as the 23rd-richest person in the world in 2014. He surpassed Saudi-Ethiopian billionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi Document [46] (Title: The World's Billionaires) $22.5 billion. At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world's youngest self-made billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney. A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. Eighty-nine women made the Document [47] (Title: Sunday Times Rich List 2016) Sunday Times Rich List 2016 The Sunday Times Rich List 2016 is the 28th annual survey of the wealthiest people resident in the United Kingdom, published by "The Sunday Times" on 24 April 2016. Long-term compiler Philip Beresford was joined by Robert Watts for the 2016 list. An estimated wealth of £103 million is required for entry in the 2016 list. Newly added to the list for the first time, and ranked in the top 100, are John Grayken, Christo Wiese, Sunil Vaswani & Family, and Martin Moller. The "Daily Mail" noted that "Britain's Super Rich have taken a hammering Document [48] (Title: The World's Billionaires) up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s. The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion. Slim narrowly eclipsed Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of Document [49] (Title: The World's Billionaires) inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111. Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country. Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at Document [50] (Title: The World's Billionaires) stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987. The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan). On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world. In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people Document [51] (Title: Lakshmi Mittal) on the previous year. Meanwhile, in 2016 "Forbes" magazine's annual billionaires list assessed estimated Mittal's wealth in 2016 at as the 135th-wealthiest billionaire with a net worth of 8.4 billion. Mittal's net worth peaked in 2008, assessed by "The Sunday Times" at £27.70 billion, and by "Forbes" at 45.0 billion, and rated as the fourth-wealthiest individual in the world. Lakshmi Mittal Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; born 15 June 1950) is an Indian steel magnate and "Zamindar", based in the United Kingdom. He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steelmaking company. Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and Document [52] (Title: Yelena Baturina) Soviet republics. The couple denied the accusations as "total rubbish". In the 2018 ranking of The World's Billionaires, published by "Forbes" on 6 March, Baturina with $1,2 billion remains for the 13th consecutive year the richest woman of Russia, and the only Russian female billionaire. Baturina is also the only independent self-made woman entrepreneur in the construction section of the Forbes list; she is number 55 of 56 self-made women billionaires who have built their fortune from scratch. Altogether there are 227 women on the list, over 75% of them have inherited their wealth from family. According to Forbes, Baturina's Document [53] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) on the list. American investor Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Oracle founder Larry Ellison rounded out the top five. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led "Forbes" editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Mark Zuckerberg. The founder of Facebook saw his fortune fall by $4 billion to $13.3 billion, but he wasn't the Document [54] (Title: The World's Billionaires) first American to take the top spot of the World's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot-com bubble's height in 1999 when Gates' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list. The dot-com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear. Billionaires' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis; 2009 was the Document [55] (Title: Black billionaires) "Forbes" billionaire list since 2002 and in 2012 had a net worth of $12.5 billion. Michael Lee-Chin of Canada, who is Jamaican of Chinese and Black ancestry was on the list from 2001 to 2010, but dropped off in 2011. In 2013 Isabel Dos Santos who is of both Angolan and Middle Eastern ancestry made the list with a $2 billion net worth. Of all the above-mentioned billionaires identified by "Forbes," only Oprah Winfrey qualified for "Forbes" 2009's list of the world's 20 most powerful billionaires, a list which considered not only wealth, but also market sway and political clout. Document [56] (Title: Scott Lin) of US$1.2 billion. Lin was listed on "The World's Billionaires" for the first time in 2015; his fortune was valued at US$1.5 billion. In early 2017, Lin's net worth was US$3.2 billion, ranking seventy-sixth on a "Forbes" list of businesspeople in technology, and ninth on Taiwan's list. When the 2017 Forbes Taiwan Rich List was released in June, Lin was valued at US$2.7 billion and ranked thirteenth. Lin is married and has two sons, Lin En-chou and Adam Lin. Scott Lin Scott Lin (; born 1933) is a Taiwanese billionaire and cofounder of Largan Precision. Scott Lin was born in Document [57] (Title: Zhou Chengjian) of a number of Chinese businessmen that had mysteriously gone missing. A week later, news reported that he has returned to work. In 2008, Zhou Chengjian and his family was estimated worthy US$ 1.9 billion by the Hurun Report magazine. His daughter also holds a major share of the Metersbonwe Group. In 2014, Zhou was ranked No.892 in Hurun Report's Global Rich List 2014, with a wealth of US$1.9 billion, which is a quite rare case because in 2009 the world's economy is in recession and the most billionaires in the list suffered from wealth shrink, but Zhou still earned Document [58] (Title: Financial Review Rich List) the list; the other times being in 2009 and 2017. Pratt succeeded Harry Triguboff who topped the list in 2016, when it was estimated he had a personal net worth of 10.62 billion in 2016. Gina Rinehart held the mantle between 2011 and 2015. In 2012 "BRW" proclaimed Rinehart as the richest woman in the world, a title that appeared to have slipped in subsequent years, according to "Forbes Asia". Fourteen individuals and/or families have made every list; including Maurice Alter, Lindsay Fox, John Gandel, Bruce Gordon, Bruno & Rino Grollo, David Hains, John Kahlbetzer, Solomon Lew, Frank Lowy, Grahame Document [59] (Title: Alan Trefler) Entrepreneurs, and he speaks publicly on business and software topics at various events and conferences. Among other publications, he has appeared in "Barron's", the BBC, "Forbes", "Fortune", "The New York Times", the "Wall Street Journal", "Reuters", and "Bloomberg Television." Trefler made the Forbes Billionaire’s List in March 2017. A master-level chess player who had been playing chess since his childhood, Trefler competed in the 1975 World Open Chess Championship in New York City. Still a college student at Dartmouth, he entered the tournament with a 2075 Elo rating, 125 points below the lowest master-rated player, ranking him 115th overall in Document [60] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) the most billionaire with 78, followed by New York City with 58, and London with 39. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Combined net worth of the billionaire list rose to a record $4.6 trillion. However, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441, including 7 of the top 20). The list average was a net worth of $3.7 billion. To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires Document [61] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) ever. Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. Laurene Powell Jobs, widow of Steve Jobs, was just behind Domingo, inheriting a fortune of $9 billion. India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian. Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing reclaimed that title, despite a slight drop in Document [62] (Title: The World's Billionaires) suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop-offs, with 29, followed by the United Document [63] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2012) The World's Billionaires 2012 The World's Billionaires 2012 edition was 26th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2012. It was released online on March 7, 2012. Telecommunications mogul Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Investor Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the Document [64] (Title: Wealth of Donald Trump) indicated they are examining the matter. Trump was listed on the initial "Forbes List" of wealthy individuals in 1982 as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. Former "Forbes" reporter Jonathan Greenberg stated in 2018 that during the 1980s Trump had deceived him about his actual net worth and his share of the family assets in order to appear on the list. According to Greenberg, "it took decades to unwind the elaborate farce Trump had enacted to project an image as one of the richest people in America. Nearly every assertion supporting that claim was untrue. Document [65] (Title: Warren Buffett) the enlarged group with his Berkshire Hathaway, which provided $3 billion, underlining his instrumental role during the crisis in debt and equity markets. In 2008, Buffett became the richest person in the world, with a total net worth estimated at $62 billion by Forbes and at $58 billion by Yahoo, overtaking Bill Gates, who had been number one on the Forbes list for 13 consecutive years. In 2009, Gates regained the top position on the Forbes list, with Buffett shifted to second place. Both of the men's values dropped, to $40 billion and $37 billion respectively—according to Forbes, Buffett lost Document [66] (Title: The World's Billionaires) the top. Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list. Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led "Forbes" editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, Document [67] (Title: Eka Tjipta Widjaja) at 17. Mr. Widjaja received his honorary Doctorate degree in Economics from Pittsburg State University. He has since retired from the limelight and handed his business over to his children, in particular Indra, Teguh and Franky and grandson Eric Oei Kang, who headed up the Hong Kong-listed construction company Creator Holdings. Hong Kong Creator Holdings is now one of Hong Kong's most well known and prominent companies, with many projects in Asia. Widjaja's second son, Singapore tycoon Oei Hong Leong, is one of Southeast Asia's richest men, ranked by Forbes Magazine as #37, with a net worth of US$355 million. Document [68] (Title: Warren Buffett) by "Forbes" as the richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of approximately $62 billion. In 2009, after donating billions of dollars to charity, he was ranked as the second richest man in the United States with a net worth of $37 billion with only Bill Gates ranked higher than Buffett. His net worth had risen to $58.5 billion as of September 2013. In 1999, Buffett was named the top money manager of the Twentieth Century in a survey by the Carson Group, ahead of Peter Lynch and John Templeton. In 2007, he was listed among "Time"'s Document [69] (Title: Wang Jianlin) government and "clear" from the government as well. "If the government never talk to entrepreneurs, they'll never know what entrepreneurs want to invest, develop or solve." Wang Jianlin has been ranked prominently in worldwide billionaire lists for years. The previous year, Forbes ranked him the 128th richest person in the world, with . In August 2013, he was listed as the wealthiest person in China with a net worth of by Bloomberg. In September 2013, his net worth rose to , according to numbers of the Hurun Report. According to the Hurun Report, in 2014 he was the 25th richest Document [70] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) The World's Billionaires 2011 The World's Billionaires 2011 edition was 25th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2011. It was released online on March 8, 2011. Russian investor Lucio Mata, a newcomer for 2011, was the cover photo. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Microsoft founder Bill Gates added $3 billion to his fortune and placed Document [71] (Title: Stephen Saad) of twenty-nine, he sold his share in Covan Zurich for US$3 million, thus becoming a millionaire. In 1997, together with Gus Attridge, he co-founded Aspen Pharmacare, a public company traded on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It has become the largest producer of generic medicines on the African continent. He serves as its chief executive and Gus Attridge as its deputy chief executive, and serves on its board of directors. In 2011, he was worth US$640 million, becoming one of Africa's 40 richest people. His stock portfolio went up 75% in 2013. He is now worth US$1.4 billion. Additionally, he chairs Document [72] (Title: Mortimer Zuckerman) Mortimer Zuckerman Mortimer Benjamin Zuckerman (born June 4, 1937) is a Canadian-born American media proprietor, magazine editor, and investor. He is the co-founder, executive chairman and former CEO of Boston Properties, one of the largest real estate investment trusts in the United States. Zuckerman is also the owner and publisher of "U.S. News & World Report", where he serves as editor-in-chief. He formerly owned the "New York Daily News" "The Atlantic" and "Fast Company". On the "Forbes" 2016 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 688 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. As of February 9, 2018, Document [73] (Title: Sunday Times Rich List 2016) in the last year, as it was revealed 10 men have been downgraded from billionaires to mere multi-millionaires." Sunday Times Rich List 2016 The Sunday Times Rich List 2016 is the 28th annual survey of the wealthiest people resident in the United Kingdom, published by "The Sunday Times" on 24 April 2016. Long-term compiler Philip Beresford was joined by Robert Watts for the 2016 list. An estimated wealth of £103 million is required for entry in the 2016 list. Newly added to the list for the first time, and ranked in the top 100, are John Grayken, Christo Wiese, Sunil Document [74] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering from 2009's global financial crisis. His magazine declared that Asia was leading the recovery, with the US lagging behind, based on the billionaire list. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12% of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50% from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was Document [75] (Title: Jeff Bezos) Bezos Expeditions. On July 27, 2017, he became the world's wealthiest person when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. Bezos's wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by "Forbes" on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. The first centi-billionaire on the "Forbes" wealth index, he was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018. Bezos was born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, Document [76] (Title: Garrett Camp) the "Wall Street Journal", "TechCrunch", BBC News, "Inc. Magazine", "PRWeek", "Monocle’s" "Entrepreneurs" and AllThingsD. In 2015, he was the 283rd-richest person in the world and the third-richest Canadian, with an estimated wealth of US$5.3 billion according to "Forbes". He has joined The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away half of his wealth to charity. The Giving Pledge was created in 2010 by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates to encourage the world's richest people to "publicly dedicate the majority of their wealth to philanthropy" while they're still alive. In a personal blog post announcing his plans, Camp spoke Document [77] (Title: The Giving Pledge) by the following year, "The Huffington Post" reported that a total of 81 billionaires had committed. As of 2012, signatories of the pledge included: Hasso Plattner, David Rockefeller, Azim Premji, Richard Branson, Elon Musk, Tim Cook, Sara Blakely, and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw. By May 2017, 158 individuals and/or couples were listed as pledgers. At least $365 billion of giving has been pledged by 139 individuals, with a combined 2016 net worth of $731 billion. Below is a list of all net worth amounts (pledges are not shown): The Giving Pledge The Giving Pledge is a campaign to encourage wealthy people to Document [78] (Title: Eddie and Sol Zakay) Hilton and several Thistle Hotels, six in central London and one in Edinburgh. The brothers are thought to be majority owners of Topland which, according to "This is Money" in 2003, is "ultimately controlled from the British Virgin Islands". On the "Forbes" 2016 list of the world's billionaires, they were ranked #688 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. The company has since diversified into natural resources and renewable energy. In 2012, "The Guardian" reported that Topland and Eddie Zakay were being sued by the U.K.'s Ministry of Justice for allegedly having "conspired with a property agent in 2002 to Document [79] (Title: Billionaire) Billionaire A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally, a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) is commonly used to reference a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000). The American business magazine "Forbes" produces a complete global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate Document [80] (Title: David and Simon Reuben) has doubled. David and Simon Reuben David Reuben (born 1941) and Simon Reuben (born 1944) are British businessmen and philanthropists. In the 2016 "Forbes" magazine list of billionaires, David and Simon Reuben were ranked as the 60th wealthiest people in the world, with a net worth of 14.4 billion. In 2016 they were named by "The Sunday Times" as Britain's richest people, with a net worth of 13.1 billion. The brothers were born in Mumbai, India, the sons of David Sassoon Reuben and Nancy Reuben, a prosperous Baghdadi Jewish family. The family had lived in British India since the mid-1800s Document [81] (Title: Lakshmi Mittal) but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015. In spite of the drop, "Forbes" estimated that he still had a personal wealth of in October 2013. Mukesh Ambani remains the richest Indian, overtaking him, although they have frequently traded places. In 2017, Forbes ranked him as the 56th-richest person in the world with a net worth of US$20.4 billion. He is also the "57th-most powerful person" of the 72 individuals named in "Forbes'" "Most Powerful People" list for 2015. His daughter Vanisha Mittal's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history. Mittal has been a member of the board of Document [82] (Title: Bill Gates) world. Bill Gates has held the top spot on the list of The World's Billionaires for 18 out of the past 23 years. Gates has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667 and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667. In 1989, he founded Corbis, a digital imaging company. In 2004, he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett. In 2016, he was discussing his gaming habits when he revealed that he was color-blind. In a BBC interview, Gates claimed "I've paid more tax than any individual ever, and Document [83] (Title: Roman Avdeev) the lists of European and global billionaires for the first time. In 2014, Adveev’s holding company Garden Hills consolidated more than 98% of Veropharm, one of the largest drug makers in Russia. He then sold Garden Hills to Abbott for an estimated $650 million. In 2016, he bought OPIN development group from Mikhail Prokhorov and integrated it into its real estate assets. In 2017, Avdeev became the co-owner of FC Torpedo Moscow club. In 2018 he was included in "Putin List", released by the US Treasury, among 210 Russian politicians and billionaires from Forbes list . In 2014, Avdeev established Document [84] (Title: Shin Kyuk-ho) his family were ranked 136th on "Forbes" magazine's list, "The World's Billionaires." In 2009, Shin was ranked 38th on the magazine's list of South Korea's richest people. Lotte itself was South Korea's fifth largest conglomerate as of 2017. In June 2017, Shin retired from his role as board director of Lotte Holdings Co. after holding the position for nearly 70 years. In December 2017, he was sentenced to four years in prison after he was convicted of embezzling 128.6 billion won (119 million USD) from Lotte. However, Shin was allowed to remain free given his poor health. Shin has a Document [85] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.05 trillion, up from $6.4 trillion in 2014. 46 of the billionaires on the list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25% hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. Mark Zuckerberg, the social media magnate and founder of Facebook, was placed at number 16 with $33.4 billion. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the Document [86] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) second, the same place he finished in 2010. Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett remained in third with $50 billion. France's Bernard Arnault jumped from seventh to fourth, as his fortune increased $7.5 billion. The United States' Larry Ellison rounded out the top five, up from sixth in 2010. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list. However, Nigeria commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was Document [87] (Title: Billionaire (Los Angeles, California)) Seven Dwarfs images, a $200,000 wall of candy dispensers, Dom Pérignon-filled fire extinguishers, over 130 works of art (including photographs by Timothy White and a $1 million sculpture by Liao Yibai), and a seven-person full-time staff with separate living quarters. The residence includes an auto gallery with US $30 million in luxury vehicles including Lamborghinis, Ferraris, Bentleys, a Rolls Royce, a Bugatti Veyron, ten motorcycles, a one-of-a-kind Pagani Huayra worth more than $2 million, and a 1936 Mercedes-Benz 540K worth in excess of $15 million. Billionaire (Los Angeles, California) Billionaire is a private residence located at 924 Bel Air Road Document [88] (Title: Black billionaires) billion and Mo Ibrahim, a British billionaire of Sudanese Nubian ancestry, who has been on the "Forbes" Billionaire list since 2008 and in 2012 had a net worth of $1.1 billion. In the years since, American investor Robert Smith, with a net worth of $4.4 billion, and American sports executive Michael Jordan, with $1.65 billion, have risen to the list. From 2001 to 2003, Forbes listed American television network executive Bob Johnson as a billionaire, but dropped him after his fortune was split in his divorce. He returned to "Forbes" Billionaire list in 2007 with a net worth of $1.1 Document [89] (Title: Warren Buffett) Warren Buffett Warren Edward Buffett (; born August 30, 1930) is an American business magnate, investor, speaker and philanthropist who serves as the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world and has a net worth of US$84.4 billion as of November 1, 2018, making him the third-wealthiest person in the world. Buffett was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He developed an interest in business and investing in his youth, eventually entering the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 before transferring and graduating from University of Nebraska at Document [90] (Title: Zhang Yin (entrepreneur)) fifth richest person in China. (On a later Forbes list she was displaced as China's richest woman by 25-year-old Yang Huiyan) On June 2014, Zhang was named Asian CEO of the Year for 2014 at RISI's 15th annual Asian Pulp and Paper Conference. As of July 2016 Forbes estimates her wealth to be US$1.12 B, the #384 richest person in China (down from #216 in 2014), and the #1724 richest person in the world. Zhang's first marriage resulted in one child and a divorce. She met her second husband, Liu Ming Chung, in Hong Kong and the couple married shortly Document [91] (Title: Micky Jagtiani) business empire from the Persian Gulf to China. In 2014, he launched his family office with assets worth $5 billion. In April 2015, he was ranked 291 in the Forbes list of world billionaires, with a net worth of US$5.0 billion. In 2000, he established LIFE (Landmark International Foundation of Empowerment), to support underprivileged children in India, through school and healthcare development programmes, homes for destitute children, vocational and non-formal schools, community clinics and medical camps for slum-dwellers and an old age home Chennai. Micky Jagtiani Mukesh Wadhumal "Micky" Jagtiani (born 15 August 1952 in Kuwait) is an Indian billionaire Document [92] (Title: Eugene Kaspersky) Kaspersky threatening to go after competitors by "rubbing them out in the outhouse," using a phrase popularized by Vladimir Putin. The company denied the allegations. Kaspersky was ranked #1,567 on "Forbes" "Billionaires List 2017" with a net worth of US$1.3 billion (as of March 2017). He first made the list in 2015 when his net worth reached US$1 billion. Kaspersky lives in Moscow, Russia with his wife and five children. He and his first wife were divorced in 1998. On 21 April 2011, his son, Ivan, then 20, was kidnapped for a $4.4 million ransom. Kaspersky worked with a friend Document [93] (Title: The World's Billionaires) joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self-made billionaire. Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction, known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005, contributing to economic growth worldwide. The founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, become billionaires at age 30. Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African-American billionaire. As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot-com bubble, 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year. In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African-American billionaire. Gates became the Document [94] (Title: Millionaire) of millionaires in the world. According to the report, the US has 17.3 million millionaires, highest in the world. The following is a list of the countries with the most millionaire households in U.S. dollars worldwide according to the Boston Consulting Group's 2017 study. The following is a list of the cities with the most US$ millionaires. There is a wide disparity in the estimates of the number of millionaires residing in the United States. A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 16.6 million millionaires in the Document [95] (Title: Upper class) A-list actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former U.S. President, yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of the upper class. At the pinnacle of U.S wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to "Forbes Magazine", there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $400 million. Today, the average net worth is $2.8 billion. Wal-Mart Walton Document [96] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire ever. Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest-ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 Document [97] (Title: Wealth) Having a leading position in the development of rational sciences, in new technologies and in economic production leads to wealth, while the opposite can be correlated with poverty. Billionaires such as Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Elon Musk, Charlie Munger and others advise the following principles of wealth creation: The wealth of households amounts to USD 280 trillion (2017). According to the eighth edition of the Global Wealth Report, in the year to mid-2017, total global wealth rose at a rate of 6.4%, the fastest pace since 2012 and reached USD 280 trillion, a gain of USD 16.7 trillion. Document [98] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) saw a large increase in their respective net worths during 2016 and 2017 and challenged Gates for the number one spot. Bezos eventually surpassed him and remains the world's top billionaire. The Index reported on hidden wealth and uncovered more than 400 hidden billionaires since its founding. Bloomberg Billionaires founding editor Matthew Miller said in 2013 that hidden billionaires are identified by "making sure that we have accounted for all the companies in closely-held assets around the world." Some of the billionaires the index has uncovered includes JP Morgan Chase & Co chairman Jamie Dimon, In-N-Out Burger president Lynsi Torres, Document [99] (Title: Richard Li) musical maestros. Richard Li Richard Li Tzar Kai is a Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist. He is the younger son of businessman Li Ka-Shing and brother of Victor Li. Li was 15th in the Forbes List of Hong Kong's 50 Richest people for 2017. The same publication named Li as 385th in the list of the world's billionaires, with an estimated fortune of $4.3 billion. Li attended St. Paul's Co-educational College in Hong Kong and left at age thirteen to be educated at Menlo School in Atherton, California. To earn money, he took shifts at McDonald's and also worked as Document [100] (Title: Billionaire (Los Angeles, California)) Billionaire (Los Angeles, California) Billionaire is a private residence located at 924 Bel Air Road in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles. The home designed by Bruce Makowsky is the most expensive house for sale in the United States (as of 2017) and one of the largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The previous home occupying the lot was owned by Hollywood star Judy Garland until 1967. The property was acquired by Makowsky on May 7, 2012, for US $7.9 million. The structure was built over the course of four years by 250 workers. Listed on January Document [101] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. The average net worth of those on the list increased from $3.6 billion in 2010 to $3.7 billion. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, surpassing the 1,125 people who made the list in 2008. Their combined wealth was $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. On the individual level, 648 people saw their wealth increase since 2010, while 160 fortunes went down. One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires, 115, while Russia Document [102] (Title: Donald Trump) have raised serious concerns about his cardiac health. In its 2018 billionaires ranking, "Forbes" estimated Trump's net worth at $3.1 billion (766th in the world, 248th in the U.S.) making him one of the richest politicians in American history. During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138 spots. When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion; however FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show Document [103] (Title: Jeff Bezos) before market close; he gained $7 billion in one hour. By the time the "Forbes" list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion. However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett. After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world. Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated. Document [104] (Title: Lu Guanqiu) billion). Lu was the richest individual living in Zhejiang Province. Lu was married, with four children, and lived in Hangzhou. He died on 25 October 2017, aged 72. Lu Guanqiu Lu Guanqiu (;17 January 1945 – 25 October 2017) was a Chinese billionaire entrepreneur, and the founder of Wanxiang Group. He was the 18th richest person in China, according to the Hurun Report China Rich List 2013, the 286th richest person in the world, and reportedly the richest person in Zhejiang Province. He was a delegate to the Chinese National People's Congress. Lu was born in January 1945 in , Document [105] (Title: Charles Koch) received various awards and honors, including: Charles Koch Charles de Ganahl Koch (; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman, political donor and philanthropist. As of June 2018, he was ranked as the 8th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $50.7 billion. Koch has been co-owner, chairman, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967, while his brother David Koch serves as executive vice president. Charles and David each own 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business. Originally involved exclusively in oil Document [106] (Title: Jeff Bezos) 2018 listing. Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO). He was first included on "Forbes" "The World's Billionaires" list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion. His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop. His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion. He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion. The following year, his net worth increased by 104% to $2.5 billion. From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his Document [107] (Title: Jorge M. Pérez) Miami, Florida, with his wife, Darlene Pérez. He has four children. He is a member of the Democratic Party and has worked closely with the presidential campaigns for Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama. He is a friend and former business partner of Donald Trump, who wrote the foreword for Pérez's 2008 book, "Powerhouse Principles". Jorge M. Pérez Jorge M. Pérez (born October 17, 1949) is an American billionaire real estate developer, art collector, philanthropist and author. He is best known as the chairman and CEO of The Related Group. He is ranked 264th on the Forbes 400 list Document [108] (Title: Bill Gates) "Forbes" magazine's 400 Richest People in America issue. He was worth $1.25 billion and was the world's youngest self-made billionaire. Since 1987, Gates has been included in the "Forbes" The World's Billionaires list and was the wealthiest from 1995 to 1996, 1998 to 2007, 2009, and has been since 2014. Gates was number one on "Forbes"' 400 Richest Americans list from 1993 through to 2007, 2009, and 2014 through 2017. "Time" magazine named Gates , as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. "Time" also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's Document [109] (Title: Economic inequality) sources of Oxfam's data, considers the criticism about debt to be a "silly argument" and "a non-issue . . . a diversion." Oxfam's 2017 report says the top eight billionaires have as much wealth as the bottom half of the global population, and that rising inequality is suppressing wages, as businesses are focused on delivering higher returns to wealthy owners and executives. In 2018, the Oxfam report said that the wealth gap continued to widen in 2017, with 82% of global wealth generated going to the wealthiest 1%. According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than Document [110] (Title: Moscow) the recession. Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in . Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" ("ONÈKSIM") group, owns huge assets in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 Document [111] (Title: Jim Davis (businessman)) mater, Middlebury College. A library on its campus has also been named for him. He formerly sat on its Board of Trustees, on the Worcester Academy's, and on Newbury College's. He sits on the Board of Trustees of the Sports Museum of New England and formerly Boston Children's Museum. As of 2017, Davis is the 324th richest person in the world, and the 94th richest in the United States, with an estimated wealth of US$5.1 billion. Davis is married, and has two children. He lives in Newton, Massachusetts. Davis donated almost $400,000 to the Trump Victory Committee in September 2016. Document [112] (Title: Nathan Blecharczyk) Blecharczyk, Chesky and Gebbia joined Warren Buffett and Bill Gates' 'The Giving Pledge', a select group of billionaires who have committed to give the majority of their wealth away. In early 2017, Blecharczyk transitioned to chief strategy officer at Airbnb. He was listed as the 474th richest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of US$3.8 billion according to "Forbes" 2017 "The World's Billionaires List". Blecharczyk was announced as the chairman of Airbnb China, also known as Aibiying, in October 2017. Blecharczyk resides in San Francisco, California. He is married to Elizabeth Morey Blecharczyk, a neonatologist. They have two Document [113] (Title: The World's Billionaires) billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing. A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia Document [114] (Title: Black billionaires) billion. In 2008 Johnson's wealth dropped again, this time to approximately $1.0 billion and by 2009 he fell off the list again. Nigerian petroleum executive Femi Otedola briefly emerged as a billionaire in 2009, but did not remain one in subsequent years. He returned to the list in the company of a fellow Nigerian, sugar tycoon Abdul Samad Rabiu, in 2016, but both were dropped from the rankings the following year. Multiracial billionaires with significant black ancestry have also been identified over the years. Saudi Arabian billionaire Mohammed Al Amoudi, of Hadhrami Yemeni and Ethiopian descent, has been on the Document [115] (Title: Poverty) those at the bottom of the economic ladder." It has been reported that only 1% of the world population controls 50% of the wealth today, and the other 99% is having access to the remaining 50% only, and the gap has sharply increased in the recent past. In 2018, Oxfam reported that the gains of the world's billionaires in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, was enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over. José Antonio Ocampo, professor at Columbia University and former finance minister of Colombia, and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, former UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Document [116] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) biggest loser. That was Brazil's Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 different countries. The United States had the most newcomers with 27. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. Document [117] (Title: Li Ka-shing) Li Ka-shing Sir Li Ka-shing (born 13 June 1928) is a Hong Kong business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He was born in Chao'an, Chaozhou. As of January 2018, Li is the 23rd richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$37.7 billion. He is the senior advisor for CK Hutchison Holdings, after he retired from the Chairman of the Board in May 2018; through it, he is the world's leading port investor, developer, and operator of the largest health and beauty retailer in Asia and Europe. Li was one of the most influential entrepreneurs in Asia, presiding Document [118] (Title: Aliko Dangote) Aliko Dangote Aliko Dangote GCON (born 10 April 1957) is a Nigerian business magnate, investor, and owner of the Dangote Group, which has interests in commodities in Nigeria and other African countries. As of March 2018, he had an estimated net worth of US$14.1 billion. Dangote is ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 100th-richest person in the world and the richest in Africa, and peaked on the list as the 23rd-richest person in the world in 2014. He surpassed Saudi-Ethiopian billionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi in 2013 by over $2.6 billion to become the world's richest person of African descent. Document [119] (Title: The World's Billionaires) States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67 percent) was entirely self-made; 184 (13 percent) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20 percent) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. Vietnam's Phạm Nhật Vượng was the first person from that country to be included in this list. Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 Document [120] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) America Movil rose 35%. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Investor Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion, up form $37 billion. Christy Walton was the highest ranking women, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion. At age 25, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg was the world's youngest billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the top newcomers with an estimated fortunate $4 billion acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney. A total of 1,011 people made the 2010, up from 793 the year before, but short of the all-time record Document [121] (Title: Alexander Mashkevitch) list of billionaires at #287. In 2017, he was on the list at #1098, with a worth of $1.9 billion. On April 6, 2011, Mashkevitch announced his intention to found a Jewish version of "Al-Jazeera" that would "represent Israel on an international level, with real information." Alexander Mashkevitch Alexander Antonovich Mashkevich (; also transliterated Alexandr Mashkevic; ; born 23 February 1954) is a businessman and investor. He has major holdings and close political relationships in Kazakhstan. He holds both Kazakh and Israeli citizenship; according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, he usually travels on his Israeli passport and "rarely spends more Document [122] (Title: Ma Huateng) Buffett for their similarity in investments, and often described as an "aggressive acquisitor". As of March 2018, he is China's richest man, and the 14th wealthiest in the world, with a net worth of US$51.1 billion. On 21 November 2017, he surpassed both Larry Page and Sergey Brin to become the ninth richest man in the world, and the first Chinese to enter Forbes' top 10 richest men list. Ma was born in Badagang, Dongfang County (now Dongfang City), Hainan.. When his father, Ma Chenshu, got a job as a port manager in Shenzhen, near Hong Kong, the young Ma Document [123] (Title: Forbes 400) boom. In April 2018, an ex-"Forbes" reporter Jonathan Greenberg alleged that Donald Trump had inflated his actual wealth in order to be included on the Forbes 400 listing. Greenberg provided original audio recordings of his 1984 exchange with "John Barron", one of the pseudonyms of Donald Trump, and eventually included Trump at the end of the Forbes 400 list at $100 million, one fifth of the $500 million which "Barron" was claiming as Donald Trump’s net worth. This figure was later corrected and, following civil proceedings years later, Trump admitted the name was fabricated. Over the first 25 years of Document [124] (Title: Wang Jian (businessman)) Fortune Global 500, with total revenue of US$53 billion in 2017. Chen acted as the public face of the company, while Wang was a hands-on manager with a lower public profile. Both men were instrumental in HNA's phenomenal transformation from a small airline to a global conglomerate with assets worth US$230 billion, including major stakes in Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Deutsche Bank, NH Hotel Group, and ownership of Ingram Micro. However, HNA's acquisition spree was substantially funded by debt, which had reached US$90 billion in 2018, and it was working to sell billions of dollars of assets to reduce its Document [125] (Title: Paris Latsis) was estimated as the 101st largest in the world. Eventually the Latsis family expanded into banking, oil refining and real estate. Forbes magazine recently estimated the Latsis family fortune at US $7.5 billion – placing them at No. 54 on the magazine's list of the world's richest people. As from 2005 he and Terry Dougas are the owners of the 1821 Media, "a multimedia production and finance company that specializes in high quality films, television, graphic novels and digital media" that got its name from the Greek Revolution of 1821. Among the stars that have worked with the label are Document [126] (Title: Jeffrey Kang) . In 2006, Kang was ranked among the richest people in China by Forbes, with a net worth of ¥17 Billion CNY. In 2015, he joined the ranks of The World's Billionaires defined in USD by Forbes at age 45. Kang's total calculated executive compensation listed in his firm's annual accounts for 2014 was ¥2,933,000 CNY about $500,000 USD. Kang started his career in China's telecommunications sector as a sales engineer in charge of the components business for Matsushita Electric Industrial now known as Panasonic from 1992 - 1995. In 1995 he invested $50,000 USD to form his own company Document [127] (Title: Mukesh Ambani) by Forbes as the 18th-wealthiest person in the world. He surpassed Jack Ma, executive chairman of Alibaba Group, to become Asia's richest person with a net worth of $44.3 billion in July 2018. He is also the wealthiest person in the world outside North America and Europe. As of 2015, Ambani ranked fifth among India's philanthropists, according to China’s Hurun Research Institute. Through Reliance, he also owns the Indian Premier League franchise Mumbai Indians. In 2012, "Forbes" named him one of the richest sports owners in the world. He resides at the Antilia Building, one of the world's most expensive Document [128] (Title: Bloomberg Billionaires Index) Ferrari Motors heir Piero Ferrari and the chairman of Biel Crystal Manufactory Yeung Kin-Min. While reporting on hidden billionaires, the index provides coverage of and attempts to put in perspective the wealth of the world's richest people, such as the Queen of England and U.S. President Donald Trump. The index offers a dynamic look at the wealth controlled by the world's richest people while trying to offer a new perspective on how the media views and tracks the movement of that wealth. The index "is built to change daily depending on stock fluctuations and economic/company news." To calculate individuals' wealth, Document [129] (Title: Larry Page) "the most influential company of the digital era". As of July 2014, the Bloomberg Billionaires Index lists Page as the 17th richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of $32.7 billion. At the completion of 2014, "Fortune" magazine named Page its "Businessperson of the Year," declaring him "the world's most daring CEO". In October 2015, Page was named number one in Forbes' "America's Most Popular Chief Executives", as voted by Google's employees. In August 2017, Page was awarded honorary citizenship of Agrigento, Italy Also in August Larry declined to attend a USA Senate hearing. An empty seat Document [130] (Title: Michael Bambang Hartono) the Djarum group also controls several shopping malls and buildings in Jakarta, including Grand Indonesia, Hotel Indonesia and BCA Tower. According to "Forbes", Hartono has a net worth of $10.7 billion, as of October 2018, making him the 75th richest person in the world. He and his brother – who was also listed slightly above him at 69th – were named as the richest Indonesians in 2017, the 9th year in a row they were listed as such. His company is also active in internet ventures, controlling e-commerce website and one of Indonesia's largest online communities Kaskus. He lives in Document [131] (Title: The World's Billionaires) list, but only 14 of them were self-made. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering Document [132] (Title: The World's Billionaires) from 2009's global financial crisis. In June 2010, Gates and Buffett announce the Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signatories, but some of the signatories have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion. In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, the world's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30% smaller than the previous year's list. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, four years after starting the company, Document [133] (Title: Richard Li) Richard Li Richard Li Tzar Kai is a Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist. He is the younger son of businessman Li Ka-Shing and brother of Victor Li. Li was 15th in the Forbes List of Hong Kong's 50 Richest people for 2017. The same publication named Li as 385th in the list of the world's billionaires, with an estimated fortune of $4.3 billion. Li attended St. Paul's Co-educational College in Hong Kong and left at age thirteen to be educated at Menlo School in Atherton, California. To earn money, he took shifts at McDonald's and also worked as a caddy Document [134] (Title: Ingvar Kamprad) later, he fell to 162nd after his lawyers produced documents proving that the foundation he established and heads in Liechtenstein owns IKEA, and that its bylaws bar him and his family from benefiting from its funds. In June 2015, Kamprad was listed as the eighth wealthiest person in the world in the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, with an estimated net worth of $58.7 billion. Forbes reported Kamprad's net worth as of February 2016 to be $3.4 billion. While generally a private person, Kamprad had published a few notable works. He first detailed his philosophies of frugality and simplicity in a manifesto Document [135] (Title: Billionaire) dropped by 38% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400 million. In the same period, the wealth of the richest 62 people between the World's Billionaires increased by $500bn (£350bn) to $1.76tn. This number has fallen dramatically from 388 as recently as 2010. More recently, in 2017 an Oxfam report noted that just eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race". The table below lists numerous statistics relating to billionaires, including the total number of known billionaires and the net worth of the world's wealthiest individual for each year since Document [136] (Title: Salman F Rahman) as the ruling party. Salman F Rahman Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman (born 23 May 1951) is a Bangladeshi industrialist. He was ranked 1685th on the list of billionaires in the world published by Beijing-based Hurun Gobal in 2017. He is the current vice chairman of Beximco Group, one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh. Since 2009, he has been serving as the private sector development affairs adviser to the Bangladesh Awami League President Sheikh Hasina. Currently Rahman is acting as the president of several trade bodies including Association of Television Channel Owners (ATCO). Rahman is the son of Fazlur Rahman Document [137] (Title: Harry Triguboff) club's merger period of 2000 and into 2015. Triguboff donates heavily to political parties and uses his influence to seek policy changes. In August 2010, he proposed that the federal government should insist on Reserve Bank interest rates being dropped to improve housing affordability. According to the 2017 "Financial Review Rich List", Triguboff's personal net wealth was estimated at 11.40 billion, an increase of $0.78 billion on the previous year. Meanwhile, "Forbes Asia" estimated his wealth in 2015 at 5.6 billion. In 2015, "Forbes Asia" magazine's annual billionaires list assessed Triguboff as the world's 262 wealthiest billionaire. His earnings result Document [138] (Title: The World's Billionaires) behind China, Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions (over 65 percent) while just 230 (under 13 percent) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by "Forbes"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s annual list of the world's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett Document [139] (Title: Edwin Soeryadjaya) in the world according to Forbes. Edwin Soeryadjaya Edwin Soeryadjaya (born 17 July 1949) also known as Tjia Han Pun is a Chinese Indonesian businessman, He is the son of the late William Soeryadjaya, who founded automotive group Astra International. Soeryadjaya set up investment firm Saratoga Investama Sedaya in 1998. Today, through his private equity firm, PT Saratoga Investama Sedaya, he holds an ownership in coal miner Adaro Energy. He also has a stake in cell tower company Tower Bersama Infrastructure and bought Mandala Airlines in 2011 with his partner Sandiaga Uno. Currently Edwin was known as the 12th richest Document [140] (Title: Warren Buffett) percent of his fortune to philanthropic causes, primarily via the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He founded The Giving Pledge in 2009 with Bill Gates, whereby billionaires pledge to give away at least half of their fortunes. He is also actively contributing to political causes, having endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election; he has publicly opposed the policies, actions, and statements of the current U.S. president, Donald Trump. Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of three children and the only son of Leila (née Stahl) and Congressman Howard Buffett. Buffett began Document [141] (Title: Jeff Bezos) minutes, slightly less than the annual Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan. On March 6, 2018, Bezos was officially designated the wealthiest person in the world with a registered net worth of $112 billion. He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion) who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third. He is considered the first registered centi-billionaire (not adjusted for inflation). His wealth, in 2017–18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans. Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries Document [142] (Title: Eike Batista) Matter" ("O X da Questão") which recounts his trajectory in the business world and offers tips on entrepreneurialism. In 2011, Batista was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the 8th richest person in the world and the richest in South America. His wealth was at one time estimated at US$30 billion. Batista was also featured in Bloomberg Markets magazine as the only Brazilian on the list of the 50 most influential people in global finance, published for the first time in September 2011. The magazine focused on people “whose comments move markets; whose deals set the value of companies or securities; Document [143] (Title: James Harris Simons) by the I.R.S. over a loophole that saved their fund an estimated $6.8 billion in taxes over roughly a decade." He was named by the "Financial Times" in 2006 as "the world's smartest billionaire". According to "Forbes" magazine Simons has a net worth of $18 billion USD as of February 2017. This makes him #24 on the Forbes 400 richest people list. In 2014, Simons reportedly earned $1.2 billion including a share of his firm's management and performance fees, cash compensation and stock and option awards. In 2011, he was included in the 50 Most Influential ranking of "Bloomberg Markets Document [144] (Title: Sheldon Adelson) billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to #178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes' Annual "Biggest Winner" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes, and as of December 2014, his net worth is $30.4 billion. Adelson owns Document [145] (Title: Five Star Billionaire) Five Star Billionaire Five Star Billionaire is a novel by Tash Aw, published in 2013. It was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 2013 Man Booker Prize, Aw's first nomination. A series of narratives cover the experiences of Malaysian migrants attempting to settle in China and make new lives for themselves. Writing for "The Guardian", Aminatta Forna wrote... "Even where the narrative takes a dramatic turn, it is delivered in Aw's spare, fresh, cool, almost dispassionate prose, which though it succeeds in many ways somehow never quite leaves the page. Instead the characters drift towards their various Document [146] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) The World's Billionaires 2010 The World's Billionaires 2010 edition was 24th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2010. It was released online on March 10, 2010. Forty reporters across 13 countries contributed to the list. Carlos Slim and Bill Gates were featured on the cover. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Microsoft's Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of Document [147] (Title: Walter Kwok) Properties (until ouster in 2008, see below section). As of March 2018, all three brothers were listed in the Forbes 2018 "The World's Billionaires", with a net worth of US$16.5 billion (Thomas and Raymond) and US$8 billion (Walter only) respectively. In a separate listing, the Kwok family was listed as the third-richest in Forbes's "2017 Asia's Richest Families", with a net worth of US$40.4 billion as of November 2017. The net worth by Forbes as of his death was US$6.9 billion. Kwok was kidnapped by the notorious gangster "Big Spender" Cheung Tze-keung on 30 September 1997, and was released seven Document [148] (Title: Paradise Papers) Facebook and Twitter via an intermediary—Russian-American entrepreneur Yuri Milner, who befriended Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and was a business associate of Jared Kushner, President Donald Trump's son-in-law. American singer Madonna, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, American billionaire George Soros, founder of Open Society Foundations, and former NATO supreme commander in Europe General Wesley Clark are also named in the papers. This list includes some of President Donald Trump's foremost donors, who together funneled nearly $60 million to organizations supporting his campaign and transition. They include casino magnate Sheldon Adelson; resort owner Steve Wynn; hedge fund managers Robert Mercer and Paul Singer; Document [149] (Title: Paul Singer (businessman)) manager Jim Chanos stated in an August 2009 radio interview that he and Singer had met with G7 finance ministers in 2007 to warn them that the global financial system was increasingly unstable and approaching a catastrophe, with banks on the verge of sinking the global economy. The pair argued that decisive action was called for, but Chanos claims they were met with indifference. In 2015, Singer was 327th on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans, 1006th among the world's billionaires, 350th of American billionaires, and the 16th highest earning hedge fund manager. Singer has been divorced since 1996. Document [150] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) from the previous year's list was Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. A rapid rise in the price of Facebook stock saw his net worth soar from $13.3 billion in 2013 to $28.5 billion in 2014. WhatsApp co-founder Jan Koum saw his net worth rise from less than a billion to $6.8 billion. He debuted at #202 overall, while partner Brian Acton debuted at #551 with $3 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, represented combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers. The list included 42 female newcomers. One Document [151] (Title: The World's Billionaires) were listed, that included 195 newcomers of whom 76 were from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women. The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was , up from in 2015. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world, with a record Document [152] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) list with 1,191 positions while just 230 came into their wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. The United States has the largest number of billionaires. The number of Russian billionaires declined the most; being down to 76 billionaires from 111 of 2014. Russia is now placed behind China, Germany and India. Iceland again has a billionaire in the list after a gap of five years with the entry of Thor Bjorgolfsson. Guatemala has a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in history. Monarchs Document [153] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2010) of 1,125. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, which includes Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. China, India, South Korea, and Turkey were among 11 countries that saw a doubling of the numbers billionaires. Eighty-nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self-made. Of the 89, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Half of those 14 self-made women came from China. Steve Forbes said Document [154] (Title: Thumbay Moideen) by Forbes Middle East Magazine – for four consecutive years from 2014 to 2017, Arabian Business 50 Richest Indians in the GCC by Arabian Business Magazine, published by ITP Publishing Group – for four consecutive years in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 Forbes Middle East’s Top 100 Indian Leaders in the UAE" and Top 100 [Companies] making an impact in the Arab World, Top 100 most influential Indians in the Middle East for three consecutive years in 2010, 2011, 2012 as well as in 2014 by Arabian Business Magazine. He received ‘The Eminent Aloysian Alumini Award 2016’, jointly organized by Document [155] (Title: Jeff Bezos) His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%. When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year. Bezos was officially ranked as the third wealthiest person in the world up from the 5th spot in 2016. His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 Document [156] (Title: The World's Billionaires) of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list. Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson, in the Document [157] (Title: Economic inequality) half of the population, or 160 million people, and that the growing disparity between the wealthy and the poor has created a "moral crisis", noting that "we have not witnessed such extreme levels of concentrated wealth and power since the first gilded age a century ago." In 2016, the world's billionaires increased their combined global wealth to a record $6 trillion. In 2017, they increased their collective wealth to 8.9 trillion. The existing data and estimates suggest a large increase in international (and more generally inter-macroregional) component between 1820 and 1960. It might have slightly decreased since that time at Document [158] (Title: George Soros) the 19th richest person in the world, the world's richest hedge-fund manager, and 19th on its list of the 400 wealthiest Americans, with a net worth estimated at $25.2 billion. Soros lost almost $1 billion in the weeks after the election of Republican Donald Trump as U.S. president in 2016. Soros has been active as a philanthropist since the 1970s, when he began providing funds to help black students attend the University of Cape Town in apartheid South Africa, and began funding dissident movements behind the Iron Curtain. Soros's philanthropic funding includes efforts to promote non-violent democratization in the post-Soviet Document [159] (Title: Carlos Slim) ahead of Bill Gates. On March 11, 2009, "Forbes" ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison. On March 10, 2010, "Forbes" once again reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest person, with a net worth of . At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of and respectively. He was the first Mexican to top the list. It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. It was also the first time the Document [160] (Title: Black billionaires) Black billionaires Black billionaires is a term used to describe African Americans and others of Black African ancestry with a net worth of at least US$1 billion. According to Forbes 2018 ranking of the world's billionaires, Nigerian business magnate Aliko Dangote with a net worth of $13.8 billion is the world's richest black person. Others on the list are Nigeria's Mike Adenuga with $4.6 billion, American media mogul Oprah Winfrey with a net worth of $2.8 billion (2018),South African gold magnate Patrice Motsepe, with $2.9 billion,South African Diamonds mining magnate Byaruhanga Kimberly Junior,with $2.8 billion, Nigeria's Folorunsho Alakija with $2.5 Document [161] (Title: Liu Yongxing) Bloomberg’s Billionaires Index ranked him at #93 globally with $12.3 billion. His brothers are also billionaires and owners of their own companies. Liu Yongxing Liu Yongxing (, born June 1948) is a Chinese businessman. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of East Hope Group, a Chinese company active in the agribusiness as well as chemical and non-ferrous metal industries. He is the honorary president of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce in Sichuan, a part-time professor at China Agricultural University, MBA lecturer, and a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC. Liu Yongxing was born in Sichuan, China, and Document [162] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) continue, and this change in demographics has significant impact on the various organizations that specifically target UHNW individuals, such as luxury companies, financial institutions, charities and universities. The Billionaire Census 2013 was co-published by Wealth-X and UBS. The average net worth of the world's billionaire is US$3 billion, with a liquidity on average of 18% of net worth. 60% of the world's billionaires are self-made, 20% have inherited their fortune and 20% have both inherited and grown their wealth. 18% of the world's billionaires have derived their wealth from finance, banking and investment; as opposed to 9% from industrial conglomerates Document [163] (Title: Ultra high-net-worth individual) (after deducting residential and passion investments such as art, planes, yachts and real estate). At per the last count, there were 211,275 UHNW individuals in the world, with a total combined net worth of US$29.7 trillion. Billionaires are a special category of UHNW individuals, having net worth in excess of US$1 billion. According to the Billionaire Census 2014, there were 2,325 billionaires in the world, with a combined net worth of US$7.3 trillion. In 2014, these individuals represented just over 1% of the world's UHNW population and 24% of the world's UHNW total wealth. The June 27, 2017 "World Ultra Document [164] (Title: The World's Billionaires) $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list. However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest Document [165] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) The World's Billionaires 2014 The World's Billionaires 2014 edition was 28th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 12, 2014. It was released online on March 3, 2014. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but was last number one in 2009. Mexican tycoon Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four Document [166] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) and other royalty are not included in the list. The World's Billionaires 2015 The World's Billionaires 2015 edition was the 29th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people. The new list was released online on March 2, 2015. As of 2015, Bill Gates had been placed at the top of this list 16 times. Bill Gates was again named the richest person in the world in "Forbes" Magazine's annual list of the world's billionaires. This is the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the Document [167] (Title: Jan Kulczyk) billionaires. Kulczyk was top ranked 13 times at the list of the 100 richest Poles issued by the Wprost magazine. In 2007, he was ranked 12th, due to his divorce from Grażyna Kulczyk. In 2015, Forbes ranked him 418th richest man in the world ($4 billion). Jan Kulczyk Jan Kulczyk (24 June 1950 – 29 July 2015) was a Polish billionaire businessman. He was the founder and owner of Kulczyk Holding (headquartered in Warsaw) and an international investment house Kulczyk Investments (former name: Kulczyk Investment House) with headquarters in Luxembourg and offices in London and Kiev. According to "Forbes", Kulczyk Document [168] (Title: The Billionaire) The Billionaire The Billionaire, also known as Top Secret: Wai Roon Pan Lan (, ), is a Thai biographical film produced by Nadao Bangkok and released by GMM Tai Hub. It was directed by Songyos Sugmakanan, and stars Pachara Chirathivat, Somboonsuk Niyomsiri (aka Piak Poster) and Walanlak Kumsuwan. "The Billionaire" tells the story of Itthipat Kulapongvanich and how he, at the age of nineteen, dropped out from university to launch a packaged fried seaweed business that is now Taokaenoi Food & Marketing and became one of Thailand's youngest (baht) billionaires. The film was released on 20 October 2011 in Thailand, Document [169] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2014) hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014, up from 138 the previous year. However, only 12 of them were completely self-made without the help of parents or spouses. Overall, 66% of the list was self-made, 13% achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21% through a mixture of the two. The combined wealth of the top 20 rose from $714.5 billion to $838.6 billion. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the Document [170] (Title: Forbes 400) 13 billionaires, and a net worth of million secured a spot on the list. The 1982 list represented 2.8% of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States. The 1982 Forbes 400 had 22.8% of the list composed of oil fortunes, with 15.3% from manufacturing, 9% from finance and only 3% from technology driven fortunes. The state of New York had the most representation on the list with 77 members followed by California with 48. In the year 2000, Forbes 400 saw the highest percent of the Gross Domestic Product represented by the list at 12.2% driven by the internet Document [171] (Title: Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha) was ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 5th richest man in Thailand, reportedly worth US$4.9 billion, as of 28 October 2018. In August 2010, the Asia Football Investments consortium including Vichai and his son Aiyawatt purchased English Football League Championship club Leicester City. He succeeded Milan Mandarić as chairman of the club in February 2011 while continuing as owner, and Aiyawatt became the vice chairman. In July 2011, the club's formerly named Walkers Stadium was renamed the King Power Stadium. Leicester City went on to win the 2015–16 Premier League title after starting the season as 5000/1 rank outsiders. Shortly Document [172] (Title: The World's Billionaires) of 565. China had 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau), Germany had 114, and India had the fourth most with 101; India had reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's 2016 list of the world's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication Document [173] (Title: The World's Billionaires) from these lists. The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year. In the 32nd annual "Forbes" list of the world's billionaires, the aggregate wealth of the top 20 richest people on Earth amounts to about 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising Document [174] (Title: The World's Billionaires) fourth. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers. One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014. Approximately 66 percent of the list was self-made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through Document [175] (Title: LGBT billionaires) Skavlan. LGBT billionaires According to American LGBT-interest magazine "The Advocate", Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani with a net worth of $8.1 billion is currently the world's richest person who is openly part of the LGBT community. In 1980, DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen came out as the first openly gay billionaire in the world. He had dated women before such as Cher, but finally came to terms with this sexuality in the early 1980s and had become one of the most important forces in the gay rights movement by 1992. Giorgio Armani is known for being notoriously private and has remained Document [176] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2011) was next with 101. Moscow was the home to the most billionaires of any city, 79, overtaking New York City. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe for the first time since the 1990s. The list included 214 newcomers. Of those, 54 were from China and 31 from Russia. The World's Billionaires 2011 The World's Billionaires 2011 edition was 25th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2011. It was released online on March 8, 2011. Russian investor Document [177] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) The World's Billionaires 2013 The World's Billionaires 2013 edition was 27th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people, excluding royalty and dictators, as of February 14, 2013. It was released online on March 3, 2014 and published in the March 25 print edition of "Forbes". Mexico's Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Microsoft founder Bill Gates remained in second, while Zara founder Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Oretega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone Document [178] (Title: Millionaire) a US millionaire in 1900, or more than 100 million dollars to have the same impact on the US economy. Another commonly used term is "multimillionaire" which usually refers to individuals with net assets of 10 million or more of a currency. There are approximately 584,000 US$ multimillionaires worldwide in 2017. Roughly 1.5% of US$ millionaires can also correctly be identified as ultra-high-net-worth individuals (ultra-HNWIs), those with a net worth or wealth of $30 million or more. There are approximately 226,000 US$ ultra-HNWIs in the world in 2017, according to Wealth-X. The rising prevalence of people possessing ever increasing quantities Document [179] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2015) The World's Billionaires 2015 The World's Billionaires 2015 edition was the 29th annual ranking of The World's Billionaires by "Forbes" magazine. The list estimated the net worth of the world's richest people. The new list was released online on March 2, 2015. As of 2015, Bill Gates had been placed at the top of this list 16 times. Bill Gates was again named the richest person in the world in "Forbes" Magazine's annual list of the world's billionaires. This is the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim, Mexican business magnate, came in Document [180] (Title: White Brazilians) and none declared for blacks or Asians. The most successful Brazilian entrepreneurs have historically been white. Jorge Paulo Lemann, an investor and the child of Swiss immigrants, is ranked as the 19th richest person in the world by Forbes, with an estimated net worth of US$38.7 billion. Eduardo Saverin is the Co-founder of Facebook, one of the world's wealthiest companies, and most powerful social media platforms, was born in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Whites dominate Brazilian fashion. Gisele Bundchen has been the highest paid model in the world for 10 years. With a reported net worth of $290 million, she is Document [181] (Title: The World's Billionaires) contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441). To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires in real time. In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with Document [182] (Title: Bill Gates) Since 1987, Gates has been included in the "Forbes" list of the world's wealthiest people, an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. From 1995 to 2017, he held the "Forbes" title of the richest person in the world all but four of those years, and held it consistently from March 2014 to July 2017, with an estimated net worth of US$89.9 billion . However, on July 27, 2017, and since October 27, 2017, he has been surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who Document [183] (Title: Wealth of Donald Trump) of his personal brand. In its 2018 billionaires ranking, "Forbes" estimated Trump's net worth at $3.1 billion (766th in the world, 248th in the U.S.). Bloomberg Billionaires Index listed Trump's net worth as $2.48 billion on May 31, 2018, and Wealth-X listed it as at least $3.8 billion on July 16, 2018. In July 2015, federal election regulators released new details of Trump's self-reported wealth and financial holdings when he became a Republican presidential candidate, reporting that his assets are worth above $1.4 billion, which includes at least $70 million in stocks, and a debt of at least $265 million. Document [184] (Title: Al-Waleed bin Talal) company with investments in companies in the financial services, tourism and hospitality, mass media, entertainment, retail, agriculture, petrochemicals, aviation, technology and real-estate sectors. In 2013, the company had a market capitalization of over $18 billion. Al-Waleed is Citigroup's largest individual shareholder, the second-largest voting shareholder in 21st Century Fox, a minor shareholder in Zaveriwala Holdings LLC and owns Paris' Four Seasons Hotel George V and part of the Plaza Hotel. "Time" has called him the "Arabian Warren Buffett". In November 2017 "Forbes" listed Al-Waleed as the 45th richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of $18.7 billion. Document [185] (Title: Billionaires' Row (Manhattan)) million penthouse at One57, the record for an apartment in New York was $88 million paid by Dmitry Rybolovlev for a penthouse at 15 CPW. In 2016, the United States Treasury Department announced it would start identifying and tracking the purchase of multi-million-dollar units, especially those paid for in cash or via shell companies, to cut down on the practice of money laundering. New laws in China restricting capital outflow have also been implemented, and lower oil prices have affected potential Middle Eastern buyers. Uncertainty over Brexit has also played a role. This has weakened the market for the highest-end Document [186] (Title: The World's Billionaires 2013) The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67%) was entirely self-made; 184 (13%) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20%) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. Two billionaires – Sulaiman Al Rajhi and Roman Avdeev - tied for the most children with 23. Both of their fortunes are tied to the banking industry, Al-Rajhi Bank and Credit Bank of Moscow respectively. The World's Billionaires 2013 Document [187] (Title: Warren Buffett) Mark Zuckerberg signed a promise they called the "Gates-Buffett Giving Pledge", in which they promise to donate to charity at least half of their wealth, and invite other wealthy people to follow suit. in 2018, after making almost $3.4 billion donations, Buffet was ranked 3rd in the "Forbes"' List of Billionaire 2018. Warren Buffett continues to help fund and support his family's individual foundations which include Susan Buffett's "Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation", Susan Alice Buffett's "Sherwood Foundation", Howard Graham Buffett's "Howard G. Buffett Foundation", and Peter Buffett's "NoVo Foundation".<ref> Warren Buffett Warren Edward Buffett (; born August 30, 1930) is Document [188] (Title: Charles Koch) Charles Koch Charles de Ganahl Koch (; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman, political donor and philanthropist. As of June 2018, he was ranked as the 8th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $50.7 billion. Koch has been co-owner, chairman, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967, while his brother David Koch serves as executive vice president. Charles and David each own 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business. Originally involved exclusively in oil refining and chemicals, Koch Industries now Document [189] (Title: Rinat Akhmetov) and Steel Works Plant and the Azov Stal Steel Plant, both owned by Metinvest. Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in "Korrespondent" magazine annual Ukraine's Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of: "Forbes" The World's Billionaires rating: In 2018 Akhmetov’s fortune was valued at approx. $5.9 billion. Bloomberg reported that he was the richest person in the Ukraine and that he had regained all of his losses suffered after the conflict with Russia in 2013-2014. Akhmetov has been noted as a financier and unofficial leader of the Party of Regions political party. Following the Orange Revolution, Akhmetov Document [190] (Title: Height discrimination) ceilings and pay gaps. For example, short guy fraternity members include: Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos (5'7<nowiki>"</nowiki>), Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg (5'7<nowiki>"</nowiki>) and Google co-founder and Alphabet President Sergey Brin (5'8<nowiki>"</nowiki>). With an estimated net worth of over $150 billion, Bezos is ranked as the richest person in the world, while Zuckerberg and Brin consistently rank in the top 20. Heightism is also a factor in dating preferences. For some people, height is a noteworthy factor in sexual attractiveness. The greater reproductive success of taller men is attested to by studies indicating that taller men are more Document [191] (Title: The World's Billionaires) The World's Billionaires The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine "Forbes". The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars, based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is Document [192] (Title: Hussain Sajwani) of operations at DAMAC Group. He was called one of Middle East's Future Stars by the Arabian Business Achievement Awards 2017, organized by Arabian Business. Hussain Sajwani Hussain Sajwani (born 1952/53) is an Emirati billionaire property developer, and the founder and chairman of real estate development company DAMAC Properties. DAMAC Properties was ranked number one on the Forbes 2017 Global 2000 list of the fastest growing global companies based on the compound annual growth rate of revenues from 2013 to 2016. In the "Forbes" 2018 rankings, Sajwani was the world's 4th richest Arab with a net worth of $4.1 billion. Question: who topped the forbes world's billionaires list 2017

Answer: Microsoft founder Bill Gates Long Answer: In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $3.75 billion, down US $110 million from 2015 . Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion, up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News . As of 2017, Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years. Gold Document ID: 177

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Back to the Future) anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music. The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film took place during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence. "Back to the Future" is ranked tenth on Film4's "50 Films Document [2] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Gale and Neil Canton through Amblin Entertainment. Music for the short was performed by Alan Silvestri. The short was released in the United States on October 20, 2015. Emmett Brown is in an undisclosed location outside of Hill Valley, California. He sets a video camera to automatically track his body in order to video tape a message for Marty McFly. He explains that it is October 21, 2015, one hour before Marty, Doc, and Jennifer Parker arrive from 1985. He explains that when he traveled in the future, he discovered that there was a nuclear holocaust that occurred on October Document [3] (Title: Jennifer Cooke) Jennifer Cooke Jennifer Cooke (born September 19, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Elizabeth Maxwell on the NBC science fiction television series "V" (1984-85) and Megan Garris in the satirical horror film "" (1986). She is perhaps best known for her role as the "Star Child", Elizabeth, who is half Human/half Visitor in the 1984 television series "V". She also starred in the soap opera "Guiding Light" as Morgan Richards Nelson from 1981–83. Cooke played "Debbie" on the NBC miniseries "A Year in the Life". Her only well-known film role is in the Document [4] (Title: Diablo Cody) to Universal Studios, and a horror script called "Jennifer's Body" to Fox Atomic. Released on September 18, 2009, "Jennifer's Body" starred Megan Fox as the title character and Amanda Seyfried as the supporting character. She revised writer-director Steven Antin's script for his musical film "Burlesque". Cody is a friend of screenwriters Dana Fox ("What Happens in Vegas", "Couples Retreat") and Lorene Scafaria ("Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist") and they often write their screenplays together in order to get advice from one another. Cody made a small cameo appearance as herself in the U.S. broadcast television series "90210" (2008). She appeared Document [5] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) escape from Griff Tannen, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and a Biff-like dinosaur respectively). The following scene depicts the group sitting down to dinner, before noticing Einstein is missing. They subsequently find him driving the steam train time machine to an unknown time. For the second season, the intro replaces the collection of the main characters with clips of the first season and ends with the same sequence from season one's intro. Mary Steenburgen (Clara Clayton Brown) and Thomas F. Wilson (Biff Tannen) voiced their characters from the films. Christopher Lloyd played Doc Brown in the live-action segments which opened and Document [6] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) role of Marty; Fox later appeared to voice two cameo roles in the final episode, reprising his role as future versions of Marty McFly in addition to playing his forefather William. The game is split-up into five episodes available on multiple gaming platforms, the first episode released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on December 22, 2010. PlayStation 3 and iOS versions followed in February 2011. Episodes 2 through 5 were released throughout February to June 2011, with the final episode released on June 23, 2011. Telltale published the series as retail products for the PlayStation 3 and Wii consoles Document [7] (Title: Kathleen Gati) and "The Future" (2011). On television, she has had guest starring roles on "The Practice", "NYPD Blue", "ER", "Cold Case" "Desperate Housewives", "NCIS", "The Mentalist", and "Arrow". She also had the recurring role as Russian First Lady Anya Suvarov on Fox series "24" from 2006 to 2007. In 2012, Gati joined the cast of ABC daytime soap opera "General Hospital" playing villainous Dr. Liesl Obrecht. In 2015, she also had the recurring role in the BET drama series "Being Mary Jane" playing network executive Shohreh Broomand, and during 2015-16 had starring role in the web series "Fear the Walking Dead: Document [8] (Title: Jennifer's Body) Jennifer's Body Jennifer's Body is a 2009 American supernatural horror dark comedy film written by Diablo Cody and directed by Karyn Kusama. The film stars Megan Fox, Amanda Seyfried, Johnny Simmons, and Adam Brody. Fox portrays a demonically possessed high school girl who kills her male classmates, with her best friend striving to stop her. The film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United States and Canada on September 18, 2009. The title is a reference to the song of the same name by alternative rock band Hole on their album "Live Through Document [9] (Title: From Jennifer) as Jason Voorhees in 2009's "Friday the 13th" and Aaron Abrams from TV's "Hannibal" and "Blindspot". The title character is played by Danielle Taddei, whose past work includes "Pretty Little Liars" and "Everybody Hates Chris". "From Jennifer" is a stand-alone film, connected to "To Jennifer" by title and thematic elements only. James Cullen Bressack is credited as an Executive Producer on "From Jennifer". The hashtag stylized title references the title character's obsession with internet fame. Jennifer Peterson is having a very rough week. She's been fired from a movie shoot, her manager just dropped her, and her boyfriend dumped her, Document [10] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Marty McFly and his girlfriend, , to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure. They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc electronically knocks out Jennifer and leaves her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events. He has Marty pose as his own son and lookalike Marty Jr. to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving both of Marty's children from prison. Marty switches places with Marty Jr. and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff Document [11] (Title: Jennifer on My Mind) to a fatal overdose. Advised by his friend Ornstein (Vinovich), Marcus puts her body in his car trunk and plans on dumping her body in the river, but he is almost caught by a man helping him with his flat tire and by three Hell's Angels bullying him. While being chased by some joyriders, his car crashes and catches fire. Marcus watches it burn with Jennifer's body still in the trunk. A "Los Angeles Times" reviewer speculated that either Simon or Segal was inspired by the true 1966 case of Robert Friede, a twenty-five-year-old Annenberg publishing heir, and Celeste Crenshaw, Document [12] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) of Jennifer Parker for "" by Telltale Games. Zemeckis said on the film's behind-the-scenes featurette that the hoverboards (flying skateboards) used in it were real, yet not released to the public, due to parental complaints regarding safety. Footage of "real hoverboards" was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy. A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores. In an interview, Thomas F. Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real. According to Zemeckis, the 2015 depicted in the film Document [13] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) for North America. Deep Silver published the retail PlayStation 3 and Wii versions for Europe on May 4, 2012. To commemorate the film's 30th anniversary, Telltale Games released the game on PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on October 13, 2015. The ports feature updated voice work from Tom Wilson, who played Biff Tannen in the films (Biff was voiced by Kid Beyond in the original release). "Back to the Future: The Game" is a graphic adventure played from a third-person perspective. The player controls Marty to explore the 3D environments using either the keyboard, mouse or game controller Document [14] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Workshops for the musical took place in 2014, in July in London and the following month in Los Angeles, with the intention to open the show in the West End in 2015, in time for the 30th anniversary of the film. The movie achieved success at the box office, taking over $380 million and was nominated for four Golden Globes, five Baftas and four Oscars, winning Best Sound Editing. It follows Marty McFly, a teenager who is accidentally sent back in time in a DeLorean to 1955. He meets his future parents in high school and accidentally attracts his mother's Document [15] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American science fiction Western comedy film and the third and final installment of the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson and Lea Thompson. The film continues immediately following "Back to the Future Part II" (1989); while stranded in 1955 during his time travel adventures, Marty McFly (Fox) discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, trapped in 1885, was killed by Biff Tannen's great-grandfather Buford. Marty travels Document [16] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Clark, illusions by Paul Kieve, musical supervision by Alan Williams and Andrew Willis, the designer of a sustainable skatepark in east London will be a consultant for the skating scenes. Jamie Lloyd was initially scheduled to direct the show, but withdrew from the project in September 2014, citing creative differences with Bob Gale. The films' composer Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard will compose a new score, with the addition of original songs from the film, including "The Power of Love", "Johnny B. Goode", "Earth Angel" and "Mr. Sandman". Whilst discussing the project, writer Bob Gale said the stage version would Document [17] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) worse. The film was produced on a $40-million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel, "Part III". Filming began in February 1989 after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts. Two actors from the first film, Crispin Glover and Claudia Wells, did not return. While Elisabeth Shue was recast in the role of Wells's character, Jennifer, Glover's character, George McFly, was not only minimized in the plot, but also was obscured and recreated with another actor. Glover successfully sued Zemeckis and Gale, changing how producers can deal with the departure and replacement of Document [18] (Title: 2 Jennifer) bargain-basement snuff will eat this one right up, but for this lad, I prefer to keep my eyesight on level ground… solid, stable, non-shaky ground." 2 Jennifer 2 Jennifer is a 2016 indie horror film written and directed by Hunter Johnson, who also stars in the film. The film is a sequel to James Cullen Bressack's "To Jennifer" and features Johnson as a young man intent on creating a sequel to the 2013 film. Spencer wants to create a sequel to one of his favorite horror films, "To Jennifer," and is hoping that doing so will launch his career as Document [19] (Title: Jennifer O'Dell) Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for the role of Veronica on the television series "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World". At the age of eight, O'Dell was cast in a national candy commercial at her very first audition. She took a hiatus through high school to enjoy her youth, but resumed her acting career soon after graduation. She guest starred on a number of television series, including "Beverly Hills, 90210". In 1999 she gained fame as the jungle-clad Veronica on "The Lost Document [20] (Title: Jennifer Munson Donovan) they were teenagers after he witnessed Jennifer having sex with his cousin, Billy Ross. Her relationship with Billy deteriorated months later when she re-focused her energy into being a fashion model. She later left Oakdale to pursue her dreams in Tokyo, Japan. When she returned after a bad relationship with a man named Andres, Jennifer embarked on love affairs with Jordan Sinclair and Mike Kasnoff. She married the latter but they later divorced after it became apparent that he was still in love with his ex-girlfriend, Katie Peretti. Her son, Johnny, briefly took on Mike's last name before Dusty adopted Document [21] (Title: Alan Silvestri) the science documentary series "". On January 31, 2014, it was announced that a stage musical adaptation of "Back to the Future" was in production. The show, which is being co-written by original writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, was expected to be performed in 2015, on the 30th anniversary year of the film. Silvestri will team up with Glen Ballard to compose a new score, with the addition of original songs from the film, including "The Power of Love", "Johnny B. Goode", "Earth Angel" and "Mr. Sandman". Silvestri and his wife Sandra own a vineyard, Silvestri Vineyards, located in Document [22] (Title: Jennifer Landon) in several theater productions. Her father was Jewish. Landon got her first acting job at age five from her father, when he cast her to play a little girl in one of the final episodes of his television series, "Highway to Heaven". Before his death in 1991, Jennifer would work with her father once more when he cast her as Jennifer Kramer in the pilot for what would have been his next television series, "Us". In 2004, Landon co-starred in an independent film "L.A. DJ". In early 2005, she was cast to play Gwen Norbeck Munson for one episode on Document [23] (Title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)) Woman" (1995). In 1997, Rubin starred in the films "Twists of Terror" and "Plump Fiction", and guest starred on an episode of "The Outer Limits". In 1999, Rubin portrayed Tina in the film "Deal of a Lifetime" and Blue in "Road Kill. In 2000, she was cast as Sara in "Bel Air", Sharon Williams in "Falcon Down", Dorothy Smith in "Sanctimony", and Carla Nash in "Fatal Conflict". In 2001, Rubin portrayed Dr. Valdes in "Cruel Game", Jeanie in "Reunion", and Ione in "Amazons and Gladiators". The same year, she starred in the television film "Lawless: Beyond Justice". In 2006, Rubin Document [24] (Title: Hill Valley (Back to the Future)) usual roles, Marty McFly is a "square", serious and devoted to Emmett Brown to a fault (as the "original" McFly is dismayed to discover) and Jennifer is a rebellious rocker, a wild child with an unpredictable streak. Also Lorraine is again a mildly obese, inebriated sad woman, George has reverted to be the loser he is in the first, original timeline (although his oppressor is big government instead of Biff). Biff Tannen is now one part of the "Citizen Plus" program, brainwashed into obedience. Hill Valley now looks as a technological advanced marvel, owned by a now rich and powerful Document [25] (Title: Kelli Giddish) and created the role of Courtney in the web series "The Burg". The same people responsible for "The Burg" also created "All's Faire" in which Giddish played the role of Cindy. Giddish, Nicholas Bishop, and Ravi Patel were cast in Fox's reincarnation drama pilot "Past Life". The WBTV-produced reincarnation project revolved around past-life investigators. Giddish played a Ph.D. in psychology and cognitive research who believes in reincarnation. It was announced on May 18, 2009 that Fox had officially placed "Past Life" on their midseason 2010 schedule to air at 9:00 PM EST on Tuesdays. It premiered on February 9, 2010, Document [26] (Title: Jennifer Pace) heard John's voice saying that she had to kill Eunice. This act finally forced Walter to place his mentally unstable daughter into a sanitarium in 1977. The series did not provide further updates on Jennifer's life after her incarceration. Jennifer Pace Jennifer Pace Phillips is a fictional character from the defunct United States soap opera "Search for Tomorrow". She was played by actress Morgan Fairchild from 1971 to 1977, the first in a long line of similar roles for Fairchild. Jennifer was the beautiful but extremely neurotic daughter of businessman Walter Pace (Tom Klunis) who was eventually married to Stephanie Document [27] (Title: Claudia Wells) the studio she would not be available to reprise the role for the two sequels; actress Elisabeth Shue replaced her. In the early 1990s she started a clothing store, Armani Wells, which (as of 2018) she still manages. After a lengthy absence, Wells returned to acting in 2011 with a small role in the independent science-fiction film "Alien Armageddon". The same year Wells had the opportunity to reprise her role from "Back to the Future", 26 years after her last appearance in the series. She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for "". Wells announced that her next project would Document [28] (Title: Stephanie E. Williams) 1985 James Ingram music video "I Want to Come Back" which was directed by Allen. In 1986 she was a nominee for the NAACP Image Awards as best supporting actress in a daytime drama for her role as Amy Lewis on "The Young and The Restless". She also had roles in "Boiling Point", "Meteor Man", "Murder at Midnight", and "Back to the Future, Part II". On the Los Angeles stage she appeared in such productions as "The Choice Is Yours," "A Woman’s Choice" and "Ceremonies in Dark Old Men." In 2000, Williams narrated a musical tribute to "Porgy and Bess" Document [29] (Title: Corey Hart (singer)) video features photos of her with family interspersed among present-day footage of Hart walking through Montreal, Quebec, his birthplace. Hart is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. Hart was briefly considered for the role of Marty McFly in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". Producer Steven Spielberg sent Hart a copy of the script with an invitation for a screen test - a flattered Hart declined, preferring to focus on music instead of acting. Fellow Canadian Michael J. Fox eventually starred in the hit film. At the height of his mid-1980s success, Hart was approached to Document [30] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Back to the Future (musical) Back to the Future is an upcoming musical with music and lyrics by Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard and a book by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, adapted from their original screenplay. Based on the 1985 film of the same name, the show will feature original music alongside hits from the film, including "The Power of Love" and "Johnny B. Goode". The musical was originally slated to make its world première in London's West End in 2015, the year to which the trilogy's characters travelled in "Part II". However, after director Jamie Lloyd left the Document [31] (Title: Jennifer Holmes (actress)) a group of superheroes who fight crime for a scientific think tank. In the 1980s, Holmes was also a guest star on many television shows, including "The Rockford Files", "Lou Grant", "Fame", "Webster", "The Love Boat", "Murder, She Wrote Hart to Hart and Voyagers!". Jennifer Holmes (actress) Jennifer Holmes (born August 23, 1955, in Seekonk, Massachusetts) is an American television actress. Holmes is best known for her role as Leslie Vanderkellen, a fabulously rich, world-class skier who takes the job of hotel maid "to find out what it's like to be average," on the first season of "Newhart". She left Document [32] (Title: Aeriél Miranda) various television shows, including "The CW" science fiction series "The Tomorrow People" and the "TV Land" series "Jennifer Falls". In March 2009 Miranda was cast in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars based on the book series of the same name, from which fans all over the world have recognized her. Miranda later starred in the summer 2015 "Universal Pictures" "Straight Outta Compton". While making her film debut, her time working with director "F. Gary Gray" sparked her film production interest. She has guest starred on the "Oprah Winfrey Network" comedy series For Better Or Worse, working alongside "Tyler Document [33] (Title: Lea Thompson) Lea Thompson Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961) is an American actress, director, and television producer. She is best known for her role as Lorraine Baines in the "Back to the Future" trilogy and as the title character in the 1990s NBC sitcom "Caroline in the City". Other films for which she is known include "All the Right Moves" (1983), "Red Dawn" (1984), "Howard the Duck" (1986), "Some Kind of Wonderful" (1987), and "The Beverly Hillbillies" (1993). From 2011-2017, she co-starred as Kathryn Kennish in the Freeform (formerly ABC Family) series "Switched at Birth". Thompson was born in Rochester, Document [34] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Jackie Chan in "The Tuxedo" (2002), which received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success. Hewitt appeared in "If Only" (2004) and co-wrote and performed "Love Will Show You Everything" and "Take My Heart Back" for the film's soundtrack. She starred in "" (2004), which became her highest-grossing film to date (US$200,804,534). She reprised her role for the sequel, "" (2006), which, though it did not perform as well as its predecessor, achieved a strong box office gross. Hewitt starred in the television series "Ghost Whisperer" (2005–2010), which ran on CBS for five seasons before being canceled Document [35] (Title: Lea Thompson) with Sarah Michelle Gellar and Elisabeth Shue, her eventual co-star in "Back to the Future Part II" and "Back to the Future Part III". Thompson made her home-media screen debut in 1982 as Cecily "Sissy" Loper in the interactive live-action video game "MysteryDisc: Murder, Anyone?" and her movie debut in 1983, with "Jaws 3-D". She recalled the film as "the very first movie I ever got, but I lied and said I had done a couple of other movies, so when I showed up, I really knew absolutely nothing. Also, I had said that I knew how to water ski. Document [36] (Title: Rebecca Romijn) strategically placed prosthetics on her otherwise nude body. In "X2" she shows up in a bar in one scene in her "normal" look, and in "X-Men: The Last Stand", she appears as a dark-haired "de-powered" Mystique. The role has since been recast with Jennifer Lawrence playing the younger version of the character. She had her first leading role in Brian De Palma's "Femme Fatale" (2002). She also has starred in movies such as "Rollerball", "The Punisher" playing a woman named Joan (Joan and Mystique are both characters from Marvel Comics) and "Godsend". She played the leading role in "Pepper Dennis", Document [37] (Title: Lisa Freeman) regularly on the "Rick Dees in the Morning" radio show. Freeman's most notable film credits include "Mr. Mom", "", "Back to the Future" and "Back to the Future Part II". In 1980, she made her acting and TV debut on an episode of "Knots Landing". Freeman landed her first TV role in the series "In Trouble", co-starring with Nancy Cartwright and Deena Freeman (no relation). Freeman was also part of the L.A. underground spoken word scene and performed with Harvey Kubernick, Exene Cervenka, and Drew Steele of The Surf Punks. Her albums include "Hollyword", "Neighborhood Rhythms", and her solo effort, Document [38] (Title: Jennifer Connelly) 1998 science fiction film "Dark City", where she played alongside Rufus Sewell, William Hurt, Ian Richardson and Kiefer Sutherland. Connelly portrayed "femme fatale" Emma, a torch singer whose husband, John Murdoch (Rufus Sewell), suffers from amnesia. As Murdoch is regaining his memories, Emma is kidnapped by Mr. Hand (Richard O'Brien) and The Strangers, who alter her memories and assign her a new identity. Author Sean McMullen wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is visually splendid as the 1940s femme fatale (Emma)." In 2000, Ed Harris directed Connelly in the biopic "Pollock" in which she played Ruth Kligman, Jackson Pollock's mistress. She also appeared Document [39] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) the family dog, Einstein, moved into a farm. As with the films, time travel was achieved through the use of a modified DeLorean, which had apparently been re-built after it was destroyed at the end of the trilogy. The DeLorean now has voice-activated ""time circuits"" and can also travel instantaneously to different locations in space and time, in addition to folding into a suitcase. The characters also traveled through time using the steam engine time machine Doc invented at the end of the third film. Although Marty McFly is the show's main character and Jennifer Parker making occasional appearances, the Document [40] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) a framing flaw that Universal has since corrected, available in sets manufactured after February 21, 2003. The review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74% approval rating, based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. Kim Newman of "Empire" gave the film four out of five stars, saying that the film "restores heart interest of the first film and has a satisfying complete storyline". He praised Michael J. Fox for "keeping the plot on the move," and mentioned that Christopher Lloyd and Mary Steenburgen's romance was "funny". He said that the film's ending was the "neatest of all," Document [41] (Title: Jennifer Pace) Jennifer Pace Jennifer Pace Phillips is a fictional character from the defunct United States soap opera "Search for Tomorrow". She was played by actress Morgan Fairchild from 1971 to 1977, the first in a long line of similar roles for Fairchild. Jennifer was the beautiful but extremely neurotic daughter of businessman Walter Pace (Tom Klunis) who was eventually married to Stephanie Wilkins. Because both Jennifer and Stephanie were vampy and extremely ne'er-do-well, they got along wonderfully. Jennifer was involved with Bruce Carson (Joel Higgins), the ward of Joanne Gardner. She then married her first husband, Scott Phillips (Peter Simon), who Document [42] (Title: Christopher Lloyd) January 21, 2011, he appeared in "The Firefly" episode of the J. J. Abrams television series "Fringe". That August, he reprised the role of Dr. Emmett Brown (from "Back to the Future") as part of an advertising campaign for Garbarino, an Argentine appliance company, and also as part of Nike's "Back For the Future" campaign for the benefit of The Michael J. Fox Foundation. In 2012 and 2013, Lloyd reprised the role of Brown in two episodes of the stopmotion series "Robot Chicken". He was a guest star on the 100th episode of the USA Network sitcom "Psych" as Martin Document [43] (Title: Speed Racer: Race to the Future) orders, she and the rest of the group, including Sparky's son and Racer X, concoct a plan to disable Leland Industries' security and delete any of their ulterior motives, while Jennifer, Spritle and Chim-Chim stay on lookout. However, Leland Jr. catches on to the ruse when Trixie walks into his office and has the three detained by his robots. Outside, the parole robot from earlier catches up on Jennifer, Spritle and Chim-Chim, sounding the alarm to Leland's police robots who capture them. As the third segment of the race begins, one of the competitors slams Speed into a pillar revealing Document [44] (Title: Back to the Future) film. "Part II" became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards. "Part III", released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc. "Part III" was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than "Part II". Back to the Future Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who accidentally travels back in time to 1955, Document [45] (Title: Laura Marano) child role of Keira Knightley's character in the film "The Jacket" and had a small flashback role in the film "Superbad". She was a regular cast member on the Fox game show, "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?" and played the role of Gracie Carr on FOX's sitcom "Back to You". Marano has since appeared in several episodes of "The Sarah Silverman Program". Initially she was cast in the pilot episode, "Batteries", as the child version of Sarah Silverman, and the writers liked her so much they brought her back for a larger role as a girl Sarah coaches Document [46] (Title: Melora Hardin) starred as Baby in the short-lived 1988 television series "Dirty Dancing" (based on the 1987 film of the same name) and two 1992 episodes of "Quantum Leap" (as Abigail in "Trilogy," Parts 2 and 3). She co-starred in the 1990 dance movie "Lambada" as Sandy. She appeared in "Absolute Power" (1997) as Christy Sullivan and played Ross's dirty-talking love interest in the season 1 "Friends" episode "The One with the Stoned Guy". She was also originally cast in "Back to the Future" as Jennifer Parker, but was re-cast after Eric Stoltz (the original Marty McFly) was let go. Upon Michael Document [47] (Title: Jennifer Horton) full term, Jennifer gets a message on her computer, supposedly from Jack, and takes off to find him. She is picked up by a pilot who was to take her to the island of Melaswen. Unfortunately, the plane crashes, and Jennifer ends up in the jungle. She is thrilled when she reunited with Jack, and together the two begin planning a future for Jack Patrick Jr. (who is delivered by Patrick), but when they try to return to Salem, Jack is presumed dead on the return voyage. Jennifer tries to move on with her life, but finds it difficult because Document [48] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) immediately arrives and delivers a letter to Marty; it is from Doc, who explains that he was transported back to 1885. Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc, who had just helped the original Marty return to 1985. Shocked by Marty's sudden reappearance, Doc faints. Director Robert Zemeckis said that, initially, a sequel was not planned for the first film, but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment. He later agreed to do a sequel, but only if Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well. With Fox and Lloyd Document [49] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) DeLorean, with Marty jumping out just in the nick of time. Marty reveals to Jennifer the time travel adventure and they visit the scene of the wreckage of the DeLorean. He worries that Doc has been lost in the past forever, when suddenly Doc appears in a new time machine, modeled after a locomotive. When Marty asks if Doc is going to the future, Doc replies that he has "already been there." Doc's last words of wisdom is that nobody knows their future, so they "must make it a good one." The locomotive flies across the sky and disappears, ending Document [50] (Title: Jennifer Baxter) casting change. Jennifer Baxter Jennifer Baxter (born 1976) is a Canadian actress and comedian formerly based out of Toronto and currently living in Los Angeles with her husband Mike Beaver. Her best-known roles include Number 9 in George A. Romero's "Land of the Dead", Wanda on "The Eleventh Hour", and lawyer Robin Howland on "Billable Hours". She is also a well recognized face in a multitude of television commercials in Canada. She portrayed Kelly Pitts in the pilot episode of "The Game", though the role was later recast with Brittany Daniel. The CW Television Network did not provide a reason Document [51] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Till Helen Comes" (based on by Mary Downing Hahn). She had previously directed three episodes of "Ghost Whisperer", and this would be her feature film directorial debut. Production on the film was slated to begin in the summer of 2011, but no further announcements about the film have been made . She also starred alongside Ivan Sergei and Joel David Moore in the independent comedy "Jewtopia" (2012). Hewitt was a guest star on TV Land's "Hot in Cleveland" in 2011 and 2012. She starred in the television series "The Client List" (2012–13) until its cancellation in late 2013. In July Document [52] (Title: Back to the Future) he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role. Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to "Family Ties" following her pregnancy. The "Back to the Future" crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be "Family Ties", and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him". Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes. Fox found his Document [53] (Title: Michael J. Fox) III" (1990). During and immediately after the "Back to the Future" trilogy, Fox starred in "Teen Wolf" (1985)," Light of Day" (1987), "The Secret of My Success" (1987), "Bright Lights, Big City" (1988), and "Casualties of War" (1989). In "The Secret of My Success", Fox played a recent graduate from Kansas State University who moves to New York City, where he has to deal with the ups and downs of the business world. The film was successful at the box office, grossing $110 million worldwide. Roger Ebert in "The Chicago Sun Times" wrote; "Fox provides a fairly desperate center for Document [54] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Wait" (1998). Hewitt starred in "The Audrey Hepburn Story" (2000). That same year, she was the "most popular actress on television" for her Q-rating (a measurement of a celebrity's popularity) of 37. Noting her "Q-rating," Nokia chose her to become its spokesperson. She starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in the romantic comedy "Heartbreakers" (2001) and did voiceover work in the animated film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame II" (2002) as Madellaine, the main protagonist's love interest. Hewitt wrote and performed "I'm Gonna Love You" for the film; the song won "Best Original Song" at the DVD Premiere Awards. She starred alongside Document [55] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) dance in order for George and Lorraine to kiss. The gameplay on these stages is often compared to that of "Paperboy". In the final stage, Marty gets to control the DeLorean time machine on the street at night, dodging lightning bolts and obstacles while accelerating in such a way as to reach precisely at the end of the stage, enabling the time machine to bring Marty home to 1985. The game only contains two songs from the film. One is a sped up version of "The Power of Love" which plays throughout most of the game; the other is "Johnny Document [56] (Title: Josh Hutcherson) is mostly seen in interviews with Stanley Tucci's camp talk-show host on TV screens ... so the actor can't bring his lack of urgency to scenes with [Jennifer Lawrence]." Before filming the "Mockingjay" movies, Hutcherson filmed "", a French-Spanish thriller, which was released on January 16, 2015, in the U.S. He also served as an executive producer for the film, alongside first-time director Andrea Di Stefano, assisting with casting and blocking shots. Hutcherson said the opportunity "made [him] so hungry to do more like that". In November 2017, Hutcherson began starring in the science fiction comedy series "Future Man" on Document [57] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) of sporting events to make easy money. However, Doc talks him out of it and throws the almanac in the bin, where the 2015 Biff Tannen finds it. A sleeping Jennifer has been taken by police to her future home, needing Marty and Doc to retrieve her before returning to 1985. While Marty and Doc are at the 2015 McFly home, 2015 Biff steals the DeLorean time machine and gives the book to his 1955 self just before he goes to the dance at the end of the first film. When Doc and Marty return to 1985, they find that Document [58] (Title: Back to the Future) to See Before You Die". "Back to the Future" success led to two film sequels: "Back to the Future Part II" and "Back to the Future Part III". "Part II" was released on November 22, 1989, to mixed reviews and similar financial success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide. The film continues directly from the ending of "Back to the Future" and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original Document [59] (Title: Richard Rossi) that Rossi is in pre-production on his new film "Canaan Land". On October 17, 2016, it was announced that Claudia Wells, an actress who starred in the 1985 film "Back to the Future" was cast in the lead role of Sister Sara Sunday. However, as controversy regarding the film grew, the following month the actress "no longer wants her name associated with the controversy," according to a casting associate. On May 15, 2017, Rossi announced that Rebecca Holden, known from "Knight Rider" (1982 TV series), was cast in the lead role of Sister Sara Sunday. On September 30, 2017, CBS Document [60] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Brown to help him reunite his parents and return to 1985. The efforts of Biff Tannen, George's bully and supervisor, further complicate Marty's situation until Marty successfully causes his parents to fall in love and simultaneously convinces George to finally stand up to Biff. Returning to the future via a lightning strike that powers the machine, Marty discovers a vastly improved situation for the McFly family, as a much more confident George has become an accomplished science-fiction author, and an apparently-softened Biff is now an auto detailer, rather than George's supervisor. Despite 1955 Doc's insistence on not knowing details of Document [61] (Title: From Jennifer) time, do yourself a favor and see it." From Jennifer From Jennifer, sometimes stylized as "#FromJennifer", is a 2017 comedy horror film written and directed by Frank Merle. The film stars Danielle Taddei and Derek Mears as an unlikely duo plotting to become internet celebrities by filming and posting an outrageous revenge plot. On October 17, 2016 it was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that horror icon Tony Todd, best known for playing Candyman was joining the cast as Jennifer's manager Chad Wolfe. When the first trailer was posted on January 19, 2017 by the Horror Society, it was confirmed Document [62] (Title: Crispin Glover) Glover which had been filmed for the first film. Glover was billed as "George McFly in footage from "Back to the Future"" in the closing credits. The older footage was combined with new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman wearing a false chin, nose and cheekbones, and various obfuscating methods – in the background, wearing sunglasses, rear shot, upside down – to play the role of George McFly. Because these methods suggested that Glover himself had performed for the film, he sued the producers on the grounds that they had used his likeness without permission, as well as not having paid Document [63] (Title: Jennifer Bishop) starred in the Sergei Goncharoff directed film "House of Terror" which was released around 1972/1973. In the film she played Jennifer Andrews, a nurse who is hired to look after a man's unwell wife. She has an ex-con former boyfriend who has ideas for the wealth of the woman. After the woman dies, she marries her husband. The ex-con boyfriend who is still in the periphery has plans to get hold of the money. Around the mid-1970s, she co-starred with Richard Jaeckel in the film "Mako: The Jaws of Death". In addition to her and Jaeckel in this ""Jaws"-similar" film, Document [64] (Title: Bridget Jones Nelson) roles: Nuveena, Woman of the Future, Mike's singing love interest in episodes 524, "12 to the Moon", and 614, "San Francisco International", and Flavia, an evil Roman matron and Pearl Forrester's nemesis in a multi-episode arc in season eight. In 2007, Jones joined Michael J. Nelson on an audio commentary for Nelson's RiffTrax service. It was the pilot episode for "Grey's Anatomy" they riffed on and was released June 11, 2007. In June 2015, Bridget teamed up with Mary Jo Pehl to regularly riff shorts for RiffTrax, and was a participant in the RiffTrax Live MST3K reunion show that was Document [65] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) the powerless DeLorean before it is destroyed by an oncoming freight train. He discovers that everything has returned to the initial post-time travel timeline, and finds Jennifer sleeping on her front porch. He uses the lessons he learned in 1885 to avoid being goaded into a street race with Douglas J. Needles, avoiding a possible automobile accident. Remembering that this accident would have sent Marty's life spiraling downward, Jennifer opens a fax message she kept from 2015, and watches as its text regarding Marty's firing disappears. As Marty and Jennifer examine the DeLorean wreckage, a locomotive equipped with a flux Document [66] (Title: Vivica A. Fox) "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "Family Matters", "Matlock" and "Martin". In 1992, she was cast as Patti LaBelle's fashion designer daughter, Charisse Chamberlain, on the NBC sitcom "Out All Night". In addition to her role, she returned to soap operas with role of Dr. Stephanie Simmons on CBS' "The Young and the Restless" during 199495. In 1995, she had a cameo role in the comedy film "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood". In 1996, Fox played Will Smith's character's girlfriend, Jasmine Dubrow, in the epic science fiction disaster blockbuster Document [67] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Sound Editing). Seventeen-year-old Marty McFly is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in a time machine built from a DeLorean by eccentric scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown, when they are attacked by Libyans from whom Doc stole the plutonium that gives the flux capacitor the 1.21 gigawatts it needs to time-travel. Soon after his arrival in 1955, Marty's mother Lorraine falls in love with him, rather than with his father George McFly, threatening to cause a paradox that would result in Marty ceasing to exist. Without plutonium to power the time machine, Marty must find the 1955 Doc Document [68] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) 3. The "Back to the Future Overture" on the original album is made up of the following cues as released on the subsequent score album: A 1999 CD release entitled "The Back to the Future Trilogy" featured additional compositions by Silvestri from the first film. However, these were re-recordings by the Scottish National Orchestra and not Silvestri's original recordings. The musical material ostensibly performed by the characters Marty McFly, Marvin Berry and the Starlighters in the film, was recorded by Harry Waters, Jr. as Marvin Berry and Mark Campbell as Marty McFly, and the guitar solo by Tim May. (Campbell Document [69] (Title: 2 Jennifer) 2 Jennifer 2 Jennifer is a 2016 indie horror film written and directed by Hunter Johnson, who also stars in the film. The film is a sequel to James Cullen Bressack's "To Jennifer" and features Johnson as a young man intent on creating a sequel to the 2013 film. Spencer wants to create a sequel to one of his favorite horror films, "To Jennifer," and is hoping that doing so will launch his career as a filmmaker. As such, he is playing one of the movie's main characters and wants to find the perfect woman to serve as the film's Document [70] (Title: Don't Go to Sleep) help, but Mary runs away to inform her father of Jennifer's plight. Just as Phillip is about to go back to get her, the car bursts into flames. As Laura sleeps alone in her bedroom, she is awakened by a sound at the foot of her bed. Jennifer's ghost pops up and says, "Hi, Mommy." and Laura screams in terror. The screen fades to black, leaving her fate ambiguous. The film was first aired on December 10, 1982. The film was shot at Warner Brothers in Burbank, California on soundstage 15. The Executive Producers for the film are Douglas S. Document [71] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) her for being poor and different. These girls turn others against Jennifer throughout the movie, but Jennifer also makes friends of her own, including teacher Jeff Reed (Bert Convy). The wealthy girls' cruelty eventually pushes Jennifer over the edge, causing her to use her special powers again for the sake of revenge against those who hurt her and her new friends. The film was released in theaters on May 13, 1978. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that "all things considered, "Jennifer" could be a whole lot worse", and noted that "while Miss Pelikan is not Sissy Spacek Document [72] (Title: Jennifer Garner) am pleased to report, makes Roxane a girl worth pining over ... [She] speaks Anthony Burgess's peppery rhymed translation with unaffected sprightliness. If she's a tad stilted in the big tragic finale, her comic timing is impeccable." "The New Yorker"s theater critic was impressed by her "feistiness" and " lightness of comic touch". The play was recorded before a live audience and aired on PBS in 2008. In 2007, Garner became a spokesperson of skin care brand Neutrogena. Garner co-starred in two romantic comedies in 2009. She first appeared opposite Matthew McConaughey in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past", portraying the childhood Document [73] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) Jennifer (1978 film) Jennifer is a 1978 American horror film directed by Brice Mack, starring Lisa Pelikan. The story has some similarities to the 1971 film "Willard", about a social outcast with the ability to control rats, as well as the 1976 film "Carrie", about a similarly awkward and vengeful misfit who develops psychic abilities. Jennifer Baylor (Lisa Pelikan) is a poor, red-headed young woman from West Virginia. Jennifer possesses a power over snakes, an ability to control them and communicate with them. She and her father, Luke Baylor (Jeff Corey), left their home in disgrace, because when Jennifer was Document [74] (Title: Christa B. Allen) and commercials. She acted in her first Hollywood film in 2004's "13 Going on 30", playing the younger Jenna Rink, Jennifer Garner's character. She also played the teenage Jenny, another Jennifer Garner character, in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past". Her other film credits include "A Merry Little Christmas", "Youth in Revolt", "One Wish", "One Kine Day" and "Detention of the Dead". Allen has guest starred in many television series, including "Medium", "Cory in the House", "The Suite Life on Deck", "Grey's Anatomy", "ER", "", "Wizards of Waverly Place" and "Cold Case". Allen starred as the title character in the CBS Saturday Document [75] (Title: J. J. Cohen) J. J. Cohen Jeffrey Jay Cohen (born June 22, 1965) is an American actor who has appeared in film and on television. Cohen's first feature film was in the 1984 film "Paradise Motel". It was not until 1985, he would get his big role in the film "Back to the Future" as Skinhead, a member of Biff Tannen's gang. In 1989, he reprised his role in "Back to the Future Part II", a year later, he appeared in "Back to the Future Part III" as a member of Needles's gang. According to the DVD commentary, he was originally up for Document [76] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) McFly family. She overhears that her future self's life with Marty is not what she expected, due to his involvement in an automobile accident. She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker, Douglas J. Needles, into a shady business deal, resulting in Marty's firing. Attempting to escape the house, Jennifer encounters her 2015 self and they both faint. While Marty and Doc attend to her, Biff steals the time machine and uses it to travel back to 1955 and give the almanac to his younger self to get rich betting, then returns to 2015. Marty, Doc, and an unconscious Jennifer Document [77] (Title: Microsoap) and chatting to his "invisible friend" Pogo, a giant seven-foot blue mouse that follows him everywhere and that nobody except he (and the viewer) can see. Played by Lou Gish, Jennifer is the Parker family's therapist that they began seeing after Colin and Jane's marriage ran into difficulty; after their separation, she began to date Colin, and they married not long after. Jennifer is a very caring, understanding woman; these qualities plus her obsessive-compulsive behavior with cleanliness drive Emily mad for a time. Jennifer finds the chaos of the two families bewildering. Played by Scott Hickman, Jim was Emily's first Document [78] (Title: The Girl from Tomorrow) per se, his own weapons are no match to the superior technology of the Transducer, he manages to take Alana, Tulista's student, hostage, and escapes into the past, where he figures he will have a better chance. Arriving in 1990, Alana escapes, and later meets a teenager named Jenny Kelly, whose help she enlists in order to get back to the Capsule before it returns automatically to the future, leaving her stranded in the past. After thinking that the Capsule was destroyed, Jenny and Alana discover that it has been seized by Silverthorn, who is building his power and making Document [79] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) Gale, LJN refused his requests to give input while the game was being developed; once he was shown the game, he asked them to make changes, but was told it was too late in the process to change anything. Back to the Future (1989 video game) Back to the Future is a 1989 video game released by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. A sequel, "Back to the Future Part II & III", was released in 1990. In the single mode game, the player controls Marty McFly Document [80] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) stylized approach while trying to stay true to the feel of the trilogy. The puzzles were designed to rely on applying items in the inventory to characters and objects as the developers did not think of Marty as a protagonist that would build a gadget from various parts. As Michael J. Fox was unavailable to reprise his role as Marty for the game, newcomer A.J. Locascio voiced the character instead, though Fox later provided voice work for Marty's great grandfather William in the fifth and final episode of the game, as well as for the three futuristic versions of Marty Document [81] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) Back to the Future (soundtrack) Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name. It was released on July 8, 1985 by MCA Records. The album included two tracks culled from Alan Silvestri's compositions for the film, two tracks from Huey Lewis and the News, two songs played by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters, one played by Marty McFly and The Starlighters, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film. "The Power of Love" was the first Document [82] (Title: Claudia Wells) be a horror film titled "Room & Board". Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells (born 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film "Back to the Future" (1985). Born in Kuala Lumpur, Claudia Wells grew up in San Francisco, California, and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14. She later graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She started acting with appearances in TV shows. Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". She almost did not end up in the first film Document [83] (Title: Back to the Future) permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With "Big Trouble" set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been fond of the script for "Back to the Future" during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the "Double Indemnity" license in exchange for the rights to "Back to the Future". Executive Sidney Sheinberg made suggestions to the script, such as changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his Document [84] (Title: Jennifer Phang) Musical Score (Timo Chen), and star Jacqueline Kim also won the Linda Mabalot Renaissance Spirit Award for her performance. Phang directed, wrote and edited a short film entitled "Advantageous" (2012) - the basis of the 2015 feature film of the same name - for the PBS series "Futurestates", which imagined various scenarios and stories that took place in the future. The film won a Best Science Fiction Film award at the Rhode Island International Horror Film Festival and also the Golden Reel Award for Best Short Film at the 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival. It was also nominated for "Best Document [85] (Title: The Message (The Outer Limits)) hear normal conversation and sounds, but she does hear something, and no one believes her. While on a routine visit to the hospital to check on the implant, Jennifer befriends the janitor, Robert (Larry Drake) who empathizes with her. Suddenly, Jennifer is plagued by nightmares and searing pain in her head, all at 3:10 in the morning or afternoon. Once the pain starts she begins furiously writing in binary code. Robert suggests that perhaps the binary coded 0s and 1s might be able to be translated. As a former astrophysicist who had mental problems that forced him to work as Document [86] (Title: Back to the Future: The Ride) on the previous construction walls of The Simpsons Ride, the Comic Book Guy wore Marty's futuristic jacket from "Back to the Future Part II". Also, in the line satirical video, an animated Doc Brown (voiced by Christopher Lloyd) attempts to borrow money from a loan office to save the Institute of Future Technology. However, Professor Frink crashes back in time in a DeLorean and crushes the banker, and Doc is upset that he must "sell the Institute of Future Technology to that mercenary clown!". In 2016, it was officially announced that the Japan ride would close on May 31, 2016. Document [87] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) was nominated for an Academy Award. Huey Lewis portrayed the high-school band audition judge who rejects Marty McFly's band, the Pinheads, as they perform the short instrumental hard-rock version of "The Power of Love". There is also another album version of the soundtrack, with only the original score by Silvestri. The only legitimate release was by independent label Intrada, but another so-called "DeLorean" version released in the 1990s was an unauthorized bootleg. In November 2009, Intrada released an official two-disc album containing Silvestri's complete score. The first disc contained the complete orchestral score as recorded for the finished film, along Document [88] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) was not in the first. Wells returned to Hollywood with a starring role in the 1996 independent film "Still Waters Burn". She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the "Back to the Future Trilogy" DVD set released in 2002. However, she is interviewed for the "Tales from the Future" documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010. In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series. She provided the voice Document [89] (Title: Jennifer Smith (General Hospital)) a fan of the series, appeared with her then-husband Tom Arnold, for three episodes in late March 1994. In return, Anthony Geary and Genie Francis, who portray Luke Spencer and Laura Webber, appeared in an episode of Arnold's sitcom, "Roseanne". The role was played by "All in the Family" actress Sally Struthers for 10 episodes in 2002. Struthers said of Jennifer's return, "Needless to say, Jennifer has a few issues with Luke and Laura. She has some unfinished business." Jennifer returned to the screen on June 22, 2015, portrayed by Holly Gagnier. Jennifer is holding Lucky Spencer hostage and demanding Document [90] (Title: Jennifer on My Mind) strangely haunting aura. Michael Brandon, as Marcus, is charmingly boyish and natural. Tippy Walker, as Jennifer, comes across with a bitchy ethereal allure." Jennifer on My Mind Jennifer on My Mind is a 1971 American black comedy film based on the 1968 novel "Heir" by Roger L. Simon. It was directed by Noel Black from a screenplay by Erich Segal and stars Michael Brandon and Tippy Walker, as well as Robert De Niro in a minor role. This was one of the many early 1970s films that dealt with addiction following the explosion of recreational drug use in the 1960s. Document [91] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Doc, leaving Jennifer on her own front porch. Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff, and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self. Marty then follows him to the high school dance, being careful to avoid interrupting the events from his previous visit. After several fruitless attempts, Marty finally gets the almanac, leaving Biff to crash into a manure truck. Marty burns the almanac, reversing Biff's changes to the timeline, as Doc hovers above in the time machine. Before Marty can join him in the time machine, the DeLorean is struck by lightning and disappears. A Western Union courier Document [92] (Title: Michael J. Fox) needed to carry the show in her absence. Eric Stoltz was cast and was already filming "Back to the Future", but Zemeckis felt that Stoltz was not giving the right type of performance for the humor involved. Zemeckis quickly replaced Stoltz with Fox, whose schedule was now more open with the return of Meredith Baxter. He was considered for the role of Mark Kendall in "Once Bitten", but it eventually went to Jim Carrey. During filming, Fox would rehearse for "Family Ties" from 10 a.m to 6 p.m, then rush to the "Back to the Future" set where he would Document [93] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) romantic interest. Marty must repair the damage to history by causing his parents-to-be to fall in love, and with the help of scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd), he must find a way to return to 1985. "Back to the Future" marked the start of a successful franchise, ultimately becoming a trilogy, with the total income for the three films taking over $936 million. The show will reunite some of the team behind the series. It will be adapted by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale from their 1985 screenplay, with set and costume design by Soutra Gilmour, lighting by Jon Document [94] (Title: From Jennifer) From Jennifer From Jennifer, sometimes stylized as "#FromJennifer", is a 2017 comedy horror film written and directed by Frank Merle. The film stars Danielle Taddei and Derek Mears as an unlikely duo plotting to become internet celebrities by filming and posting an outrageous revenge plot. On October 17, 2016 it was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that horror icon Tony Todd, best known for playing Candyman was joining the cast as Jennifer's manager Chad Wolfe. When the first trailer was posted on January 19, 2017 by the Horror Society, it was confirmed that the cast included Derek Mears, best known Document [95] (Title: Nancy Allen (actress)) In 1994, she reteamed with "Strange Invaders" writer Bill Condon to star as psychic Jessie Gallardo opposite Roger Moore in the movie of the week "The Man Who Wouldn't Die". She starred as Linda Savage in "Quality Time" in 1997, but the film was not released until 2008 due, in part, to post-production and renamed "My Apocalypse". Builder/contractor Randy Bailey and she were married in June 1998. She had a small but notable role as Midge in the crime thriller "Out of Sight" (1998) starring George Clooney and Jennifer Lopez, which was directed by Steven Soderbergh. She also played Rachel Document [96] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) capacitor appears, manned by Doc, Clara, and their two children Jules and Verne. Doc gives Marty a photo of the two of them by the clockworks in 1885. Jennifer asks about the fax, and Doc tells them it means that the future has not yet been written. Doc departs and the train disappears into an unknown time. The origins of the western theme for "Back to the Future Part III" lie in the production of the original film. During filming for the original, director Zemeckis asked Michael J. Fox what time period he would like to see. Fox replied that Document [97] (Title: Back to the Future) of the time in his interpretation of the character". Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in "Part II" and "Part III". Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in "The Wild Life"; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz. Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply. Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing Document [98] (Title: Jennifer Spence) an acting class he was teaching in 2009. They reside in Vancouver, British Columbia. Jennifer Spence Jennifer Spence (born January 22, 1977) is a Canadian actress. Her acting credits include playing Dr. Lisa Park on the "Stargate Universe" television series and Detective Betty Robertson on the series "Continuum". Spence has had principal roles on a number of television series, including "Exes and Ohs", "The 4400", "Reunion" and "Write & Wrong". She appeared in recurring roles on "Killer Instinct", "DaVinci's Inquest", "You Me Her", and "Travelers". Immediately following the cancellation of "Stargate Universe", Spence joined some other of the show's cast Document [99] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the sequel to the 1985 film "Back to the Future" and the second installment in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson, and Lea Thompson. In the plot, Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) travel to 2015, where bully Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for the Document [100] (Title: Future-Drama) a job at the Kwik-E-Mart. While delivering groceries to an elderly Mr. Burns, he rescues him from a robbery by Snake Jailbird. As a reward, Burns gives Lisa's scholarship to Bart. He accepts it, seeing it as a way to get Jenda back. He then tells Lisa about the scholarship causing present and future Lisa to both get angry at Bart. Bart reconciles with Jenda, and now has a good future. That night, Jenda again wants to have sex with Bart, but then he goes into Professor Frink's basement and sees Lisa's bleak future with Milhouse on Frink's machine. Jenda Document [101] (Title: Vivica A. Fox) 2001, Fox had starring roles in three films. First was "Kingdom Come", a comedy-drama starring LL Cool J, Jada Pinkett Smith and Whoopi Goldberg. She played the lead in the romantic comedy "Two Can Play That Game", and had supporting role in the independent comedy-drama "Little Secrets". In 2002, she starred alongside Miguel A. Núñez Jr. in "Juwanna Mann", and with Cuba Gooding Jr. in "Boat Trip". In 2003, Quentin Tarantino cast her as Vernita Green in his two-part martial arts film "Kill Bill". From 2004 to 2006, Fox starred as FBI special agent Nicole Scott and co-produced the Lifetime Document [102] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Fox – you know, that's like saying, 'I'm going to cook you a steak dinner and I'm going to hold the beef." Gale also said that the is the closest thing to what a fourth film could be like. In a "USA Today" interview on October 21, 2015, the day of Marty McFly's purported arrival in the future, Christopher Lloyd stated that he would consider making a fourth film under the condition that the original cast and creative team returned, along with a story "worth telling." The same day, Lloyd once again reprised his role as Doc Brown in a Document [103] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) actor Tom Wilson, and James Arnold Taylor as the younger Emmett. Though the game features other returning characters including George and Lorraine McFly, voicework for these characters are provided by a variety of available voice actors in the Bay Area. Tom Wilson reprised his role as Biff Tannen for the 30th anniversary revamp. The song Back in Time by Huey Lewis and the News, which was written for first film, appears in the game. To promote the title, Telltale brought a replica of the DeLorean time machine as part of their booth display at the 2010 Penny Arcade Expo which Document [104] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) confirmed, Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel. Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown, because it required them to come up with a story that fit her in, rather than a whole new adventure. Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself, as Zemeckis was busy making "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". At first, the film was to take place in 1967, but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to Document [105] (Title: Back to the Future) together. Film studios rejected it until the financial success of Zemeckis' "Romancing the Stone". Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg, who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment, with Universal Pictures as distributor. Fox was the first choice to play Marty, but he was busy filming his television series "Family Ties", and Eric Stoltz was cast; after the filmmakers decided he was wrong for the role, a deal was struck to allow Fox to film "Back to the Future" without interrupting his television schedule. "Back to the Future" was released on July 3, 1985 and it grossed over $381 million worldwide, Document [106] (Title: Billy Zane) Zane's first two screen roles were in the science fiction films "Back to the Future" in 1985 and "Critters" in 1986, around the same time he appeared in the music video for Sheena Easton's song "Do It For Love". In 1988 he played Tony Gambini alongside Jessica Fletcher in Murder, She Wrote: A Very Good Year for Murder. Zane also appeared in an episode of "Matlock" entitled "The Nurse". In 1989 he reprised his henchman role in "Back to the Future Part II". Earlier that same year, Zane gained international recognition with the role of villain Hughie Warriner in the Document [107] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) closed each episode while Dan Castellaneta provided the animated Doc Brown's voice. James Tolkan was also featured as a guest voice in one episode, however he returned only to voice a completely different character as opposed to his Principal Strickland character from the films. In addition, Bill Nye appeared as Dr. Brown's Lab Assistant during the live-action segments at the end of each episode performing scientific experiments related to the episode. Nye also serves as the show's technical advisor. These segments later led to Nye getting his own show. Although the show no longer airs on television, nine VHS cassettes Document [108] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) and because of that, his girlfriend, Betty (Jennifer’s grandmother) had break up with him and in hope of win her back, he worked for Kid to have some money. After Marty reasoned with him, Parker decided to turn against Kid to win back Betty. Kid and his gang are jailed, and all appears well. Marty and Doc return to the future unaware that their actions have caused Edna to fall in love with Emmett, and their relationship causes Emmett to forgo his scientific inventions. When they return to 1986 again, Doc disappears, and Marty crashes the DeLorean into a billboard. Document [109] (Title: Jennifer Connelly) science fiction film "The Day The Earth Stood Still". Unlike the original movie, in which Benson was a secretary and her relationship with Klaatu was the focus, the remake featured Benson in a troubled relationship with her stepson, portrayed by Jaden Smith. This was followed by a role in the 2009 romantic comedy "He's Just Not That Into You", which also featured Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin. The film was based on the self-help book of the same name. "Variety" praised her portrayal: "Despite its layer of darkness Connelly gives a really rich performance as a woman whose principles back Document [110] (Title: Mary Steenburgen) times at Christmas only to rely on a Christmas miracle to save her family. In 1989 she played Karen Buckman, the wife of Steve Martin’s character in Parenthood. In "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), Steenburgen played Clara Clayton, a school teacher who falls in love with Doc Brown, played by Christopher Lloyd. She was persuaded to play the role by her children, as well as by fans of the "Back to the Future" films, and reprised the role by providing the character's voice in "". Other performances have been: in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993), as a woman Document [111] (Title: Sarah Connor (Terminator)) it into the future. John finds Cameron's empty shell lying in the basement and a repeating message on the computer monitors reading, "I'm sorry, John". John discovers he cannot let her go. In an attempt to save both Cameron and Weaver's creation, both John and Catherine go to the future after the Cromartie shell, while Sarah remains in the present to continue the fight. Linda Hamilton reunited with James Cameron and other cast members from "Terminator 2" to produce this for Universal Studios. In the attraction, set 6 years after the events of the second film, Sarah and John break Document [112] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) Back to the Future (TV series) Back to the Future (also known as Back to the Future: The Animated Series) is an American animated science fiction comedy adventure television series for television based on the live action "Back to the Future" movie trilogy. The show lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991, to December 26, 1992, and reran until August 14, 1993, on CBS. The network chose not to renew the show for a third season (citing low ratings). It later reran on FOX, as a part of the FoxBox block from Document [113] (Title: Crispin Glover) does his rendition, in full drag, of Newton-John's "Please Don't Keep Me Waiting" from her 1979 album "Totally Hot". His breakout role was as George McFly in Robert Zemeckis's "Back to the Future", an international box office success in 1985; his character was the father of Marty McFly, despite being three years younger than Michael J. Fox in real life. Glover and the producers could not agree on suitable terms for him to appear in the sequels, so the role of the character was greatly reduced and recast. In "Back to the Future Part II", Zemeckis reused brief footage of Document [114] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) the trilogy. Co-writer and director Robert Zemeckis, who has approval over all films in the "Back to the Future" franchise, has stated that he will block all attempts to remake or reboot the original film. Bob Gale stated that he did not wish to see another film in the series without the Marty McFly character nor any other actor than Michael J. Fox playing him, while acknowledging that Fox's current health condition would make this impossible. He illustrated this at a 2008 fan convention in Florida, stating "The idea of making another "Back to the Future" movie without Michael J. Document [115] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) would be released on October 26, 2010, twenty-five years to the day from the date of the fictional events from the first film. There have been numerous complaints about the R1 packaging, leading to the release of an instruction sheet on how to safely remove and insert discs. The footage that was shot with Eric Stoltz in the role of Marty McFly before he was replaced with Michael J. Fox was not included in Universal's original DVD release in 2002 or in 2009, despite many fans hoping that Universal would include it. Some very brief footage was released in the Document [116] (Title: Michael J. Fox) rehearse and shoot until 2:30 a.m. This schedule lasted for two full months. "Back to the Future" was both a commercial and critical success. The film spent 8 consecutive weekends as the number-one grossing movie at the US box office in 1985 and eventually earned a worldwide total of $381.11 million. "Variety" applauded the performances, stating that Fox and his co-star Christopher Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin. The film was later followed by two similarly-successful sequels, "Back to the Future Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part Document [117] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) goads Marty into a fight. Griff and his gang are arrested, saving Marty's future children. Before rejoining Doc, Marty purchases an almanac, containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000. Doc discovers it and warns Marty about attempting to profit from time travel but, before Doc can adequately dispose of it, they are interrupted by the police, who have found Jennifer incapacitated, and are taking her to her 2015 home. They pursue, as does Biff, who has overheard their conversation and picks up the discarded almanac. Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the Document [118] (Title: Jennifer Rappaport) Jennifer Rappaport Jennifer Rappaport is a fictional character from the American daytime drama "One Life to Live" portrayed by Jessica Morris from January 2001 to May 2005. Morris reappeared as Jennifer in a dream sequence on October 1, 2008. Jennifer arrives in Llanview in January 2001 as a student at Llanview University. She struggles between being a selfish conniver like her mother Lindsay Rappaport and being more virtuous and moral like her father Sam. Jen is paired with Cristian Vega, but when she discovers that Cristian is falling in love with Natalie Buchanan, Jennifer sleeps with Al Holden. Jennifer becomes Document [119] (Title: Raquel Welch) stage, Welch owed Fox four films, at one a year. She and Curtis also established their own production company, Curtwel. Fox wanted Welch to play Jennifer in their adaptation of "The Valley of the Dolls" but she refused, wanting to play the role of Neely O'Hara. The studio was not interested, casting Patty Duke; Sharon Tate played Jennifer North. In England, she appeared as Lust incarnate in the Peter Cook-Dudley Moore comedy, "Bedazzled" (1967), a Swinging '60s retelling of the Faust legend. It was popular, as was the Western, "Bandolero!" (1968), which was shot in Del Rio, Texas, at the Document [120] (Title: Jennifer Finnigan) seasons. Since July 12, 2017, Finnigan has starred as Grace Barrows, the Pentagon's press secretary, on the new CBS action drama "Salvation". Barrows is one of a few people initially informed when the Pentagon learns that in six months, Earth will collide with an asteroid with potential extinction-level destruction capacity. The original straight-to-series order was for 13 episodes. Jennifer Finnigan Jennifer Christina Finnigan (born August 22, 1979) is a Canadian actress, best known for her role as Bridget Forrester in the American soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 2000-04, for which she won three Daytime Emmy Awards for Document [121] (Title: Sarah Connor (Terminator)) teenage girl, sent back in time by the future John to protect him. Sarah hears of the shooting and rushes to the school but is captured by Cromartie, who uses her to lure John into a trap. Again with the help of Cameron, they flee to a bank where resistance members have hidden the parts of a time machine. As Cromartie attacks them, the trio disappear into the year 2007. Cameron suggests to Sarah their primary mission should be to stop Skynet, estimated to go online in 2011. Sarah argues against this, but Cameron tells her she would have died Document [122] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Apple (MAC) and for Apple (iPad). The 2015 video game "Lego Dimensions" features two "Back to the Future"-themed toy packs. The Level Pack adds a bonus level that adapts the events of the first film, and includes a Marty McFly minifigure, along with a constructible DeLorean and Hoverboard. The Fun Pack includes a Doc Brown minifigure and a constructible Time Train from "Part III". Both unlock access to an in-game open world set in Hill Valley. Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd reprise their respective roles. On 31 January 2014, it was announced that a stage musical adaptation of the Document [123] (Title: Back to the Future) come." Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour." Dave Kehr of "Chicago Reader" felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor. "Variety" praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin. BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important Document [124] (Title: 2 Jennifer) titular character, even going so far as to insist that they only consider actresses that are named Jennifer. However as they find their perfect Jennifer and filming commences, Spencer's hold on reality grows more and more tenuous. "Starburst" wrote a favorable review of the movie, as they felt that it was "refreshing to have a sequel work so well and for it actually not be essential that one has seen the original. Ultimately, it’s a more enjoyable ride than the first, with a payoff that packs quite a wallop." In contrast, Dread Central panned "2 Jennifer", stating that "Fans of Document [125] (Title: Back to the Future) Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), an animated series, , and several video games. In 1985 Hill Valley, California, teenager Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, are chastised by the school principal for lateness. Marty auditions for the Battle of the Bands, but is rejected for being too loud. At home, Marty's father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with his car. Marty is invited by his friend, eccentric inventor Dr. Emmett Document [126] (Title: Jennifer Aspen) Very Brady Sequel" and horror film "Sometimes They Come Back... Again". She also guest-starred in "Will & Grace", "Friends", "Grey's Anatomy", "Shark", "Boston Legal", "The Closer", "Criminal Minds", "Supernatural", "" and "Private Practice". Aspen had series regular role in the Fox teen drama series "Party of Five" from 1998 to 2000. In 2001, she starred in the short-lived sitcom "Bob Patterson". From 2004 to 2006, she starred in the ABC sitcom "Rodney" opposite Rodney Carrington. The series was canceled after two seasons. In 2009, she appeared in a recurring role of Fox comedy series "Glee", as Kendra Giardi. In 2011, Document [127] (Title: Lea Thompson) And I did not. So I had, like, five days to learn really, really complicated water-skiing things, because I had to fit into the Sea World water-skiing show. I don’t even know how to swim!" She followed this with "All the Right Moves" (1983), "Red Dawn" (1984), and "The Wild Life" (1984). Thompson's most famous role is that of Lorraine Baines McFly in the "Back to the Future" trilogy, with the first film released in 1985. Thompson's character is the mother of Marty McFly, played by Michael J. Fox, whom Marty meets when she is a 1950s adolescent age after Document [128] (Title: Lexi Underwood) rebel from the future. Television Film Theater Lexi Underwood Lexi Underwood (born August 28, 2003 in Cheverly, MD) is an American actress, singer, and philanthropist. Lexi is best known for being the daughter of famous actor Blair Underwood and her role as Athena in "Will Vs The Future." "Will Vs The Future" is a comedic science fiction series created and executive produced by Tim McKeon and Kevin Seccia, and directed by Joe Nussbaum. Underwood made her professional theatrical debut in November 2013 at the age of 10 years old, at the Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC in their acclaimed rendition Document [129] (Title: Jennifer Gan) Dolls", in 1965 with actress Sheila MacRae. She was seen again in the spring of 1967 when making four more film and TV appearances. She appeared in the James Coburn spy spoof sequel "In Like Flint" and his tongue in cheek western "Waterhole No. 3". She then appeared in an episode in the last season of the hit TV show "The Monkees". She also had an uncredited role in the hit film "Valley of the Dolls". She also appeared in the stage play "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". In 1968, she appeared in an episode in the last season of Document [130] (Title: Back to the Future (1985 video game)) Back to the Future (1985 video game) Back to the Future is the name of a 1985 video game released by Electric Dreams Software for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. The game is a side view arcade adventure. The aim of the game is to get George McFly to spend as much time as possible with Lorraine Baines. The more time George and Lorraine spend together, the more they will fall in love, and thus more segments will be added to the family photograph Document [131] (Title: Jennifer Higham) Jennifer Higham Jennifer Higham (born 26 August 1984 in England) is a British actress who has played numerous roles in theatre, television and film. Higham attended Misbourne School in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. She has appeared in "Crooked House" as Ruth (2 episodes), "Cassandra's Dream" as Helen, "Ella Enchanted" as Olive, Ella's stepsister and Hattie's sister, "Doctors", "Persuasion" as Louisa Musgrove, "Born and Bred" as Amy Marl, "Gideon's Daughter" as Girl playing Richard III, and "I Shouldn't Be Alive" as Jennifer. She has also worked in theater, including a stint with Actors of the London Stage where she played Juliet (among Document [132] (Title: Back to the Future) Back to the Future Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who accidentally travels back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents and becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, inventor of the time-traveling DeLorean, who helps Marty repair history and return to 1985. Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale wondered whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school Document [133] (Title: Claudia Wells) had been cast, but a pilot she had done for ABC had been picked up, and she was contractually forced to drop out of "Back to the Future". During that time, Eric Stoltz had been shooting for five weeks in the role of Marty McFly. Melora Hardin was slated for the role of Jennifer, though she never actually filmed any scenes. The producers halted filming and replaced Stoltz with Michael J. Fox. By then, Wells' pilot had been finished and she was recast as Jennifer, now shooting alongside Fox, never having filmed a frame with Stoltz. That same year (1985), Document [134] (Title: Back to the Future) Lorraine follows him to the dance floor, where they kiss while Marty performs with the band. As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes, sending Marty back to 1985. Doc has survived the shooting, as he had listened to Marty's warnings and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home and departs to the future. Marty awakens the next morning to find that George is a successful author, Lorraine is fit and happy, and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, insisting they accompany Document [135] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) who appear in the game's final cutscene. Locascio was able to get the part when his audition sample ended up in the email inbox of voice director Julian Kwasneski, and managed to impress both Gale and Lloyd with how closely it resembled the sound of Fox's voice during the time the trilogy was filmed. Lloyd returned to voice Doc Brown and began his first recording session for the game in late September 2010. Later, Claudia Wells joined the cast, reprising her role as Jennifer Parker from the first film. Kid Beyond provides the voice for Biff Tannen in place of Document [136] (Title: Christopher Lloyd) Khan in 2013. In May 2013, Lloyd appeared as the narrator and the character Azdak in the Bertold Brecht play "The Caucasian Chalk Circle", produced by the Classic Stage Company in New York. On the October 21, 2015, episode of "Jimmy Kimmel Live", Lloyd and Michael J. Fox appeared in a "Back to the Future" skit to commemorate the date in the second installment of the movie trilogy. In May 2018, Lloyd made a cameo appearance in the episode titled "No Country For Old Women" of "Roseanne", playing Lou, the boyfriend to the mother of Roseanne and Jackie. Lloyd first Document [137] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) by a long shot, she does have a suitably spooky look in her eye". "TV Guide" called the film a "blatant "Carrie" rip-off". The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Kino Lorber on October 14, 2014. Jennifer (1978 film) Jennifer is a 1978 American horror film directed by Brice Mack, starring Lisa Pelikan. The story has some similarities to the 1971 film "Willard", about a social outcast with the ability to control rats, as well as the 1976 film "Carrie", about a similarly awkward and vengeful misfit who develops psychic abilities. Jennifer Baylor (Lisa Pelikan) is a poor, Document [138] (Title: J. J. Cohen) was in the 2000 film "Almost Famous". Cohen has appeared in television series, including "V: The Series", "Baywatch", "Amazing Stories", "Pacific Blue" and "Providence". J. J. Cohen Jeffrey Jay Cohen (born June 22, 1965) is an American actor who has appeared in film and on television. Cohen's first feature film was in the 1984 film "Paradise Motel". It was not until 1985, he would get his big role in the film "Back to the Future" as Skinhead, a member of Biff Tannen's gang. In 1989, he reprised his role in "Back to the Future Part II", a year later, he Document [139] (Title: Claudia Wells) Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells (born 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film "Back to the Future" (1985). Born in Kuala Lumpur, Claudia Wells grew up in San Francisco, California, and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14. She later graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She started acting with appearances in TV shows. Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". She almost did not end up in the first film of the successful franchise. According to Wells, she Document [140] (Title: Michael J. Fox) teen idol. VH1's show "The Greatest" later naming him among their "50 Greatest Teen Idols." In January 1985, Fox was cast to replace Eric Stoltz as Marty McFly, a teenager who is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in "Back to the Future". Robert Zemeckis, the director, originally wanted Fox to play Marty, but Gary David Goldberg the creator of "Family Ties", which Fox was working on at the time, refused to allow Zemeckis even to approach Fox as he felt that as Meredith Baxter was on maternity leave at the time, Fox's character Alex Keaton was Document [141] (Title: Back to the Future) enough to bully Stoltz. Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox. Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells. Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend. Following Document [142] (Title: Back to the Future) Berry and The Starlighters" (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film . On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records. "Back to the Future" opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a "Family Ties" special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are Document [143] (Title: The Tale) confronts him in front of his wife and the other attendees. Bill denies everything and leaves. Jennifer has a panic attack and goes to the bathroom, and imagines sitting with her 13-year-old self, who proclaims that she is not a victim, but a hero. On May 5, 2015, it was reported that Laura Dern, Ellen Burstyn, Elizabeth Debicki, and Sebastian Koch would star in "The Tale", written and directed by Jennifer Fox. It was set to begin principal photography that summer. On May 14, 2016, it was reported that the film was being shopped to foreign buyers at the Cannes Document [144] (Title: Back to the Future) show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. "Back to the Future" was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film. Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in "Mask" (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly. Because of the difficult casting process, the start Document [145] (Title: Maggie Gyllenhaal) "Monster House", "World Trade Center", and "Sherrybaby". In "Trust the Man", featuring Julianne Moore, David Duchovny, and Billy Crudup, she played Elaine, who has been dating Tobey, Crudup's character, for seven years and has begun to feel that it is time for her to settle down and start a family. The film was critically and financially unsuccessful. Ethan Alter of "Premiere" felt that the performances by Gyllenhaal and Duchovny were "much more at ease" and concluded with "that's probably because they're played these characters many times before". In "Stranger than Fiction", Gyllenhaal played a love interest of Harold Crick, played Document [146] (Title: Eloise Mignon) she could return to studying an Arts degree at the University of Melbourne. Mignon performed as Jennifer in the play "In A Dark Dark House" at the Red Stitch Actors Theatre in Melbourne until 22 August 2009. She performed for the Melbourne Theatre Company in "The Grenade", and "Return to Earth". In 2010 Mignon appeared in City Homicide as Layla. Since 2010 Mignon has primarily worked in professional theatre in Australia and France. In 2011 Mignon played the role of Hedvig in Belvoir's production of the Henrik Ibsen play "The Wild Duck" opposite Toby Schmitz and Anita Hegh, directed by Document [147] (Title: Jennifer Freeman) Stevens" and Disney movie "Surfers". Her movie credits include feature roles in "Johnson Family Vacation", "You Got Served" and "Mercy Street". She also appeared in the movies "The Seventies" and the independent film "The Visit". Her stage credits include the Los Angeles area productions of "The Wiz", in which she played Dorothy, and Billa in "The Gift". Freeman began a nationwide print and television campaign as one of "the young fresh faces" of Neutrogena. In 2003, "TV Guide" named her as one of the Top 10 Hot Teens to watch. She was born in Long Beach, California, to an African Document [148] (Title: Jennifer Marlowe) a passionate embrace) and had other flirtatious encounters with him, such as telling him "let's see the boy" in the episode "Baby, it's Cold Inside" when she was drinking to keep warm at work. Other memorable episodes focusing on Jennifer include "I Do...I Do...For Now," where Jennifer's childhood sweetheart from West Virginia, T.J. (played by Hoyt Axton) Watson, shows up to marry her; "Filthy Pictures," in which a sleazy photographer secretly takes nude pictures of Jennifer with the intention of selling them to a girlie magazine (partly a reference to the famous nude photos of Marilyn Monroe), and "Jennifer Moves," Document [149] (Title: Michael J. Fox) who portrayed his girlfriend, Ellen. When Fox left the TV series "Spin City", his final episodes made numerous allusions to "Family Ties": Michael Gross (who played Alex's father Steven) portrays Mike Flaherty's (Fox's character's) therapist, and there is a reference to an off-screen character named "Mallory". Also, when Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington, D.C., he meets a conservative senator from Ohio named Alex P. Keaton, and in one episode Meredith Baxter played Mike's mother. As a consequence of working in "Family Ties", as well as his acting in "Teen Wolf" and "Back to the Future", Fox became a Document [150] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) making wildly inaccurate predictions. According to Gale, they tried to make the future a nice place, "where what's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology" in contrast to the pessimistic, Orwellian future seen in most science fiction. To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from "Family Ties" (which was ending its run when filming began), it was shot back-to-back with sequel "Part III". It took two years to finish the set building and the writing on the script before shooting could finally begin. During the shooting, Document [151] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) film a negative review, criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into "strident geeks" and for making the "frenetic action strictly formulaic." He believed that it contained "rampant misogyny," because the character of Jennifer Parker "is knocked unconscious early on so she won't interfere with the little-boy games." He cited, as well, Michael J. Fox dressing in drag. "Variety" said, "[Director Robert] Zemeckis' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually, and strains credibility past the breaking point, by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs." The film won the Document [152] (Title: Pepper Potts) Resilient (Tony's new company) and its design for a repulsor technology-powered vehicle, Pepper joins War Machine in helping Stark, during which Pepper experiences a near-death experience in which JARVIS, masquerading as Happy, gives Pepper a cryptic warning of the future. In the 2012 storyline "The Future", Pepper returns to her civilian life following her destruction of J.A.R.V.I.S., the artificial intelligence that helped her control her Rescue armor, after its compromise led it to go rogue and attempt to kidnap her. She became engaged to Marc Kumar, a public relations and marketing consultant, but broke off the relationship after he briefly Document [153] (Title: Back to the Future) the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with Marty's mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for "I Wanna Hold Your Hand". The first draft of "Back to the Future" was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided Document [154] (Title: Jennifer Elise Cox) They Come Back... Again", reprised her role of Jan Brady in the "Brady Bunch" sequel "A Very Brady Sequel", and guest starred on an episode of "The Parent 'Hood". In 1998 she had a recurring role as social outcast Felice on the sitcom "Clueless", and reprised her role of Jan Brady on the TV series "Moesha". That year she also had small bits in the films "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" and "Can't Hardly Wait". In 1999 she signed on to star alongside Jean Smart in "Tiara Tango", later retitled "Forever Fabulous". The film went through a troubled history Document [155] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Claudia Wells, who had played Marty McFly's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film, was to reprise her role, but turned it down due to personal issues. The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead, which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of "Part II". The re-shot sequence is a near shot-for-shot match with the original, with only minor differences: for example, Doc noticeably hesitates before reassuring Marty that his future self is fine – something he did not do in the first film. Marty is also wearing a watch in the second film whereas he Document [156] (Title: Jennifer Elise Cox) was in talks to play the character more for the next season, however Lifetime canceled the series. The next year she played a small role in the film "The Back-Up Plan". In 2011 she had roles on multiple films, "Balls to the Wall", "Poolboy: Drowning Out the Fury", "Eating Out: The Open Weekend", "A Holiday Engagement" and "Spooky Buddies". She also had a recurring role on "Pretty the Series", and she joined the cast of "Web Therapy" as the recurring role of Gina Spinks. She would play Gina until August 11, 2015, when Showtime cancelled the series after four seasons. Document [157] (Title: Marc McClure) film, respectively. McClure reprised the role of Dave McFly in the sequels, "Back to the Future Part II" (though his only scene was not included in the theatrical version) and "Back to the Future Part III". He has made appearances in many television series, including "Once an Eagle", "Happy Days", "Hunter", "The Shield" and "Cold Case". In 2003 he appeared in the remake, "Freaky Friday". In a nod to his "Superman" feature film work, McClure appeared on the CW's "Smallville". McClure appeared as Dax-Ur, a Kryptonian scientist who has been living on Earth for over 100 years. Marc McClure Marc Document [158] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) Back to the Future (1989 video game) Back to the Future is a 1989 video game released by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. A sequel, "Back to the Future Part II & III", was released in 1990. In the single mode game, the player controls Marty McFly through various stages set in 1955 in which he collects various clock icons in order to advance to the next level, and avoid the gradual vanishing of his future (indicated by a fading photograph at the bottom of the Document [159] (Title: Wendie Jo Sperber) her feature work in the Tom Hanks theatrical vehicle "Bachelor Party", directed by Neal Israel. Israel used her again in "Moving Violations" in 1985. That same year, she appeared as Linda McFly in Zemeckis' highly successful "Back to the Future". She reprised her role as Linda in "Back to the Future Part III". Sperber's roles grew larger in the wake of "Back to the Future," and over the next decade she starred in the series "Babes" (a comedy about three zaftig women). In 1994, Sperber was cast in a major supporting part in the CBS-TV series "Hearts Afire". By this Document [160] (Title: C. Thomas Howell) In 1985 he again starred in the lead role in "Secret Admirer", opposite Lori Loughlin and Kelly Preston. Howell was one of two final actors in the running to play Marty McFly in "Back to the Future" the other being Eric Stoltz, who was eventually selected. Michael J. Fox would later go on to replace Stoltz after filming had begun. In 1986, he played a hitchhiker's target in the film "The Hitcher". The , in which he also starred, was released in 2003. He starred as a white student who pretends to be black to receive a scholarship in the Document [161] (Title: Jennifer's Body) high-profile openings in recent memory". He concluded five reasons for "Jennifer's Body"s underperformance at the box office. The first, he said, is the distributor. "20th Century Fox's genre wing, Fox Atomic, had "Jennifer's Body" in the can by the time the mother ship shut it down last spring", he said. "Instead of offloading the film to Fox Searchlight, which nimbly maneuvered Diablo Cody's previous brainchild "Juno" to awards-season lucre in 2007, a decision was somehow reached to fill a gap in Big Fox's early fall slate with a gory" and "post-feminist horror romp starring Megan Fox and Amanda Seyfried". VanAirsdale Document [162] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) go back to 1955 and see the first one's events in a different light. While most of the original cast agreed to return, a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover's fee for reprising the role of George McFly. When it became clear that he would not be returning, the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985. The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty's home town in 2015. Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different Document [163] (Title: Marty McFly) of them were the black sheep in their respective environments. Doc gave Marty a part-time job to help with experiments, tend to the lab, tend to the dog, etc.". By 2015, Marty has married his girlfriend Jennifer and they had Martin "Marty" Jr. and Marlene. Marty has had many false names through the "Back to the Future" series, usually because of encountering his relatives at some point, most notably Lorraine mistakenly thinking his name is Calvin Klein, due to it being Marty's brand of underwear. In the first film, Marty uses the alias of "Darth Vader, an extraterrestrial from the Document [164] (Title: Jennifer Horton) a passport at Chloe's mother Nancy's place, Daniel figured out Chloe's scheme, with help from Rafe, and reconciles with Jennifer, who also got her job back at the hospital. Chloe said she repents and leaves town for treatment, leaving Parker with Daniel and Jennifer. Jennifer is delighted when JJ returns to Salem (now a teenager). Jennifer is devastated by Daniel's death in 2016. In late 2017, Jennifer begins a relationship with Eric Brady. Jennifer Horton Jennifer Horton Deveraux (formerly Alamain, Blake, and Brady) is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama, "Days of Our Lives", a long running dramatic Document [165] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) the future, a note Marty leaves in his pocket prevents him from being killed by the terrorists. But in the film's final moments, Doc Brown appears in a modified version of the DeLorean and tells Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer Parker that they must travel to the future to fix a problem caused by Marty and Jennifer's kids. The series continues as Doc Brown travels with Marty and Jennifer to the year 2015 where he has discovered Marty's family is in ruins. Shortly after rectifying the situation, Marty buys a sports almanac containing the outcomes of 50 years (1950–2000) worth Document [166] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) first film is in production. The show, which will be co-written by original writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, was expected to premiere in 2015 but got pushed to 2016. According to Gale, the musical will be "true to the spirit of the film without being a slavish remake". The musical is part of the 30th anniversary of the original film. In 2015, Fox and Lloyd starred alongside popular YouTube science personality Go Tech Yourself in an extended Toyota commercial for Toyota's new fuel cell vehicle, the Mirai, entitled "Fueled by the Future". The commercial doubled as a tribute to Document [167] (Title: Days of Future Future) telling Bart that after she bought a shedding tank for Jerry, her alien boyfriend, he humiliated her and broke up with her for someone else. Bart comforts her by mentioning he is trying to get his life on track and her crying is a reminder of what he lost. Jenda is impressed by Bart's newfound maturity and invites him to dinner. It goes well and the two decide to patch up their relationship again. However, the two later fall into their bad habits of not paying attention to each other that destroyed their marriage the first time, and become unsure Document [168] (Title: Jennifer Horton) the role. During her time in the role she proved to be a fan favorite, and younger leading heroine. Her relationship with Jack Deveraux prompted the couple to be pronounced a supercouple for the daytime drama. Reeves stayed with the serial until she abruptly quit on December 15, 1995, at the insistence of her husband, Scott Reeves. To replace Reeves, the show brought on Stephanie Cameron as Jennifer on December 18, 1995. Cameron portrayed the character until she was written off the show on June 5, 1998. In early 2000, rumors started swirling that Melissa Reeves would be returning to Document [169] (Title: Elisabeth Shue) She appeared as Jennifer Parker in "Back to the Future Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), replacing Claudia Wells who declined to reprise the role from "Back to the Future" because of a family illness. It was around this time her older brother, Will, died in a tragic accident on a family holiday. Although her career was on the rise with her playing lead roles, Elisabeth elected to take on the smaller supporting role of Jennifer in these sequels to allow her to deal with her family loss. The sequels were filmed back to back, Document [170] (Title: George Barris (auto customizer)) "Back to the Future" films, he did like to indulge in stating that he had built a "Back to the Future" DeLorean, but never disclosed that it was a replica car. In 2007 Universal Studios officials sent Barris a cease and desist order demanding that he never again make misrepresentations regarding any involvement with the Back to the Future films. They called upon Barris to remove images of the flying DeLorean from his company's website and restrict his display of replicas of the gull-wing car used by Michael J. Fox in the popular 1985 movie and its sequels. "Back to Document [171] (Title: Thomas F. Wilson) in an episode titled "A Knight In Shining Armor". His breakthrough role was the bully Biff Tannen in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". He returned in the sequels "Back to the Future Part II" and "Part III" to reprise not only his role as Biff, but also to play Biff's grandson Griff Tannen and great-grandfather Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen. In every "Back to the Future" film, he ends up in a pile of manure (in reality, a heap of decayed sphagnum and other plant matters) after trying to kill or hurt Michael J. Fox's character Marty McFly. He Question: who played jennifer in back to the future 1 Answer: Claudia Grace Wells Long Answer: Claudia Grace Wells (born July 5, 1966) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film Back to the Future (1985). Gold Document ID: 139

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Back to the Future) anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music. The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film took place during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence. "Back to the Future" is ranked tenth on Film4's "50 Films Document [2] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Gale and Neil Canton through Amblin Entertainment. Music for the short was performed by Alan Silvestri. The short was released in the United States on October 20, 2015. Emmett Brown is in an undisclosed location outside of Hill Valley, California. He sets a video camera to automatically track his body in order to video tape a message for Marty McFly. He explains that it is October 21, 2015, one hour before Marty, Doc, and Jennifer Parker arrive from 1985. He explains that when he traveled in the future, he discovered that there was a nuclear holocaust that occurred on October Document [3] (Title: Jennifer Cooke) Jennifer Cooke Jennifer Cooke (born September 19, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Elizabeth Maxwell on the NBC science fiction television series "V" (1984-85) and Megan Garris in the satirical horror film "" (1986). She is perhaps best known for her role as the "Star Child", Elizabeth, who is half Human/half Visitor in the 1984 television series "V". She also starred in the soap opera "Guiding Light" as Morgan Richards Nelson from 1981–83. Cooke played "Debbie" on the NBC miniseries "A Year in the Life". Her only well-known film role is in the Document [4] (Title: Diablo Cody) to Universal Studios, and a horror script called "Jennifer's Body" to Fox Atomic. Released on September 18, 2009, "Jennifer's Body" starred Megan Fox as the title character and Amanda Seyfried as the supporting character. She revised writer-director Steven Antin's script for his musical film "Burlesque". Cody is a friend of screenwriters Dana Fox ("What Happens in Vegas", "Couples Retreat") and Lorene Scafaria ("Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist") and they often write their screenplays together in order to get advice from one another. Cody made a small cameo appearance as herself in the U.S. broadcast television series "90210" (2008). She appeared Document [5] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) escape from Griff Tannen, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and a Biff-like dinosaur respectively). The following scene depicts the group sitting down to dinner, before noticing Einstein is missing. They subsequently find him driving the steam train time machine to an unknown time. For the second season, the intro replaces the collection of the main characters with clips of the first season and ends with the same sequence from season one's intro. Mary Steenburgen (Clara Clayton Brown) and Thomas F. Wilson (Biff Tannen) voiced their characters from the films. Christopher Lloyd played Doc Brown in the live-action segments which opened and Document [6] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) role of Marty; Fox later appeared to voice two cameo roles in the final episode, reprising his role as future versions of Marty McFly in addition to playing his forefather William. The game is split-up into five episodes available on multiple gaming platforms, the first episode released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on December 22, 2010. PlayStation 3 and iOS versions followed in February 2011. Episodes 2 through 5 were released throughout February to June 2011, with the final episode released on June 23, 2011. Telltale published the series as retail products for the PlayStation 3 and Wii consoles Document [7] (Title: Kathleen Gati) and "The Future" (2011). On television, she has had guest starring roles on "The Practice", "NYPD Blue", "ER", "Cold Case" "Desperate Housewives", "NCIS", "The Mentalist", and "Arrow". She also had the recurring role as Russian First Lady Anya Suvarov on Fox series "24" from 2006 to 2007. In 2012, Gati joined the cast of ABC daytime soap opera "General Hospital" playing villainous Dr. Liesl Obrecht. In 2015, she also had the recurring role in the BET drama series "Being Mary Jane" playing network executive Shohreh Broomand, and during 2015-16 had starring role in the web series "Fear the Walking Dead: Document [8] (Title: Jennifer's Body) Jennifer's Body Jennifer's Body is a 2009 American supernatural horror dark comedy film written by Diablo Cody and directed by Karyn Kusama. The film stars Megan Fox, Amanda Seyfried, Johnny Simmons, and Adam Brody. Fox portrays a demonically possessed high school girl who kills her male classmates, with her best friend striving to stop her. The film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United States and Canada on September 18, 2009. The title is a reference to the song of the same name by alternative rock band Hole on their album "Live Through Document [9] (Title: From Jennifer) as Jason Voorhees in 2009's "Friday the 13th" and Aaron Abrams from TV's "Hannibal" and "Blindspot". The title character is played by Danielle Taddei, whose past work includes "Pretty Little Liars" and "Everybody Hates Chris". "From Jennifer" is a stand-alone film, connected to "To Jennifer" by title and thematic elements only. James Cullen Bressack is credited as an Executive Producer on "From Jennifer". The hashtag stylized title references the title character's obsession with internet fame. Jennifer Peterson is having a very rough week. She's been fired from a movie shoot, her manager just dropped her, and her boyfriend dumped her, Document [10] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Marty McFly and his girlfriend, , to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure. They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc electronically knocks out Jennifer and leaves her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events. He has Marty pose as his own son and lookalike Marty Jr. to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving both of Marty's children from prison. Marty switches places with Marty Jr. and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff Document [11] (Title: Jennifer on My Mind) to a fatal overdose. Advised by his friend Ornstein (Vinovich), Marcus puts her body in his car trunk and plans on dumping her body in the river, but he is almost caught by a man helping him with his flat tire and by three Hell's Angels bullying him. While being chased by some joyriders, his car crashes and catches fire. Marcus watches it burn with Jennifer's body still in the trunk. A "Los Angeles Times" reviewer speculated that either Simon or Segal was inspired by the true 1966 case of Robert Friede, a twenty-five-year-old Annenberg publishing heir, and Celeste Crenshaw, Document [12] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) of Jennifer Parker for "" by Telltale Games. Zemeckis said on the film's behind-the-scenes featurette that the hoverboards (flying skateboards) used in it were real, yet not released to the public, due to parental complaints regarding safety. Footage of "real hoverboards" was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy. A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores. In an interview, Thomas F. Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real. According to Zemeckis, the 2015 depicted in the film Document [13] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) for North America. Deep Silver published the retail PlayStation 3 and Wii versions for Europe on May 4, 2012. To commemorate the film's 30th anniversary, Telltale Games released the game on PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on October 13, 2015. The ports feature updated voice work from Tom Wilson, who played Biff Tannen in the films (Biff was voiced by Kid Beyond in the original release). "Back to the Future: The Game" is a graphic adventure played from a third-person perspective. The player controls Marty to explore the 3D environments using either the keyboard, mouse or game controller Document [14] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Workshops for the musical took place in 2014, in July in London and the following month in Los Angeles, with the intention to open the show in the West End in 2015, in time for the 30th anniversary of the film. The movie achieved success at the box office, taking over $380 million and was nominated for four Golden Globes, five Baftas and four Oscars, winning Best Sound Editing. It follows Marty McFly, a teenager who is accidentally sent back in time in a DeLorean to 1955. He meets his future parents in high school and accidentally attracts his mother's Document [15] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American science fiction Western comedy film and the third and final installment of the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson and Lea Thompson. The film continues immediately following "Back to the Future Part II" (1989); while stranded in 1955 during his time travel adventures, Marty McFly (Fox) discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, trapped in 1885, was killed by Biff Tannen's great-grandfather Buford. Marty travels Document [16] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Clark, illusions by Paul Kieve, musical supervision by Alan Williams and Andrew Willis, the designer of a sustainable skatepark in east London will be a consultant for the skating scenes. Jamie Lloyd was initially scheduled to direct the show, but withdrew from the project in September 2014, citing creative differences with Bob Gale. The films' composer Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard will compose a new score, with the addition of original songs from the film, including "The Power of Love", "Johnny B. Goode", "Earth Angel" and "Mr. Sandman". Whilst discussing the project, writer Bob Gale said the stage version would Document [17] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) worse. The film was produced on a $40-million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel, "Part III". Filming began in February 1989 after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts. Two actors from the first film, Crispin Glover and Claudia Wells, did not return. While Elisabeth Shue was recast in the role of Wells's character, Jennifer, Glover's character, George McFly, was not only minimized in the plot, but also was obscured and recreated with another actor. Glover successfully sued Zemeckis and Gale, changing how producers can deal with the departure and replacement of Document [18] (Title: 2 Jennifer) bargain-basement snuff will eat this one right up, but for this lad, I prefer to keep my eyesight on level ground… solid, stable, non-shaky ground." 2 Jennifer 2 Jennifer is a 2016 indie horror film written and directed by Hunter Johnson, who also stars in the film. The film is a sequel to James Cullen Bressack's "To Jennifer" and features Johnson as a young man intent on creating a sequel to the 2013 film. Spencer wants to create a sequel to one of his favorite horror films, "To Jennifer," and is hoping that doing so will launch his career as Document [19] (Title: Jennifer O'Dell) Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for the role of Veronica on the television series "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World". At the age of eight, O'Dell was cast in a national candy commercial at her very first audition. She took a hiatus through high school to enjoy her youth, but resumed her acting career soon after graduation. She guest starred on a number of television series, including "Beverly Hills, 90210". In 1999 she gained fame as the jungle-clad Veronica on "The Lost Document [20] (Title: Jennifer Munson Donovan) they were teenagers after he witnessed Jennifer having sex with his cousin, Billy Ross. Her relationship with Billy deteriorated months later when she re-focused her energy into being a fashion model. She later left Oakdale to pursue her dreams in Tokyo, Japan. When she returned after a bad relationship with a man named Andres, Jennifer embarked on love affairs with Jordan Sinclair and Mike Kasnoff. She married the latter but they later divorced after it became apparent that he was still in love with his ex-girlfriend, Katie Peretti. Her son, Johnny, briefly took on Mike's last name before Dusty adopted Document [21] (Title: Alan Silvestri) the science documentary series "". On January 31, 2014, it was announced that a stage musical adaptation of "Back to the Future" was in production. The show, which is being co-written by original writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, was expected to be performed in 2015, on the 30th anniversary year of the film. Silvestri will team up with Glen Ballard to compose a new score, with the addition of original songs from the film, including "The Power of Love", "Johnny B. Goode", "Earth Angel" and "Mr. Sandman". Silvestri and his wife Sandra own a vineyard, Silvestri Vineyards, located in Document [22] (Title: Jennifer Landon) in several theater productions. Her father was Jewish. Landon got her first acting job at age five from her father, when he cast her to play a little girl in one of the final episodes of his television series, "Highway to Heaven". Before his death in 1991, Jennifer would work with her father once more when he cast her as Jennifer Kramer in the pilot for what would have been his next television series, "Us". In 2004, Landon co-starred in an independent film "L.A. DJ". In early 2005, she was cast to play Gwen Norbeck Munson for one episode on Document [23] (Title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)) Woman" (1995). In 1997, Rubin starred in the films "Twists of Terror" and "Plump Fiction", and guest starred on an episode of "The Outer Limits". In 1999, Rubin portrayed Tina in the film "Deal of a Lifetime" and Blue in "Road Kill. In 2000, she was cast as Sara in "Bel Air", Sharon Williams in "Falcon Down", Dorothy Smith in "Sanctimony", and Carla Nash in "Fatal Conflict". In 2001, Rubin portrayed Dr. Valdes in "Cruel Game", Jeanie in "Reunion", and Ione in "Amazons and Gladiators". The same year, she starred in the television film "Lawless: Beyond Justice". In 2006, Rubin Document [24] (Title: Hill Valley (Back to the Future)) usual roles, Marty McFly is a "square", serious and devoted to Emmett Brown to a fault (as the "original" McFly is dismayed to discover) and Jennifer is a rebellious rocker, a wild child with an unpredictable streak. Also Lorraine is again a mildly obese, inebriated sad woman, George has reverted to be the loser he is in the first, original timeline (although his oppressor is big government instead of Biff). Biff Tannen is now one part of the "Citizen Plus" program, brainwashed into obedience. Hill Valley now looks as a technological advanced marvel, owned by a now rich and powerful Document [25] (Title: Kelli Giddish) and created the role of Courtney in the web series "The Burg". The same people responsible for "The Burg" also created "All's Faire" in which Giddish played the role of Cindy. Giddish, Nicholas Bishop, and Ravi Patel were cast in Fox's reincarnation drama pilot "Past Life". The WBTV-produced reincarnation project revolved around past-life investigators. Giddish played a Ph.D. in psychology and cognitive research who believes in reincarnation. It was announced on May 18, 2009 that Fox had officially placed "Past Life" on their midseason 2010 schedule to air at 9:00 PM EST on Tuesdays. It premiered on February 9, 2010, Document [26] (Title: Jennifer Pace) heard John's voice saying that she had to kill Eunice. This act finally forced Walter to place his mentally unstable daughter into a sanitarium in 1977. The series did not provide further updates on Jennifer's life after her incarceration. Jennifer Pace Jennifer Pace Phillips is a fictional character from the defunct United States soap opera "Search for Tomorrow". She was played by actress Morgan Fairchild from 1971 to 1977, the first in a long line of similar roles for Fairchild. Jennifer was the beautiful but extremely neurotic daughter of businessman Walter Pace (Tom Klunis) who was eventually married to Stephanie Document [27] (Title: Claudia Wells) the studio she would not be available to reprise the role for the two sequels; actress Elisabeth Shue replaced her. In the early 1990s she started a clothing store, Armani Wells, which (as of 2018) she still manages. After a lengthy absence, Wells returned to acting in 2011 with a small role in the independent science-fiction film "Alien Armageddon". The same year Wells had the opportunity to reprise her role from "Back to the Future", 26 years after her last appearance in the series. She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for "". Wells announced that her next project would Document [28] (Title: Stephanie E. Williams) 1985 James Ingram music video "I Want to Come Back" which was directed by Allen. In 1986 she was a nominee for the NAACP Image Awards as best supporting actress in a daytime drama for her role as Amy Lewis on "The Young and The Restless". She also had roles in "Boiling Point", "Meteor Man", "Murder at Midnight", and "Back to the Future, Part II". On the Los Angeles stage she appeared in such productions as "The Choice Is Yours," "A Woman’s Choice" and "Ceremonies in Dark Old Men." In 2000, Williams narrated a musical tribute to "Porgy and Bess" Document [29] (Title: Corey Hart (singer)) video features photos of her with family interspersed among present-day footage of Hart walking through Montreal, Quebec, his birthplace. Hart is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. Hart was briefly considered for the role of Marty McFly in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". Producer Steven Spielberg sent Hart a copy of the script with an invitation for a screen test - a flattered Hart declined, preferring to focus on music instead of acting. Fellow Canadian Michael J. Fox eventually starred in the hit film. At the height of his mid-1980s success, Hart was approached to Document [30] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) Back to the Future (musical) Back to the Future is an upcoming musical with music and lyrics by Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard and a book by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, adapted from their original screenplay. Based on the 1985 film of the same name, the show will feature original music alongside hits from the film, including "The Power of Love" and "Johnny B. Goode". The musical was originally slated to make its world première in London's West End in 2015, the year to which the trilogy's characters travelled in "Part II". However, after director Jamie Lloyd left the Document [31] (Title: Jennifer Holmes (actress)) a group of superheroes who fight crime for a scientific think tank. In the 1980s, Holmes was also a guest star on many television shows, including "The Rockford Files", "Lou Grant", "Fame", "Webster", "The Love Boat", "Murder, She Wrote Hart to Hart and Voyagers!". Jennifer Holmes (actress) Jennifer Holmes (born August 23, 1955, in Seekonk, Massachusetts) is an American television actress. Holmes is best known for her role as Leslie Vanderkellen, a fabulously rich, world-class skier who takes the job of hotel maid "to find out what it's like to be average," on the first season of "Newhart". She left Document [32] (Title: Aeriél Miranda) various television shows, including "The CW" science fiction series "The Tomorrow People" and the "TV Land" series "Jennifer Falls". In March 2009 Miranda was cast in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars based on the book series of the same name, from which fans all over the world have recognized her. Miranda later starred in the summer 2015 "Universal Pictures" "Straight Outta Compton". While making her film debut, her time working with director "F. Gary Gray" sparked her film production interest. She has guest starred on the "Oprah Winfrey Network" comedy series For Better Or Worse, working alongside "Tyler Document [33] (Title: Lea Thompson) Lea Thompson Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961) is an American actress, director, and television producer. She is best known for her role as Lorraine Baines in the "Back to the Future" trilogy and as the title character in the 1990s NBC sitcom "Caroline in the City". Other films for which she is known include "All the Right Moves" (1983), "Red Dawn" (1984), "Howard the Duck" (1986), "Some Kind of Wonderful" (1987), and "The Beverly Hillbillies" (1993). From 2011-2017, she co-starred as Kathryn Kennish in the Freeform (formerly ABC Family) series "Switched at Birth". Thompson was born in Rochester, Document [34] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Jackie Chan in "The Tuxedo" (2002), which received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success. Hewitt appeared in "If Only" (2004) and co-wrote and performed "Love Will Show You Everything" and "Take My Heart Back" for the film's soundtrack. She starred in "" (2004), which became her highest-grossing film to date (US$200,804,534). She reprised her role for the sequel, "" (2006), which, though it did not perform as well as its predecessor, achieved a strong box office gross. Hewitt starred in the television series "Ghost Whisperer" (2005–2010), which ran on CBS for five seasons before being canceled Document [35] (Title: Lea Thompson) with Sarah Michelle Gellar and Elisabeth Shue, her eventual co-star in "Back to the Future Part II" and "Back to the Future Part III". Thompson made her home-media screen debut in 1982 as Cecily "Sissy" Loper in the interactive live-action video game "MysteryDisc: Murder, Anyone?" and her movie debut in 1983, with "Jaws 3-D". She recalled the film as "the very first movie I ever got, but I lied and said I had done a couple of other movies, so when I showed up, I really knew absolutely nothing. Also, I had said that I knew how to water ski. Document [36] (Title: Rebecca Romijn) strategically placed prosthetics on her otherwise nude body. In "X2" she shows up in a bar in one scene in her "normal" look, and in "X-Men: The Last Stand", she appears as a dark-haired "de-powered" Mystique. The role has since been recast with Jennifer Lawrence playing the younger version of the character. She had her first leading role in Brian De Palma's "Femme Fatale" (2002). She also has starred in movies such as "Rollerball", "The Punisher" playing a woman named Joan (Joan and Mystique are both characters from Marvel Comics) and "Godsend". She played the leading role in "Pepper Dennis", Document [37] (Title: Lisa Freeman) regularly on the "Rick Dees in the Morning" radio show. Freeman's most notable film credits include "Mr. Mom", "", "Back to the Future" and "Back to the Future Part II". In 1980, she made her acting and TV debut on an episode of "Knots Landing". Freeman landed her first TV role in the series "In Trouble", co-starring with Nancy Cartwright and Deena Freeman (no relation). Freeman was also part of the L.A. underground spoken word scene and performed with Harvey Kubernick, Exene Cervenka, and Drew Steele of The Surf Punks. Her albums include "Hollyword", "Neighborhood Rhythms", and her solo effort, Document [38] (Title: Jennifer Connelly) 1998 science fiction film "Dark City", where she played alongside Rufus Sewell, William Hurt, Ian Richardson and Kiefer Sutherland. Connelly portrayed "femme fatale" Emma, a torch singer whose husband, John Murdoch (Rufus Sewell), suffers from amnesia. As Murdoch is regaining his memories, Emma is kidnapped by Mr. Hand (Richard O'Brien) and The Strangers, who alter her memories and assign her a new identity. Author Sean McMullen wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is visually splendid as the 1940s femme fatale (Emma)." In 2000, Ed Harris directed Connelly in the biopic "Pollock" in which she played Ruth Kligman, Jackson Pollock's mistress. She also appeared Document [39] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) the family dog, Einstein, moved into a farm. As with the films, time travel was achieved through the use of a modified DeLorean, which had apparently been re-built after it was destroyed at the end of the trilogy. The DeLorean now has voice-activated ""time circuits"" and can also travel instantaneously to different locations in space and time, in addition to folding into a suitcase. The characters also traveled through time using the steam engine time machine Doc invented at the end of the third film. Although Marty McFly is the show's main character and Jennifer Parker making occasional appearances, the Document [40] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) a framing flaw that Universal has since corrected, available in sets manufactured after February 21, 2003. The review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74% approval rating, based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. Kim Newman of "Empire" gave the film four out of five stars, saying that the film "restores heart interest of the first film and has a satisfying complete storyline". He praised Michael J. Fox for "keeping the plot on the move," and mentioned that Christopher Lloyd and Mary Steenburgen's romance was "funny". He said that the film's ending was the "neatest of all," Document [41] (Title: Jennifer Pace) Jennifer Pace Jennifer Pace Phillips is a fictional character from the defunct United States soap opera "Search for Tomorrow". She was played by actress Morgan Fairchild from 1971 to 1977, the first in a long line of similar roles for Fairchild. Jennifer was the beautiful but extremely neurotic daughter of businessman Walter Pace (Tom Klunis) who was eventually married to Stephanie Wilkins. Because both Jennifer and Stephanie were vampy and extremely ne'er-do-well, they got along wonderfully. Jennifer was involved with Bruce Carson (Joel Higgins), the ward of Joanne Gardner. She then married her first husband, Scott Phillips (Peter Simon), who Document [42] (Title: Christopher Lloyd) January 21, 2011, he appeared in "The Firefly" episode of the J. J. Abrams television series "Fringe". That August, he reprised the role of Dr. Emmett Brown (from "Back to the Future") as part of an advertising campaign for Garbarino, an Argentine appliance company, and also as part of Nike's "Back For the Future" campaign for the benefit of The Michael J. Fox Foundation. In 2012 and 2013, Lloyd reprised the role of Brown in two episodes of the stopmotion series "Robot Chicken". He was a guest star on the 100th episode of the USA Network sitcom "Psych" as Martin Document [43] (Title: Speed Racer: Race to the Future) orders, she and the rest of the group, including Sparky's son and Racer X, concoct a plan to disable Leland Industries' security and delete any of their ulterior motives, while Jennifer, Spritle and Chim-Chim stay on lookout. However, Leland Jr. catches on to the ruse when Trixie walks into his office and has the three detained by his robots. Outside, the parole robot from earlier catches up on Jennifer, Spritle and Chim-Chim, sounding the alarm to Leland's police robots who capture them. As the third segment of the race begins, one of the competitors slams Speed into a pillar revealing Document [44] (Title: Back to the Future) film. "Part II" became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards. "Part III", released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc. "Part III" was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than "Part II". Back to the Future Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who accidentally travels back in time to 1955, Document [45] (Title: Laura Marano) child role of Keira Knightley's character in the film "The Jacket" and had a small flashback role in the film "Superbad". She was a regular cast member on the Fox game show, "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?" and played the role of Gracie Carr on FOX's sitcom "Back to You". Marano has since appeared in several episodes of "The Sarah Silverman Program". Initially she was cast in the pilot episode, "Batteries", as the child version of Sarah Silverman, and the writers liked her so much they brought her back for a larger role as a girl Sarah coaches Document [46] (Title: Melora Hardin) starred as Baby in the short-lived 1988 television series "Dirty Dancing" (based on the 1987 film of the same name) and two 1992 episodes of "Quantum Leap" (as Abigail in "Trilogy," Parts 2 and 3). She co-starred in the 1990 dance movie "Lambada" as Sandy. She appeared in "Absolute Power" (1997) as Christy Sullivan and played Ross's dirty-talking love interest in the season 1 "Friends" episode "The One with the Stoned Guy". She was also originally cast in "Back to the Future" as Jennifer Parker, but was re-cast after Eric Stoltz (the original Marty McFly) was let go. Upon Michael Document [47] (Title: Jennifer Horton) full term, Jennifer gets a message on her computer, supposedly from Jack, and takes off to find him. She is picked up by a pilot who was to take her to the island of Melaswen. Unfortunately, the plane crashes, and Jennifer ends up in the jungle. She is thrilled when she reunited with Jack, and together the two begin planning a future for Jack Patrick Jr. (who is delivered by Patrick), but when they try to return to Salem, Jack is presumed dead on the return voyage. Jennifer tries to move on with her life, but finds it difficult because Document [48] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) immediately arrives and delivers a letter to Marty; it is from Doc, who explains that he was transported back to 1885. Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc, who had just helped the original Marty return to 1985. Shocked by Marty's sudden reappearance, Doc faints. Director Robert Zemeckis said that, initially, a sequel was not planned for the first film, but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment. He later agreed to do a sequel, but only if Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well. With Fox and Lloyd Document [49] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) DeLorean, with Marty jumping out just in the nick of time. Marty reveals to Jennifer the time travel adventure and they visit the scene of the wreckage of the DeLorean. He worries that Doc has been lost in the past forever, when suddenly Doc appears in a new time machine, modeled after a locomotive. When Marty asks if Doc is going to the future, Doc replies that he has "already been there." Doc's last words of wisdom is that nobody knows their future, so they "must make it a good one." The locomotive flies across the sky and disappears, ending Document [50] (Title: Jennifer Baxter) casting change. Jennifer Baxter Jennifer Baxter (born 1976) is a Canadian actress and comedian formerly based out of Toronto and currently living in Los Angeles with her husband Mike Beaver. Her best-known roles include Number 9 in George A. Romero's "Land of the Dead", Wanda on "The Eleventh Hour", and lawyer Robin Howland on "Billable Hours". She is also a well recognized face in a multitude of television commercials in Canada. She portrayed Kelly Pitts in the pilot episode of "The Game", though the role was later recast with Brittany Daniel. The CW Television Network did not provide a reason Document [51] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Till Helen Comes" (based on by Mary Downing Hahn). She had previously directed three episodes of "Ghost Whisperer", and this would be her feature film directorial debut. Production on the film was slated to begin in the summer of 2011, but no further announcements about the film have been made . She also starred alongside Ivan Sergei and Joel David Moore in the independent comedy "Jewtopia" (2012). Hewitt was a guest star on TV Land's "Hot in Cleveland" in 2011 and 2012. She starred in the television series "The Client List" (2012–13) until its cancellation in late 2013. In July Document [52] (Title: Back to the Future) he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role. Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to "Family Ties" following her pregnancy. The "Back to the Future" crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be "Family Ties", and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him". Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes. Fox found his Document [53] (Title: Michael J. Fox) III" (1990). During and immediately after the "Back to the Future" trilogy, Fox starred in "Teen Wolf" (1985)," Light of Day" (1987), "The Secret of My Success" (1987), "Bright Lights, Big City" (1988), and "Casualties of War" (1989). In "The Secret of My Success", Fox played a recent graduate from Kansas State University who moves to New York City, where he has to deal with the ups and downs of the business world. The film was successful at the box office, grossing $110 million worldwide. Roger Ebert in "The Chicago Sun Times" wrote; "Fox provides a fairly desperate center for Document [54] (Title: Jennifer Love Hewitt) Wait" (1998). Hewitt starred in "The Audrey Hepburn Story" (2000). That same year, she was the "most popular actress on television" for her Q-rating (a measurement of a celebrity's popularity) of 37. Noting her "Q-rating," Nokia chose her to become its spokesperson. She starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in the romantic comedy "Heartbreakers" (2001) and did voiceover work in the animated film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame II" (2002) as Madellaine, the main protagonist's love interest. Hewitt wrote and performed "I'm Gonna Love You" for the film; the song won "Best Original Song" at the DVD Premiere Awards. She starred alongside Document [55] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) dance in order for George and Lorraine to kiss. The gameplay on these stages is often compared to that of "Paperboy". In the final stage, Marty gets to control the DeLorean time machine on the street at night, dodging lightning bolts and obstacles while accelerating in such a way as to reach precisely at the end of the stage, enabling the time machine to bring Marty home to 1985. The game only contains two songs from the film. One is a sped up version of "The Power of Love" which plays throughout most of the game; the other is "Johnny Document [56] (Title: Josh Hutcherson) is mostly seen in interviews with Stanley Tucci's camp talk-show host on TV screens ... so the actor can't bring his lack of urgency to scenes with [Jennifer Lawrence]." Before filming the "Mockingjay" movies, Hutcherson filmed "", a French-Spanish thriller, which was released on January 16, 2015, in the U.S. He also served as an executive producer for the film, alongside first-time director Andrea Di Stefano, assisting with casting and blocking shots. Hutcherson said the opportunity "made [him] so hungry to do more like that". In November 2017, Hutcherson began starring in the science fiction comedy series "Future Man" on Document [57] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) of sporting events to make easy money. However, Doc talks him out of it and throws the almanac in the bin, where the 2015 Biff Tannen finds it. A sleeping Jennifer has been taken by police to her future home, needing Marty and Doc to retrieve her before returning to 1985. While Marty and Doc are at the 2015 McFly home, 2015 Biff steals the DeLorean time machine and gives the book to his 1955 self just before he goes to the dance at the end of the first film. When Doc and Marty return to 1985, they find that Document [58] (Title: Back to the Future) to See Before You Die". "Back to the Future" success led to two film sequels: "Back to the Future Part II" and "Back to the Future Part III". "Part II" was released on November 22, 1989, to mixed reviews and similar financial success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide. The film continues directly from the ending of "Back to the Future" and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original Document [59] (Title: Richard Rossi) that Rossi is in pre-production on his new film "Canaan Land". On October 17, 2016, it was announced that Claudia Wells, an actress who starred in the 1985 film "Back to the Future" was cast in the lead role of Sister Sara Sunday. However, as controversy regarding the film grew, the following month the actress "no longer wants her name associated with the controversy," according to a casting associate. On May 15, 2017, Rossi announced that Rebecca Holden, known from "Knight Rider" (1982 TV series), was cast in the lead role of Sister Sara Sunday. On September 30, 2017, CBS Document [60] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Brown to help him reunite his parents and return to 1985. The efforts of Biff Tannen, George's bully and supervisor, further complicate Marty's situation until Marty successfully causes his parents to fall in love and simultaneously convinces George to finally stand up to Biff. Returning to the future via a lightning strike that powers the machine, Marty discovers a vastly improved situation for the McFly family, as a much more confident George has become an accomplished science-fiction author, and an apparently-softened Biff is now an auto detailer, rather than George's supervisor. Despite 1955 Doc's insistence on not knowing details of Document [61] (Title: From Jennifer) time, do yourself a favor and see it." From Jennifer From Jennifer, sometimes stylized as "#FromJennifer", is a 2017 comedy horror film written and directed by Frank Merle. The film stars Danielle Taddei and Derek Mears as an unlikely duo plotting to become internet celebrities by filming and posting an outrageous revenge plot. On October 17, 2016 it was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that horror icon Tony Todd, best known for playing Candyman was joining the cast as Jennifer's manager Chad Wolfe. When the first trailer was posted on January 19, 2017 by the Horror Society, it was confirmed Document [62] (Title: Crispin Glover) Glover which had been filmed for the first film. Glover was billed as "George McFly in footage from "Back to the Future"" in the closing credits. The older footage was combined with new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman wearing a false chin, nose and cheekbones, and various obfuscating methods – in the background, wearing sunglasses, rear shot, upside down – to play the role of George McFly. Because these methods suggested that Glover himself had performed for the film, he sued the producers on the grounds that they had used his likeness without permission, as well as not having paid Document [63] (Title: Jennifer Bishop) starred in the Sergei Goncharoff directed film "House of Terror" which was released around 1972/1973. In the film she played Jennifer Andrews, a nurse who is hired to look after a man's unwell wife. She has an ex-con former boyfriend who has ideas for the wealth of the woman. After the woman dies, she marries her husband. The ex-con boyfriend who is still in the periphery has plans to get hold of the money. Around the mid-1970s, she co-starred with Richard Jaeckel in the film "Mako: The Jaws of Death". In addition to her and Jaeckel in this ""Jaws"-similar" film, Document [64] (Title: Bridget Jones Nelson) roles: Nuveena, Woman of the Future, Mike's singing love interest in episodes 524, "12 to the Moon", and 614, "San Francisco International", and Flavia, an evil Roman matron and Pearl Forrester's nemesis in a multi-episode arc in season eight. In 2007, Jones joined Michael J. Nelson on an audio commentary for Nelson's RiffTrax service. It was the pilot episode for "Grey's Anatomy" they riffed on and was released June 11, 2007. In June 2015, Bridget teamed up with Mary Jo Pehl to regularly riff shorts for RiffTrax, and was a participant in the RiffTrax Live MST3K reunion show that was Document [65] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) the powerless DeLorean before it is destroyed by an oncoming freight train. He discovers that everything has returned to the initial post-time travel timeline, and finds Jennifer sleeping on her front porch. He uses the lessons he learned in 1885 to avoid being goaded into a street race with Douglas J. Needles, avoiding a possible automobile accident. Remembering that this accident would have sent Marty's life spiraling downward, Jennifer opens a fax message she kept from 2015, and watches as its text regarding Marty's firing disappears. As Marty and Jennifer examine the DeLorean wreckage, a locomotive equipped with a flux Document [66] (Title: Vivica A. Fox) "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "Family Matters", "Matlock" and "Martin". In 1992, she was cast as Patti LaBelle's fashion designer daughter, Charisse Chamberlain, on the NBC sitcom "Out All Night". In addition to her role, she returned to soap operas with role of Dr. Stephanie Simmons on CBS' "The Young and the Restless" during 199495. In 1995, she had a cameo role in the comedy film "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood". In 1996, Fox played Will Smith's character's girlfriend, Jasmine Dubrow, in the epic science fiction disaster blockbuster Document [67] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Sound Editing). Seventeen-year-old Marty McFly is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in a time machine built from a DeLorean by eccentric scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown, when they are attacked by Libyans from whom Doc stole the plutonium that gives the flux capacitor the 1.21 gigawatts it needs to time-travel. Soon after his arrival in 1955, Marty's mother Lorraine falls in love with him, rather than with his father George McFly, threatening to cause a paradox that would result in Marty ceasing to exist. Without plutonium to power the time machine, Marty must find the 1955 Doc Document [68] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) 3. The "Back to the Future Overture" on the original album is made up of the following cues as released on the subsequent score album: A 1999 CD release entitled "The Back to the Future Trilogy" featured additional compositions by Silvestri from the first film. However, these were re-recordings by the Scottish National Orchestra and not Silvestri's original recordings. The musical material ostensibly performed by the characters Marty McFly, Marvin Berry and the Starlighters in the film, was recorded by Harry Waters, Jr. as Marvin Berry and Mark Campbell as Marty McFly, and the guitar solo by Tim May. (Campbell Document [69] (Title: 2 Jennifer) 2 Jennifer 2 Jennifer is a 2016 indie horror film written and directed by Hunter Johnson, who also stars in the film. The film is a sequel to James Cullen Bressack's "To Jennifer" and features Johnson as a young man intent on creating a sequel to the 2013 film. Spencer wants to create a sequel to one of his favorite horror films, "To Jennifer," and is hoping that doing so will launch his career as a filmmaker. As such, he is playing one of the movie's main characters and wants to find the perfect woman to serve as the film's Document [70] (Title: Don't Go to Sleep) help, but Mary runs away to inform her father of Jennifer's plight. Just as Phillip is about to go back to get her, the car bursts into flames. As Laura sleeps alone in her bedroom, she is awakened by a sound at the foot of her bed. Jennifer's ghost pops up and says, "Hi, Mommy." and Laura screams in terror. The screen fades to black, leaving her fate ambiguous. The film was first aired on December 10, 1982. The film was shot at Warner Brothers in Burbank, California on soundstage 15. The Executive Producers for the film are Douglas S. Document [71] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) her for being poor and different. These girls turn others against Jennifer throughout the movie, but Jennifer also makes friends of her own, including teacher Jeff Reed (Bert Convy). The wealthy girls' cruelty eventually pushes Jennifer over the edge, causing her to use her special powers again for the sake of revenge against those who hurt her and her new friends. The film was released in theaters on May 13, 1978. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that "all things considered, "Jennifer" could be a whole lot worse", and noted that "while Miss Pelikan is not Sissy Spacek Document [72] (Title: Jennifer Garner) am pleased to report, makes Roxane a girl worth pining over ... [She] speaks Anthony Burgess's peppery rhymed translation with unaffected sprightliness. If she's a tad stilted in the big tragic finale, her comic timing is impeccable." "The New Yorker"s theater critic was impressed by her "feistiness" and " lightness of comic touch". The play was recorded before a live audience and aired on PBS in 2008. In 2007, Garner became a spokesperson of skin care brand Neutrogena. Garner co-starred in two romantic comedies in 2009. She first appeared opposite Matthew McConaughey in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past", portraying the childhood Document [73] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) Jennifer (1978 film) Jennifer is a 1978 American horror film directed by Brice Mack, starring Lisa Pelikan. The story has some similarities to the 1971 film "Willard", about a social outcast with the ability to control rats, as well as the 1976 film "Carrie", about a similarly awkward and vengeful misfit who develops psychic abilities. Jennifer Baylor (Lisa Pelikan) is a poor, red-headed young woman from West Virginia. Jennifer possesses a power over snakes, an ability to control them and communicate with them. She and her father, Luke Baylor (Jeff Corey), left their home in disgrace, because when Jennifer was Document [74] (Title: Christa B. Allen) and commercials. She acted in her first Hollywood film in 2004's "13 Going on 30", playing the younger Jenna Rink, Jennifer Garner's character. She also played the teenage Jenny, another Jennifer Garner character, in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past". Her other film credits include "A Merry Little Christmas", "Youth in Revolt", "One Wish", "One Kine Day" and "Detention of the Dead". Allen has guest starred in many television series, including "Medium", "Cory in the House", "The Suite Life on Deck", "Grey's Anatomy", "ER", "", "Wizards of Waverly Place" and "Cold Case". Allen starred as the title character in the CBS Saturday Document [75] (Title: J. J. Cohen) J. J. Cohen Jeffrey Jay Cohen (born June 22, 1965) is an American actor who has appeared in film and on television. Cohen's first feature film was in the 1984 film "Paradise Motel". It was not until 1985, he would get his big role in the film "Back to the Future" as Skinhead, a member of Biff Tannen's gang. In 1989, he reprised his role in "Back to the Future Part II", a year later, he appeared in "Back to the Future Part III" as a member of Needles's gang. According to the DVD commentary, he was originally up for Document [76] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) McFly family. She overhears that her future self's life with Marty is not what she expected, due to his involvement in an automobile accident. She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker, Douglas J. Needles, into a shady business deal, resulting in Marty's firing. Attempting to escape the house, Jennifer encounters her 2015 self and they both faint. While Marty and Doc attend to her, Biff steals the time machine and uses it to travel back to 1955 and give the almanac to his younger self to get rich betting, then returns to 2015. Marty, Doc, and an unconscious Jennifer Document [77] (Title: Microsoap) and chatting to his "invisible friend" Pogo, a giant seven-foot blue mouse that follows him everywhere and that nobody except he (and the viewer) can see. Played by Lou Gish, Jennifer is the Parker family's therapist that they began seeing after Colin and Jane's marriage ran into difficulty; after their separation, she began to date Colin, and they married not long after. Jennifer is a very caring, understanding woman; these qualities plus her obsessive-compulsive behavior with cleanliness drive Emily mad for a time. Jennifer finds the chaos of the two families bewildering. Played by Scott Hickman, Jim was Emily's first Document [78] (Title: The Girl from Tomorrow) per se, his own weapons are no match to the superior technology of the Transducer, he manages to take Alana, Tulista's student, hostage, and escapes into the past, where he figures he will have a better chance. Arriving in 1990, Alana escapes, and later meets a teenager named Jenny Kelly, whose help she enlists in order to get back to the Capsule before it returns automatically to the future, leaving her stranded in the past. After thinking that the Capsule was destroyed, Jenny and Alana discover that it has been seized by Silverthorn, who is building his power and making Document [79] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) Gale, LJN refused his requests to give input while the game was being developed; once he was shown the game, he asked them to make changes, but was told it was too late in the process to change anything. Back to the Future (1989 video game) Back to the Future is a 1989 video game released by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. A sequel, "Back to the Future Part II & III", was released in 1990. In the single mode game, the player controls Marty McFly Document [80] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) stylized approach while trying to stay true to the feel of the trilogy. The puzzles were designed to rely on applying items in the inventory to characters and objects as the developers did not think of Marty as a protagonist that would build a gadget from various parts. As Michael J. Fox was unavailable to reprise his role as Marty for the game, newcomer A.J. Locascio voiced the character instead, though Fox later provided voice work for Marty's great grandfather William in the fifth and final episode of the game, as well as for the three futuristic versions of Marty Document [81] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) Back to the Future (soundtrack) Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name. It was released on July 8, 1985 by MCA Records. The album included two tracks culled from Alan Silvestri's compositions for the film, two tracks from Huey Lewis and the News, two songs played by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters, one played by Marty McFly and The Starlighters, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film. "The Power of Love" was the first Document [82] (Title: Claudia Wells) be a horror film titled "Room & Board". Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells (born 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film "Back to the Future" (1985). Born in Kuala Lumpur, Claudia Wells grew up in San Francisco, California, and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14. She later graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She started acting with appearances in TV shows. Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". She almost did not end up in the first film Document [83] (Title: Back to the Future) permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With "Big Trouble" set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been fond of the script for "Back to the Future" during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the "Double Indemnity" license in exchange for the rights to "Back to the Future". Executive Sidney Sheinberg made suggestions to the script, such as changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his Document [84] (Title: Jennifer Phang) Musical Score (Timo Chen), and star Jacqueline Kim also won the Linda Mabalot Renaissance Spirit Award for her performance. Phang directed, wrote and edited a short film entitled "Advantageous" (2012) - the basis of the 2015 feature film of the same name - for the PBS series "Futurestates", which imagined various scenarios and stories that took place in the future. The film won a Best Science Fiction Film award at the Rhode Island International Horror Film Festival and also the Golden Reel Award for Best Short Film at the 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival. It was also nominated for "Best Document [85] (Title: The Message (The Outer Limits)) hear normal conversation and sounds, but she does hear something, and no one believes her. While on a routine visit to the hospital to check on the implant, Jennifer befriends the janitor, Robert (Larry Drake) who empathizes with her. Suddenly, Jennifer is plagued by nightmares and searing pain in her head, all at 3:10 in the morning or afternoon. Once the pain starts she begins furiously writing in binary code. Robert suggests that perhaps the binary coded 0s and 1s might be able to be translated. As a former astrophysicist who had mental problems that forced him to work as Document [86] (Title: Back to the Future: The Ride) on the previous construction walls of The Simpsons Ride, the Comic Book Guy wore Marty's futuristic jacket from "Back to the Future Part II". Also, in the line satirical video, an animated Doc Brown (voiced by Christopher Lloyd) attempts to borrow money from a loan office to save the Institute of Future Technology. However, Professor Frink crashes back in time in a DeLorean and crushes the banker, and Doc is upset that he must "sell the Institute of Future Technology to that mercenary clown!". In 2016, it was officially announced that the Japan ride would close on May 31, 2016. Document [87] (Title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)) was nominated for an Academy Award. Huey Lewis portrayed the high-school band audition judge who rejects Marty McFly's band, the Pinheads, as they perform the short instrumental hard-rock version of "The Power of Love". There is also another album version of the soundtrack, with only the original score by Silvestri. The only legitimate release was by independent label Intrada, but another so-called "DeLorean" version released in the 1990s was an unauthorized bootleg. In November 2009, Intrada released an official two-disc album containing Silvestri's complete score. The first disc contained the complete orchestral score as recorded for the finished film, along Document [88] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) was not in the first. Wells returned to Hollywood with a starring role in the 1996 independent film "Still Waters Burn". She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the "Back to the Future Trilogy" DVD set released in 2002. However, she is interviewed for the "Tales from the Future" documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010. In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series. She provided the voice Document [89] (Title: Jennifer Smith (General Hospital)) a fan of the series, appeared with her then-husband Tom Arnold, for three episodes in late March 1994. In return, Anthony Geary and Genie Francis, who portray Luke Spencer and Laura Webber, appeared in an episode of Arnold's sitcom, "Roseanne". The role was played by "All in the Family" actress Sally Struthers for 10 episodes in 2002. Struthers said of Jennifer's return, "Needless to say, Jennifer has a few issues with Luke and Laura. She has some unfinished business." Jennifer returned to the screen on June 22, 2015, portrayed by Holly Gagnier. Jennifer is holding Lucky Spencer hostage and demanding Document [90] (Title: Jennifer on My Mind) strangely haunting aura. Michael Brandon, as Marcus, is charmingly boyish and natural. Tippy Walker, as Jennifer, comes across with a bitchy ethereal allure." Jennifer on My Mind Jennifer on My Mind is a 1971 American black comedy film based on the 1968 novel "Heir" by Roger L. Simon. It was directed by Noel Black from a screenplay by Erich Segal and stars Michael Brandon and Tippy Walker, as well as Robert De Niro in a minor role. This was one of the many early 1970s films that dealt with addiction following the explosion of recreational drug use in the 1960s. Document [91] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Doc, leaving Jennifer on her own front porch. Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff, and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self. Marty then follows him to the high school dance, being careful to avoid interrupting the events from his previous visit. After several fruitless attempts, Marty finally gets the almanac, leaving Biff to crash into a manure truck. Marty burns the almanac, reversing Biff's changes to the timeline, as Doc hovers above in the time machine. Before Marty can join him in the time machine, the DeLorean is struck by lightning and disappears. A Western Union courier Document [92] (Title: Michael J. Fox) needed to carry the show in her absence. Eric Stoltz was cast and was already filming "Back to the Future", but Zemeckis felt that Stoltz was not giving the right type of performance for the humor involved. Zemeckis quickly replaced Stoltz with Fox, whose schedule was now more open with the return of Meredith Baxter. He was considered for the role of Mark Kendall in "Once Bitten", but it eventually went to Jim Carrey. During filming, Fox would rehearse for "Family Ties" from 10 a.m to 6 p.m, then rush to the "Back to the Future" set where he would Document [93] (Title: Back to the Future (musical)) romantic interest. Marty must repair the damage to history by causing his parents-to-be to fall in love, and with the help of scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd), he must find a way to return to 1985. "Back to the Future" marked the start of a successful franchise, ultimately becoming a trilogy, with the total income for the three films taking over $936 million. The show will reunite some of the team behind the series. It will be adapted by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale from their 1985 screenplay, with set and costume design by Soutra Gilmour, lighting by Jon Document [94] (Title: From Jennifer) From Jennifer From Jennifer, sometimes stylized as "#FromJennifer", is a 2017 comedy horror film written and directed by Frank Merle. The film stars Danielle Taddei and Derek Mears as an unlikely duo plotting to become internet celebrities by filming and posting an outrageous revenge plot. On October 17, 2016 it was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that horror icon Tony Todd, best known for playing Candyman was joining the cast as Jennifer's manager Chad Wolfe. When the first trailer was posted on January 19, 2017 by the Horror Society, it was confirmed that the cast included Derek Mears, best known Document [95] (Title: Nancy Allen (actress)) In 1994, she reteamed with "Strange Invaders" writer Bill Condon to star as psychic Jessie Gallardo opposite Roger Moore in the movie of the week "The Man Who Wouldn't Die". She starred as Linda Savage in "Quality Time" in 1997, but the film was not released until 2008 due, in part, to post-production and renamed "My Apocalypse". Builder/contractor Randy Bailey and she were married in June 1998. She had a small but notable role as Midge in the crime thriller "Out of Sight" (1998) starring George Clooney and Jennifer Lopez, which was directed by Steven Soderbergh. She also played Rachel Document [96] (Title: Back to the Future Part III) capacitor appears, manned by Doc, Clara, and their two children Jules and Verne. Doc gives Marty a photo of the two of them by the clockworks in 1885. Jennifer asks about the fax, and Doc tells them it means that the future has not yet been written. Doc departs and the train disappears into an unknown time. The origins of the western theme for "Back to the Future Part III" lie in the production of the original film. During filming for the original, director Zemeckis asked Michael J. Fox what time period he would like to see. Fox replied that Document [97] (Title: Back to the Future) of the time in his interpretation of the character". Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in "Part II" and "Part III". Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in "The Wild Life"; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz. Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply. Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing Document [98] (Title: Jennifer Spence) an acting class he was teaching in 2009. They reside in Vancouver, British Columbia. Jennifer Spence Jennifer Spence (born January 22, 1977) is a Canadian actress. Her acting credits include playing Dr. Lisa Park on the "Stargate Universe" television series and Detective Betty Robertson on the series "Continuum". Spence has had principal roles on a number of television series, including "Exes and Ohs", "The 4400", "Reunion" and "Write & Wrong". She appeared in recurring roles on "Killer Instinct", "DaVinci's Inquest", "You Me Her", and "Travelers". Immediately following the cancellation of "Stargate Universe", Spence joined some other of the show's cast Document [99] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the sequel to the 1985 film "Back to the Future" and the second installment in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson, and Lea Thompson. In the plot, Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) travel to 2015, where bully Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for the Document [100] (Title: Future-Drama) a job at the Kwik-E-Mart. While delivering groceries to an elderly Mr. Burns, he rescues him from a robbery by Snake Jailbird. As a reward, Burns gives Lisa's scholarship to Bart. He accepts it, seeing it as a way to get Jenda back. He then tells Lisa about the scholarship causing present and future Lisa to both get angry at Bart. Bart reconciles with Jenda, and now has a good future. That night, Jenda again wants to have sex with Bart, but then he goes into Professor Frink's basement and sees Lisa's bleak future with Milhouse on Frink's machine. Jenda Document [101] (Title: Vivica A. Fox) 2001, Fox had starring roles in three films. First was "Kingdom Come", a comedy-drama starring LL Cool J, Jada Pinkett Smith and Whoopi Goldberg. She played the lead in the romantic comedy "Two Can Play That Game", and had supporting role in the independent comedy-drama "Little Secrets". In 2002, she starred alongside Miguel A. Núñez Jr. in "Juwanna Mann", and with Cuba Gooding Jr. in "Boat Trip". In 2003, Quentin Tarantino cast her as Vernita Green in his two-part martial arts film "Kill Bill". From 2004 to 2006, Fox starred as FBI special agent Nicole Scott and co-produced the Lifetime Document [102] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Fox – you know, that's like saying, 'I'm going to cook you a steak dinner and I'm going to hold the beef." Gale also said that the is the closest thing to what a fourth film could be like. In a "USA Today" interview on October 21, 2015, the day of Marty McFly's purported arrival in the future, Christopher Lloyd stated that he would consider making a fourth film under the condition that the original cast and creative team returned, along with a story "worth telling." The same day, Lloyd once again reprised his role as Doc Brown in a Document [103] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) actor Tom Wilson, and James Arnold Taylor as the younger Emmett. Though the game features other returning characters including George and Lorraine McFly, voicework for these characters are provided by a variety of available voice actors in the Bay Area. Tom Wilson reprised his role as Biff Tannen for the 30th anniversary revamp. The song Back in Time by Huey Lewis and the News, which was written for first film, appears in the game. To promote the title, Telltale brought a replica of the DeLorean time machine as part of their booth display at the 2010 Penny Arcade Expo which Document [104] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) confirmed, Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel. Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown, because it required them to come up with a story that fit her in, rather than a whole new adventure. Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself, as Zemeckis was busy making "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". At first, the film was to take place in 1967, but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to Document [105] (Title: Back to the Future) together. Film studios rejected it until the financial success of Zemeckis' "Romancing the Stone". Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg, who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment, with Universal Pictures as distributor. Fox was the first choice to play Marty, but he was busy filming his television series "Family Ties", and Eric Stoltz was cast; after the filmmakers decided he was wrong for the role, a deal was struck to allow Fox to film "Back to the Future" without interrupting his television schedule. "Back to the Future" was released on July 3, 1985 and it grossed over $381 million worldwide, Document [106] (Title: Billy Zane) Zane's first two screen roles were in the science fiction films "Back to the Future" in 1985 and "Critters" in 1986, around the same time he appeared in the music video for Sheena Easton's song "Do It For Love". In 1988 he played Tony Gambini alongside Jessica Fletcher in Murder, She Wrote: A Very Good Year for Murder. Zane also appeared in an episode of "Matlock" entitled "The Nurse". In 1989 he reprised his henchman role in "Back to the Future Part II". Earlier that same year, Zane gained international recognition with the role of villain Hughie Warriner in the Document [107] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) closed each episode while Dan Castellaneta provided the animated Doc Brown's voice. James Tolkan was also featured as a guest voice in one episode, however he returned only to voice a completely different character as opposed to his Principal Strickland character from the films. In addition, Bill Nye appeared as Dr. Brown's Lab Assistant during the live-action segments at the end of each episode performing scientific experiments related to the episode. Nye also serves as the show's technical advisor. These segments later led to Nye getting his own show. Although the show no longer airs on television, nine VHS cassettes Document [108] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) and because of that, his girlfriend, Betty (Jennifer’s grandmother) had break up with him and in hope of win her back, he worked for Kid to have some money. After Marty reasoned with him, Parker decided to turn against Kid to win back Betty. Kid and his gang are jailed, and all appears well. Marty and Doc return to the future unaware that their actions have caused Edna to fall in love with Emmett, and their relationship causes Emmett to forgo his scientific inventions. When they return to 1986 again, Doc disappears, and Marty crashes the DeLorean into a billboard. Document [109] (Title: Jennifer Connelly) science fiction film "The Day The Earth Stood Still". Unlike the original movie, in which Benson was a secretary and her relationship with Klaatu was the focus, the remake featured Benson in a troubled relationship with her stepson, portrayed by Jaden Smith. This was followed by a role in the 2009 romantic comedy "He's Just Not That Into You", which also featured Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin. The film was based on the self-help book of the same name. "Variety" praised her portrayal: "Despite its layer of darkness Connelly gives a really rich performance as a woman whose principles back Document [110] (Title: Mary Steenburgen) times at Christmas only to rely on a Christmas miracle to save her family. In 1989 she played Karen Buckman, the wife of Steve Martin’s character in Parenthood. In "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), Steenburgen played Clara Clayton, a school teacher who falls in love with Doc Brown, played by Christopher Lloyd. She was persuaded to play the role by her children, as well as by fans of the "Back to the Future" films, and reprised the role by providing the character's voice in "". Other performances have been: in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993), as a woman Document [111] (Title: Sarah Connor (Terminator)) it into the future. John finds Cameron's empty shell lying in the basement and a repeating message on the computer monitors reading, "I'm sorry, John". John discovers he cannot let her go. In an attempt to save both Cameron and Weaver's creation, both John and Catherine go to the future after the Cromartie shell, while Sarah remains in the present to continue the fight. Linda Hamilton reunited with James Cameron and other cast members from "Terminator 2" to produce this for Universal Studios. In the attraction, set 6 years after the events of the second film, Sarah and John break Document [112] (Title: Back to the Future (TV series)) Back to the Future (TV series) Back to the Future (also known as Back to the Future: The Animated Series) is an American animated science fiction comedy adventure television series for television based on the live action "Back to the Future" movie trilogy. The show lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991, to December 26, 1992, and reran until August 14, 1993, on CBS. The network chose not to renew the show for a third season (citing low ratings). It later reran on FOX, as a part of the FoxBox block from Document [113] (Title: Crispin Glover) does his rendition, in full drag, of Newton-John's "Please Don't Keep Me Waiting" from her 1979 album "Totally Hot". His breakout role was as George McFly in Robert Zemeckis's "Back to the Future", an international box office success in 1985; his character was the father of Marty McFly, despite being three years younger than Michael J. Fox in real life. Glover and the producers could not agree on suitable terms for him to appear in the sequels, so the role of the character was greatly reduced and recast. In "Back to the Future Part II", Zemeckis reused brief footage of Document [114] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) the trilogy. Co-writer and director Robert Zemeckis, who has approval over all films in the "Back to the Future" franchise, has stated that he will block all attempts to remake or reboot the original film. Bob Gale stated that he did not wish to see another film in the series without the Marty McFly character nor any other actor than Michael J. Fox playing him, while acknowledging that Fox's current health condition would make this impossible. He illustrated this at a 2008 fan convention in Florida, stating "The idea of making another "Back to the Future" movie without Michael J. Document [115] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) would be released on October 26, 2010, twenty-five years to the day from the date of the fictional events from the first film. There have been numerous complaints about the R1 packaging, leading to the release of an instruction sheet on how to safely remove and insert discs. The footage that was shot with Eric Stoltz in the role of Marty McFly before he was replaced with Michael J. Fox was not included in Universal's original DVD release in 2002 or in 2009, despite many fans hoping that Universal would include it. Some very brief footage was released in the Document [116] (Title: Michael J. Fox) rehearse and shoot until 2:30 a.m. This schedule lasted for two full months. "Back to the Future" was both a commercial and critical success. The film spent 8 consecutive weekends as the number-one grossing movie at the US box office in 1985 and eventually earned a worldwide total of $381.11 million. "Variety" applauded the performances, stating that Fox and his co-star Christopher Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin. The film was later followed by two similarly-successful sequels, "Back to the Future Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part Document [117] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) goads Marty into a fight. Griff and his gang are arrested, saving Marty's future children. Before rejoining Doc, Marty purchases an almanac, containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000. Doc discovers it and warns Marty about attempting to profit from time travel but, before Doc can adequately dispose of it, they are interrupted by the police, who have found Jennifer incapacitated, and are taking her to her 2015 home. They pursue, as does Biff, who has overheard their conversation and picks up the discarded almanac. Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the Document [118] (Title: Jennifer Rappaport) Jennifer Rappaport Jennifer Rappaport is a fictional character from the American daytime drama "One Life to Live" portrayed by Jessica Morris from January 2001 to May 2005. Morris reappeared as Jennifer in a dream sequence on October 1, 2008. Jennifer arrives in Llanview in January 2001 as a student at Llanview University. She struggles between being a selfish conniver like her mother Lindsay Rappaport and being more virtuous and moral like her father Sam. Jen is paired with Cristian Vega, but when she discovers that Cristian is falling in love with Natalie Buchanan, Jennifer sleeps with Al Holden. Jennifer becomes Document [119] (Title: Raquel Welch) stage, Welch owed Fox four films, at one a year. She and Curtis also established their own production company, Curtwel. Fox wanted Welch to play Jennifer in their adaptation of "The Valley of the Dolls" but she refused, wanting to play the role of Neely O'Hara. The studio was not interested, casting Patty Duke; Sharon Tate played Jennifer North. In England, she appeared as Lust incarnate in the Peter Cook-Dudley Moore comedy, "Bedazzled" (1967), a Swinging '60s retelling of the Faust legend. It was popular, as was the Western, "Bandolero!" (1968), which was shot in Del Rio, Texas, at the Document [120] (Title: Jennifer Finnigan) seasons. Since July 12, 2017, Finnigan has starred as Grace Barrows, the Pentagon's press secretary, on the new CBS action drama "Salvation". Barrows is one of a few people initially informed when the Pentagon learns that in six months, Earth will collide with an asteroid with potential extinction-level destruction capacity. The original straight-to-series order was for 13 episodes. Jennifer Finnigan Jennifer Christina Finnigan (born August 22, 1979) is a Canadian actress, best known for her role as Bridget Forrester in the American soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 2000-04, for which she won three Daytime Emmy Awards for Document [121] (Title: Sarah Connor (Terminator)) teenage girl, sent back in time by the future John to protect him. Sarah hears of the shooting and rushes to the school but is captured by Cromartie, who uses her to lure John into a trap. Again with the help of Cameron, they flee to a bank where resistance members have hidden the parts of a time machine. As Cromartie attacks them, the trio disappear into the year 2007. Cameron suggests to Sarah their primary mission should be to stop Skynet, estimated to go online in 2011. Sarah argues against this, but Cameron tells her she would have died Document [122] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) Apple (MAC) and for Apple (iPad). The 2015 video game "Lego Dimensions" features two "Back to the Future"-themed toy packs. The Level Pack adds a bonus level that adapts the events of the first film, and includes a Marty McFly minifigure, along with a constructible DeLorean and Hoverboard. The Fun Pack includes a Doc Brown minifigure and a constructible Time Train from "Part III". Both unlock access to an in-game open world set in Hill Valley. Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd reprise their respective roles. On 31 January 2014, it was announced that a stage musical adaptation of the Document [123] (Title: Back to the Future) come." Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour." Dave Kehr of "Chicago Reader" felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor. "Variety" praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin. BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important Document [124] (Title: 2 Jennifer) titular character, even going so far as to insist that they only consider actresses that are named Jennifer. However as they find their perfect Jennifer and filming commences, Spencer's hold on reality grows more and more tenuous. "Starburst" wrote a favorable review of the movie, as they felt that it was "refreshing to have a sequel work so well and for it actually not be essential that one has seen the original. Ultimately, it’s a more enjoyable ride than the first, with a payoff that packs quite a wallop." In contrast, Dread Central panned "2 Jennifer", stating that "Fans of Document [125] (Title: Back to the Future) Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), an animated series, , and several video games. In 1985 Hill Valley, California, teenager Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, are chastised by the school principal for lateness. Marty auditions for the Battle of the Bands, but is rejected for being too loud. At home, Marty's father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with his car. Marty is invited by his friend, eccentric inventor Dr. Emmett Document [126] (Title: Jennifer Aspen) Very Brady Sequel" and horror film "Sometimes They Come Back... Again". She also guest-starred in "Will & Grace", "Friends", "Grey's Anatomy", "Shark", "Boston Legal", "The Closer", "Criminal Minds", "Supernatural", "" and "Private Practice". Aspen had series regular role in the Fox teen drama series "Party of Five" from 1998 to 2000. In 2001, she starred in the short-lived sitcom "Bob Patterson". From 2004 to 2006, she starred in the ABC sitcom "Rodney" opposite Rodney Carrington. The series was canceled after two seasons. In 2009, she appeared in a recurring role of Fox comedy series "Glee", as Kendra Giardi. In 2011, Document [127] (Title: Lea Thompson) And I did not. So I had, like, five days to learn really, really complicated water-skiing things, because I had to fit into the Sea World water-skiing show. I don’t even know how to swim!" She followed this with "All the Right Moves" (1983), "Red Dawn" (1984), and "The Wild Life" (1984). Thompson's most famous role is that of Lorraine Baines McFly in the "Back to the Future" trilogy, with the first film released in 1985. Thompson's character is the mother of Marty McFly, played by Michael J. Fox, whom Marty meets when she is a 1950s adolescent age after Document [128] (Title: Lexi Underwood) rebel from the future. Television Film Theater Lexi Underwood Lexi Underwood (born August 28, 2003 in Cheverly, MD) is an American actress, singer, and philanthropist. Lexi is best known for being the daughter of famous actor Blair Underwood and her role as Athena in "Will Vs The Future." "Will Vs The Future" is a comedic science fiction series created and executive produced by Tim McKeon and Kevin Seccia, and directed by Joe Nussbaum. Underwood made her professional theatrical debut in November 2013 at the age of 10 years old, at the Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC in their acclaimed rendition Document [129] (Title: Jennifer Gan) Dolls", in 1965 with actress Sheila MacRae. She was seen again in the spring of 1967 when making four more film and TV appearances. She appeared in the James Coburn spy spoof sequel "In Like Flint" and his tongue in cheek western "Waterhole No. 3". She then appeared in an episode in the last season of the hit TV show "The Monkees". She also had an uncredited role in the hit film "Valley of the Dolls". She also appeared in the stage play "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". In 1968, she appeared in an episode in the last season of Document [130] (Title: Back to the Future (1985 video game)) Back to the Future (1985 video game) Back to the Future is the name of a 1985 video game released by Electric Dreams Software for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. The game is a side view arcade adventure. The aim of the game is to get George McFly to spend as much time as possible with Lorraine Baines. The more time George and Lorraine spend together, the more they will fall in love, and thus more segments will be added to the family photograph Document [131] (Title: Jennifer Higham) Jennifer Higham Jennifer Higham (born 26 August 1984 in England) is a British actress who has played numerous roles in theatre, television and film. Higham attended Misbourne School in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. She has appeared in "Crooked House" as Ruth (2 episodes), "Cassandra's Dream" as Helen, "Ella Enchanted" as Olive, Ella's stepsister and Hattie's sister, "Doctors", "Persuasion" as Louisa Musgrove, "Born and Bred" as Amy Marl, "Gideon's Daughter" as Girl playing Richard III, and "I Shouldn't Be Alive" as Jennifer. She has also worked in theater, including a stint with Actors of the London Stage where she played Juliet (among Document [132] (Title: Back to the Future) Back to the Future Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who accidentally travels back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents and becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, inventor of the time-traveling DeLorean, who helps Marty repair history and return to 1985. Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale wondered whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school Document [133] (Title: Claudia Wells) had been cast, but a pilot she had done for ABC had been picked up, and she was contractually forced to drop out of "Back to the Future". During that time, Eric Stoltz had been shooting for five weeks in the role of Marty McFly. Melora Hardin was slated for the role of Jennifer, though she never actually filmed any scenes. The producers halted filming and replaced Stoltz with Michael J. Fox. By then, Wells' pilot had been finished and she was recast as Jennifer, now shooting alongside Fox, never having filmed a frame with Stoltz. That same year (1985), Document [134] (Title: Back to the Future) Lorraine follows him to the dance floor, where they kiss while Marty performs with the band. As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes, sending Marty back to 1985. Doc has survived the shooting, as he had listened to Marty's warnings and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home and departs to the future. Marty awakens the next morning to find that George is a successful author, Lorraine is fit and happy, and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, insisting they accompany Document [135] (Title: Back to the Future: The Game) who appear in the game's final cutscene. Locascio was able to get the part when his audition sample ended up in the email inbox of voice director Julian Kwasneski, and managed to impress both Gale and Lloyd with how closely it resembled the sound of Fox's voice during the time the trilogy was filmed. Lloyd returned to voice Doc Brown and began his first recording session for the game in late September 2010. Later, Claudia Wells joined the cast, reprising her role as Jennifer Parker from the first film. Kid Beyond provides the voice for Biff Tannen in place of Document [136] (Title: Christopher Lloyd) Khan in 2013. In May 2013, Lloyd appeared as the narrator and the character Azdak in the Bertold Brecht play "The Caucasian Chalk Circle", produced by the Classic Stage Company in New York. On the October 21, 2015, episode of "Jimmy Kimmel Live", Lloyd and Michael J. Fox appeared in a "Back to the Future" skit to commemorate the date in the second installment of the movie trilogy. In May 2018, Lloyd made a cameo appearance in the episode titled "No Country For Old Women" of "Roseanne", playing Lou, the boyfriend to the mother of Roseanne and Jackie. Lloyd first Document [137] (Title: Jennifer (1978 film)) by a long shot, she does have a suitably spooky look in her eye". "TV Guide" called the film a "blatant "Carrie" rip-off". The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Kino Lorber on October 14, 2014. Jennifer (1978 film) Jennifer is a 1978 American horror film directed by Brice Mack, starring Lisa Pelikan. The story has some similarities to the 1971 film "Willard", about a social outcast with the ability to control rats, as well as the 1976 film "Carrie", about a similarly awkward and vengeful misfit who develops psychic abilities. Jennifer Baylor (Lisa Pelikan) is a poor, Document [138] (Title: J. J. Cohen) was in the 2000 film "Almost Famous". Cohen has appeared in television series, including "V: The Series", "Baywatch", "Amazing Stories", "Pacific Blue" and "Providence". J. J. Cohen Jeffrey Jay Cohen (born June 22, 1965) is an American actor who has appeared in film and on television. Cohen's first feature film was in the 1984 film "Paradise Motel". It was not until 1985, he would get his big role in the film "Back to the Future" as Skinhead, a member of Biff Tannen's gang. In 1989, he reprised his role in "Back to the Future Part II", a year later, he Document [139] (Title: Claudia Wells) Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells (born 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film "Back to the Future" (1985). Born in Kuala Lumpur, Claudia Wells grew up in San Francisco, California, and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14. She later graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She started acting with appearances in TV shows. Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". She almost did not end up in the first film of the successful franchise. According to Wells, she Document [140] (Title: Michael J. Fox) teen idol. VH1's show "The Greatest" later naming him among their "50 Greatest Teen Idols." In January 1985, Fox was cast to replace Eric Stoltz as Marty McFly, a teenager who is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in "Back to the Future". Robert Zemeckis, the director, originally wanted Fox to play Marty, but Gary David Goldberg the creator of "Family Ties", which Fox was working on at the time, refused to allow Zemeckis even to approach Fox as he felt that as Meredith Baxter was on maternity leave at the time, Fox's character Alex Keaton was Document [141] (Title: Back to the Future) enough to bully Stoltz. Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox. Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells. Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend. Following Document [142] (Title: Back to the Future) Berry and The Starlighters" (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film . On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records. "Back to the Future" opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a "Family Ties" special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are Document [143] (Title: The Tale) confronts him in front of his wife and the other attendees. Bill denies everything and leaves. Jennifer has a panic attack and goes to the bathroom, and imagines sitting with her 13-year-old self, who proclaims that she is not a victim, but a hero. On May 5, 2015, it was reported that Laura Dern, Ellen Burstyn, Elizabeth Debicki, and Sebastian Koch would star in "The Tale", written and directed by Jennifer Fox. It was set to begin principal photography that summer. On May 14, 2016, it was reported that the film was being shopped to foreign buyers at the Cannes Document [144] (Title: Back to the Future) show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. "Back to the Future" was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film. Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in "Mask" (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly. Because of the difficult casting process, the start Document [145] (Title: Maggie Gyllenhaal) "Monster House", "World Trade Center", and "Sherrybaby". In "Trust the Man", featuring Julianne Moore, David Duchovny, and Billy Crudup, she played Elaine, who has been dating Tobey, Crudup's character, for seven years and has begun to feel that it is time for her to settle down and start a family. The film was critically and financially unsuccessful. Ethan Alter of "Premiere" felt that the performances by Gyllenhaal and Duchovny were "much more at ease" and concluded with "that's probably because they're played these characters many times before". In "Stranger than Fiction", Gyllenhaal played a love interest of Harold Crick, played Document [146] (Title: Eloise Mignon) she could return to studying an Arts degree at the University of Melbourne. Mignon performed as Jennifer in the play "In A Dark Dark House" at the Red Stitch Actors Theatre in Melbourne until 22 August 2009. She performed for the Melbourne Theatre Company in "The Grenade", and "Return to Earth". In 2010 Mignon appeared in City Homicide as Layla. Since 2010 Mignon has primarily worked in professional theatre in Australia and France. In 2011 Mignon played the role of Hedvig in Belvoir's production of the Henrik Ibsen play "The Wild Duck" opposite Toby Schmitz and Anita Hegh, directed by Document [147] (Title: Jennifer Freeman) Stevens" and Disney movie "Surfers". Her movie credits include feature roles in "Johnson Family Vacation", "You Got Served" and "Mercy Street". She also appeared in the movies "The Seventies" and the independent film "The Visit". Her stage credits include the Los Angeles area productions of "The Wiz", in which she played Dorothy, and Billa in "The Gift". Freeman began a nationwide print and television campaign as one of "the young fresh faces" of Neutrogena. In 2003, "TV Guide" named her as one of the Top 10 Hot Teens to watch. She was born in Long Beach, California, to an African Document [148] (Title: Jennifer Marlowe) a passionate embrace) and had other flirtatious encounters with him, such as telling him "let's see the boy" in the episode "Baby, it's Cold Inside" when she was drinking to keep warm at work. Other memorable episodes focusing on Jennifer include "I Do...I Do...For Now," where Jennifer's childhood sweetheart from West Virginia, T.J. (played by Hoyt Axton) Watson, shows up to marry her; "Filthy Pictures," in which a sleazy photographer secretly takes nude pictures of Jennifer with the intention of selling them to a girlie magazine (partly a reference to the famous nude photos of Marilyn Monroe), and "Jennifer Moves," Document [149] (Title: Michael J. Fox) who portrayed his girlfriend, Ellen. When Fox left the TV series "Spin City", his final episodes made numerous allusions to "Family Ties": Michael Gross (who played Alex's father Steven) portrays Mike Flaherty's (Fox's character's) therapist, and there is a reference to an off-screen character named "Mallory". Also, when Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington, D.C., he meets a conservative senator from Ohio named Alex P. Keaton, and in one episode Meredith Baxter played Mike's mother. As a consequence of working in "Family Ties", as well as his acting in "Teen Wolf" and "Back to the Future", Fox became a Document [150] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) making wildly inaccurate predictions. According to Gale, they tried to make the future a nice place, "where what's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology" in contrast to the pessimistic, Orwellian future seen in most science fiction. To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from "Family Ties" (which was ending its run when filming began), it was shot back-to-back with sequel "Part III". It took two years to finish the set building and the writing on the script before shooting could finally begin. During the shooting, Document [151] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) film a negative review, criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into "strident geeks" and for making the "frenetic action strictly formulaic." He believed that it contained "rampant misogyny," because the character of Jennifer Parker "is knocked unconscious early on so she won't interfere with the little-boy games." He cited, as well, Michael J. Fox dressing in drag. "Variety" said, "[Director Robert] Zemeckis' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually, and strains credibility past the breaking point, by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs." The film won the Document [152] (Title: Pepper Potts) Resilient (Tony's new company) and its design for a repulsor technology-powered vehicle, Pepper joins War Machine in helping Stark, during which Pepper experiences a near-death experience in which JARVIS, masquerading as Happy, gives Pepper a cryptic warning of the future. In the 2012 storyline "The Future", Pepper returns to her civilian life following her destruction of J.A.R.V.I.S., the artificial intelligence that helped her control her Rescue armor, after its compromise led it to go rogue and attempt to kidnap her. She became engaged to Marc Kumar, a public relations and marketing consultant, but broke off the relationship after he briefly Document [153] (Title: Back to the Future) the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with Marty's mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for "I Wanna Hold Your Hand". The first draft of "Back to the Future" was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided Document [154] (Title: Jennifer Elise Cox) They Come Back... Again", reprised her role of Jan Brady in the "Brady Bunch" sequel "A Very Brady Sequel", and guest starred on an episode of "The Parent 'Hood". In 1998 she had a recurring role as social outcast Felice on the sitcom "Clueless", and reprised her role of Jan Brady on the TV series "Moesha". That year she also had small bits in the films "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" and "Can't Hardly Wait". In 1999 she signed on to star alongside Jean Smart in "Tiara Tango", later retitled "Forever Fabulous". The film went through a troubled history Document [155] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) Claudia Wells, who had played Marty McFly's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film, was to reprise her role, but turned it down due to personal issues. The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead, which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of "Part II". The re-shot sequence is a near shot-for-shot match with the original, with only minor differences: for example, Doc noticeably hesitates before reassuring Marty that his future self is fine – something he did not do in the first film. Marty is also wearing a watch in the second film whereas he Document [156] (Title: Jennifer Elise Cox) was in talks to play the character more for the next season, however Lifetime canceled the series. The next year she played a small role in the film "The Back-Up Plan". In 2011 she had roles on multiple films, "Balls to the Wall", "Poolboy: Drowning Out the Fury", "Eating Out: The Open Weekend", "A Holiday Engagement" and "Spooky Buddies". She also had a recurring role on "Pretty the Series", and she joined the cast of "Web Therapy" as the recurring role of Gina Spinks. She would play Gina until August 11, 2015, when Showtime cancelled the series after four seasons. Document [157] (Title: Marc McClure) film, respectively. McClure reprised the role of Dave McFly in the sequels, "Back to the Future Part II" (though his only scene was not included in the theatrical version) and "Back to the Future Part III". He has made appearances in many television series, including "Once an Eagle", "Happy Days", "Hunter", "The Shield" and "Cold Case". In 2003 he appeared in the remake, "Freaky Friday". In a nod to his "Superman" feature film work, McClure appeared on the CW's "Smallville". McClure appeared as Dax-Ur, a Kryptonian scientist who has been living on Earth for over 100 years. Marc McClure Marc Document [158] (Title: Back to the Future (1989 video game)) Back to the Future (1989 video game) Back to the Future is a 1989 video game released by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. A sequel, "Back to the Future Part II & III", was released in 1990. In the single mode game, the player controls Marty McFly through various stages set in 1955 in which he collects various clock icons in order to advance to the next level, and avoid the gradual vanishing of his future (indicated by a fading photograph at the bottom of the Document [159] (Title: Wendie Jo Sperber) her feature work in the Tom Hanks theatrical vehicle "Bachelor Party", directed by Neal Israel. Israel used her again in "Moving Violations" in 1985. That same year, she appeared as Linda McFly in Zemeckis' highly successful "Back to the Future". She reprised her role as Linda in "Back to the Future Part III". Sperber's roles grew larger in the wake of "Back to the Future," and over the next decade she starred in the series "Babes" (a comedy about three zaftig women). In 1994, Sperber was cast in a major supporting part in the CBS-TV series "Hearts Afire". By this Document [160] (Title: C. Thomas Howell) In 1985 he again starred in the lead role in "Secret Admirer", opposite Lori Loughlin and Kelly Preston. Howell was one of two final actors in the running to play Marty McFly in "Back to the Future" the other being Eric Stoltz, who was eventually selected. Michael J. Fox would later go on to replace Stoltz after filming had begun. In 1986, he played a hitchhiker's target in the film "The Hitcher". The , in which he also starred, was released in 2003. He starred as a white student who pretends to be black to receive a scholarship in the Document [161] (Title: Jennifer's Body) high-profile openings in recent memory". He concluded five reasons for "Jennifer's Body"s underperformance at the box office. The first, he said, is the distributor. "20th Century Fox's genre wing, Fox Atomic, had "Jennifer's Body" in the can by the time the mother ship shut it down last spring", he said. "Instead of offloading the film to Fox Searchlight, which nimbly maneuvered Diablo Cody's previous brainchild "Juno" to awards-season lucre in 2007, a decision was somehow reached to fill a gap in Big Fox's early fall slate with a gory" and "post-feminist horror romp starring Megan Fox and Amanda Seyfried". VanAirsdale Document [162] (Title: Back to the Future Part II) go back to 1955 and see the first one's events in a different light. While most of the original cast agreed to return, a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover's fee for reprising the role of George McFly. When it became clear that he would not be returning, the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985. The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty's home town in 2015. Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different Document [163] (Title: Marty McFly) of them were the black sheep in their respective environments. Doc gave Marty a part-time job to help with experiments, tend to the lab, tend to the dog, etc.". By 2015, Marty has married his girlfriend Jennifer and they had Martin "Marty" Jr. and Marlene. Marty has had many false names through the "Back to the Future" series, usually because of encountering his relatives at some point, most notably Lorraine mistakenly thinking his name is Calvin Klein, due to it being Marty's brand of underwear. In the first film, Marty uses the alias of "Darth Vader, an extraterrestrial from the Document [164] (Title: Jennifer Horton) a passport at Chloe's mother Nancy's place, Daniel figured out Chloe's scheme, with help from Rafe, and reconciles with Jennifer, who also got her job back at the hospital. Chloe said she repents and leaves town for treatment, leaving Parker with Daniel and Jennifer. Jennifer is delighted when JJ returns to Salem (now a teenager). Jennifer is devastated by Daniel's death in 2016. In late 2017, Jennifer begins a relationship with Eric Brady. Jennifer Horton Jennifer Horton Deveraux (formerly Alamain, Blake, and Brady) is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama, "Days of Our Lives", a long running dramatic Document [165] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) the future, a note Marty leaves in his pocket prevents him from being killed by the terrorists. But in the film's final moments, Doc Brown appears in a modified version of the DeLorean and tells Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer Parker that they must travel to the future to fix a problem caused by Marty and Jennifer's kids. The series continues as Doc Brown travels with Marty and Jennifer to the year 2015 where he has discovered Marty's family is in ruins. Shortly after rectifying the situation, Marty buys a sports almanac containing the outcomes of 50 years (1950–2000) worth Document [166] (Title: Back to the Future (franchise)) first film is in production. The show, which will be co-written by original writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, was expected to premiere in 2015 but got pushed to 2016. According to Gale, the musical will be "true to the spirit of the film without being a slavish remake". The musical is part of the 30th anniversary of the original film. In 2015, Fox and Lloyd starred alongside popular YouTube science personality Go Tech Yourself in an extended Toyota commercial for Toyota's new fuel cell vehicle, the Mirai, entitled "Fueled by the Future". The commercial doubled as a tribute to Document [167] (Title: Days of Future Future) telling Bart that after she bought a shedding tank for Jerry, her alien boyfriend, he humiliated her and broke up with her for someone else. Bart comforts her by mentioning he is trying to get his life on track and her crying is a reminder of what he lost. Jenda is impressed by Bart's newfound maturity and invites him to dinner. It goes well and the two decide to patch up their relationship again. However, the two later fall into their bad habits of not paying attention to each other that destroyed their marriage the first time, and become unsure Document [168] (Title: Jennifer Horton) the role. During her time in the role she proved to be a fan favorite, and younger leading heroine. Her relationship with Jack Deveraux prompted the couple to be pronounced a supercouple for the daytime drama. Reeves stayed with the serial until she abruptly quit on December 15, 1995, at the insistence of her husband, Scott Reeves. To replace Reeves, the show brought on Stephanie Cameron as Jennifer on December 18, 1995. Cameron portrayed the character until she was written off the show on June 5, 1998. In early 2000, rumors started swirling that Melissa Reeves would be returning to Document [169] (Title: Elisabeth Shue) She appeared as Jennifer Parker in "Back to the Future Part II" (1989) and "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), replacing Claudia Wells who declined to reprise the role from "Back to the Future" because of a family illness. It was around this time her older brother, Will, died in a tragic accident on a family holiday. Although her career was on the rise with her playing lead roles, Elisabeth elected to take on the smaller supporting role of Jennifer in these sequels to allow her to deal with her family loss. The sequels were filmed back to back, Document [170] (Title: George Barris (auto customizer)) "Back to the Future" films, he did like to indulge in stating that he had built a "Back to the Future" DeLorean, but never disclosed that it was a replica car. In 2007 Universal Studios officials sent Barris a cease and desist order demanding that he never again make misrepresentations regarding any involvement with the Back to the Future films. They called upon Barris to remove images of the flying DeLorean from his company's website and restrict his display of replicas of the gull-wing car used by Michael J. Fox in the popular 1985 movie and its sequels. "Back to Document [171] (Title: Thomas F. Wilson) in an episode titled "A Knight In Shining Armor". His breakthrough role was the bully Biff Tannen in the 1985 film "Back to the Future". He returned in the sequels "Back to the Future Part II" and "Part III" to reprise not only his role as Biff, but also to play Biff's grandson Griff Tannen and great-grandfather Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen. In every "Back to the Future" film, he ends up in a pile of manure (in reality, a heap of decayed sphagnum and other plant matters) after trying to kill or hurt Michael J. Fox's character Marty McFly. He Question: who played jennifer in back to the future 1

Answer: Claudia Grace Wells Long Answer: Claudia Grace Wells (born July 5, 1966) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film Back to the Future (1985). Gold Document ID: 139

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Stephen Alathara) from three sui iuris Churches, namely Latin, Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara. He was the Director of the Pastoral Orientation Centre (POC), which is the common pastoral animation centre of the Church in Kerala for the three individual Churches, located at Cochin, Kerala. The Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI) i s a national episcopal body that enables the Latin Catholic bishops of the country to exchange ideas and information, deliberate on the Church's broad concerns and take care of the pastoral needs of the faithful. It is one of the four biggest bishops' conferences of the world. It has 132 Document [2] (Title: Lianghui) or CCC and there exists a large unregistered House Church movement in China with some claiming that it serves the large majority of Protestant Christians in China. There are allegations of regular and systematic persecution against Christians associated with the House Church movement and other unregistered Christian organizations in China. Roman Catholicism in China uses "lianghui", or "yihuiyituan" ( or "one association and one conference"), referring to the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (中国天主教爱国会) and the Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China (中国天主教主教团). These two state-approved Catholic organizations do not accept the primacy of the Roman Pontiff, in contrast to Document [3] (Title: Council of Conservative Citizens) Council of Conservative Citizens The Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC or CCC) is an American white supremacist organization. It supports white nationalism, and a variety of conservative and paleoconservative causes. Its statement of principles says that they "oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind". The organization is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its president is Earl Holt, while Jared Taylor is the group's spokesman and Paul Fromm is its international director. The CofCC traces its provenance to the segregationist Citizens' Councils of America, which was founded in 1954, but had slipped to obscurity by 1973. The original CofCC Document [4] (Title: All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama) (sects), within the Islamic principles, as well as the non-Islamic communities, by taking effective steps to create and promote mutual understanding, unity, peace, cooperation, and peaceful co-existence. In its broader mandate the CCC focuses on fostering inter-community relations by means of dialogue, discussion and conventions, providing guidance to the public on harmony and co-existence through the Friday (Jumu'ah) Sermons,supporting Schools and Universities in building social unity, and supporting the propaganda unit in creating and issuing publications. Going forward, the CCC seeks to establish representative Divisions at Masjid level; comprising Masjid and ACJU representatives, Aalims of Islamic Organizations, Professionals, Intellectuals, Journalists Document [5] (Title: Faith) the result of hearing the truth of the gospel with the internal persuasion by the Holy Spirit moving and enabling him to believe. "Christian belief is produced in the believer by the internal instigation of the Holy Spirit, endorsing the teachings of Scripture, which is itself divinely inspired by the Holy Spirit. The result of the work of the Holy Spirit is faith." The four-part "Catechism of the Catholic Church" (CCC) gives Part One to "The Profession of Faith". This section describes the content of faith. It elaborates and expands particularly upon the Apostles' Creed. CCC 144 initiates a section Document [6] (Title: Cherry Springs State Park) the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a work relief program for young men from unemployed families. Established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, the CCC was designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression. It operated in every U.S. state, and established ten CCC camps in the Susquehannock State Forest, of which eight were in Potter County. Cherry Springs was home to CCC Camp S-136-Pa, which was established on May 27, 1933. According to the camp's 1936 History: "Through the efforts of the [CCC] enrollees Cherry Springs Park, formerly a clearing, has been transformed into Document [7] (Title: Church of Christ in China Kei Long College) in the junior forms. Church of Christ in China Kei Long College The Church of Christ in China Kei Long College (CCCKLC, Chinese: 中華基督教會基朗中學), is a co-educational subsidized secondary school located in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1982. A part of the school campus is shared with SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School (Chinese: 聖公會白約翰會督中學). CCCKLC and CCC Kei Yuen College (Chinese: 中華基督教會基元中學) are sister schools. The school organizer, the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China, aims at witnessing for Christ in Yuen Long. Some subjects such as Maths and Integrated Science are taught in English Document [8] (Title: Catechism of the Catholic Church) Church teaching on the status of other religions, contraception and euthanasia, whether due to simple error or poor translations. Catechism of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church (; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. A catechism ( /ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of Document [9] (Title: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa) Christian Congregational Church of Samoa The Congregational Christian Church of Samoa (CCCS) is an international evangelical Christian Church originally established in Samoa by missionaries of the London Missionary Society. CCCS traces its beginnings to the arrival in 1830 of missionaries sent by the London Missionary Society (LMS), accompanied by missionary teachers from Tahiti and the Cook Islands and a Samoan couple from Tonga. The LMS missionaries arrived at a time of fierce warfare and fighting between local chiefs. Weary of violence and bloodshed, they readily received the missionaries and their gospel of peace. Paramount chief, Malietoa Vainu'upo, of noble lineage Document [10] (Title: China Christian Council) best witness for the Christ. The CCC/TSPM headquarters are No. 219, Jiujiang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai (Postcode: 200002). CCC/TSPM jointly publish the "Tian Feng" magazine. China Christian Council The China Christian Council (CCC; ) was founded in 1980 as an umbrella organization for all Protestant churches in the People's Republic of China with Bishop K. H. Ting as its president. It works to provide theological education and the publication of Bibles (mostly in the Chinese Union Version), hymnals (the Chinese New Hymnal mostly), and other religious literature. It encourages the exchange of information among local churches in evangelism, pastoral work Document [11] (Title: Council of Conservative Citizens) Love; all subsequently announced that they would return Holt's contributions or donate them to a fund for the families of Roof's victims. Council of Conservative Citizens The Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC or CCC) is an American white supremacist organization. It supports white nationalism, and a variety of conservative and paleoconservative causes. Its statement of principles says that they "oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind". The organization is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its president is Earl Holt, while Jared Taylor is the group's spokesman and Paul Fromm is its international director. The CofCC traces its provenance Document [12] (Title: California Christian College) Schools (TRACS) and is a member of the National Association of Christian College Admissions Personnel (NACCAP) and endorses the Principles of Good Practice approved by NACCAP. http://www.calchristiancollege.edu/ California Christian College California Christian College (CCC) is a private Free Will Baptist Bible college in Fresno, California. tIis one of several higher learning institutions associated with the Free Will Baptists. It was founded in 1955 by forty-eight Free Will Baptist Churches who perceived a need for trained pastors in the western part of the United States. The first classes were held in the First Free Will Baptist church of Richmond, California. The Document [13] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC or 4C's) is an evangelical Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. The denomination maintains headquarters in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. It is a member of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship and the National Association of Evangelicals. The CCCC has its roots in the Conservative Congregational Christian Fellowship, which was formed in 1945 within the Congregational Christian Churches by churches and ministers who disagreed with what they perceived as unacceptable liberal direction being taken by the majority of the denomination's members and leadership. In 1948, this Document [14] (Title: Canadian Chamber Choir) Canadian Chamber Choir The Canadian Chamber Choir (Choeur de chambre du Canada)'s mission is to build community through choral singing. The CCC is a national ensemble that provides a professional choral environment for Canadian singers, conductors and composers, and travels across Canada promoting Canadian choral music. Under the artistic direction of Julia Davids, the CCC convenes in different regions of Canada twice a year, offering concerts and mentoring choral practitioners of all ages and stages. The CCC puts on two or three projects each year. Each project brings together 17 singers, an artistic director, and an accompanist from across Canada. Document [15] (Title: Department of Home Affairs (Australia)) Australian Government Crisis Coordination Centre (CCC) is an all-hazards co-ordination facility, which operates on a 24/7 basis, and supports the Australian Government Crisis Committee (AGCC) and the National Crisis Committee (NCC). The CCC provides whole-of-government all-hazards monitoring and situational awareness for domestic and international events and coordinates Australian Government responses to major domestic incidents. The Crisis Coordination Centre is managed by the Crisis Management Branch of Emergency Management Australia which was within the Attorney-General's Department before its transfer. Department of Home Affairs (Australia) The Department of Home Affairs is the Australian Government interior ministry with responsibilities for national security, law Document [16] (Title: Calvinist Cadet Corps) Calvinist Cadet Corps The Calvinist Cadet Corps (CCC) is a non-denominational, non-profit Reformed Christian organization that equips men to mentor boys. The ministry establishes clubs primarily in churches. Clubs meet weekly or biweekly and participate in Bible study, crafts, projects, games, and merit badge achievement programs that explore a boy’s specific interest areas. Outside of the club meetings the members participate in church and community service projects, camping, and other outdoor adventure opportunities. The organization also sponsors a triennial international camporee which is a week-long wilderness camping experience. The event typically draws more than 1200 men and boys. The Cadet Document [17] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) points of doctrine, the CCCC does allow for local opinion and practices in matters not pertaining to those subjects addressed in the Statement. The motto “In essentials, unity. In non-essentials, liberty, and in all things, love” is repeated freely in CCCC circles. Member churches derive not only from the founding Congregational and Christian traditions, but also Evangelical and Reformed (former UCC member congregations), Baptist, and non-denominational heritages; most churches joining the CCCC subsequent to the denomination's founding have been acquisitions, rather than new starts. The local church is the basic unit of the CCCC, but churches and pastors nevertheless agree Document [18] (Title: Center for Science and Culture) overtly religious origins. The "renewal" in its name referred to its stated goal of "renewing" American culture by grounding society's major institutions, especially education, in religion as outlined in the Wedge Document. An internal CSC report dating from 1998 which outlined a five-year plan for fostering broader acceptance of ID was leaked to the public in 1999. This plan became known as the Wedge strategy. The Wedge Document explained the CSC's key aims are "To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural and political legacies" and to "replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings Document [19] (Title: Central Christian College of Kansas) Central Christian College of Kansas Central Christian College of Kansas is an evangelical Christian college located in McPherson, Kansas offering undergraduate degrees both on-campus and online. Central Christian is affiliated with the Free Methodist Church. Central Christian teams have Tigers as their mascot. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), competing in the Sooner Athletic Conference and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Division 1. Before July 2015, CCC competed in the Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, and wrestling; Document [20] (Title: Communion of Christ the Redeemer) Communion of Christ the Redeemer The Communion of Christ the Redeemer is a Christian denomination that embodies Convergence worship and ministry and Anglican traditions. The church describes itself as Bible-believing, Spirit-filled, and liturgical/sacramental. CCR is in full communion with the Anglican Province of America. The CCR has dioceses throughout the United States, and is assisting in the development of other national churches including in Tanzania and Venezuela. There is also one congregation of the CCR in Mexico. The current President of the College of Bishops is Bishop Richard W. Lipka of Maryland. The CCR was formed in February 2007 by Document [21] (Title: Biola University) The CCCA (ccca.biola.edu) sponsors events and symposia, produces online resources and strives to facilitate thoughtful reflection on the interplay of Christian faith, the larger culture and the world of the arts. In October 2014, Biola launched the Center for Marriage and Relationships (CMR). The center exists to build and sustain healthy relationships and marriages in the church and broader culture. They strive to provide a safe place for individuals, couples and families to share their stories and be heard. CMR also desires to restore and inspire a vision or marriage that reflects the beautiful model of Christ's redeeming love for Document [22] (Title: General Commission on Christian Unity and Interreligious Concerns) the ecumenical community developing relationships with other church bodies and is diligently seeking relationships with other faith bodies such as Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish communities to manifest the unity God has already given and for which Christ prayed (John 17:20-21). It also diligently seeks relationships with other faith bodies, heeding the prophets’ and Jesus’ call to live lives of compassion, peace, justice, and stewardship of our natural world. The GCCUIC’s leadership role in ecumenism extends to facilitating deeper relationships and understandings within the United Methodist connection and with other churches in the Methodist family. For example, the GCCUIC and Document [23] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) prepare children to receive the sacraments of Penance (confession), the Eucharist (Holy Communion), and Confirmation. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine also owns the copyright on the New American Bible Revised Edition, the translation most commonly used in US Catholic churches. Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) is an association established in Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religious education. Its modern usage is a religious education program of the Roman Catholic Church, normally designed for children. In some Churches, CCD is called PSR, meaning Parish School of Religion. In the thirteenth century, the Apostles' Creed Document [24] (Title: Catholic Integrated Community) Catholic Integrated Community The Catholic Integrated Community (CIC) is an apostolic community within the Roman Catholic Church according to Decree Apostolicam actuositatem No. 18/19 of the Second Vatican Council. It is recognized by the church in several dioceses in Germany, Austria, Italy and Tanzania, and is canonically established by the respective local bishop. The beginnings of the CIC reach back to the post-World War II period. Initiators were Traudl Wallbrecher (née Weiß; 18 May 1923 in Munich – 29 July 2016) and her husband, lawyer Herbert Wallbrecher. The group grew out of the Catholic youth movement. In 1949, Traudl Weiß Document [25] (Title: Capitol City Baptist Church (West Avenue, Quezon City)) Filipino Fellowship. The fellowship conducts its worship services at an auditorium located at the Pui Ching Academy, which is capable of seating a total of 400 attendees. CCBC partners with Ethnos Asia Ministries to conduct trainings in Cambodia. Trainings are designed to equip Cambodian church workers with methods on worship, Bible study, evangelism, teaching and medical assistance. In addition, CCBC members may be sent to this country for exposure trips with the purpose of acclimatizing prospective missionaries prior to actual engagement. Circle of Care (CoC) groups are cell groups where members engage in several activities which may include enjoying fellowship, Document [26] (Title: Council for Christian Colleges and Universities) faithfully relating scholarship and service to biblical truth. The CCCU is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in the historic district of Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.. The Council also owns facilities in Oxford, England, for its Oxford student programmes and San Jose, Costa Rica, for its Latin American Studies Program. The CCCU leases spaces for the remaining Best Semester student programs around the world (see below). In 1989, the Council purchased the townhouse adjacent to The Dellenback Center for guest housing in its Capitol Hill location. In 1999, the Council purchased and renovated an existing townhouse to use as Document [27] (Title: Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood) Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood (CCUB) () was the main spiritual and economic organization of Canadian Doukhobors from the early 20th century until its bankruptcy in 1938. In its corporate form, it was an instrument that allowed its followers, known as Community Doukhobors, to have a form of collective ownership of the lands that they lived and worked on, as well as of agricultural and industrial facilities. The name of the "Christians of the Universal Brotherhood" was used by the Doukhobors to describe themselves even before they left Russian Empire in 1899. It appears, for Document [28] (Title: Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", now has about three million members, primarily among the Bakongo of Bas-Congo and Kinshasa. 62 of the Protestant denominations in the country are federated under the umbrella of the Church of Christ in Congo or CCC (in French, "Église du Christ au Congo" or ECC). It is often simply referred to as 'The Protestant Church', since it covers most of the 20% of the population who are Protestants. Islam was introduced and mainly spread by Arab merchants and slave traders. Traditional religions embody such concepts as monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and Document [29] (Title: Canadian Centre for Ecumenism) Canadian Centre for Ecumenism The Canadian Centre For Ecumenism (CCE) is a non-profit organization whose main focus is interfaith dialogues and is established in Montreal, Québec, Canada. The centre is supported by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. It promotes conversations, interfaith dialogues and ecumenical dialogues. The Canadian Centre for Ecumenism was founded in 1963 by Reverend Irénée Beaubien and promotes interfaith dialogues between different religions and Christianity. In 1976, a board of directors was established and they obtained a federal charter. The Canadian Centre For Ecumenism's mission is to raise awareness and harmony through education and activities that promote Document [30] (Title: Religious Technology Center) to the ministry of religious services by licensees and corrects misapplication where it is found." "The Department of Organization Policing inspects the application of Scientology Scriptures as it pertains to governance of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and corrects misapplication where it is found." "Authorization, Verification and Correction International ('AVC INT') is a division within RTC which is responsible for authorizing and verifying that the ecclesiastical programs, evaluations, strategies, promotional materials and issues as authored by CSI are in accordance with Scripture. [...]" As previously mentioned, RTC is currently led by the "Chairman of the Board (of Directors)" David Miscavige, who has Document [31] (Title: Teachings of Opus Dei) children (Deut 6:4-9: Shema Yisrael), and which Christ called the "greatest commandment" (Mt 22:37-40). Escrivá also points to Jesus' "new commandment" to love one another "as I have loved you" (Jn 13:34), "greater love" than which "no man has" for he "lays down his life for his friends" (Jn 15:13). According to the "Catechism", this "effective self-offering" is "our model of holiness" (no. 459). For Escrivá this is "the level of what can be demanded" of all Christians. Affirming that the "Church's first purpose is to be the sacrament of the inner union of men with God" ("CCC" 775), John Document [32] (Title: People of Praise) in providing jobs, affordable housing, strong families and prayer for physical healing. Action Division member work together to "share all aspects of life" with those who are in need; these needs may be material, financial, spiritual, intellectual or social. Christians in Commerce (CIC) is a movement of business and professional men and women that is dedicated to help members grow in the Christian life and to influence the world of commerce with the gospel. Although CIC operates independently from the People of Praise, the People of Praise helped form CIC and is actively engaged in its work. CIC is organized Document [33] (Title: Christian Life Community) Christian Life Community The Christian Life Community (CLC) is an international association of lay Christians who have adopted an Ignatian model of spiritual life. The 'Community' is present in almost sixty countries. The CLC traces its foundation to 1563, when the Jesuit John Leunis gathered a group of lay students at the Roman College to form the Sodality of Our Lady. The Sodality grew and was confirmed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584. When the Second Vatican Council urged groups like the Sodality to rediscover their original roots, some sodalities continued as before, while others became Christian Life Communities. The Document [34] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation The Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC is an educational institution at which Christians who tour Israel can study the Hebrew Bible with Orthodox rabbis and learn about the Hebraic roots of Christianity. The center was established in Efrat in 2008 by Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Riskin, who has been described as "the most prominent rabbinic spokesperson to Christian Zionists". CJCUC partners with major Christian interfaith organizations such as Christians United for Israel and the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem. The ideological groundwork, which led to the eventual establishment of CJCUC in 2008, began Document [35] (Title: Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops) the Church in Canada, and organizes projects aimed at supporting Christian communities. Six of the commissions are national – formed by bishops equally distributed between the French and English sectors – while the five others are named "sectoral" because they are divided depending on the language of the member bishops. Three of those commissions are from the English sector, while two originate from the French sector. The Catholic Aboriginal Council encourages Aboriginal leadership in the Christian community. CCCB Publications is the official publishing arm of the Canadian bishops. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) Document [36] (Title: Canadian Christian Meditation Community) Canadian Christian Meditation Community The Canadian Christian Meditation Community (CCMC) is part of the World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM), which was founded in 1991 to foster the teachings of Benedictine monk and priest, Fr. John Main, O.S.B. (1926–1982). Fr. Main taught a way of Christian meditation which he based on parallels he saw between the spiritual practice taught by Desert Father John Cassian and the meditative practice he had been taught by the Swami Satyanandain in Kuala Lumpur. In 1977, Fr. John started a small Benedictine community in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, thus bringing this form of contemplative prayer to Document [37] (Title: Clearwater Christian College) and restoration whenever possible. CCC was known as a Christ-centered liberal arts college with a general education curriculum in the arts and sciences plus an embedded Bible minor for all students. The most popular majors were business, elementary education, and general studies, but there was increasing demand for the programs in the division of science: biology, pre-med, exercise and sport science, psychology, and mathematics. Education majors earned Florida state certification. The interdisciplinary studies major was available for students who wished to focus on two academic disciplines without having to assume the coursework of a double major. Clearwater Christian College had Document [38] (Title: Gospel for Asia) Churches (KCC), an ecumenical forum of non-Catholic Protestant Churches in Kerala, in protest against the KCC decision to provide membership to the Believers Church. The latest development has to be viewed in the backdrop of the controversy over the episcopacy claims of the Believers Church that its head, K.P. Yohannan, was consecrated by the CSI Church." Narada News in India reported concerning that, "The CSI senate committee probed the issue. They came to the conclusion that their bishop was paid huge sums of money and a luxury car for this. The church sacked bishop KJ Samuel from the CSI for Document [39] (Title: Community of Christ the King) Community of Christ the King The Community of Christ the King (CCK) was an Anglican religious order of Benedictine nuns near Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1993, this enclosed and contemplative order was under the jurisdiction of the Anglican Church of Australia. The convent operated guest and retreat facilities and the sisters provided a ministry of spiritual direction. The convent was located at the foot of the Warby Ranges in Victoria, Australia. The growing of produce provided some level of self-sufficiency and generated the labour needed to live the "Rule of St Benedict". Silent retreats were held at the convent Document [40] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) Church of Christ in the Congo The Church of Christ in the Congo or CCC (in French, Église du Christ au Congo or ECC), is a union of 62 Protestant denominations, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is often simply referred to as the Protestant Church, as it federates the vast majority of the Protestants in that country. It is the largest United church in the world, ahead of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). It constitutes the second largest Protestant denomination in the world, or the largest, depending on the Document [41] (Title: Great Commission church movement) known as Great Commission Students (GCS), although GCS did not employ full-time missionaries or do international work. Today, the "right hand of fellowship" ministry to international churches and ministries is known as the Great Commission Association (GCA). GCAC generally refers to itself as Great Commission Churches (GCC) in public communications. In 1965, 20-year-old Jim McCotter (James Douglas McCotter) left his home in Colorado Springs, Colorado and moved to Greeley, Colorado in an attempt to recreate the New Testament Church, a church model he believed no existing Christian denomination was emulating fully. McCotter, whose family's religious background was with the Plymouth Document [42] (Title: Cherry Hill Seminary) Pagan Life Academy is a series of eight print lessons (not correspondence) developed especially for incarcerated Pagans and ministers working with Pagans in correctional facilities. <br> The Community Ministry Certificate is a non-professional 15-month asynchronous self-study with an assigned faculty mentor. The first CMC graduates were awarded their certificates in spring of 2018. Cherry Hill Seminary Cherry Hill Seminary provides higher education and practical training in Pagan ministry, as the first graduate-level education for Pagan ministry in the world. Cherry Hill Seminary offers online distance-learning classes, regional workshops, and intensive retreats. Cherry Hill Seminary is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization under Document [43] (Title: Clearwater Christian College) Clearwater Christian College Clearwater Christian College (CCC) was a non-denominational Christian college in Clearwater, Florida on Tampa Bay from 1966 until 2015. Clearwater Christian College students were composed of roughly 80% residence hall students and 20% commuters, and there were a variety of student activities and organizations for all students to participate in. There were Greek letter organizations, student government, intramural sports, fine arts groups, yearbook, political club, a student newspaper, and other opportunities. The CCC intercollegiate athletics teams, known as the Cougars, were very successful in the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Division II. The women's volleyball team Document [44] (Title: Community Coalition Congress) Community Coalition Congress Community Coalition Congress (CCC) or was formed and registered as a political party in 1988 to replace the Chinese Concultative Council (CCC) or Majlis Perundingan Cina wing formed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in facing the Malaysian general election, 1986 to enable the space for the out-flow of supports of the Chinese community who are majority non-Muslim, but face the problem of internal opposition from the Islamic party and the reluctance to allow CCC supporters to be accepted and registered officially as party member, thus to represent PAS in the general election on its ticket. Although Document [45] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) is an association established in Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religious education. Its modern usage is a religious education program of the Roman Catholic Church, normally designed for children. In some Churches, CCD is called PSR, meaning Parish School of Religion. In the thirteenth century, the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer formed the general basis of religious instruction. All the faithful within the Catholic Church had to know them by heart, and parish priests were commanded to explain them on Sundays and festivals. Eventually, the range of Document [46] (Title: Calvinist Cadet Corps) information, and the use of resources. The ministry submits to an annual independent audit. Calvinist Cadet Corps The Calvinist Cadet Corps (CCC) is a non-denominational, non-profit Reformed Christian organization that equips men to mentor boys. The ministry establishes clubs primarily in churches. Clubs meet weekly or biweekly and participate in Bible study, crafts, projects, games, and merit badge achievement programs that explore a boy’s specific interest areas. Outside of the club meetings the members participate in church and community service projects, camping, and other outdoor adventure opportunities. The organization also sponsors a triennial international camporee which is a week-long wilderness Document [47] (Title: Catechism of the Catholic Church) Catechism of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church (; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. A catechism ( /ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. The decision to publish a catechism was taken at the Second Extraordinary General Assembly of Document [48] (Title: China Christian Council) Three-Self Patriotic Movement, the organizations are known as the lianghui (), or "two organizations." Through the CCC, the registered Protestant church participates in the World Council of Churches. The CCC serves to unite and provide services for churches in China by formulating Church Order, encouraging theological education through seminaries and Bible schools, such as Nanjing Union Theological Seminary, publishing Bibles and other Christian materials, and coordinating training programs for churches. The China Christian Council and the National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China (TSPM) together are often called the Lianghui (two organizations). Christianity was Document [49] (Title: Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches) Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches The Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches (WCCAC) – (CICAM) is an association of several independent Catholic Churches, founded in Guatemala in 2008. The Communion is estimated to have a worldwide population of around four million members. The WCCAC defines Catholic faith as that as expressed in Bible, along with the professions in the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds and results of in the first seven Ecumenical Councils. It also believes that all other beliefs and practices that are not contrary to Catholic faith can be accepted by local churches and by the faithful. Local Document [50] (Title: National Association of Congregational Christian Churches) the UCC, the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, came into being not primarily because of church governance disputes, but because of decades-long opposition to the dominant liberal theological orientation in the main part of American Congregationalism. Founded in 1948, the CCCC (or "4C's", colloquially) had no relation to the "continuing" movement "per se," although some congregations may belong to both bodies simultaneously. The body requires its member churches to subscribe to, as its name implies, a standard evangelical statement of faith; neither the NACCC nor the UCC requires its congregations to adhere to any specific doctrinal position. In fact, some NACCC Document [51] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) Doctrine, which was established in 1902 in the Archdiocese of New York by Archbishop Michael A. Corrigan with Marion Gurney as its first secretary. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine is commonly referred to by its abbreviation, CCD, or simply as "Catechism," and provides religious education to Catholic children attending secular schools. Similar to children’s Sunday school in Protestant churches, CCD education is provided by both members of the clergy and lay staff. CCD attendance is considered by Vatican officials to be vital to children’s development as Catholics. These classes not only educate children about Jesus and the Catholic faith but Document [52] (Title: Three-Self Patriotic Movement) and God, the Virgin Birth, Death and Resurrection and the Second Coming." The primary role of the TSPM was then delegated to liaison with the Government whereas the CCC serves as an ecclesial organisation focusing on the internal management and affairs of the Church. However, the TSPM is often charged with being an instrument for the secular Chinese government, which persecutes Christians outside of it. The attempt to bring house-church Christians into the fold of "registered" meeting places has met with mixed results. The "Canaan Hymns" hymnal associated with the house churches is also used in TSPM churches. Through its Document [53] (Title: California Christian College) California Christian College California Christian College (CCC) is a private Free Will Baptist Bible college in Fresno, California. tIis one of several higher learning institutions associated with the Free Will Baptists. It was founded in 1955 by forty-eight Free Will Baptist Churches who perceived a need for trained pastors in the western part of the United States. The first classes were held in the First Free Will Baptist church of Richmond, California. The college relocated to at the corner of University and Winery. Since its founding the college has operated continuously except for 1985–86, when the governing board re-evaluated the Document [54] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) status of Church of England. It is a member of the Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa. The CCC functions as a religious institution, and provides a central administration, and a spiritual forum for the numerous Protestant denominations. It functions under a national "synod", and an executive committee. Both of these entities are assisted in their tasks by a national secretariat. The CCC is said to be part of the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church, but it also insists on maintaining unity in diversity, as they see it as being the Document [55] (Title: Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops) Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) () is the national assembly of the bishops of the Catholic Church in Canada. It was founded in 1943, and was officially recognized by the Holy See in 1948. Since the Second Vatican Council, it became part of a worldwide network of episcopal conferences, established in 1965. Until 1977, it was called the Canadian Catholic Conference, when the present name was adopted. According to its statutes, together the bishops exercise certain pastoral functions for Catholics in Canada, respecting the autonomy of each bishop in the service of his Document [56] (Title: Churches of Christ in Christian Union) Father and God the Son, and He is a Person and is God’s Agent in convicting and convincing sinners of sin. The Holy Spirit, or the Comforter, regenerates repentant believing sinners, and sanctifies consecrated Christians. The Holy Spirit magnifies Jesus Christ in the lives of believers and energizes them to live victoriously." The CCCU believes that Christ and His apostles gave two "ordinances" to be practiced by His Church: water baptism and the Lord's supper, without specifying any particular style of baptism or of partaking of the supper. These ordinances are outward symbols, teaching of the inner life, the faith, Document [57] (Title: Catholic spirituality) of Christians, God calls them to sanctify through their ordinary lives by an ever-growing charity in the way they think, speak, and act, beginning at home, the domestic church, but extending to the local Christian community, the workplace, and to all peoples, all God's children. The Christian Life Community (CLC) is an international association of lay Christians who have adopted an Ignatian model of spiritual life. The 'Community' is present in almost sixty countries. The CLC traces its foundation to 1563, when the Jesuit John Leunis gathered a group of lay students at the Roman College to form the Sodality Document [58] (Title: Community Catholic Church of Canada) Community Catholic Church of Canada The Community Catholic Church of Canada (CCCC), formerly the Old Catholic Church of Canada, is a church with its Episcopal see based in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. Like many other Old Catholic Churches, it is theologically liberal, based upon Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions. The Community Catholic Church of Canada finds its roots in the tradition of the Old Catholic Church, a network of autonomous churches brought together in the Union of Utrecht (1889) after their break from the Roman Church because of innovations introduced by that church. Many also trace their origin from the many ethnic Document [59] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) Church of Christ in the Congo The Church of Christ in the Congo or CCC (in French, Église du Christ au Congo or ECC), is a union of 62 Protestant denominations, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is often simply referred to as the Protestant Church, as it federates the vast majority of the Protestants in that country. It is the largest United church in the world, ahead of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). It constitutes the second largest Protestant denomination in the world, or the largest, depending on the Document [60] (Title: Trinity Theological College, Singapore) Centre also hopes to provide an environment which both fosters and supports systematic inquiry, reflection and evaluation from an interdisciplinary and Christian perspective on various aspects of culture: religion, politics, the arts, literature, medicine, science, ethics and economics. The Centre for the Study of Christianity in Asia (CSCA) was established in October 2001 as the mission research arm of Trinity Theological College. It provides a forum where Christians in Southeast Asia can collaborate in affirming their distinct Christian ethos and articulating their faith positions. It is especially concerned to support the governing churches of Trinity Theological College (Lutheran, Presbyterian, Methodist, Document [61] (Title: CCC Film) CCC Film CCC Film (German: Central Cinema Compagnie-Film GmbH) is a German film production company founded in 1946 by Artur Brauner. A Polish Jew who survived the Nazi era by fleeing to the Soviet Union, he lost dozens of relatives to the Nazis. His primary interest was making films about the Nazi era, but after his first such film failed at the box office, throwing him into debt, he began producing entertainment films, the commercial success of which then financed his Holocaust-related films, some of which also became successful. In 2009, Brauner donated 21 Holocaust-related films to Yad Vashem. On Document [62] (Title: China Christian Council) China Christian Council The China Christian Council (CCC; ) was founded in 1980 as an umbrella organization for all Protestant churches in the People's Republic of China with Bishop K. H. Ting as its president. It works to provide theological education and the publication of Bibles (mostly in the Chinese Union Version), hymnals (the Chinese New Hymnal mostly), and other religious literature. It encourages the exchange of information among local churches in evangelism, pastoral work and administration. It has formulated a church order for local churches, and seeks to continue to develop friendly relations with churches overseas. Together with the Document [63] (Title: Three-Self Patriotic Movement) the Chinese house church movement during this period was a result of all Chinese Christian worship being driven underground for fear of persecution. To counter this growing trend of "unregistered meetings", in 1979 the government officially restored the TSPM after thirteen years of non-existence, and in 1980 the CCC was formed. The TSPM is not a denomination, and denominational distinctions do not exist within the organization. Pastors are trained at one of thirteen officially sanctioned seminaries. Current theological emphasis is on "a protection and promotion of the five basic tenets of Christian faith — the Trinity, Christ being both human Document [64] (Title: Community Chapel and Bible Training Center) Switchblade," referred to the practices as "the most grievous thing I've ever heard in my 30 years of ministry" and "the worst error that's ever come into the charismatic movement." In 1986, the Christian Research Institute issued a statement about the group, in which they stated that, "Based on our research, there is more than sufficient evidence to show that CCBTC is, in the theological sense of the term, a cult. That is, a religious organization which professes to be Christian but which teaches heretical doctrine on the fundamentals of the Christian faith." According to the CRI, the group's beliefs Document [65] (Title: Religious Technology Center) Religious Technology Center The Religious Technology Center (RTC) is an American non-profit corporation that was founded in 1982 by the Church of Scientology to control and oversee the use of all of the trademarks, symbols and texts of Scientology and Dianetics. Although RTC controls their use, those works are owned by another corporation, the Church of Spiritual Technology which is doing business as L. Ron Hubbard Library, registered in Los Angeles County, California. While exercising authority over the use of all Dianetics and Scientology materials, RTC claims that it is not involved in the day-to-day management of the Church of Document [66] (Title: Central Council of Church Bell Ringers) Central Council of Church Bell Ringers The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers (CCCBR) is an organisation founded in 1891 which represents ringers of church bells in the English style. It acts as a co-ordinating body for education, publicity and codifying change ringing rules, also for advice on maintaining and restoring full-circle bells. Within England, where the vast majority of English-style rings are located, most towers are affiliated through local ringing associations. The Central Council also publishes the bell ringers' weekly journal "The Ringing World". Change ringing had developed rapidly in the nineteenth century helped by the formation of the Document [67] (Title: Cork Islamic Cultural Centre) understanding and awareness of the practice and appreciation toward lifestyle that is based on the teaching of Islam. The centre aspires to develop a community based on Islamic faith and morality which focuses on the family and the mosque. They desire to develop the individual toward the welfare of the community and to develop a thoughtful civil society between secular and religious claims. The CCIC is a place of worship and imparting knowledge. They hope to set an example to other mosques by collecting and organising Islamic knowledge. They hold prayer five times a day, give fair treatment to all Document [68] (Title: Church of the Creator) earth. "Love, Light and peace" are three key values. It is believed that intergalactic communicators can be summoned to act on humanity's behalf. Of particular assistance is a "tool of consciousness" known as "Divine Right Order®" is explained as an acronym for "Dedicated Individuals Viably Interconnecting New Endeavors; Redemptive Infusion God's Higher Truths; Overself Restoration Degeneration Eternally Redeemed." Membership of the COTC includes all people and is by self-recognition. A member is one who accepts the Sacred Mandate, affirming the oneness of the universe's creative source and the aim of achieving the Divine Right Order in all things, thus securing Document [69] (Title: Kuki Christian Church) Kuki Christian Church The Kuki Christian Church (KCC) is an association which is part of the National Council of Churches in India (NCCI). Through the NCCI, the KCC is part of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The Kuki Christian Church has a record of almost 80 baptisms per month. The church, which began as part of the Christian Restoration Movement, has grown into a large congregational church with a presence in four of the seven northeastern states of India. KCC is not against the political aspirations of the Kuki people, but it is opposed to unbiblical ideologies and means Document [70] (Title: Community Coalition Congress) general elections. Community Coalition Congress Community Coalition Congress (CCC) or was formed and registered as a political party in 1988 to replace the Chinese Concultative Council (CCC) or Majlis Perundingan Cina wing formed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in facing the Malaysian general election, 1986 to enable the space for the out-flow of supports of the Chinese community who are majority non-Muslim, but face the problem of internal opposition from the Islamic party and the reluctance to allow CCC supporters to be accepted and registered officially as party member, thus to represent PAS in the general election on its Document [71] (Title: Christian Council of Korea) Christian Council of Korea The Christian Council of Korea (CCK) is a conservative organization of Christian churches across South Korea, member of the World Evangelical Alliance. The CCK is one of the alliances of churches in South Korea, comprising 69 denominations and 20 Christian organizations, which together represent over 12 million people. The organization's purpose is to study, confer, and work together for the accomplishment of the Christian Church's earthly mission, while maintaining the individuality of its members. The CCK was established in 1989 after a devotional service and meeting of senior pastors and representatives from various Christian denominations. The Document [72] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) group established itself as the CCCC. The CCCC was one of two U.S. Congregational Christian bodies to split from the main denomination in the decade leading up to the 1957 merger of the Congregational Christian Church with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, forming the United Church of Christ (UCC). The other dissenting Congregational Christian group was the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (NACCC), which split from the main group in 1955 over concerns about maintaining congregational polity. The CCCC espouses theological conservative views. It opposes homosexual behavior, abortion, and non-marital sexual activity. The CCCC holds fast to orthodox Protestant Document [73] (Title: Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council) Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council The Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council (CCAC), established in 1998 by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, encourages Aboriginal leadership in the Christian community, supports healing and reconciliation, and advises the bishops on Aboriginal questions. Eight Aboriginal Catholics from all parts of Canada are members, as well as Albert LeGatt, Bishop of Saskatoon, and Claude Champagne, Bishop of Edmundston NB. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops was recognized by the Holy See in 1948. Some five decades later, in 1998, the CCCB created the Council to promote traditional Aboriginal culture while uniting it to Roman Catholicism. The Document [74] (Title: Synod) vast majority of Protestant denominations have regrouped under a religious institution named the Church of Christ in Congo or CCC, often referred to – within the Congo – simply as The Protestant Church. In the CCC structure, the "national synod" is the general assembly of the various churches that constitutes the CCC. From the Synod is drawn an Executive Committee, and a secretariat. There are also synods of the CCC in every province of the Congo, known appropriately as "provincial synods". The CCC regroups 62 Protestant denominations. Synod A synod () is a council of a church, usually convened to Document [75] (Title: Canadian Centre for Diversity) Canadian Centre for Diversity The Canadian Centre for Diversity (originally called the Canadian Council for Christians and Jews.) was founded in 1947 to address issues of antisemitism and promote interfaith dialogue. The mandate expanded in subsequent years to focus on addressing issues related to racism, and religious discrimination in Canadian society. Their primary focus was on providing school programs to educate students on issues related to bullying, bias and discrimination. The CCCJ changed its name in 2008 to the Canadian Centre for Diversity to be more reflective of its broader mandate Over the years, the CCD was responsible for delivering Document [76] (Title: Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team) Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team Combined Campuses and Colleges (CCC) is a first-class cricket team that plays in the West Indies domestic competitions of Carib Beer Cup and KFC Cup. Effectively a continuation of the previous University of the West Indies cricket team, the team was created for the 2007/08 season and played their first matches in the KFC Cup one-day competition in October 2007. CCC made their four-day debut in the Carib Beer Cup in January 2008, they finished their maiden season with one win from six matches, finishing bottom of the league. In their second season of Document [77] (Title: Church of Christ in China Kei Long College) Church of Christ in China Kei Long College The Church of Christ in China Kei Long College (CCCKLC, Chinese: 中華基督教會基朗中學), is a co-educational subsidized secondary school located in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1982. A part of the school campus is shared with SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School (Chinese: 聖公會白約翰會督中學). CCCKLC and CCC Kei Yuen College (Chinese: 中華基督教會基元中學) are sister schools. The school organizer, the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China, aims at witnessing for Christ in Yuen Long. Some subjects such as Maths and Integrated Science are taught in English as medium of instruction Document [78] (Title: Canadian Commercial Corporation) Canadian Commercial Corporation The Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC; ) is a Canadian federal Crown corporation mandated to facilitate international trade on behalf of Canadian industry, particularly with governments of foreign countries. CCC supports the growth of international trade by helping Canadian exporters gain access to foreign government procurement markets. Through a government-to-government contracting approach, CCC positions qualified Canadian exporters to win international contracts with governments abroad while significantly reducing the risks associated with foreign procurement. CCC is also a trusted partner of foreign government buyers seeking Canadian solutions. CCC offers its services when a government to government contracting approach may Document [79] (Title: Covenant Evangelical Free Church) of a Public Character (IPC), a status which allows donations to NLCS to be tax-deductible. The mission of New Life is to demonstrate God's love by empowering people to master life's transitions. Its programmes are non-evangelistic, and open to all regardless of race or religion. NLCS services include: At Bt Panjang: At Woodlands: Covenant Evangelical Free Church Covenant Evangelical Free Church (CEFC) is a church in Singapore. It has three worship centres – one in Bukit Panjang, one in Woodlands and one in Changi. Covenant Evangelical Free Church started life in 1978 as a church plant with 17 pioneer members Document [80] (Title: Ecumenical Catholic Church) Ecumenical Catholic Church The Ecumenical Catholic Church (ECC) is a denomination within the universal Christian Church. It teaches the faith of the Nicene Creed, that one God exists in three coequal and coeternal persons—the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—and that Jesus is the Son of God and redeemer of humanity, uniting Christians through the rebirth of Baptism and the fellowship of the Eucharist. The liturgy of the ECC is similar to that of the Roman Catholic Church, but it is politically independent and not under the jurisdiction of the Vatican or the Roman hierarchy and thus is one of the Document [81] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) for persecuted Christians in Bethlehem and the surrounding area. In October 2013, CJCUC Executive Director, David Nekrutman published a controversial appeal for funds from Jews to support the purchase of a permanent site for the Christian-Arab church of Pastor Steven Khoury. In May 2014, CJCUC sponsored an interfaith Latin American clergy mission that visited the Ziv Medical Center in Safed, Israel, donating supplies to wounded Syrian civil war refugees. In a September 2015 piece for The Times of Israel, Executive Director, David Nekrutman appealed to the Israeli Ministry of Education in regards to budget cuts and equal funding for Christian Document [82] (Title: Church of the Holy Paraclete) depraved." However, the parish affirms that morality and sexuality are deep-seated elements of Christianity and that relativism and subjective morality are rejected. The Old Catholic Church does not make an issue about sexuality, claiming that there are larger social issues on which Christians should be focusing. "The Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church on sexuality": "CCC 2332" Sexuality affects all aspects of the human person in the unity of his body and soul. It especially concerns affectivity, the capacity to love and to procreate, and in a more general way the aptitude for forming bonds of communion with others. "CCC Document [83] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) a Partnership between Jews and Christians"", was initially signed by over 25 prominent Orthodox rabbis in Israel, United States, and Europe, and now has over 60 signatories. The statement cites traditional opinions by past rabbinic authorities to justify partnership with Christians and religious appreciation of Christianity. In May 2017, the statement was approbated by Rabbi Abraham Skorka of Argentina and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn Archbishop of Vienna. Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation The Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC is an educational institution at which Christians who tour Israel can study the Hebrew Bible with Orthodox rabbis and Document [84] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC or 4C's) is an evangelical Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. The denomination maintains headquarters in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. It is a member of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship and the National Association of Evangelicals. The CCCC has its roots in the Conservative Congregational Christian Fellowship, which was formed in 1945 within the Congregational Christian Churches by churches and ministers who disagreed with what they perceived as unacceptable liberal direction being taken by the majority of the denomination's members and leadership. In 1948, this Document [85] (Title: Daniel Go) as an APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Architect. The Christ’s Commission Fellowship Worship and Training Center (known as CCF Center) – completed in 2013 – was Go’s first big project because during that time, Go hasn’t designed anything of this magnitude, and designing and erecting this project took him seven years. The CCF Center is the international headquarters of the non-denominational megachurch called Christ's Commission Fellowship (CCF). The 11-storey ministry building with more than 97,000 sqm floor area and an estimated seating capacity of 10,000, located in a 2.3 hectare lot in Pasig City is one of the largest worship centers Document [86] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Christian faith and inerrancy is a guiding principle in Biblical interpretation carried out by ministers and teachers. Some ministers have sought to revive an interest in the study and teachings of Puritanism; however, both Reformed and Arminian emphases may be found in the CCCC, as is usually the case with larger, more broadly-based evangelical groups. The CCCC admits churches of any origin that operate according to congregational polity and that subscribe to the denomination's "Statement of Faith," which contains most of the tenets of conservative evangelicalism as developed throughout the 20th century. Although refusing to permit critiques concerning the main Document [87] (Title: Christian Churches Together) Christian Churches Together Christian Churches Together in the USA (CCT) is an organization formed in 2007 to "broaden and expand fellowship, unity and witness among the diverse expressions of Christian traditions in the USA." Christian Churches Together states that its purpose is to create as a place where people of widely differing Christian backgrounds can come together for dialog and sharing, to seek common ground rather than debate differences. It does not attempt to combine Christian faiths or compromise their distinctiveness. Rather, CCT was created as a space for dialogue and cooperation among churches and a variety of ecumenical Christian Document [88] (Title: Command for Hunting Communists) Command for Hunting Communists The Command for Hunting Communists (Portuguese: "Comando de Caça aos Comunistas", CCC) was a paramilitary anti-communist group active in Brazil during the first years of the military dictatorship (1964–1985). The CCC, in the mid-1960s, began as an informal organization of rightist university students who allegedly monitored leftist students, or anyone they deemed as a communist. It was also composed by police officers and intellectuals favorable to the military regime. When the military regime took place, the Rádio MEC, a state-owned broadcasting station in Rio de Janeiro, was invaded and destroyed by members of the CCC. The Question: what is the meaning of ccc in religion Answer: Catechism of the Catholic Church Long Answer: The Catechism of the Catholic Church (Latin: Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992 . It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. Gold Document ID: 47

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Stephen Alathara) from three sui iuris Churches, namely Latin, Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara. He was the Director of the Pastoral Orientation Centre (POC), which is the common pastoral animation centre of the Church in Kerala for the three individual Churches, located at Cochin, Kerala. The Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI) i s a national episcopal body that enables the Latin Catholic bishops of the country to exchange ideas and information, deliberate on the Church's broad concerns and take care of the pastoral needs of the faithful. It is one of the four biggest bishops' conferences of the world. It has 132 Document [2] (Title: Lianghui) or CCC and there exists a large unregistered House Church movement in China with some claiming that it serves the large majority of Protestant Christians in China. There are allegations of regular and systematic persecution against Christians associated with the House Church movement and other unregistered Christian organizations in China. Roman Catholicism in China uses "lianghui", or "yihuiyituan" ( or "one association and one conference"), referring to the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (中国天主教爱国会) and the Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China (中国天主教主教团). These two state-approved Catholic organizations do not accept the primacy of the Roman Pontiff, in contrast to Document [3] (Title: Council of Conservative Citizens) Council of Conservative Citizens The Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC or CCC) is an American white supremacist organization. It supports white nationalism, and a variety of conservative and paleoconservative causes. Its statement of principles says that they "oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind". The organization is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its president is Earl Holt, while Jared Taylor is the group's spokesman and Paul Fromm is its international director. The CofCC traces its provenance to the segregationist Citizens' Councils of America, which was founded in 1954, but had slipped to obscurity by 1973. The original CofCC Document [4] (Title: All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama) (sects), within the Islamic principles, as well as the non-Islamic communities, by taking effective steps to create and promote mutual understanding, unity, peace, cooperation, and peaceful co-existence. In its broader mandate the CCC focuses on fostering inter-community relations by means of dialogue, discussion and conventions, providing guidance to the public on harmony and co-existence through the Friday (Jumu'ah) Sermons,supporting Schools and Universities in building social unity, and supporting the propaganda unit in creating and issuing publications. Going forward, the CCC seeks to establish representative Divisions at Masjid level; comprising Masjid and ACJU representatives, Aalims of Islamic Organizations, Professionals, Intellectuals, Journalists Document [5] (Title: Faith) the result of hearing the truth of the gospel with the internal persuasion by the Holy Spirit moving and enabling him to believe. "Christian belief is produced in the believer by the internal instigation of the Holy Spirit, endorsing the teachings of Scripture, which is itself divinely inspired by the Holy Spirit. The result of the work of the Holy Spirit is faith." The four-part "Catechism of the Catholic Church" (CCC) gives Part One to "The Profession of Faith". This section describes the content of faith. It elaborates and expands particularly upon the Apostles' Creed. CCC 144 initiates a section Document [6] (Title: Cherry Springs State Park) the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a work relief program for young men from unemployed families. Established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, the CCC was designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression. It operated in every U.S. state, and established ten CCC camps in the Susquehannock State Forest, of which eight were in Potter County. Cherry Springs was home to CCC Camp S-136-Pa, which was established on May 27, 1933. According to the camp's 1936 History: "Through the efforts of the [CCC] enrollees Cherry Springs Park, formerly a clearing, has been transformed into Document [7] (Title: Church of Christ in China Kei Long College) in the junior forms. Church of Christ in China Kei Long College The Church of Christ in China Kei Long College (CCCKLC, Chinese: 中華基督教會基朗中學), is a co-educational subsidized secondary school located in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1982. A part of the school campus is shared with SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School (Chinese: 聖公會白約翰會督中學). CCCKLC and CCC Kei Yuen College (Chinese: 中華基督教會基元中學) are sister schools. The school organizer, the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China, aims at witnessing for Christ in Yuen Long. Some subjects such as Maths and Integrated Science are taught in English Document [8] (Title: Catechism of the Catholic Church) Church teaching on the status of other religions, contraception and euthanasia, whether due to simple error or poor translations. Catechism of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church (; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. A catechism ( /ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of Document [9] (Title: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa) Christian Congregational Church of Samoa The Congregational Christian Church of Samoa (CCCS) is an international evangelical Christian Church originally established in Samoa by missionaries of the London Missionary Society. CCCS traces its beginnings to the arrival in 1830 of missionaries sent by the London Missionary Society (LMS), accompanied by missionary teachers from Tahiti and the Cook Islands and a Samoan couple from Tonga. The LMS missionaries arrived at a time of fierce warfare and fighting between local chiefs. Weary of violence and bloodshed, they readily received the missionaries and their gospel of peace. Paramount chief, Malietoa Vainu'upo, of noble lineage Document [10] (Title: China Christian Council) best witness for the Christ. The CCC/TSPM headquarters are No. 219, Jiujiang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai (Postcode: 200002). CCC/TSPM jointly publish the "Tian Feng" magazine. China Christian Council The China Christian Council (CCC; ) was founded in 1980 as an umbrella organization for all Protestant churches in the People's Republic of China with Bishop K. H. Ting as its president. It works to provide theological education and the publication of Bibles (mostly in the Chinese Union Version), hymnals (the Chinese New Hymnal mostly), and other religious literature. It encourages the exchange of information among local churches in evangelism, pastoral work Document [11] (Title: Council of Conservative Citizens) Love; all subsequently announced that they would return Holt's contributions or donate them to a fund for the families of Roof's victims. Council of Conservative Citizens The Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC or CCC) is an American white supremacist organization. It supports white nationalism, and a variety of conservative and paleoconservative causes. Its statement of principles says that they "oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind". The organization is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its president is Earl Holt, while Jared Taylor is the group's spokesman and Paul Fromm is its international director. The CofCC traces its provenance Document [12] (Title: California Christian College) Schools (TRACS) and is a member of the National Association of Christian College Admissions Personnel (NACCAP) and endorses the Principles of Good Practice approved by NACCAP. http://www.calchristiancollege.edu/ California Christian College California Christian College (CCC) is a private Free Will Baptist Bible college in Fresno, California. tIis one of several higher learning institutions associated with the Free Will Baptists. It was founded in 1955 by forty-eight Free Will Baptist Churches who perceived a need for trained pastors in the western part of the United States. The first classes were held in the First Free Will Baptist church of Richmond, California. The Document [13] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC or 4C's) is an evangelical Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. The denomination maintains headquarters in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. It is a member of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship and the National Association of Evangelicals. The CCCC has its roots in the Conservative Congregational Christian Fellowship, which was formed in 1945 within the Congregational Christian Churches by churches and ministers who disagreed with what they perceived as unacceptable liberal direction being taken by the majority of the denomination's members and leadership. In 1948, this Document [14] (Title: Canadian Chamber Choir) Canadian Chamber Choir The Canadian Chamber Choir (Choeur de chambre du Canada)'s mission is to build community through choral singing. The CCC is a national ensemble that provides a professional choral environment for Canadian singers, conductors and composers, and travels across Canada promoting Canadian choral music. Under the artistic direction of Julia Davids, the CCC convenes in different regions of Canada twice a year, offering concerts and mentoring choral practitioners of all ages and stages. The CCC puts on two or three projects each year. Each project brings together 17 singers, an artistic director, and an accompanist from across Canada. Document [15] (Title: Department of Home Affairs (Australia)) Australian Government Crisis Coordination Centre (CCC) is an all-hazards co-ordination facility, which operates on a 24/7 basis, and supports the Australian Government Crisis Committee (AGCC) and the National Crisis Committee (NCC). The CCC provides whole-of-government all-hazards monitoring and situational awareness for domestic and international events and coordinates Australian Government responses to major domestic incidents. The Crisis Coordination Centre is managed by the Crisis Management Branch of Emergency Management Australia which was within the Attorney-General's Department before its transfer. Department of Home Affairs (Australia) The Department of Home Affairs is the Australian Government interior ministry with responsibilities for national security, law Document [16] (Title: Calvinist Cadet Corps) Calvinist Cadet Corps The Calvinist Cadet Corps (CCC) is a non-denominational, non-profit Reformed Christian organization that equips men to mentor boys. The ministry establishes clubs primarily in churches. Clubs meet weekly or biweekly and participate in Bible study, crafts, projects, games, and merit badge achievement programs that explore a boy’s specific interest areas. Outside of the club meetings the members participate in church and community service projects, camping, and other outdoor adventure opportunities. The organization also sponsors a triennial international camporee which is a week-long wilderness camping experience. The event typically draws more than 1200 men and boys. The Cadet Document [17] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) points of doctrine, the CCCC does allow for local opinion and practices in matters not pertaining to those subjects addressed in the Statement. The motto “In essentials, unity. In non-essentials, liberty, and in all things, love” is repeated freely in CCCC circles. Member churches derive not only from the founding Congregational and Christian traditions, but also Evangelical and Reformed (former UCC member congregations), Baptist, and non-denominational heritages; most churches joining the CCCC subsequent to the denomination's founding have been acquisitions, rather than new starts. The local church is the basic unit of the CCCC, but churches and pastors nevertheless agree Document [18] (Title: Center for Science and Culture) overtly religious origins. The "renewal" in its name referred to its stated goal of "renewing" American culture by grounding society's major institutions, especially education, in religion as outlined in the Wedge Document. An internal CSC report dating from 1998 which outlined a five-year plan for fostering broader acceptance of ID was leaked to the public in 1999. This plan became known as the Wedge strategy. The Wedge Document explained the CSC's key aims are "To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural and political legacies" and to "replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings Document [19] (Title: Central Christian College of Kansas) Central Christian College of Kansas Central Christian College of Kansas is an evangelical Christian college located in McPherson, Kansas offering undergraduate degrees both on-campus and online. Central Christian is affiliated with the Free Methodist Church. Central Christian teams have Tigers as their mascot. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), competing in the Sooner Athletic Conference and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Division 1. Before July 2015, CCC competed in the Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, and wrestling; Document [20] (Title: Communion of Christ the Redeemer) Communion of Christ the Redeemer The Communion of Christ the Redeemer is a Christian denomination that embodies Convergence worship and ministry and Anglican traditions. The church describes itself as Bible-believing, Spirit-filled, and liturgical/sacramental. CCR is in full communion with the Anglican Province of America. The CCR has dioceses throughout the United States, and is assisting in the development of other national churches including in Tanzania and Venezuela. There is also one congregation of the CCR in Mexico. The current President of the College of Bishops is Bishop Richard W. Lipka of Maryland. The CCR was formed in February 2007 by Document [21] (Title: Biola University) The CCCA (ccca.biola.edu) sponsors events and symposia, produces online resources and strives to facilitate thoughtful reflection on the interplay of Christian faith, the larger culture and the world of the arts. In October 2014, Biola launched the Center for Marriage and Relationships (CMR). The center exists to build and sustain healthy relationships and marriages in the church and broader culture. They strive to provide a safe place for individuals, couples and families to share their stories and be heard. CMR also desires to restore and inspire a vision or marriage that reflects the beautiful model of Christ's redeeming love for Document [22] (Title: General Commission on Christian Unity and Interreligious Concerns) the ecumenical community developing relationships with other church bodies and is diligently seeking relationships with other faith bodies such as Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish communities to manifest the unity God has already given and for which Christ prayed (John 17:20-21). It also diligently seeks relationships with other faith bodies, heeding the prophets’ and Jesus’ call to live lives of compassion, peace, justice, and stewardship of our natural world. The GCCUIC’s leadership role in ecumenism extends to facilitating deeper relationships and understandings within the United Methodist connection and with other churches in the Methodist family. For example, the GCCUIC and Document [23] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) prepare children to receive the sacraments of Penance (confession), the Eucharist (Holy Communion), and Confirmation. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine also owns the copyright on the New American Bible Revised Edition, the translation most commonly used in US Catholic churches. Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) is an association established in Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religious education. Its modern usage is a religious education program of the Roman Catholic Church, normally designed for children. In some Churches, CCD is called PSR, meaning Parish School of Religion. In the thirteenth century, the Apostles' Creed Document [24] (Title: Catholic Integrated Community) Catholic Integrated Community The Catholic Integrated Community (CIC) is an apostolic community within the Roman Catholic Church according to Decree Apostolicam actuositatem No. 18/19 of the Second Vatican Council. It is recognized by the church in several dioceses in Germany, Austria, Italy and Tanzania, and is canonically established by the respective local bishop. The beginnings of the CIC reach back to the post-World War II period. Initiators were Traudl Wallbrecher (née Weiß; 18 May 1923 in Munich – 29 July 2016) and her husband, lawyer Herbert Wallbrecher. The group grew out of the Catholic youth movement. In 1949, Traudl Weiß Document [25] (Title: Capitol City Baptist Church (West Avenue, Quezon City)) Filipino Fellowship. The fellowship conducts its worship services at an auditorium located at the Pui Ching Academy, which is capable of seating a total of 400 attendees. CCBC partners with Ethnos Asia Ministries to conduct trainings in Cambodia. Trainings are designed to equip Cambodian church workers with methods on worship, Bible study, evangelism, teaching and medical assistance. In addition, CCBC members may be sent to this country for exposure trips with the purpose of acclimatizing prospective missionaries prior to actual engagement. Circle of Care (CoC) groups are cell groups where members engage in several activities which may include enjoying fellowship, Document [26] (Title: Council for Christian Colleges and Universities) faithfully relating scholarship and service to biblical truth. The CCCU is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in the historic district of Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.. The Council also owns facilities in Oxford, England, for its Oxford student programmes and San Jose, Costa Rica, for its Latin American Studies Program. The CCCU leases spaces for the remaining Best Semester student programs around the world (see below). In 1989, the Council purchased the townhouse adjacent to The Dellenback Center for guest housing in its Capitol Hill location. In 1999, the Council purchased and renovated an existing townhouse to use as Document [27] (Title: Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood) Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood (CCUB) () was the main spiritual and economic organization of Canadian Doukhobors from the early 20th century until its bankruptcy in 1938. In its corporate form, it was an instrument that allowed its followers, known as Community Doukhobors, to have a form of collective ownership of the lands that they lived and worked on, as well as of agricultural and industrial facilities. The name of the "Christians of the Universal Brotherhood" was used by the Doukhobors to describe themselves even before they left Russian Empire in 1899. It appears, for Document [28] (Title: Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", now has about three million members, primarily among the Bakongo of Bas-Congo and Kinshasa. 62 of the Protestant denominations in the country are federated under the umbrella of the Church of Christ in Congo or CCC (in French, "Église du Christ au Congo" or ECC). It is often simply referred to as 'The Protestant Church', since it covers most of the 20% of the population who are Protestants. Islam was introduced and mainly spread by Arab merchants and slave traders. Traditional religions embody such concepts as monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and Document [29] (Title: Canadian Centre for Ecumenism) Canadian Centre for Ecumenism The Canadian Centre For Ecumenism (CCE) is a non-profit organization whose main focus is interfaith dialogues and is established in Montreal, Québec, Canada. The centre is supported by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. It promotes conversations, interfaith dialogues and ecumenical dialogues. The Canadian Centre for Ecumenism was founded in 1963 by Reverend Irénée Beaubien and promotes interfaith dialogues between different religions and Christianity. In 1976, a board of directors was established and they obtained a federal charter. The Canadian Centre For Ecumenism's mission is to raise awareness and harmony through education and activities that promote Document [30] (Title: Religious Technology Center) to the ministry of religious services by licensees and corrects misapplication where it is found." "The Department of Organization Policing inspects the application of Scientology Scriptures as it pertains to governance of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and corrects misapplication where it is found." "Authorization, Verification and Correction International ('AVC INT') is a division within RTC which is responsible for authorizing and verifying that the ecclesiastical programs, evaluations, strategies, promotional materials and issues as authored by CSI are in accordance with Scripture. [...]" As previously mentioned, RTC is currently led by the "Chairman of the Board (of Directors)" David Miscavige, who has Document [31] (Title: Teachings of Opus Dei) children (Deut 6:4-9: Shema Yisrael), and which Christ called the "greatest commandment" (Mt 22:37-40). Escrivá also points to Jesus' "new commandment" to love one another "as I have loved you" (Jn 13:34), "greater love" than which "no man has" for he "lays down his life for his friends" (Jn 15:13). According to the "Catechism", this "effective self-offering" is "our model of holiness" (no. 459). For Escrivá this is "the level of what can be demanded" of all Christians. Affirming that the "Church's first purpose is to be the sacrament of the inner union of men with God" ("CCC" 775), John Document [32] (Title: People of Praise) in providing jobs, affordable housing, strong families and prayer for physical healing. Action Division member work together to "share all aspects of life" with those who are in need; these needs may be material, financial, spiritual, intellectual or social. Christians in Commerce (CIC) is a movement of business and professional men and women that is dedicated to help members grow in the Christian life and to influence the world of commerce with the gospel. Although CIC operates independently from the People of Praise, the People of Praise helped form CIC and is actively engaged in its work. CIC is organized Document [33] (Title: Christian Life Community) Christian Life Community The Christian Life Community (CLC) is an international association of lay Christians who have adopted an Ignatian model of spiritual life. The 'Community' is present in almost sixty countries. The CLC traces its foundation to 1563, when the Jesuit John Leunis gathered a group of lay students at the Roman College to form the Sodality of Our Lady. The Sodality grew and was confirmed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584. When the Second Vatican Council urged groups like the Sodality to rediscover their original roots, some sodalities continued as before, while others became Christian Life Communities. The Document [34] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation The Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC is an educational institution at which Christians who tour Israel can study the Hebrew Bible with Orthodox rabbis and learn about the Hebraic roots of Christianity. The center was established in Efrat in 2008 by Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Riskin, who has been described as "the most prominent rabbinic spokesperson to Christian Zionists". CJCUC partners with major Christian interfaith organizations such as Christians United for Israel and the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem. The ideological groundwork, which led to the eventual establishment of CJCUC in 2008, began Document [35] (Title: Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops) the Church in Canada, and organizes projects aimed at supporting Christian communities. Six of the commissions are national – formed by bishops equally distributed between the French and English sectors – while the five others are named "sectoral" because they are divided depending on the language of the member bishops. Three of those commissions are from the English sector, while two originate from the French sector. The Catholic Aboriginal Council encourages Aboriginal leadership in the Christian community. CCCB Publications is the official publishing arm of the Canadian bishops. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) Document [36] (Title: Canadian Christian Meditation Community) Canadian Christian Meditation Community The Canadian Christian Meditation Community (CCMC) is part of the World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM), which was founded in 1991 to foster the teachings of Benedictine monk and priest, Fr. John Main, O.S.B. (1926–1982). Fr. Main taught a way of Christian meditation which he based on parallels he saw between the spiritual practice taught by Desert Father John Cassian and the meditative practice he had been taught by the Swami Satyanandain in Kuala Lumpur. In 1977, Fr. John started a small Benedictine community in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, thus bringing this form of contemplative prayer to Document [37] (Title: Clearwater Christian College) and restoration whenever possible. CCC was known as a Christ-centered liberal arts college with a general education curriculum in the arts and sciences plus an embedded Bible minor for all students. The most popular majors were business, elementary education, and general studies, but there was increasing demand for the programs in the division of science: biology, pre-med, exercise and sport science, psychology, and mathematics. Education majors earned Florida state certification. The interdisciplinary studies major was available for students who wished to focus on two academic disciplines without having to assume the coursework of a double major. Clearwater Christian College had Document [38] (Title: Gospel for Asia) Churches (KCC), an ecumenical forum of non-Catholic Protestant Churches in Kerala, in protest against the KCC decision to provide membership to the Believers Church. The latest development has to be viewed in the backdrop of the controversy over the episcopacy claims of the Believers Church that its head, K.P. Yohannan, was consecrated by the CSI Church." Narada News in India reported concerning that, "The CSI senate committee probed the issue. They came to the conclusion that their bishop was paid huge sums of money and a luxury car for this. The church sacked bishop KJ Samuel from the CSI for Document [39] (Title: Community of Christ the King) Community of Christ the King The Community of Christ the King (CCK) was an Anglican religious order of Benedictine nuns near Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1993, this enclosed and contemplative order was under the jurisdiction of the Anglican Church of Australia. The convent operated guest and retreat facilities and the sisters provided a ministry of spiritual direction. The convent was located at the foot of the Warby Ranges in Victoria, Australia. The growing of produce provided some level of self-sufficiency and generated the labour needed to live the "Rule of St Benedict". Silent retreats were held at the convent Document [40] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) Church of Christ in the Congo The Church of Christ in the Congo or CCC (in French, Église du Christ au Congo or ECC), is a union of 62 Protestant denominations, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is often simply referred to as the Protestant Church, as it federates the vast majority of the Protestants in that country. It is the largest United church in the world, ahead of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). It constitutes the second largest Protestant denomination in the world, or the largest, depending on the Document [41] (Title: Great Commission church movement) known as Great Commission Students (GCS), although GCS did not employ full-time missionaries or do international work. Today, the "right hand of fellowship" ministry to international churches and ministries is known as the Great Commission Association (GCA). GCAC generally refers to itself as Great Commission Churches (GCC) in public communications. In 1965, 20-year-old Jim McCotter (James Douglas McCotter) left his home in Colorado Springs, Colorado and moved to Greeley, Colorado in an attempt to recreate the New Testament Church, a church model he believed no existing Christian denomination was emulating fully. McCotter, whose family's religious background was with the Plymouth Document [42] (Title: Cherry Hill Seminary) Pagan Life Academy is a series of eight print lessons (not correspondence) developed especially for incarcerated Pagans and ministers working with Pagans in correctional facilities. <br> The Community Ministry Certificate is a non-professional 15-month asynchronous self-study with an assigned faculty mentor. The first CMC graduates were awarded their certificates in spring of 2018. Cherry Hill Seminary Cherry Hill Seminary provides higher education and practical training in Pagan ministry, as the first graduate-level education for Pagan ministry in the world. Cherry Hill Seminary offers online distance-learning classes, regional workshops, and intensive retreats. Cherry Hill Seminary is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization under Document [43] (Title: Clearwater Christian College) Clearwater Christian College Clearwater Christian College (CCC) was a non-denominational Christian college in Clearwater, Florida on Tampa Bay from 1966 until 2015. Clearwater Christian College students were composed of roughly 80% residence hall students and 20% commuters, and there were a variety of student activities and organizations for all students to participate in. There were Greek letter organizations, student government, intramural sports, fine arts groups, yearbook, political club, a student newspaper, and other opportunities. The CCC intercollegiate athletics teams, known as the Cougars, were very successful in the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Division II. The women's volleyball team Document [44] (Title: Community Coalition Congress) Community Coalition Congress Community Coalition Congress (CCC) or was formed and registered as a political party in 1988 to replace the Chinese Concultative Council (CCC) or Majlis Perundingan Cina wing formed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in facing the Malaysian general election, 1986 to enable the space for the out-flow of supports of the Chinese community who are majority non-Muslim, but face the problem of internal opposition from the Islamic party and the reluctance to allow CCC supporters to be accepted and registered officially as party member, thus to represent PAS in the general election on its ticket. Although Document [45] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) is an association established in Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religious education. Its modern usage is a religious education program of the Roman Catholic Church, normally designed for children. In some Churches, CCD is called PSR, meaning Parish School of Religion. In the thirteenth century, the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer formed the general basis of religious instruction. All the faithful within the Catholic Church had to know them by heart, and parish priests were commanded to explain them on Sundays and festivals. Eventually, the range of Document [46] (Title: Calvinist Cadet Corps) information, and the use of resources. The ministry submits to an annual independent audit. Calvinist Cadet Corps The Calvinist Cadet Corps (CCC) is a non-denominational, non-profit Reformed Christian organization that equips men to mentor boys. The ministry establishes clubs primarily in churches. Clubs meet weekly or biweekly and participate in Bible study, crafts, projects, games, and merit badge achievement programs that explore a boy’s specific interest areas. Outside of the club meetings the members participate in church and community service projects, camping, and other outdoor adventure opportunities. The organization also sponsors a triennial international camporee which is a week-long wilderness Document [47] (Title: Catechism of the Catholic Church) Catechism of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church (; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. A catechism ( /ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. The decision to publish a catechism was taken at the Second Extraordinary General Assembly of Document [48] (Title: China Christian Council) Three-Self Patriotic Movement, the organizations are known as the lianghui (), or "two organizations." Through the CCC, the registered Protestant church participates in the World Council of Churches. The CCC serves to unite and provide services for churches in China by formulating Church Order, encouraging theological education through seminaries and Bible schools, such as Nanjing Union Theological Seminary, publishing Bibles and other Christian materials, and coordinating training programs for churches. The China Christian Council and the National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China (TSPM) together are often called the Lianghui (two organizations). Christianity was Document [49] (Title: Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches) Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches The Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches (WCCAC) – (CICAM) is an association of several independent Catholic Churches, founded in Guatemala in 2008. The Communion is estimated to have a worldwide population of around four million members. The WCCAC defines Catholic faith as that as expressed in Bible, along with the professions in the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds and results of in the first seven Ecumenical Councils. It also believes that all other beliefs and practices that are not contrary to Catholic faith can be accepted by local churches and by the faithful. Local Document [50] (Title: National Association of Congregational Christian Churches) the UCC, the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, came into being not primarily because of church governance disputes, but because of decades-long opposition to the dominant liberal theological orientation in the main part of American Congregationalism. Founded in 1948, the CCCC (or "4C's", colloquially) had no relation to the "continuing" movement "per se," although some congregations may belong to both bodies simultaneously. The body requires its member churches to subscribe to, as its name implies, a standard evangelical statement of faith; neither the NACCC nor the UCC requires its congregations to adhere to any specific doctrinal position. In fact, some NACCC Document [51] (Title: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) Doctrine, which was established in 1902 in the Archdiocese of New York by Archbishop Michael A. Corrigan with Marion Gurney as its first secretary. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine is commonly referred to by its abbreviation, CCD, or simply as "Catechism," and provides religious education to Catholic children attending secular schools. Similar to children’s Sunday school in Protestant churches, CCD education is provided by both members of the clergy and lay staff. CCD attendance is considered by Vatican officials to be vital to children’s development as Catholics. These classes not only educate children about Jesus and the Catholic faith but Document [52] (Title: Three-Self Patriotic Movement) and God, the Virgin Birth, Death and Resurrection and the Second Coming." The primary role of the TSPM was then delegated to liaison with the Government whereas the CCC serves as an ecclesial organisation focusing on the internal management and affairs of the Church. However, the TSPM is often charged with being an instrument for the secular Chinese government, which persecutes Christians outside of it. The attempt to bring house-church Christians into the fold of "registered" meeting places has met with mixed results. The "Canaan Hymns" hymnal associated with the house churches is also used in TSPM churches. Through its Document [53] (Title: California Christian College) California Christian College California Christian College (CCC) is a private Free Will Baptist Bible college in Fresno, California. tIis one of several higher learning institutions associated with the Free Will Baptists. It was founded in 1955 by forty-eight Free Will Baptist Churches who perceived a need for trained pastors in the western part of the United States. The first classes were held in the First Free Will Baptist church of Richmond, California. The college relocated to at the corner of University and Winery. Since its founding the college has operated continuously except for 1985–86, when the governing board re-evaluated the Document [54] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) status of Church of England. It is a member of the Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa. The CCC functions as a religious institution, and provides a central administration, and a spiritual forum for the numerous Protestant denominations. It functions under a national "synod", and an executive committee. Both of these entities are assisted in their tasks by a national secretariat. The CCC is said to be part of the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church, but it also insists on maintaining unity in diversity, as they see it as being the Document [55] (Title: Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops) Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) () is the national assembly of the bishops of the Catholic Church in Canada. It was founded in 1943, and was officially recognized by the Holy See in 1948. Since the Second Vatican Council, it became part of a worldwide network of episcopal conferences, established in 1965. Until 1977, it was called the Canadian Catholic Conference, when the present name was adopted. According to its statutes, together the bishops exercise certain pastoral functions for Catholics in Canada, respecting the autonomy of each bishop in the service of his Document [56] (Title: Churches of Christ in Christian Union) Father and God the Son, and He is a Person and is God’s Agent in convicting and convincing sinners of sin. The Holy Spirit, or the Comforter, regenerates repentant believing sinners, and sanctifies consecrated Christians. The Holy Spirit magnifies Jesus Christ in the lives of believers and energizes them to live victoriously." The CCCU believes that Christ and His apostles gave two "ordinances" to be practiced by His Church: water baptism and the Lord's supper, without specifying any particular style of baptism or of partaking of the supper. These ordinances are outward symbols, teaching of the inner life, the faith, Document [57] (Title: Catholic spirituality) of Christians, God calls them to sanctify through their ordinary lives by an ever-growing charity in the way they think, speak, and act, beginning at home, the domestic church, but extending to the local Christian community, the workplace, and to all peoples, all God's children. The Christian Life Community (CLC) is an international association of lay Christians who have adopted an Ignatian model of spiritual life. The 'Community' is present in almost sixty countries. The CLC traces its foundation to 1563, when the Jesuit John Leunis gathered a group of lay students at the Roman College to form the Sodality Document [58] (Title: Community Catholic Church of Canada) Community Catholic Church of Canada The Community Catholic Church of Canada (CCCC), formerly the Old Catholic Church of Canada, is a church with its Episcopal see based in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. Like many other Old Catholic Churches, it is theologically liberal, based upon Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions. The Community Catholic Church of Canada finds its roots in the tradition of the Old Catholic Church, a network of autonomous churches brought together in the Union of Utrecht (1889) after their break from the Roman Church because of innovations introduced by that church. Many also trace their origin from the many ethnic Document [59] (Title: Church of Christ in the Congo) Church of Christ in the Congo The Church of Christ in the Congo or CCC (in French, Église du Christ au Congo or ECC), is a union of 62 Protestant denominations, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is often simply referred to as the Protestant Church, as it federates the vast majority of the Protestants in that country. It is the largest United church in the world, ahead of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). It constitutes the second largest Protestant denomination in the world, or the largest, depending on the Document [60] (Title: Trinity Theological College, Singapore) Centre also hopes to provide an environment which both fosters and supports systematic inquiry, reflection and evaluation from an interdisciplinary and Christian perspective on various aspects of culture: religion, politics, the arts, literature, medicine, science, ethics and economics. The Centre for the Study of Christianity in Asia (CSCA) was established in October 2001 as the mission research arm of Trinity Theological College. It provides a forum where Christians in Southeast Asia can collaborate in affirming their distinct Christian ethos and articulating their faith positions. It is especially concerned to support the governing churches of Trinity Theological College (Lutheran, Presbyterian, Methodist, Document [61] (Title: CCC Film) CCC Film CCC Film (German: Central Cinema Compagnie-Film GmbH) is a German film production company founded in 1946 by Artur Brauner. A Polish Jew who survived the Nazi era by fleeing to the Soviet Union, he lost dozens of relatives to the Nazis. His primary interest was making films about the Nazi era, but after his first such film failed at the box office, throwing him into debt, he began producing entertainment films, the commercial success of which then financed his Holocaust-related films, some of which also became successful. In 2009, Brauner donated 21 Holocaust-related films to Yad Vashem. On Document [62] (Title: China Christian Council) China Christian Council The China Christian Council (CCC; ) was founded in 1980 as an umbrella organization for all Protestant churches in the People's Republic of China with Bishop K. H. Ting as its president. It works to provide theological education and the publication of Bibles (mostly in the Chinese Union Version), hymnals (the Chinese New Hymnal mostly), and other religious literature. It encourages the exchange of information among local churches in evangelism, pastoral work and administration. It has formulated a church order for local churches, and seeks to continue to develop friendly relations with churches overseas. Together with the Document [63] (Title: Three-Self Patriotic Movement) the Chinese house church movement during this period was a result of all Chinese Christian worship being driven underground for fear of persecution. To counter this growing trend of "unregistered meetings", in 1979 the government officially restored the TSPM after thirteen years of non-existence, and in 1980 the CCC was formed. The TSPM is not a denomination, and denominational distinctions do not exist within the organization. Pastors are trained at one of thirteen officially sanctioned seminaries. Current theological emphasis is on "a protection and promotion of the five basic tenets of Christian faith — the Trinity, Christ being both human Document [64] (Title: Community Chapel and Bible Training Center) Switchblade," referred to the practices as "the most grievous thing I've ever heard in my 30 years of ministry" and "the worst error that's ever come into the charismatic movement." In 1986, the Christian Research Institute issued a statement about the group, in which they stated that, "Based on our research, there is more than sufficient evidence to show that CCBTC is, in the theological sense of the term, a cult. That is, a religious organization which professes to be Christian but which teaches heretical doctrine on the fundamentals of the Christian faith." According to the CRI, the group's beliefs Document [65] (Title: Religious Technology Center) Religious Technology Center The Religious Technology Center (RTC) is an American non-profit corporation that was founded in 1982 by the Church of Scientology to control and oversee the use of all of the trademarks, symbols and texts of Scientology and Dianetics. Although RTC controls their use, those works are owned by another corporation, the Church of Spiritual Technology which is doing business as L. Ron Hubbard Library, registered in Los Angeles County, California. While exercising authority over the use of all Dianetics and Scientology materials, RTC claims that it is not involved in the day-to-day management of the Church of Document [66] (Title: Central Council of Church Bell Ringers) Central Council of Church Bell Ringers The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers (CCCBR) is an organisation founded in 1891 which represents ringers of church bells in the English style. It acts as a co-ordinating body for education, publicity and codifying change ringing rules, also for advice on maintaining and restoring full-circle bells. Within England, where the vast majority of English-style rings are located, most towers are affiliated through local ringing associations. The Central Council also publishes the bell ringers' weekly journal "The Ringing World". Change ringing had developed rapidly in the nineteenth century helped by the formation of the Document [67] (Title: Cork Islamic Cultural Centre) understanding and awareness of the practice and appreciation toward lifestyle that is based on the teaching of Islam. The centre aspires to develop a community based on Islamic faith and morality which focuses on the family and the mosque. They desire to develop the individual toward the welfare of the community and to develop a thoughtful civil society between secular and religious claims. The CCIC is a place of worship and imparting knowledge. They hope to set an example to other mosques by collecting and organising Islamic knowledge. They hold prayer five times a day, give fair treatment to all Document [68] (Title: Church of the Creator) earth. "Love, Light and peace" are three key values. It is believed that intergalactic communicators can be summoned to act on humanity's behalf. Of particular assistance is a "tool of consciousness" known as "Divine Right Order®" is explained as an acronym for "Dedicated Individuals Viably Interconnecting New Endeavors; Redemptive Infusion God's Higher Truths; Overself Restoration Degeneration Eternally Redeemed." Membership of the COTC includes all people and is by self-recognition. A member is one who accepts the Sacred Mandate, affirming the oneness of the universe's creative source and the aim of achieving the Divine Right Order in all things, thus securing Document [69] (Title: Kuki Christian Church) Kuki Christian Church The Kuki Christian Church (KCC) is an association which is part of the National Council of Churches in India (NCCI). Through the NCCI, the KCC is part of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The Kuki Christian Church has a record of almost 80 baptisms per month. The church, which began as part of the Christian Restoration Movement, has grown into a large congregational church with a presence in four of the seven northeastern states of India. KCC is not against the political aspirations of the Kuki people, but it is opposed to unbiblical ideologies and means Document [70] (Title: Community Coalition Congress) general elections. Community Coalition Congress Community Coalition Congress (CCC) or was formed and registered as a political party in 1988 to replace the Chinese Concultative Council (CCC) or Majlis Perundingan Cina wing formed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in facing the Malaysian general election, 1986 to enable the space for the out-flow of supports of the Chinese community who are majority non-Muslim, but face the problem of internal opposition from the Islamic party and the reluctance to allow CCC supporters to be accepted and registered officially as party member, thus to represent PAS in the general election on its Document [71] (Title: Christian Council of Korea) Christian Council of Korea The Christian Council of Korea (CCK) is a conservative organization of Christian churches across South Korea, member of the World Evangelical Alliance. The CCK is one of the alliances of churches in South Korea, comprising 69 denominations and 20 Christian organizations, which together represent over 12 million people. The organization's purpose is to study, confer, and work together for the accomplishment of the Christian Church's earthly mission, while maintaining the individuality of its members. The CCK was established in 1989 after a devotional service and meeting of senior pastors and representatives from various Christian denominations. The Document [72] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) group established itself as the CCCC. The CCCC was one of two U.S. Congregational Christian bodies to split from the main denomination in the decade leading up to the 1957 merger of the Congregational Christian Church with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, forming the United Church of Christ (UCC). The other dissenting Congregational Christian group was the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (NACCC), which split from the main group in 1955 over concerns about maintaining congregational polity. The CCCC espouses theological conservative views. It opposes homosexual behavior, abortion, and non-marital sexual activity. The CCCC holds fast to orthodox Protestant Document [73] (Title: Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council) Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council The Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council (CCAC), established in 1998 by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, encourages Aboriginal leadership in the Christian community, supports healing and reconciliation, and advises the bishops on Aboriginal questions. Eight Aboriginal Catholics from all parts of Canada are members, as well as Albert LeGatt, Bishop of Saskatoon, and Claude Champagne, Bishop of Edmundston NB. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops was recognized by the Holy See in 1948. Some five decades later, in 1998, the CCCB created the Council to promote traditional Aboriginal culture while uniting it to Roman Catholicism. The Document [74] (Title: Synod) vast majority of Protestant denominations have regrouped under a religious institution named the Church of Christ in Congo or CCC, often referred to – within the Congo – simply as The Protestant Church. In the CCC structure, the "national synod" is the general assembly of the various churches that constitutes the CCC. From the Synod is drawn an Executive Committee, and a secretariat. There are also synods of the CCC in every province of the Congo, known appropriately as "provincial synods". The CCC regroups 62 Protestant denominations. Synod A synod () is a council of a church, usually convened to Document [75] (Title: Canadian Centre for Diversity) Canadian Centre for Diversity The Canadian Centre for Diversity (originally called the Canadian Council for Christians and Jews.) was founded in 1947 to address issues of antisemitism and promote interfaith dialogue. The mandate expanded in subsequent years to focus on addressing issues related to racism, and religious discrimination in Canadian society. Their primary focus was on providing school programs to educate students on issues related to bullying, bias and discrimination. The CCCJ changed its name in 2008 to the Canadian Centre for Diversity to be more reflective of its broader mandate Over the years, the CCD was responsible for delivering Document [76] (Title: Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team) Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team Combined Campuses and Colleges (CCC) is a first-class cricket team that plays in the West Indies domestic competitions of Carib Beer Cup and KFC Cup. Effectively a continuation of the previous University of the West Indies cricket team, the team was created for the 2007/08 season and played their first matches in the KFC Cup one-day competition in October 2007. CCC made their four-day debut in the Carib Beer Cup in January 2008, they finished their maiden season with one win from six matches, finishing bottom of the league. In their second season of Document [77] (Title: Church of Christ in China Kei Long College) Church of Christ in China Kei Long College The Church of Christ in China Kei Long College (CCCKLC, Chinese: 中華基督教會基朗中學), is a co-educational subsidized secondary school located in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1982. A part of the school campus is shared with SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School (Chinese: 聖公會白約翰會督中學). CCCKLC and CCC Kei Yuen College (Chinese: 中華基督教會基元中學) are sister schools. The school organizer, the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China, aims at witnessing for Christ in Yuen Long. Some subjects such as Maths and Integrated Science are taught in English as medium of instruction Document [78] (Title: Canadian Commercial Corporation) Canadian Commercial Corporation The Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC; ) is a Canadian federal Crown corporation mandated to facilitate international trade on behalf of Canadian industry, particularly with governments of foreign countries. CCC supports the growth of international trade by helping Canadian exporters gain access to foreign government procurement markets. Through a government-to-government contracting approach, CCC positions qualified Canadian exporters to win international contracts with governments abroad while significantly reducing the risks associated with foreign procurement. CCC is also a trusted partner of foreign government buyers seeking Canadian solutions. CCC offers its services when a government to government contracting approach may Document [79] (Title: Covenant Evangelical Free Church) of a Public Character (IPC), a status which allows donations to NLCS to be tax-deductible. The mission of New Life is to demonstrate God's love by empowering people to master life's transitions. Its programmes are non-evangelistic, and open to all regardless of race or religion. NLCS services include: At Bt Panjang: At Woodlands: Covenant Evangelical Free Church Covenant Evangelical Free Church (CEFC) is a church in Singapore. It has three worship centres – one in Bukit Panjang, one in Woodlands and one in Changi. Covenant Evangelical Free Church started life in 1978 as a church plant with 17 pioneer members Document [80] (Title: Ecumenical Catholic Church) Ecumenical Catholic Church The Ecumenical Catholic Church (ECC) is a denomination within the universal Christian Church. It teaches the faith of the Nicene Creed, that one God exists in three coequal and coeternal persons—the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—and that Jesus is the Son of God and redeemer of humanity, uniting Christians through the rebirth of Baptism and the fellowship of the Eucharist. The liturgy of the ECC is similar to that of the Roman Catholic Church, but it is politically independent and not under the jurisdiction of the Vatican or the Roman hierarchy and thus is one of the Document [81] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) for persecuted Christians in Bethlehem and the surrounding area. In October 2013, CJCUC Executive Director, David Nekrutman published a controversial appeal for funds from Jews to support the purchase of a permanent site for the Christian-Arab church of Pastor Steven Khoury. In May 2014, CJCUC sponsored an interfaith Latin American clergy mission that visited the Ziv Medical Center in Safed, Israel, donating supplies to wounded Syrian civil war refugees. In a September 2015 piece for The Times of Israel, Executive Director, David Nekrutman appealed to the Israeli Ministry of Education in regards to budget cuts and equal funding for Christian Document [82] (Title: Church of the Holy Paraclete) depraved." However, the parish affirms that morality and sexuality are deep-seated elements of Christianity and that relativism and subjective morality are rejected. The Old Catholic Church does not make an issue about sexuality, claiming that there are larger social issues on which Christians should be focusing. "The Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church on sexuality": "CCC 2332" Sexuality affects all aspects of the human person in the unity of his body and soul. It especially concerns affectivity, the capacity to love and to procreate, and in a more general way the aptitude for forming bonds of communion with others. "CCC Document [83] (Title: Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation) a Partnership between Jews and Christians"", was initially signed by over 25 prominent Orthodox rabbis in Israel, United States, and Europe, and now has over 60 signatories. The statement cites traditional opinions by past rabbinic authorities to justify partnership with Christians and religious appreciation of Christianity. In May 2017, the statement was approbated by Rabbi Abraham Skorka of Argentina and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn Archbishop of Vienna. Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation The Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC is an educational institution at which Christians who tour Israel can study the Hebrew Bible with Orthodox rabbis and Document [84] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC or 4C's) is an evangelical Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. The denomination maintains headquarters in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. It is a member of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship and the National Association of Evangelicals. The CCCC has its roots in the Conservative Congregational Christian Fellowship, which was formed in 1945 within the Congregational Christian Churches by churches and ministers who disagreed with what they perceived as unacceptable liberal direction being taken by the majority of the denomination's members and leadership. In 1948, this Document [85] (Title: Daniel Go) as an APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Architect. The Christ’s Commission Fellowship Worship and Training Center (known as CCF Center) – completed in 2013 – was Go’s first big project because during that time, Go hasn’t designed anything of this magnitude, and designing and erecting this project took him seven years. The CCF Center is the international headquarters of the non-denominational megachurch called Christ's Commission Fellowship (CCF). The 11-storey ministry building with more than 97,000 sqm floor area and an estimated seating capacity of 10,000, located in a 2.3 hectare lot in Pasig City is one of the largest worship centers Document [86] (Title: Conservative Congregational Christian Conference) Christian faith and inerrancy is a guiding principle in Biblical interpretation carried out by ministers and teachers. Some ministers have sought to revive an interest in the study and teachings of Puritanism; however, both Reformed and Arminian emphases may be found in the CCCC, as is usually the case with larger, more broadly-based evangelical groups. The CCCC admits churches of any origin that operate according to congregational polity and that subscribe to the denomination's "Statement of Faith," which contains most of the tenets of conservative evangelicalism as developed throughout the 20th century. Although refusing to permit critiques concerning the main Document [87] (Title: Christian Churches Together) Christian Churches Together Christian Churches Together in the USA (CCT) is an organization formed in 2007 to "broaden and expand fellowship, unity and witness among the diverse expressions of Christian traditions in the USA." Christian Churches Together states that its purpose is to create as a place where people of widely differing Christian backgrounds can come together for dialog and sharing, to seek common ground rather than debate differences. It does not attempt to combine Christian faiths or compromise their distinctiveness. Rather, CCT was created as a space for dialogue and cooperation among churches and a variety of ecumenical Christian Document [88] (Title: Command for Hunting Communists) Command for Hunting Communists The Command for Hunting Communists (Portuguese: "Comando de Caça aos Comunistas", CCC) was a paramilitary anti-communist group active in Brazil during the first years of the military dictatorship (1964–1985). The CCC, in the mid-1960s, began as an informal organization of rightist university students who allegedly monitored leftist students, or anyone they deemed as a communist. It was also composed by police officers and intellectuals favorable to the military regime. When the military regime took place, the Rádio MEC, a state-owned broadcasting station in Rio de Janeiro, was invaded and destroyed by members of the CCC. The Question: what is the meaning of ccc in religion

Answer: Catechism of the Catholic Church Long Answer: The Catechism of the Catholic Church (Latin: Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992 . It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful. Gold Document ID: 47

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Kelly Severide) The officers agree and tell him to stay put. The firehouse help JJ with a school project, trying to divert his attention from his mother, who he keeps asking to call. They let him film them for his 'Day In The Life of a Firefighter' documentary and he tells them that now, he just has to film his mom. A few hours later, Detective Crowley from CPD is back to tell him that Holloway died during surgery. He still insists that JJ stays with him until Mary (Bianca's sister) is here and doesn't let the other officer take him. Mary Document [2] (Title: Lisa Ben) only child on an apricot ranch in Fremont Township, California. Her father, Oscar E. Edye (1888–1968) was a Norwegian-born insurance agent and her mother, the former Olive Elizabeth Colegrove (1888–1953), was a housewife. Her father also served in civilian defense after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. She studied violin for eight years. Eyde developed her first crush on another girl when she was in high school, although she did not identify as lesbian until several years later. When her crush broke off the relationship, a devastated Eyde spoke with her mother. Her mother's adverse reaction convinced Eyde not to discuss Document [3] (Title: Kelly Severide) in season 2, he correctly predicted that Hadley had been targeting the men of 51 and that Candidate Rebecca Jones, who committed suicide just months after graduating from the academy, lacked the discretion and inhibitions to truly excel as a firefighter (although she was later revealed to suffer from clinical depression). At the beginning of season 1, Severide is plagued with a shoulder injury that puts his career in jeopardy. He hides this from everyone except Shay, from whom he gets painkillers to deal with his injury. When he finally sees a doctor, he is told that his condition is Document [4] (Title: Barbora Kodetová) Barbora Kodetová Barbora Kodetová (born 6 September 1970) is a Czech actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of Paul Atreides' concubine Chani in the 2000 television miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". She is the daughter of Czech actor Jiří Kodet, granddaughter of Czech actress Jiřina Steimarová and comes from a large family of actors. She is the cousin of actress Anna Polívková. Barbora is married to violinist Pavel Šporcl. She has three daughters - Lily Marie (born 15 February 2001), Violeta (born 26 July 2007) and Sophie (born 24 August 2009). Document [5] (Title: Antonio Dawson) cross paths with the firefighters. In October 2016 Seda confirmed that the character would move to the third spin-off "Chicago Justice", debuting in March 2017, after resigning from his position in the CPD to take up a job with the State's Attorney's Office. After "Chicago Justice" was cancelled, the character was written to have returned to the CPD due to his frustration with the bureaucratic red tape he often encountered. Dawson and his wife Laura have two children, Eva and Diego. His wife runs a restaurant which the children help in. However, subsequent events in Season 1 and Dawson's dedication Document [6] (Title: Rhea Perlman) (1922-2016), a bookkeeper. She grew up in Bensonhurst in a Jewish family with additional roots in Russia. She has a sister, Heide, who is a television writer, story editor, and producer who worked on "Cheers", "Frasier" and "The Tracey Ullman Show". In the mid-1980s, their parents moved to Los Angeles and their father became an extra on "Cheers". His character became known by his real name, Phil, and he managed to get a few lines over the years as he appeared in more than 30 episodes. He created a second career as a character actor, appearing in several films and Document [7] (Title: Star of the Family) up too fast. Adding to his troubles are: his wife runs off with a bellhop; his 17-year-old son (Michael Dudikoff) has more muscles than brains; and his crew at the firehouse are "strange" (Leo Feldman (Todd Susman) tells his mother he is a doctor instead of a fireman, Frank Rosetti (George Deloy) has only sex on the brain and Max Hernandez (Danny Mora), a Hispanic, speaks fractured English). Finally, his daughter signs with a manager named Judy "Moose" Wells (Judy Pioli); the name fits the description of the woman. Another character on the series was named Tiffany (played by Amanda Document [8] (Title: Matthew Casey) Severide's relationship; with Casey putting Severide in front of Dawson, such as when Dawson tells Casey to ask Severide to move out and Casey responds by saying Severide "is going to need [him] on his side, so good or bad that's where [he'll] be". In "Headlong Toward Disaster", Severide instantly turns down an order from his chief to spy on Casey. He also tells the chief that Casey is "one of the finest firefighters [he's] ever had the opportunity to work with in the entire CFD." Severide is the only person on the show, besides Dawson and Chief Boden, to Document [9] (Title: Sarah Shahi) love interest for Taylor Kinney's character Lt. Kelly Severide on NBC's show "Chicago Fire" in October 2012. She was cast as the possibly recurring character of Sameen Shaw on "Person of Interest". She was featured in the sixteenth episode of the second season, "Relevance", which aired in February 2013. In May 2013 CBS President Nina Tassler announced that Shahi would be added as a series regular for its third season. She played the daughter of Sylvester Stallone's character in the action film "Bullet to the Head" In which was also the first time working with co star Jason Momoa who Document [10] (Title: Lauren German) CBS police drama "Hawaii Five-0" as DHS agent Lori Weston from 2011 to 2012. She starred in the first two seasons of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Leslie Shay, one of the paramedics from 2012 to 2014. In her final season with the show, her character is killed. The character's name is memorialized to this day, her name imprinted on the door of the ambulance in which she rode. In 2016, German began appearing with Tom Ellis in the fantasy comedy-drama "Lucifer", loosely based on the DC comic book series of the same name, as Chloe Decker, a LAPD Document [11] (Title: Charlie Barnett (actor)) Charlie Barnett (actor) Charlie Barnett (born February 4, 1988) is an American actor from Sarasota, Florida. He starred as Peter Mills, a firefighter/paramedic on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2012 to 2015. Barnett and his sister were adopted; his adoptive mother is Swedish and a former Mormon, while his adoptive father is a boatbuilder from Minnesota. He was raised on a sailboat in Florida until he was seven. He discovered theater when he was six years old, and performed in many operas and musicals. Barnett is a graduate from Booker High School. He participated in the Carnegie Mellon Musical Document [12] (Title: Marisol Nichols) Marisol Nichols Marisol Nichols (born November 2, 1973) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the sixth season of "24" as Special Agent Nadia Yassir and as Hermione Lodge in the 2017 thriller series "Riverdale". Nichols was born in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois, with father Randy, of Romanian descent, and mother America, a Texan of Mexican ancestry. She is the oldest of three siblings, having two younger brothers. A rebellious teenager, Nichols recalled "being 17 and looking around at some of the people that I was Document [13] (Title: Michael Zegen) a recurring guest role in the second season of the AMC series "The Walking Dead". In 2014 he created the role of Liam off-Broadway in the dark comedy "Bad Jews". Michael Zegen Michael Jonathan "Mike" Zegen (born February 20, 1979) is an American actor, best known for his role as probie firefighter Damien Keefe on the FX Network television drama "Rescue Me", as well as his recurring role as Dwight the Troubled Teen on over 50 episodes of the "Late Show with David Letterman". Zegen was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey, to a teacher mother and a lawyer father. He Document [14] (Title: Alan Ruck) the feature film, and it now inhabits one of Angela and Henry's daughters. Once again, they must turn to exorcism-practicing priests (Alfonso Herrera, Ben Daniels) for help. Regan/Angela's mother, Chris MacNeil (played by recurring guest star Sharon Gless and Ellen Burstyn in the feature film), is welcomed by the rest of the family but utterly scorned by her own daughter. Ruck married Claudia Stefany in 1984, and had two children with her—a daughter, Emma, and a son, Sam. They divorced in 2005. He married actress Mireille Enos on January 4, 2008. They met in 2005 while co-starring in the Broadway Document [15] (Title: Kelly Severide) Kelly Severide Kelly Severide is a fictional character on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire". As his shift`s lieutenant at Firehouse 51, Severide is the leader of Rescue Squad 3. Severide is portrayed by Taylor Kinney. Severide graduated at the top of class at the academy and held the record for the youngest firefighter to make squad when he was 23 years old. He and his long-time colleague and close friend Captain Matthew Casey of Truck 81 have known each other since their days at the fire academy but have a falling-out over the death of their friend and colleague Andy Document [16] (Title: Cristine Rose) on "Grace Under Fire", and on "Providence" as Cynthia Blake. She also had recurring roles on "Ellen" as Susan, and on "Charmed" as Claire Pryce, in both shows' premiere seasons; both characters were the boss of the series lead's characters in their respective jobs. She has had guest roles in various shows, including "7th Heaven", "Life Goes On", "Friends", "Days of Our Lives", "Passions", "Party of Five", "The Wonder Years", "Matlock", "Malcolm in the Middle", "Ally McBeal", "Murder, She Wrote", "Boston Legal", "", "Nash Bridges", "", "NCIS", "", "The Practice", "L.A. Law", "Chicago Hope", "Crossing Jordan", "ER", "St. Elsewhere", "", Document [17] (Title: Christiane Seidel) Batson Studio, both in New York, to pursue her acting career. Seidel is also fluent in English, German, French and Danish and enjoys tennis, volleyball, skiing and swimming. Seidel's US television debut was as a Guest Star on NBC Universal's police drama ""'s premiere episode in 2010. She starred as FBI Agent Sarah DeSoto in the noir-feature film, "The Hollow" in 2015, and as Sybille Ranisch in "Schmidts Katze" in 2014, and has appeared in many other short films. She also starred as Sigrid Mueller, the Norwegian wife to rogue FBI Agent Nelson Van Alden (Michael Shannon) in the HBO Document [18] (Title: Merle Dandridge) Chief in the NBC drama series "Chicago Fire". Dandridge also had the recurring roles in the FX drama series, "Sons of Anarchy" as Rita Roosevelt, and short-lived The CW teen soap "Star-Crossed" in 2014. In 2015, she co-starred in the second season of NBC medical drama, "The Night Shift" as Gwen Gaskin. In 2015, Dandridge was cast as lead character in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, "Greenleaf" opposite Lynn Whitfield. She plays the role of Grace Greenleaf, Greenleaf's estranged daughter. Dandridge has received critical acclaim for her first leading screen role. Dandridge starred as Papa Ge the God of Document [19] (Title: Mazz Murray) as of 2017 is now being played by Kate Graham. It was announced that she will be joining the cast of Chicago, from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Mama Morton. Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and film actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married the Israeli Oren Arush (born 27 July 1980). Brian May played a special version of "Love of My Life", with some new words with Mazz at their Document [20] (Title: Molly Glynn) Molly Glynn Molly Glynn (June 14, 1968 – September 6, 2014) was an American actress: She was a well-known Chicago stage actress, and also played several roles in film and television, including a recurring role on the television series "Chicago Fire". Glynn, the youngest of five children, grew up as part of a prominent family in Hartford, Connecticut. She graduated from Tufts University, and spoke several languages. Glynn died from injuries from a falling tree in September 2014. She and her husband Joe Foust were bicycling on the North Branch Trail in Erickson Woods, suburban Chicago, on September 5 when Document [21] (Title: Chicago Med (season 1)) due to "family reasons". On May 29, 2015, "Arrow" star Colin Donnell was cast as Dr. Connor Rhodes, the hospital's newest ED physician. In July 2015, Brian Tee joined the cast as Dr. Ethan Choi, an expert in infectious disease prevention and a Navy Reserve medical officer. "Pretty Little Liars" star Torrey DeVitto was cast on August 13, 2015, as Dr. Natalie Manning, the ED pediatrician. On August 14, 2015, Rachel DiPillo was cast as Sarah Reese, a fourth year medical student. On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Jeff Hephner will reprise his Chicago Fire role as Jeff Document [22] (Title: Kelly Severide) it is revealed that she put signed a DNR order, leaving Severide to cope with her death. In Season 6, at the end of "The Chance to Forgive", Severide ends up kissing fellow firefighter Stella Kidd (whom he previously had a romantic fling with) in Molly's when it was closing for the night. In "Where I Want to Be", after learning about his failed relationships, Kidd reconsiders her living arrangements with Kelly by living in Herrmann's attic. In "The Unrivaled Standard", his old flame Renee Royce returns to Chicago and asks to testify at a hearing of a fellow firefighter, Document [23] (Title: Chicago Fire (TV series)) season. The season premiered on September 26, 2018. The show explores the lives, both professional and personal, of the firefighters and paramedics of the Chicago Fire Department at the quarters of Engine Company 51; Truck Company 81; Rescue Squad Company 3; Battalion 25 and Ambulance 61. Following the death of veteran Firefighter Andrew Darden, loyalties fracture and divide as Captain, previously Lieutenant Matthew Casey, officer-in-charge of Truck Company 81, and Lieutenant Kelly Severide, officer-in-charge of Squad Company 3, both blame one another for the death of their long-time friend and colleague. Severide is consumed with even more guilt when he Document [24] (Title: Charlie Barnett (actor)) Theater Summer Program. Barnett is a graduate of the Juilliard School drama program, class of 2010. He enjoys sailing and classic cars. While pursuing his career, Barnett has lived in New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", Barnett lived with co-stars Joe Minoso and Yuri Sardarov. He is a White Sox and Chicago Bears fan. Charlie Barnett (actor) Charlie Barnett (born February 4, 1988) is an American actor from Sarasota, Florida. He starred as Peter Mills, a firefighter/paramedic on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2012 to 2015. Barnett and his sister were adopted; his Document [25] (Title: Michael Cerveris) German transsexual rock diva Hedwig in "Hedwig and the Angry Inch" to the homicidal title character of Sondheim's "Sweeney Todd"." Cerveris' most visible television role to date has been as the Observer code-named September in the FOX science fiction television series "Fringe". His character, a mysterious man seen attending many unusual events, has appeared regularly during the series and became one of the main characters to bring the story to its end. Cerveris was born in Bethesda, Maryland and raised in Huntington, West Virginia. His mother, Marsha (née Laycock), was a dancer, and his father, Michael Cerveris, was a professor Document [26] (Title: Tamara Braun) exiting her role as Carly on "General Hospital", Braun returned as Kim Nero, the single mother of Oscar, Carly’s daughter Josslyn’s boyfriend. Braun was born in the Chicago suburb of Evanston, Illinois, to a family of Jewish descent.. She attended Evanston Township High School. She was a psychology major at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and took a summer course in Shakespeare at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in England before backpacking throughout Europe. Braun is well known for her win at the 2009 Daytime Emmy Awards, receiving the accolade of Outstanding Supporting Actress for the role of Ava Vitali Document [27] (Title: Home Fires (Canadian TV series)) immigrant from Poland. As the series progressed, storylines increasingly focused on Arthur and Hannah's children Terry (Wendy Crewson) and Sidney (Peter Spence) and nephew Jakob (Gil Yaron). Terry married her boyfriend Graeme (Jeff Wincott) shortly before he was shipped off to serve in the war, where he was killed at Dieppe; she then served in the Canadian Women's Army Corps before taking a job as a welder in an aircraft factory, where she became a labour union organizer. She entered a new relationship with Bruce McLeod (Booth Savage), a war correspondent, and ultimately decided to attend medical school to become Document [28] (Title: ER (season 4)) she moves back to England or stays in America as an intern. Meanwhile, as Greene copes with his beating, he and Ross travel to California to bury Ross' dad. While there, Greene visits his own parents, where he finds out that his mother is sick, and his relationship with his dad continues to be strained. Back in Chicago, he begins to date new ER desk clerk Cynthia Hooper (played by Mariska Hargitay). The relationship is purely physical, and when Greene has to visit his parents again later in the season, she comes along uninvited, only to realize that Greene does Document [29] (Title: Kelly Severide) reputation. After the two get into an intense argument, he finally tells Whaley everything and admitted that he never really moved on from her. Midway through Season 1, Severide is in a relationship with Renée Royce (Sarah Shahi), a lawyer whom 51 rescued. She asks him to relocate with her to Spain and he was about to do so, much to the surprise of his friends and co-workers, but ultimately decided to stay in Chicago. In the season finale, she returns to Chicago pregnant. However, Shay hints to Severide that Renée could not possibly be pregnant with his child given Document [30] (Title: Chicago P.D. (TV series)) second season of "Chicago Fire". On August 23, 2013, Patrick Flueger and "One Tree Hill" star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Officer Adam Ruzek and Detective Erin Lindsay respectively. Marina Squerciati joined the cast on August 28, 2013. On August 30, Elias Koteas became a regular. Archie Kao was announced as a regular on September 27, 2013. On October 21, 2013, Stella Maeve was cast in a recurring role as Nadia, a pretty 18-year-old escort who is addicted to heroin and goes through a very difficult withdrawal. Sydney Tamiia Poitier will guest star in five episodes as a detective, Document [31] (Title: Barbora Kodetová) Barbora Kodetová Barbora Kodetová (born 6 September 1970) is a Czech actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of Paul Atreides' concubine Chani in the 2000 television miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". She is the daughter of Czech actor Jiří Kodet, granddaughter of Czech actress Jiřina Steimarová and comes from a large family of actors. She is the cousin of actress Anna Polívková. Barbora is married to violinist Pavel Šporcl. She has three daughters - Lily Marie (born 15 February 2001), Violeta (born 26 July 2007) and Sophie (born 24 August 2009). Document [32] (Title: Shiri Appleby) (2010–2011) and as Lucy Lambert in the web comedy series "Dating Rules from My Future Self" (2012). Appleby also had recurring roles on the NBC drama series "Chicago Fire" (2012–2013) and the HBO comedy-drama series "Girls" (2013–2014). Appleby was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Dina Appleby (née Bouader), a Jewish day school teacher, and Jerry Appleby, a telecommunications executive. Her mother is Israeli and of Sephardic Moroccan-Jewish background, and her father is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Appleby's mother was an actress in Israel. She and her younger brother Evan were raised in Calabasas in Los Angeles County. Document [33] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 2)) next three or four episodes until people can re-galvanize as a family, but people have some hard feelings about how it all goes down." Officer Kim Burgess will be joined by a new partner, whom Olmstead describes as being an important voice to the team in the second season and particularly for Burgess. Brian Geraghty was later announced to be portraying Sean Roman, the new partner of Kim Burgess (Marina Squerciati). Jesse Lee Soffer revealed that there will be a lot more crossovers this season between "Chicago P.D." and parent show "Chicago Fire"; "I think every episode from now on, Document [34] (Title: Dora Madison Burge) Vince Masuka (C.S. Lee). In 2014, Burge had a recurring role as Zoe in seven episodes of the short-lived CW science fiction romantic drama "Star-Crossed", which starred her former "Friday Night Lights" co-stars Aimee Teegarden and Grey Damon. That same year, she played Dora in the Sasquatch horror film "Exists" directed by Eduardo Sánchez. In 2015, Burge joined the cast of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire", replacing Charlie Barnett who played Peter Mills as Jessica "Chili" Chilton, the paramedic in charge in the third season. Burge was added to the main cast in the fourth season. In 2016, her character Document [35] (Title: Christine Ebersole) Illinois, the daughter of Marian Esther (née Goodley) and Robert "Bob" Ebersole. Her father was the president of a steel company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She has Swiss-German and Irish ancestry. Ebersole graduated from New Trier High School in 1971. She attended MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois, Class of 1975, and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She met Marc Shaiman when he was 19 and the musical director of her first club act. She appeared in two different parts on "Ryan's Hope" in 1977 (as a nurse) and 1980 (as Lily Darnell), and was part of the cast of "Saturday Document [36] (Title: Antonio Dawson) Jon Seda), he had a difficult adolescence and boxing was his outlet, as shown by the fact that he runs his own gym and moonlights as a trainer when off duty. His younger sister is Gabriela "Gabby" Dawson, a paramedic-turned-firefighter who is a main character on "Chicago Fire". The siblings come from a large extended family and share a close relationship. The character is frequently seen on "Chicago Fire" and was first introduced in the episode "Professional Courtesy" after Gabby and her colleagues from Firehouse 51 rescue a boy and his father in a car accident caused by a drunk Document [37] (Title: Taylor Kinney) studied Business Management at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. Kinney played Luke Gianni on "Fashion House" (2006) on MyNetworkTV, and played Glenn Morrison on "Trauma" on NBC. Kinney had a recurring role on the supernatural drama "The Vampire Diaries", joining the cast during the second season as Mason Lockwood. In 2011, Kinney was featured in Lady Gaga's music video for the song "You and I". In 2012, Kinney landed a starring role on "Chicago Fire", a drama series that follows the lives of firefighters and paramedics. Kinney plays Lieutenant Kelly Severide on Rescue Squad 3 opposite former "House" Document [38] (Title: Family Affairs) Duncan (Rocky Marshall), Duncan's twin, the confused 24-year-old virgin and trainee solicitor Holly (Sandra Huggett), police constable Melanie (Cordelia Bugeja), and schoolboy Jamie (Michael Cole). Chris and Annie's parents were also featured. After losing his wife, Sally (Jean Heywood) in the opening episodes, Chris' father Angus (Ian Cullen) came to live with the Hart family. Annie's parents who lived nearby were the staunchly conservative Elsa Gates (Delena Kidd) and philandering Jack (Ken Farrington). Other original characters were Chris's partner in their building business, Nick Trip (Barry McCormick), Melanie's bubbly best friend Claire Toomey (Tina Hall), Annie's baby-obsessed best friend Maria Document [39] (Title: Backdraft (film)) their father died. He attacks fires head on, but is concerned about Stephen's unorthodox methods and disregard for safety procedures. Helen McCaffrey is Stephen's estranged wife and the mother of their son, Sean. Helen has grown fearful of Stephen's dedication to firefighting and the risks he takes. While they are still in love, she separated from Stephen to protect herself and Sean. Martin Swayzak is an alderman on the Chicago City Council. Swayzak hopes to be elected mayor, but has supported fire department budget cuts. Many of the rank and file firemen believe the cuts are endangering firefighters' lives. Fire Document [40] (Title: Kara Killmer) was cast as Athena True in the NBC science fiction crime thriller pilot "Tin Man", but it was not picked up by the network when it announced its 2014–15 television schedule. In 2014, Killmer joined the cast of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Sylvie Brett, the paramedic who replaces Leslie Shay (Lauren German) in the third season premiere titled "Always" that aired on September 23, 2014. Killmer made her feature film debut with her future husband Andrew Cheney and John Rhys-Davies in the Revolutionary War action-adventure thriller "Beyond the Mask" that was released on April 6, 2015. Kara Killmer Document [41] (Title: Monica Raymund) others. She was using crutches because of a knee injury when she auditioned for this role. From 2011 until 2012, Raymund had a recurring role in the third season of the CBS legal drama "The Good Wife", where she played Dana Lodge, an assistant states attorney. In 2012, Raymund began starring in the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Gabriela Dawson Casey, the paramedic in charge. On May 15, 2018, Raymund confirmed that she was leaving the show after six seasons. On November 8, 2018 it was announced that she is unsure if she will ever return to Chicago Fire, but Document [42] (Title: Nick Gehlfuss) was first introduced in the police procedural drama "Chicago P.D." and afterwards, the drama "Chicago Fire"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s backdoor pilot for "Chicago Med". Gehlfuss was born in Cleveland, Ohio and raised in Little Italy and Chesterland, Ohio. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Marietta College and completed his Master of Fine Arts at University of Missouri-Kansas City. On May 13, 2016, Gehlfuss married hotel marketer Lilian Matsuda. Nick Gehlfuss Nicholas Alan "Nick" Gehlfuss (born January 21, 1985) is an American actor, known for his role in 2014 as Robbie Pratt in the fourth season of the Showtime comedy-drama "Shameless". In Document [43] (Title: Chicago Fire (season 7)) newcomer Annie Ilonzeh would join the series as a regular playing Emily Foster replacing Raymund on Ambulance. Chicago Fire (season 7) The seventh season of "Chicago Fire", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 9, 2018, by NBC. The season premiered on September 26, 2018 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 p.m. to Wednesday at 9:00 p.m. The season is set to contain 22 episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> On May 15, 2018, longtime cast member Monica Raymund who plays Paramedic Gabriela Dawson, announced her departure Document [44] (Title: Kelly Severide) her move away nor to stay in the relationship with Severide. Anna agrees with her parents on both points and fears that Severide will turn out to a drunk like his father. She breaks it off with Severide. Later, Severide discovers that Anna has a complication with her cancer, and that prompted her to break up with him. Anna’s father, who visits Severide in his office, asks Severide to not give up on Anna. In "Carry Their Legacy", Severide carries Anna to the hospital for chemotherapy. In "Carry Me", Anna dies when the chemotherapy and other methods don't work and Document [45] (Title: Joe Minoso) prior to his television and film appearances. He worked at Chicago's Teatro Vista, the largest Latino theater company in the Midwest. Prior to "Chicago Fire", Joe Minoso lived on the North Side of Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", Minoso lived with co-stars Charlie Barnett and Yuri Sardarov. On October 16, 2016, Minoso married "Chicago Fire" make up artist Caitlin Murphy Miles. Joe Minoso Joe Minoso is an American theater and television actor. He currently stars in NBC's "Chicago Fire". Minoso was raised in Yonkers, NY He saw his first girlfriend in a school play at Lincoln High School where Document [46] (Title: Kelly Severide) Clarke after Gabby and Casey get married. Clarke shows him the woman and Severide instantly agrees. Clarke tells him he'll feel the pain for months, to which he replies, "good". A recurring theme for the character is his merry-go-round of relationships and flings with various women. Severide was engaged to Renee Whaley, the sister of fellow firefighter Lieutenant Eric Whaley, but he called it off after she cheated on him with an ex-boyfriend. Lieutenant Whaley initially hated Severide, thinking the latter was the one who broke Renee's heart. Severide had refused to tell him the real story to protect Renee's Document [47] (Title: DuShon Monique Brown) in "Chicago Fire" and had the possibility that she could become. She sees herself, especially with the younger members of the team, as a kind of mother, aunt, teacher. Eamonn and I, we play when I'm on the set that Connie is the boss's working wife and all the rest are her kids, they wrote Connie as that motherly figure that everyone seems to run away from. I'm just a goofy, geeky Chicagoan who plays the violin, likes karaoke, embraces the trees, loves to be appreciated for her work and dreams of playing a superhero in the movies." She was Document [48] (Title: Treat Williams) O' Brien in a Hallmark Channel television series called ‘’Chesapeake Shores’’ originally airing August 2016 till current. He also had a recurring role in "Chicago Fire" as Kelly Severide’s father, Benny Severide until his character's death in season 7. Williams has authored a children's book, "Air Show!", illustrated by Robert Neubecker, published in 2010 by Disney/Hyperion Books). Targeted at an audience of children ages three to seven, the book playfully documents an airshow experience with simple text and bold illustrations of such aircraft as a Boeing B-17, a Pitts Special biplane, and the US Navy's Blue Angel F/A-18. In 1969, Document [49] (Title: Kelly Severide) Darden, whom Severide has known since childhood, over a botched-up call, which is where the pilot picks up. They work things out by the end of the season. The son of CFD Captain Benny Severide (Treat Williams), Kelly was raised singlehandedly by his mother, Jennifer Sheridan (Kim Delaney), after Benny left the family when Kelly was in elementary school. Although Kelly has since reconnected with his father, they still share a love-hate relationship. He is often known to the "white shirts" (high-ranking officers) as Benny's son but never used his father's name to advance his career, instead carving out his Document [50] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)) in May. These characters were introduced in the penultimate episodes of "Chicago Fire's first season. Sagemiller's character was dropped after her initial guest spot on "Chicago Fire" and in the first episode of "Chicago P.D.". Jesse Lee Soffer, who already had a recurring role on "Chicago Fire" as undercover cop Detective Jay Halstead, was added to the main cast in her place. Jason Beghe was cast as Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit Hank Voight and Jon Seda would play the role of Intelligence Unit Detective Antonio Dawson. Patrick Flueger and "One Tree Hill" star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Document [51] (Title: Chicago Crossover) was also praised for his portrayal of Teddy Courtney. The case opens up where the "Chicago Fire" episode "Nobody Touches Anything", left off; where the CFD firefighters rescued a man from a burning building and in his possession, he held a box full of child pornography, a box which was dropped during Lieutenant Kelly Severide's (Taylor Kinney) attempt to save the man's life. The CFD then turned this evidence over to the Chicago police. Detective Erin Lindsay has a personal stake in the case: her half-brother is involved somehow and in New York City. Benson gets a call from Voight Document [52] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)) "Choice" sought to raise awareness about fetal alcohol syndrome. Josie Bissett (whose husband Rob Estes appeared in the previous season) played the role of an irresponsible mother. Katherine Roberts played her daughter and was chosen because she has FAS in real life. In the episode "Abomination", George Segal portrayed a father in denial about the fact that his son is gay. The accuracy of this episode garnered approval from critics of the ex-gay movement. In the 100th episode "Control", Mariska Hargitay's father, Mickey Hargitay guest starred as a man on a subway station escalator who witnesses the aftermath of a Document [53] (Title: Yuri Sardarov) Arbor in 2010 where he was in a fraternity and received a BFA in Theater Performance. He divides his time between Los Angeles and Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", he lived with his costars, Joe Minoso and Charlie Barnett. Yuri Sardarov Yuri Sardarov (born January 28, 1988) is an American actor and producer. He has done extensive work in the theater. Since 2012, he has starred on NBC's "Chicago Fire". He is the executive producer for "Apex". Yuri Sardarov is half-Georgian, half-Armenian and moved to the United States at age 2. Sardarov attended Glenbrook North High School, near Chicago, Document [54] (Title: Kelly Severide) and Boden are later reinstated as Patterson was revealed to have used his connections to Riddle to implicate the latter for corruption. In a Chicago PD crossover episode "Don't Bury this Case", Severide is accused of a hit-and-run accident, which later turns into a vehicular homicide when one of the victims, a child, dies from her injuries. Lindsay and Voight suspect that Severide was set up while friendships and relationships are put to the test as the detectives and cops are forced to toe a very thin line with their friends at Firehouse 51 as the evidence against Severide mounts. Document [55] (Title: Kelly Severide) visits Springfield after getting an offer from Springfield Fire Department to become a battalion chief. In "Purgatory", he turns it down. Anna moves to Chicago, in order to be close to Severide. When she gets cold feet over moving there, he takes her around the city in particularly, taking her skating. But when Severide's father shows up unannounced and with his girlfriend, and crashes Severide's date with Anna. Upon seeing Severide’s father, Anna starts crying and abruptly leaves the table to go outside and hail a cab. As she gets in the cab, she reveals that her parents didn't want Document [56] (Title: DuShon Monique Brown) DuShon Monique Brown DuShon Monique Brown (November 30, 1968 – March 23, 2018) was an American actress known for her performances as Nurse Katie Welch on the Fox series "Prison Break" and Connie in the NBC series "Chicago Fire". Brown was born in Chicago on November 30, 1968, to Tim and Liz Colburn. She was a graduate of Whitney M. Young Magnet High School and Governors State University, with a master's degree in school counseling. Brown previously worked at Chicago’s South Shore International College Preparatory High School as the guidance counselor, and at Kenwood Academy High School as a crisis Document [57] (Title: Jaimee Foxworth) stopped smoking. During the show, her newborn son was shown. Jaimee Foxworth Jaimee Monae Foxworth (born December 17, 1979) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role of Judy Winslow, the younger daughter of Carl and Harriette Winslow on the ABC/CBS sitcom "Family Matters". Foxworth began modeling at the age of five, soon appeared in national television advertisements, and ultimately landed the role of Judy Winslow, the youngest of the Winslow family's three children, on the long-running sitcom "Family Matters." After the introduction of Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), Foxworth's scenes were reduced significantly. The combination Document [58] (Title: Little Fires Everywhere) is May Ling Chow, the daughter of Bebe Chow, Mia's co-worker at the Chinese restaurant, who gave up her child in the middle of a postpartum episode and economic hardship. Bebe has been looking for her child for over a year. Mia informs Bebe of her daughter's whereabouts, though the McCulloughs refuse to let her see her daughter and threaten her with trespassing. Bebe is despondent as she has no money for lawyers, but Mia advises her to get the local news involved, which she does successfully. The local scandal results in Bebe getting visitation rights and help from a Document [59] (Title: Summer Glau) Summer Glau Summer Lyn Glau (; born July 24, 1981) is an American actress best known for her roles in science fiction and fantasy television series; as River Tam in "Firefly" (2002) and its continuation film "Serenity" (2005), as Tess Doerner in "The 4400" (2005–2007), as Cameron / in "" (2008–2009), as Bennett Halverson in "Dollhouse" (2009–2010), as Skylar Adams in "Alphas" (2011–2012) and as Isabel Rochev / Ravager in "Arrow" (2013–2014). Glau was born in San Antonio, Texas, where she grew up with her two younger sisters Kaitlin and Christie. She is of Scots-Irish and German ancestry. Her mother Document [60] (Title: Kelly Severide) the timeline. Renée confesses to Severide that the baby is not his and they part ways once again. Severide dates Detective Erin Lindsay, whom he first met when she was assigned to investigate the abduction of his half-sister Katie, and their relationship becomes serious. With Shay's death in the line of duty (later ruled to be a homicide caused by arson), Severide spirals out of control, isolating himself from his co-workers at 51 and Lindsay. She breaks up with him after he misses another date telling him that while she can empathize with him, she can’t "be the girl sitting Document [61] (Title: Kelly Severide) have a romantic interest in April Sexton (Yaya DaCosta), a main character on "Chicago Med" and an ER nurse at Chicago Medical Center. They have known each other since they were teens as her parents took Severide in when he was going through a rebellious phase in high school. He formally asks her out on date in the "Chicago Med" episode "Malignant". However, they later break up as April enters relationship with another man. In season 5, Severide appears to have a romantic interest towards Anna, a pediatrician of Springfield Hospital. After saving her life by donating bone marrow, Severide Document [62] (Title: Asintado (season 1)) Paulo Avelino, Aljur Abrenica, Lorna Tolentino, Agot Isidro, Nonie Buencamino, and Cherry Pie Picache. The fictional series begins in 1999 when two children, sisters Juliana and Katrina Ramirez, are separated after a tragic fire that kills their parents. Before her father perishes, he entrusts a book to Katrina but does not tell her it contains crucial evidence that explains his death. The siblings are left orphans and the elder Katrina blames Juliana for their parents'death. Following the tragedy, the two sisters are separately adopted with no contact or information about each other. Juliana is adopted by the hardworking and loving Document [63] (Title: Mandy Ingber) daily workout five times per week, and alternatively practices walking and an elliptical trainer. In her acting career, Ingber portrayed Annie, wife of Anthony Tortelli and daughter-in-law of his mother Carla, in the television sitcom "Cheers" and its short-lived spin-off "The Tortellis" (1987). She played Robin, Baby's "witless cousin", in the short-lived television series adaptation of the film "Dirty Dancing". Her other roles included Enid, Lila Penbrook's (April Lerman) friend, in the first season (1984–85) of "Charles in Charge" and Polly Goldenberg-Cohen in the 1989 film "Teen Witch". Mandy Ingber Mandy Ingber (born late 1960s), sometimes credited as Amanda Ingber, Document [64] (Title: Rachel Nichols (actress)) law firm she works at" in the fourth season of "Chicago Fire". Nichols starred in the science-fiction thriller "Pandemic" (2016), as a doctor who leads a group to find survivors of a worldwide pandemic. The film was released for selected theaters and VOD, and in its review, "The Hollywood Reporter" remarked that Nichols "attempts to adopt an attitude somewhere between shell-shocked survivor and sympathetic physician, but doesn’t manage to fulfill the role’s potential". In "Inside" (2016), a Spanish-American remake of the 2007 French horror film of the same name, Nichols took on the starring role of a pregnant woman accosted Document [65] (Title: Kelly Severide) arson). He and Gabby Dawson aid Detective Voight's team in the preliminary investigations, which led them to a series of unsolved arson cases, including the fire that killed Mills' father and seriously injured Chief Boden. The case crosses-over into the "Chicago P.D." episode "A Little Devil Complex" and the perpetrator is killed by Antonio Dawson. Severide moves in with Casey and Dawson and avoids the apartment he and Shay shared as he is unable to face the loss of his best friend. Severide is demoted in season 4 as part of Chief Riddle's plan to make Fire Commissioner by replacing Document [66] (Title: Chicago P.D. (TV series)) who will eventually crossover on to "Chicago Fire". On December 20, 2013, it was announced that both Eastwood and Raymonde had departed the series over creative differences. On September 2016, it was reported that series regular Jon Seda would move to the new spin-off "Chicago Justice" as regular. After "Justice"'s cancellation, in July 2017 it was disclosed that Seda would move back to "Chicago P.D." as series regular for season 5 In May 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would depart the series after four seasons In July 2017, Tracy Spiridakos was promoted to series regular as Det. Hailey Document [67] (Title: Kelly Severide) own reputation as a highly competent firefighter. His charismatic personality makes him a popular figure with both his colleagues and the ladies. He tends to be casual with his men and can be seen at the squad table or in the lounge chatting or playing cards with the rest of the firehouse. Despite this, he tends to keep his private problems to himself and lets it simmer, which often worries his chief. In contrast to Casey, he is highly adept at reading people, especially his own colleagues, and his observation skills have come to the fore in several arson investigations; Document [68] (Title: Kelly Severide) the fire because of the way the husband kicked him off to go in the burning building to save his wife. Casey disagrees, as he is the one who held the wife's hand seconds before she died and also found evidence of arson. Severide tries to prove the husband's innocence but is proven wrong in the end, after the husband admits to starting the fire but didn't know that his wife was inside at the time. Severide later has trouble with his relationships and starts thinking about his life. He is then injured in an accident and doesn't get it Document [69] (Title: Kelly Severide) her mother had been abandoned by his father Benny. The two become close and Kelly is shown to be very protective of her. In the episode "Tonight's The Night" of season 2, Katie is kidnapped and Severide tries to find her in the following episodes. After she is found, she leaves for Colorado. When Katie's kidnapper disappears, Severide becomes a suspect. However, Benny Severide is revealed to be responsible but is let off by Detective Voight after Benny explained himself. In Season 3, Severide is plunged into grief with Shay's death during a call (later discovered to be murder and Document [70] (Title: Erin Lindsay) as she can relate with their situation. For example, she tries to get a 17-year-old prostitute and heroin addict, Nadia, to enter drug rehab twice. Eventually, she succeeds in convincing Nadia to stay clean and helps her get a desk job at 21st District headquarters. The character was first introduced in "Chicago Fire", as one of the Chicago PD detectives the firefighters of 51 regularly come into contact with. She began a relationship with Kelly Severide, the lieutenant of Squad 3. They eventually break up when he spirals out of control following Leslie Shay's death. When "Chicago P.D." premiered, it Document [71] (Title: Flora Cross) got the part". Her next role was playing the eccentric daughter of Jennifer Jason Leigh's character in director Noah Baumbach's "Margot at the Wedding". She worked alongside actors such as Nicole Kidman, Jack Black, John Turturro, and fellow teen actor Zane Pais. Cross plays the co-starring role of Cynthia in the film "Chlorine", written and directed by Jay Alaimo. The film also stars Kyra Sedgwick and Vincent D'Onofrio as Cynthia's troubled parents, and Ryan Donowho as her eccentric brother. Flora Cross Flora Cross (born January 11, 1993) is a French-American actress. Cross was born in Paris, France. Her father, Joseph Document [72] (Title: Jon Seda) Seda began portraying Detective Antonio Dawson in Dick Wolf’s "Chicago" franchise, first starring on "Chicago Fire" in a recurring role and then, in 2014, as part of the main cast of the spin-off "Chicago P.D." In 2017, he carried his role over into another spin-off, "Chicago Justice", which was canceled after its first season. His daughter Haley made a guest appearance on "Chicago P.D." as a key witness in a bombing. In July 2017, it was announced that Seda would return to "Chicago P.D." following the cancellation of "Chicago Justice". Seda married his long time girlfriend, Lisa Gomez, in 2000. Document [73] (Title: Kelly Severide) calls Casey - Case. (In Season 3 Episode 10, Severide and Casey go to a bar to get over their break-ups with Brittany and Dawson respectively and attempt to pick up a pair of girls named Chloe and Yuma, a reference to the film "", whose screenplay was written by "Fire" writers and co-creators Derek Haas and Michael Brandt.) Kelly Severide Kelly Severide is a fictional character on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire". As his shift`s lieutenant at Firehouse 51, Severide is the leader of Rescue Squad 3. Severide is portrayed by Taylor Kinney. Severide graduated at the top of Document [74] (Title: Jeff Hephner) as Jeff Clarke in "Chicago Fire"'s medical spinoff "Chicago Med", where Clarke returns to medical school. He appeared in the first season finale and recurred in the show until towards the end of the second season. Jeff Hephner Jeffrey Lane Hephner (born June 22, 1975) is an American actor, probably best known for the role Jeff Clarke. First on NBC's hit Chicago Fire and then later reprising the role on its sister show, Chicago Med. More recently he co-starred with Jennifer Garner in the action-thriller Peppermint, and he can be currently seen in Ron Howard's MARS, for National Geographic. In Document [75] (Title: Amanda Seyfried) biographical drama "Lovelace" (2013), and in the Seth MacFarlane comedies "A Million Ways to Die in the West" (2014) and "Ted 2" (2015). She starred in the drama "Fathers and Daughters" (2016), the drama "First Reformed" (2017), the crime comedy "Gringo" (2018), the musical romance "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again" (2018) and as Natalie Neptune in the Sesame Street special When You Wish Upon a Pickle (2018). Seyfried was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on December 3, 1985. Her mother, Ann (née Sander), is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German Document [76] (Title: Kelly Severide) alone in a restaurant waiting for [him]." In Season 3, while still mourning over Shay's death, Severide takes a trip to Las Vegas and meets Brittany Baker (Serinda Swan), a graphic designer, at the craps table. They marry and she moves in with Severide, shocking his colleagues and Chief Boden. Brittany moves in with Severide and into Casey and Dawson's guestroom. Their relationship and open affection lead to the deterioration of Casey and Dawson's own relationship. Homesick, Brittany finally leaves Chicago, unable to get used to the uncertainty and irregular hours Severide's job as a firefighter entails. Severide appears to Document [77] (Title: Ana Gasteyer) Ana Gasteyer Ana Kristina Gasteyer (born May 4, 1967) is an American actress best known for her time as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 1996 to 2002. She has since starred in such sitcoms as ABC's "Suburgatory," Netflix's "Lady Dynamite", and TBS's "People of Earth". Gasteyer was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Mariana Roumell-Gasteyer, an artist, and Phil Gasteyer, a lobbyist who became the mayor of Corrales, New Mexico. Her maternal grandparents were Romanian and Greek. She graduated from Sidwell Friends School and Northwestern University School of Communication (1989). While a teenager, she was a Document [78] (Title: David Eigenberg) "Chicago Fire" as firefighter Christopher Herrmann. Eigenberg and his wife Chrysti (née Kotik) have a son, Louie Steven (born January 19, 2009) and a daughter, Myrna Belle (born January 31, 2014). David Eigenberg David Eigenberg (born May 17, 1964) is an American actor. Eigenberg is best known for his long-running role as Steve Brady on the HBO sit-com, "Sex and the City", and for his role as Lieutenant Christopher Herrmann, on NBC's "Chicago Fire." Eigenberg was born in Manhasset, New York, on Long Island, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois, the only boy in a family of six children. A Question: who plays severide's parents on chicago fire Answer: Benny Severide (Treat Williams) Long Answer: The son of CFD Captain Benny Severide (Treat Williams), Kelly was raised singlehandedly by his mother, Jennifer Sheridan (Kim Delaney), after Benny left the family when Kelly was in elementary school . Although Kelly has since reconnected with his father, they still share a love - hate relationship . He is often known to the "white shirts" (high - ranking officers) as Benny's son but never used his father's name to advance his career, instead carving out his own reputation as a highly competent firefighter. Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Kelly Severide) The officers agree and tell him to stay put. The firehouse help JJ with a school project, trying to divert his attention from his mother, who he keeps asking to call. They let him film them for his 'Day In The Life of a Firefighter' documentary and he tells them that now, he just has to film his mom. A few hours later, Detective Crowley from CPD is back to tell him that Holloway died during surgery. He still insists that JJ stays with him until Mary (Bianca's sister) is here and doesn't let the other officer take him. Mary Document [2] (Title: Lisa Ben) only child on an apricot ranch in Fremont Township, California. Her father, Oscar E. Edye (1888–1968) was a Norwegian-born insurance agent and her mother, the former Olive Elizabeth Colegrove (1888–1953), was a housewife. Her father also served in civilian defense after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. She studied violin for eight years. Eyde developed her first crush on another girl when she was in high school, although she did not identify as lesbian until several years later. When her crush broke off the relationship, a devastated Eyde spoke with her mother. Her mother's adverse reaction convinced Eyde not to discuss Document [3] (Title: Kelly Severide) in season 2, he correctly predicted that Hadley had been targeting the men of 51 and that Candidate Rebecca Jones, who committed suicide just months after graduating from the academy, lacked the discretion and inhibitions to truly excel as a firefighter (although she was later revealed to suffer from clinical depression). At the beginning of season 1, Severide is plagued with a shoulder injury that puts his career in jeopardy. He hides this from everyone except Shay, from whom he gets painkillers to deal with his injury. When he finally sees a doctor, he is told that his condition is Document [4] (Title: Barbora Kodetová) Barbora Kodetová Barbora Kodetová (born 6 September 1970) is a Czech actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of Paul Atreides' concubine Chani in the 2000 television miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". She is the daughter of Czech actor Jiří Kodet, granddaughter of Czech actress Jiřina Steimarová and comes from a large family of actors. She is the cousin of actress Anna Polívková. Barbora is married to violinist Pavel Šporcl. She has three daughters - Lily Marie (born 15 February 2001), Violeta (born 26 July 2007) and Sophie (born 24 August 2009). Document [5] (Title: Antonio Dawson) cross paths with the firefighters. In October 2016 Seda confirmed that the character would move to the third spin-off "Chicago Justice", debuting in March 2017, after resigning from his position in the CPD to take up a job with the State's Attorney's Office. After "Chicago Justice" was cancelled, the character was written to have returned to the CPD due to his frustration with the bureaucratic red tape he often encountered. Dawson and his wife Laura have two children, Eva and Diego. His wife runs a restaurant which the children help in. However, subsequent events in Season 1 and Dawson's dedication Document [6] (Title: Rhea Perlman) (1922-2016), a bookkeeper. She grew up in Bensonhurst in a Jewish family with additional roots in Russia. She has a sister, Heide, who is a television writer, story editor, and producer who worked on "Cheers", "Frasier" and "The Tracey Ullman Show". In the mid-1980s, their parents moved to Los Angeles and their father became an extra on "Cheers". His character became known by his real name, Phil, and he managed to get a few lines over the years as he appeared in more than 30 episodes. He created a second career as a character actor, appearing in several films and Document [7] (Title: Star of the Family) up too fast. Adding to his troubles are: his wife runs off with a bellhop; his 17-year-old son (Michael Dudikoff) has more muscles than brains; and his crew at the firehouse are "strange" (Leo Feldman (Todd Susman) tells his mother he is a doctor instead of a fireman, Frank Rosetti (George Deloy) has only sex on the brain and Max Hernandez (Danny Mora), a Hispanic, speaks fractured English). Finally, his daughter signs with a manager named Judy "Moose" Wells (Judy Pioli); the name fits the description of the woman. Another character on the series was named Tiffany (played by Amanda Document [8] (Title: Matthew Casey) Severide's relationship; with Casey putting Severide in front of Dawson, such as when Dawson tells Casey to ask Severide to move out and Casey responds by saying Severide "is going to need [him] on his side, so good or bad that's where [he'll] be". In "Headlong Toward Disaster", Severide instantly turns down an order from his chief to spy on Casey. He also tells the chief that Casey is "one of the finest firefighters [he's] ever had the opportunity to work with in the entire CFD." Severide is the only person on the show, besides Dawson and Chief Boden, to Document [9] (Title: Sarah Shahi) love interest for Taylor Kinney's character Lt. Kelly Severide on NBC's show "Chicago Fire" in October 2012. She was cast as the possibly recurring character of Sameen Shaw on "Person of Interest". She was featured in the sixteenth episode of the second season, "Relevance", which aired in February 2013. In May 2013 CBS President Nina Tassler announced that Shahi would be added as a series regular for its third season. She played the daughter of Sylvester Stallone's character in the action film "Bullet to the Head" In which was also the first time working with co star Jason Momoa who Document [10] (Title: Lauren German) CBS police drama "Hawaii Five-0" as DHS agent Lori Weston from 2011 to 2012. She starred in the first two seasons of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Leslie Shay, one of the paramedics from 2012 to 2014. In her final season with the show, her character is killed. The character's name is memorialized to this day, her name imprinted on the door of the ambulance in which she rode. In 2016, German began appearing with Tom Ellis in the fantasy comedy-drama "Lucifer", loosely based on the DC comic book series of the same name, as Chloe Decker, a LAPD Document [11] (Title: Charlie Barnett (actor)) Charlie Barnett (actor) Charlie Barnett (born February 4, 1988) is an American actor from Sarasota, Florida. He starred as Peter Mills, a firefighter/paramedic on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2012 to 2015. Barnett and his sister were adopted; his adoptive mother is Swedish and a former Mormon, while his adoptive father is a boatbuilder from Minnesota. He was raised on a sailboat in Florida until he was seven. He discovered theater when he was six years old, and performed in many operas and musicals. Barnett is a graduate from Booker High School. He participated in the Carnegie Mellon Musical Document [12] (Title: Marisol Nichols) Marisol Nichols Marisol Nichols (born November 2, 1973) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the sixth season of "24" as Special Agent Nadia Yassir and as Hermione Lodge in the 2017 thriller series "Riverdale". Nichols was born in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois, with father Randy, of Romanian descent, and mother America, a Texan of Mexican ancestry. She is the oldest of three siblings, having two younger brothers. A rebellious teenager, Nichols recalled "being 17 and looking around at some of the people that I was Document [13] (Title: Michael Zegen) a recurring guest role in the second season of the AMC series "The Walking Dead". In 2014 he created the role of Liam off-Broadway in the dark comedy "Bad Jews". Michael Zegen Michael Jonathan "Mike" Zegen (born February 20, 1979) is an American actor, best known for his role as probie firefighter Damien Keefe on the FX Network television drama "Rescue Me", as well as his recurring role as Dwight the Troubled Teen on over 50 episodes of the "Late Show with David Letterman". Zegen was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey, to a teacher mother and a lawyer father. He Document [14] (Title: Alan Ruck) the feature film, and it now inhabits one of Angela and Henry's daughters. Once again, they must turn to exorcism-practicing priests (Alfonso Herrera, Ben Daniels) for help. Regan/Angela's mother, Chris MacNeil (played by recurring guest star Sharon Gless and Ellen Burstyn in the feature film), is welcomed by the rest of the family but utterly scorned by her own daughter. Ruck married Claudia Stefany in 1984, and had two children with her—a daughter, Emma, and a son, Sam. They divorced in 2005. He married actress Mireille Enos on January 4, 2008. They met in 2005 while co-starring in the Broadway Document [15] (Title: Kelly Severide) Kelly Severide Kelly Severide is a fictional character on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire". As his shift`s lieutenant at Firehouse 51, Severide is the leader of Rescue Squad 3. Severide is portrayed by Taylor Kinney. Severide graduated at the top of class at the academy and held the record for the youngest firefighter to make squad when he was 23 years old. He and his long-time colleague and close friend Captain Matthew Casey of Truck 81 have known each other since their days at the fire academy but have a falling-out over the death of their friend and colleague Andy Document [16] (Title: Cristine Rose) on "Grace Under Fire", and on "Providence" as Cynthia Blake. She also had recurring roles on "Ellen" as Susan, and on "Charmed" as Claire Pryce, in both shows' premiere seasons; both characters were the boss of the series lead's characters in their respective jobs. She has had guest roles in various shows, including "7th Heaven", "Life Goes On", "Friends", "Days of Our Lives", "Passions", "Party of Five", "The Wonder Years", "Matlock", "Malcolm in the Middle", "Ally McBeal", "Murder, She Wrote", "Boston Legal", "", "Nash Bridges", "", "NCIS", "", "The Practice", "L.A. Law", "Chicago Hope", "Crossing Jordan", "ER", "St. Elsewhere", "", Document [17] (Title: Christiane Seidel) Batson Studio, both in New York, to pursue her acting career. Seidel is also fluent in English, German, French and Danish and enjoys tennis, volleyball, skiing and swimming. Seidel's US television debut was as a Guest Star on NBC Universal's police drama ""'s premiere episode in 2010. She starred as FBI Agent Sarah DeSoto in the noir-feature film, "The Hollow" in 2015, and as Sybille Ranisch in "Schmidts Katze" in 2014, and has appeared in many other short films. She also starred as Sigrid Mueller, the Norwegian wife to rogue FBI Agent Nelson Van Alden (Michael Shannon) in the HBO Document [18] (Title: Merle Dandridge) Chief in the NBC drama series "Chicago Fire". Dandridge also had the recurring roles in the FX drama series, "Sons of Anarchy" as Rita Roosevelt, and short-lived The CW teen soap "Star-Crossed" in 2014. In 2015, she co-starred in the second season of NBC medical drama, "The Night Shift" as Gwen Gaskin. In 2015, Dandridge was cast as lead character in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, "Greenleaf" opposite Lynn Whitfield. She plays the role of Grace Greenleaf, Greenleaf's estranged daughter. Dandridge has received critical acclaim for her first leading screen role. Dandridge starred as Papa Ge the God of Document [19] (Title: Mazz Murray) as of 2017 is now being played by Kate Graham. It was announced that she will be joining the cast of Chicago, from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Mama Morton. Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and film actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married the Israeli Oren Arush (born 27 July 1980). Brian May played a special version of "Love of My Life", with some new words with Mazz at their Document [20] (Title: Molly Glynn) Molly Glynn Molly Glynn (June 14, 1968 – September 6, 2014) was an American actress: She was a well-known Chicago stage actress, and also played several roles in film and television, including a recurring role on the television series "Chicago Fire". Glynn, the youngest of five children, grew up as part of a prominent family in Hartford, Connecticut. She graduated from Tufts University, and spoke several languages. Glynn died from injuries from a falling tree in September 2014. She and her husband Joe Foust were bicycling on the North Branch Trail in Erickson Woods, suburban Chicago, on September 5 when Document [21] (Title: Chicago Med (season 1)) due to "family reasons". On May 29, 2015, "Arrow" star Colin Donnell was cast as Dr. Connor Rhodes, the hospital's newest ED physician. In July 2015, Brian Tee joined the cast as Dr. Ethan Choi, an expert in infectious disease prevention and a Navy Reserve medical officer. "Pretty Little Liars" star Torrey DeVitto was cast on August 13, 2015, as Dr. Natalie Manning, the ED pediatrician. On August 14, 2015, Rachel DiPillo was cast as Sarah Reese, a fourth year medical student. On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Jeff Hephner will reprise his Chicago Fire role as Jeff Document [22] (Title: Kelly Severide) it is revealed that she put signed a DNR order, leaving Severide to cope with her death. In Season 6, at the end of "The Chance to Forgive", Severide ends up kissing fellow firefighter Stella Kidd (whom he previously had a romantic fling with) in Molly's when it was closing for the night. In "Where I Want to Be", after learning about his failed relationships, Kidd reconsiders her living arrangements with Kelly by living in Herrmann's attic. In "The Unrivaled Standard", his old flame Renee Royce returns to Chicago and asks to testify at a hearing of a fellow firefighter, Document [23] (Title: Chicago Fire (TV series)) season. The season premiered on September 26, 2018. The show explores the lives, both professional and personal, of the firefighters and paramedics of the Chicago Fire Department at the quarters of Engine Company 51; Truck Company 81; Rescue Squad Company 3; Battalion 25 and Ambulance 61. Following the death of veteran Firefighter Andrew Darden, loyalties fracture and divide as Captain, previously Lieutenant Matthew Casey, officer-in-charge of Truck Company 81, and Lieutenant Kelly Severide, officer-in-charge of Squad Company 3, both blame one another for the death of their long-time friend and colleague. Severide is consumed with even more guilt when he Document [24] (Title: Charlie Barnett (actor)) Theater Summer Program. Barnett is a graduate of the Juilliard School drama program, class of 2010. He enjoys sailing and classic cars. While pursuing his career, Barnett has lived in New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", Barnett lived with co-stars Joe Minoso and Yuri Sardarov. He is a White Sox and Chicago Bears fan. Charlie Barnett (actor) Charlie Barnett (born February 4, 1988) is an American actor from Sarasota, Florida. He starred as Peter Mills, a firefighter/paramedic on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2012 to 2015. Barnett and his sister were adopted; his Document [25] (Title: Michael Cerveris) German transsexual rock diva Hedwig in "Hedwig and the Angry Inch" to the homicidal title character of Sondheim's "Sweeney Todd"." Cerveris' most visible television role to date has been as the Observer code-named September in the FOX science fiction television series "Fringe". His character, a mysterious man seen attending many unusual events, has appeared regularly during the series and became one of the main characters to bring the story to its end. Cerveris was born in Bethesda, Maryland and raised in Huntington, West Virginia. His mother, Marsha (née Laycock), was a dancer, and his father, Michael Cerveris, was a professor Document [26] (Title: Tamara Braun) exiting her role as Carly on "General Hospital", Braun returned as Kim Nero, the single mother of Oscar, Carly’s daughter Josslyn’s boyfriend. Braun was born in the Chicago suburb of Evanston, Illinois, to a family of Jewish descent.. She attended Evanston Township High School. She was a psychology major at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and took a summer course in Shakespeare at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in England before backpacking throughout Europe. Braun is well known for her win at the 2009 Daytime Emmy Awards, receiving the accolade of Outstanding Supporting Actress for the role of Ava Vitali Document [27] (Title: Home Fires (Canadian TV series)) immigrant from Poland. As the series progressed, storylines increasingly focused on Arthur and Hannah's children Terry (Wendy Crewson) and Sidney (Peter Spence) and nephew Jakob (Gil Yaron). Terry married her boyfriend Graeme (Jeff Wincott) shortly before he was shipped off to serve in the war, where he was killed at Dieppe; she then served in the Canadian Women's Army Corps before taking a job as a welder in an aircraft factory, where she became a labour union organizer. She entered a new relationship with Bruce McLeod (Booth Savage), a war correspondent, and ultimately decided to attend medical school to become Document [28] (Title: ER (season 4)) she moves back to England or stays in America as an intern. Meanwhile, as Greene copes with his beating, he and Ross travel to California to bury Ross' dad. While there, Greene visits his own parents, where he finds out that his mother is sick, and his relationship with his dad continues to be strained. Back in Chicago, he begins to date new ER desk clerk Cynthia Hooper (played by Mariska Hargitay). The relationship is purely physical, and when Greene has to visit his parents again later in the season, she comes along uninvited, only to realize that Greene does Document [29] (Title: Kelly Severide) reputation. After the two get into an intense argument, he finally tells Whaley everything and admitted that he never really moved on from her. Midway through Season 1, Severide is in a relationship with Renée Royce (Sarah Shahi), a lawyer whom 51 rescued. She asks him to relocate with her to Spain and he was about to do so, much to the surprise of his friends and co-workers, but ultimately decided to stay in Chicago. In the season finale, she returns to Chicago pregnant. However, Shay hints to Severide that Renée could not possibly be pregnant with his child given Document [30] (Title: Chicago P.D. (TV series)) second season of "Chicago Fire". On August 23, 2013, Patrick Flueger and "One Tree Hill" star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Officer Adam Ruzek and Detective Erin Lindsay respectively. Marina Squerciati joined the cast on August 28, 2013. On August 30, Elias Koteas became a regular. Archie Kao was announced as a regular on September 27, 2013. On October 21, 2013, Stella Maeve was cast in a recurring role as Nadia, a pretty 18-year-old escort who is addicted to heroin and goes through a very difficult withdrawal. Sydney Tamiia Poitier will guest star in five episodes as a detective, Document [31] (Title: Barbora Kodetová) Barbora Kodetová Barbora Kodetová (born 6 September 1970) is a Czech actress perhaps best known for her portrayal of Paul Atreides' concubine Chani in the 2000 television miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". She is the daughter of Czech actor Jiří Kodet, granddaughter of Czech actress Jiřina Steimarová and comes from a large family of actors. She is the cousin of actress Anna Polívková. Barbora is married to violinist Pavel Šporcl. She has three daughters - Lily Marie (born 15 February 2001), Violeta (born 26 July 2007) and Sophie (born 24 August 2009). Document [32] (Title: Shiri Appleby) (2010–2011) and as Lucy Lambert in the web comedy series "Dating Rules from My Future Self" (2012). Appleby also had recurring roles on the NBC drama series "Chicago Fire" (2012–2013) and the HBO comedy-drama series "Girls" (2013–2014). Appleby was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Dina Appleby (née Bouader), a Jewish day school teacher, and Jerry Appleby, a telecommunications executive. Her mother is Israeli and of Sephardic Moroccan-Jewish background, and her father is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Appleby's mother was an actress in Israel. She and her younger brother Evan were raised in Calabasas in Los Angeles County. Document [33] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 2)) next three or four episodes until people can re-galvanize as a family, but people have some hard feelings about how it all goes down." Officer Kim Burgess will be joined by a new partner, whom Olmstead describes as being an important voice to the team in the second season and particularly for Burgess. Brian Geraghty was later announced to be portraying Sean Roman, the new partner of Kim Burgess (Marina Squerciati). Jesse Lee Soffer revealed that there will be a lot more crossovers this season between "Chicago P.D." and parent show "Chicago Fire"; "I think every episode from now on, Document [34] (Title: Dora Madison Burge) Vince Masuka (C.S. Lee). In 2014, Burge had a recurring role as Zoe in seven episodes of the short-lived CW science fiction romantic drama "Star-Crossed", which starred her former "Friday Night Lights" co-stars Aimee Teegarden and Grey Damon. That same year, she played Dora in the Sasquatch horror film "Exists" directed by Eduardo Sánchez. In 2015, Burge joined the cast of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire", replacing Charlie Barnett who played Peter Mills as Jessica "Chili" Chilton, the paramedic in charge in the third season. Burge was added to the main cast in the fourth season. In 2016, her character Document [35] (Title: Christine Ebersole) Illinois, the daughter of Marian Esther (née Goodley) and Robert "Bob" Ebersole. Her father was the president of a steel company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She has Swiss-German and Irish ancestry. Ebersole graduated from New Trier High School in 1971. She attended MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois, Class of 1975, and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She met Marc Shaiman when he was 19 and the musical director of her first club act. She appeared in two different parts on "Ryan's Hope" in 1977 (as a nurse) and 1980 (as Lily Darnell), and was part of the cast of "Saturday Document [36] (Title: Antonio Dawson) Jon Seda), he had a difficult adolescence and boxing was his outlet, as shown by the fact that he runs his own gym and moonlights as a trainer when off duty. His younger sister is Gabriela "Gabby" Dawson, a paramedic-turned-firefighter who is a main character on "Chicago Fire". The siblings come from a large extended family and share a close relationship. The character is frequently seen on "Chicago Fire" and was first introduced in the episode "Professional Courtesy" after Gabby and her colleagues from Firehouse 51 rescue a boy and his father in a car accident caused by a drunk Document [37] (Title: Taylor Kinney) studied Business Management at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. Kinney played Luke Gianni on "Fashion House" (2006) on MyNetworkTV, and played Glenn Morrison on "Trauma" on NBC. Kinney had a recurring role on the supernatural drama "The Vampire Diaries", joining the cast during the second season as Mason Lockwood. In 2011, Kinney was featured in Lady Gaga's music video for the song "You and I". In 2012, Kinney landed a starring role on "Chicago Fire", a drama series that follows the lives of firefighters and paramedics. Kinney plays Lieutenant Kelly Severide on Rescue Squad 3 opposite former "House" Document [38] (Title: Family Affairs) Duncan (Rocky Marshall), Duncan's twin, the confused 24-year-old virgin and trainee solicitor Holly (Sandra Huggett), police constable Melanie (Cordelia Bugeja), and schoolboy Jamie (Michael Cole). Chris and Annie's parents were also featured. After losing his wife, Sally (Jean Heywood) in the opening episodes, Chris' father Angus (Ian Cullen) came to live with the Hart family. Annie's parents who lived nearby were the staunchly conservative Elsa Gates (Delena Kidd) and philandering Jack (Ken Farrington). Other original characters were Chris's partner in their building business, Nick Trip (Barry McCormick), Melanie's bubbly best friend Claire Toomey (Tina Hall), Annie's baby-obsessed best friend Maria Document [39] (Title: Backdraft (film)) their father died. He attacks fires head on, but is concerned about Stephen's unorthodox methods and disregard for safety procedures. Helen McCaffrey is Stephen's estranged wife and the mother of their son, Sean. Helen has grown fearful of Stephen's dedication to firefighting and the risks he takes. While they are still in love, she separated from Stephen to protect herself and Sean. Martin Swayzak is an alderman on the Chicago City Council. Swayzak hopes to be elected mayor, but has supported fire department budget cuts. Many of the rank and file firemen believe the cuts are endangering firefighters' lives. Fire Document [40] (Title: Kara Killmer) was cast as Athena True in the NBC science fiction crime thriller pilot "Tin Man", but it was not picked up by the network when it announced its 2014–15 television schedule. In 2014, Killmer joined the cast of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Sylvie Brett, the paramedic who replaces Leslie Shay (Lauren German) in the third season premiere titled "Always" that aired on September 23, 2014. Killmer made her feature film debut with her future husband Andrew Cheney and John Rhys-Davies in the Revolutionary War action-adventure thriller "Beyond the Mask" that was released on April 6, 2015. Kara Killmer Document [41] (Title: Monica Raymund) others. She was using crutches because of a knee injury when she auditioned for this role. From 2011 until 2012, Raymund had a recurring role in the third season of the CBS legal drama "The Good Wife", where she played Dana Lodge, an assistant states attorney. In 2012, Raymund began starring in the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" as Gabriela Dawson Casey, the paramedic in charge. On May 15, 2018, Raymund confirmed that she was leaving the show after six seasons. On November 8, 2018 it was announced that she is unsure if she will ever return to Chicago Fire, but Document [42] (Title: Nick Gehlfuss) was first introduced in the police procedural drama "Chicago P.D." and afterwards, the drama "Chicago Fire"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s backdoor pilot for "Chicago Med". Gehlfuss was born in Cleveland, Ohio and raised in Little Italy and Chesterland, Ohio. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Marietta College and completed his Master of Fine Arts at University of Missouri-Kansas City. On May 13, 2016, Gehlfuss married hotel marketer Lilian Matsuda. Nick Gehlfuss Nicholas Alan "Nick" Gehlfuss (born January 21, 1985) is an American actor, known for his role in 2014 as Robbie Pratt in the fourth season of the Showtime comedy-drama "Shameless". In Document [43] (Title: Chicago Fire (season 7)) newcomer Annie Ilonzeh would join the series as a regular playing Emily Foster replacing Raymund on Ambulance. Chicago Fire (season 7) The seventh season of "Chicago Fire", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 9, 2018, by NBC. The season premiered on September 26, 2018 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 p.m. to Wednesday at 9:00 p.m. The season is set to contain 22 episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> On May 15, 2018, longtime cast member Monica Raymund who plays Paramedic Gabriela Dawson, announced her departure Document [44] (Title: Kelly Severide) her move away nor to stay in the relationship with Severide. Anna agrees with her parents on both points and fears that Severide will turn out to a drunk like his father. She breaks it off with Severide. Later, Severide discovers that Anna has a complication with her cancer, and that prompted her to break up with him. Anna’s father, who visits Severide in his office, asks Severide to not give up on Anna. In "Carry Their Legacy", Severide carries Anna to the hospital for chemotherapy. In "Carry Me", Anna dies when the chemotherapy and other methods don't work and Document [45] (Title: Joe Minoso) prior to his television and film appearances. He worked at Chicago's Teatro Vista, the largest Latino theater company in the Midwest. Prior to "Chicago Fire", Joe Minoso lived on the North Side of Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", Minoso lived with co-stars Charlie Barnett and Yuri Sardarov. On October 16, 2016, Minoso married "Chicago Fire" make up artist Caitlin Murphy Miles. Joe Minoso Joe Minoso is an American theater and television actor. He currently stars in NBC's "Chicago Fire". Minoso was raised in Yonkers, NY He saw his first girlfriend in a school play at Lincoln High School where Document [46] (Title: Kelly Severide) Clarke after Gabby and Casey get married. Clarke shows him the woman and Severide instantly agrees. Clarke tells him he'll feel the pain for months, to which he replies, "good". A recurring theme for the character is his merry-go-round of relationships and flings with various women. Severide was engaged to Renee Whaley, the sister of fellow firefighter Lieutenant Eric Whaley, but he called it off after she cheated on him with an ex-boyfriend. Lieutenant Whaley initially hated Severide, thinking the latter was the one who broke Renee's heart. Severide had refused to tell him the real story to protect Renee's Document [47] (Title: DuShon Monique Brown) in "Chicago Fire" and had the possibility that she could become. She sees herself, especially with the younger members of the team, as a kind of mother, aunt, teacher. Eamonn and I, we play when I'm on the set that Connie is the boss's working wife and all the rest are her kids, they wrote Connie as that motherly figure that everyone seems to run away from. I'm just a goofy, geeky Chicagoan who plays the violin, likes karaoke, embraces the trees, loves to be appreciated for her work and dreams of playing a superhero in the movies." She was Document [48] (Title: Treat Williams) O' Brien in a Hallmark Channel television series called ‘’Chesapeake Shores’’ originally airing August 2016 till current. He also had a recurring role in "Chicago Fire" as Kelly Severide’s father, Benny Severide until his character's death in season 7. Williams has authored a children's book, "Air Show!", illustrated by Robert Neubecker, published in 2010 by Disney/Hyperion Books). Targeted at an audience of children ages three to seven, the book playfully documents an airshow experience with simple text and bold illustrations of such aircraft as a Boeing B-17, a Pitts Special biplane, and the US Navy's Blue Angel F/A-18. In 1969, Document [49] (Title: Kelly Severide) Darden, whom Severide has known since childhood, over a botched-up call, which is where the pilot picks up. They work things out by the end of the season. The son of CFD Captain Benny Severide (Treat Williams), Kelly was raised singlehandedly by his mother, Jennifer Sheridan (Kim Delaney), after Benny left the family when Kelly was in elementary school. Although Kelly has since reconnected with his father, they still share a love-hate relationship. He is often known to the "white shirts" (high-ranking officers) as Benny's son but never used his father's name to advance his career, instead carving out his Document [50] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)) in May. These characters were introduced in the penultimate episodes of "Chicago Fire's first season. Sagemiller's character was dropped after her initial guest spot on "Chicago Fire" and in the first episode of "Chicago P.D.". Jesse Lee Soffer, who already had a recurring role on "Chicago Fire" as undercover cop Detective Jay Halstead, was added to the main cast in her place. Jason Beghe was cast as Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit Hank Voight and Jon Seda would play the role of Intelligence Unit Detective Antonio Dawson. Patrick Flueger and "One Tree Hill" star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Document [51] (Title: Chicago Crossover) was also praised for his portrayal of Teddy Courtney. The case opens up where the "Chicago Fire" episode "Nobody Touches Anything", left off; where the CFD firefighters rescued a man from a burning building and in his possession, he held a box full of child pornography, a box which was dropped during Lieutenant Kelly Severide's (Taylor Kinney) attempt to save the man's life. The CFD then turned this evidence over to the Chicago police. Detective Erin Lindsay has a personal stake in the case: her half-brother is involved somehow and in New York City. Benson gets a call from Voight Document [52] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)) "Choice" sought to raise awareness about fetal alcohol syndrome. Josie Bissett (whose husband Rob Estes appeared in the previous season) played the role of an irresponsible mother. Katherine Roberts played her daughter and was chosen because she has FAS in real life. In the episode "Abomination", George Segal portrayed a father in denial about the fact that his son is gay. The accuracy of this episode garnered approval from critics of the ex-gay movement. In the 100th episode "Control", Mariska Hargitay's father, Mickey Hargitay guest starred as a man on a subway station escalator who witnesses the aftermath of a Document [53] (Title: Yuri Sardarov) Arbor in 2010 where he was in a fraternity and received a BFA in Theater Performance. He divides his time between Los Angeles and Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", he lived with his costars, Joe Minoso and Charlie Barnett. Yuri Sardarov Yuri Sardarov (born January 28, 1988) is an American actor and producer. He has done extensive work in the theater. Since 2012, he has starred on NBC's "Chicago Fire". He is the executive producer for "Apex". Yuri Sardarov is half-Georgian, half-Armenian and moved to the United States at age 2. Sardarov attended Glenbrook North High School, near Chicago, Document [54] (Title: Kelly Severide) and Boden are later reinstated as Patterson was revealed to have used his connections to Riddle to implicate the latter for corruption. In a Chicago PD crossover episode "Don't Bury this Case", Severide is accused of a hit-and-run accident, which later turns into a vehicular homicide when one of the victims, a child, dies from her injuries. Lindsay and Voight suspect that Severide was set up while friendships and relationships are put to the test as the detectives and cops are forced to toe a very thin line with their friends at Firehouse 51 as the evidence against Severide mounts. Document [55] (Title: Kelly Severide) visits Springfield after getting an offer from Springfield Fire Department to become a battalion chief. In "Purgatory", he turns it down. Anna moves to Chicago, in order to be close to Severide. When she gets cold feet over moving there, he takes her around the city in particularly, taking her skating. But when Severide's father shows up unannounced and with his girlfriend, and crashes Severide's date with Anna. Upon seeing Severide’s father, Anna starts crying and abruptly leaves the table to go outside and hail a cab. As she gets in the cab, she reveals that her parents didn't want Document [56] (Title: DuShon Monique Brown) DuShon Monique Brown DuShon Monique Brown (November 30, 1968 – March 23, 2018) was an American actress known for her performances as Nurse Katie Welch on the Fox series "Prison Break" and Connie in the NBC series "Chicago Fire". Brown was born in Chicago on November 30, 1968, to Tim and Liz Colburn. She was a graduate of Whitney M. Young Magnet High School and Governors State University, with a master's degree in school counseling. Brown previously worked at Chicago’s South Shore International College Preparatory High School as the guidance counselor, and at Kenwood Academy High School as a crisis Document [57] (Title: Jaimee Foxworth) stopped smoking. During the show, her newborn son was shown. Jaimee Foxworth Jaimee Monae Foxworth (born December 17, 1979) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role of Judy Winslow, the younger daughter of Carl and Harriette Winslow on the ABC/CBS sitcom "Family Matters". Foxworth began modeling at the age of five, soon appeared in national television advertisements, and ultimately landed the role of Judy Winslow, the youngest of the Winslow family's three children, on the long-running sitcom "Family Matters." After the introduction of Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), Foxworth's scenes were reduced significantly. The combination Document [58] (Title: Little Fires Everywhere) is May Ling Chow, the daughter of Bebe Chow, Mia's co-worker at the Chinese restaurant, who gave up her child in the middle of a postpartum episode and economic hardship. Bebe has been looking for her child for over a year. Mia informs Bebe of her daughter's whereabouts, though the McCulloughs refuse to let her see her daughter and threaten her with trespassing. Bebe is despondent as she has no money for lawyers, but Mia advises her to get the local news involved, which she does successfully. The local scandal results in Bebe getting visitation rights and help from a Document [59] (Title: Summer Glau) Summer Glau Summer Lyn Glau (; born July 24, 1981) is an American actress best known for her roles in science fiction and fantasy television series; as River Tam in "Firefly" (2002) and its continuation film "Serenity" (2005), as Tess Doerner in "The 4400" (2005–2007), as Cameron / in "" (2008–2009), as Bennett Halverson in "Dollhouse" (2009–2010), as Skylar Adams in "Alphas" (2011–2012) and as Isabel Rochev / Ravager in "Arrow" (2013–2014). Glau was born in San Antonio, Texas, where she grew up with her two younger sisters Kaitlin and Christie. She is of Scots-Irish and German ancestry. Her mother Document [60] (Title: Kelly Severide) the timeline. Renée confesses to Severide that the baby is not his and they part ways once again. Severide dates Detective Erin Lindsay, whom he first met when she was assigned to investigate the abduction of his half-sister Katie, and their relationship becomes serious. With Shay's death in the line of duty (later ruled to be a homicide caused by arson), Severide spirals out of control, isolating himself from his co-workers at 51 and Lindsay. She breaks up with him after he misses another date telling him that while she can empathize with him, she can’t "be the girl sitting Document [61] (Title: Kelly Severide) have a romantic interest in April Sexton (Yaya DaCosta), a main character on "Chicago Med" and an ER nurse at Chicago Medical Center. They have known each other since they were teens as her parents took Severide in when he was going through a rebellious phase in high school. He formally asks her out on date in the "Chicago Med" episode "Malignant". However, they later break up as April enters relationship with another man. In season 5, Severide appears to have a romantic interest towards Anna, a pediatrician of Springfield Hospital. After saving her life by donating bone marrow, Severide Document [62] (Title: Asintado (season 1)) Paulo Avelino, Aljur Abrenica, Lorna Tolentino, Agot Isidro, Nonie Buencamino, and Cherry Pie Picache. The fictional series begins in 1999 when two children, sisters Juliana and Katrina Ramirez, are separated after a tragic fire that kills their parents. Before her father perishes, he entrusts a book to Katrina but does not tell her it contains crucial evidence that explains his death. The siblings are left orphans and the elder Katrina blames Juliana for their parents'death. Following the tragedy, the two sisters are separately adopted with no contact or information about each other. Juliana is adopted by the hardworking and loving Document [63] (Title: Mandy Ingber) daily workout five times per week, and alternatively practices walking and an elliptical trainer. In her acting career, Ingber portrayed Annie, wife of Anthony Tortelli and daughter-in-law of his mother Carla, in the television sitcom "Cheers" and its short-lived spin-off "The Tortellis" (1987). She played Robin, Baby's "witless cousin", in the short-lived television series adaptation of the film "Dirty Dancing". Her other roles included Enid, Lila Penbrook's (April Lerman) friend, in the first season (1984–85) of "Charles in Charge" and Polly Goldenberg-Cohen in the 1989 film "Teen Witch". Mandy Ingber Mandy Ingber (born late 1960s), sometimes credited as Amanda Ingber, Document [64] (Title: Rachel Nichols (actress)) law firm she works at" in the fourth season of "Chicago Fire". Nichols starred in the science-fiction thriller "Pandemic" (2016), as a doctor who leads a group to find survivors of a worldwide pandemic. The film was released for selected theaters and VOD, and in its review, "The Hollywood Reporter" remarked that Nichols "attempts to adopt an attitude somewhere between shell-shocked survivor and sympathetic physician, but doesn’t manage to fulfill the role’s potential". In "Inside" (2016), a Spanish-American remake of the 2007 French horror film of the same name, Nichols took on the starring role of a pregnant woman accosted Document [65] (Title: Kelly Severide) arson). He and Gabby Dawson aid Detective Voight's team in the preliminary investigations, which led them to a series of unsolved arson cases, including the fire that killed Mills' father and seriously injured Chief Boden. The case crosses-over into the "Chicago P.D." episode "A Little Devil Complex" and the perpetrator is killed by Antonio Dawson. Severide moves in with Casey and Dawson and avoids the apartment he and Shay shared as he is unable to face the loss of his best friend. Severide is demoted in season 4 as part of Chief Riddle's plan to make Fire Commissioner by replacing Document [66] (Title: Chicago P.D. (TV series)) who will eventually crossover on to "Chicago Fire". On December 20, 2013, it was announced that both Eastwood and Raymonde had departed the series over creative differences. On September 2016, it was reported that series regular Jon Seda would move to the new spin-off "Chicago Justice" as regular. After "Justice"'s cancellation, in July 2017 it was disclosed that Seda would move back to "Chicago P.D." as series regular for season 5 In May 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would depart the series after four seasons In July 2017, Tracy Spiridakos was promoted to series regular as Det. Hailey Document [67] (Title: Kelly Severide) own reputation as a highly competent firefighter. His charismatic personality makes him a popular figure with both his colleagues and the ladies. He tends to be casual with his men and can be seen at the squad table or in the lounge chatting or playing cards with the rest of the firehouse. Despite this, he tends to keep his private problems to himself and lets it simmer, which often worries his chief. In contrast to Casey, he is highly adept at reading people, especially his own colleagues, and his observation skills have come to the fore in several arson investigations; Document [68] (Title: Kelly Severide) the fire because of the way the husband kicked him off to go in the burning building to save his wife. Casey disagrees, as he is the one who held the wife's hand seconds before she died and also found evidence of arson. Severide tries to prove the husband's innocence but is proven wrong in the end, after the husband admits to starting the fire but didn't know that his wife was inside at the time. Severide later has trouble with his relationships and starts thinking about his life. He is then injured in an accident and doesn't get it Document [69] (Title: Kelly Severide) her mother had been abandoned by his father Benny. The two become close and Kelly is shown to be very protective of her. In the episode "Tonight's The Night" of season 2, Katie is kidnapped and Severide tries to find her in the following episodes. After she is found, she leaves for Colorado. When Katie's kidnapper disappears, Severide becomes a suspect. However, Benny Severide is revealed to be responsible but is let off by Detective Voight after Benny explained himself. In Season 3, Severide is plunged into grief with Shay's death during a call (later discovered to be murder and Document [70] (Title: Erin Lindsay) as she can relate with their situation. For example, she tries to get a 17-year-old prostitute and heroin addict, Nadia, to enter drug rehab twice. Eventually, she succeeds in convincing Nadia to stay clean and helps her get a desk job at 21st District headquarters. The character was first introduced in "Chicago Fire", as one of the Chicago PD detectives the firefighters of 51 regularly come into contact with. She began a relationship with Kelly Severide, the lieutenant of Squad 3. They eventually break up when he spirals out of control following Leslie Shay's death. When "Chicago P.D." premiered, it Document [71] (Title: Flora Cross) got the part". Her next role was playing the eccentric daughter of Jennifer Jason Leigh's character in director Noah Baumbach's "Margot at the Wedding". She worked alongside actors such as Nicole Kidman, Jack Black, John Turturro, and fellow teen actor Zane Pais. Cross plays the co-starring role of Cynthia in the film "Chlorine", written and directed by Jay Alaimo. The film also stars Kyra Sedgwick and Vincent D'Onofrio as Cynthia's troubled parents, and Ryan Donowho as her eccentric brother. Flora Cross Flora Cross (born January 11, 1993) is a French-American actress. Cross was born in Paris, France. Her father, Joseph Document [72] (Title: Jon Seda) Seda began portraying Detective Antonio Dawson in Dick Wolf’s "Chicago" franchise, first starring on "Chicago Fire" in a recurring role and then, in 2014, as part of the main cast of the spin-off "Chicago P.D." In 2017, he carried his role over into another spin-off, "Chicago Justice", which was canceled after its first season. His daughter Haley made a guest appearance on "Chicago P.D." as a key witness in a bombing. In July 2017, it was announced that Seda would return to "Chicago P.D." following the cancellation of "Chicago Justice". Seda married his long time girlfriend, Lisa Gomez, in 2000. Document [73] (Title: Kelly Severide) calls Casey - Case. (In Season 3 Episode 10, Severide and Casey go to a bar to get over their break-ups with Brittany and Dawson respectively and attempt to pick up a pair of girls named Chloe and Yuma, a reference to the film "", whose screenplay was written by "Fire" writers and co-creators Derek Haas and Michael Brandt.) Kelly Severide Kelly Severide is a fictional character on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire". As his shift`s lieutenant at Firehouse 51, Severide is the leader of Rescue Squad 3. Severide is portrayed by Taylor Kinney. Severide graduated at the top of Document [74] (Title: Jeff Hephner) as Jeff Clarke in "Chicago Fire"'s medical spinoff "Chicago Med", where Clarke returns to medical school. He appeared in the first season finale and recurred in the show until towards the end of the second season. Jeff Hephner Jeffrey Lane Hephner (born June 22, 1975) is an American actor, probably best known for the role Jeff Clarke. First on NBC's hit Chicago Fire and then later reprising the role on its sister show, Chicago Med. More recently he co-starred with Jennifer Garner in the action-thriller Peppermint, and he can be currently seen in Ron Howard's MARS, for National Geographic. In Document [75] (Title: Amanda Seyfried) biographical drama "Lovelace" (2013), and in the Seth MacFarlane comedies "A Million Ways to Die in the West" (2014) and "Ted 2" (2015). She starred in the drama "Fathers and Daughters" (2016), the drama "First Reformed" (2017), the crime comedy "Gringo" (2018), the musical romance "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again" (2018) and as Natalie Neptune in the Sesame Street special When You Wish Upon a Pickle (2018). Seyfried was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on December 3, 1985. Her mother, Ann (née Sander), is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German Document [76] (Title: Kelly Severide) alone in a restaurant waiting for [him]." In Season 3, while still mourning over Shay's death, Severide takes a trip to Las Vegas and meets Brittany Baker (Serinda Swan), a graphic designer, at the craps table. They marry and she moves in with Severide, shocking his colleagues and Chief Boden. Brittany moves in with Severide and into Casey and Dawson's guestroom. Their relationship and open affection lead to the deterioration of Casey and Dawson's own relationship. Homesick, Brittany finally leaves Chicago, unable to get used to the uncertainty and irregular hours Severide's job as a firefighter entails. Severide appears to Document [77] (Title: Ana Gasteyer) Ana Gasteyer Ana Kristina Gasteyer (born May 4, 1967) is an American actress best known for her time as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 1996 to 2002. She has since starred in such sitcoms as ABC's "Suburgatory," Netflix's "Lady Dynamite", and TBS's "People of Earth". Gasteyer was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Mariana Roumell-Gasteyer, an artist, and Phil Gasteyer, a lobbyist who became the mayor of Corrales, New Mexico. Her maternal grandparents were Romanian and Greek. She graduated from Sidwell Friends School and Northwestern University School of Communication (1989). While a teenager, she was a Document [78] (Title: David Eigenberg) "Chicago Fire" as firefighter Christopher Herrmann. Eigenberg and his wife Chrysti (née Kotik) have a son, Louie Steven (born January 19, 2009) and a daughter, Myrna Belle (born January 31, 2014). David Eigenberg David Eigenberg (born May 17, 1964) is an American actor. Eigenberg is best known for his long-running role as Steve Brady on the HBO sit-com, "Sex and the City", and for his role as Lieutenant Christopher Herrmann, on NBC's "Chicago Fire." Eigenberg was born in Manhasset, New York, on Long Island, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois, the only boy in a family of six children. A Question: who plays severide's parents on chicago fire

Answer: Benny Severide (Treat Williams) Long Answer: The son of CFD Captain Benny Severide (Treat Williams), Kelly was raised singlehandedly by his mother, Jennifer Sheridan (Kim Delaney), after Benny left the family when Kelly was in elementary school . Although Kelly has since reconnected with his father, they still share a love - hate relationship . He is often known to the "white shirts" (high - ranking officers) as Benny's son but never used his father's name to advance his career, instead carving out his own reputation as a highly competent firefighter. Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko) that certain issues could be clarified, but his request was refused on the ground that to do so was beyond the commission's mandate. Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko was elected governor of Sokoto State, Nigeria in April 2007, representing the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Aliyu Wamakko of Sokoto State was born on 1 March 1953 in Wamakko, Sokoto State. He spent five years (1968-1972) at the Sokoto Teachers’ College. After graduation, he worked as a teacher from 1973-1977 before being admitted to the University of Pittsburgh in the United States. He graduated with a B.Sc. in August 1980. Returning Document [2] (Title: Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar) Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar (born 11 December 1956) is the present governor of Bauchi State, Nigeria. He began his career in the Civil Service where he rose through the ranks to become the Bauchi State Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice. He ran for public office as Governor of Bauchi State in 2015 under the platform of the All Progressives Congress, the state's opposition party. He won the election, defeating the incumbent party's candidate by over 370,000 votes. He began his tenure as the governor of Bauchi on 29 August 2016, succeeding Isa Yuguda. Mohammed Abubakar was born Document [3] (Title: Mohammed Bawa) was commissioned as second lieutenant in 1976, full lieutenant in 1980, captain in 1985 and major in 1990. Bawa was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State after it was formed in October 1996 from part of Ondo State. After the death of General Sani Abacha, his successor General Abdulsalami Abubakar transferred him the Gombe State during the transition to democracy that was completed in May 1999. As administrator of Gombe State, he initiated joint border patrols with neighboring Chad and Niger to reduce cross border banditry. He ran unsuccessfully as candidate for Governor of Kebbi state on the Action Congress Document [4] (Title: Gbenga Aluko) Gbenga Aluko Gbenga Daniel Aluko (born 20 July 1963) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. Aluko was born on 20 July 1963, to Professor Sam Aluko, a prominent Nigerian Economist from Ekiti State of Nigeria. He attended Federal Government College, Ilorin, and then was admitted to the University of Benin, graduating in 1982 with a degree in Geography and Regional Planning. He went on to the College of Energy and Petroleum Document [5] (Title: Ikedi Ohakim) ceremony in Lagos in July 2009. Ikedi Ohakim Ikedi Ohakim (born 1957) is a Nigerian businessman who became governor of Imo State in the South Eastern region in May 2007, standing for the Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA). He later switched to the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Ikedi Ohakim was born on 4 August 1957 in Okohia in Isiala Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. He attended the University of Lagos, gaining a B.Sc. in Business Administration and a master's degree in Management. Ikedi Ohakim worked for over 15 years at First Aluminium and then at Tower Groups. He became Document [6] (Title: Babafemi Ojudu) as candidate. On 31 March 2011 the Federal High Court in Abuja set aside its 17 March judgment. In the April 2011 election for the Ekiti Central Senatorial seat, Ojudu polled 67,747 running on the ACN platform. Labour Party (LP) candidate and former Ekiti State Governor Ayo Fayose received 29,773 votes. Kayode Alufa of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) received 29,488 votes. After conceding defeat, Alufa congratulated Ojudu, saying: "Our God in his wisdom has chosen you with your experience and good credentials, which I am sure you will deploy for the service and improvement of our impoverished area." On Document [7] (Title: Richard Bamisile) (2003) he got involved in democratic process where he contested for the primary ticket of Ekiti State House of Assembly under the Platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD) which he won. In 2005 after the death of Hon. Abiodun; He contested as candidate of the National Conscience Party (NCP) for the House of Representatives against Hon. (Mrs) Abiodun Olujimi of the PDP. In 2006, he was appointed as the Ag. Chairman of Ekiti State Sports Commission, and later as Special Assistant (General Duties) to the Governor of Ekiti state. He contested again for the membership of Ekiti State House Document [8] (Title: 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election) 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election A by-election was held to elect a new governor of Kogi State on March 29, 2008. The incumbent, Ibrahim Idris of the PDP, was re-elected to a second term in the 2007 general elections, but later in the year his re-election was nullified by INEC due to a complaint to the Election Petitions Tribunal by Abubakar Audu, a former governor who was excluded by INEC from participating in the 2007 elections. On February 6, 2008, the Court of Appeal upheld this ruling and ordered a new election to be held within three months. President Umaru Document [9] (Title: Ekiti State) viz. : — (1) The Owore of Otun, (2) The Ajero of Ijero, (3) The Ewi of Ado and (4) The Elekole of Ikole. The following are the minor Ekiti kings : — (5) Alara of Aramoko, (6) Alaye of Efon Alaye, (7) Ajanpanda of Akure, (8) Alagotun of Ogotun, (9) Olojudo of Ido, (10) Ata of Aiyede, (11) Oloja Oke of Igbo Odo, (12) Oloye of Oye, (13) Olomuwo of Omuwo, (14) Onire of Ire, (15) Arinjale of Ise and (16) Onitaji of Itaji. The Orangun of Ila is sometimes classed among them, but he is only Ekiti in Document [10] (Title: Adedayo Clement Adeyeye) Works. He served as Minister till the end of President Goodluck Jonathan's administration on 29th May, 2015. Prince Adeyeye was appointed by the Ekiti State Government as Pro Chancellor of the Ekiti State University in June 2015 and he is the current Chairman of the University's Governing Council. In 2018,he declared interest in the race for Ekiti Governorship seat and ran for the ticket of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) but controversially lost to Kolapo Olusola-Eleka, the anointed candidates of the sitting Governor - Peter Ayodele Fayose. This made him and his supporters defect to the All Progressive Congress (APC), Document [11] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) of Assembly to take over as acting governor. In a repeat election held on March 29, 2008, Idris was returned as the Governor of Kogi State. His opponent, Abubakar Audu, challenged the result of the by-election on the basis of massive electoral fraud including violence and theft of ballot boxes. On the October 29, 2006 plane crash, his 3 daughters survived the accident along with six other people. About this he claimed: 'This is a superlative show of mercy to me and my family by Almighty Allah. I lack words to express my gratitude to the Almighty Father for this Document [12] (Title: Rotimi Amaechi) the Order of the Niger (CON). He is a Christian Catholic and a Knight of St. Johns. Rotimi Amaechi Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi (born 27 May 1965) is a Nigerian politician who served as the fifth Governor of Rivers State from 2007 to 2015. He was re-elected for a second term on 26 April 2011. Amaechi was a member of the People's Democratic Party before defecting to the All Progressives Congress on 27 November 2013. He is now a serving Federal Minister of Transportation. Amaechi was born in Ubima, Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State to the family of late Document [13] (Title: Atanda Yusuf) Atanda Yusuf Navy Captain (retired) Musbau Atanda Yusuf was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State, Nigeria during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over to the elected civilian governor at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic on 29 May 1999. During his tenure he constructed the complex housing the Ekiti State House of Assembly, inaugurated on June 1, 1999 by his elected civilian successor Otunba Niyi Adebayo. He assisted Sikiru Tae Lawal in creating peace in Ikere-Ekiti, which had been racked by communal strife. Yusuf was required to retire in June 1999, as were all former military Document [14] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) leader, Senator Ahmed Tijani Ahmed. He was elected governor of Kogi State on the PDP platform in April 2003, taking office on 29 May 2003. Idris was re-elected in April 2007, but later in the year his re-election was nullified on the grounds that the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) had wrongly excluded the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) candidate Abubakar Audu from the April 14, 2007 governorship poll. On February 6, 2008, the Court of Appeal upheld this ruling and ordered a new election to be held within three months. President Umaru Yar'Adua ordered the Speaker of the House Document [15] (Title: Orji Uzor Kalu) Orji Uzor Kalu Orji Uzor Kalu (born April 21, 1960) is the chairman of SLOK Holding and the Daily Sun and New Telegraph newspapers in Nigeria, who served as the governor of Abia State, Nigeria from May 29, 1999, to May 29, 2007. Prior to his election, he served as the chairman of the Borno Water Board and the chairman of the Cooperative and Commerce Bank Limited. Kalu was also a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA) and the chairman of the PPA Board of Trustees. He was the party's presidential candidate in the April Document [16] (Title: James Ibori) law Ibori had to swear that he had no previous convictions. Using the false birth certificate and passport that he had used for the mortgage application in London, he passed the tests falsely, and was elected to become the governor from 1999. In 2003, he was re-elected as governor for another four-year term. At the PDP's ruling party's pre-election convention in 2006, Ibori was on hand to lift up the hand of the victorious Umaru Yar'Adua. After Yar'Adua was selected as their presidential candidate, Ibori was accused of bank-rolling Yar'Adua's 2007 campaign, and promised a Vice-Presidential position in return. But Document [17] (Title: Okezie Ikpeazu) Ph.D in Biochemical Pharmacology from the University of Calabar. Before joining politics, he had been a lecturer in several Nigerian educational institutions. On December 31, 2015, a Court of Appeal sitting in Owerri sacked Ikpeazu as Governor and declared Alex Otti as the winner of the 2015 gubernatorial election held in April 11 and April 25, 2015. On 27 June 2016, Justice Okon Abang of the Federal High Court, Abuja ordered Ikpeazu to vacate his office as governor upon allegations of false information and forgery of documents prior to the 2015 gubernatorial election. The suit was however dismissed by a Document [18] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) recontested for second term as Ekiti state governor under the platform of the All Progressive Congress in the July 14, 2018, governorship election after resigning as the Minister of Solid Minerals Development. He was officially declared as the winner of the Governorship election in Ekiti state by the Independent National Electoral Commission on 15th, July 2018. He won by 19,345 votes against the Peoples Democratic Party's Kolapo Olusola Eleka who was second. He was officially sworn-in as Ekiti State governor for the second time, on the 16th, October 2018, at the Ekiti Parapo Pavilion, Ado Ekiti. Kayode Fayemi John Olukayode Document [19] (Title: Ayo Fayose) Ayo Fayose Peter Ayodele Fayose, (born 15 November 1960) is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State. Fayose grew up in Oyo State where he attended Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo In 1985, Fayose was admitted for a Higher National Diploma (HND) programme in Biological Sciences/Applied Medical/Biology by The Polytechnic, Ibadan and graduated in 1987. While doing his National Youth Service Corps program at Pepsi Nigeria Limited, Ibadan, he was engaged in installation, maintenance and servicing of medical and laboratory equipment. After the youth service, Fayose traveled out of the country during which he was exposed to Document [20] (Title: Nigerian state governors 2011–15 term) the states had been declared, of which the People's Democratic Party (PDP) had taken 15. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) declared the election in Imo state "inconclusive" due to irregularities in collation of results. On 29 April the INEC decided to hold supplementary polls in four local government areas and one ward in Imo State on 6 May 2011 to decide the election. Elections for the 10 remaining states were to be held only when the four-year tenures of the current governors run out. The governors of Adamawa, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Edo, Ekiti, Kogi, Ondo, Osun and Sokoto Document [21] (Title: Bamidele Olumilua) Board. In August 2005, the PDP stated that he was no longer a member of the party. He later became one of the founding members of the Action Congress (AC) party, formed in 2006. Bamidele Olumilua Bamidele Isola Olumilua is a Nigerian politician who was the elected Governor of Ondo State, Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic, elected on the Social Democratic Party (SDP) platform. He was forced to leave office when the military regime of general Sani Abacha took power. His deputy governor was Olusegun Agagu, who later became Governor of Ondo State Document [22] (Title: Bamidele Olumilua) Bamidele Olumilua Bamidele Isola Olumilua is a Nigerian politician who was the elected Governor of Ondo State, Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic, elected on the Social Democratic Party (SDP) platform. He was forced to leave office when the military regime of general Sani Abacha took power. His deputy governor was Olusegun Agagu, who later became Governor of Ondo State from 29 May 2003 until February 2009. He is currently the Chancellor, Ekiti State University. Olumilua joined the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in 1998. He was appointed as the Chairman of the Christian Pilgrims Document [23] (Title: Michael Opeyemi Bamidele) election. He served as Special Assistant on Legal Matters to Senator Bola Tinubu until November 1993 when Nigeria's democracy was truncated by the late Gen. Sanni Abacha, a former Nigerian head of states and military dictator. In July 2000, he was appointed Senior Special Assistant to the Lagos State Governor on Political and Intergovernmental Relations. He was later appointed as commissioner for Lagos State Ministry of Youth, Sports and Social Development in Bola Tinubu's led administration. On April 2011, he was elected as member of the 7th National Assembly to represent Iyin Ekiti Senatorial district. In March 2015, in his Document [24] (Title: Alex Otti) 25 Governorship elections in the state. However, on February 3, 2016, the Supreme Court of Nigeria reversed the verdict of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the election of Ikpeazu as Governor. Dr. Otti is a member of the editorial board of one of the most respected newspapers in Nigeria, "Thisday", and writes a fortnightly column, every other Monday, titled "Outside The Box". Otti was born to the family of the late Pastor and Mrs. Lazarus Weze Otti at Umuru, Umuehim village in Ehi Na Uguru Ancient Kingdom, Isiala Ngwa South LGA of Abia State. He had his secondary school Document [25] (Title: Olusegun Agagu) Olusegun Agagu Olusegun Kokumo Agagu (16 February 1948 – 13 September 2013) was a Nigerian politician who was Governor of Ondo State in Nigeria from 29 May 2003 until February 2009, when a court voided his re-election as governor on account of electoral irregularities. He was replaced as Governor of Ondo State by Olusegun Mimiko, his political rival, based on a court injunction. His name, Olusegun, means ""God is victorious"". He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). He commenced his elementary education at St. Luke’s Anglican School, (now known as St. Paul’s Anglican School) Okitipupa, in Document [26] (Title: Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari) of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared the election annulled and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Assembly, was made Acting Governor in his place. Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Document [27] (Title: Isiaka Adeleke) carved out from Oyo State. He was a member of SDP the dominant party in the state.The front runner was a lawyer, Oladipo Oladosu but after a close primary in which Adeleke came second, Adeleke was able to win a runoff. He was then elected the first civilian governor of Osun State in 1992. Notable decisions made by Adeleke was the establishment of a polytechnic at Iree, a college of technology at Esa-Oke and the completion of the Osun State Broadcasting Corporation. However, in 1994, after the dissolution of the republic, Adeleke pitched its tent to the opposition group, Afenifere Document [28] (Title: Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade) State by the military government of General Sani Abacha. As governor, on 4 May 1998 he established the Bayelsa State Council for Arts & Culture. Olubolade retired from the Nigerian Navy in 1999 at the start of the new democratic regime. In April 2006, Olubolade was briefly arrested during a House of Representatives by-election in the Ekiti South II Federal Constituency. He was an aspirant to become Action Congress (AC) candidate for governor of Ekiti State in the April 2007 elections. Later in 2006 he defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was appointed Chairman of the Ekiti State Document [29] (Title: Theodore Orji) the Governor of Abia State handed over to Dr Okezie Ikpeazu as the 4th democratically elected Governor of Abia State on May 29, 2015 at Umuahia, the capital of Abia State. Chief T. A. Orji has been recognized and conferred with many traditional titles, including Ochendo Ibeku, Utuagbaigwe of Ngwaland, and Ohazurume of Abia South. He is married to Mercy Odochi Orji and they have five children. Theodore Orji Theodore Ahamefule Orji CON was elected governor of Abia State, in southeast Nigeria, on May 29, 2007 and re-elected on April 26, 2011. He was formerly a career civil servant, and Document [30] (Title: Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi) on to become Governor of Ekiti State in 2010; the two of them met while they were students and they have one son together, Folajimi Fayemi (born circa 1994). Adeleye-Fayemi was given the "Changing the Face of Philanthropy" award by the Women's Funding Network in 2007, and was named one of the 20 most influential African women in 2009 by "New African" magazine. In 2011, Women Deliver listed her as one of the top 100 people in the world, advancing the rights of women and girls. Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi (born 11 June 1963) is a British-Nigerian feminist activist, writer Document [31] (Title: Mike Oghiadomhe) under the platform of the United Nigeria Congress Party. Subsequent to the truncation of that transition programme, he was elected Deputy Governor of Edo State alongside Lucky Igbinedion on the platform of the People's Democratic Party, PDP and successfully served two terms from 1999 to 2007. In the course of service, he received several awards for his unalloyed loyalty and outstanding performance. In appreciation of his immense contributions to Edo State, the entire traditional rulers of the State unanimously conferred upon him the title of OLUETSENIGIE of Edo land. He remains the first and only Edo man to hold a Document [32] (Title: Joseph Olurotimi Sanya) I (1999-2002); Chief Medical Officer (2002-2004); Associate Lecturer, University of Ado-Ekiti, (2003-2008); Chief Medical director (2004-2006); and Acting Director of Health Services, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, (2008-2010). He served his professional colleagues and Ekiti State Government with his God-given skills in various capacities, such as; Chairman, Nigerian Medical Association, Ekiti State (1998-2000); Board Member, Ekiti State Hospital Management Board (1998-1999); Board Member, Federal Medical Center, Ido-Ekiti (2000-2003); Member, Hospital Management Committee, State Specialist Hospital,(S.S.H) Ado-Ekiti (1999-2004); Head, Department of Paediatrics, S.S.H, Ado-Ekiti (1997-2004); Chief Medical Director, S.S.H, Ikere-Ekiti (2004-2007); and Member, Steering Committee of Paths Ekiti State (2005-2006. As a Document [33] (Title: Ekiti State) Ekiti State Ekiti is a state in western Nigeria, declared a state on 1 October 1996 alongside five other states in the country by the military under the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha. As one of the newest states of the Nigerian federation, it was carved out of the territory of old Ondo State, and covers the former 12 local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. On creation, it had 16 Local Government Areas (LGAs), having had an additional four carved out of the old ones. Ekiti State is one of the 36 states Document [34] (Title: Sola Akinyede) Sola Akinyede Sola Steven Akinyede (born 24 February 1954) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Akinyede attended King's College Lagos, earned a Bachelor Of Law Degree, Barrister At Law and master's degree In Law and became a legal practitioner. He was appointed Pro-Chancellor of the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly (1998) and of the National Political Reform Conference (2005). After taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed Document [35] (Title: Abiodun Olujimi) Ayo Fayose in 2005. Olujimi attained other great heights in politics; from being the Commissioner for Works and Infrastructure in her state to a Director of Women Affairs. In 2015, she contested for a Senatorial seat and won, and became a senator representing the Ekiti South constituency in the National Assembly under the Peoples Democratic Party. Abiodun Olujimi is regarded as one of the most experienced female politicians in Nigeria. Abiodun Olujimi Abiodun Christine Olujimi (born 25 December 1958) is a Nigerian politician. She is a senator of the Federal Republic Nigeria representing Ekiti South constituency and deputy minority whip. Document [36] (Title: Ado Ekiti) in Ondo Province (of north-eastern Yoruba Territories) which formed part of the Western Region in the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (now the Federal Republic of Nigeria) and is today, the capital of Ekiti State. The gradual break down and tearing apart of Ewi's Kingdom after 19th century by the advent of British colonial rule is made poignant with the grant of political and territorial autonomy to various towns and villages under Ewi's influence in the pre-colonial era. This is further strengthened by the creation of modern local government system and the composition of Council of Chiefs with the re-grading Document [37] (Title: Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade) Project Monitoring Committee by Governor Segun Oni.Caleb Olubolade is currently a front runner in the Ekiti state governorship race,2014 election, under the Peoples Democratic Party.Caleb Olubolade will formerly declare his governorship ambition,on Saturday 22 February 2014, at the PDP state secretariat Ado Ekiti Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade Navy Captain Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade (born 30 November 1954) is a former Military Administrator of Bayelsa State, Nigeria who was appointed Minister of Special Duties on 6 April 2010, when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet. Olubolade was born on 30 November 1954 at Ipoti-Ekiti in Ijero LGA of Ekiti State. He Document [38] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) favour. I can only call on Nigerians and indeed humanity in general to join me in thanksgiving for His benevolence'. Ibrahim Idris Ibrahim Idris (born 1949) is a Nigeria businessman who was elected Governor of Kogi State in Nigeria in April 2003, and reelected in April 2007. He is a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). Ibrahim Idris was replaced as governor by his brother-in-law Captain Idris Wada, who won an election in December 2011 and took office in January 2012. Ibrahim Idris was born in 1949 at Idah town, Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State. He Document [39] (Title: Niyi Adebayo) Niyi Adebayo Chief Niyi Adebayo (born 1958) is a Nigerian politician and traditional aristocrat. He served as the first Executive Governor of Ekiti State from May 29, 1999 to May 29, 2003 and represents the Alliance for Democracy (AD). Adebayo has been associated with APC, and he is currently a top chieftain of the All Progressives Congress, APC, Niyi has extensive experience in a wide range of disputes & legal and advisory work. His more notable achievements have been in the areas of project finance, oil and gas, contract procurement and business facilitation. He is a member of Nigerian Bar Document [40] (Title: Kayode Olofin-Moyin) from August 1998 to May 1999 during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over power to the elected governor Olusegun Osoba at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic. He built a new Governors Lodge for Ogun State, opened on 27 April 1999 just before the handover to the civilian governor. In November 2002 his house in Victoria Island, Lagos was gutted and destroyed by fire. Kayode Olofin-Moyin Navy Captain Kayode Olofin-moyin was born in Ilawe-Ekiti, Ekiti State, on May 13, 1950. After his elementary education, he enrolled at the Annunciation Catholic School, Ikere-Ekiti in 1965. He passed Document [41] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) a three and a half year prolonged re-election process and court battle, an Elections Appeal Tribunal sitting in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria sacked former Governor Segun Oni of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and declared Dr Kayode Fayemi of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) as the new governor of Ekiti State. Mrs Olufunmilayo Olayinka was subsequently sworn in as the substantive Deputy Governor of Ekiti State by virtue of her existing role as the running mate of Dr Kayode Fayemi during the 2007 Governorship Elections. She is only the Second woman in the history of Ekiti State to occupy Document [42] (Title: Richard Bamisile) Government Elections Committee (2008), Ekiti State Gubernatorial Re-run Elections Committee (2009), Ekiti State Commissioners Selection Committee (2009), Ekiti State Visitation Panel on Local Government activities (2009). He left the People%27s Democratic Party (Nigeria) in 2014 before the Gubernatorial Election to support the then Governor Kayode Fayemi and General Muhammadu Buhari Presidential Ambition prior to the 2015 poll which he won. He was among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2018. A. The University of Ife is now called Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) B. The University of Ado-Ekiti is now called Ekiti Document [43] (Title: Olusegun Oni) "The Election Petition Tribunal sitting in Ado-Ekiti, the Ekiti State capital, upheld the election of incumbent Governor Segun Oni, thereby dismissing the petition filed by the Action Congress (AC) Governorship candidate, Dr. Kayode Fayemi". The "Majority ruling declares Oni winner with 109,000 to Dr. Kayode Fayemi's 106,000 after deductions of unlawful votes were made". The minority ruling opposed this by upholding that "We hold that the Petitioners have duly and dutifully proved their case". Two judges supported the minority judgement while three judges endorsed the majority ruling. He was removed from office on 15 October following the Judgement of the Document [44] (Title: Festus Olabode Ola) Festus Olabode Ola Festus Olabode Ola (born 12 November 1956) was elected Senator for Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 30 June 2009. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC) party. Ola obtained a Higher National Diploma in Accountancy in 1982. He was employed in the Foreign Service (1983–2004). In the 2007 elections Adefemi Kila of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) was declared the winner for Ekiti Central. However, on 30 June 2009, the Court of Appeal quashed Kila's election and declared Bode Ola the lawful winner of the April 2007 poll. A deciding Document [45] (Title: Babatunde Fashola) down by the court. THE Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) finally ended months of speculation over the second term ambition of the Lagos State Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola (SAN), when it endorsed him as the party's sole candidate for the 2011 governorship election. On Wednesday, at the party's secretariat, in Ikeja Lagos, Fashola's predecessor, Alhaji Bola Ahmed Tinubu who people perceived to be at the centre of the uncertainty over the political future of Fashola announced the decision of the party. Before thousands of the party supporters, Tinubu, who flew into Lagos from Abuja because of the emergency stakeholders' meeting Document [46] (Title: Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu) of the Ondo State Governorship Election. He amassed 244, 842 votes in the election while Mr. Oke won 126, 889 votes and Mr. Jegede 150, 380 votes. According to Prof. Ganiyu Ambali, INEC Returning Officer, Akeredolu defeated two major opponents, Eyitayo Jegede of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Olusola Oke of the Alliance for Democracy (AD), to clinch victory. He was sworn in as the governor of Ondo State on 24 February 2017 in Akure, the Ondo State Capital. Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu, SAN, or Rotimi Akeredolu, (born 21 July 1956) is a Nigerian politician and lawyer Document [47] (Title: Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari) Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. He was elected again on 31 March and took office on 2 April. Sa'idu Usman Nasamu Dakin Gari of Kebbi State was born Document [48] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Modern School, Ido Ekiti, from January 1972 to July 1973, then moved to Ayetoro-Iloro High School, Ayetoro/Iloro Ekiti, moving to the University of Ife in September, 1974. Segun became a corporate member, Nigerian Society of Engineers in 1987. In 1988, he became a COREN registered Engineer. He was Treasurer, Lagos State Chapter of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (1986–1988). Segun Oni was a foundation member of the United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) in Ekiti. Olusegun Oni was elected governor of Ekiti State in April 2007 on the PDP platform. He was removed from office on 15 October 2010 following Document [49] (Title: Lawal Kaita) Kusada and Kankia local governments. He died on 2 January 2018, aged 85. Lawal Kaita Lawal Kaita (4 October 1932 – 2 January 2018) was a Nigerian politician elected on the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) platform as governor of Kaduna State, Nigeria, holding office between October and December 1983, when the Nigerian Second Republic ended with the coup that brought General Muhammadu Buhari to power. He continued to be an influential politician in the Nigerian Fourth Republic and was one of the founders of the Action Congress of Nigeria (AC) party in September 2006. Some sources have attributed the Document [50] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) electoral journey in its editorial, published on Friday, 22 October 2010 under the title, Closure to Ekiti 2007 Governorship Saga. The Ekiti State Governor, Dr. Kayode Fayemi was on Saturday 14 April 2014 endorsed as the governorship candidates of the All Progressives Congress in the state's gubernatorial elections slated for 21 June 2014. The emergence of the Fayemi was preceded by congress held before the governor who had no contestant was endorsed as the flag bearers of their state in the governorship elections. Kayode Fayemi was defeated at the polls on 21 June 2014 by previous governor Ayodele Fayose. Fayemi Document [51] (Title: Esan people) the State's creation on 27 August 1991, Prof. Ambrose Folorunso Alli had governed Bendel State (1979–1983), making it the second Esan to govern Edo State. Unlike the Prof. Ambrose Alli mandate/victory, Prof. Osunbor's is widely believed to be mired in controversy of widespread irregularities by the ruling party in the State. Litigation is however on and the new governor has since 29 May 2007 been sworn in for a four-year term. On 20 March 2008, the Edo State Election Tribunal declared the former labour leader, Adams Oshiomhole, governor of Edo State. Following Prof. Osunbor's appeal, the Appeal Court's verdict of Document [52] (Title: Ayo Oni) Ayo Oni Ayo Ade Oni was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. After taking his seat in the Senate in June 1999 he was appointed to committees on Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government and Women Affairs. In a December 2001 survey of Senators, "ThisDay" characterized Oni as a "benchwarmer" a senator who had not been visible on the floor of the Senate or anywhere in the activities of Document [53] (Title: Ilawe Ekiti) State); the late Chief R.A Agbajeola (Former Chairman Ekiti south west local government); Chief Bode Olowoporoku ( Former Minister and Senator of Federal Republic of Nigeria); Retd Wing Commander Adeyemi Awe (Former Nigerian Air force Accountant); Retd Navy Commodore Olofinmoyin (Former Ogun State Military Administrator); renowned Human Rights activist Femi Falana, Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN); legal luminary barrister Adesina SAN; former Ekiti State Chief of Staff to the former Governor Kayode Fayemi, Chief Yemi Adaramodu; current catholic Bishop of Ekiti Diocese, Rt Rev Felix Ajakaye; Emeritus Bishop of Ife Anglican Diocese, Rt Rev Babalola Oloniyo; the world-renowned late Evangelist, Document [54] (Title: Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi) Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi Lawrence Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi (popularly known as "Gburugburu") is a Nigerian politician who was elected the Executive Governor of Enugu State in April 2015 and was sworn in on 29 May 2015. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for 12 years. He is a People's Democratic Party (PDP) member and represented Igboeze North/Udenu Federal Constinuency of Enugu State. Ugwuanyi was elected governor of Enugu State under the PDP. Ugwuanyi was born in March 1964 and hails from Orba Town in Udenu Local Government Area of Nsukka Zone in Enugu State. Document [55] (Title: Godswill Akpabio) as well as Lands and Housing. In 2006, he aspired for the governorship of Akwa Ibom State in a contested primary election and defeated 57 other aspirants to emerge the candidate of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). His campaign with the slogan, “let God’s will be done” received mass support and was elected Governor in 2007. He was re-elected for a second term in office as Governor of Akwa Ibom State in 2011. In 2013, he was elected Chairman of the newly formed PDP Governors Forum. In 2015, he contested and won the Senate seat of the Akwa Ibom North Document [56] (Title: Ayo Oni) the Senate. Ayo Oni Ayo Ade Oni was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. After taking his seat in the Senate in June 1999 he was appointed to committees on Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government and Women Affairs. In a December 2001 survey of Senators, "ThisDay" characterized Oni as a "benchwarmer" a senator who had not been visible on the floor of the Senate or anywhere in the Document [57] (Title: Atanda Yusuf) administrators. Atanda Yusuf Navy Captain (retired) Musbau Atanda Yusuf was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State, Nigeria during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over to the elected civilian governor at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic on 29 May 1999. During his tenure he constructed the complex housing the Ekiti State House of Assembly, inaugurated on June 1, 1999 by his elected civilian successor Otunba Niyi Adebayo. He assisted Sikiru Tae Lawal in creating peace in Ikere-Ekiti, which had been racked by communal strife. Yusuf was required to retire in June 1999, as were all former Document [58] (Title: Ayo Fayose) to accompany his then commanding Officer, Brigadier General Aliyu Momoh, to a meeting at Spotless Hotel in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. The 37-minute audio recording was attended by the eventual “winner” of the election, Governor Ayodele Fayose of Ekiti State; Senator Iyiola Omisore of Osun State; a member of the National Assembly Abdul Kareem; the Minister for Police Affairs Alhaji Jelili Adesiyan; the former Minister for Police Affairs and navy captain Caleb Olubolade; the Minister of State for Defense Senator Musiliu Obanikoro and PDP Anambra chieftain and failed senate candidate Chris Uba, as they bribed army Brigadier General Momoh with a Document [59] (Title: Bimbo Daramola) of PDP." In 2011, he was nominated by Action Congress of Nigeria to contest the seat of his constituency, Ekiti North 1 (Oye-Ikole Local Govt. Areas) Federal Constituency, which he won. He is currently the leading candidate for the Gubernatorial ticket in Ekiti State for 2018 under the auspices of APC as a Youth sensation, Crowd puller and an astute grassroots mobilizer. Daramola took oath of office as Member, House of Representatives, representing Oye/Ikole Ekiti-North Federal Constituency 1, Ekiti State, on Monday, 6 June 2011 during the inauguration of the Seventh House of Representatives. He is the Vice-Chairman of House Document [60] (Title: Ekiti people) political authorities under the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti with Ado-Ekiti as the capital of Ekitiland, despite the ingenuity of its experimentation, was also resisted. The creation of colonial territories which transformed into modern statehood after the various colonial interests, left Africa and resulted to the division of existing traditional communities. Ondo Province later became part of Western State. In 1976, the old Ondo State was formed and in 1996, Ekiti State was split off from the modern Ondo State, which has Akure as its capital. Ekiti State, Nigeria was created on 1st October, 1996 along side five other states by the Document [61] (Title: Clement Ebri) asked the INEC to announce the result of the Ekiti State supplementary election immediately, and also called on police to release election monitors who were detained while performing their job during the election. In August 2009, two weeks after Imo State Governor Ikedi Ohakim had defected from the PPA to the PDP, Ebri resigned from the PPA chairmanship and left the party, saying he was stepping aside from politics. Clement Ebri Clement David Ebri (born 1952) is a Nigerian politician who was elected on the NRC platform as Governor of Cross River State, Nigeria between January 1992 and November 17, Document [62] (Title: Richard Bamisile) Richard Bamisile Richard Olufemi Bamisile (Popularly Known as BAFEM; born September 27, 1965) is a Nigerian Politician and Former Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (Third Parliament). He is among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2019. . Olufemi was born on September 27, 1965 at Ibadan, Oyo State to the family of Late, Mr. Bamisile who was the Elekota of Kota-Omuo (The traditional leader of Kota-Omuo, now Kota-Ekiti). Olufemi attended Mayflower School Ikenne between 1973 – 1978, and later Government College, Eric Moore, Lagos between 1978 - 1983 Document [63] (Title: Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu) the submission of over 10,000 CV's to his campaign office. On Saturday September 3, 2016, in a controversial primary election that rocked the ruling party during which Asiwaju Bola Tinubu a major party voice and National Leader of the ruling APC demanded the resignation of the party's chairman John Odigie-Oyegun, Akeredolu was awarded ticket to represent the All Progressive Congress (APC) the 2016 elections for governor. On Sunday, 27 November 2016, he was declared winner of the keenly contested Ondo State gubernatorial elections. On Sunday, 27 November 2016, Akeredolu was announced by the Independent National Electoral Commission as the winner Document [64] (Title: Rufus Aladesanmi III) the foundation of a new hall in Aladesanmi's official palace, Ibrahim Dankwambo, the Governor of Gombe State, also voiced support for Fayose and referred to him as the "symbol" of the People's Democratic Party. Aladesanmi and Fayose both spoke about the importance of peace and the rights of the people of Ado Ekiti in choosing their political leaders. Rufus Aladesanmi III Rufus Adeyemo Adejugbe Aladesanmi III CON (born 1945) is a Yoruban Oba and the current Ewi of Ado Ekiti. Aladesanmi succeeded Adelabu I as the Ewi of Ado Ekiti in 1990. He serves as the chancellor of Abubakar Tafawa Document [65] (Title: Action Congress of Nigeria) State, former Labor leader Comrade Adams Oshiomhole won a decisive victory and took the mantle of power in that state. In Ekiti state, the Party's candidate- Dr. Fayemi, also emerged victorious over the PDP Candidate Engr. Oni in court, and secured a cancellation of results of 63 wards, with the Appeals Court ordering rerun. Heading into this rerun, AC had an over 12 000 votes advantage. The current Acting Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (legislature) was an AC member. AC Governorship candidates still have cases pending in Osun, Oyo and Ogun states where analysts have given them Document [66] (Title: Abdullahi Umar Ganduje) Kano State on 28 November 2014 among the All Progressive Congress APC Candidate are Usman Alhaji, Kawu Sumaila, Ibrahim Muhammad Kankarofi, Malam Ibrahim Khalil, Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa. He went on to defeat the opposition candidate, Malam Salihu Takai, with 1,546,434 votes against Takai's 509,726 votes in the 11 April 2015 gubernatorial elections. He was sworn into office on 29 May 2015. In October 2018, video clips reportedly recorded by spy camera were published by an online medium "Daily Nigerian" showing the governor receiving wards of dollar notes in what appears apparently as bribe payments from contractors. The governor, through Document [67] (Title: Olusegun Oni) the Judgement of an Appeal Court which ruled against him. Oni's election as governor has been contentious with his main opponent in the 2007 general election, Dr. Kayode Fayemi challenging his victory at the Election Petition Tribunal in Ekiti State. Segun Oni was briefly thrown out of office after the court of appeal upturned the decision of a lower court after the April 2007 general election. In Ekiti State, effort to get a governor at a point during his tenure using the re-run election of 2009 was "marked by violence and intimidation since the man elected back in 2007, Segun Document [68] (Title: Rotimi Amaechi) in the constitution, he and his colleagues took the matter to Nigeria's supreme court and the court gave a judgment that the control and supervision of local government is the prerogative of the State House of Assembly. He contested and won the People's Democratic Party primary for Rivers State Governor in 2007. His name was substituted by the party, an action which he challenged in court. The case eventually got to the Supreme Court. He became governor on October 26, 2007, after the Supreme Court ruled that he was the rightful candidate of the PDP and winner of the April Document [69] (Title: Rufus Aladesanmi III) Rufus Aladesanmi III Rufus Adeyemo Adejugbe Aladesanmi III CON (born 1945) is a Yoruban Oba and the current Ewi of Ado Ekiti. Aladesanmi succeeded Adelabu I as the Ewi of Ado Ekiti in 1990. He serves as the chancellor of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and was formerly the chancellor at the University of Jos. In 2000 Aladesanmi was made a Commander of the Order of the Niger. In 2018 Aladesanmi offered aid and support for Ayo Fayose, the Governor of Ekiti, after 400 members of the Government House were detained by police in a period of political turmoil. While laying Document [70] (Title: 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election) Yar'Adua ordered the Speaker of the Kogi State Assembly to take over as acting governor. Idris re-ran for the governorship on the PDP ticket, challenging Abubakar Audu (ANPP), Ramat Momoh (PAC) and Yusuf Obaje (DPP). 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election A by-election was held to elect a new governor of Kogi State on March 29, 2008. The incumbent, Ibrahim Idris of the PDP, was re-elected to a second term in the 2007 general elections, but later in the year his re-election was nullified by INEC due to a complaint to the Election Petitions Tribunal by Abubakar Audu, a former governor Document [71] (Title: Ekiti State) a military administrator (General Tunji Olurin) on Ekiti State in October 2006. On 27 April 2007, Olurin was replaced by Tope Ademiluyi. In the PDP primary of 2006, the first-place finisher Yinka Akerele and second-place finisher Prof. Adesegun Ojo were supposed to be in a run-off to determine who would be the nominee of the Nigerian ruling party when President Obasanjo summoned them to Abuja and imposed the candidate who came third, Engineer Segun Oni. He was later elected in the 2007 election as the governor of the state in an election marred by widespread irregularities although the APC candidate, Document [72] (Title: Ekiti East) Ekiti East Ekiti East is a Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Omuo Ekiti. Ekiti East local government area falls within the southern senatorial zone of Ekiti State otherwise known as Ekiti South Senatorial District alongside Ekiti South-West, Ikere, Emure, Ise/Orun and Gbonyin local government areas. Ekiti East local government area also forms a federal constituency alongside Emure and Gbonyin local government areas. It has an area of 1,072 km² and a population of 137,955 at the 2006 census. The local government area is bounded to the north by Kogi State, to Document [73] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) Kayode Fayemi John Olukayode Fayemi, (born 9 February 1965) is the Governor of Ekiti State and a native of Isan-Ekiti in Oye Local Government of Ekiti State, Nigeria. He previously held the office of the Governor of Ekiti State between 2010 and 2014. He resigned as the Minister of Solid Minerals Development on May 30, 2018 to contest for the Ekiti State governorship election. Fayemi attended Christ's School Ado Ekiti from 1975-1980 and received degrees in History, Politics and International Relations from the Universities of Lagos and Ife now Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria and his Doctorate in War Studies Document [74] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Olusegun Oni Olusegun Oni, also known as Segun Oni, is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State of Nigeria since 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2014 he defected from the PDP and joined the newly formed opposition party All Progressive Congress (APC). He currently holds the position of Deputy National Chairman South. Olusegun Oni was born at Ifaki, Ekiti State on 5 September 1954. He attended the Methodist Secondary Modern School, Ifaki Ekiti (1965–1968) and Wesley College, Ibadan (1969–1971). He took a post at the Community Secondary Document [75] (Title: Gbenga Aluko) in private enterprise, holding a controlling interest in Alsteg and Midlands, a Civil Engineering Firm and serving as a Director of Crest Healthcare, Consultant to DFID on Parliamentary Matters and Director of Government Affairs with Chevron Nigeria. He left the PDP for the Labour Party, on which platform he unsuccessfully contested the Ekiti State governorship election in 2007. In December 2009, Aluko returned to the PDP. Gbenga Aluko Gbenga Daniel Aluko (born 20 July 1963) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Document [76] (Title: Ekiti people) late Head of state and Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, General Sani Abacha, GCON in a nation-wide broadcast to mark the 36th Independence anniversary of Nigeria. The State, carved out of Ondo State, covers the former twelve local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. Ekiti as a nation within the Yoruba race has her progenitor in Oduduwa, Just like every other major sub-ethnic division in Yorubaland. However, unlike the more centralized kingdoms and city-states to the West, the Ekitis traditionally lived in smaller, less politically centralized kingdoms that were Document [77] (Title: Onikwu) Odili is married to Justice Mary Okaego Odili (born. 12 May 1952). In 1988/89, Peter Odili was elected member and leader of Rivers State Delegates to the Constituent Assembly. In 1992, he was elected as the Deputy Governor of Rivers State. After the Nigerian Third Republic ended, he was again elected to the National Constitutional Conference and became the Conference Committee Chairman on State Creation. Dr. Odili thereafter became the National Secretary of the defunct Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) Peter Odili was elected governor of Rivers State in April 1999, and was reelected in April 2003 and completed his Document [78] (Title: Festus Olabode Ola) factor was that 19,000 of the ballots cast for Chief Kila had the same serial number. Festus Olabode Ola Festus Olabode Ola (born 12 November 1956) was elected Senator for Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 30 June 2009. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC) party. Ola obtained a Higher National Diploma in Accountancy in 1982. He was employed in the Foreign Service (1983–2004). In the 2007 elections Adefemi Kila of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) was declared the winner for Ekiti Central. However, on 30 June 2009, the Court of Appeal quashed Document [79] (Title: Ahmed Tijani Ahmed) held office until General Sani Abacha assumed power in November 1993. After the return to democracy in 1998, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed aspired to become PDP candidate for the governorship of Kogi State, competing with Steve Achema and others. However, the PDP selected an Okun, Steve Oloruntoba, as a compromise candidate. A.T. Ahmed asked his Ebira supporters to vote for the All People's Party governorship candidate, Prince Abubakar Audu, rather than Steve Oloruntoba, which they did. Audu was elected for a second term as governor. Disappointed in his ambition to become governor, A.T. Ahmed ran for a seat in the Senate, Document [80] (Title: Olusegun Osoba) is also member of the Commonwealth Press Union, London and the Nigerian union of Journalist (NUJ). Chief Olusegun Osoba was elected on two different occasions as Governor of Ogun State first from January 1992 until November 1993 with the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He was removed from office by Sani Abacha's administration on 17 November 1993. In 1999, he was elected again as governor with the Alliance for Democracy party (AD), holding office between May 1999 and May 2003. He holds the National Honours of the Commander of the Order of the Niger CON. He is a member of the Document [81] (Title: Ekiti State) Ekiti, Oke Ako Ekiti, Irele Ekiti, Imojo, Ire Ekiti, Eda Oniyo, Gogo Ekiti, Odooro Ekiti, Ijan Ekiti, Epe Ekiti, Ilasa-Ekiti, Iropora-Ekiti The complete list of towns (in alphabetical order) is as follows: Aaye-Ekiti Aaye-Oja Ekiti Ado-Ekiti Afao-Ekiti Afolu-Ekiti Agbado-Ekiti Aisegba-Ekiti Aiyebode-Ekiti Aiyede-Ekiti Aiyegbaju-Ekiti Aiyegunle-Ekiti Aiyetoro-Ekiti Ajaye-Ekiti Ajebandele-Ekiti Alafe-Ekiti Ara-Ijero Ekiti Ara-lkole Ekiti Aramoko-Ekiti Araromi-Iyin Ekiti Araromi-Oke Ekiti Araromi-Ekiti Araromi-Ijero Ekiti Araromi-Obo Ekiti Are-Ekiti Asin-Ekiti Asole-Ekiti Awo-Ekiti Bolorunduro-Ekiti Eda-Ekiti Eda-Oniyo Ekiti Efon-Alaaye Egbe-Ekiti Emure-Ekiti Epe-Ekiti Eporo-Ekiti Erijiyan-Ekiti Erinmope-Ekiti Erio-Ekiti Esinmu-Ekiti Esun-Ekiti Esure-Ekiti Ewu-Ekiti Eyio-Ekiti Ido-Ekiti Ido-Ile Ekiti Ifaki-Ekiti Ifishin-Ekiti Igbara-Odo Ekiti Igbeja-Ekiti Igbemo-Ekiti Igbo-Aso Ekiti Igbogun-Ekiti Igbole-Ekiti Igbonna-Ekiti Igede-Ekiti Igirigiri-Ekiti Igogo-Ekiti Document [82] (Title: Babafemi Ojudu) January 7, 2016 he was named Special Adviser Political Matters by President M. Buhari Babafemi Ojudu Babafemi Ojudu (born 27 March 1961) is a Nigerian journalist who was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, in the April 2011 national elections. He ran on the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) platform. Babafemi Ojudu was born on 27 March 1961 at Ado-Ekiti in Ekiti State. He attended Ado Grammar School in Ado-Ekiti (1973–77). In 1976 he won a scholarship jointly sponsored by activist lawyer Gani Fawehinmi and Jùjú musician King Sunny Adé for indigent students of the Document [83] (Title: Action Congress of Nigeria) party (PDP). AC Candidate proceeded to challenge these results at the Elections Tribunal, where he lost 3-2. Pinning his appeal on the minority judgement, he sought to be installed as Governor based on the cancellation of results from two local governments where PDP allegedly perpetrated fraud and violence. A ruling from the Appeal Court (the final adjudicator of governor elections disputes) on September 14, 2010 eventually returned Dr. Fayemi of Action Congress as the 3rd Executive Governor of Ekiti State after three and half years of protracted court battles and occupancy by the usurper PDP government in the state. On Document [84] (Title: 2016 Edo State gubernatorial election) 2016 Edo State gubernatorial election The Edo State gubernatorial election was held on 28 September 2016 to determine the Governorof Edo State. The election was originally scheduled for 10 September, however two days before, on 8 September it was postponed due to security concerns. The incumbent governor, Adams Oshiomhole, was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term due to term limits established in the Fifth Amendment to the Nigeria Constitution. He was succeeded by Godwin Obaseki, who defeated PDP candidate Osagie Ize-Iyamu in the election. The Governor of Edo State is elected using the plurality voting system. In the Document [85] (Title: John Afolabi Fabiyi) Supreme Court in which Chief Bode George was discharged and acquitted of the fraud charges leveled against him by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. He also presided over the ruling of the Supreme Court that affirmed Ayodele Fayose as the governor elect of Ekiti State in the June 21, 2014 governorship election. He retired from the court on 25 November 2015 after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. John Afolabi Fabiyi Justice Fabiyi was born on November 25, 1945 in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria. In 1969, he received a bachelor's degree in Law from Ahmadu Bello University and Document [86] (Title: Adedayo Clement Adeyeye) his party in Ekiti State, but he lost to the anointed candidate and the Incumbent Deputy Governor Kolapo Olusola Eleka. Prince Adedayo Adeyeye was an aspirant for the Ekiti State 2018 gubernatorial elections under the platform of the PDP whose support cut across party lines. He has often been described as a unifying factor for the PDP within the state. In an interview with the Leadership Newspaper, Adeyeye highlighted his first eleven priorities which pointed at revolutions in agriculture, education, employment figures, health and social welfare amongst others. Prince Adedayo Adeyeye is presently contesting to represent Ekiti South Senatorial district Document [87] (Title: Ibrahim Saminu Turaki) Ibrahim Saminu Turaki Alhaji Ibrahim Saminu Turaki is a Nigerian politician and former governor of Jigawa State in Nigeria. He was a Jigawa state chairman of SDP (Social Democratic Party) and UNCP (United Nigeria Congress Party). Ibrahim Saminu Turaki was born on 14 July 1963. He attended the Federal Government College Kaduna and the Ahmadu Bello University where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Actuarial Science in 1985. He was governor of Jigawa State in Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. He was elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2003 on the platform of the All Nigeria Document [88] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) "Deepening the Culture of Constitutionalism: The Role of Regional Institutions in Constitutional Development in Africa" (CDD, 2003), "Security Sector Governance in Africa: A Handbook" (edited with Nicole Ball, CDD, 2004) and "Out of the Shadows: Exile and the Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Nigeria" (CDD, 2005). After three and a half years fighting through the legal system, on 15 October 2010 the appeal court sitting in Kwara state declared Fayemi the duly elected Governor of Ekiti State, and marked the end of Olusegun Oni's administration as the then Governor of the state. Daily Trust, a national daily, captured the Document [89] (Title: Ayo Fasanmi) governor of Ondo State. In 1983, he was elected member of the Federal House of Representatives representing Ondo North. He later served as member of the Board of Directors of the Old Western Nigeria Housing Corporation. During the Fourth Nigerian Republic, he served as the National Vice Chairman of the Alliance for Democracy, Southwest zone. He was married to the late Madam Adejoke who died at the age of 82 years in October 2014. Ayo Fasanmi Ayorinde Fasanmi (born 1925) is a Nigerian pharmacist and politician. He was born in 1925 at Iye Ekiti, a local government area of Ekiti Document [90] (Title: John Odigie Oyegun) a federal civil servant working as a development planner. Chief John Oyegun was elected as civilian governor of Edo State on the SDP platform, during the transition to democracy launched by General Ibrahim Babangida and served from January 1992 to November 1993. He was removed from office after General Sani Abacha seized power. Later, he became a leader of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). In 2009 he was chairman of the Technical Working Committee of CODER. On 13 June 2014 Odigie-Oyegun was elected as national chairman of the APC. Bola Tinubu of Lagos State, the APC national leader, is Document [91] (Title: Omololu Meroyi) Petitions Tribunal hearings into the April 2007 governorship election in Ondo State, which were marred by irregularities. The tribunal decided that Dr. Olusegun Mimiko of the Labour Party was the elected governor. In 2011, he became a board director of Lagos Airport Hotel. He later resigned his appointment a year later after he rejoined the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). He is now the National Vice Chairman (South-West) Nigerian Senators' Forum. Omololu Meroyi Omololu Samuel Meroyi was elected Senator for the Ondo South constituency of Ondo State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Document [92] (Title: Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko) ran successfully for Governor of Sokoto State in April 2007 on the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) platform, and assumed office on 29 May 2007. Following an appeal, his election was annulled in April 2008 on the basis that he had still been a member of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) when he won the PDP nomination. Abdullahi Balarabe Salame was appointed Acting Governor (11 April - 28 May 2008) while a re-run was arranged. It was said that the contest was not so much between Wamakko and Muhammadu Maigari Dingyadi of the DPP, as between Wamakko and his predecessor Document [93] (Title: Lucky Igbinedion) voted the Best Mayor in Nigeria and received an Award for his developmental efforts. Lucky Nosakhare Igbinedion was elected governor of Edo State in April 1999 and was reelected in 2003. He and his deputy, Mike Oghiadomhe, held office from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. During the period of his governorship, he was elected by his colleagues as Chairman of the Nigerian Governors' Forum. His wife, Eki Igbinedion, was active against the widespread sex trafficking of women from Edo State to Europe. In January 2008 he was declared wanted by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission on 142 Document [94] (Title: Abiola Ajimobi) second term in an election that took place on April 11, 2015. Ajimobi contested under the All Progressive Congress (APC) for re-election against two of his predecessors in office, Christopher Alao Akala and Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja. In the event of his re-election into office as the Governor, Ajimobi is the first person to occupy the seat twice and as well in succession . He was declared the winner of the Oyo State gubernatorial election by the Independent Electoral Commission. Abiola Ajimobi Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi (born 16 December 1949) is a Nigerian politician from Oyo State in south-western Nigeria. He was Document [95] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) Funmilayo Olayinka Olufunmilayo Aduni Olayinka, née Famuagun (20 June 1960 – 6 April 2013), was a Nigerian banker and politician who served as the Deputy Governor of Ekiti State. Olayinka was born in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. She attended Holy Trinity Grammar School Ibadan where she obtained her first school leaving certificate with distinction. She subsequently proceeded to Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo State, Nigeria where she obtained her Higher School Certificate (HSC). She held a master's degree in Public Administration and a Bachelor of Business Administration Marketing from Central State University, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States in 1981 and 1983 respectively. Document [96] (Title: Oserheimen Osunbor) Action Congress (AC) party the winner. On November 11, 2008, a federal Appeal Court sitting in Benin City upheld the ruling of the state's elections petitions tribunal, declaring Oshiomole to be the Governor of Edo State. The decision was based on several voting irregularities. Oserheimen Osunbor is happily married with six children. He is a Christian of the Anglican denomination and a Knight of Saint Christopher Oserheimen Osunbor Oserheimen Osunbor, (born 5 October 1951), is a Nigerian lawyer and politician who was a Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007 and the Document [97] (Title: Tunji Olurin) House of Assembly impeached the governor, Ayodele Fayose and his deputy Abiodun Christine Olujimi, alleging gross misconduct. On October 19, 2006, President Olusegun Obasanjo declared a State of Emergency in Ekiti State and suspended the governor, deputy governor and House of Assembly of the state. He appointed Tunji Olurin, as "Sole Administrator" on Ekiti State. The State of Emergency was ratified by the National Assembly on October 26. Soon after being appointed, Olurin dissolved the local government councils, who were under investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) for allegedly misappropriating of about 7.3 billion naira. In March Document [98] (Title: Ekiti State University) Ekiti State University Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti (EKSU) was established as Obafemi Awolowo University, Ado-Ekiti on 30 March 1982 by the administration of late Chief Michael Adekunle Ajasin, the first civilian governor of Ondo State. The university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. It is located about 12 minutes drive from the center of the city of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State in Western Nigeria. Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, as it is known today, was at inception in 1982 a pride to itself as a University sought after and as of today, the only university in Nigeria that Document [99] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Appeal Court which ruled against him in favour of his opponent Kayode Fayemi. Oni is married to Olukemi Adetola (née Ogunsiji) and they have two children, a girl and a boy. Olusegun Oni Olusegun Oni, also known as Segun Oni, is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State of Nigeria since 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2014 he defected from the PDP and joined the newly formed opposition party All Progressive Congress (APC). He currently holds the position of Deputy National Chairman South. Olusegun Oni was born Document [100] (Title: Ayo Fayose) Electoral Commission as the new Governor of Ekiti State; he was inaugurated on 16th Of October, 2014. Fayose is now the only Nigerian to defeat an incumbent two times. Fayose has publicly declared his intentions to run for president in Nigerian general election, 2019. Though his party, The Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, has admonished the Governor, against his ambition to be the party’s presidential candidate in 2019 but has recently withdrawn his quest. An army intelligence officer Captain Sagir Koli of the Nigerian Army 32nd Artillery Brigade, secretly recorded a vote-rigging plan on June 20th, 2014 when he was asked Document [101] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) the position of Deputy Governor of the State. She was a member of the Action Congress of Nigeria. Olayinka died in the evening of 6 April 2013 after a long battle with cancer and she was laid to rest in Ado-Ekiti. Olayinka was a devout Christian, she was survived by her aged mother, husband and their three children. Funmilayo Olayinka Olufunmilayo Aduni Olayinka, née Famuagun (20 June 1960 – 6 April 2013), was a Nigerian banker and politician who served as the Deputy Governor of Ekiti State. Olayinka was born in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. She attended Holy Trinity Grammar School Document [102] (Title: Richard Bamisile) of Assembly on the 14th of April 2007, which he won and eventually emerged the Speaker of the third parliament between 2007 and 2009. He has Served on different political Strategic Committees which included among several others: Ekiti East Local Government Congress Committee (2003-2014), Ekiti State Gubernatorial Strategy Committee (2007), Ekiti State Transition Committee (2007), PDP National-Lagos State Congress Committee (2007), PDP National-Kwara State Congress Committee (2007), Ekiti State Appointments Committee (2007), Ad-Hoc Governors Strategic Committee (2007), Ekiti State Senatorial Congress Committee (2008), Ekiti State Congress Committee (2008), Ekiti State Local Government Chairmanship Candidates Screening Committee (2008), Ekiti State local Document [103] (Title: Babajide Sanwo-Olu) State under the platform of the All Progressive Congress (APC) Party, making him a major contender to the incumbent governor Akinwunmi Ambode. His declaration attracted endorsements from major stakeholders in Lagos State politics; including the Governor’s Advisory Council of the Lagos chapter of the All Progressives Congress and members of the Lagos State House of Assembly, which led to withdrawal of Dr. Femi Hamzat, a governorship aspirant on the platform of the All Progressives Congress APC in Lagos from the gubernatorial race. He won the Lagos gubernatorial primaries of the All Progress Congress on 2nd October 2018 Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu Document [104] (Title: Alhaji Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo) dictator General Sani Abacha, Alhaji Adeyemo continued to be politically active and assumed the status of a 'Godfather' owing to his sphere of influence across the political terrain and oligarchy. This was demonstrated by his unquestionable role in the political aspiration of Otunba Adeniyi Adebayo as first Governor elect, Ekiti State, under the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria), in 1999. A shortlist of his political alliances includes Samuel Adekunle Ajasin JP, Alhaji Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Alhaji Baba Gana Kingibe, Chief Olu Falae, General Adeyinka Adebayo, Evangelist Bamidele Olumilua, Olusegun Kokumo Agagu, Alhaji Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa, Pa Abraham Adesanya, Document [105] (Title: Michael Adekunle Ajasin) he competed against Ajasin in the 1983 elections and was initially declared winner. Later the result was annulled and Ajasin was sworn in for a second term. Ajasin held office until the military coup of 31 December 1983 that brought General Muhammadu Buhari to power. As governor, Ajasin signed the law establishing the Ondo State University in 1982 in Ado-Ekiti, which is in present-day Ekiti State of Nigeria. In 2000, during the government of Chief Adebayo Adefarati, a new university was created in Akungba Akoko and later named Adekunle Ajasin University in his honour. He also opened The Polytechnic, Owo. Document [106] (Title: Clarence Olafemi) Clarence Olafemi Clarence Olafemi was appointed acting Governor of Kogi State, Nigeria in February 2008 after the election of governor Ibrahim Idris was annulled. He handed back to Ibrahim Idris on 29 March 2008 after Idris had won a fresh election. Olafemi was born in the Mopa-Muro Local Government Area of Kogi State. He is a graduate of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He was a governorship candidate in the old Kwara State. Olafemi was elected to the Kogi State house of assembly for the Mopamuro Constituency in April 2007 on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. In September 2007 the Document [107] (Title: Ibrahim Gaidam) July, 2009. He called on all Muslims to cooperate with each other and to co-habit peacefully with followers of other religions in the state. Gaidam was elected on 26 April 2011 for a second term as governor. Ibrahim Gaidam Ibrahim Gaidam is a Nigerian politician and the incumbent Governor of Yobe State, Nigeria since January 27, 2009. He was elected on 26 April 2011 for a second term as governor. Ibrahim Gaidam was born on 15 September 1956 in Bukarti village, Yunusari local government area in the old Borno, now Yobe state. He attended the Borno Teachers' College (BTC), Maiduguri Document [108] (Title: Ayo Fayose) a broad spectrum of business that guided his life later. He is married to Feyisetan. He conducted one of the most sought after medical outreach programmes during his political campaign in 2001. Fayose became the second governor of Ekiti on 29th Of May, 2003, after defeating the then incumbent Governor Niyi Adebayo in the gubernatorial elections. Fayose could not complete his tenure as a result of an impeachment on 16th Of October, 2006. During the 2014 Governorship election in Ekiti State, Peter Ayodele Fayose was again the PDP nominee. He won the election and was declared by the Independent National Document [109] (Title: Christopher Omoworare Babajide) Christopher Omoworare Babajide Christopher Omoworare Babajide (born 31 October 1968) is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Osun East constituency of Osun State, Nigeria in the April 2011, He ran on the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) platform. He was re-elected into the Nigerian senate on March 28, 2015 under the platform of All Progressive Congress (APC). Babajide Christopher Omoworare was born on 31 October 1968 in Ilesa, to a family from Ile-Ife, Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State. His father was principal of a grammar school. His mother's father Adesoji Aderemi was Governor of Document [110] (Title: Tunji Olurin) 2007, Tunji Olurin ordered the Ekiti State radio and television stations not to broadcast programs of the Action Congress (AC) candidate for the state governorship, Kayode Fayemi, while allowing broadcasts by the PDP. Olurin remained in charge until he was replaced by Tope Ademiluyi on April 27, 2007. He has since remained in political oblivion following his loss at the Ogun State Governorship Election in 2011. Olurin has lectured on peacekeeping at the International Peace Academy, the National War College, and United Nations seminars in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. In 2006, he was appointed the Chancellor of the First University Document [111] (Title: Bola Tinubu) Bola Tinubu Chief Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (born 29 March 1952) was elected senator for the Lagos West constituency in Lagos State, Nigeria in 1993. The election was just prior to a military take-over in December 1993. After the return to democracy, he was elected governor of Lagos State, holding office from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. He is an influential member of the All Progressives Congress party; he also holds both the chieftaincies of the Asiwaju of Lagos and the Jagaban of the Borgu Kingdom in Niger State, Nigeria. He has been routinely referred to as the Document [112] (Title: Ayo Fayose) rank promotion for his assistance in carrying out election fraud in Ekiti State. For exposing the vote-rigging of the Ekiti State governor election of Fayose, Captain Sagir Koli was praised by the military for his “non-partisanship and professional conduct during the election period.” The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission froze four Zenith Bank accounts used by Fayose to launder money for his Ekiti governorship election in 2014 in a lawsuit no. FHC/CS?871/2016 titled “Federal Republic of Nigeria Vs Zenith bank PLC account numbers 1003126654, 9013074033, 1010170969 and 1013835889.” The judge Justice Mohammed Idris had granted the EFCC on June 24th, Document [113] (Title: Adams Oshiomhole) of Oserheimen Osunbor and declared Oshiomhole the winner. On 11 November 2008, a federal Appeal Court sitting in Benin City upheld the ruling of the state's elections petitions tribunal, declaring Oshiomole to be the Governor of Edo State. The decision was based on several voting irregularities. In 2012, he was elected to a second term, winning the elections in a massive landslide. He ended his tenure on November 12 2016. On 23 June 2018, Adams Oshiomhole emerged as the national chairman of the All Progressives Congress (APC) in Nigeria following a voice vote by delegates at the party National convention. Document [114] (Title: Abubakar Audu) platform of the National Republican Convention (NRC) and won the election held in November, 1991. He was subsequently sworn in as the first executive governor of Kogi state in January 1992. In 1998, democracy was again re-introduced and Audu, now with the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP), was elected again with over 700,000 votes while his opponent hardly recorded 50% of the vote cast. He was sworn in on 29 May 1999 as the 2nd Executive Governor of Kogi State. His socio-economic contribution in the state is to date a point of reference to the generality of the people and Document [115] (Title: Ekiti State) Osain-Ekiti Osi-Ekiti Osin-Ikole Ekiti Osun-Ekiti Otun-Ekiti Owode-Ekiti Owosi-Ekiti Oye-Ekiti Temidire-Ekiti Temidire-Ikole Ekiti Usi-Ekiti Usin-Ekiti Ekiti State consists of sixteen Local Government Areas. They are: The Ekiti State Government in 2014, prior to the exit of the immediate past Governor Fayemi, was to create additional 18 LCDAs based on the recommendations of the White Paper Committee set up by the government. This has, however, been cancelled by Governor Ayo Fayose. Ekitis are culturally homogeneous and they speak a dialect of Yoruba language known as Ekiti. The homogeneous nature of Ekiti confers on the state some uniqueness among the states of the Document [116] (Title: Daniel Aladesanmi II) the railway in 1933. Aladesanmi ascended the throne, becoming Ewi of Ado Ekiti, on 18 June 1937. Ado Ekiti is an ancient community in Southwestern Nigeria and the seat of the Ekiti State. In 1941 Aladesanmi set up an advisory board to supervise developmental projects in Ado-Ekiti regarding construction, transportation, and city planning. He was appointed as President of Pelupelu in 1938. He was involved in the Constitutional Independence Conferences of 1948 and 1959 in London and was a member of the Yoruba Council of Obas. Aladesanmi was appointed Deputy President of the Western House of Chiefs on September 28, Document [117] (Title: Ekiti State) Dr. Kayode Fayemi challenged his election and forced a rerun in May, 2009. The May 2009 rerun was characterized by even worse rigging and the election was disputed again. Eventually, after three years, the election of Oni was thrown out and Dr. Kayode Fayemi was declared the duly elected governor of Ekiti State. The prominent private university in Ekiti State is Afe Babalola University, Ado–Ekiti (ABUAD), founded by the legal luminary, philanthropist, seasoned administrator, and farmer Aare Afe Babalola, #SAN. It has become a pillar of support for the state in terms of human capital development and empowerment. Ekiti was Document [118] (Title: Richard Bamisile) State University, Ado Richard Bamisile Richard Olufemi Bamisile (Popularly Known as BAFEM; born September 27, 1965) is a Nigerian Politician and Former Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (Third Parliament). He is among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2019. . Olufemi was born on September 27, 1965 at Ibadan, Oyo State to the family of Late, Mr. Bamisile who was the Elekota of Kota-Omuo (The traditional leader of Kota-Omuo, now Kota-Ekiti). Olufemi attended Mayflower School Ikenne between 1973 – 1978, and later Government College, Eric Moore, Lagos between Document [119] (Title: Udom Gabriel Emmanuel) In 2014, he aspired for the governorship of Akwa Ibom State in a hotly contested primary election and defeated 22 other aspirants (G22) to emerge the candidate of the Akwa Ibom State People's Democratic Party (PDP). His campaign with the slogan, Udom is Right received mass support. In 2015, he was elected Governor of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he won with 999,071 votes to defeat APC's candidate Umana Okon Umana who scored 89,865 votes of the All Progressive Congress and was declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Question: who is the elected governor of ekiti state Answer: Ayo Fayose Long Answer: Name Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Mohammed Bawa Administrator 7 October 2001 August 1998 (Military) Navy Captain Atanda Yusuf Administrator May 1999 (Military) Otunba Niyi Adebayo Governor 29 May 2003 AD Ayo Fayose Governor 29 May 2003 16 October 2006 PDP Chief Friday Aderemi Acting Governor 17 October 2006 18 October 2006 PDP Tunji Olurin Administrator 18 October 2006 27 April 2007 PDP Tope Ademiluyi Acting Governor 27 April 2007 29 May 2007 PDP Segun Oni Governor 29 May 2007 15 Oct 2010 PDP Dr. Kayode Fayemi Governor 15th Oct 2010 16th Oct 2014 ACN Ayo Fayose Governor 16th Oct 2014 PDP Gold Document ID: 115

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko) that certain issues could be clarified, but his request was refused on the ground that to do so was beyond the commission's mandate. Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko was elected governor of Sokoto State, Nigeria in April 2007, representing the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Aliyu Wamakko of Sokoto State was born on 1 March 1953 in Wamakko, Sokoto State. He spent five years (1968-1972) at the Sokoto Teachers’ College. After graduation, he worked as a teacher from 1973-1977 before being admitted to the University of Pittsburgh in the United States. He graduated with a B.Sc. in August 1980. Returning Document [2] (Title: Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar) Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar (born 11 December 1956) is the present governor of Bauchi State, Nigeria. He began his career in the Civil Service where he rose through the ranks to become the Bauchi State Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice. He ran for public office as Governor of Bauchi State in 2015 under the platform of the All Progressives Congress, the state's opposition party. He won the election, defeating the incumbent party's candidate by over 370,000 votes. He began his tenure as the governor of Bauchi on 29 August 2016, succeeding Isa Yuguda. Mohammed Abubakar was born Document [3] (Title: Mohammed Bawa) was commissioned as second lieutenant in 1976, full lieutenant in 1980, captain in 1985 and major in 1990. Bawa was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State after it was formed in October 1996 from part of Ondo State. After the death of General Sani Abacha, his successor General Abdulsalami Abubakar transferred him the Gombe State during the transition to democracy that was completed in May 1999. As administrator of Gombe State, he initiated joint border patrols with neighboring Chad and Niger to reduce cross border banditry. He ran unsuccessfully as candidate for Governor of Kebbi state on the Action Congress Document [4] (Title: Gbenga Aluko) Gbenga Aluko Gbenga Daniel Aluko (born 20 July 1963) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. Aluko was born on 20 July 1963, to Professor Sam Aluko, a prominent Nigerian Economist from Ekiti State of Nigeria. He attended Federal Government College, Ilorin, and then was admitted to the University of Benin, graduating in 1982 with a degree in Geography and Regional Planning. He went on to the College of Energy and Petroleum Document [5] (Title: Ikedi Ohakim) ceremony in Lagos in July 2009. Ikedi Ohakim Ikedi Ohakim (born 1957) is a Nigerian businessman who became governor of Imo State in the South Eastern region in May 2007, standing for the Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA). He later switched to the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Ikedi Ohakim was born on 4 August 1957 in Okohia in Isiala Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. He attended the University of Lagos, gaining a B.Sc. in Business Administration and a master's degree in Management. Ikedi Ohakim worked for over 15 years at First Aluminium and then at Tower Groups. He became Document [6] (Title: Babafemi Ojudu) as candidate. On 31 March 2011 the Federal High Court in Abuja set aside its 17 March judgment. In the April 2011 election for the Ekiti Central Senatorial seat, Ojudu polled 67,747 running on the ACN platform. Labour Party (LP) candidate and former Ekiti State Governor Ayo Fayose received 29,773 votes. Kayode Alufa of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) received 29,488 votes. After conceding defeat, Alufa congratulated Ojudu, saying: "Our God in his wisdom has chosen you with your experience and good credentials, which I am sure you will deploy for the service and improvement of our impoverished area." On Document [7] (Title: Richard Bamisile) (2003) he got involved in democratic process where he contested for the primary ticket of Ekiti State House of Assembly under the Platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD) which he won. In 2005 after the death of Hon. Abiodun; He contested as candidate of the National Conscience Party (NCP) for the House of Representatives against Hon. (Mrs) Abiodun Olujimi of the PDP. In 2006, he was appointed as the Ag. Chairman of Ekiti State Sports Commission, and later as Special Assistant (General Duties) to the Governor of Ekiti state. He contested again for the membership of Ekiti State House Document [8] (Title: 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election) 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election A by-election was held to elect a new governor of Kogi State on March 29, 2008. The incumbent, Ibrahim Idris of the PDP, was re-elected to a second term in the 2007 general elections, but later in the year his re-election was nullified by INEC due to a complaint to the Election Petitions Tribunal by Abubakar Audu, a former governor who was excluded by INEC from participating in the 2007 elections. On February 6, 2008, the Court of Appeal upheld this ruling and ordered a new election to be held within three months. President Umaru Document [9] (Title: Ekiti State) viz. : — (1) The Owore of Otun, (2) The Ajero of Ijero, (3) The Ewi of Ado and (4) The Elekole of Ikole. The following are the minor Ekiti kings : — (5) Alara of Aramoko, (6) Alaye of Efon Alaye, (7) Ajanpanda of Akure, (8) Alagotun of Ogotun, (9) Olojudo of Ido, (10) Ata of Aiyede, (11) Oloja Oke of Igbo Odo, (12) Oloye of Oye, (13) Olomuwo of Omuwo, (14) Onire of Ire, (15) Arinjale of Ise and (16) Onitaji of Itaji. The Orangun of Ila is sometimes classed among them, but he is only Ekiti in Document [10] (Title: Adedayo Clement Adeyeye) Works. He served as Minister till the end of President Goodluck Jonathan's administration on 29th May, 2015. Prince Adeyeye was appointed by the Ekiti State Government as Pro Chancellor of the Ekiti State University in June 2015 and he is the current Chairman of the University's Governing Council. In 2018,he declared interest in the race for Ekiti Governorship seat and ran for the ticket of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) but controversially lost to Kolapo Olusola-Eleka, the anointed candidates of the sitting Governor - Peter Ayodele Fayose. This made him and his supporters defect to the All Progressive Congress (APC), Document [11] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) of Assembly to take over as acting governor. In a repeat election held on March 29, 2008, Idris was returned as the Governor of Kogi State. His opponent, Abubakar Audu, challenged the result of the by-election on the basis of massive electoral fraud including violence and theft of ballot boxes. On the October 29, 2006 plane crash, his 3 daughters survived the accident along with six other people. About this he claimed: 'This is a superlative show of mercy to me and my family by Almighty Allah. I lack words to express my gratitude to the Almighty Father for this Document [12] (Title: Rotimi Amaechi) the Order of the Niger (CON). He is a Christian Catholic and a Knight of St. Johns. Rotimi Amaechi Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi (born 27 May 1965) is a Nigerian politician who served as the fifth Governor of Rivers State from 2007 to 2015. He was re-elected for a second term on 26 April 2011. Amaechi was a member of the People's Democratic Party before defecting to the All Progressives Congress on 27 November 2013. He is now a serving Federal Minister of Transportation. Amaechi was born in Ubima, Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State to the family of late Document [13] (Title: Atanda Yusuf) Atanda Yusuf Navy Captain (retired) Musbau Atanda Yusuf was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State, Nigeria during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over to the elected civilian governor at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic on 29 May 1999. During his tenure he constructed the complex housing the Ekiti State House of Assembly, inaugurated on June 1, 1999 by his elected civilian successor Otunba Niyi Adebayo. He assisted Sikiru Tae Lawal in creating peace in Ikere-Ekiti, which had been racked by communal strife. Yusuf was required to retire in June 1999, as were all former military Document [14] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) leader, Senator Ahmed Tijani Ahmed. He was elected governor of Kogi State on the PDP platform in April 2003, taking office on 29 May 2003. Idris was re-elected in April 2007, but later in the year his re-election was nullified on the grounds that the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) had wrongly excluded the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) candidate Abubakar Audu from the April 14, 2007 governorship poll. On February 6, 2008, the Court of Appeal upheld this ruling and ordered a new election to be held within three months. President Umaru Yar'Adua ordered the Speaker of the House Document [15] (Title: Orji Uzor Kalu) Orji Uzor Kalu Orji Uzor Kalu (born April 21, 1960) is the chairman of SLOK Holding and the Daily Sun and New Telegraph newspapers in Nigeria, who served as the governor of Abia State, Nigeria from May 29, 1999, to May 29, 2007. Prior to his election, he served as the chairman of the Borno Water Board and the chairman of the Cooperative and Commerce Bank Limited. Kalu was also a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA) and the chairman of the PPA Board of Trustees. He was the party's presidential candidate in the April Document [16] (Title: James Ibori) law Ibori had to swear that he had no previous convictions. Using the false birth certificate and passport that he had used for the mortgage application in London, he passed the tests falsely, and was elected to become the governor from 1999. In 2003, he was re-elected as governor for another four-year term. At the PDP's ruling party's pre-election convention in 2006, Ibori was on hand to lift up the hand of the victorious Umaru Yar'Adua. After Yar'Adua was selected as their presidential candidate, Ibori was accused of bank-rolling Yar'Adua's 2007 campaign, and promised a Vice-Presidential position in return. But Document [17] (Title: Okezie Ikpeazu) Ph.D in Biochemical Pharmacology from the University of Calabar. Before joining politics, he had been a lecturer in several Nigerian educational institutions. On December 31, 2015, a Court of Appeal sitting in Owerri sacked Ikpeazu as Governor and declared Alex Otti as the winner of the 2015 gubernatorial election held in April 11 and April 25, 2015. On 27 June 2016, Justice Okon Abang of the Federal High Court, Abuja ordered Ikpeazu to vacate his office as governor upon allegations of false information and forgery of documents prior to the 2015 gubernatorial election. The suit was however dismissed by a Document [18] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) recontested for second term as Ekiti state governor under the platform of the All Progressive Congress in the July 14, 2018, governorship election after resigning as the Minister of Solid Minerals Development. He was officially declared as the winner of the Governorship election in Ekiti state by the Independent National Electoral Commission on 15th, July 2018. He won by 19,345 votes against the Peoples Democratic Party's Kolapo Olusola Eleka who was second. He was officially sworn-in as Ekiti State governor for the second time, on the 16th, October 2018, at the Ekiti Parapo Pavilion, Ado Ekiti. Kayode Fayemi John Olukayode Document [19] (Title: Ayo Fayose) Ayo Fayose Peter Ayodele Fayose, (born 15 November 1960) is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State. Fayose grew up in Oyo State where he attended Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo In 1985, Fayose was admitted for a Higher National Diploma (HND) programme in Biological Sciences/Applied Medical/Biology by The Polytechnic, Ibadan and graduated in 1987. While doing his National Youth Service Corps program at Pepsi Nigeria Limited, Ibadan, he was engaged in installation, maintenance and servicing of medical and laboratory equipment. After the youth service, Fayose traveled out of the country during which he was exposed to Document [20] (Title: Nigerian state governors 2011–15 term) the states had been declared, of which the People's Democratic Party (PDP) had taken 15. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) declared the election in Imo state "inconclusive" due to irregularities in collation of results. On 29 April the INEC decided to hold supplementary polls in four local government areas and one ward in Imo State on 6 May 2011 to decide the election. Elections for the 10 remaining states were to be held only when the four-year tenures of the current governors run out. The governors of Adamawa, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Edo, Ekiti, Kogi, Ondo, Osun and Sokoto Document [21] (Title: Bamidele Olumilua) Board. In August 2005, the PDP stated that he was no longer a member of the party. He later became one of the founding members of the Action Congress (AC) party, formed in 2006. Bamidele Olumilua Bamidele Isola Olumilua is a Nigerian politician who was the elected Governor of Ondo State, Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic, elected on the Social Democratic Party (SDP) platform. He was forced to leave office when the military regime of general Sani Abacha took power. His deputy governor was Olusegun Agagu, who later became Governor of Ondo State Document [22] (Title: Bamidele Olumilua) Bamidele Olumilua Bamidele Isola Olumilua is a Nigerian politician who was the elected Governor of Ondo State, Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic, elected on the Social Democratic Party (SDP) platform. He was forced to leave office when the military regime of general Sani Abacha took power. His deputy governor was Olusegun Agagu, who later became Governor of Ondo State from 29 May 2003 until February 2009. He is currently the Chancellor, Ekiti State University. Olumilua joined the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in 1998. He was appointed as the Chairman of the Christian Pilgrims Document [23] (Title: Michael Opeyemi Bamidele) election. He served as Special Assistant on Legal Matters to Senator Bola Tinubu until November 1993 when Nigeria's democracy was truncated by the late Gen. Sanni Abacha, a former Nigerian head of states and military dictator. In July 2000, he was appointed Senior Special Assistant to the Lagos State Governor on Political and Intergovernmental Relations. He was later appointed as commissioner for Lagos State Ministry of Youth, Sports and Social Development in Bola Tinubu's led administration. On April 2011, he was elected as member of the 7th National Assembly to represent Iyin Ekiti Senatorial district. In March 2015, in his Document [24] (Title: Alex Otti) 25 Governorship elections in the state. However, on February 3, 2016, the Supreme Court of Nigeria reversed the verdict of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the election of Ikpeazu as Governor. Dr. Otti is a member of the editorial board of one of the most respected newspapers in Nigeria, "Thisday", and writes a fortnightly column, every other Monday, titled "Outside The Box". Otti was born to the family of the late Pastor and Mrs. Lazarus Weze Otti at Umuru, Umuehim village in Ehi Na Uguru Ancient Kingdom, Isiala Ngwa South LGA of Abia State. He had his secondary school Document [25] (Title: Olusegun Agagu) Olusegun Agagu Olusegun Kokumo Agagu (16 February 1948 – 13 September 2013) was a Nigerian politician who was Governor of Ondo State in Nigeria from 29 May 2003 until February 2009, when a court voided his re-election as governor on account of electoral irregularities. He was replaced as Governor of Ondo State by Olusegun Mimiko, his political rival, based on a court injunction. His name, Olusegun, means ""God is victorious"". He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). He commenced his elementary education at St. Luke’s Anglican School, (now known as St. Paul’s Anglican School) Okitipupa, in Document [26] (Title: Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari) of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared the election annulled and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Assembly, was made Acting Governor in his place. Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Document [27] (Title: Isiaka Adeleke) carved out from Oyo State. He was a member of SDP the dominant party in the state.The front runner was a lawyer, Oladipo Oladosu but after a close primary in which Adeleke came second, Adeleke was able to win a runoff. He was then elected the first civilian governor of Osun State in 1992. Notable decisions made by Adeleke was the establishment of a polytechnic at Iree, a college of technology at Esa-Oke and the completion of the Osun State Broadcasting Corporation. However, in 1994, after the dissolution of the republic, Adeleke pitched its tent to the opposition group, Afenifere Document [28] (Title: Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade) State by the military government of General Sani Abacha. As governor, on 4 May 1998 he established the Bayelsa State Council for Arts & Culture. Olubolade retired from the Nigerian Navy in 1999 at the start of the new democratic regime. In April 2006, Olubolade was briefly arrested during a House of Representatives by-election in the Ekiti South II Federal Constituency. He was an aspirant to become Action Congress (AC) candidate for governor of Ekiti State in the April 2007 elections. Later in 2006 he defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was appointed Chairman of the Ekiti State Document [29] (Title: Theodore Orji) the Governor of Abia State handed over to Dr Okezie Ikpeazu as the 4th democratically elected Governor of Abia State on May 29, 2015 at Umuahia, the capital of Abia State. Chief T. A. Orji has been recognized and conferred with many traditional titles, including Ochendo Ibeku, Utuagbaigwe of Ngwaland, and Ohazurume of Abia South. He is married to Mercy Odochi Orji and they have five children. Theodore Orji Theodore Ahamefule Orji CON was elected governor of Abia State, in southeast Nigeria, on May 29, 2007 and re-elected on April 26, 2011. He was formerly a career civil servant, and Document [30] (Title: Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi) on to become Governor of Ekiti State in 2010; the two of them met while they were students and they have one son together, Folajimi Fayemi (born circa 1994). Adeleye-Fayemi was given the "Changing the Face of Philanthropy" award by the Women's Funding Network in 2007, and was named one of the 20 most influential African women in 2009 by "New African" magazine. In 2011, Women Deliver listed her as one of the top 100 people in the world, advancing the rights of women and girls. Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi (born 11 June 1963) is a British-Nigerian feminist activist, writer Document [31] (Title: Mike Oghiadomhe) under the platform of the United Nigeria Congress Party. Subsequent to the truncation of that transition programme, he was elected Deputy Governor of Edo State alongside Lucky Igbinedion on the platform of the People's Democratic Party, PDP and successfully served two terms from 1999 to 2007. In the course of service, he received several awards for his unalloyed loyalty and outstanding performance. In appreciation of his immense contributions to Edo State, the entire traditional rulers of the State unanimously conferred upon him the title of OLUETSENIGIE of Edo land. He remains the first and only Edo man to hold a Document [32] (Title: Joseph Olurotimi Sanya) I (1999-2002); Chief Medical Officer (2002-2004); Associate Lecturer, University of Ado-Ekiti, (2003-2008); Chief Medical director (2004-2006); and Acting Director of Health Services, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, (2008-2010). He served his professional colleagues and Ekiti State Government with his God-given skills in various capacities, such as; Chairman, Nigerian Medical Association, Ekiti State (1998-2000); Board Member, Ekiti State Hospital Management Board (1998-1999); Board Member, Federal Medical Center, Ido-Ekiti (2000-2003); Member, Hospital Management Committee, State Specialist Hospital,(S.S.H) Ado-Ekiti (1999-2004); Head, Department of Paediatrics, S.S.H, Ado-Ekiti (1997-2004); Chief Medical Director, S.S.H, Ikere-Ekiti (2004-2007); and Member, Steering Committee of Paths Ekiti State (2005-2006. As a Document [33] (Title: Ekiti State) Ekiti State Ekiti is a state in western Nigeria, declared a state on 1 October 1996 alongside five other states in the country by the military under the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha. As one of the newest states of the Nigerian federation, it was carved out of the territory of old Ondo State, and covers the former 12 local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. On creation, it had 16 Local Government Areas (LGAs), having had an additional four carved out of the old ones. Ekiti State is one of the 36 states Document [34] (Title: Sola Akinyede) Sola Akinyede Sola Steven Akinyede (born 24 February 1954) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Akinyede attended King's College Lagos, earned a Bachelor Of Law Degree, Barrister At Law and master's degree In Law and became a legal practitioner. He was appointed Pro-Chancellor of the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly (1998) and of the National Political Reform Conference (2005). After taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed Document [35] (Title: Abiodun Olujimi) Ayo Fayose in 2005. Olujimi attained other great heights in politics; from being the Commissioner for Works and Infrastructure in her state to a Director of Women Affairs. In 2015, she contested for a Senatorial seat and won, and became a senator representing the Ekiti South constituency in the National Assembly under the Peoples Democratic Party. Abiodun Olujimi is regarded as one of the most experienced female politicians in Nigeria. Abiodun Olujimi Abiodun Christine Olujimi (born 25 December 1958) is a Nigerian politician. She is a senator of the Federal Republic Nigeria representing Ekiti South constituency and deputy minority whip. Document [36] (Title: Ado Ekiti) in Ondo Province (of north-eastern Yoruba Territories) which formed part of the Western Region in the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (now the Federal Republic of Nigeria) and is today, the capital of Ekiti State. The gradual break down and tearing apart of Ewi's Kingdom after 19th century by the advent of British colonial rule is made poignant with the grant of political and territorial autonomy to various towns and villages under Ewi's influence in the pre-colonial era. This is further strengthened by the creation of modern local government system and the composition of Council of Chiefs with the re-grading Document [37] (Title: Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade) Project Monitoring Committee by Governor Segun Oni.Caleb Olubolade is currently a front runner in the Ekiti state governorship race,2014 election, under the Peoples Democratic Party.Caleb Olubolade will formerly declare his governorship ambition,on Saturday 22 February 2014, at the PDP state secretariat Ado Ekiti Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade Navy Captain Omoniyi Caleb Olubolade (born 30 November 1954) is a former Military Administrator of Bayelsa State, Nigeria who was appointed Minister of Special Duties on 6 April 2010, when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet. Olubolade was born on 30 November 1954 at Ipoti-Ekiti in Ijero LGA of Ekiti State. He Document [38] (Title: Ibrahim Idris) favour. I can only call on Nigerians and indeed humanity in general to join me in thanksgiving for His benevolence'. Ibrahim Idris Ibrahim Idris (born 1949) is a Nigeria businessman who was elected Governor of Kogi State in Nigeria in April 2003, and reelected in April 2007. He is a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). Ibrahim Idris was replaced as governor by his brother-in-law Captain Idris Wada, who won an election in December 2011 and took office in January 2012. Ibrahim Idris was born in 1949 at Idah town, Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State. He Document [39] (Title: Niyi Adebayo) Niyi Adebayo Chief Niyi Adebayo (born 1958) is a Nigerian politician and traditional aristocrat. He served as the first Executive Governor of Ekiti State from May 29, 1999 to May 29, 2003 and represents the Alliance for Democracy (AD). Adebayo has been associated with APC, and he is currently a top chieftain of the All Progressives Congress, APC, Niyi has extensive experience in a wide range of disputes & legal and advisory work. His more notable achievements have been in the areas of project finance, oil and gas, contract procurement and business facilitation. He is a member of Nigerian Bar Document [40] (Title: Kayode Olofin-Moyin) from August 1998 to May 1999 during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over power to the elected governor Olusegun Osoba at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic. He built a new Governors Lodge for Ogun State, opened on 27 April 1999 just before the handover to the civilian governor. In November 2002 his house in Victoria Island, Lagos was gutted and destroyed by fire. Kayode Olofin-Moyin Navy Captain Kayode Olofin-moyin was born in Ilawe-Ekiti, Ekiti State, on May 13, 1950. After his elementary education, he enrolled at the Annunciation Catholic School, Ikere-Ekiti in 1965. He passed Document [41] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) a three and a half year prolonged re-election process and court battle, an Elections Appeal Tribunal sitting in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria sacked former Governor Segun Oni of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and declared Dr Kayode Fayemi of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) as the new governor of Ekiti State. Mrs Olufunmilayo Olayinka was subsequently sworn in as the substantive Deputy Governor of Ekiti State by virtue of her existing role as the running mate of Dr Kayode Fayemi during the 2007 Governorship Elections. She is only the Second woman in the history of Ekiti State to occupy Document [42] (Title: Richard Bamisile) Government Elections Committee (2008), Ekiti State Gubernatorial Re-run Elections Committee (2009), Ekiti State Commissioners Selection Committee (2009), Ekiti State Visitation Panel on Local Government activities (2009). He left the People%27s Democratic Party (Nigeria) in 2014 before the Gubernatorial Election to support the then Governor Kayode Fayemi and General Muhammadu Buhari Presidential Ambition prior to the 2015 poll which he won. He was among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2018. A. The University of Ife is now called Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) B. The University of Ado-Ekiti is now called Ekiti Document [43] (Title: Olusegun Oni) "The Election Petition Tribunal sitting in Ado-Ekiti, the Ekiti State capital, upheld the election of incumbent Governor Segun Oni, thereby dismissing the petition filed by the Action Congress (AC) Governorship candidate, Dr. Kayode Fayemi". The "Majority ruling declares Oni winner with 109,000 to Dr. Kayode Fayemi's 106,000 after deductions of unlawful votes were made". The minority ruling opposed this by upholding that "We hold that the Petitioners have duly and dutifully proved their case". Two judges supported the minority judgement while three judges endorsed the majority ruling. He was removed from office on 15 October following the Judgement of the Document [44] (Title: Festus Olabode Ola) Festus Olabode Ola Festus Olabode Ola (born 12 November 1956) was elected Senator for Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 30 June 2009. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC) party. Ola obtained a Higher National Diploma in Accountancy in 1982. He was employed in the Foreign Service (1983–2004). In the 2007 elections Adefemi Kila of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) was declared the winner for Ekiti Central. However, on 30 June 2009, the Court of Appeal quashed Kila's election and declared Bode Ola the lawful winner of the April 2007 poll. A deciding Document [45] (Title: Babatunde Fashola) down by the court. THE Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) finally ended months of speculation over the second term ambition of the Lagos State Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola (SAN), when it endorsed him as the party's sole candidate for the 2011 governorship election. On Wednesday, at the party's secretariat, in Ikeja Lagos, Fashola's predecessor, Alhaji Bola Ahmed Tinubu who people perceived to be at the centre of the uncertainty over the political future of Fashola announced the decision of the party. Before thousands of the party supporters, Tinubu, who flew into Lagos from Abuja because of the emergency stakeholders' meeting Document [46] (Title: Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu) of the Ondo State Governorship Election. He amassed 244, 842 votes in the election while Mr. Oke won 126, 889 votes and Mr. Jegede 150, 380 votes. According to Prof. Ganiyu Ambali, INEC Returning Officer, Akeredolu defeated two major opponents, Eyitayo Jegede of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Olusola Oke of the Alliance for Democracy (AD), to clinch victory. He was sworn in as the governor of Ondo State on 24 February 2017 in Akure, the Ondo State Capital. Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu, SAN, or Rotimi Akeredolu, (born 21 July 1956) is a Nigerian politician and lawyer Document [47] (Title: Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari) Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. He was elected again on 31 March and took office on 2 April. Sa'idu Usman Nasamu Dakin Gari of Kebbi State was born Document [48] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Modern School, Ido Ekiti, from January 1972 to July 1973, then moved to Ayetoro-Iloro High School, Ayetoro/Iloro Ekiti, moving to the University of Ife in September, 1974. Segun became a corporate member, Nigerian Society of Engineers in 1987. In 1988, he became a COREN registered Engineer. He was Treasurer, Lagos State Chapter of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (1986–1988). Segun Oni was a foundation member of the United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) in Ekiti. Olusegun Oni was elected governor of Ekiti State in April 2007 on the PDP platform. He was removed from office on 15 October 2010 following Document [49] (Title: Lawal Kaita) Kusada and Kankia local governments. He died on 2 January 2018, aged 85. Lawal Kaita Lawal Kaita (4 October 1932 – 2 January 2018) was a Nigerian politician elected on the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) platform as governor of Kaduna State, Nigeria, holding office between October and December 1983, when the Nigerian Second Republic ended with the coup that brought General Muhammadu Buhari to power. He continued to be an influential politician in the Nigerian Fourth Republic and was one of the founders of the Action Congress of Nigeria (AC) party in September 2006. Some sources have attributed the Document [50] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) electoral journey in its editorial, published on Friday, 22 October 2010 under the title, Closure to Ekiti 2007 Governorship Saga. The Ekiti State Governor, Dr. Kayode Fayemi was on Saturday 14 April 2014 endorsed as the governorship candidates of the All Progressives Congress in the state's gubernatorial elections slated for 21 June 2014. The emergence of the Fayemi was preceded by congress held before the governor who had no contestant was endorsed as the flag bearers of their state in the governorship elections. Kayode Fayemi was defeated at the polls on 21 June 2014 by previous governor Ayodele Fayose. Fayemi Document [51] (Title: Esan people) the State's creation on 27 August 1991, Prof. Ambrose Folorunso Alli had governed Bendel State (1979–1983), making it the second Esan to govern Edo State. Unlike the Prof. Ambrose Alli mandate/victory, Prof. Osunbor's is widely believed to be mired in controversy of widespread irregularities by the ruling party in the State. Litigation is however on and the new governor has since 29 May 2007 been sworn in for a four-year term. On 20 March 2008, the Edo State Election Tribunal declared the former labour leader, Adams Oshiomhole, governor of Edo State. Following Prof. Osunbor's appeal, the Appeal Court's verdict of Document [52] (Title: Ayo Oni) Ayo Oni Ayo Ade Oni was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. After taking his seat in the Senate in June 1999 he was appointed to committees on Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government and Women Affairs. In a December 2001 survey of Senators, "ThisDay" characterized Oni as a "benchwarmer" a senator who had not been visible on the floor of the Senate or anywhere in the activities of Document [53] (Title: Ilawe Ekiti) State); the late Chief R.A Agbajeola (Former Chairman Ekiti south west local government); Chief Bode Olowoporoku ( Former Minister and Senator of Federal Republic of Nigeria); Retd Wing Commander Adeyemi Awe (Former Nigerian Air force Accountant); Retd Navy Commodore Olofinmoyin (Former Ogun State Military Administrator); renowned Human Rights activist Femi Falana, Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN); legal luminary barrister Adesina SAN; former Ekiti State Chief of Staff to the former Governor Kayode Fayemi, Chief Yemi Adaramodu; current catholic Bishop of Ekiti Diocese, Rt Rev Felix Ajakaye; Emeritus Bishop of Ife Anglican Diocese, Rt Rev Babalola Oloniyo; the world-renowned late Evangelist, Document [54] (Title: Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi) Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi Lawrence Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi (popularly known as "Gburugburu") is a Nigerian politician who was elected the Executive Governor of Enugu State in April 2015 and was sworn in on 29 May 2015. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for 12 years. He is a People's Democratic Party (PDP) member and represented Igboeze North/Udenu Federal Constinuency of Enugu State. Ugwuanyi was elected governor of Enugu State under the PDP. Ugwuanyi was born in March 1964 and hails from Orba Town in Udenu Local Government Area of Nsukka Zone in Enugu State. Document [55] (Title: Godswill Akpabio) as well as Lands and Housing. In 2006, he aspired for the governorship of Akwa Ibom State in a contested primary election and defeated 57 other aspirants to emerge the candidate of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). His campaign with the slogan, “let God’s will be done” received mass support and was elected Governor in 2007. He was re-elected for a second term in office as Governor of Akwa Ibom State in 2011. In 2013, he was elected Chairman of the newly formed PDP Governors Forum. In 2015, he contested and won the Senate seat of the Akwa Ibom North Document [56] (Title: Ayo Oni) the Senate. Ayo Oni Ayo Ade Oni was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. After taking his seat in the Senate in June 1999 he was appointed to committees on Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government and Women Affairs. In a December 2001 survey of Senators, "ThisDay" characterized Oni as a "benchwarmer" a senator who had not been visible on the floor of the Senate or anywhere in the Document [57] (Title: Atanda Yusuf) administrators. Atanda Yusuf Navy Captain (retired) Musbau Atanda Yusuf was appointed the Administrator of Ekiti State, Nigeria during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over to the elected civilian governor at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic on 29 May 1999. During his tenure he constructed the complex housing the Ekiti State House of Assembly, inaugurated on June 1, 1999 by his elected civilian successor Otunba Niyi Adebayo. He assisted Sikiru Tae Lawal in creating peace in Ikere-Ekiti, which had been racked by communal strife. Yusuf was required to retire in June 1999, as were all former Document [58] (Title: Ayo Fayose) to accompany his then commanding Officer, Brigadier General Aliyu Momoh, to a meeting at Spotless Hotel in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. The 37-minute audio recording was attended by the eventual “winner” of the election, Governor Ayodele Fayose of Ekiti State; Senator Iyiola Omisore of Osun State; a member of the National Assembly Abdul Kareem; the Minister for Police Affairs Alhaji Jelili Adesiyan; the former Minister for Police Affairs and navy captain Caleb Olubolade; the Minister of State for Defense Senator Musiliu Obanikoro and PDP Anambra chieftain and failed senate candidate Chris Uba, as they bribed army Brigadier General Momoh with a Document [59] (Title: Bimbo Daramola) of PDP." In 2011, he was nominated by Action Congress of Nigeria to contest the seat of his constituency, Ekiti North 1 (Oye-Ikole Local Govt. Areas) Federal Constituency, which he won. He is currently the leading candidate for the Gubernatorial ticket in Ekiti State for 2018 under the auspices of APC as a Youth sensation, Crowd puller and an astute grassroots mobilizer. Daramola took oath of office as Member, House of Representatives, representing Oye/Ikole Ekiti-North Federal Constituency 1, Ekiti State, on Monday, 6 June 2011 during the inauguration of the Seventh House of Representatives. He is the Vice-Chairman of House Document [60] (Title: Ekiti people) political authorities under the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti with Ado-Ekiti as the capital of Ekitiland, despite the ingenuity of its experimentation, was also resisted. The creation of colonial territories which transformed into modern statehood after the various colonial interests, left Africa and resulted to the division of existing traditional communities. Ondo Province later became part of Western State. In 1976, the old Ondo State was formed and in 1996, Ekiti State was split off from the modern Ondo State, which has Akure as its capital. Ekiti State, Nigeria was created on 1st October, 1996 along side five other states by the Document [61] (Title: Clement Ebri) asked the INEC to announce the result of the Ekiti State supplementary election immediately, and also called on police to release election monitors who were detained while performing their job during the election. In August 2009, two weeks after Imo State Governor Ikedi Ohakim had defected from the PPA to the PDP, Ebri resigned from the PPA chairmanship and left the party, saying he was stepping aside from politics. Clement Ebri Clement David Ebri (born 1952) is a Nigerian politician who was elected on the NRC platform as Governor of Cross River State, Nigeria between January 1992 and November 17, Document [62] (Title: Richard Bamisile) Richard Bamisile Richard Olufemi Bamisile (Popularly Known as BAFEM; born September 27, 1965) is a Nigerian Politician and Former Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (Third Parliament). He is among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2019. . Olufemi was born on September 27, 1965 at Ibadan, Oyo State to the family of Late, Mr. Bamisile who was the Elekota of Kota-Omuo (The traditional leader of Kota-Omuo, now Kota-Ekiti). Olufemi attended Mayflower School Ikenne between 1973 – 1978, and later Government College, Eric Moore, Lagos between 1978 - 1983 Document [63] (Title: Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu) the submission of over 10,000 CV's to his campaign office. On Saturday September 3, 2016, in a controversial primary election that rocked the ruling party during which Asiwaju Bola Tinubu a major party voice and National Leader of the ruling APC demanded the resignation of the party's chairman John Odigie-Oyegun, Akeredolu was awarded ticket to represent the All Progressive Congress (APC) the 2016 elections for governor. On Sunday, 27 November 2016, he was declared winner of the keenly contested Ondo State gubernatorial elections. On Sunday, 27 November 2016, Akeredolu was announced by the Independent National Electoral Commission as the winner Document [64] (Title: Rufus Aladesanmi III) the foundation of a new hall in Aladesanmi's official palace, Ibrahim Dankwambo, the Governor of Gombe State, also voiced support for Fayose and referred to him as the "symbol" of the People's Democratic Party. Aladesanmi and Fayose both spoke about the importance of peace and the rights of the people of Ado Ekiti in choosing their political leaders. Rufus Aladesanmi III Rufus Adeyemo Adejugbe Aladesanmi III CON (born 1945) is a Yoruban Oba and the current Ewi of Ado Ekiti. Aladesanmi succeeded Adelabu I as the Ewi of Ado Ekiti in 1990. He serves as the chancellor of Abubakar Tafawa Document [65] (Title: Action Congress of Nigeria) State, former Labor leader Comrade Adams Oshiomhole won a decisive victory and took the mantle of power in that state. In Ekiti state, the Party's candidate- Dr. Fayemi, also emerged victorious over the PDP Candidate Engr. Oni in court, and secured a cancellation of results of 63 wards, with the Appeals Court ordering rerun. Heading into this rerun, AC had an over 12 000 votes advantage. The current Acting Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (legislature) was an AC member. AC Governorship candidates still have cases pending in Osun, Oyo and Ogun states where analysts have given them Document [66] (Title: Abdullahi Umar Ganduje) Kano State on 28 November 2014 among the All Progressive Congress APC Candidate are Usman Alhaji, Kawu Sumaila, Ibrahim Muhammad Kankarofi, Malam Ibrahim Khalil, Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa. He went on to defeat the opposition candidate, Malam Salihu Takai, with 1,546,434 votes against Takai's 509,726 votes in the 11 April 2015 gubernatorial elections. He was sworn into office on 29 May 2015. In October 2018, video clips reportedly recorded by spy camera were published by an online medium "Daily Nigerian" showing the governor receiving wards of dollar notes in what appears apparently as bribe payments from contractors. The governor, through Document [67] (Title: Olusegun Oni) the Judgement of an Appeal Court which ruled against him. Oni's election as governor has been contentious with his main opponent in the 2007 general election, Dr. Kayode Fayemi challenging his victory at the Election Petition Tribunal in Ekiti State. Segun Oni was briefly thrown out of office after the court of appeal upturned the decision of a lower court after the April 2007 general election. In Ekiti State, effort to get a governor at a point during his tenure using the re-run election of 2009 was "marked by violence and intimidation since the man elected back in 2007, Segun Document [68] (Title: Rotimi Amaechi) in the constitution, he and his colleagues took the matter to Nigeria's supreme court and the court gave a judgment that the control and supervision of local government is the prerogative of the State House of Assembly. He contested and won the People's Democratic Party primary for Rivers State Governor in 2007. His name was substituted by the party, an action which he challenged in court. The case eventually got to the Supreme Court. He became governor on October 26, 2007, after the Supreme Court ruled that he was the rightful candidate of the PDP and winner of the April Document [69] (Title: Rufus Aladesanmi III) Rufus Aladesanmi III Rufus Adeyemo Adejugbe Aladesanmi III CON (born 1945) is a Yoruban Oba and the current Ewi of Ado Ekiti. Aladesanmi succeeded Adelabu I as the Ewi of Ado Ekiti in 1990. He serves as the chancellor of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and was formerly the chancellor at the University of Jos. In 2000 Aladesanmi was made a Commander of the Order of the Niger. In 2018 Aladesanmi offered aid and support for Ayo Fayose, the Governor of Ekiti, after 400 members of the Government House were detained by police in a period of political turmoil. While laying Document [70] (Title: 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election) Yar'Adua ordered the Speaker of the Kogi State Assembly to take over as acting governor. Idris re-ran for the governorship on the PDP ticket, challenging Abubakar Audu (ANPP), Ramat Momoh (PAC) and Yusuf Obaje (DPP). 2008 Kogi State gubernatorial by-election A by-election was held to elect a new governor of Kogi State on March 29, 2008. The incumbent, Ibrahim Idris of the PDP, was re-elected to a second term in the 2007 general elections, but later in the year his re-election was nullified by INEC due to a complaint to the Election Petitions Tribunal by Abubakar Audu, a former governor Document [71] (Title: Ekiti State) a military administrator (General Tunji Olurin) on Ekiti State in October 2006. On 27 April 2007, Olurin was replaced by Tope Ademiluyi. In the PDP primary of 2006, the first-place finisher Yinka Akerele and second-place finisher Prof. Adesegun Ojo were supposed to be in a run-off to determine who would be the nominee of the Nigerian ruling party when President Obasanjo summoned them to Abuja and imposed the candidate who came third, Engineer Segun Oni. He was later elected in the 2007 election as the governor of the state in an election marred by widespread irregularities although the APC candidate, Document [72] (Title: Ekiti East) Ekiti East Ekiti East is a Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Omuo Ekiti. Ekiti East local government area falls within the southern senatorial zone of Ekiti State otherwise known as Ekiti South Senatorial District alongside Ekiti South-West, Ikere, Emure, Ise/Orun and Gbonyin local government areas. Ekiti East local government area also forms a federal constituency alongside Emure and Gbonyin local government areas. It has an area of 1,072 km² and a population of 137,955 at the 2006 census. The local government area is bounded to the north by Kogi State, to Document [73] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) Kayode Fayemi John Olukayode Fayemi, (born 9 February 1965) is the Governor of Ekiti State and a native of Isan-Ekiti in Oye Local Government of Ekiti State, Nigeria. He previously held the office of the Governor of Ekiti State between 2010 and 2014. He resigned as the Minister of Solid Minerals Development on May 30, 2018 to contest for the Ekiti State governorship election. Fayemi attended Christ's School Ado Ekiti from 1975-1980 and received degrees in History, Politics and International Relations from the Universities of Lagos and Ife now Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria and his Doctorate in War Studies Document [74] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Olusegun Oni Olusegun Oni, also known as Segun Oni, is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State of Nigeria since 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2014 he defected from the PDP and joined the newly formed opposition party All Progressive Congress (APC). He currently holds the position of Deputy National Chairman South. Olusegun Oni was born at Ifaki, Ekiti State on 5 September 1954. He attended the Methodist Secondary Modern School, Ifaki Ekiti (1965–1968) and Wesley College, Ibadan (1969–1971). He took a post at the Community Secondary Document [75] (Title: Gbenga Aluko) in private enterprise, holding a controlling interest in Alsteg and Midlands, a Civil Engineering Firm and serving as a Director of Crest Healthcare, Consultant to DFID on Parliamentary Matters and Director of Government Affairs with Chevron Nigeria. He left the PDP for the Labour Party, on which platform he unsuccessfully contested the Ekiti State governorship election in 2007. In December 2009, Aluko returned to the PDP. Gbenga Aluko Gbenga Daniel Aluko (born 20 July 1963) was elected Senator for the Ekiti South constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Document [76] (Title: Ekiti people) late Head of state and Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, General Sani Abacha, GCON in a nation-wide broadcast to mark the 36th Independence anniversary of Nigeria. The State, carved out of Ondo State, covers the former twelve local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. Ekiti as a nation within the Yoruba race has her progenitor in Oduduwa, Just like every other major sub-ethnic division in Yorubaland. However, unlike the more centralized kingdoms and city-states to the West, the Ekitis traditionally lived in smaller, less politically centralized kingdoms that were Document [77] (Title: Onikwu) Odili is married to Justice Mary Okaego Odili (born. 12 May 1952). In 1988/89, Peter Odili was elected member and leader of Rivers State Delegates to the Constituent Assembly. In 1992, he was elected as the Deputy Governor of Rivers State. After the Nigerian Third Republic ended, he was again elected to the National Constitutional Conference and became the Conference Committee Chairman on State Creation. Dr. Odili thereafter became the National Secretary of the defunct Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) Peter Odili was elected governor of Rivers State in April 1999, and was reelected in April 2003 and completed his Document [78] (Title: Festus Olabode Ola) factor was that 19,000 of the ballots cast for Chief Kila had the same serial number. Festus Olabode Ola Festus Olabode Ola (born 12 November 1956) was elected Senator for Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, taking office on 30 June 2009. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC) party. Ola obtained a Higher National Diploma in Accountancy in 1982. He was employed in the Foreign Service (1983–2004). In the 2007 elections Adefemi Kila of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) was declared the winner for Ekiti Central. However, on 30 June 2009, the Court of Appeal quashed Document [79] (Title: Ahmed Tijani Ahmed) held office until General Sani Abacha assumed power in November 1993. After the return to democracy in 1998, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed aspired to become PDP candidate for the governorship of Kogi State, competing with Steve Achema and others. However, the PDP selected an Okun, Steve Oloruntoba, as a compromise candidate. A.T. Ahmed asked his Ebira supporters to vote for the All People's Party governorship candidate, Prince Abubakar Audu, rather than Steve Oloruntoba, which they did. Audu was elected for a second term as governor. Disappointed in his ambition to become governor, A.T. Ahmed ran for a seat in the Senate, Document [80] (Title: Olusegun Osoba) is also member of the Commonwealth Press Union, London and the Nigerian union of Journalist (NUJ). Chief Olusegun Osoba was elected on two different occasions as Governor of Ogun State first from January 1992 until November 1993 with the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He was removed from office by Sani Abacha's administration on 17 November 1993. In 1999, he was elected again as governor with the Alliance for Democracy party (AD), holding office between May 1999 and May 2003. He holds the National Honours of the Commander of the Order of the Niger CON. He is a member of the Document [81] (Title: Ekiti State) Ekiti, Oke Ako Ekiti, Irele Ekiti, Imojo, Ire Ekiti, Eda Oniyo, Gogo Ekiti, Odooro Ekiti, Ijan Ekiti, Epe Ekiti, Ilasa-Ekiti, Iropora-Ekiti The complete list of towns (in alphabetical order) is as follows: Aaye-Ekiti Aaye-Oja Ekiti Ado-Ekiti Afao-Ekiti Afolu-Ekiti Agbado-Ekiti Aisegba-Ekiti Aiyebode-Ekiti Aiyede-Ekiti Aiyegbaju-Ekiti Aiyegunle-Ekiti Aiyetoro-Ekiti Ajaye-Ekiti Ajebandele-Ekiti Alafe-Ekiti Ara-Ijero Ekiti Ara-lkole Ekiti Aramoko-Ekiti Araromi-Iyin Ekiti Araromi-Oke Ekiti Araromi-Ekiti Araromi-Ijero Ekiti Araromi-Obo Ekiti Are-Ekiti Asin-Ekiti Asole-Ekiti Awo-Ekiti Bolorunduro-Ekiti Eda-Ekiti Eda-Oniyo Ekiti Efon-Alaaye Egbe-Ekiti Emure-Ekiti Epe-Ekiti Eporo-Ekiti Erijiyan-Ekiti Erinmope-Ekiti Erio-Ekiti Esinmu-Ekiti Esun-Ekiti Esure-Ekiti Ewu-Ekiti Eyio-Ekiti Ido-Ekiti Ido-Ile Ekiti Ifaki-Ekiti Ifishin-Ekiti Igbara-Odo Ekiti Igbeja-Ekiti Igbemo-Ekiti Igbo-Aso Ekiti Igbogun-Ekiti Igbole-Ekiti Igbonna-Ekiti Igede-Ekiti Igirigiri-Ekiti Igogo-Ekiti Document [82] (Title: Babafemi Ojudu) January 7, 2016 he was named Special Adviser Political Matters by President M. Buhari Babafemi Ojudu Babafemi Ojudu (born 27 March 1961) is a Nigerian journalist who was elected Senator for the Ekiti Central constituency of Ekiti State, Nigeria, in the April 2011 national elections. He ran on the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) platform. Babafemi Ojudu was born on 27 March 1961 at Ado-Ekiti in Ekiti State. He attended Ado Grammar School in Ado-Ekiti (1973–77). In 1976 he won a scholarship jointly sponsored by activist lawyer Gani Fawehinmi and Jùjú musician King Sunny Adé for indigent students of the Document [83] (Title: Action Congress of Nigeria) party (PDP). AC Candidate proceeded to challenge these results at the Elections Tribunal, where he lost 3-2. Pinning his appeal on the minority judgement, he sought to be installed as Governor based on the cancellation of results from two local governments where PDP allegedly perpetrated fraud and violence. A ruling from the Appeal Court (the final adjudicator of governor elections disputes) on September 14, 2010 eventually returned Dr. Fayemi of Action Congress as the 3rd Executive Governor of Ekiti State after three and half years of protracted court battles and occupancy by the usurper PDP government in the state. On Document [84] (Title: 2016 Edo State gubernatorial election) 2016 Edo State gubernatorial election The Edo State gubernatorial election was held on 28 September 2016 to determine the Governorof Edo State. The election was originally scheduled for 10 September, however two days before, on 8 September it was postponed due to security concerns. The incumbent governor, Adams Oshiomhole, was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term due to term limits established in the Fifth Amendment to the Nigeria Constitution. He was succeeded by Godwin Obaseki, who defeated PDP candidate Osagie Ize-Iyamu in the election. The Governor of Edo State is elected using the plurality voting system. In the Document [85] (Title: John Afolabi Fabiyi) Supreme Court in which Chief Bode George was discharged and acquitted of the fraud charges leveled against him by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. He also presided over the ruling of the Supreme Court that affirmed Ayodele Fayose as the governor elect of Ekiti State in the June 21, 2014 governorship election. He retired from the court on 25 November 2015 after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. John Afolabi Fabiyi Justice Fabiyi was born on November 25, 1945 in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria. In 1969, he received a bachelor's degree in Law from Ahmadu Bello University and Document [86] (Title: Adedayo Clement Adeyeye) his party in Ekiti State, but he lost to the anointed candidate and the Incumbent Deputy Governor Kolapo Olusola Eleka. Prince Adedayo Adeyeye was an aspirant for the Ekiti State 2018 gubernatorial elections under the platform of the PDP whose support cut across party lines. He has often been described as a unifying factor for the PDP within the state. In an interview with the Leadership Newspaper, Adeyeye highlighted his first eleven priorities which pointed at revolutions in agriculture, education, employment figures, health and social welfare amongst others. Prince Adedayo Adeyeye is presently contesting to represent Ekiti South Senatorial district Document [87] (Title: Ibrahim Saminu Turaki) Ibrahim Saminu Turaki Alhaji Ibrahim Saminu Turaki is a Nigerian politician and former governor of Jigawa State in Nigeria. He was a Jigawa state chairman of SDP (Social Democratic Party) and UNCP (United Nigeria Congress Party). Ibrahim Saminu Turaki was born on 14 July 1963. He attended the Federal Government College Kaduna and the Ahmadu Bello University where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Actuarial Science in 1985. He was governor of Jigawa State in Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. He was elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2003 on the platform of the All Nigeria Document [88] (Title: Kayode Fayemi) "Deepening the Culture of Constitutionalism: The Role of Regional Institutions in Constitutional Development in Africa" (CDD, 2003), "Security Sector Governance in Africa: A Handbook" (edited with Nicole Ball, CDD, 2004) and "Out of the Shadows: Exile and the Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Nigeria" (CDD, 2005). After three and a half years fighting through the legal system, on 15 October 2010 the appeal court sitting in Kwara state declared Fayemi the duly elected Governor of Ekiti State, and marked the end of Olusegun Oni's administration as the then Governor of the state. Daily Trust, a national daily, captured the Document [89] (Title: Ayo Fasanmi) governor of Ondo State. In 1983, he was elected member of the Federal House of Representatives representing Ondo North. He later served as member of the Board of Directors of the Old Western Nigeria Housing Corporation. During the Fourth Nigerian Republic, he served as the National Vice Chairman of the Alliance for Democracy, Southwest zone. He was married to the late Madam Adejoke who died at the age of 82 years in October 2014. Ayo Fasanmi Ayorinde Fasanmi (born 1925) is a Nigerian pharmacist and politician. He was born in 1925 at Iye Ekiti, a local government area of Ekiti Document [90] (Title: John Odigie Oyegun) a federal civil servant working as a development planner. Chief John Oyegun was elected as civilian governor of Edo State on the SDP platform, during the transition to democracy launched by General Ibrahim Babangida and served from January 1992 to November 1993. He was removed from office after General Sani Abacha seized power. Later, he became a leader of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). In 2009 he was chairman of the Technical Working Committee of CODER. On 13 June 2014 Odigie-Oyegun was elected as national chairman of the APC. Bola Tinubu of Lagos State, the APC national leader, is Document [91] (Title: Omololu Meroyi) Petitions Tribunal hearings into the April 2007 governorship election in Ondo State, which were marred by irregularities. The tribunal decided that Dr. Olusegun Mimiko of the Labour Party was the elected governor. In 2011, he became a board director of Lagos Airport Hotel. He later resigned his appointment a year later after he rejoined the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). He is now the National Vice Chairman (South-West) Nigerian Senators' Forum. Omololu Meroyi Omololu Samuel Meroyi was elected Senator for the Ondo South constituency of Ondo State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the Alliance for Document [92] (Title: Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko) ran successfully for Governor of Sokoto State in April 2007 on the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) platform, and assumed office on 29 May 2007. Following an appeal, his election was annulled in April 2008 on the basis that he had still been a member of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) when he won the PDP nomination. Abdullahi Balarabe Salame was appointed Acting Governor (11 April - 28 May 2008) while a re-run was arranged. It was said that the contest was not so much between Wamakko and Muhammadu Maigari Dingyadi of the DPP, as between Wamakko and his predecessor Document [93] (Title: Lucky Igbinedion) voted the Best Mayor in Nigeria and received an Award for his developmental efforts. Lucky Nosakhare Igbinedion was elected governor of Edo State in April 1999 and was reelected in 2003. He and his deputy, Mike Oghiadomhe, held office from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. During the period of his governorship, he was elected by his colleagues as Chairman of the Nigerian Governors' Forum. His wife, Eki Igbinedion, was active against the widespread sex trafficking of women from Edo State to Europe. In January 2008 he was declared wanted by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission on 142 Document [94] (Title: Abiola Ajimobi) second term in an election that took place on April 11, 2015. Ajimobi contested under the All Progressive Congress (APC) for re-election against two of his predecessors in office, Christopher Alao Akala and Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja. In the event of his re-election into office as the Governor, Ajimobi is the first person to occupy the seat twice and as well in succession . He was declared the winner of the Oyo State gubernatorial election by the Independent Electoral Commission. Abiola Ajimobi Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi (born 16 December 1949) is a Nigerian politician from Oyo State in south-western Nigeria. He was Document [95] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) Funmilayo Olayinka Olufunmilayo Aduni Olayinka, née Famuagun (20 June 1960 – 6 April 2013), was a Nigerian banker and politician who served as the Deputy Governor of Ekiti State. Olayinka was born in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. She attended Holy Trinity Grammar School Ibadan where she obtained her first school leaving certificate with distinction. She subsequently proceeded to Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo State, Nigeria where she obtained her Higher School Certificate (HSC). She held a master's degree in Public Administration and a Bachelor of Business Administration Marketing from Central State University, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States in 1981 and 1983 respectively. Document [96] (Title: Oserheimen Osunbor) Action Congress (AC) party the winner. On November 11, 2008, a federal Appeal Court sitting in Benin City upheld the ruling of the state's elections petitions tribunal, declaring Oshiomole to be the Governor of Edo State. The decision was based on several voting irregularities. Oserheimen Osunbor is happily married with six children. He is a Christian of the Anglican denomination and a Knight of Saint Christopher Oserheimen Osunbor Oserheimen Osunbor, (born 5 October 1951), is a Nigerian lawyer and politician who was a Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007 and the Document [97] (Title: Tunji Olurin) House of Assembly impeached the governor, Ayodele Fayose and his deputy Abiodun Christine Olujimi, alleging gross misconduct. On October 19, 2006, President Olusegun Obasanjo declared a State of Emergency in Ekiti State and suspended the governor, deputy governor and House of Assembly of the state. He appointed Tunji Olurin, as "Sole Administrator" on Ekiti State. The State of Emergency was ratified by the National Assembly on October 26. Soon after being appointed, Olurin dissolved the local government councils, who were under investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) for allegedly misappropriating of about 7.3 billion naira. In March Document [98] (Title: Ekiti State University) Ekiti State University Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti (EKSU) was established as Obafemi Awolowo University, Ado-Ekiti on 30 March 1982 by the administration of late Chief Michael Adekunle Ajasin, the first civilian governor of Ondo State. The university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. It is located about 12 minutes drive from the center of the city of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State in Western Nigeria. Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, as it is known today, was at inception in 1982 a pride to itself as a University sought after and as of today, the only university in Nigeria that Document [99] (Title: Olusegun Oni) Appeal Court which ruled against him in favour of his opponent Kayode Fayemi. Oni is married to Olukemi Adetola (née Ogunsiji) and they have two children, a girl and a boy. Olusegun Oni Olusegun Oni, also known as Segun Oni, is a Nigerian politician and a former Governor of Ekiti State of Nigeria since 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2014 he defected from the PDP and joined the newly formed opposition party All Progressive Congress (APC). He currently holds the position of Deputy National Chairman South. Olusegun Oni was born Document [100] (Title: Ayo Fayose) Electoral Commission as the new Governor of Ekiti State; he was inaugurated on 16th Of October, 2014. Fayose is now the only Nigerian to defeat an incumbent two times. Fayose has publicly declared his intentions to run for president in Nigerian general election, 2019. Though his party, The Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, has admonished the Governor, against his ambition to be the party’s presidential candidate in 2019 but has recently withdrawn his quest. An army intelligence officer Captain Sagir Koli of the Nigerian Army 32nd Artillery Brigade, secretly recorded a vote-rigging plan on June 20th, 2014 when he was asked Document [101] (Title: Funmilayo Olayinka) the position of Deputy Governor of the State. She was a member of the Action Congress of Nigeria. Olayinka died in the evening of 6 April 2013 after a long battle with cancer and she was laid to rest in Ado-Ekiti. Olayinka was a devout Christian, she was survived by her aged mother, husband and their three children. Funmilayo Olayinka Olufunmilayo Aduni Olayinka, née Famuagun (20 June 1960 – 6 April 2013), was a Nigerian banker and politician who served as the Deputy Governor of Ekiti State. Olayinka was born in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. She attended Holy Trinity Grammar School Document [102] (Title: Richard Bamisile) of Assembly on the 14th of April 2007, which he won and eventually emerged the Speaker of the third parliament between 2007 and 2009. He has Served on different political Strategic Committees which included among several others: Ekiti East Local Government Congress Committee (2003-2014), Ekiti State Gubernatorial Strategy Committee (2007), Ekiti State Transition Committee (2007), PDP National-Lagos State Congress Committee (2007), PDP National-Kwara State Congress Committee (2007), Ekiti State Appointments Committee (2007), Ad-Hoc Governors Strategic Committee (2007), Ekiti State Senatorial Congress Committee (2008), Ekiti State Congress Committee (2008), Ekiti State Local Government Chairmanship Candidates Screening Committee (2008), Ekiti State local Document [103] (Title: Babajide Sanwo-Olu) State under the platform of the All Progressive Congress (APC) Party, making him a major contender to the incumbent governor Akinwunmi Ambode. His declaration attracted endorsements from major stakeholders in Lagos State politics; including the Governor’s Advisory Council of the Lagos chapter of the All Progressives Congress and members of the Lagos State House of Assembly, which led to withdrawal of Dr. Femi Hamzat, a governorship aspirant on the platform of the All Progressives Congress APC in Lagos from the gubernatorial race. He won the Lagos gubernatorial primaries of the All Progress Congress on 2nd October 2018 Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu Document [104] (Title: Alhaji Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo) dictator General Sani Abacha, Alhaji Adeyemo continued to be politically active and assumed the status of a 'Godfather' owing to his sphere of influence across the political terrain and oligarchy. This was demonstrated by his unquestionable role in the political aspiration of Otunba Adeniyi Adebayo as first Governor elect, Ekiti State, under the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria), in 1999. A shortlist of his political alliances includes Samuel Adekunle Ajasin JP, Alhaji Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Alhaji Baba Gana Kingibe, Chief Olu Falae, General Adeyinka Adebayo, Evangelist Bamidele Olumilua, Olusegun Kokumo Agagu, Alhaji Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa, Pa Abraham Adesanya, Document [105] (Title: Michael Adekunle Ajasin) he competed against Ajasin in the 1983 elections and was initially declared winner. Later the result was annulled and Ajasin was sworn in for a second term. Ajasin held office until the military coup of 31 December 1983 that brought General Muhammadu Buhari to power. As governor, Ajasin signed the law establishing the Ondo State University in 1982 in Ado-Ekiti, which is in present-day Ekiti State of Nigeria. In 2000, during the government of Chief Adebayo Adefarati, a new university was created in Akungba Akoko and later named Adekunle Ajasin University in his honour. He also opened The Polytechnic, Owo. Document [106] (Title: Clarence Olafemi) Clarence Olafemi Clarence Olafemi was appointed acting Governor of Kogi State, Nigeria in February 2008 after the election of governor Ibrahim Idris was annulled. He handed back to Ibrahim Idris on 29 March 2008 after Idris had won a fresh election. Olafemi was born in the Mopa-Muro Local Government Area of Kogi State. He is a graduate of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He was a governorship candidate in the old Kwara State. Olafemi was elected to the Kogi State house of assembly for the Mopamuro Constituency in April 2007 on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. In September 2007 the Document [107] (Title: Ibrahim Gaidam) July, 2009. He called on all Muslims to cooperate with each other and to co-habit peacefully with followers of other religions in the state. Gaidam was elected on 26 April 2011 for a second term as governor. Ibrahim Gaidam Ibrahim Gaidam is a Nigerian politician and the incumbent Governor of Yobe State, Nigeria since January 27, 2009. He was elected on 26 April 2011 for a second term as governor. Ibrahim Gaidam was born on 15 September 1956 in Bukarti village, Yunusari local government area in the old Borno, now Yobe state. He attended the Borno Teachers' College (BTC), Maiduguri Document [108] (Title: Ayo Fayose) a broad spectrum of business that guided his life later. He is married to Feyisetan. He conducted one of the most sought after medical outreach programmes during his political campaign in 2001. Fayose became the second governor of Ekiti on 29th Of May, 2003, after defeating the then incumbent Governor Niyi Adebayo in the gubernatorial elections. Fayose could not complete his tenure as a result of an impeachment on 16th Of October, 2006. During the 2014 Governorship election in Ekiti State, Peter Ayodele Fayose was again the PDP nominee. He won the election and was declared by the Independent National Document [109] (Title: Christopher Omoworare Babajide) Christopher Omoworare Babajide Christopher Omoworare Babajide (born 31 October 1968) is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Osun East constituency of Osun State, Nigeria in the April 2011, He ran on the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) platform. He was re-elected into the Nigerian senate on March 28, 2015 under the platform of All Progressive Congress (APC). Babajide Christopher Omoworare was born on 31 October 1968 in Ilesa, to a family from Ile-Ife, Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State. His father was principal of a grammar school. His mother's father Adesoji Aderemi was Governor of Document [110] (Title: Tunji Olurin) 2007, Tunji Olurin ordered the Ekiti State radio and television stations not to broadcast programs of the Action Congress (AC) candidate for the state governorship, Kayode Fayemi, while allowing broadcasts by the PDP. Olurin remained in charge until he was replaced by Tope Ademiluyi on April 27, 2007. He has since remained in political oblivion following his loss at the Ogun State Governorship Election in 2011. Olurin has lectured on peacekeeping at the International Peace Academy, the National War College, and United Nations seminars in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. In 2006, he was appointed the Chancellor of the First University Document [111] (Title: Bola Tinubu) Bola Tinubu Chief Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (born 29 March 1952) was elected senator for the Lagos West constituency in Lagos State, Nigeria in 1993. The election was just prior to a military take-over in December 1993. After the return to democracy, he was elected governor of Lagos State, holding office from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. He is an influential member of the All Progressives Congress party; he also holds both the chieftaincies of the Asiwaju of Lagos and the Jagaban of the Borgu Kingdom in Niger State, Nigeria. He has been routinely referred to as the Document [112] (Title: Ayo Fayose) rank promotion for his assistance in carrying out election fraud in Ekiti State. For exposing the vote-rigging of the Ekiti State governor election of Fayose, Captain Sagir Koli was praised by the military for his “non-partisanship and professional conduct during the election period.” The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission froze four Zenith Bank accounts used by Fayose to launder money for his Ekiti governorship election in 2014 in a lawsuit no. FHC/CS?871/2016 titled “Federal Republic of Nigeria Vs Zenith bank PLC account numbers 1003126654, 9013074033, 1010170969 and 1013835889.” The judge Justice Mohammed Idris had granted the EFCC on June 24th, Document [113] (Title: Adams Oshiomhole) of Oserheimen Osunbor and declared Oshiomhole the winner. On 11 November 2008, a federal Appeal Court sitting in Benin City upheld the ruling of the state's elections petitions tribunal, declaring Oshiomole to be the Governor of Edo State. The decision was based on several voting irregularities. In 2012, he was elected to a second term, winning the elections in a massive landslide. He ended his tenure on November 12 2016. On 23 June 2018, Adams Oshiomhole emerged as the national chairman of the All Progressives Congress (APC) in Nigeria following a voice vote by delegates at the party National convention. Document [114] (Title: Abubakar Audu) platform of the National Republican Convention (NRC) and won the election held in November, 1991. He was subsequently sworn in as the first executive governor of Kogi state in January 1992. In 1998, democracy was again re-introduced and Audu, now with the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP), was elected again with over 700,000 votes while his opponent hardly recorded 50% of the vote cast. He was sworn in on 29 May 1999 as the 2nd Executive Governor of Kogi State. His socio-economic contribution in the state is to date a point of reference to the generality of the people and Document [115] (Title: Ekiti State) Osain-Ekiti Osi-Ekiti Osin-Ikole Ekiti Osun-Ekiti Otun-Ekiti Owode-Ekiti Owosi-Ekiti Oye-Ekiti Temidire-Ekiti Temidire-Ikole Ekiti Usi-Ekiti Usin-Ekiti Ekiti State consists of sixteen Local Government Areas. They are: The Ekiti State Government in 2014, prior to the exit of the immediate past Governor Fayemi, was to create additional 18 LCDAs based on the recommendations of the White Paper Committee set up by the government. This has, however, been cancelled by Governor Ayo Fayose. Ekitis are culturally homogeneous and they speak a dialect of Yoruba language known as Ekiti. The homogeneous nature of Ekiti confers on the state some uniqueness among the states of the Document [116] (Title: Daniel Aladesanmi II) the railway in 1933. Aladesanmi ascended the throne, becoming Ewi of Ado Ekiti, on 18 June 1937. Ado Ekiti is an ancient community in Southwestern Nigeria and the seat of the Ekiti State. In 1941 Aladesanmi set up an advisory board to supervise developmental projects in Ado-Ekiti regarding construction, transportation, and city planning. He was appointed as President of Pelupelu in 1938. He was involved in the Constitutional Independence Conferences of 1948 and 1959 in London and was a member of the Yoruba Council of Obas. Aladesanmi was appointed Deputy President of the Western House of Chiefs on September 28, Document [117] (Title: Ekiti State) Dr. Kayode Fayemi challenged his election and forced a rerun in May, 2009. The May 2009 rerun was characterized by even worse rigging and the election was disputed again. Eventually, after three years, the election of Oni was thrown out and Dr. Kayode Fayemi was declared the duly elected governor of Ekiti State. The prominent private university in Ekiti State is Afe Babalola University, Ado–Ekiti (ABUAD), founded by the legal luminary, philanthropist, seasoned administrator, and farmer Aare Afe Babalola, #SAN. It has become a pillar of support for the state in terms of human capital development and empowerment. Ekiti was Document [118] (Title: Richard Bamisile) State University, Ado Richard Bamisile Richard Olufemi Bamisile (Popularly Known as BAFEM; born September 27, 1965) is a Nigerian Politician and Former Speaker of the Ekiti State House of Assembly (Third Parliament). He is among the candidates for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Ekiti State Gubernatorial election for 2019. . Olufemi was born on September 27, 1965 at Ibadan, Oyo State to the family of Late, Mr. Bamisile who was the Elekota of Kota-Omuo (The traditional leader of Kota-Omuo, now Kota-Ekiti). Olufemi attended Mayflower School Ikenne between 1973 – 1978, and later Government College, Eric Moore, Lagos between Document [119] (Title: Udom Gabriel Emmanuel) In 2014, he aspired for the governorship of Akwa Ibom State in a hotly contested primary election and defeated 22 other aspirants (G22) to emerge the candidate of the Akwa Ibom State People's Democratic Party (PDP). His campaign with the slogan, Udom is Right received mass support. In 2015, he was elected Governor of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he won with 999,071 votes to defeat APC's candidate Umana Okon Umana who scored 89,865 votes of the All Progressive Congress and was declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Question: who is the elected governor of ekiti state

Answer: Ayo Fayose Long Answer: Name Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Mohammed Bawa Administrator 7 October 2001 August 1998 (Military) Navy Captain Atanda Yusuf Administrator May 1999 (Military) Otunba Niyi Adebayo Governor 29 May 2003 AD Ayo Fayose Governor 29 May 2003 16 October 2006 PDP Chief Friday Aderemi Acting Governor 17 October 2006 18 October 2006 PDP Tunji Olurin Administrator 18 October 2006 27 April 2007 PDP Tope Ademiluyi Acting Governor 27 April 2007 29 May 2007 PDP Segun Oni Governor 29 May 2007 15 Oct 2010 PDP Dr. Kayode Fayemi Governor 15th Oct 2010 16th Oct 2014 ACN Ayo Fayose Governor 16th Oct 2014 PDP Gold Document ID: 115

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: President of India) Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a prime minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the house) within weeks of being sworn into office. Since the Indian constitution Document [2] (Title: 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2010, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states, 49 members from 12 states, 6 members from Andhra Pradesh and 2 members from Haryana for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2010. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held for the vacant seats Document [3] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India) into effect on 28 December 1962. Section 2 of the amendment amended article 81(1) (b) of the Constitution in order to raise the maximum number of seats in the Lok Sabha for members representing the Union territories from 20 to 25, thus enabling representation to be given to the Union territory of Pondicherry. The First Schedule to the Constitution was amended to include the territories of Pondicherry with effect from 16 August 1962. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution was amended to allocate one seat in Rajya Sabha to the Union territory of Pondicherry. The insertion of a new article Document [4] (Title: 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1995, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected. Elections were held in 1995 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1995. They are members for the term 1995-2001 and retire in year 2001, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 1995. State Document [5] (Title: 11th Lok Sabha) Sabha, resulting in H. D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India. Later I. K. Gujral, took the command of the country but when Lalu Prasad Yadav left Janta Dal and formed his own party, 11th Lok Sabha was dissolved to get fresh mandate from the voters for next 12th Lok Sabha in the Indian general election, 1998. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 11th Lok Sabha after the Document [6] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) from June 4 to June 11, 2014. There is no leader of the opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha as the Indian Parliament rules state that a party in the Lok Sabha must have at least 10% of total seats (545) in order to be considered the opposition party. The Indian National Congress (of the UPA) could only manage 44 seats while the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party from Tamil Nadu came a close third with 37 seats. Mallikarjun Kharge has been declared the leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha. 5 sitting members from Document [7] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) DRSCs replaced the earlier three Subject Committees constituted in August, 1989. The 17 Departmentally Related Standing Committees were formally constituted with effect from April, 1993. After experiencing the working of the DRSC system for over a decade, the system was re-structured in July, 2004 wherein the number of DRSCs was increased from 17 to 24. Till 13th Lok Sabha, each of these Standing Committees used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, with Document [8] (Title: President's rule) months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of the Parliament to extend President's rule in a state. According to this provision, President's rule can only be extended over a year every 6 months under Document [9] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) as a Member of Parliament once aging in 1996 of 11th Lok Sabha. She became an active member of Committee on Government Assurances, Communication and Consultative Committee of Ministry of Railways in 1996-97. In 1998 she got elected for the third term as a Member of Parliament of 12th Lok Sabha. She was the Vice President of National BJP Mahila Morcha in 1998-2000 and Chairperson of Railway Convention Committee in 1999-2002. On 17 April 1999, the BJP coalition government led by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee failed a to win a confidence vote in the Lok Sabha (India’s lower house), Document [10] (Title: Vice President of India) and voting) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(b)). But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days' advance notice has been given. Notably, the Constitution does not list grounds for removal. No Vice-President or "ex officio" Vice-President has ever faced removal proceedings. The omissions in the procedure committed by the chairman or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha cannot be challenged in the court of law per There is no provision for the salary of the Vice-President of India in that capacity. He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the "ex officio" Chairman Document [11] (Title: 3rd Lok Sabha) days, before Lal Bahadur Shastri became Prime Minister on 9th June 1964. After Shastri's death on 11 January 1966, Nanda became acting Prime Minister again for 13 days. Later Indira Gandhi, Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh became Prime Minister on 24 January 1966. The next 4th Lok Sabha was constituted on 4th March 1967 after Indian general election, 1967. 3rd Lok Sabha List of Members of the 3rd Lok Sabha, (2 April 1962 – 3 March 1967) elected February–March 1962. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The election was Document [12] (Title: Estimates Committee (India)) Public Undertakings (COPU) are the three financial standing committees of the Parliament of India. The committee consists of thirty members, all elected from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of the Lok Sabha, according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. In case a member after his election to the Document [13] (Title: Parliament of India) demonetisation (note ban) initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016. Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Document [14] (Title: Union Council of Ministers) must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha. Ministers must be members of parliament. Any minister who is not a member of either of the houses of the parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post. There are five categories of council of ministers as given below, in descending order of rank: Pursuant to , a minister who works at the pleasure of president, is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with Document [15] (Title: 13th Lok Sabha) for the next 14th Lok Sabha. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1999. 13th Lok Sabha The 13th Lok Sabha (10 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the Parliament of India). It was convened after Indian general election, 1999 held during September–October 1999. This majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a rightist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, Document [16] (Title: 2004 Indian general election) constituted part of the NDA's campaign. Votes and seats of the major parties are compared with those won in the 1999 election See separate article, List of Members of the 14th Lok Sabha There are a maximum of 545 members of Parliament: 543 elected, and two may be nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community. Repolling was ordered in four constituencies due to irregularities. The results in the remaining constituencies were as follows (parties recognised by the Election Commission as national parties are in "italics", and regional or state parties in Roman font): Though pre-poll predictions were for Document [17] (Title: Lok Sabha) consist of members from both the houses. There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature – A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays Document [18] (Title: President of India) eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are: Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of two union territories, i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry. The election process of President is more extensive process than prime minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members Document [19] (Title: Rajya Sabha) the President. The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called "Leader of the House". This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row. Besides the Leader of the House, Document [20] (Title: Standing Committee on Finance) single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by Veerappa Moily, succeeding Yashwant Sinha from the 15th Lok Sabha. Following the adoption of the Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha by the two houses on 29 March 1993, the way was paved Document [21] (Title: Amendment of the Constitution of India) between the two Houses. Total membership in this context has been defined to mean the total number of members comprising the House irrespective of any vacancies or absentees on any account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. The Bill, passed by the required majority, is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than Document [22] (Title: History and use of the single transferable vote) union territories. The number of members of the Rajya Sabha elected by each state and union territory is loosely proportionate to its population, such that, , Bihar, with a population of 82 millions, is represented by 22 members, while Sikkim, with a population of 540,000 is represented by just one member. In addition, the federal president and vice-president are indirectly elected by MPs using Alternative Vote, which is STV applied to one vacancy at a time. STV has applied for all elections in Malta since 1921. However, top-up seats (similar to the additional member system) may be added in the Document [23] (Title: Vice President of India) The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice-President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy, apart from a re-election. However, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can perform the Vice-President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event. The Constitution states that the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority (50% of effective strength of house, here effective strength equals the total number strength minus the number of vacancies) and a simple majority (50% of total members who are present Document [24] (Title: Parliament of India) India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament. Under and , President's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills/laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the elected members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of 5 years. Lok Sabha ("House of the People") or the lower house has 545 members. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies Document [25] (Title: 2017 Indian vice-presidential election) the same day. The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the "Rajya Sabha" (the upper house of Indian parliament) and the members of the "Lok Sabha" (lower house of the Indian parliament). The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process. In the election, voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a "special pen" to mark their preference. For the 2017 election, the electoral college consists of A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least Document [26] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Lok Sabha. Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater Document [27] (Title: 10th Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha. The next 11th Lok Sabha was constituted on 15 May 1996, after Indian general election, 1996. Members by political party in 10th Lok Sabha are given below- 10th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 10th Lok Sabha, (20 June 1991 – 10 May 1996) elected during Indian general election, 1991 held during May–June 1991. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 10th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1991. P V Narasimha Document [28] (Title: 2012 Indian vice-presidential election) Viswanathan and V. R. Ramesh were appointed as Returning Officer and the Assistant Returning Officer respectively. The electoral college consists of, all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members, a total of 790 voters. According to, the Election Commission of India's press note on 3 July detailing the process of conduct and declaration of the result of the election, the program for the election was, Thirty-four candidates had filed their nomination papers for the election. Seven of them had filed nomination papers on the deadline day. Four nomination were rejected for failing to comply with the requirement Document [29] (Title: 8th Lok Sabha) 8th Lok Sabha The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi of Indian National Congress continued as Prime Minister till 2 December 1989. In this 8th Lok Sabha, INC party had 30 more seats than previous 7th Lok Sabha. The next 9th Lok Document [30] (Title: Vice President of India) in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice-President, a person must: While in order to be a President, a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (House of Peoples), the Vice-President must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the "ex officio" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President Document [31] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) the adoption of the Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha by the two Houses on 29 March,1993, the way was paved for the setting up of the seventeen Departmentally Related Standing Committees(DRSCs) covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government. Formally setup in April, 1993, the committee used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, during the re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 by the 14th Lok Document [32] (Title: 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) for the vacant seats from the State of Bihar, Nagaland, West Bengal and Bihar , and West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2008, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 55 members from 15 states , 4 members from Karnataka and 1 member from Mizoram and Aruncahl Pradesh and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are Document [33] (Title: Rajya Sabha) from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to Document [34] (Title: Standing Committee on Finance) for the setting up of the seventeen Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) covering under their jurisdiction all the ministries or departments of the Government of India. Formally set up in April 1993, the committee used to consist of 45members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, during the re-structuring of DRSCs in July 2004 by the 14th Lok Sabha, the membership was reduced to 31members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. The inaugural chairperson of the committee Document [35] (Title: National Commission for Backward Classes) Lok Sabha in 2017, will insert Article 338B into the Constitution after Articles 338 and 338A which deal with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (ST) respectively. Section 3 of the Act provides that the Commission shall consist of five Members: a Chairperson who is or has been a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court; a social scientist; two persons who have special knowledge in matters relating to backward classes; and a Member-Secretary, who is or has been an officer of the Central Government in the rank of a Document [36] (Title: 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1994, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 seats from Delhi & 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 12 states and 3 members from Kerala State are elected. Elections were held in 1994 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1994. They are members for the term 1994-2000 and retire in year 2000, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The Document [37] (Title: 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) in the year 2005. State - Member - Party 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2005, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal were elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2005. They are members for the term 2005-2011 and retire in year 2011, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Document [38] (Title: Estimates Committee (India)) committee becomes a minister, he or she ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. There are no members from Rajya Sabha Currently the committee is headed by Murli Manohar Joshi from the Bharatiya Janata Party. Although the committee existed pre-independence, post independence, it was established following directives by India's first Minister of Finance, John Mathai. In his speech presenting the budget of 1950-51, Mathai outlined the role that had been envisaged saying - Initially the membership of the committee was limited to 25 members, however, in 1956, the membership was expanded to 30 members. The functions Document [39] (Title: Quorum) the pan-democrats, in order to force the pro-Beijing camp to keep some members in the chamber. of the Constitution of India stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be present to constitute the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament. For example, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must be present for the House to proceed with its business. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the House or suspend Document [40] (Title: Lok Sabha) the princely states which had not "acceded to Pakistan". According to "Article 79 (Part V-The Union.)" of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Lok Sabha (House of the Leaders) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952. "Article 84" (Part V.—The Union) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Document [41] (Title: Leader of the Opposition (India)) the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, in order to get formal recognition, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the House (55 seats in the Lok Sabha). If any party fails to get 10% seats in opposition, the House will not have recognised leader of the opposition. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criteria, not an alliance. This is the most accepted or most spoken rule of appointing this post but Document [42] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) The next 15th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2009. On 12 December 2005, the Star TV news channel telecast the sting operation Operation Duryodhana, in which 11 Members of Parliament, 10 from Lok Sabha and 1 from Rajya Sabha, were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament. Following swift inquiries by the Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses. On 23 December 2005, the following 10 members Document [43] (Title: Upper house) the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947. It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials. Members of the Rajya Sabha in India are nominated by various states and union territories, while 12 of them are nominated by the President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the Vidhan Parishad are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators, and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by the State legislatures until the Document [44] (Title: Rajya Sabha) meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint Document [45] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) - 8th Lok Sabha the Rules Committee considered and approved a proposal that three Subject Committees, on (i) Agriculture; (ii) Environment & Forests; and (iii) Science & Technology. The rules relating to these Committees were finally approved by the House and the Committees were formally constituted with effect from 18 August, 1989. The Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha adopted by the two Houses on 29 March, 1993 paved the way for the setting up of the 17 Departmentally Related Standing Committees covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government. These Document [46] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 16th Lok Sabha after the Indian general elections, 2014. With the by-elections and vacancies since 2014, BJP has been reduced to 269 seats from 282 seats (including Speaker); while INC has increased its tally from 44 seats to 47 seats. Following 36 political parties are represented in 16th Lok Sabha: About one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, with some having serious criminal cases. Compared to the 15th Lok Sabha, there is an increase of members with criminal cases. In 2009, 158 (30%) Document [47] (Title: 2013 Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu) indirectly elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) of Tamil Nadu using a single transferable vote with proportional representation. Each candidate should have 34 number of MLAs. Therefore, the party which has 34 MLAs can elect one member. The party which has less than 34 MLAs can get support from other parties. The results to the election were declared on June 27. Three MLAs of PMK boycotted the elections. 2013 Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu was the indirect election to the Rajya Sabha which is the upper house of the Parliament Document [48] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) 15th Lok Sabha Members of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee. Indian National Congress led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than previous 14th Lok Sabha. The next 16th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2014. The Second Manmohan Singh ministry introduced a total of 222 Bills (apart from Finance and Appropriations Bills) in the 15th Lok Sabha. A total of 165 Bills were by passed by the House, including bills introduced in previous Lok Sabhas. 14 sitting members Document [49] (Title: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha) nominated member each in their respective State Legislatures. Henry Gidney was a nominated member of the Central Legislative Assembly under the 'Special Interests/Anglo-Indian' category in the 1920, 1923, 1926, 1930, and 1934 elections. The following is a list of members nominated for the seats after each election. Key Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha Two seats are reserved in the Lok Sabha for members of the Anglo-Indian community. Anglo-Indians are the only community that has its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) in India's Parliament. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the Document [50] (Title: 2011 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu, Assam and Bihar. 2011 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2011, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on 22 July to elect respectively 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from Goa, Gujarat and West Bengal. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2011. State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held Document [51] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) Sabha, the membership was reduced to 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. The inaugural chairperson of the committee was Buta Singh, former Minister of Home Affairs (1984-86) and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (1995-96) and a member of Indian National Congress. The functions of the committee are stated as below : The Standing Committees shall not consider the matters of day to day administration of the department. After the general discussion on the Budget in the House is over, the Lok Sabha is adjourned for a fixed period. The Committee considers the Demands Document [52] (Title: Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha. S/He holds office till either s/he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha or s/he himself resigns. S/He can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Lok Sabha by an effective majority of its members. In effective majority, the majority should be 50% or more than 50% of total strength of the house after removing the vacancies. Since the Deputy Speaker is accountable for the Lok Sabha, the elimination is done by the effective majority in Lok Sabha only. S/He is supposed to resign from his/her original party because as a Deputy Speaker, Document [53] (Title: 2003 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Member - Party 2003 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2003, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 members from Kerala and 1 member from Puducherrywere elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2003. They are members for the term 2003-2009 and retire in year 2009, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year Document [54] (Title: 9th Lok Sabha) 9th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 9th Lok Sabha (2 December 1989 – 13 March 1991) elections in 22-26 November 1989. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 12 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 9th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1989. Vishwanath Pratap Singh became the Prime Minister during 2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990 with the help of Bharatiya Janata Party and the Left Parties. INC loses 207 seats as compared to previous 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1984 Document [55] (Title: 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) - Member - Party 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1995, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected. Elections were held in 1995 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1995. They are members for the term 1995-2001 and retire in year 2001, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in Document [56] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) speaker is fixed by the president. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart of the speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its chairperson; the Vice President of India is the "ex-officio" chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may Document [57] (Title: 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) year 2001. State - Member - Party 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2001, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected to Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2001.They are members for the term 2001-2007 and retire in year 2007, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The Document [58] (Title: Indian Youth Congress) with the National Students Union of India. It has over 7,900,000 members across India. The Indian Youth Congress has its headquarters in New Delhi and is headed by Keshav Chand Yadav. There are 39 office bearers at the national level, followed by the state, Loksabha, Assembly and Booth level. In all, 174,000 committees have been formed at the Booth level. In 2001, several Youth Congress workers held Lalkar Rally around Parliament of India to protest against UTI Scam under National Democratic Alliance government and asked for resignation of then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In 2011, 2,500 Youth Congress activists Document [59] (Title: 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2000, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 3 seats from Delhi and 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states and 3 members from Kerala a for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2000 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2000. They are members for the term 2000-2006 and retire in year 2006, except in case of Document [60] (Title: Rajya Sabha) sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the "ex-officio" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits Document [61] (Title: Elections in Bihar) are conducted every five years. Last Lok Sabha election was held in 2014 and Vidhan Sabha election was held in 2015. Elections to the Rajya Sabha are held at regular interval with one third of the members retiring in a staggered manner. Members of Vidhan Sabha elect the state's representative to Rajya Sabha. The elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha are conducted along similar lines with the major difference being size of constituencies. At present each Lok Sabha constituency consists of 6 Vidhan Sabha constituency. Each constituency elects a single member to represent them via a First Past Document [62] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 each DRSC consists of 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. There are 24 Department-related Standing Committees (DRSCs). Each of these committees have 31 members - 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. These members are to be nominated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by Lok Sabha secretariat or the Rajya Sabha secretariat depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee. <nowiki>**</nowiki> Document [63] (Title: Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha) parliament in the Lok Sabha and have more restricted power than the lower house (Lok Sabha). Unlike membership to the Lok Sabha, membership to the Rajya Sabha is permanent for a term of six years cannot be dissolved at any time. Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Rajya Sabha are; Rajya Sabha enjoys certain special powers which in effect gives special powers and responsibilities to the Rajya Sabha MPs. The special powers are; Unlike membership to the Lok Sabha, membership to the Rajya Sabha is permanent for a term of six years cannot be dissolved at any time. Document [64] (Title: Committee on Public Undertakings (India)) than seven members of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The first proposal for a separate committee Document [65] (Title: 3rd Lok Sabha) 3rd Lok Sabha List of Members of the 3rd Lok Sabha, (2 April 1962 – 3 March 1967) elected February–March 1962. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The election was held for 494 seats out of which Indian national congress won 361 seats. 14 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 2nd Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1962. Jawaharlal Nehru was Prime Minister as in 1st Lok Sabha and 2nd Lok Sabha, till his death on 27 May 1964. Gulzarilal Nanda became action Prime Minister for 13 Document [66] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Himachal Pradesh State, 1 member is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Jharkhand State, 2 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 May 2018. From Karnataka State, 4 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Madhya Pradesh State, 5 members Document [67] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) India consisted of indirectly elected representatives and were not categorized between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Muslims and Sikhs were given special representation as minorities. The Constituent Assembly of India took 2 years, 11 months and 17 days to draft the constitution for independent India and was dissolved in 1949. On 26 January 1950, the Indian constitution came into force and the first general elections (under the new constitution) were held in 1951-1952. The 1st Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 and had 489 constituencies, thereby first set of elected members of parliament of Lok Sabha in India. Document [68] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) 14th Lok Sabha The 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the Indian general election, 2004 held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004–2009). Indian National Congress lead United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 14th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 2004. Document [69] (Title: Public Accounts Committee (India)) representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. At present, the 16th Lok Sabha has no designated leader of opposition, however the Indian National Congress (INC) being largest opposition party has gotten the responsibility of heading the PAC. The current PAC is headed by Mallikarjun Kharge, who is leader of INC in the Lok Sabha. He was re-appointed to a second term in May 2018. The committee was first conceived in the year 1921 in the wake of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. During the Document [70] (Title: 2017 Indian presidential election) the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra, the Secretary General of Lok Sabha. At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes, but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty. Although Document [71] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8K of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker. The appointment has to Document [72] (Title: 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2005, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal were elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2005. They are members for the term 2005-2011 and retire in year 2011, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held Document [73] (Title: 2018 elections in India) occurrence of such vacancy. The elections to the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use first past the post system - the candidate with a plurality of the votes wins the election. Elections to one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament - the Rajya Sabha are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation. Members to the state legislative councils (in states which have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies. All the elections at the Document [74] (Title: Elections in Uttar Pradesh) (Urban) elections 2017 in three phase in the month of November 2017 i.e. on 22 November, 26 November and 29 November 2017. Results will be declared on 1 December 2017. There are Municipal Corporation elections, Municipal Council elections, Local Body Elections and Nagar Panchayat elections 2017. The Lok Sabha is the directly elected lower house of the Parliament of India. As of 2013 there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. Uttar Pradesh has 80 Lok Sabha constituencies. "Main: " 1951+52 - 1st general election. Congress - 64 seats out of total 69. <br> 1957 – Document [75] (Title: Joint Session of Indian Parliament) house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days. If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament. Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception. 1. Money Bill Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both Document [76] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) seats (55 seats) in the Lok Sabha; however, the Indian National Congress was unable to attain this number. Due to this fact, India remains without an official opposition party. As per the requirements of the Indian Constitution, elections to the Lok Sabha must be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the president. The previous election, to the 15th Lok Sabha, was conducted in April–May 2009, and its term would have naturally expired on 31 May 2014. The election to the 16th Lok Sabha was organised and conducted by the Election Commission of India Document [77] (Title: Parliament of India) and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years. Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies Document [78] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) be approved by the president. The first meeting after the election when the speaker and the deputy speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the speaker, the deputy speaker acts as speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six members selected by the speaker will act as speaker according to their seniority. Eligibility criteria to become the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is: Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), Document [79] (Title: Electoral College (India)) different electoral college, consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The presidential electoral college is made up of the following: The value of votes cast by elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament are determined by the provisions of article 55(2) of the Constitution of India. The details of number of voters and votes for the presidential election are given below. Per the 84th Amendment, the 1971 census is used, and will continue to be used until 2026. The formula for determining the number of votes held Document [80] (Title: Electoral College (India)) by an MLA is: That is, the average constituency size, determined by the 1971 census, in his/her state or union territory, divided by 1,000. The number of votes for MLAs are as follows: Note:- http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf. The value of an MP's vote is calculated by dividing the total value of all MLAs' votes by the number of MPs. The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MP is: That is, the total Members of Parliament (Elected) = Lok Sabha (543) + Rajya Sabha (233) = 776 The number of votes for MPs are as follows: Total number of Document [81] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) Member of parliament, Lok Sabha A member of parliament in Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian people in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (lower house i.e. House of the People). The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 552. This includes maximum 530 members to represent the Document [82] (Title: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) ending on 2 April 2016 but vacant since 26 November 2015 and Punjab - 5 seats with term ending on 9 April 2016. The election of June 11, 2016 was held to elect 57 members from 15 states to the Rajya Sabha. The seats in following states were up for election: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in India on March 14, and June 11, 2016, to elect 13 and 57 members of the Rajya Sabha respectively. The election of March 14, 2016 was held to elect 13 members for duration of 6 years from 6 Document [83] (Title: 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2001, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected to Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2001.They are members for the term 2001-2007 and retire in year 2007, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the Document [84] (Title: Elections in India) there were only 80,708 candidates. The number of votes and seats won provides a ranking of the major political parties. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament. 233 of its members are elected indirectly by the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College of the Union Territories. The President of India appoints 12 of its members. (See Wikipedia, "Rajya Sabha"). The 233 members are elected for a six-year term. Every two years, one-third of the members retire. The elected members are chosen by proportional representation via the single transferable vote. There are twelve nominated members Document [85] (Title: Vice President of India) is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college but the nominated members of both the houses are part of electoral college for the vice-presidential election. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is Document [86] (Title: 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2000. State - Member - Party 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2000, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 3 seats from Delhi and 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states and 3 members from Kerala a for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2000 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." Document [87] (Title: 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1952, to elect members of the Council of States ( the Rajya Sabha), Indian Parliament's upper chamber. Elections were held in 1952 to elect members from various states of Independent India. "The list is incomplete." The members are elected in the elections held in 1952. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India, the Rajya Sabha was first constituted 3 April 1952. and consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States.As Document [88] (Title: 10th Lok Sabha) 10th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 10th Lok Sabha, (20 June 1991 – 10 May 1996) elected during Indian general election, 1991 held during May–June 1991. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 10th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1991. P V Narasimha Rao of Indian National Congress became the Prime Minister of India during 21 June 1991 till 16 May 1996, after INC won 244 seats, 47 more than previous 9th Document [89] (Title: Meira Kumar) was briefly inducted as member of the cabinet as Union Minister for Water Resources. Upon being nominated for the position of Speaker of Lok Sabha, she submitted her resignation three days after assuming ministerial office. She was elected as the first ever woman speaker of Lok Sabha. She served as the Speaker from 2009 to 2014. Meira Kumar was the UPA presidential nominee for the 2017 election, which she lost to the NDA nominee Ram Nath Kovind. Kovind got 2,930 votes (MPs and MLAs) amounting to Electoral College votes of 7,02,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes amounting to 3,67,314 Document [90] (Title: Lawmaking procedure in India) introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per . For every fiscal year, the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per shall be passed by the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make amendments to a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it. It can, however, recommend amendments in a Money Bill, but must return all Money Bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt. The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all Document [91] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) of the 521 members analysed had criminal cases, of which 77 (15%) had serious criminal cases. Out of the 542 members analysed, 443 (82%) are having assets of or more. In the 15th Lok Sabha, out of 521 members analysed, 300 (58%) members had assets of or more. The average assets per member are (in 2009, this figure was ). Age-wise distribution of the 542 members in the 16th Lok Sabha as of 16 May 2018 16th Lok Sabha Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases Document [92] (Title: Parliament of India) Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers. Those elected or nominated Document [93] (Title: Rajya Sabha) representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by Document [94] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi. The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently Document [95] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) at the request of the President, until 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi and his cabinet were sworn to office. 2014 Indian general election The Indian general election, 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituencies. Running in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014, it was the longest election in the country's history. According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009, making it the largest ever election Document [96] (Title: 5th Lok Sabha) 5th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 – 18 January 1977 ) elected February–March 1971. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 5th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister as in the previous 4th Lok Sabha. However INC loses 217 seats in the next 6th Lok Sabha, which was constituted after the Indian general election, 1977. Members by political party in 5th Lok Sabha are given Document [97] (Title: 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2002, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 56 members from 17 states and 4 seats from Karnataka , 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2002 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2002. They are members for the term 2002-2008 and retire in year 2008, except Document [98] (Title: Lok Sabha) House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff. Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan is the Speaker and M. Thambidurai is the Deputy Speaker. Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows: Members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Lok Sabha Document [99] (Title: Member of parliament) legislature, with each member usually known as a "Member of the Legislative Assembly" (MLA). In certain provinces, legislators carry other titles: Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario, Member of the National Assembly (MNA) in Quebec (), and Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) in Newfoundland and Labrador. The provincial upper houses were eliminated through the 20th century. A Member of Parliament is any member of the two houses of Indian Parliament, i.e., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. As of 2018, Lok Sabha has 545 seats, of which 543 members are elected popularly by single-member constituencies via first past Document [100] (Title: 2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence) position of the political parties before the voting. UPA and supporters: 268 MPs for the government NDA and others: 263 MPs against the government Undecided: 11 MPs Non-voting: 1 MP In the 543 member Lok Sabha, the UPA needed 272 votes for the government to enjoy a simple majority. The UPA won the confidence vote with 275 votes to the opposition's 256, (10 members abstained from the vote) to record a 19-vote victory. Ten members abstained from the voting despite some of them having received strict contrary instructions from their parties. Among the 10, 2 MPs followed their party decision Document [101] (Title: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India) of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment, passed in 2003, extended the freeze up to 2026. The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen. The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years, by amending article 172 (relating to MLAs) and Clause(2) of Article 83 (for MPs). The 44th Amendment repealed this change, shortening the term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years. The 42nd Document [102] (Title: 1st Lok Sabha) 1st Lok Sabha The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff. Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members. Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Document [103] (Title: Representation of the People Act, 1951) qualifications to be Lok Sabha member under Sections 7 & 8(k) of this Act when the acts/ deeds (i.e. for giving assent to unconstitutional bills passed by the parliament or state legislatives, permitting the gazette notification of the unconstitutional advises {including promulgation of ordinances under Article 123 or imposing president rules in a state under Article 356} rendered by the union cabinet / prime minister, etc.) of the president are proclaimed by the courts as unconstitutional, mala fide, ultra vires, void, etc. Also it is the duty of the Supreme Court to clarify any doubt in connection with the election Document [104] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) A person must satisfy all following conditions to be qualified to become a member of parliament of the Lok Sabha; A person would be ineligible for being a Member of the Lok Sabha if the person; The term of a member of parliament of Lok Sabha (dissolved) is five years from the date appointment for its first meeting. During a state of emergency, the term however can be extended by the Parliament of India by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time. After the state of emergency ends, the extension cannot exceed beyond a period of Document [105] (Title: 1st Lok Sabha) Act". 1st Lok Sabha The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff. Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members. Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Document [106] (Title: President of India) the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Governors of states are also appointed by the Document [107] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 15th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 2009. Members of the 15th Lok Sabha by political party and alliance: Members by political party in 15th Lok Sabha are given below- Source: Various news organisations<br> The new United Progressive Alliance (UPA) included 79 members, 78 members in the cabinet plus Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first 20 cabinet ministers including Manmohan Singh, swore in on 22 May 2009, while the other 59 cabinet members swore in on 27 May 2009. The 5 non-Congress cabinet ministers, include M.K. Azhagiri Document [108] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) constituencies and states, up to 20 members to represent the union territories (both chosen by direct elections) and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian community to be nominated by the President of India. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India. The first instance of member of parliament equivalent in India dates back to 9 December 1946, the day Constituent Assembly of India was formed with the purpose of drafting a constitution for India. As opposed to be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, the Constituent Assembly of Document [109] (Title: 9th Lok Sabha) Later Chandra Shekhar became Prime Minister during 10 November 1990 till 21 June 1991 with the outside support from Indian National Congress under Rajiv Gandhi. The next 10th Lok Sabha was formed on 20 June 1991 after the Indian general election, 1991. Members by political party in 9th Lok Sabha are given below- 9th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 9th Lok Sabha (2 December 1989 – 13 March 1991) elections in 22-26 November 1989. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 12 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected Document [110] (Title: Rajya Sabha) for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge Document [111] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays. The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in Document [112] (Title: Parliament of India) across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from the Anglo-Indian Community. Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt Document [113] (Title: Parliament of India) (by the President) to either house of Parliament are referred to as Members of Parliament (MP). The Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single-member districts and the Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo-Indian Community by the President, and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science, culture, art and history. The Parliament meets at Document [114] (Title: Lok Sabha) the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law. Document [115] (Title: Joint parliamentary committee) on this recommendation even after 11 years. The fifth JPC has been constituted in February 2011 to probe 2G case. It is headed by P.C. Chacko. It has 30 members. 15 opposition members belonging to BJP, JD (U), CPI, CPM, Trinamool Congress, BJD, DMK and the AIADMK in the 30-member panel accused P.C. Chacko of being "partisan" and demanded his removal (They submitted a memorandum to the Lok Sabha Speaker expressing their “no-confidence”) as they criticised the draft report for giving clean chit to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Finance Minister P Chidambaram. So PC Chacko agreed to amend the Document [116] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Maharashtra State, 6 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Odisha State, 3 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 April 2018. From Rajasthan State, 3 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 April 2018. From Telangana State, 3 members Document [117] (Title: 2012 Indian presidential election) members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the state legislative assemblies and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. Various Document [118] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. One of the first acts of a newly constituted House is to elect the Speaker. Once a decision on the candidate is taken, their name is normally proposed by the member to Pro tem speaker. If more than one notice is received, these are entered in the order of receipt. The President of India may fix date of election, and the Secretary General shall send to every member notice of this date. The Speaker pro term presides over the sitting in which the Speaker is elected, if it is Document [119] (Title: Member of parliament) the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 7 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. As of 2018, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, 233 of which are elected indirectly by the state legislatures using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation, and 12 are appointed by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services (Art. 80 of the Constitution). Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2018, state of Uttar Document [120] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections are held in 2018 to elect the retiring members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on January 16 to elect 3 members from Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. The elections were held on March 23 to elect 58 members from 16 States and a by-election was held to elect 1 member from Kerala. The elections were held on June 21 to elect 3 members from Kerala. The elections were held to elect 3 members from National Capital Territory of Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. Document [121] (Title: 6th Lok Sabha) 6th Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977.11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 345 seats, 233 more than the previous 5th Lok Sabha. Charan Singh became the Prime Minister on 28 July 1979 till 14 January 1980, till the formation of next Document [122] (Title: 11th Lok Sabha) Indian general election, 1996. List of Members of the 11th Lok Sabha (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) elected: The list of members as published by the Election Commission of India: <br>BJP: 28 seats out of 40; Congress: 9 seats. <br><br> 11th Lok Sabha General elections were held in India in April–May 1996 to elect the members of the 11th Lok Sabha. The result of the election was a hung parliament, which would see three Prime Ministers in two years and force the country back to the polls in 1998. Atal Bihari Vajpayee of Bharatiya Janta Party, single largest Document [123] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 3 members from the National Capital Territory of Delhi retired on 27 January 2018 and 1 member from Sikkim retired on 23 February 2018. Elections for 58 seats and a by-election for 1 seat were held on 23 March 2018. The election was held for 3 seats of Kerala on 21 June 2018. Delhi had an election for 3 "Rajya Sabha" seats on 16 January 2018 to replace members retiring on 27 January 2018. Sikkim had an election for 1 "Rajya Sabha" seat on 16 January 2018 to replace member retiring on 23 February 2018. From Andhra Pradesh State, 3 Document [124] (Title: 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections eRajya Sabha elections were held in 1996, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 59 members from 17 states, 1 member from Mizoram State, and 15 members from 3 states of JK, UK and UP were elected. Elections were held in 1996 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1996. They are members for the term 1996-2002 and retire in year 2002, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party Document [125] (Title: South India) to the Lok Sabha accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength. The region has an allocation of 58 seats in Rajya Sabha out of the total 245. Each state is headed by a Governor, who is a direct appointee of the President of India; the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the ruling party or coalition. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry follow unicameral legislature while Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana follow bicameral legislature. State legislatures elect members for terms of five years. States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house (Legislative Council) with Document [126] (Title: Elections in Bihar) of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President of India can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. Bihar legislature assembly has 243 seats. For the election of its members, Document [127] (Title: 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) State - Member - Party 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1998, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 13 members from 6 states and 57 members from 14 states were elected. Elections were held in 1998 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1998. They are members for the term 1998-2004 and retire in year 2004, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were Document [128] (Title: Lok Sabha) only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting. Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place Document [129] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Bihar State, 6 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Chhattisgarh State, 1 member is elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seat on 23 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Gujarat State, 4 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Haryana State, 1 member Document [130] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) were ousted from the 14th Lok Sabha as per the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion: 14th Lok Sabha The 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the Indian general election, 2004 held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004–2009). Indian National Congress lead United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, Document [131] (Title: 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2004, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states , 49 members from 12 states 6 members from Andhra Pradesh, and 2 members from Haryana, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2004 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2004. They are members for the term 2004-2010 and retire in year 2010, except in case of Document [132] (Title: Elections in India) of India. The Prime Minister of India is elected by members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament. The Constitution of India allows for up to 552 members in the Lok Sabha, with up to 530 members representing the States. Up to 20 members represent the Union Territories. In practice, 543 members of the Lok Sabha are elected every five years. Two members are elected by the President of India to represent the Anglo-Indian community. In 1952, there were 1874 candidates vying for places in the Lok Sabha. In 1996, this number rose to 1,39,529 candidates. In 2009 Document [133] (Title: Representation of the People Act, 1951) corruption cases are to be disposed on priority by the Supreme court to decide whether he is qualified to continue as vice president Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to this Act. Speaker of the Lok Sabha is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of this Act. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in of the constitution. When courts upheld the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of Document [134] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) six months. Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Lok Sabha are; India paid to its 543 Lok Sabha members in salaries and expenses over 2015, or just over per month per member of parliament. The Salary, allowances and pension of Member of the Lok Sabha is governed by the Members of Parliament Act, 1954. The act is in pursuance to the constitutional provisions where article 106 of the Constitution of India provides that the members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by Document [135] (Title: 12th Lok Sabha) by the Election Commission of India: 12th Lok Sabha This is the list of members of the 12th Lok Sabha, (10 March 1998 – 26 April 1999) after the Indian general election, 1998 held during February–March 1998. This was the third consecutive Lok Sabha like the 10th Lok Sabha and 11th Lok Sabha elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the 16th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, Document [136] (Title: 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1998, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 13 members from 6 states and 57 members from 14 states were elected. Elections were held in 1998 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1998. They are members for the term 1998-2004 and retire in year 2004, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 1998. Document [137] (Title: Government of India) that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of the Rajya Sabha, which represents the states, are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation, except for 12 members who are nominated by the president. India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 834 million eligible voters, as of 2014. State governments in India are the governments ruling States of India and the chief minister heads the Document [138] (Title: 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) per President Order known as the "Council of States (Term of Office of Members) Order, 1952" for curtailing the term of office of some of the members, then chosen in order that as nearly as one-third of the members holding seats of each class would retire in every second year. The term of office of a member expires on 2 April 1958; 2 April 1956 and 2 April 1954 and accordingly members would be placed in the first, second or third category. The following members are retired before the elections held in 1954. They are members for the term 1952 Document [139] (Title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)) biggest state, Uttar Pradesh, has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly. Puducherry has 30 members. Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each. Sikkim has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise, and one member is elected from one constituency. Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha, similarly, the Governor has the power to nominate one member from the Document [140] (Title: Vice President of India) would refer the case to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha for deciding it. Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by election commission. Venkaiah Naidu is the Vice President of India. He defeated UPA's candidate Gopalkrishna Gandhi on 5 August 2017 election. As in the case of the President, Document [141] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) 2009. One of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir, eligible to vote in this phase, had the lowest turnout for the day at 26% compared to 25.55% in 2009, after a boycott call by separatists. Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, which will become India's new state on 2 June 2014, saw nearly 72% turnout to elect Lok Sabha members as well as its first state government. The aggregate turnout so far in the first 7 phases for 438 parliamentary seats has been 66.20%, significantly more than 57.41% figure in 2009 general elections. The 8th phase saw voting for 64 Lok Document [142] (Title: Politics of India) five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and members of legislative assemblies of the states. The President is eligible for re-elections; however, in India's independent history, only one president has been re-elected, Rajendra Prasad. The President appoints the Prime Minister of India from the party or coalition which commands maximum support of the Lok Sabha, on whose recommendation he/she nominates the other ministers. The President also appoints judges of the Supreme Court and High Court. It is on the President's recommendation that the Houses of Parliament meet, and only the president has the Document [143] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 14 June 2018, to replace members retiring on 1 July 2018. In addition to scheduled elections, unforeseen vacancies, caused by members' resignation, death or disqualification, may also be filled via By-elections. 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections are held in 2018 to elect the retiring members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on January 16 to elect 3 members from Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. The elections were held on March 23 to elect 58 members from 16 States and a by-election was Document [144] (Title: 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) The following bye elections were held in the year 1996. State - Member - Party 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections eRajya Sabha elections were held in 1996, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 59 members from 17 states, 1 member from Mizoram State, and 15 members from 3 states of JK, UK and UP were elected. Elections were held in 1996 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1996. They are members for the term 1996-2002 and retire in year 2002, except Document [145] (Title: Government of India) the Lok Sabha. The president is responsible for appointing many high officials in India. These high officials include the governors of the 29 states; the chief justice; other judges of the supreme court and high courts on the advice of other judges; the Attorney general; the Comptroller and Auditor General; the Chief Election Commissioner and other election commissioners; the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission; the officers of the All India Services (IAS, IFoS and IPS) and central civil services in group 'A'; and the ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries on the recommendations of the Document [146] (Title: 2019 Indian general election) 2019 Indian general election General elections are due to be held in India in April or May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana,Odisha, Sikkim, and Jammu and Kashmir will be tentatively held simultaneously with the general election. The 543 elected members of the Lok Sabha will be elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting. The President of India nominates an additional of two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian community, if he or she believes they are under-represented. In the run-up to the next Indian Document [147] (Title: 8th Lok Sabha) Sabha was formed on 2 December 1989, after the Indian general election, 1989. Members by political party in 8th Lok Sabha are given below- 8th Lok Sabha The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi of Indian National Congress continued as Prime Minister Document [148] (Title: 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2002. State - Member - Party 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2002, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 56 members from 17 states and 4 seats from Karnataka , 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2002 to elect members from Document [149] (Title: Lok Sabha) on two days in a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion. After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member. A division is Document [150] (Title: 7th Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha was formed on 31 December 1984 after the Indian general election, 1984. With roughly 9.3% of total MPs being Muslims, the 7th Lok Sabha had more Muslim MPs than any other in Indian history. Dr.Balram Jakhar = 22/1/1980 - 15/1/1985 Shri G.Lakshmanan - 1/12/1980 - 31/12/1984 Shri Avtar singh Rikhy - 10-01-1980 - 31-12-1983 Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap - 31-12-1983 - 31-12-1984 Members by political party in 7th Lok Sabha are given below- 7th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 7th Lok Sabha, (18 January 1980 – 31 December 1984) elected December 1979 – January 1980. The Document [151] (Title: President of India) on the date on which he enters upon his office as President [Article 59(1)]. Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office. Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952, a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot. Article 56(1) of the constitution provides that the president shall hold office for a term of five years from Document [152] (Title: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013) as the deadline to complete the drafting process. The Committee first met on 16 April 2011, in the North Block and lasted for about ninety minutes. Team Anna presented their version of the bill with a slight modification relating to the selection panel to choose the Lokpal and its members. Under the revised proposal, the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha were replaced with the Rajya Sabha chairman and the Lok Sabha Speaker. The meeting was allegedly recorded and the Committee claimed that decisions would be made available to the general public. HRD Minister Document [153] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) numbers do not include 2 seats from the Anglo-Indian community, to which individuals are nominated by the President of India. Member of parliament, Lok Sabha A member of parliament in Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian people in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (lower house i.e. House of the People). The maximum Document [154] (Title: 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) following bye elections were held in the year 1994. State - Member - Party 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1994, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 seats from Delhi & 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 12 states and 3 members from Kerala State are elected. Elections were held in 1994 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1994. They are members for the term 1994-2000 and retire in year 2000, except in case Document [155] (Title: Member of parliament) Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses. The person which secures the support of more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the Government. To form the government, parties may form a coalition. The Lok Sabha is the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the bicameral Indian Parliament. The term of a member of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years long, while the Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of 5 years, unless the house is dissolved sooner. Rajya Sabha is a permanent house, and is not subject Document [156] (Title: Vice President of India) Rajya Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Subject to Article 71 (3), Parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the "disputes" only that arise during the election process of the vice-president but not the "doubts" that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of vice-president which may violate the requisite election qualifications. Supreme Court shall also expeditiously decide any doubt raised by which the elected vice-president could be ineligible to be Rajya Sabha member for the unconstitutional acts committed before becoming vice-president. The article 69 of the Document [157] (Title: 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) from the State of Gujarat, Rajashthan, Uttar Pradesh. 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2010, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states, 49 members from 12 states, 6 members from Andhra Pradesh and 2 members from Haryana for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2010. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The Document [158] (Title: Lok Sabha) three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment. With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary-General of the Lok Document [159] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Out of the maximum permitted strength, Members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) were elected in the Indian general election, 2014 held in April–May 2014. The total strength of the 16th Lok Sabha is 545, against the approved strength of 552. The following is a list of the number of constituencies in the Lok Sabha in each election year, beginning in 1951. The Document [160] (Title: Lok Sabha) the name of each member. The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken. Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates. Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version and the Original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The Original version, in cyclostyled form, Document [161] (Title: Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha) Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha A member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian states to the upper house of the Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha). Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by the electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (Upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house i.e. House of the People). Total number of members of Rajya Sabha are lesser than member of Document [162] (Title: Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) in one or more district(s) as they may choose. Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may also select works for implementation in one or more districts, anywhere in the country. MPs can also recommend work of upto Rs. 25 lakhs per year outside their constituency or state of election to promote national unity, harmony and fraternity. MPs can recommend work of upto 25 lakh for Natural Calamity in the state and upto Rs. 1 crore in the country in case of Calamity of Severe Nature (e.g. Tsunami, major cyclones and earthquakes). A State level nodal department is Document [163] (Title: Elections in Tamil Nadu) largely ceremonial. The Lok Sabha is the directly elected lower house of the Parliament of India. As of 2014 there have been sixteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. Tamil Nadu has 39 Lok Sabha constituencies. The Madras state was created in 1950 when India became a republic. In 1968, the name of Madras state was changed to Tamil Nadu. END †: Indicates a coalition government, since no single party could gain a majority of seats. 15 Lok Sabha elections have been contested in India since independence starting 1951. The elections held in Tamil Nadu are listed below. Document [164] (Title: Lokpal) of PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or a sitting Supreme Court judge nominated by CJI. Eminent jurist to be nominated by President of India on basis of recommendations of the first four members of the selection committee "through consensus". Lokpal's jurisdiction will cover all categories of public servants. All entities (NGOs) receiving donations from foreign source in the context of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) in excess of Rs 10 lakh per year are under the jurisdiction of Lokpal. Centre will send Lokpal bill to states as a model Document [165] (Title: Reserved political positions in India) SC and ST may be in a minority in the constituency . This system was introduced by the Constitution of India in 1950 and was supposed to be in place for the first 10 years, to ensure participation in politics by these groups which were deemed weak and needing special protection . In practice, out of 543 constituencies represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament, 85 (15.47%) are reserved for SC and 48 (8.66%) are reserved for ST. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis Document [166] (Title: 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Member - Party 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2006, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 1 member from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states , 2 members from Jharkhand and 3 members from Kerala, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2006. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year Document [167] (Title: Lok Sabha) Sabha presses the button of a key board. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the Chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are Document [168] (Title: 7th Lok Sabha) 7th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 7th Lok Sabha, (18 January 1980 – 31 December 1984) elected December 1979 – January 1980. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 7th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1980. Indira Gandhi became the Prime minister on 14 January 1980 after INC and alliances won 373 seats, 286 seats more than previous 6th Lok Sabha. Rajiv Gandhi became Prime minister on 31 October 1984 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. The next 8th Document [169] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Uttarakhand State, 1 member is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Uttar Pradesh State, 10 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From West Bengal State, 5 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Kerala State, 3 members are Document [170] (Title: Parliament of India) of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than Document [171] (Title: 5th Lok Sabha) below- 5th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 – 18 January 1977 ) elected February–March 1971. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 5th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister as in the previous 4th Lok Sabha. However INC loses 217 seats in the next 6th Lok Sabha, which was constituted after the Indian general election, 1977. Members by political party in 5th Lok Sabha are Document [172] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar. In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, both Presiding Officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. As such, no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a Document [173] (Title: Vice President of India) to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and Document [174] (Title: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in India on March 14, and June 11, 2016, to elect 13 and 57 members of the Rajya Sabha respectively. The election of March 14, 2016 was held to elect 13 members for duration of 6 years from 6 states to the Rajya Sabha. The seats in following states were up for election with terms of sitting members ending as: Assam - 2 seats, Himachal Pradesh - 1 seat, Kerala - 3 seats, Tripura - 1 seat all term ending on 2 April 201; Nagaland - 1 seat with term Document [175] (Title: 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2004. State - Member - Party 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2004, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states , 49 members from 12 states 6 members from Andhra Pradesh, and 2 members from Haryana, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2004 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." Document [176] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) from the DMK. Mukul Roy from Trinamool Congress, Sharad Pawar from Nationalist Congress Party and Farooq Abdullah from National Conference represent the other non-Congress cabinet ministers. Source: The Hindu Members from same family elected in 15th Lok Sabha: 15th Lok Sabha Members of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee. Indian National Congress led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than previous 14th Lok Sabha. The next 16th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2014. The Second Manmohan Singh ministry Document [177] (Title: 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2008, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 55 members from 15 states , 4 members from Karnataka and 1 member from Mizoram and Aruncahl Pradesh and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2008. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held Document [178] (Title: 2017 Indian presidential election) the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. As of 2017, the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs. The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of Document [179] (Title: Dissolution of parliament) The President summons both the Houses (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha under Article 85 (2) (b) Dáil Éireann (the lower house) can be dissolved by the President, on the advice of the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). The President may only deny such a dissolution if the Taoiseach has lost the confidence of the Dáil, through a vote of no confidence (or, it could be argued after a Budget or other important bill has failed to pass). This has never happened, and, in the past, Taoisigh have requested Document [180] (Title: Vidhan Sabha) terms by single-member constituencies. The Governor of a state may appoint one MLA to their respective states Vidhan Sabha in accordance with the 23rd Amendment of the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India states that a Vidhan Sabha must have no less than 60 & no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an Act of Parliament as is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members. A Vidhan Sabha may be dissolved in a state of emergency, by the Governor on Document [181] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) 16th Lok Sabha Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases from 7 April 2014 to 12 May 2014 by the Election Commission of India. The results of the election were declared on 16 May 2014. The Bharatiya Janata Party (of the NDA) achieved an absolute majority with 282 seats out of 543, 166 more than previous 15th Lok Sabha. Its PM candidate Narendra Modi took office on 26 May 2014 as the 14th prime minister of independent India. The first session was scheduled to be convened Document [182] (Title: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha) Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha Two seats are reserved in the Lok Sabha for members of the Anglo-Indian community. Anglo-Indians are the only community that has its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) in India's Parliament. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the first and longtime president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association. The community is represented by two members. This is done because the community has no native state of its own. States like Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Kerala also have a Document [183] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) Parliament by law. The rules governing salaries, allowances and facilities such as medical, housing, telephone facilities, daily allowance etc. is looked after by a joint committee of both the houses (Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha). The committee is constituted from time to time after consultation with the Government of India. Article 81 of the Constitution of India 1949 has specified the maximum strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha to be 552. Total strength during in the 16th Lok Sabha is 545 against approved strength of 552. The number of members of parliament is distributed among the Document [184] (Title: President of India) only. Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of in the Reserve Bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be Document [185] (Title: 12th Lok Sabha) AIADMK. After his resignation, then President K. R. Narayanan asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the centre, following which President Narayan dissolved the House. The next General elections of 1999 for 13th Lok Sabha provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 12th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1998. The list of members as published Document [186] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) the Parliament. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by MP Kalraj Mishra, succeeding MP Maj Gen BC Khanduri (Retd.). Following Document [187] (Title: 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2006, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 1 member from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states , 2 members from Jharkhand and 3 members from Kerala, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2006. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2006. State - Document [188] (Title: Lok Sabha) two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha. Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per "Article 93" of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Document [189] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years. The Rajya Sabha Document [190] (Title: President of India) Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended (). The president can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the president for approval. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency. National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till Document [191] (Title: Kariya Munda) Kumar (its speaker) and Sri Kariya Munda (Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha) were unanimously elected to their posts. Hailing Mr. Munda's election, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh hoped that the spirit of accommodation seen in the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, would continue through the duration of the 15th Lok Sabha. Pranab Mukherjee, then the Leader of the House [presently, the President of India], was glad that a 32-year-old unbroken tradition of having the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition, which had begun in 1977, the very 1st year when Sri Munda entered the Lok Sabha, had been Document [192] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha, which are as follows: However, a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament: A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during normal functioning of the House): Furthermore, as per "article 101" (Part V.—The Union) of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be: Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, on the basis of Universal Suffrage. For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha; each state is divided into territorial constituencies. In this respect, the constitution of India makes the following two Document [193] (Title: 6th Lok Sabha) 7th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1980. Members by political party in 6th Lok Sabha are given below- Indian general election, 1977 6th Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977.11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 345 seats, 233 more than Document [194] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Sabha for 14 days during which it can make recommendations. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it. This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha, the Document [195] (Title: 2007 Indian vice-presidential election) The electoral college consists of, all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members, a total of 790 voters. Returning Officer : Dr. Yogendra Narain, Secretary General, Rajya Sabha<br> Assistant Returning Officers : N.C. Joshi & Ravi Kant Chopra !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"| !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Candidate<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Party<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Electoral Votes<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes<br> ! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"| Total ! style="text-align:right;"|762 ! style="text-align:right;"|100.00 2007 Indian vice-presidential election The 2007 Indian vice-presidential election was held on 10 August 2007 to elect Vice-President of India to serve from 2007 until 2012. Mohammad Hamid Ansari from Indian National Congress was elected for the post. Document [196] (Title: 2009 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2009 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2009, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir, 3 members from Kerala and 1 members from Pondicherry for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from states of J&K, KL, PY. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2009.They are members for the term 2009-2015 and retire in year 2015, except in case of the resignation or death before the Document [197] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the house as per . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 and 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in of the constitution. When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it Question: how many members can be nominated in lok sabha by the president Answer: 2 Long Answer: Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai, AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi, BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant, as none of the opposition parties has more than 10% of the seats . Structure Seats 545 (543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President) Political groups Government coalition (335) National Democratic Alliance (335) BJP (275) SS (18) TDP (16) LJP (6) SAD (4) RLSP (3) AD (2) JD (U) (2) JKPDP (1) AINRC (1) NPF (1) NPP (1) PMK (1) SDF (1) Speaker, BJP (1) Nominated, BJP (2) Opposition Parties (210) United Progressive Alliance (50) INC (46) IUML (2) KC (M) (1) RSP (1) Janata Parivar Parties (6) RJD (2) INLD (2) JD (S) (2) Unaligned Parties (144) AIADMK (37) AITC (33) BJD (20) TRS (11) CPI (M) (9) YSRCP (9) NCP (6) SP (5) AAP (4) AIUDF (3) JMM (2) AIMIM (1) CPI (1) JKNC (1) SWP (1) JAP (1) Others (10) Independents (3) Vacant (7) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April--12 May 2014 Next election April--May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers, Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India Website loksabha.gov.in Gold Document ID: 187

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: President of India) Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a prime minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the house) within weeks of being sworn into office. Since the Indian constitution Document [2] (Title: 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2010, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states, 49 members from 12 states, 6 members from Andhra Pradesh and 2 members from Haryana for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2010. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held for the vacant seats Document [3] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India) into effect on 28 December 1962. Section 2 of the amendment amended article 81(1) (b) of the Constitution in order to raise the maximum number of seats in the Lok Sabha for members representing the Union territories from 20 to 25, thus enabling representation to be given to the Union territory of Pondicherry. The First Schedule to the Constitution was amended to include the territories of Pondicherry with effect from 16 August 1962. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution was amended to allocate one seat in Rajya Sabha to the Union territory of Pondicherry. The insertion of a new article Document [4] (Title: 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1995, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected. Elections were held in 1995 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1995. They are members for the term 1995-2001 and retire in year 2001, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 1995. State Document [5] (Title: 11th Lok Sabha) Sabha, resulting in H. D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India. Later I. K. Gujral, took the command of the country but when Lalu Prasad Yadav left Janta Dal and formed his own party, 11th Lok Sabha was dissolved to get fresh mandate from the voters for next 12th Lok Sabha in the Indian general election, 1998. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 11th Lok Sabha after the Document [6] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) from June 4 to June 11, 2014. There is no leader of the opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha as the Indian Parliament rules state that a party in the Lok Sabha must have at least 10% of total seats (545) in order to be considered the opposition party. The Indian National Congress (of the UPA) could only manage 44 seats while the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party from Tamil Nadu came a close third with 37 seats. Mallikarjun Kharge has been declared the leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha. 5 sitting members from Document [7] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) DRSCs replaced the earlier three Subject Committees constituted in August, 1989. The 17 Departmentally Related Standing Committees were formally constituted with effect from April, 1993. After experiencing the working of the DRSC system for over a decade, the system was re-structured in July, 2004 wherein the number of DRSCs was increased from 17 to 24. Till 13th Lok Sabha, each of these Standing Committees used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, with Document [8] (Title: President's rule) months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of the Parliament to extend President's rule in a state. According to this provision, President's rule can only be extended over a year every 6 months under Document [9] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) as a Member of Parliament once aging in 1996 of 11th Lok Sabha. She became an active member of Committee on Government Assurances, Communication and Consultative Committee of Ministry of Railways in 1996-97. In 1998 she got elected for the third term as a Member of Parliament of 12th Lok Sabha. She was the Vice President of National BJP Mahila Morcha in 1998-2000 and Chairperson of Railway Convention Committee in 1999-2002. On 17 April 1999, the BJP coalition government led by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee failed a to win a confidence vote in the Lok Sabha (India’s lower house), Document [10] (Title: Vice President of India) and voting) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(b)). But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days' advance notice has been given. Notably, the Constitution does not list grounds for removal. No Vice-President or "ex officio" Vice-President has ever faced removal proceedings. The omissions in the procedure committed by the chairman or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha cannot be challenged in the court of law per There is no provision for the salary of the Vice-President of India in that capacity. He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the "ex officio" Chairman Document [11] (Title: 3rd Lok Sabha) days, before Lal Bahadur Shastri became Prime Minister on 9th June 1964. After Shastri's death on 11 January 1966, Nanda became acting Prime Minister again for 13 days. Later Indira Gandhi, Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh became Prime Minister on 24 January 1966. The next 4th Lok Sabha was constituted on 4th March 1967 after Indian general election, 1967. 3rd Lok Sabha List of Members of the 3rd Lok Sabha, (2 April 1962 – 3 March 1967) elected February–March 1962. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The election was Document [12] (Title: Estimates Committee (India)) Public Undertakings (COPU) are the three financial standing committees of the Parliament of India. The committee consists of thirty members, all elected from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of the Lok Sabha, according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. In case a member after his election to the Document [13] (Title: Parliament of India) demonetisation (note ban) initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016. Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Document [14] (Title: Union Council of Ministers) must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha. Ministers must be members of parliament. Any minister who is not a member of either of the houses of the parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post. There are five categories of council of ministers as given below, in descending order of rank: Pursuant to , a minister who works at the pleasure of president, is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with Document [15] (Title: 13th Lok Sabha) for the next 14th Lok Sabha. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1999. 13th Lok Sabha The 13th Lok Sabha (10 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the Parliament of India). It was convened after Indian general election, 1999 held during September–October 1999. This majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a rightist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, Document [16] (Title: 2004 Indian general election) constituted part of the NDA's campaign. Votes and seats of the major parties are compared with those won in the 1999 election See separate article, List of Members of the 14th Lok Sabha There are a maximum of 545 members of Parliament: 543 elected, and two may be nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community. Repolling was ordered in four constituencies due to irregularities. The results in the remaining constituencies were as follows (parties recognised by the Election Commission as national parties are in "italics", and regional or state parties in Roman font): Though pre-poll predictions were for Document [17] (Title: Lok Sabha) consist of members from both the houses. There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature – A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays Document [18] (Title: President of India) eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are: Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of two union territories, i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry. The election process of President is more extensive process than prime minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members Document [19] (Title: Rajya Sabha) the President. The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called "Leader of the House". This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row. Besides the Leader of the House, Document [20] (Title: Standing Committee on Finance) single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by Veerappa Moily, succeeding Yashwant Sinha from the 15th Lok Sabha. Following the adoption of the Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha by the two houses on 29 March 1993, the way was paved Document [21] (Title: Amendment of the Constitution of India) between the two Houses. Total membership in this context has been defined to mean the total number of members comprising the House irrespective of any vacancies or absentees on any account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. The Bill, passed by the required majority, is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than Document [22] (Title: History and use of the single transferable vote) union territories. The number of members of the Rajya Sabha elected by each state and union territory is loosely proportionate to its population, such that, , Bihar, with a population of 82 millions, is represented by 22 members, while Sikkim, with a population of 540,000 is represented by just one member. In addition, the federal president and vice-president are indirectly elected by MPs using Alternative Vote, which is STV applied to one vacancy at a time. STV has applied for all elections in Malta since 1921. However, top-up seats (similar to the additional member system) may be added in the Document [23] (Title: Vice President of India) The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice-President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy, apart from a re-election. However, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can perform the Vice-President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event. The Constitution states that the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority (50% of effective strength of house, here effective strength equals the total number strength minus the number of vacancies) and a simple majority (50% of total members who are present Document [24] (Title: Parliament of India) India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament. Under and , President's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills/laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the elected members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of 5 years. Lok Sabha ("House of the People") or the lower house has 545 members. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies Document [25] (Title: 2017 Indian vice-presidential election) the same day. The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the "Rajya Sabha" (the upper house of Indian parliament) and the members of the "Lok Sabha" (lower house of the Indian parliament). The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process. In the election, voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a "special pen" to mark their preference. For the 2017 election, the electoral college consists of A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least Document [26] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Lok Sabha. Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater Document [27] (Title: 10th Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha. The next 11th Lok Sabha was constituted on 15 May 1996, after Indian general election, 1996. Members by political party in 10th Lok Sabha are given below- 10th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 10th Lok Sabha, (20 June 1991 – 10 May 1996) elected during Indian general election, 1991 held during May–June 1991. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 10th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1991. P V Narasimha Document [28] (Title: 2012 Indian vice-presidential election) Viswanathan and V. R. Ramesh were appointed as Returning Officer and the Assistant Returning Officer respectively. The electoral college consists of, all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members, a total of 790 voters. According to, the Election Commission of India's press note on 3 July detailing the process of conduct and declaration of the result of the election, the program for the election was, Thirty-four candidates had filed their nomination papers for the election. Seven of them had filed nomination papers on the deadline day. Four nomination were rejected for failing to comply with the requirement Document [29] (Title: 8th Lok Sabha) 8th Lok Sabha The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi of Indian National Congress continued as Prime Minister till 2 December 1989. In this 8th Lok Sabha, INC party had 30 more seats than previous 7th Lok Sabha. The next 9th Lok Document [30] (Title: Vice President of India) in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice-President, a person must: While in order to be a President, a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (House of Peoples), the Vice-President must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the "ex officio" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President Document [31] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) the adoption of the Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha by the two Houses on 29 March,1993, the way was paved for the setting up of the seventeen Departmentally Related Standing Committees(DRSCs) covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government. Formally setup in April, 1993, the committee used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, during the re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 by the 14th Lok Document [32] (Title: 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) for the vacant seats from the State of Bihar, Nagaland, West Bengal and Bihar , and West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2008, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 55 members from 15 states , 4 members from Karnataka and 1 member from Mizoram and Aruncahl Pradesh and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are Document [33] (Title: Rajya Sabha) from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to Document [34] (Title: Standing Committee on Finance) for the setting up of the seventeen Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) covering under their jurisdiction all the ministries or departments of the Government of India. Formally set up in April 1993, the committee used to consist of 45members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, during the re-structuring of DRSCs in July 2004 by the 14th Lok Sabha, the membership was reduced to 31members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. The inaugural chairperson of the committee Document [35] (Title: National Commission for Backward Classes) Lok Sabha in 2017, will insert Article 338B into the Constitution after Articles 338 and 338A which deal with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (ST) respectively. Section 3 of the Act provides that the Commission shall consist of five Members: a Chairperson who is or has been a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court; a social scientist; two persons who have special knowledge in matters relating to backward classes; and a Member-Secretary, who is or has been an officer of the Central Government in the rank of a Document [36] (Title: 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1994, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 seats from Delhi & 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 12 states and 3 members from Kerala State are elected. Elections were held in 1994 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1994. They are members for the term 1994-2000 and retire in year 2000, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The Document [37] (Title: 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) in the year 2005. State - Member - Party 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2005, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal were elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2005. They are members for the term 2005-2011 and retire in year 2011, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Document [38] (Title: Estimates Committee (India)) committee becomes a minister, he or she ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. There are no members from Rajya Sabha Currently the committee is headed by Murli Manohar Joshi from the Bharatiya Janata Party. Although the committee existed pre-independence, post independence, it was established following directives by India's first Minister of Finance, John Mathai. In his speech presenting the budget of 1950-51, Mathai outlined the role that had been envisaged saying - Initially the membership of the committee was limited to 25 members, however, in 1956, the membership was expanded to 30 members. The functions Document [39] (Title: Quorum) the pan-democrats, in order to force the pro-Beijing camp to keep some members in the chamber. of the Constitution of India stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be present to constitute the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament. For example, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must be present for the House to proceed with its business. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the House or suspend Document [40] (Title: Lok Sabha) the princely states which had not "acceded to Pakistan". According to "Article 79 (Part V-The Union.)" of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The Lok Sabha (House of the Leaders) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952. "Article 84" (Part V.—The Union) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Document [41] (Title: Leader of the Opposition (India)) the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, in order to get formal recognition, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the House (55 seats in the Lok Sabha). If any party fails to get 10% seats in opposition, the House will not have recognised leader of the opposition. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criteria, not an alliance. This is the most accepted or most spoken rule of appointing this post but Document [42] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) The next 15th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2009. On 12 December 2005, the Star TV news channel telecast the sting operation Operation Duryodhana, in which 11 Members of Parliament, 10 from Lok Sabha and 1 from Rajya Sabha, were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament. Following swift inquiries by the Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses. On 23 December 2005, the following 10 members Document [43] (Title: Upper house) the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947. It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials. Members of the Rajya Sabha in India are nominated by various states and union territories, while 12 of them are nominated by the President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the Vidhan Parishad are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators, and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by the State legislatures until the Document [44] (Title: Rajya Sabha) meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint Document [45] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) - 8th Lok Sabha the Rules Committee considered and approved a proposal that three Subject Committees, on (i) Agriculture; (ii) Environment & Forests; and (iii) Science & Technology. The rules relating to these Committees were finally approved by the House and the Committees were formally constituted with effect from 18 August, 1989. The Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha adopted by the two Houses on 29 March, 1993 paved the way for the setting up of the 17 Departmentally Related Standing Committees covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government. These Document [46] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 16th Lok Sabha after the Indian general elections, 2014. With the by-elections and vacancies since 2014, BJP has been reduced to 269 seats from 282 seats (including Speaker); while INC has increased its tally from 44 seats to 47 seats. Following 36 political parties are represented in 16th Lok Sabha: About one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, with some having serious criminal cases. Compared to the 15th Lok Sabha, there is an increase of members with criminal cases. In 2009, 158 (30%) Document [47] (Title: 2013 Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu) indirectly elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) of Tamil Nadu using a single transferable vote with proportional representation. Each candidate should have 34 number of MLAs. Therefore, the party which has 34 MLAs can elect one member. The party which has less than 34 MLAs can get support from other parties. The results to the election were declared on June 27. Three MLAs of PMK boycotted the elections. 2013 Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu Rajya Sabha election in Tamil Nadu was the indirect election to the Rajya Sabha which is the upper house of the Parliament Document [48] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) 15th Lok Sabha Members of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee. Indian National Congress led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than previous 14th Lok Sabha. The next 16th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2014. The Second Manmohan Singh ministry introduced a total of 222 Bills (apart from Finance and Appropriations Bills) in the 15th Lok Sabha. A total of 165 Bills were by passed by the House, including bills introduced in previous Lok Sabhas. 14 sitting members Document [49] (Title: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha) nominated member each in their respective State Legislatures. Henry Gidney was a nominated member of the Central Legislative Assembly under the 'Special Interests/Anglo-Indian' category in the 1920, 1923, 1926, 1930, and 1934 elections. The following is a list of members nominated for the seats after each election. Key Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha Two seats are reserved in the Lok Sabha for members of the Anglo-Indian community. Anglo-Indians are the only community that has its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) in India's Parliament. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the Document [50] (Title: 2011 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu, Assam and Bihar. 2011 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2011, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on 22 July to elect respectively 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from Goa, Gujarat and West Bengal. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2011. State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held Document [51] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) Sabha, the membership was reduced to 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. The inaugural chairperson of the committee was Buta Singh, former Minister of Home Affairs (1984-86) and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (1995-96) and a member of Indian National Congress. The functions of the committee are stated as below : The Standing Committees shall not consider the matters of day to day administration of the department. After the general discussion on the Budget in the House is over, the Lok Sabha is adjourned for a fixed period. The Committee considers the Demands Document [52] (Title: Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha. S/He holds office till either s/he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha or s/he himself resigns. S/He can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Lok Sabha by an effective majority of its members. In effective majority, the majority should be 50% or more than 50% of total strength of the house after removing the vacancies. Since the Deputy Speaker is accountable for the Lok Sabha, the elimination is done by the effective majority in Lok Sabha only. S/He is supposed to resign from his/her original party because as a Deputy Speaker, Document [53] (Title: 2003 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Member - Party 2003 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2003, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 members from Kerala and 1 member from Puducherrywere elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2003. They are members for the term 2003-2009 and retire in year 2009, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year Document [54] (Title: 9th Lok Sabha) 9th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 9th Lok Sabha (2 December 1989 – 13 March 1991) elections in 22-26 November 1989. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 12 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 9th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1989. Vishwanath Pratap Singh became the Prime Minister during 2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990 with the help of Bharatiya Janata Party and the Left Parties. INC loses 207 seats as compared to previous 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1984 Document [55] (Title: 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) - Member - Party 1995 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1995, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected. Elections were held in 1995 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1995. They are members for the term 1995-2001 and retire in year 2001, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in Document [56] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) speaker is fixed by the president. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart of the speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its chairperson; the Vice President of India is the "ex-officio" chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may Document [57] (Title: 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) year 2001. State - Member - Party 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2001, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected to Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2001.They are members for the term 2001-2007 and retire in year 2007, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The Document [58] (Title: Indian Youth Congress) with the National Students Union of India. It has over 7,900,000 members across India. The Indian Youth Congress has its headquarters in New Delhi and is headed by Keshav Chand Yadav. There are 39 office bearers at the national level, followed by the state, Loksabha, Assembly and Booth level. In all, 174,000 committees have been formed at the Booth level. In 2001, several Youth Congress workers held Lalkar Rally around Parliament of India to protest against UTI Scam under National Democratic Alliance government and asked for resignation of then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In 2011, 2,500 Youth Congress activists Document [59] (Title: 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2000, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 3 seats from Delhi and 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states and 3 members from Kerala a for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2000 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2000. They are members for the term 2000-2006 and retire in year 2006, except in case of Document [60] (Title: Rajya Sabha) sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the "ex-officio" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits Document [61] (Title: Elections in Bihar) are conducted every five years. Last Lok Sabha election was held in 2014 and Vidhan Sabha election was held in 2015. Elections to the Rajya Sabha are held at regular interval with one third of the members retiring in a staggered manner. Members of Vidhan Sabha elect the state's representative to Rajya Sabha. The elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha are conducted along similar lines with the major difference being size of constituencies. At present each Lok Sabha constituency consists of 6 Vidhan Sabha constituency. Each constituency elects a single member to represent them via a First Past Document [62] (Title: Parliamentary Committees of India) re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 each DRSC consists of 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. There are 24 Department-related Standing Committees (DRSCs). Each of these committees have 31 members - 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. These members are to be nominated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by Lok Sabha secretariat or the Rajya Sabha secretariat depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee. <nowiki>**</nowiki> Document [63] (Title: Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha) parliament in the Lok Sabha and have more restricted power than the lower house (Lok Sabha). Unlike membership to the Lok Sabha, membership to the Rajya Sabha is permanent for a term of six years cannot be dissolved at any time. Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Rajya Sabha are; Rajya Sabha enjoys certain special powers which in effect gives special powers and responsibilities to the Rajya Sabha MPs. The special powers are; Unlike membership to the Lok Sabha, membership to the Rajya Sabha is permanent for a term of six years cannot be dissolved at any time. Document [64] (Title: Committee on Public Undertakings (India)) than seven members of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The first proposal for a separate committee Document [65] (Title: 3rd Lok Sabha) 3rd Lok Sabha List of Members of the 3rd Lok Sabha, (2 April 1962 – 3 March 1967) elected February–March 1962. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The election was held for 494 seats out of which Indian national congress won 361 seats. 14 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 2nd Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1962. Jawaharlal Nehru was Prime Minister as in 1st Lok Sabha and 2nd Lok Sabha, till his death on 27 May 1964. Gulzarilal Nanda became action Prime Minister for 13 Document [66] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Himachal Pradesh State, 1 member is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Jharkhand State, 2 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 May 2018. From Karnataka State, 4 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Madhya Pradesh State, 5 members Document [67] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) India consisted of indirectly elected representatives and were not categorized between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Muslims and Sikhs were given special representation as minorities. The Constituent Assembly of India took 2 years, 11 months and 17 days to draft the constitution for independent India and was dissolved in 1949. On 26 January 1950, the Indian constitution came into force and the first general elections (under the new constitution) were held in 1951-1952. The 1st Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 and had 489 constituencies, thereby first set of elected members of parliament of Lok Sabha in India. Document [68] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) 14th Lok Sabha The 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the Indian general election, 2004 held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004–2009). Indian National Congress lead United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 14th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 2004. Document [69] (Title: Public Accounts Committee (India)) representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. At present, the 16th Lok Sabha has no designated leader of opposition, however the Indian National Congress (INC) being largest opposition party has gotten the responsibility of heading the PAC. The current PAC is headed by Mallikarjun Kharge, who is leader of INC in the Lok Sabha. He was re-appointed to a second term in May 2018. The committee was first conceived in the year 1921 in the wake of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. During the Document [70] (Title: 2017 Indian presidential election) the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra, the Secretary General of Lok Sabha. At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes, but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty. Although Document [71] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8K of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker. The appointment has to Document [72] (Title: 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2005, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 1 member from Goa, 3 members from Gujarat and 6 members from West Bengal were elected. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2005. They are members for the term 2005-2011 and retire in year 2011, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held Document [73] (Title: 2018 elections in India) occurrence of such vacancy. The elections to the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use first past the post system - the candidate with a plurality of the votes wins the election. Elections to one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament - the Rajya Sabha are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation. Members to the state legislative councils (in states which have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies. All the elections at the Document [74] (Title: Elections in Uttar Pradesh) (Urban) elections 2017 in three phase in the month of November 2017 i.e. on 22 November, 26 November and 29 November 2017. Results will be declared on 1 December 2017. There are Municipal Corporation elections, Municipal Council elections, Local Body Elections and Nagar Panchayat elections 2017. The Lok Sabha is the directly elected lower house of the Parliament of India. As of 2013 there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. Uttar Pradesh has 80 Lok Sabha constituencies. "Main: " 1951+52 - 1st general election. Congress - 64 seats out of total 69. <br> 1957 – Document [75] (Title: Joint Session of Indian Parliament) house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days. If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament. Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception. 1. Money Bill Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both Document [76] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) seats (55 seats) in the Lok Sabha; however, the Indian National Congress was unable to attain this number. Due to this fact, India remains without an official opposition party. As per the requirements of the Indian Constitution, elections to the Lok Sabha must be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the president. The previous election, to the 15th Lok Sabha, was conducted in April–May 2009, and its term would have naturally expired on 31 May 2014. The election to the 16th Lok Sabha was organised and conducted by the Election Commission of India Document [77] (Title: Parliament of India) and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years. Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies Document [78] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) be approved by the president. The first meeting after the election when the speaker and the deputy speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the speaker, the deputy speaker acts as speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six members selected by the speaker will act as speaker according to their seniority. Eligibility criteria to become the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is: Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), Document [79] (Title: Electoral College (India)) different electoral college, consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The presidential electoral college is made up of the following: The value of votes cast by elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament are determined by the provisions of article 55(2) of the Constitution of India. The details of number of voters and votes for the presidential election are given below. Per the 84th Amendment, the 1971 census is used, and will continue to be used until 2026. The formula for determining the number of votes held Document [80] (Title: Electoral College (India)) by an MLA is: That is, the average constituency size, determined by the 1971 census, in his/her state or union territory, divided by 1,000. The number of votes for MLAs are as follows: Note:- http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf. The value of an MP's vote is calculated by dividing the total value of all MLAs' votes by the number of MPs. The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MP is: That is, the total Members of Parliament (Elected) = Lok Sabha (543) + Rajya Sabha (233) = 776 The number of votes for MPs are as follows: Total number of Document [81] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) Member of parliament, Lok Sabha A member of parliament in Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian people in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (lower house i.e. House of the People). The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 552. This includes maximum 530 members to represent the Document [82] (Title: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) ending on 2 April 2016 but vacant since 26 November 2015 and Punjab - 5 seats with term ending on 9 April 2016. The election of June 11, 2016 was held to elect 57 members from 15 states to the Rajya Sabha. The seats in following states were up for election: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in India on March 14, and June 11, 2016, to elect 13 and 57 members of the Rajya Sabha respectively. The election of March 14, 2016 was held to elect 13 members for duration of 6 years from 6 Document [83] (Title: 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2001, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 2 members from Assam and 6 members from Tamil Nadu were elected to Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2001.They are members for the term 2001-2007 and retire in year 2007, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the Document [84] (Title: Elections in India) there were only 80,708 candidates. The number of votes and seats won provides a ranking of the major political parties. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament. 233 of its members are elected indirectly by the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College of the Union Territories. The President of India appoints 12 of its members. (See Wikipedia, "Rajya Sabha"). The 233 members are elected for a six-year term. Every two years, one-third of the members retire. The elected members are chosen by proportional representation via the single transferable vote. There are twelve nominated members Document [85] (Title: Vice President of India) is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college but the nominated members of both the houses are part of electoral college for the vice-presidential election. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is Document [86] (Title: 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2000. State - Member - Party 2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2000, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 3 seats from Delhi and 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states and 3 members from Kerala a for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2000 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." Document [87] (Title: 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1952, to elect members of the Council of States ( the Rajya Sabha), Indian Parliament's upper chamber. Elections were held in 1952 to elect members from various states of Independent India. "The list is incomplete." The members are elected in the elections held in 1952. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India, the Rajya Sabha was first constituted 3 April 1952. and consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States.As Document [88] (Title: 10th Lok Sabha) 10th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 10th Lok Sabha, (20 June 1991 – 10 May 1996) elected during Indian general election, 1991 held during May–June 1991. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 10th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1991. P V Narasimha Rao of Indian National Congress became the Prime Minister of India during 21 June 1991 till 16 May 1996, after INC won 244 seats, 47 more than previous 9th Document [89] (Title: Meira Kumar) was briefly inducted as member of the cabinet as Union Minister for Water Resources. Upon being nominated for the position of Speaker of Lok Sabha, she submitted her resignation three days after assuming ministerial office. She was elected as the first ever woman speaker of Lok Sabha. She served as the Speaker from 2009 to 2014. Meira Kumar was the UPA presidential nominee for the 2017 election, which she lost to the NDA nominee Ram Nath Kovind. Kovind got 2,930 votes (MPs and MLAs) amounting to Electoral College votes of 7,02,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes amounting to 3,67,314 Document [90] (Title: Lawmaking procedure in India) introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per . For every fiscal year, the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per shall be passed by the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make amendments to a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it. It can, however, recommend amendments in a Money Bill, but must return all Money Bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt. The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all Document [91] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) of the 521 members analysed had criminal cases, of which 77 (15%) had serious criminal cases. Out of the 542 members analysed, 443 (82%) are having assets of or more. In the 15th Lok Sabha, out of 521 members analysed, 300 (58%) members had assets of or more. The average assets per member are (in 2009, this figure was ). Age-wise distribution of the 542 members in the 16th Lok Sabha as of 16 May 2018 16th Lok Sabha Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases Document [92] (Title: Parliament of India) Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers. Those elected or nominated Document [93] (Title: Rajya Sabha) representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by Document [94] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi. The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently Document [95] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) at the request of the President, until 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi and his cabinet were sworn to office. 2014 Indian general election The Indian general election, 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituencies. Running in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014, it was the longest election in the country's history. According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009, making it the largest ever election Document [96] (Title: 5th Lok Sabha) 5th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 – 18 January 1977 ) elected February–March 1971. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 5th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister as in the previous 4th Lok Sabha. However INC loses 217 seats in the next 6th Lok Sabha, which was constituted after the Indian general election, 1977. Members by political party in 5th Lok Sabha are given Document [97] (Title: 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2002, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 56 members from 17 states and 4 seats from Karnataka , 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2002 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2002. They are members for the term 2002-2008 and retire in year 2008, except Document [98] (Title: Lok Sabha) House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff. Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan is the Speaker and M. Thambidurai is the Deputy Speaker. Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows: Members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Lok Sabha Document [99] (Title: Member of parliament) legislature, with each member usually known as a "Member of the Legislative Assembly" (MLA). In certain provinces, legislators carry other titles: Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario, Member of the National Assembly (MNA) in Quebec (), and Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) in Newfoundland and Labrador. The provincial upper houses were eliminated through the 20th century. A Member of Parliament is any member of the two houses of Indian Parliament, i.e., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. As of 2018, Lok Sabha has 545 seats, of which 543 members are elected popularly by single-member constituencies via first past Document [100] (Title: 2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence) position of the political parties before the voting. UPA and supporters: 268 MPs for the government NDA and others: 263 MPs against the government Undecided: 11 MPs Non-voting: 1 MP In the 543 member Lok Sabha, the UPA needed 272 votes for the government to enjoy a simple majority. The UPA won the confidence vote with 275 votes to the opposition's 256, (10 members abstained from the vote) to record a 19-vote victory. Ten members abstained from the voting despite some of them having received strict contrary instructions from their parties. Among the 10, 2 MPs followed their party decision Document [101] (Title: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India) of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment, passed in 2003, extended the freeze up to 2026. The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen. The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years, by amending article 172 (relating to MLAs) and Clause(2) of Article 83 (for MPs). The 44th Amendment repealed this change, shortening the term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years. The 42nd Document [102] (Title: 1st Lok Sabha) 1st Lok Sabha The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff. Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members. Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Document [103] (Title: Representation of the People Act, 1951) qualifications to be Lok Sabha member under Sections 7 & 8(k) of this Act when the acts/ deeds (i.e. for giving assent to unconstitutional bills passed by the parliament or state legislatives, permitting the gazette notification of the unconstitutional advises {including promulgation of ordinances under Article 123 or imposing president rules in a state under Article 356} rendered by the union cabinet / prime minister, etc.) of the president are proclaimed by the courts as unconstitutional, mala fide, ultra vires, void, etc. Also it is the duty of the Supreme Court to clarify any doubt in connection with the election Document [104] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) A person must satisfy all following conditions to be qualified to become a member of parliament of the Lok Sabha; A person would be ineligible for being a Member of the Lok Sabha if the person; The term of a member of parliament of Lok Sabha (dissolved) is five years from the date appointment for its first meeting. During a state of emergency, the term however can be extended by the Parliament of India by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time. After the state of emergency ends, the extension cannot exceed beyond a period of Document [105] (Title: 1st Lok Sabha) Act". 1st Lok Sabha The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff. Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members. Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Document [106] (Title: President of India) the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Governors of states are also appointed by the Document [107] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 15th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 2009. Members of the 15th Lok Sabha by political party and alliance: Members by political party in 15th Lok Sabha are given below- Source: Various news organisations<br> The new United Progressive Alliance (UPA) included 79 members, 78 members in the cabinet plus Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first 20 cabinet ministers including Manmohan Singh, swore in on 22 May 2009, while the other 59 cabinet members swore in on 27 May 2009. The 5 non-Congress cabinet ministers, include M.K. Azhagiri Document [108] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) constituencies and states, up to 20 members to represent the union territories (both chosen by direct elections) and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian community to be nominated by the President of India. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India. The first instance of member of parliament equivalent in India dates back to 9 December 1946, the day Constituent Assembly of India was formed with the purpose of drafting a constitution for India. As opposed to be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, the Constituent Assembly of Document [109] (Title: 9th Lok Sabha) Later Chandra Shekhar became Prime Minister during 10 November 1990 till 21 June 1991 with the outside support from Indian National Congress under Rajiv Gandhi. The next 10th Lok Sabha was formed on 20 June 1991 after the Indian general election, 1991. Members by political party in 9th Lok Sabha are given below- 9th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 9th Lok Sabha (2 December 1989 – 13 March 1991) elections in 22-26 November 1989. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 12 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected Document [110] (Title: Rajya Sabha) for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge Document [111] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays. The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in Document [112] (Title: Parliament of India) across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from the Anglo-Indian Community. Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt Document [113] (Title: Parliament of India) (by the President) to either house of Parliament are referred to as Members of Parliament (MP). The Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single-member districts and the Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo-Indian Community by the President, and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science, culture, art and history. The Parliament meets at Document [114] (Title: Lok Sabha) the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law. Document [115] (Title: Joint parliamentary committee) on this recommendation even after 11 years. The fifth JPC has been constituted in February 2011 to probe 2G case. It is headed by P.C. Chacko. It has 30 members. 15 opposition members belonging to BJP, JD (U), CPI, CPM, Trinamool Congress, BJD, DMK and the AIADMK in the 30-member panel accused P.C. Chacko of being "partisan" and demanded his removal (They submitted a memorandum to the Lok Sabha Speaker expressing their “no-confidence”) as they criticised the draft report for giving clean chit to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Finance Minister P Chidambaram. So PC Chacko agreed to amend the Document [116] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Maharashtra State, 6 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Odisha State, 3 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 April 2018. From Rajasthan State, 3 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 3 April 2018. From Telangana State, 3 members Document [117] (Title: 2012 Indian presidential election) members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the state legislative assemblies and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. Various Document [118] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. One of the first acts of a newly constituted House is to elect the Speaker. Once a decision on the candidate is taken, their name is normally proposed by the member to Pro tem speaker. If more than one notice is received, these are entered in the order of receipt. The President of India may fix date of election, and the Secretary General shall send to every member notice of this date. The Speaker pro term presides over the sitting in which the Speaker is elected, if it is Document [119] (Title: Member of parliament) the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 7 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. As of 2018, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, 233 of which are elected indirectly by the state legislatures using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation, and 12 are appointed by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services (Art. 80 of the Constitution). Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2018, state of Uttar Document [120] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections are held in 2018 to elect the retiring members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on January 16 to elect 3 members from Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. The elections were held on March 23 to elect 58 members from 16 States and a by-election was held to elect 1 member from Kerala. The elections were held on June 21 to elect 3 members from Kerala. The elections were held to elect 3 members from National Capital Territory of Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. Document [121] (Title: 6th Lok Sabha) 6th Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977.11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 345 seats, 233 more than the previous 5th Lok Sabha. Charan Singh became the Prime Minister on 28 July 1979 till 14 January 1980, till the formation of next Document [122] (Title: 11th Lok Sabha) Indian general election, 1996. List of Members of the 11th Lok Sabha (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) elected: The list of members as published by the Election Commission of India: <br>BJP: 28 seats out of 40; Congress: 9 seats. <br><br> 11th Lok Sabha General elections were held in India in April–May 1996 to elect the members of the 11th Lok Sabha. The result of the election was a hung parliament, which would see three Prime Ministers in two years and force the country back to the polls in 1998. Atal Bihari Vajpayee of Bharatiya Janta Party, single largest Document [123] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 3 members from the National Capital Territory of Delhi retired on 27 January 2018 and 1 member from Sikkim retired on 23 February 2018. Elections for 58 seats and a by-election for 1 seat were held on 23 March 2018. The election was held for 3 seats of Kerala on 21 June 2018. Delhi had an election for 3 "Rajya Sabha" seats on 16 January 2018 to replace members retiring on 27 January 2018. Sikkim had an election for 1 "Rajya Sabha" seat on 16 January 2018 to replace member retiring on 23 February 2018. From Andhra Pradesh State, 3 Document [124] (Title: 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections eRajya Sabha elections were held in 1996, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 59 members from 17 states, 1 member from Mizoram State, and 15 members from 3 states of JK, UK and UP were elected. Elections were held in 1996 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1996. They are members for the term 1996-2002 and retire in year 2002, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party Document [125] (Title: South India) to the Lok Sabha accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength. The region has an allocation of 58 seats in Rajya Sabha out of the total 245. Each state is headed by a Governor, who is a direct appointee of the President of India; the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the ruling party or coalition. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry follow unicameral legislature while Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana follow bicameral legislature. State legislatures elect members for terms of five years. States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house (Legislative Council) with Document [126] (Title: Elections in Bihar) of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President of India can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. Bihar legislature assembly has 243 seats. For the election of its members, Document [127] (Title: 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) State - Member - Party 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1998, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 13 members from 6 states and 57 members from 14 states were elected. Elections were held in 1998 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1998. They are members for the term 1998-2004 and retire in year 2004, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were Document [128] (Title: Lok Sabha) only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting. Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place Document [129] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Bihar State, 6 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Chhattisgarh State, 1 member is elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seat on 23 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Gujarat State, 4 members are elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Haryana State, 1 member Document [130] (Title: 14th Lok Sabha) were ousted from the 14th Lok Sabha as per the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion: 14th Lok Sabha The 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the Indian general election, 2004 held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004–2009). Indian National Congress lead United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, Document [131] (Title: 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2004, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states , 49 members from 12 states 6 members from Andhra Pradesh, and 2 members from Haryana, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2004 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 2004. They are members for the term 2004-2010 and retire in year 2010, except in case of Document [132] (Title: Elections in India) of India. The Prime Minister of India is elected by members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament. The Constitution of India allows for up to 552 members in the Lok Sabha, with up to 530 members representing the States. Up to 20 members represent the Union Territories. In practice, 543 members of the Lok Sabha are elected every five years. Two members are elected by the President of India to represent the Anglo-Indian community. In 1952, there were 1874 candidates vying for places in the Lok Sabha. In 1996, this number rose to 1,39,529 candidates. In 2009 Document [133] (Title: Representation of the People Act, 1951) corruption cases are to be disposed on priority by the Supreme court to decide whether he is qualified to continue as vice president Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to this Act. Speaker of the Lok Sabha is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of this Act. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in of the constitution. When courts upheld the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of Document [134] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) six months. Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Lok Sabha are; India paid to its 543 Lok Sabha members in salaries and expenses over 2015, or just over per month per member of parliament. The Salary, allowances and pension of Member of the Lok Sabha is governed by the Members of Parliament Act, 1954. The act is in pursuance to the constitutional provisions where article 106 of the Constitution of India provides that the members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by Document [135] (Title: 12th Lok Sabha) by the Election Commission of India: 12th Lok Sabha This is the list of members of the 12th Lok Sabha, (10 March 1998 – 26 April 1999) after the Indian general election, 1998 held during February–March 1998. This was the third consecutive Lok Sabha like the 10th Lok Sabha and 11th Lok Sabha elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the 16th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, Document [136] (Title: 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1998, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 13 members from 6 states and 57 members from 14 states were elected. Elections were held in 1998 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1998. They are members for the term 1998-2004 and retire in year 2004, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 1998. Document [137] (Title: Government of India) that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of the Rajya Sabha, which represents the states, are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation, except for 12 members who are nominated by the president. India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 834 million eligible voters, as of 2014. State governments in India are the governments ruling States of India and the chief minister heads the Document [138] (Title: 1952 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) per President Order known as the "Council of States (Term of Office of Members) Order, 1952" for curtailing the term of office of some of the members, then chosen in order that as nearly as one-third of the members holding seats of each class would retire in every second year. The term of office of a member expires on 2 April 1958; 2 April 1956 and 2 April 1954 and accordingly members would be placed in the first, second or third category. The following members are retired before the elections held in 1954. They are members for the term 1952 Document [139] (Title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)) biggest state, Uttar Pradesh, has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly. Puducherry has 30 members. Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each. Sikkim has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise, and one member is elected from one constituency. Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha, similarly, the Governor has the power to nominate one member from the Document [140] (Title: Vice President of India) would refer the case to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha for deciding it. Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by election commission. Venkaiah Naidu is the Vice President of India. He defeated UPA's candidate Gopalkrishna Gandhi on 5 August 2017 election. As in the case of the President, Document [141] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) 2009. One of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir, eligible to vote in this phase, had the lowest turnout for the day at 26% compared to 25.55% in 2009, after a boycott call by separatists. Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, which will become India's new state on 2 June 2014, saw nearly 72% turnout to elect Lok Sabha members as well as its first state government. The aggregate turnout so far in the first 7 phases for 438 parliamentary seats has been 66.20%, significantly more than 57.41% figure in 2009 general elections. The 8th phase saw voting for 64 Lok Document [142] (Title: Politics of India) five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and members of legislative assemblies of the states. The President is eligible for re-elections; however, in India's independent history, only one president has been re-elected, Rajendra Prasad. The President appoints the Prime Minister of India from the party or coalition which commands maximum support of the Lok Sabha, on whose recommendation he/she nominates the other ministers. The President also appoints judges of the Supreme Court and High Court. It is on the President's recommendation that the Houses of Parliament meet, and only the president has the Document [143] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 14 June 2018, to replace members retiring on 1 July 2018. In addition to scheduled elections, unforeseen vacancies, caused by members' resignation, death or disqualification, may also be filled via By-elections. 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections are held in 2018 to elect the retiring members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held on January 16 to elect 3 members from Delhi and 1 member from Sikkim. The elections were held on March 23 to elect 58 members from 16 States and a by-election was Document [144] (Title: 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) The following bye elections were held in the year 1996. State - Member - Party 1996 Indian Rajya Sabha elections eRajya Sabha elections were held in 1996, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 59 members from 17 states, 1 member from Mizoram State, and 15 members from 3 states of JK, UK and UP were elected. Elections were held in 1996 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1996. They are members for the term 1996-2002 and retire in year 2002, except Document [145] (Title: Government of India) the Lok Sabha. The president is responsible for appointing many high officials in India. These high officials include the governors of the 29 states; the chief justice; other judges of the supreme court and high courts on the advice of other judges; the Attorney general; the Comptroller and Auditor General; the Chief Election Commissioner and other election commissioners; the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission; the officers of the All India Services (IAS, IFoS and IPS) and central civil services in group 'A'; and the ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries on the recommendations of the Document [146] (Title: 2019 Indian general election) 2019 Indian general election General elections are due to be held in India in April or May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana,Odisha, Sikkim, and Jammu and Kashmir will be tentatively held simultaneously with the general election. The 543 elected members of the Lok Sabha will be elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting. The President of India nominates an additional of two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian community, if he or she believes they are under-represented. In the run-up to the next Indian Document [147] (Title: 8th Lok Sabha) Sabha was formed on 2 December 1989, after the Indian general election, 1989. Members by political party in 8th Lok Sabha are given below- 8th Lok Sabha The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi of Indian National Congress continued as Prime Minister Document [148] (Title: 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) in case of the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2002. State - Member - Party 2002 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2002, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 56 members from 17 states and 4 seats from Karnataka , 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2002 to elect members from Document [149] (Title: Lok Sabha) on two days in a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion. After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member. A division is Document [150] (Title: 7th Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha was formed on 31 December 1984 after the Indian general election, 1984. With roughly 9.3% of total MPs being Muslims, the 7th Lok Sabha had more Muslim MPs than any other in Indian history. Dr.Balram Jakhar = 22/1/1980 - 15/1/1985 Shri G.Lakshmanan - 1/12/1980 - 31/12/1984 Shri Avtar singh Rikhy - 10-01-1980 - 31-12-1983 Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap - 31-12-1983 - 31-12-1984 Members by political party in 7th Lok Sabha are given below- 7th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 7th Lok Sabha, (18 January 1980 – 31 December 1984) elected December 1979 – January 1980. The Document [151] (Title: President of India) on the date on which he enters upon his office as President [Article 59(1)]. Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office. Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952, a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot. Article 56(1) of the constitution provides that the president shall hold office for a term of five years from Document [152] (Title: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013) as the deadline to complete the drafting process. The Committee first met on 16 April 2011, in the North Block and lasted for about ninety minutes. Team Anna presented their version of the bill with a slight modification relating to the selection panel to choose the Lokpal and its members. Under the revised proposal, the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha were replaced with the Rajya Sabha chairman and the Lok Sabha Speaker. The meeting was allegedly recorded and the Committee claimed that decisions would be made available to the general public. HRD Minister Document [153] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) numbers do not include 2 seats from the Anglo-Indian community, to which individuals are nominated by the President of India. Member of parliament, Lok Sabha A member of parliament in Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian people in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (lower house i.e. House of the People). The maximum Document [154] (Title: 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) following bye elections were held in the year 1994. State - Member - Party 1994 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1994, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. 3 seats from Delhi & 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 12 states and 3 members from Kerala State are elected. Elections were held in 1994 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." The following members are elected in the elections held in 1994. They are members for the term 1994-2000 and retire in year 2000, except in case Document [155] (Title: Member of parliament) Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses. The person which secures the support of more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the Government. To form the government, parties may form a coalition. The Lok Sabha is the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the bicameral Indian Parliament. The term of a member of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years long, while the Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of 5 years, unless the house is dissolved sooner. Rajya Sabha is a permanent house, and is not subject Document [156] (Title: Vice President of India) Rajya Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Subject to Article 71 (3), Parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the "disputes" only that arise during the election process of the vice-president but not the "doubts" that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of vice-president which may violate the requisite election qualifications. Supreme Court shall also expeditiously decide any doubt raised by which the elected vice-president could be ineligible to be Rajya Sabha member for the unconstitutional acts committed before becoming vice-president. The article 69 of the Document [157] (Title: 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) from the State of Gujarat, Rajashthan, Uttar Pradesh. 2010 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2010, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states, 49 members from 12 states, 6 members from Andhra Pradesh and 2 members from Haryana for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2010. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The Document [158] (Title: Lok Sabha) three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment. With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary-General of the Lok Document [159] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Out of the maximum permitted strength, Members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) were elected in the Indian general election, 2014 held in April–May 2014. The total strength of the 16th Lok Sabha is 545, against the approved strength of 552. The following is a list of the number of constituencies in the Lok Sabha in each election year, beginning in 1951. The Document [160] (Title: Lok Sabha) the name of each member. The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken. Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates. Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version and the Original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The Original version, in cyclostyled form, Document [161] (Title: Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha) Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha A member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian states to the upper house of the Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha). Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by the electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (Upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house i.e. House of the People). Total number of members of Rajya Sabha are lesser than member of Document [162] (Title: Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) in one or more district(s) as they may choose. Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may also select works for implementation in one or more districts, anywhere in the country. MPs can also recommend work of upto Rs. 25 lakhs per year outside their constituency or state of election to promote national unity, harmony and fraternity. MPs can recommend work of upto 25 lakh for Natural Calamity in the state and upto Rs. 1 crore in the country in case of Calamity of Severe Nature (e.g. Tsunami, major cyclones and earthquakes). A State level nodal department is Document [163] (Title: Elections in Tamil Nadu) largely ceremonial. The Lok Sabha is the directly elected lower house of the Parliament of India. As of 2014 there have been sixteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. Tamil Nadu has 39 Lok Sabha constituencies. The Madras state was created in 1950 when India became a republic. In 1968, the name of Madras state was changed to Tamil Nadu. END †: Indicates a coalition government, since no single party could gain a majority of seats. 15 Lok Sabha elections have been contested in India since independence starting 1951. The elections held in Tamil Nadu are listed below. Document [164] (Title: Lokpal) of PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or a sitting Supreme Court judge nominated by CJI. Eminent jurist to be nominated by President of India on basis of recommendations of the first four members of the selection committee "through consensus". Lokpal's jurisdiction will cover all categories of public servants. All entities (NGOs) receiving donations from foreign source in the context of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) in excess of Rs 10 lakh per year are under the jurisdiction of Lokpal. Centre will send Lokpal bill to states as a model Document [165] (Title: Reserved political positions in India) SC and ST may be in a minority in the constituency . This system was introduced by the Constitution of India in 1950 and was supposed to be in place for the first 10 years, to ensure participation in politics by these groups which were deemed weak and needing special protection . In practice, out of 543 constituencies represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament, 85 (15.47%) are reserved for SC and 48 (8.66%) are reserved for ST. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis Document [166] (Title: 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) Member - Party 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2006, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 1 member from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states , 2 members from Jharkhand and 3 members from Kerala, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2006. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year Document [167] (Title: Lok Sabha) Sabha presses the button of a key board. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the Chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are Document [168] (Title: 7th Lok Sabha) 7th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 7th Lok Sabha, (18 January 1980 – 31 December 1984) elected December 1979 – January 1980. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India.9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 7th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1980. Indira Gandhi became the Prime minister on 14 January 1980 after INC and alliances won 373 seats, 286 seats more than previous 6th Lok Sabha. Rajiv Gandhi became Prime minister on 31 October 1984 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. The next 8th Document [169] (Title: 2018 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Uttarakhand State, 1 member is elected unopposed for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 15 March 2018, to replace member retiring on 2 April 2018. From Uttar Pradesh State, 10 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From West Bengal State, 5 members are elected for the "Rajya Sabha" seats on 23 March 2018, to replace members retiring on 2 April 2018. From Kerala State, 3 members are Document [170] (Title: Parliament of India) of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than Document [171] (Title: 5th Lok Sabha) below- 5th Lok Sabha List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 – 18 January 1977 ) elected February–March 1971. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 5th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister as in the previous 4th Lok Sabha. However INC loses 217 seats in the next 6th Lok Sabha, which was constituted after the Indian general election, 1977. Members by political party in 5th Lok Sabha are Document [172] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar. In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, both Presiding Officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. As such, no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a Document [173] (Title: Vice President of India) to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and Document [174] (Title: 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2016 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in India on March 14, and June 11, 2016, to elect 13 and 57 members of the Rajya Sabha respectively. The election of March 14, 2016 was held to elect 13 members for duration of 6 years from 6 states to the Rajya Sabha. The seats in following states were up for election with terms of sitting members ending as: Assam - 2 seats, Himachal Pradesh - 1 seat, Kerala - 3 seats, Tripura - 1 seat all term ending on 2 April 201; Nagaland - 1 seat with term Document [175] (Title: 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) the resignation or death before the term. State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2004. State - Member - Party 2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held in 2004, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from 6 states , 49 members from 12 states 6 members from Andhra Pradesh, and 2 members from Haryana, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held in 2004 to elect members from various states. "The list is incomplete." Document [176] (Title: 15th Lok Sabha) from the DMK. Mukul Roy from Trinamool Congress, Sharad Pawar from Nationalist Congress Party and Farooq Abdullah from National Conference represent the other non-Congress cabinet ministers. Source: The Hindu Members from same family elected in 15th Lok Sabha: 15th Lok Sabha Members of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee. Indian National Congress led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than previous 14th Lok Sabha. The next 16th Lok Sabha was convened after Indian general election, 2014. The Second Manmohan Singh ministry Document [177] (Title: 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2008 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2008, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 55 members from 15 states , 4 members from Karnataka and 1 member from Mizoram and Aruncahl Pradesh and 11 members from 2 states for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states . The following members are elected in the elections held in 2008. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The bye-elections were also held Document [178] (Title: 2017 Indian presidential election) the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. As of 2017, the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs. The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of Document [179] (Title: Dissolution of parliament) The President summons both the Houses (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha under Article 85 (2) (b) Dáil Éireann (the lower house) can be dissolved by the President, on the advice of the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). The President may only deny such a dissolution if the Taoiseach has lost the confidence of the Dáil, through a vote of no confidence (or, it could be argued after a Budget or other important bill has failed to pass). This has never happened, and, in the past, Taoisigh have requested Document [180] (Title: Vidhan Sabha) terms by single-member constituencies. The Governor of a state may appoint one MLA to their respective states Vidhan Sabha in accordance with the 23rd Amendment of the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India states that a Vidhan Sabha must have no less than 60 & no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an Act of Parliament as is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members. A Vidhan Sabha may be dissolved in a state of emergency, by the Governor on Document [181] (Title: 16th Lok Sabha) 16th Lok Sabha Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases from 7 April 2014 to 12 May 2014 by the Election Commission of India. The results of the election were declared on 16 May 2014. The Bharatiya Janata Party (of the NDA) achieved an absolute majority with 282 seats out of 543, 166 more than previous 15th Lok Sabha. Its PM candidate Narendra Modi took office on 26 May 2014 as the 14th prime minister of independent India. The first session was scheduled to be convened Document [182] (Title: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha) Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha Two seats are reserved in the Lok Sabha for members of the Anglo-Indian community. Anglo-Indians are the only community that has its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) in India's Parliament. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the first and longtime president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association. The community is represented by two members. This is done because the community has no native state of its own. States like Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Kerala also have a Document [183] (Title: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha) Parliament by law. The rules governing salaries, allowances and facilities such as medical, housing, telephone facilities, daily allowance etc. is looked after by a joint committee of both the houses (Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha). The committee is constituted from time to time after consultation with the Government of India. Article 81 of the Constitution of India 1949 has specified the maximum strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha to be 552. Total strength during in the 16th Lok Sabha is 545 against approved strength of 552. The number of members of parliament is distributed among the Document [184] (Title: President of India) only. Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of in the Reserve Bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be Document [185] (Title: 12th Lok Sabha) AIADMK. After his resignation, then President K. R. Narayanan asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the centre, following which President Narayan dissolved the House. The next General elections of 1999 for 13th Lok Sabha provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 12th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1998. The list of members as published Document [186] (Title: Standing Committee on Defence (India)) the Parliament. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by MP Kalraj Mishra, succeeding MP Maj Gen BC Khanduri (Retd.). Following Document [187] (Title: 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2006, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.The elections were held to elect respectively 1 member from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states , 2 members from Jharkhand and 3 members from Kerala, for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from various states. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2006. "The list is incomplete." State - Member - Party The following bye elections were held in the year 2006. State - Document [188] (Title: Lok Sabha) two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha. Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per "Article 93" of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Document [189] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years. The Rajya Sabha Document [190] (Title: President of India) Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended (). The president can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the president for approval. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency. National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till Document [191] (Title: Kariya Munda) Kumar (its speaker) and Sri Kariya Munda (Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha) were unanimously elected to their posts. Hailing Mr. Munda's election, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh hoped that the spirit of accommodation seen in the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, would continue through the duration of the 15th Lok Sabha. Pranab Mukherjee, then the Leader of the House [presently, the President of India], was glad that a 32-year-old unbroken tradition of having the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition, which had begun in 1977, the very 1st year when Sri Munda entered the Lok Sabha, had been Document [192] (Title: Lok Sabha) Lok Sabha, which are as follows: However, a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament: A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during normal functioning of the House): Furthermore, as per "article 101" (Part V.—The Union) of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be: Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, on the basis of Universal Suffrage. For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha; each state is divided into territorial constituencies. In this respect, the constitution of India makes the following two Document [193] (Title: 6th Lok Sabha) 7th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1980. Members by political party in 6th Lok Sabha are given below- Indian general election, 1977 6th Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977.11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1971. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 345 seats, 233 more than Document [194] (Title: Rajya Sabha) Sabha for 14 days during which it can make recommendations. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it. This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha, the Document [195] (Title: 2007 Indian vice-presidential election) The electoral college consists of, all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members, a total of 790 voters. Returning Officer : Dr. Yogendra Narain, Secretary General, Rajya Sabha<br> Assistant Returning Officers : N.C. Joshi & Ravi Kant Chopra !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"| !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Candidate<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Party<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Electoral Votes<br> !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes<br> ! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"| Total ! style="text-align:right;"|762 ! style="text-align:right;"|100.00 2007 Indian vice-presidential election The 2007 Indian vice-presidential election was held on 10 August 2007 to elect Vice-President of India to serve from 2007 until 2012. Mohammad Hamid Ansari from Indian National Congress was elected for the post. Document [196] (Title: 2009 Indian Rajya Sabha elections) 2009 Indian Rajya Sabha elections Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 2009, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held to elect respectively 4 members from Jammu and Kashmir, 3 members from Kerala and 1 members from Pondicherry for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha. Elections were held to elect members from states of J&K, KL, PY. The following members are elected in the elections held in 2009.They are members for the term 2009-2015 and retire in year 2015, except in case of the resignation or death before the Document [197] (Title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha) be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the house as per . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 and 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in of the constitution. When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it Question: how many members can be nominated in lok sabha by the president

Answer: 2 Long Answer: Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai, AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi, BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant, as none of the opposition parties has more than 10% of the seats . Structure Seats 545 (543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President) Political groups Government coalition (335) National Democratic Alliance (335) BJP (275) SS (18) TDP (16) LJP (6) SAD (4) RLSP (3) AD (2) JD (U) (2) JKPDP (1) AINRC (1) NPF (1) NPP (1) PMK (1) SDF (1) Speaker, BJP (1) Nominated, BJP (2) Opposition Parties (210) United Progressive Alliance (50) INC (46) IUML (2) KC (M) (1) RSP (1) Janata Parivar Parties (6) RJD (2) INLD (2) JD (S) (2) Unaligned Parties (144) AIADMK (37) AITC (33) BJD (20) TRS (11) CPI (M) (9) YSRCP (9) NCP (6) SP (5) AAP (4) AIUDF (3) JMM (2) AIMIM (1) CPI (1) JKNC (1) SWP (1) JAP (1) Others (10) Independents (3) Vacant (7) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April--12 May 2014 Next election April--May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers, Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India Website loksabha.gov.in Gold Document ID: 187

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Draft evasion) occupations for periods of six to 24 months. In 1977, one day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter fulfilled a campaign promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no penalty and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a crime. It remains a matter of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam War was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholar Michael Foley argues that it was not only Document [2] (Title: War in Vietnam (1954–1959)) quite accurately termed the "Viet Cong", constituted a serious threat to South Viet Nam's political stability On March 7, President Diệm received a letter from North Vietnam Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng proposing a discussion on troop reductions and trade relations as a renewed step towards reunification. On 26 April, Diệm rejected any discussion until North Vietnam had established "democratic liberties" similar to those in the South. A coordinated command structure was formed by Communists in the Mekong Delta where 37 armed companies were being organized in June 1958. North Vietnam invaded Laos and occupied parts of the country. Fall Document [3] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a January 4, 1970 "New York Times" article titled "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". Various antiwar groups, such as Another Mother for Peace, WILPF, and WSP, had free draft counseling centers, where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft. Over 30,000 people left the country and Document [4] (Title: Vietnam Era) the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the Johnson Administration significant powers to make war in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin battle is seen as the beginning of the dramatic escalation of U.S. operations in Vietnam. The end of the war is noted as May 7, 1975 because President Gerald R. Ford announced the end of the war on that day. Vietnam Era Vietnam Era is a term used by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to classify veterans of the Vietnam War. Various departments of federal, state and local governments as well as private employers often give Vietnam Era Document [5] (Title: Vietnam War) accord; the ceasefire was broken just days after its signing. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the largest such anti-war movement up to that point in history. The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, altered North–South relations, and significantly influenced the political landscape in the United States. Across much of Western Europe and the U.S., ground-force intervention spurred the rise of transnational political movements and campaigning. Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of the Case–Church Amendment passed Document [6] (Title: Gary Rader) that he would be tried for burning his draft card: "the Army does not like to court-martial in the glare of publicity." Rader determined that he would devote his time to working against the draft and against U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. For "Liberation" magazine he wrote about his plans: "We are no longer interested in merely protesting the war; we are out to stop it." In September 1967 with anti-war activist David F. Greenberg, he founded Chicago Area Draft Resisters (CADRE), an organization with links to the national protest movement. In association with the National Mobilization Committee to End Document [7] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) the First Indochina War went into full flight. A small group of VNQDD fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect. After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones. During Operation Passage to Freedom, most VNQDD members migrated to the south. The VNQDD was deeply divided after years of communist pressure, lacked strong Document [8] (Title: Vietnam War casualties) in the military. The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black, while blacks only made up about 11% of the population of the US. Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either work-class or rural youth. College students who did not avoid the draft were Document [9] (Title: United States–Vietnam relations) "Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973, by Washington, Hanoi, Saigon, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government, representing the Vietnamese communist organization in the South, the Viet Cong. The settlement called for a cease-fire, withdrawal of all United States troops, continuance in place of North Vietnamese troops in the South, and the eventual reunification of the country "through peaceful means." In reality, once United States Forces were disengaged in early 1973 and effectively barred from providing any military assistance whatsoever under the so-called "Case-Church Amendment", there was no effective way to Document [10] (Title: Draft evasion) he was no longer eligible for the draft. In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the "Atlantic" article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted". Donald Trump, who became President of the United States in 2017, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, making him eligible to be drafted and sent to Vietnam; but he received a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels. The diagnosis resulted in a medical deferment, exempting him from military service. Due to this deferment Document [11] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) United States and its allies, which, will, in conjunction with current actions, lead in due time to successful accomplishment of US aims and objectives." What came to be called "A Program for the Pacification and Long-Term Development of South Vietnam" (PROVN) would be completed on 1 March 1966. President Johnson requested an additional appropriation of $700 million for the Vietnam War during the remainder of the fiscal year. The request was approved by Congress 2 days later. Johnson indicated that he might have to request additional funds. Soldiers from the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived in Vietnam. The brigade would be Document [12] (Title: Vietnam War) force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18–29 December 1972. Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid while promising an air-response in case of invasion. On 15 January 1973, all U.S. combat activities were suspended. Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger, along with the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG, the Viet Cong's government) Foreign Minister Nguyễn Thị Bình and a reluctant President Thiệu, signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. This officially Document [13] (Title: Vietnam Veterans Against the War) Obama, attended this meeting. Kerry's campaign said he was not there and had already resigned from VVAW. By 1973, US combat involvement in Vietnam ended. VVAW changed its emphasis to include advocating amnesty for draft resisters and dissenters. President Jimmy Carter eventually granted an amnesty in 1980. VVAW members also worked to gain veterans' treatment and benefits for major Vietnam-related health conditions, namely, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the effects of exposure to Agent Orange. As early as 1970, VVAW initiated "rap groups" to help veterans readjust: these were venues for veterans to discuss troubling aspects of the war, their Document [14] (Title: Draft-card burning) the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stopped the draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered the US Army on June 30, 1973. Draft-card burning Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the US and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well-publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting Document [15] (Title: Conscription in the United States) an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam War movement, since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone. There was opposition to the all-volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress, so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency. Instead, the Gates Commission was formed, headed by Thomas S. Gates, Jr., a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration. Gates initially opposed the all-volunteer army idea, but changed his mind during the course of the 15-member commission's work. Document [16] (Title: Veterans' Preference Act of 1944) was excluded from this legislation. In 1967 legislation was passed which expanded preference to all veterans who served on active duty for more than 180 days (no requirement to serve during war, campaign, or conflict) between January 31, 1955 and October 10, 1976. As with the previous year's law, National guard and reserve service was not included in this expansion. The end of the Vietnam War brought with it yet another law, passed in 1976. This law put added restrictions on veterans whose service begins after October 14, 1976. For post-Vietnam era veterans, preference was granted only if these veterans Document [17] (Title: 1968 United States presidential election) paper for an end to the draft and the creation of an all-volunteer army. Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement, since he believed affluent college-age youths would stop protesting the war once their own possibility of having to fight in it was gone. Humphrey, meanwhile, promised to continue and expand the Great Society welfare programs started by President Johnson, and to continue the Johnson Administration's "War on Poverty." He also promised to continue the efforts of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, and the Supreme Court, in promoting the expansion of civil Document [18] (Title: Operation End Sweep) Vietnamese waters. Eventually, North Vietnam and the United States negotiated an end to the war and signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. A protocol to the agreement called for the United States to neutralize American mines in North Vietnams coastal and inland waterways. Under the Hague Convention of 1907, the United States was required to eliminate the mine threat it had created after the end of hostilities. Accordingly, the U.S. Navys Mine Warfare Force (MINEWARFOR) began planning for removal of the mines as soon as Nixon ordered the mining campaign to begin. In order to ease post-war Document [19] (Title: Conscription in the United States) as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist. The military relied upon this draft-induced volunteerism to make its quotas, especially the Army, which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam. For example, defense recruiting reports show 34% of the recruits in 1964 up to 50% in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft. These rates dwindled to 24% in 1972 and 15% in 1973 after the change to a lottery system. Accounting for other factors, it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did Document [20] (Title: South Vietnam) surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam. Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam were merged to become the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam through the 1976 election, which was held on 25 April 1976. On 26 October 1956, the military was reorganised by the administration of President Ngô Đình Diệm who established the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN, pronounced "arvin"). Early on, the focus of the Document [21] (Title: Draft-card burning) an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. As president, Nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning. From 1948, under the Selective Service Act, all American men aged 18 through 25 were required to register with a local draft board. In case of war, the able-bodied ones among them could be drafted to serve in the military. The law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. These were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place Document [22] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) the Kent State shootings. The nation's higher education system, especially the elite schools, virtually shut down. In 1972, Nixon announced the end of mandatory military service which had been in effect since the Korean War, and the final American citizen to be conscripted received his draft notice in June 1973. The president also secured the passage of the 26th Amendment, lowering the minimum age of voting from 21 to 18. The Nixon Administration seized on student demonstrations to mobilize a conservative majority consisting of middle-class suburbanites and working-class whites critical of radical extremists. Economics also played a role in this Document [23] (Title: Vietnam veteran) Republic of Vietnam, from February 28, 1961 to May 7, 1975, as being eligible for such programs as the department's Readjustment Counseling Services program, also known as the Vet Centers. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription. Nationals of other nations fought in the American-led anti-communist coalition, usually as armed forces of allied nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and South Korea, but sometimes as members of the US armed forces. Republic Of China (Taiwan), Spain and Philippines contributed assistance in non-combat roles. Australia deployed approximately three battalions of infantry, one regiment of Centurion tanks, three Document [24] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) Sainteny in Paris. After breaking with Johnson's pro-war stance, Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform. Johnson's vice president, Hubert Humphrey, also ran for the nomination, promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government. Protests bringing attention to "the draft" began on May 5, 1965. Student activists at the University of California, Berkeley marched on the Berkeley Draft board and forty students staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. Another nineteen cards were burnt on May 22 at a demonstration following the Document [25] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects, which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States. This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating, "In May 1969 the Oakland induction center, where draftees reported from all of Northern California, reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction, 2,400 did not show up. In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System, for the first time, could not meet its quota." The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition Document [26] (Title: Medical Corps (United States Army)) continued for 19 years until the US military draft ended in 1973.) During the Vietnam era, serious physician shortfalls were experienced by the Defense Department and it was at this time (1966) that osteopathic physicians, who had previously been excluded from active military service, were first admitted to the MC. To avoid reinstating another “doctor draft”, the US Congress took steps to encourage medical students to enter the military as physicians. Completing this trend, medical school training has been provided for military students since the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) was established in 1972, graduating its first Document [27] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) demanded victory or withdrawal, while on the left strident demands for immediate withdrawal escalated. Controversially, out of the 2.5 million Americans who came to serve in Vietnam (out of 27 million Americans eligible to serve in the military) 80% came from poor and working-class backgrounds. Starting in 1964, the antiwar movement began. Some opposed the war on moral grounds, rooting for the peasant Vietnamese against the modernizing capitalistic Americans. Opposition was centered among the black activists of the civil rights movement, and college students at elite universities. The Vietnam War was unprecedented for the intensity of media coverage—it has been Document [28] (Title: Ed Markey) Vietnam War draft notice. He further stated that even though he opposed the war, if he had been drafted without having secured a position in the Reserve, he would have answered the induction notice and gone to Vietnam. Ed Markey's South Boston reserve unit included Thomas P. O'Neill III, Steve Grossman, and Markey's brothers Richard and John. Markey was discharged in 1973, a year before his enlistment agreement was due to expire, which was not unusual as the military discharged many members early during post-Vietnam force drawdowns. Markey was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he represented the Document [29] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) to balance the "brain drain" that Canada had experienced. While some draft dodgers returned to the United States after a pardon was declared in 1977 during the administration of Jimmy Carter, roughly half of them stayed in Canada. Prominent draft dodgers who stayed in Canada permanently, or for a significant amount of time, have included: Distinct from draft resisters, there were also deserters from the American forces who also made their way to Canada. There was pressure from the United States and Canada to have them arrested, or at least stopped at the border. The deserters have not been pardoned Document [30] (Title: Draft-card burning) in Vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscription. In November 1966 he was found guilty and placed on probation for three years. In June–July 1967, "United States v. Edelman" was argued and decided in the US Second Circuit. Tom Cornell, Marc Paul Edelman and Roy Lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the Committee for Non-Violent Action in Union Square, New York City, on November 6, 1965. A fourth man older than 36 also burned his card at the rally but was not indicted. Edelman, Cornell and Lisker were convicted and sentenced Document [31] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) to add more military personnel towards the Vietnam War. After World War II, Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai as the head of the country. Ho Chi Minh, another Vietnamese leader who was communist and sought immediate independence for the entirety of Vietnam, saw this as an opportunity to strike (knowing that Bao Dai had little support from the general population as he was widely regarded as a Japanese-installed puppet) and successfully took over Hanoi and most of northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) by the beginning of 1946. Emperor Document [32] (Title: Selective Service System) Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first. On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery). The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year Document [33] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) to negotiate peace in Southeast Asia. The U.S. rejected his proposal. President Johnson later said, "We do not believe in conferences called to ratify terror." "The New York Times" published a petition signed by more than 5,000 American academics urging that the U.S. government work toward the neutralization of South Vietnam. The spokesman for the group Hans J. Morgenthau said that escalation of the military conflict was not the answer. In a speech in the Senate, Senator Frank Church said he could not understand how "25,000 hardcore Viet Cong" could "thwart the American-backed South Vietnamese government." The Viet Cong were Document [34] (Title: Vietnam War) It began on 29 April, in an atmosphere of desperation, as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space. Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves, but American public opinion had soured on the conflict. President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April, declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid. Frequent Wind continued around the clock, as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon. In the early morning hours of 30 April, the last U.S. Document [35] (Title: Gerald Ford) that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military. The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter administration. When Ford assumed office, he inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During his brief administration, he Document [36] (Title: Draft evasion) 50, of whom 40 were convicted. As U.S. troop strength in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by pro-actively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to see combat in Vietnam. For example, conscription scholars Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss say that the Coast Guard may have served that purpose for some, though they also point out that Coast Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam, and that some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there. Similarly, the Vietnam-era National Guard was seen by some as an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam, Document [37] (Title: Draft-card burning) "All of our young people are not burning up their draft cards. All of our young people are not tearing up the flag. All of our youth are not supporting North Vietnam and carrying Viet Cong flags." In October 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph was snapped of a man kissing his draft card, his girlfriend smiling at his side. In "Playboy"s November 1967 issue, Playboy Playmate Kaya Christian wrote that her "turn-offs" were "hypocrites" and "draft card burners". Leftist "Ramparts" magazine showed four draft cards being burned on the December 1967 cover. "The Document [38] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) following: In February 2009, text on how both draft dodgers and resisters of the Vietnam War were ultimately allowed to stay in Canada suddenly vanished from the website of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada." Originally, the Government of Canada website had contained the following statements: ... Starting in 1965, Canada became a choice haven for American draft resisters and deserters, ... Although some of these transplanted Americans returned home after the Vietnam War, most of them put down roots in Canada, making up the largest, best-educated group this country had ever received. The above statement (now gone from Document [39] (Title: Draft-card burning) The reports of this large protest were discussed by the leaders of the Spring Mobilization Conference, a march of 150,000 people led by Martin Luther King Jr and Dr. Benjamin Spock starting from Sheep Meadow. The May conference developed into the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, known as The Mobe. In January 1968, Spock was indicted on charges of encouraging draft evasion, with the Boston 5. He was convicted on July 10, 1968. The charges were overturned on appeal in July 1969. In May 1967 in response to the Sheep Meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual Paul Document [40] (Title: National Security Action Memorandum 273) National Security Action Memorandum 263 of October 11, 1963 to withdraw 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam by the end of 1963, and most American soldiers by the end of 1965. After the conclusion of the Hawaii meeting, on November 21, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy wrote the first draft of what was to be NSAM-273. There are no indications that Kennedy saw the draft before his assassination on November 22. NSAM-273 consists of 10 paragraphs of which 8 are identical with the Bundy draft of November 21. Paragraph 4 and 7 had been changed. Paragraph 4 is more Document [41] (Title: 1963 in the Vietnam War) of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963." The South Vietnamese government suspended the Strategic Hamlet Program, effectively ending it. A U.S. AID official reported that three-fourths of the Strategic Hamlets in Long An province had already been destroyed by the Viet Cong or the inhabitants themselves. Senator Mike Mansfield, considered Congress's expert on Southeast Asia, wrote a memo to President Johnson suggesting that a neutral Vietnam be negotiated. Mansfield disagreed with Johnson's other advisers "that the war can be won at Document [42] (Title: Conscription in the United States) was the first time any form of student deferment was used. During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester. The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27, 1953; however, technology brought new promises and threats. U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of "massive retaliation". This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers, so the draft slipped to the back burner. However, the head of the SSS, Maj. Gen. Hershey, urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam. In Document [43] (Title: Vietnam War) ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, created a ceasefire between North Vietnam/PRG and South Vietnam, guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam under the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for elections or a political settlement between the PRG and South Vietnam, allowed 200,000 communist troops to remain in the south, and agreed to a POW exchange. There was a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. "This article", noted Peter Church, "proved… to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out." All US forces personnel were completely withdrawn by March 1973. In Document [44] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) number of Viet Cong is closer to 600,000 and perhaps more." The memo would initiate a lengthy debate between MACV and the CIA concerning the number of Viet Cong. The Selective Service System of the U.S. drafted 382,010 men into military service in 1966, the highest total during the Vietnam War. By comparison, in 1962, only 82,060 men were drafted The draft was a major source of opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States. 1966 in the Vietnam War At the beginning of 1966, the number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 184,314. South Vietnamese military Document [45] (Title: End Conscription Campaign) was preceded by a three-week fast by objectors Ivan Toms, Harold Winkler and Richard Steele. It was announced in parliament that 7 589 conscripts failed to report for National Service in January 1985, as opposed to only 1 596 in the whole of 1984. As there were two intakes annually, in January and July, this would suggest a tenfold increase in non-reportees over the previous year. An estimated additional 7 000 "draft-dodgers" were also said to be living in Europe in 1985.This campaign received as significant boost when at 1983 Durban Conference the National PFP Youth, its Western Cape Chairperson Document [46] (Title: 20th-century events) supposed to replace them, backed up by American air power. Unfortunately, the plan went awry, and the war spilled into neighboring Cambodia while South Vietnamese forces were pushed further back. Eventually, the U.S. and North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords, ending U.S. involvement in the war. With the threat of U.S. retaliation gone, the North proceeded to violate the ceasefire and invaded the South with full military force. Saigon was captured on April 30, 1975, and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule a year later, effectively bringing an end to one of the most unpopular wars of all time. Document [47] (Title: Conscription in the United States) policy of using the draft as force to compel "voluntary" enlistment was unique in U.S. history. Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings. However, the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this. Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one-third of all eligible men during the period of 1965–69. This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many Document [48] (Title: Red pill and blue pill) the Vietnam War for men born from January 1, 1944 to December 31, 1950. The 366 days of the year (including February 29) were printed on slips of paper. These pieces of paper were then each placed in opaque blue plastic capsules that resembled large blue pills. The blue pills were then mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar. The blue pills were then drawn from the jar one at a time and opened. The order that each birthdate was drawn signified the draft order for that birthdate. From this first draft lottery, 195 birth Document [49] (Title: War in Vietnam (1954–1959)) would take place. They were disappointed in two respects: not only were the promised elections not held, but the amnesty which had been assured by the Geneva Settlement was denied them, and they were hounded by the Anti-Communist campaign. After 1956, for the most part, they went "underground."" The Viet Minh went underground in 1956, but there was no major decision until 1959. A 1964 interrogation report said "The period from the Armistice of 1954 until 1958 was the darkest time for the VC in South Vietnam. The political agitation policy proposed by the Communist Party could not be carried Document [50] (Title: H. R. Haldeman) pardon of Vietnam War draft dodgers. He argued that pardoning the dodgers would take some of the heat off him. Nixon refused. On January 1, 1975, Haldeman was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. He was sentenced to serve 2 to 8 years, subsequently commuted to 1 to 4 years. In Lompoc Federal Prison, Haldeman worked in the sewage treatment facility testing sewage. On December 20, 1978, after serving 18 months, Haldeman was released on parole. In 1978, Times Books published "The Ends of Power", written by Haldeman with the writer Joseph DiMona. Haldeman said in the book that Document [51] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) was permitted to leave 150,000 soldiers and to retain the territory it controlled in South Vietnam. The U.S. and Vietnam also pledged to withdraw their military forces from Laos and Cambodia and cease military operations there. The cease fire was observed in some areas, but South Vietnamese troops still fought to regain control of villages captured by communist forces the day before. Lt. Colonel William B. Nolde was killed, the last American soldier to die prior to the cease fire envisioned in the Paris Peace Accords. United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced that the draft of young American Document [52] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a coalition of antiwar activists formed in 1967 to organize large demonstrations in opposition to the Vietnam War. The organization was informally known as "the Mobe". On April 15, 1967, the Spring Mobilization's massive march against the Vietnam War from Central Park to the United Nations attracted hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who marched Document [53] (Title: United States Army Recruiting Command) overall majorities in Congress in 1955, 1959, and 1963, its final extension in 1967 was also passed by a majority of Congress, but only after a year of hearings and public debate. The U.S. Army became an all-volunteer force again in 1973. During the years of the Vietnam War between From 1965 to 1973, there were 1,728,254 inductions through selective service. There was however a direct effect on public support for the draft that was high even after the Korean War to its low in early 1970s because Draftees, who constituted only 16 percent of the armed forces, but 88 Document [54] (Title: South Vietnam) Peace Accords in 1973, all US armed forces withdrew from South Vietnam and theoretically the war officially ended, however clashes between ARVN and Viet Cong forces continued. In 1975, the North Vietnamese again invaded the South. Lacking US air support, the ARVN could not hold them back. City after city fell to the Communists with ARVN soldiers joining the civilians trying to flee south. The North called this the "Ho Chi Minh Campaign". All resistance crumbled. Faced with few viable options, the South tried to form a coalition government that would be palatable to the Communists, one that favoured negotiated Document [55] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) a critical role in bringing the war to an end." The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army. The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too. Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1, 1968, which stated to his draft board, "I have absolutely no intention to report for that exam, or for induction, or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ..." The opposition to the United States' Document [56] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) soldiers in South Vietnam at nearly 280,000 by June 1966, including part-time guerrillas. A pause in the bombing of North Vietnam by U.S. warplanes had been announced by President Johnson on December 24 and remained in effect. The PAVN bombarded a Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group camp at Khe Sanh Combat Base near the DMZ of South Vietnam with 120mm mortars, the heaviest weapon they had used in the War. Defending the combat base were American and South Vietnamese Special Forces, Nung and Bru (Montagnard) irregulars, and Ruff-Puff militia. Operation Crimp (also known as the Battle of the Ho Document [57] (Title: A Rumor of War) in North Carolina and eventually received an honorable discharge from the service. In the Epilogue, almost ten years after the end of his tour of duty, Philip Caputo returned to Vietnam as a war journalist for a newspaper. Old memories of his war experiences and his comrades flood his mind as he witnesses the fall of Saigon to the troops of North Vietnam. Caputo left Vietnam on April 29, 1975. A postscript published in 1996 details some of the anxieties Caputo experienced while writing the memoir, and the difficulties he had handling his fame and notoriety after its publication. Caputo's Document [58] (Title: Draft evasion) from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Union of American Exiles, better known as "Amex." It sought to speak for American draft evaders and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international conference in 1974 opposing anything short of that. Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. The U.S. continued to prosecute draft dodgers after the end of the Vietnam War. In September 1974, President Gerald R. Ford offered an amnesty program for draft dodgers that required them to work in alternative service Document [59] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) Draft lottery (1969) On December 1, 1969 the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from January 1, 1944 to December 31, 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription in the United States that lasted from 1947 to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942. The reason for the lottery of 1969 was to address perceived inequities in the draft system as it existed previously, and Document [60] (Title: Draft-card burning) folk singer Robert Claiborne wrote to the "Review" to say that Goodman's plan would "check the growth of the peace movement and markedly reduce prospects for ending the war." Claiborne asserted that the "great majority" of Americans were "squares" over 30 and not in favor of war protest even though they were likely interested in "ending the slaughter of their sons and other people’s sons." October 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by The Mobe in 30 cities across the US, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. At the Unitarian Arlington Street Church in Boston, draft Document [61] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) much tonnage south in 1965 as it had in the preceding six years. Conscription (draft) into the United States armed forces in 1965 was 230,991 men, compared to 112,386 in 1964. 1965 in the Vietnam War In 1965, the United States rapidly increased its military forces in South Vietnam, prompted by the realization that the South Vietnamese government was losing the Vietnam War as the communist-dominated Viet Cong gained influence over much of the population in rural areas of the country. North Vietnam also rapidly increased its infiltration of men and supplies to combat South Vietnam and the U.S.. The Document [62] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) in halting the flow of military supplies down the Ho Chi Minh trail. To defeat the Viet Cong, now reinforced by the North Vietnamese Army, would require another large influx of U.S. soldiers amounting to 57 battalions plus helicopter companies and support units. Westmoreland said he planned to reverse the deteriorating military situation by the end of 1965, take the offensive in 1966, and destroy the Viet Cong and capture their strongholds by the end of 1967. McNamara returned to Washington and recommended to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam be increased to 175,000. He Document [63] (Title: Draft-card burning) Draft-card burning Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the US and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well-publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting fire to his card on Christmas Day in Champaign, Illinois. In May 1964, a larger demonstration, with about 50 people in Union Square, New York, was organized by the War Resisters League chaired by David McReynolds. By Document [64] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) another until the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 ended with the communist Viet Minh forces as the victor over the French. Afterwards, at the Geneva Conference, Vietnam was split along the 17th Parallel north, and it was intended that a nationwide reunification election be held in 1956 to determine which side would take over all of Vietnam. Ngo Dinh Diem deposed Emperor Bao Dai in 1955 and took over leadership of the State of Vietnam (now known as the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam) Diem, a Catholic, disliked Buddhists and took a very harsh stance against communism. Document [65] (Title: David Harris (protester)) and to work together to end the Vietnam War. Within a few years, the Selective Service System discovered that only about half of the men sent draft notices actually showed up for their draft physicals. The number of casual no-shows was too great to prosecute them all—some of them might have made a simple mistake—so the authorities only prosecuted a few leaders of The Resistance. When Harris received his draft notice, he chose neither to report nor to flee to Canada, as draft evaders had frequently done. Harris was arrested in July 1969, and convicted of draft evasion, a federal Document [66] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) 1968. By the late 1960s, one quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft, including men accused of draft-dodging and men petitioning for the status of conscientious objector. Over 210,000 men were accused of draft-related offenses, 25,000 of whom were indicted. The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). The first draft lottery since World War Document [67] (Title: The Camden 28) Camden. Their plan was to break into the draft board offices at night and search for, collect, and either destroy or remove the records of all Class 1-A status draft registrants. It was to be both a symbolic and real blow to the process through which tens of thousands of young American men were being drafted and sent to fight in Vietnam. They wrote in a statement before trial: We are twenty-eight men and women who, together with other resisters across the country, are trying with our lives to say "no" to the madness we see perpetrated by our government Document [68] (Title: Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam) were arrested in Sydney. The Melbourne march was held on 18 September. The third moratorium in June 1971 closed the Centre. In Melbourne, on 30 June 1971, there was a march of nearly 100,000 people. By this time public opinion was beginning to turn decisively against conscription and Australian involvement in the war. Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was a massive demonstration and teach-in across the United States against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. It took place on October 15, 1969, followed a month later by a Document [69] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) a smaller field of draft eligible black men–29 percent versus 63 percent of draft eligible white men–64 percent of black men were chosen to serve in the war through conscription, compared to only 31 percent of eligible white men. On October 16, 1967, draft card turn-ins were held across the country, yielding more than 1,000 draft cards, later returned to the Justice Department as an act of civil disobedience. Resisters expected to be prosecuted immediately, but Attorney General Ramsey Clark instead prosecuted a group of ringleaders including Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin, Jr. in Boston in Document [70] (Title: Indochina Wars) Vietnam they had conquered in the 1972 Easter Offensive. The North Vietnamese never intended to abide by the agreement. Fighting continued sporadically through 1973 and 1974, while the North Vietnamese planned a major offensive, tentatively scheduled for 1976. The North Vietnamese Army in South Vietnam had been ravaged during the Easter offensive in 1973, and it was projected that it would take until 1976 to rebuild their logistical capabilities. The withdrawal had catastrophic effects on the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). Shortly after the Paris Peace Accords, the United States Congress made major budget cuts in military aid to the South Document [71] (Title: Conscription in the United States) Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war. Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft. After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved. Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began. With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the Document [72] (Title: United Service Organizations) sensed that the media had given him a broad endorsement for continuing on his GI mercy missions. Soon after his Christmas show in Saigon in 1967, he learned that the Vietcong had planned a terrorist attack at his hotel against him and his entire troupe, missing him by ten minutes. He was later "mystified," writes Faith, "and ... increasingly intolerant of the pockets of dissent. Draft-card burnings on college campuses angered him ..." "Can you imagine," Hope wrote in a magazine article, "... that people in America are burning their draft cards to show their opposition and that some of Document [73] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) Committee to End the War in Vietnam include Dr. Benjamin Spock and SANE, Sidney Peck, Eric Weinberger, David Dellinger, Jerry Rubin, James Bevel, Stew Albert, A. J. Muste, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King, Rennie Davis, Karen Wald, Fred Halstead, Bradford Lyttle, Charles Owen Rice, Vietnam Summer, Cornell Professor Robert Greenblatt (who became national coordinator of the Mobilization to End the War), and Tom Hayden. National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a Document [74] (Title: Conscription in the United States) students. Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968. Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies. Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards. However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service. On December 1, 1969, a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all Document [75] (Title: Conscription in the United States) last men conscripted, who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued. In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was. Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger, believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked Document [76] (Title: South Vietnam) it had recaptured the territory that it had lost earlier. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal, and the US Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, Document [77] (Title: Vietnam War) in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races." Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder. An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. In 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era draft dodgers. As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public, morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior, non-career officers. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of Document [78] (Title: Paris Peace Accords) key details of the draft agreement. However, as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965, American domestic support for the war had deteriorated, and by the fall of 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war. Consequently, the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the peace treaty even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved. Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam, and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election, it seemed possible that he would be able to Document [79] (Title: Draft-card burning) anti-war draft-card burners. Following the 1964 National Service Act, legislated in response to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old Australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. In April 1965, Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies sent a battalion of Army regulars to Vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. In early 1966, Menzies retired and Harold Holt became Prime Minister. In March 1966, Holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in Vietnam, a tripling of effort. Significantly, conscripts could now be Document [80] (Title: John McNaughton (government official)) Vietnam in the spring of 1964, leading to the first phase of "Operation Rolling Thunder" (March 2, 1965 - October 31, 1968) which took place between March 2 and 24, 1965. The conditions for a bombing halt, outlined in a confidential memorandum by John McNaughton to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were that North Vietnam must not only cease infiltration efforts, but also take steps to withdraw troops currently operating in South Vietnam. In addition, the Viet Cong should agree to terminate terror and sabotage activities and allow Saigon to exercise "governmental functions over substantially all of South Vietnam." The Document [81] (Title: Veterans' Preference Act of 1944) period after the termination of the state of war between the United States and the Government of Japan during which persons could be inducted under existing law for training and service in the armed forces). The bill also extended preference to the widows and mothers of such veterans. The Vietnam War in the 1960s resulted in several modifications of the VP law of 1944. In 1966, legislation was passed which granted peace-time preference for Vietnam-era vets who served on active duty for more than 180 consecutive days between January 31, 1955 and October 10, 1976; National guard and reserve service Document [82] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) positive side for North Vietnam, the U.S. had ended its military operations in both South and North Vietnam and had begun to remove mines from coastal waters of North Vietnam. On the negative side, the cease fire had not been effective, although combat was not as intensive as before, and the U.S. continued to support South Vietnam by turning over its military bases and providing weapons and other military material to South Vietnam. The last known American POW, Captain Robert White, was released by North Vietnam. President Thieu of South Vietnam concluded a two-day visit to the United States. President Document [83] (Title: Conscription in the United States) mass of undirected youth in search of a cause. Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E, (Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything). The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Consequently, there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began. The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college students. Besides being able to avoid the draft, college graduates who volunteered for military Document [84] (Title: Political life of Clint Eastwood) be the one to end all wars. And four years later, I was standing at the draft board being drafted during the Korean conflict, and then after that there was Vietnam, and it goes on and on forever . . . I just wonder . . . does this ever stop? And no, it doesn’t. So each time we get in these conflicts, it deserves a lot of thought before we go wading in or wading out. Going in or coming out. It needs a better thought process, I think." He usually describes himself as a libertarian in interviews and Document [85] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) to Saigon's flagrant and continued violations of the cease fire." However, the Politburo decided that all-out war was not feasible and that North Vietnam would continue to express adherence to the Paris Peace Accord. Operation End Sweep ended. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accord, the U.S. navy cleared all naval mines from North Vietnamese coastal waters. The total U.S. military presence in South Vietnam, in accordance with the Paris Peace Accord, is now less than 250, excluding the marine guards at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. The last bombing by American planes anywhere in Indochina took place when B-52s Document [86] (Title: Military history of the United States) in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"—an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values. In October, 1983, a power struggle Document [87] (Title: South Vietnam) army and Viet Cong launched a major second combined-arms invasion in 1975, termed the Spring Offensive. Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the "de facto" end of the South Vietnamese state, although the "de jure" end of South Vietnam occurred on 2 July 1976 with the reunification of Vietnam. The official name of the South Vietnamese state was "Việt Nam Cộng hòa" (Republic of Vietnam) and the French name was referred to as "République du Viêt Nam". The North was known as the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam". "Việt Nam" () was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Document [88] (Title: Conscription in the United States) he do noncombatant farm work. Sentenced to 25 years in prison, he again refused a proposed desk job. He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a "dishonorable discharge". The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism. Working where Congress would not, it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army-Navy Selective Service Committee, most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience. This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Document [89] (Title: National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union) ending of ROTC. And seventh, they called for African Americans to resist the war by yelling "Hell No, I Won't Go!" This was an overall effort to increase Black resistance to the Vietnam war and the draft. In September 1969 in Chicago, fifteen members of NBAWADU temporarily disrupted draft calls by breaking into the Sixty-third Street Selective Service, and burning the 1-A, or draft eligible, files. National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union The National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union (NBAWADU) was founded in February 1968 by Gwen Patton to protest the Vietnam War and the draft. In order to do this, they Document [90] (Title: United States v. O'Brien) public school students who were suspended for wearing black armbands, and "Cohen v. California", in which a man was convicted for disturbing the peace by wearing a jacket that read "Fuck the Draft" in a state courthouse. Due in part to increasing domestic opposition, the United States reduced its involvement in Vietnam and completed withdrawal of its forces in 1973; the draft ended the same year. On January 21, 1977, the day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 11967, which granted a full pardon to anyone who had committed or been convicted of a non-violent violation of Document [91] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) 1964 in the Vietnam War South Vietnam was in political chaos during much of the year, as generals competed for power and Buddhists protested against the government. The Viet Cong communist guerrillas expanded their operations and defeated the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) in many battles. North Vietnam made a definitive judgement in January to assist the Viet Cong insurgency with men and material. In November, North Vietnam ordered the North Vietnamese Army to infiltrate units into South Vietnam and undertake joint military operations with the Viet Cong. The new President of the United States, Lyndon Johnson, and his civilian and Document [92] (Title: 1954 in the Vietnam War) victory, they gained control over only one-half the country. Under pressure from the Soviet Union and China, the Viet Minh (hereafter called North Vietnam) signed the agreement. Neither the United States nor South Vietnam signed the Accords. The U.S. only "took note" of the Accords and promised not to "disturb them" by the threat or use of force. 24 July Commenting on the Geneva Accords and U.S. objectives in Vietnam, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said "The important thing...is to seize the future opportunity to prevent the loss of northern Vietnam from leading to the extension of Communism throughout Document [93] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) protest in the history of the United States. It featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time. Many people at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar; when he took office, he claimed that he would begin to withdraw American troops from Vietnam. After ten months of being in office, the president had yet to start withdrawals, and U.S. citizens felt he had lied. Later, President Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House. After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, Congress decided that a Document [94] (Title: Draft evasion) fraction" of those who resisted the Vietnam War. According to a 1978 book by former members of President Gerald Ford's Clemency Board, 210,000 Americans were accused of draft offenses and 30,000 left the country. More recently, peace studies scholar David Cortright estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 left the U.S., mainly for Canada or Sweden. Others scattered elsewhere; for example, historian Frank Kusch mentions Mexico, scholar Anna Wittmann mentions Britain, and journalist Jan Wong describes one draft evader who sympathized with Mao Zedong's China and found refuge there. Draft evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the Global South Document [95] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available (until 1969) or because they had high lottery numbers (1970 and later). Of those soldiers who served during the war, there was increasing opposition to the conflict amongst GIs, which resulted in fragging and many other activities which hampered the US's ability to wage war effectively. Most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states, and the image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of enfranchisement or Document [96] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) He was opposed to reconciliation with the North and against the elections of 1956. In other parts of the world, the Cold War was intensifying between the Soviet Union and the United States. The U.S. was becoming more rigid in its policies towards the communist allies of the Soviet Union. President Dwight D. Eisenhower started supporting the South Vietnamese who were also against the communist north. The U.S. began training and equipping Diem's forces with weapons. Conflicts between communist sympathizers began occurring in the South. At the time, the U.S. had only committed around 800 personnel to train and outfit Document [97] (Title: Military service) and substitutes were criminals or men with debilitating health problems, and thus largely useless. The Confederate government had begun drafting men in early 1862. Conscription was next used after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The first peacetime conscription came with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. When World War II ended, so did the draft. It was quickly reinstated with the Korean War and retained for the next 20 years, especially in the Vietnam War. Active conscription ("the draft") ended in 1973. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, brought back draft registration. All Document [98] (Title: Cold War (1962–1979)) position. Especially unpopular was the draft that threatened to send young men to fight in the jungles of Southeast Asia. Elected in 1968, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon began a policy of slow disengagement from the war. The goal was to gradually build up the South Vietnamese Army so that it could fight the war on its own. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine." As applied to Vietnam, the doctrine was called "Vietnamization." The goal of Vietnamization was to enable the South Vietnamese army to increasingly hold its own against the NLF and the North Vietnamese Document [99] (Title: John C. Stennis) Stennis argued the amendment was constitutional and that Congress had "the sole power to appropriate money." The amendment was defeated in a vote of 55 to 39. In May 1971, the Senate rejected legislation designed to prohibit assignments of draftees to combat in Vietnam after the end of the year without consent on the part of the draftees. Stennis said the legislation would have caused the creation of two classes of soldiers where one group could fight and the other could not while arguing that any army unit "would be rendered inoperative if each man's record had to be reviewed Document [100] (Title: Viet Cong) Vietnam (PLAF)" ("Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam"). By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Việt Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Việt Minh had become the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam since the Vietnamese 1946 general election, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat Document [101] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued from 1972 to 1975 were not used to call any men into service as the last draft call was on December 7, and authority to induct expired July 1, 1973. They were used, however, to call some men born from 1953 to 1956 for armed forces physical examinations. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976). Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military. In the present, not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it Document [102] (Title: Jeb Bush) avoided criticizing or supporting the Vietnam War, registered for the draft after his graduation from high school in 1971. In the fourth and final draft lottery drawing, on February 2, 1972, for men born in 1953 and to be inducted during 1973, Bush received a draft number of 26 on a calendar-based scale that went to 365. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972, because the U.S. changed to an all-volunteer military beginning in 1973. Though many in his family had attended Yale University, Bush chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin, beginning in September 1971. Document [103] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) many state National Guards had long waiting lists to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, showing their disapproval by illegally burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for military service. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement, and all over the United States, people decried Document [104] (Title: Vietnam Campaign Medal) The medal was awarded for two different periods of service in Vietnam. The first period for the award was from 8 March 1949 to 20 July 1954. The second period was from 1 January 1960 to the end of the Vietnam War (the date was to be given when the war ended and North Vietnam was defeated). On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured by the North Vietnamese army and South Vietnam surrendered. The Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal was created in 1949 and manufactured in France. The medal was awarded to French military personnel. During the Vietnam War, the Document [105] (Title: 1975 in the Vietnam War) 1975 in the Vietnam War 1975 marked the end of the Vietnam War, sometimes called the Second Indochina War or the American War. The North Vietnamese army (PAVN) launched the Spring Offensive in March, the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) was quickly defeated. The communist North Vietnamese captured Saigon on April 30, accepting the surrender of South Vietnam. In the final days of the war, the United States, which had supported South Vietnam for many years, carried out an emergency evacuation of its civilian and military personnel and more than 130,000 Vietnamese. At the beginning of the Spring Offensive the balance Document [106] (Title: Selective Service System) for induction in 1976. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972. On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft. On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required, signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens. On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Document [107] (Title: Draft evasion) objector (CO) status during World War II, and many of their applications were rejected. Some COs chose to serve as noncombatants in the military, others chose jail, and a third group – taking a position in between – chose to enter a specially organized domestic Civilian Public Service. The Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, generated 80,000 cases of alleged draft evasion. The Vietnam War (1965–1975) was controversial in the U.S. and was accompanied by a significant amount of draft evasion among young Americans, with many managing to remain in the U.S. by various means and some eventually Document [108] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam,", intended to halt the fighting between North and South Vietnam and end U.S. military involvement in the war were signed in Paris. The governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries (the Viet Cong) signed the agreement. The U.S. agreed to withdraw its remaining military personnel from South Vietnam within 60 days. North Vietnam agreed to a cease fire and to return all American prisoners of war. North Vietnam Document [109] (Title: Lewis Blaine Hershey) Major General Leo Boyle (World War II, Korea, Vietnam), and General Hugh Shelton (Panama, Gulf War, War on Terror). On October 24, 1967, in response to increasing demonstrations against military recruiting on college campuses, Hershey issued Local Board Memorandum No. 85, since known as the Hershey Directive, which recommended that when a draft card was abandoned or mutilated that registrant should be declared "a delinquent for failure to have the card in his possession" and then be reclassified as available for service. Two days later, he sent a letter to local boards suggesting that violators of any portion of the Document [110] (Title: Vietnam Era) period. The period beginning on August 5, 1964 and ended on May 7, 1975 inclusive, in all other cases." The U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs elected to designate those years as such to accord special privileges to all persons who served the country's armed forces during that time. Similar designations have been made for other periods of war. The date August 5, 1964 is significant because it was the day of the start of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam at the Gulf of Tonkin. Two days later, on August 7, 1964, Congress passed Document [111] (Title: Dana Beal) important, they said he was crazy. But that kept him from being drafted in January '65, a month with the highest proportion of casualties in Viet Nam. He also became a lifelong critic of thorazine and prolyxin. He escaped, got a job in New York, saved his money, and legalized his status in late 1965. "The Ibogaine Story" also reports the following: Inspired by a VOICE article on the Dutch Provos, he started the New York Provos with two friends, and called a smoke-in for Tompkins Square Park. The smoke-ins got bigger and bigger, and after a judge ruled a Document [112] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) the South Vietnamese. In 1961, the John F. Kennedy administration started working under the "Domino Theory," which stated that if South Vietnam was to fall to the North, then other places in southeast Asia were to become vulnerable to communism as well. This caused President Kennedy to begin sending additional American soldiers to Vietnam. By 1962, there were around 9,000 personnel in Vietnam. In 1963, South Vietnamese generals organized a coup that resulted in the death of Diem. President Lyndon B. Johnson increased the number of U.S. personnel in South Vietnam due to the political instability in the country. In Document [113] (Title: Vietnam War) movement, some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War. On 15 October 1969, the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans. The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests. Anti-war protests declined with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords in 1973. In 1950, China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent heavy weapons, as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French (1946-1954). The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords Document [114] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) military service. This changed in 1968. On May 22, 1969, Ottawa announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada. According to Valerie Knowles, draft dodgers were usually college-educated sons of the middle class who could no longer defer induction into the Selective Service System. Deserters, on the other hand, were predominantly sons of the lower-income and working classes who had been inducted into the armed services directly from high school or who had volunteered, hoping to obtain a skill and broaden Document [115] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) was to draft a new constitution. The U.S. had urged the creation of the council to reduce the visibility of the South Vietnamese military in the government. Prime Minister Huong repressed Buddhist demonstrations in the months ahead. After negotiations, the last of the Montagnards in revolt released their prisoners. U.S. Special Forces remained with the Montagnards to maintain calm. The South Vietnamese government agreed to meet with the Montagnards to discuss their grievances. A few days later, a Montagnard congress demanded more autonomy for the Montagnards, including a 50,000 man Montagnard army trained by U.S. Special Forces rather than South Document [116] (Title: Conscription in the United States) The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription. The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971, but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time. In February 1971, the administration requested of Congress a two-year extension of the draft, to June 1973. Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam; Senator Document [117] (Title: National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union) the war in Vietnam. They believed that the draft would lead to the total destruction of Blacks in the United States. The NBAWADU listed a few alternatives for the draft. The first was a mass organized, but not public, form of resistance. They ordered young Black men not to register when they turned eighteen years of age. They acknowledged that this was would be an illegal mass act, but they deemed it necessary for the survival of African Americans in the United States. Second, they called for Black lawyers in the United States to come to the defense of those Document [118] (Title: Melvin Laird) permitted us to continue those programs which are essential to maintaining the sufficiency of our long-term strategic nuclear deterrent." Other important Laird goals were ending conscription by June 30, 1973, and the creation of an All Volunteer Force (AVF). Strong opposition to selective service mounted during the Vietnam War and draft calls declined progressively during Laird's years at the Pentagon; from 300,000 in his first year, to 200,000 in the second, 100,000 in the third, and 50,000 in the fourth. On January 27, 1973, after the signing of the Vietnam agreement in Paris, Laird suspended the draft, five months ahead Document [119] (Title: Draft evasion) conscription system and actively opposed the war". The head of U.S. President Richard Nixon's task force on the all-volunteer military reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the government was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them". It is now known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and approximately 210,000 were formally accused of draft violations; however, only 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed. Some draft eligible men publicly burned their draft cards, but the Justice Department brought charges against only Document [120] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) draft card. On October 15, 1965 the student-run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam in New York staged the first draft card burning to result in an arrest under the new law. In 1967, the continued operation of a seemingly unfair draft system then calling as many as 40,000 men for induction each month fueled a burgeoning draft resistance movement. The draft favored white, middle-class men, which allowed an economically and racially discriminating draft to force young African American men to serve in rates that were disproportionately higher than the general population. Although in 1967 there was Document [121] (Title: Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969) doubt, in the U.S. government, that the war could be ended with a military solution that would place South Vietnam in a strongly anticommunist position. In July, two senior U.S. Department of State officials formally recommended withdrawal to President Lyndon B. Johnson; Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, at the same time, saw the situation as bad but potentially retrievable with major escalation. Westmoreland's "ultimate aim", was: Westmoreland complained that, "we are not engaging the VC with sufficient frequency or effectiveness to win the war in Vietnam." He said that American troops had shown themselves to be superb soldiers, adept at Document [122] (Title: 1954 in the Vietnam War) United States appear to have decided he was the only viable candidate for the job. Five American enlisted men were taken captive by the Viet Minh on a beach near Da Nang. They were held until August 31 when they were repatriated as a result of the Geneva Accords. 20 June The Premier of France, Pierre Mendès France, said that he "expected to have considerable difficulty with the new Vietnam government." Diệm, he said, was a "fanatic." His thoughts were echoed by other French officials: "Diệm is too narrow, too rigid, too unworldly", said one. 24 June In the last Document [123] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) a memorandum to President Johnson advocating "a new US action" without which "defeat seems inevitable." McBundy said that "any negotiated US withdrawal today would mean surrender on the installment plan." Viet Cong sappers blew up a hotel used as an enlisted men's barracks in Qui Nhơn, a coastal city of South Vietnam, killing 23 American soldiers. In response, President Johnson ordered Flaming Dart 2: 155 sorties and air strikes in North Vietnam by American and South Vietnamese pilots. In Hanoi, Soviet Premier Kosygin announced the Soviet Union had agree to assist North Vietnam to defend itself from air attacks, by Document [124] (Title: Vietnamese boat people) and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action. The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975 with the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. Within the same year, the countries of Cambodia and Laos also fell to communist forces, thus engendering a steady flow Document [125] (Title: 1972 in the Vietnam War) to the Operation Linebacker II bombings, 80 percent of North Vietnam's electrical power production capability had been eliminated. Nixon warned North Vietnam that the bombing would resume if the peace talks collapsed again. North Vietnam declared victory and claimed that heavy losses of American aircraft was the motive behind the bombing halt. General Maxwell Taylor, former Ambassador to South Vietnam, said terminating America's commitment to South Vietnam even without a peace agreement should be considered by the President. U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam numbered 24,200. 1972 in the Vietnam War 1972 in the Vietnam War saw foreign involvement in Document [126] (Title: End Conscription Campaign) into the War in Angola and Civil War raging in South Africa's Black Townships continued. Some dodged the draft, others fled the country, some stood-up and faced the consequences for what they believed. None were ever given recognition by either the South African government or the newly elected democracy. In 1989, conscription was reduced from two years to one year, and during the negotiations to end apartheid from 1990 to 1994, it was less rigorously enforced. A Kairos campaign against conscription was the 1989 Campaign focussing on the End Conscription Campaign with participation of Alistair Teeling Smith, Rob Watson and Document [127] (Title: RMK-BRJ) 1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been Document [128] (Title: 1956 in the Vietnam War) military advisers in South Vietnam. The first American killed in the Vietnam War died June 8 at the hand of another American soldier. In 1956 the term Viet Cong came into use and gradually replaced the older term Viet Minh. The government-controlled Saigon press first started using the term referring to communists in South Vietnam as "Viet Cong" a shortening of "Viet Nam Cong-San" which means "Vietnamese Communist." President Diem issued Ordinance Number 6 which permitted the imprisonment of communists and others "dangerous to national defense and common security." Diem's anti-communist repression reduced communist party membership in South Vietnam by Document [129] (Title: 1963 in the Vietnam War) judgment that the major part of the U.S. military task can be completed by the end of 1965, although there may be a continuing requirement for a limited number of U.S. training personnel. They reported that by the end of this year, the U.S. program for training Vietnamese should have progressed to the point where 1,000 U.S. military personnel assigned to South Viet-Nam can be withdrawn." American troops in South Vietnam at this time numbered 16,732. Cable 534 was sent to Ambassador Lodge in South Vietnam from the Department of State with instructions for Lodge to press President Diệm on Document [130] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) August 1964, two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Johnson condemned North Vietnam, and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions. By the end of 1965, President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam, and his military advisors wanted another 175,000. Due to the heavy demand for military personnel, the United States increased the number of men the draft provided each month. In the 1960s anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S., mainly among students on college campuses and in more leftist circles, especially those who embraced the "hippie" lifestyle. College Document [131] (Title: Sigma II-64 war game) rejected. Working on a near future chronology, it was then forecast that joint divisional maneuvers on the North Korean and Chinese border took place in a hypothetical November 1964. Chinese "volunteer" MiG pilots joined the North Vietnamese, while three brigades of North Vietnamese regulars filtered into South Vietnam's six northernmost provinces. By the imagined January 1965, the Viet Cong's National Liberation Front had set up a provisional government; it was recognized by Socialist nations. On the projected date of 26 February 1965, the President of the United States directed a Marine Expeditionary Force to Vietnam, ordered construction of a permanent Document [132] (Title: 1971 in the Vietnam War) would allow North Vietnamese soldiers to remain in South Vietnam at least temporarily. The Mansfield Amendment, authored by Senator Mike Mansfield, was adopted by Congress. The amendment urged withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam at "the earliest practical date"—the first time in U.S. history that Congress had called for the end of a war. North Vietnam negotiators Le Duc Tho and Xuan Thuy responded to Kissinger's 31 May proposal with a nine-point "bargaining proposal." This was the first time that the North Vietnamese had indicated a willingness to negotiate rather than presenting unilateral demands. The Politburo of North Vietnam instructed Document [133] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) did not call for total war and the use of nuclear weapons on North Vietnam, believing that Barry Goldwater's hawkish stance may have cost him his bid for the White House four years earlier. The Vietnam draft did have numerous flaws in it, especially its high reliance on lower middle class Americans while exempting college students, celebrities, athletes, and sons of Congressmen, although contrary to the claims of antiwar activists, most draftees were not impoverished white and black youths who had no other job opportunity. The average Vietnam draftee was white and from a lower middle class, blue collar background. Document [134] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) people, including 2 Americans. In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh decreed a new military service law. Enlistments were extended indefinitely for soldiers, previously discharged soldiers were recalled, and an increased number of young people were inducted into military service. During 1965, North Vietnam expanded the size of its army by 290,000 personnel and its self-defense militia from 1.4 million to 2.0 million. President Johnson made a major televised speech at Johns Hopkins University. Johnson described the Vietnam War as an attack by North Vietnam on South Vietnam. He proposed "unconditional discussions" to exchange views with interested parties in search of Document [135] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) men into military service would be ended. A few men continued to be drafted until 1973. North Vietnam celebrated the signing of the Paris Peace Accords as a victory. "The Vietnamese revolution has achieved several important gains, but the struggle of our people must continue to consolidate those victories [to] build a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic, and strong Vietnam." The U.S. media praised Nixon and Kissinger for their achievement of "peace with honor." In South Vietnam few believed that the agreement would lead to a lasting peace. Reports from American military advisers in the countryside of South Vietnam reported "ceasefire Document [136] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) Berkeley teach-in. Draft card protests were not aimed so much at the draft as at the immoral conduct of the war. At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted, but the Selective Service System office ("Draft Board") in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. In late July 1965, Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000, and on August 31, signed a law making it a crime to burn a Document [137] (Title: Viet Cong) series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offense against Saigon. In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Việt Cộng headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous Document [138] (Title: Joe Namath) the upstart AFL. The two competing leagues were at the height of their bidding war, and held their respective drafts on the same day: November 28, 1964. The cartilage damage to Namath's right knee later designated him class 4-F for the military draft, a deferment from service during the Vietnam War. The St. Louis Cardinals selected Namath 12th overall in the NFL Draft, while the Jets selected him with the first overall pick of the AFL draft. When meeting with executives of the Cardinals, Namath's salary request was $200,000 and a new Lincoln Continental. While initially appalled at Namath's requests, Document [139] (Title: Conscription in the United States) those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations. Finally, as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country. During the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft. He had first become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University. Nixon also saw ending the draft as Document [140] (Title: Viet Cong) increased public discontent with American participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Việt Cộng could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits. In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" fraction may have revived at this time. COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination." The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension Document [141] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in early 1975 and South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975. The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with Henry Kissinger and later Richard Nixon. These meetings contributed to a re-orientation of Chinese foreign Document [142] (Title: Presidency of Gerald Ford) 1915 Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. During the Vietnam War, about 1 percent of American men of eligible for the draft failed to register, and approximately 1 percent of those were drafted refused to serve. Those who refused conscription were labeled as "draft dodgers"; many such individuals had left the country for Canada, but others remained in the country. Ford had opposed any form of amnesty for the draft dodgers while in Congress, but his presidential advisers convinced Document [143] (Title: War in Vietnam (1945–46)) unconventional war, and although the Viet Minh had sufficient manpower to sustain a long campaign, they were beaten back by well-led professional troops who were familiar with an Asian jungle and countryside. By the end of the month, 80 Brigade handed over its theater of operations to the French, and the 100 Brigade was withdrawn into Saigon. Gracey flew out on the 28th. Before his departure, he signed control over French forces to Gen. Leclerc. The last British forces left on March 26, so ending the seven-month intervention in Vietnam; and on March 30, the SS "Islami" took aboard the Document [144] (Title: Scott Beach) also known as the Paris Peace Accords, ended direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. Beach concluded his report about the peace agreement by stating, ""I fear that the last U.S. soldier to die in Vietnam is still alive."" He was correct; the last American death in Vietnam was not until April 29, 1975. See McMahon and Judge. Beach twice served as the narrator in performances of Arthur Honegger's "King David" with the Masterworks Chorale of San Mateo, California. He also narrated other performances of the oratorio in both the original French and the English translation used by the Document [145] (Title: Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors) non-directive advice during the Vietnam era to as many as 10,000 young men exploring their choices in the face of the draft, including such well-known COs as Muhammad Ali and Arlo Guthrie. CCCO also offered counseling to military members opposed to current wars as well as civilians faced with decisions regarding legal requirements for Selective Service registration. CCCO Western Region, based in San Francisco, was the last regional office to remain open as the organization scaled back after the end of the Vietnam War, and as draft registration without active conscription became the norm in the U.S. after 1980. The Document [146] (Title: United States v. O'Brien) the Selective Service Act. This included everyone from draft dodgers to protestors such as O'Brien. The pardon covered all such acts committed between August 4, 1964, the date of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, and March 28, 1973, the end of American withdrawal. In 1980, however, Congress reinstated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System, but without reinstating an active draft. In 1984, the Supreme Court upheld the registration requirement against a claim that it violated the privilege against self-incrimination. The following year, it upheld the conviction of a man who refused to register despite his Document [147] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) draft card as a protest against the Vietnam War. He was arrested by the FBI and later served 22 months in prison. Protests against the U.S. participation in the Vietnam War took place in Europe and in about 40 U.S. cities. The organization coordinating the U.S. demonstrations was called the National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam. The Siege of Plei Me was a series of assaults by the North Vietnamese army on a CIDG camp manned by U.S. and ARVN special forces and rangers and 400 Montagnard allies. U.S. airstrikes and a relief force lifted the siege. Document [148] (Title: John Fogerty) successful. Fogerty received his draft notice for military service during the Vietnam War in 1966, but that same day, he went to a local United States Army Reserve recruiter, who signed him up immediately. Fogerty was grateful and believed the recruiter dated the paperwork to take effect before the draft letter arrived. During his time in the Army, Fogerty served at Fort Bragg, Fort Knox and Fort Lee. Fogerty was discharged from the Army in July 1967. In the same year, the band changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. At this time, he took his brother's place as lead Document [149] (Title: North Vietnam) (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh. Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam". The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern zone was commonly called South Vietnam. Supervision of the implementation of Document [150] (Title: Conscription in the United States) means of reducing the chances of being killed. Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared, because divinity students were exempt from the draft. Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees. The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time. Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War. One of these, Stephen Spiro, was Document [151] (Title: Mike Gravel) during Senate hearings in June 1971. President Richard Nixon had campaigned in 1968 on a promise to end the U.S. military draft, a decision endorsed by the February 1970 report of the Gates Commission. The existing draft law was scheduled to conclude at the end of June 1971, and the Senate faced a contentious debate about whether to extend it as the Vietnam War continued. The Nixon administration announced in February 1971 that it wanted a two-year extension to June 1973, after which the draft would end; Army planners had already been operating under the assumption of a two-year extension, Document [152] (Title: Indochina Wars) the NLF forces combat capability, it was, by the intensity of the combats, the contradiction it implied with recent reports of withdrawals of US troops and status of the war, also a turning point in American voter opposition to U.S. support for their Cold War Vietnamese allies. The United States began withdrawing troops from Vietnam in 1970, with the last troops returning in January, 1973. The Paris Peace Accords called for a cease-fire, and prohibited the North Vietnamese from sending more troops into South Vietnam - although the North Vietnamese were permitted to continue to occupy those regions of South Document [153] (Title: Vietnam War casualties) one out of every four combat deaths. With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. In October 1966, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year. McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training, skills and opportunity to America's poor – a promise that was never carried out. Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted, along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states. This lead to increased racial tension Document [154] (Title: Vietnam War) transferred power to Trần Văn Hương, he left for Taiwan on 25 April. By the end of April, the ARVN had collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta. Thousands of refugees streamed southward, ahead of the main communist onslaught. On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon. The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops. To hasten a collapse and foment panic, the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure. With the air exit closed, large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out. Chaos, unrest, and panic broke out as hysterical South Document [155] (Title: Vietnam Veterans Against the War) membership of over 30,000. Counting non-veteran supporters, VVAW had "roughly 50,000" members. By 1972, negotiations at the Paris peace talks were in full swing, signaling the beginning of the end of the war, meaning the end of VVAW's primary mission. Membership in the organization declined, and the leadership began to consider broader purposes to support veterans. Membership requirements were relaxed, and political differences arose as new members fought with old about direction. By 1973 VVAW had several thousand members. With internal struggles still threatening the group, 2,000 members demonstrated in Washington DC in July 1974, demanding universal amnesty for draft Document [156] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) Only a tiny handful of Ivy League graduates numbered among the 58,000 US servicemen killed or wounded in the eight years between 1965 and 1973. The Vietnam draft in fact took fewer men than the Korean War draft and the conflict on the whole caused little disruption to most Americans' lives Although a sizable portion of US manufacturing was tied up in supporting the war effort, imports of low-cost goods from Asian countries made up for the shortfall and there was no rationing or cutbacks of consumer goods as had occurred in the previous conflicts of the 20th century. The Document [157] (Title: 1954 Geneva Conference) he went about attempting to crush communist opposition. On May 20, 1955, French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal bases and on April 28, 1956, the last French forces left Vietnam. North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam, stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees, and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men. US military advisers continued to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, which Document [158] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) students were entitled to a deferment (2-S status) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out or graduated. In 1967, the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000. The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year, and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of. Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement, believing the war to be immoral and expressing alarm at the number of African-American soldiers that were being killed. The 15th of November 1969 marked the largest anti-war Document [159] (Title: Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam) and began to organize the event as the Vietnam Moratorium Committee with David Mixner, Marge Sklenkar, John Gage, and others. As with previous large anti-war demonstrations, including the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam's April 15, 1967, march on the United Nations and their 1967 March on the Pentagon, the event was a clear success, with millions participating throughout the world. Boston was the site of the largest turnout; about 100,000 attended a speech by anti-war Senator George McGovern. Future U.S. President Bill Clinton, then a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, organized and participated in the demonstration in Document [160] (Title: Kent State shootings) November 1969, the My Lai Massacre by American troops of between 347 and 504 civilians in a Vietnamese village was exposed, leading to increased public opposition in the United States to the war. The nature of the draft also changed in December 1969, with the first draft lottery since World War II. This eliminated deferments allowed in the prior draft process, affecting many college students and teachers. The war had appeared to be winding down in 1969, so the new invasion of Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated the conflict. Across the U.S., campuses erupted in protests in Document [161] (Title: South Vietnam) 22 Gia Long Street atop the roof for helicopters that never came. The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated. The NLF ceased to be an Document [162] (Title: Hippie) process. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the 1971 May Day Protests as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington DC. President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the 'hippie' protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in 1973. During the mid 1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War, a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial and the emergence of punk in London, Manchester, New York and Los Angeles, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At Document [163] (Title: United States Army Recruiting Command) percent of infantry soldiers in Vietnam, accounted for over 50 percent of combat deaths in 1969, a peak year for casualties. Little wonder that the draft became the focus of anti-Vietnam activism. With these political consequences in mind in 1969 President Nixon appointed a commission, led by former Secretary of Defense Thomas Gates, “to develop a comprehensive plan for eliminating conscription and moving toward an All Volunteer Armed Force.” However, even before this commission submitted its report on 13 May 1969, President Nixon informed the Congress that he intended to institute a reform that would see the draftees replaced with Document [164] (Title: Draft-card burning) more troops. John Gorton took the Prime Minister position in January 1968. In June 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cards. In 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from Vietnam—following both Australian opinion and America's new policy. In 1972, all troops including the advisory team were ordered home from Vietnam. Draft resisters in jail were freed. The final birthday lottery was held September 22, 1972. On October 15, 1965, David J. Miller burned his draft card at a rally held near the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan. Document [165] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) reaction to the Easter Offensive, Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign in North Vietnam known as Operation Linebacker. As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, conscription was reduced and in 1973 ended; the armed forces became all-volunteer. In the aftermath of the Easter Offensive, peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam resumed, and by October 1972 a framework for a settlement had been reached. Objections from South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu derailed this agreement, and the peace talks broke down. In December 1972, Nixon ordered another massive bombing campaign, Operation Linebacker II, and domestic criticism of the operation convinced Document [166] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) to End the War in Vietnam, which attracted over 600,000 protesters in various cities. Opinions concerning the war grew more polarized after the Selective Service System instituted a draft lottery in December 1969. Some 30,000 young men fled to Canada to evade the draft between 1970 and 1973. A wave of protests swept the country in reaction to the invasion of Cambodia. In what is known as the Kent State shootings, a protest at Kent State University ended in the deaths of four students after the Ohio Army National Guard opened fire on an unarmed crowd. The shootings increased tensions Document [167] (Title: Mike Gravel) had stopped or shortened the draft, taken at face value in some media reports, during his 2008 presidential campaign). Meanwhile, on June 13, 1971, "The New York Times" began printing large portions of the Pentagon Papers. The papers were a large collection of secret government documents and studies pertaining to the Vietnam War, of which former Defense Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg had made unauthorized copies and was determined to make public. Ellsberg had for a year and a half approached members of Congress – such as William Fulbright, George McGovern, Charles Mathias, and Pete McCloskey – about publishing the documents, Document [168] (Title: Conscription in the United States) soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011. Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014 after a 42-year career. On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System. At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of Document [169] (Title: Võ Nguyên Giáp) the Paris Peace Accords that had been proposed in October. South Vietnam objected, but had little choice but to accept it. Clearly, the advantage had been given to Hanoi. The last U.S. combat troops left in March 1973. Despite the treaty, there was no end in fighting. South Vietnamese attempts to regain communist controlled territory inspired their opponents to change strategy. Communist leaders met in Hanoi in March for a series of meetings to plan for a massive offensive against the South. In June 1973, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment, which prohibited any further U.S. military involvement, and Document [170] (Title: The 'Nam) The 'Nam The 'Nam was a war comic book series detailing the U.S. War in Vietnam from the perspective of active-duty soldiers involved in the conflict. It was written by Doug Murray, initially illustrated by Michael Golden, edited by Larry Hama and published by Marvel Comics for seven years beginning in 1986, which was originally intended to roughly parallel the analogous events of the period of major American military involvement in Vietnam from 1965 to 1973. The comic is structured as the narrative of a fictional soldier, Private First Class Edward Marks (but sometimes following other characters), as he experiences Document [171] (Title: Charles W. Whalen Jr.) to End the Draft: The Case for an All-Volunteer Army” and introduced legislation to end the draft. He was also an opponent of the Vietnam War who supported legislation to reduce the military budget and to introduce a timetable for the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. In 1971, he and Lucien Nedzi introduced the Nedzi-Whalen Amendment to a military procurement bill that would have prohibited the use of funds for the bill to be used in Southeast Asia after the end of 1971. In his final term, he supported efforts to eliminate the B-1 Bomber program. In 1973, Whalen Document [172] (Title: Draft-card burning) Supreme Court decided against the draft card burners; it determined that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. In Australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by Prime Minister Harold Holt, conscription notices were burned at mass demonstrations against Australian involvement in Vietnam. In June 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infractions of the Menzies Government 1964 National Service Act, including the burning of registration cards. War protest ceased in 1972 when Australia's new Labor government withdrew troops from Vietnam and abolished conscription. From 1965 to 1973, very few men Document [173] (Title: Conscription in the United States) that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men (males 21 to 29) believed the draft to be fair. To increase equity in the system, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11, 1953, that ended the paternity deferment for married men. In large part, the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War. From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II, a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, some dissenting voices in Document [174] (Title: Conscription in the United States) convicted of avoiding the draft, but given a suspended sentence of five years. He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford. There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975, of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia. From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of Document [175] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) War in Vietnam (New Mobe) was founded at a conference at Case Western Reserve University in July 1969, and, together with the Vietnam Moratorium Committee and the Student Mobilization Committee (SMC), organized the October 15, 1969 Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam which resulted in large demonstrations against the Vietnam War held nationwide. The groups then organized another large demonstration in Washington D.C. to occur a month later, on November 15, 1969, which was also attend by a large crowd. Individuals and organizations associated either with the Spring Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam or the National Mobilization Document [176] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) of soldiers and officers were discussed at length. In April and May 1971, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright, held a series of 22 hearings (referred to as the Fulbright Hearings) on proposals relating to ending the war. On the third day of the hearings, April 22, 1971, future Senator and 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress in opposition to the war. Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, he argued for the immediate, unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. During nearly two hours Question: when did the viet nam war draft end Answer: June 30, 1973 Long Answer: Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 (for those born in 1951) and from 1971 to 1975 (for 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service, because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973. Gold Document ID: 118

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Draft evasion) occupations for periods of six to 24 months. In 1977, one day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter fulfilled a campaign promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no penalty and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a crime. It remains a matter of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam War was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholar Michael Foley argues that it was not only Document [2] (Title: War in Vietnam (1954–1959)) quite accurately termed the "Viet Cong", constituted a serious threat to South Viet Nam's political stability On March 7, President Diệm received a letter from North Vietnam Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng proposing a discussion on troop reductions and trade relations as a renewed step towards reunification. On 26 April, Diệm rejected any discussion until North Vietnam had established "democratic liberties" similar to those in the South. A coordinated command structure was formed by Communists in the Mekong Delta where 37 armed companies were being organized in June 1958. North Vietnam invaded Laos and occupied parts of the country. Fall Document [3] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a January 4, 1970 "New York Times" article titled "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". Various antiwar groups, such as Another Mother for Peace, WILPF, and WSP, had free draft counseling centers, where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft. Over 30,000 people left the country and Document [4] (Title: Vietnam Era) the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the Johnson Administration significant powers to make war in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin battle is seen as the beginning of the dramatic escalation of U.S. operations in Vietnam. The end of the war is noted as May 7, 1975 because President Gerald R. Ford announced the end of the war on that day. Vietnam Era Vietnam Era is a term used by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to classify veterans of the Vietnam War. Various departments of federal, state and local governments as well as private employers often give Vietnam Era Document [5] (Title: Vietnam War) accord; the ceasefire was broken just days after its signing. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the largest such anti-war movement up to that point in history. The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, altered North–South relations, and significantly influenced the political landscape in the United States. Across much of Western Europe and the U.S., ground-force intervention spurred the rise of transnational political movements and campaigning. Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of the Case–Church Amendment passed Document [6] (Title: Gary Rader) that he would be tried for burning his draft card: "the Army does not like to court-martial in the glare of publicity." Rader determined that he would devote his time to working against the draft and against U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. For "Liberation" magazine he wrote about his plans: "We are no longer interested in merely protesting the war; we are out to stop it." In September 1967 with anti-war activist David F. Greenberg, he founded Chicago Area Draft Resisters (CADRE), an organization with links to the national protest movement. In association with the National Mobilization Committee to End Document [7] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) the First Indochina War went into full flight. A small group of VNQDD fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect. After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones. During Operation Passage to Freedom, most VNQDD members migrated to the south. The VNQDD was deeply divided after years of communist pressure, lacked strong Document [8] (Title: Vietnam War casualties) in the military. The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black, while blacks only made up about 11% of the population of the US. Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either work-class or rural youth. College students who did not avoid the draft were Document [9] (Title: United States–Vietnam relations) "Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973, by Washington, Hanoi, Saigon, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government, representing the Vietnamese communist organization in the South, the Viet Cong. The settlement called for a cease-fire, withdrawal of all United States troops, continuance in place of North Vietnamese troops in the South, and the eventual reunification of the country "through peaceful means." In reality, once United States Forces were disengaged in early 1973 and effectively barred from providing any military assistance whatsoever under the so-called "Case-Church Amendment", there was no effective way to Document [10] (Title: Draft evasion) he was no longer eligible for the draft. In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the "Atlantic" article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted". Donald Trump, who became President of the United States in 2017, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, making him eligible to be drafted and sent to Vietnam; but he received a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels. The diagnosis resulted in a medical deferment, exempting him from military service. Due to this deferment Document [11] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) United States and its allies, which, will, in conjunction with current actions, lead in due time to successful accomplishment of US aims and objectives." What came to be called "A Program for the Pacification and Long-Term Development of South Vietnam" (PROVN) would be completed on 1 March 1966. President Johnson requested an additional appropriation of $700 million for the Vietnam War during the remainder of the fiscal year. The request was approved by Congress 2 days later. Johnson indicated that he might have to request additional funds. Soldiers from the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived in Vietnam. The brigade would be Document [12] (Title: Vietnam War) force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18–29 December 1972. Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid while promising an air-response in case of invasion. On 15 January 1973, all U.S. combat activities were suspended. Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger, along with the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG, the Viet Cong's government) Foreign Minister Nguyễn Thị Bình and a reluctant President Thiệu, signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. This officially Document [13] (Title: Vietnam Veterans Against the War) Obama, attended this meeting. Kerry's campaign said he was not there and had already resigned from VVAW. By 1973, US combat involvement in Vietnam ended. VVAW changed its emphasis to include advocating amnesty for draft resisters and dissenters. President Jimmy Carter eventually granted an amnesty in 1980. VVAW members also worked to gain veterans' treatment and benefits for major Vietnam-related health conditions, namely, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the effects of exposure to Agent Orange. As early as 1970, VVAW initiated "rap groups" to help veterans readjust: these were venues for veterans to discuss troubling aspects of the war, their Document [14] (Title: Draft-card burning) the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stopped the draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered the US Army on June 30, 1973. Draft-card burning Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the US and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well-publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting Document [15] (Title: Conscription in the United States) an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam War movement, since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone. There was opposition to the all-volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress, so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency. Instead, the Gates Commission was formed, headed by Thomas S. Gates, Jr., a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration. Gates initially opposed the all-volunteer army idea, but changed his mind during the course of the 15-member commission's work. Document [16] (Title: Veterans' Preference Act of 1944) was excluded from this legislation. In 1967 legislation was passed which expanded preference to all veterans who served on active duty for more than 180 days (no requirement to serve during war, campaign, or conflict) between January 31, 1955 and October 10, 1976. As with the previous year's law, National guard and reserve service was not included in this expansion. The end of the Vietnam War brought with it yet another law, passed in 1976. This law put added restrictions on veterans whose service begins after October 14, 1976. For post-Vietnam era veterans, preference was granted only if these veterans Document [17] (Title: 1968 United States presidential election) paper for an end to the draft and the creation of an all-volunteer army. Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement, since he believed affluent college-age youths would stop protesting the war once their own possibility of having to fight in it was gone. Humphrey, meanwhile, promised to continue and expand the Great Society welfare programs started by President Johnson, and to continue the Johnson Administration's "War on Poverty." He also promised to continue the efforts of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, and the Supreme Court, in promoting the expansion of civil Document [18] (Title: Operation End Sweep) Vietnamese waters. Eventually, North Vietnam and the United States negotiated an end to the war and signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. A protocol to the agreement called for the United States to neutralize American mines in North Vietnams coastal and inland waterways. Under the Hague Convention of 1907, the United States was required to eliminate the mine threat it had created after the end of hostilities. Accordingly, the U.S. Navys Mine Warfare Force (MINEWARFOR) began planning for removal of the mines as soon as Nixon ordered the mining campaign to begin. In order to ease post-war Document [19] (Title: Conscription in the United States) as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist. The military relied upon this draft-induced volunteerism to make its quotas, especially the Army, which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam. For example, defense recruiting reports show 34% of the recruits in 1964 up to 50% in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft. These rates dwindled to 24% in 1972 and 15% in 1973 after the change to a lottery system. Accounting for other factors, it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did Document [20] (Title: South Vietnam) surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam. Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam were merged to become the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam through the 1976 election, which was held on 25 April 1976. On 26 October 1956, the military was reorganised by the administration of President Ngô Đình Diệm who established the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN, pronounced "arvin"). Early on, the focus of the Document [21] (Title: Draft-card burning) an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. As president, Nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning. From 1948, under the Selective Service Act, all American men aged 18 through 25 were required to register with a local draft board. In case of war, the able-bodied ones among them could be drafted to serve in the military. The law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. These were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place Document [22] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) the Kent State shootings. The nation's higher education system, especially the elite schools, virtually shut down. In 1972, Nixon announced the end of mandatory military service which had been in effect since the Korean War, and the final American citizen to be conscripted received his draft notice in June 1973. The president also secured the passage of the 26th Amendment, lowering the minimum age of voting from 21 to 18. The Nixon Administration seized on student demonstrations to mobilize a conservative majority consisting of middle-class suburbanites and working-class whites critical of radical extremists. Economics also played a role in this Document [23] (Title: Vietnam veteran) Republic of Vietnam, from February 28, 1961 to May 7, 1975, as being eligible for such programs as the department's Readjustment Counseling Services program, also known as the Vet Centers. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription. Nationals of other nations fought in the American-led anti-communist coalition, usually as armed forces of allied nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and South Korea, but sometimes as members of the US armed forces. Republic Of China (Taiwan), Spain and Philippines contributed assistance in non-combat roles. Australia deployed approximately three battalions of infantry, one regiment of Centurion tanks, three Document [24] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) Sainteny in Paris. After breaking with Johnson's pro-war stance, Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform. Johnson's vice president, Hubert Humphrey, also ran for the nomination, promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government. Protests bringing attention to "the draft" began on May 5, 1965. Student activists at the University of California, Berkeley marched on the Berkeley Draft board and forty students staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. Another nineteen cards were burnt on May 22 at a demonstration following the Document [25] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects, which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States. This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating, "In May 1969 the Oakland induction center, where draftees reported from all of Northern California, reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction, 2,400 did not show up. In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System, for the first time, could not meet its quota." The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition Document [26] (Title: Medical Corps (United States Army)) continued for 19 years until the US military draft ended in 1973.) During the Vietnam era, serious physician shortfalls were experienced by the Defense Department and it was at this time (1966) that osteopathic physicians, who had previously been excluded from active military service, were first admitted to the MC. To avoid reinstating another “doctor draft”, the US Congress took steps to encourage medical students to enter the military as physicians. Completing this trend, medical school training has been provided for military students since the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) was established in 1972, graduating its first Document [27] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) demanded victory or withdrawal, while on the left strident demands for immediate withdrawal escalated. Controversially, out of the 2.5 million Americans who came to serve in Vietnam (out of 27 million Americans eligible to serve in the military) 80% came from poor and working-class backgrounds. Starting in 1964, the antiwar movement began. Some opposed the war on moral grounds, rooting for the peasant Vietnamese against the modernizing capitalistic Americans. Opposition was centered among the black activists of the civil rights movement, and college students at elite universities. The Vietnam War was unprecedented for the intensity of media coverage—it has been Document [28] (Title: Ed Markey) Vietnam War draft notice. He further stated that even though he opposed the war, if he had been drafted without having secured a position in the Reserve, he would have answered the induction notice and gone to Vietnam. Ed Markey's South Boston reserve unit included Thomas P. O'Neill III, Steve Grossman, and Markey's brothers Richard and John. Markey was discharged in 1973, a year before his enlistment agreement was due to expire, which was not unusual as the military discharged many members early during post-Vietnam force drawdowns. Markey was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he represented the Document [29] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) to balance the "brain drain" that Canada had experienced. While some draft dodgers returned to the United States after a pardon was declared in 1977 during the administration of Jimmy Carter, roughly half of them stayed in Canada. Prominent draft dodgers who stayed in Canada permanently, or for a significant amount of time, have included: Distinct from draft resisters, there were also deserters from the American forces who also made their way to Canada. There was pressure from the United States and Canada to have them arrested, or at least stopped at the border. The deserters have not been pardoned Document [30] (Title: Draft-card burning) in Vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscription. In November 1966 he was found guilty and placed on probation for three years. In June–July 1967, "United States v. Edelman" was argued and decided in the US Second Circuit. Tom Cornell, Marc Paul Edelman and Roy Lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the Committee for Non-Violent Action in Union Square, New York City, on November 6, 1965. A fourth man older than 36 also burned his card at the rally but was not indicted. Edelman, Cornell and Lisker were convicted and sentenced Document [31] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) to add more military personnel towards the Vietnam War. After World War II, Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai as the head of the country. Ho Chi Minh, another Vietnamese leader who was communist and sought immediate independence for the entirety of Vietnam, saw this as an opportunity to strike (knowing that Bao Dai had little support from the general population as he was widely regarded as a Japanese-installed puppet) and successfully took over Hanoi and most of northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) by the beginning of 1946. Emperor Document [32] (Title: Selective Service System) Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first. On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery). The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year Document [33] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) to negotiate peace in Southeast Asia. The U.S. rejected his proposal. President Johnson later said, "We do not believe in conferences called to ratify terror." "The New York Times" published a petition signed by more than 5,000 American academics urging that the U.S. government work toward the neutralization of South Vietnam. The spokesman for the group Hans J. Morgenthau said that escalation of the military conflict was not the answer. In a speech in the Senate, Senator Frank Church said he could not understand how "25,000 hardcore Viet Cong" could "thwart the American-backed South Vietnamese government." The Viet Cong were Document [34] (Title: Vietnam War) It began on 29 April, in an atmosphere of desperation, as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space. Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves, but American public opinion had soured on the conflict. President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April, declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid. Frequent Wind continued around the clock, as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon. In the early morning hours of 30 April, the last U.S. Document [35] (Title: Gerald Ford) that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military. The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter administration. When Ford assumed office, he inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During his brief administration, he Document [36] (Title: Draft evasion) 50, of whom 40 were convicted. As U.S. troop strength in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by pro-actively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to see combat in Vietnam. For example, conscription scholars Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss say that the Coast Guard may have served that purpose for some, though they also point out that Coast Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam, and that some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there. Similarly, the Vietnam-era National Guard was seen by some as an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam, Document [37] (Title: Draft-card burning) "All of our young people are not burning up their draft cards. All of our young people are not tearing up the flag. All of our youth are not supporting North Vietnam and carrying Viet Cong flags." In October 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph was snapped of a man kissing his draft card, his girlfriend smiling at his side. In "Playboy"s November 1967 issue, Playboy Playmate Kaya Christian wrote that her "turn-offs" were "hypocrites" and "draft card burners". Leftist "Ramparts" magazine showed four draft cards being burned on the December 1967 cover. "The Document [38] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) following: In February 2009, text on how both draft dodgers and resisters of the Vietnam War were ultimately allowed to stay in Canada suddenly vanished from the website of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada." Originally, the Government of Canada website had contained the following statements: ... Starting in 1965, Canada became a choice haven for American draft resisters and deserters, ... Although some of these transplanted Americans returned home after the Vietnam War, most of them put down roots in Canada, making up the largest, best-educated group this country had ever received. The above statement (now gone from Document [39] (Title: Draft-card burning) The reports of this large protest were discussed by the leaders of the Spring Mobilization Conference, a march of 150,000 people led by Martin Luther King Jr and Dr. Benjamin Spock starting from Sheep Meadow. The May conference developed into the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, known as The Mobe. In January 1968, Spock was indicted on charges of encouraging draft evasion, with the Boston 5. He was convicted on July 10, 1968. The charges were overturned on appeal in July 1969. In May 1967 in response to the Sheep Meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual Paul Document [40] (Title: National Security Action Memorandum 273) National Security Action Memorandum 263 of October 11, 1963 to withdraw 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam by the end of 1963, and most American soldiers by the end of 1965. After the conclusion of the Hawaii meeting, on November 21, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy wrote the first draft of what was to be NSAM-273. There are no indications that Kennedy saw the draft before his assassination on November 22. NSAM-273 consists of 10 paragraphs of which 8 are identical with the Bundy draft of November 21. Paragraph 4 and 7 had been changed. Paragraph 4 is more Document [41] (Title: 1963 in the Vietnam War) of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963." The South Vietnamese government suspended the Strategic Hamlet Program, effectively ending it. A U.S. AID official reported that three-fourths of the Strategic Hamlets in Long An province had already been destroyed by the Viet Cong or the inhabitants themselves. Senator Mike Mansfield, considered Congress's expert on Southeast Asia, wrote a memo to President Johnson suggesting that a neutral Vietnam be negotiated. Mansfield disagreed with Johnson's other advisers "that the war can be won at Document [42] (Title: Conscription in the United States) was the first time any form of student deferment was used. During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester. The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27, 1953; however, technology brought new promises and threats. U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of "massive retaliation". This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers, so the draft slipped to the back burner. However, the head of the SSS, Maj. Gen. Hershey, urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam. In Document [43] (Title: Vietnam War) ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, created a ceasefire between North Vietnam/PRG and South Vietnam, guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam under the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for elections or a political settlement between the PRG and South Vietnam, allowed 200,000 communist troops to remain in the south, and agreed to a POW exchange. There was a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. "This article", noted Peter Church, "proved… to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out." All US forces personnel were completely withdrawn by March 1973. In Document [44] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) number of Viet Cong is closer to 600,000 and perhaps more." The memo would initiate a lengthy debate between MACV and the CIA concerning the number of Viet Cong. The Selective Service System of the U.S. drafted 382,010 men into military service in 1966, the highest total during the Vietnam War. By comparison, in 1962, only 82,060 men were drafted The draft was a major source of opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States. 1966 in the Vietnam War At the beginning of 1966, the number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 184,314. South Vietnamese military Document [45] (Title: End Conscription Campaign) was preceded by a three-week fast by objectors Ivan Toms, Harold Winkler and Richard Steele. It was announced in parliament that 7 589 conscripts failed to report for National Service in January 1985, as opposed to only 1 596 in the whole of 1984. As there were two intakes annually, in January and July, this would suggest a tenfold increase in non-reportees over the previous year. An estimated additional 7 000 "draft-dodgers" were also said to be living in Europe in 1985.This campaign received as significant boost when at 1983 Durban Conference the National PFP Youth, its Western Cape Chairperson Document [46] (Title: 20th-century events) supposed to replace them, backed up by American air power. Unfortunately, the plan went awry, and the war spilled into neighboring Cambodia while South Vietnamese forces were pushed further back. Eventually, the U.S. and North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords, ending U.S. involvement in the war. With the threat of U.S. retaliation gone, the North proceeded to violate the ceasefire and invaded the South with full military force. Saigon was captured on April 30, 1975, and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule a year later, effectively bringing an end to one of the most unpopular wars of all time. Document [47] (Title: Conscription in the United States) policy of using the draft as force to compel "voluntary" enlistment was unique in U.S. history. Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings. However, the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this. Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one-third of all eligible men during the period of 1965–69. This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many Document [48] (Title: Red pill and blue pill) the Vietnam War for men born from January 1, 1944 to December 31, 1950. The 366 days of the year (including February 29) were printed on slips of paper. These pieces of paper were then each placed in opaque blue plastic capsules that resembled large blue pills. The blue pills were then mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar. The blue pills were then drawn from the jar one at a time and opened. The order that each birthdate was drawn signified the draft order for that birthdate. From this first draft lottery, 195 birth Document [49] (Title: War in Vietnam (1954–1959)) would take place. They were disappointed in two respects: not only were the promised elections not held, but the amnesty which had been assured by the Geneva Settlement was denied them, and they were hounded by the Anti-Communist campaign. After 1956, for the most part, they went "underground."" The Viet Minh went underground in 1956, but there was no major decision until 1959. A 1964 interrogation report said "The period from the Armistice of 1954 until 1958 was the darkest time for the VC in South Vietnam. The political agitation policy proposed by the Communist Party could not be carried Document [50] (Title: H. R. Haldeman) pardon of Vietnam War draft dodgers. He argued that pardoning the dodgers would take some of the heat off him. Nixon refused. On January 1, 1975, Haldeman was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. He was sentenced to serve 2 to 8 years, subsequently commuted to 1 to 4 years. In Lompoc Federal Prison, Haldeman worked in the sewage treatment facility testing sewage. On December 20, 1978, after serving 18 months, Haldeman was released on parole. In 1978, Times Books published "The Ends of Power", written by Haldeman with the writer Joseph DiMona. Haldeman said in the book that Document [51] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) was permitted to leave 150,000 soldiers and to retain the territory it controlled in South Vietnam. The U.S. and Vietnam also pledged to withdraw their military forces from Laos and Cambodia and cease military operations there. The cease fire was observed in some areas, but South Vietnamese troops still fought to regain control of villages captured by communist forces the day before. Lt. Colonel William B. Nolde was killed, the last American soldier to die prior to the cease fire envisioned in the Paris Peace Accords. United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced that the draft of young American Document [52] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a coalition of antiwar activists formed in 1967 to organize large demonstrations in opposition to the Vietnam War. The organization was informally known as "the Mobe". On April 15, 1967, the Spring Mobilization's massive march against the Vietnam War from Central Park to the United Nations attracted hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who marched Document [53] (Title: United States Army Recruiting Command) overall majorities in Congress in 1955, 1959, and 1963, its final extension in 1967 was also passed by a majority of Congress, but only after a year of hearings and public debate. The U.S. Army became an all-volunteer force again in 1973. During the years of the Vietnam War between From 1965 to 1973, there were 1,728,254 inductions through selective service. There was however a direct effect on public support for the draft that was high even after the Korean War to its low in early 1970s because Draftees, who constituted only 16 percent of the armed forces, but 88 Document [54] (Title: South Vietnam) Peace Accords in 1973, all US armed forces withdrew from South Vietnam and theoretically the war officially ended, however clashes between ARVN and Viet Cong forces continued. In 1975, the North Vietnamese again invaded the South. Lacking US air support, the ARVN could not hold them back. City after city fell to the Communists with ARVN soldiers joining the civilians trying to flee south. The North called this the "Ho Chi Minh Campaign". All resistance crumbled. Faced with few viable options, the South tried to form a coalition government that would be palatable to the Communists, one that favoured negotiated Document [55] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) a critical role in bringing the war to an end." The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army. The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too. Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1, 1968, which stated to his draft board, "I have absolutely no intention to report for that exam, or for induction, or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ..." The opposition to the United States' Document [56] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) soldiers in South Vietnam at nearly 280,000 by June 1966, including part-time guerrillas. A pause in the bombing of North Vietnam by U.S. warplanes had been announced by President Johnson on December 24 and remained in effect. The PAVN bombarded a Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group camp at Khe Sanh Combat Base near the DMZ of South Vietnam with 120mm mortars, the heaviest weapon they had used in the War. Defending the combat base were American and South Vietnamese Special Forces, Nung and Bru (Montagnard) irregulars, and Ruff-Puff militia. Operation Crimp (also known as the Battle of the Ho Document [57] (Title: A Rumor of War) in North Carolina and eventually received an honorable discharge from the service. In the Epilogue, almost ten years after the end of his tour of duty, Philip Caputo returned to Vietnam as a war journalist for a newspaper. Old memories of his war experiences and his comrades flood his mind as he witnesses the fall of Saigon to the troops of North Vietnam. Caputo left Vietnam on April 29, 1975. A postscript published in 1996 details some of the anxieties Caputo experienced while writing the memoir, and the difficulties he had handling his fame and notoriety after its publication. Caputo's Document [58] (Title: Draft evasion) from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Union of American Exiles, better known as "Amex." It sought to speak for American draft evaders and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international conference in 1974 opposing anything short of that. Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. The U.S. continued to prosecute draft dodgers after the end of the Vietnam War. In September 1974, President Gerald R. Ford offered an amnesty program for draft dodgers that required them to work in alternative service Document [59] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) Draft lottery (1969) On December 1, 1969 the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from January 1, 1944 to December 31, 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription in the United States that lasted from 1947 to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942. The reason for the lottery of 1969 was to address perceived inequities in the draft system as it existed previously, and Document [60] (Title: Draft-card burning) folk singer Robert Claiborne wrote to the "Review" to say that Goodman's plan would "check the growth of the peace movement and markedly reduce prospects for ending the war." Claiborne asserted that the "great majority" of Americans were "squares" over 30 and not in favor of war protest even though they were likely interested in "ending the slaughter of their sons and other people’s sons." October 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by The Mobe in 30 cities across the US, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. At the Unitarian Arlington Street Church in Boston, draft Document [61] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) much tonnage south in 1965 as it had in the preceding six years. Conscription (draft) into the United States armed forces in 1965 was 230,991 men, compared to 112,386 in 1964. 1965 in the Vietnam War In 1965, the United States rapidly increased its military forces in South Vietnam, prompted by the realization that the South Vietnamese government was losing the Vietnam War as the communist-dominated Viet Cong gained influence over much of the population in rural areas of the country. North Vietnam also rapidly increased its infiltration of men and supplies to combat South Vietnam and the U.S.. The Document [62] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) in halting the flow of military supplies down the Ho Chi Minh trail. To defeat the Viet Cong, now reinforced by the North Vietnamese Army, would require another large influx of U.S. soldiers amounting to 57 battalions plus helicopter companies and support units. Westmoreland said he planned to reverse the deteriorating military situation by the end of 1965, take the offensive in 1966, and destroy the Viet Cong and capture their strongholds by the end of 1967. McNamara returned to Washington and recommended to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam be increased to 175,000. He Document [63] (Title: Draft-card burning) Draft-card burning Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the US and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well-publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting fire to his card on Christmas Day in Champaign, Illinois. In May 1964, a larger demonstration, with about 50 people in Union Square, New York, was organized by the War Resisters League chaired by David McReynolds. By Document [64] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) another until the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 ended with the communist Viet Minh forces as the victor over the French. Afterwards, at the Geneva Conference, Vietnam was split along the 17th Parallel north, and it was intended that a nationwide reunification election be held in 1956 to determine which side would take over all of Vietnam. Ngo Dinh Diem deposed Emperor Bao Dai in 1955 and took over leadership of the State of Vietnam (now known as the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam) Diem, a Catholic, disliked Buddhists and took a very harsh stance against communism. Document [65] (Title: David Harris (protester)) and to work together to end the Vietnam War. Within a few years, the Selective Service System discovered that only about half of the men sent draft notices actually showed up for their draft physicals. The number of casual no-shows was too great to prosecute them all—some of them might have made a simple mistake—so the authorities only prosecuted a few leaders of The Resistance. When Harris received his draft notice, he chose neither to report nor to flee to Canada, as draft evaders had frequently done. Harris was arrested in July 1969, and convicted of draft evasion, a federal Document [66] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) 1968. By the late 1960s, one quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft, including men accused of draft-dodging and men petitioning for the status of conscientious objector. Over 210,000 men were accused of draft-related offenses, 25,000 of whom were indicted. The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). The first draft lottery since World War Document [67] (Title: The Camden 28) Camden. Their plan was to break into the draft board offices at night and search for, collect, and either destroy or remove the records of all Class 1-A status draft registrants. It was to be both a symbolic and real blow to the process through which tens of thousands of young American men were being drafted and sent to fight in Vietnam. They wrote in a statement before trial: We are twenty-eight men and women who, together with other resisters across the country, are trying with our lives to say "no" to the madness we see perpetrated by our government Document [68] (Title: Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam) were arrested in Sydney. The Melbourne march was held on 18 September. The third moratorium in June 1971 closed the Centre. In Melbourne, on 30 June 1971, there was a march of nearly 100,000 people. By this time public opinion was beginning to turn decisively against conscription and Australian involvement in the war. Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was a massive demonstration and teach-in across the United States against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. It took place on October 15, 1969, followed a month later by a Document [69] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) a smaller field of draft eligible black men–29 percent versus 63 percent of draft eligible white men–64 percent of black men were chosen to serve in the war through conscription, compared to only 31 percent of eligible white men. On October 16, 1967, draft card turn-ins were held across the country, yielding more than 1,000 draft cards, later returned to the Justice Department as an act of civil disobedience. Resisters expected to be prosecuted immediately, but Attorney General Ramsey Clark instead prosecuted a group of ringleaders including Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin, Jr. in Boston in Document [70] (Title: Indochina Wars) Vietnam they had conquered in the 1972 Easter Offensive. The North Vietnamese never intended to abide by the agreement. Fighting continued sporadically through 1973 and 1974, while the North Vietnamese planned a major offensive, tentatively scheduled for 1976. The North Vietnamese Army in South Vietnam had been ravaged during the Easter offensive in 1973, and it was projected that it would take until 1976 to rebuild their logistical capabilities. The withdrawal had catastrophic effects on the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). Shortly after the Paris Peace Accords, the United States Congress made major budget cuts in military aid to the South Document [71] (Title: Conscription in the United States) Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war. Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft. After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved. Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began. With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the Document [72] (Title: United Service Organizations) sensed that the media had given him a broad endorsement for continuing on his GI mercy missions. Soon after his Christmas show in Saigon in 1967, he learned that the Vietcong had planned a terrorist attack at his hotel against him and his entire troupe, missing him by ten minutes. He was later "mystified," writes Faith, "and ... increasingly intolerant of the pockets of dissent. Draft-card burnings on college campuses angered him ..." "Can you imagine," Hope wrote in a magazine article, "... that people in America are burning their draft cards to show their opposition and that some of Document [73] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) Committee to End the War in Vietnam include Dr. Benjamin Spock and SANE, Sidney Peck, Eric Weinberger, David Dellinger, Jerry Rubin, James Bevel, Stew Albert, A. J. Muste, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King, Rennie Davis, Karen Wald, Fred Halstead, Bradford Lyttle, Charles Owen Rice, Vietnam Summer, Cornell Professor Robert Greenblatt (who became national coordinator of the Mobilization to End the War), and Tom Hayden. National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a Document [74] (Title: Conscription in the United States) students. Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968. Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies. Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards. However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service. On December 1, 1969, a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all Document [75] (Title: Conscription in the United States) last men conscripted, who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued. In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was. Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger, believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked Document [76] (Title: South Vietnam) it had recaptured the territory that it had lost earlier. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal, and the US Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, Document [77] (Title: Vietnam War) in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races." Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder. An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. In 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era draft dodgers. As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public, morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior, non-career officers. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of Document [78] (Title: Paris Peace Accords) key details of the draft agreement. However, as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965, American domestic support for the war had deteriorated, and by the fall of 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war. Consequently, the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the peace treaty even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved. Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam, and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election, it seemed possible that he would be able to Document [79] (Title: Draft-card burning) anti-war draft-card burners. Following the 1964 National Service Act, legislated in response to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old Australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. In April 1965, Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies sent a battalion of Army regulars to Vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. In early 1966, Menzies retired and Harold Holt became Prime Minister. In March 1966, Holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in Vietnam, a tripling of effort. Significantly, conscripts could now be Document [80] (Title: John McNaughton (government official)) Vietnam in the spring of 1964, leading to the first phase of "Operation Rolling Thunder" (March 2, 1965 - October 31, 1968) which took place between March 2 and 24, 1965. The conditions for a bombing halt, outlined in a confidential memorandum by John McNaughton to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were that North Vietnam must not only cease infiltration efforts, but also take steps to withdraw troops currently operating in South Vietnam. In addition, the Viet Cong should agree to terminate terror and sabotage activities and allow Saigon to exercise "governmental functions over substantially all of South Vietnam." The Document [81] (Title: Veterans' Preference Act of 1944) period after the termination of the state of war between the United States and the Government of Japan during which persons could be inducted under existing law for training and service in the armed forces). The bill also extended preference to the widows and mothers of such veterans. The Vietnam War in the 1960s resulted in several modifications of the VP law of 1944. In 1966, legislation was passed which granted peace-time preference for Vietnam-era vets who served on active duty for more than 180 consecutive days between January 31, 1955 and October 10, 1976; National guard and reserve service Document [82] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) positive side for North Vietnam, the U.S. had ended its military operations in both South and North Vietnam and had begun to remove mines from coastal waters of North Vietnam. On the negative side, the cease fire had not been effective, although combat was not as intensive as before, and the U.S. continued to support South Vietnam by turning over its military bases and providing weapons and other military material to South Vietnam. The last known American POW, Captain Robert White, was released by North Vietnam. President Thieu of South Vietnam concluded a two-day visit to the United States. President Document [83] (Title: Conscription in the United States) mass of undirected youth in search of a cause. Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E, (Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything). The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Consequently, there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began. The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college students. Besides being able to avoid the draft, college graduates who volunteered for military Document [84] (Title: Political life of Clint Eastwood) be the one to end all wars. And four years later, I was standing at the draft board being drafted during the Korean conflict, and then after that there was Vietnam, and it goes on and on forever . . . I just wonder . . . does this ever stop? And no, it doesn’t. So each time we get in these conflicts, it deserves a lot of thought before we go wading in or wading out. Going in or coming out. It needs a better thought process, I think." He usually describes himself as a libertarian in interviews and Document [85] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) to Saigon's flagrant and continued violations of the cease fire." However, the Politburo decided that all-out war was not feasible and that North Vietnam would continue to express adherence to the Paris Peace Accord. Operation End Sweep ended. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accord, the U.S. navy cleared all naval mines from North Vietnamese coastal waters. The total U.S. military presence in South Vietnam, in accordance with the Paris Peace Accord, is now less than 250, excluding the marine guards at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. The last bombing by American planes anywhere in Indochina took place when B-52s Document [86] (Title: Military history of the United States) in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"—an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values. In October, 1983, a power struggle Document [87] (Title: South Vietnam) army and Viet Cong launched a major second combined-arms invasion in 1975, termed the Spring Offensive. Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the "de facto" end of the South Vietnamese state, although the "de jure" end of South Vietnam occurred on 2 July 1976 with the reunification of Vietnam. The official name of the South Vietnamese state was "Việt Nam Cộng hòa" (Republic of Vietnam) and the French name was referred to as "République du Viêt Nam". The North was known as the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam". "Việt Nam" () was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Document [88] (Title: Conscription in the United States) he do noncombatant farm work. Sentenced to 25 years in prison, he again refused a proposed desk job. He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a "dishonorable discharge". The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism. Working where Congress would not, it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army-Navy Selective Service Committee, most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience. This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Document [89] (Title: National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union) ending of ROTC. And seventh, they called for African Americans to resist the war by yelling "Hell No, I Won't Go!" This was an overall effort to increase Black resistance to the Vietnam war and the draft. In September 1969 in Chicago, fifteen members of NBAWADU temporarily disrupted draft calls by breaking into the Sixty-third Street Selective Service, and burning the 1-A, or draft eligible, files. National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union The National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union (NBAWADU) was founded in February 1968 by Gwen Patton to protest the Vietnam War and the draft. In order to do this, they Document [90] (Title: United States v. O'Brien) public school students who were suspended for wearing black armbands, and "Cohen v. California", in which a man was convicted for disturbing the peace by wearing a jacket that read "Fuck the Draft" in a state courthouse. Due in part to increasing domestic opposition, the United States reduced its involvement in Vietnam and completed withdrawal of its forces in 1973; the draft ended the same year. On January 21, 1977, the day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 11967, which granted a full pardon to anyone who had committed or been convicted of a non-violent violation of Document [91] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) 1964 in the Vietnam War South Vietnam was in political chaos during much of the year, as generals competed for power and Buddhists protested against the government. The Viet Cong communist guerrillas expanded their operations and defeated the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) in many battles. North Vietnam made a definitive judgement in January to assist the Viet Cong insurgency with men and material. In November, North Vietnam ordered the North Vietnamese Army to infiltrate units into South Vietnam and undertake joint military operations with the Viet Cong. The new President of the United States, Lyndon Johnson, and his civilian and Document [92] (Title: 1954 in the Vietnam War) victory, they gained control over only one-half the country. Under pressure from the Soviet Union and China, the Viet Minh (hereafter called North Vietnam) signed the agreement. Neither the United States nor South Vietnam signed the Accords. The U.S. only "took note" of the Accords and promised not to "disturb them" by the threat or use of force. 24 July Commenting on the Geneva Accords and U.S. objectives in Vietnam, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said "The important thing...is to seize the future opportunity to prevent the loss of northern Vietnam from leading to the extension of Communism throughout Document [93] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) protest in the history of the United States. It featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time. Many people at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar; when he took office, he claimed that he would begin to withdraw American troops from Vietnam. After ten months of being in office, the president had yet to start withdrawals, and U.S. citizens felt he had lied. Later, President Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House. After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, Congress decided that a Document [94] (Title: Draft evasion) fraction" of those who resisted the Vietnam War. According to a 1978 book by former members of President Gerald Ford's Clemency Board, 210,000 Americans were accused of draft offenses and 30,000 left the country. More recently, peace studies scholar David Cortright estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 left the U.S., mainly for Canada or Sweden. Others scattered elsewhere; for example, historian Frank Kusch mentions Mexico, scholar Anna Wittmann mentions Britain, and journalist Jan Wong describes one draft evader who sympathized with Mao Zedong's China and found refuge there. Draft evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the Global South Document [95] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available (until 1969) or because they had high lottery numbers (1970 and later). Of those soldiers who served during the war, there was increasing opposition to the conflict amongst GIs, which resulted in fragging and many other activities which hampered the US's ability to wage war effectively. Most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states, and the image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of enfranchisement or Document [96] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) He was opposed to reconciliation with the North and against the elections of 1956. In other parts of the world, the Cold War was intensifying between the Soviet Union and the United States. The U.S. was becoming more rigid in its policies towards the communist allies of the Soviet Union. President Dwight D. Eisenhower started supporting the South Vietnamese who were also against the communist north. The U.S. began training and equipping Diem's forces with weapons. Conflicts between communist sympathizers began occurring in the South. At the time, the U.S. had only committed around 800 personnel to train and outfit Document [97] (Title: Military service) and substitutes were criminals or men with debilitating health problems, and thus largely useless. The Confederate government had begun drafting men in early 1862. Conscription was next used after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The first peacetime conscription came with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. When World War II ended, so did the draft. It was quickly reinstated with the Korean War and retained for the next 20 years, especially in the Vietnam War. Active conscription ("the draft") ended in 1973. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, brought back draft registration. All Document [98] (Title: Cold War (1962–1979)) position. Especially unpopular was the draft that threatened to send young men to fight in the jungles of Southeast Asia. Elected in 1968, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon began a policy of slow disengagement from the war. The goal was to gradually build up the South Vietnamese Army so that it could fight the war on its own. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine." As applied to Vietnam, the doctrine was called "Vietnamization." The goal of Vietnamization was to enable the South Vietnamese army to increasingly hold its own against the NLF and the North Vietnamese Document [99] (Title: John C. Stennis) Stennis argued the amendment was constitutional and that Congress had "the sole power to appropriate money." The amendment was defeated in a vote of 55 to 39. In May 1971, the Senate rejected legislation designed to prohibit assignments of draftees to combat in Vietnam after the end of the year without consent on the part of the draftees. Stennis said the legislation would have caused the creation of two classes of soldiers where one group could fight and the other could not while arguing that any army unit "would be rendered inoperative if each man's record had to be reviewed Document [100] (Title: Viet Cong) Vietnam (PLAF)" ("Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam"). By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Việt Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Việt Minh had become the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam since the Vietnamese 1946 general election, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat Document [101] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued from 1972 to 1975 were not used to call any men into service as the last draft call was on December 7, and authority to induct expired July 1, 1973. They were used, however, to call some men born from 1953 to 1956 for armed forces physical examinations. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976). Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military. In the present, not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it Document [102] (Title: Jeb Bush) avoided criticizing or supporting the Vietnam War, registered for the draft after his graduation from high school in 1971. In the fourth and final draft lottery drawing, on February 2, 1972, for men born in 1953 and to be inducted during 1973, Bush received a draft number of 26 on a calendar-based scale that went to 365. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972, because the U.S. changed to an all-volunteer military beginning in 1973. Though many in his family had attended Yale University, Bush chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin, beginning in September 1971. Document [103] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) many state National Guards had long waiting lists to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, showing their disapproval by illegally burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for military service. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement, and all over the United States, people decried Document [104] (Title: Vietnam Campaign Medal) The medal was awarded for two different periods of service in Vietnam. The first period for the award was from 8 March 1949 to 20 July 1954. The second period was from 1 January 1960 to the end of the Vietnam War (the date was to be given when the war ended and North Vietnam was defeated). On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured by the North Vietnamese army and South Vietnam surrendered. The Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal was created in 1949 and manufactured in France. The medal was awarded to French military personnel. During the Vietnam War, the Document [105] (Title: 1975 in the Vietnam War) 1975 in the Vietnam War 1975 marked the end of the Vietnam War, sometimes called the Second Indochina War or the American War. The North Vietnamese army (PAVN) launched the Spring Offensive in March, the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) was quickly defeated. The communist North Vietnamese captured Saigon on April 30, accepting the surrender of South Vietnam. In the final days of the war, the United States, which had supported South Vietnam for many years, carried out an emergency evacuation of its civilian and military personnel and more than 130,000 Vietnamese. At the beginning of the Spring Offensive the balance Document [106] (Title: Selective Service System) for induction in 1976. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972. On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft. On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required, signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens. On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Document [107] (Title: Draft evasion) objector (CO) status during World War II, and many of their applications were rejected. Some COs chose to serve as noncombatants in the military, others chose jail, and a third group – taking a position in between – chose to enter a specially organized domestic Civilian Public Service. The Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, generated 80,000 cases of alleged draft evasion. The Vietnam War (1965–1975) was controversial in the U.S. and was accompanied by a significant amount of draft evasion among young Americans, with many managing to remain in the U.S. by various means and some eventually Document [108] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam,", intended to halt the fighting between North and South Vietnam and end U.S. military involvement in the war were signed in Paris. The governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries (the Viet Cong) signed the agreement. The U.S. agreed to withdraw its remaining military personnel from South Vietnam within 60 days. North Vietnam agreed to a cease fire and to return all American prisoners of war. North Vietnam Document [109] (Title: Lewis Blaine Hershey) Major General Leo Boyle (World War II, Korea, Vietnam), and General Hugh Shelton (Panama, Gulf War, War on Terror). On October 24, 1967, in response to increasing demonstrations against military recruiting on college campuses, Hershey issued Local Board Memorandum No. 85, since known as the Hershey Directive, which recommended that when a draft card was abandoned or mutilated that registrant should be declared "a delinquent for failure to have the card in his possession" and then be reclassified as available for service. Two days later, he sent a letter to local boards suggesting that violators of any portion of the Document [110] (Title: Vietnam Era) period. The period beginning on August 5, 1964 and ended on May 7, 1975 inclusive, in all other cases." The U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs elected to designate those years as such to accord special privileges to all persons who served the country's armed forces during that time. Similar designations have been made for other periods of war. The date August 5, 1964 is significant because it was the day of the start of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam at the Gulf of Tonkin. Two days later, on August 7, 1964, Congress passed Document [111] (Title: Dana Beal) important, they said he was crazy. But that kept him from being drafted in January '65, a month with the highest proportion of casualties in Viet Nam. He also became a lifelong critic of thorazine and prolyxin. He escaped, got a job in New York, saved his money, and legalized his status in late 1965. "The Ibogaine Story" also reports the following: Inspired by a VOICE article on the Dutch Provos, he started the New York Provos with two friends, and called a smoke-in for Tompkins Square Park. The smoke-ins got bigger and bigger, and after a judge ruled a Document [112] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) the South Vietnamese. In 1961, the John F. Kennedy administration started working under the "Domino Theory," which stated that if South Vietnam was to fall to the North, then other places in southeast Asia were to become vulnerable to communism as well. This caused President Kennedy to begin sending additional American soldiers to Vietnam. By 1962, there were around 9,000 personnel in Vietnam. In 1963, South Vietnamese generals organized a coup that resulted in the death of Diem. President Lyndon B. Johnson increased the number of U.S. personnel in South Vietnam due to the political instability in the country. In Document [113] (Title: Vietnam War) movement, some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War. On 15 October 1969, the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans. The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests. Anti-war protests declined with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords in 1973. In 1950, China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent heavy weapons, as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French (1946-1954). The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords Document [114] (Title: Canada and the Vietnam War) military service. This changed in 1968. On May 22, 1969, Ottawa announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada. According to Valerie Knowles, draft dodgers were usually college-educated sons of the middle class who could no longer defer induction into the Selective Service System. Deserters, on the other hand, were predominantly sons of the lower-income and working classes who had been inducted into the armed services directly from high school or who had volunteered, hoping to obtain a skill and broaden Document [115] (Title: 1964 in the Vietnam War) was to draft a new constitution. The U.S. had urged the creation of the council to reduce the visibility of the South Vietnamese military in the government. Prime Minister Huong repressed Buddhist demonstrations in the months ahead. After negotiations, the last of the Montagnards in revolt released their prisoners. U.S. Special Forces remained with the Montagnards to maintain calm. The South Vietnamese government agreed to meet with the Montagnards to discuss their grievances. A few days later, a Montagnard congress demanded more autonomy for the Montagnards, including a 50,000 man Montagnard army trained by U.S. Special Forces rather than South Document [116] (Title: Conscription in the United States) The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription. The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971, but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time. In February 1971, the administration requested of Congress a two-year extension of the draft, to June 1973. Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam; Senator Document [117] (Title: National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union) the war in Vietnam. They believed that the draft would lead to the total destruction of Blacks in the United States. The NBAWADU listed a few alternatives for the draft. The first was a mass organized, but not public, form of resistance. They ordered young Black men not to register when they turned eighteen years of age. They acknowledged that this was would be an illegal mass act, but they deemed it necessary for the survival of African Americans in the United States. Second, they called for Black lawyers in the United States to come to the defense of those Document [118] (Title: Melvin Laird) permitted us to continue those programs which are essential to maintaining the sufficiency of our long-term strategic nuclear deterrent." Other important Laird goals were ending conscription by June 30, 1973, and the creation of an All Volunteer Force (AVF). Strong opposition to selective service mounted during the Vietnam War and draft calls declined progressively during Laird's years at the Pentagon; from 300,000 in his first year, to 200,000 in the second, 100,000 in the third, and 50,000 in the fourth. On January 27, 1973, after the signing of the Vietnam agreement in Paris, Laird suspended the draft, five months ahead Document [119] (Title: Draft evasion) conscription system and actively opposed the war". The head of U.S. President Richard Nixon's task force on the all-volunteer military reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the government was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them". It is now known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and approximately 210,000 were formally accused of draft violations; however, only 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed. Some draft eligible men publicly burned their draft cards, but the Justice Department brought charges against only Document [120] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) draft card. On October 15, 1965 the student-run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam in New York staged the first draft card burning to result in an arrest under the new law. In 1967, the continued operation of a seemingly unfair draft system then calling as many as 40,000 men for induction each month fueled a burgeoning draft resistance movement. The draft favored white, middle-class men, which allowed an economically and racially discriminating draft to force young African American men to serve in rates that were disproportionately higher than the general population. Although in 1967 there was Document [121] (Title: Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969) doubt, in the U.S. government, that the war could be ended with a military solution that would place South Vietnam in a strongly anticommunist position. In July, two senior U.S. Department of State officials formally recommended withdrawal to President Lyndon B. Johnson; Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, at the same time, saw the situation as bad but potentially retrievable with major escalation. Westmoreland's "ultimate aim", was: Westmoreland complained that, "we are not engaging the VC with sufficient frequency or effectiveness to win the war in Vietnam." He said that American troops had shown themselves to be superb soldiers, adept at Document [122] (Title: 1954 in the Vietnam War) United States appear to have decided he was the only viable candidate for the job. Five American enlisted men were taken captive by the Viet Minh on a beach near Da Nang. They were held until August 31 when they were repatriated as a result of the Geneva Accords. 20 June The Premier of France, Pierre Mendès France, said that he "expected to have considerable difficulty with the new Vietnam government." Diệm, he said, was a "fanatic." His thoughts were echoed by other French officials: "Diệm is too narrow, too rigid, too unworldly", said one. 24 June In the last Document [123] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) a memorandum to President Johnson advocating "a new US action" without which "defeat seems inevitable." McBundy said that "any negotiated US withdrawal today would mean surrender on the installment plan." Viet Cong sappers blew up a hotel used as an enlisted men's barracks in Qui Nhơn, a coastal city of South Vietnam, killing 23 American soldiers. In response, President Johnson ordered Flaming Dart 2: 155 sorties and air strikes in North Vietnam by American and South Vietnamese pilots. In Hanoi, Soviet Premier Kosygin announced the Soviet Union had agree to assist North Vietnam to defend itself from air attacks, by Document [124] (Title: Vietnamese boat people) and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action. The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975 with the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. Within the same year, the countries of Cambodia and Laos also fell to communist forces, thus engendering a steady flow Document [125] (Title: 1972 in the Vietnam War) to the Operation Linebacker II bombings, 80 percent of North Vietnam's electrical power production capability had been eliminated. Nixon warned North Vietnam that the bombing would resume if the peace talks collapsed again. North Vietnam declared victory and claimed that heavy losses of American aircraft was the motive behind the bombing halt. General Maxwell Taylor, former Ambassador to South Vietnam, said terminating America's commitment to South Vietnam even without a peace agreement should be considered by the President. U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam numbered 24,200. 1972 in the Vietnam War 1972 in the Vietnam War saw foreign involvement in Document [126] (Title: End Conscription Campaign) into the War in Angola and Civil War raging in South Africa's Black Townships continued. Some dodged the draft, others fled the country, some stood-up and faced the consequences for what they believed. None were ever given recognition by either the South African government or the newly elected democracy. In 1989, conscription was reduced from two years to one year, and during the negotiations to end apartheid from 1990 to 1994, it was less rigorously enforced. A Kairos campaign against conscription was the 1989 Campaign focussing on the End Conscription Campaign with participation of Alistair Teeling Smith, Rob Watson and Document [127] (Title: RMK-BRJ) 1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been Document [128] (Title: 1956 in the Vietnam War) military advisers in South Vietnam. The first American killed in the Vietnam War died June 8 at the hand of another American soldier. In 1956 the term Viet Cong came into use and gradually replaced the older term Viet Minh. The government-controlled Saigon press first started using the term referring to communists in South Vietnam as "Viet Cong" a shortening of "Viet Nam Cong-San" which means "Vietnamese Communist." President Diem issued Ordinance Number 6 which permitted the imprisonment of communists and others "dangerous to national defense and common security." Diem's anti-communist repression reduced communist party membership in South Vietnam by Document [129] (Title: 1963 in the Vietnam War) judgment that the major part of the U.S. military task can be completed by the end of 1965, although there may be a continuing requirement for a limited number of U.S. training personnel. They reported that by the end of this year, the U.S. program for training Vietnamese should have progressed to the point where 1,000 U.S. military personnel assigned to South Viet-Nam can be withdrawn." American troops in South Vietnam at this time numbered 16,732. Cable 534 was sent to Ambassador Lodge in South Vietnam from the Department of State with instructions for Lodge to press President Diệm on Document [130] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) August 1964, two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Johnson condemned North Vietnam, and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions. By the end of 1965, President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam, and his military advisors wanted another 175,000. Due to the heavy demand for military personnel, the United States increased the number of men the draft provided each month. In the 1960s anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S., mainly among students on college campuses and in more leftist circles, especially those who embraced the "hippie" lifestyle. College Document [131] (Title: Sigma II-64 war game) rejected. Working on a near future chronology, it was then forecast that joint divisional maneuvers on the North Korean and Chinese border took place in a hypothetical November 1964. Chinese "volunteer" MiG pilots joined the North Vietnamese, while three brigades of North Vietnamese regulars filtered into South Vietnam's six northernmost provinces. By the imagined January 1965, the Viet Cong's National Liberation Front had set up a provisional government; it was recognized by Socialist nations. On the projected date of 26 February 1965, the President of the United States directed a Marine Expeditionary Force to Vietnam, ordered construction of a permanent Document [132] (Title: 1971 in the Vietnam War) would allow North Vietnamese soldiers to remain in South Vietnam at least temporarily. The Mansfield Amendment, authored by Senator Mike Mansfield, was adopted by Congress. The amendment urged withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam at "the earliest practical date"—the first time in U.S. history that Congress had called for the end of a war. North Vietnam negotiators Le Duc Tho and Xuan Thuy responded to Kissinger's 31 May proposal with a nine-point "bargaining proposal." This was the first time that the North Vietnamese had indicated a willingness to negotiate rather than presenting unilateral demands. The Politburo of North Vietnam instructed Document [133] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) did not call for total war and the use of nuclear weapons on North Vietnam, believing that Barry Goldwater's hawkish stance may have cost him his bid for the White House four years earlier. The Vietnam draft did have numerous flaws in it, especially its high reliance on lower middle class Americans while exempting college students, celebrities, athletes, and sons of Congressmen, although contrary to the claims of antiwar activists, most draftees were not impoverished white and black youths who had no other job opportunity. The average Vietnam draftee was white and from a lower middle class, blue collar background. Document [134] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) people, including 2 Americans. In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh decreed a new military service law. Enlistments were extended indefinitely for soldiers, previously discharged soldiers were recalled, and an increased number of young people were inducted into military service. During 1965, North Vietnam expanded the size of its army by 290,000 personnel and its self-defense militia from 1.4 million to 2.0 million. President Johnson made a major televised speech at Johns Hopkins University. Johnson described the Vietnam War as an attack by North Vietnam on South Vietnam. He proposed "unconditional discussions" to exchange views with interested parties in search of Document [135] (Title: 1973 in the Vietnam War) men into military service would be ended. A few men continued to be drafted until 1973. North Vietnam celebrated the signing of the Paris Peace Accords as a victory. "The Vietnamese revolution has achieved several important gains, but the struggle of our people must continue to consolidate those victories [to] build a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic, and strong Vietnam." The U.S. media praised Nixon and Kissinger for their achievement of "peace with honor." In South Vietnam few believed that the agreement would lead to a lasting peace. Reports from American military advisers in the countryside of South Vietnam reported "ceasefire Document [136] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) Berkeley teach-in. Draft card protests were not aimed so much at the draft as at the immoral conduct of the war. At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted, but the Selective Service System office ("Draft Board") in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. In late July 1965, Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000, and on August 31, signed a law making it a crime to burn a Document [137] (Title: Viet Cong) series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offense against Saigon. In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Việt Cộng headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous Document [138] (Title: Joe Namath) the upstart AFL. The two competing leagues were at the height of their bidding war, and held their respective drafts on the same day: November 28, 1964. The cartilage damage to Namath's right knee later designated him class 4-F for the military draft, a deferment from service during the Vietnam War. The St. Louis Cardinals selected Namath 12th overall in the NFL Draft, while the Jets selected him with the first overall pick of the AFL draft. When meeting with executives of the Cardinals, Namath's salary request was $200,000 and a new Lincoln Continental. While initially appalled at Namath's requests, Document [139] (Title: Conscription in the United States) those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations. Finally, as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country. During the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft. He had first become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University. Nixon also saw ending the draft as Document [140] (Title: Viet Cong) increased public discontent with American participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Việt Cộng could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits. In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" fraction may have revived at this time. COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination." The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension Document [141] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in early 1975 and South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975. The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with Henry Kissinger and later Richard Nixon. These meetings contributed to a re-orientation of Chinese foreign Document [142] (Title: Presidency of Gerald Ford) 1915 Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. During the Vietnam War, about 1 percent of American men of eligible for the draft failed to register, and approximately 1 percent of those were drafted refused to serve. Those who refused conscription were labeled as "draft dodgers"; many such individuals had left the country for Canada, but others remained in the country. Ford had opposed any form of amnesty for the draft dodgers while in Congress, but his presidential advisers convinced Document [143] (Title: War in Vietnam (1945–46)) unconventional war, and although the Viet Minh had sufficient manpower to sustain a long campaign, they were beaten back by well-led professional troops who were familiar with an Asian jungle and countryside. By the end of the month, 80 Brigade handed over its theater of operations to the French, and the 100 Brigade was withdrawn into Saigon. Gracey flew out on the 28th. Before his departure, he signed control over French forces to Gen. Leclerc. The last British forces left on March 26, so ending the seven-month intervention in Vietnam; and on March 30, the SS "Islami" took aboard the Document [144] (Title: Scott Beach) also known as the Paris Peace Accords, ended direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. Beach concluded his report about the peace agreement by stating, ""I fear that the last U.S. soldier to die in Vietnam is still alive."" He was correct; the last American death in Vietnam was not until April 29, 1975. See McMahon and Judge. Beach twice served as the narrator in performances of Arthur Honegger's "King David" with the Masterworks Chorale of San Mateo, California. He also narrated other performances of the oratorio in both the original French and the English translation used by the Document [145] (Title: Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors) non-directive advice during the Vietnam era to as many as 10,000 young men exploring their choices in the face of the draft, including such well-known COs as Muhammad Ali and Arlo Guthrie. CCCO also offered counseling to military members opposed to current wars as well as civilians faced with decisions regarding legal requirements for Selective Service registration. CCCO Western Region, based in San Francisco, was the last regional office to remain open as the organization scaled back after the end of the Vietnam War, and as draft registration without active conscription became the norm in the U.S. after 1980. The Document [146] (Title: United States v. O'Brien) the Selective Service Act. This included everyone from draft dodgers to protestors such as O'Brien. The pardon covered all such acts committed between August 4, 1964, the date of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, and March 28, 1973, the end of American withdrawal. In 1980, however, Congress reinstated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System, but without reinstating an active draft. In 1984, the Supreme Court upheld the registration requirement against a claim that it violated the privilege against self-incrimination. The following year, it upheld the conviction of a man who refused to register despite his Document [147] (Title: 1965 in the Vietnam War) draft card as a protest against the Vietnam War. He was arrested by the FBI and later served 22 months in prison. Protests against the U.S. participation in the Vietnam War took place in Europe and in about 40 U.S. cities. The organization coordinating the U.S. demonstrations was called the National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam. The Siege of Plei Me was a series of assaults by the North Vietnamese army on a CIDG camp manned by U.S. and ARVN special forces and rangers and 400 Montagnard allies. U.S. airstrikes and a relief force lifted the siege. Document [148] (Title: John Fogerty) successful. Fogerty received his draft notice for military service during the Vietnam War in 1966, but that same day, he went to a local United States Army Reserve recruiter, who signed him up immediately. Fogerty was grateful and believed the recruiter dated the paperwork to take effect before the draft letter arrived. During his time in the Army, Fogerty served at Fort Bragg, Fort Knox and Fort Lee. Fogerty was discharged from the Army in July 1967. In the same year, the band changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. At this time, he took his brother's place as lead Document [149] (Title: North Vietnam) (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh. Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam". The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern zone was commonly called South Vietnam. Supervision of the implementation of Document [150] (Title: Conscription in the United States) means of reducing the chances of being killed. Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared, because divinity students were exempt from the draft. Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees. The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time. Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War. One of these, Stephen Spiro, was Document [151] (Title: Mike Gravel) during Senate hearings in June 1971. President Richard Nixon had campaigned in 1968 on a promise to end the U.S. military draft, a decision endorsed by the February 1970 report of the Gates Commission. The existing draft law was scheduled to conclude at the end of June 1971, and the Senate faced a contentious debate about whether to extend it as the Vietnam War continued. The Nixon administration announced in February 1971 that it wanted a two-year extension to June 1973, after which the draft would end; Army planners had already been operating under the assumption of a two-year extension, Document [152] (Title: Indochina Wars) the NLF forces combat capability, it was, by the intensity of the combats, the contradiction it implied with recent reports of withdrawals of US troops and status of the war, also a turning point in American voter opposition to U.S. support for their Cold War Vietnamese allies. The United States began withdrawing troops from Vietnam in 1970, with the last troops returning in January, 1973. The Paris Peace Accords called for a cease-fire, and prohibited the North Vietnamese from sending more troops into South Vietnam - although the North Vietnamese were permitted to continue to occupy those regions of South Document [153] (Title: Vietnam War casualties) one out of every four combat deaths. With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. In October 1966, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year. McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training, skills and opportunity to America's poor – a promise that was never carried out. Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted, along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states. This lead to increased racial tension Document [154] (Title: Vietnam War) transferred power to Trần Văn Hương, he left for Taiwan on 25 April. By the end of April, the ARVN had collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta. Thousands of refugees streamed southward, ahead of the main communist onslaught. On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon. The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops. To hasten a collapse and foment panic, the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure. With the air exit closed, large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out. Chaos, unrest, and panic broke out as hysterical South Document [155] (Title: Vietnam Veterans Against the War) membership of over 30,000. Counting non-veteran supporters, VVAW had "roughly 50,000" members. By 1972, negotiations at the Paris peace talks were in full swing, signaling the beginning of the end of the war, meaning the end of VVAW's primary mission. Membership in the organization declined, and the leadership began to consider broader purposes to support veterans. Membership requirements were relaxed, and political differences arose as new members fought with old about direction. By 1973 VVAW had several thousand members. With internal struggles still threatening the group, 2,000 members demonstrated in Washington DC in July 1974, demanding universal amnesty for draft Document [156] (Title: History of the United States (1964–1980)) Only a tiny handful of Ivy League graduates numbered among the 58,000 US servicemen killed or wounded in the eight years between 1965 and 1973. The Vietnam draft in fact took fewer men than the Korean War draft and the conflict on the whole caused little disruption to most Americans' lives Although a sizable portion of US manufacturing was tied up in supporting the war effort, imports of low-cost goods from Asian countries made up for the shortfall and there was no rationing or cutbacks of consumer goods as had occurred in the previous conflicts of the 20th century. The Document [157] (Title: 1954 Geneva Conference) he went about attempting to crush communist opposition. On May 20, 1955, French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal bases and on April 28, 1956, the last French forces left Vietnam. North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam, stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees, and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men. US military advisers continued to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, which Document [158] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) students were entitled to a deferment (2-S status) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out or graduated. In 1967, the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000. The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year, and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of. Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement, believing the war to be immoral and expressing alarm at the number of African-American soldiers that were being killed. The 15th of November 1969 marked the largest anti-war Document [159] (Title: Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam) and began to organize the event as the Vietnam Moratorium Committee with David Mixner, Marge Sklenkar, John Gage, and others. As with previous large anti-war demonstrations, including the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam's April 15, 1967, march on the United Nations and their 1967 March on the Pentagon, the event was a clear success, with millions participating throughout the world. Boston was the site of the largest turnout; about 100,000 attended a speech by anti-war Senator George McGovern. Future U.S. President Bill Clinton, then a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, organized and participated in the demonstration in Document [160] (Title: Kent State shootings) November 1969, the My Lai Massacre by American troops of between 347 and 504 civilians in a Vietnamese village was exposed, leading to increased public opposition in the United States to the war. The nature of the draft also changed in December 1969, with the first draft lottery since World War II. This eliminated deferments allowed in the prior draft process, affecting many college students and teachers. The war had appeared to be winding down in 1969, so the new invasion of Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated the conflict. Across the U.S., campuses erupted in protests in Document [161] (Title: South Vietnam) 22 Gia Long Street atop the roof for helicopters that never came. The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated. The NLF ceased to be an Document [162] (Title: Hippie) process. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the 1971 May Day Protests as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington DC. President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the 'hippie' protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in 1973. During the mid 1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War, a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial and the emergence of punk in London, Manchester, New York and Los Angeles, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At Document [163] (Title: United States Army Recruiting Command) percent of infantry soldiers in Vietnam, accounted for over 50 percent of combat deaths in 1969, a peak year for casualties. Little wonder that the draft became the focus of anti-Vietnam activism. With these political consequences in mind in 1969 President Nixon appointed a commission, led by former Secretary of Defense Thomas Gates, “to develop a comprehensive plan for eliminating conscription and moving toward an All Volunteer Armed Force.” However, even before this commission submitted its report on 13 May 1969, President Nixon informed the Congress that he intended to institute a reform that would see the draftees replaced with Document [164] (Title: Draft-card burning) more troops. John Gorton took the Prime Minister position in January 1968. In June 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cards. In 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from Vietnam—following both Australian opinion and America's new policy. In 1972, all troops including the advisory team were ordered home from Vietnam. Draft resisters in jail were freed. The final birthday lottery was held September 22, 1972. On October 15, 1965, David J. Miller burned his draft card at a rally held near the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan. Document [165] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) reaction to the Easter Offensive, Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign in North Vietnam known as Operation Linebacker. As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, conscription was reduced and in 1973 ended; the armed forces became all-volunteer. In the aftermath of the Easter Offensive, peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam resumed, and by October 1972 a framework for a settlement had been reached. Objections from South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu derailed this agreement, and the peace talks broke down. In December 1972, Nixon ordered another massive bombing campaign, Operation Linebacker II, and domestic criticism of the operation convinced Document [166] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) to End the War in Vietnam, which attracted over 600,000 protesters in various cities. Opinions concerning the war grew more polarized after the Selective Service System instituted a draft lottery in December 1969. Some 30,000 young men fled to Canada to evade the draft between 1970 and 1973. A wave of protests swept the country in reaction to the invasion of Cambodia. In what is known as the Kent State shootings, a protest at Kent State University ended in the deaths of four students after the Ohio Army National Guard opened fire on an unarmed crowd. The shootings increased tensions Document [167] (Title: Mike Gravel) had stopped or shortened the draft, taken at face value in some media reports, during his 2008 presidential campaign). Meanwhile, on June 13, 1971, "The New York Times" began printing large portions of the Pentagon Papers. The papers were a large collection of secret government documents and studies pertaining to the Vietnam War, of which former Defense Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg had made unauthorized copies and was determined to make public. Ellsberg had for a year and a half approached members of Congress – such as William Fulbright, George McGovern, Charles Mathias, and Pete McCloskey – about publishing the documents, Document [168] (Title: Conscription in the United States) soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011. Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014 after a 42-year career. On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System. At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of Document [169] (Title: Võ Nguyên Giáp) the Paris Peace Accords that had been proposed in October. South Vietnam objected, but had little choice but to accept it. Clearly, the advantage had been given to Hanoi. The last U.S. combat troops left in March 1973. Despite the treaty, there was no end in fighting. South Vietnamese attempts to regain communist controlled territory inspired their opponents to change strategy. Communist leaders met in Hanoi in March for a series of meetings to plan for a massive offensive against the South. In June 1973, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment, which prohibited any further U.S. military involvement, and Document [170] (Title: The 'Nam) The 'Nam The 'Nam was a war comic book series detailing the U.S. War in Vietnam from the perspective of active-duty soldiers involved in the conflict. It was written by Doug Murray, initially illustrated by Michael Golden, edited by Larry Hama and published by Marvel Comics for seven years beginning in 1986, which was originally intended to roughly parallel the analogous events of the period of major American military involvement in Vietnam from 1965 to 1973. The comic is structured as the narrative of a fictional soldier, Private First Class Edward Marks (but sometimes following other characters), as he experiences Document [171] (Title: Charles W. Whalen Jr.) to End the Draft: The Case for an All-Volunteer Army” and introduced legislation to end the draft. He was also an opponent of the Vietnam War who supported legislation to reduce the military budget and to introduce a timetable for the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. In 1971, he and Lucien Nedzi introduced the Nedzi-Whalen Amendment to a military procurement bill that would have prohibited the use of funds for the bill to be used in Southeast Asia after the end of 1971. In his final term, he supported efforts to eliminate the B-1 Bomber program. In 1973, Whalen Document [172] (Title: Draft-card burning) Supreme Court decided against the draft card burners; it determined that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. In Australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by Prime Minister Harold Holt, conscription notices were burned at mass demonstrations against Australian involvement in Vietnam. In June 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infractions of the Menzies Government 1964 National Service Act, including the burning of registration cards. War protest ceased in 1972 when Australia's new Labor government withdrew troops from Vietnam and abolished conscription. From 1965 to 1973, very few men Document [173] (Title: Conscription in the United States) that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men (males 21 to 29) believed the draft to be fair. To increase equity in the system, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11, 1953, that ended the paternity deferment for married men. In large part, the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War. From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II, a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, some dissenting voices in Document [174] (Title: Conscription in the United States) convicted of avoiding the draft, but given a suspended sentence of five years. He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford. There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975, of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia. From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of Document [175] (Title: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam) War in Vietnam (New Mobe) was founded at a conference at Case Western Reserve University in July 1969, and, together with the Vietnam Moratorium Committee and the Student Mobilization Committee (SMC), organized the October 15, 1969 Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam which resulted in large demonstrations against the Vietnam War held nationwide. The groups then organized another large demonstration in Washington D.C. to occur a month later, on November 15, 1969, which was also attend by a large crowd. Individuals and organizations associated either with the Spring Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam or the National Mobilization Document [176] (Title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) of soldiers and officers were discussed at length. In April and May 1971, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright, held a series of 22 hearings (referred to as the Fulbright Hearings) on proposals relating to ending the war. On the third day of the hearings, April 22, 1971, future Senator and 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress in opposition to the war. Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, he argued for the immediate, unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. During nearly two hours Question: when did the viet nam war draft end

Answer: June 30, 1973 Long Answer: Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 (for those born in 1951) and from 1971 to 1975 (for 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service, because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973. Gold Document ID: 118

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Company Picnic) nice, really fitting end" to the season. Nathin Rabin of The A.V. Club, who gave the episode a B+ grade, said it was "long on pathos and awkwardness but short on laughs", but described it as "a very satisfying way to end a very satisfying season". Although Rabin said the final scene with Jim and Pam was filmed and handled artfully, he also expressed concern that the subplot could turn into a cliched device, and said "part of me felt it was a rather pat, heavy-handed way of ending the season on a dramatic note." Will Leitch of "New York" Document [2] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) as a fill in for Pam after she goes to design school and immediately apologizes to Jim, albeit in a very cynical and egotistical fashion, but Jim accepts his apology regardless, though not before making a few sarcastic remarks towards him, showing that the two still held each other in relative contempt. Once Ryan is rehired as a salesman before being demoted back to a temp at the company, he forms a bond with Pam, slightly softening his bitter relationship with Jim. Things finally improve a little between the two for most of season five, but they deteriorate anew in Document [3] (Title: The Delivery (The Office)) extra night at the hospital, irritating Jim. The office tries to distract her with food and entertainment. She eventually goes to the hospital and gives birth to a daughter, Cecelia Marie Halpert. Meanwhile, Michael, inspired by the success of Pam and Jim's relationship, sets up Erin with Kevin. Dwight, sent over to find Pam's iPod, discovers mold in Pam and Jim's house and remodels their entire kitchen, and also considers entering a pre-natal contract with ex-girlfriend Angela, for he feels he needs a baby for business reasons. Part one is written by Daniel Chun and directed by Seth Gordon, while Document [4] (Title: Dwight Schrute) that first impression, he hates her. In the episode "The Whale", Dwight openly tells Pam that he considers her his friend. In the final episode of the series, Dwight refers to Pam as his "best friend", and he ensures that she and Jim get a large severance as they leave Dunder Mifflin. As a result of the Scranton-Stamford merger, Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard, to gain Michael's favor for "third-in-command". The struggle comes to a climax in "Traveling Salesmen". In Season 4, Andy and Dwight are Document [5] (Title: The Client (The Office)) her behind at a high school hockey game. Their astonishment increases when they realize the date was her now-fiance Roy. Later, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam break off their respective evening plans to enjoy an impromptu dinner on the roof and watch Dwight and Kevin fool around with fireworks. The next day Jim half-jokingly remarks to Pam that this was their first date. Pam responds in an unexpectedly harsh manner and a dismayed Jim makes an unwise crack at Pam about the hockey game date she earlier mentioned. Hurt, Pam breaks off the conversation. That morning, Dwight, having spent Document [6] (Title: Pam Beesly) drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch. In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe. In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess Document [7] (Title: Fun Run) Krasinski) broke up with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), who left Dunder Mifflin Scranton. Jim and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) claim that they see each other socially but only as friends. The documentary crew catches Pam picking up Jim in her car. They kiss and drive away. When faced with the footage of them kissing, Jim and Pam admit to the documentary crew that they are secretly dating. As he arrives at work, Michael accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car, sending her to the hospital for a fractured pelvis. Forced to join a group visit to Meredith in Document [8] (Title: Pam Beesly) the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her. In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the Document [9] (Title: Getting Together) Getting Together Getting Together is an American musical sitcom, which aired on the ABC during the 1971–72 U.S. television season. It starred Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway and Lionel Poindexter, a songwriting duo. The pilot for the series had aired the previous spring as the first-season finale episode of "The Partridge Family" named "A Knight in Shining Armor", in which Lionel and Bobby were introduced to each other by the Partridges. The unaired version of this episode, entitled "Words And Music", ran 33 minutes, and featured Farrah Fawcett and Pat Boone. The 8 extra minutes of footage Document [10] (Title: Did I Stutter?) situation. Michael tries to assert his power over Stanley, by pretending to fire him, but that only makes matters worse. The two eventually end up alone in the office. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) receives a warning about his job performance, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) is forced to wear her glasses, and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) buys Andy Bernard's (Ed Helms) car. Originally, episode writers Justin Spitzer and Brent Forrester were supposed to write two separate episodes. However, the effects of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike forced the two to share an episode. "Did I Stutter?" contained several Document [11] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) morale. The second season is the series' first 22-episode season, and has its first 28-minute "super-sized" episode. Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters, and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters. Michael makes out with and then spends the night with his boss Jan, but does not have sex with her. Dwight and Angela become romantically involved, but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating. When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam, at a Document [12] (Title: Cafe Disco) his girlfriend Lynne (Lisa K. Wyatt). Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) have decided to avoid the expense and stress of a wedding and elope to a simple courthouse ceremony in Youngstown, Ohio without letting their co-workers know. Pam comes to work with a wedding dress and Jim picks up flowers in the office parking lot. As they are leaving, they decide to stop in at Cafe Disco, and end up having a lot of fun, making them decide they really want an actual wedding ceremony after all. Phyllis eventually recovers and dances with Bob in the Cafe Document [13] (Title: Casual Friday (The Office)) Michael decides to pull the joke on the new receptionist, Erin (Ellie Kemper). This is a callback to the pilot episode in which Michael "fake fires" Pam. "Casual Friday" was written by Anthony Q. Farrell and directed by Brent Forrester. The official website for "The Office" included two cut scenes from "Casual Friday" within a week of its original release. In the first 50-second clip, Jim welcomes Pam to her new sales desk with a gift of a model of an island with figures representing Jim, Pam and Dwight, who share the office pod together. Dwight insists he did not Document [14] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) him for their breakup. Pam later confronts her father about why he left her mother while Jim looks on through the window. Pam returns to the office and tells Jim her father left because Jim told him how much he loves Pam, and he realized that he had never felt that way about her mother even at their best. Pam comes to terms with the separation and tearfully embraces Jim. Later, she expresses confidence that the two are true soul mates. Andy overhears her comments about her real life scenario, still thinks she is talking about the film they watched Document [15] (Title: The Carpet) M. Giant noted that the viewer only gets "the merest out-of-focus "Blair Witch" glimpse" of the substance. Fischer also noted that one of the more interesting aspects of the episode was the "you [the audience] finally see Pam and Roy getting along." She explained that this was because Roy and Pam returned from "a romantic vacation in the Poconos." Deleted scenes include: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) believing that a higher power brought Michael to his desk, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) speculating on the culprit, Jim unable to handle Kelly's chattering, Jim eating lunch by himself Document [16] (Title: Couples Discount) Jim angrier, but he brushes the matter off to avoid an argument. The couple had planned on sharing an evening bottle of wine for Valentine's Day, but Jim later tells Pam he wants to go down to Philadelphia instead because he fears they would only end up fighting. Pam initially accepts this, but realizing that the silence between them is worse than fighting, she tells Jim he should stay and fight with her, and Jim agrees. At the end of the day, Erin tries to break up with Andy, saying she no longer loves him and is angry that he Document [17] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) for being superior to him, tries to one-up both Jim and Josh at every opportunity. Meanwhile, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) sets up Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) on a double date with one of her friends which goes nowhere. Toby Flenderson's (Paul Lieberstein) interest in Pam is piqued, beginning an unrequited crush on his part. The first draft of the script included a scene suggesting that Angela was pregnant with Dwight's child, but this was cut by showrunner Greg Daniels. Initially, there were plans for the cast members from the British version of "The Office" to appear in this episode, but Document [18] (Title: Mafia (The Office)) Meanwhile, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) accidentally cancels Jim's credit card, while Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) are on their honeymoon in Puerto Rico. It was written by Brent Forrester and directed by David Rogers. "Mafia" received positive reviews from critics and was viewed by an estimated 8.03 million viewers and received a 4.1/10 in the 18–49 demographic. Michael (Steve Carell) meets with a tenacious but not overly skilled insurance salesman named Angelo Grotti (guest star Mike Starr) in the office and is later convinced by Dwight (Rainn Wilson) and Andy (Ed Helms) that he is part of Document [19] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) the office, Dwight prevents the attack with pepper spray and Roy is quickly fired. Roy later returns to receive his last paycheck and apologizes to Jim, which Jim accepts. He then asks Pam if they can get a cup of coffee after work, which she reluctantly agrees to. At a diner, Pam confesses that their engagement was a big mistake and they were never right for each other. Roy asks if she's going to pursue Jim now, but she quietly declines. Roy encourages her to go after him, telling her, "I don't get you, Pam." The two have one final Document [20] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) is promoted to co-manager. Meanwhile, Dwight and Toby become suspicious of an injury Darryl supposedly got at work, and Pam tries to get RSVPs from the office for her wedding to Jim. The episode was written by Aaron Shure and directed by Randall Einhorn. According to Nielsen ratings, "The Meeting" was seen by 7.33 million U.S. households during its original broadcast, a drop from the previous week's season premiere episode, "Gossip". The episode received mixed reviews, with some commentators claiming it focused too much on plot development rather than humor. Michael (Steve Carell) becomes nervous when Jim (John Krasinski) has Document [21] (Title: Christening (The Office)) (B. J. Novak) discuss their feelings about having children. In the second 75-second clip, Jim asks Michael to take a picture of his family, Jim and Pam complain to the camera about the uninvited guests, and Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods) and Ryan talk about their volunteer past. The season seven DVD contains several more deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Jim and Pam discussing the situation surrounding the reception, Dwight placing his business card in the books in the church's pew, Jim and Pam discussing naming CeCe and thanking their friends and family for coming. During the Document [22] (Title: Pam Beesly) that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night. In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is Document [23] (Title: Gossip (The Office)) having an affair, then spreads a series of false rumors to try to convince everyone the original rumor was not true. The rumors cause Andy to question his sexuality, and Pam and Jim to debate whether or not to tell the office that Pam is pregnant. "Gossip" confirmed the fact that protagonist Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, "Company Picnic". "Gossip" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a regular cast member, and the first "Office" episode since Ed Helms achieved box office success with the summer comedy film, "The Hangover". "Gossip" Document [24] (Title: Pam Beesly) her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for Document [25] (Title: The Return (The Office)) much fun Jim and Pam had together during their prank on Andy; she confronts Jim and asks him if he still has feelings for Pam. Jim nods as he quietly says yes and Karen walks out of the room, visibly upset. Meanwhile, corporate sends Andy to anger management where he plans to get out of the 10-week program in five weeks through his usual charms: name repetition and personality imitation. "The Return" was written by Michael Schur, Lee Eisenberg, and Gene Stupnitsky, while series creator and executive producer Greg Daniels directed and Dean Holland edited. The original title of this Document [26] (Title: Pam Beesly) Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions. In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece. In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office Document [27] (Title: PDA (The Office)) Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) have too much champagne during lunch, causing complications when they have to return to work. During the PDA meeting, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) mentions a list of people who have had sex in the workplace, and Jim and Pam are not mentioned. Due to their intoxication, they agree to give it a try, but they have a hard time finding a place to do it, from hidden places in the warehouse to Ryan Howard's (B. J. Novak) closet. They eventually return to their desks. The two tell the interviewers that they left Document [28] (Title: Pam Beesly) with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim. Pam participates in an art show, but Document [29] (Title: The Job (The Office)) he has been actively fighting his feelings for her. Pam tells him that she wishes that he would come back. Just as Pam is telling the cameras that she does not think that it would work out between her and Jim, he bursts into the room and asks her out to dinner. Stunned, she agrees, and Jim says, "Alright. Then, it's a date." After Jim exits the room, Pam becomes visibly joyous and forgets what she was talking about. During a phone call, David Wallace offers the job to Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who accepts and immediately breaks up Document [30] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) sales, with Ryan also seeming to tolerate Dwight much more than previous seasons. The two were rarely seen talking to each other in season five, but decide to team up in season six to get Jim fired from his newly appointed co-manager position. They often argued with each other, but celebrated after Jim got demoted. The two were last seen agreeing to go out for drinks to celebrate, but then end up arguing over where to go for drinks. B. J. Novak's continued inclusion in the opening credits was sometimes questioned in the later years of the series, as the Document [31] (Title: A.A.R.M.) the office gather at Poor Richard's Pub and watch the airing of the official in-series documentary. "A.A.R.M." features a dramatic scene in which Jim presents a DVD of the highlights of his relationship with Pam, topped with him finally presenting her with a card he wrote in the second season episode "Christmas Party". The idea to have Jim finally give Pam his card had been considered in the writers' room for some time, but only during "A.A.R.M." did the writers feel it was the right time. In addition, the episode contained several scenes that were purposely staged to be reminiscent Document [32] (Title: Survivor Man) the ire of Party Planning Committee chair Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey). Later, Jim discovers that no one likes his idea for a combined party, realizing the depth of his error when Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) mistakenly refers to him as Michael, and he returns to the original plan of having separate parties. Michael and Dwight return lightening the mood amongst the employees and for the lighting of Creed Bratton's (portrayed by the actor of the same name) birthday cobbler, with Michael expressing that he no longer has any desire to return to the wilderness and Jim expressing his relief that Document [33] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) were on; no one in the office raised a hand to support either one of them. In the episode "Spooked", Ryan and Kelly are seen standing next to each other and talking. At the end of the episode, he kisses her on the forehead. While they took a backseat for most of Season 8, in "Angry Andy" Pam and Jim set up Kelly with their handsome, likable, kind and NOT-RYAN Indian-American pediatrician Ravi, with Pam explaining that the Ryan-Kelly romance has become impossibly disruptive to the rest of the office. Pam also tells Ryan she doesn't think he's a good Document [34] (Title: Fun Run) Flannery's arms were bruised, due to having to film the scene multiple times. During the hospital scenes, Flannery and Steve Carell improvised a few times. Pam and Jim finally getting together went over well with most critics. Zap2It's Rick Porter thought "the show handled the PB&J (Pam Beesly and Jim) stuff as well as it always has, underplaying the romance as much as the NBC marketing folks overplay it." Although Christine Fenno from "Entertainment Weekly" was happy about Pam and Jim finally dating, she was critical of them being secret about it, reasoning "I mean, nobody's cheating. Can't the Pam Document [35] (Title: Pam Beesly) decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on Document [36] (Title: Did I Stutter?) the scene, the actors thought he was actually stuck and there was a rush to pull him out. Kim M. Ferry, owner of the Nissan Xterra featured in the episode, is the show's Department Head Hairstylist. After it was used on the show, she decided to sell it on eBay. The listing was first put up on eBay on May 1, 2008, the night the episode aired. The Season Four DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Michael trying to convince Jim, Pam, and Kelly, while they are in the break room having Document [37] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) divided into 22 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes. Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Meanwhile, Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another, but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date. Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin, and by Christmas, Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation, a printer company. While Wallace and other executives are let go, the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company and Michael Scott is now Document [38] (Title: Viewing Party) with Erin's reaction to Michael declaring that he's not her father, [but] it came far too late in an episode that was more concerned with Andy vomit humor." Viewing Party "Viewing Party" is the eighth episode of seventh season of the American comedy television series "The Office", and the show's 134th episode overall. Written by Jon Vitti and directed by Ken Whittingham, the episode aired on NBC in the United States on November 11, 2010. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Document [39] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) by, and often the target of abuse by Scott; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson); warehouse dock worker and Pam's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman), who was fired in the third season; and Michael's former love interest and former vice president for regional sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin). Toward the end of season five, the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) is introduced as Pam's replacement at reception following Pam's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales. A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax Document [40] (Title: Pilot (The Office)) with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims (four of each) together to gauge their chemistry. When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski, he told her that she was his favorite Pam, to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim. Many actors originally filmed as extras in this episode would go on to become supporting cast members in later episodes, and the two women wearing blue sweaters towards the back of the room at the staff meeting scene were actual accountants that worked on the production staff. "Pilot" premiered on NBC on March 24, 2005. The Document [41] (Title: Back from Vacation) his vacation in Jamaica and has a luau in the warehouse to celebrate. It is revealed that he went to Jamaica with Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) when a racy photograph of him and Jan is circulated. Meanwhile, Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) have an argument over Karen's living situation, leading to Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) offering him advice. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by an estimated 8.80 million viewers. Among the 18–49 demographic, it earned a 4.3/11 ratings share and helped NBC finish in first place for the night. "Back from Vacation" Document [42] (Title: Company Picnic) Michael the couple are designing a house together. CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) allows Michael and Holly to do a presentation about the history of Dunder Mifflin, and the two spend time in the woods to come up with ideas. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) run into Charles Miner (Idris Elba) for the first time since he left Scranton, and Charles is still short with Jim. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) brings his new best friend, Rolf (James Urbaniak), who makes constant insults to Angela (Angela Kinsey) for breaking Dwight's heart; Dwight tells Rolf to stop, much to Angela's surprise. Document [43] (Title: Pam Beesly) coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (in as much as she called off the wedding because of him). In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on Document [44] (Title: Livin' the Dream) the episode, saying it felt "padded-out" to fill the full hour timeslot, and that "this episode might be the nadir for the show's hour-long installments". He was complimentary towards the Jim-Pam storyline, but felt "there wasn't much happening" beyond Pam overhearing Jim's talk with Darryl. Alton praised the Dwight storyline and his dynamic with Jim and Pam, calling it "the true fan service". Alton gave the episode a "C–". Livin' the Dream "Livin' the Dream" is the twenty-first episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series "The Office" and the 197th episode overall. It originally aired on Document [45] (Title: The Dundies) of the office. But the night does not turn out as he plans, and Michael ends up angering or humiliating the majority of the office staff. Meanwhile, after Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) argues with her fiancé and becomes obviously intoxicated, she kisses Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). "The Dundies" was the second episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels. Many of the scenes at the Chili's had to be changed so the restaurant would allow filming, most notably the scenes where Pam falls over. "The Dundies" was viewed by an estimated 9.0 million viewers and received a 4.3/10% rating share Document [46] (Title: Email Surveillance) nothing is happening. In order to keep Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) from exposing the party, Jim tells him that it is a surprise party for Michael. Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) notices some things that lead her to suspect that Dwight and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are dating. However, she discreetly abandons her suspicions when she asks Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) if she noticed any office romances and Phyllis guesses that Pam meant her and Jim. Jim and Pam bond when she sees Jim's room for the first time and looks through his high school yearbook. After ruining an improv class, Document [47] (Title: Stairmageddon) him back upstairs. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) talks with Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) about his going to marriage counseling with Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer), and Pam does the same with Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate). Toby points out to Jim that it is not fair to tell Pam that he needs an indeterminate amount of time before Athlead pays off for the family; Pam vents to Nellie that Jim is always making unilateral decisions involving her and they each agree they are not leaving Philly for Scranton or vice versa. The Halperts leave the office looking sad and awkward together. Meanwhile, Document [48] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia, but then reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move there after all. In "Finale", Darryl reveals that Jim's sports marketing company is now located in Austin, Texas and has changed its name to Athleap. Pam sells the couple's home, unbeknownst to Jim, to show her support to Jim and allow the family to move to Austin so Jim can continue with Athlead. Jim has appeared in every episode of "The Office" with the exception of "Mafia", in which only his voice is heard. The clip show episode "The Banker" features Document [49] (Title: Toby Flenderson) head, and responds with "It's everything." Pam then hugs Toby as he weeps. Jim mentions that when he first started working at Dunder Mifflin, he shared a cubicle with Toby and that the two of them got along well. Michael moved them apart because he thought that the two talked too much. In deleted scenes from The Fire and Take Your Daughter to Work Day it's implied that Toby and Jim are friends and Jim babysits Toby's daughter on occasion. When Jim becomes Co-Regional Manager with Michael in season six, however, Jim almost begins to mirror Michael's treatment of Toby Document [50] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) was a chance to see how everyone else would end up". Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "the tension between Jim and Pam in the final season ended up being highly controversial for a number of reasons ... but it also provided the most hopeful moments of the series' final stretch" (although he did note that it was clear that the writers had "blatantly" set up the drama). He concluded that the finale was able to successfully return the series "to what had always been its heart—to have true fulfillment". Roth Cornet of IGN awarded the season an Document [51] (Title: Michael Scott (The Office)) in him, and after he made an unwanted and rejected impromptu public marriage proposal, Michael's decision to Photoshop pictures of himself over Carol's ex-husband in her family pictures resulted in their breakup. On a business trip to Winnipeg, Michael and "Concierge Marie" become close, and Michael does not wish to leave her after they are caught necking in her suite. After Jim and Pam's wedding, Michael begins dating Pam's mother Helene (much to Pam's horror), but he breaks up with her on her birthday after discovering she is turning 58. Near the end of season six, Michael begins dating Donna Document [52] (Title: Jim Halpert) return to his old ways, especially targeting Andy Bernard, a Stamford transfer, and Dwight. Toward the middle of the season, it becomes clear that Jim's unresolved feelings toward Pam are affecting his relationship with Karen. In "The Return", Jim decides to pull a prank on Andy; however, Karen is unable and Ryan unwilling to aid him, so he turns to Pam, who readily agrees. Their interaction during the prank causes Karen to feel threatened. She confronts Jim, and he finally admits to still having feelings for Pam. Despite this fact, their relationship continues. In "Cocktails", Roy trashes the bar when Document [53] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) Darryl and Dwight would both file complaints against each other and Toby would do all the paperwork. Pam (Jenna Fischer) is trying to get her co-workers to RSVP that they can't attend her and Jim's upcoming wedding, as their plan—scheduling the wedding on a weekend in Niagara Falls so that people in Scranton wouldn't be able to attend and get back in time for work on Monday—was torpedoed when Michael closed down the office on the Friday before and Monday after the ceremony. Kelly (Mindy Kaling) says she will only go if Ryan (B. J. Novak) goes. Ryan says he Document [54] (Title: Pam Beesly) few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals Document [55] (Title: Classy Christmas) "Jim [and Dwight] are not friends." Kaling specifically wrote Jim to be "off-guard [and] surprised" in the episode, because she reasoned that "perfect isn't always nearly as fun to play or watch as flawed." The episode was filmed in early November and was shot out of order. This required the assistant directors of "The Office" to re-dress "the sets from white, spare 'classy Christmas' look to the elaborate, colorful 'regular Christmas look. According to Kaling, the group had to pretend like it was cold during the outdoor scenes when it was actually warm. The snow that was used for the Document [56] (Title: Classy Christmas) branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is overjoyed about the return of his old love, Holly Flax (Ryan). Michael forces Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to plan a second Christmas party for Holly's return to Scranton. Meanwhile, Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) convinces his daughter to attend the party in hopes of meeting Santa Claus. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) agrees to a snowball fight with Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), which he later regrets. The scenes that were filmed outdoors in Los Angeles had to be crafted to look as if it were cold; Document [57] (Title: Michael's Last Dundies) Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) see Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) sitting in her car eating a sandwich. She explains that she has begun eating lunch in her car to get some time away from Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods), whom she is starting to despise. Pam advises Erin to tell Gabe her real feelings as soon as possible. This amuses Jim, given Pam's history with Roy Anderson, and he leaves in order to avoid the temptation to comment on the irony. After work, the employees arrive at an Italian restaurant named Louie Volpe's to celebrate the Dundies. Document [58] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 3)) Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from Scranton to Stamford, and also introduced Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli, and Ed Helms as Andy Bernard—both members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford—as recurring characters. Helms would later be promoted to series regular. The main plot for the early episodes of the season deals with a recurring problem in seasons one and two—the problem of company downsizing—while in the last half of the season, intra-office relationships (specifically those among Pam, Jim, and Karen; Dwight and Angela; and Michael and Jan Levinson) also become major plot points. The third season of "The Office" aired on Thursdays at Document [59] (Title: Fun Run) fun run for rabies. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) are dating, while Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) is mad at Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) for killing her cat Sprinkles. The episode received mixed reviews from the varying critics, while most praised the episode for Jim and Pam's relationship. However, critics had differing opinions when it came to how Michael behaved throughout the episode. Over the summer, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) moved in with Michael Scott (Steve Carell), Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) started his new job at Corporate and Jim Halpert (John Document [60] (Title: Pam Beesly) an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras. Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest Document [61] (Title: Company Picnic) and the scene in which Jim discovers Pam is pregnant. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was watched by 6.72 million viewers. It was the lowest-rated episode of the season and had the lowest original episode rating for "The Office" in two years, which reviewers said was especially surprising given that it was a season finale episode. Employees arrive at a Dunder Mifflin company picnic, where Michael (Steve Carell) plans to win back his ex-girlfriend Holly (Amy Ryan), whom he has not seen since she was transferred to Nashua. Holly arrives with her boyfriend A. J. (Rob Huebel), who tells Document [62] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) of effort into finding a gift for Pam (Jenna Fischer), becomes frustrated when Michael Scott (Steve Carell) makes everyone play "Yankee Swap", and an iPod that Michael bought for Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) becomes the hot object of the game. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with many applauding Michael's "Yankee Swap" scene. The episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy awards, one for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series, and one for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series. "Christmas Party" earned a Nielsen rating of 4.3 in the 18–49 demographic, being viewed by 9.7 Document [63] (Title: The Search (The Office)) Carell) continues to ask Holly Flax (Amy Ryan) to get back together with him, but she continually refuses. Since she dated Michael when she worked in Scranton before and A. J. when she moved to Nashua, she feels like she does not want to fall into a pattern of dating co-workers. Michael and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) then go out on a sales call. After landing the sale, an irritable Michael needs to stop to use the bathroom. While at a gas station, Jim gets a call from Pam Halpert's (Jenna Fischer) mother Helene (Linda Purl), who was taking a Document [64] (Title: Jim Halpert) little too far, when Meredith looks over to see him play-fighting with her, causing her to shut him down immediately, startling him with her abruptness, though she eventually forgives him. He becomes so upset when he hears Pam discuss wedding details that he calls a travel agency and schedules a trip to Australia, deliberately making himself unable to attend the wedding. Feeling bored by his job, tortured by his situation with Pam, and guilty about a stack of complaints Dwight has filed against him, Jim investigates a transfer to Dunder Mifflin's branch in Stamford, Connecticut. In the season 2 finale, Document [65] (Title: The Alliance (The Office)) IGN praised the episode and compared Jim and Pam's relationship in the first season to that of the fourth, saying, "Jim and Pam simply work better before they were a couple. The fact that Roy can come between them here is fun – and reminds us that it was more interesting when something could still come between them!" In summary, he concluded that, "['The Alliance'] is one of the better early episodes of the show, and going out with Dwight talking to the camera – his hair dyed blonde – is genius and gives us (up to this point) the Document [66] (Title: Roy's Wedding) of Roy Anderson (Denman) Pam's former fiancé. Roy's wedding toast later leads to Pam and Jim searching their relationship for any secrets that the other might not know about. Jim, however, hides the fact that he has started a company with a college friend, and Pam grows more and more suspicious. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) reacts to Nellie Bertram's (Catherine Tate) mandatory charity initiative by announcing he will donate to the Taliban. "Roy's Wedding" saw the return of Denman as Roy, who was a regular character in the show's first three seasons. The episode received moderately positive reviews from Document [67] (Title: Dwight Schrute) Dwight was staying in Florida, prompting Jim to distract her with a compliment. During season 9's "Dwight Christmas", Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family. Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave. Later, when Jim returns, Dwight embraces him in a hug. Soon after, in "Suit Warehouse", Dwight absent-mindedly says "love you" at the end of a phone conversation with Jim, much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers. In "Livin' the Dream", the 3rd-to-last episode of Document [68] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 8)) and Dan Greaney. The season also saw the directorial debuts of cast members Ed Helms and Brian Baumgartner; Helms directed the episode "Christmas Wishes", and Baumgartner directed "After Hours". The series was renewed for an eighth season on March 17, 2011, began filming on July 25, 2011, and the season concluded filming on March 9, 2012. Jenna Fischer's pregnancy was written into the show, and Pam was again pregnant at the start of the season with a boy as she was in real life. Unlike the sixth season, there was no episode focusing on the baby's birth; it was instead Document [69] (Title: The Negotiation) executive producer Greg Daniels allowed his character to develop, "where all of a sudden, he wasn’t just a complete idiot but felt bad for being a bad boyfriend and wanted to try to get the girl back. It’s so rare to have that on a television show, because so often everyone wants you to be the same character every week. It was quite refreshing creatively to get to do that." Referring to Jim and Pam, Denman felt it was "inevitable that Romeo and Juliet had to get together" and end the series' love triangle. "Otherwise," he explained, "it gets kind Document [70] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) million viewers, making it, at the time of its airing, the highest-rated episode of the season. The office staffers hold a "Secret Santa" gift exchange at their Christmas party. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) received Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) name, and puts a great deal of effort into getting her the perfect gift (a teapot filled with some small items and a personal letter from him to her). Michael Scott (Steve Carell) buys a $400 video iPod as his gift to Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), far exceeding the $20 limit. He is disappointed by the handmade oven glove he receives Document [71] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 2)) fear of company downsizing, along with the introduction of new characters and developing some of the minor ones—especially that of Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson). Michael Scott (Steve Carell) soon starts a relationship with his boss Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) and, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) relationship become one of the focal points of the season. Their compatibility becomes more obvious as Jim's feelings for Pam continue to grow, while she struggles with her relationship with warehouse worker Roy Anderson (David Denman). Season two of "The Office" aired on Tuesdays in the United States at 9:30 p.m. Document [72] (Title: Pam Beesly) in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim Document [73] (Title: Doomsday (The Office)) Andy, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer), Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper), and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) head to Schrute Farms, ostensibly to try and change Dwight's mind. However, Pam consistently silences any attempt to bring up the device, saying she knows Dwight and is confident that he will stop the device on his own. After complimenting Dwight numerous times and having a small meal, Pam makes a joke that emphasizes that everyone is human and makes mistakes. To justify his presence at the squash court, Jim claims to be a regular player and begins a match with Robert, demonstrating his complete lack Document [74] (Title: Jim Halpert) "Casino Night", he confesses his love for Pam in the office. Pam, whose wedding to Roy was planned out and just weeks away, clearly shows her anguish but gently turns him down. Jim tearfully walks away, later kisses her in the office, and the season ends. In the third season premiere "Gay Witch Hunt", it is revealed that he did transfer to Stamford despite the fact that Pam has called off her wedding and he clearly still harbors intense feelings for her. His reason is later stated as "It's just, I kinda put it all on the line. Twice. And Document [75] (Title: Chair Model) by Don McLean and dancing on her grave. With Michael busy, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) work to reclaim parking spaces that they have lost due to construction in a neighboring office. They arrange a meeting with the bosses of the office park, and are given the parking spots back. The spaces are retrieved, Kevin feels happy to have won one, as his fiancée Stacy broke off their engagement and it's been a hard time for him. While flirting, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) reveals he is ready to propose to Pam, even going as far as Document [76] (Title: Christmas Wishes (The Office)) directed by cast member Ed Helms, making his directorial debut. The episode also marks the fourth appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy, Pam's replacement during her maternity leave. She appeared in a recurring role for the season and she initially appeared in "Pam's Replacement". Due to Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy, Pam did not appear in the episode. The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include shoots of several of the staff member's Christmas wishes being revealed, Dwight and Jim's pranks start turning on Cathy, and Meredith hitting on a newly Document [77] (Title: The Negotiation) and asks Pam to join him for coffee. Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship (and even friendship) appearing to be over; they hug and Pam wipes a tear from her face. Roy encourages Pam to pursue her feelings for Jim but she says she will not try to get him. Roy does not understand his long-time fiancée, especially her choice to not pursue Jim. Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight's heroics. Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day, the Document [78] (Title: A.A.R.M.) her about the company's success and how Jim is missing out by staying in Scranton. Pam begins to worry that she is making Jim do something that he does not want to do. She confronts her husband and admits that she thinks she might not be good enough for him. He asks the in-series documentary crew's help; the crew makes a DVD of the highlights that they have collected of Jim and Pam's relationship. The final scene that they use is from the second season Christmas episode "Christmas Party" in which Jim gives Pam a teapot as a gift, but Document [79] (Title: Dunder Mifflin Infinity) Mifflin Infinity. Pam is excited about the opportunity to use her art background, but Ryan uses the logo as an excuse to ask her out, which he does in front of Jim. Pam responds that she is dating Jim, which leaves the new boss thoroughly embarrassed. The episode was the first episode of the series directed by Craig Zisk. Zisk had previously directed episodes of "Nip/Tuck", "Weeds", "Scrubs", "Smallville", and "The Single Guy". "Dunder Mifflin Infinity" was written by Michael Schur, who plays Dwight's Amish cousin Mose. For Ryan's new appearance this season, the writers originally had B. J. Novak Document [80] (Title: Beach Games) Jim swooping in and kissing Pam but there’s still one episode left in the season. So that’s what we have to ponder over the next week." Jay Black of AOLTV also enjoyed the episode. He wrote, "I thought that it was a bit more low key than some of the previous episodes (hilarious sumo outfits not withstanding) and that suited me just fine. I thought that Michael's ridiculousness, always a difficult balancing act, was reigned-in to just this side of believable where it belongs. I thought that it was filled with a great assortment of gags, both character-based and farcical." Document [81] (Title: Pam Beesly) season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job. When the series begins, Pam is engaged Document [82] (Title: Garden Party (The Office)) than Andy as the well-meaning but hapless boss and Pam and Angela's dueling pregnancies, and all we got were variations on those storylines with no new angle either narratively". He gave the episode a C. IGN writer Cindy White considered the episode superior to previous "external" episodes "Christening" and "Phyllis' Wedding", but considered it inferior to the "Niagara" and the "classic" "Booze Cruise". She criticized the main plot for rehashing previous plot lines and ultimately gave the episode a 7.0/10. Garden Party (The Office) "Garden Party" is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series Document [83] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Benihana to help him forget his recent troubles; Michael drags Dwight and Jim along. The group stumbles upon an unexpecting couple (Anne Sertich and Stephen Saux) at the table and Dwight fails when attempting to impress the chef with his knowledge of Japanese knives. Andy successfully isolates Dwight from the rest of the party and convinces Michael to ask out their waitress, Cindy (Brittany Ishibashi). Meanwhile, Jim plays pranks on Dwight and realizes that his excuse for declining Pam's gift does not hold water. Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) kicks Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) off the Party Planning Committee. In response, Document [84] (Title: Murder (The Office)) night. Jim pulls Pam out so they can go home, and the others pretend to shoot each other to death. The episode was written by Daniel Chun, and was his first script for the series. The episode also was the inception of two major story arcs, the first being the season-long arc of Dunder Mifflin going out of business and its purchase by the printer company Sabre in the episode of the same name, and the second being the budding romance between Andy and Erin. According to series creator and episode director Greg Daniels, the episode explores the idea that Document [85] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam tells him she kissed Jim during "Casino Night". Roy then attempts to attack Jim at work in "The Negotiation", but Dwight sprays Roy with pepper spray. Roy is fired, but when Pam assures Jim that it is over between her and Roy for good, Jim doesn't believe it and tells her so. In "Beach Games", during a company outing at the beach, Pam confesses to Jim in front of everyone that he was the reason she broke off her wedding to Roy. She also states that she has missed their friendship since he left Scranton for Stamford. Later that Document [86] (Title: Jim Halpert) she said no. Twice." in "The Convention". Though in later seasons, after Ryan Howard's promotion, the relationship between him and Jim seems to be tense, in earlier seasons the two seem to be friendly. In "Casino Night", they are shown talking, laughing and drinking together. Throughout season 2, Jim dates Katy, who initially appeared in season 1 as the "Purse Girl" in "Hot Girl". After Jim and Katy split up in "Booze Cruise", he leaves a message asking out a fellow Dunder Mifflin employee named Brenda, much to Kelly's disbelief. Jim's misfortunes are assumed to be because he is unable Document [87] (Title: Dinner Party (The Office)) Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin), the former Vice-President of Regional Sales at the Dunder Mifflin corporate office in New York City, throw a dinner party and invite Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey), as well as an uninvited Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson). The party ends with Michael and Jan having a loud argument; Michael leaves with Dwight on the advice of two police officers who respond to a domestic disturbance call after the fight. The episode was the first original episode of "The Office" to be broadcast since Document [88] (Title: Cocktails (The Office)) relationship public, Karen makes Jim uncomfortable by pointing out all of her ex-boyfriends in attendance, and Dwight inspects the home. Meanwhile, the rest of the office goes to a bar and Pam tries to be more honest with Roy. The first American broadcast of "Cocktails" occurred on February 22, 2007 to an estimated 8.3 million viewers. The episode was positively received by television critics, with one believing it was one of the best of the season. Jan (Melora Hardin), Michael (Steve Carell), Dwight (Rainn Wilson), Jim (John Krasinski), and Karen (Rashida Jones) attend a cocktail party hosted by Dunder-Mifflin's CFO Document [89] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak). Pam chats awkwardly with the cartoonist, who at one point sneaks a peek down Pam's shirt, and they fail to hit it off. At Michael's party, Jim attends as the only guest, and explains that he did not leave Scranton because of Michael (whom Jim claims is a great boss), but rather because Pam rejected him, twice. The two mend their friendship just as other guests arrive, and Michael promises he would take care of the situation. "The Convention" was the fourth episode of the series written by the writing team of Gene Stupnitsky and Document [90] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 2)) a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight. B. J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who is a temporary worker. Halfway through the season, eight of the show's recurring guest stars are promoted to series regulars and credited just after the main titles and before the writers and producers. They include Jan Levinson, Michael's main love interest and Vice-President of Regional Sales, who is portrayed by Melora Hardin; Roy Anderson, a warehouse worker and Pam's fiance played by David Denman; Angela Martin, Oscar Martinez, and Kevin Malone the office's accountants, portrayed by Angela Kinsey, Oscar Nunez, and Brian Baumgartner, respectively; Document [91] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) the office, including a comedic roast of himself. Meanwhile, Andy, Jim, and Pam watch an illegally downloaded movie at work starring Jack Black, Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman, and Pam deals with her parents' recent argument that's caused her father to move in with her and Jim. Both parts of "Stress Relief" originally aired together immediately following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII, and "The Office" writers and producers sought to attract newcomers to the series with the expected increase in viewership. Guest stars Black, Alba and Leachman do not interact with the regular characters themselves, but rather appear in Document [92] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) from Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) and introduces a "Yankee Swap", in which someone can choose to steal someone else's gift or open a new one. Jim is left feeling uncertain about the fate of his special present for Pam—which is eventually claimed by Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson)—while the staff competes for the iPod. Although Pam ends up with the iPod at the end of the swap, she elects to trade the iPod for Jim's gift that was meant for her to show her appreciation. While she goes through the various aspects of her gift, Jim sneaks the letter he wrote Document [93] (Title: Drug Testing (The Office)) don't get it. What does he get out of that relationship?" A cut-away emphasizes his own relationship with Pam. "Drug Testing" was written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by show runner and executive producer Greg Daniels. Fischer noted that the subplot featuring Jim unable to talk was important because "Pam and Jim can say a lot to one another without any words at all", a reference to the "27 seconds of silence" the two shared in the earlier episode "Booze Cruise". Michael has a bandage around his finger in this episode because Steve Carell hurt his finger during the week Document [94] (Title: Conflict Resolution (The Office)) he, albeit poorly, Photoshops one himself. During the procedure, Jim admits to Pam that he had registered the complaint about her wedding planning, and Pam looks shocked. The next day, Jim secretly sees Vice President Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) for an interview about a transfer. "Conflict Resolution" was the fifth episode of the series written by Greg Daniels, who is also the executive producer and show runner for "The Office". The episode was the third of the series directed by Charles McDougall; he had previously directed the earlier season two episodes "Christmas Party" and "Dwight's Speech". The episode features Angela Document [95] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) abandoned novelty". Daniels later revealed in an interview that the subplot was a red herring to keep viewers emotionally invested in Pam and Jim's story. He explained, "we never intended him to actually [interfere with Pam and Jim's marriage], but wanted people to worry about it so they would be engaged in the story." On December 12, 2012, the series was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, but lost to "Modern Family". Michael Scott's return was nominated and won the fan-voted "Best TV Moment" at the 3rd Critics' Choice Document [96] (Title: Dwight Christmas) hits Jim with his switch. When Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) requests that Dwight use the switch on her buttocks, he ends the festivities in disgust, and a "normal" Christmas party is started. Although Pam tries to cheer him up, she too is saddened by Jim's absence. Jim returns later, having found that there is a 5 a.m. bus the next morning, and both Dwight and Pam are delighted by his return. During the party, Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) fears that Jim has forgotten to include him in the new job in Philadelphia, and gets extremely drunk. When he goes to Document [97] (Title: Pam Beesly) Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back. Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not Document [98] (Title: Pam Beesly) asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy. Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him. While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Document [99] (Title: Jim Halpert) Michael Scott during the sixth season episode arc from "The Promotion" to "The Manager and the Salesman". After Dunder Mifflin is bought by Sabre Corporation, Jim is very briefly the sole regional manager of the branch, before returning to the Sales department until his termination in the series finale. His character serves as the intelligent, mild-mannered straight man role to Michael, although it is also defined by a rivalrous pranking on fellow salesman Dwight Schrute and a romantic interest in receptionist Pam Beesly, whom he begins dating in the fourth season, marries in the sixth, and has children with in Document [100] (Title: Michael Scott (The Office)) Pam is visibly touched when, after many art show attendees dismiss her artwork, Michael is so impressed that he asks to buy her painting of their office building. Their relationship comes to a rocky point when he begins dating her mother Helene. This is only repaired after he breaks up with Helene and allows Pam to slap him in the face in the parking lot. He trusts and respects Jim, although when they were co-managers they clashed due to their polar-opposite management styles. In "Secret Santa", Michael mentions that in a future vision he sees himself and his future wife Document [101] (Title: Diwali (The Office)) (B. J. Novak) struggles to make a good impression on Kelly's parents and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) considers taking his relationship with Carol Stills (Nancy Carell) to the next step. Meanwhile, at the Stamford branch, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) get drunk while working late, leading Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) to give Jim a ride home. Kaling and executive producer Greg Daniels came up with the episode idea after Kaling held a Diwali party in 2005 for series staff. She undertook research about Indian culture and the resulting episode was substituted in place of one that Document [102] (Title: Company Picnic) and 49. Alan Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger" described the episode as "a great end to what may have been my favorite season of "The Office" to date." He said the episode included great laughs and sublime dramatic moments, including Michael's moment with Holly after the sketch and the silent moment in which Jim learns Pam is pregnant. Sepinwall said Jim's moment of composing himself in the hallway after calling Dwight in that scene was, "Maybe Krasinski's single best moment on the series to date." Margaret Lyons of "Entertainment Weekly" said she had "some mixed feelings" about the episode and wished Document [103] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) salesman before demoting him back to a temp. In Season 6's "Secret Santa," Michael dresses up as Santa Claus and tries to lure Ryan to sit on his lap, which Jim disapproved of. Initially, Ryan and Jim got along well in the first three seasons and both seemed to respect each other, almost to the point of being friends. However, hints of a future rivalry were shown in "The Merger", where it is revealed to Jim that Ryan took his old job after he transferred to Stamford. Despite this, the two still got along fairly well with little to no Document [104] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) television block. This is the second season not to star Steve Carell as lead character Michael Scott, although he returned for a cameo appearance in the series finale. The ninth season largely focuses on the relationship between Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer). After Jim decides to follow his dream and start a sports marketing company in Philadelphia, Pam begins to worry about moving, and the couple's relationship experiences stress. Meanwhile, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) abandons the office for a three-month boating trip, and eventually quits his job to pursue his dream of becoming a star, although he Document [105] (Title: Pam Beesly) In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this Document [106] (Title: The Alliance (The Office)) effort to look like a good boss. At the end of the day, after a breakthrough in his pranks on Dwight, Jim giddily grabs Pam's hand in an attempt to explain what has just happened. However, Pam's fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman) catches this and sees it as an attempt by Jim to make a move on Pam. Jim tries to convince Roy that it was just "office pranks" and asks Dwight to back him up, but he simply denies any involvement leaving Jim awkwardly embarrassed. Dwight reveals that he had no problems betraying Jim, despite the fact that he Document [107] (Title: Pam Beesly) witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping Document [108] (Title: Getting Together) the same time slot as breakout CBS hit "All in the Family", the show never gained the ratings hoped for, and was cancelled at midseason after 14 episodes. While in the same "universe" as "The Partridge Family", the series is not included on that show's DVD collections. Getting Together Getting Together is an American musical sitcom, which aired on the ABC during the 1971–72 U.S. television season. It starred Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway and Lionel Poindexter, a songwriting duo. The pilot for the series had aired the previous spring as the first-season finale episode of "The Document [109] (Title: Pam Beesly) marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from Document [110] (Title: Jim Halpert) "everybody likes Jim". A major part of the character Jim Halpert is his relationship with Pam Beesly, which is often the subject of office speculation. This is made worse by the fact that Pam was engaged to Roy Anderson, a Dunder Mifflin warehouse worker. Throughout the first two seasons, incidents such as Pam falling asleep on Jim's shoulder in "Diversity Day" and drunkenly kissing him in "The Dundies" show a possibility of the feelings being mutual; however, Pam never acts on them and she remains engaged to Roy. On one occasion, in "The Fight," his flirting with her goes a Document [111] (Title: Weight Loss (The Office)) employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, the whole office participates in a company-wide weight loss contest. Pam (Jenna Fischer) is in New York City for art school, which causes her and Jim to have to adjust to being temporarily apart. An awkward tension between Michael (Steve Carell) and Holly (Ryan) develops after she accepts a date with another man. Meanwhile, Angela (Angela Kinsey) and Dwight (Rainn Wilson) continue their secret relationship despite Angela's upcoming wedding to Andy. The office partakes in a company-wide weight loss competition, with the prize of Document [112] (Title: New Guys) his balance and hanging from the bicycle above the parking lot. Much to his embarrassment, he has to be rescued by a team of firefighters, while Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) mistakenly believes the incident to be a circus act. While everyone is outside crowding around Dwight, Jim calls up his old college friend and tells him that he wants to be involved in the new business deal, even though he did not have Pam's approval. On May 11, 2012, NBC renewed "The Office" for a ninth season and it was later announced that Greg Daniels, who had been the series Document [113] (Title: The Lover (The Office)) to install a recording device in Jim's office, by giving him a wooden mallard as an apology for their long rivalry. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) return from their honeymoon in Puerto Rico and Michael (Steve Carell) tells Jim that he has been dating Pam's mother, Helene (Linda Purl), after spending the night with her at their wedding in Niagara. Jim is shocked and tells Michael not to mention anything to Pam (which he reluctantly agrees to do) and to break it off with Helene immediately (which he does not agree to). However, when Jim and Pam give Document [114] (Title: Dream Team (The Office)) Dream Team (The Office) "Dream Team" is the twenty-second episode of the fifth season of the television series "The Office", and the 94th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9, 2009. In the episode, Pam and Michael try to keep each other motivated as the two form their new paper company together. Michael recruits Ryan for the company, which sets up a new office in the same building complex as Dunder Mifflin. Meanwhile, Jim tries to impress new boss Charles Miner by claiming to be a soccer enthusiast, but it Document [115] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) (Jenna Fischer) parents are going through a rough patch in their marriage, and Pam’s father is staying with her and Jim (John Krasinski). Jim attempts to cheer Pam up by watching an unlicensed movie with Andy (Ed Helms) (they do not know how to access such films while Andy does, so they have to watch the movie in Andy's company). The film stars Jack Black, who is engaged to a character played by Jessica Alba, but falls in love with her elderly grandmother, played by Cloris Leachman. During the movie, Jim and Pam discuss the situation with Pam’s parents, but Document [116] (Title: Pam Beesly) or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin. In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off Document [117] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 6)) season mainly faced criticism for a lack of stakes for the characters. Some critics have also criticized the conclusion to the Jim and Pam romance while others were critical of the lack of growth for Michael. Cindy White of IGN gave the season a 7.5 saying it was "Good" and "We did get some funny moments and some good episodes in Season 6, but as a whole it just doesn't compare to the strength of seasons past." She also went on to criticize the storylines including Jim's stint as co-manager. Will Leitch of "New York" said ""The Office"'s season six Document [118] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) mind, as he likes how Pam is less talkative after having spent time with Jim. Pam's mother and Roy seem to get along ("Sexual Harassment"). Roy is often bored and does not like company get-togethers, particularly when there's no open bar ("Casino Night"), and is seen on more than one occasion leaving office parties early. In the episode "The Fire", he states that he would "do" Angela while playing "Who Would You Do", and throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Roy too, indeed Roy is the only character with whom Angela interacts that Document [119] (Title: Jim Halpert) encourages Jim to speak to Michael. As a new receptionist has already been hired, Pam is re-hired in sales alongside Jim. During "Company Picnic", Pam injures her ankle during a volleyball game and Jim takes her to the hospital. The camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam suddenly embracing, looking shocked and ecstatic, before Jim emerges to call Dwight and inform him they won't be returning to the game. It is heavily implied that Pam is pregnant, and Document [120] (Title: Customer Loyalty (The Office)) lines) the final confrontation between Jim and Pam was "a big dose of reality" and that it was not "a contrived fight". David Wilcox of "The Citizen" wrote that the fight between Pam and Jim was "welcome" because their relationship had grown stale ever since they had "hooked up and started living their perfect little lives together." Wilcox praised the way in which the fight was written, and wrote that he "couldn't help smiling. Not because the fight wasn't wrenching to watch. But because it was." Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a 7.8 out of 10, denoting a Document [121] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) The Meeting (The Office) "The Meeting" is the second episode of the sixth season of the American comedy television series "The Office", and the 102nd overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States and simultaneously on CTV in Canada on September 24, 2009. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael plots to sabotage Jim's plans after Jim and David Wallace have a secret meeting without him. In the end, Jim Document [122] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) due to scheduling conflicts, this fell through. The episode aired on NBC on September 28, 2006 and was seen by an estimated 7.8 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode was received generally well by critics. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) from the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, Josh Porter (Charles Esten) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from the Stamford branch, and Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) from the corporate headquarters all descend upon Philadelphia for an office supply convention. Michael is bitter that Jim left Scranton for Stamford and tries to one-up Josh at Document [123] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) to Pam at a gas station halfway between them because he could not wait. Pam ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire, branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela's continued affair, both men leave her. Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial Document [124] (Title: Jim Halpert) between Scranton and New York City, where Pam is attending Pratt. Jim and Pam keep in touch during her time at art school via webcam, instant messaging and frequent phone calls. Jim eagerly awaits Pam's return in "Business Trip". He is sad but supportive when Pam calls, saying she has failed a class and can't come home yet. That afternoon he finds Pam waiting in the parking lot, claiming that she hated art school anyway. He purchases his parents' house and begins to take his career more seriously than in previous episodes. When new Vice President Charles Miner (Idris Elba) Document [125] (Title: Pam Beesly) large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position. The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of "The Office", encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the Document [126] (Title: Jim Halpert) the pregnancy is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim is promoted to Regional Co-Manager, alongside Michael, in "The Meeting." His promotion causes problems in the office as the staff doesn't take him seriously and he is often in a power struggle with Michael. When Dunder Mifflin files for bankruptcy and is taken over by Sabre, a company that sells printers, Jim chooses to become a salesman again (largely because Sabre's uncapped commission means a huge pay increase). Jim and Pam marry in the highly anticipated, hour-long episode, "Niagara". When their guests' craziness threatens to ruin the wedding day, Document [127] (Title: Casual Friday (The Office)) Casual Friday (The Office) "Casual Friday" is the twenty-sixth episode of the fifth season of the television series "The Office", and the 98th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 30, 2009. In this episode, Michael, Pam and Ryan return to Dunder Mifflin as salespeople, and other members of the sales staff become upset when they don't get their old clients back that the Michael Scott Paper Company stole from them. Meanwhile, Jim tries to remain neutral about the situation and plays board games with Creed, and Casual Friday is reinstated Document [128] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) company booze cruise party, Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her. Even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy, the two kiss and Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after. The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well. The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes. The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2, "Casino Night", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her. Document [129] (Title: Pam Beesly) that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces Document [130] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 4)) that, minus Leslie David Baker's Stanley, these excellent actors/characters haven't been highlighted nearly enough since the series' return in April." In a comprehensive review of the fourth season DVD, IGN reviewers Travis Fickett and Phil Pirrello both believed "this season to be one of the show's best, [but felt] that 14 episodes across four discs gives way to crowding, especially when the season tries to tackle Jim and Pam dating, Angela and Dwight breaking up, Andy and Angela dating by way of awkward silence, Michael and Jan breaking up, Toby leaving the office and a new love interest for Michael Document [131] (Title: Hot Girl (The Office)) an angry Pam corrects him that they are engaged. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) convinces Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) that he should approach Katy and if all else fails, he should buy a purse, which he does to Pam and Jim's delight. When Michael hears she'll need a ride home, he does his best to offer himself, going so far as to spend the aforementioned $1000 on an espresso machine to impress her. While Pam is sitting on Jim's desk and talking to him, Roy comes up and tries to apologize to Pam, eventually getting her out of her bad mood Document [132] (Title: Gossip (The Office)) by Paul Lieberstein, a producer and screenwriter for the series who also plays Toby. The episode confirmed the fact that Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, "Company Picnic". "Gossip" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a full cast member; she had guest starred in several episodes at the end of the fifth season as receptionist Erin Hannon. It was also the first episode of "The Office" to air since the release of the Ed Helms comedy film "The Hangover". The film was a surprise box office success, grossing more than twice Document [133] (Title: Roy's Wedding) Next". "The Office" was also the highest-rated NBC television program of the night. "Roy's Wedding" received moderately positive reviews from critics. Many applauded the emotional drama in Pam and Jim's storyline. "The A.V. Club" reviewer Myles McNutt praised the Jim-Pam storyline and Daniels for using the previous seasons of Jim and Pam's "boring storylines" to create greater drama for this episode and for the season as a whole. He also complimented the change of dynamic the episode caused, saying that by "allowing Jim and Pam to serve as the point of dramatic interest, the rest of the characters are loosened Document [134] (Title: The Merger (The Office)) mostly because of the return of Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). She soon learns throughout the day that Jim has become slightly distant at her and that he has formed a close relationship with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), visibly shaking her. Feeling bad with their awkward reunion, Jim catches up to Pam at the end of the day and informs her that he's seeing someone. While Pam assures him that they're still friends, Jim leaves shaken as well. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) proclaims he'll be the No. 2 man in Scranton in six weeks time through "name repetition, personality mirroring and Document [135] (Title: Valentine's Day (The Office)) gifts from her boyfriend Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer), while Pam Beesly is irritated with Roy Anderson (David Denman) when the only thing he gives her for Valentine's Day is the promise of the "best sex of [her] life". Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced to listen to, and witness Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) turn Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) down for a date. At the end of the day, Jim tells Pam "Happy Valentine's Day" and she watches him longingly as he leaves. This episode was the fourth episode of the series directed by series creator Greg Daniels. Daniels Document [136] (Title: Christening (The Office)) his departure and the search for a new manager. As such, "Christening" was written to specifically highlight "potential heirs to the throne", in this case Fischer and Krasinski's characters, Pam and Jim. The episode guest stars Linda Purl as Helene Beesly, Rick Overton as William Beesly, Robert Pine as Mr. Halpert, Perry Smith as Betsy Halpert, Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance, and Peggy Stewart as Sylvia. Within a week of its airdate the official website of "The Office" released two deleted scenes. In the first 46-second clip, Angela, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling), Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez), and Ryan Howard Document [137] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Pam reaches out to Karen, and the two plan a rival party. The rival Christmas parties begin, and the office staff members are forced to choose sides. Pam and Karen's party is a hit, while Angela's is a dreary affair. Michael and Andy each return with a waitress as their "new girlfriend" (though neither is the one who waited on them at the restaurant). Angela accepts Pam's offer to merge the parties. Oscar enters the office with his partner Gil just as Angela is singing "The Little Drummer Boy," pauses for a moment, says, "Too soon" and leaves. Meanwhile, Michael Document [138] (Title: Jim Halpert) because of Pam but eventually decides to do so. Karen, who has grown fond of Jim and wishes to pursue a relationship with him, also transfers to Scranton. In "The Merger", Jim's and Pam's reunion is awkward. Pam is overjoyed, but Jim is clearly uncomfortable. He lets Pam know that he is seeing someone, and gradually Karen is introduced as his girlfriend. As Jim settles back in at Scranton, he uses his promotion as an excuse to avoid his old interactions and pranks with Pam, claiming that pulling pranks is not appropriate for his position. However, in time, Jim does Document [139] (Title: Office Olympics) of "The A.V. Club" awarded the episode an "A" and called it the show's "first truly classic episode", due to the added "verve" of both plots. Adams praised the way the main story and Jim and Pam's stories were intercut with each other, so that both could play off of each other; he wrote that "Michael Schur’s a great writer, and Paul Feig knows how to let superb comedic performances flow from his actors, but the stitch-up job here makes the two halves of the episodes complementary when they could’ve rocketed in opposite directions and ripped 'Office Olympics' apart." "Entertainment Document [140] (Title: Dinner Party (The Office)) glasses and his former babysitter (Beth Grant) as his date (Dwight describes the relationship as "purely carnal"). The feud between Michael and Jan escalates, culminating in Jan's destruction of the $200 television using one of Michael's beloved Dundie Awards. The police arrive, responding to a call about a disturbance; despite Jan becoming remorseful, Michael agrees to spend the night with Dwight under the advice of the officers. Jim and Pam share a warm moment together eating take-out food in their car, repeatedly calling each other "babe" in a mockery of Michael and Jan; Jim also puts on Hunter's CD, which Document [141] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam is describing her lack of satisfaction with the current state of her relationship with Jim. Jim then suddenly interrupts the session to ask her to dinner, much to her surprise. She becomes flustered and overjoyed, and accepts the invitation. Jim replies "All right. Then... it's a date," and leaves abruptly. Pam turns back to the camera, smiling, only to ask, "What was the question?" In a webisode titled "Office Summer Vacation", found on NBC's website, Karen states that Jim "dumped my ass" and left her crying at a fountain. In the season premiere, "Fun Run", Pam and Jim reveal Document [142] (Title: After Hours (The Office)) the season, after she initially appeared in "Pam's Replacement". The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Nellie establishing boundaries for flirtation, Nellie and Dwight confessing peculiar secrets to each other, and Pam and Andy calling Jim for advice, only to have Cathy answer the phone. "After Hours" originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 23, 2012. The episode was viewed by an estimated 5.02 million viewers and received a 2.6 rating/7% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen Document [143] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) finally gives Pam the note in the penultimate ninth season episode "A.A.R.M." The writers for the show wanted Michael to "give a cool gift that the show's co-workers would later resent". They eventually decided that he would buy an iPod for Ryan. Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the device, despite the fact that the company did not pay for the placement. The poster that Toby gives to Angela was created by one of the show's prop workers. The two children in the poster were brought in from a talent agency. Naya Soto is the child pictured Document [144] (Title: The Inner Circle (The Office)) decides to give up trying to impress Deangelo. It is also revealed in the same talking head that Michael named his new dog after Pam. In the third 82 second clip, Jim attempts to get back into the inner circle. In its original American broadcast on May 5, 2011, "The Inner Circle" was viewed by an estimated 6.90 million households and received a 3.5 rating/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.5% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time Document [145] (Title: The Promotion (The Office)) that Jim will be a horrible boss. Meanwhile, Pam tries to get people to give money as a wedding gift. The office is trying to adjust to having both Michael (Steve Carell) and Jim (John Krasinski) as bosses, with Jim moving into a newly built personal office space in the main section. Michael and Jim constantly find themselves at odds with each other as Michael keeps having "conference room meetings" while Jim wants to keep productivity in the office place. They get a call from CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) who tells them that not everyone in the branch will Document [146] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) Pam that "your art was the prettiest art of all the art", but asks her to leave so that they can go home. Their reunion is short-lived. They break up shortly after "Cocktails", when Pam confesses to Roy that she kissed Jim on "Casino Night". In response, an enraged Roy started trashing the bar they were meeting at, and Pam calls the relationship off immediately. With his brother having paid off the bar with money he got from selling his jet-skis, a visibly disturbed Roy states, "I am gonna kill Jim Halpert." When he attempts to beat Jim up in Document [147] (Title: Pam Beesly) and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Document [148] (Title: Jim Halpert) night, Jim tells Pam that he feels as if he never really came back from Stamford, tacitly admitting that he has actively been fighting his feelings for her all year. However, Jim's relationship with Karen and pending interview for a corporate position which would require his relocation to New York City, still obstruct a potential romance. In "The Job", Jim, Karen, and Michael each interview for the corporate position. During the interview, he notices a caring note from Pam in his briefcase. After the interview he drives back to Scranton, leaving Karen without a ride. Back at the Scranton office, Document [149] (Title: Email Surveillance) him to find out that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is throwing a party that Michael was not invited to. Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) begins to suspect that Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) might secretly be having a relationship. Ken Jeong explained that, while all the scenes were scripted, the actors were allowed to improvise their lines during the improv shots. Omi Vaidya revealed that, during the party scenes, the cast were allowed to drink real beer and play video games on an Xbox 360. "Email Surveillance" received largely positive reviews from television critics. The episode Document [150] (Title: Heavy Competition) himself and Michael to intercede when Ryan in turn calls Pam a "hag". In the second 50-second clip, Andy tries to sell Jim and Pam a Christian cross-shaped cake from his failed wedding with Angela, and Jim tells Andy he believes the whole office is against him. Michael, Pam and Ryan have lunch at Alfredo's Pizza Café, a reference to the restaurant first referenced in the fourth season episode "Launch Party". Andy presents a recording of his a cappella group singing Pachelbel's Canon segueing into the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al". Dwight said under Michael's leadership, the Document [151] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 4)) main theme of the season, with Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) rising, and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Jan Levinson's (Melora Hardin), as well as Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin's (Angela Kinsey) declining. Technology was another prevalent theme as the office staff struggled with initiatives introduced by Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) to modernize the company. The fourth season of "The Office" aired on Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. (Eastern) in the United States. The season marked a slight drop in ratings compared to the previous two seasons. Critical reception to the season continued to Document [152] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) his new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three. Meanwhile, Michael and Jan's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job. On the other hand, Dwight and Angela continue their steamy secret relationship. In the season's finale, Jim, Karen, and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan's, who is fired that day for poor performance. Jim wins and rejects the offer off-screen, opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and ask Pam out on a date, which she joyfully accepts. In the final scene, we learn Ryan Document [153] (Title: Diwali (The Office)) only their ninth date, and drives home, leaving Michael to find a ride. Meanwhile, in Stamford, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) decides to bike to work. Working late, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), and Jim turn a late night of paperwork into an excuse to drink, although Karen, unbeknownst to Jim and Andy, pours her shots into her wastebasket. Pam sends a text message to Jim, who does not answer because he is passed out on his desk. At the end of the evening, Michael mistakenly thinks that he and Pam have a connection, and is rejected when Document [154] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows a liking for Michael. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three-month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale, Jim almost proposes to Pam, but is interrupted by Andy proposing to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office. The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII. Jim proposes Document [155] (Title: Casino Night) which Michael Scott (Carell) inadvertently invites two dates. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) decides to transfer to Dunder Mifflin's Stamford branch and reveals to Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) his feelings for her. The episode was the first of the series to run as a "supersized" episode, featuring twenty-eight minutes and twenty seconds of content rather than the standard twenty minutes and thirty seconds. In addition, the episode was the first of the series to be written by Carell; he had suggested the idea for the episode to executive producer Greg Daniels, who thoroughly enjoyed the idea and green lit the Document [156] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 7)) Flax, would appear in eight episodes of the season. He also confirmed Kathy Bates would return as Jo Bennett in the season premiere. Melora Hardin returns as Jan Levinson. Timothy Olyphant guest starred in two episodes as rival salesman, Danny Cordray, who previously went on two dates with Pam. Jack Coleman appears in a new recurring role as Senator Robert Lipton, who is dating Angela. Amy Ryan made her first return appearance as Holly in a voice-only role in "Sex Ed", and finally returned to Dunder Mifflin in the hour-long Christmas episode; and she is now billed among the rest Document [157] (Title: Paper Airplane (The Office)) airplane contest. Meanwhile, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) prepares for a potential acting job, and Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) utilize new skills that they learned in couples' counseling. The episode received mostly mixed reviews from critics; some felt that the episode was humorous, whereas others were critical of the main plot involving Pam and Jim. The episode was viewed by 3.25 million viewers and received a 1.7/5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, giving it the lowest viewership rating of any episode of "The Office". "Paper Airplane" ranked fourth in its timeslot, but Document [158] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Carol's former husband in a family photo. She breaks off the relationship, leaving Michael heartbroken and stuck with a pair of tickets to Jamaica. For the past several months, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) has led Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) to believe that he is being recruited by the CIA, and her gift to Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is that he can choose Dwight's first assignment. Jim declines the gift and claims that as the new office "Number Two" he should not be engaging in such activities, leaving Pam discouraged by a changed Jim. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) takes Michael to Document [159] (Title: Classy Christmas) of absence to go on jury duty for the Scranton Strangler trial, leading the corporate office to send Holly Flax (Amy Ryan) to cover for him. Michael forces Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to plan a second, classier Christmas party for Holly's return to Scranton. Michael welcomes Holly back, but becomes upset when she tells him that she and A.J. (Rob Huebel) are still in a relationship. Holly then tells the women of the office that she's giving A.J. an ultimatum: either propose to her by year's end or their relationship is over. Michael lies to Holly and tells her that Document [160] (Title: Happy Hour (The Office)) Matt (Sam Daly), Oscar (Oscar Nunez) asks Darryl (Craig Robinson) to organize a happy hour outing between the office employees and the warehouse workers. Jim (John Krasinski) invites Pam (Jenna Fischer), who is unusually excited to see everyone. They invite a friend of hers, Julie (Laurie Naughton Okin), to meet Michael (Steve Carell). Julie seems to take a liking to Michael as she laughs at everything he says, but when Michael learns they invited Julie specifically for him, he adopts a new persona called "Date Mike" that he says is inspired by the winners and losers of reality TV dating Document [161] (Title: Blood Drive (The Office)) a singles mixer. He puts up flyers which also advertise the finding of a missing glove, and Michael hopes his mystery woman will come to the party as a result. When Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) are threatened with banishment by Michael after they constantly gaze happily on each other, Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) invites them to have lunch with her and her husband Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer). Their meal initially goes well, but Phyllis and Bob disappear for a while after their food arrives. Hungry and not wanting to be rude by eating before they get back, Document [162] (Title: Pam Willis) refused to believe the diagnosis, but the couple were soon reunited as they faced up to Doug's condition. Pam made another return on 15 April 2016. Shortly after Pam and Doug purchase Number 28 from Des Clarke (Paul Keane), they are invited to dine with Beverly Marshall (Shaunna O'Grady) and her husband Jim Robinson. When Doug's flirting with Beverley angers Jim, Pam quickly defuses the situation by explaining that she is aware of her husband's flirtatious nature. The family quickly settle in and Pam soon returns to nursing. She is delighted when Adam and Cody both agree to follow her Document [163] (Title: Pam Beesly) in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc." At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam. Pam Document [164] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 5)) in the beginning of the season. Also Erin Hannon played by Ellie Kemper, debuted in season five as the new receptionist after Pam left for the Michael Scott Paper Company. She is the new love interest of Andy. The fifth-season premiere "Weight Loss" received a 4.9/11 in the Nielsen ratings meaning that it was seen by 4.9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 13% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This marked a rise in the ratings set by the fourth season finale, "Goodbye, Toby". The season reached a high with "Stress Relief" Document [165] (Title: Mafia (The Office)) proved that the show can survive taking both Jim and Pam out of the picture for a full episode". Joel Keller criticized the main plot saying "It was more than a post wedding let down; it was one of the worst episodes in years" The episode currently ranks 23rd on the OfficeTally's ranking list of Season 6 episodes. Mafia (The Office) "Mafia" is the 6th episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series "The Office" and the show's 106th episode overall. It originally aired on October 15, 2009 on NBC. The series—presented as if it were a real Document [166] (Title: Phyllis Vance) Ryan's corporate wilderness retreat while Toby was. Later on, when Jim is making stupid suggestions for the office birthday parties and finally demands a meeting on the subject, Phyllis mistakenly calls him "Michael" and Jim is horrified. In "Goodbye, Toby" (the season finale), Phyllis takes over the Party Planning committee from Angela in order to organize Toby's farewell party to Michael's specifications. In the final scene of the episode, Phyllis comes back inside the office following the party and catches Angela and ex-boyfriend Dwight Schrute having sex on one of the desks, despite the fact that Angela's boyfriend and co-worker Document [167] (Title: The Merger (The Office)) whose characters joined the Scranton branch. In her weekly blog for "TV Guide", actress Kate Flannery stated that it "was a really fun episode" to film, as she was able to work with a variety of new actors. She added, "They double the size and they double the comedy... It was like a party all week shooting this episode." The season three DVD contains a number of deleted scenes, including Kevin and Angela reacting to Jim's return, Karen noting that she and Meredith have the same thermos and being offered alcohol, Andy introducing himself to Kevin, Michael telling Karen and Document [168] (Title: Erin Hannon) local production of "". He pressures the entire office to go, but really just wants to get Erin to attend, in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe. Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe, however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend. Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together, however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent. In "Sex Ed", the Office believes Michael has herpes, and Andy uses the situation to host a Document [169] (Title: Pam Beesly) airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves. At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Gettysburg". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy. Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Question: which season do pam and jim get together Answer: the fourth season Long Answer: Pamela Morgan Halpert (née Beesly) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale . Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues. Gold Document ID: 164

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Company Picnic) nice, really fitting end" to the season. Nathin Rabin of The A.V. Club, who gave the episode a B+ grade, said it was "long on pathos and awkwardness but short on laughs", but described it as "a very satisfying way to end a very satisfying season". Although Rabin said the final scene with Jim and Pam was filmed and handled artfully, he also expressed concern that the subplot could turn into a cliched device, and said "part of me felt it was a rather pat, heavy-handed way of ending the season on a dramatic note." Will Leitch of "New York" Document [2] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) as a fill in for Pam after she goes to design school and immediately apologizes to Jim, albeit in a very cynical and egotistical fashion, but Jim accepts his apology regardless, though not before making a few sarcastic remarks towards him, showing that the two still held each other in relative contempt. Once Ryan is rehired as a salesman before being demoted back to a temp at the company, he forms a bond with Pam, slightly softening his bitter relationship with Jim. Things finally improve a little between the two for most of season five, but they deteriorate anew in Document [3] (Title: The Delivery (The Office)) extra night at the hospital, irritating Jim. The office tries to distract her with food and entertainment. She eventually goes to the hospital and gives birth to a daughter, Cecelia Marie Halpert. Meanwhile, Michael, inspired by the success of Pam and Jim's relationship, sets up Erin with Kevin. Dwight, sent over to find Pam's iPod, discovers mold in Pam and Jim's house and remodels their entire kitchen, and also considers entering a pre-natal contract with ex-girlfriend Angela, for he feels he needs a baby for business reasons. Part one is written by Daniel Chun and directed by Seth Gordon, while Document [4] (Title: Dwight Schrute) that first impression, he hates her. In the episode "The Whale", Dwight openly tells Pam that he considers her his friend. In the final episode of the series, Dwight refers to Pam as his "best friend", and he ensures that she and Jim get a large severance as they leave Dunder Mifflin. As a result of the Scranton-Stamford merger, Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard, to gain Michael's favor for "third-in-command". The struggle comes to a climax in "Traveling Salesmen". In Season 4, Andy and Dwight are Document [5] (Title: The Client (The Office)) her behind at a high school hockey game. Their astonishment increases when they realize the date was her now-fiance Roy. Later, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam break off their respective evening plans to enjoy an impromptu dinner on the roof and watch Dwight and Kevin fool around with fireworks. The next day Jim half-jokingly remarks to Pam that this was their first date. Pam responds in an unexpectedly harsh manner and a dismayed Jim makes an unwise crack at Pam about the hockey game date she earlier mentioned. Hurt, Pam breaks off the conversation. That morning, Dwight, having spent Document [6] (Title: Pam Beesly) drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch. In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe. In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess Document [7] (Title: Fun Run) Krasinski) broke up with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), who left Dunder Mifflin Scranton. Jim and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) claim that they see each other socially but only as friends. The documentary crew catches Pam picking up Jim in her car. They kiss and drive away. When faced with the footage of them kissing, Jim and Pam admit to the documentary crew that they are secretly dating. As he arrives at work, Michael accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car, sending her to the hospital for a fractured pelvis. Forced to join a group visit to Meredith in Document [8] (Title: Pam Beesly) the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her. In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the Document [9] (Title: Getting Together) Getting Together Getting Together is an American musical sitcom, which aired on the ABC during the 1971–72 U.S. television season. It starred Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway and Lionel Poindexter, a songwriting duo. The pilot for the series had aired the previous spring as the first-season finale episode of "The Partridge Family" named "A Knight in Shining Armor", in which Lionel and Bobby were introduced to each other by the Partridges. The unaired version of this episode, entitled "Words And Music", ran 33 minutes, and featured Farrah Fawcett and Pat Boone. The 8 extra minutes of footage Document [10] (Title: Did I Stutter?) situation. Michael tries to assert his power over Stanley, by pretending to fire him, but that only makes matters worse. The two eventually end up alone in the office. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) receives a warning about his job performance, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) is forced to wear her glasses, and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) buys Andy Bernard's (Ed Helms) car. Originally, episode writers Justin Spitzer and Brent Forrester were supposed to write two separate episodes. However, the effects of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike forced the two to share an episode. "Did I Stutter?" contained several Document [11] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) morale. The second season is the series' first 22-episode season, and has its first 28-minute "super-sized" episode. Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters, and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters. Michael makes out with and then spends the night with his boss Jan, but does not have sex with her. Dwight and Angela become romantically involved, but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating. When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam, at a Document [12] (Title: Cafe Disco) his girlfriend Lynne (Lisa K. Wyatt). Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) have decided to avoid the expense and stress of a wedding and elope to a simple courthouse ceremony in Youngstown, Ohio without letting their co-workers know. Pam comes to work with a wedding dress and Jim picks up flowers in the office parking lot. As they are leaving, they decide to stop in at Cafe Disco, and end up having a lot of fun, making them decide they really want an actual wedding ceremony after all. Phyllis eventually recovers and dances with Bob in the Cafe Document [13] (Title: Casual Friday (The Office)) Michael decides to pull the joke on the new receptionist, Erin (Ellie Kemper). This is a callback to the pilot episode in which Michael "fake fires" Pam. "Casual Friday" was written by Anthony Q. Farrell and directed by Brent Forrester. The official website for "The Office" included two cut scenes from "Casual Friday" within a week of its original release. In the first 50-second clip, Jim welcomes Pam to her new sales desk with a gift of a model of an island with figures representing Jim, Pam and Dwight, who share the office pod together. Dwight insists he did not Document [14] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) him for their breakup. Pam later confronts her father about why he left her mother while Jim looks on through the window. Pam returns to the office and tells Jim her father left because Jim told him how much he loves Pam, and he realized that he had never felt that way about her mother even at their best. Pam comes to terms with the separation and tearfully embraces Jim. Later, she expresses confidence that the two are true soul mates. Andy overhears her comments about her real life scenario, still thinks she is talking about the film they watched Document [15] (Title: The Carpet) M. Giant noted that the viewer only gets "the merest out-of-focus "Blair Witch" glimpse" of the substance. Fischer also noted that one of the more interesting aspects of the episode was the "you [the audience] finally see Pam and Roy getting along." She explained that this was because Roy and Pam returned from "a romantic vacation in the Poconos." Deleted scenes include: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) believing that a higher power brought Michael to his desk, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) speculating on the culprit, Jim unable to handle Kelly's chattering, Jim eating lunch by himself Document [16] (Title: Couples Discount) Jim angrier, but he brushes the matter off to avoid an argument. The couple had planned on sharing an evening bottle of wine for Valentine's Day, but Jim later tells Pam he wants to go down to Philadelphia instead because he fears they would only end up fighting. Pam initially accepts this, but realizing that the silence between them is worse than fighting, she tells Jim he should stay and fight with her, and Jim agrees. At the end of the day, Erin tries to break up with Andy, saying she no longer loves him and is angry that he Document [17] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) for being superior to him, tries to one-up both Jim and Josh at every opportunity. Meanwhile, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) sets up Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) on a double date with one of her friends which goes nowhere. Toby Flenderson's (Paul Lieberstein) interest in Pam is piqued, beginning an unrequited crush on his part. The first draft of the script included a scene suggesting that Angela was pregnant with Dwight's child, but this was cut by showrunner Greg Daniels. Initially, there were plans for the cast members from the British version of "The Office" to appear in this episode, but Document [18] (Title: Mafia (The Office)) Meanwhile, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) accidentally cancels Jim's credit card, while Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) are on their honeymoon in Puerto Rico. It was written by Brent Forrester and directed by David Rogers. "Mafia" received positive reviews from critics and was viewed by an estimated 8.03 million viewers and received a 4.1/10 in the 18–49 demographic. Michael (Steve Carell) meets with a tenacious but not overly skilled insurance salesman named Angelo Grotti (guest star Mike Starr) in the office and is later convinced by Dwight (Rainn Wilson) and Andy (Ed Helms) that he is part of Document [19] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) the office, Dwight prevents the attack with pepper spray and Roy is quickly fired. Roy later returns to receive his last paycheck and apologizes to Jim, which Jim accepts. He then asks Pam if they can get a cup of coffee after work, which she reluctantly agrees to. At a diner, Pam confesses that their engagement was a big mistake and they were never right for each other. Roy asks if she's going to pursue Jim now, but she quietly declines. Roy encourages her to go after him, telling her, "I don't get you, Pam." The two have one final Document [20] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) is promoted to co-manager. Meanwhile, Dwight and Toby become suspicious of an injury Darryl supposedly got at work, and Pam tries to get RSVPs from the office for her wedding to Jim. The episode was written by Aaron Shure and directed by Randall Einhorn. According to Nielsen ratings, "The Meeting" was seen by 7.33 million U.S. households during its original broadcast, a drop from the previous week's season premiere episode, "Gossip". The episode received mixed reviews, with some commentators claiming it focused too much on plot development rather than humor. Michael (Steve Carell) becomes nervous when Jim (John Krasinski) has Document [21] (Title: Christening (The Office)) (B. J. Novak) discuss their feelings about having children. In the second 75-second clip, Jim asks Michael to take a picture of his family, Jim and Pam complain to the camera about the uninvited guests, and Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods) and Ryan talk about their volunteer past. The season seven DVD contains several more deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Jim and Pam discussing the situation surrounding the reception, Dwight placing his business card in the books in the church's pew, Jim and Pam discussing naming CeCe and thanking their friends and family for coming. During the Document [22] (Title: Pam Beesly) that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night. In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is Document [23] (Title: Gossip (The Office)) having an affair, then spreads a series of false rumors to try to convince everyone the original rumor was not true. The rumors cause Andy to question his sexuality, and Pam and Jim to debate whether or not to tell the office that Pam is pregnant. "Gossip" confirmed the fact that protagonist Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, "Company Picnic". "Gossip" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a regular cast member, and the first "Office" episode since Ed Helms achieved box office success with the summer comedy film, "The Hangover". "Gossip" Document [24] (Title: Pam Beesly) her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for Document [25] (Title: The Return (The Office)) much fun Jim and Pam had together during their prank on Andy; she confronts Jim and asks him if he still has feelings for Pam. Jim nods as he quietly says yes and Karen walks out of the room, visibly upset. Meanwhile, corporate sends Andy to anger management where he plans to get out of the 10-week program in five weeks through his usual charms: name repetition and personality imitation. "The Return" was written by Michael Schur, Lee Eisenberg, and Gene Stupnitsky, while series creator and executive producer Greg Daniels directed and Dean Holland edited. The original title of this Document [26] (Title: Pam Beesly) Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions. In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece. In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office Document [27] (Title: PDA (The Office)) Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) have too much champagne during lunch, causing complications when they have to return to work. During the PDA meeting, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) mentions a list of people who have had sex in the workplace, and Jim and Pam are not mentioned. Due to their intoxication, they agree to give it a try, but they have a hard time finding a place to do it, from hidden places in the warehouse to Ryan Howard's (B. J. Novak) closet. They eventually return to their desks. The two tell the interviewers that they left Document [28] (Title: Pam Beesly) with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim. Pam participates in an art show, but Document [29] (Title: The Job (The Office)) he has been actively fighting his feelings for her. Pam tells him that she wishes that he would come back. Just as Pam is telling the cameras that she does not think that it would work out between her and Jim, he bursts into the room and asks her out to dinner. Stunned, she agrees, and Jim says, "Alright. Then, it's a date." After Jim exits the room, Pam becomes visibly joyous and forgets what she was talking about. During a phone call, David Wallace offers the job to Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who accepts and immediately breaks up Document [30] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) sales, with Ryan also seeming to tolerate Dwight much more than previous seasons. The two were rarely seen talking to each other in season five, but decide to team up in season six to get Jim fired from his newly appointed co-manager position. They often argued with each other, but celebrated after Jim got demoted. The two were last seen agreeing to go out for drinks to celebrate, but then end up arguing over where to go for drinks. B. J. Novak's continued inclusion in the opening credits was sometimes questioned in the later years of the series, as the Document [31] (Title: A.A.R.M.) the office gather at Poor Richard's Pub and watch the airing of the official in-series documentary. "A.A.R.M." features a dramatic scene in which Jim presents a DVD of the highlights of his relationship with Pam, topped with him finally presenting her with a card he wrote in the second season episode "Christmas Party". The idea to have Jim finally give Pam his card had been considered in the writers' room for some time, but only during "A.A.R.M." did the writers feel it was the right time. In addition, the episode contained several scenes that were purposely staged to be reminiscent Document [32] (Title: Survivor Man) the ire of Party Planning Committee chair Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey). Later, Jim discovers that no one likes his idea for a combined party, realizing the depth of his error when Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) mistakenly refers to him as Michael, and he returns to the original plan of having separate parties. Michael and Dwight return lightening the mood amongst the employees and for the lighting of Creed Bratton's (portrayed by the actor of the same name) birthday cobbler, with Michael expressing that he no longer has any desire to return to the wilderness and Jim expressing his relief that Document [33] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) were on; no one in the office raised a hand to support either one of them. In the episode "Spooked", Ryan and Kelly are seen standing next to each other and talking. At the end of the episode, he kisses her on the forehead. While they took a backseat for most of Season 8, in "Angry Andy" Pam and Jim set up Kelly with their handsome, likable, kind and NOT-RYAN Indian-American pediatrician Ravi, with Pam explaining that the Ryan-Kelly romance has become impossibly disruptive to the rest of the office. Pam also tells Ryan she doesn't think he's a good Document [34] (Title: Fun Run) Flannery's arms were bruised, due to having to film the scene multiple times. During the hospital scenes, Flannery and Steve Carell improvised a few times. Pam and Jim finally getting together went over well with most critics. Zap2It's Rick Porter thought "the show handled the PB&J (Pam Beesly and Jim) stuff as well as it always has, underplaying the romance as much as the NBC marketing folks overplay it." Although Christine Fenno from "Entertainment Weekly" was happy about Pam and Jim finally dating, she was critical of them being secret about it, reasoning "I mean, nobody's cheating. Can't the Pam Document [35] (Title: Pam Beesly) decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on Document [36] (Title: Did I Stutter?) the scene, the actors thought he was actually stuck and there was a rush to pull him out. Kim M. Ferry, owner of the Nissan Xterra featured in the episode, is the show's Department Head Hairstylist. After it was used on the show, she decided to sell it on eBay. The listing was first put up on eBay on May 1, 2008, the night the episode aired. The Season Four DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Michael trying to convince Jim, Pam, and Kelly, while they are in the break room having Document [37] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) divided into 22 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes. Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Meanwhile, Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another, but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date. Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin, and by Christmas, Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation, a printer company. While Wallace and other executives are let go, the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company and Michael Scott is now Document [38] (Title: Viewing Party) with Erin's reaction to Michael declaring that he's not her father, [but] it came far too late in an episode that was more concerned with Andy vomit humor." Viewing Party "Viewing Party" is the eighth episode of seventh season of the American comedy television series "The Office", and the show's 134th episode overall. Written by Jon Vitti and directed by Ken Whittingham, the episode aired on NBC in the United States on November 11, 2010. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Document [39] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) by, and often the target of abuse by Scott; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson); warehouse dock worker and Pam's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman), who was fired in the third season; and Michael's former love interest and former vice president for regional sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin). Toward the end of season five, the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) is introduced as Pam's replacement at reception following Pam's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales. A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax Document [40] (Title: Pilot (The Office)) with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims (four of each) together to gauge their chemistry. When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski, he told her that she was his favorite Pam, to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim. Many actors originally filmed as extras in this episode would go on to become supporting cast members in later episodes, and the two women wearing blue sweaters towards the back of the room at the staff meeting scene were actual accountants that worked on the production staff. "Pilot" premiered on NBC on March 24, 2005. The Document [41] (Title: Back from Vacation) his vacation in Jamaica and has a luau in the warehouse to celebrate. It is revealed that he went to Jamaica with Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) when a racy photograph of him and Jan is circulated. Meanwhile, Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) have an argument over Karen's living situation, leading to Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) offering him advice. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by an estimated 8.80 million viewers. Among the 18–49 demographic, it earned a 4.3/11 ratings share and helped NBC finish in first place for the night. "Back from Vacation" Document [42] (Title: Company Picnic) Michael the couple are designing a house together. CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) allows Michael and Holly to do a presentation about the history of Dunder Mifflin, and the two spend time in the woods to come up with ideas. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) run into Charles Miner (Idris Elba) for the first time since he left Scranton, and Charles is still short with Jim. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) brings his new best friend, Rolf (James Urbaniak), who makes constant insults to Angela (Angela Kinsey) for breaking Dwight's heart; Dwight tells Rolf to stop, much to Angela's surprise. Document [43] (Title: Pam Beesly) coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (in as much as she called off the wedding because of him). In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on Document [44] (Title: Livin' the Dream) the episode, saying it felt "padded-out" to fill the full hour timeslot, and that "this episode might be the nadir for the show's hour-long installments". He was complimentary towards the Jim-Pam storyline, but felt "there wasn't much happening" beyond Pam overhearing Jim's talk with Darryl. Alton praised the Dwight storyline and his dynamic with Jim and Pam, calling it "the true fan service". Alton gave the episode a "C–". Livin' the Dream "Livin' the Dream" is the twenty-first episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series "The Office" and the 197th episode overall. It originally aired on Document [45] (Title: The Dundies) of the office. But the night does not turn out as he plans, and Michael ends up angering or humiliating the majority of the office staff. Meanwhile, after Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) argues with her fiancé and becomes obviously intoxicated, she kisses Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). "The Dundies" was the second episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels. Many of the scenes at the Chili's had to be changed so the restaurant would allow filming, most notably the scenes where Pam falls over. "The Dundies" was viewed by an estimated 9.0 million viewers and received a 4.3/10% rating share Document [46] (Title: Email Surveillance) nothing is happening. In order to keep Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) from exposing the party, Jim tells him that it is a surprise party for Michael. Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) notices some things that lead her to suspect that Dwight and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are dating. However, she discreetly abandons her suspicions when she asks Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) if she noticed any office romances and Phyllis guesses that Pam meant her and Jim. Jim and Pam bond when she sees Jim's room for the first time and looks through his high school yearbook. After ruining an improv class, Document [47] (Title: Stairmageddon) him back upstairs. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) talks with Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) about his going to marriage counseling with Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer), and Pam does the same with Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate). Toby points out to Jim that it is not fair to tell Pam that he needs an indeterminate amount of time before Athlead pays off for the family; Pam vents to Nellie that Jim is always making unilateral decisions involving her and they each agree they are not leaving Philly for Scranton or vice versa. The Halperts leave the office looking sad and awkward together. Meanwhile, Document [48] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia, but then reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move there after all. In "Finale", Darryl reveals that Jim's sports marketing company is now located in Austin, Texas and has changed its name to Athleap. Pam sells the couple's home, unbeknownst to Jim, to show her support to Jim and allow the family to move to Austin so Jim can continue with Athlead. Jim has appeared in every episode of "The Office" with the exception of "Mafia", in which only his voice is heard. The clip show episode "The Banker" features Document [49] (Title: Toby Flenderson) head, and responds with "It's everything." Pam then hugs Toby as he weeps. Jim mentions that when he first started working at Dunder Mifflin, he shared a cubicle with Toby and that the two of them got along well. Michael moved them apart because he thought that the two talked too much. In deleted scenes from The Fire and Take Your Daughter to Work Day it's implied that Toby and Jim are friends and Jim babysits Toby's daughter on occasion. When Jim becomes Co-Regional Manager with Michael in season six, however, Jim almost begins to mirror Michael's treatment of Toby Document [50] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) was a chance to see how everyone else would end up". Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "the tension between Jim and Pam in the final season ended up being highly controversial for a number of reasons ... but it also provided the most hopeful moments of the series' final stretch" (although he did note that it was clear that the writers had "blatantly" set up the drama). He concluded that the finale was able to successfully return the series "to what had always been its heart—to have true fulfillment". Roth Cornet of IGN awarded the season an Document [51] (Title: Michael Scott (The Office)) in him, and after he made an unwanted and rejected impromptu public marriage proposal, Michael's decision to Photoshop pictures of himself over Carol's ex-husband in her family pictures resulted in their breakup. On a business trip to Winnipeg, Michael and "Concierge Marie" become close, and Michael does not wish to leave her after they are caught necking in her suite. After Jim and Pam's wedding, Michael begins dating Pam's mother Helene (much to Pam's horror), but he breaks up with her on her birthday after discovering she is turning 58. Near the end of season six, Michael begins dating Donna Document [52] (Title: Jim Halpert) return to his old ways, especially targeting Andy Bernard, a Stamford transfer, and Dwight. Toward the middle of the season, it becomes clear that Jim's unresolved feelings toward Pam are affecting his relationship with Karen. In "The Return", Jim decides to pull a prank on Andy; however, Karen is unable and Ryan unwilling to aid him, so he turns to Pam, who readily agrees. Their interaction during the prank causes Karen to feel threatened. She confronts Jim, and he finally admits to still having feelings for Pam. Despite this fact, their relationship continues. In "Cocktails", Roy trashes the bar when Document [53] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) Darryl and Dwight would both file complaints against each other and Toby would do all the paperwork. Pam (Jenna Fischer) is trying to get her co-workers to RSVP that they can't attend her and Jim's upcoming wedding, as their plan—scheduling the wedding on a weekend in Niagara Falls so that people in Scranton wouldn't be able to attend and get back in time for work on Monday—was torpedoed when Michael closed down the office on the Friday before and Monday after the ceremony. Kelly (Mindy Kaling) says she will only go if Ryan (B. J. Novak) goes. Ryan says he Document [54] (Title: Pam Beesly) few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals Document [55] (Title: Classy Christmas) "Jim [and Dwight] are not friends." Kaling specifically wrote Jim to be "off-guard [and] surprised" in the episode, because she reasoned that "perfect isn't always nearly as fun to play or watch as flawed." The episode was filmed in early November and was shot out of order. This required the assistant directors of "The Office" to re-dress "the sets from white, spare 'classy Christmas' look to the elaborate, colorful 'regular Christmas look. According to Kaling, the group had to pretend like it was cold during the outdoor scenes when it was actually warm. The snow that was used for the Document [56] (Title: Classy Christmas) branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is overjoyed about the return of his old love, Holly Flax (Ryan). Michael forces Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to plan a second Christmas party for Holly's return to Scranton. Meanwhile, Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) convinces his daughter to attend the party in hopes of meeting Santa Claus. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) agrees to a snowball fight with Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), which he later regrets. The scenes that were filmed outdoors in Los Angeles had to be crafted to look as if it were cold; Document [57] (Title: Michael's Last Dundies) Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) see Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) sitting in her car eating a sandwich. She explains that she has begun eating lunch in her car to get some time away from Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods), whom she is starting to despise. Pam advises Erin to tell Gabe her real feelings as soon as possible. This amuses Jim, given Pam's history with Roy Anderson, and he leaves in order to avoid the temptation to comment on the irony. After work, the employees arrive at an Italian restaurant named Louie Volpe's to celebrate the Dundies. Document [58] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 3)) Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from Scranton to Stamford, and also introduced Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli, and Ed Helms as Andy Bernard—both members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford—as recurring characters. Helms would later be promoted to series regular. The main plot for the early episodes of the season deals with a recurring problem in seasons one and two—the problem of company downsizing—while in the last half of the season, intra-office relationships (specifically those among Pam, Jim, and Karen; Dwight and Angela; and Michael and Jan Levinson) also become major plot points. The third season of "The Office" aired on Thursdays at Document [59] (Title: Fun Run) fun run for rabies. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) are dating, while Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) is mad at Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) for killing her cat Sprinkles. The episode received mixed reviews from the varying critics, while most praised the episode for Jim and Pam's relationship. However, critics had differing opinions when it came to how Michael behaved throughout the episode. Over the summer, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) moved in with Michael Scott (Steve Carell), Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) started his new job at Corporate and Jim Halpert (John Document [60] (Title: Pam Beesly) an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras. Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest Document [61] (Title: Company Picnic) and the scene in which Jim discovers Pam is pregnant. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was watched by 6.72 million viewers. It was the lowest-rated episode of the season and had the lowest original episode rating for "The Office" in two years, which reviewers said was especially surprising given that it was a season finale episode. Employees arrive at a Dunder Mifflin company picnic, where Michael (Steve Carell) plans to win back his ex-girlfriend Holly (Amy Ryan), whom he has not seen since she was transferred to Nashua. Holly arrives with her boyfriend A. J. (Rob Huebel), who tells Document [62] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) of effort into finding a gift for Pam (Jenna Fischer), becomes frustrated when Michael Scott (Steve Carell) makes everyone play "Yankee Swap", and an iPod that Michael bought for Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) becomes the hot object of the game. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with many applauding Michael's "Yankee Swap" scene. The episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy awards, one for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series, and one for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series. "Christmas Party" earned a Nielsen rating of 4.3 in the 18–49 demographic, being viewed by 9.7 Document [63] (Title: The Search (The Office)) Carell) continues to ask Holly Flax (Amy Ryan) to get back together with him, but she continually refuses. Since she dated Michael when she worked in Scranton before and A. J. when she moved to Nashua, she feels like she does not want to fall into a pattern of dating co-workers. Michael and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) then go out on a sales call. After landing the sale, an irritable Michael needs to stop to use the bathroom. While at a gas station, Jim gets a call from Pam Halpert's (Jenna Fischer) mother Helene (Linda Purl), who was taking a Document [64] (Title: Jim Halpert) little too far, when Meredith looks over to see him play-fighting with her, causing her to shut him down immediately, startling him with her abruptness, though she eventually forgives him. He becomes so upset when he hears Pam discuss wedding details that he calls a travel agency and schedules a trip to Australia, deliberately making himself unable to attend the wedding. Feeling bored by his job, tortured by his situation with Pam, and guilty about a stack of complaints Dwight has filed against him, Jim investigates a transfer to Dunder Mifflin's branch in Stamford, Connecticut. In the season 2 finale, Document [65] (Title: The Alliance (The Office)) IGN praised the episode and compared Jim and Pam's relationship in the first season to that of the fourth, saying, "Jim and Pam simply work better before they were a couple. The fact that Roy can come between them here is fun – and reminds us that it was more interesting when something could still come between them!" In summary, he concluded that, "['The Alliance'] is one of the better early episodes of the show, and going out with Dwight talking to the camera – his hair dyed blonde – is genius and gives us (up to this point) the Document [66] (Title: Roy's Wedding) of Roy Anderson (Denman) Pam's former fiancé. Roy's wedding toast later leads to Pam and Jim searching their relationship for any secrets that the other might not know about. Jim, however, hides the fact that he has started a company with a college friend, and Pam grows more and more suspicious. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) reacts to Nellie Bertram's (Catherine Tate) mandatory charity initiative by announcing he will donate to the Taliban. "Roy's Wedding" saw the return of Denman as Roy, who was a regular character in the show's first three seasons. The episode received moderately positive reviews from Document [67] (Title: Dwight Schrute) Dwight was staying in Florida, prompting Jim to distract her with a compliment. During season 9's "Dwight Christmas", Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family. Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave. Later, when Jim returns, Dwight embraces him in a hug. Soon after, in "Suit Warehouse", Dwight absent-mindedly says "love you" at the end of a phone conversation with Jim, much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers. In "Livin' the Dream", the 3rd-to-last episode of Document [68] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 8)) and Dan Greaney. The season also saw the directorial debuts of cast members Ed Helms and Brian Baumgartner; Helms directed the episode "Christmas Wishes", and Baumgartner directed "After Hours". The series was renewed for an eighth season on March 17, 2011, began filming on July 25, 2011, and the season concluded filming on March 9, 2012. Jenna Fischer's pregnancy was written into the show, and Pam was again pregnant at the start of the season with a boy as she was in real life. Unlike the sixth season, there was no episode focusing on the baby's birth; it was instead Document [69] (Title: The Negotiation) executive producer Greg Daniels allowed his character to develop, "where all of a sudden, he wasn’t just a complete idiot but felt bad for being a bad boyfriend and wanted to try to get the girl back. It’s so rare to have that on a television show, because so often everyone wants you to be the same character every week. It was quite refreshing creatively to get to do that." Referring to Jim and Pam, Denman felt it was "inevitable that Romeo and Juliet had to get together" and end the series' love triangle. "Otherwise," he explained, "it gets kind Document [70] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) million viewers, making it, at the time of its airing, the highest-rated episode of the season. The office staffers hold a "Secret Santa" gift exchange at their Christmas party. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) received Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) name, and puts a great deal of effort into getting her the perfect gift (a teapot filled with some small items and a personal letter from him to her). Michael Scott (Steve Carell) buys a $400 video iPod as his gift to Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), far exceeding the $20 limit. He is disappointed by the handmade oven glove he receives Document [71] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 2)) fear of company downsizing, along with the introduction of new characters and developing some of the minor ones—especially that of Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson). Michael Scott (Steve Carell) soon starts a relationship with his boss Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) and, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) relationship become one of the focal points of the season. Their compatibility becomes more obvious as Jim's feelings for Pam continue to grow, while she struggles with her relationship with warehouse worker Roy Anderson (David Denman). Season two of "The Office" aired on Tuesdays in the United States at 9:30 p.m. Document [72] (Title: Pam Beesly) in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim Document [73] (Title: Doomsday (The Office)) Andy, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer), Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper), and Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) head to Schrute Farms, ostensibly to try and change Dwight's mind. However, Pam consistently silences any attempt to bring up the device, saying she knows Dwight and is confident that he will stop the device on his own. After complimenting Dwight numerous times and having a small meal, Pam makes a joke that emphasizes that everyone is human and makes mistakes. To justify his presence at the squash court, Jim claims to be a regular player and begins a match with Robert, demonstrating his complete lack Document [74] (Title: Jim Halpert) "Casino Night", he confesses his love for Pam in the office. Pam, whose wedding to Roy was planned out and just weeks away, clearly shows her anguish but gently turns him down. Jim tearfully walks away, later kisses her in the office, and the season ends. In the third season premiere "Gay Witch Hunt", it is revealed that he did transfer to Stamford despite the fact that Pam has called off her wedding and he clearly still harbors intense feelings for her. His reason is later stated as "It's just, I kinda put it all on the line. Twice. And Document [75] (Title: Chair Model) by Don McLean and dancing on her grave. With Michael busy, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) work to reclaim parking spaces that they have lost due to construction in a neighboring office. They arrange a meeting with the bosses of the office park, and are given the parking spots back. The spaces are retrieved, Kevin feels happy to have won one, as his fiancée Stacy broke off their engagement and it's been a hard time for him. While flirting, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) reveals he is ready to propose to Pam, even going as far as Document [76] (Title: Christmas Wishes (The Office)) directed by cast member Ed Helms, making his directorial debut. The episode also marks the fourth appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy, Pam's replacement during her maternity leave. She appeared in a recurring role for the season and she initially appeared in "Pam's Replacement". Due to Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy, Pam did not appear in the episode. The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include shoots of several of the staff member's Christmas wishes being revealed, Dwight and Jim's pranks start turning on Cathy, and Meredith hitting on a newly Document [77] (Title: The Negotiation) and asks Pam to join him for coffee. Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship (and even friendship) appearing to be over; they hug and Pam wipes a tear from her face. Roy encourages Pam to pursue her feelings for Jim but she says she will not try to get him. Roy does not understand his long-time fiancée, especially her choice to not pursue Jim. Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight's heroics. Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day, the Document [78] (Title: A.A.R.M.) her about the company's success and how Jim is missing out by staying in Scranton. Pam begins to worry that she is making Jim do something that he does not want to do. She confronts her husband and admits that she thinks she might not be good enough for him. He asks the in-series documentary crew's help; the crew makes a DVD of the highlights that they have collected of Jim and Pam's relationship. The final scene that they use is from the second season Christmas episode "Christmas Party" in which Jim gives Pam a teapot as a gift, but Document [79] (Title: Dunder Mifflin Infinity) Mifflin Infinity. Pam is excited about the opportunity to use her art background, but Ryan uses the logo as an excuse to ask her out, which he does in front of Jim. Pam responds that she is dating Jim, which leaves the new boss thoroughly embarrassed. The episode was the first episode of the series directed by Craig Zisk. Zisk had previously directed episodes of "Nip/Tuck", "Weeds", "Scrubs", "Smallville", and "The Single Guy". "Dunder Mifflin Infinity" was written by Michael Schur, who plays Dwight's Amish cousin Mose. For Ryan's new appearance this season, the writers originally had B. J. Novak Document [80] (Title: Beach Games) Jim swooping in and kissing Pam but there’s still one episode left in the season. So that’s what we have to ponder over the next week." Jay Black of AOLTV also enjoyed the episode. He wrote, "I thought that it was a bit more low key than some of the previous episodes (hilarious sumo outfits not withstanding) and that suited me just fine. I thought that Michael's ridiculousness, always a difficult balancing act, was reigned-in to just this side of believable where it belongs. I thought that it was filled with a great assortment of gags, both character-based and farcical." Document [81] (Title: Pam Beesly) season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job. When the series begins, Pam is engaged Document [82] (Title: Garden Party (The Office)) than Andy as the well-meaning but hapless boss and Pam and Angela's dueling pregnancies, and all we got were variations on those storylines with no new angle either narratively". He gave the episode a C. IGN writer Cindy White considered the episode superior to previous "external" episodes "Christening" and "Phyllis' Wedding", but considered it inferior to the "Niagara" and the "classic" "Booze Cruise". She criticized the main plot for rehashing previous plot lines and ultimately gave the episode a 7.0/10. Garden Party (The Office) "Garden Party" is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series Document [83] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Benihana to help him forget his recent troubles; Michael drags Dwight and Jim along. The group stumbles upon an unexpecting couple (Anne Sertich and Stephen Saux) at the table and Dwight fails when attempting to impress the chef with his knowledge of Japanese knives. Andy successfully isolates Dwight from the rest of the party and convinces Michael to ask out their waitress, Cindy (Brittany Ishibashi). Meanwhile, Jim plays pranks on Dwight and realizes that his excuse for declining Pam's gift does not hold water. Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) kicks Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) off the Party Planning Committee. In response, Document [84] (Title: Murder (The Office)) night. Jim pulls Pam out so they can go home, and the others pretend to shoot each other to death. The episode was written by Daniel Chun, and was his first script for the series. The episode also was the inception of two major story arcs, the first being the season-long arc of Dunder Mifflin going out of business and its purchase by the printer company Sabre in the episode of the same name, and the second being the budding romance between Andy and Erin. According to series creator and episode director Greg Daniels, the episode explores the idea that Document [85] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam tells him she kissed Jim during "Casino Night". Roy then attempts to attack Jim at work in "The Negotiation", but Dwight sprays Roy with pepper spray. Roy is fired, but when Pam assures Jim that it is over between her and Roy for good, Jim doesn't believe it and tells her so. In "Beach Games", during a company outing at the beach, Pam confesses to Jim in front of everyone that he was the reason she broke off her wedding to Roy. She also states that she has missed their friendship since he left Scranton for Stamford. Later that Document [86] (Title: Jim Halpert) she said no. Twice." in "The Convention". Though in later seasons, after Ryan Howard's promotion, the relationship between him and Jim seems to be tense, in earlier seasons the two seem to be friendly. In "Casino Night", they are shown talking, laughing and drinking together. Throughout season 2, Jim dates Katy, who initially appeared in season 1 as the "Purse Girl" in "Hot Girl". After Jim and Katy split up in "Booze Cruise", he leaves a message asking out a fellow Dunder Mifflin employee named Brenda, much to Kelly's disbelief. Jim's misfortunes are assumed to be because he is unable Document [87] (Title: Dinner Party (The Office)) Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin), the former Vice-President of Regional Sales at the Dunder Mifflin corporate office in New York City, throw a dinner party and invite Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey), as well as an uninvited Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson). The party ends with Michael and Jan having a loud argument; Michael leaves with Dwight on the advice of two police officers who respond to a domestic disturbance call after the fight. The episode was the first original episode of "The Office" to be broadcast since Document [88] (Title: Cocktails (The Office)) relationship public, Karen makes Jim uncomfortable by pointing out all of her ex-boyfriends in attendance, and Dwight inspects the home. Meanwhile, the rest of the office goes to a bar and Pam tries to be more honest with Roy. The first American broadcast of "Cocktails" occurred on February 22, 2007 to an estimated 8.3 million viewers. The episode was positively received by television critics, with one believing it was one of the best of the season. Jan (Melora Hardin), Michael (Steve Carell), Dwight (Rainn Wilson), Jim (John Krasinski), and Karen (Rashida Jones) attend a cocktail party hosted by Dunder-Mifflin's CFO Document [89] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak). Pam chats awkwardly with the cartoonist, who at one point sneaks a peek down Pam's shirt, and they fail to hit it off. At Michael's party, Jim attends as the only guest, and explains that he did not leave Scranton because of Michael (whom Jim claims is a great boss), but rather because Pam rejected him, twice. The two mend their friendship just as other guests arrive, and Michael promises he would take care of the situation. "The Convention" was the fourth episode of the series written by the writing team of Gene Stupnitsky and Document [90] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 2)) a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight. B. J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who is a temporary worker. Halfway through the season, eight of the show's recurring guest stars are promoted to series regulars and credited just after the main titles and before the writers and producers. They include Jan Levinson, Michael's main love interest and Vice-President of Regional Sales, who is portrayed by Melora Hardin; Roy Anderson, a warehouse worker and Pam's fiance played by David Denman; Angela Martin, Oscar Martinez, and Kevin Malone the office's accountants, portrayed by Angela Kinsey, Oscar Nunez, and Brian Baumgartner, respectively; Document [91] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) the office, including a comedic roast of himself. Meanwhile, Andy, Jim, and Pam watch an illegally downloaded movie at work starring Jack Black, Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman, and Pam deals with her parents' recent argument that's caused her father to move in with her and Jim. Both parts of "Stress Relief" originally aired together immediately following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII, and "The Office" writers and producers sought to attract newcomers to the series with the expected increase in viewership. Guest stars Black, Alba and Leachman do not interact with the regular characters themselves, but rather appear in Document [92] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) from Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) and introduces a "Yankee Swap", in which someone can choose to steal someone else's gift or open a new one. Jim is left feeling uncertain about the fate of his special present for Pam—which is eventually claimed by Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson)—while the staff competes for the iPod. Although Pam ends up with the iPod at the end of the swap, she elects to trade the iPod for Jim's gift that was meant for her to show her appreciation. While she goes through the various aspects of her gift, Jim sneaks the letter he wrote Document [93] (Title: Drug Testing (The Office)) don't get it. What does he get out of that relationship?" A cut-away emphasizes his own relationship with Pam. "Drug Testing" was written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by show runner and executive producer Greg Daniels. Fischer noted that the subplot featuring Jim unable to talk was important because "Pam and Jim can say a lot to one another without any words at all", a reference to the "27 seconds of silence" the two shared in the earlier episode "Booze Cruise". Michael has a bandage around his finger in this episode because Steve Carell hurt his finger during the week Document [94] (Title: Conflict Resolution (The Office)) he, albeit poorly, Photoshops one himself. During the procedure, Jim admits to Pam that he had registered the complaint about her wedding planning, and Pam looks shocked. The next day, Jim secretly sees Vice President Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) for an interview about a transfer. "Conflict Resolution" was the fifth episode of the series written by Greg Daniels, who is also the executive producer and show runner for "The Office". The episode was the third of the series directed by Charles McDougall; he had previously directed the earlier season two episodes "Christmas Party" and "Dwight's Speech". The episode features Angela Document [95] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) abandoned novelty". Daniels later revealed in an interview that the subplot was a red herring to keep viewers emotionally invested in Pam and Jim's story. He explained, "we never intended him to actually [interfere with Pam and Jim's marriage], but wanted people to worry about it so they would be engaged in the story." On December 12, 2012, the series was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, but lost to "Modern Family". Michael Scott's return was nominated and won the fan-voted "Best TV Moment" at the 3rd Critics' Choice Document [96] (Title: Dwight Christmas) hits Jim with his switch. When Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) requests that Dwight use the switch on her buttocks, he ends the festivities in disgust, and a "normal" Christmas party is started. Although Pam tries to cheer him up, she too is saddened by Jim's absence. Jim returns later, having found that there is a 5 a.m. bus the next morning, and both Dwight and Pam are delighted by his return. During the party, Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) fears that Jim has forgotten to include him in the new job in Philadelphia, and gets extremely drunk. When he goes to Document [97] (Title: Pam Beesly) Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back. Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not Document [98] (Title: Pam Beesly) asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy. Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him. While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Document [99] (Title: Jim Halpert) Michael Scott during the sixth season episode arc from "The Promotion" to "The Manager and the Salesman". After Dunder Mifflin is bought by Sabre Corporation, Jim is very briefly the sole regional manager of the branch, before returning to the Sales department until his termination in the series finale. His character serves as the intelligent, mild-mannered straight man role to Michael, although it is also defined by a rivalrous pranking on fellow salesman Dwight Schrute and a romantic interest in receptionist Pam Beesly, whom he begins dating in the fourth season, marries in the sixth, and has children with in Document [100] (Title: Michael Scott (The Office)) Pam is visibly touched when, after many art show attendees dismiss her artwork, Michael is so impressed that he asks to buy her painting of their office building. Their relationship comes to a rocky point when he begins dating her mother Helene. This is only repaired after he breaks up with Helene and allows Pam to slap him in the face in the parking lot. He trusts and respects Jim, although when they were co-managers they clashed due to their polar-opposite management styles. In "Secret Santa", Michael mentions that in a future vision he sees himself and his future wife Document [101] (Title: Diwali (The Office)) (B. J. Novak) struggles to make a good impression on Kelly's parents and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) considers taking his relationship with Carol Stills (Nancy Carell) to the next step. Meanwhile, at the Stamford branch, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) get drunk while working late, leading Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) to give Jim a ride home. Kaling and executive producer Greg Daniels came up with the episode idea after Kaling held a Diwali party in 2005 for series staff. She undertook research about Indian culture and the resulting episode was substituted in place of one that Document [102] (Title: Company Picnic) and 49. Alan Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger" described the episode as "a great end to what may have been my favorite season of "The Office" to date." He said the episode included great laughs and sublime dramatic moments, including Michael's moment with Holly after the sketch and the silent moment in which Jim learns Pam is pregnant. Sepinwall said Jim's moment of composing himself in the hallway after calling Dwight in that scene was, "Maybe Krasinski's single best moment on the series to date." Margaret Lyons of "Entertainment Weekly" said she had "some mixed feelings" about the episode and wished Document [103] (Title: Ryan Howard (The Office)) salesman before demoting him back to a temp. In Season 6's "Secret Santa," Michael dresses up as Santa Claus and tries to lure Ryan to sit on his lap, which Jim disapproved of. Initially, Ryan and Jim got along well in the first three seasons and both seemed to respect each other, almost to the point of being friends. However, hints of a future rivalry were shown in "The Merger", where it is revealed to Jim that Ryan took his old job after he transferred to Stamford. Despite this, the two still got along fairly well with little to no Document [104] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 9)) television block. This is the second season not to star Steve Carell as lead character Michael Scott, although he returned for a cameo appearance in the series finale. The ninth season largely focuses on the relationship between Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer). After Jim decides to follow his dream and start a sports marketing company in Philadelphia, Pam begins to worry about moving, and the couple's relationship experiences stress. Meanwhile, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) abandons the office for a three-month boating trip, and eventually quits his job to pursue his dream of becoming a star, although he Document [105] (Title: Pam Beesly) In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this Document [106] (Title: The Alliance (The Office)) effort to look like a good boss. At the end of the day, after a breakthrough in his pranks on Dwight, Jim giddily grabs Pam's hand in an attempt to explain what has just happened. However, Pam's fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman) catches this and sees it as an attempt by Jim to make a move on Pam. Jim tries to convince Roy that it was just "office pranks" and asks Dwight to back him up, but he simply denies any involvement leaving Jim awkwardly embarrassed. Dwight reveals that he had no problems betraying Jim, despite the fact that he Document [107] (Title: Pam Beesly) witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping Document [108] (Title: Getting Together) the same time slot as breakout CBS hit "All in the Family", the show never gained the ratings hoped for, and was cancelled at midseason after 14 episodes. While in the same "universe" as "The Partridge Family", the series is not included on that show's DVD collections. Getting Together Getting Together is an American musical sitcom, which aired on the ABC during the 1971–72 U.S. television season. It starred Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway and Lionel Poindexter, a songwriting duo. The pilot for the series had aired the previous spring as the first-season finale episode of "The Document [109] (Title: Pam Beesly) marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from Document [110] (Title: Jim Halpert) "everybody likes Jim". A major part of the character Jim Halpert is his relationship with Pam Beesly, which is often the subject of office speculation. This is made worse by the fact that Pam was engaged to Roy Anderson, a Dunder Mifflin warehouse worker. Throughout the first two seasons, incidents such as Pam falling asleep on Jim's shoulder in "Diversity Day" and drunkenly kissing him in "The Dundies" show a possibility of the feelings being mutual; however, Pam never acts on them and she remains engaged to Roy. On one occasion, in "The Fight," his flirting with her goes a Document [111] (Title: Weight Loss (The Office)) employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, the whole office participates in a company-wide weight loss contest. Pam (Jenna Fischer) is in New York City for art school, which causes her and Jim to have to adjust to being temporarily apart. An awkward tension between Michael (Steve Carell) and Holly (Ryan) develops after she accepts a date with another man. Meanwhile, Angela (Angela Kinsey) and Dwight (Rainn Wilson) continue their secret relationship despite Angela's upcoming wedding to Andy. The office partakes in a company-wide weight loss competition, with the prize of Document [112] (Title: New Guys) his balance and hanging from the bicycle above the parking lot. Much to his embarrassment, he has to be rescued by a team of firefighters, while Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) mistakenly believes the incident to be a circus act. While everyone is outside crowding around Dwight, Jim calls up his old college friend and tells him that he wants to be involved in the new business deal, even though he did not have Pam's approval. On May 11, 2012, NBC renewed "The Office" for a ninth season and it was later announced that Greg Daniels, who had been the series Document [113] (Title: The Lover (The Office)) to install a recording device in Jim's office, by giving him a wooden mallard as an apology for their long rivalry. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) return from their honeymoon in Puerto Rico and Michael (Steve Carell) tells Jim that he has been dating Pam's mother, Helene (Linda Purl), after spending the night with her at their wedding in Niagara. Jim is shocked and tells Michael not to mention anything to Pam (which he reluctantly agrees to do) and to break it off with Helene immediately (which he does not agree to). However, when Jim and Pam give Document [114] (Title: Dream Team (The Office)) Dream Team (The Office) "Dream Team" is the twenty-second episode of the fifth season of the television series "The Office", and the 94th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9, 2009. In the episode, Pam and Michael try to keep each other motivated as the two form their new paper company together. Michael recruits Ryan for the company, which sets up a new office in the same building complex as Dunder Mifflin. Meanwhile, Jim tries to impress new boss Charles Miner by claiming to be a soccer enthusiast, but it Document [115] (Title: Stress Relief (The Office)) (Jenna Fischer) parents are going through a rough patch in their marriage, and Pam’s father is staying with her and Jim (John Krasinski). Jim attempts to cheer Pam up by watching an unlicensed movie with Andy (Ed Helms) (they do not know how to access such films while Andy does, so they have to watch the movie in Andy's company). The film stars Jack Black, who is engaged to a character played by Jessica Alba, but falls in love with her elderly grandmother, played by Cloris Leachman. During the movie, Jim and Pam discuss the situation with Pam’s parents, but Document [116] (Title: Pam Beesly) or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin. In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off Document [117] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 6)) season mainly faced criticism for a lack of stakes for the characters. Some critics have also criticized the conclusion to the Jim and Pam romance while others were critical of the lack of growth for Michael. Cindy White of IGN gave the season a 7.5 saying it was "Good" and "We did get some funny moments and some good episodes in Season 6, but as a whole it just doesn't compare to the strength of seasons past." She also went on to criticize the storylines including Jim's stint as co-manager. Will Leitch of "New York" said ""The Office"'s season six Document [118] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) mind, as he likes how Pam is less talkative after having spent time with Jim. Pam's mother and Roy seem to get along ("Sexual Harassment"). Roy is often bored and does not like company get-togethers, particularly when there's no open bar ("Casino Night"), and is seen on more than one occasion leaving office parties early. In the episode "The Fire", he states that he would "do" Angela while playing "Who Would You Do", and throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Roy too, indeed Roy is the only character with whom Angela interacts that Document [119] (Title: Jim Halpert) encourages Jim to speak to Michael. As a new receptionist has already been hired, Pam is re-hired in sales alongside Jim. During "Company Picnic", Pam injures her ankle during a volleyball game and Jim takes her to the hospital. The camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam suddenly embracing, looking shocked and ecstatic, before Jim emerges to call Dwight and inform him they won't be returning to the game. It is heavily implied that Pam is pregnant, and Document [120] (Title: Customer Loyalty (The Office)) lines) the final confrontation between Jim and Pam was "a big dose of reality" and that it was not "a contrived fight". David Wilcox of "The Citizen" wrote that the fight between Pam and Jim was "welcome" because their relationship had grown stale ever since they had "hooked up and started living their perfect little lives together." Wilcox praised the way in which the fight was written, and wrote that he "couldn't help smiling. Not because the fight wasn't wrenching to watch. But because it was." Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a 7.8 out of 10, denoting a Document [121] (Title: The Meeting (The Office)) The Meeting (The Office) "The Meeting" is the second episode of the sixth season of the American comedy television series "The Office", and the 102nd overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States and simultaneously on CTV in Canada on September 24, 2009. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael plots to sabotage Jim's plans after Jim and David Wallace have a secret meeting without him. In the end, Jim Document [122] (Title: The Convention (The Office)) due to scheduling conflicts, this fell through. The episode aired on NBC on September 28, 2006 and was seen by an estimated 7.8 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode was received generally well by critics. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) from the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, Josh Porter (Charles Esten) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from the Stamford branch, and Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) from the corporate headquarters all descend upon Philadelphia for an office supply convention. Michael is bitter that Jim left Scranton for Stamford and tries to one-up Josh at Document [123] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) to Pam at a gas station halfway between them because he could not wait. Pam ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire, branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela's continued affair, both men leave her. Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial Document [124] (Title: Jim Halpert) between Scranton and New York City, where Pam is attending Pratt. Jim and Pam keep in touch during her time at art school via webcam, instant messaging and frequent phone calls. Jim eagerly awaits Pam's return in "Business Trip". He is sad but supportive when Pam calls, saying she has failed a class and can't come home yet. That afternoon he finds Pam waiting in the parking lot, claiming that she hated art school anyway. He purchases his parents' house and begins to take his career more seriously than in previous episodes. When new Vice President Charles Miner (Idris Elba) Document [125] (Title: Pam Beesly) large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position. The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of "The Office", encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the Document [126] (Title: Jim Halpert) the pregnancy is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim is promoted to Regional Co-Manager, alongside Michael, in "The Meeting." His promotion causes problems in the office as the staff doesn't take him seriously and he is often in a power struggle with Michael. When Dunder Mifflin files for bankruptcy and is taken over by Sabre, a company that sells printers, Jim chooses to become a salesman again (largely because Sabre's uncapped commission means a huge pay increase). Jim and Pam marry in the highly anticipated, hour-long episode, "Niagara". When their guests' craziness threatens to ruin the wedding day, Document [127] (Title: Casual Friday (The Office)) Casual Friday (The Office) "Casual Friday" is the twenty-sixth episode of the fifth season of the television series "The Office", and the 98th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 30, 2009. In this episode, Michael, Pam and Ryan return to Dunder Mifflin as salespeople, and other members of the sales staff become upset when they don't get their old clients back that the Michael Scott Paper Company stole from them. Meanwhile, Jim tries to remain neutral about the situation and plays board games with Creed, and Casual Friday is reinstated Document [128] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) company booze cruise party, Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her. Even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy, the two kiss and Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after. The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well. The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes. The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2, "Casino Night", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her. Document [129] (Title: Pam Beesly) that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces Document [130] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 4)) that, minus Leslie David Baker's Stanley, these excellent actors/characters haven't been highlighted nearly enough since the series' return in April." In a comprehensive review of the fourth season DVD, IGN reviewers Travis Fickett and Phil Pirrello both believed "this season to be one of the show's best, [but felt] that 14 episodes across four discs gives way to crowding, especially when the season tries to tackle Jim and Pam dating, Angela and Dwight breaking up, Andy and Angela dating by way of awkward silence, Michael and Jan breaking up, Toby leaving the office and a new love interest for Michael Document [131] (Title: Hot Girl (The Office)) an angry Pam corrects him that they are engaged. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) convinces Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) that he should approach Katy and if all else fails, he should buy a purse, which he does to Pam and Jim's delight. When Michael hears she'll need a ride home, he does his best to offer himself, going so far as to spend the aforementioned $1000 on an espresso machine to impress her. While Pam is sitting on Jim's desk and talking to him, Roy comes up and tries to apologize to Pam, eventually getting her out of her bad mood Document [132] (Title: Gossip (The Office)) by Paul Lieberstein, a producer and screenwriter for the series who also plays Toby. The episode confirmed the fact that Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, "Company Picnic". "Gossip" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a full cast member; she had guest starred in several episodes at the end of the fifth season as receptionist Erin Hannon. It was also the first episode of "The Office" to air since the release of the Ed Helms comedy film "The Hangover". The film was a surprise box office success, grossing more than twice Document [133] (Title: Roy's Wedding) Next". "The Office" was also the highest-rated NBC television program of the night. "Roy's Wedding" received moderately positive reviews from critics. Many applauded the emotional drama in Pam and Jim's storyline. "The A.V. Club" reviewer Myles McNutt praised the Jim-Pam storyline and Daniels for using the previous seasons of Jim and Pam's "boring storylines" to create greater drama for this episode and for the season as a whole. He also complimented the change of dynamic the episode caused, saying that by "allowing Jim and Pam to serve as the point of dramatic interest, the rest of the characters are loosened Document [134] (Title: The Merger (The Office)) mostly because of the return of Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). She soon learns throughout the day that Jim has become slightly distant at her and that he has formed a close relationship with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), visibly shaking her. Feeling bad with their awkward reunion, Jim catches up to Pam at the end of the day and informs her that he's seeing someone. While Pam assures him that they're still friends, Jim leaves shaken as well. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) proclaims he'll be the No. 2 man in Scranton in six weeks time through "name repetition, personality mirroring and Document [135] (Title: Valentine's Day (The Office)) gifts from her boyfriend Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer), while Pam Beesly is irritated with Roy Anderson (David Denman) when the only thing he gives her for Valentine's Day is the promise of the "best sex of [her] life". Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced to listen to, and witness Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) turn Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) down for a date. At the end of the day, Jim tells Pam "Happy Valentine's Day" and she watches him longingly as he leaves. This episode was the fourth episode of the series directed by series creator Greg Daniels. Daniels Document [136] (Title: Christening (The Office)) his departure and the search for a new manager. As such, "Christening" was written to specifically highlight "potential heirs to the throne", in this case Fischer and Krasinski's characters, Pam and Jim. The episode guest stars Linda Purl as Helene Beesly, Rick Overton as William Beesly, Robert Pine as Mr. Halpert, Perry Smith as Betsy Halpert, Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance, and Peggy Stewart as Sylvia. Within a week of its airdate the official website of "The Office" released two deleted scenes. In the first 46-second clip, Angela, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling), Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez), and Ryan Howard Document [137] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Pam reaches out to Karen, and the two plan a rival party. The rival Christmas parties begin, and the office staff members are forced to choose sides. Pam and Karen's party is a hit, while Angela's is a dreary affair. Michael and Andy each return with a waitress as their "new girlfriend" (though neither is the one who waited on them at the restaurant). Angela accepts Pam's offer to merge the parties. Oscar enters the office with his partner Gil just as Angela is singing "The Little Drummer Boy," pauses for a moment, says, "Too soon" and leaves. Meanwhile, Michael Document [138] (Title: Jim Halpert) because of Pam but eventually decides to do so. Karen, who has grown fond of Jim and wishes to pursue a relationship with him, also transfers to Scranton. In "The Merger", Jim's and Pam's reunion is awkward. Pam is overjoyed, but Jim is clearly uncomfortable. He lets Pam know that he is seeing someone, and gradually Karen is introduced as his girlfriend. As Jim settles back in at Scranton, he uses his promotion as an excuse to avoid his old interactions and pranks with Pam, claiming that pulling pranks is not appropriate for his position. However, in time, Jim does Document [139] (Title: Office Olympics) of "The A.V. Club" awarded the episode an "A" and called it the show's "first truly classic episode", due to the added "verve" of both plots. Adams praised the way the main story and Jim and Pam's stories were intercut with each other, so that both could play off of each other; he wrote that "Michael Schur’s a great writer, and Paul Feig knows how to let superb comedic performances flow from his actors, but the stitch-up job here makes the two halves of the episodes complementary when they could’ve rocketed in opposite directions and ripped 'Office Olympics' apart." "Entertainment Document [140] (Title: Dinner Party (The Office)) glasses and his former babysitter (Beth Grant) as his date (Dwight describes the relationship as "purely carnal"). The feud between Michael and Jan escalates, culminating in Jan's destruction of the $200 television using one of Michael's beloved Dundie Awards. The police arrive, responding to a call about a disturbance; despite Jan becoming remorseful, Michael agrees to spend the night with Dwight under the advice of the officers. Jim and Pam share a warm moment together eating take-out food in their car, repeatedly calling each other "babe" in a mockery of Michael and Jan; Jim also puts on Hunter's CD, which Document [141] (Title: Jim Halpert) Pam is describing her lack of satisfaction with the current state of her relationship with Jim. Jim then suddenly interrupts the session to ask her to dinner, much to her surprise. She becomes flustered and overjoyed, and accepts the invitation. Jim replies "All right. Then... it's a date," and leaves abruptly. Pam turns back to the camera, smiling, only to ask, "What was the question?" In a webisode titled "Office Summer Vacation", found on NBC's website, Karen states that Jim "dumped my ass" and left her crying at a fountain. In the season premiere, "Fun Run", Pam and Jim reveal Document [142] (Title: After Hours (The Office)) the season, after she initially appeared in "Pam's Replacement". The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Nellie establishing boundaries for flirtation, Nellie and Dwight confessing peculiar secrets to each other, and Pam and Andy calling Jim for advice, only to have Cathy answer the phone. "After Hours" originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 23, 2012. The episode was viewed by an estimated 5.02 million viewers and received a 2.6 rating/7% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen Document [143] (Title: Christmas Party (The Office)) finally gives Pam the note in the penultimate ninth season episode "A.A.R.M." The writers for the show wanted Michael to "give a cool gift that the show's co-workers would later resent". They eventually decided that he would buy an iPod for Ryan. Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the device, despite the fact that the company did not pay for the placement. The poster that Toby gives to Angela was created by one of the show's prop workers. The two children in the poster were brought in from a talent agency. Naya Soto is the child pictured Document [144] (Title: The Inner Circle (The Office)) decides to give up trying to impress Deangelo. It is also revealed in the same talking head that Michael named his new dog after Pam. In the third 82 second clip, Jim attempts to get back into the inner circle. In its original American broadcast on May 5, 2011, "The Inner Circle" was viewed by an estimated 6.90 million households and received a 3.5 rating/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.5% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time Document [145] (Title: The Promotion (The Office)) that Jim will be a horrible boss. Meanwhile, Pam tries to get people to give money as a wedding gift. The office is trying to adjust to having both Michael (Steve Carell) and Jim (John Krasinski) as bosses, with Jim moving into a newly built personal office space in the main section. Michael and Jim constantly find themselves at odds with each other as Michael keeps having "conference room meetings" while Jim wants to keep productivity in the office place. They get a call from CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) who tells them that not everyone in the branch will Document [146] (Title: Roy Anderson (The Office)) Pam that "your art was the prettiest art of all the art", but asks her to leave so that they can go home. Their reunion is short-lived. They break up shortly after "Cocktails", when Pam confesses to Roy that she kissed Jim on "Casino Night". In response, an enraged Roy started trashing the bar they were meeting at, and Pam calls the relationship off immediately. With his brother having paid off the bar with money he got from selling his jet-skis, a visibly disturbed Roy states, "I am gonna kill Jim Halpert." When he attempts to beat Jim up in Document [147] (Title: Pam Beesly) and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Document [148] (Title: Jim Halpert) night, Jim tells Pam that he feels as if he never really came back from Stamford, tacitly admitting that he has actively been fighting his feelings for her all year. However, Jim's relationship with Karen and pending interview for a corporate position which would require his relocation to New York City, still obstruct a potential romance. In "The Job", Jim, Karen, and Michael each interview for the corporate position. During the interview, he notices a caring note from Pam in his briefcase. After the interview he drives back to Scranton, leaving Karen without a ride. Back at the Scranton office, Document [149] (Title: Email Surveillance) him to find out that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is throwing a party that Michael was not invited to. Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) begins to suspect that Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) might secretly be having a relationship. Ken Jeong explained that, while all the scenes were scripted, the actors were allowed to improvise their lines during the improv shots. Omi Vaidya revealed that, during the party scenes, the cast were allowed to drink real beer and play video games on an Xbox 360. "Email Surveillance" received largely positive reviews from television critics. The episode Document [150] (Title: Heavy Competition) himself and Michael to intercede when Ryan in turn calls Pam a "hag". In the second 50-second clip, Andy tries to sell Jim and Pam a Christian cross-shaped cake from his failed wedding with Angela, and Jim tells Andy he believes the whole office is against him. Michael, Pam and Ryan have lunch at Alfredo's Pizza Café, a reference to the restaurant first referenced in the fourth season episode "Launch Party". Andy presents a recording of his a cappella group singing Pachelbel's Canon segueing into the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al". Dwight said under Michael's leadership, the Document [151] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 4)) main theme of the season, with Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) rising, and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Jan Levinson's (Melora Hardin), as well as Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin's (Angela Kinsey) declining. Technology was another prevalent theme as the office staff struggled with initiatives introduced by Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) to modernize the company. The fourth season of "The Office" aired on Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. (Eastern) in the United States. The season marked a slight drop in ratings compared to the previous two seasons. Critical reception to the season continued to Document [152] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) his new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three. Meanwhile, Michael and Jan's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job. On the other hand, Dwight and Angela continue their steamy secret relationship. In the season's finale, Jim, Karen, and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan's, who is fired that day for poor performance. Jim wins and rejects the offer off-screen, opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and ask Pam out on a date, which she joyfully accepts. In the final scene, we learn Ryan Document [153] (Title: Diwali (The Office)) only their ninth date, and drives home, leaving Michael to find a ride. Meanwhile, in Stamford, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) decides to bike to work. Working late, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), and Jim turn a late night of paperwork into an excuse to drink, although Karen, unbeknownst to Jim and Andy, pours her shots into her wastebasket. Pam sends a text message to Jim, who does not answer because he is passed out on his desk. At the end of the evening, Michael mistakenly thinks that he and Pam have a connection, and is rejected when Document [154] (Title: The Office (U.S. TV series)) he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows a liking for Michael. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three-month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale, Jim almost proposes to Pam, but is interrupted by Andy proposing to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office. The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII. Jim proposes Document [155] (Title: Casino Night) which Michael Scott (Carell) inadvertently invites two dates. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) decides to transfer to Dunder Mifflin's Stamford branch and reveals to Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) his feelings for her. The episode was the first of the series to run as a "supersized" episode, featuring twenty-eight minutes and twenty seconds of content rather than the standard twenty minutes and thirty seconds. In addition, the episode was the first of the series to be written by Carell; he had suggested the idea for the episode to executive producer Greg Daniels, who thoroughly enjoyed the idea and green lit the Document [156] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 7)) Flax, would appear in eight episodes of the season. He also confirmed Kathy Bates would return as Jo Bennett in the season premiere. Melora Hardin returns as Jan Levinson. Timothy Olyphant guest starred in two episodes as rival salesman, Danny Cordray, who previously went on two dates with Pam. Jack Coleman appears in a new recurring role as Senator Robert Lipton, who is dating Angela. Amy Ryan made her first return appearance as Holly in a voice-only role in "Sex Ed", and finally returned to Dunder Mifflin in the hour-long Christmas episode; and she is now billed among the rest Document [157] (Title: Paper Airplane (The Office)) airplane contest. Meanwhile, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) prepares for a potential acting job, and Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) utilize new skills that they learned in couples' counseling. The episode received mostly mixed reviews from critics; some felt that the episode was humorous, whereas others were critical of the main plot involving Pam and Jim. The episode was viewed by 3.25 million viewers and received a 1.7/5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, giving it the lowest viewership rating of any episode of "The Office". "Paper Airplane" ranked fourth in its timeslot, but Document [158] (Title: A Benihana Christmas) Carol's former husband in a family photo. She breaks off the relationship, leaving Michael heartbroken and stuck with a pair of tickets to Jamaica. For the past several months, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) has led Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) to believe that he is being recruited by the CIA, and her gift to Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is that he can choose Dwight's first assignment. Jim declines the gift and claims that as the new office "Number Two" he should not be engaging in such activities, leaving Pam discouraged by a changed Jim. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) takes Michael to Document [159] (Title: Classy Christmas) of absence to go on jury duty for the Scranton Strangler trial, leading the corporate office to send Holly Flax (Amy Ryan) to cover for him. Michael forces Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to plan a second, classier Christmas party for Holly's return to Scranton. Michael welcomes Holly back, but becomes upset when she tells him that she and A.J. (Rob Huebel) are still in a relationship. Holly then tells the women of the office that she's giving A.J. an ultimatum: either propose to her by year's end or their relationship is over. Michael lies to Holly and tells her that Document [160] (Title: Happy Hour (The Office)) Matt (Sam Daly), Oscar (Oscar Nunez) asks Darryl (Craig Robinson) to organize a happy hour outing between the office employees and the warehouse workers. Jim (John Krasinski) invites Pam (Jenna Fischer), who is unusually excited to see everyone. They invite a friend of hers, Julie (Laurie Naughton Okin), to meet Michael (Steve Carell). Julie seems to take a liking to Michael as she laughs at everything he says, but when Michael learns they invited Julie specifically for him, he adopts a new persona called "Date Mike" that he says is inspired by the winners and losers of reality TV dating Document [161] (Title: Blood Drive (The Office)) a singles mixer. He puts up flyers which also advertise the finding of a missing glove, and Michael hopes his mystery woman will come to the party as a result. When Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) are threatened with banishment by Michael after they constantly gaze happily on each other, Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) invites them to have lunch with her and her husband Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer). Their meal initially goes well, but Phyllis and Bob disappear for a while after their food arrives. Hungry and not wanting to be rude by eating before they get back, Document [162] (Title: Pam Willis) refused to believe the diagnosis, but the couple were soon reunited as they faced up to Doug's condition. Pam made another return on 15 April 2016. Shortly after Pam and Doug purchase Number 28 from Des Clarke (Paul Keane), they are invited to dine with Beverly Marshall (Shaunna O'Grady) and her husband Jim Robinson. When Doug's flirting with Beverley angers Jim, Pam quickly defuses the situation by explaining that she is aware of her husband's flirtatious nature. The family quickly settle in and Pam soon returns to nursing. She is delighted when Adam and Cody both agree to follow her Document [163] (Title: Pam Beesly) in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc." At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam. Pam Document [164] (Title: The Office (U.S. season 5)) in the beginning of the season. Also Erin Hannon played by Ellie Kemper, debuted in season five as the new receptionist after Pam left for the Michael Scott Paper Company. She is the new love interest of Andy. The fifth-season premiere "Weight Loss" received a 4.9/11 in the Nielsen ratings meaning that it was seen by 4.9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 13% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This marked a rise in the ratings set by the fourth season finale, "Goodbye, Toby". The season reached a high with "Stress Relief" Document [165] (Title: Mafia (The Office)) proved that the show can survive taking both Jim and Pam out of the picture for a full episode". Joel Keller criticized the main plot saying "It was more than a post wedding let down; it was one of the worst episodes in years" The episode currently ranks 23rd on the OfficeTally's ranking list of Season 6 episodes. Mafia (The Office) "Mafia" is the 6th episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series "The Office" and the show's 106th episode overall. It originally aired on October 15, 2009 on NBC. The series—presented as if it were a real Document [166] (Title: Phyllis Vance) Ryan's corporate wilderness retreat while Toby was. Later on, when Jim is making stupid suggestions for the office birthday parties and finally demands a meeting on the subject, Phyllis mistakenly calls him "Michael" and Jim is horrified. In "Goodbye, Toby" (the season finale), Phyllis takes over the Party Planning committee from Angela in order to organize Toby's farewell party to Michael's specifications. In the final scene of the episode, Phyllis comes back inside the office following the party and catches Angela and ex-boyfriend Dwight Schrute having sex on one of the desks, despite the fact that Angela's boyfriend and co-worker Document [167] (Title: The Merger (The Office)) whose characters joined the Scranton branch. In her weekly blog for "TV Guide", actress Kate Flannery stated that it "was a really fun episode" to film, as she was able to work with a variety of new actors. She added, "They double the size and they double the comedy... It was like a party all week shooting this episode." The season three DVD contains a number of deleted scenes, including Kevin and Angela reacting to Jim's return, Karen noting that she and Meredith have the same thermos and being offered alcohol, Andy introducing himself to Kevin, Michael telling Karen and Document [168] (Title: Erin Hannon) local production of "". He pressures the entire office to go, but really just wants to get Erin to attend, in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe. Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe, however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend. Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together, however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent. In "Sex Ed", the Office believes Michael has herpes, and Andy uses the situation to host a Document [169] (Title: Pam Beesly) airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves. At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Gettysburg". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy. Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Question: which season do pam and jim get together

Answer: the fourth season Long Answer: Pamela Morgan Halpert (née Beesly) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale . Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues. Gold Document ID: 164

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: First-person narrative) Ambassadors", calling it "the darkest abyss of romance." One example of a multi-level narrative structure is Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness", which has a double framework: an unidentified "I" (first person singular) narrator relates a boating trip during which another character, Marlow, uses first person to tell a story that comprises the majority of the work. Within this nested story, it is mentioned that another character, Kurtz, told Marlow a lengthy story; however, its content is not revealed to readers. Thus, there is an "I" narrator introducing a storyteller as "he" (Marlow), who talks about himself as "I" and Document [2] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) pictures. She has heard Billy Shadow's song "The Beat of the Heart" on the radio but cannot understand why it bothers her so much since she doesn't know that it is actually Willy Jack singing. Forney has become one of her best friends and he loves taking care of Americus. Lexi has since had another baby and is also currently seeing a new man named Roger. Benny Goodluck has also grown into a young man who sees Novalee often. One summer, a massive tornado blows through Oklahoma and many other states, leaving many people dead. Sadly, one of these people Document [3] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film)) week of his death, "Time" film critic Richard Corliss called "The Tell-Tale Heart" "possibly the very first movie to be influenced by "Citizen Kane" ... This short film ... is positively a-swill in Orson Wellesian tropes: the crouching camera, the chiaroscuro lighting, the mood-deepening use of silences and sound effects." The film is a bonus feature on the Region 1 DVD box set "The Complete Thin Man Collection", released by Warner Home Video on August 2, 2005. The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1941 American drama film, 20 minutes long, directed by Jules Dassin. The screenplay Document [4] (Title: Tales of Hearts) name, a concept used extensively in the "Tales" series, is . It represents the game's central theme of people's hearts uniting to overcome strife. For "Hearts R", extra story scenes were created and the genre name was altered to . "Hearts" began production in the winter of 2006, during the final development stages of the PlayStation 2 remake of "Tales of Destiny". It was produced by Hideo Baba, the former brand manager for the series. Though the third title on the DS, it was the first portable title to be developed by Namco Tales Studio. The remake was mostly handled Document [5] (Title: Spooksville) as well as recurring places and themes, and the books are not intended as stand alone; however, they may feasibly be read in a different order than below. The main characters throughout the series are five young friends: Adam Freeman, the leader; Watch, the brains; and Sara "Sally" Wilcox, the realist, are the only characters to appear in all 24 novels. Cindy Makey appears in the second novella and remains for the rest of the series. As the series progresses the character Bryce Poole is involved more and more and eventually the five young friends become a solid group. Other Document [6] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film)) the murderer's thoughts so much that his words and actions arouse the suspicions of the police. Produced by Clifton-Hurst Productions (with Harry Clifton as the listed producer), it was filmed at the Blattner Studios in Elstree, and released in the USA under the title Bucket of Blood. The film was considered so gruesome that it was withdrawn from some cinemas in the UK. The cast was mostly amateur (John Kelt had appeared in several silent films) and the dialogue is so sparse that Hurst recalled when interviewed: List of horror films of the 1930s The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film) The Document [7] (Title: Princess Tutu) everyone wants Mytho to get his heart back. Rue, the Raven's daughter reborn as a human, has fallen in love with him too, and worries he might not return her feelings if he has a heart. Her desire to stop him from regaining his emotions unleashes her ability to transform into Princess Kraehe, Tutu's evil counterpart. Fakir, the boy who found and took care of Mytho after he escaped the story, also tries to stop Tutu, fearing that the story progressing means the Raven will return and Mytho will have to risk his life fighting it again. What's more, Duck Document [8] (Title: The Awkward Yeti) well-known dichotomies such as introversion and extroversion, and logic and emotion. Seluk's degree in psychology benefited him in reinforcing these aspects. The characters were metaphorically inspired by the concept of Id, Ego and Superego, represented by the heart, Lars, and the brain respectively. In November 2015, Seluk published a collection of "Heart and Brain" comics in a book. For "Medical Tales Retold", Seluk draws comics about unusual or touching stories he gets through his email. These stories are about illnesses and injuries and can be sent in by doctors or patients. The concept of "Medical Tales Retold" came up in Document [9] (Title: Heart of a Samurai) Heart of a Samurai Heart of a Samurai is a 2010 young adult historical novel by American author Margi Preus. The novel is closely based on the true story of Manjiro Nakahama (1827–1898) and is illustrated by his drawings, with jacket illustration by Jillian Tamaki. "Heart of a Samurai" has received numerous awards and honors, "Heart of a Samurai" is based on the real story of a Japanese boy, who is believed to have been the one of the first Japanese person to land in America. In 1841, Manjiro Nakahama, a young fisherman at the age of fourteen, lived in Document [10] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1941 American drama film, 20 minutes long, directed by Jules Dassin. The screenplay by Doane R. Hoag is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. The film marked Dassin's directorial debut after working as an assistant to Alfred Hitchcock and Garson Kanin. It is typical of the short film adaptations of literary classics studios produced to precede the feature film during the 1930s and 1940s. After years of being subjected to verbal and emotional abuse by his master, a young weaver decides to Document [11] (Title: Tales of Hearts) and "CG Movie Edition", using the Shirogumi cutscenes. After release, it was determined that the CGI cutscenes were less popular with fans. Speaking to Siliconera after the game's release, Baba said that it was the "Tales" game he most wanted western players to try out, due to its story and technical achievements. "Hearts R" was primarily developed by Japan-based developer 7th Chord, with staff from in-house development studio Bandai Namco Studios helping with development. The game was a complete remake of "Hearts", featuring full voice acting for the main scenario, new playable characters, 3D graphics and over ten new anime Document [12] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) are guilty of murder. Their denial of insanity is based on their systematic actions and their precision, as they provide a rational explanation for irrational behavior. This rationality, however, is undermined by their lack of motive ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, they say, the idea of murder "haunted me day and night." The story's final scene shows the result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in Gothic fiction, they allow their nerves to dictate their nature. Despite their best efforts at defending themself, their "over acuteness of the senses", which help them Document [13] (Title: Only the Heart) Only the Heart Only The Heart is a novel written by Brian Caswell and David Phu An Chiem about the Vietnamese boat people. It was first published in 1997. In contrast to Caswell's mainly futuristic style, such as his widely acclaimed Deucalion series, this book is written in the present-past style. The book is said to be based on David's life. The book is classified as young adult fiction and is one of the most successful books by the author. The main character for this story is a boy named Toan. The book jumps from the past, when Toan is Document [14] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter) lonely hill." The book begins with a focus on the relationship between two close friends, John Singer and Spiros Antonapoulos. The two are described as deaf-mutes who have lived together for several years. Antonapoulos becomes mentally ill, misbehaves, and despite attempts at intervention from Singer, is eventually put into an insane asylum away from town. Now alone, Singer moves into a new room. The remainder of the narrative centers on the struggles of four of John Singer's acquaintances: Mick Kelly, a tomboyish girl who loves music and dreams of buying a piano; Jake Blount, an alcoholic labor agitator; Biff Brannon, Document [15] (Title: Zanna, Don't!) Despite the fairy tale aspect, the world is essentially equivalent to ours, with references to Star Trek, the internet, Wayne Gretzky, and many other recognizable people, things or ideas. The majority of the play is set at Heartsville High, where the main characters are students. As the school year begins, DJ and student Tank reminds the world that Zanna is on the look-out for any extra love that needs to be shared ("Who's Got Extra Love?"). Zanna finds new kid Steve Bookman (a quarterback) lonely. Zanna sets him up with Mike Singer, a chess champion and idol of school. (In Document [16] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) world is a fairytale. A dream-maker who frequently stays at the Leaf & Berry. Is very close to Hannah and always asks her what her greatest wish is whenever she sees her. Kindly, old, and high-class. The prince and next in line for the throne. A trouble maker that never does what he's told and delights in worrying his mother. The cousin to the prince. A trouble maker and always cheers the prince on whenever he does something wrong. Beautiful and intelligent, she is the Daughter of Karro, the Wealthy Merchant. Sister to Micah, who is Adele's love interest. Frequently Document [17] (Title: Goldmoon) agree that her parents are Arrowthorn, Chieftain of the Que Shu—a tribe located in the plains of Abanasinia, a desolate area in the central western area of Ansalon in the fictional world of Krynn—and Tearsong, deceased high priestess of the tribe. The short story "Heart of Goldmoon", written by Laura Hickman and Kate Novak and published in the "Love and War" (1987) recompilation, gives insight about her life after her mother died, explaining that the Que Shu community is built around the figure of a high priestess, and whoever marries the priestess becomes Chieftain of the tribe, with the first Document [18] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film)) "The Tell-Tale Heart" was selected by the film historians Steve Chibnall and Brian McFarlane as one of the 15 most meritorious British B films made between World War II and 1970. They note that it also received enthusiastic reviews at the time of its release from "The Monthly Film Bulletin" and "Kinematograph Weekly". The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1960 British horror film directed by Ernest Morris produced by the Danzigers. The screenplay by Brian Clemens and Eldon Howard is a loose adaptation of the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. Document [19] (Title: The Awkward Yeti) of "The Awkward Yeti". "Heart and Brain" features Lars' anthropomorphized heart and brain as the two main characters. In the webcomic, the heart follows its feelings and emotions, chasing down butterflies and getting excited about kittens, while the brain is concerned about adult responsibility. While the heart skips to emotional need, the brain brings in reason and logic for why the heart's action are ill-advised. Lindsey Holmes described "Heart and Brain" as "the internal tennis match we often face between our romantic hearts and our realistic brains." The characters of "Heart and Brain" are considered very relatable, as they cover Document [20] (Title: Rafael Nieves) Rafael Nieves Rafael Nieves (born January 24, 1960) is an American comic book writer, with over twenty years experience in the field. He began his career with the publication of "Tales from the Heart", first published by Entropy Enterprises before moving, with issue #3, to Slave Labor Graphics. The series, co-written with Cindy Goff, and based on her experiences, told the story of Cathy Grant, a Peace Corps volunteer stationed in Central Africa in the 1980s, chronicling her trials and tribulations as a "stranger in a strange land." It was illustrated by artist William "Seitu" Hayden. "Tales from the Heart" Document [21] (Title: Steve Carver) to use some very talented people." "The Tell-Tale Heart" was widely screened and attracted the attention of Roger Corman who had made a number of adaptations of Poe's works. Corman hired Carver to work at New World Pictures. Carver spent his first year at New World cutting trailers. He later estimated he cut 100-150 trailers in that time. He also wrote a number of scripts for Corman, including one on Admiral Byrd that floundered when they could not secure rights from Byrd's estate. He was working on a script about a black female private eye when Corman gave him the Document [22] (Title: Heart Berries) opens with a forward by Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-American novelist Sherman Alexie, offering what one reviewer characterized as "glowing introduction", and praising Mailhot as the “biological child of a broken healer and a lonely artist.” The main body then proceeds as a series of essays which explore Mailhot's experiences growing up on the Seabird Island Indian Reservation in British Columbia, including her first marriage as a teenager, and the loss of custody of her first child on the same day she gave birth to her second. It offers insight into Mailhot's struggle with her mental health, including PTSD and bipolar disorder. It Document [23] (Title: Tell Tale Hearts) By: Stephen Lowe<br>Producers: David Blair and Norman McCandlish<br>Director: Thaddeus O'Sullivan<br> Tell Tale Hearts Tell Tale Hearts is a BBC Scotland television serial drama, written by Stephen Lowe, which stars Bill Paterson and was directed by Thaddeus O'Sullivan. The three-part psychological thriller was broadcast on BBC1 on 1st November 1992. The serial was nominated twice in the 1993 BAFTA Scotland awards - for best drama serial and best television actor (Bill Paterson). Anthony Steadman (Paterson) is a child-murderer set to begin a new life having been released from prison after seventeen years. Sally McCann, (Brid Brennan), a mother whose child disappeared Document [24] (Title: We Without Wings) acquaintances. As the series progresses, the vignettes become more complex and intertwined, while still being presented in chronological order. Some offshoot stories are told, but have direct connection to the above three main male characters. The main characters include the main male leads and the main heroines of the series who appear in each or all of the vignettes. The supporting characters include the supporting male characters and the sub-heroines of the series who appear in one or two of the vignettes. The other recurring characters include minor friends and acquaintances of the series who appear in one of the Document [25] (Title: The Story of an Hour) husband, Brently Mallard, appears, alive and well. Josephine and Richards try to hide the sight from Louise, but it is too late. When she sees that her husband is still alive, she lets out a startled cry and dies from a heart attack. The heroine of Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour", Louise Mallard, is known to be suffering from a weak heart. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Mallard was unable to shake the thought of being free from her husband. The word "free" began to haunt her mind, free from oppression. Daniel P. Deneau mentions about Document [26] (Title: Kingdom Hearts χ) agrees to help, but Ephemer mysteriously disappears shortly thereafter. Later, the player meets another wielder from Ephemer's Union named Skuld, who is investigating his disappearance. The two also witness the Foretellers fighting one another, believing there to be a traitor among them, and encounter Keyblade wielders who have been corrupted into Heartless as well as the other Chirithy, who has been turned into a Nightmare. Investigating the Foretellers' tower, the three are caught by Ava, who challenges them to a duel. Upon defeat, Ava reveals that she has been recruiting new members to the Dandelions, a group of elite Keyblade Document [27] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) The Truth-Teller's Tale The Truth-Teller's Tale is a fantasy novel by American writer Sharon Shinn, published in 2005. Eleda and Adele, mirror twins, discover that they are a Truth-Teller and a Safe-Keeper, respectively. Truth-Tellers are incapable of telling lies and recognize when others are lying, so society relies on their unwavering trustworthiness. Safe-Keepers cannot reveal what is told to them in confidence, and they bear the burden of people's confessions. The sisters do not realize the ramifications of their gifts until their teen years, when romantic and political intrigue abounds, and situations become more adult. Their friend Roelynn, whose wealthy Document [28] (Title: Pure Country: Pure Heart) had been a country music singer, so they travel to Nashville to learn more about him. They meet Declan, who soon strikes up a relationship with Ada. Declan helps them meet Marq Dunn, the lady with whom their father had written and recorded his music. After hearing them sing, Marq invites them back to Nashville to record a song. The sisters get in trouble when Elizabeth finally learns that they have been lying about their whereabouts. Eventually Elizabeth and Meemaw reveal that their father had stopped his music, of his own accord, to be present for his wife and family. Document [29] (Title: Story within a story) protagonist is used in the films "Stand By Me" and "A Christmas Story", and the television show "The Wonder Years". In The Amory Wars, a tale told through the music of Coheed and Cambria, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character. The critically acclaimed Beatles album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is presented as a stage Document [30] (Title: The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart) The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart is the first, full-length studio mixtape released by Dawn Richard. Before the full studio album release Richard has released a few songs, one of them being "Me Myself & Y" which was released as a promotional single on globalgrind.com. Others are "These Tears", a heavy ballad with amazing vocals from Richard, and "Let Love In", another rock ballad with heavy vocal harmonies. She has also remixed a few of her earlier leaked songs, like "Trip City" and "Superhero", with "Trip City" being remixed into "Intro (The Document [31] (Title: Heart of Darkness) Congo River from one station to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed command. He guided the ship up the tributary Lualaba River to the trading company's innermost station, Kindu, in Eastern Kongo. The story's main narrator, Charles Marlow, has similar experiences to the author himself. When Conrad began to write the novella, eight years after returning from Africa, he drew inspiration from his travel journals. He described "Heart of Darkness" as "a wild story" of a journalist who becomes manager of a station in the (African) interior and makes himself worshipped by a tribe of savages. Thus described, Document [32] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) are initially sent by Maleficent to spy on the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee, but later switch sides to help Sora's group in exchange for treasure. The main characters of "The World Ends with You"—Neku Sakuraba, Yoshiya "Joshua" Kiryu, Shiki Misaki, Daisukenono "Beat" Bito, and Raimu "Rhyme" Bito—appear in "Dream Drop Distance" as players of a Reapers' Game in Traverse Town. They are depicted as figments of their original selves, saved from fading out of existence by Joshua following Shibuya's destruction. The characters of the "Kingdom Hearts" series have had various types of merchandise modeled after their likeness. Square Enix has Document [33] (Title: To Heart 2) of Takaaki Kouno, who begins his second year of high school after reuniting with a childhood friend. Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story's narrative and dialogue. The text in the game is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Takaaki is talking to, appearing over background artwork. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. A gallery of the viewed CGs and played background music is available on the game's title screen. "To Heart 2" follows a branching plot Document [34] (Title: Tale of Tales (2015 film)) the heart and bears a son, Elias, the next day. The cook also gives birth to a boy, Jonah. The boys are identical and inseparable friends. This vexes the Queen who attempts to murder Jonah. Jonah leaves the kingdom, plunging a knife into a tree root and telling Elias that as long as the root spouts clear water, he is alive and well. One day the water is clouded with blood. Elias leaves to find Jonah. The Queen has her subjects search for Elias to no avail. The necromancer blames the Queen and says the youths are truly inseparable, and Document [35] (Title: Love Medicine) different character. These narratives are conversational, as if the narrators were telling a story, often from the first-person perspective. There are, however, five chapters that are told from a limited third-person perspective. The conversational tone of the novel is representative of the storytelling tradition in Native American culture. It draws from Ojibwa myths, story-telling technique, and culture. It also incorporates the Euro-Indian experience, especially through the younger generations, some of whom have been forced by government policy to accept, if not possess, Euro-American culture. "Love Medicine" begins with June Morrissey freezing to death on her way home to the reservation. Document [36] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) fact, “The Heart of Princess Joan” is dedicated, with the other stories in the collection, to her nephews and nieces. James Fowler remarks that “she seems to represent a full flowering of the Victorian fairy-tale genre[…].” The fairy tale opens with a wealthy King and Queen who lived happily. The Queen was prideful and disdained the fairies, and so when she had a baby girl named Joan, the vengeful fairies stole the young child's heart. Joan grew up to be the most beautiful girl in the land, but loved nobody. In the neighboring country, there lived a Prince named Michael Document [37] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) of the Bible to people she meets. When they first meet, Sister Husband "mistakes" Novalee for a girl named Ruth Ann Mott and gives Novalee a Welcome Wagon basket. She also meets Moses Whitecotton, a photographer who shoots portraits at the Wal-Mart. Moses tells Novalee to give her baby a name "that will mean something" and "withstand a lot of bad times", as well as a photo album. He later becomes Novalee's mentor as she becomes more invested in photography. In addition, she also meets Benny Goodluck, a Native American boy, who gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck. Document [38] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) The Heart of Princess Joan "The Heart of Princess Joan" is a 19th-century fairy tale published in 1880 as part of the collection "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and other Stories". This was the second of three published collections of fairy tales by popular children’s author, Mary De Morgan. Illustrations for the stories were provided by Walter Crane. Mary De Morgan was born in 1850 into an intellectual and creative British family. She perfected her literary style by telling uniquely crafted fairy tales to the children of family and friends, who included the Burne-Jones, the Morrises, and the Kiplings. In Document [39] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) merchant father intends to marry her off to the prince, sows plenty of wild oats behind her father's back. She often drags the sisters into the fray, and the summer they are all 17, a chain of events is set into motion that changes their lives. The protagonist and narrator of the story. Has blue iris on the right and green on the left. Eleda is a truth-teller, born with the ability and compulsion to tell nothing but the truth. She can also sense when others are lying, with the exception of a young actor named Edgar who claims to Document [40] (Title: The Storyteller (Picoult novel)) order to hide her scar,and to work nights alone as a baker, as she believes that she deserves a loner life. Sage believes that her sisters, Pepper and Saffron, blame her for their mother's death, so she actively avoids contact with them. Her best friend is Mary D'Angelis, an ex nun who owns Our Daily Bread, the bakery that Sage works at. Sage is in a relationship with a funeral director called Adam, who also happens to be married, yet Sage appears to be initially fine with their arrangement, as she is still able to lead her loner life. Although Document [41] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) of Pretty Cure, the fairies were born in the Heart Tree in order. Each one could separately find their own partner of Pretty Cure. Unlike previous mascots who end their sentences with a word typically referring to their own name, the fairies all end their sentences with "desu". The are the main antagonists of the series. They are a notorious group whose aims were to collect wilted Heart Flowers from their victims and take over the world by turning it into a giant desert. They're also responsible for the withering of the Great Tree of Hearts. It's revealed in Episode Document [42] (Title: Think Lovely Thoughts) which a stunned Gold replied “You told them that?” But Bae says that it was better than saying his father abandoned him. At first, Wendy lies to the rescuers about where Pan is, but Gold recognizes she’s lying and she comes clean, and admits that Pan really wants the heart of the truest believer so he can be immortal, which is actually Henry's heart. It’s a trade, she says, because once Pan has the heart, Henry will die. Neal promises he will save her brothers and Regina tells Wendy that John and Michael are safe in Storybrooke. They make a Document [43] (Title: Tales from the Heart) with nine later issues published by Slave Labor Graphics (from 1988 to 1994). Slave Labor published "Tales from the Heart: Hearts of Africa" in 1994, which collected issues #1-3 and featured an introduction by Neil Gaiman. Two color graphic novels, "Tales from the Heart of Africa: The Temporary Natives" (1990) and "A Tale From the Heart of Africa: Bloodlines" (1992) were published by the Marvel Comics imprint Epic Comics. "A Tale From the Heart of Africa: Bloodlines" (Epic, 1992) was nominated for two Eisner Awards in 1993, for Best Single Issue, Self-Contained Story; and Best Graphic Album — New. Tales Document [44] (Title: Souls of the Departed) have unfinished business, and that once they arrive, it's very hard to leave. Neal warns Emma not to go, but she refuses to listen to his advice and he knew she would and so he tells her he loves her and kisses her goodbye and Emma wakes up. As Emma, Gold, Mary Margaret, David, Henry, Regina, and Robin Hood arrive in the Underworld in their quest to find Hook, the ensemble comes across a brimstone-hued version of Storybrooke. Gold tells them that every soul with unfinished business lives here until it is fulfilled, and since they have arrived that means Document [45] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1934 British drama film directed by Brian Desmond Hurst. The screenplay by David Plunkett Greene is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. It is the earliest known "talkie" film adaptation of the story. A young manservant is driven mad by his obsession with the repulsive diseased eye of an old man who cares for him. He kills his master and hides the remains under the floorboards. When the police investigate the old man's disappearance, the imagined beating of the victim's heart haunts Document [46] (Title: Tell (2012 film)) Tell (2012 film) Tell is a 2012 short psychological horror film written, directed, and edited by Ryan Connolly. It is loosely based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart". The production of this film has been the subject of many episodes of Film Riot, an Internet television show hosted by Connolly. Many of the crew that worked on the film also feature in Film Riot, and the effects used in the film have been explained in detail as part of the programmes. Taylor (Todd Bruno) argues with his girlfriend Jenny (Shana Eva), before taking a hammer from Document [47] (Title: The Bone People) the way of telling, the subject matter and the form of love that the story writes on. This is in no way a romance; it is rather filled with violence, fear and twisted emotions. At the story's core, however, are three people who struggle very hard to figure out what love is and how to find it. The book is divided into two major sections, the first involving the characters interacting together, and the second half involving their individual travels. In the first half, 7-year-old Simon shows up at the hermit Kerewin's tower on a gloomy and stormy night. Simon Document [48] (Title: The Cask of Amontillado) and "The Tell-Tale Heart", Poe conveys the story from the murderer's perspective. The story's narrator, Montresor, tells an unspecified person, who knows him very well, of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato (Italian for "the fortunate one"), a fellow nobleman. Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult, Montresor plots to murder his "friend" during Carnival, while the man is drunk, dizzy, and wearing a jester's motley. Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine-tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe (about 130 gallons, 492 litres) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Document [49] (Title: Playing by Heart) who has struggled to accept him; two young people who meet in a nightclub (Ryan Phillippe and Angelina Jolie); a couple having an affair (Anthony Edwards and Madeleine Stowe) and a man (Dennis Quaid) who tells his tragic life story to a woman he meets in a bar (Patricia Clarkson), but seems to have a strange connection to another mysterious woman. As the film continues and the stories evolve, the connections between the characters become evident. Kellie Waymire, Nastassja Kinski, Alec Mapa, Amanda Peet and Michael Emerson also have roles in the film. "Playing by Heart" received mixed to positive Document [50] (Title: What Hearts) Asa mentions the heart candies, Jean asks, "What Hearts?" Asa realizes the world is ever changing, and that he has to learn to adjust with it. Asa: Asa is the main character, going through different turning points as he learns to move with the changes. Asa's Mother: Asa's mother has a difficult relationship with Asa's father, and later with Dave, Asa's stepfather. She falls into depression because of this. Dave: Dave is Asa's mother's childhood sweetheart, whom she marries after divorcing Asa's father. Dave is mean and does not like his stepson Asa. Joel: Joel is Asa's friend in the Document [51] (Title: Tales of Hearts) add it in. "Heart"s soundtrack was composed by veteran "Tales" composer Motoi Sakuraba, Hiroshi Tamura and Shinji Tamura (as Hibiki Aoyama). The official soundtrack album, "Tales of Hearts Original Soundtrack", was published by BMG Japan on two compact discs on December 10, 2008. In addition to the original soundtrack, a special disc of selected arranged tracks titled "Tales of Hearts CG Movie Edition Visual & Original Soundtrack DVD" was released alongside the "CG Movie Edition" of the game. Reviews of the soundtrack have been mixed. RPGFan's Patrick Gann both called it the best soundtrack of the three Nintendo DS "Tales" Document [52] (Title: True Heart) from poachers to find their parents. The children are eventually reunited with their parents (Michael Gross and Dey Young), who then mistakenly accuse Khonanesta of being a poacher. The man refers to "Grandfather" a bear, as a member of his people. The children clear him of the accusation. "DVD & Movie Guide" gave the movie three-and-a-half stars, saying that it was "perfect for family viewing". True Heart True Heart is a 1997 American adventure film directed by Catherine Cyran and starring Kirsten Dunst as Bonnie and Zachery Ty Bryan as Sam. "True Heart" tells the story of a brother and Document [53] (Title: The Storyteller (Picoult novel)) a cafe while she is with Leo, she breaks up with him, as she realises she is no longer happy being the other woman, and that she doesn't love him anymore. As he is now the one chasing her, instead of the other way around, Adam comes to Sage's house and proposes, telling her that he is filing for divorice so he can marry her, but she tells him to leave. While Josef is in the hospital, Sage learns that her grandmother Minka has died in her sleep, which Sage blames herself for, as she thinks that making her remember Document [54] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) Foretellers are a group of Keyblade Masters trained under the Master of Masters, who act as the leaders of the five Unions seeking to gather light to combat the growing darkness. Each has a copy of the Book of Prophecies, a book which can be used to tell the future and manifest entire worlds. However, after the Master disappears, circumstances lead them to believe there is a traitor among them, and their infighting eventually leads to the Keyblade War and the destruction of the world. The Dandelions are a group of Keyblade wielders recruited by Ava, each deemed strong enough Document [55] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) In the beginning, Peter fails at these tasks. Heart of Stone (German fairy tale) Heart of Stone (, literally "The Cold Heart") is a fairy tale written by Wilhelm Hauff. It was published in 1827 in a collection of fairy tales that take place within the narrative of "The Spessart Inn". It formed the basis for the East German film Heart of Stone, released in 1950. Despite taking over his late father's charcoal factory, Peter Marmot who goes by the name Coal-marmot Peter is not content with the dirty, exhausting, low paying and low status work. He dreams of prosperity Document [56] (Title: Tell-Tale (film)) Tell-Tale (film) Tell-Tale is a 2009 science fiction-horror drama film inspired by the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart". It is directed by Michael Cuesta and stars Josh Lucas, Lena Headey, and Brian Cox and is produced by Tony Scott and Ridley Scott. A man's recently transplanted heart leads him on a frantic search to find the donor's killer before a similar fate befalls him. In Providence, a husband and his wife die in a botched robbery; we see flickers of his last memories. His heart goes to Terry Bernard, a single father raising a girl with a Document [57] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) its flowers, she sends two fairies, Chypre and Coffret, to the surface in order to seek out her replacement. They find Tsubomi Hanasaki, a shy flower-loving girl that had just moved into the city with her family, who is given the power to become Cure Blossom. Joined by her new friend, Erika Kurumi, who becomes Cure Marine, they fight against the Desert Apostles who transform the wilting Heart Flowers inside people into monsters known as Desertarians. By defeating these monsters, they gain Heart Seeds which allow the Heart Tree to become healthier again. Rather than other fairies in previous series Document [58] (Title: The Heart of the Park) being crucified and Barabbas, the thief, going free. Flannery O'Connor herself was a devout Catholic and often included such symbolism in her stories. The story is not typically considered to be one of O'Connor's most important works, especially since it was never published on its own. It is instead judged for its similarities and differences respecting the edited version that became a chapter of "Wise Blood". It is considered by many to be an undeveloped narrative, drawn from characters from other stories, and may have been unfinished before it was edited. The Heart of the Park The Heart of the Document [59] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1953 American horror animated short film produced by UPA, directed by Ted Parmelee, and narrated by James Mason. The screenplay by Bill Scott and Fred Grable is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. The British Board of Film Censors made this the first cartoon to receive an adults-only X certificate in the United Kingdom. The plot focuses on a murderer whose increasing guilt leads him to believe he can hear his victim's heart still beating beneath the floorboards where he buried Document [60] (Title: Two Hearts (story)) seventeen. When she does, someone--a friend--will come to her, Molly promises. Sooz hopes it will be Schmendrick and Molly; she would prefer them over even a unicorn. The genesis of the project came about when Beagle's business manager suggested that he write a story set in the world of "The Last Unicorn" without necessarily including any of the same characters. From there, Beagle says that "things happened." Two Hearts (story) "Two Hearts" is a novelette written by Peter S. Beagle in 2004 as a coda to "The Last Unicorn" (1968), despite his decades-long reluctance to continue the original story. It Document [61] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) him. Seen through the eyes of the nameless narrator, the surrealistic images in the film help convey his descent into madness. Paul Julian served as both designer and color artist for film, and Pat Matthews was the principal animator. In May 1953, pre-production started on "The Tell-Tale Heart", which originally was intended to be a 3-D film. It is not known if the film was animated in this fashion, but it was not released in 3D. There is no reference to 3D in a technical trade review. Furthermore, the leaders on original prints of the film do not indicate it Document [62] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) Heart of Princess Joan,” have a folk-like feel, they are original and recorded in a style similar to that of Hans Christian Andersen. This might be due to the fact that these stories were told to children before their final form was decided on and then published. This story, in particular, draws on the themes of enduring love and personal sacrifice, which are manifested by the hero, Prince Michael; these are reoccurring themes in De Morgan’s stories. Although De Morgan’s fairy tales usually comment on Victorian culture, of which she was a part, there is a lack of scholarly discussion Document [63] (Title: Tales of Hearts) than in "Hearts", and generally praised the additions to the story. They also praised the graphical overhaul, calling it "a true "Tales" at the core." "Dengeki PlayStation" also praised the game, with the four reviewers giving it scores of 80, 85, 90 and 93. Praise went to the fully voiced main scenario, the new playable characters and aspects of the battle system. The main criticisms were "flat" graphics and other elements of the battle system such as the lack of character support and companion AI. Western reviews of the title have been mixed to positive: review aggregate sites GameRankings and Document [64] (Title: Tales (video game)) Norse and Greek mythology. Other notable characters in the game are Dante, Athena, Ninsun, Enkidu and Bellerophon. "Tales" was developed by Ape Marina, a small development team inspired by the works of Sierra and Lucasarts. The project was led by creators Andrea Ferrara and Giovanni Ottomano. Mark Lovegrove functioned as executive producer. An early version of the game was awarded an AGS Award for "Best Demo" in 2014. On November 4, 2016, the official launch trailer was released on YouTube. The November 14, 2016, release date was announced in early October 2016. The voice cast for "Tales" includes some notable Document [65] (Title: Tales of Hearts) unimpressed by the story or the cast, while MacGregor cited the story as "a slow-burn", though commenting that the cast succeeded in seeming like real people rather than character archetypes. In contrast with the other reviewers, Fitch generally enjoyed the story, calling it one of the stronger casts and narratives of recent "Tales" titles. The localization received some criticism over discrepancies between the English text and Japanese dialogue, with Fitch describing it as "written with an ultimately canceled English dub in mind", and McCarrol citing the renaming of some characters despite the presence of the original Japanese as a downside. Document [66] (Title: The Fiery Heart) The Fiery Heart The Fiery Heart is the fourth book in Richelle Mead's "Bloodlines" series and was released on November 19, 2013. It is told from both Adrian's and Sydney's perspectives. As from the start of the series, Sydney Sage is an Alchemist who been assigned to protect the Moroi princess, Jillian Mastrano Dragomir, from the assassins who would like to overthrow Vasilisa (Lissa) Dragomir, the Queen of the Moroi, from her throne. The novel begins where The Indigo Spell left off, when Alchemist Sydney Sage proclaimed her love to the Moroi Adrian Ivashkov. That starts their taboo relationship just Document [67] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards, is evidence that they are truly mad. Poe's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s. The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity. A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) and in "The Colloquy of Monos and Una" (1841). It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses, or if they are merely imagining things. If their condition is believed to be true, what they hear at the end Document [68] (Title: Hearts of Oak (play)) in fact. Harry Mainhal was an excellent Ruby Darell and Catherine Corcoran a charming and natural Chrystal. Mr. Charles H. Clark (Uncle Davy) and F. Chippendale (Owen Garroway) deserve favorable mention. The Latter in the supper scene aroused a storm of laughter by his vicarious hospitality and awkwardness The "Michigan Argonaut", March, 1883 Herne's "Hearts of Oak" drew one of the largest audiences of the season at the Opera House Wednesday evening. The play is well named for surely none, but Hearts of Oak could stand the intense strain which finally did cause one heart to break. The shipwrecked orphan-girl Document [69] (Title: Tell Tale Hearts) Tell Tale Hearts Tell Tale Hearts is a BBC Scotland television serial drama, written by Stephen Lowe, which stars Bill Paterson and was directed by Thaddeus O'Sullivan. The three-part psychological thriller was broadcast on BBC1 on 1st November 1992. The serial was nominated twice in the 1993 BAFTA Scotland awards - for best drama serial and best television actor (Bill Paterson). Anthony Steadman (Paterson) is a child-murderer set to begin a new life having been released from prison after seventeen years. Sally McCann, (Brid Brennan), a mother whose child disappeared around the time of the original murder, is pursuing Steadman Document [70] (Title: Tales of Poe) Daelman Chlanda, Cartier Williams, Douglas Rowan, Amy Lynn Best, Carl Burrows, Haley Turner, Lesleh Donaldson, Desiree Gould, Joe Quick, David Marancik, Mike Watt, Tom Lanier and Michael Varrati. Best Actress Debbie Rochon, Best Short Bart Mastronardi, Best Editing Alan Rowe Kelly for "The Tell Tale Heart" at 2011 Buffalo Screams Horror Film Festival Best Actress Debbie Rochon, Best Actor Alan Rowe Kelly, Audience Choice Bart Mastronardi for "The Tell Tale Heart" at 2012 Macabre Faire Film Festival The film was released on DVD and Digital HD on October 11. Tales of Poe Tales of Poe is a 2014 anthology film Document [71] (Title: If My Heart Had Wings (visual novel)) they restore the soaring club in order to fulfill a dream: to soar in the skies. The central theme of the story is loss, both physical and emotional. Main characters: Supporting characters: Pulltop officially released an adult trial version on 6 April 2012 followed by the full, limited edition version released on 25 May 2012. The visual novel received its English localization on 28 June 2013, with its age rating lowered to "all-ages": all sexual content was cut or edited. A fan disc was released on 25 January 2013 featuring a before story for the Soaring Club (after Amane's route), Document [72] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) Heart of Stone (German fairy tale) Heart of Stone (, literally "The Cold Heart") is a fairy tale written by Wilhelm Hauff. It was published in 1827 in a collection of fairy tales that take place within the narrative of "The Spessart Inn". It formed the basis for the East German film Heart of Stone, released in 1950. Despite taking over his late father's charcoal factory, Peter Marmot who goes by the name Coal-marmot Peter is not content with the dirty, exhausting, low paying and low status work. He dreams of prosperity and prestige. Then he hears about a forest Document [73] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) believes that his daughters are "perfect" and occasionally cannot tell them apart but only for a few minutes at a time. The mother of Eleda and Adele married to Bob. Runs the Leaf and Berry Inn with her husband. Never mixes her daughters up and believes that they are wonderful and loves them dearly, but does not think they are "perfect". Is close friends with Melinda a dream-maker who stays at the inn frequently. She loves the girls' best friend Roelynn and mistakenly believes that she would love to be queen. She is quite a romantic and believes that the Document [74] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) denies having killed for greed. It has been speculated that the old man is a father figure, the narrator's landlord, or that the narrator works for the old man as a servant, and that perhaps his "vulture-eye" represents some sort of veiled secret, or power. The ambiguity and lack of details about the two main characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a first-person narrative of an unnamed narrator, who insists that he or she is sane, but is suffering from a disease (nervousness) which causes "over-acuteness of Document [75] (Title: True Heart) True Heart True Heart is a 1997 American adventure film directed by Catherine Cyran and starring Kirsten Dunst as Bonnie and Zachery Ty Bryan as Sam. "True Heart" tells the story of a brother and sister who survive a plane crash that kills the pilot and their guardian and strands them in the Canadian wilderness in British Columbia. They are rescued by an Aboriginal man named Khonanesta (August Schellenberg) who claims there are "bad people" (a group of bear poachers) in the forest and tells them they must get away. He leads them on a trip through the wilderness away Document [76] (Title: Tales of Hearts) new ones. Also added are Union Artes, special attacks unique to a particular character pairing. Characters can be assigned special accessories called "Combo Commands": activated by a specific set of button presses, the accessory grants a character full access to all their Artes for a limited time. "Tales of Hearts" is set on the worlds of Organica and Minera (known to Organicans as the "white moon"), with the events of the story mostly taking place on Organica. Two millennia before the present day, Minera was in a state of war with itself, and Organica's inhabitants were used by the Minerans Document [77] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life". The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845, edition of the "Broadway Journal". This edition omitted Longfellow's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized. "The Tell-Tale Heart" was reprinted several additional times during Poe's lifetime. "The Tell-Tale Heart" uses an unreliable narrator. The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man, as if the stealthy way in which they executed the crime were evidence of their sanity, reveals their monomania and paranoia. The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime. The Document [78] (Title: Charles Marlow) Jim." The stories are not told entirely from Marlow's perspective, however. There is also an omniscient narrator who introduces Marlow and some of the other characters. Once introduced, Marlow then proceeds to tell the main tale, creating a story-within-a-story effect. In "Heart of Darkness" the omniscient narrator observes that "yarns of seamen have a direct simplicity, the whole meaning of which lies within the shell of a cracked nut. But Marlow was not typical [...] and to him the meaning of an episode was not inside like a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought it out only as Document [79] (Title: Tales of Hearts) Japan, was , which represented the core theme of people's hearts meeting and uniting to overcome difficulties in their lives. The characters were designed by regular "Tales" series designer Mutsumi Inomata. Inomata worked on the designs while she was also working on character designs for "Tales of Innocence", and found it hard working on both titles at once. The characters' names were inspired by various ores and gemstones. More conventional names were repeatedly suggested and rejected. Despite being the third "Tales" title on the Nintendo DS after "Tales of the Tempest" and "Innocence", it was the first to be produced Document [80] (Title: The Heart of Jade) The Heart of Jade The Heart of Jade () is a novel by Spanish author Salvador de Madariaga, first published in 1942. It is widely regarded as an exceptional example of modern Spanish-language literature. The book is a work of historical fiction set in the late pre-Columbian age in Mexico City and depicts the daily life of the ancient Aztec people, both the commoners (servants, traders and warriors) and the upper classes (priests, nobles, and government officials). The "Mexican" section contains a great deal of Mexican symbolism, geographical, political and religious references and historical data took from various authors like Document [81] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (Once Upon a Time)) as well as a request from Snow that her stepmother rule the kingdom with compassion. The queen burns the letter and takes the box with the heart in it to store in her vault. When she cannot open one of her storage safes, it proves that the Huntsman lied to her; the heart is not human. The Queen has her guards drag him down to the vault and she yanks his glowing heart out of his body. She tells the Huntsman that from now on he will be her pet and will do her bidding forever, and if he ever Document [82] (Title: Tales of Hearts) Tales of Hearts The game follows main protagonist Kor Meteor after he discovers a woman named Kohaku Hearts and her brother Hisui near his home town. When Kohaku is attacked by a mysterious antagonist named Incarose and infected by a monster called a xerom, Kor attempts to cure her using his Soma, an ancient weapon designed to fight xerom. In the process, he ends up shattering Kohaku's Spiria, the essence of her heart and emotions, and scattering the pieces across the world. Together with Hisui, Kor sets off with Kohaku on a quest to restore her Spiria. Its characteristic genre Document [83] (Title: Where the Heart Is (UK TV series)) on the band's "38 Carat Collection". The series is currently being repeated on ITV3. The show follows the lives of the people of Skelthwaite, a fictional small Yorkshire town; particularly the work of the district nurses at the town's health centre. It originally focuses on the extended Snow and Goddard family — sisters-in-law and close friends Peggy Snow (Ferris) and Ruth Goddard (Lancashire) who work together as district nurses, while Ruth's husband and Peggy's younger brother Simon (Thomas Craig) is the town's main employer through his paper products factory. Peggy's husband Vic (Tony Haygarth) and her children Stephen and Lucy Document [84] (Title: Pure Country: Pure Heart) whom their mother never talks about. Over the next few days, the girls repeatedly lie and say they are going to the farm of Ada's friend, Justine, but actually catch rides with Justine to go learn more about their father. At the nearby State Veteran's Home, they meet Iraq War veteran Henry Monroe, who tells them about serving in the Marines with their father in 2004, when their father saved his live by jumping on a grenade. They also meet C.J. Simms, a Korean War veteran and musician who is impressed by their singing voices. They learn that their father Document [85] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator’s sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture-eye", as the narrator calls it. The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards. Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping sound, which the Document [86] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) narrator of "The Tell-Tale Heart" is generally assumed to be male. However, some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other. The story starts "in medias res". The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, a judge, a reporter, a doctor or (anachronistically) a psychiatrist. In any case, the narrator explains themself in great detail. What follows is a study of terror Document [87] (Title: Sister of My Heart) Sister of My Heart Sister of My Heart is a novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. First published in 1999, this novel was followed in 2002 by a sequel "The Vine of Desire". The story centers on the lives of two Indian girls, Anju and Sudha. The girls use their own voices to narrate the story of their lives. In alternating chapters the reader closely follows the lives of Sudha and Anju through childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Although some of the characters immigrate to the United States, most of the story is set in India. Indian traditions and culture are Document [88] (Title: Heart de Roommate) a little older than the roommates but is in the same grade as them. She is the homeroom teacher of the four roommates and is very kind to her students, even will to bend rules as to get them out of trouble and putting her own self on the line to help them. Heart de Roommate The gameplay in "Heart de Roommate" is standard for a visual novel. The player spends most of the time reading text onscreen which indicates the narration, inner thoughts, or dialogue of the characters. At different points in the game, the player will be faced Document [89] (Title: If on a winter's night a traveler) is spoken by about 2230 people in northern Italy, not too remote from Calvino's home in Turin. However, these real-world items have no clear relationship to their fictional namesakes. The main character in the first part of each chapter is you, the reader. The narrative starts out when you begin reading a book but then all of the pages are out of order. You then go to a bookstore to get a new copy of the book. When at the bookstore, you meet a girl, Ludmilla, who becomes an important character in the book. You think Ludmilla is beautiful, and Document [90] (Title: Tale of Tales (company)) cunti"), with their main series being retellings of fairy tales in the form of adventure games, each subtitled "a Tale of Tales" and linked together by a common character referred to as the Deaf-Mute Girl in a Pretty White Dress in the "8" Web site and as the Girl in White in "The Path"'s user manual. It was hinted in an interview with ZillionMonkey that their next project, following "The Path", will involve the character of Salome and be developed using the Unity authoring tool, which they had first trailed with "The Graveyard" as a side-project during development of "The Document [91] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) storyline. And second is flowers, which are prominent in the naming of numerous characters and items, as well as in the main storyline. Additionally, most episodes contain at least one reference to the language of flowers. In each person resides a Heart Flower, which is connected to the great Heart Tree that watches over everyone. Protecting this tree are the HeartCatch Pretty Cures, who defend it against the Desert Apostles, who plan to wilt everything and turn the world into a desert. However, when the current Pretty Cure, Cure Moonlight, has been defeated in battle and the Heart Tree loses Document [92] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film)) film was shown at Cannes. The film was produced by the companies Popart Film Factory & Leverage Entertainment. The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a horror film directed by John La Tier, based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name. A man is haunted by the heart of a man he murdered. The film moves Poe's story into a contemporary New Orleans setting. Rose McGowan stars as a character who "may or may not be real". Filming began in October 2011 in New Orleans. The first image from the set was released on October Document [93] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a horror film directed by John La Tier, based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name. A man is haunted by the heart of a man he murdered. The film moves Poe's story into a contemporary New Orleans setting. Rose McGowan stars as a character who "may or may not be real". Filming began in October 2011 in New Orleans. The first image from the set was released on October 28, 2011. The first trailer for the film was released on May 10, 2013, and footage from the Document [94] (Title: Harap Alb) main characteristics setting Ion Creangă's account apart from its sources of inspiration is its treatment of the other characters: "With Creangă, the characters are no longer symbolic, abstract (as they are in popular fairy tales), but display a psychological, peasant-like [...] individuality, within a framework that blends the supernatural and the real". He sees this as being especially true for the prince's "five fabulous friends" (Ochilă, Setilă, Gerilă, Flămânzilă, Păsări-Lăţi-Lungilă), whose choice of names, "defining the character trait which individualizes them", is "a "particularity" of Creangă's fairy tale [Bădărău's italics]". Braga underlines the serendipitous nature of these characters' presence within Document [95] (Title: Hearts in Atlantis) Hearts in Atlantis Hearts in Atlantis (1999) is a collection of two novellas and three short stories by Stephen King, all connected to one another by recurring characters and taking place in roughly chronological order. The stories are about the Baby Boomer Generation, specifically King's view that this generation (to which he belongs) failed to live up to its promise and ideals. Significantly, the opening epigraph of the collection is the Peter Fonda line from the end of "Easy Rider": "We blew it." All of the stories are about the 1960s and the war in Vietnam, and in all of Document [96] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) but, more specifically, the memory of terror, as the narrator is relating events from the past. The first word of the story, "True!", is an admission of their guilt, as well as an assurance of reliability. This introduction also serves to gain the reader's attention. Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward, exemplifying Poe's theories about the writing of short stories. The story is driven not by the narrator's insistence upon their "innocence", but by their insistence on their sanity. This, however, is self-destructive, because in attempting to prove their sanity they fully admit that they Document [97] (Title: Avengers Grimm) are captured by Heart. He brainwashes Red into a thrall, as the princesses are immune, and tries seducing Snow into being his queen when he takes over the world. Rejected, Heart uses his magic to amplify the shard's power and opens a portal back to fairy tale land. Cinderella fights with Red, managing to get Red to remember her true self. Iron John sees that Heart lied to him and shatters the shard, sacrificing himself to shut the portal. Snow and Heart fight again. Heart dies, and Snow become frozen as a result of her powers, sparing her from otherwise Document [98] (Title: Shining Hearts) Hearts, indicating happiness. The characters who don't get picked will be angry and will release "Blue Hearts", indicating sadness. One day, a mysterious girl named Kaguya was washed ashore the island of Wyndaria after a great storm. She encounters Rick, a swordsman who wound up working at the island's bakery. Apparently, Kaguya is suffering from having lost her memories and emotions. In addition, the usually peaceful Wyndaria is now swarming with pirates who came seeking for the special spirit stone that is worn around Kaguya's neck. Knowing the situation, Rick and his co-workers, Neris, Amil, and Airy decided to bring Document [99] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (Once Upon a Time)) "stakes and unfortunately, sometimes stakes are people's lives." They also decided to kill the character relatively early in the series in order to show viewers that "it's real. It's not in Henry's head." Kitsis continued, "It’s interesting, but part of the intent was to make you love him and we loved him very much. And the fact that the audience seems to have loved him means a lot to us, in that we feel like we succeeded on that front. If you don’t feel sad, then it was a failure of the execution of the story." Actress Lana Parrilla believed Document [100] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) guilt, the narrator breaks down and confesses, telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man's body. "The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of "The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine", a short-lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the "proprietors" on the front cover. The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell. Poe was likely paid $10 for the story. Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Document [101] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) Drawing on the myth of the "glass-imp", Hauff presents the Romantic pursuit of happiness. Other Romantic characteristics include the use of the mystical-eerie, the uncanny and folk tales. The key concept of Romanticism is the longing (Sehnsucht) that Coal-marmot Peter embodies, as he is granted three wishes throughout the story. What results from this longing is, as often seen in protagonists of Romantic works, self-destruction, since the riches Peter wished for crumble into misery and his longing degenerates into stinginess and spite. As the hopeless romantic that he is, Coal-marmot Peter does not give up on his quest for happiness Document [102] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) to providing counsel to the main characters of "Birth by Sleep", he proctors Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam in "Dream Drop Distance" to prepare them for an inevitable showdown with Master Xehanort, training Kairi and Lea to serve as two of the potential seven "guardians of light" as well. The Princesses of Heart, known as the in the Japanese language version, are seven maidens whose hearts are made of pure light, devoid of darkness. Five of them are based on the official Disney Princesses—Snow White from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", Cinderella from the Disney film of Document [103] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) narrator interprets as the dead man's beating heart. The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's "The Pioneer" in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is often considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe's best known short stories. The specific motivation for murder (aside from the narrator's dislike of the old man's eye), the relationship between narrator and old man, the gender of the narrator and other details are left unclear. The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had, as stated, never wronged them. The narrator also Document [104] (Title: Seongbuk-dong) heart" and "losing the mountains and losing people". It is the part where the theme is concentrated. The novel ≪Moonlit night≫ is a short novel based on Seongbuk-dong written by Lee tae-joon. In this work, though the compassion of first-person narrator perspective who views the main character forms the cast, the narrator reduces the information related to the misfortune of the main character 'Hwang soo-gun' to a minimum and proceed to the narrative of other events and to prevent the reader from becoming immersed in the hero's misfortune. Because of this, the feelings of the reader who reads this work Document [105] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) for the imaginative. The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator’s sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture-eye", as the narrator calls it. The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards. Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping Document [106] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)) Hearts in this story is Genevieve Heart, Alyss's mother as an apparent re-imagining of the White Queen. Alyss is, therefore, the Princess of Hearts. In the manga "Alice in the Country of Hearts", the Queen of Hearts is known as Vivaldi. She isn't as much a main character, though, and she has very few parts in the current books. Vivaldi rules Heart Castle and is feuding with the other territories over Wonderland. She is beautiful with black hair, unlike other adaptations. She speaks in the majestic plural, I.E, "We are happy you are here to see us." As discovered through Document [107] (Title: The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart) earlier on February 7, 2011 at the Milan club in Baltimore. The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart is the first, full-length studio mixtape released by Dawn Richard. Before the full studio album release Richard has released a few songs, one of them being "Me Myself & Y" which was released as a promotional single on globalgrind.com. Others are "These Tears", a heavy ballad with amazing vocals from Richard, and "Let Love In", another rock ballad with heavy vocal harmonies. She has also remixed a few of her earlier leaked songs, like "Trip Document [108] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) For the sake of Peter's dead wife, who helped him, he gave Peter eight days to think over his own life. Peter sleeps badly and hears voices which tell him to “get a warmer heart”. He lies to the people who miss Lisbeth by telling them his wife suddenly went travelling. The incidents further make him think about his own death. Finally, he goes into the woods and calls for the little glass-imp because he still has one wish left. He wants his heart back, but the “Schatzhauser” cannot help him, because the deal “money for a heart” was not Document [109] (Title: Tales from the Heart) Tales from the Heart Tales from the Heart is the title of a series of comic books and graphic novels, written by Cindy Goff and Rafael Nieves and illustrated by Seitu Hayden. Told through the eyes of protagonist Cathy Grant, the comics detail the adventures of a Peace Corps volunteer in the Central African Republic in the mid-1980s. The work explores why so much effort by so many volunteers wrought so little change. Later stories delve into the reign of the mad dictator Jean-Bédel Bokassa. The first two issues of the ongoing series were published by Entropy Enterprises in 1987, Document [110] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1960 British horror film directed by Ernest Morris produced by the Danzigers. The screenplay by Brian Clemens and Eldon Howard is a loose adaptation of the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Marsh, a shy librarian obsessed with erotica, becomes infatuated with his neighbour Betty Clare when he sees her undressing in her bedroom. He invites her to dinner, and although she clearly is uncomfortable with the attention he pays her, he showers her with jewelry and fantasizes about their future. Complications arise when Document [111] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) he feels that games should have room for fans to speculate and use their imagination. He stated that with speculation, even though a game may get old, people can still be happy with it. is the main protagonist of the "Kingdom Hearts" series, and the sole playable character of the original game. He is portrayed as a cheerful teenager who lives on the Destiny Islands with his two childhood friends, Riku and Kairi. When his world is beset by creatures of darkness known as the Heartless, Sora comes into possession of a weapon of light called the Keyblade, and he Document [112] (Title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)) her, they drag Miss Sneezy back inside and break the lock, and continue to wait for rescue. The following are the 19 characters in the main narrative, along with the stories they tell: The book is best known for the short story "Guts", which had been published before the book in the March 2004 issue of "Playboy" magazine as well as on Palahniuk's website. It is a tale of violent accidents involving masturbation, in which the reader is instructed to hold his or her breath in the very first line. A New York City public school 11th grade teacher was Document [113] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) time. He tells her that he called every time he was in a troubled spot and that he instantly felt better once he heard Americus's voice. When Novalee asks him why he lied about the baby's heart, Willy Jack tells her that he doesn't have a good reason but that sometimes people say such a huge lie that it changes their whole life. That if given a second chance, most people would do anything to set that lie straight. Novalee realizes that the lie she has told and that has changed her life is telling Forney that she didn't love Document [114] (Title: The Air I Breathe) (Bacon). The proverb speaks of these emotions, not as isolated fragments of feelings, but as elements that make up the whole of the human existence. Each of the four protagonists is based on one of the four emotions; and like the proverb their paths are inextricably linked to each other, akin to the Fingers (Garcia) of a hand. None of the four main characters' actual names are mentioned in the whole film, although Gellar's character's stage name, "Trista", is mentioned several times. Each of the elements of life is portrayed using four different people in the urban streets of Los Document [115] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) of Congress deemed the film "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. The short is included as a bonus feature on the first DVD release of "Hellboy". It is also included, with commentary by Leonard Maltin and Jerry Beck, on disc 2 of "The Jolly Frolics Collection." The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1953 American horror animated short film produced by UPA, directed by Ted Parmelee, and narrated by James Mason. The screenplay by Bill Scott and Fred Grable is based on the 1843 short story of the same name Document [116] (Title: Heart (novel)) Heart (novel) Heart ( ) is a children's novel by the Italian author Edmondo De Amicis who was a novelist, journalist, short story writer, and poet. The novel is his best known work to this day, having been inspired by his own children Furio and Ugo who had been schoolboys at the time. It is set during the Italian unification, and includes several patriotic themes. It was issued by Treves on October 18, 1886, the first day of school in Italy, and rose to immediate success. Through its investigation of social issues such as poverty, "Heart" shows the influence of Document [117] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) the senses". Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story's narrator, the narrator's gender is uncertain. The old man with whom the narrator lives has a clouded, pale, blue "vulture-like" eye, which distresses the narrator so much that they plot to murder the old man, despite also insisting that they love the old man. The narrator insists that their careful precision in committing the murder proves that the narrator cannot possibly be insane. For seven nights, the narrator opens the door of the old man's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the "evil eye". Document [118] (Title: Heart of Gold (novel)) Heart of Gold (novel) Heart of Gold is a science fiction novel by American writer Sharon Shinn, published in 2000. The story occurs on an unnamed world in an unnamed city where three races (indigo, gulden, and albino) live together. The books focuses on conflicts between the aristocratic, pastoral, and matriarchal Indigo and the clannish, technological, and patriarchal gulden, with little said about the third albino race. The story follows Nolan Adelpho, an initially conventional indigo biochemist, and Kitrini Candachi, an indigo aristocrat raised among the gulden whose lover is an imprisoned gulden terrorist, as their lives are changed through Question: who are the main characters in the tell tale heart Answer: an unnamed narrator Long Answer: "The Tell - Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843 . It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator's sanity while simultaneously describing a murder they committed . The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture - eye", as the narrator calls it . The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards . Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping sound, which the narrator interprets as the dead man's beating heart. Gold Document ID: 105

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: First-person narrative) Ambassadors", calling it "the darkest abyss of romance." One example of a multi-level narrative structure is Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness", which has a double framework: an unidentified "I" (first person singular) narrator relates a boating trip during which another character, Marlow, uses first person to tell a story that comprises the majority of the work. Within this nested story, it is mentioned that another character, Kurtz, told Marlow a lengthy story; however, its content is not revealed to readers. Thus, there is an "I" narrator introducing a storyteller as "he" (Marlow), who talks about himself as "I" and Document [2] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) pictures. She has heard Billy Shadow's song "The Beat of the Heart" on the radio but cannot understand why it bothers her so much since she doesn't know that it is actually Willy Jack singing. Forney has become one of her best friends and he loves taking care of Americus. Lexi has since had another baby and is also currently seeing a new man named Roger. Benny Goodluck has also grown into a young man who sees Novalee often. One summer, a massive tornado blows through Oklahoma and many other states, leaving many people dead. Sadly, one of these people Document [3] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film)) week of his death, "Time" film critic Richard Corliss called "The Tell-Tale Heart" "possibly the very first movie to be influenced by "Citizen Kane" ... This short film ... is positively a-swill in Orson Wellesian tropes: the crouching camera, the chiaroscuro lighting, the mood-deepening use of silences and sound effects." The film is a bonus feature on the Region 1 DVD box set "The Complete Thin Man Collection", released by Warner Home Video on August 2, 2005. The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1941 American drama film, 20 minutes long, directed by Jules Dassin. The screenplay Document [4] (Title: Tales of Hearts) name, a concept used extensively in the "Tales" series, is . It represents the game's central theme of people's hearts uniting to overcome strife. For "Hearts R", extra story scenes were created and the genre name was altered to . "Hearts" began production in the winter of 2006, during the final development stages of the PlayStation 2 remake of "Tales of Destiny". It was produced by Hideo Baba, the former brand manager for the series. Though the third title on the DS, it was the first portable title to be developed by Namco Tales Studio. The remake was mostly handled Document [5] (Title: Spooksville) as well as recurring places and themes, and the books are not intended as stand alone; however, they may feasibly be read in a different order than below. The main characters throughout the series are five young friends: Adam Freeman, the leader; Watch, the brains; and Sara "Sally" Wilcox, the realist, are the only characters to appear in all 24 novels. Cindy Makey appears in the second novella and remains for the rest of the series. As the series progresses the character Bryce Poole is involved more and more and eventually the five young friends become a solid group. Other Document [6] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film)) the murderer's thoughts so much that his words and actions arouse the suspicions of the police. Produced by Clifton-Hurst Productions (with Harry Clifton as the listed producer), it was filmed at the Blattner Studios in Elstree, and released in the USA under the title Bucket of Blood. The film was considered so gruesome that it was withdrawn from some cinemas in the UK. The cast was mostly amateur (John Kelt had appeared in several silent films) and the dialogue is so sparse that Hurst recalled when interviewed: List of horror films of the 1930s The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film) The Document [7] (Title: Princess Tutu) everyone wants Mytho to get his heart back. Rue, the Raven's daughter reborn as a human, has fallen in love with him too, and worries he might not return her feelings if he has a heart. Her desire to stop him from regaining his emotions unleashes her ability to transform into Princess Kraehe, Tutu's evil counterpart. Fakir, the boy who found and took care of Mytho after he escaped the story, also tries to stop Tutu, fearing that the story progressing means the Raven will return and Mytho will have to risk his life fighting it again. What's more, Duck Document [8] (Title: The Awkward Yeti) well-known dichotomies such as introversion and extroversion, and logic and emotion. Seluk's degree in psychology benefited him in reinforcing these aspects. The characters were metaphorically inspired by the concept of Id, Ego and Superego, represented by the heart, Lars, and the brain respectively. In November 2015, Seluk published a collection of "Heart and Brain" comics in a book. For "Medical Tales Retold", Seluk draws comics about unusual or touching stories he gets through his email. These stories are about illnesses and injuries and can be sent in by doctors or patients. The concept of "Medical Tales Retold" came up in Document [9] (Title: Heart of a Samurai) Heart of a Samurai Heart of a Samurai is a 2010 young adult historical novel by American author Margi Preus. The novel is closely based on the true story of Manjiro Nakahama (1827–1898) and is illustrated by his drawings, with jacket illustration by Jillian Tamaki. "Heart of a Samurai" has received numerous awards and honors, "Heart of a Samurai" is based on the real story of a Japanese boy, who is believed to have been the one of the first Japanese person to land in America. In 1841, Manjiro Nakahama, a young fisherman at the age of fourteen, lived in Document [10] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1941 American drama film, 20 minutes long, directed by Jules Dassin. The screenplay by Doane R. Hoag is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. The film marked Dassin's directorial debut after working as an assistant to Alfred Hitchcock and Garson Kanin. It is typical of the short film adaptations of literary classics studios produced to precede the feature film during the 1930s and 1940s. After years of being subjected to verbal and emotional abuse by his master, a young weaver decides to Document [11] (Title: Tales of Hearts) and "CG Movie Edition", using the Shirogumi cutscenes. After release, it was determined that the CGI cutscenes were less popular with fans. Speaking to Siliconera after the game's release, Baba said that it was the "Tales" game he most wanted western players to try out, due to its story and technical achievements. "Hearts R" was primarily developed by Japan-based developer 7th Chord, with staff from in-house development studio Bandai Namco Studios helping with development. The game was a complete remake of "Hearts", featuring full voice acting for the main scenario, new playable characters, 3D graphics and over ten new anime Document [12] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) are guilty of murder. Their denial of insanity is based on their systematic actions and their precision, as they provide a rational explanation for irrational behavior. This rationality, however, is undermined by their lack of motive ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, they say, the idea of murder "haunted me day and night." The story's final scene shows the result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in Gothic fiction, they allow their nerves to dictate their nature. Despite their best efforts at defending themself, their "over acuteness of the senses", which help them Document [13] (Title: Only the Heart) Only the Heart Only The Heart is a novel written by Brian Caswell and David Phu An Chiem about the Vietnamese boat people. It was first published in 1997. In contrast to Caswell's mainly futuristic style, such as his widely acclaimed Deucalion series, this book is written in the present-past style. The book is said to be based on David's life. The book is classified as young adult fiction and is one of the most successful books by the author. The main character for this story is a boy named Toan. The book jumps from the past, when Toan is Document [14] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter) lonely hill." The book begins with a focus on the relationship between two close friends, John Singer and Spiros Antonapoulos. The two are described as deaf-mutes who have lived together for several years. Antonapoulos becomes mentally ill, misbehaves, and despite attempts at intervention from Singer, is eventually put into an insane asylum away from town. Now alone, Singer moves into a new room. The remainder of the narrative centers on the struggles of four of John Singer's acquaintances: Mick Kelly, a tomboyish girl who loves music and dreams of buying a piano; Jake Blount, an alcoholic labor agitator; Biff Brannon, Document [15] (Title: Zanna, Don't!) Despite the fairy tale aspect, the world is essentially equivalent to ours, with references to Star Trek, the internet, Wayne Gretzky, and many other recognizable people, things or ideas. The majority of the play is set at Heartsville High, where the main characters are students. As the school year begins, DJ and student Tank reminds the world that Zanna is on the look-out for any extra love that needs to be shared ("Who's Got Extra Love?"). Zanna finds new kid Steve Bookman (a quarterback) lonely. Zanna sets him up with Mike Singer, a chess champion and idol of school. (In Document [16] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) world is a fairytale. A dream-maker who frequently stays at the Leaf & Berry. Is very close to Hannah and always asks her what her greatest wish is whenever she sees her. Kindly, old, and high-class. The prince and next in line for the throne. A trouble maker that never does what he's told and delights in worrying his mother. The cousin to the prince. A trouble maker and always cheers the prince on whenever he does something wrong. Beautiful and intelligent, she is the Daughter of Karro, the Wealthy Merchant. Sister to Micah, who is Adele's love interest. Frequently Document [17] (Title: Goldmoon) agree that her parents are Arrowthorn, Chieftain of the Que Shu—a tribe located in the plains of Abanasinia, a desolate area in the central western area of Ansalon in the fictional world of Krynn—and Tearsong, deceased high priestess of the tribe. The short story "Heart of Goldmoon", written by Laura Hickman and Kate Novak and published in the "Love and War" (1987) recompilation, gives insight about her life after her mother died, explaining that the Que Shu community is built around the figure of a high priestess, and whoever marries the priestess becomes Chieftain of the tribe, with the first Document [18] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film)) "The Tell-Tale Heart" was selected by the film historians Steve Chibnall and Brian McFarlane as one of the 15 most meritorious British B films made between World War II and 1970. They note that it also received enthusiastic reviews at the time of its release from "The Monthly Film Bulletin" and "Kinematograph Weekly". The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1960 British horror film directed by Ernest Morris produced by the Danzigers. The screenplay by Brian Clemens and Eldon Howard is a loose adaptation of the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. Document [19] (Title: The Awkward Yeti) of "The Awkward Yeti". "Heart and Brain" features Lars' anthropomorphized heart and brain as the two main characters. In the webcomic, the heart follows its feelings and emotions, chasing down butterflies and getting excited about kittens, while the brain is concerned about adult responsibility. While the heart skips to emotional need, the brain brings in reason and logic for why the heart's action are ill-advised. Lindsey Holmes described "Heart and Brain" as "the internal tennis match we often face between our romantic hearts and our realistic brains." The characters of "Heart and Brain" are considered very relatable, as they cover Document [20] (Title: Rafael Nieves) Rafael Nieves Rafael Nieves (born January 24, 1960) is an American comic book writer, with over twenty years experience in the field. He began his career with the publication of "Tales from the Heart", first published by Entropy Enterprises before moving, with issue #3, to Slave Labor Graphics. The series, co-written with Cindy Goff, and based on her experiences, told the story of Cathy Grant, a Peace Corps volunteer stationed in Central Africa in the 1980s, chronicling her trials and tribulations as a "stranger in a strange land." It was illustrated by artist William "Seitu" Hayden. "Tales from the Heart" Document [21] (Title: Steve Carver) to use some very talented people." "The Tell-Tale Heart" was widely screened and attracted the attention of Roger Corman who had made a number of adaptations of Poe's works. Corman hired Carver to work at New World Pictures. Carver spent his first year at New World cutting trailers. He later estimated he cut 100-150 trailers in that time. He also wrote a number of scripts for Corman, including one on Admiral Byrd that floundered when they could not secure rights from Byrd's estate. He was working on a script about a black female private eye when Corman gave him the Document [22] (Title: Heart Berries) opens with a forward by Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-American novelist Sherman Alexie, offering what one reviewer characterized as "glowing introduction", and praising Mailhot as the “biological child of a broken healer and a lonely artist.” The main body then proceeds as a series of essays which explore Mailhot's experiences growing up on the Seabird Island Indian Reservation in British Columbia, including her first marriage as a teenager, and the loss of custody of her first child on the same day she gave birth to her second. It offers insight into Mailhot's struggle with her mental health, including PTSD and bipolar disorder. It Document [23] (Title: Tell Tale Hearts) By: Stephen Lowe<br>Producers: David Blair and Norman McCandlish<br>Director: Thaddeus O'Sullivan<br> Tell Tale Hearts Tell Tale Hearts is a BBC Scotland television serial drama, written by Stephen Lowe, which stars Bill Paterson and was directed by Thaddeus O'Sullivan. The three-part psychological thriller was broadcast on BBC1 on 1st November 1992. The serial was nominated twice in the 1993 BAFTA Scotland awards - for best drama serial and best television actor (Bill Paterson). Anthony Steadman (Paterson) is a child-murderer set to begin a new life having been released from prison after seventeen years. Sally McCann, (Brid Brennan), a mother whose child disappeared Document [24] (Title: We Without Wings) acquaintances. As the series progresses, the vignettes become more complex and intertwined, while still being presented in chronological order. Some offshoot stories are told, but have direct connection to the above three main male characters. The main characters include the main male leads and the main heroines of the series who appear in each or all of the vignettes. The supporting characters include the supporting male characters and the sub-heroines of the series who appear in one or two of the vignettes. The other recurring characters include minor friends and acquaintances of the series who appear in one of the Document [25] (Title: The Story of an Hour) husband, Brently Mallard, appears, alive and well. Josephine and Richards try to hide the sight from Louise, but it is too late. When she sees that her husband is still alive, she lets out a startled cry and dies from a heart attack. The heroine of Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour", Louise Mallard, is known to be suffering from a weak heart. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Mallard was unable to shake the thought of being free from her husband. The word "free" began to haunt her mind, free from oppression. Daniel P. Deneau mentions about Document [26] (Title: Kingdom Hearts χ) agrees to help, but Ephemer mysteriously disappears shortly thereafter. Later, the player meets another wielder from Ephemer's Union named Skuld, who is investigating his disappearance. The two also witness the Foretellers fighting one another, believing there to be a traitor among them, and encounter Keyblade wielders who have been corrupted into Heartless as well as the other Chirithy, who has been turned into a Nightmare. Investigating the Foretellers' tower, the three are caught by Ava, who challenges them to a duel. Upon defeat, Ava reveals that she has been recruiting new members to the Dandelions, a group of elite Keyblade Document [27] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) The Truth-Teller's Tale The Truth-Teller's Tale is a fantasy novel by American writer Sharon Shinn, published in 2005. Eleda and Adele, mirror twins, discover that they are a Truth-Teller and a Safe-Keeper, respectively. Truth-Tellers are incapable of telling lies and recognize when others are lying, so society relies on their unwavering trustworthiness. Safe-Keepers cannot reveal what is told to them in confidence, and they bear the burden of people's confessions. The sisters do not realize the ramifications of their gifts until their teen years, when romantic and political intrigue abounds, and situations become more adult. Their friend Roelynn, whose wealthy Document [28] (Title: Pure Country: Pure Heart) had been a country music singer, so they travel to Nashville to learn more about him. They meet Declan, who soon strikes up a relationship with Ada. Declan helps them meet Marq Dunn, the lady with whom their father had written and recorded his music. After hearing them sing, Marq invites them back to Nashville to record a song. The sisters get in trouble when Elizabeth finally learns that they have been lying about their whereabouts. Eventually Elizabeth and Meemaw reveal that their father had stopped his music, of his own accord, to be present for his wife and family. Document [29] (Title: Story within a story) protagonist is used in the films "Stand By Me" and "A Christmas Story", and the television show "The Wonder Years". In The Amory Wars, a tale told through the music of Coheed and Cambria, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character. The critically acclaimed Beatles album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is presented as a stage Document [30] (Title: The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart) The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart is the first, full-length studio mixtape released by Dawn Richard. Before the full studio album release Richard has released a few songs, one of them being "Me Myself & Y" which was released as a promotional single on globalgrind.com. Others are "These Tears", a heavy ballad with amazing vocals from Richard, and "Let Love In", another rock ballad with heavy vocal harmonies. She has also remixed a few of her earlier leaked songs, like "Trip City" and "Superhero", with "Trip City" being remixed into "Intro (The Document [31] (Title: Heart of Darkness) Congo River from one station to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed command. He guided the ship up the tributary Lualaba River to the trading company's innermost station, Kindu, in Eastern Kongo. The story's main narrator, Charles Marlow, has similar experiences to the author himself. When Conrad began to write the novella, eight years after returning from Africa, he drew inspiration from his travel journals. He described "Heart of Darkness" as "a wild story" of a journalist who becomes manager of a station in the (African) interior and makes himself worshipped by a tribe of savages. Thus described, Document [32] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) are initially sent by Maleficent to spy on the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee, but later switch sides to help Sora's group in exchange for treasure. The main characters of "The World Ends with You"—Neku Sakuraba, Yoshiya "Joshua" Kiryu, Shiki Misaki, Daisukenono "Beat" Bito, and Raimu "Rhyme" Bito—appear in "Dream Drop Distance" as players of a Reapers' Game in Traverse Town. They are depicted as figments of their original selves, saved from fading out of existence by Joshua following Shibuya's destruction. The characters of the "Kingdom Hearts" series have had various types of merchandise modeled after their likeness. Square Enix has Document [33] (Title: To Heart 2) of Takaaki Kouno, who begins his second year of high school after reuniting with a childhood friend. Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story's narrative and dialogue. The text in the game is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Takaaki is talking to, appearing over background artwork. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. A gallery of the viewed CGs and played background music is available on the game's title screen. "To Heart 2" follows a branching plot Document [34] (Title: Tale of Tales (2015 film)) the heart and bears a son, Elias, the next day. The cook also gives birth to a boy, Jonah. The boys are identical and inseparable friends. This vexes the Queen who attempts to murder Jonah. Jonah leaves the kingdom, plunging a knife into a tree root and telling Elias that as long as the root spouts clear water, he is alive and well. One day the water is clouded with blood. Elias leaves to find Jonah. The Queen has her subjects search for Elias to no avail. The necromancer blames the Queen and says the youths are truly inseparable, and Document [35] (Title: Love Medicine) different character. These narratives are conversational, as if the narrators were telling a story, often from the first-person perspective. There are, however, five chapters that are told from a limited third-person perspective. The conversational tone of the novel is representative of the storytelling tradition in Native American culture. It draws from Ojibwa myths, story-telling technique, and culture. It also incorporates the Euro-Indian experience, especially through the younger generations, some of whom have been forced by government policy to accept, if not possess, Euro-American culture. "Love Medicine" begins with June Morrissey freezing to death on her way home to the reservation. Document [36] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) fact, “The Heart of Princess Joan” is dedicated, with the other stories in the collection, to her nephews and nieces. James Fowler remarks that “she seems to represent a full flowering of the Victorian fairy-tale genre[…].” The fairy tale opens with a wealthy King and Queen who lived happily. The Queen was prideful and disdained the fairies, and so when she had a baby girl named Joan, the vengeful fairies stole the young child's heart. Joan grew up to be the most beautiful girl in the land, but loved nobody. In the neighboring country, there lived a Prince named Michael Document [37] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) of the Bible to people she meets. When they first meet, Sister Husband "mistakes" Novalee for a girl named Ruth Ann Mott and gives Novalee a Welcome Wagon basket. She also meets Moses Whitecotton, a photographer who shoots portraits at the Wal-Mart. Moses tells Novalee to give her baby a name "that will mean something" and "withstand a lot of bad times", as well as a photo album. He later becomes Novalee's mentor as she becomes more invested in photography. In addition, she also meets Benny Goodluck, a Native American boy, who gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck. Document [38] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) The Heart of Princess Joan "The Heart of Princess Joan" is a 19th-century fairy tale published in 1880 as part of the collection "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and other Stories". This was the second of three published collections of fairy tales by popular children’s author, Mary De Morgan. Illustrations for the stories were provided by Walter Crane. Mary De Morgan was born in 1850 into an intellectual and creative British family. She perfected her literary style by telling uniquely crafted fairy tales to the children of family and friends, who included the Burne-Jones, the Morrises, and the Kiplings. In Document [39] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) merchant father intends to marry her off to the prince, sows plenty of wild oats behind her father's back. She often drags the sisters into the fray, and the summer they are all 17, a chain of events is set into motion that changes their lives. The protagonist and narrator of the story. Has blue iris on the right and green on the left. Eleda is a truth-teller, born with the ability and compulsion to tell nothing but the truth. She can also sense when others are lying, with the exception of a young actor named Edgar who claims to Document [40] (Title: The Storyteller (Picoult novel)) order to hide her scar,and to work nights alone as a baker, as she believes that she deserves a loner life. Sage believes that her sisters, Pepper and Saffron, blame her for their mother's death, so she actively avoids contact with them. Her best friend is Mary D'Angelis, an ex nun who owns Our Daily Bread, the bakery that Sage works at. Sage is in a relationship with a funeral director called Adam, who also happens to be married, yet Sage appears to be initially fine with their arrangement, as she is still able to lead her loner life. Although Document [41] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) of Pretty Cure, the fairies were born in the Heart Tree in order. Each one could separately find their own partner of Pretty Cure. Unlike previous mascots who end their sentences with a word typically referring to their own name, the fairies all end their sentences with "desu". The are the main antagonists of the series. They are a notorious group whose aims were to collect wilted Heart Flowers from their victims and take over the world by turning it into a giant desert. They're also responsible for the withering of the Great Tree of Hearts. It's revealed in Episode Document [42] (Title: Think Lovely Thoughts) which a stunned Gold replied “You told them that?” But Bae says that it was better than saying his father abandoned him. At first, Wendy lies to the rescuers about where Pan is, but Gold recognizes she’s lying and she comes clean, and admits that Pan really wants the heart of the truest believer so he can be immortal, which is actually Henry's heart. It’s a trade, she says, because once Pan has the heart, Henry will die. Neal promises he will save her brothers and Regina tells Wendy that John and Michael are safe in Storybrooke. They make a Document [43] (Title: Tales from the Heart) with nine later issues published by Slave Labor Graphics (from 1988 to 1994). Slave Labor published "Tales from the Heart: Hearts of Africa" in 1994, which collected issues #1-3 and featured an introduction by Neil Gaiman. Two color graphic novels, "Tales from the Heart of Africa: The Temporary Natives" (1990) and "A Tale From the Heart of Africa: Bloodlines" (1992) were published by the Marvel Comics imprint Epic Comics. "A Tale From the Heart of Africa: Bloodlines" (Epic, 1992) was nominated for two Eisner Awards in 1993, for Best Single Issue, Self-Contained Story; and Best Graphic Album — New. Tales Document [44] (Title: Souls of the Departed) have unfinished business, and that once they arrive, it's very hard to leave. Neal warns Emma not to go, but she refuses to listen to his advice and he knew she would and so he tells her he loves her and kisses her goodbye and Emma wakes up. As Emma, Gold, Mary Margaret, David, Henry, Regina, and Robin Hood arrive in the Underworld in their quest to find Hook, the ensemble comes across a brimstone-hued version of Storybrooke. Gold tells them that every soul with unfinished business lives here until it is fulfilled, and since they have arrived that means Document [45] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1934 British drama film directed by Brian Desmond Hurst. The screenplay by David Plunkett Greene is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. It is the earliest known "talkie" film adaptation of the story. A young manservant is driven mad by his obsession with the repulsive diseased eye of an old man who cares for him. He kills his master and hides the remains under the floorboards. When the police investigate the old man's disappearance, the imagined beating of the victim's heart haunts Document [46] (Title: Tell (2012 film)) Tell (2012 film) Tell is a 2012 short psychological horror film written, directed, and edited by Ryan Connolly. It is loosely based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart". The production of this film has been the subject of many episodes of Film Riot, an Internet television show hosted by Connolly. Many of the crew that worked on the film also feature in Film Riot, and the effects used in the film have been explained in detail as part of the programmes. Taylor (Todd Bruno) argues with his girlfriend Jenny (Shana Eva), before taking a hammer from Document [47] (Title: The Bone People) the way of telling, the subject matter and the form of love that the story writes on. This is in no way a romance; it is rather filled with violence, fear and twisted emotions. At the story's core, however, are three people who struggle very hard to figure out what love is and how to find it. The book is divided into two major sections, the first involving the characters interacting together, and the second half involving their individual travels. In the first half, 7-year-old Simon shows up at the hermit Kerewin's tower on a gloomy and stormy night. Simon Document [48] (Title: The Cask of Amontillado) and "The Tell-Tale Heart", Poe conveys the story from the murderer's perspective. The story's narrator, Montresor, tells an unspecified person, who knows him very well, of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato (Italian for "the fortunate one"), a fellow nobleman. Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult, Montresor plots to murder his "friend" during Carnival, while the man is drunk, dizzy, and wearing a jester's motley. Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine-tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe (about 130 gallons, 492 litres) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Document [49] (Title: Playing by Heart) who has struggled to accept him; two young people who meet in a nightclub (Ryan Phillippe and Angelina Jolie); a couple having an affair (Anthony Edwards and Madeleine Stowe) and a man (Dennis Quaid) who tells his tragic life story to a woman he meets in a bar (Patricia Clarkson), but seems to have a strange connection to another mysterious woman. As the film continues and the stories evolve, the connections between the characters become evident. Kellie Waymire, Nastassja Kinski, Alec Mapa, Amanda Peet and Michael Emerson also have roles in the film. "Playing by Heart" received mixed to positive Document [50] (Title: What Hearts) Asa mentions the heart candies, Jean asks, "What Hearts?" Asa realizes the world is ever changing, and that he has to learn to adjust with it. Asa: Asa is the main character, going through different turning points as he learns to move with the changes. Asa's Mother: Asa's mother has a difficult relationship with Asa's father, and later with Dave, Asa's stepfather. She falls into depression because of this. Dave: Dave is Asa's mother's childhood sweetheart, whom she marries after divorcing Asa's father. Dave is mean and does not like his stepson Asa. Joel: Joel is Asa's friend in the Document [51] (Title: Tales of Hearts) add it in. "Heart"s soundtrack was composed by veteran "Tales" composer Motoi Sakuraba, Hiroshi Tamura and Shinji Tamura (as Hibiki Aoyama). The official soundtrack album, "Tales of Hearts Original Soundtrack", was published by BMG Japan on two compact discs on December 10, 2008. In addition to the original soundtrack, a special disc of selected arranged tracks titled "Tales of Hearts CG Movie Edition Visual & Original Soundtrack DVD" was released alongside the "CG Movie Edition" of the game. Reviews of the soundtrack have been mixed. RPGFan's Patrick Gann both called it the best soundtrack of the three Nintendo DS "Tales" Document [52] (Title: True Heart) from poachers to find their parents. The children are eventually reunited with their parents (Michael Gross and Dey Young), who then mistakenly accuse Khonanesta of being a poacher. The man refers to "Grandfather" a bear, as a member of his people. The children clear him of the accusation. "DVD & Movie Guide" gave the movie three-and-a-half stars, saying that it was "perfect for family viewing". True Heart True Heart is a 1997 American adventure film directed by Catherine Cyran and starring Kirsten Dunst as Bonnie and Zachery Ty Bryan as Sam. "True Heart" tells the story of a brother and Document [53] (Title: The Storyteller (Picoult novel)) a cafe while she is with Leo, she breaks up with him, as she realises she is no longer happy being the other woman, and that she doesn't love him anymore. As he is now the one chasing her, instead of the other way around, Adam comes to Sage's house and proposes, telling her that he is filing for divorice so he can marry her, but she tells him to leave. While Josef is in the hospital, Sage learns that her grandmother Minka has died in her sleep, which Sage blames herself for, as she thinks that making her remember Document [54] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) Foretellers are a group of Keyblade Masters trained under the Master of Masters, who act as the leaders of the five Unions seeking to gather light to combat the growing darkness. Each has a copy of the Book of Prophecies, a book which can be used to tell the future and manifest entire worlds. However, after the Master disappears, circumstances lead them to believe there is a traitor among them, and their infighting eventually leads to the Keyblade War and the destruction of the world. The Dandelions are a group of Keyblade wielders recruited by Ava, each deemed strong enough Document [55] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) In the beginning, Peter fails at these tasks. Heart of Stone (German fairy tale) Heart of Stone (, literally "The Cold Heart") is a fairy tale written by Wilhelm Hauff. It was published in 1827 in a collection of fairy tales that take place within the narrative of "The Spessart Inn". It formed the basis for the East German film Heart of Stone, released in 1950. Despite taking over his late father's charcoal factory, Peter Marmot who goes by the name Coal-marmot Peter is not content with the dirty, exhausting, low paying and low status work. He dreams of prosperity Document [56] (Title: Tell-Tale (film)) Tell-Tale (film) Tell-Tale is a 2009 science fiction-horror drama film inspired by the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart". It is directed by Michael Cuesta and stars Josh Lucas, Lena Headey, and Brian Cox and is produced by Tony Scott and Ridley Scott. A man's recently transplanted heart leads him on a frantic search to find the donor's killer before a similar fate befalls him. In Providence, a husband and his wife die in a botched robbery; we see flickers of his last memories. His heart goes to Terry Bernard, a single father raising a girl with a Document [57] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) its flowers, she sends two fairies, Chypre and Coffret, to the surface in order to seek out her replacement. They find Tsubomi Hanasaki, a shy flower-loving girl that had just moved into the city with her family, who is given the power to become Cure Blossom. Joined by her new friend, Erika Kurumi, who becomes Cure Marine, they fight against the Desert Apostles who transform the wilting Heart Flowers inside people into monsters known as Desertarians. By defeating these monsters, they gain Heart Seeds which allow the Heart Tree to become healthier again. Rather than other fairies in previous series Document [58] (Title: The Heart of the Park) being crucified and Barabbas, the thief, going free. Flannery O'Connor herself was a devout Catholic and often included such symbolism in her stories. The story is not typically considered to be one of O'Connor's most important works, especially since it was never published on its own. It is instead judged for its similarities and differences respecting the edited version that became a chapter of "Wise Blood". It is considered by many to be an undeveloped narrative, drawn from characters from other stories, and may have been unfinished before it was edited. The Heart of the Park The Heart of the Document [59] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1953 American horror animated short film produced by UPA, directed by Ted Parmelee, and narrated by James Mason. The screenplay by Bill Scott and Fred Grable is based on the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. The British Board of Film Censors made this the first cartoon to receive an adults-only X certificate in the United Kingdom. The plot focuses on a murderer whose increasing guilt leads him to believe he can hear his victim's heart still beating beneath the floorboards where he buried Document [60] (Title: Two Hearts (story)) seventeen. When she does, someone--a friend--will come to her, Molly promises. Sooz hopes it will be Schmendrick and Molly; she would prefer them over even a unicorn. The genesis of the project came about when Beagle's business manager suggested that he write a story set in the world of "The Last Unicorn" without necessarily including any of the same characters. From there, Beagle says that "things happened." Two Hearts (story) "Two Hearts" is a novelette written by Peter S. Beagle in 2004 as a coda to "The Last Unicorn" (1968), despite his decades-long reluctance to continue the original story. It Document [61] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) him. Seen through the eyes of the nameless narrator, the surrealistic images in the film help convey his descent into madness. Paul Julian served as both designer and color artist for film, and Pat Matthews was the principal animator. In May 1953, pre-production started on "The Tell-Tale Heart", which originally was intended to be a 3-D film. It is not known if the film was animated in this fashion, but it was not released in 3D. There is no reference to 3D in a technical trade review. Furthermore, the leaders on original prints of the film do not indicate it Document [62] (Title: The Heart of Princess Joan) Heart of Princess Joan,” have a folk-like feel, they are original and recorded in a style similar to that of Hans Christian Andersen. This might be due to the fact that these stories were told to children before their final form was decided on and then published. This story, in particular, draws on the themes of enduring love and personal sacrifice, which are manifested by the hero, Prince Michael; these are reoccurring themes in De Morgan’s stories. Although De Morgan’s fairy tales usually comment on Victorian culture, of which she was a part, there is a lack of scholarly discussion Document [63] (Title: Tales of Hearts) than in "Hearts", and generally praised the additions to the story. They also praised the graphical overhaul, calling it "a true "Tales" at the core." "Dengeki PlayStation" also praised the game, with the four reviewers giving it scores of 80, 85, 90 and 93. Praise went to the fully voiced main scenario, the new playable characters and aspects of the battle system. The main criticisms were "flat" graphics and other elements of the battle system such as the lack of character support and companion AI. Western reviews of the title have been mixed to positive: review aggregate sites GameRankings and Document [64] (Title: Tales (video game)) Norse and Greek mythology. Other notable characters in the game are Dante, Athena, Ninsun, Enkidu and Bellerophon. "Tales" was developed by Ape Marina, a small development team inspired by the works of Sierra and Lucasarts. The project was led by creators Andrea Ferrara and Giovanni Ottomano. Mark Lovegrove functioned as executive producer. An early version of the game was awarded an AGS Award for "Best Demo" in 2014. On November 4, 2016, the official launch trailer was released on YouTube. The November 14, 2016, release date was announced in early October 2016. The voice cast for "Tales" includes some notable Document [65] (Title: Tales of Hearts) unimpressed by the story or the cast, while MacGregor cited the story as "a slow-burn", though commenting that the cast succeeded in seeming like real people rather than character archetypes. In contrast with the other reviewers, Fitch generally enjoyed the story, calling it one of the stronger casts and narratives of recent "Tales" titles. The localization received some criticism over discrepancies between the English text and Japanese dialogue, with Fitch describing it as "written with an ultimately canceled English dub in mind", and McCarrol citing the renaming of some characters despite the presence of the original Japanese as a downside. Document [66] (Title: The Fiery Heart) The Fiery Heart The Fiery Heart is the fourth book in Richelle Mead's "Bloodlines" series and was released on November 19, 2013. It is told from both Adrian's and Sydney's perspectives. As from the start of the series, Sydney Sage is an Alchemist who been assigned to protect the Moroi princess, Jillian Mastrano Dragomir, from the assassins who would like to overthrow Vasilisa (Lissa) Dragomir, the Queen of the Moroi, from her throne. The novel begins where The Indigo Spell left off, when Alchemist Sydney Sage proclaimed her love to the Moroi Adrian Ivashkov. That starts their taboo relationship just Document [67] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards, is evidence that they are truly mad. Poe's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s. The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity. A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) and in "The Colloquy of Monos and Una" (1841). It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses, or if they are merely imagining things. If their condition is believed to be true, what they hear at the end Document [68] (Title: Hearts of Oak (play)) in fact. Harry Mainhal was an excellent Ruby Darell and Catherine Corcoran a charming and natural Chrystal. Mr. Charles H. Clark (Uncle Davy) and F. Chippendale (Owen Garroway) deserve favorable mention. The Latter in the supper scene aroused a storm of laughter by his vicarious hospitality and awkwardness The "Michigan Argonaut", March, 1883 Herne's "Hearts of Oak" drew one of the largest audiences of the season at the Opera House Wednesday evening. The play is well named for surely none, but Hearts of Oak could stand the intense strain which finally did cause one heart to break. The shipwrecked orphan-girl Document [69] (Title: Tell Tale Hearts) Tell Tale Hearts Tell Tale Hearts is a BBC Scotland television serial drama, written by Stephen Lowe, which stars Bill Paterson and was directed by Thaddeus O'Sullivan. The three-part psychological thriller was broadcast on BBC1 on 1st November 1992. The serial was nominated twice in the 1993 BAFTA Scotland awards - for best drama serial and best television actor (Bill Paterson). Anthony Steadman (Paterson) is a child-murderer set to begin a new life having been released from prison after seventeen years. Sally McCann, (Brid Brennan), a mother whose child disappeared around the time of the original murder, is pursuing Steadman Document [70] (Title: Tales of Poe) Daelman Chlanda, Cartier Williams, Douglas Rowan, Amy Lynn Best, Carl Burrows, Haley Turner, Lesleh Donaldson, Desiree Gould, Joe Quick, David Marancik, Mike Watt, Tom Lanier and Michael Varrati. Best Actress Debbie Rochon, Best Short Bart Mastronardi, Best Editing Alan Rowe Kelly for "The Tell Tale Heart" at 2011 Buffalo Screams Horror Film Festival Best Actress Debbie Rochon, Best Actor Alan Rowe Kelly, Audience Choice Bart Mastronardi for "The Tell Tale Heart" at 2012 Macabre Faire Film Festival The film was released on DVD and Digital HD on October 11. Tales of Poe Tales of Poe is a 2014 anthology film Document [71] (Title: If My Heart Had Wings (visual novel)) they restore the soaring club in order to fulfill a dream: to soar in the skies. The central theme of the story is loss, both physical and emotional. Main characters: Supporting characters: Pulltop officially released an adult trial version on 6 April 2012 followed by the full, limited edition version released on 25 May 2012. The visual novel received its English localization on 28 June 2013, with its age rating lowered to "all-ages": all sexual content was cut or edited. A fan disc was released on 25 January 2013 featuring a before story for the Soaring Club (after Amane's route), Document [72] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) Heart of Stone (German fairy tale) Heart of Stone (, literally "The Cold Heart") is a fairy tale written by Wilhelm Hauff. It was published in 1827 in a collection of fairy tales that take place within the narrative of "The Spessart Inn". It formed the basis for the East German film Heart of Stone, released in 1950. Despite taking over his late father's charcoal factory, Peter Marmot who goes by the name Coal-marmot Peter is not content with the dirty, exhausting, low paying and low status work. He dreams of prosperity and prestige. Then he hears about a forest Document [73] (Title: The Truth-Teller's Tale) believes that his daughters are "perfect" and occasionally cannot tell them apart but only for a few minutes at a time. The mother of Eleda and Adele married to Bob. Runs the Leaf and Berry Inn with her husband. Never mixes her daughters up and believes that they are wonderful and loves them dearly, but does not think they are "perfect". Is close friends with Melinda a dream-maker who stays at the inn frequently. She loves the girls' best friend Roelynn and mistakenly believes that she would love to be queen. She is quite a romantic and believes that the Document [74] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) denies having killed for greed. It has been speculated that the old man is a father figure, the narrator's landlord, or that the narrator works for the old man as a servant, and that perhaps his "vulture-eye" represents some sort of veiled secret, or power. The ambiguity and lack of details about the two main characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a first-person narrative of an unnamed narrator, who insists that he or she is sane, but is suffering from a disease (nervousness) which causes "over-acuteness of Document [75] (Title: True Heart) True Heart True Heart is a 1997 American adventure film directed by Catherine Cyran and starring Kirsten Dunst as Bonnie and Zachery Ty Bryan as Sam. "True Heart" tells the story of a brother and sister who survive a plane crash that kills the pilot and their guardian and strands them in the Canadian wilderness in British Columbia. They are rescued by an Aboriginal man named Khonanesta (August Schellenberg) who claims there are "bad people" (a group of bear poachers) in the forest and tells them they must get away. He leads them on a trip through the wilderness away Document [76] (Title: Tales of Hearts) new ones. Also added are Union Artes, special attacks unique to a particular character pairing. Characters can be assigned special accessories called "Combo Commands": activated by a specific set of button presses, the accessory grants a character full access to all their Artes for a limited time. "Tales of Hearts" is set on the worlds of Organica and Minera (known to Organicans as the "white moon"), with the events of the story mostly taking place on Organica. Two millennia before the present day, Minera was in a state of war with itself, and Organica's inhabitants were used by the Minerans Document [77] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life". The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845, edition of the "Broadway Journal". This edition omitted Longfellow's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized. "The Tell-Tale Heart" was reprinted several additional times during Poe's lifetime. "The Tell-Tale Heart" uses an unreliable narrator. The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man, as if the stealthy way in which they executed the crime were evidence of their sanity, reveals their monomania and paranoia. The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime. The Document [78] (Title: Charles Marlow) Jim." The stories are not told entirely from Marlow's perspective, however. There is also an omniscient narrator who introduces Marlow and some of the other characters. Once introduced, Marlow then proceeds to tell the main tale, creating a story-within-a-story effect. In "Heart of Darkness" the omniscient narrator observes that "yarns of seamen have a direct simplicity, the whole meaning of which lies within the shell of a cracked nut. But Marlow was not typical [...] and to him the meaning of an episode was not inside like a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought it out only as Document [79] (Title: Tales of Hearts) Japan, was , which represented the core theme of people's hearts meeting and uniting to overcome difficulties in their lives. The characters were designed by regular "Tales" series designer Mutsumi Inomata. Inomata worked on the designs while she was also working on character designs for "Tales of Innocence", and found it hard working on both titles at once. The characters' names were inspired by various ores and gemstones. More conventional names were repeatedly suggested and rejected. Despite being the third "Tales" title on the Nintendo DS after "Tales of the Tempest" and "Innocence", it was the first to be produced Document [80] (Title: The Heart of Jade) The Heart of Jade The Heart of Jade () is a novel by Spanish author Salvador de Madariaga, first published in 1942. It is widely regarded as an exceptional example of modern Spanish-language literature. The book is a work of historical fiction set in the late pre-Columbian age in Mexico City and depicts the daily life of the ancient Aztec people, both the commoners (servants, traders and warriors) and the upper classes (priests, nobles, and government officials). The "Mexican" section contains a great deal of Mexican symbolism, geographical, political and religious references and historical data took from various authors like Document [81] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (Once Upon a Time)) as well as a request from Snow that her stepmother rule the kingdom with compassion. The queen burns the letter and takes the box with the heart in it to store in her vault. When she cannot open one of her storage safes, it proves that the Huntsman lied to her; the heart is not human. The Queen has her guards drag him down to the vault and she yanks his glowing heart out of his body. She tells the Huntsman that from now on he will be her pet and will do her bidding forever, and if he ever Document [82] (Title: Tales of Hearts) Tales of Hearts The game follows main protagonist Kor Meteor after he discovers a woman named Kohaku Hearts and her brother Hisui near his home town. When Kohaku is attacked by a mysterious antagonist named Incarose and infected by a monster called a xerom, Kor attempts to cure her using his Soma, an ancient weapon designed to fight xerom. In the process, he ends up shattering Kohaku's Spiria, the essence of her heart and emotions, and scattering the pieces across the world. Together with Hisui, Kor sets off with Kohaku on a quest to restore her Spiria. Its characteristic genre Document [83] (Title: Where the Heart Is (UK TV series)) on the band's "38 Carat Collection". The series is currently being repeated on ITV3. The show follows the lives of the people of Skelthwaite, a fictional small Yorkshire town; particularly the work of the district nurses at the town's health centre. It originally focuses on the extended Snow and Goddard family — sisters-in-law and close friends Peggy Snow (Ferris) and Ruth Goddard (Lancashire) who work together as district nurses, while Ruth's husband and Peggy's younger brother Simon (Thomas Craig) is the town's main employer through his paper products factory. Peggy's husband Vic (Tony Haygarth) and her children Stephen and Lucy Document [84] (Title: Pure Country: Pure Heart) whom their mother never talks about. Over the next few days, the girls repeatedly lie and say they are going to the farm of Ada's friend, Justine, but actually catch rides with Justine to go learn more about their father. At the nearby State Veteran's Home, they meet Iraq War veteran Henry Monroe, who tells them about serving in the Marines with their father in 2004, when their father saved his live by jumping on a grenade. They also meet C.J. Simms, a Korean War veteran and musician who is impressed by their singing voices. They learn that their father Document [85] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator’s sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture-eye", as the narrator calls it. The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards. Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping sound, which the Document [86] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) narrator of "The Tell-Tale Heart" is generally assumed to be male. However, some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other. The story starts "in medias res". The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, a judge, a reporter, a doctor or (anachronistically) a psychiatrist. In any case, the narrator explains themself in great detail. What follows is a study of terror Document [87] (Title: Sister of My Heart) Sister of My Heart Sister of My Heart is a novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. First published in 1999, this novel was followed in 2002 by a sequel "The Vine of Desire". The story centers on the lives of two Indian girls, Anju and Sudha. The girls use their own voices to narrate the story of their lives. In alternating chapters the reader closely follows the lives of Sudha and Anju through childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Although some of the characters immigrate to the United States, most of the story is set in India. Indian traditions and culture are Document [88] (Title: Heart de Roommate) a little older than the roommates but is in the same grade as them. She is the homeroom teacher of the four roommates and is very kind to her students, even will to bend rules as to get them out of trouble and putting her own self on the line to help them. Heart de Roommate The gameplay in "Heart de Roommate" is standard for a visual novel. The player spends most of the time reading text onscreen which indicates the narration, inner thoughts, or dialogue of the characters. At different points in the game, the player will be faced Document [89] (Title: If on a winter's night a traveler) is spoken by about 2230 people in northern Italy, not too remote from Calvino's home in Turin. However, these real-world items have no clear relationship to their fictional namesakes. The main character in the first part of each chapter is you, the reader. The narrative starts out when you begin reading a book but then all of the pages are out of order. You then go to a bookstore to get a new copy of the book. When at the bookstore, you meet a girl, Ludmilla, who becomes an important character in the book. You think Ludmilla is beautiful, and Document [90] (Title: Tale of Tales (company)) cunti"), with their main series being retellings of fairy tales in the form of adventure games, each subtitled "a Tale of Tales" and linked together by a common character referred to as the Deaf-Mute Girl in a Pretty White Dress in the "8" Web site and as the Girl in White in "The Path"'s user manual. It was hinted in an interview with ZillionMonkey that their next project, following "The Path", will involve the character of Salome and be developed using the Unity authoring tool, which they had first trailed with "The Graveyard" as a side-project during development of "The Document [91] (Title: HeartCatch PreCure!) storyline. And second is flowers, which are prominent in the naming of numerous characters and items, as well as in the main storyline. Additionally, most episodes contain at least one reference to the language of flowers. In each person resides a Heart Flower, which is connected to the great Heart Tree that watches over everyone. Protecting this tree are the HeartCatch Pretty Cures, who defend it against the Desert Apostles, who plan to wilt everything and turn the world into a desert. However, when the current Pretty Cure, Cure Moonlight, has been defeated in battle and the Heart Tree loses Document [92] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film)) film was shown at Cannes. The film was produced by the companies Popart Film Factory & Leverage Entertainment. The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a horror film directed by John La Tier, based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name. A man is haunted by the heart of a man he murdered. The film moves Poe's story into a contemporary New Orleans setting. Rose McGowan stars as a character who "may or may not be real". Filming began in October 2011 in New Orleans. The first image from the set was released on October Document [93] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a horror film directed by John La Tier, based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name. A man is haunted by the heart of a man he murdered. The film moves Poe's story into a contemporary New Orleans setting. Rose McGowan stars as a character who "may or may not be real". Filming began in October 2011 in New Orleans. The first image from the set was released on October 28, 2011. The first trailer for the film was released on May 10, 2013, and footage from the Document [94] (Title: Harap Alb) main characteristics setting Ion Creangă's account apart from its sources of inspiration is its treatment of the other characters: "With Creangă, the characters are no longer symbolic, abstract (as they are in popular fairy tales), but display a psychological, peasant-like [...] individuality, within a framework that blends the supernatural and the real". He sees this as being especially true for the prince's "five fabulous friends" (Ochilă, Setilă, Gerilă, Flămânzilă, Păsări-Lăţi-Lungilă), whose choice of names, "defining the character trait which individualizes them", is "a "particularity" of Creangă's fairy tale [Bădărău's italics]". Braga underlines the serendipitous nature of these characters' presence within Document [95] (Title: Hearts in Atlantis) Hearts in Atlantis Hearts in Atlantis (1999) is a collection of two novellas and three short stories by Stephen King, all connected to one another by recurring characters and taking place in roughly chronological order. The stories are about the Baby Boomer Generation, specifically King's view that this generation (to which he belongs) failed to live up to its promise and ideals. Significantly, the opening epigraph of the collection is the Peter Fonda line from the end of "Easy Rider": "We blew it." All of the stories are about the 1960s and the war in Vietnam, and in all of Document [96] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) but, more specifically, the memory of terror, as the narrator is relating events from the past. The first word of the story, "True!", is an admission of their guilt, as well as an assurance of reliability. This introduction also serves to gain the reader's attention. Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward, exemplifying Poe's theories about the writing of short stories. The story is driven not by the narrator's insistence upon their "innocence", but by their insistence on their sanity. This, however, is self-destructive, because in attempting to prove their sanity they fully admit that they Document [97] (Title: Avengers Grimm) are captured by Heart. He brainwashes Red into a thrall, as the princesses are immune, and tries seducing Snow into being his queen when he takes over the world. Rejected, Heart uses his magic to amplify the shard's power and opens a portal back to fairy tale land. Cinderella fights with Red, managing to get Red to remember her true self. Iron John sees that Heart lied to him and shatters the shard, sacrificing himself to shut the portal. Snow and Heart fight again. Heart dies, and Snow become frozen as a result of her powers, sparing her from otherwise Document [98] (Title: Shining Hearts) Hearts, indicating happiness. The characters who don't get picked will be angry and will release "Blue Hearts", indicating sadness. One day, a mysterious girl named Kaguya was washed ashore the island of Wyndaria after a great storm. She encounters Rick, a swordsman who wound up working at the island's bakery. Apparently, Kaguya is suffering from having lost her memories and emotions. In addition, the usually peaceful Wyndaria is now swarming with pirates who came seeking for the special spirit stone that is worn around Kaguya's neck. Knowing the situation, Rick and his co-workers, Neris, Amil, and Airy decided to bring Document [99] (Title: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (Once Upon a Time)) "stakes and unfortunately, sometimes stakes are people's lives." They also decided to kill the character relatively early in the series in order to show viewers that "it's real. It's not in Henry's head." Kitsis continued, "It’s interesting, but part of the intent was to make you love him and we loved him very much. And the fact that the audience seems to have loved him means a lot to us, in that we feel like we succeeded on that front. If you don’t feel sad, then it was a failure of the execution of the story." Actress Lana Parrilla believed Document [100] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) guilt, the narrator breaks down and confesses, telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man's body. "The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of "The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine", a short-lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the "proprietors" on the front cover. The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell. Poe was likely paid $10 for the story. Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Document [101] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) Drawing on the myth of the "glass-imp", Hauff presents the Romantic pursuit of happiness. Other Romantic characteristics include the use of the mystical-eerie, the uncanny and folk tales. The key concept of Romanticism is the longing (Sehnsucht) that Coal-marmot Peter embodies, as he is granted three wishes throughout the story. What results from this longing is, as often seen in protagonists of Romantic works, self-destruction, since the riches Peter wished for crumble into misery and his longing degenerates into stinginess and spite. As the hopeless romantic that he is, Coal-marmot Peter does not give up on his quest for happiness Document [102] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) to providing counsel to the main characters of "Birth by Sleep", he proctors Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam in "Dream Drop Distance" to prepare them for an inevitable showdown with Master Xehanort, training Kairi and Lea to serve as two of the potential seven "guardians of light" as well. The Princesses of Heart, known as the in the Japanese language version, are seven maidens whose hearts are made of pure light, devoid of darkness. Five of them are based on the official Disney Princesses—Snow White from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", Cinderella from the Disney film of Document [103] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) narrator interprets as the dead man's beating heart. The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's "The Pioneer" in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is often considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe's best known short stories. The specific motivation for murder (aside from the narrator's dislike of the old man's eye), the relationship between narrator and old man, the gender of the narrator and other details are left unclear. The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had, as stated, never wronged them. The narrator also Document [104] (Title: Seongbuk-dong) heart" and "losing the mountains and losing people". It is the part where the theme is concentrated. The novel ≪Moonlit night≫ is a short novel based on Seongbuk-dong written by Lee tae-joon. In this work, though the compassion of first-person narrator perspective who views the main character forms the cast, the narrator reduces the information related to the misfortune of the main character 'Hwang soo-gun' to a minimum and proceed to the narrative of other events and to prevent the reader from becoming immersed in the hero's misfortune. Because of this, the feelings of the reader who reads this work Document [105] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) for the imaginative. The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator’s sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture-eye", as the narrator calls it. The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards. Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping Document [106] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)) Hearts in this story is Genevieve Heart, Alyss's mother as an apparent re-imagining of the White Queen. Alyss is, therefore, the Princess of Hearts. In the manga "Alice in the Country of Hearts", the Queen of Hearts is known as Vivaldi. She isn't as much a main character, though, and she has very few parts in the current books. Vivaldi rules Heart Castle and is feuding with the other territories over Wonderland. She is beautiful with black hair, unlike other adaptations. She speaks in the majestic plural, I.E, "We are happy you are here to see us." As discovered through Document [107] (Title: The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart) earlier on February 7, 2011 at the Milan club in Baltimore. The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart The Prelude to A Tell Tale Heart is the first, full-length studio mixtape released by Dawn Richard. Before the full studio album release Richard has released a few songs, one of them being "Me Myself & Y" which was released as a promotional single on globalgrind.com. Others are "These Tears", a heavy ballad with amazing vocals from Richard, and "Let Love In", another rock ballad with heavy vocal harmonies. She has also remixed a few of her earlier leaked songs, like "Trip Document [108] (Title: Heart of Stone (German fairy tale)) For the sake of Peter's dead wife, who helped him, he gave Peter eight days to think over his own life. Peter sleeps badly and hears voices which tell him to “get a warmer heart”. He lies to the people who miss Lisbeth by telling them his wife suddenly went travelling. The incidents further make him think about his own death. Finally, he goes into the woods and calls for the little glass-imp because he still has one wish left. He wants his heart back, but the “Schatzhauser” cannot help him, because the deal “money for a heart” was not Document [109] (Title: Tales from the Heart) Tales from the Heart Tales from the Heart is the title of a series of comic books and graphic novels, written by Cindy Goff and Rafael Nieves and illustrated by Seitu Hayden. Told through the eyes of protagonist Cathy Grant, the comics detail the adventures of a Peace Corps volunteer in the Central African Republic in the mid-1980s. The work explores why so much effort by so many volunteers wrought so little change. Later stories delve into the reign of the mad dictator Jean-Bédel Bokassa. The first two issues of the ongoing series were published by Entropy Enterprises in 1987, Document [110] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film)) The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1960 British horror film directed by Ernest Morris produced by the Danzigers. The screenplay by Brian Clemens and Eldon Howard is a loose adaptation of the 1843 short story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Marsh, a shy librarian obsessed with erotica, becomes infatuated with his neighbour Betty Clare when he sees her undressing in her bedroom. He invites her to dinner, and although she clearly is uncomfortable with the attention he pays her, he showers her with jewelry and fantasizes about their future. Complications arise when Document [111] (Title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts) he feels that games should have room for fans to speculate and use their imagination. He stated that with speculation, even though a game may get old, people can still be happy with it. is the main protagonist of the "Kingdom Hearts" series, and the sole playable character of the original game. He is portrayed as a cheerful teenager who lives on the Destiny Islands with his two childhood friends, Riku and Kairi. When his world is beset by creatures of darkness known as the Heartless, Sora comes into possession of a weapon of light called the Keyblade, and he Document [112] (Title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)) her, they drag Miss Sneezy back inside and break the lock, and continue to wait for rescue. The following are the 19 characters in the main narrative, along with the stories they tell: The book is best known for the short story "Guts", which had been published before the book in the March 2004 issue of "Playboy" magazine as well as on Palahniuk's website. It is a tale of violent accidents involving masturbation, in which the reader is instructed to hold his or her breath in the very first line. A New York City public school 11th grade teacher was Document [113] (Title: Where the Heart Is (novel)) time. He tells her that he called every time he was in a troubled spot and that he instantly felt better once he heard Americus's voice. When Novalee asks him why he lied about the baby's heart, Willy Jack tells her that he doesn't have a good reason but that sometimes people say such a huge lie that it changes their whole life. That if given a second chance, most people would do anything to set that lie straight. Novalee realizes that the lie she has told and that has changed her life is telling Forney that she didn't love Document [114] (Title: The Air I Breathe) (Bacon). The proverb speaks of these emotions, not as isolated fragments of feelings, but as elements that make up the whole of the human existence. Each of the four protagonists is based on one of the four emotions; and like the proverb their paths are inextricably linked to each other, akin to the Fingers (Garcia) of a hand. None of the four main characters' actual names are mentioned in the whole film, although Gellar's character's stage name, "Trista", is mentioned several times. Each of the elements of life is portrayed using four different people in the urban streets of Los Document [115] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)) of Congress deemed the film "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. The short is included as a bonus feature on the first DVD release of "Hellboy". It is also included, with commentary by Leonard Maltin and Jerry Beck, on disc 2 of "The Jolly Frolics Collection." The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film) The Tell-Tale Heart is a 1953 American horror animated short film produced by UPA, directed by Ted Parmelee, and narrated by James Mason. The screenplay by Bill Scott and Fred Grable is based on the 1843 short story of the same name Document [116] (Title: Heart (novel)) Heart (novel) Heart ( ) is a children's novel by the Italian author Edmondo De Amicis who was a novelist, journalist, short story writer, and poet. The novel is his best known work to this day, having been inspired by his own children Furio and Ugo who had been schoolboys at the time. It is set during the Italian unification, and includes several patriotic themes. It was issued by Treves on October 18, 1886, the first day of school in Italy, and rose to immediate success. Through its investigation of social issues such as poverty, "Heart" shows the influence of Document [117] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) the senses". Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story's narrator, the narrator's gender is uncertain. The old man with whom the narrator lives has a clouded, pale, blue "vulture-like" eye, which distresses the narrator so much that they plot to murder the old man, despite also insisting that they love the old man. The narrator insists that their careful precision in committing the murder proves that the narrator cannot possibly be insane. For seven nights, the narrator opens the door of the old man's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the "evil eye". Document [118] (Title: Heart of Gold (novel)) Heart of Gold (novel) Heart of Gold is a science fiction novel by American writer Sharon Shinn, published in 2000. The story occurs on an unnamed world in an unnamed city where three races (indigo, gulden, and albino) live together. The books focuses on conflicts between the aristocratic, pastoral, and matriarchal Indigo and the clannish, technological, and patriarchal gulden, with little said about the third albino race. The story follows Nolan Adelpho, an initially conventional indigo biochemist, and Kitrini Candachi, an indigo aristocrat raised among the gulden whose lover is an imprisoned gulden terrorist, as their lives are changed through Question: who are the main characters in the tell tale heart

Answer: an unnamed narrator Long Answer: "The Tell - Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843 . It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator's sanity while simultaneously describing a murder they committed . The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture - eye", as the narrator calls it . The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, attempting the perfect crime, complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards . Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in hearing a thumping sound, which the narrator interprets as the dead man's beating heart. Gold Document ID: 105

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beaches (2017 film)) Beaches (2017 film) Beaches is a 2017 American television drama film directed by Allison Anders and written by Bart Baker and Nikole Beckwith. It is a remake of the 1988 film of the same name. The film stars Idina Menzel and Nia Long. The film premiered on Lifetime on January 21, 2017. Two friends, with different backgrounds, keep a long-lasting friendship through childhood, love, and tragedy. On July 28, 2016, the film was announced, with Idina Menzel joining the cast. On August 16, 2016, it was announced Nia Long had joined the cast. Principal photography began on August 15, 2016. Document [2] (Title: Krabi Province) and Railay Beach. The beaches form part of Krabi's Phra Nang Peninsula. Of the 154 islands in the province, Ko Phi Phi Le is the most famous, as it was the site of the movie "The Beach". Other notable islands include Ko Phi Phi Don, part of the Phi Phi Islands, and Ko Lanta, a larger island to the south. The coast was damaged by the tsunami of 26 December 2004. Krabi's limestone hills contain many caves, most having stalactites and stalagmites. Tham Chao Le and Tham Phi Hua To, both in Ao Luek District, contain prehistoric rock-paintings depicting humans, Document [3] (Title: Blissfully Yours) the camera. The film ends with text stating: December 2001. Min is in Bangkok while waiting for work at a casino on the Thai-Cambodian border. Roong got back together with her boyfriend and they sell noodles in a town not far from Bangkok. Orn continues working as an extra in Thai movies. The opening title credits roll about 45 minutes into the film, during Roong and Min's drive into the jungle. Roong turns on the car radio and the music playing is a Thai-language version of "Summer Samba (So Nice)", composed by Marcos Valle and sung by the Thai artist, Document [4] (Title: Lost in Thailand) Lost in Thailand Lost in Thailand is a 2012 Chinese comedy film directed and co-written by Xu Zheng and starring Xu Zheng, Wang Baoqiang, and Huang Bo. The film is about three Chinese men traveling in Thailand: two competing scientists searching for their boss, and a tourist eager to explore the country. The film is Xu's directorial debut. The film grossed more than US$200 million at the Chinese box-office, becoming the highest grossing movie of all time in China when it was released. It was the first movie in China to earn over a billion yuan, overtaking "Titanic" which earned Document [5] (Title: Steal My Sunshine) budget to make the video. They flew to Daytona Beach, Florida with two dozen friends while the area was crowded with people on their spring vacations. They spent much of the budget on alcohol, buying so much that they broke their hotel's elevator trying to lift it. They shot the video in the afternoon so that they could recover from hangovers in the morning and drink in the evening. The scenes were shot without a script or storyboard. In the video, Len and its friends are shown relaxing together and riding on scooters, go-karts, and jet skis. Motorrad, whose scooters Document [6] (Title: Ko Phi Phi Le) ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials. The Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation claims to be investigating ways to control tourist numbers amid concerns that visitors are destroying the environment at marine tourism spots. The move was prompted by marine scientist Thon Thamrongnawasawat, who posted photos of large numbers of low-season tourists packed onto small Maya Beach. According to Mr Thon, during low season 2016, about 5,000 tourists a day crowd onto Maya beach, which is just 250 metres long and 15 metres wide. The Document [7] (Title: Im Soo-jung) She also acted opposite veteran Thai actor Sorapong Chatree in Aditya Assarat's short film "Phuket", which was commissioned jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Association of Tourism and Hotel Operators of Phuket. Im was previously part of the SidusHQ agency, but moved to being managed by KeyEast. KeyEast launched her official website in June 2012. According to the actress, the online space will be a place where she can converse with her fans directly. In 2015, Im starred in "Perfect Proposal", a remake of British crime thriller "Woman of Straw" that was partly shot in Macau. She Document [8] (Title: Big Wednesday) California, where the film is set, but at Sunset Beach in Pupukea, Hawaii. Other filming locations included El Paso, Texas; Hollister Ranch near Santa Barbara; Surfrider Beach (in Malibu); Ventura, California; and La Libertad, El Salvador. "What I've got to watch out for is getting lost in the surf again," said Milius during filming. "It's so alluring, so easy to get lost in. I worry I might lose sight of the characters. Unlike any other film that has been made about surfing, in this one the characters and not the waves are the most important." Anthea Sylbert was an executive Document [9] (Title: Homestay (film)) material opted to promote the film as a thriller fantasy instead. The film was announced on 19 September, with a press event held on 2 October. The film was released in Thailand on 25 October 2018. It earned 37.49 million baht (US$1.14 million) over its opening weekend, placing first at the box office for two weeks. By 18 November, it had earned 66.58 million baht ($2.02 million), a moderately respectable figure. The film was screened in several international markets, beginning with Hong Kong on 6 December 2018. The film was met with mixed reviews. While most reviewers commended Teeradon's acting, Document [10] (Title: Som Ock Southiponh) Union, Japan, Thailand and Cambodia, where it won a special jury prize at the First Southeast Asia Film Festival in Phnom Penh in April 1997. However, Southiphonh longed to make films independently, and he left the State Cinematography Company in 1989 with hopes of establishing his own video production company. "Money, however, was still a problem, so I did something which may be unique to the history of cinema: I started a bakery. My love of cinema was true, but I needed to earn money if I ever wanted to make films independently," Southipone said. "Fortunately, the bakery, which I Document [11] (Title: Ladda Land) one in its first week, beating out the American film "Thor". The film was shown for six weeks in Thailand where it grossed a total of $3,877,740. "The Hollywood Reporter" suggested in their review that the film was such a big hit in Thailand due to circumstances in the film being based on an actual condo development in Chiang Mai that is rumoured to be haunted. "Variety" gave the "Laddaland" as positive review referring to it as "tasty T-horror" and that it was a "well-made chiller is ideal for fest sidebars, and should reap strong worldwide ancillary." "The Hollywood Reporter" Document [12] (Title: The Beach (film)) was based upon, Alex Garland. He received credit for this as the cartographer. Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed. Following shooting of the Document [13] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Laem Son National Park Laem Son National Park is located in Ranong and Phangnga provinces, Thailand. It is situated south of Ranong on the country's west coast, with of Andaman Sea coastline, making it Thailand's longest protected shore. The marine national park is named after the pines along the cape's shore. It was established in 1983, and is in size. The NP is a coastal area with beaches, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and a rainforest jungle. From the beach at Hat Bang Ben, some of the 20 offshore islands are visible, such as Ko Kam Yai, Ko Kam Noi, Mu Document [14] (Title: Innocence (2005 film)) of more than 1,000 kilometers that takes three days, by truck and bus. For all the children, it is the first time they will see the ocean. Along the way, the children stay at Buddhist temples for free to keep the cost of the journey low. Producer-director Areeya Chumsai is a Thai-American model who was Miss Thailand Universe 1994. She then moved to Thailand permanently, became an officer in the Royal Thai Army and taught English at the army's military academy, as well as writing magazine columns and books. Co-director, principal cinematographer and editor Nisa Kongsri had worked as an Document [15] (Title: The Adventure of Iron Pussy) made while Shaowanasai's friend, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, was experiencing a delay in funding for his third feature film, "Tropical Malady". To keep his Kick the Machine production company working, Apichatpong and Michael collaborated on the script and quickly made "Iron Pussy" on an extremely low budget using digital video, which has a grainy look that matches the 1970s 16 mm Thai films that have survived the years to still be shown today. Enhancing the retro look and feel of the film, the soundtrack is entirely dubbed, which was the standard practice with 16-mm production in Thailand. Many of the voice actors Document [16] (Title: The Beach (film)) look. It is reported that crew members flattened the beach with a tractor, much to the locals' dismay. The tsunami of 2004, however, has reshaped the beach to its natural look. Boyle has been cited saying that the look of the jungle scenes in the film was inspired by the Nintendo game "Banjo-Kazooie". The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall. The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that "The Beach" Document [17] (Title: I Got U) was created for the single and was directed by Rémy Cayuela. Starring the model and actor Rique and New Zealand model Kylee Tan, the video was released on 19 February 2014, and was filmed in Thailand in locations between Bangkok and Phuket. Critical reception for it was positive; Capital Xtra noted that the video contained "all the experiences you'd expect someone to have whilst travelling to that part of the globe, including beach parties, boat rides and bonfires". "GQ" commended it for containing, in their words, "all the tropical trimmings: turquoise waters, infinity pools, freshly sliced watermelon, a beachside rave, Document [18] (Title: Dobara Phir Se) boat-ship. He sort of likes her. They both meet at a party that same day in New York at Samar's house. The director announced film title in July 2015 that she is about to start this project soon. The film is produced by distribution company ARY Films. The director revealed film's cast and crew on August 18, 2015 in her tweet. Film shooting began on August 23 in New York City. On August 28, a scene was short over Bridge Street Bridge. In the last week of August, scenes were shot at Jennings Beach and Lake Mohegan. First spell of Document [19] (Title: Pakorn Chatborirak) the Hua-Hin beach, Prachuap Khiri Khan province, project of Tourism Authority of Thailand. Pakorn Chatborirak Pakorn Chatborirak (; ; born August 20, 1984 in Thailand), nickname Boy (; ), is a Thai model, actor attached to Channel 3 and pharmacist. Pakorn was born in Bangkok to a Chinese family, having two younger brothers, Thana and Pat. His mother was from Ang Thong Province and his father died when he was a child. Pakorn is a naturist. Having graduated from Pongpoowadol Kindergarten, Pakorn attended Assumption School, Triam Udom Suksa School, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, earning a bachelor's degree Document [20] (Title: Blue Juice) of the second Aqua Shack is Kynance Cove Cafe, at Kynance Cove on Lizard Point. The hotel where Josh and Dean take Terry for the cream tea is the Tregenna Castle Hotel, on the outskirts of St Ives, whilst the village hall scene was filmed at Rose Hill, just off Bunkers Hill in the Downalong area of St Ives. The large wave and surfing sequences were filmed in Famara, Lanzarote, while a few close ups were filmed in a specialist wave pool, as shown in the documentary that accompanies the DVD release. Additional shots were filmed in London and at Document [21] (Title: Point Break) State Park and Wheeler, Oregon, and Malibu, Manhattan Beach, Santa Monica, Venice, and Fox Hills Mall in California. Although the final scene of the film is set at Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia, the scene was not filmed there. Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill. The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach, in Ecola State Park, located in Cannon Beach, Oregon, USA. On February 7, 2008, a score release for "Point Break" was released by La-La Land Records, featuring composer Mark Document [22] (Title: Benetone Films) Jackie Moore, which were both shot in Thailand. On 14 January 2014, Benetone Hillin Entertainment announced signing up of Gordon Bressack, three time Emmy Award-winning writer of such shows as Pinky & The Brain and Animaniacs, for a live action feature film, Oliver Storm and the Curse of Sinbad's Treasure, slated for the 2015 release. The film will be shot completely in Thailand, and will be written by Gordon Bressack and his son, James Cullen Bressack. Benetone Films Benetone Films is a production company based in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded in 2002 by Rajpal Narula, and is today headed Document [23] (Title: Cinema of Thailand) system to create experimental short films and features. The leader of this indie movement is Apichatpong Weerasethakul, whose 2002 feature "Blissfully Yours" won the Un Certain Regard Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Featuring a risqué sex scene involving a Burmese man and a Thai woman in the jungle, the movie received only limited screenings in Thailand and a Thai-released DVD of the film was censored. Apichatpong's next film, "Tropical Malady", featuring a gay romance between an army soldier and a country guy, was a jury-prize winner at Cannes. It, too, only received limited screenings in Thailand. Other indie directors Document [24] (Title: Cinema of Cambodia) was filmed entirely in Cambodia in the summer of 2009 and had limited release in cinemas in 2011. It tells the story of Sean and Dana, war photographers in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s. Since 2009, the Cambodia Film Commission has set up a training program to allow foreign productions to work with a local crew familiar with international standards. Since 2009 there has been a significant inflow of foreign productions filming in Cambodia. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts has facilitated a number of projects from Europe, USA, Australia, Asia. The Kingdom now offers Document [25] (Title: Anegan) and Ashish Vidyarthi were selected to play supporting roles. Malayalam actress Lena was also selected to play a supporting role in the film. Principal photography began on 2 September 2013 at Puducherry. It was reported that the film would be shot across locations such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Burma among many other countries. In Malaysia, a football game scene was shot in the oldest English school in South East Asia, Penang Free School. The second schedule took place in Hyderabad, where an action sequence was shot for 20 days, along with a song sequence choreographed by Baba Baskar. According Document [26] (Title: Kirsten Tan) for the next two years in Chiang Mai and Bangkok in Thailand. During this time, she made a string of short films, formed a rock band called Century Ache, and had a shop at the Chatuchak Weekend Market where she sold T-shirts. A Thai fortune-teller once said to Tan: “The gods are confused about where you sleep.” Tan moved to New York City in 2005, where she obtained her MFA in Directing at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. Tan said that she always felt like a rolling stone in the cities that she moved to and that Document [27] (Title: Happy Hunting (2016 film)) desert, most notably Bombay Beach, CA. The production crew was limited to writer/director Joe Dietsch and Louie Gibson, producer Bryson Pintard, co-producer Joe Toronto, makeup artist Michelle Sfarzo, and production coordinator Ben Guppy. Extras for the film were local residents of Bombay Beach, California. The film was shot digitally using the Canon C100 mk2 camera with 10-bit external recording. On October 21, 2016, "Happy Hunting" had its world premiere at Screamfest in Hollywood. The film has a limited theatrical release in the United States by Vertical Entertainment starting on September 22, 2017. The film score for Happy Hunting was originally Document [28] (Title: Phuket Province) coast beaches are more often muddy. Near the southernmost point is Laem Phromthep ()("Brahma's Cape"), a popular viewpoint. In the mountainous north of the island is the Khao Phra Thaeo No-Hunting Area, protecting more than 20 km² of rainforest. The three highest peaks of this reserve are the Khao Prathiu (), Khao Bang Pae , and Khao Phara . The Sirinat National Park on the northwest coast was established in 1981 to protect an area of ( marine area), including the Nai Yang Beach where sea turtles lay their eggs. The most popular (and overcrowded) tourist area on Phuket is Document [29] (Title: Hat Rin) Hat Rin Hat Rin (, ) is a peninsular beach area and town on the southern tip of Ko Pha-ngan, an island in the Gulf of Thailand. Its two main beaches are Sunset Beach (Hat Rin Nai) to the south and the larger Sunrise Beach (Hat Rin Nok) to the north. The famous Full Moon Party takes place on Sunrise Beach each month. The town and beach first became popular with backpackers escaping the tourist influx to Ko Samui in the 1980s. As the popularity of the beach and Full Moon Party have increased, the town has grown to accommodate Document [30] (Title: The Beach (film)) the USA. Director Boyle has spoken negatively of the film, telling a Philadelphia audience in 2017 that he realized halfway through filming that he "didn't like any of the characters." The film has been released on VHS and DVD. The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the film, including an alternative opening which to an extent resembles the one in the novel, were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose. There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone Document [31] (Title: Railay Beach) Railay Beach Railay (), also known as Rai Leh, is a large peninsula between the city of Krabi and Ao Nang in Thailand. It is accessible only by boat due to high limestone cliffs cutting off mainland access. These cliffs attract rock climbers from all over the world, but the area is also popular due to its beautiful beaches and quiet relaxing atmosphere. Accommodation ranges from bungalows and medium-priced resorts in East Railay to a collection of luxury resorts focused on West Railay, though one, Rajavadee, spans both waterfronts and also has a beachfront restaurant at Ao Phra Nang. The Document [32] (Title: The Beach (film)) Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a group photograph of the beach community in happier times. Additional beach community members are played by Myriam Acharki, Andrew Carmichael, Josh Cole, Hélène de Fougerolles, Stacy Hart, Nina Jacques, Sheridan Jones, Gunilla Karlson, Sian Martin, Isabella Seibert, Elizabeth Thomas, Michael Thorpe, Timothy Webster, and Ramon Woolfe. Additional cannabis farmers are portrayed by Sanya 'Gai' Cheunjit, Kaneung 'Nueng' Kenia, Somchai Santitarangkul, Seng Kawee, and Somkuan 'Kuan' Siroun. Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director. It was speculated that Boyle was Document [33] (Title: Tilly Smith) the staff at the hotel Phuket where they were staying. The beach was evacuated before the tsunami reached shore, and was one of the few beaches on the island with no reported casualties. At Danes Hill Preparatory School a cameraman was allowed to follow Smith around for a day to find out what she normally did at school. Kearney was also interviewed at the school. Smith's family declined requests to be interviewed by commercial and national broadcasters, but Smith appeared at the United Nations in November 2005, where she met the U.N. Special Envoy for Tsunami Relief, Bill Clinton, and Document [34] (Title: The Beach (film)) the eccentric Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited and restricted island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach and lagoon. Daffy explains that he and other travelers settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he chose to leave. Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island. Richard convinces Françoise and Étienne to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui. After getting locked out of his bungalow during a thunderstorm, Richard meets two American surfers who have heard rumors of the island, including huge amounts Document [35] (Title: The Beach (film)) way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned. The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous". The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others. Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a Document [36] (Title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi) Saravanan was unavailable. A photo shoot for the film was held in February 2011 with the lead. The shooting of the film began in March 2011. Filming was held in Tidel Park and Rajiv Gandhi Road in Chennai on 26 April. The car in which they drive to pondicherry was modified with power steering and other interesting elements. A pondicherry bar was setup in woodlands hotel campus. In the song Azhage, which was totally shot in dubai, in between bgms were recreated in VGP beach and matched by art director Jacki. Overseas shooting locations included Jordan and Abu Dhabi, where Document [37] (Title: 2014 Asian Beach Games) 2014 Asian Beach Games The Fourth Asian Beach Games were held in Phuket Island, Phuket Province, Thailand. The games were originally scheduled for Boracay Island, Aklan, Philippines, but was affected by the OCA's hosting changes. The games were held on the same year of the 17th Asian Games. It was the seventh time for Thailand to host an Asia level multi-sports event, after Bangkok held four Asian Games (1966, 1970, 1978 and 1998), one Asian Indoor Games (2005) and one Asian Martial Arts Games (2009). However, it was the first time that the event would not be held in Bangkok. Document [38] (Title: Filming of James Bond in the 1970s) guidebooks. The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. In late April, production returned to Hong Kong, and also shot in Macau, as the island is famous for its casinos, which Hong Kong does not have. As some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and also production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior—cinematographer Ted Moore became ill and Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job. Morris was initially reluctant, as he did Document [39] (Title: The Hangover Part II) "The Hangover 2" would begin in October 2010, for a May 26, 2011 release, following the same production schedule used for the first film. Also in July, Zach Galifianakis stated in an interview with "Latino Review" that the film will be set in Thailand, "Well, I think we're going to Thailand. The problem with "Hangover 2" is that we have to live up to what we did which is very difficult. So we get, I think, kind of kidnapped. It has nothing to do with the bachelor party. We're definitely not doing that again but we do end up in Document [40] (Title: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami) Thung Dap, on the southwest tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second highest at 15.8 m (51.8 ft) at Ban Nam Kim. At Phuket island, many of its west coast beaches were affected. At Patong Beach, a tourist mecca, tsunami heights were 5–6 m (16.4–19.7 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). Tsunami heights became lower from the west coast, the south coast to the east coast of the island. On Karon Beach on the west coast, the coastal road was built higher than the shore and it acted as a seawall, protecting a Document [41] (Title: The Beach (film)) The Beach (film) The Beach is a 2000 English-language drama thriller film directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, which was adapted for the film by John Hodge. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle. It was filmed on the Thai island Koh Phi Phi. Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, travels in a drab travelers hotel in Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, and he immediately becomes attracted to Françoise. He also meets Document [42] (Title: Bangkok Summer) and several Chinese actors are also acting in this big budget picture. The film started production in August 2010 in Bangkok. Most of the film was shot in Bangkok. The movie was a critical and commercial failure at the box office adding to other collapsed Pramod-Pappan ventures. Bangkok Summer Bangkok Summer is a 2011 Malayalam film directed by Pramod Pappan Team. It features Rahul Madhav, Unni Mukundan and Richa Panai. The main themes of the movie are love, betrayal, money and race. The film tells the story of Shrihari who, in search of his brother Madavan, makes it to Bangkok. Document [43] (Title: 30 Degrees in February) and decides to move to Thailand with her daughters Joy and Wilda. They travel to a hotel on a remote beach where they had visited on holiday. Once they find it to be closed, Kajsa decide to buy it, but clashes with Chan the former owner who wants it back, while her daughter Joy falls in love with Chan's son Pong. Majlis (Lotta Tejle) visits Thailand with her grumpy and verbally abusive wheelchair-bound husband, Bengt (Kjell Bergqvist). Although Majlis is enchanted by the place and wants to stay, her husband wants to leave. Glenn (Kjell Wilhelmsen) is a lonely 45 Document [44] (Title: Beaches (2017 film)) Beaches (2017 film) Beaches is a 2017 American television drama film directed by Allison Anders and written by Bart Baker and Nikole Beckwith. It is a remake of the 1988 film of the same name. The film stars Idina Menzel and Nia Long. The film premiered on Lifetime on January 21, 2017. Two friends, with different backgrounds, keep a long-lasting friendship through childhood, love, and tragedy. On July 28, 2016, the film was announced, with Idina Menzel joining the cast. On August 16, 2016, it was announced Nia Long had joined the cast. Principal photography began on August 15, 2016. Document [45] (Title: Jomtien Beach) designated destination. Motorbike taxis generally operate in the town and suburbs, and are mainly used by locals for short distances. Jomtien Beach is about 1-1/2 hours, or 120 km by road from Suvarnabhumi Airport, the Bangkok international hub. By road, it is accessed from Sukhumvit Road and Motorway 7 from Bangkok. There is a new airport bus service terminal located on Thappraya Road just north of the Thepprasit Road intersection. South of Jomtien Beach the U-Tapao International Airport (UTP) is now open to air traffc, it is about 50 min drive, or 40 km by road. Jomtien Beach Jomtien (จอมเทียน) Document [46] (Title: Phi Phi Islands) into the sea, but they very well could just be turning the devices on before officers arrive to check them." The fundamental issue is that the budget allocated for Ao Nang and Phi Phi is based on its registered population, not on the number of people it hosts every year, Mr Pankum said. In June 2018, Maya Beach, made famous by Leonardo DiCaprio's 2000 film The Beach, was closed indefinitely to allow it to recover. The beach receives up to 5,000 tourists and 200 boats a day. Phi Phi Islands The Phi Phi Islands (, , ) are an island Document [47] (Title: Boys in the Sand) that Poole decided to use Donovan for the second segment as well, entitled "Poolside", and construct the loose storyline around him. The three segments were filmed on a budget of $8,000 over three successive weekends in August 1971 in the gay resort area of Cherry Grove, New York, on Fire Island. "Boys in the Sand" had its theatrical debut on December 29, 1971, at the 55th Street Playhouse in New York City. Poole engaged in an unprecedented pre-release publicity campaign, including screening parties and full-page ads in "The New York Times" and "Variety". The film made back most of its Document [48] (Title: Kevin & Perry Go Large) footage of a Virgin Sun Airlines plane landing was actually filmed at El Altet airport in Alicante. Kevin and Perry and Kevin's parents' apartment is in Santa Eulària des Riu in Ibiza. The beach that the boys go to is Cala Benirras on the western shore north of San Antonio. The buying of the indecent magazine was done in the high street of Shepperton. The opening sequence where Kevin dreams of saving Anne Boleyn from execution was filmed at Dover Castle. Harry Enfield suspected that the "two uses" of the word "fuck" (there were actually three, all by Rhys Ifans) Document [49] (Title: Eat Pray Love) Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali (Indonesia). Hindu leaders voiced concern over the production of the film and advocated the use of spiritual consultants to ensure that the film conveyed an accurate reflection of life in an ashram. Both Salon.com and "The New York Post" have suggested that Gurumayi Chidvilasananda was the guru featured in the film and in the book by Elizabeth Gilbert on which the film was based, though Gilbert herself did not identify the ashram or the guru by name. The two Balinese lead characters (Ketut Liyer and Wayan) are played by Indonesian actors Hadi Subiyanto and Document [50] (Title: Wonderful Town (film)) Wonderful Town (film) Wonderful Town is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. Set on the mainland north of Phuket Island in the dreary post-tsunami Khao Lak area and Takua Pa town, Phang Nga Province, shooting was completed in December 2006, for which Aditya had secured funding from Singha Beer and Rolex. More money was needed for post-production work, funds were provided by the Thailand Ministry of Culture's Office of Contemporary Art and Culture. "Wonderful Town" premiered at the 2007 Busan International Film Festival. It won the festival's top prize, the New Currents Award and a US$90,000 Document [51] (Title: Cinema of Cambodia) was shot on location around Angkor, and its star, Angelina Jolie, became so enamored of the country that she adopted a Cambodian boy named Maddox and lived there for a time. Other films shot on location around Angkor include Wong Kar-wai's "In the Mood for Love" (which also includes film footage of the 1966 visit of Charles de Gaulle to Phnom Penh) and "Two Brothers" by Jean-Jacques Annaud in 2003. Matt Dillon's 2002 drama, "City of Ghosts", was filmed in many locations around the country, including Phnom Penh and the Bokor Hill Station. Moriarty's war film "The Road to Freedom" Document [52] (Title: Apichatpong Weerasethakul) shot in the border town, Nabua, where the Mekong River divides Thailand and Laos. In 2011 the New Museum presented the American debut of "Primitive" In 2010 Apichatpong's feature film, "Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives", won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist. In 2012, Apichatpong's film "Mekong Hotel" was screened in the Special Screenings section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In March 2013, Apichatpong and fellow Document [53] (Title: Turtle Beach (film)) which was actually Matt Carroll's idea, something he'd seen in Thailand... Also the massacre on the beach. Everyone was worried, the massacre had to be built up, whereas the massacre was wrong - emotionally and morally wrong. All this was pushed and I felt I'd lost control of the film. The Australian Film Finance Corporation invested $5,248,857 in the film. Stephen Wallace finished the film and made his cut but then he was fired off the film. Extra scenes were shot: I should have taken my name off it. I got advised by my agents not to, but I should Document [54] (Title: Mrigadayavan Palace) building the summer palace. The first one was in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, which was already a popular beach destination at that time. However, since the customary law prohibited the general public from entering areas where the king resided, King Vajiravudh decided to avoid troubling his people and considered alternative locations for his summer palace. He subsequently commanded the Royal Thai Navy to research appropriate sites. The beach at Bang Thalu in Phetchaburi was its first choice. This led to the construction of the summer palace in 1917 at Bang Thalu. The adjoining beach area was renamed Document [55] (Title: The Beach (film)) surfers from Ko Pha Ngan turn up on the neighboring island, Sal sees that they have a map, confronts Richard for lying about it, and orders him to camp alone to observe them until they cross over, then intercept them, send them away and destroy it. She also tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken. Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, stalking the cannabis farmers, stealing some of their personal items while they sleep, and imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy. The surfers reach the island Document [56] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)) "[A] car chase [in Bangkok occurred] near a [canal or] khlong on Krung Kasem Road". Production returned in late April to Hong Kong, and also to Macau, for that island is famous for its casinos, which Hong Kong lacks. Some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios; this included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior. Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job after cinematographer Ted Moore became ill. Morris was initially reluctant, as he did not like his previous experiences taking Document [57] (Title: The Beach (novel)) only day-dream about". "The Beach" was made into a film in 2000, directed by Danny Boyle and starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Robert Carlyle, Virginie Ledoyen and Guillaume Canet. The novel was at one point reportedly being considered for adaptation to a television series by "The Secret Circle" developer Andrew Miller. The Beach (novel) The Beach is a 1996 novel by English author Alex Garland. Set in Thailand, it is the story of a young backpacker's search for a legendary, idyllic and isolated beach untouched by tourism, and his time there in its small, international community of backpackers. In 2000, Document [58] (Title: The Hangover Part II) and earlier comments made by Phillips denying such reports were a deliberate case of misdirection. The following month, Bradley Cooper stated he believed the rumors to be true and was looking forward to filming "The Hangover 2" in Thailand. In October 2010, Phillips confirmed that the film would take place in Bangkok and Los Angeles and that Galifianakis, Cooper, Helms and Ken Jeong would be returning. On a budget of $80 million, principal photography began on October 8, 2010, in Ontario, California with the first images of production being released a few days later. It was also reported in October Document [59] (Title: Sompote Sands) as a child, at the age of seven years old, he left his family to live in the temple (Wat) for follow his dreams. He started learning film production from being an employee in a photo gallery first. While he was studying at grade three, he became an freelance photographer, his work was to take photos of King Bhumibol in boy scout uniform. This photo was published on the cover of Chaiyaphruek, which is a popular youth magazine at that time. In addition, he is also a private photographer for Jim Thompson as well. Later, at the age of 15 Document [60] (Title: Edge of Tomorrow) The "Los Angeles Times" said on the second day, Liman "demanded a total reshoot of everything filmed on Day 1", which concerned producers. Filming on the beach set was scheduled to last two weeks, but extended to nearly three months due to what the "Los Angeles Times" called "the director's self-described 'workshop-y' filming style". Filming also took place in Trafalgar Square in London on , 2012. The square was closed to the public, and tanks were brought in to film the action scenes. The brief scene in the Square required closing 36 roads, diverting 122 bus routes and booking all Document [61] (Title: Turtle Beach (film)) the film should be. Greta Scacchi really liked the book and liked the script and fought for it. But during the process of developing the script, they brought in an American writer and it really changed. I was off directing "Police Rescue" at the time. Then the cast, when they were in Thailand, said they'd signed on the script that I'd written and wanted to change it back to that. There was something about the American script that was more like "King Rat" than "Turtle Beach". So then I was flown out to Thailand to rewrite the rewrite and the Document [62] (Title: Race 3) film, Jacqueline underwent extensive training in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). The shooting of the film began on 9 November 2017 at the Mehboob Studios in Mumbai. The filming of Race 3 moved to Bangkok in Thailand for its second schedule where they filmed a song and an action sequence, which was choreographed by Anal Arasu, at the Floating Market and Rose Garden as well as the jungles of Kanchanaburi Province. After finishing the shoot in Thailand, the production team reached Abu Dhabi for its next schedule. The shooting schedule in Abu Dhabi lasted for 35 days where filming was done Document [63] (Title: Nontawat Numbenchapol) Bangkok in Thailand, and was officially released in Thailand on May 8, 2014. Nontawat Numbenchapol Nontawat Numbenchapol (Thai : นนทวัฒน์ นำเบญจพล; born May 2, 1983) is a Thai documentary film director and cinematographer. After graduating from the Visual Communication Design Department, Faculty of Art and Design, Rangsit University, "Numbenchapol" has pursued his career as a filmmaker. His notable works include "Boundary (ฟ้าต่ำแผ่นดินสูง)" and "By the River (สายน้ำติดเชื้อ)." In 2013, after "Numbenchapol"'s debut documentary feature "Boundary (ฟ้าต่ำแผ่นดินสูง)" that examines the border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia was premiered at 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, it had been banned by Thai ministry Document [64] (Title: Chaungtha, Pathein) Chaungtha, Pathein Chaungtha ( ) is a village and beach resort located in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Chaungtha Beach, as it is more commonly known, is about 5 hours' drive away from Yangon, and is a popular resort with Yangonites from October to April. As it is relatively more affordable than the nearby Ngwesaung and Ngapali beaches, Chaungtha is also more crowded and less cleanly than the two more expensive and better maintained beaches. Chaungtha received its name from the small stream ("chaung") which flowed at the western part of the village. In the Burmese language, "Chaungtha" means "Pleasant Stream". Chaungtha Document [65] (Title: Chaungtha, Pathein) is renowned for its fresh and reasonably priced seafood. A major attraction is a small pagoda built on a limestone boulder at the southern end of the beach. Nearby fishing villages and tidal mangrove forests are also popular among the tourists. Chaungtha, Pathein Chaungtha ( ) is a village and beach resort located in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Chaungtha Beach, as it is more commonly known, is about 5 hours' drive away from Yangon, and is a popular resort with Yangonites from October to April. As it is relatively more affordable than the nearby Ngwesaung and Ngapali beaches, Chaungtha is also Document [66] (Title: Napakpapha Nakprasitte) Thai film titled "Ma-Mee" ("Three Friends"), a partly fictional docu-drama in which she and two of her bikini-clad girlfriends (Jitraporn Panit and Penporn Poonsaem) go to an island for a video shoot, with the camera following their activities both on the set and off. She was listed among the cast for the 2006 Canadian horror-comedy, "1st Bite", by Malaysian-Canadian director Hunt Hoe. She starred in "Art of the Devil 3" in 2008. Napakpapha Nakprasitte Napakpapha Nakprasitte (; , and better known as Mamee, born April 19, 1981) is a Thai film actress. She is sometimes credited as Napakapa Nakprasit. Dhurakij Document [67] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them. The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea with a baby on his way. Filming began on August 19, 2016 in Goesan, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes. The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña, Ribadeo, Lugo, Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar, as well as Begur (Es Cau Swimming Pool), Sitges (Town Hall Document [68] (Title: Sarvam) near the Gemini flyover, the Elliot's beach in Besant Nagar, the flyover at Kathipara Junction and at the San Thome Basilica in Santhome in Chennai, where scenes for the first half of the film as well as some song sequences were filmed. In August 2008 then, the crew shifted its bases to Kerala, where major parts of the second half were filmed. In Munnar a romantic duet between Arya and Trisha was shot, for which grand sets had been erected by art director Manu Jagadh. The team then moved to the "Dhoni forest" in Palakkad district in Kerala, where several Document [69] (Title: Cinema of Thailand) has co-sponsor a Film Festival, in the northern city of Chiang Mai in conjunction with Creative Kingdom Animation Studios Film. Pen-ek Ratanaruang's "Twelve Twenty" (30 min) was made as part of the Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers project for the 2006 Jeonju International Film Festival. The film stars Ananda Everingham, has an appearance by American bilingual actor Erich Fleshman, and was shot by Christopher Doyle. The short film is shot in a minimalist style and slowly moves along the encounters of a man and a woman on a long-haul flight, where they spend the next 12 hours and 20 Document [70] (Title: No Escape (2015 film)) Fine Arts has since prohibited the film from being shown in Cambodia. Sin Chanchaya, director of the Department of Film said that the decision to ban the film had come solely based on the trailer and was also informed that in order to receive permission to shoot in Thailand, where several real coups d'état had just taken place, the production team had to arrange that no scenes would directly identify Thailand as the setting. Chanchaya also said that the Cambodian Ministry had approached the film producers to edit the Khmer lettering out of the film but they had not replied Document [71] (Title: Songkhla Province) Kala Khiri covers 214 km² of mountain highlands on the Thai-Malay border. Khao Nam Khang, is also in the boundary mountains. Chinese Communist guerrillas inhabited this region until the 1980s. Within the boundaries of the city of Songkhla is Cape Samila Beach, the most popular beach in the province. The famous mermaid statue can be found here. The two islands Ko Nu and Ko Maew (Mouse and Cat Islands), not far from the beach, are also popular landmarks, and a preferred fishing ground. According to a local folk tale, a cat, mouse and dog were traveling on a Chinese ship, Document [72] (Title: Beach Spike) of volleyball training to prepare for her role in "Beach Spike". While working on "Beach Spike" during the day, Chau and Him Law were shooting the scenes for "Marriage with a Liar" by night. Production on "Beach Spike" ended in late September 2010. "Beach Spike" was released in Hong Kong on 7 July 2011. It was the fourth highest-grossing film in the Hong Kong box office on its opening week. In total, the film has grossed $191,748. Beach Spike Beach Spike ("Yit long kau oi jin" 熱浪球愛戰) is a 2011 Hong Kong film directed by Tony Tang. The film involves Document [73] (Title: Party (Girls' Generation song)) the single, was choreographed by Kevin Maher and directed by Hong Won-ki of Zanybros. It was filmed in Ko Samui, Thailand, and has a beach setting that shows the group enjoying themselves at a summer beach party. There are also a few scenes that were filmed indoors in a bar where they dance to the song. Lucas Villa from "AXS" praised the video's flamboyant fashion styles, writing that "Girls' Generation does summer right by living it up under the sun." The music video was an instant success on YouTube, achieving over 2.7 million views in one day. Within 36 hours, Document [74] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)) the Hong Kong Dragon Garden as the estate of Hai Fat, which portrayed a location in Bangkok. The major part of principal photography started on 18 April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as "James Bond Island" both by locals and in tourist guidebooks. The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. Document [75] (Title: Baga Beach (film)) not commercially released nationwide. Baga Beach (film) Baga Beach is 2013 Konkani film written and directed by Laxmikant Shetgaonkar. It followed his critically acclaimed, "Paltadacho Munis" (2009). Set in the eponymous Baga Beach in Goa, it was made at a budget of Rs. 3 crore, making it the most expensive film yet of Konkani cinema. The film deals with the underbelly of tourism in Goa, with issues of paedophilia and child sexual abuse, conflict between locals and immigrants leading to hostility towards migrant labours, impact of holidaying foreigners on local culture. The film had an Indian, German and French cast, Document [76] (Title: The Impossible (2012 film)) Female Actor in a Leading Role. Maria Bennett (Naomi Watts), her husband Henry Bennett (Ewan McGregor), and their three sons Lucas (Tom Holland), Thomas (Samuel Joslin), and Simon (Oaklee Pendergast) go on a Christmas holiday in 2004 to Khao Lak, Thailand. Arriving on Christmas Eve, they settle in and begin to enjoy the brand new Orchid Beach Resort. Two days later on Boxing Day, the massive 2004 tsunami inundates the area. Maria and Lucas eventually emerge from the swirling water and find one another, with Maria having sustained serious injuries to her leg and chest. They help a young boy, Document [77] (Title: Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives) with supernatural elements. The film was an international co-production between Weerasethakul's company" Kick the Machine", Britain's "Illuminations Films", France's "Anna Sanders Films", Germany's "The Match Factory" and "Geissendörfer Film- und Fernsehproduktion" and Spain's "Eddie Saeta". It received 3.5 million Baht in support from the Royal Thai Ministry of Culture. Filming took place between October 2009 and February 2010, as the weather conditions allowed, both in Bangkok and the northeast of Thailand, Isan. The movie was shot with 16 mm film instead of digital video both for budgetary reasons and to give the film a look similar to that of classic Document [78] (Title: Phuket (film)) Phuket (film) Phuket () is a 2009 Thai short film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. The story of the friendship between a Korean actress and a limousine driver at a hotel in Phuket. Jin (Lim Soo-jung) is a famous Korean actress who grows tired of her life. She comes for a holiday in Thailand, but finds that even here, she cannot escape the constant disruption of phone calls and fans. She makes for Phuket, a place that holds fond memories of her youth. There, she happens to strike up a friendship with Pong (Sorapong Chatree) a hotel limousine driver, Document [79] (Title: Strike Back: Legacy) four o'clock in the morning, it was very noisy." Following the crisis, the crew found it easier to work as the military authorities were more inclined to allow them to film where and what they wanted. Outside Bangkok, filming took place in Krabi. "Legacy" was filmed using a variety of cameras, including Alexas, Canons, Red cameras, as well arial drones cameras. The series' visual effects were produced by Darkside Studios, having created 396 visual effects shots. On 26 February 2014, it was reported that Sullivan Stapleton was injured while offset. At the time, the nature of the injury was undisclosed. Document [80] (Title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)) beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter. The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the Document [81] (Title: Rolf Potts) later moved to Busan, South Korea, where he taught English at technical college for two years. He started writing travel stories for Salon.com in 1998, while still living in Korea. In 1999, while traveling in Thailand, Potts attempted to infiltrate the film-set of a Leonardo DiCaprio movie called "The Beach". His essay about the experience, "Storming 'The Beach'," was chosen by Bill Bryson for inclusion in "The American Travel Writing 2000", and led to an ongoing biweekly travel column at Salon.com. "Poets & Writers" later noted that, "the story, far from being an account of a simple-minded stunt, was actually Document [82] (Title: Vichit Kounavudhi) next film, 1979's "Khon Phukao", or "Mountain People", was an adventure tale about a young hill-tribe couple. It included a documentary-style introduction of the various ethnic groups in northern Thailand. "Look Isan", or "Son of the Northeast" was shot in a similar documentary style to "Mountain People". Set in Thailand's rural northeast in the 1930s, "Look Isan" is a sympathetic depiction of a hard-scrabble life, with vivid wildlife photography and some rousing action sequences. It is regarded as Vichet's best film. His 1985 film, "Her Name is Boonrawd", was a look back at the Vietnam War days and the prostitution Document [83] (Title: Soi Cowboy) this apparently was untrue. Two 1-hour episodes of the British comedy/drama "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" were shot in Bangkok in the summer of 2004, partly in Soi Cowboy. In August 2006, scenes were shot in Soi Cowboy for the film "Bangkok Dangerous". In December 2010, scenes for the film "The Hangover Part 2" were also shot here, with one of the bars being temporarily renamed for the film. Soi Cowboy Soi Cowboy is a short (150 meter long) street in Bangkok, Thailand, with some 40, mostly go-go bars. It caters mainly to tourists and expatriates. Soi Cowboy contains one of the Document [84] (Title: The Big Boss) used for filming in Bangkok was the Chao Phraya River in Phra Pradaeng District, for the opening scene in the film where Bruce and his uncle step off the ferry boat and walk through the busy pier. Some of the interior scenes were also filmed in Bangkok, although it is not always clear when watching the film what was filmed where. The Big Boss film crew finally returned to Hong Kong on 3 September, where there would be a further two days filming for insert shots including close-ups of Bruce avoiding the dogs and the "leg-grappling" scene during the fight Document [85] (Title: Jomtien Beach) Jomtien Beach Jomtien (จอมเทียน) or Jomtien Beach (หาดจอมเทียน, "Haat Jomtien"), on road signs and road maps also often written Chom Tian, is a town on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand about 165 km south-east of Bangkok in Chonburi Province. It is about 3 km south of Pattaya and is home to high-rise condominiums, beach side hotels, beaches, and restaurants. There has been a construction boom in the last several years with many new condominiums as well as housing developments built in the Jomtien area. It has become quite popular with Bangkok residents seeking a second home, as Document [86] (Title: On Any Sunday) to shoot. We tried and tried to get a shot with a rider caked with mud. We finally did get the shot, but for a while it seemed like we never would. At one point, Brown found a perfect location for a sunset beach riding shot—Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. I figured there would be no way to get approval to film on the Marine base," Brown recalls. "Steve McQueen said he'd see what he could find out. The next day he called and was told to contact some General and the next thing you know we are shooting the Document [87] (Title: Sirinat National Park) Sirinat National Park Sirinat National Park () is a national park in Phuket Province, Thailand. This park, with sections on land and sea, is in the northwest of the island of Phuket. Sirinat National Park is in Thalang District, about north of Phuket town on the coastal section surrounding Phuket International Airport. The park's total area is , with of marine area and land-based. The park includes four main beaches: Hat Nai Thon, Hat Nai Yang, Hat Mai Khao, and Hat Sai Kaeo. Hat Mai Khao is Phuket's longest beach. The park was originally known as Nai Yang National Park Document [88] (Title: Edge of Tomorrow) director to say it "may be the most independent thing I've ever done." Though Liman intended to film the beach battle on location, the studio instead had a beach set built at the studio site. The set was surrounded by chroma key green screens, which the visual effects artists later used to extend the beach with plates shot at Saunton Sands in North Devon. It was intended for the battle scenes to be reminiscent of coastal battles during World War II such as the Invasion of Normandy and the Battle of Dunkirk. Principal photography began at Leavesden on , 2012. Document [89] (Title: Kon-Tiki (2012 film)) the open sea. Principal photography for "Kon-Tiki" took place in Norway, Malta, Bulgaria, Thailand, Sweden, and the Maldives over a period of three and a half months. Against the advice of many, the filmmakers decided to shoot the ocean scenes on the open ocean rather than on a set, insisting that the "unique challenges" they faced from shooting on the ocean actually strengthen the film. In an unusual technique, the film was shot simultaneously in Norwegian and English, with each scene being filmed twice, first in Norwegian and then in English. This resulted in two versions of the film to Document [90] (Title: Mariyam Mukku) a unique Latin Christian culture. The movie was shot at Tangasseri beach in Kollam. The film released on 23 January 2015 on theatres and met with negative reviews from critics. The filming started in October, 2014 and was shot in the locations at Tangasseri, Vizhinjam and Kapil. The shooting was meant to be completed in two schedules, and the film was set to release by 23 January 2015. It was earlier reported that Hima Davis would play the female lead. However, later confirmed that Sana had replaced her in the film. She was earlier seen in "Vikramadithyan" (2014). A teaser Document [91] (Title: No Escape (2015 film)) to have the perfect family life. Principal photography began on October 31, 2013 in Thailand. "No Escape" was filmed in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Principal photography began on October 31, 2013, with Thai-based production company Living Films facilitating the shoot. "The producers of the film had a wide choice of countries in which they could have based this production," said Living Films founder and executive director Chris Lowenstein. "The fact that they chose Thailand is a great testament to the skills of the Thai crews and the resources that Thailand offers. We are delighted to help bring this project to the Document [92] (Title: The Beach (novel)) a huge amount of cannabis to immobilize the group. Richard and his friends are about to slip away when the Thai farmers arrive. The farmers threaten all of them with guns as they believe that the beach dwellers invited the recent arrivals. The farmers beat up Richard, while leaving the bloodied corpses of the American/German backpackers as a warning. At the sight of this, the extremely intoxicated group experience a collective mental breakdown and start to rip the corpses apart in a frenzy. Sal discovers that Richard has spread the secret of the beach when she picks up the map Document [93] (Title: Kambakkht Ishq) Studios on 1 June 2008, the shooting of the film was expected to be delayed. But the producer indicated, "so far the area where we are supposed to shoot remains unaffected. So for now, we are proceeding on schedule." Later that month, the cast finally began filming for the project in Los Angeles, California, where pivotal scenes were shot at the Kodak Theatre and Universal Studios. In August 2008, reports had indicated that the film was 50–60% complete and the cast would continue filming for the project in Venice, Italy. After completing their overseas schedule, the production team later headed Document [94] (Title: Caught in the Moment) the sanctuary. 8. Thailand - Tristan and Vanessa visit Thailand. They mission this time is to film some wild Asian elephants. The only problem is that they are very much endangered in the wild. Their first stop is the city Chiang Mai, Thailand's largest city. They are appalled at the sight of young elephants on street corners being used to help beggars get some attention. Later, they go to an elephant sanctuary which rescues elephants that were mistreated on streets and in safari camps. 9. Mongolia - Tristan and Vanessa travel to Mongolia to film the wild horse, or better Document [95] (Title: Mortal Kombat (film)) between Liu Kang and Kitana were filmed at the Railay Beach and the Phra Nang Beach, respectively. The bows of the boats were fitted with ornamental dragon-head carvings and used in the movie as the fighters' secondary transport to Shang Tsung's island from his junk. The film was originally scheduled for a May 1995 U.S. release, but was pushed back to August. According to co-producer Larry Kasanoff, this was because New Line Cinema's executives felt the film had the potential to be a summer hit. It was released on October 20 in the United Kingdom, and on December 26 in Document [96] (Title: Skin Trade (film)) finding the script "appealing". Filming began on February 2, 2014 in Thailand. "Skin Trade" was shot over 50 days: 43 filming in Thailand, and four filming in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In Thailand, filming locations included: Suvarnabhumi Airport, the Min Buri District, the Siam Kempinski Hotel, a rice mill, a leather-bleaching factory, and a century-old mansion. Filming was briefly disrupted by public protests relating to the Thai political crisis. To avoid any further interference, the cast and crew had to travel early to get through the traffic and to the set on time. Most of the film was shot on Document [97] (Title: Hat Chom Dao) includes several points of interest: Hat Chom Dao Hat Chom Dao or Kaeng Chom Dao () is a Thai tourist attraction. It sits on the Mekong River in Tambon Na Tan, Na Tan District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It is a rock formation, which is overtopped by the river during high tide but becomes accessible during the dry season. Tourists are attracted by the area because of its beautiful shape. Many surf in the Mekong during the wet season. Highlights include sunrise and sunset views, as well as stargazing at night. During the dry season beach is white fine sand Document [98] (Title: Ngwesaung) Ngwesaung Ngwesaung ( ) is a beach resort located 48 km west of Pathein, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. The beach is 5 hours drive, with no traffic, away from the principal city of Yangon, and an airport is in the works. Buses leave at 6am & 9:30pm from in front of the Yangon Central Railway Station. Opened in March 2000, Ngwe Saung is newer than nearby and more popular Chaungtha Beach, and is designed to attract people with larger holiday budgets. An unspoilt stretch of silvery sand and modern amenities have made Ngwesaung a popular destination for less budget conscious tourists Document [99] (Title: Hua Hin District) they found a small village that had bright white sand and a row of rocks along the beach. They settled there and gave it the name "Samore Riang" ("Samo Riang"), which means 'rows of rocks'. In 1921 the director of the state railway, Prince Purachatra, built the Railway Hotel close to the beach. Prince Krom Phra Naresworarit was the first member of the royal family to build a group of palaces at Ban Laem Hin, called Sukaves, and gave the beach next to his palace the name "Hua Hin". King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) liked the place so much that he Document [100] (Title: The Beach (novel)) departure from Thailand, and Richard has returned home to the United States and hasn't heard from Françoise and Étienne again, but states he is likely to bump into them eventually because "the world is a small place, and Europe is even smaller". He still keeps in contact with Keaty and Jed. By chance, Keaty and Jed end up working new jobs in the same building, although for different companies; similar to how they both happened to stay in the same guesthouse years before they first met at the beach. He also hears in a news report that Cassie has been Document [101] (Title: The Beach (film)) Richard. Tensions rise between Richard and Sal's South African boyfriend Bugs; when Richard gains popularity by killing a shark, Bugs mocks him over the shark's small size but Richard mocks him back for his jealousy. When Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan, Bugs warns him to keep his hands off her. While there they encounter the American surfers Richard met in Ko Samui, who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map. Richard lies to Sal that he did not give them a copy, and she coaxes him into Document [102] (Title: Thillalangadi) where a major portion of the film was to be shot, where the original film was shot as well. By mid-November, the crew had completed a 30-day schedule in Malaysia. The shoot in Malaysia involved an action sequence, filmed by three cameras simultaneously, which was shot on busy roads with special permissions from the local police authorities and a song sequence featuring Ravi and Tamannaah. Shooting was held also at the famous Petronas Twin Towers and on the Singapore-Malaysian railway line. During the 30-day filming, the September 2009 Sumatra earthquakes occurred, which the team luckily survived. In late January 2010, Document [103] (Title: The Sea of Trees) were also using the recreation hall and chapel at Cocasset River Recreation Area, which they scheduled to rent again on August 14. Publicist Gregg Brilliant said, "The film makers looked at about half a dozen places around the country. The story takes place in Japan and the Northeast United States, and we chose Massachusetts. It's a beautiful location." Shooting began in Massachusetts through September, after which filming moved to Japan. The filming wrapped-up on September 30, 2014, in Massachusetts and Japan, with post-production beginning in Los Angeles. The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on Document [104] (Title: Haeundae District) throughout the year. Also, it is famous that the beach itself is very close to the residency place(for example, apartments and houses near the beach) and very near to a lot of commercial cites. Thus, Haeundae beach has to most developed nearby sites. The district was the setting of the movie Haeundae, a South Korean disaster movie based on the relatively unlikely scenario of an immense tsunami hitting the city of Busan. As home to South Korea's most famous beach, it does feature in numerous K-Dramas. The beach and Dongbaekseom Island was used as a filming location for Seoul Broadcasting Document [105] (Title: Phuket (film)) who helps Jin find true spiritual rest. Phuket completed filming in August 2009. Phuket (film) Phuket () is a 2009 Thai short film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. The story of the friendship between a Korean actress and a limousine driver at a hotel in Phuket. Jin (Lim Soo-jung) is a famous Korean actress who grows tired of her life. She comes for a holiday in Thailand, but finds that even here, she cannot escape the constant disruption of phone calls and fans. She makes for Phuket, a place that holds fond memories of her youth. There, she happens Document [106] (Title: Country Hotel) reason, both he and Riam are rather good shots, which may come in useful... "Country Hotel" was filmed in 35 mm black-and-white, with one camera on a single set. The film was produced by Rattana Pestonji's Hanuman Film studio and released in Thailand in 1957. The film was shown at the 2005 Pusan International Film Festival as part of a special program, "Remapping of Asian Auteur Cinema". A DVD of "Country Hotel", with English subtitles, was released in 2005 by the Thai Film Foundation. Country Hotel Country Hotel (; ; literally "Hell hotel") is a 1957 comedy-drama film written and Document [107] (Title: The Beach (novel)) alias of Daffy Duck who gives him a hand-drawn map, with directions to a beautiful island with a hidden lagoon and beach, located in the Gulf of Thailand and inaccessible to tourists. Shortly after receiving the map, Richard discovers that Daffy has committed suicide. Wanting company in his search, Richard befriends a travelling French couple, Étienne and Françoise, and the trio set out to find what they hope might be an untouched paradise. On their way to the island, Richard gives a copy of the map to Sammy and Zeph, two American Harvard students he meets on Koh Samui. When Document [108] (Title: Strike Back: Legacy) cast members underwent intensive training sessions in order to perform stunts on the heavy action-based show. Shooting began in early 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. According to Roberts, the crew chose to film in Thailand because "the costs are very competitive and we get a very good deal here". Filming began during the "Bangkok Shutdown", a political crisis in Thailand. Despite this, there were no filming schedule obstructions, although according to Roberts, "the only problem we had was being unable to sleep," adding that the hotel the cast and crew stayed in were blocked with political rallies "day and night until Document [109] (Title: The Beach (film)) offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American. Real-life drama unfurled on set one day when the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production. It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio. No one was injured. The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life. There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand. The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase. The actual beach was also transformed from its natural Document [110] (Title: On the Beach (1959 film)) part of the Australian mainland. Principal photography took place from mid-January to March 27, 1959 in Australia. Beach scenes were filmed at the foreshore of Cowes on Phillip Island. The film was shot in part in Berwick, then a suburb outside Melbourne and part in Frankston, also a Melbourne suburb. The well-known scene where Peck meets Gardner, who arrives from Melbourne by rail, was filmed on platform #1 of Frankston railway station, now rebuilt, and a subsequent scene where Peck and Gardner are transported off by horse and buggy, was filmed in Young Street, Frankston. Some streets which were being Document [111] (Title: Pattaya) (the main beach) plus Pratamnak Hill (often called "Buddha Hill" because of the temples on top of the hill) headland immediately south of Pattaya Beach, and a smaller southern section covering the area to the east of Jomtien Beach (directly south of Pratamnak Hill). The main sweep of the bay area is divided into two principal beachfronts. Pattaya Beach lies parallel to the city centre, and runs from Pattaya Nuea south to Walking Street, about 2.7 km long. The beach, which used to be 35 m wide, suffers from erosion and in some places was reduced to a width of Document [112] (Title: Mortal Kombat (film)) abandoned Kaiser steel mill in Fontana, California; the site is now the Auto Club Speedway. All of Goro's scenes were filmed in Los Angeles. Shooting locations in Thailand were accessible only by boat, so cast, crew and equipment had to be transported on long canoe-like vessels. Gerrit Folsom constructed an outhouse in a secluded area near the set in order to alleviate the problem of repeated trips to and from the mainland. Filming locations in Thailand include the Wat Phra Si Sanphet and Wat Ratchaburana temples. The arrival of Earth's contestants via boats, Liu Kang's meditation scene and the fight Document [113] (Title: Wicked Game) beach in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island in Hawaii. The newly-formed black sand beach was created from lava from Kilauea Volcano flowing into the ocean about a mile away. The beach was covered by lava not long after the video was shot. The video featured supermodel Helena Christensen rolling and frolicking on the beach with Isaak. It was mostly filmed in black and white. Isaak and Christensen were shirtless through most of the video, although her nudity was concealed by clever camera angles. In the middle of the video, Christensen was seen only in her black lace Document [114] (Title: Aadhi Baghavan) was selected to perform an item number alongside 150 foreign dancers at specially erected set in April 2011. Upon completion of filming, director Ameer Sultan revealed to the media that he, too, had played an important role, although he had stated earlier that he would not act in the film. The first schedule, primarily featuring Jayam Ravi, was held in May 2010 in Bangkok, Thailand. After the lead actress had been finalized, the film crew returned to Thailand in September that year for the subsequent schedule that took place at the beach resort Pattaya which was decorated as hero's office Document [115] (Title: James Bond in film) which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The major part of principal photography started in April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thonburi, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). In late April production returned to Hong Kong and also shot in Macau. Production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior. John Barry returned to compose the score, but had only three weeks to complete the Document [116] (Title: Adam Housley) extensive onsite coverage in the wake of the Southeast Asian tsunami. He reported on recovery efforts and the search for bodies along with his crew on location from Phuket, Patong Beach, Phi Phi Island, and Khao Lak. Housley was one of the first American reporters on scene in Japan to cover the devastation following the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. He and his crew at one point got within 70 miles of the reactors, filming live streaming reports for Fox News before the nuclear threat forced them to return to Tokyo. His coverage was featured in, among others, "The Los Document [117] (Title: Phat Beach) Phat Beach Phat Beach is a 1996 American comedy film, written and directed by Doug Ellin, which stars Jermaine 'Huggy' Hopkins, Coolio , Brian Hooks and Gregg Vance. Made by a group of young independent film lovers, the movie turned out to be considered by many as one of the most successful hip-hop beach movies. During a glorious Southern California summer, high school student Benny King (Hopkins) is doing time flipping burgers. Benny's father wants him to learn the work ethic, rather than have him sit around the house all summer, dreaming and writing. It's not surprising, then, that when Document [118] (Title: Auf Wiedersehen, Pet) to obtain permission to film in Cuba, so the series was actually shot in the Dominican Republic. Two one-hour episodes were shot in Bangkok and Chiang Mai in July - August 2004 and broadcast on BBC 1 on 27 and 28 December. Shooting in Bangkok took place partly in the red-light district Soi Cowboy. Pat Roach, although suffering from cancer, had hoped to appear in the mini-series, but was not well enough and died in July. Instead, Dennis reads a letter from Bomber to the rest of the group while they are all dining in a restaurant, where he explains Document [119] (Title: Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park) Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet () is a Thai marine national park in the Gulf of Thailand off the coastline of Rayong, approximately 180 km southeast of Bangkok. In 1981, the Royal Forest Department declared the archipelago of Ko Samet, along with nine other small islands, the headland of Khao Laem Ya, and the 11 kilometre Mae Rampeung Beach to be a national park, and thus these areas are under the jurisdiction of the national parks department. In August 2013 more than 500 national park officials were deployed to destroy three resorts—Muk Samet, Document [120] (Title: Narathat Beach) Narathat Beach Narathat Beach (, "Hat Narathat") is a beach on the Gulf of Thailand about long near Narathiwat, Thailand. Narathiwat is south of Pattani, midway between it and the border with Malaysia. It ends at a cape at the mouth of Bang Nara River where the annual kolae boat races are held. The beach is shaded by rows of pines. Nearby are fishing villages spread along the river and the bay is full of kolae boats of fishermen. New Central Mosque is at Ban Bang Nara, just before Narathat Beach. This is a religious site for Thai Muslims. It Document [121] (Title: Teng Nong kon maha hia) Khemphimook). During the journey, they decide to take a side trip and what should have been a simple job turns into a major fiasco with a police chase led by Lt Namtarn (Jirada Yohara). Teng Nong kon maha hia Teng Nong khon maha hia ( or Teng and Nong: The Movie) is a 2007 Thai comedy film directed by and starring Thai television comedians Pongsak Pongsuwan and Choosak Iamsook. On its release, despite negative reviews by film critics, the film was No. 1 at Thailand cinema box offices, topping such Hollywood films as "Shrek the Third", "Ocean's Thirteen" and another Document [122] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Ko Yipun, Ko Khang Khao, and Ko Phayam, while Ko Kam Tok (alternate Ko Ao Khao Khwai) and Ko Kam Yai are not visible from this beach. The islands of Piak Nam Yai and Thao are noted for stone-tool usage by long-tailed macaques. In 2002, the Laemson National Park-Kapoe Estuary-Kra Buri River Estuary area became a designated Ramsar site. Subsequent to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the park headquarters were flattened, and Ao Khao Khwai (Bull Horn Bay) was split into two small islands. A consortium of institutional partners are facilitating a mangrove restoration project at Laem Son. Document [123] (Title: Entertainment (2014 film)) shooting locations. Kumar expresses his wish to shoot the film in Bangkok, where he had worked as a waiter and trained in martial arts. The finalised locations included Baanpradhana Bungalow in Ongkuruk, Asiatique Mall, Ancient City, Bangkok University and Ongkuruk Railway Station. The film was scheduled to premiere on 28 March 2014. On 1 July, shooting started in Bangkok for a three months long schedule where 80% of the film was shot, remaining 10% of the film was shot in Mumbai with one song in Goa during late 2013. Shooting was wrapped up in April 2014. A few songs and Document [124] (Title: Honopū Valley) of Kauai, Hawaii stood in for South Pacific. Originally only the jungle scenes were to be shot in Hawaii and the rest on Zuma Beach, California. Producer Dino De Laurentiis, however, was so pleased with Hawaii that he decided to film all the beach scenes at Honopū and Kalalau Valley. The producers and production crew of "King Kong" were told that Honopū Valley was uninhabited, but on the day that they arrived to start filming, they were shocked to find honeymooners on the beach. Scenes that involved filming in the ocean were hard to film due to the 12-foot-high waves. Document [125] (Title: Stephen Wallace) it. I kept compromising about the place where the beach was, about the roughness of the set. I wanted it really rough. Then there was this whole thing about the disco place, which was actually the producer's idea, something he'd seen in Thailand... Also the massacre on the beach. Everyone was worried, the massacre had to be built up, whereas the massacre was wrong - emotionally and morally wrong. All this was pushed and I felt I'd lost control of the film. Wallace finished the film. He made his cut but was fired from the film and extra scenes were Document [126] (Title: The Beach (novel)) The Beach (novel) The Beach is a 1996 novel by English author Alex Garland. Set in Thailand, it is the story of a young backpacker's search for a legendary, idyllic and isolated beach untouched by tourism, and his time there in its small, international community of backpackers. In 2000, it was adapted into a film directed by Danny Boyle and starring Leonardo DiCaprio. In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read. In a cheap hotel on the Khao San Road in Bangkok, Richard, a young American backpacker, meets a mentally disturbed Scotsman going by the Document [127] (Title: Ploy) know how to direct two people making love! And it's not a good experience when they had to do it over and over again for 12 hours." In describing the scenes in his review, Russell Edwards of "Variety" called them "compellingly erotic", but sarcastically added that the scenes "indicate that cinema's gain has truly been pornography's loss." Todd Brown of Twitchfilm.net said the sex scenes might harm the film's chances in Thailand, saying "Thailand is notorious for the uneven application of its censorship laws but graphic nudity is pretty much always frowned upon." Ahead of the film's opening in Thailand, Document [128] (Title: When Elephants Were Young) Mai's survival demonstrates a successful conservation model that shows, despite imminent threats to the survival of Asian elephants, a happy ending for one may offer hope for all. The film was shot in Thailand, over the course of five years, by director Patricia Sims and cinematographer Michael Clark. They followed Wok and Nong Mai street begging in Bangkok, and filmed Nong Mai in the Sublangka wildlife sanctuary after her release. The filmmakers were almost killed in a dramatic car accident in 2014, when their vehicle was struck and plunged over a mountainside - fortunately, all survived their injuries. After its Document [129] (Title: Hat Kata Noi) Hat Kata Noi Kata Noi is a beach on the southwest side of the island of Phuket in Thailand. It is adjacent to Kata Beach to the south. The beach is bordered to the north by the Mon Tri's Villa Royale Resort, and most of the beachfront is occupied by the resort of Kata Thani. On 26 December 2004, the area felt a mild earthquake around 07:59 local time, which later turned out to be shock waves from the massive 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurring at that time near Sumatra. Few people actually felt the earthquake, and no alarm was Document [130] (Title: Kumari 21F) shoot in an isolated colony and in confined spaces. 60% of the film was shot at the R&B colony in Malakpet, Hyderabad. The song "Bang Bang Bangkok" was filmed in picturesque locales in Bangkok, and was choreographed by Prasad. Prasad said he composed a few signature steps during the composition of the song, which Sukumar and Rathnavelu liked. They wanted him choreograph the song. According to Rathnavelu, lighting played a key role in "Kumari 21F". He shot the film with limited equipment and mostly used natural light. The experience he gained working on "Haridas" (2013) helped him with this film; Document [131] (Title: The Beach (film)) film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004. The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials. After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the Document [132] (Title: Mamma Mia! (film)) the south west coast was the film's main location site. The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped. A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing. The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually Document [133] (Title: The Beach (film)) of cannabis supposedly growing there. Before departing, Richard leaves them a copy of the map. En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise. After swimming to the island from a neighboring one, they find a large cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers. Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and meet English cricket fan Keatey where they are welcomed and surprised to see a fully functioning community of travelers living on the island, totally in secret. Sal, the community's English leader, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to Document [134] (Title: Narathat Beach) was built in 1981 and is the province's second central mosque. The Arabian-style building has three floors. The ground floor is the main convention hall and the prayer rooms are on the top two floors. The top is covered with a large dome and there is a high tower for calling Muslims to prayer. Narathat Beach Narathat Beach (, "Hat Narathat") is a beach on the Gulf of Thailand about long near Narathiwat, Thailand. Narathiwat is south of Pattani, midway between it and the border with Malaysia. It ends at a cape at the mouth of Bang Nara River where Document [135] (Title: Wat Khunaram) of Lamai Beach. Wat Khunaram Wat Khunaram is a Buddhist temple on the island of Ko Samui in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is most notable for being the shrine of "the Mummy Monk", Luang Pho Daeng, who died in 1973 and directed that his body be put on display as a reminder of the transience of human existence. It is located in the area between Na Muang and Hua Thanon on Thai route 4169, the main route around the island. It is 13 km southeast of Nathon, the island's "capital city" and main port, and 6 km west of Document [136] (Title: The Beach (film)) loading up on a boat from the raft. The Beach (film) The Beach is a 2000 English-language drama thriller film directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, which was adapted for the film by John Hodge. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle. It was filmed on the Thai island Koh Phi Phi. Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, travels in a drab travelers hotel in Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, and he Document [137] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Laem Son National Park Laem Son National Park is located in Ranong and Phangnga provinces, Thailand. It is situated south of Ranong on the country's west coast, with of Andaman Sea coastline, making it Thailand's longest protected shore. The marine national park is named after the pines along the cape's shore. It was established in 1983, and is in size. The NP is a coastal area with beaches, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and a rainforest jungle. From the beach at Hat Bang Ben, some of the 20 offshore islands are visible, such as Ko Kam Yai, Ko Kam Noi, Mu Document [138] (Title: The Beach (novel)) to the bewilderment of most others, always takes the job. Richard also volunteers, and so the two travel back to Koh Phangan for their supplies. It is during the Rice Run that Jed finds out that Richard gave a copy of the map to Sammy and Zeph when Jed coincidentally wanders past and overhears the two Americans relaying the urban legend of the beach to some Germans. The Rice Run goes without a hitch but soon, accompanied by three Germans they met on the mainland, Zeph and Sammy make their way to the nearest neighbouring island, which worries Richard because Document [139] (Title: Hat Rin) Hat Rin Hat Rin (, ) is a peninsular beach area and town on the southern tip of Ko Pha-ngan, an island in the Gulf of Thailand. Its two main beaches are Sunset Beach (Hat Rin Nai) to the south and the larger Sunrise Beach (Hat Rin Nok) to the north. The famous Full Moon Party takes place on Sunrise Beach each month. The town and beach first became popular with backpackers escaping the tourist influx to Ko Samui in the 1980s. As the popularity of the beach and Full Moon Party have increased, the town has grown to accommodate Document [140] (Title: The Big Boss) by the success of a recent Shaw Brothers film about Muay Thai boxing ("Duel of Fists"), they came up with the idea of shooting an action film on location in Thailand, which would also help to keep costs down. Mr. Mak, an expert in Thai affairs, offered to help with locations and expenses. Bruce Lee flew from Los Angeles to Bangkok via Hong Kong on 12 July 1971. Raymond Chow, concerned about renewed interest from Shaw Brothers, had wanted him to fly directly to Bangkok, but Bruce stopped in Hong Kong briefly to meet Unicorn Chan and several other Shaw Document [141] (Title: Sunset at Chaophraya (1996 film)) numerous times, including a film in 1973, another film in the 1980s and a musical play in 2003 by Dreambox Theatre in Bangkok that was revived in 2007. One of top five box office hits in Thailand in 1996, this film was among the first Thai films to gain overseas distribution for home video, with an English-subtitled VHS release in 1998. It is 1944, and the Japan's efforts to win the Pacific War are failing, and a Thai woman, Angsumalin, has just lost her husband, Kobori, an officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The scene then flashes back to 1939, Document [142] (Title: The Big Boss) Bros. personnel to discuss independent projects that did not involve either studio. Filming commenced on around 20 July in Pak Chong, a river port town situated some 90 miles (150 km) northeast of Bangkok, on the northern edge of the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand's oldest reserve; it also serves as the gateway to the northeast (Isan) of Thailand from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Pak Chong would be Bruce's home for about four weeks – from 13 July to mid-August – and he made no secret of his dislike for it in letters to wife Linda, describing it as a Document [143] (Title: Velipadinte Pusthakam) beach in Thiruvananthapuram on 2 June 2017 to film a beach volleyball scene that was interrupted by rain and was filmed later in the week. The place where Michael consults a lawyer was filmed in a house named Magistrate Bangalow in Menamkulam; the scene was filmed in less than a day. Anoop joined the crew in early June 2017. Mohanlal continued filming until 8 June. He took a break from the schedule to film "Villain" and rejoined the sets of "Velipadinte Pusthakam" on 18 June. Some of the scenes were filmed in Ponmudi. Filming continued in Thiruvananthapuram region until late Document [144] (Title: Ploy) about a Thai couple in a hotel room." The film's proposal was submitted in 2006 to the Pusan Promotion Plan at the Pusan International Film Festival. Budgeted at around US$2 million, principal photography began in February 2007 in Bangkok. The locations included hotels and restaurants along Sukhumvit Road, as well as Suvarnabhumi Airport, making "Ploy" the first Thai feature film to feature Bangkok's new international airport. "Most of the action takes place in a hotel room. So we built our own room on the rooftop of a hotel, and it looks exactly like a real hotel room," Pen-Ek said in Document [145] (Title: Sakarin Krue-On) one of five artists from Bangkok who worked together to represent Thailand at the Venice Biennale in 2003 and again in 2009. In They changed a pavilion into a satirical version of a tourism office, which appeared to be trying to convince the public to visit Thailand as tourists. The office displayed fictitious news broadcasts, large brightly-colored posters, travel brochures, and interactive video displays. Manorah and Best Friends of the Snake, 2010 An installation of short silent film and art objects showed at 100Tonson Gallery in Bangkok in 2010. The film which was in the artist's specific art project "Two Document [146] (Title: Filming of James Bond in the 1970s) at the part-submerged wreck of the RMS "Queen Elizabeth", which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. The major part of principal photography started in April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as "James Bond Island" both by locals and in tourist Document [147] (Title: Benetone Films) with Daemon Hillin, establishing Benetone Hillin Entertainment, a production house based in Los Angeles, becoming the first Thailand film production company to enter the US Indie Film market. In 2018, Benetone Films has now grown into Benetone Creative Group. Benetone Films was founded by a chance meeting with Feroz Khan, whom the founder and his sons helped to complete a 40-day shoot in Thailand. The shoot was originally planned to be in Australia, but the Indian producer-actor-director, impressed by Thailand's locations, infrastructure, and efficiency of the crew, moved the shoot to Thailand. Thereafter, recognizing the potential of Thailand's production strengths, Document [148] (Title: Phi Phi Islands) 2000 British-American film "The Beach". This attracted criticism, with claims that the film company had damaged the island's environment, as the producers bulldozed beach areas and planted palm trees to make it more resemble descriptions in the book, an accusation the film's makers contest. An increase in tourism was attributed to the film's release, which resulted in increased environmental degradation. Phi Phi Le is home to the "Viking Cave", where there is a thriving industry harvesting edible bird's nests. Ko Phi Phi was devastated by the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, when nearly all of the island's infrastructure was Document [149] (Title: The Beach (novel)) many of Thailand's other beauty spots. They are also mindful of upsetting the Thai cannabis farmers, with whom they originally agreed to keep to separate territories but who have more recently warned them not to bring anyone new to the island, as the farmers fear discovery by the police. After initial suspicion, the group accepts the trio when they explain about Daffy's map and his death back on the Thai mainland. Since the community aims to be self-sufficient, work is divided into rosters, for the garden, fishing, cooking, and carpentry. Along with Françoise and Étienne, Richard becomes a part of Document [150] (Title: Bangkok Hilton) apart from the scene involving the escape from prison in the last part of the series. These, and minor scenes (before the incarceration) were filmed at a disused hospital in North Sydney, New South Wales. Non-set based shots required careful acoustic management to ensure uniformity of sound. Overseas locations are Bangkok International Airport, Bangkok, Thailand; Cidade de Goa Resort Hotel, Vainguinim Beach, Goa, India; Goa Airport, Dabolim, Goa, India; London, England, UK; and the Royal Orchid Sheraton Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. It was the highest rating mini series of the year (1989) and was the last of the series of productions Document [151] (Title: Danny Boyle) novel "The Beach". Filmed in Thailand with Leonardo DiCaprio in a starring role, casting of the film led to a feud with Ewan McGregor, star of his first three films. He then collaborated with author Alex Garland on the post-apocalyptic horror film "28 Days Later". He also directed a short film "Alien Love Triangle" (starring Kenneth Branagh), which was intended to be one of three shorts within a feature film. However the project was cancelled after the two other shorts were made into feature films: "Mimic" starring Mira Sorvino and "Impostor" starring Gary Sinise. In 2004 Boyle directed "Millions", scripted Document [152] (Title: Germany's Next Topmodel (season 7)) competition would take place in Thailand. "Original airdate:" 1 March 2012 After arriving in Thailand, the finalists were set a challenge in which they had to walk in Asian outfits. Following this, they flew to Phuket, and the winners of the challenge, Lisa and Dominique, flew first class with Heidi Klum. In Phuket, the contestants did a photo shoot on a beach and for their next challenge shot a commercial for Asian food. The winners of the challenge were Annabelle and Sara, and they won a night in Bangkok. For the live walk, the contestants modeled designs by Tube Gallery. Document [153] (Title: Bangkok Dangerous (2008 film)) point of view Nic needs to have some lines," Oxide was quoted as saying in "The New York Times". "So what we’re going to do is transform his girlfriend instead into a deaf-mute. This switch will maintain the drama of communication between the two main characters." The Soi Cowboy entertainment district was among Thai locations used for filming. The film grossed US$42.5 million, of which $15.3 million was from the US. However, the film grossed US$7.8 million on its opening weekend making this the first film since "" to debut at number 1 with such a low gross. Lionsgate distribution Document [154] (Title: The Storm Warriors) Cheng, along with the Pang brothers, executive producer Daniel Lam and the film's crew celebrated production of the film with a traditional Thai blessing ceremony. Filming for "The Storm Warriors" began in April 2008 and ended in July 2008. Principal photography for the film took place entirely in three studios occupying in Bangkok's Pak-Gret district. Filming consisted mainly of a Thai production crew, as the Pangs decided to shoot the film in Thailand, rather than in their native Hong Kong: "We wanted to shoot the whole film...because we trust them, and because it's probably cheaper than shooting in Hong Kong, Document [155] (Title: Sarvam) filmed on the new bridge at the Kathipara Junction, Chennai and the Indian Air Force base at Cholavaram. A fourth song ("Kaatrukulle"), picturized again on Arya and Trisha, was shot in late September and October at the beaches in Goa and a lake in Ladakh, that was choreographed by Geetha, a student of the renowned choreographer Farah Khan. In the first weeks of February, the last song, a romantic duet, choreographed by Dinesh, involving the lead couple once more ("Siragugal"), was shot at the Rann of Kutch, a saline clay desert in Gujarat, close to the Pakistan border, according to Document [156] (Title: Ko Phi Phi Le) Beach", released February 2000, due to 20th Century Fox bulldozing and landscaping the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Le to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state. Nevertheless, lawsuits were filed as many believed the damage to the ecosystem is permanent and restoration attempts failed. The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's supreme court upheld an appeals court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and Document [157] (Title: The Endless Summer) 2000, Dana Brown, Bruce's son, released "The Endless Summer Revisited", which consisted of unused footage from the first two films, as well as original cast interviews. The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie (the initial release was in 1964, world-wide release was 1966). Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers, Mike Hynson and Robert August, on a surfing trip around the world. Despite the balmy climate of their native California, cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter. They travel to the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria and South Document [158] (Title: The Beach (novel)) refers to as the DMZ together. Richard comes to appreciate that Daffy killed himself because he could neither endure the unravelling of his elitist vision of the beach as the group grew in size, nor bear the thought of a return to backpacking or settled life, and notes that he himself is falling prey to that way of thinking. Richard also realizes that Daffy gave him the map — as well as spreading rumors of the island all over Thailand — so many travelers would come looking for the beach, inevitably leading to it becoming a tourist destination. Daffy describes Document [159] (Title: Beach Spike) Beach Spike Beach Spike ("Yit long kau oi jin" 熱浪球愛戰) is a 2011 Hong Kong film directed by Tony Tang. The film involves a female beach volleyball teams with martial arts skills. It has a proposed cast of veteran actors Bolo Yeung and Ronald Cheng along with the female leads of Theresa Fu, Chrissie Chau, Phoenix Chou and Ankie Beilke. In Hong Kong's Paradise Cove Sharon (Chrissie Chau) and Rachel (Theresa Fu) work at a restaurant of their kung fu master uncle Tao (Lo Mang) while taking on rivals in beach volleyball matches. The wealthy Bu family has plans to Document [160] (Title: The Sand) under the water, faraway and headed towards another beach full of people. In 2012 filming started in California and filming was completed later that year. The Sand The Sand, also titled Blood Sand, is a 2015 American gore film directed by Isaac Gabaeff and starring Brooke Butler, Meagan Holder and Mitchel Musso. At least one version of the opening credits reads "Killer Beach," but the closing credits give the movie title as "The Sand." A group of friends are having a party at the beach with some of their classmates. A girl named Heather (Etalvia Cashin) is videoing the party, Document [161] (Title: Mrigadayavan Palace) Samran beach and Phetchaburi town. Only 15 kilometres distant, it took around five hours to get to the beach. Last, as Chao Samran beach was adjacent to a fishing village, flies were an ever present nuisance. King Vajiravudh decided to move his seaside residence to a new location. Finally, a secluded beach at Huai Sai Nua was found. It was between Chao Samran Beach and Hua Hin. The site was not only close to the train station, permitting easy access from the capital, but had abundant water. King Vajiravud appointed Ercole Manfredi, an Italian architect, who at the time was Document [162] (Title: Invisible Waves) Eventually, the ship reaches its destination, Phuket, Thailand, where real life-or-death adventures begin for Kyoji as he starts to put the pieces together about what he's done. "Invisible Waves" had been announced as Thailand's entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards by the Federation of National Film Associations of Thailand, but was then withdrawn and replaced with "Ahimsa ... Stop to Run", which upset the "Invisible Waves" production company, Five Star Production. The film federation said that the reason for the change was that a print of the film wouldn't be available in time to send Document [163] (Title: Samar (2013 film)) few portions were planned to be shot in China. Most of the scenes from schedule one were canned in Ooty and featured only Vishal and Sunaina. The team left for Thailand on 20 December 2011 for a nonstop 50-day schedule, following which the last schedule was to be in famous locales of Europe and includes an action sequence in there as well. Several stunt scenes were shot in Bangkok with the help of Chinese stuntman Nung, which Vishal performing without using any safety ropes. The song "Poikaal Kuthirai", picturised on Vishal, was shot for over five days in almost 18 Document [164] (Title: Beach Spike) kung fu skills that they apply to volleyball. "Beach Spike" is the live-action feature debut of animator Tony Tang, who previously directed the actress Chrissie Chau in a Slim Beauty television commercial in 2009, where she rips open her office outfit to reveal herself in a bikini. The film was set to shoot in Nanhai and Hong Kong. "Beach Spike" is the second film after "The Blood Bond" to come from producer Bey Logan's B&E Productions. The film was partially funded by the Hong Kong Film Development Fund who approved $2,799,836.00 for it in June 2010. Chau took three months Document [165] (Title: Skin Trade (film)) location, but some scenes were filmed at Baanrig Studios. "Skin Trade" was the first film to be shot in English by an organization based in Asia (outside of Hong Kong) for an international theatrical release. Uekrongtham arranged "a few lunches and dinners" between Lundgren and his on-screen family (Tasya Teles and Chloe Babcook), so they could bond "on a personal level" before filming scenes together. Babcook spent a week and a half filming her scenes in Bangkok, followed by a few days of filming in Vancouver. The "heavily choreographed" fight scene between Lundgren and Jaa was planned over "a month Document [166] (Title: Surf Ninjas) locations included Thailand and Hawaii. The second half of the film was shot first, and the crew moved to Los Angeles to film the first half. New Line Cinema and Sega of America established a financial relationship in which a Sega Game Gear video game would be developed for the film. Game designers began developing the video game "Surf Ninjas" when the film was only in its scripting phase, receiving creative input from director Neal Israel. In turn, Sega partially financed the film. Screenwriter Dan Gordon said that he wrote action sequences that would both suit the film and serve Document [167] (Title: Tom Yum Goong 2) over the cliff and into the ocean; both the man and the elephant survived. There was no official ending to everything that happened. The fates of surviving characters were up to viewer presumptions. "Tom Yum Goong 2" went into production in August 2011. The script was written by Eakasit Thairaat who previously had written scripts of the Thai films "13 Beloved" (2006), "Body" (2007) and "Long Weekend" (2013). The film is shot in 3-D with action scenes directed by Weerapon Phumatfon and Somjai Janmoontree. The film was released in Thailand on 23 October 2013. The film debuted at number one Document [168] (Title: The Sleeping Dictionary) Hilton Batang Ai Resort, where the film cast and crew were based for 10 days. Kuching locations included the Matang Recreation Park; Buntal fishing village and many smaller villages and country homesteads. The local crew and cast numbered up to 600 on certain days, for a few crowd scenes. The local Malaysian film production company for this feature was Southeast Asia Film Locations Services, whose Sri Lankan partner Chandran Rutnam had brought Steven Spielberg to Colombo to shoot "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". His Malaysian partner Edgar Ong was involved in the first major Hollywood feature made in Document [169] (Title: Noi the Albino) fulfilled, has also perished. He later returns to the rubble of his grandmother's house to retrieve the View-Master. The movie ends with Nói looking at the tropical beach scene slide as it slowly becomes a vision of a real tropical beach. MPAA: Rated PG-13 for language and brief nudity. Runtime: France: 82 min; Iceland: 93 min; Netherlands (Rotterdam Film Festival): 90 min; Netherlands: 95 min; Sweden: 89 min; USA: 93 min DVD Features The extras on the DVD reveal that the director prefers less professional actors and ambiguity. He was not at all trying to portray real life in the Document [170] (Title: Duran Duran (1983 video)) ranked as amongst the top ten most beautiful in the world, although encroaching tourism and damage inflicted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reduced the sand area as depicted when the video was shot. However efforts are underway to restore the beaches to their former glory. Otherwise the fishing boats as depicted are still used today, and the general scenery of the Unawatuna beach areas remain much as they did when the video was first aired. This video is the only one on the album in which the band do not appear at all. It was filmed around Notting Hill Question: where did they film the beach in thailand Answer: Ko Phi Phi Leh Long Answer: Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise - like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach . Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed . Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beaches (2017 film)) Beaches (2017 film) Beaches is a 2017 American television drama film directed by Allison Anders and written by Bart Baker and Nikole Beckwith. It is a remake of the 1988 film of the same name. The film stars Idina Menzel and Nia Long. The film premiered on Lifetime on January 21, 2017. Two friends, with different backgrounds, keep a long-lasting friendship through childhood, love, and tragedy. On July 28, 2016, the film was announced, with Idina Menzel joining the cast. On August 16, 2016, it was announced Nia Long had joined the cast. Principal photography began on August 15, 2016. Document [2] (Title: Krabi Province) and Railay Beach. The beaches form part of Krabi's Phra Nang Peninsula. Of the 154 islands in the province, Ko Phi Phi Le is the most famous, as it was the site of the movie "The Beach". Other notable islands include Ko Phi Phi Don, part of the Phi Phi Islands, and Ko Lanta, a larger island to the south. The coast was damaged by the tsunami of 26 December 2004. Krabi's limestone hills contain many caves, most having stalactites and stalagmites. Tham Chao Le and Tham Phi Hua To, both in Ao Luek District, contain prehistoric rock-paintings depicting humans, Document [3] (Title: Blissfully Yours) the camera. The film ends with text stating: December 2001. Min is in Bangkok while waiting for work at a casino on the Thai-Cambodian border. Roong got back together with her boyfriend and they sell noodles in a town not far from Bangkok. Orn continues working as an extra in Thai movies. The opening title credits roll about 45 minutes into the film, during Roong and Min's drive into the jungle. Roong turns on the car radio and the music playing is a Thai-language version of "Summer Samba (So Nice)", composed by Marcos Valle and sung by the Thai artist, Document [4] (Title: Lost in Thailand) Lost in Thailand Lost in Thailand is a 2012 Chinese comedy film directed and co-written by Xu Zheng and starring Xu Zheng, Wang Baoqiang, and Huang Bo. The film is about three Chinese men traveling in Thailand: two competing scientists searching for their boss, and a tourist eager to explore the country. The film is Xu's directorial debut. The film grossed more than US$200 million at the Chinese box-office, becoming the highest grossing movie of all time in China when it was released. It was the first movie in China to earn over a billion yuan, overtaking "Titanic" which earned Document [5] (Title: Steal My Sunshine) budget to make the video. They flew to Daytona Beach, Florida with two dozen friends while the area was crowded with people on their spring vacations. They spent much of the budget on alcohol, buying so much that they broke their hotel's elevator trying to lift it. They shot the video in the afternoon so that they could recover from hangovers in the morning and drink in the evening. The scenes were shot without a script or storyboard. In the video, Len and its friends are shown relaxing together and riding on scooters, go-karts, and jet skis. Motorrad, whose scooters Document [6] (Title: Ko Phi Phi Le) ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials. The Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation claims to be investigating ways to control tourist numbers amid concerns that visitors are destroying the environment at marine tourism spots. The move was prompted by marine scientist Thon Thamrongnawasawat, who posted photos of large numbers of low-season tourists packed onto small Maya Beach. According to Mr Thon, during low season 2016, about 5,000 tourists a day crowd onto Maya beach, which is just 250 metres long and 15 metres wide. The Document [7] (Title: Im Soo-jung) She also acted opposite veteran Thai actor Sorapong Chatree in Aditya Assarat's short film "Phuket", which was commissioned jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Association of Tourism and Hotel Operators of Phuket. Im was previously part of the SidusHQ agency, but moved to being managed by KeyEast. KeyEast launched her official website in June 2012. According to the actress, the online space will be a place where she can converse with her fans directly. In 2015, Im starred in "Perfect Proposal", a remake of British crime thriller "Woman of Straw" that was partly shot in Macau. She Document [8] (Title: Big Wednesday) California, where the film is set, but at Sunset Beach in Pupukea, Hawaii. Other filming locations included El Paso, Texas; Hollister Ranch near Santa Barbara; Surfrider Beach (in Malibu); Ventura, California; and La Libertad, El Salvador. "What I've got to watch out for is getting lost in the surf again," said Milius during filming. "It's so alluring, so easy to get lost in. I worry I might lose sight of the characters. Unlike any other film that has been made about surfing, in this one the characters and not the waves are the most important." Anthea Sylbert was an executive Document [9] (Title: Homestay (film)) material opted to promote the film as a thriller fantasy instead. The film was announced on 19 September, with a press event held on 2 October. The film was released in Thailand on 25 October 2018. It earned 37.49 million baht (US$1.14 million) over its opening weekend, placing first at the box office for two weeks. By 18 November, it had earned 66.58 million baht ($2.02 million), a moderately respectable figure. The film was screened in several international markets, beginning with Hong Kong on 6 December 2018. The film was met with mixed reviews. While most reviewers commended Teeradon's acting, Document [10] (Title: Som Ock Southiponh) Union, Japan, Thailand and Cambodia, where it won a special jury prize at the First Southeast Asia Film Festival in Phnom Penh in April 1997. However, Southiphonh longed to make films independently, and he left the State Cinematography Company in 1989 with hopes of establishing his own video production company. "Money, however, was still a problem, so I did something which may be unique to the history of cinema: I started a bakery. My love of cinema was true, but I needed to earn money if I ever wanted to make films independently," Southipone said. "Fortunately, the bakery, which I Document [11] (Title: Ladda Land) one in its first week, beating out the American film "Thor". The film was shown for six weeks in Thailand where it grossed a total of $3,877,740. "The Hollywood Reporter" suggested in their review that the film was such a big hit in Thailand due to circumstances in the film being based on an actual condo development in Chiang Mai that is rumoured to be haunted. "Variety" gave the "Laddaland" as positive review referring to it as "tasty T-horror" and that it was a "well-made chiller is ideal for fest sidebars, and should reap strong worldwide ancillary." "The Hollywood Reporter" Document [12] (Title: The Beach (film)) was based upon, Alex Garland. He received credit for this as the cartographer. Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed. Following shooting of the Document [13] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Laem Son National Park Laem Son National Park is located in Ranong and Phangnga provinces, Thailand. It is situated south of Ranong on the country's west coast, with of Andaman Sea coastline, making it Thailand's longest protected shore. The marine national park is named after the pines along the cape's shore. It was established in 1983, and is in size. The NP is a coastal area with beaches, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and a rainforest jungle. From the beach at Hat Bang Ben, some of the 20 offshore islands are visible, such as Ko Kam Yai, Ko Kam Noi, Mu Document [14] (Title: Innocence (2005 film)) of more than 1,000 kilometers that takes three days, by truck and bus. For all the children, it is the first time they will see the ocean. Along the way, the children stay at Buddhist temples for free to keep the cost of the journey low. Producer-director Areeya Chumsai is a Thai-American model who was Miss Thailand Universe 1994. She then moved to Thailand permanently, became an officer in the Royal Thai Army and taught English at the army's military academy, as well as writing magazine columns and books. Co-director, principal cinematographer and editor Nisa Kongsri had worked as an Document [15] (Title: The Adventure of Iron Pussy) made while Shaowanasai's friend, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, was experiencing a delay in funding for his third feature film, "Tropical Malady". To keep his Kick the Machine production company working, Apichatpong and Michael collaborated on the script and quickly made "Iron Pussy" on an extremely low budget using digital video, which has a grainy look that matches the 1970s 16 mm Thai films that have survived the years to still be shown today. Enhancing the retro look and feel of the film, the soundtrack is entirely dubbed, which was the standard practice with 16-mm production in Thailand. Many of the voice actors Document [16] (Title: The Beach (film)) look. It is reported that crew members flattened the beach with a tractor, much to the locals' dismay. The tsunami of 2004, however, has reshaped the beach to its natural look. Boyle has been cited saying that the look of the jungle scenes in the film was inspired by the Nintendo game "Banjo-Kazooie". The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall. The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that "The Beach" Document [17] (Title: I Got U) was created for the single and was directed by Rémy Cayuela. Starring the model and actor Rique and New Zealand model Kylee Tan, the video was released on 19 February 2014, and was filmed in Thailand in locations between Bangkok and Phuket. Critical reception for it was positive; Capital Xtra noted that the video contained "all the experiences you'd expect someone to have whilst travelling to that part of the globe, including beach parties, boat rides and bonfires". "GQ" commended it for containing, in their words, "all the tropical trimmings: turquoise waters, infinity pools, freshly sliced watermelon, a beachside rave, Document [18] (Title: Dobara Phir Se) boat-ship. He sort of likes her. They both meet at a party that same day in New York at Samar's house. The director announced film title in July 2015 that she is about to start this project soon. The film is produced by distribution company ARY Films. The director revealed film's cast and crew on August 18, 2015 in her tweet. Film shooting began on August 23 in New York City. On August 28, a scene was short over Bridge Street Bridge. In the last week of August, scenes were shot at Jennings Beach and Lake Mohegan. First spell of Document [19] (Title: Pakorn Chatborirak) the Hua-Hin beach, Prachuap Khiri Khan province, project of Tourism Authority of Thailand. Pakorn Chatborirak Pakorn Chatborirak (; ; born August 20, 1984 in Thailand), nickname Boy (; ), is a Thai model, actor attached to Channel 3 and pharmacist. Pakorn was born in Bangkok to a Chinese family, having two younger brothers, Thana and Pat. His mother was from Ang Thong Province and his father died when he was a child. Pakorn is a naturist. Having graduated from Pongpoowadol Kindergarten, Pakorn attended Assumption School, Triam Udom Suksa School, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, earning a bachelor's degree Document [20] (Title: Blue Juice) of the second Aqua Shack is Kynance Cove Cafe, at Kynance Cove on Lizard Point. The hotel where Josh and Dean take Terry for the cream tea is the Tregenna Castle Hotel, on the outskirts of St Ives, whilst the village hall scene was filmed at Rose Hill, just off Bunkers Hill in the Downalong area of St Ives. The large wave and surfing sequences were filmed in Famara, Lanzarote, while a few close ups were filmed in a specialist wave pool, as shown in the documentary that accompanies the DVD release. Additional shots were filmed in London and at Document [21] (Title: Point Break) State Park and Wheeler, Oregon, and Malibu, Manhattan Beach, Santa Monica, Venice, and Fox Hills Mall in California. Although the final scene of the film is set at Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia, the scene was not filmed there. Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill. The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach, in Ecola State Park, located in Cannon Beach, Oregon, USA. On February 7, 2008, a score release for "Point Break" was released by La-La Land Records, featuring composer Mark Document [22] (Title: Benetone Films) Jackie Moore, which were both shot in Thailand. On 14 January 2014, Benetone Hillin Entertainment announced signing up of Gordon Bressack, three time Emmy Award-winning writer of such shows as Pinky & The Brain and Animaniacs, for a live action feature film, Oliver Storm and the Curse of Sinbad's Treasure, slated for the 2015 release. The film will be shot completely in Thailand, and will be written by Gordon Bressack and his son, James Cullen Bressack. Benetone Films Benetone Films is a production company based in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded in 2002 by Rajpal Narula, and is today headed Document [23] (Title: Cinema of Thailand) system to create experimental short films and features. The leader of this indie movement is Apichatpong Weerasethakul, whose 2002 feature "Blissfully Yours" won the Un Certain Regard Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Featuring a risqué sex scene involving a Burmese man and a Thai woman in the jungle, the movie received only limited screenings in Thailand and a Thai-released DVD of the film was censored. Apichatpong's next film, "Tropical Malady", featuring a gay romance between an army soldier and a country guy, was a jury-prize winner at Cannes. It, too, only received limited screenings in Thailand. Other indie directors Document [24] (Title: Cinema of Cambodia) was filmed entirely in Cambodia in the summer of 2009 and had limited release in cinemas in 2011. It tells the story of Sean and Dana, war photographers in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s. Since 2009, the Cambodia Film Commission has set up a training program to allow foreign productions to work with a local crew familiar with international standards. Since 2009 there has been a significant inflow of foreign productions filming in Cambodia. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts has facilitated a number of projects from Europe, USA, Australia, Asia. The Kingdom now offers Document [25] (Title: Anegan) and Ashish Vidyarthi were selected to play supporting roles. Malayalam actress Lena was also selected to play a supporting role in the film. Principal photography began on 2 September 2013 at Puducherry. It was reported that the film would be shot across locations such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Burma among many other countries. In Malaysia, a football game scene was shot in the oldest English school in South East Asia, Penang Free School. The second schedule took place in Hyderabad, where an action sequence was shot for 20 days, along with a song sequence choreographed by Baba Baskar. According Document [26] (Title: Kirsten Tan) for the next two years in Chiang Mai and Bangkok in Thailand. During this time, she made a string of short films, formed a rock band called Century Ache, and had a shop at the Chatuchak Weekend Market where she sold T-shirts. A Thai fortune-teller once said to Tan: “The gods are confused about where you sleep.” Tan moved to New York City in 2005, where she obtained her MFA in Directing at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. Tan said that she always felt like a rolling stone in the cities that she moved to and that Document [27] (Title: Happy Hunting (2016 film)) desert, most notably Bombay Beach, CA. The production crew was limited to writer/director Joe Dietsch and Louie Gibson, producer Bryson Pintard, co-producer Joe Toronto, makeup artist Michelle Sfarzo, and production coordinator Ben Guppy. Extras for the film were local residents of Bombay Beach, California. The film was shot digitally using the Canon C100 mk2 camera with 10-bit external recording. On October 21, 2016, "Happy Hunting" had its world premiere at Screamfest in Hollywood. The film has a limited theatrical release in the United States by Vertical Entertainment starting on September 22, 2017. The film score for Happy Hunting was originally Document [28] (Title: Phuket Province) coast beaches are more often muddy. Near the southernmost point is Laem Phromthep ()("Brahma's Cape"), a popular viewpoint. In the mountainous north of the island is the Khao Phra Thaeo No-Hunting Area, protecting more than 20 km² of rainforest. The three highest peaks of this reserve are the Khao Prathiu (), Khao Bang Pae , and Khao Phara . The Sirinat National Park on the northwest coast was established in 1981 to protect an area of ( marine area), including the Nai Yang Beach where sea turtles lay their eggs. The most popular (and overcrowded) tourist area on Phuket is Document [29] (Title: Hat Rin) Hat Rin Hat Rin (, ) is a peninsular beach area and town on the southern tip of Ko Pha-ngan, an island in the Gulf of Thailand. Its two main beaches are Sunset Beach (Hat Rin Nai) to the south and the larger Sunrise Beach (Hat Rin Nok) to the north. The famous Full Moon Party takes place on Sunrise Beach each month. The town and beach first became popular with backpackers escaping the tourist influx to Ko Samui in the 1980s. As the popularity of the beach and Full Moon Party have increased, the town has grown to accommodate Document [30] (Title: The Beach (film)) the USA. Director Boyle has spoken negatively of the film, telling a Philadelphia audience in 2017 that he realized halfway through filming that he "didn't like any of the characters." The film has been released on VHS and DVD. The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the film, including an alternative opening which to an extent resembles the one in the novel, were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose. There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone Document [31] (Title: Railay Beach) Railay Beach Railay (), also known as Rai Leh, is a large peninsula between the city of Krabi and Ao Nang in Thailand. It is accessible only by boat due to high limestone cliffs cutting off mainland access. These cliffs attract rock climbers from all over the world, but the area is also popular due to its beautiful beaches and quiet relaxing atmosphere. Accommodation ranges from bungalows and medium-priced resorts in East Railay to a collection of luxury resorts focused on West Railay, though one, Rajavadee, spans both waterfronts and also has a beachfront restaurant at Ao Phra Nang. The Document [32] (Title: The Beach (film)) Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a group photograph of the beach community in happier times. Additional beach community members are played by Myriam Acharki, Andrew Carmichael, Josh Cole, Hélène de Fougerolles, Stacy Hart, Nina Jacques, Sheridan Jones, Gunilla Karlson, Sian Martin, Isabella Seibert, Elizabeth Thomas, Michael Thorpe, Timothy Webster, and Ramon Woolfe. Additional cannabis farmers are portrayed by Sanya 'Gai' Cheunjit, Kaneung 'Nueng' Kenia, Somchai Santitarangkul, Seng Kawee, and Somkuan 'Kuan' Siroun. Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director. It was speculated that Boyle was Document [33] (Title: Tilly Smith) the staff at the hotel Phuket where they were staying. The beach was evacuated before the tsunami reached shore, and was one of the few beaches on the island with no reported casualties. At Danes Hill Preparatory School a cameraman was allowed to follow Smith around for a day to find out what she normally did at school. Kearney was also interviewed at the school. Smith's family declined requests to be interviewed by commercial and national broadcasters, but Smith appeared at the United Nations in November 2005, where she met the U.N. Special Envoy for Tsunami Relief, Bill Clinton, and Document [34] (Title: The Beach (film)) the eccentric Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited and restricted island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach and lagoon. Daffy explains that he and other travelers settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he chose to leave. Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island. Richard convinces Françoise and Étienne to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui. After getting locked out of his bungalow during a thunderstorm, Richard meets two American surfers who have heard rumors of the island, including huge amounts Document [35] (Title: The Beach (film)) way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned. The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous". The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others. Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a Document [36] (Title: Oru Kal Oru Kannadi) Saravanan was unavailable. A photo shoot for the film was held in February 2011 with the lead. The shooting of the film began in March 2011. Filming was held in Tidel Park and Rajiv Gandhi Road in Chennai on 26 April. The car in which they drive to pondicherry was modified with power steering and other interesting elements. A pondicherry bar was setup in woodlands hotel campus. In the song Azhage, which was totally shot in dubai, in between bgms were recreated in VGP beach and matched by art director Jacki. Overseas shooting locations included Jordan and Abu Dhabi, where Document [37] (Title: 2014 Asian Beach Games) 2014 Asian Beach Games The Fourth Asian Beach Games were held in Phuket Island, Phuket Province, Thailand. The games were originally scheduled for Boracay Island, Aklan, Philippines, but was affected by the OCA's hosting changes. The games were held on the same year of the 17th Asian Games. It was the seventh time for Thailand to host an Asia level multi-sports event, after Bangkok held four Asian Games (1966, 1970, 1978 and 1998), one Asian Indoor Games (2005) and one Asian Martial Arts Games (2009). However, it was the first time that the event would not be held in Bangkok. Document [38] (Title: Filming of James Bond in the 1970s) guidebooks. The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. In late April, production returned to Hong Kong, and also shot in Macau, as the island is famous for its casinos, which Hong Kong does not have. As some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and also production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior—cinematographer Ted Moore became ill and Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job. Morris was initially reluctant, as he did Document [39] (Title: The Hangover Part II) "The Hangover 2" would begin in October 2010, for a May 26, 2011 release, following the same production schedule used for the first film. Also in July, Zach Galifianakis stated in an interview with "Latino Review" that the film will be set in Thailand, "Well, I think we're going to Thailand. The problem with "Hangover 2" is that we have to live up to what we did which is very difficult. So we get, I think, kind of kidnapped. It has nothing to do with the bachelor party. We're definitely not doing that again but we do end up in Document [40] (Title: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami) Thung Dap, on the southwest tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second highest at 15.8 m (51.8 ft) at Ban Nam Kim. At Phuket island, many of its west coast beaches were affected. At Patong Beach, a tourist mecca, tsunami heights were 5–6 m (16.4–19.7 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). Tsunami heights became lower from the west coast, the south coast to the east coast of the island. On Karon Beach on the west coast, the coastal road was built higher than the shore and it acted as a seawall, protecting a Document [41] (Title: The Beach (film)) The Beach (film) The Beach is a 2000 English-language drama thriller film directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, which was adapted for the film by John Hodge. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle. It was filmed on the Thai island Koh Phi Phi. Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, travels in a drab travelers hotel in Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, and he immediately becomes attracted to Françoise. He also meets Document [42] (Title: Bangkok Summer) and several Chinese actors are also acting in this big budget picture. The film started production in August 2010 in Bangkok. Most of the film was shot in Bangkok. The movie was a critical and commercial failure at the box office adding to other collapsed Pramod-Pappan ventures. Bangkok Summer Bangkok Summer is a 2011 Malayalam film directed by Pramod Pappan Team. It features Rahul Madhav, Unni Mukundan and Richa Panai. The main themes of the movie are love, betrayal, money and race. The film tells the story of Shrihari who, in search of his brother Madavan, makes it to Bangkok. Document [43] (Title: 30 Degrees in February) and decides to move to Thailand with her daughters Joy and Wilda. They travel to a hotel on a remote beach where they had visited on holiday. Once they find it to be closed, Kajsa decide to buy it, but clashes with Chan the former owner who wants it back, while her daughter Joy falls in love with Chan's son Pong. Majlis (Lotta Tejle) visits Thailand with her grumpy and verbally abusive wheelchair-bound husband, Bengt (Kjell Bergqvist). Although Majlis is enchanted by the place and wants to stay, her husband wants to leave. Glenn (Kjell Wilhelmsen) is a lonely 45 Document [44] (Title: Beaches (2017 film)) Beaches (2017 film) Beaches is a 2017 American television drama film directed by Allison Anders and written by Bart Baker and Nikole Beckwith. It is a remake of the 1988 film of the same name. The film stars Idina Menzel and Nia Long. The film premiered on Lifetime on January 21, 2017. Two friends, with different backgrounds, keep a long-lasting friendship through childhood, love, and tragedy. On July 28, 2016, the film was announced, with Idina Menzel joining the cast. On August 16, 2016, it was announced Nia Long had joined the cast. Principal photography began on August 15, 2016. Document [45] (Title: Jomtien Beach) designated destination. Motorbike taxis generally operate in the town and suburbs, and are mainly used by locals for short distances. Jomtien Beach is about 1-1/2 hours, or 120 km by road from Suvarnabhumi Airport, the Bangkok international hub. By road, it is accessed from Sukhumvit Road and Motorway 7 from Bangkok. There is a new airport bus service terminal located on Thappraya Road just north of the Thepprasit Road intersection. South of Jomtien Beach the U-Tapao International Airport (UTP) is now open to air traffc, it is about 50 min drive, or 40 km by road. Jomtien Beach Jomtien (จอมเทียน) Document [46] (Title: Phi Phi Islands) into the sea, but they very well could just be turning the devices on before officers arrive to check them." The fundamental issue is that the budget allocated for Ao Nang and Phi Phi is based on its registered population, not on the number of people it hosts every year, Mr Pankum said. In June 2018, Maya Beach, made famous by Leonardo DiCaprio's 2000 film The Beach, was closed indefinitely to allow it to recover. The beach receives up to 5,000 tourists and 200 boats a day. Phi Phi Islands The Phi Phi Islands (, , ) are an island Document [47] (Title: Boys in the Sand) that Poole decided to use Donovan for the second segment as well, entitled "Poolside", and construct the loose storyline around him. The three segments were filmed on a budget of $8,000 over three successive weekends in August 1971 in the gay resort area of Cherry Grove, New York, on Fire Island. "Boys in the Sand" had its theatrical debut on December 29, 1971, at the 55th Street Playhouse in New York City. Poole engaged in an unprecedented pre-release publicity campaign, including screening parties and full-page ads in "The New York Times" and "Variety". The film made back most of its Document [48] (Title: Kevin & Perry Go Large) footage of a Virgin Sun Airlines plane landing was actually filmed at El Altet airport in Alicante. Kevin and Perry and Kevin's parents' apartment is in Santa Eulària des Riu in Ibiza. The beach that the boys go to is Cala Benirras on the western shore north of San Antonio. The buying of the indecent magazine was done in the high street of Shepperton. The opening sequence where Kevin dreams of saving Anne Boleyn from execution was filmed at Dover Castle. Harry Enfield suspected that the "two uses" of the word "fuck" (there were actually three, all by Rhys Ifans) Document [49] (Title: Eat Pray Love) Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali (Indonesia). Hindu leaders voiced concern over the production of the film and advocated the use of spiritual consultants to ensure that the film conveyed an accurate reflection of life in an ashram. Both Salon.com and "The New York Post" have suggested that Gurumayi Chidvilasananda was the guru featured in the film and in the book by Elizabeth Gilbert on which the film was based, though Gilbert herself did not identify the ashram or the guru by name. The two Balinese lead characters (Ketut Liyer and Wayan) are played by Indonesian actors Hadi Subiyanto and Document [50] (Title: Wonderful Town (film)) Wonderful Town (film) Wonderful Town is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. Set on the mainland north of Phuket Island in the dreary post-tsunami Khao Lak area and Takua Pa town, Phang Nga Province, shooting was completed in December 2006, for which Aditya had secured funding from Singha Beer and Rolex. More money was needed for post-production work, funds were provided by the Thailand Ministry of Culture's Office of Contemporary Art and Culture. "Wonderful Town" premiered at the 2007 Busan International Film Festival. It won the festival's top prize, the New Currents Award and a US$90,000 Document [51] (Title: Cinema of Cambodia) was shot on location around Angkor, and its star, Angelina Jolie, became so enamored of the country that she adopted a Cambodian boy named Maddox and lived there for a time. Other films shot on location around Angkor include Wong Kar-wai's "In the Mood for Love" (which also includes film footage of the 1966 visit of Charles de Gaulle to Phnom Penh) and "Two Brothers" by Jean-Jacques Annaud in 2003. Matt Dillon's 2002 drama, "City of Ghosts", was filmed in many locations around the country, including Phnom Penh and the Bokor Hill Station. Moriarty's war film "The Road to Freedom" Document [52] (Title: Apichatpong Weerasethakul) shot in the border town, Nabua, where the Mekong River divides Thailand and Laos. In 2011 the New Museum presented the American debut of "Primitive" In 2010 Apichatpong's feature film, "Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives", won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist. In 2012, Apichatpong's film "Mekong Hotel" was screened in the Special Screenings section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In March 2013, Apichatpong and fellow Document [53] (Title: Turtle Beach (film)) which was actually Matt Carroll's idea, something he'd seen in Thailand... Also the massacre on the beach. Everyone was worried, the massacre had to be built up, whereas the massacre was wrong - emotionally and morally wrong. All this was pushed and I felt I'd lost control of the film. The Australian Film Finance Corporation invested $5,248,857 in the film. Stephen Wallace finished the film and made his cut but then he was fired off the film. Extra scenes were shot: I should have taken my name off it. I got advised by my agents not to, but I should Document [54] (Title: Mrigadayavan Palace) building the summer palace. The first one was in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, which was already a popular beach destination at that time. However, since the customary law prohibited the general public from entering areas where the king resided, King Vajiravudh decided to avoid troubling his people and considered alternative locations for his summer palace. He subsequently commanded the Royal Thai Navy to research appropriate sites. The beach at Bang Thalu in Phetchaburi was its first choice. This led to the construction of the summer palace in 1917 at Bang Thalu. The adjoining beach area was renamed Document [55] (Title: The Beach (film)) surfers from Ko Pha Ngan turn up on the neighboring island, Sal sees that they have a map, confronts Richard for lying about it, and orders him to camp alone to observe them until they cross over, then intercept them, send them away and destroy it. She also tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken. Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, stalking the cannabis farmers, stealing some of their personal items while they sleep, and imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy. The surfers reach the island Document [56] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)) "[A] car chase [in Bangkok occurred] near a [canal or] khlong on Krung Kasem Road". Production returned in late April to Hong Kong, and also to Macau, for that island is famous for its casinos, which Hong Kong lacks. Some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios; this included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior. Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job after cinematographer Ted Moore became ill. Morris was initially reluctant, as he did not like his previous experiences taking Document [57] (Title: The Beach (novel)) only day-dream about". "The Beach" was made into a film in 2000, directed by Danny Boyle and starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Robert Carlyle, Virginie Ledoyen and Guillaume Canet. The novel was at one point reportedly being considered for adaptation to a television series by "The Secret Circle" developer Andrew Miller. The Beach (novel) The Beach is a 1996 novel by English author Alex Garland. Set in Thailand, it is the story of a young backpacker's search for a legendary, idyllic and isolated beach untouched by tourism, and his time there in its small, international community of backpackers. In 2000, Document [58] (Title: The Hangover Part II) and earlier comments made by Phillips denying such reports were a deliberate case of misdirection. The following month, Bradley Cooper stated he believed the rumors to be true and was looking forward to filming "The Hangover 2" in Thailand. In October 2010, Phillips confirmed that the film would take place in Bangkok and Los Angeles and that Galifianakis, Cooper, Helms and Ken Jeong would be returning. On a budget of $80 million, principal photography began on October 8, 2010, in Ontario, California with the first images of production being released a few days later. It was also reported in October Document [59] (Title: Sompote Sands) as a child, at the age of seven years old, he left his family to live in the temple (Wat) for follow his dreams. He started learning film production from being an employee in a photo gallery first. While he was studying at grade three, he became an freelance photographer, his work was to take photos of King Bhumibol in boy scout uniform. This photo was published on the cover of Chaiyaphruek, which is a popular youth magazine at that time. In addition, he is also a private photographer for Jim Thompson as well. Later, at the age of 15 Document [60] (Title: Edge of Tomorrow) The "Los Angeles Times" said on the second day, Liman "demanded a total reshoot of everything filmed on Day 1", which concerned producers. Filming on the beach set was scheduled to last two weeks, but extended to nearly three months due to what the "Los Angeles Times" called "the director's self-described 'workshop-y' filming style". Filming also took place in Trafalgar Square in London on , 2012. The square was closed to the public, and tanks were brought in to film the action scenes. The brief scene in the Square required closing 36 roads, diverting 122 bus routes and booking all Document [61] (Title: Turtle Beach (film)) the film should be. Greta Scacchi really liked the book and liked the script and fought for it. But during the process of developing the script, they brought in an American writer and it really changed. I was off directing "Police Rescue" at the time. Then the cast, when they were in Thailand, said they'd signed on the script that I'd written and wanted to change it back to that. There was something about the American script that was more like "King Rat" than "Turtle Beach". So then I was flown out to Thailand to rewrite the rewrite and the Document [62] (Title: Race 3) film, Jacqueline underwent extensive training in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). The shooting of the film began on 9 November 2017 at the Mehboob Studios in Mumbai. The filming of Race 3 moved to Bangkok in Thailand for its second schedule where they filmed a song and an action sequence, which was choreographed by Anal Arasu, at the Floating Market and Rose Garden as well as the jungles of Kanchanaburi Province. After finishing the shoot in Thailand, the production team reached Abu Dhabi for its next schedule. The shooting schedule in Abu Dhabi lasted for 35 days where filming was done Document [63] (Title: Nontawat Numbenchapol) Bangkok in Thailand, and was officially released in Thailand on May 8, 2014. Nontawat Numbenchapol Nontawat Numbenchapol (Thai : นนทวัฒน์ นำเบญจพล; born May 2, 1983) is a Thai documentary film director and cinematographer. After graduating from the Visual Communication Design Department, Faculty of Art and Design, Rangsit University, "Numbenchapol" has pursued his career as a filmmaker. His notable works include "Boundary (ฟ้าต่ำแผ่นดินสูง)" and "By the River (สายน้ำติดเชื้อ)." In 2013, after "Numbenchapol"'s debut documentary feature "Boundary (ฟ้าต่ำแผ่นดินสูง)" that examines the border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia was premiered at 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, it had been banned by Thai ministry Document [64] (Title: Chaungtha, Pathein) Chaungtha, Pathein Chaungtha ( ) is a village and beach resort located in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Chaungtha Beach, as it is more commonly known, is about 5 hours' drive away from Yangon, and is a popular resort with Yangonites from October to April. As it is relatively more affordable than the nearby Ngwesaung and Ngapali beaches, Chaungtha is also more crowded and less cleanly than the two more expensive and better maintained beaches. Chaungtha received its name from the small stream ("chaung") which flowed at the western part of the village. In the Burmese language, "Chaungtha" means "Pleasant Stream". Chaungtha Document [65] (Title: Chaungtha, Pathein) is renowned for its fresh and reasonably priced seafood. A major attraction is a small pagoda built on a limestone boulder at the southern end of the beach. Nearby fishing villages and tidal mangrove forests are also popular among the tourists. Chaungtha, Pathein Chaungtha ( ) is a village and beach resort located in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Chaungtha Beach, as it is more commonly known, is about 5 hours' drive away from Yangon, and is a popular resort with Yangonites from October to April. As it is relatively more affordable than the nearby Ngwesaung and Ngapali beaches, Chaungtha is also Document [66] (Title: Napakpapha Nakprasitte) Thai film titled "Ma-Mee" ("Three Friends"), a partly fictional docu-drama in which she and two of her bikini-clad girlfriends (Jitraporn Panit and Penporn Poonsaem) go to an island for a video shoot, with the camera following their activities both on the set and off. She was listed among the cast for the 2006 Canadian horror-comedy, "1st Bite", by Malaysian-Canadian director Hunt Hoe. She starred in "Art of the Devil 3" in 2008. Napakpapha Nakprasitte Napakpapha Nakprasitte (; , and better known as Mamee, born April 19, 1981) is a Thai film actress. She is sometimes credited as Napakapa Nakprasit. Dhurakij Document [67] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them. The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea with a baby on his way. Filming began on August 19, 2016 in Goesan, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes. The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña, Ribadeo, Lugo, Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar, as well as Begur (Es Cau Swimming Pool), Sitges (Town Hall Document [68] (Title: Sarvam) near the Gemini flyover, the Elliot's beach in Besant Nagar, the flyover at Kathipara Junction and at the San Thome Basilica in Santhome in Chennai, where scenes for the first half of the film as well as some song sequences were filmed. In August 2008 then, the crew shifted its bases to Kerala, where major parts of the second half were filmed. In Munnar a romantic duet between Arya and Trisha was shot, for which grand sets had been erected by art director Manu Jagadh. The team then moved to the "Dhoni forest" in Palakkad district in Kerala, where several Document [69] (Title: Cinema of Thailand) has co-sponsor a Film Festival, in the northern city of Chiang Mai in conjunction with Creative Kingdom Animation Studios Film. Pen-ek Ratanaruang's "Twelve Twenty" (30 min) was made as part of the Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers project for the 2006 Jeonju International Film Festival. The film stars Ananda Everingham, has an appearance by American bilingual actor Erich Fleshman, and was shot by Christopher Doyle. The short film is shot in a minimalist style and slowly moves along the encounters of a man and a woman on a long-haul flight, where they spend the next 12 hours and 20 Document [70] (Title: No Escape (2015 film)) Fine Arts has since prohibited the film from being shown in Cambodia. Sin Chanchaya, director of the Department of Film said that the decision to ban the film had come solely based on the trailer and was also informed that in order to receive permission to shoot in Thailand, where several real coups d'état had just taken place, the production team had to arrange that no scenes would directly identify Thailand as the setting. Chanchaya also said that the Cambodian Ministry had approached the film producers to edit the Khmer lettering out of the film but they had not replied Document [71] (Title: Songkhla Province) Kala Khiri covers 214 km² of mountain highlands on the Thai-Malay border. Khao Nam Khang, is also in the boundary mountains. Chinese Communist guerrillas inhabited this region until the 1980s. Within the boundaries of the city of Songkhla is Cape Samila Beach, the most popular beach in the province. The famous mermaid statue can be found here. The two islands Ko Nu and Ko Maew (Mouse and Cat Islands), not far from the beach, are also popular landmarks, and a preferred fishing ground. According to a local folk tale, a cat, mouse and dog were traveling on a Chinese ship, Document [72] (Title: Beach Spike) of volleyball training to prepare for her role in "Beach Spike". While working on "Beach Spike" during the day, Chau and Him Law were shooting the scenes for "Marriage with a Liar" by night. Production on "Beach Spike" ended in late September 2010. "Beach Spike" was released in Hong Kong on 7 July 2011. It was the fourth highest-grossing film in the Hong Kong box office on its opening week. In total, the film has grossed $191,748. Beach Spike Beach Spike ("Yit long kau oi jin" 熱浪球愛戰) is a 2011 Hong Kong film directed by Tony Tang. The film involves Document [73] (Title: Party (Girls' Generation song)) the single, was choreographed by Kevin Maher and directed by Hong Won-ki of Zanybros. It was filmed in Ko Samui, Thailand, and has a beach setting that shows the group enjoying themselves at a summer beach party. There are also a few scenes that were filmed indoors in a bar where they dance to the song. Lucas Villa from "AXS" praised the video's flamboyant fashion styles, writing that "Girls' Generation does summer right by living it up under the sun." The music video was an instant success on YouTube, achieving over 2.7 million views in one day. Within 36 hours, Document [74] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)) the Hong Kong Dragon Garden as the estate of Hai Fat, which portrayed a location in Bangkok. The major part of principal photography started on 18 April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as "James Bond Island" both by locals and in tourist guidebooks. The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. Document [75] (Title: Baga Beach (film)) not commercially released nationwide. Baga Beach (film) Baga Beach is 2013 Konkani film written and directed by Laxmikant Shetgaonkar. It followed his critically acclaimed, "Paltadacho Munis" (2009). Set in the eponymous Baga Beach in Goa, it was made at a budget of Rs. 3 crore, making it the most expensive film yet of Konkani cinema. The film deals with the underbelly of tourism in Goa, with issues of paedophilia and child sexual abuse, conflict between locals and immigrants leading to hostility towards migrant labours, impact of holidaying foreigners on local culture. The film had an Indian, German and French cast, Document [76] (Title: The Impossible (2012 film)) Female Actor in a Leading Role. Maria Bennett (Naomi Watts), her husband Henry Bennett (Ewan McGregor), and their three sons Lucas (Tom Holland), Thomas (Samuel Joslin), and Simon (Oaklee Pendergast) go on a Christmas holiday in 2004 to Khao Lak, Thailand. Arriving on Christmas Eve, they settle in and begin to enjoy the brand new Orchid Beach Resort. Two days later on Boxing Day, the massive 2004 tsunami inundates the area. Maria and Lucas eventually emerge from the swirling water and find one another, with Maria having sustained serious injuries to her leg and chest. They help a young boy, Document [77] (Title: Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives) with supernatural elements. The film was an international co-production between Weerasethakul's company" Kick the Machine", Britain's "Illuminations Films", France's "Anna Sanders Films", Germany's "The Match Factory" and "Geissendörfer Film- und Fernsehproduktion" and Spain's "Eddie Saeta". It received 3.5 million Baht in support from the Royal Thai Ministry of Culture. Filming took place between October 2009 and February 2010, as the weather conditions allowed, both in Bangkok and the northeast of Thailand, Isan. The movie was shot with 16 mm film instead of digital video both for budgetary reasons and to give the film a look similar to that of classic Document [78] (Title: Phuket (film)) Phuket (film) Phuket () is a 2009 Thai short film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. The story of the friendship between a Korean actress and a limousine driver at a hotel in Phuket. Jin (Lim Soo-jung) is a famous Korean actress who grows tired of her life. She comes for a holiday in Thailand, but finds that even here, she cannot escape the constant disruption of phone calls and fans. She makes for Phuket, a place that holds fond memories of her youth. There, she happens to strike up a friendship with Pong (Sorapong Chatree) a hotel limousine driver, Document [79] (Title: Strike Back: Legacy) four o'clock in the morning, it was very noisy." Following the crisis, the crew found it easier to work as the military authorities were more inclined to allow them to film where and what they wanted. Outside Bangkok, filming took place in Krabi. "Legacy" was filmed using a variety of cameras, including Alexas, Canons, Red cameras, as well arial drones cameras. The series' visual effects were produced by Darkside Studios, having created 396 visual effects shots. On 26 February 2014, it was reported that Sullivan Stapleton was injured while offset. At the time, the nature of the injury was undisclosed. Document [80] (Title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)) beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter. The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the Document [81] (Title: Rolf Potts) later moved to Busan, South Korea, where he taught English at technical college for two years. He started writing travel stories for Salon.com in 1998, while still living in Korea. In 1999, while traveling in Thailand, Potts attempted to infiltrate the film-set of a Leonardo DiCaprio movie called "The Beach". His essay about the experience, "Storming 'The Beach'," was chosen by Bill Bryson for inclusion in "The American Travel Writing 2000", and led to an ongoing biweekly travel column at Salon.com. "Poets & Writers" later noted that, "the story, far from being an account of a simple-minded stunt, was actually Document [82] (Title: Vichit Kounavudhi) next film, 1979's "Khon Phukao", or "Mountain People", was an adventure tale about a young hill-tribe couple. It included a documentary-style introduction of the various ethnic groups in northern Thailand. "Look Isan", or "Son of the Northeast" was shot in a similar documentary style to "Mountain People". Set in Thailand's rural northeast in the 1930s, "Look Isan" is a sympathetic depiction of a hard-scrabble life, with vivid wildlife photography and some rousing action sequences. It is regarded as Vichet's best film. His 1985 film, "Her Name is Boonrawd", was a look back at the Vietnam War days and the prostitution Document [83] (Title: Soi Cowboy) this apparently was untrue. Two 1-hour episodes of the British comedy/drama "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" were shot in Bangkok in the summer of 2004, partly in Soi Cowboy. In August 2006, scenes were shot in Soi Cowboy for the film "Bangkok Dangerous". In December 2010, scenes for the film "The Hangover Part 2" were also shot here, with one of the bars being temporarily renamed for the film. Soi Cowboy Soi Cowboy is a short (150 meter long) street in Bangkok, Thailand, with some 40, mostly go-go bars. It caters mainly to tourists and expatriates. Soi Cowboy contains one of the Document [84] (Title: The Big Boss) used for filming in Bangkok was the Chao Phraya River in Phra Pradaeng District, for the opening scene in the film where Bruce and his uncle step off the ferry boat and walk through the busy pier. Some of the interior scenes were also filmed in Bangkok, although it is not always clear when watching the film what was filmed where. The Big Boss film crew finally returned to Hong Kong on 3 September, where there would be a further two days filming for insert shots including close-ups of Bruce avoiding the dogs and the "leg-grappling" scene during the fight Document [85] (Title: Jomtien Beach) Jomtien Beach Jomtien (จอมเทียน) or Jomtien Beach (หาดจอมเทียน, "Haat Jomtien"), on road signs and road maps also often written Chom Tian, is a town on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand about 165 km south-east of Bangkok in Chonburi Province. It is about 3 km south of Pattaya and is home to high-rise condominiums, beach side hotels, beaches, and restaurants. There has been a construction boom in the last several years with many new condominiums as well as housing developments built in the Jomtien area. It has become quite popular with Bangkok residents seeking a second home, as Document [86] (Title: On Any Sunday) to shoot. We tried and tried to get a shot with a rider caked with mud. We finally did get the shot, but for a while it seemed like we never would. At one point, Brown found a perfect location for a sunset beach riding shot—Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. I figured there would be no way to get approval to film on the Marine base," Brown recalls. "Steve McQueen said he'd see what he could find out. The next day he called and was told to contact some General and the next thing you know we are shooting the Document [87] (Title: Sirinat National Park) Sirinat National Park Sirinat National Park () is a national park in Phuket Province, Thailand. This park, with sections on land and sea, is in the northwest of the island of Phuket. Sirinat National Park is in Thalang District, about north of Phuket town on the coastal section surrounding Phuket International Airport. The park's total area is , with of marine area and land-based. The park includes four main beaches: Hat Nai Thon, Hat Nai Yang, Hat Mai Khao, and Hat Sai Kaeo. Hat Mai Khao is Phuket's longest beach. The park was originally known as Nai Yang National Park Document [88] (Title: Edge of Tomorrow) director to say it "may be the most independent thing I've ever done." Though Liman intended to film the beach battle on location, the studio instead had a beach set built at the studio site. The set was surrounded by chroma key green screens, which the visual effects artists later used to extend the beach with plates shot at Saunton Sands in North Devon. It was intended for the battle scenes to be reminiscent of coastal battles during World War II such as the Invasion of Normandy and the Battle of Dunkirk. Principal photography began at Leavesden on , 2012. Document [89] (Title: Kon-Tiki (2012 film)) the open sea. Principal photography for "Kon-Tiki" took place in Norway, Malta, Bulgaria, Thailand, Sweden, and the Maldives over a period of three and a half months. Against the advice of many, the filmmakers decided to shoot the ocean scenes on the open ocean rather than on a set, insisting that the "unique challenges" they faced from shooting on the ocean actually strengthen the film. In an unusual technique, the film was shot simultaneously in Norwegian and English, with each scene being filmed twice, first in Norwegian and then in English. This resulted in two versions of the film to Document [90] (Title: Mariyam Mukku) a unique Latin Christian culture. The movie was shot at Tangasseri beach in Kollam. The film released on 23 January 2015 on theatres and met with negative reviews from critics. The filming started in October, 2014 and was shot in the locations at Tangasseri, Vizhinjam and Kapil. The shooting was meant to be completed in two schedules, and the film was set to release by 23 January 2015. It was earlier reported that Hima Davis would play the female lead. However, later confirmed that Sana had replaced her in the film. She was earlier seen in "Vikramadithyan" (2014). A teaser Document [91] (Title: No Escape (2015 film)) to have the perfect family life. Principal photography began on October 31, 2013 in Thailand. "No Escape" was filmed in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Principal photography began on October 31, 2013, with Thai-based production company Living Films facilitating the shoot. "The producers of the film had a wide choice of countries in which they could have based this production," said Living Films founder and executive director Chris Lowenstein. "The fact that they chose Thailand is a great testament to the skills of the Thai crews and the resources that Thailand offers. We are delighted to help bring this project to the Document [92] (Title: The Beach (novel)) a huge amount of cannabis to immobilize the group. Richard and his friends are about to slip away when the Thai farmers arrive. The farmers threaten all of them with guns as they believe that the beach dwellers invited the recent arrivals. The farmers beat up Richard, while leaving the bloodied corpses of the American/German backpackers as a warning. At the sight of this, the extremely intoxicated group experience a collective mental breakdown and start to rip the corpses apart in a frenzy. Sal discovers that Richard has spread the secret of the beach when she picks up the map Document [93] (Title: Kambakkht Ishq) Studios on 1 June 2008, the shooting of the film was expected to be delayed. But the producer indicated, "so far the area where we are supposed to shoot remains unaffected. So for now, we are proceeding on schedule." Later that month, the cast finally began filming for the project in Los Angeles, California, where pivotal scenes were shot at the Kodak Theatre and Universal Studios. In August 2008, reports had indicated that the film was 50–60% complete and the cast would continue filming for the project in Venice, Italy. After completing their overseas schedule, the production team later headed Document [94] (Title: Caught in the Moment) the sanctuary. 8. Thailand - Tristan and Vanessa visit Thailand. They mission this time is to film some wild Asian elephants. The only problem is that they are very much endangered in the wild. Their first stop is the city Chiang Mai, Thailand's largest city. They are appalled at the sight of young elephants on street corners being used to help beggars get some attention. Later, they go to an elephant sanctuary which rescues elephants that were mistreated on streets and in safari camps. 9. Mongolia - Tristan and Vanessa travel to Mongolia to film the wild horse, or better Document [95] (Title: Mortal Kombat (film)) between Liu Kang and Kitana were filmed at the Railay Beach and the Phra Nang Beach, respectively. The bows of the boats were fitted with ornamental dragon-head carvings and used in the movie as the fighters' secondary transport to Shang Tsung's island from his junk. The film was originally scheduled for a May 1995 U.S. release, but was pushed back to August. According to co-producer Larry Kasanoff, this was because New Line Cinema's executives felt the film had the potential to be a summer hit. It was released on October 20 in the United Kingdom, and on December 26 in Document [96] (Title: Skin Trade (film)) finding the script "appealing". Filming began on February 2, 2014 in Thailand. "Skin Trade" was shot over 50 days: 43 filming in Thailand, and four filming in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In Thailand, filming locations included: Suvarnabhumi Airport, the Min Buri District, the Siam Kempinski Hotel, a rice mill, a leather-bleaching factory, and a century-old mansion. Filming was briefly disrupted by public protests relating to the Thai political crisis. To avoid any further interference, the cast and crew had to travel early to get through the traffic and to the set on time. Most of the film was shot on Document [97] (Title: Hat Chom Dao) includes several points of interest: Hat Chom Dao Hat Chom Dao or Kaeng Chom Dao () is a Thai tourist attraction. It sits on the Mekong River in Tambon Na Tan, Na Tan District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It is a rock formation, which is overtopped by the river during high tide but becomes accessible during the dry season. Tourists are attracted by the area because of its beautiful shape. Many surf in the Mekong during the wet season. Highlights include sunrise and sunset views, as well as stargazing at night. During the dry season beach is white fine sand Document [98] (Title: Ngwesaung) Ngwesaung Ngwesaung ( ) is a beach resort located 48 km west of Pathein, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. The beach is 5 hours drive, with no traffic, away from the principal city of Yangon, and an airport is in the works. Buses leave at 6am & 9:30pm from in front of the Yangon Central Railway Station. Opened in March 2000, Ngwe Saung is newer than nearby and more popular Chaungtha Beach, and is designed to attract people with larger holiday budgets. An unspoilt stretch of silvery sand and modern amenities have made Ngwesaung a popular destination for less budget conscious tourists Document [99] (Title: Hua Hin District) they found a small village that had bright white sand and a row of rocks along the beach. They settled there and gave it the name "Samore Riang" ("Samo Riang"), which means 'rows of rocks'. In 1921 the director of the state railway, Prince Purachatra, built the Railway Hotel close to the beach. Prince Krom Phra Naresworarit was the first member of the royal family to build a group of palaces at Ban Laem Hin, called Sukaves, and gave the beach next to his palace the name "Hua Hin". King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) liked the place so much that he Document [100] (Title: The Beach (novel)) departure from Thailand, and Richard has returned home to the United States and hasn't heard from Françoise and Étienne again, but states he is likely to bump into them eventually because "the world is a small place, and Europe is even smaller". He still keeps in contact with Keaty and Jed. By chance, Keaty and Jed end up working new jobs in the same building, although for different companies; similar to how they both happened to stay in the same guesthouse years before they first met at the beach. He also hears in a news report that Cassie has been Document [101] (Title: The Beach (film)) Richard. Tensions rise between Richard and Sal's South African boyfriend Bugs; when Richard gains popularity by killing a shark, Bugs mocks him over the shark's small size but Richard mocks him back for his jealousy. When Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan, Bugs warns him to keep his hands off her. While there they encounter the American surfers Richard met in Ko Samui, who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map. Richard lies to Sal that he did not give them a copy, and she coaxes him into Document [102] (Title: Thillalangadi) where a major portion of the film was to be shot, where the original film was shot as well. By mid-November, the crew had completed a 30-day schedule in Malaysia. The shoot in Malaysia involved an action sequence, filmed by three cameras simultaneously, which was shot on busy roads with special permissions from the local police authorities and a song sequence featuring Ravi and Tamannaah. Shooting was held also at the famous Petronas Twin Towers and on the Singapore-Malaysian railway line. During the 30-day filming, the September 2009 Sumatra earthquakes occurred, which the team luckily survived. In late January 2010, Document [103] (Title: The Sea of Trees) were also using the recreation hall and chapel at Cocasset River Recreation Area, which they scheduled to rent again on August 14. Publicist Gregg Brilliant said, "The film makers looked at about half a dozen places around the country. The story takes place in Japan and the Northeast United States, and we chose Massachusetts. It's a beautiful location." Shooting began in Massachusetts through September, after which filming moved to Japan. The filming wrapped-up on September 30, 2014, in Massachusetts and Japan, with post-production beginning in Los Angeles. The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on Document [104] (Title: Haeundae District) throughout the year. Also, it is famous that the beach itself is very close to the residency place(for example, apartments and houses near the beach) and very near to a lot of commercial cites. Thus, Haeundae beach has to most developed nearby sites. The district was the setting of the movie Haeundae, a South Korean disaster movie based on the relatively unlikely scenario of an immense tsunami hitting the city of Busan. As home to South Korea's most famous beach, it does feature in numerous K-Dramas. The beach and Dongbaekseom Island was used as a filming location for Seoul Broadcasting Document [105] (Title: Phuket (film)) who helps Jin find true spiritual rest. Phuket completed filming in August 2009. Phuket (film) Phuket () is a 2009 Thai short film written and directed by Aditya Assarat. The story of the friendship between a Korean actress and a limousine driver at a hotel in Phuket. Jin (Lim Soo-jung) is a famous Korean actress who grows tired of her life. She comes for a holiday in Thailand, but finds that even here, she cannot escape the constant disruption of phone calls and fans. She makes for Phuket, a place that holds fond memories of her youth. There, she happens Document [106] (Title: Country Hotel) reason, both he and Riam are rather good shots, which may come in useful... "Country Hotel" was filmed in 35 mm black-and-white, with one camera on a single set. The film was produced by Rattana Pestonji's Hanuman Film studio and released in Thailand in 1957. The film was shown at the 2005 Pusan International Film Festival as part of a special program, "Remapping of Asian Auteur Cinema". A DVD of "Country Hotel", with English subtitles, was released in 2005 by the Thai Film Foundation. Country Hotel Country Hotel (; ; literally "Hell hotel") is a 1957 comedy-drama film written and Document [107] (Title: The Beach (novel)) alias of Daffy Duck who gives him a hand-drawn map, with directions to a beautiful island with a hidden lagoon and beach, located in the Gulf of Thailand and inaccessible to tourists. Shortly after receiving the map, Richard discovers that Daffy has committed suicide. Wanting company in his search, Richard befriends a travelling French couple, Étienne and Françoise, and the trio set out to find what they hope might be an untouched paradise. On their way to the island, Richard gives a copy of the map to Sammy and Zeph, two American Harvard students he meets on Koh Samui. When Document [108] (Title: Strike Back: Legacy) cast members underwent intensive training sessions in order to perform stunts on the heavy action-based show. Shooting began in early 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. According to Roberts, the crew chose to film in Thailand because "the costs are very competitive and we get a very good deal here". Filming began during the "Bangkok Shutdown", a political crisis in Thailand. Despite this, there were no filming schedule obstructions, although according to Roberts, "the only problem we had was being unable to sleep," adding that the hotel the cast and crew stayed in were blocked with political rallies "day and night until Document [109] (Title: The Beach (film)) offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American. Real-life drama unfurled on set one day when the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production. It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio. No one was injured. The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life. There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand. The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase. The actual beach was also transformed from its natural Document [110] (Title: On the Beach (1959 film)) part of the Australian mainland. Principal photography took place from mid-January to March 27, 1959 in Australia. Beach scenes were filmed at the foreshore of Cowes on Phillip Island. The film was shot in part in Berwick, then a suburb outside Melbourne and part in Frankston, also a Melbourne suburb. The well-known scene where Peck meets Gardner, who arrives from Melbourne by rail, was filmed on platform #1 of Frankston railway station, now rebuilt, and a subsequent scene where Peck and Gardner are transported off by horse and buggy, was filmed in Young Street, Frankston. Some streets which were being Document [111] (Title: Pattaya) (the main beach) plus Pratamnak Hill (often called "Buddha Hill" because of the temples on top of the hill) headland immediately south of Pattaya Beach, and a smaller southern section covering the area to the east of Jomtien Beach (directly south of Pratamnak Hill). The main sweep of the bay area is divided into two principal beachfronts. Pattaya Beach lies parallel to the city centre, and runs from Pattaya Nuea south to Walking Street, about 2.7 km long. The beach, which used to be 35 m wide, suffers from erosion and in some places was reduced to a width of Document [112] (Title: Mortal Kombat (film)) abandoned Kaiser steel mill in Fontana, California; the site is now the Auto Club Speedway. All of Goro's scenes were filmed in Los Angeles. Shooting locations in Thailand were accessible only by boat, so cast, crew and equipment had to be transported on long canoe-like vessels. Gerrit Folsom constructed an outhouse in a secluded area near the set in order to alleviate the problem of repeated trips to and from the mainland. Filming locations in Thailand include the Wat Phra Si Sanphet and Wat Ratchaburana temples. The arrival of Earth's contestants via boats, Liu Kang's meditation scene and the fight Document [113] (Title: Wicked Game) beach in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island in Hawaii. The newly-formed black sand beach was created from lava from Kilauea Volcano flowing into the ocean about a mile away. The beach was covered by lava not long after the video was shot. The video featured supermodel Helena Christensen rolling and frolicking on the beach with Isaak. It was mostly filmed in black and white. Isaak and Christensen were shirtless through most of the video, although her nudity was concealed by clever camera angles. In the middle of the video, Christensen was seen only in her black lace Document [114] (Title: Aadhi Baghavan) was selected to perform an item number alongside 150 foreign dancers at specially erected set in April 2011. Upon completion of filming, director Ameer Sultan revealed to the media that he, too, had played an important role, although he had stated earlier that he would not act in the film. The first schedule, primarily featuring Jayam Ravi, was held in May 2010 in Bangkok, Thailand. After the lead actress had been finalized, the film crew returned to Thailand in September that year for the subsequent schedule that took place at the beach resort Pattaya which was decorated as hero's office Document [115] (Title: James Bond in film) which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The major part of principal photography started in April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thonburi, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). In late April production returned to Hong Kong and also shot in Macau. Production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior. John Barry returned to compose the score, but had only three weeks to complete the Document [116] (Title: Adam Housley) extensive onsite coverage in the wake of the Southeast Asian tsunami. He reported on recovery efforts and the search for bodies along with his crew on location from Phuket, Patong Beach, Phi Phi Island, and Khao Lak. Housley was one of the first American reporters on scene in Japan to cover the devastation following the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. He and his crew at one point got within 70 miles of the reactors, filming live streaming reports for Fox News before the nuclear threat forced them to return to Tokyo. His coverage was featured in, among others, "The Los Document [117] (Title: Phat Beach) Phat Beach Phat Beach is a 1996 American comedy film, written and directed by Doug Ellin, which stars Jermaine 'Huggy' Hopkins, Coolio , Brian Hooks and Gregg Vance. Made by a group of young independent film lovers, the movie turned out to be considered by many as one of the most successful hip-hop beach movies. During a glorious Southern California summer, high school student Benny King (Hopkins) is doing time flipping burgers. Benny's father wants him to learn the work ethic, rather than have him sit around the house all summer, dreaming and writing. It's not surprising, then, that when Document [118] (Title: Auf Wiedersehen, Pet) to obtain permission to film in Cuba, so the series was actually shot in the Dominican Republic. Two one-hour episodes were shot in Bangkok and Chiang Mai in July - August 2004 and broadcast on BBC 1 on 27 and 28 December. Shooting in Bangkok took place partly in the red-light district Soi Cowboy. Pat Roach, although suffering from cancer, had hoped to appear in the mini-series, but was not well enough and died in July. Instead, Dennis reads a letter from Bomber to the rest of the group while they are all dining in a restaurant, where he explains Document [119] (Title: Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park) Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet () is a Thai marine national park in the Gulf of Thailand off the coastline of Rayong, approximately 180 km southeast of Bangkok. In 1981, the Royal Forest Department declared the archipelago of Ko Samet, along with nine other small islands, the headland of Khao Laem Ya, and the 11 kilometre Mae Rampeung Beach to be a national park, and thus these areas are under the jurisdiction of the national parks department. In August 2013 more than 500 national park officials were deployed to destroy three resorts—Muk Samet, Document [120] (Title: Narathat Beach) Narathat Beach Narathat Beach (, "Hat Narathat") is a beach on the Gulf of Thailand about long near Narathiwat, Thailand. Narathiwat is south of Pattani, midway between it and the border with Malaysia. It ends at a cape at the mouth of Bang Nara River where the annual kolae boat races are held. The beach is shaded by rows of pines. Nearby are fishing villages spread along the river and the bay is full of kolae boats of fishermen. New Central Mosque is at Ban Bang Nara, just before Narathat Beach. This is a religious site for Thai Muslims. It Document [121] (Title: Teng Nong kon maha hia) Khemphimook). During the journey, they decide to take a side trip and what should have been a simple job turns into a major fiasco with a police chase led by Lt Namtarn (Jirada Yohara). Teng Nong kon maha hia Teng Nong khon maha hia ( or Teng and Nong: The Movie) is a 2007 Thai comedy film directed by and starring Thai television comedians Pongsak Pongsuwan and Choosak Iamsook. On its release, despite negative reviews by film critics, the film was No. 1 at Thailand cinema box offices, topping such Hollywood films as "Shrek the Third", "Ocean's Thirteen" and another Document [122] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Ko Yipun, Ko Khang Khao, and Ko Phayam, while Ko Kam Tok (alternate Ko Ao Khao Khwai) and Ko Kam Yai are not visible from this beach. The islands of Piak Nam Yai and Thao are noted for stone-tool usage by long-tailed macaques. In 2002, the Laemson National Park-Kapoe Estuary-Kra Buri River Estuary area became a designated Ramsar site. Subsequent to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the park headquarters were flattened, and Ao Khao Khwai (Bull Horn Bay) was split into two small islands. A consortium of institutional partners are facilitating a mangrove restoration project at Laem Son. Document [123] (Title: Entertainment (2014 film)) shooting locations. Kumar expresses his wish to shoot the film in Bangkok, where he had worked as a waiter and trained in martial arts. The finalised locations included Baanpradhana Bungalow in Ongkuruk, Asiatique Mall, Ancient City, Bangkok University and Ongkuruk Railway Station. The film was scheduled to premiere on 28 March 2014. On 1 July, shooting started in Bangkok for a three months long schedule where 80% of the film was shot, remaining 10% of the film was shot in Mumbai with one song in Goa during late 2013. Shooting was wrapped up in April 2014. A few songs and Document [124] (Title: Honopū Valley) of Kauai, Hawaii stood in for South Pacific. Originally only the jungle scenes were to be shot in Hawaii and the rest on Zuma Beach, California. Producer Dino De Laurentiis, however, was so pleased with Hawaii that he decided to film all the beach scenes at Honopū and Kalalau Valley. The producers and production crew of "King Kong" were told that Honopū Valley was uninhabited, but on the day that they arrived to start filming, they were shocked to find honeymooners on the beach. Scenes that involved filming in the ocean were hard to film due to the 12-foot-high waves. Document [125] (Title: Stephen Wallace) it. I kept compromising about the place where the beach was, about the roughness of the set. I wanted it really rough. Then there was this whole thing about the disco place, which was actually the producer's idea, something he'd seen in Thailand... Also the massacre on the beach. Everyone was worried, the massacre had to be built up, whereas the massacre was wrong - emotionally and morally wrong. All this was pushed and I felt I'd lost control of the film. Wallace finished the film. He made his cut but was fired from the film and extra scenes were Document [126] (Title: The Beach (novel)) The Beach (novel) The Beach is a 1996 novel by English author Alex Garland. Set in Thailand, it is the story of a young backpacker's search for a legendary, idyllic and isolated beach untouched by tourism, and his time there in its small, international community of backpackers. In 2000, it was adapted into a film directed by Danny Boyle and starring Leonardo DiCaprio. In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read. In a cheap hotel on the Khao San Road in Bangkok, Richard, a young American backpacker, meets a mentally disturbed Scotsman going by the Document [127] (Title: Ploy) know how to direct two people making love! And it's not a good experience when they had to do it over and over again for 12 hours." In describing the scenes in his review, Russell Edwards of "Variety" called them "compellingly erotic", but sarcastically added that the scenes "indicate that cinema's gain has truly been pornography's loss." Todd Brown of Twitchfilm.net said the sex scenes might harm the film's chances in Thailand, saying "Thailand is notorious for the uneven application of its censorship laws but graphic nudity is pretty much always frowned upon." Ahead of the film's opening in Thailand, Document [128] (Title: When Elephants Were Young) Mai's survival demonstrates a successful conservation model that shows, despite imminent threats to the survival of Asian elephants, a happy ending for one may offer hope for all. The film was shot in Thailand, over the course of five years, by director Patricia Sims and cinematographer Michael Clark. They followed Wok and Nong Mai street begging in Bangkok, and filmed Nong Mai in the Sublangka wildlife sanctuary after her release. The filmmakers were almost killed in a dramatic car accident in 2014, when their vehicle was struck and plunged over a mountainside - fortunately, all survived their injuries. After its Document [129] (Title: Hat Kata Noi) Hat Kata Noi Kata Noi is a beach on the southwest side of the island of Phuket in Thailand. It is adjacent to Kata Beach to the south. The beach is bordered to the north by the Mon Tri's Villa Royale Resort, and most of the beachfront is occupied by the resort of Kata Thani. On 26 December 2004, the area felt a mild earthquake around 07:59 local time, which later turned out to be shock waves from the massive 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurring at that time near Sumatra. Few people actually felt the earthquake, and no alarm was Document [130] (Title: Kumari 21F) shoot in an isolated colony and in confined spaces. 60% of the film was shot at the R&B colony in Malakpet, Hyderabad. The song "Bang Bang Bangkok" was filmed in picturesque locales in Bangkok, and was choreographed by Prasad. Prasad said he composed a few signature steps during the composition of the song, which Sukumar and Rathnavelu liked. They wanted him choreograph the song. According to Rathnavelu, lighting played a key role in "Kumari 21F". He shot the film with limited equipment and mostly used natural light. The experience he gained working on "Haridas" (2013) helped him with this film; Document [131] (Title: The Beach (film)) film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004. The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials. After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the Document [132] (Title: Mamma Mia! (film)) the south west coast was the film's main location site. The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped. A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing. The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually Document [133] (Title: The Beach (film)) of cannabis supposedly growing there. Before departing, Richard leaves them a copy of the map. En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise. After swimming to the island from a neighboring one, they find a large cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers. Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and meet English cricket fan Keatey where they are welcomed and surprised to see a fully functioning community of travelers living on the island, totally in secret. Sal, the community's English leader, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to Document [134] (Title: Narathat Beach) was built in 1981 and is the province's second central mosque. The Arabian-style building has three floors. The ground floor is the main convention hall and the prayer rooms are on the top two floors. The top is covered with a large dome and there is a high tower for calling Muslims to prayer. Narathat Beach Narathat Beach (, "Hat Narathat") is a beach on the Gulf of Thailand about long near Narathiwat, Thailand. Narathiwat is south of Pattani, midway between it and the border with Malaysia. It ends at a cape at the mouth of Bang Nara River where Document [135] (Title: Wat Khunaram) of Lamai Beach. Wat Khunaram Wat Khunaram is a Buddhist temple on the island of Ko Samui in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is most notable for being the shrine of "the Mummy Monk", Luang Pho Daeng, who died in 1973 and directed that his body be put on display as a reminder of the transience of human existence. It is located in the area between Na Muang and Hua Thanon on Thai route 4169, the main route around the island. It is 13 km southeast of Nathon, the island's "capital city" and main port, and 6 km west of Document [136] (Title: The Beach (film)) loading up on a boat from the raft. The Beach (film) The Beach is a 2000 English-language drama thriller film directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, which was adapted for the film by John Hodge. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle. It was filmed on the Thai island Koh Phi Phi. Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, travels in a drab travelers hotel in Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, and he Document [137] (Title: Laem Son National Park) Laem Son National Park Laem Son National Park is located in Ranong and Phangnga provinces, Thailand. It is situated south of Ranong on the country's west coast, with of Andaman Sea coastline, making it Thailand's longest protected shore. The marine national park is named after the pines along the cape's shore. It was established in 1983, and is in size. The NP is a coastal area with beaches, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and a rainforest jungle. From the beach at Hat Bang Ben, some of the 20 offshore islands are visible, such as Ko Kam Yai, Ko Kam Noi, Mu Document [138] (Title: The Beach (novel)) to the bewilderment of most others, always takes the job. Richard also volunteers, and so the two travel back to Koh Phangan for their supplies. It is during the Rice Run that Jed finds out that Richard gave a copy of the map to Sammy and Zeph when Jed coincidentally wanders past and overhears the two Americans relaying the urban legend of the beach to some Germans. The Rice Run goes without a hitch but soon, accompanied by three Germans they met on the mainland, Zeph and Sammy make their way to the nearest neighbouring island, which worries Richard because Document [139] (Title: Hat Rin) Hat Rin Hat Rin (, ) is a peninsular beach area and town on the southern tip of Ko Pha-ngan, an island in the Gulf of Thailand. Its two main beaches are Sunset Beach (Hat Rin Nai) to the south and the larger Sunrise Beach (Hat Rin Nok) to the north. The famous Full Moon Party takes place on Sunrise Beach each month. The town and beach first became popular with backpackers escaping the tourist influx to Ko Samui in the 1980s. As the popularity of the beach and Full Moon Party have increased, the town has grown to accommodate Document [140] (Title: The Big Boss) by the success of a recent Shaw Brothers film about Muay Thai boxing ("Duel of Fists"), they came up with the idea of shooting an action film on location in Thailand, which would also help to keep costs down. Mr. Mak, an expert in Thai affairs, offered to help with locations and expenses. Bruce Lee flew from Los Angeles to Bangkok via Hong Kong on 12 July 1971. Raymond Chow, concerned about renewed interest from Shaw Brothers, had wanted him to fly directly to Bangkok, but Bruce stopped in Hong Kong briefly to meet Unicorn Chan and several other Shaw Document [141] (Title: Sunset at Chaophraya (1996 film)) numerous times, including a film in 1973, another film in the 1980s and a musical play in 2003 by Dreambox Theatre in Bangkok that was revived in 2007. One of top five box office hits in Thailand in 1996, this film was among the first Thai films to gain overseas distribution for home video, with an English-subtitled VHS release in 1998. It is 1944, and the Japan's efforts to win the Pacific War are failing, and a Thai woman, Angsumalin, has just lost her husband, Kobori, an officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The scene then flashes back to 1939, Document [142] (Title: The Big Boss) Bros. personnel to discuss independent projects that did not involve either studio. Filming commenced on around 20 July in Pak Chong, a river port town situated some 90 miles (150 km) northeast of Bangkok, on the northern edge of the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand's oldest reserve; it also serves as the gateway to the northeast (Isan) of Thailand from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Pak Chong would be Bruce's home for about four weeks – from 13 July to mid-August – and he made no secret of his dislike for it in letters to wife Linda, describing it as a Document [143] (Title: Velipadinte Pusthakam) beach in Thiruvananthapuram on 2 June 2017 to film a beach volleyball scene that was interrupted by rain and was filmed later in the week. The place where Michael consults a lawyer was filmed in a house named Magistrate Bangalow in Menamkulam; the scene was filmed in less than a day. Anoop joined the crew in early June 2017. Mohanlal continued filming until 8 June. He took a break from the schedule to film "Villain" and rejoined the sets of "Velipadinte Pusthakam" on 18 June. Some of the scenes were filmed in Ponmudi. Filming continued in Thiruvananthapuram region until late Document [144] (Title: Ploy) about a Thai couple in a hotel room." The film's proposal was submitted in 2006 to the Pusan Promotion Plan at the Pusan International Film Festival. Budgeted at around US$2 million, principal photography began in February 2007 in Bangkok. The locations included hotels and restaurants along Sukhumvit Road, as well as Suvarnabhumi Airport, making "Ploy" the first Thai feature film to feature Bangkok's new international airport. "Most of the action takes place in a hotel room. So we built our own room on the rooftop of a hotel, and it looks exactly like a real hotel room," Pen-Ek said in Document [145] (Title: Sakarin Krue-On) one of five artists from Bangkok who worked together to represent Thailand at the Venice Biennale in 2003 and again in 2009. In They changed a pavilion into a satirical version of a tourism office, which appeared to be trying to convince the public to visit Thailand as tourists. The office displayed fictitious news broadcasts, large brightly-colored posters, travel brochures, and interactive video displays. Manorah and Best Friends of the Snake, 2010 An installation of short silent film and art objects showed at 100Tonson Gallery in Bangkok in 2010. The film which was in the artist's specific art project "Two Document [146] (Title: Filming of James Bond in the 1970s) at the part-submerged wreck of the RMS "Queen Elizabeth", which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. The major part of principal photography started in April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan () and Ko Tapu (). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as "James Bond Island" both by locals and in tourist Document [147] (Title: Benetone Films) with Daemon Hillin, establishing Benetone Hillin Entertainment, a production house based in Los Angeles, becoming the first Thailand film production company to enter the US Indie Film market. In 2018, Benetone Films has now grown into Benetone Creative Group. Benetone Films was founded by a chance meeting with Feroz Khan, whom the founder and his sons helped to complete a 40-day shoot in Thailand. The shoot was originally planned to be in Australia, but the Indian producer-actor-director, impressed by Thailand's locations, infrastructure, and efficiency of the crew, moved the shoot to Thailand. Thereafter, recognizing the potential of Thailand's production strengths, Document [148] (Title: Phi Phi Islands) 2000 British-American film "The Beach". This attracted criticism, with claims that the film company had damaged the island's environment, as the producers bulldozed beach areas and planted palm trees to make it more resemble descriptions in the book, an accusation the film's makers contest. An increase in tourism was attributed to the film's release, which resulted in increased environmental degradation. Phi Phi Le is home to the "Viking Cave", where there is a thriving industry harvesting edible bird's nests. Ko Phi Phi was devastated by the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, when nearly all of the island's infrastructure was Document [149] (Title: The Beach (novel)) many of Thailand's other beauty spots. They are also mindful of upsetting the Thai cannabis farmers, with whom they originally agreed to keep to separate territories but who have more recently warned them not to bring anyone new to the island, as the farmers fear discovery by the police. After initial suspicion, the group accepts the trio when they explain about Daffy's map and his death back on the Thai mainland. Since the community aims to be self-sufficient, work is divided into rosters, for the garden, fishing, cooking, and carpentry. Along with Françoise and Étienne, Richard becomes a part of Document [150] (Title: Bangkok Hilton) apart from the scene involving the escape from prison in the last part of the series. These, and minor scenes (before the incarceration) were filmed at a disused hospital in North Sydney, New South Wales. Non-set based shots required careful acoustic management to ensure uniformity of sound. Overseas locations are Bangkok International Airport, Bangkok, Thailand; Cidade de Goa Resort Hotel, Vainguinim Beach, Goa, India; Goa Airport, Dabolim, Goa, India; London, England, UK; and the Royal Orchid Sheraton Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. It was the highest rating mini series of the year (1989) and was the last of the series of productions Document [151] (Title: Danny Boyle) novel "The Beach". Filmed in Thailand with Leonardo DiCaprio in a starring role, casting of the film led to a feud with Ewan McGregor, star of his first three films. He then collaborated with author Alex Garland on the post-apocalyptic horror film "28 Days Later". He also directed a short film "Alien Love Triangle" (starring Kenneth Branagh), which was intended to be one of three shorts within a feature film. However the project was cancelled after the two other shorts were made into feature films: "Mimic" starring Mira Sorvino and "Impostor" starring Gary Sinise. In 2004 Boyle directed "Millions", scripted Document [152] (Title: Germany's Next Topmodel (season 7)) competition would take place in Thailand. "Original airdate:" 1 March 2012 After arriving in Thailand, the finalists were set a challenge in which they had to walk in Asian outfits. Following this, they flew to Phuket, and the winners of the challenge, Lisa and Dominique, flew first class with Heidi Klum. In Phuket, the contestants did a photo shoot on a beach and for their next challenge shot a commercial for Asian food. The winners of the challenge were Annabelle and Sara, and they won a night in Bangkok. For the live walk, the contestants modeled designs by Tube Gallery. Document [153] (Title: Bangkok Dangerous (2008 film)) point of view Nic needs to have some lines," Oxide was quoted as saying in "The New York Times". "So what we’re going to do is transform his girlfriend instead into a deaf-mute. This switch will maintain the drama of communication between the two main characters." The Soi Cowboy entertainment district was among Thai locations used for filming. The film grossed US$42.5 million, of which $15.3 million was from the US. However, the film grossed US$7.8 million on its opening weekend making this the first film since "" to debut at number 1 with such a low gross. Lionsgate distribution Document [154] (Title: The Storm Warriors) Cheng, along with the Pang brothers, executive producer Daniel Lam and the film's crew celebrated production of the film with a traditional Thai blessing ceremony. Filming for "The Storm Warriors" began in April 2008 and ended in July 2008. Principal photography for the film took place entirely in three studios occupying in Bangkok's Pak-Gret district. Filming consisted mainly of a Thai production crew, as the Pangs decided to shoot the film in Thailand, rather than in their native Hong Kong: "We wanted to shoot the whole film...because we trust them, and because it's probably cheaper than shooting in Hong Kong, Document [155] (Title: Sarvam) filmed on the new bridge at the Kathipara Junction, Chennai and the Indian Air Force base at Cholavaram. A fourth song ("Kaatrukulle"), picturized again on Arya and Trisha, was shot in late September and October at the beaches in Goa and a lake in Ladakh, that was choreographed by Geetha, a student of the renowned choreographer Farah Khan. In the first weeks of February, the last song, a romantic duet, choreographed by Dinesh, involving the lead couple once more ("Siragugal"), was shot at the Rann of Kutch, a saline clay desert in Gujarat, close to the Pakistan border, according to Document [156] (Title: Ko Phi Phi Le) Beach", released February 2000, due to 20th Century Fox bulldozing and landscaping the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Le to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state. Nevertheless, lawsuits were filed as many believed the damage to the ecosystem is permanent and restoration attempts failed. The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's supreme court upheld an appeals court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and Document [157] (Title: The Endless Summer) 2000, Dana Brown, Bruce's son, released "The Endless Summer Revisited", which consisted of unused footage from the first two films, as well as original cast interviews. The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie (the initial release was in 1964, world-wide release was 1966). Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers, Mike Hynson and Robert August, on a surfing trip around the world. Despite the balmy climate of their native California, cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter. They travel to the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria and South Document [158] (Title: The Beach (novel)) refers to as the DMZ together. Richard comes to appreciate that Daffy killed himself because he could neither endure the unravelling of his elitist vision of the beach as the group grew in size, nor bear the thought of a return to backpacking or settled life, and notes that he himself is falling prey to that way of thinking. Richard also realizes that Daffy gave him the map — as well as spreading rumors of the island all over Thailand — so many travelers would come looking for the beach, inevitably leading to it becoming a tourist destination. Daffy describes Document [159] (Title: Beach Spike) Beach Spike Beach Spike ("Yit long kau oi jin" 熱浪球愛戰) is a 2011 Hong Kong film directed by Tony Tang. The film involves a female beach volleyball teams with martial arts skills. It has a proposed cast of veteran actors Bolo Yeung and Ronald Cheng along with the female leads of Theresa Fu, Chrissie Chau, Phoenix Chou and Ankie Beilke. In Hong Kong's Paradise Cove Sharon (Chrissie Chau) and Rachel (Theresa Fu) work at a restaurant of their kung fu master uncle Tao (Lo Mang) while taking on rivals in beach volleyball matches. The wealthy Bu family has plans to Document [160] (Title: The Sand) under the water, faraway and headed towards another beach full of people. In 2012 filming started in California and filming was completed later that year. The Sand The Sand, also titled Blood Sand, is a 2015 American gore film directed by Isaac Gabaeff and starring Brooke Butler, Meagan Holder and Mitchel Musso. At least one version of the opening credits reads "Killer Beach," but the closing credits give the movie title as "The Sand." A group of friends are having a party at the beach with some of their classmates. A girl named Heather (Etalvia Cashin) is videoing the party, Document [161] (Title: Mrigadayavan Palace) Samran beach and Phetchaburi town. Only 15 kilometres distant, it took around five hours to get to the beach. Last, as Chao Samran beach was adjacent to a fishing village, flies were an ever present nuisance. King Vajiravudh decided to move his seaside residence to a new location. Finally, a secluded beach at Huai Sai Nua was found. It was between Chao Samran Beach and Hua Hin. The site was not only close to the train station, permitting easy access from the capital, but had abundant water. King Vajiravud appointed Ercole Manfredi, an Italian architect, who at the time was Document [162] (Title: Invisible Waves) Eventually, the ship reaches its destination, Phuket, Thailand, where real life-or-death adventures begin for Kyoji as he starts to put the pieces together about what he's done. "Invisible Waves" had been announced as Thailand's entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards by the Federation of National Film Associations of Thailand, but was then withdrawn and replaced with "Ahimsa ... Stop to Run", which upset the "Invisible Waves" production company, Five Star Production. The film federation said that the reason for the change was that a print of the film wouldn't be available in time to send Document [163] (Title: Samar (2013 film)) few portions were planned to be shot in China. Most of the scenes from schedule one were canned in Ooty and featured only Vishal and Sunaina. The team left for Thailand on 20 December 2011 for a nonstop 50-day schedule, following which the last schedule was to be in famous locales of Europe and includes an action sequence in there as well. Several stunt scenes were shot in Bangkok with the help of Chinese stuntman Nung, which Vishal performing without using any safety ropes. The song "Poikaal Kuthirai", picturised on Vishal, was shot for over five days in almost 18 Document [164] (Title: Beach Spike) kung fu skills that they apply to volleyball. "Beach Spike" is the live-action feature debut of animator Tony Tang, who previously directed the actress Chrissie Chau in a Slim Beauty television commercial in 2009, where she rips open her office outfit to reveal herself in a bikini. The film was set to shoot in Nanhai and Hong Kong. "Beach Spike" is the second film after "The Blood Bond" to come from producer Bey Logan's B&E Productions. The film was partially funded by the Hong Kong Film Development Fund who approved $2,799,836.00 for it in June 2010. Chau took three months Document [165] (Title: Skin Trade (film)) location, but some scenes were filmed at Baanrig Studios. "Skin Trade" was the first film to be shot in English by an organization based in Asia (outside of Hong Kong) for an international theatrical release. Uekrongtham arranged "a few lunches and dinners" between Lundgren and his on-screen family (Tasya Teles and Chloe Babcook), so they could bond "on a personal level" before filming scenes together. Babcook spent a week and a half filming her scenes in Bangkok, followed by a few days of filming in Vancouver. The "heavily choreographed" fight scene between Lundgren and Jaa was planned over "a month Document [166] (Title: Surf Ninjas) locations included Thailand and Hawaii. The second half of the film was shot first, and the crew moved to Los Angeles to film the first half. New Line Cinema and Sega of America established a financial relationship in which a Sega Game Gear video game would be developed for the film. Game designers began developing the video game "Surf Ninjas" when the film was only in its scripting phase, receiving creative input from director Neal Israel. In turn, Sega partially financed the film. Screenwriter Dan Gordon said that he wrote action sequences that would both suit the film and serve Document [167] (Title: Tom Yum Goong 2) over the cliff and into the ocean; both the man and the elephant survived. There was no official ending to everything that happened. The fates of surviving characters were up to viewer presumptions. "Tom Yum Goong 2" went into production in August 2011. The script was written by Eakasit Thairaat who previously had written scripts of the Thai films "13 Beloved" (2006), "Body" (2007) and "Long Weekend" (2013). The film is shot in 3-D with action scenes directed by Weerapon Phumatfon and Somjai Janmoontree. The film was released in Thailand on 23 October 2013. The film debuted at number one Document [168] (Title: The Sleeping Dictionary) Hilton Batang Ai Resort, where the film cast and crew were based for 10 days. Kuching locations included the Matang Recreation Park; Buntal fishing village and many smaller villages and country homesteads. The local crew and cast numbered up to 600 on certain days, for a few crowd scenes. The local Malaysian film production company for this feature was Southeast Asia Film Locations Services, whose Sri Lankan partner Chandran Rutnam had brought Steven Spielberg to Colombo to shoot "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". His Malaysian partner Edgar Ong was involved in the first major Hollywood feature made in Document [169] (Title: Noi the Albino) fulfilled, has also perished. He later returns to the rubble of his grandmother's house to retrieve the View-Master. The movie ends with Nói looking at the tropical beach scene slide as it slowly becomes a vision of a real tropical beach. MPAA: Rated PG-13 for language and brief nudity. Runtime: France: 82 min; Iceland: 93 min; Netherlands (Rotterdam Film Festival): 90 min; Netherlands: 95 min; Sweden: 89 min; USA: 93 min DVD Features The extras on the DVD reveal that the director prefers less professional actors and ambiguity. He was not at all trying to portray real life in the Document [170] (Title: Duran Duran (1983 video)) ranked as amongst the top ten most beautiful in the world, although encroaching tourism and damage inflicted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reduced the sand area as depicted when the video was shot. However efforts are underway to restore the beaches to their former glory. Otherwise the fishing boats as depicted are still used today, and the general scenery of the Unawatuna beach areas remain much as they did when the video was first aired. This video is the only one on the album in which the band do not appear at all. It was filmed around Notting Hill Question: where did they film the beach in thailand

Answer: Ko Phi Phi Leh Long Answer: Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise - like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach . Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed . Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Electromagnetic spectrum) human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans Document [2] (Title: Black-body radiation) continuous frequency spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature, called the Planck spectrum or Planck's law. The spectrum is peaked at a characteristic frequency that shifts to higher frequencies with increasing temperature, and at room temperature most of the emission is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As the temperature increases past about 500 degrees Celsius, black bodies start to emit significant amounts of visible light. Viewed in the dark by the human eye, the first faint glow appears as a "ghostly" grey (the visible light is actually red, but low intensity light activates only the eye's Document [3] (Title: Visible spectrum) mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors. Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere via the "optical window" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air scatters blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue. The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the Document [4] (Title: Strontium aluminate) green gives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. The excitation wavelengths for strontium aluminate range from 200 to 450 nm. The wavelength for its green formulation is 520 nm, its aqua, or blue-green, version emits at 505 nm, and the blue one emits at 490 nm. Strontium aluminate can be formulated to phosphoresce at longer (yellow to red) wavelengths as well, though such emission is often dimmer than that of more common phosphorescence at shorter wavelengths. For europium-dysprosium doped aluminates, the peak emission wavelengths are 520 nm for SrAlO, 480 nm for SrAlO, and 400 nm for Document [5] (Title: Attenuation) radiation reaches the sea-surface, the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water, and the intensity of light decreases exponentially with water depth. The intensity of light at depth can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert Law. In clear open waters, visible light is absorbed at the longest wavelengths first. Thus, red, orange, and yellow wavelengths are absorbed at higher water depths, and blue and violet wavelengths reach the deepest in the water column. Because the blue and violet wavelengths are absorbed last compared to the other wavelengths, open ocean waters appear deep-blue to the eye. In near-shore (coastal) waters, sea water Document [6] (Title: Dark Energy Survey) the Earth over billions of years, the universe continues to expand, stretching this traveling wave as it does. The more the universe has expanded between the explosion and when we see the light with our telescopes, the greater the increase in the wavelength of the light. The visible light with the longest wavelength is the colour red, so this process of increasing wavelength of the light wave is referred to as "redshifting". (For additional information on redshifts in DES, click here.) According to Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, the luminosity distance in a flat universe, formula_2, at a given redshift depends on the Document [7] (Title: Color blindness) The spectral sensitivities of the cones differ; one is most sensitive to short wavelengths, one to medium wavelengths, and the third to medium-to-long wavelengths within the visible spectrum, with their peak sensitivities in the blue, green, and yellow-green regions of the spectrum, respectively. The absorption spectra of the three systems overlap, and combine to cover the visible spectrum. These receptors are known as short (S), medium (M), and long (L) wavelength cones, but are also often referred to as blue, green, and red cones, although this terminology is inaccurate. The receptors are each responsive to a wide range of wavelengths. Document [8] (Title: Frequency) is red light, is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum. An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave, and at still lower frequencies it is called a radio wave. Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are Document [9] (Title: Visible spectrum) be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines. The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects. Visible spectrum The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770 THz. The spectrum does not contain all Document [10] (Title: Wavelength) light—in free space, the phase speed is the speed of light, about 3×10 m/s. Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz electromagnetic (radio) wave is about: 3×10 m/s divided by 10 Hz = 3 metres. The wavelength of visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm, to violet, roughly 400 nm (for other examples, see electromagnetic spectrum). For sound waves in air, the speed of sound is 343 m/s (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). The wavelengths of sound frequencies audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are thus between approximately 17 m and 17 mm, respectively. Note Document [11] (Title: Red) color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. Lasers emitting in the red region of the Question: the longest wavelengths in the visible spectrum are Answer: Red Long Answer: Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380--450 nm 668--789 THz 2.75--3.26 eV Blue 450--495 nm 606--668 THz 2.50--2.75 eV Green 495--570 nm 526--606 THz 2.17--2.50 eV Yellow 570--590 nm 508--526 THz 2.10--2.17 eV Orange 590--620 nm 484--508 THz 2.00--2.10 eV Red 620--750 nm 400--484 THz 1.65--2.00 eV Gold Document ID: 11

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Electromagnetic spectrum) human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans Document [2] (Title: Black-body radiation) continuous frequency spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature, called the Planck spectrum or Planck's law. The spectrum is peaked at a characteristic frequency that shifts to higher frequencies with increasing temperature, and at room temperature most of the emission is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As the temperature increases past about 500 degrees Celsius, black bodies start to emit significant amounts of visible light. Viewed in the dark by the human eye, the first faint glow appears as a "ghostly" grey (the visible light is actually red, but low intensity light activates only the eye's Document [3] (Title: Visible spectrum) mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors. Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere via the "optical window" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air scatters blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue. The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the Document [4] (Title: Strontium aluminate) green gives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. The excitation wavelengths for strontium aluminate range from 200 to 450 nm. The wavelength for its green formulation is 520 nm, its aqua, or blue-green, version emits at 505 nm, and the blue one emits at 490 nm. Strontium aluminate can be formulated to phosphoresce at longer (yellow to red) wavelengths as well, though such emission is often dimmer than that of more common phosphorescence at shorter wavelengths. For europium-dysprosium doped aluminates, the peak emission wavelengths are 520 nm for SrAlO, 480 nm for SrAlO, and 400 nm for Document [5] (Title: Attenuation) radiation reaches the sea-surface, the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water, and the intensity of light decreases exponentially with water depth. The intensity of light at depth can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert Law. In clear open waters, visible light is absorbed at the longest wavelengths first. Thus, red, orange, and yellow wavelengths are absorbed at higher water depths, and blue and violet wavelengths reach the deepest in the water column. Because the blue and violet wavelengths are absorbed last compared to the other wavelengths, open ocean waters appear deep-blue to the eye. In near-shore (coastal) waters, sea water Document [6] (Title: Dark Energy Survey) the Earth over billions of years, the universe continues to expand, stretching this traveling wave as it does. The more the universe has expanded between the explosion and when we see the light with our telescopes, the greater the increase in the wavelength of the light. The visible light with the longest wavelength is the colour red, so this process of increasing wavelength of the light wave is referred to as "redshifting". (For additional information on redshifts in DES, click here.) According to Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, the luminosity distance in a flat universe, formula_2, at a given redshift depends on the Document [7] (Title: Color blindness) The spectral sensitivities of the cones differ; one is most sensitive to short wavelengths, one to medium wavelengths, and the third to medium-to-long wavelengths within the visible spectrum, with their peak sensitivities in the blue, green, and yellow-green regions of the spectrum, respectively. The absorption spectra of the three systems overlap, and combine to cover the visible spectrum. These receptors are known as short (S), medium (M), and long (L) wavelength cones, but are also often referred to as blue, green, and red cones, although this terminology is inaccurate. The receptors are each responsive to a wide range of wavelengths. Document [8] (Title: Frequency) is red light, is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum. An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave, and at still lower frequencies it is called a radio wave. Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are Document [9] (Title: Visible spectrum) be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines. The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects. Visible spectrum The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770 THz. The spectrum does not contain all Document [10] (Title: Wavelength) light—in free space, the phase speed is the speed of light, about 3×10 m/s. Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz electromagnetic (radio) wave is about: 3×10 m/s divided by 10 Hz = 3 metres. The wavelength of visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm, to violet, roughly 400 nm (for other examples, see electromagnetic spectrum). For sound waves in air, the speed of sound is 343 m/s (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). The wavelengths of sound frequencies audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are thus between approximately 17 m and 17 mm, respectively. Note Document [11] (Title: Red) color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. Lasers emitting in the red region of the Question: the longest wavelengths in the visible spectrum are

Answer: Red Long Answer: Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380--450 nm 668--789 THz 2.75--3.26 eV Blue 450--495 nm 606--668 THz 2.50--2.75 eV Green 495--570 nm 526--606 THz 2.17--2.50 eV Yellow 570--590 nm 508--526 THz 2.10--2.17 eV Orange 590--620 nm 484--508 THz 2.00--2.10 eV Red 620--750 nm 400--484 THz 1.65--2.00 eV Gold Document ID: 11

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Guttural pouch) pouches fuse to form a median septum. The guttural pouches connect the middle ear to the pharynx. The opening into the pharynx is called the nasopharyngeal ostium, which is composed of the pharyngeal wall laterally and a fibrocartilaginous fold medially. This opening leads to a short soft tissue passageway into the respective guttural pouch. The openings are located rostrally to enable drainage of mucous when the head is lowered and prevent fluid build-up. The "plica salpingopharyngea," a mucosal fold at the caudal portion of the Eustachian tube, forms an uninterrupted channel between the medial lamina of the Eustachian tube and Document [2] (Title: Parasympathetic nervous system) chorda tympani travels through the middle ear and attaches to the lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal, CN V). After joining the lingual nerve, the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands. The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers depart CN IX as the tympanic nerve and continue to the middle ear where they make up a tympanic plexus on the cochlear promontory of the mesotympanum. The tympanic plexus of nerves rejoin and form the lesser petrosal nerve and exit through Document [3] (Title: Ear) between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian Document [4] (Title: Eustachian tube) while scuba diving, or during sudden decompression of an aircraft at high altitude. Some people are born with a dysfunctional Eustachian tube that is much slimmer than usual. The cause may be genetic, but it has also been posited as a condition in which the patient did not fully recover from the effects of pressure on the middle ear during birth (retained birth compression). It is suggested that Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in a large amount of mucus accumulating in the middle ear, often impairing hearing to a degree. This condition is known as otitis media with effusion, and Document [5] (Title: Auditory system) stapedius muscle is activated in response to sound. The middle ear still contains the sound information in wave form; it is converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea. The inner ear consists of the cochlea and several non-auditory structures. The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections (i.e. the "scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli)", and supports a fluid wave driven by pressure across the basilar membrane separating two of the sections. Strikingly, one section, called the cochlear duct or "scala media," contains endolymph. Endolymph is a fluid similar in composition to the intracellular fluid found inside cells. The organ of Document [6] (Title: Tricho–dento–osseous syndrome) lower jawbone (mandible) and distal to the ear. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the nose, and acts to create a specific pressure in the ear canal that causes vibrations to the eardrum; if adequate pressure is not attained, muffled, dull hearing results. In addition to the mastoid pneumatization assisting the Eustachian tubes for normal hearing, lack of mastoid pneumatization causes inflammation of the ear, general irritation, and does not allow enough air in to assist with mucus flowing out. It is not completely understood why gene mutations occur, but it is known that genetic Document [7] (Title: Nasogastric intubation) the nasal cavity and down into the throat. When the tube enters the oropharynx and glides down the posterior pharyngeal wall, the patient may gag; in this situation the patient, if awake and alert, is asked to mimic swallowing or is given some water to sip through a straw, and the tube continues to be inserted as the patient swallows. Once the tube is past the pharynx and enters the esophagus, it is easily inserted down into the stomach. The tube must then be secured in place to prevent it from moving. Great care must be taken to ensure that Document [8] (Title: Anotia) in the seventh week of development the auditory tube begins to form out of the tympanic membrane. The human ear is divided into three sections. Each section has possesses its own specialized function. 1. The outer ear acts like a funnel and takes in the sound. 2. The middle ear holds the tympanic membrane, or ear drum and several little bones that are moved by the sound waves that have entered the ear via the canal. These movements are very small, like vibrations and are transmitted to the inner ear. 3. The inner ear contains a structure called the cochlea, Document [9] (Title: Eustachian tube) to upper respiratory infections. Otitis media, or inflammation of the middle ear, commonly affects the Eustachian tube. Children under 7 are more susceptible to this condition, one theory being that this is because the Eustachian tube is shorter and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear. Others argue that susceptibility in this age group is related to immunological factors and not Eustachian tube anatomy. Barotitis, a form of barotrauma, may occur when there is a substantial difference in air or water pressure between the outer and the inner ear — for example, during a rapid ascent Document [10] (Title: Otitis media) aureus". Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as serous otitis media (SOM) or secretory otitis media (SOM), and colloquially referred to as 'glue ear,' is fluid accumulation that can occur in the middle ear and mastoid air cells due to negative pressure produced by dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. This can be associated with a viral URI or bacterial infection such as otitis media. An effusion can cause conductive hearing loss if it interferes with the transmission of vibrations of middle ear bones to the vestibulocochlear nerve complex that are created by sound waves. Early-onset OME is associated with Document [11] (Title: Middle ear) Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle Document [12] (Title: Salpingopharyngeus muscle) eustachian tubes to equalize pressure in the middle ear, the muscle can easily be stimulated by swallowing. The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus. And irrigated by the ascending pharyngeal artery. Salpingopharyngeus muscle The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls Document [13] (Title: Eustachian tube) grommets with larger flanges have been researched, but these can lead to permanent perforation of the eardrum. Surgical implantation of permanent bypasses around the eardrum have also been studied, though these suffer from blockage issues, requiring frequent manual cleaning. These also can lead to inner ear infection due to the direct path from the external to the internal ear. Another approach to permitting middle ear drainage is the use of a prosthesis inserted into the Eustachian tube, to assist in holding the tube open. The prosthesis does not necessarily hold the tube completely open all the time, but may instead Document [14] (Title: Salpingopharyngeus muscle) Salpingopharyngeus muscle The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. In addition, it opens the pharyngeal orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing. This allows for the equalization of pressure between the auditory canal and the pharynx. As the salpingopharyngeus is used to open the Document [15] (Title: Eustachian tube) Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects Document [16] (Title: Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear) mass noted behind the ear drum. Even though this is a "neuroendocrine" type tumor, there is almost never evidence of neuroendocrine function clinically or by laboratory examination. In general, an axial and coronal bone computed tomography study without contrast will yield the most information for this tumor. The tumor appears as a soft tissue mass usually within a well-aerated mastoid bone. The features of chronic otitis media are not usually seen. Bone invasion and destruction are usually not seen in this tumor which expands within the mesotympanum (middle ear cavity). Encasement of the ossicles is usually present. There may be Document [17] (Title: Ear) artery; and the labyrinthine artery, arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar artery. Sound waves travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is registered as sound. Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window (the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the Document [18] (Title: Pharynx) palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated. Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of Document [19] (Title: Eustachian tube) is required to equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding atmosphere as the plane descends. A diver also experiences this change in pressure, but with greater rates of pressure change; active opening of the Eustachian tube is required more frequently as the diver goes "deeper" into higher pressure. The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part. The bony part (1/3) nearest to the middle ear is made Document [20] (Title: Cleft lip and cleft palate) hearing loss. This is caused by negative pressure and fluid buildup in the middle ear as a result of poor development of the tensor veli palatini muscle. This muscle is responsible for opening the eustachian tube to allow drainage of the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube is often inserted into the eardrum to aerate the middle ear. This is often beneficial for the hearing of the child. Note that each individual patient's schedule is treated on a case-by-case basis and can vary per hospital. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe Document [21] (Title: Middle ear) the middle-ear muscles. The middle ear is hollow. In a high-altitude environment or on diving into water, there will be a pressure difference between the middle ear and the outside environment. This pressure will pose a risk of bursting or otherwise damaging the tympanum if it is not relieved. If middle ear pressure remains low, the ear drum may become retracted into the middle ear <nowiki>. One of the functions of the </nowiki>Eustachian tubes that connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx is to help keep middle ear pressure the same as air pressure. The Eustachian tubes are normally pinched Document [22] (Title: Ear canal) ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided Document [23] (Title: Otitis media) by a viral URTI, strep throat, or possibly by allergies. Because of the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, the gas volume in the middle ear is trapped and parts of it are slowly absorbed by the surrounding tissues, leading to negative pressure in the middle ear. Eventually, the negative middle-ear pressure can reach a point where fluid from the surrounding tissues is sucked into the middle ear's cavity (tympanic cavity), causing a middle-ear effusion. This is seen as a progression from a Type A tympanogram to a Type C to a Type B tympanogram. By reflux or aspiration of unwanted Document [24] (Title: Eustachian tube) from the chamber of the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx. Normally, the Eustachian tube is collapsed, but it gapes open both with swallowing and with positive pressure. When taking off in an airplane, the surrounding air pressure goes from higher (on the ground) to lower (in the sky). The air in the middle ear expands as the plane gains altitude, and pushes its way into the back of the nose and mouth. On the way down, the volume of air in the middle ear shrinks, and a slight vacuum is produced. "Active" opening of the Eustachian tube Document [25] (Title: Nasopharyngeal airway) on the patient: the device should reach from the patient's nostril to the earlobe or the angle of the jaw. The outside of the tube is lubricated with a water-based lubricant so that it enters the nose more easily. The device is inserted until the flared end rests against the nostril. Nasopharyngeal airway In medicine, a nasopharyngeal airway, also known as an NPA, nasal trumpet (because of its flared end), or nose hose, is a type of "airway adjunct", is a tube that is designed to be inserted into the nasal passageway to secure an open airway. When a patient Document [26] (Title: Pharynx) air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus. The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing. Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the Document [27] (Title: Pharynx) the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere. The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening: The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the Document [28] (Title: Swallowing) (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) and palatopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) to receive the bolus. The palatopharyngeal folds on each side of the pharynx are brought close together through the superior constrictor muscles, so that only a small bolus can pass. 7) Opening of the auditory tube The actions of the levator palatini (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X), tensor palatini (Vc) and salpingopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) in the closure of the nasopharynx and elevation of the pharynx opens the auditory tube, which equalises the pressure between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. This does not contribute to swallowing, but happens as a consequence of it. Document [29] (Title: Middle ear) surgical importance are two branches of the facial nerve that also pass through the middle ear space. These are the horizontal portion of the facial nerve and the chorda tympani. Damage to the horizontal branch during ear surgery can lead to paralysis of the face (same side of the face as the ear). The chorda tympani is the branch of the facial nerve that carries taste from the ipsilateral half (same side) of the tongue. Ordinarily, when sound waves in air strike liquid, most of the energy is reflected off the surface of the liquid. The middle ear allows the Document [30] (Title: Otitis media) secretions from the nasopharynx into the normally sterile middle-ear space, the fluid may then become infected — usually with bacteria. The virus that caused the initial URI (upper respiratory infection) can itself be identified as the pathogen causing the infection. As its typical symptoms overlap with other conditions, such as acute external otitis, clinical history alone is not sufficient to predict whether acute otitis media is present; it has to be complemented by visualization of the tympanic membrane. Examiners use a pneumatic otoscope with a rubber bulb attached to assess the mobility of the tympanic membrane. In more severe cases, Document [31] (Title: Adenoid hypertrophy) at which adenoids atrophy. The symptoms caused by enlarged adenoids are mostly due to "where" this lymphoid tissue is located. The adenoids are in the midline of the nasopharynx, and the Eustachian tubes open from either ear to the right and left of them. In children with excessive middle ear infections and chronic middle ear fluid, there is a high bacterial count in the adenoids as compared to children without problematic otitis media, even if the size of the adenoids is small. The adenoids in these cases provides a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria that cause ear infections and subsequent middle Document [32] (Title: Ear canal) Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The Document [33] (Title: Patulous Eustachian tube) airway pressure associated with respiration are transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. This causes an unpleasant fullness feeling in the middle ear and alters the auditory perception. Complaints seem to include muffled hearing and autophony. In addition, patulous Eustachian tube generally feels dry with no clogged feeling or sinus pressure. Some patients with this condition are disturbed by the perceived volume of their voice, causing them to speak very quietly. Their own voice may also sound lower to other people, because the trachea has more volume when the Eustachian tube is open. The patient may also sound Document [34] (Title: Hypernasal speech) tube. Secretions accumulate in the middle ear when the tube remains dysfunctional over a long period of time, which cause hearing loss and middle ear infections. Ultimately, hearing loss can lead to impaired speech and language development. The general term for disorders of the velopharyngeal valve is velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). It includes three subterms: velopharyngeal insufficiency, velopharyngeal inadequacy, and velopharyngeal mislearning. There are several methods for diagnosing hypernasality. Hypernasality is generally segmented into so-called 'resonance' effects in vowels and some voiced or sonorant consonants and the effects of excess nasal airflow during those consonants requiring a buildup of oral air Document [35] (Title: Eustachian tube) may result in the mucus becoming very thick and glue-like, a condition known as glue ear. A patulous Eustachian tube is a rare condition in which the Eustachian tube remains intermittently open, causing an echoing sound of the person's own heartbeat, breathing, and speech. This may be temporarily relieved by holding the head upside down. Smoking can also cause damage to the cilia that protect the Eustachian tube from mucus, which can result in the clogging of the tube and a buildup of bacteria in the ear, leading to a middle ear infection. Recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection Document [36] (Title: Ingeborg Hochmair) the auditory nerve along a large part of the cochlea, the snail-shaped inner ear. It had "8 channels, a stimulation rate of 10.000 pulses per second per channel, 8 independent current sources, and a flexible electrode for 22-25mm insertion into the cochlea." The first device was implanted on 16 December 1977 in Vienna by Prof. Kurt Burian followed by a second implantation in March 1978. Despite an early shunt in the first patient and some existing tinnitus in the second patient, place pitch could be demonstrated and the second patient could reliably discriminate and identify stimulation channels. With a next Document [37] (Title: Eustachian tube) palatini, muscles of the soft palate. The Eustachian tube is derived from the ventral part of the first pharyngeal pouch and second endodermal pouch, which during embryogenesis forms the tubotympanic recess. The distal part of the tubotympanic sulcus gives rise to the tympanic cavity, while the proximal tubular structure becomes the Eustachian tube. It helps transformation of sound waves. Under normal circumstances, the human Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. Pressure differences cause temporary conductive hearing loss Document [38] (Title: Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes) conductive, bilateral hearing losses that are greater in degree than in cleft individuals without PRS. Middle ear effusion is generally apparent, with no middle ear or inner ear malformations. Accordingly, management by ear tubes (myringotomy tubes) is often effective and may restore normal levels of hearing (Handzic "et al.", 1995). The hearing loss most typical in patients with Stickler syndrome is a sensorineural hearing loss, indicating that the source of the deficit lies in the inner ear, the vestibulocochlear nerve or the processing centers of the brain. Szymko-Bennett "et al." (2001) found that the overall hearing loss in TypeI Stickler Document [39] (Title: Sensory cue) research within the fields of psychology, cognitive science, and neurobiology. The auditory system of humans and animals allows individuals to assimilate information from the surroundings, represented as sound waves. Sound waves first pass through the pinnae and the auditory canal, the parts of the ear that comprise the outer ear. Sound then reaches the tympanic membrane in the middle ear (also known as the eardrum). The tympanic membrane sets the malleus, incus, and stapes into vibration. The stapes transmits these vibrations to the inner ear by pushing on the membrane covering the oval window, which separates the middle and inner Document [40] (Title: Nasopharyngeal airway) Nasopharyngeal airway In medicine, a nasopharyngeal airway, also known as an NPA, nasal trumpet (because of its flared end), or nose hose, is a type of "airway adjunct", is a tube that is designed to be inserted into the nasal passageway to secure an open airway. When a patient becomes unconscious, the muscles in the jaw commonly relax and can allow the tongue to slide back and obstruct the airway. This makes airway management necessary, and an NPA is one of the available tools. The purpose of the flared end is to prevent the device from becoming lost inside the Document [41] (Title: Eustachian tube) is damaged. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a very common presentation to veterinary surgeons and this may often be fatal unless a balloon catheter can be placed in time to suppress bleeding. Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally Document [42] (Title: Hypernasal speech) nasal cavity. When producing nasal consonants (such as "m", "n", and "ng"), the soft palate remains relaxed, thereby enabling the air to go through the nose. The Eustachian tube, which opens near the velopharyngeal sphincter, connects the middle ear and nasal pharynx. Normally, the tube ensures aeration and drainage (of secretions) of the middle ear. Narrow and closed at rest, it opens during swallowing and yawning, controlled by the tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini (muscles of the soft palate). Children with a cleft palate have difficulties controlling these muscles and thus are unable to open the Eustachian Document [43] (Title: Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure) ear to the oval window of the cochlea. Vibrations of the footplate of stapes transmit through the oval window to the perilymph, which in turn causes the endolymph, the basilar membrane, and the organ of Corti to vibrate, activating ultimately the acoustic sensor cells, the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti. The transfer function of this complex mechanical system under physiological conditions is modulated by the action of two small muscles of the middle ear, the tensor tympani, and stapedius. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the osseous canal of the Document [44] (Title: Hearing range) obtained primarily by behavioural hearing tests. Physiological tests do not need the patient to consciously respond. In humans, sound waves funnel into the ear via the external ear canal and reach the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The compression and rarefaction of these waves set this thin membrane in motion, causing sympathetic vibration through the middle ear bones (the ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes), the basilar fluid in the cochlea, and the hairs within it, called stereocilia. These hairs line the cochlea from base to apex, and the part stimulated and the intensity of stimulation gives an indication of the nature of Document [45] (Title: Ear) is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph, which fills the membranous labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of three fluid-filled spaces: the Document [46] (Title: Outer ear) muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes. Most humans do not have this ability. From the pinna, the sound waves move into the ear canal (also known as the "external acoustic meatus") a simple tube running through to the middle ear. This tube leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity and amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz. The intrinsic muscles of the external ear are: The auricular muscles (or extrinsic muscles) are Document [47] (Title: Neuronal encoding of sound) sound energy, while inner hair cells detect the motion of those waves and excite the (Type I) neurons of the auditory nerve. The basal end of the cochlea, where sounds enter from the middle ear, encodes the higher end of the audible frequency range while the apical end of the cochlea encodes the lower end of the frequency range. This tonotopy plays a crucial role in hearing, as it allows for spectral separation of sounds. A cross section of the cochlea will reveal an anatomical structure with three main chambers (scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani). At the apical Document [48] (Title: Pharynx) immediately behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization. In humans, two sets of pharyngeal muscles form the pharynx and determine the shape of its lumen. They are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer. The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft Document [49] (Title: Inner ear) in the membranous labyrinth. The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli, a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and the stria vascularis, which produces the endolymph. The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti. Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the Document [50] (Title: Intermediate nerve) through the Petrotympanic fissure and merges with the lingual nerve, after which it synapses with neurons in the submandibular ganglion. These postganglionic neurons provide parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The sensory component of the intermediate nerve carries input about sensation from the skin of the external auditory meatus, from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and nose, and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and the soft palate. The sensory information from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and palate is carried along the greater petrosal nerve, while the chorda tympani Document [51] (Title: Tympanic membrane retraction) commercially available devices (e.g. Otovent and Ear Popper). A ventilation tube, also known as a tympanostomy tube or a grommet, may be placed through the eardrum to equalize middle ear pressure. Although this intervention may be effective, research has not yet shown whether it provides better results than simple observation. Further weakness or perforation of the eardrum may occur. These are intended to improve Eustachian tube function. Adenoidectomy can improve middle ear function and nasal steroid sprays can reduce adenoid size but it is not known whether these treatments alter tympanic membrane retraction. Enlargement of the Eustachian tube opening in Document [52] (Title: Auditory system) attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). Document [53] (Title: Enlarged vestibular aqueduct) to adulthood, and symptoms include fluctuating and sometimes progressive sensorineural hearing loss and disequilibrium. The vestibular aqueduct acts as a canal between the inner ear and the cranial cavity. Running through it is a tube called the endolymphatic duct, which normally carries a fluid called endolymph from the inner ear to the endolymphatic sac in the cranial cavity. When the endolymphatic duct and sac are larger than normal, as is the case in large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, endolymph is allowed to travel back from the endolymphatic sac into the inner ear. This often results fluctuations in hearing levels. Enlarged vestibular Document [54] (Title: Audiometry) could be detected in the ear canal. The first commercial system for detecting and measuring OAEs was produced in 1988. The auditory system is composed of epithelial, osseous, vascular, neural and neocortical tissues. The anatomical divisions are external ear canal and tympanic membrane, middle ear, inner ear, VIII auditory nerve, and central auditory processing portions of the neocortex. Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the external auditory canal until they reach the tympanic membrane, causing the membrane and the attached chain of auditory ossicles to vibrate. The motion of the stapes against the oval window sets up Document [55] (Title: Facial nerve decompression) above. Internal auditory canal (I.A.C.) porous to tympanic segment. This middle cranial fossae exposure is used to expose I.A.C. and labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve when hearing preservation is goal. The geniculate ganglion and tympanic portion of the nerve can also be decompressed from this approach. The middle cranial fossa route is the only method that can be use to expose the entire I.A.C. and labyrinthine segment with preservation of hearing. This is combination with the retrolabyrinthine and transmastoid approaches, enables visualization of the entire course of the facial nerve and still preserves function of the inner ear. The Document [56] (Title: Weber test) because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear. This finding is because the conduction problem of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, and eustachian tube) masks the ambient noise of the room, while the well-functioning inner ear (cochlea with its basilar membrane) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull, causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear. Another theory, however, is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et Document [57] (Title: Inner ear) otoliths. Movement of the stereocilia and kinocilium enable the hair cells of the saccula and utricle to detect motion. The semicircular ducts are responsible for detecting rotational movement. Saladin, "Anatomy and Physiology" 6e, print American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, The Middle Ear, http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Middle-Ear/ Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The Document [58] (Title: Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear) accounts for less than 2% of all ear tumors. While patients present with symptoms related to the middle ear cavity location of the tumor, the tumor may expand into the adjacent structures (external auditory canal, mastoid bone, and eustachian tube). Patients come to clinical attention with unilateral (one sided) hearing loss, usually associated with decreased auditory acuity, and particularly conductive hearing loss if the ossicular bone chain (middle ear bones) is involved. Tinnitus (ringing), otitis media, pressure or occasionally ear discharge are seen. At the time of otoscopic exam, the tympanic membrane is usually intact, with a fluid level or Document [59] (Title: Middle cranial fossa) wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures. It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland. A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannoma) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone. The middle part of the fossa presents, in front, the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity. Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward Document [60] (Title: Hearing) for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves. The inner ear consists of the cochlea, which is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled tube. It is divided lengthwise by the organ of Corti, which is the main organ of mechanical to neural transduction. Inside the organ of Corti is the basilar membrane, a structure that vibrates when waves from the middle ear propagate through the cochlear fluid – endolymph. The basilar membrane is tonotopic, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the Document [61] (Title: Otitis media) that has led to acute otitis media. This progresses to a prolonged inflammatory response causing mucosal (middle ear) oedema, ulceration and perforation. The middle ear attempts to resolve this ulceration by production of granulation tissue and polyp formation. This can lead to increased discharge and failure to arrest the inflammation, and to development of CSOM, which is also often associated with cholesteatoma. There may be enough pus that it drains to the outside of the ear (otorrhea), or the pus may be minimal enough to be seen only on examination with an otoscope or binocular microscope. Hearing impairment often accompanies Document [62] (Title: Computational auditory scene analysis) the fibers exhibit "phase locking". Neurons in higher auditory pathway centers are tuned to specific stimuli features, such as periodicity, sound intensity, amplitude and frequency modulation. There are also neuroanatomical associations of ASA through the posterior cortical areas, including the posterior superior temporal lobes and the posterior cingulate. Studies have found that impairments in ASA and segregation and grouping operations are affected in patients with Alzheimer's disease. As the first stage of CASA processing, the cochleagram creates a time-frequency representation of the input signal. By mimicking the components of the outer and middle ear, the signal is broken up into Document [63] (Title: Palatine uvula) pharyngeal wall to help close the nasopharynx during swallowing. It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). A bifid or bifurcated uvula is a split or cleft uvula. Newborns with cleft palate often also have a split uvula. The bifid uvula results from incomplete fusion of the palatine shelves but it is considered only a slight form of clefting. Bifid uvulas have less muscle in them than a normal uvula, which may cause recurring problems with middle ear infections. While swallowing, the soft palate is pushed backwards, preventing food and drink from entering the Question: channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx auditory tube Answer: The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube Long Answer: The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear . It is a part of the middle ear . In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm (1.4 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter . It is named after the sixteenth - century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. Gold Document ID: 41

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Guttural pouch) pouches fuse to form a median septum. The guttural pouches connect the middle ear to the pharynx. The opening into the pharynx is called the nasopharyngeal ostium, which is composed of the pharyngeal wall laterally and a fibrocartilaginous fold medially. This opening leads to a short soft tissue passageway into the respective guttural pouch. The openings are located rostrally to enable drainage of mucous when the head is lowered and prevent fluid build-up. The "plica salpingopharyngea," a mucosal fold at the caudal portion of the Eustachian tube, forms an uninterrupted channel between the medial lamina of the Eustachian tube and Document [2] (Title: Parasympathetic nervous system) chorda tympani travels through the middle ear and attaches to the lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal, CN V). After joining the lingual nerve, the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands. The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers depart CN IX as the tympanic nerve and continue to the middle ear where they make up a tympanic plexus on the cochlear promontory of the mesotympanum. The tympanic plexus of nerves rejoin and form the lesser petrosal nerve and exit through Document [3] (Title: Ear) between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian Document [4] (Title: Eustachian tube) while scuba diving, or during sudden decompression of an aircraft at high altitude. Some people are born with a dysfunctional Eustachian tube that is much slimmer than usual. The cause may be genetic, but it has also been posited as a condition in which the patient did not fully recover from the effects of pressure on the middle ear during birth (retained birth compression). It is suggested that Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in a large amount of mucus accumulating in the middle ear, often impairing hearing to a degree. This condition is known as otitis media with effusion, and Document [5] (Title: Auditory system) stapedius muscle is activated in response to sound. The middle ear still contains the sound information in wave form; it is converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea. The inner ear consists of the cochlea and several non-auditory structures. The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections (i.e. the "scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli)", and supports a fluid wave driven by pressure across the basilar membrane separating two of the sections. Strikingly, one section, called the cochlear duct or "scala media," contains endolymph. Endolymph is a fluid similar in composition to the intracellular fluid found inside cells. The organ of Document [6] (Title: Tricho–dento–osseous syndrome) lower jawbone (mandible) and distal to the ear. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the nose, and acts to create a specific pressure in the ear canal that causes vibrations to the eardrum; if adequate pressure is not attained, muffled, dull hearing results. In addition to the mastoid pneumatization assisting the Eustachian tubes for normal hearing, lack of mastoid pneumatization causes inflammation of the ear, general irritation, and does not allow enough air in to assist with mucus flowing out. It is not completely understood why gene mutations occur, but it is known that genetic Document [7] (Title: Nasogastric intubation) the nasal cavity and down into the throat. When the tube enters the oropharynx and glides down the posterior pharyngeal wall, the patient may gag; in this situation the patient, if awake and alert, is asked to mimic swallowing or is given some water to sip through a straw, and the tube continues to be inserted as the patient swallows. Once the tube is past the pharynx and enters the esophagus, it is easily inserted down into the stomach. The tube must then be secured in place to prevent it from moving. Great care must be taken to ensure that Document [8] (Title: Anotia) in the seventh week of development the auditory tube begins to form out of the tympanic membrane. The human ear is divided into three sections. Each section has possesses its own specialized function. 1. The outer ear acts like a funnel and takes in the sound. 2. The middle ear holds the tympanic membrane, or ear drum and several little bones that are moved by the sound waves that have entered the ear via the canal. These movements are very small, like vibrations and are transmitted to the inner ear. 3. The inner ear contains a structure called the cochlea, Document [9] (Title: Eustachian tube) to upper respiratory infections. Otitis media, or inflammation of the middle ear, commonly affects the Eustachian tube. Children under 7 are more susceptible to this condition, one theory being that this is because the Eustachian tube is shorter and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear. Others argue that susceptibility in this age group is related to immunological factors and not Eustachian tube anatomy. Barotitis, a form of barotrauma, may occur when there is a substantial difference in air or water pressure between the outer and the inner ear — for example, during a rapid ascent Document [10] (Title: Otitis media) aureus". Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as serous otitis media (SOM) or secretory otitis media (SOM), and colloquially referred to as 'glue ear,' is fluid accumulation that can occur in the middle ear and mastoid air cells due to negative pressure produced by dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. This can be associated with a viral URI or bacterial infection such as otitis media. An effusion can cause conductive hearing loss if it interferes with the transmission of vibrations of middle ear bones to the vestibulocochlear nerve complex that are created by sound waves. Early-onset OME is associated with Document [11] (Title: Middle ear) Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle Document [12] (Title: Salpingopharyngeus muscle) eustachian tubes to equalize pressure in the middle ear, the muscle can easily be stimulated by swallowing. The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus. And irrigated by the ascending pharyngeal artery. Salpingopharyngeus muscle The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls Document [13] (Title: Eustachian tube) grommets with larger flanges have been researched, but these can lead to permanent perforation of the eardrum. Surgical implantation of permanent bypasses around the eardrum have also been studied, though these suffer from blockage issues, requiring frequent manual cleaning. These also can lead to inner ear infection due to the direct path from the external to the internal ear. Another approach to permitting middle ear drainage is the use of a prosthesis inserted into the Eustachian tube, to assist in holding the tube open. The prosthesis does not necessarily hold the tube completely open all the time, but may instead Document [14] (Title: Salpingopharyngeus muscle) Salpingopharyngeus muscle The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. In addition, it opens the pharyngeal orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing. This allows for the equalization of pressure between the auditory canal and the pharynx. As the salpingopharyngeus is used to open the Document [15] (Title: Eustachian tube) Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects Document [16] (Title: Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear) mass noted behind the ear drum. Even though this is a "neuroendocrine" type tumor, there is almost never evidence of neuroendocrine function clinically or by laboratory examination. In general, an axial and coronal bone computed tomography study without contrast will yield the most information for this tumor. The tumor appears as a soft tissue mass usually within a well-aerated mastoid bone. The features of chronic otitis media are not usually seen. Bone invasion and destruction are usually not seen in this tumor which expands within the mesotympanum (middle ear cavity). Encasement of the ossicles is usually present. There may be Document [17] (Title: Ear) artery; and the labyrinthine artery, arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar artery. Sound waves travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is registered as sound. Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window (the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the Document [18] (Title: Pharynx) palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated. Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of Document [19] (Title: Eustachian tube) is required to equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding atmosphere as the plane descends. A diver also experiences this change in pressure, but with greater rates of pressure change; active opening of the Eustachian tube is required more frequently as the diver goes "deeper" into higher pressure. The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part. The bony part (1/3) nearest to the middle ear is made Document [20] (Title: Cleft lip and cleft palate) hearing loss. This is caused by negative pressure and fluid buildup in the middle ear as a result of poor development of the tensor veli palatini muscle. This muscle is responsible for opening the eustachian tube to allow drainage of the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube is often inserted into the eardrum to aerate the middle ear. This is often beneficial for the hearing of the child. Note that each individual patient's schedule is treated on a case-by-case basis and can vary per hospital. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe Document [21] (Title: Middle ear) the middle-ear muscles. The middle ear is hollow. In a high-altitude environment or on diving into water, there will be a pressure difference between the middle ear and the outside environment. This pressure will pose a risk of bursting or otherwise damaging the tympanum if it is not relieved. If middle ear pressure remains low, the ear drum may become retracted into the middle ear <nowiki>. One of the functions of the </nowiki>Eustachian tubes that connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx is to help keep middle ear pressure the same as air pressure. The Eustachian tubes are normally pinched Document [22] (Title: Ear canal) ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided Document [23] (Title: Otitis media) by a viral URTI, strep throat, or possibly by allergies. Because of the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, the gas volume in the middle ear is trapped and parts of it are slowly absorbed by the surrounding tissues, leading to negative pressure in the middle ear. Eventually, the negative middle-ear pressure can reach a point where fluid from the surrounding tissues is sucked into the middle ear's cavity (tympanic cavity), causing a middle-ear effusion. This is seen as a progression from a Type A tympanogram to a Type C to a Type B tympanogram. By reflux or aspiration of unwanted Document [24] (Title: Eustachian tube) from the chamber of the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx. Normally, the Eustachian tube is collapsed, but it gapes open both with swallowing and with positive pressure. When taking off in an airplane, the surrounding air pressure goes from higher (on the ground) to lower (in the sky). The air in the middle ear expands as the plane gains altitude, and pushes its way into the back of the nose and mouth. On the way down, the volume of air in the middle ear shrinks, and a slight vacuum is produced. "Active" opening of the Eustachian tube Document [25] (Title: Nasopharyngeal airway) on the patient: the device should reach from the patient's nostril to the earlobe or the angle of the jaw. The outside of the tube is lubricated with a water-based lubricant so that it enters the nose more easily. The device is inserted until the flared end rests against the nostril. Nasopharyngeal airway In medicine, a nasopharyngeal airway, also known as an NPA, nasal trumpet (because of its flared end), or nose hose, is a type of "airway adjunct", is a tube that is designed to be inserted into the nasal passageway to secure an open airway. When a patient Document [26] (Title: Pharynx) air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus. The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing. Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the Document [27] (Title: Pharynx) the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere. The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening: The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the Document [28] (Title: Swallowing) (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) and palatopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) to receive the bolus. The palatopharyngeal folds on each side of the pharynx are brought close together through the superior constrictor muscles, so that only a small bolus can pass. 7) Opening of the auditory tube The actions of the levator palatini (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X), tensor palatini (Vc) and salpingopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexus—IX, X) in the closure of the nasopharynx and elevation of the pharynx opens the auditory tube, which equalises the pressure between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. This does not contribute to swallowing, but happens as a consequence of it. Document [29] (Title: Middle ear) surgical importance are two branches of the facial nerve that also pass through the middle ear space. These are the horizontal portion of the facial nerve and the chorda tympani. Damage to the horizontal branch during ear surgery can lead to paralysis of the face (same side of the face as the ear). The chorda tympani is the branch of the facial nerve that carries taste from the ipsilateral half (same side) of the tongue. Ordinarily, when sound waves in air strike liquid, most of the energy is reflected off the surface of the liquid. The middle ear allows the Document [30] (Title: Otitis media) secretions from the nasopharynx into the normally sterile middle-ear space, the fluid may then become infected — usually with bacteria. The virus that caused the initial URI (upper respiratory infection) can itself be identified as the pathogen causing the infection. As its typical symptoms overlap with other conditions, such as acute external otitis, clinical history alone is not sufficient to predict whether acute otitis media is present; it has to be complemented by visualization of the tympanic membrane. Examiners use a pneumatic otoscope with a rubber bulb attached to assess the mobility of the tympanic membrane. In more severe cases, Document [31] (Title: Adenoid hypertrophy) at which adenoids atrophy. The symptoms caused by enlarged adenoids are mostly due to "where" this lymphoid tissue is located. The adenoids are in the midline of the nasopharynx, and the Eustachian tubes open from either ear to the right and left of them. In children with excessive middle ear infections and chronic middle ear fluid, there is a high bacterial count in the adenoids as compared to children without problematic otitis media, even if the size of the adenoids is small. The adenoids in these cases provides a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria that cause ear infections and subsequent middle Document [32] (Title: Ear canal) Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The Document [33] (Title: Patulous Eustachian tube) airway pressure associated with respiration are transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. This causes an unpleasant fullness feeling in the middle ear and alters the auditory perception. Complaints seem to include muffled hearing and autophony. In addition, patulous Eustachian tube generally feels dry with no clogged feeling or sinus pressure. Some patients with this condition are disturbed by the perceived volume of their voice, causing them to speak very quietly. Their own voice may also sound lower to other people, because the trachea has more volume when the Eustachian tube is open. The patient may also sound Document [34] (Title: Hypernasal speech) tube. Secretions accumulate in the middle ear when the tube remains dysfunctional over a long period of time, which cause hearing loss and middle ear infections. Ultimately, hearing loss can lead to impaired speech and language development. The general term for disorders of the velopharyngeal valve is velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). It includes three subterms: velopharyngeal insufficiency, velopharyngeal inadequacy, and velopharyngeal mislearning. There are several methods for diagnosing hypernasality. Hypernasality is generally segmented into so-called 'resonance' effects in vowels and some voiced or sonorant consonants and the effects of excess nasal airflow during those consonants requiring a buildup of oral air Document [35] (Title: Eustachian tube) may result in the mucus becoming very thick and glue-like, a condition known as glue ear. A patulous Eustachian tube is a rare condition in which the Eustachian tube remains intermittently open, causing an echoing sound of the person's own heartbeat, breathing, and speech. This may be temporarily relieved by holding the head upside down. Smoking can also cause damage to the cilia that protect the Eustachian tube from mucus, which can result in the clogging of the tube and a buildup of bacteria in the ear, leading to a middle ear infection. Recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection Document [36] (Title: Ingeborg Hochmair) the auditory nerve along a large part of the cochlea, the snail-shaped inner ear. It had "8 channels, a stimulation rate of 10.000 pulses per second per channel, 8 independent current sources, and a flexible electrode for 22-25mm insertion into the cochlea." The first device was implanted on 16 December 1977 in Vienna by Prof. Kurt Burian followed by a second implantation in March 1978. Despite an early shunt in the first patient and some existing tinnitus in the second patient, place pitch could be demonstrated and the second patient could reliably discriminate and identify stimulation channels. With a next Document [37] (Title: Eustachian tube) palatini, muscles of the soft palate. The Eustachian tube is derived from the ventral part of the first pharyngeal pouch and second endodermal pouch, which during embryogenesis forms the tubotympanic recess. The distal part of the tubotympanic sulcus gives rise to the tympanic cavity, while the proximal tubular structure becomes the Eustachian tube. It helps transformation of sound waves. Under normal circumstances, the human Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. Pressure differences cause temporary conductive hearing loss Document [38] (Title: Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes) conductive, bilateral hearing losses that are greater in degree than in cleft individuals without PRS. Middle ear effusion is generally apparent, with no middle ear or inner ear malformations. Accordingly, management by ear tubes (myringotomy tubes) is often effective and may restore normal levels of hearing (Handzic "et al.", 1995). The hearing loss most typical in patients with Stickler syndrome is a sensorineural hearing loss, indicating that the source of the deficit lies in the inner ear, the vestibulocochlear nerve or the processing centers of the brain. Szymko-Bennett "et al." (2001) found that the overall hearing loss in TypeI Stickler Document [39] (Title: Sensory cue) research within the fields of psychology, cognitive science, and neurobiology. The auditory system of humans and animals allows individuals to assimilate information from the surroundings, represented as sound waves. Sound waves first pass through the pinnae and the auditory canal, the parts of the ear that comprise the outer ear. Sound then reaches the tympanic membrane in the middle ear (also known as the eardrum). The tympanic membrane sets the malleus, incus, and stapes into vibration. The stapes transmits these vibrations to the inner ear by pushing on the membrane covering the oval window, which separates the middle and inner Document [40] (Title: Nasopharyngeal airway) Nasopharyngeal airway In medicine, a nasopharyngeal airway, also known as an NPA, nasal trumpet (because of its flared end), or nose hose, is a type of "airway adjunct", is a tube that is designed to be inserted into the nasal passageway to secure an open airway. When a patient becomes unconscious, the muscles in the jaw commonly relax and can allow the tongue to slide back and obstruct the airway. This makes airway management necessary, and an NPA is one of the available tools. The purpose of the flared end is to prevent the device from becoming lost inside the Document [41] (Title: Eustachian tube) is damaged. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a very common presentation to veterinary surgeons and this may often be fatal unless a balloon catheter can be placed in time to suppress bleeding. Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally Document [42] (Title: Hypernasal speech) nasal cavity. When producing nasal consonants (such as "m", "n", and "ng"), the soft palate remains relaxed, thereby enabling the air to go through the nose. The Eustachian tube, which opens near the velopharyngeal sphincter, connects the middle ear and nasal pharynx. Normally, the tube ensures aeration and drainage (of secretions) of the middle ear. Narrow and closed at rest, it opens during swallowing and yawning, controlled by the tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini (muscles of the soft palate). Children with a cleft palate have difficulties controlling these muscles and thus are unable to open the Eustachian Document [43] (Title: Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure) ear to the oval window of the cochlea. Vibrations of the footplate of stapes transmit through the oval window to the perilymph, which in turn causes the endolymph, the basilar membrane, and the organ of Corti to vibrate, activating ultimately the acoustic sensor cells, the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti. The transfer function of this complex mechanical system under physiological conditions is modulated by the action of two small muscles of the middle ear, the tensor tympani, and stapedius. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the osseous canal of the Document [44] (Title: Hearing range) obtained primarily by behavioural hearing tests. Physiological tests do not need the patient to consciously respond. In humans, sound waves funnel into the ear via the external ear canal and reach the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The compression and rarefaction of these waves set this thin membrane in motion, causing sympathetic vibration through the middle ear bones (the ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes), the basilar fluid in the cochlea, and the hairs within it, called stereocilia. These hairs line the cochlea from base to apex, and the part stimulated and the intensity of stimulation gives an indication of the nature of Document [45] (Title: Ear) is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph, which fills the membranous labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of three fluid-filled spaces: the Document [46] (Title: Outer ear) muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes. Most humans do not have this ability. From the pinna, the sound waves move into the ear canal (also known as the "external acoustic meatus") a simple tube running through to the middle ear. This tube leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity and amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz. The intrinsic muscles of the external ear are: The auricular muscles (or extrinsic muscles) are Document [47] (Title: Neuronal encoding of sound) sound energy, while inner hair cells detect the motion of those waves and excite the (Type I) neurons of the auditory nerve. The basal end of the cochlea, where sounds enter from the middle ear, encodes the higher end of the audible frequency range while the apical end of the cochlea encodes the lower end of the frequency range. This tonotopy plays a crucial role in hearing, as it allows for spectral separation of sounds. A cross section of the cochlea will reveal an anatomical structure with three main chambers (scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani). At the apical Document [48] (Title: Pharynx) immediately behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization. In humans, two sets of pharyngeal muscles form the pharynx and determine the shape of its lumen. They are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer. The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft Document [49] (Title: Inner ear) in the membranous labyrinth. The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli, a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and the stria vascularis, which produces the endolymph. The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti. Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the Document [50] (Title: Intermediate nerve) through the Petrotympanic fissure and merges with the lingual nerve, after which it synapses with neurons in the submandibular ganglion. These postganglionic neurons provide parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The sensory component of the intermediate nerve carries input about sensation from the skin of the external auditory meatus, from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and nose, and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and the soft palate. The sensory information from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and palate is carried along the greater petrosal nerve, while the chorda tympani Document [51] (Title: Tympanic membrane retraction) commercially available devices (e.g. Otovent and Ear Popper). A ventilation tube, also known as a tympanostomy tube or a grommet, may be placed through the eardrum to equalize middle ear pressure. Although this intervention may be effective, research has not yet shown whether it provides better results than simple observation. Further weakness or perforation of the eardrum may occur. These are intended to improve Eustachian tube function. Adenoidectomy can improve middle ear function and nasal steroid sprays can reduce adenoid size but it is not known whether these treatments alter tympanic membrane retraction. Enlargement of the Eustachian tube opening in Document [52] (Title: Auditory system) attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). Document [53] (Title: Enlarged vestibular aqueduct) to adulthood, and symptoms include fluctuating and sometimes progressive sensorineural hearing loss and disequilibrium. The vestibular aqueduct acts as a canal between the inner ear and the cranial cavity. Running through it is a tube called the endolymphatic duct, which normally carries a fluid called endolymph from the inner ear to the endolymphatic sac in the cranial cavity. When the endolymphatic duct and sac are larger than normal, as is the case in large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, endolymph is allowed to travel back from the endolymphatic sac into the inner ear. This often results fluctuations in hearing levels. Enlarged vestibular Document [54] (Title: Audiometry) could be detected in the ear canal. The first commercial system for detecting and measuring OAEs was produced in 1988. The auditory system is composed of epithelial, osseous, vascular, neural and neocortical tissues. The anatomical divisions are external ear canal and tympanic membrane, middle ear, inner ear, VIII auditory nerve, and central auditory processing portions of the neocortex. Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the external auditory canal until they reach the tympanic membrane, causing the membrane and the attached chain of auditory ossicles to vibrate. The motion of the stapes against the oval window sets up Document [55] (Title: Facial nerve decompression) above. Internal auditory canal (I.A.C.) porous to tympanic segment. This middle cranial fossae exposure is used to expose I.A.C. and labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve when hearing preservation is goal. The geniculate ganglion and tympanic portion of the nerve can also be decompressed from this approach. The middle cranial fossa route is the only method that can be use to expose the entire I.A.C. and labyrinthine segment with preservation of hearing. This is combination with the retrolabyrinthine and transmastoid approaches, enables visualization of the entire course of the facial nerve and still preserves function of the inner ear. The Document [56] (Title: Weber test) because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear. This finding is because the conduction problem of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, and eustachian tube) masks the ambient noise of the room, while the well-functioning inner ear (cochlea with its basilar membrane) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull, causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear. Another theory, however, is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et Document [57] (Title: Inner ear) otoliths. Movement of the stereocilia and kinocilium enable the hair cells of the saccula and utricle to detect motion. The semicircular ducts are responsible for detecting rotational movement. Saladin, "Anatomy and Physiology" 6e, print American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, The Middle Ear, http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Middle-Ear/ Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The Document [58] (Title: Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear) accounts for less than 2% of all ear tumors. While patients present with symptoms related to the middle ear cavity location of the tumor, the tumor may expand into the adjacent structures (external auditory canal, mastoid bone, and eustachian tube). Patients come to clinical attention with unilateral (one sided) hearing loss, usually associated with decreased auditory acuity, and particularly conductive hearing loss if the ossicular bone chain (middle ear bones) is involved. Tinnitus (ringing), otitis media, pressure or occasionally ear discharge are seen. At the time of otoscopic exam, the tympanic membrane is usually intact, with a fluid level or Document [59] (Title: Middle cranial fossa) wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures. It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland. A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannoma) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone. The middle part of the fossa presents, in front, the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity. Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward Document [60] (Title: Hearing) for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves. The inner ear consists of the cochlea, which is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled tube. It is divided lengthwise by the organ of Corti, which is the main organ of mechanical to neural transduction. Inside the organ of Corti is the basilar membrane, a structure that vibrates when waves from the middle ear propagate through the cochlear fluid – endolymph. The basilar membrane is tonotopic, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the Document [61] (Title: Otitis media) that has led to acute otitis media. This progresses to a prolonged inflammatory response causing mucosal (middle ear) oedema, ulceration and perforation. The middle ear attempts to resolve this ulceration by production of granulation tissue and polyp formation. This can lead to increased discharge and failure to arrest the inflammation, and to development of CSOM, which is also often associated with cholesteatoma. There may be enough pus that it drains to the outside of the ear (otorrhea), or the pus may be minimal enough to be seen only on examination with an otoscope or binocular microscope. Hearing impairment often accompanies Document [62] (Title: Computational auditory scene analysis) the fibers exhibit "phase locking". Neurons in higher auditory pathway centers are tuned to specific stimuli features, such as periodicity, sound intensity, amplitude and frequency modulation. There are also neuroanatomical associations of ASA through the posterior cortical areas, including the posterior superior temporal lobes and the posterior cingulate. Studies have found that impairments in ASA and segregation and grouping operations are affected in patients with Alzheimer's disease. As the first stage of CASA processing, the cochleagram creates a time-frequency representation of the input signal. By mimicking the components of the outer and middle ear, the signal is broken up into Document [63] (Title: Palatine uvula) pharyngeal wall to help close the nasopharynx during swallowing. It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). A bifid or bifurcated uvula is a split or cleft uvula. Newborns with cleft palate often also have a split uvula. The bifid uvula results from incomplete fusion of the palatine shelves but it is considered only a slight form of clefting. Bifid uvulas have less muscle in them than a normal uvula, which may cause recurring problems with middle ear infections. While swallowing, the soft palate is pushed backwards, preventing food and drink from entering the Question: channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx auditory tube

Answer: The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube Long Answer: The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear . It is a part of the middle ear . In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm (1.4 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter . It is named after the sixteenth - century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. Gold Document ID: 41

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Moturi Satyanarayana) India's political history. However, some people criticise his decision to support Hindi, and not English, as the official language of India. The awkward provisions in the Indian Constitution and a later push by pro-Hindi hardliners led to "language riots" in the 1960s in southern states such as Tamil Nadu, where more than 60 people died. Several students immolated themselves protesting the forced use of Hindi as the national language. While English has become the de facto national language of India by 2010, the Indian Constitution has continued to serve as the fundamental basis of the India's polity and society and Document [2] (Title: Languages of India) in 1952. Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There were 83 million speakers in 2011 and 72 million speakers in 2001. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's "Vivek Sindhu" from the close of the 12th century). The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages Document [3] (Title: Languages with official status in India) required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work, which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill". The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public. The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or Document [4] (Title: Hindustani language) declared by the Constitution of India as the "official language (राजभाषा, "rājabhāśā") of the Union" (Art. 343(1)) (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country – India has 23 official languages). At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English. At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 9 of the 29 Indian states and three Union Territories (respectively, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana; Document [5] (Title: Hindustani language) a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskrit-based dialect, spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term "Hindi" includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word "Hindi" include, among others: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and an officially recognised regional language of India. Urdu is the official language of all Pakistani provinces and is taught in all schools as a compulsory subject up to the 12th Document [6] (Title: Hindi Belt) Hindi Belt The Hindi Belt or Hindi Desh, sometimes referred to as the Hindi-Urdu Region, is a linguistic region in north-central India where Hindi (and the various languages/dialects grouped under it) and Urdu are widely spoken. Hindi belt is sometimes also used to refer to nine Indian states whose official language is Hindi and have a Hindi-speaking majority, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Territory of Delhi. Hindi is part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of India. Hindi Document [7] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) of the official languages of India and Fiji and is also spoken in Suriname, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. It is mutually intelligible to a high degree with Urdu which is spoken in Pakistan and together they are often considered the same language, referred to as Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu. Although very similar verbally, they do have different written scripts; Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and Urdu is written in the Nastaʿlīq script. Hindi has more than 550 million speakers in India alone, of whom 422 million are native, 98.2 million are second language speakers, and 31.2 million Document [8] (Title: North India) Sanskrit and the various Prakrits are thought to have evolved. The most widely spoken language in this region is Hindi. It has official status in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh as well as in the union territory of Delhi. Punjabi has predominance in the state of Punjab where it is the official language. It also has significant presence in the nearby regions. Urdu enjoys official status in Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh. Further north in Jammu and Kashmir, major languages are Dogri and Kashmiri. Languages like Bengali, Bhili and Nepali are also Document [9] (Title: Hindi Belt) proper, Hindi can be equated with the Central Zone Indic languages. These are conventionally divided into Western Hindi and Eastern Hindi. An even narrower definition of Hindi is that of the official language, Modern Standard Hindi or "Manak Hindi", a standardised register of Hindustani, one of the varieties of Western Hindi. Standardised Hindustani—including both Manak Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the Khariboli dialect of 17th-century Delhi. Population data from the 16th (2009) edition of "Ethnologue" is as follows, counting languages with two million or more speakers: According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India (25% of Document [10] (Title: Hindustani language) in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and is an official language of the Indian states of Telangana, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Modern Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and "Saaf" or "Khaalis" Urdu is treated with just as much respect as "Shuddha" Hindi. Urdu is also the national language of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English. Although English is spoken by many, and Punjabi is the native language of Document [11] (Title: S. Natarajan) regarded with anxiety by students in Tamil Nadu. Speaking of making Hindi as an official language of India, Annadurai said "It is claimed that Hindi should be the common language because it is spoken by the majority. Why should we then claim the tiger as our national animal instead of the rat which is so much more numerous? Or the peacock as our national bird when the crow is ubiquitous?". In view of the continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against Hindi imposition at Kodambakkam, Chennai in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over. He gave Document [12] (Title: Languages of India) 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab. Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam and Brahmaputra Valley. It's an Eastern Indo-Aryan language having more than 10 million speakers as per world estimates by Encarta. Maithili (; "Maithilī") is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the Document [13] (Title: 2011 Census of India) trilingual. Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups. Any one above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate. 2011 Census of Document [14] (Title: Lingua franca) language." The order in non-Hindi speaking states is: "(a) the regional language; (b) Hindi; (c) Urdu or any other modern Indian language excluding (a) and (b); and (d) English or any other modern European language." Hindi has also emerged as a lingua franca for the locals of Arunachal Pradesh, a linguistically diverse state in Northeast India.It is estimated that 90 percent of the state's population knows Hindi. The only documented sign language used as a lingua franca is Plains Indian Sign Language, used across much of North America. It was used as a second language across many indigenous peoples. Alongside Document [15] (Title: World language) primarily due to the large population in the region rather than a supra-regional use of these languages, although Hindustani (including all Hindi dialects, and Urdu), Bengali and Tamil may fulfill the criteria in terms of supra-regional usage and international recognition. As an example, the native speaking population of Bengali vastly outnumber those who speak French as a first language, and it is one of the most spoken languages (ranking fifth or sixth) in the world with nearly 230 million total speakers, and is known for its long and rich literary tradition. In addition to 370 million native speakers, English is Document [16] (Title: Linguistic history of India) Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramūrvashīiya of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from Sauraseni Apabhramsha. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. Modern Hindi Document [17] (Title: Hinglish) it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi, and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English". Hindi has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Persian, Urdu and Indic-European languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech. At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, Document [18] (Title: Eastern South Asia) Bhutan has a significant Nepali-speaking minority. Thimphu and Phuntsholing are the largest cities. With an estimated population of 226million, East India has a multi-lingual and multi-ethnic Indo-Aryan population. Kolkata, Patna, Asansol, Durgapur, Bhubaneshwar, Siliguri and Darjeeling are among the area's largest cities. Northeast India has a population of 45million. It has a multi-ethnic Tibeto-Burman population, except in Bengali-majority Tripura. Guwahati, Agartala, Shillong, Imphal, Aizawl, and Gangtok are the major towns and cities. Hindi and English are the federal official languages of India while most states also have their own official language. Nepal has a population of 25 million, which is Document [19] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) framing of the Indian Constitution after India's independence from the United Kingdom. After an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. The new Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led Document [20] (Title: Hindi Belt) in this broad sense is a linguistic rather than an ethnic concept. This definition of Hindi is one of the ones used in the Indian census, and results in more than forty percent of Indians being reported to be speakers of Hindi, though Hindi-area respondents vary as to whether they call their language Hindi or use a local language name to distinguish their language from Hindi. As defined in the 1991 census, Hindi has a broad and a narrow sense. The name "Hindi" is thus ambiguous. Before being identified as a separate language Maithili was identified as a Hindi dialect. Document [21] (Title: Dialect continuum) but Dari and Tajik tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary. Many of the Indo-Aryan languages of Northern India (including Assam Valley as for the language Assamese) and Pakistan form a dialect continuum. What is called "Hindi" in India is frequently Standard Hindi, the Sanskritized register of the colloquial Hindustani spoken in the Delhi area since the Mughals, the other register being Urdu. However, the term Hindi is also used for the different dialects from Bihar to Rajasthan and, more widely, some of the Eastern and Northern dialects are called Hindo. The Indo-Aryan Prakrits also gave rise Document [22] (Title: Bilingual education) schools, courts etc. Bangladeshi children start English as Second Language quite early in their age (mostly from age 5-6). In National Curriculum, English is given an importance and it is taught compulsorily until twelfth grade. There are Government approved curriculum as well as other international systems of Educations which maintains English as a 'medium of instruction'. The official languages of the Union of India are Hindi and English, with 21 other regional languages holding co-official status, including: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Education Document [23] (Title: Languages of India) as a primary language and language of instruction, and as a second tongue in most states. British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a "lingua franca" over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a "de facto" "lingua franca" over much of India. Document [24] (Title: Hindi language school) an economic and geographic perspective. Since 2008, there has been a demand for Hindi teachers particularly in New Jersey and Connecticut to fill teaching positions aimed at competitiveness. It is said that Hindi "... is the new Mandarin ..." in light of global competitiveness with China. The study found that Arabic, Mandarin, Russian, Persian and Hindi are all important languages in the new millennium. Hindi schools generally celebrate Hindu festivals as part of their teachings. Some of the major holidays as Diwali, Holi, Kavadi, and Deepothsavam are among holidays that are commonly celebrated with festivities. In general, most Hindi schools Document [25] (Title: Hindi Belt) the population) regarded their native language to be "Hindi", however, including other Hindi dialects this figure becomes 422 million Hindi speakers (41% of the population). These figures do not count 52 million Indians who considered their mother tongue to be "Urdu". The numbers are also not directly comparable to the table above; for example, while independent estimates in 2001 counted 37 million speakers of Awadhi, in the 2001 census only 2½ million of these identified their language as "Awadhi" rather than as "Hindi". Much of the Hindi spoken outside of the subcontinent is quite distinct from the Indian standard language. Document [26] (Title: Urdu) census and 16 million in 2006 estimates; and several hundred thousand in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United States, and Bangladesh (where it is called "Bihari"). However, a knowledge of Urdu allows one to speak with far more people than that, because Hindustani, of which Urdu is one variety, is the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English . Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Urdu and Hindi speakers in India and Pakistan, as well as estimating the number of people for whom Urdu is a second language, the estimated number of speakers is Document [27] (Title: Languages of India) (of Turco-Mongol origin), influenced the art, history and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes, and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianised vocabulary with Sanskrit derivations and replaced or supplemented the use of Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes with Devanagari. Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Document [28] (Title: Hindi in Bihar) and "Chaitanya Chandrika" by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figures of that time. This literary activities were not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar. Despite the large number of speakers of Bihari languages, these languages have not been constitutionally recognised in India. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar, with English occasionally used in education and government. These languages was legally absorbed under the subordinate label of HINDI in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments. The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Document [29] (Title: Braj Kachru) the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million. Finally, the expanding circle encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. This includes much of the rest of the world's Document [30] (Title: Gauriganj, India) spoken languages that are understood by most people, along with English. The official language is the state language, Hindi. Hinduism is followed by large numbers of the population. A significant part of the population of city consists of followers of Islam and Sikhism. Christians and Jains constitute a minority of the population. Malik Mohammad Jayasi (Hindi: मलिक मोहम्मद जायसी) (1477–1542) was an Indian poet who wrote in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi. He hailed from Jais, presently a city in the Amethi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Though his tomb lies in a place 3 km north Document [31] (Title: Culture of India) the Perso-Arabic script. Modern standard Hindi has a lesser Persian influence and is written in the Devanagari script. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Indian English literature developed during the British Raj, pioneered by Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand and Munshi Premchand. In addition to Indo-European and Dravidian languages, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages are in use in India. The 2011 Linguistic Survey of India states that India has over 780 languages and 66 different scripts, with its state of Arunachal Pradesh with 90 languages. The Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have Document [32] (Title: People's Linguistic Survey of India) are being published by the publishing house Orient Blackswan. The publications of the survey include the following information: For scheduled languages, the survey also provides a broad cultural overview of each language. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India recognizes 22 scheduled languages, excluding English, and the linguistic policies and funding of the Indian government are organised around this information. However, this information does not adequately convey the linguistic diversity of India. The 1961 Census of India had recorded 1652 languages being in use in India. However, it was decided to exclude languages spoken by less than 10,000 people Document [33] (Title: Languages with official status in India) official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965. The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the , In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent. Document [34] (Title: Indic computing) native Indian languages. Currently, Tamil is being offered and , releases in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, Punjabi and Telugu are expected over the remainder of 2016. Microsoft Inc. supports Hindi, Bengali and Tamil email addresses. It is expected to include other Indian languages in future. AI based Virtual Assistants Google Assistant provides support to various Indian languages. According to GoDaddy, Hindi, Marathi and Tamil languages accounted for 61% of India's internet traffic. It is to be noted that less than 1% of online content is in Indian languages. The newly created top apps have support for multiple Indian languages Document [35] (Title: Demographics of India) castes: 16.6% (2011 census); scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census) See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total. India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability. Note Document [36] (Title: Hindi) composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition Document [37] (Title: Languages of India) million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people. Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian and English. Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonisation. English continues to be an important language in India. It is used in higher education and in some areas of the Indian government. Hindi, the most commonly spoken language in India today, serves as the "lingua franca" across much of North and Central India. However, Document [38] (Title: Culture of India) which includes English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Celtic, Greek, Baltic, Armenian, Persian, Tocharian and other Indo-European languages. Tamil, one of India's major classical language, descends from Proto-Dravidian languages spoken around the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years and the earliest epigraphic records found date from around the 3rd century BCE. The evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three periods: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was "sanskrit" meaning Document [39] (Title: Multiculturalism) form the majority, followed by Muslims. The statistics are: Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahá'í, Jain, Jew and Parsi populations. Linguistically, the two main language families in India are Indo-Aryan (a branch of Indo-European) and Dravidian. In India's northeast, people speaking Sino-Tibetan group of languages such as Meitei (Meitei-lon) recognized by the Indian constitution and Austroasiatic languages are commonly found. India (officially) follows a three-language policy. Hindi (spoken in the form of Hindustani) is the official federal language, English has the federal status of associate/subsidiary official language and each state has its own state official language Document [40] (Title: Teaching English as a second or foreign language) such as law, finance, education, and business. The popularity of English in the country has also posed problems for the regional and traditional languages within the country. Indian languages, such as Hindi, are known and associated with tradition and are regarded as un-modern. At the national level, Hindi has the status of official language in India, and English is recognized as another official language for government work. Teaching English as a second or foreign language Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) refers to teaching the English language to students with different first languages. TEFL can occur either within the Document [41] (Title: History of Hindustani) History of Hindustani Hindustani (Hindi: हिंदुस्तानी Urdu: ) is one of the predominant languages of South Asia, with federal status in India and Pakistan in its standardized forms of Hindi and Urdu. It is widely spoken and understood as a second language in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Persian Gulf and as such is considered a lingua franca in the Indian subcontinent. It is also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by total number of speakers. It developed in North India, principally during the Mughal Empire, when the Persian language exerted a strong influence on Document [42] (Title: Magadhi Prakrit) Chakma, Chittagonian, Maithili, Magahi, Odia, Rajbangsi, Rohingya and Sylheti among others. Out of all of its offshoots, Bengali is the most spoken, with over 240 million speakers, followed by Odia and Maithili (both with over 40 million speakers) and Bhojpuri, (with over 30 million speakers, and generally considered to be a dialect of Hindi). Magadhi Prakrit Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī) was a vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan language, replacing earlier Vedic Sanskrit in parts of the Indian subcontinents. It was spoken in present-day Assam, Odisha, Bengal, Bihar, and eastern Uttar Pradesh, and used in some dramas to represent vernacular dialogue in Prakrit dramas. Document [43] (Title: People's Linguistic Survey of India) Bengal are Ol Chicki (Santhal), Kol Ho, Barangh Kshiti, Lepcha, Sadri and Limbu besides Bengali, Urdu and Nepali. Languages with increasing numbers of speakers are Byari in Karnataka, Bhojpuri in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Khasi in Meghalaya, Mizo in Mizoram, Kumouni in Uttarakhand, Kutchhi in Gujarat and Mewati in Rajasthan. 400 million of the Indian population speak Hindi and it remains the most popular language of India, while the number of Indian people with English as their mother language has gone up from one hundred eighty-seven thousand in 1971 to 10 million in 2011. People's Linguistic Survey of India The Document [44] (Title: Languages of India) must for officials. Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Document [45] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) to have Hindi recognized as an official language of the UN. In 2015, Nepal's Vice President Parmananda Jha stated his firm support for the inclusion of Hindi as an official language of the UN. Because of the linguistic diversity in India, the expansion of Hindi has become political and has led to a rise of English in the post-British colonial period. This is why English is included along with Hindi on Indian passports. If the Indian government is able to grant more federal-level protection for other languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu, as a compromise then Document [46] (Title: Linguistic variety in Mauritius) language in which this particular religion was practiced. Hindus use Hindi, Telugu,Tamil, and Marathi in their worship. Most here Telugu is used as third language here over 30000 Telugu people are living With there un forgettable traditions.Even though Bhojpuri is a language well used by Hindus in their daily life, it is not used as a language of worship because of its spoken status which confer it its unworthiness. Muslims read the Koran in Arabic but the imam communicates with his congregation in Urdu or in Gujarati. As far as Buddhists are concerned, the language used in the practice of Document [47] (Title: Languages with official status in India) speakers is about 25% of the total Indian population; however, including dialects of Hindi termed as Hindi languages, the total is around 44% of Indians, mostly accounted from the states falling under the Hindi belt. Other Indian languages are each spoken by around 10% or less of the population. States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union, but also with the languages that are to be used for the official Document [48] (Title: Languages of India) their own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples being Karnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu, as its official languages. Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir uses Urdu, which is spoken by Document [49] (Title: IndoWordNet) of India, viz., Assamese, Bangla, Bodo, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. The wordnets are getting created by using expansion approach from the Hindi WordNet. The Hindi WordNet was created from first principles (mentioned below) and was the first wordnet for an Indian language. The method adopted was same as the Princeton WordNet for English. Polish WordNet is being mapped to Princeton WordNet based on the strategy followed by IndoWordNet. The wordnets follow the principles of minimality, coverage and replaceability for the synsets. That means, there should be at least Document [50] (Title: Languages of India) Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. It Document [51] (Title: Official language) Cantonese and Mandarin, with spoken Chinese language are simplified and traditional. China's official language is Mandarin and Simplified Chinese which is used as the standard writing system. As time goes by, signage in simplified characters has gained some popularity in a few areas. Some Hong Kong companies may have changed the characters of the signs whilst nearly all Hong Kong people continue to use traditional characters. The Constitution of India (part 17) designates the official language of the Government of India as English as well as Standard Hindi written in the Devanagari script. The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Document [52] (Title: Hindi in Bihar) as the generic name for their language. Hindi in Bihar Hindi is one of the two official languages of Bihar (the other being Urdu), whilst the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages - Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili or Angika. "Biharbandhu" was the first Hindi newspaper published from Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Keshav Ram Bhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman settled in Biharsharif. Hindi journalism in Bihar, and specially Patna, could make little headway initially. It was mainly due to lack of respect for Hindi among the people at large. Many Hindi journals took birth and after Document [53] (Title: Indic computing) and/or promote Indian language content. 61% of the Indian users of WhatsApp primarily use their native languages to communicate with it. A recent study revealed that adoption of Internet is highest among local languages such as Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati and Malayalam. It estimates that Marathi, Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu will form 30% of the total local-language user base in the country. Currently, Tamil at 42% has the highest Internet adoption levels, followed by Hindi at 39% and Kannada at 37%. Intex also reported that 87 % of its regional language usage came from Hindi, Bengali,Tamil, Gujarati Document [54] (Title: Teaching English as a second or foreign language) instability in some African countries has made it difficult to attract foreign teachers. There has been increasing government investment in education and a growing private sector. Additional English instruction takes place at levels of public and private schools. Beginning as early as 1759, English language teaching in India has been occurring for more than two hundred and fifty years. After Hindi, English is the most commonly spoken, written and read language of India, as it is used most commonly for inter-state and intrastate communication, acting as a ‘link’ language. In India, it is a very important language in some fields Document [55] (Title: Languages of India) and Urdu) with official status in more than one state. It is also spoken by a significant number of people in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages with classical status in India. Telugu ranks fourth by the number of native speakers in India (81 million in the 2011 Census), fifteenth in the "Ethnologue" list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language. Tamil (also spelt as "Thamizh": தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu, Document [56] (Title: Hindi) Hindi, most notably along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language. Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day. In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a "lingua franca" for various tribes in Assam that speak other languages natively. In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 Document [57] (Title: 2011 Census of India) faiths- 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2011 Census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. The language data was Document [58] (Title: Auraiya) East and Andhra pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai in South and South-West. Wheat and oils seeds are the main produce that is transported to the adjoining districts from Auraiya's Wholesale Market. The language of practically the entire population is what is known as western Hindi. The returns of the census 1981 showed that this language was spoken by about 96.8 per cent of the population. In 1971, the percentage of Hindi speaking persons was 96.4. Western Hindi is split up into several subdivisions. In 1981, the language known as Hindustani or Urdu was spoken by about 3.10 per cent (3.35 Document [59] (Title: Portmanteau) which refers to the vernacular of the people in (the Hindi-speaking regions of) North India, where they mix Hindi and English in the spoken language. Another modern day example is the BrahMos missile, whose name is a portmanteau of two rivers, Brahmaputra and Moskva. Compounds displaying Sanskritic sandhi are extremely commonplace in Hindi, but as compounds showing sandhi still consist of multiple morphemes, these are not portmanteaus. In Hungarian language, the first decades of the 19th century saw the language-reforming movement (Hungarian: "nyelvújítás"), when some authors and poets, like Ferenc Kazinczy, Pál Bugát, Mihály Fazekas, Miklós Révai and others created Document [60] (Title: Languages with official status in India) in Hindi, except in certain cases. Communication with a second category of states "Region B", which do not use Hindi as their official language but have elected to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Punjab) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English. Communication with all other states "Region C", and with people living in them, is in English. Languages with official status in India The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari Document [61] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) is a literary register of the Hindustani language, derived from the Khariboli dialect of the Hindi languages. A Persianized variant of Hindustani began to take shape during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia. Urdu, along with English, became the first official language of British India in 1850. Urdu was being written, spoken and translated to and from English in all courts, schools, official documents, and government institutes. Although the need to have a language for Hindus developed in the 1850s, the irrevocable momentum of the Hindi language movement occurred around 1880. Urdu is Document [62] (Title: Hindi in Pakistan) 2015, an Urdu-Hindi cookbook described as the "first of its kind" was published in Pakistan. At Lahore's Information Technology University, the Data Science Lab created an application called the Urdu-Hindi Dictionary which translates words written in Roman transliteration to their selected language. Some Pakistani Hindus learn Hindi in order to study Hindu texts. Hindi is also spoken amongst the small Indian community in Pakistan. The Indian High Commission in Islamabad operated a Hindi school which gave classes to the children of expatriates. At the Wagah border crossing in Lahore, signboards contain Hindi markings alongside Urdu/Shahmukhi and English to facilitate Indian Document [63] (Title: Hindi Divas) are 22 Scheduled languages of India, of which, two are officially used at Union government of India level: Hindi and English. Hindi is spoken by 250 million people as the original language and it is the fourth language of the world. Apart from local-level events in schools and other institutions, a few of the notable events include Ministry of Home Affairs in its order dated 25 March 2015 has changed name of two awards given annually on Hindi Divas. 'Indira Gandhi Rajbhasha Puraskar' instituted in 1986 changed to 'Rajbhasha Kirti Puraskar' and 'Rajiv Gandhi Rashtriya Gyan-Vigyan Maulik Pustak Lekhan Puraskar' Document [64] (Title: Hindi) an abugida. Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike for Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa dropping in spoken Standard Hindi. The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919. Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation (calqueing) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English. Hindi has naturally inherited a Document [65] (Title: Hindi) a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. Modern Standard Hindi is one of the youngest Indian languages in this regard. After independence, the government of India instituted the following conventions: On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing Urdu's previous usage in British India. To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favor of Document [66] (Title: Lingua franca) language variant spoken in Riau - has the same function in Indonesia, although Javanese has more native speakers. Still, Indonesian is the sole official language and is spoken throughout the country. Also Persian is both the lingua franca of Iran and its national language. The Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) is the lingua franca of Pakistan and Northern India. Many Indian states have adopted the Three-language formula in which students in Hindi speaking states are taught: "(a) Hindi (with Sanskrit as part of the composite course); (b) Urdu or any other modern Indian language and (c) English or any other modern European Document [67] (Title: Indo-Canadians) language come from both India and Sri Lanka. Hindi, as India's most spoken language, is now the language primarily used by new Indian immigrants, especially ones with ties to Northern India and Central India. As an official language used by the Government of India and by almost half of India's population, Hindi plays a key role as a lingua franca between Indo-Canadians who don't necessarily feel comfortable to speak in English. Urdu is primarily spoken by Muslim South Asians from Northern India and Pakistan. However, individuals of Indian descent from Africa and the Caribbean may also speak it as well. Document [68] (Title: Hindi) pidginized variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi). Outside India, several other languages are recognized officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects of Hindustani, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Such languages include "Fiji Hindi", which is official in Fiji, and Caribbean Hindustani, which is a recognized language in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Apart from specialized vocabulary, spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. As a linguistic variety, Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Document [69] (Title: Languages of India) transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved. Varieties of Hindi spoken in India include Rajasthani, Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Hindustani, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Nagpuri and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a "lingua franca", Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai. In addition, a trade language, Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands. In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a "lingua franca" across both North and Central India Hindi is widely taught both Document [70] (Title: Telugu language) Telugu language Telugu (; ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and the union territories of Puducherry (Yanam) by the Telugu people and it is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. It stands alongside Hindi, English and Bengali as one of the few languages with official primary language status in more than one Indian state. There are also significant linguistic minorities in neighbouring states. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the country's government. Telugu ranks fourth among the languages with the highest number of native Document [71] (Title: Hindustani language) Delhi, Chandigarh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands). In the remaining states Hindi is not an official language. In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies. Urdu, also a major standardized register of Hindustani, is also one of the languages recognized Document [72] (Title: Urdu) the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, and Punjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language of Pakistan. In practice English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government. Urdu is also one of the officially recognized languages in India and the official language of Jammu and Kashmir, one of the two official languages of Telangana and also has the status of ""additional official language"" in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and the national capital, New Document [73] (Title: Indian English) of 72 countries in the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index published by the EF Education First. The index gives the country a score of 57.30 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 4th out of 19 Asian countries included in the index. Among Asian countries, Singapore (63.52), Malaysia (60.70) and the Philippines (60.33) received higher scores than India. English, according to the Indian Constitution, is the language of the Supreme Court and all the High Courts of India. The Indian parliament has the power to change this law, but it has yet to do so. However, in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Document [74] (Title: Mumbai) oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, and Konkani Muslims. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as "Bambaiya" – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets. Among minority languages of Maharashtra, Hindi is spoken by Document [75] (Title: South Asian cinema) regions of India, its often-used dialect Hindustani is the most widespread language but covering only 40% of the total population, and English is widely understood irrespective of region, the state languages are preserved for official use by different states in India, and many have as many speakers as an average European nation. Regional industries have also tended to produce a higher percentage of serious art film and political film. Bangladeshi cinema is filmed in Bengali and Sri Lankan cinema is filmed in Sinhala and Tamil. Last but not least is Indonesian cinema. In the beginning the Indonesian cinema grew after Document [76] (Title: Culture of India) languages in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution. Oriya's importance to Indian culture, from ancient times, is evidenced by its presence in Ashoka's Rock Edict X, dated to be from 2nd century BC. The language with the largest number of speakers in India is Hindi and it's various dialects. Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan "apabhraṃśa" vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. During the time of Islamic rule in parts of India, it became influenced by Persian. The Persian influence led to the development of Urdu, which is more Persianized and written in Document [77] (Title: Urdu) and Hindi, by purging Urdu of Sanskrit words, and Hindi of Persian loanwords, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India (more than 80% of it) and Pakistan together: there were 52 million and 80.5 million Urdu speakers in India (some 5% and 6.5% of the total population of India) as per the 2001 and 2011 censuses respectively; approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% as per the 1998 Document [78] (Title: Hindi Belt) It can vary significantly with altitude, especially in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The Hindi Heartland supports about a third of India's population and occupies about a quarter of its geographical area. The population is concentrated along the fertile Ganges plain in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. Although the vast majority of the population is rural, significant urban cities include Gurugram, Chandigarh, Panchkula, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Jaipur, Agra, Varanasi, Patna, Jamshedpur and Ranchi. The region hosts a diverse population, with various dialects of Hindi being spoken along with other Indian languages, and multi-religious population including Document [79] (Title: Languages with official status in India) being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the "Kendriya Hindi Samiti" (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their Document [80] (Title: Hindi media) Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the union territory of Chandigarh. Currently India publishes about 1,000 Hindi dailies that have a total circulation of about 80 million copies. English, the second language in terms of number of daily newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million copies. Prominent Hindi newspapers include "Dainik Jagran", "Dainik Bhaskar", "Amar Ujala", "Navbharat Times", "Hindustan Dainik", "Rajasthan Patrika", Prabhasakshi and "Nai Dunia". In terms of readership, "Dainik Jagran" is the most popular Hindi daily, with a total readership (TR) of 54,583,000, according to IRS Round Document [81] (Title: 2001 Census of India) is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 41% of them have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. English is known to 12.5% Indians in the 2001 census. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 25.50 crore, which is 24.8% of the population in 2001. India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839). 2001 Census of India Document [82] (Title: Hindi) Hindi Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, "Hindī"), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, "Mānak Hindī") is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi written in the Devanagari script is one of the official languages of India, along with the English language. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India. However, it is not the national language of India because no language was given such a status in the Indian constitution. Hindi is the "lingua franca" of the "Hindi belt", and to a lesser extent other parts of India (usually in a simplified or Document [83] (Title: Hindi) Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect, the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi, Maithili (sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum) and Braj. "Urdu" – another form of Hindustani – acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period (1800s), and underwent significant Persian influence. Modern Hindi and its literary tradition evolved towards the end of the 18th century. However, modern Hindi's earlier literary stages before standardization can be traced to the 16th century. In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as Document [84] (Title: Languages of India) has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past." The two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, are in Tamil. Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognized as minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa. After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a Document [85] (Title: Languages of India) languages, which have been referred to as "scheduled" languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of "classical language" to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature. According to the Census of India of 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in definition of the terms "language" and "dialect". The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a Document [86] (Title: Hindi) Spanish and English. Alongside Urdu as Hindustani, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. The term "Hindī" originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the region east of the Indus. It was borrowed from Classical Persian "Hindī" (Iranian Persian "Hendi"), meaning "Indian", from the proper noun "Hind" "India". The name "Hindavī" was used by Amir Khusrow in his poetry. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit "apabhraṃśa" "corrupted"), which emerged in the 7th century A.D. Modern Document [87] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) are third language speakers. Hindi is the lingua franca of the majority of Indians in the subcontinent, along with Pakistan (as Urdu), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, with its importance as a global language increasing day by day. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. In 2007, it was reported that the government would "make immediate diplomatic moves to seek the status of an official language for Hindi at the United Nations". According to a 2009 press release from its Ministry of External Affairs, the Government of India has been "working actively" Document [88] (Title: OCR in Indian languages) Information Technology (Also known as MeitY) of India has done many projects for OCR. Their projects include OCR for Malayalam, Odia, Punjabi, Telugu and Devanagari script. In India, there are 22 officially recognized languages. Among these Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi are most spoken languages in India and fourth, seventh and tenth most popular languages in the world. Two or more languages can be written with same script. For example, Devanagiri is used to write Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri and many more. While Bengali Script is used to write Sanskrit, Manipuri etc. Apart from basic characters as consonants and vowels, most Document [89] (Title: Marathi language) Marathi language Marathi (; ; ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83 million Marathi people of Maharashtra, India. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively, and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. There were 83 million speakers in 2011; Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from about 900 Document [90] (Title: Caribbean Hindustani) the Indian subcontinent, Caribbean Hindustani is broken up into Caribbean Hindi and Caribbean Urdu. Hindustani refers to both Hindi and Urdu. Hindi is spoken by Hindus and people of Hindu descent, whereas Urdu is spoken by Muslims and people of Muslim descent. Hindi has more influence from Sanskrit, while Urdu has more influence from Arabic and Persian. Hindi is written in the Devanagari, Devanagari Braille, and Kaithi script, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and Urdu Braille, although in more recent times they both are written in the Latin script and English Braille. Chutney music, chutney soca, chutney Document [91] (Title: Jawaharlal Nehru) peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the lingua-franca of the Indian nation. After an exhaustive and divisive debate with the non-Hindi speakers, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India in 1950 with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not Document [92] (Title: Languages of India) Languages of India Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839). Article 343 of the Indian constitution stated that the official language of the Union should become Hindi in Devanagari script instead of the extant English. But this was Document [93] (Title: Maharashtra) and −2.30% respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%. The literacy rate rose to 83.2%. Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%. The official language is Marathi although different regions have their own dialects. English is applicable in urban areas. Spoken Marathi language varies by district, area or locality in its tone and a few words. Konkani, Kannada and Gujarati are also spoken in some areas. Other major dialects include Varhadii spoken in the Vidarbha region and Dangii spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border. The sound is abundantly used in Document [94] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) independence movement paved its status as an alternative official language of independent India. Hindi was supported by religious and political leaders, social reformers, writers and intellectuals during independence movement securing that status. Hindi, along with English, was recognised as the official language of India during the institution of the Indian constitution in 1950. "Indo-Persian Literature and Amir Khusrau, University of Delhi - PDF Newspaper Hindi–Urdu controversy The Hindi–Urdu controversy is an ongoing dispute—dating back to the 19th century—regarding the status of Hindi and Urdu as a single language, Hindustani (lit "of "Hindustan""), or as two dialects of a single language, Document [95] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40) as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the "Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings. Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Hindustani and Congress wanted to propagate the learning of Hindustani in non-Hindi speaking Provinces of India. The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language was not acceptable to Periyar, who viewed it as an attempt to make Tamils subordinate to Document [96] (Title: Languages with official status in India) offices. In 2016, the Modi government announced plans to promote Hindi in government offices in Southern and Northeast India. The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages. The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura and Mizo in Mizoram. The Document [97] (Title: Three-language formula) (a) the regional language; (b) Hindi; (c) Urdu or any other modern Indian language excluding (a) and (b); and (d) English or any other modern European language". C. N. Annadurai, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, opposed the requirement to learn Hindi in Tamil Nadu, "What serves to link us with the outside world is certainly capable of rendering the same service inside India as well. To plead for two link languages is like boring a smaller hole in a wall for the kitten while there is a bigger one for the cat. What suits the cat will suit the Document [98] (Title: Indian English) and Rajasthan there is use of Hindi in courts because of Presidential approval. In 2018, the Punjab and Haryana High Court also await Presidential approval for Hindi use as well. Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology between various dialects of Indian English. English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions Document [99] (Title: History of Hindustani) them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until the British Raj, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This literary standard, called simply "Hindi", replaced Hindustani/Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian Document [100] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) Hindi and Urdu started to diverge linguistically, with Hindi drawing on Sanskrit as the primary source for formal and academic vocabulary, often with a conscious attempt to purge the language of Persian-derived equivalents. Deploring this Hindu-Muslim divide, Gandhi proposed re-merging the standards, using either Devanagari or Urdu script, under the traditional generic term Hindustani. Bolstered by the support of the Indian National Congress and various leaders involved in the Indian Independence Movement, Hindi, in the Devanagari script, along with English, replaced Urdu as the official language of India during the institution of the Indian constitution in 1950. The main cause Document [101] (Title: Languages of India) resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language. Hindi, written in Devanagari script, is the most prominent language spoken in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language. This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be Document [102] (Title: India as an emerging superpower) contender for "Global language" status. Incidentally, India has the world's largest English speaking/understanding population. It claims one of the largest workforce of engineers, doctors and other key professionals, all comfortable with English. It has the 2nd largest population of "fluent English" speakers, second only to the United States, with estimates ranging from 150 to 250 million speakers, and is expected to have the largest in coming decades. Indians are also learning Dutch, Italian, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. India is the world's largest democratic republic, more than three times bigger than the next largest (the United States). Document [103] (Title: Ethnic groups of Tamil Nadu) a Dravidian ethnic group of India. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language. According to Census of India, Telugu language has 74 million speakers making it as the third largest spoken language in India after Hindi and Bengali. They are native to the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana. Telugu is also the most widely spoken language in South India. In Tamil Nadu, they are found in Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Krishnagiri, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Thanjavur, Tuticorin, Salem, Perambalur and Ariyalur districts. According to the 2001 census, Telugu is spoken by 5.65% of the population of Tamil Document [104] (Title: Languages of India) fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense. In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use. and Bengali in the Barak Valley, as its official languages. Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation Document [105] (Title: Languages with official status in India) purposes of each state and union territory in the country, and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states "inter se". During the British Raj, English was used for purposes at the federal level. The Indian constitution adopted in 1950 envisaged that Hindi would be gradually phased in to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter. Plans to make Hindi the sole official language of the Republic met with resistance in some parts of the country. Hindi Document [106] (Title: Indian English) universities modelled on the University of London and using English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During subsequent Crown Rule in India, or the British Raj, lasting from 1858 to 1947, English language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the country. After Indian Independence in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language Document [107] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) French Creole, Portuguese, and Swahili but not on an official or consistent basis. Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh, with over 240 million speakers. In April 2009, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina argued in front of the United Nations General Assembly that the Bengali language should be made one of the official languages of the UN. This was backed by a resolution adopted unanimously by the assembly of the Indian state of West Bengal in December, and support was also given by the states of Assam and Tripura. Hindi is one Document [108] (Title: English language) is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain, with most Document [109] (Title: South India) maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009. The largest linguistic group in South India is the Dravidian family of languages, a family of approximately 73 languages The major languages spoken include Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka and Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by half a million people in the Konkan coast. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India. Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in southern India. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu and Konkani are Document [110] (Title: Languages of India) purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965. As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the , which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965. The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied Document [111] (Title: Hindi Belt) Most Pakistani speakers, and some Muslim Indian speakers, call their version of Hindustani "Urdu" rather than "Hindi" or "Hindustani". Religious proponents both of Hindi and of Urdu often contend that they are two separate languages despite their mutual intelligibility. Mauritian Hindi is spoken in Mauritius. It is based on Bhojpuri and influenced by French. Sarnami is a form of Bhojpuri with Awadhi influence. It spoken by Indo-Surinamese. Fiji Hindi is a derived form of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, and including some English and very few native Fijian words. It is spoken by Indo-Fijians. Trinidadian Hindustani and Guyanese is based on Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Document [112] (Title: Linguistic history of India) the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the lingua franca of the country. Outside the Indian subcontinent, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca by many in the Indian subcontinent, and is the main language of Bollywood. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of southern Afghanistan, and overseas in other countries such as the Document [113] (Title: Languages of India) language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are : The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family. This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per 2018 estimate. The most widely spoken languages of this Document [114] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) varying degrees of success. The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. During the British Raj, English was the official language. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the "Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings. Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Document [115] (Title: Languages of India) interspersed areas of North India. In addition, there is a whole science regarding the tonal and cultural expression within the languages that are quite standard across India. Languages may have different vocabulary, but various hand and tonal gestures within two unrelated languages can still be common due to cultural amalgamations between invading people and the natives over time; in this case, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the native Dravidian people. Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes. In 1946, the issue of national language was a Document [116] (Title: Indian English) the central government and the non-Hindi states. The view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, available studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks, disadvantage students who rely on these books. Document [117] (Title: Islam in Uttar Pradesh) Persian, Arabic, Turkish and local languages while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit comparatively more heavily. Most linguists nonetheless consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of the same language; others classify them separately, while some consider any differences to be sociolinguistic. It should be noted, however, that mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts. Furthermore, due to religious nationalism since the partition of British India and consequent continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu increasingly assert them to be completely distinct languages. Later on, during the Mughal Document [118] (Title: Hindi-Urdu vocabulary) from the Germanic and Romanic languages, e.g. "pādrī" (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from "padre", meaning pastor. When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the British Raj, Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible." After the Document [119] (Title: Languages of India) bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted Document [120] (Title: Languages of India) of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Dravidian languages, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese. Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India and around the world. Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam, making it one of the few languages (along with Hindi, Bengali, Document [121] (Title: Urdu) policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This literary standard called "Hindi" replaced Urdu as the official language of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day, with post-independence examples including Gopi Chand Narang and Gulzar). There have been attempts to "purify" Urdu Document [122] (Title: C. N. Annadurai) Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire. DMK gave up the plan of showing black flags and Annadurai appealed to the Union Government to bring about a constitutional amendment incorporating the assurance. With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th Republic Day of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by the then Chief Minister of Madras State, Bhakthavatchalam, as blasphemous. Document [123] (Title: Tanittamil Iyakkam) 1965 at the peak of the anti-Hindi agitation: In practice, the ordinary man finds that the Tamil language is nowhere in the picture ... In Madras city like any other metro, English dominates our life to an extraordinary extent ... I think it will be no exaggeration to say that a person who earns very high can live for years in Madras without learning a word of Tamil, except for some servant inconvenience! Since the Congress government had turned down a number of demands, such as the use of "pure" rather than "Sanskritised Tamil" in schoolbooks and resisting the name Document [124] (Title: Languages with official status in India) Languages with official status in India The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari script, as well as English. There is no national language as declared by the Constitution of India. Hindi is used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications between the Central Government and a State Government. States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language(s) through legislation and therefore there are 22 officially recognized languages in India of which Hindi is the most used. The number of native Hindi Document [125] (Title: Languages of Tripura) Languages of Tripura Languages of Tripura, a state in Northeast India, include Bengali as official language and many other minority languages. As in the rest of India, English is used for official purpose. Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok is the official language of the state and is a prominent language among the tribes. In the state of Tripura, most of the languages of India are used. Major languages in terms of the number of speakers per 2001 census of India are as follows: A report in Times of Document [126] (Title: India) while Bihar the least with 63.82%. India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by 24% of the population). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan language families. India has no national language. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government. English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language"; it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more Document [127] (Title: Languages of India) a dialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language of most people living in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan. "Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official language of the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament however the Rajya Sabha now allows all 22 official languages on the Eighth Schedule to be spoken. Hindustani, evolved from "khari boli" (खड़ी बोली), a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary Document [128] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40) the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The mandatory Hindi education was later withdrawn by the British Governor of Madras Lord Erskine in February 1940 after the resignation of the Congress government in 1939. The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. According to the Census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalized mother tongues and 122 languages with more than 10,000 speakers. During the British Raj, English was the official language. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani Document [129] (Title: Languages of India) language Hindi. Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, PEPSU, and Bilaspur. The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people, counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted. However, the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects, subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes, professions, religions, localities, regions, countries and nationalities. The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well Document [130] (Title: Arunachal Pradesh) acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state. Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state. The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2001 census are Nyishi (208,337), Adi (193,379), Bengali (97,149), Nepali (94,919), Hindi (81,186), Monpa (55,428), Assamese (51,551), Wancho (48,544), Tangsa (34,231), Mishmi (33,522), Mishing (33,381), Nocte (32,591), and Others (64,711). Itanagar Airport, a Greenfield project serving Itanagar is being planned at Holongi at a cost of Rs. 6.50 billion. The existing state owned Daporijo Airport, Document [131] (Title: Indo-Aryan languages) Marathi, and Punjabi. The Indo-Aryan languages of North India and Pakistan form a dialect continuum. What is called "Hindi" in India is frequently Standard Hindi, the Sanskritized version of the colloquial Hindustani spoken in the Delhi area since the Mughals. However, the term Hindi is also used for most of the central Indic dialects from Bihar to Rajasthan. The spoken New Indo-Aryan dialects from Assam in the east to the borders of Afghanistan in the west form a linguistic continuum across the plains of North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In the Central Zone Hindi-speaking areas, for a long time the Document [132] (Title: Western India) 83.66% of the population is Hindu, 10.12% Muslim, 4% Buddhist with Christians in Goa and Maharashtra making up the majority of the remainder. Marathi, with about 73 million speakers is the most widely spoken language, followed by Gujarati with about 46 million speakers and Konkani 2.5 million speakers, all of which are Indo-Aryan languages. As in other parts of India, a high level of multilingualism is seen with English and Hindi being spoken as additional languages in urban areas. The average literacy rate of West India is around 76%, higher than the national average of 70.5%. The population density is Document [133] (Title: Hindi-Urdu vocabulary) partition of India, political forces within India tried to further Sanskritize Hindi, while political forces in Pakistan campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanksrit derived words from Urdu and supplant them with Persian and Arabic words. Despite these government efforts, the film industry, Bollywood continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers; in addition many of the same television channels are viewed across the border. Hindi (हिन्दी "Hindi") is one of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus etymologically Indo-European. However, centuries of Document [134] (Title: Languages with official status in India) English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required. Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states, and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi. Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required. In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of Document [135] (Title: Urdu) received recognition and patronage under British rule when the British replaced the local official languages with English and Hindustani written in Nastaʿlīq script, as the official language in North and Northwestern India. Religious, social, and political factors pushed for a distinction between Urdu and Hindi in India, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy. According to Nationalencyklopedin's 2010 estimates, Urdu is the 21st most spoken first language in the world, with approximately 66 million speakers. According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates, Urdu, along with standard Hindi and the languages of the Hindi belt (as Hindustani), is the 3rd most spoken language in the Document [136] (Title: Punjabi language) language divided into Hindi, with more Sanskritisation, and Urdu, with more Persianisation, but in Punjabi both Sanskrit and Persian words are used with a liberal approach to language. Later, it was influenced by Portuguese and English, though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. However, in India, English words in the official language are more widespread than Hindi. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the eleventh -most widely spoken in India and spoken Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, being the native language of % Document [137] (Title: Hindi) of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as the those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies. At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Each may also designate a "co-official language"; in Document [138] (Title: Languages of India) the Congress party in Tamil Nadu. Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Karnataka, Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the government of Maharashtra made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions. The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Most languages in India are Document [139] (Title: Linguistic history of India) Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'. The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with Bharatendu Harishchandra. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh—and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been Document [140] (Title: Hindustani language) the world, with approximately 329.1 million native speakers, and 697.4 million total speakers. The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit. Before the partition of India, the terms "Hindustani," "Hindi," and "Urdu" were synonymous; they all covered what would be mostly called Hindi and Urdu today. The term "Hindustani" is still used for the colloquial language and the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan, Document [141] (Title: Culture of India) use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indian languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of continuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This enables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly noticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descendant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same. Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India. Hindi, India's most spoken language, is a "Sanskritised register" Document [142] (Title: Languages of South Asia) native language of 226,449 Indians in the 2001 census. English is the second "language of the Union" besides Hindi. Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution." Scheduled languages spoken by less than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.64%), Manipuri (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%), Dogri (0.01%, spoken in Jammu and Kashmir). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.099%) Languages of South Asia South Asia is home to several hundred languages. Most Document [143] (Title: Hindi) Trinidad and Tobago; 3,000 in Singapore. Linguistically, Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and uses more Sanskrit words, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian words. Hindi is the most commonly used official language in India. Urdu is the and "lingua franca" of Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India. The splitting of Hindi and Urdu into separate languages is largely motivated by politics, namely the Indo-Pakistani rivalry. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, Document [144] (Title: Hindi) large portion of its vocabulary from Śaurasenī Prākṛt, in the form of "tadbhava" words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit "tīkṣṇa" > Prakrit "tikkha" > Hindi "tīkhā". Much of Modern Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as "tatsam" borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding "tatsam" words, is called "Śuddh Hindi" (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use Document [145] (Title: Languages of the United States) different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent, such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, and the rest of the Caribbean. Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa. Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans. The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Detroit and the surrounding Document [146] (Title: Hindustani language) Hindustani language Hindustani (, ,), also known as Hindi-Urdu, and historically also known as Hindavi, Dehlavi, and Rekhta, is the "lingua franca" of Northern India and Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi. The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Prakrit, Persian as well as Sanskrit (via Prakrit and Tatsama borrowings) and Arabic (via Persian). It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu, which are its standardised registers. According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates Hindustani is the 3rd most spoken language in Document [147] (Title: Standard language) the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, Crete and the Cyclades. Two standardised registers of the Hindustani language have legal status India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan’s official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called “Hindi-Urdu". "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to "An Caighdeán", is official standard of the Irish language. It is taught in most schools in Ireland, though with strong influences from local dialects. It was first published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s. As of September 2013, the first Document [148] (Title: Hindustani language) as Delhi, Lucknow, and Agra. John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the Mughal Empire's courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India". Next to English it was the Document [149] (Title: Hindustani language) "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers. Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (known for its usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different. Standard Hindi, one of the official languages of India, is based on the Kharibol dialect of the Delhi region and differs from Urdu in that it is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic Document [150] (Title: Linguistic variety in Mauritius) only acquired their respective particularities because of cultural and religious differences in which each of them was independently used. Indeed, Hindi is the language of Hindus whereas Urdu is the language of Muslims. The only Indian language not proposed in primary school is Bhojpuri. The reason for that is the fact that only few students are interested in learning it. Moreover, Bhojpuri is considered as a spoken language and is only used on paper in traditional and popular poetry because of its negative connotation compared to Hindu or Urdu which are a lot more prestigious. This prestige probably comes from Document [151] (Title: Hindustani language) the majority of the population, Urdu is the "lingua franca". "Hindustani" was the official language of the British Raj and was synonymous with both Hindi and Urdu. After India's independence in 1947, the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights recommended that the official language of India be Hindustani: "Hindustani, written either in Devanagari or the Perso-Arabic script at the option of the citizen, shall, as the national language, be the first official language of the Union." However, this recommendation was not adopted by the Constituent Assembly. Besides being the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan in South Asia, Hindustani is also Document [152] (Title: Indian English) of India. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and it is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between Document [153] (Title: Suriya (community development block)) by literacy rate Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language.Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor. The three most populous mother-tongues (spoken language which is medium of conversation with the mother of children), as per data available from 2001 census in a Note on mother-tongue of earlier census, published in District Census Handbook Giridih, 2011, were: Khortha, Hindi and Urdu. Numerically, five important languages spoken by scheduled tribes in Document [154] (Title: 2011 Census of India) released on 26 June 2018. Bhili/Bhilodi was the most spoken unscheduled language with 10.4 million speakers, followed by Gondi with 2.9 million speakers. 96.71% of India's population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue in the 2011 census. The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 31.49 crore, which is 26% of the population in 2011. 7% of Indian population is Document [155] (Title: Hindi) Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the political formation in power, this language is generally Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, National Capital Territory. National language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, the Awadhi language (A Hindi dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri, Bihari languages, Fijian and English is spoken in Fiji. Document [156] (Title: Languages with official status in India) states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not, is required to be in English, or, in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation). Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is generally Document [157] (Title: Delhi) as defined by the 2001 plan to "Central National Capital Region (CNCR)". Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%). Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Baha'ism and Judaism. According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of the Delhites speak other languages. Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have Document [158] (Title: Swarachakra) major languages. Although smartphone penetration is increasing in India, text input in Indic scripts has been a challenge for many years. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey, the surveyed households reported that 72 per cent of men did not speak any English, 28 per cent spoke some English, and five per cent spoke fluent English. Among women, the corresponding percentages were 83, 17, and 3. While Indian languages are preferred in other means of communication in India (e.g. oral and written communication, radio, TV, newspapers and magazines), English is still the most preferred language for text input. The Document [159] (Title: Languages of India) exactly the opposite. In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede. As a result, the proposal was dropped, and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a Document [160] (Title: Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu) the situation supported Hindi as the sole official language, although members from Bengal and Madras dissented in favour of English. As of the 1961 census, there were 1652 languages. Hindi as an official language was opposed for two reasons: the first because the numbers of people with knowledge of English were fairly evenly spread, and also that imposition of Hindi would give a major advantage in terms of job and educational possibilities to those who had Hindi as their mother tongue. In effect a Tamil who would desire to pursue union civil service would have to learn three languages, Tamil, Document [161] (Title: Indian English) Indian English Indian English refers to dialects of the English language characteristic of the Republic of India. The Constitution of India designates the co-official language of the Government of India as English, along with Hindi. Today many regional varieties of English, or Englishes, exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Hindi is one of the official languages of the Union Government of India. However, even after 70 years of Indian Independence from Britain, English is still retained as an official language. Only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, have Document [162] (Title: Languages of South Asia) Languages of South Asia South Asia is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European (c. 74%), the Dravidian (c. 24%), the Austroasiatic (Munda) (c. 1.2%), or the Tibeto-Burman (c. 0.6%) families, with some languages of the Himalayas still unclassified. The SIL Ethnologue lists 461 living languages for India. Hindustani is the most widespread language of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as the broad variety of the Hindi languages. The native speakers of Hindi so defined account for 39% of Indians. Indian English is recorded as the Document [163] (Title: Languages with official status in India) As a result, the proposal was dropped, and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes as a "subsidiary official language," but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi. The Document [164] (Title: Languages of India) group are Hindi (or more correctly, Hindustani, which includes Hindi and Urdu), Bengali, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Assamese (Asamiya), Maithili and Odia. Aside from the Indo-Aryan languages, other Indo-European languages are also spoken in India, the most prominent of which is English, as a "lingua franca". The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Document [165] (Title: C. Rajagopalachari) January 1965 onwards, Hindi was to become the sole official language of the Indian Union and people in non-Hindi speaking regions were compelled to learn Hindi. This led to vehement opposition and just before Republic Day, severe anti-Hindi protests broke out in Madras State. Rajagopalachari had earlier been sharply critical of the recommendations made by the Official Languages Commission in 1957. On 28 January 1956, Rajagopalachari signed a resolution along with Annadurai and Periyar endorsing the continuation of English as the official language. At an All-India Language Conference held on 8 March 1958, he declared: "Hindi is as much foreign Document [166] (Title: Bilingual education) in India follows the Three-language formula, where children are to be taught English (or the medium of instruction in the school, grades 1-12), The Second Language (grades 1-10) is the Official language of the state (In most non-Hindi states) or Hindi (in the others), in a few states some schools offer a choice between the State Language and Hindi, and the third language (grades 5-8, often Hindi (in the non-Hindi states), the regional language of the state (if the student opted for Hindi as the second language, a foreign language or Sanskrit). An exception is Tamil Nadu where only Tamil Document [167] (Title: Language) mostly in Southern India, include Tamil Telugu and Kannada. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. The English word "language" derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European "" "tongue, speech, language" through Latin "lingua", "language; tongue", and Old French "language". The word is sometimes used to refer to codes, ciphers, and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as formally defined computer languages used for computer programming. Unlike conventional human languages, a formal language in this sense is a system of signs Document [168] (Title: Hindi) articles. Hindi literature, music, and film have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015, Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that 21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi. Many Hindi newspapers also offer digital editions. The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations): Hindi Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, "Hindī"), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, "Mānak Hindī") is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi written in the Devanagari script is one of the Question: after hindi which is the most spoken language in india Answer: English Long Answer: First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census) Language First language speakers First language speakers as a percentage of total population Second language speakers Third language speakers Total speakers Total speakers as a percentage of total population Hindi 422,048,642 41.03 98,207,180 31,160,696 551,416,518 53.60 English 226,449 0.02 86,125,221 38,993,066 125,344,736 12.18 Bengali 83,369,769 8.10 6,637,222 1,108,088 91,115,079 8.86 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19 9,723,626 1,266,019 84,992,501 8.26 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99 9,546,414 2,701,498 84,184,806 8.18 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91 4,992,253 956,335 66,742,402 6.49 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01 6,535,489 1,007,912 59,079,512 5.74 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69 11,455,287 1,396,428 50,775,726 4.94 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48 3,476,355 703,989 50,271,961 4.89 Odia 33,017,446 3.21 3,272,151 319,525 36,609,122 3.56 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21 499,188 195,885 33,761,465 3.28 Sanskrit 14,135 1,234,931 3,742,223 4,991,289 0.49 Gold Document ID: 167

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Moturi Satyanarayana) India's political history. However, some people criticise his decision to support Hindi, and not English, as the official language of India. The awkward provisions in the Indian Constitution and a later push by pro-Hindi hardliners led to "language riots" in the 1960s in southern states such as Tamil Nadu, where more than 60 people died. Several students immolated themselves protesting the forced use of Hindi as the national language. While English has become the de facto national language of India by 2010, the Indian Constitution has continued to serve as the fundamental basis of the India's polity and society and Document [2] (Title: Languages of India) in 1952. Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There were 83 million speakers in 2011 and 72 million speakers in 2001. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's "Vivek Sindhu" from the close of the 12th century). The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages Document [3] (Title: Languages with official status in India) required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work, which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill". The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public. The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or Document [4] (Title: Hindustani language) declared by the Constitution of India as the "official language (राजभाषा, "rājabhāśā") of the Union" (Art. 343(1)) (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country – India has 23 official languages). At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English. At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 9 of the 29 Indian states and three Union Territories (respectively, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana; Document [5] (Title: Hindustani language) a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskrit-based dialect, spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term "Hindi" includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word "Hindi" include, among others: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and an officially recognised regional language of India. Urdu is the official language of all Pakistani provinces and is taught in all schools as a compulsory subject up to the 12th Document [6] (Title: Hindi Belt) Hindi Belt The Hindi Belt or Hindi Desh, sometimes referred to as the Hindi-Urdu Region, is a linguistic region in north-central India where Hindi (and the various languages/dialects grouped under it) and Urdu are widely spoken. Hindi belt is sometimes also used to refer to nine Indian states whose official language is Hindi and have a Hindi-speaking majority, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Territory of Delhi. Hindi is part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of India. Hindi Document [7] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) of the official languages of India and Fiji and is also spoken in Suriname, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. It is mutually intelligible to a high degree with Urdu which is spoken in Pakistan and together they are often considered the same language, referred to as Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu. Although very similar verbally, they do have different written scripts; Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and Urdu is written in the Nastaʿlīq script. Hindi has more than 550 million speakers in India alone, of whom 422 million are native, 98.2 million are second language speakers, and 31.2 million Document [8] (Title: North India) Sanskrit and the various Prakrits are thought to have evolved. The most widely spoken language in this region is Hindi. It has official status in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh as well as in the union territory of Delhi. Punjabi has predominance in the state of Punjab where it is the official language. It also has significant presence in the nearby regions. Urdu enjoys official status in Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh. Further north in Jammu and Kashmir, major languages are Dogri and Kashmiri. Languages like Bengali, Bhili and Nepali are also Document [9] (Title: Hindi Belt) proper, Hindi can be equated with the Central Zone Indic languages. These are conventionally divided into Western Hindi and Eastern Hindi. An even narrower definition of Hindi is that of the official language, Modern Standard Hindi or "Manak Hindi", a standardised register of Hindustani, one of the varieties of Western Hindi. Standardised Hindustani—including both Manak Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the Khariboli dialect of 17th-century Delhi. Population data from the 16th (2009) edition of "Ethnologue" is as follows, counting languages with two million or more speakers: According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India (25% of Document [10] (Title: Hindustani language) in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and is an official language of the Indian states of Telangana, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Modern Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and "Saaf" or "Khaalis" Urdu is treated with just as much respect as "Shuddha" Hindi. Urdu is also the national language of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English. Although English is spoken by many, and Punjabi is the native language of Document [11] (Title: S. Natarajan) regarded with anxiety by students in Tamil Nadu. Speaking of making Hindi as an official language of India, Annadurai said "It is claimed that Hindi should be the common language because it is spoken by the majority. Why should we then claim the tiger as our national animal instead of the rat which is so much more numerous? Or the peacock as our national bird when the crow is ubiquitous?". In view of the continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against Hindi imposition at Kodambakkam, Chennai in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over. He gave Document [12] (Title: Languages of India) 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab. Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam and Brahmaputra Valley. It's an Eastern Indo-Aryan language having more than 10 million speakers as per world estimates by Encarta. Maithili (; "Maithilī") is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the Document [13] (Title: 2011 Census of India) trilingual. Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups. Any one above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate. 2011 Census of Document [14] (Title: Lingua franca) language." The order in non-Hindi speaking states is: "(a) the regional language; (b) Hindi; (c) Urdu or any other modern Indian language excluding (a) and (b); and (d) English or any other modern European language." Hindi has also emerged as a lingua franca for the locals of Arunachal Pradesh, a linguistically diverse state in Northeast India.It is estimated that 90 percent of the state's population knows Hindi. The only documented sign language used as a lingua franca is Plains Indian Sign Language, used across much of North America. It was used as a second language across many indigenous peoples. Alongside Document [15] (Title: World language) primarily due to the large population in the region rather than a supra-regional use of these languages, although Hindustani (including all Hindi dialects, and Urdu), Bengali and Tamil may fulfill the criteria in terms of supra-regional usage and international recognition. As an example, the native speaking population of Bengali vastly outnumber those who speak French as a first language, and it is one of the most spoken languages (ranking fifth or sixth) in the world with nearly 230 million total speakers, and is known for its long and rich literary tradition. In addition to 370 million native speakers, English is Document [16] (Title: Linguistic history of India) Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramūrvashīiya of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from Sauraseni Apabhramsha. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. Modern Hindi Document [17] (Title: Hinglish) it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi, and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English". Hindi has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Persian, Urdu and Indic-European languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech. At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, Document [18] (Title: Eastern South Asia) Bhutan has a significant Nepali-speaking minority. Thimphu and Phuntsholing are the largest cities. With an estimated population of 226million, East India has a multi-lingual and multi-ethnic Indo-Aryan population. Kolkata, Patna, Asansol, Durgapur, Bhubaneshwar, Siliguri and Darjeeling are among the area's largest cities. Northeast India has a population of 45million. It has a multi-ethnic Tibeto-Burman population, except in Bengali-majority Tripura. Guwahati, Agartala, Shillong, Imphal, Aizawl, and Gangtok are the major towns and cities. Hindi and English are the federal official languages of India while most states also have their own official language. Nepal has a population of 25 million, which is Document [19] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) framing of the Indian Constitution after India's independence from the United Kingdom. After an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. The new Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led Document [20] (Title: Hindi Belt) in this broad sense is a linguistic rather than an ethnic concept. This definition of Hindi is one of the ones used in the Indian census, and results in more than forty percent of Indians being reported to be speakers of Hindi, though Hindi-area respondents vary as to whether they call their language Hindi or use a local language name to distinguish their language from Hindi. As defined in the 1991 census, Hindi has a broad and a narrow sense. The name "Hindi" is thus ambiguous. Before being identified as a separate language Maithili was identified as a Hindi dialect. Document [21] (Title: Dialect continuum) but Dari and Tajik tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary. Many of the Indo-Aryan languages of Northern India (including Assam Valley as for the language Assamese) and Pakistan form a dialect continuum. What is called "Hindi" in India is frequently Standard Hindi, the Sanskritized register of the colloquial Hindustani spoken in the Delhi area since the Mughals, the other register being Urdu. However, the term Hindi is also used for the different dialects from Bihar to Rajasthan and, more widely, some of the Eastern and Northern dialects are called Hindo. The Indo-Aryan Prakrits also gave rise Document [22] (Title: Bilingual education) schools, courts etc. Bangladeshi children start English as Second Language quite early in their age (mostly from age 5-6). In National Curriculum, English is given an importance and it is taught compulsorily until twelfth grade. There are Government approved curriculum as well as other international systems of Educations which maintains English as a 'medium of instruction'. The official languages of the Union of India are Hindi and English, with 21 other regional languages holding co-official status, including: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Education Document [23] (Title: Languages of India) as a primary language and language of instruction, and as a second tongue in most states. British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a "lingua franca" over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a "de facto" "lingua franca" over much of India. Document [24] (Title: Hindi language school) an economic and geographic perspective. Since 2008, there has been a demand for Hindi teachers particularly in New Jersey and Connecticut to fill teaching positions aimed at competitiveness. It is said that Hindi "... is the new Mandarin ..." in light of global competitiveness with China. The study found that Arabic, Mandarin, Russian, Persian and Hindi are all important languages in the new millennium. Hindi schools generally celebrate Hindu festivals as part of their teachings. Some of the major holidays as Diwali, Holi, Kavadi, and Deepothsavam are among holidays that are commonly celebrated with festivities. In general, most Hindi schools Document [25] (Title: Hindi Belt) the population) regarded their native language to be "Hindi", however, including other Hindi dialects this figure becomes 422 million Hindi speakers (41% of the population). These figures do not count 52 million Indians who considered their mother tongue to be "Urdu". The numbers are also not directly comparable to the table above; for example, while independent estimates in 2001 counted 37 million speakers of Awadhi, in the 2001 census only 2½ million of these identified their language as "Awadhi" rather than as "Hindi". Much of the Hindi spoken outside of the subcontinent is quite distinct from the Indian standard language. Document [26] (Title: Urdu) census and 16 million in 2006 estimates; and several hundred thousand in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United States, and Bangladesh (where it is called "Bihari"). However, a knowledge of Urdu allows one to speak with far more people than that, because Hindustani, of which Urdu is one variety, is the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English . Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Urdu and Hindi speakers in India and Pakistan, as well as estimating the number of people for whom Urdu is a second language, the estimated number of speakers is Document [27] (Title: Languages of India) (of Turco-Mongol origin), influenced the art, history and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes, and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianised vocabulary with Sanskrit derivations and replaced or supplemented the use of Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes with Devanagari. Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Document [28] (Title: Hindi in Bihar) and "Chaitanya Chandrika" by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figures of that time. This literary activities were not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar. Despite the large number of speakers of Bihari languages, these languages have not been constitutionally recognised in India. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar, with English occasionally used in education and government. These languages was legally absorbed under the subordinate label of HINDI in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments. The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Document [29] (Title: Braj Kachru) the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million. Finally, the expanding circle encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. This includes much of the rest of the world's Document [30] (Title: Gauriganj, India) spoken languages that are understood by most people, along with English. The official language is the state language, Hindi. Hinduism is followed by large numbers of the population. A significant part of the population of city consists of followers of Islam and Sikhism. Christians and Jains constitute a minority of the population. Malik Mohammad Jayasi (Hindi: मलिक मोहम्मद जायसी) (1477–1542) was an Indian poet who wrote in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi. He hailed from Jais, presently a city in the Amethi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Though his tomb lies in a place 3 km north Document [31] (Title: Culture of India) the Perso-Arabic script. Modern standard Hindi has a lesser Persian influence and is written in the Devanagari script. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Indian English literature developed during the British Raj, pioneered by Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand and Munshi Premchand. In addition to Indo-European and Dravidian languages, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages are in use in India. The 2011 Linguistic Survey of India states that India has over 780 languages and 66 different scripts, with its state of Arunachal Pradesh with 90 languages. The Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have Document [32] (Title: People's Linguistic Survey of India) are being published by the publishing house Orient Blackswan. The publications of the survey include the following information: For scheduled languages, the survey also provides a broad cultural overview of each language. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India recognizes 22 scheduled languages, excluding English, and the linguistic policies and funding of the Indian government are organised around this information. However, this information does not adequately convey the linguistic diversity of India. The 1961 Census of India had recorded 1652 languages being in use in India. However, it was decided to exclude languages spoken by less than 10,000 people Document [33] (Title: Languages with official status in India) official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965. The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the , In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent. Document [34] (Title: Indic computing) native Indian languages. Currently, Tamil is being offered and , releases in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, Punjabi and Telugu are expected over the remainder of 2016. Microsoft Inc. supports Hindi, Bengali and Tamil email addresses. It is expected to include other Indian languages in future. AI based Virtual Assistants Google Assistant provides support to various Indian languages. According to GoDaddy, Hindi, Marathi and Tamil languages accounted for 61% of India's internet traffic. It is to be noted that less than 1% of online content is in Indian languages. The newly created top apps have support for multiple Indian languages Document [35] (Title: Demographics of India) castes: 16.6% (2011 census); scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census) See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total. India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability. Note Document [36] (Title: Hindi) composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition Document [37] (Title: Languages of India) million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people. Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian and English. Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonisation. English continues to be an important language in India. It is used in higher education and in some areas of the Indian government. Hindi, the most commonly spoken language in India today, serves as the "lingua franca" across much of North and Central India. However, Document [38] (Title: Culture of India) which includes English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Celtic, Greek, Baltic, Armenian, Persian, Tocharian and other Indo-European languages. Tamil, one of India's major classical language, descends from Proto-Dravidian languages spoken around the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years and the earliest epigraphic records found date from around the 3rd century BCE. The evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three periods: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was "sanskrit" meaning Document [39] (Title: Multiculturalism) form the majority, followed by Muslims. The statistics are: Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahá'í, Jain, Jew and Parsi populations. Linguistically, the two main language families in India are Indo-Aryan (a branch of Indo-European) and Dravidian. In India's northeast, people speaking Sino-Tibetan group of languages such as Meitei (Meitei-lon) recognized by the Indian constitution and Austroasiatic languages are commonly found. India (officially) follows a three-language policy. Hindi (spoken in the form of Hindustani) is the official federal language, English has the federal status of associate/subsidiary official language and each state has its own state official language Document [40] (Title: Teaching English as a second or foreign language) such as law, finance, education, and business. The popularity of English in the country has also posed problems for the regional and traditional languages within the country. Indian languages, such as Hindi, are known and associated with tradition and are regarded as un-modern. At the national level, Hindi has the status of official language in India, and English is recognized as another official language for government work. Teaching English as a second or foreign language Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) refers to teaching the English language to students with different first languages. TEFL can occur either within the Document [41] (Title: History of Hindustani) History of Hindustani Hindustani (Hindi: हिंदुस्तानी Urdu: ) is one of the predominant languages of South Asia, with federal status in India and Pakistan in its standardized forms of Hindi and Urdu. It is widely spoken and understood as a second language in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Persian Gulf and as such is considered a lingua franca in the Indian subcontinent. It is also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by total number of speakers. It developed in North India, principally during the Mughal Empire, when the Persian language exerted a strong influence on Document [42] (Title: Magadhi Prakrit) Chakma, Chittagonian, Maithili, Magahi, Odia, Rajbangsi, Rohingya and Sylheti among others. Out of all of its offshoots, Bengali is the most spoken, with over 240 million speakers, followed by Odia and Maithili (both with over 40 million speakers) and Bhojpuri, (with over 30 million speakers, and generally considered to be a dialect of Hindi). Magadhi Prakrit Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī) was a vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan language, replacing earlier Vedic Sanskrit in parts of the Indian subcontinents. It was spoken in present-day Assam, Odisha, Bengal, Bihar, and eastern Uttar Pradesh, and used in some dramas to represent vernacular dialogue in Prakrit dramas. Document [43] (Title: People's Linguistic Survey of India) Bengal are Ol Chicki (Santhal), Kol Ho, Barangh Kshiti, Lepcha, Sadri and Limbu besides Bengali, Urdu and Nepali. Languages with increasing numbers of speakers are Byari in Karnataka, Bhojpuri in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Khasi in Meghalaya, Mizo in Mizoram, Kumouni in Uttarakhand, Kutchhi in Gujarat and Mewati in Rajasthan. 400 million of the Indian population speak Hindi and it remains the most popular language of India, while the number of Indian people with English as their mother language has gone up from one hundred eighty-seven thousand in 1971 to 10 million in 2011. People's Linguistic Survey of India The Document [44] (Title: Languages of India) must for officials. Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Document [45] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) to have Hindi recognized as an official language of the UN. In 2015, Nepal's Vice President Parmananda Jha stated his firm support for the inclusion of Hindi as an official language of the UN. Because of the linguistic diversity in India, the expansion of Hindi has become political and has led to a rise of English in the post-British colonial period. This is why English is included along with Hindi on Indian passports. If the Indian government is able to grant more federal-level protection for other languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu, as a compromise then Document [46] (Title: Linguistic variety in Mauritius) language in which this particular religion was practiced. Hindus use Hindi, Telugu,Tamil, and Marathi in their worship. Most here Telugu is used as third language here over 30000 Telugu people are living With there un forgettable traditions.Even though Bhojpuri is a language well used by Hindus in their daily life, it is not used as a language of worship because of its spoken status which confer it its unworthiness. Muslims read the Koran in Arabic but the imam communicates with his congregation in Urdu or in Gujarati. As far as Buddhists are concerned, the language used in the practice of Document [47] (Title: Languages with official status in India) speakers is about 25% of the total Indian population; however, including dialects of Hindi termed as Hindi languages, the total is around 44% of Indians, mostly accounted from the states falling under the Hindi belt. Other Indian languages are each spoken by around 10% or less of the population. States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union, but also with the languages that are to be used for the official Document [48] (Title: Languages of India) their own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples being Karnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu, as its official languages. Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir uses Urdu, which is spoken by Document [49] (Title: IndoWordNet) of India, viz., Assamese, Bangla, Bodo, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. The wordnets are getting created by using expansion approach from the Hindi WordNet. The Hindi WordNet was created from first principles (mentioned below) and was the first wordnet for an Indian language. The method adopted was same as the Princeton WordNet for English. Polish WordNet is being mapped to Princeton WordNet based on the strategy followed by IndoWordNet. The wordnets follow the principles of minimality, coverage and replaceability for the synsets. That means, there should be at least Document [50] (Title: Languages of India) Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. It Document [51] (Title: Official language) Cantonese and Mandarin, with spoken Chinese language are simplified and traditional. China's official language is Mandarin and Simplified Chinese which is used as the standard writing system. As time goes by, signage in simplified characters has gained some popularity in a few areas. Some Hong Kong companies may have changed the characters of the signs whilst nearly all Hong Kong people continue to use traditional characters. The Constitution of India (part 17) designates the official language of the Government of India as English as well as Standard Hindi written in the Devanagari script. The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Document [52] (Title: Hindi in Bihar) as the generic name for their language. Hindi in Bihar Hindi is one of the two official languages of Bihar (the other being Urdu), whilst the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages - Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili or Angika. "Biharbandhu" was the first Hindi newspaper published from Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Keshav Ram Bhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman settled in Biharsharif. Hindi journalism in Bihar, and specially Patna, could make little headway initially. It was mainly due to lack of respect for Hindi among the people at large. Many Hindi journals took birth and after Document [53] (Title: Indic computing) and/or promote Indian language content. 61% of the Indian users of WhatsApp primarily use their native languages to communicate with it. A recent study revealed that adoption of Internet is highest among local languages such as Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati and Malayalam. It estimates that Marathi, Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu will form 30% of the total local-language user base in the country. Currently, Tamil at 42% has the highest Internet adoption levels, followed by Hindi at 39% and Kannada at 37%. Intex also reported that 87 % of its regional language usage came from Hindi, Bengali,Tamil, Gujarati Document [54] (Title: Teaching English as a second or foreign language) instability in some African countries has made it difficult to attract foreign teachers. There has been increasing government investment in education and a growing private sector. Additional English instruction takes place at levels of public and private schools. Beginning as early as 1759, English language teaching in India has been occurring for more than two hundred and fifty years. After Hindi, English is the most commonly spoken, written and read language of India, as it is used most commonly for inter-state and intrastate communication, acting as a ‘link’ language. In India, it is a very important language in some fields Document [55] (Title: Languages of India) and Urdu) with official status in more than one state. It is also spoken by a significant number of people in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages with classical status in India. Telugu ranks fourth by the number of native speakers in India (81 million in the 2011 Census), fifteenth in the "Ethnologue" list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language. Tamil (also spelt as "Thamizh": தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu, Document [56] (Title: Hindi) Hindi, most notably along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language. Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day. In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a "lingua franca" for various tribes in Assam that speak other languages natively. In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 Document [57] (Title: 2011 Census of India) faiths- 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2011 Census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. The language data was Document [58] (Title: Auraiya) East and Andhra pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai in South and South-West. Wheat and oils seeds are the main produce that is transported to the adjoining districts from Auraiya's Wholesale Market. The language of practically the entire population is what is known as western Hindi. The returns of the census 1981 showed that this language was spoken by about 96.8 per cent of the population. In 1971, the percentage of Hindi speaking persons was 96.4. Western Hindi is split up into several subdivisions. In 1981, the language known as Hindustani or Urdu was spoken by about 3.10 per cent (3.35 Document [59] (Title: Portmanteau) which refers to the vernacular of the people in (the Hindi-speaking regions of) North India, where they mix Hindi and English in the spoken language. Another modern day example is the BrahMos missile, whose name is a portmanteau of two rivers, Brahmaputra and Moskva. Compounds displaying Sanskritic sandhi are extremely commonplace in Hindi, but as compounds showing sandhi still consist of multiple morphemes, these are not portmanteaus. In Hungarian language, the first decades of the 19th century saw the language-reforming movement (Hungarian: "nyelvújítás"), when some authors and poets, like Ferenc Kazinczy, Pál Bugát, Mihály Fazekas, Miklós Révai and others created Document [60] (Title: Languages with official status in India) in Hindi, except in certain cases. Communication with a second category of states "Region B", which do not use Hindi as their official language but have elected to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Punjab) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English. Communication with all other states "Region C", and with people living in them, is in English. Languages with official status in India The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari Document [61] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) is a literary register of the Hindustani language, derived from the Khariboli dialect of the Hindi languages. A Persianized variant of Hindustani began to take shape during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia. Urdu, along with English, became the first official language of British India in 1850. Urdu was being written, spoken and translated to and from English in all courts, schools, official documents, and government institutes. Although the need to have a language for Hindus developed in the 1850s, the irrevocable momentum of the Hindi language movement occurred around 1880. Urdu is Document [62] (Title: Hindi in Pakistan) 2015, an Urdu-Hindi cookbook described as the "first of its kind" was published in Pakistan. At Lahore's Information Technology University, the Data Science Lab created an application called the Urdu-Hindi Dictionary which translates words written in Roman transliteration to their selected language. Some Pakistani Hindus learn Hindi in order to study Hindu texts. Hindi is also spoken amongst the small Indian community in Pakistan. The Indian High Commission in Islamabad operated a Hindi school which gave classes to the children of expatriates. At the Wagah border crossing in Lahore, signboards contain Hindi markings alongside Urdu/Shahmukhi and English to facilitate Indian Document [63] (Title: Hindi Divas) are 22 Scheduled languages of India, of which, two are officially used at Union government of India level: Hindi and English. Hindi is spoken by 250 million people as the original language and it is the fourth language of the world. Apart from local-level events in schools and other institutions, a few of the notable events include Ministry of Home Affairs in its order dated 25 March 2015 has changed name of two awards given annually on Hindi Divas. 'Indira Gandhi Rajbhasha Puraskar' instituted in 1986 changed to 'Rajbhasha Kirti Puraskar' and 'Rajiv Gandhi Rashtriya Gyan-Vigyan Maulik Pustak Lekhan Puraskar' Document [64] (Title: Hindi) an abugida. Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike for Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa dropping in spoken Standard Hindi. The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919. Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation (calqueing) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English. Hindi has naturally inherited a Document [65] (Title: Hindi) a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. Modern Standard Hindi is one of the youngest Indian languages in this regard. After independence, the government of India instituted the following conventions: On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing Urdu's previous usage in British India. To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favor of Document [66] (Title: Lingua franca) language variant spoken in Riau - has the same function in Indonesia, although Javanese has more native speakers. Still, Indonesian is the sole official language and is spoken throughout the country. Also Persian is both the lingua franca of Iran and its national language. The Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) is the lingua franca of Pakistan and Northern India. Many Indian states have adopted the Three-language formula in which students in Hindi speaking states are taught: "(a) Hindi (with Sanskrit as part of the composite course); (b) Urdu or any other modern Indian language and (c) English or any other modern European Document [67] (Title: Indo-Canadians) language come from both India and Sri Lanka. Hindi, as India's most spoken language, is now the language primarily used by new Indian immigrants, especially ones with ties to Northern India and Central India. As an official language used by the Government of India and by almost half of India's population, Hindi plays a key role as a lingua franca between Indo-Canadians who don't necessarily feel comfortable to speak in English. Urdu is primarily spoken by Muslim South Asians from Northern India and Pakistan. However, individuals of Indian descent from Africa and the Caribbean may also speak it as well. Document [68] (Title: Hindi) pidginized variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi). Outside India, several other languages are recognized officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects of Hindustani, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Such languages include "Fiji Hindi", which is official in Fiji, and Caribbean Hindustani, which is a recognized language in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Apart from specialized vocabulary, spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. As a linguistic variety, Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Document [69] (Title: Languages of India) transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved. Varieties of Hindi spoken in India include Rajasthani, Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Hindustani, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Nagpuri and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a "lingua franca", Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai. In addition, a trade language, Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands. In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a "lingua franca" across both North and Central India Hindi is widely taught both Document [70] (Title: Telugu language) Telugu language Telugu (; ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and the union territories of Puducherry (Yanam) by the Telugu people and it is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. It stands alongside Hindi, English and Bengali as one of the few languages with official primary language status in more than one Indian state. There are also significant linguistic minorities in neighbouring states. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the country's government. Telugu ranks fourth among the languages with the highest number of native Document [71] (Title: Hindustani language) Delhi, Chandigarh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands). In the remaining states Hindi is not an official language. In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies. Urdu, also a major standardized register of Hindustani, is also one of the languages recognized Document [72] (Title: Urdu) the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, and Punjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language of Pakistan. In practice English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government. Urdu is also one of the officially recognized languages in India and the official language of Jammu and Kashmir, one of the two official languages of Telangana and also has the status of ""additional official language"" in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and the national capital, New Document [73] (Title: Indian English) of 72 countries in the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index published by the EF Education First. The index gives the country a score of 57.30 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 4th out of 19 Asian countries included in the index. Among Asian countries, Singapore (63.52), Malaysia (60.70) and the Philippines (60.33) received higher scores than India. English, according to the Indian Constitution, is the language of the Supreme Court and all the High Courts of India. The Indian parliament has the power to change this law, but it has yet to do so. However, in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Document [74] (Title: Mumbai) oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, and Konkani Muslims. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as "Bambaiya" – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets. Among minority languages of Maharashtra, Hindi is spoken by Document [75] (Title: South Asian cinema) regions of India, its often-used dialect Hindustani is the most widespread language but covering only 40% of the total population, and English is widely understood irrespective of region, the state languages are preserved for official use by different states in India, and many have as many speakers as an average European nation. Regional industries have also tended to produce a higher percentage of serious art film and political film. Bangladeshi cinema is filmed in Bengali and Sri Lankan cinema is filmed in Sinhala and Tamil. Last but not least is Indonesian cinema. In the beginning the Indonesian cinema grew after Document [76] (Title: Culture of India) languages in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution. Oriya's importance to Indian culture, from ancient times, is evidenced by its presence in Ashoka's Rock Edict X, dated to be from 2nd century BC. The language with the largest number of speakers in India is Hindi and it's various dialects. Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan "apabhraṃśa" vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. During the time of Islamic rule in parts of India, it became influenced by Persian. The Persian influence led to the development of Urdu, which is more Persianized and written in Document [77] (Title: Urdu) and Hindi, by purging Urdu of Sanskrit words, and Hindi of Persian loanwords, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India (more than 80% of it) and Pakistan together: there were 52 million and 80.5 million Urdu speakers in India (some 5% and 6.5% of the total population of India) as per the 2001 and 2011 censuses respectively; approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% as per the 1998 Document [78] (Title: Hindi Belt) It can vary significantly with altitude, especially in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The Hindi Heartland supports about a third of India's population and occupies about a quarter of its geographical area. The population is concentrated along the fertile Ganges plain in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. Although the vast majority of the population is rural, significant urban cities include Gurugram, Chandigarh, Panchkula, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Jaipur, Agra, Varanasi, Patna, Jamshedpur and Ranchi. The region hosts a diverse population, with various dialects of Hindi being spoken along with other Indian languages, and multi-religious population including Document [79] (Title: Languages with official status in India) being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the "Kendriya Hindi Samiti" (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their Document [80] (Title: Hindi media) Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the union territory of Chandigarh. Currently India publishes about 1,000 Hindi dailies that have a total circulation of about 80 million copies. English, the second language in terms of number of daily newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million copies. Prominent Hindi newspapers include "Dainik Jagran", "Dainik Bhaskar", "Amar Ujala", "Navbharat Times", "Hindustan Dainik", "Rajasthan Patrika", Prabhasakshi and "Nai Dunia". In terms of readership, "Dainik Jagran" is the most popular Hindi daily, with a total readership (TR) of 54,583,000, according to IRS Round Document [81] (Title: 2001 Census of India) is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 41% of them have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. English is known to 12.5% Indians in the 2001 census. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 25.50 crore, which is 24.8% of the population in 2001. India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839). 2001 Census of India Document [82] (Title: Hindi) Hindi Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, "Hindī"), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, "Mānak Hindī") is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi written in the Devanagari script is one of the official languages of India, along with the English language. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India. However, it is not the national language of India because no language was given such a status in the Indian constitution. Hindi is the "lingua franca" of the "Hindi belt", and to a lesser extent other parts of India (usually in a simplified or Document [83] (Title: Hindi) Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect, the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi, Maithili (sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum) and Braj. "Urdu" – another form of Hindustani – acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period (1800s), and underwent significant Persian influence. Modern Hindi and its literary tradition evolved towards the end of the 18th century. However, modern Hindi's earlier literary stages before standardization can be traced to the 16th century. In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as Document [84] (Title: Languages of India) has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past." The two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, are in Tamil. Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognized as minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa. After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a Document [85] (Title: Languages of India) languages, which have been referred to as "scheduled" languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of "classical language" to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature. According to the Census of India of 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in definition of the terms "language" and "dialect". The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a Document [86] (Title: Hindi) Spanish and English. Alongside Urdu as Hindustani, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. The term "Hindī" originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the region east of the Indus. It was borrowed from Classical Persian "Hindī" (Iranian Persian "Hendi"), meaning "Indian", from the proper noun "Hind" "India". The name "Hindavī" was used by Amir Khusrow in his poetry. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit "apabhraṃśa" "corrupted"), which emerged in the 7th century A.D. Modern Document [87] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) are third language speakers. Hindi is the lingua franca of the majority of Indians in the subcontinent, along with Pakistan (as Urdu), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, with its importance as a global language increasing day by day. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. In 2007, it was reported that the government would "make immediate diplomatic moves to seek the status of an official language for Hindi at the United Nations". According to a 2009 press release from its Ministry of External Affairs, the Government of India has been "working actively" Document [88] (Title: OCR in Indian languages) Information Technology (Also known as MeitY) of India has done many projects for OCR. Their projects include OCR for Malayalam, Odia, Punjabi, Telugu and Devanagari script. In India, there are 22 officially recognized languages. Among these Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi are most spoken languages in India and fourth, seventh and tenth most popular languages in the world. Two or more languages can be written with same script. For example, Devanagiri is used to write Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri and many more. While Bengali Script is used to write Sanskrit, Manipuri etc. Apart from basic characters as consonants and vowels, most Document [89] (Title: Marathi language) Marathi language Marathi (; ; ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83 million Marathi people of Maharashtra, India. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively, and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. There were 83 million speakers in 2011; Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from about 900 Document [90] (Title: Caribbean Hindustani) the Indian subcontinent, Caribbean Hindustani is broken up into Caribbean Hindi and Caribbean Urdu. Hindustani refers to both Hindi and Urdu. Hindi is spoken by Hindus and people of Hindu descent, whereas Urdu is spoken by Muslims and people of Muslim descent. Hindi has more influence from Sanskrit, while Urdu has more influence from Arabic and Persian. Hindi is written in the Devanagari, Devanagari Braille, and Kaithi script, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and Urdu Braille, although in more recent times they both are written in the Latin script and English Braille. Chutney music, chutney soca, chutney Document [91] (Title: Jawaharlal Nehru) peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the lingua-franca of the Indian nation. After an exhaustive and divisive debate with the non-Hindi speakers, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India in 1950 with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not Document [92] (Title: Languages of India) Languages of India Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839). Article 343 of the Indian constitution stated that the official language of the Union should become Hindi in Devanagari script instead of the extant English. But this was Document [93] (Title: Maharashtra) and −2.30% respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%. The literacy rate rose to 83.2%. Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%. The official language is Marathi although different regions have their own dialects. English is applicable in urban areas. Spoken Marathi language varies by district, area or locality in its tone and a few words. Konkani, Kannada and Gujarati are also spoken in some areas. Other major dialects include Varhadii spoken in the Vidarbha region and Dangii spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border. The sound is abundantly used in Document [94] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) independence movement paved its status as an alternative official language of independent India. Hindi was supported by religious and political leaders, social reformers, writers and intellectuals during independence movement securing that status. Hindi, along with English, was recognised as the official language of India during the institution of the Indian constitution in 1950. "Indo-Persian Literature and Amir Khusrau, University of Delhi - PDF Newspaper Hindi–Urdu controversy The Hindi–Urdu controversy is an ongoing dispute—dating back to the 19th century—regarding the status of Hindi and Urdu as a single language, Hindustani (lit "of "Hindustan""), or as two dialects of a single language, Document [95] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40) as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the "Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings. Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Hindustani and Congress wanted to propagate the learning of Hindustani in non-Hindi speaking Provinces of India. The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language was not acceptable to Periyar, who viewed it as an attempt to make Tamils subordinate to Document [96] (Title: Languages with official status in India) offices. In 2016, the Modi government announced plans to promote Hindi in government offices in Southern and Northeast India. The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages. The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura and Mizo in Mizoram. The Document [97] (Title: Three-language formula) (a) the regional language; (b) Hindi; (c) Urdu or any other modern Indian language excluding (a) and (b); and (d) English or any other modern European language". C. N. Annadurai, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, opposed the requirement to learn Hindi in Tamil Nadu, "What serves to link us with the outside world is certainly capable of rendering the same service inside India as well. To plead for two link languages is like boring a smaller hole in a wall for the kitten while there is a bigger one for the cat. What suits the cat will suit the Document [98] (Title: Indian English) and Rajasthan there is use of Hindi in courts because of Presidential approval. In 2018, the Punjab and Haryana High Court also await Presidential approval for Hindi use as well. Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology between various dialects of Indian English. English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions Document [99] (Title: History of Hindustani) them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until the British Raj, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This literary standard, called simply "Hindi", replaced Hindustani/Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian Document [100] (Title: Hindi–Urdu controversy) Hindi and Urdu started to diverge linguistically, with Hindi drawing on Sanskrit as the primary source for formal and academic vocabulary, often with a conscious attempt to purge the language of Persian-derived equivalents. Deploring this Hindu-Muslim divide, Gandhi proposed re-merging the standards, using either Devanagari or Urdu script, under the traditional generic term Hindustani. Bolstered by the support of the Indian National Congress and various leaders involved in the Indian Independence Movement, Hindi, in the Devanagari script, along with English, replaced Urdu as the official language of India during the institution of the Indian constitution in 1950. The main cause Document [101] (Title: Languages of India) resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language. Hindi, written in Devanagari script, is the most prominent language spoken in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language. This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be Document [102] (Title: India as an emerging superpower) contender for "Global language" status. Incidentally, India has the world's largest English speaking/understanding population. It claims one of the largest workforce of engineers, doctors and other key professionals, all comfortable with English. It has the 2nd largest population of "fluent English" speakers, second only to the United States, with estimates ranging from 150 to 250 million speakers, and is expected to have the largest in coming decades. Indians are also learning Dutch, Italian, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. India is the world's largest democratic republic, more than three times bigger than the next largest (the United States). Document [103] (Title: Ethnic groups of Tamil Nadu) a Dravidian ethnic group of India. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language. According to Census of India, Telugu language has 74 million speakers making it as the third largest spoken language in India after Hindi and Bengali. They are native to the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana. Telugu is also the most widely spoken language in South India. In Tamil Nadu, they are found in Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Krishnagiri, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Thanjavur, Tuticorin, Salem, Perambalur and Ariyalur districts. According to the 2001 census, Telugu is spoken by 5.65% of the population of Tamil Document [104] (Title: Languages of India) fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense. In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use. and Bengali in the Barak Valley, as its official languages. Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation Document [105] (Title: Languages with official status in India) purposes of each state and union territory in the country, and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states "inter se". During the British Raj, English was used for purposes at the federal level. The Indian constitution adopted in 1950 envisaged that Hindi would be gradually phased in to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter. Plans to make Hindi the sole official language of the Republic met with resistance in some parts of the country. Hindi Document [106] (Title: Indian English) universities modelled on the University of London and using English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During subsequent Crown Rule in India, or the British Raj, lasting from 1858 to 1947, English language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the country. After Indian Independence in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language Document [107] (Title: Official languages of the United Nations) French Creole, Portuguese, and Swahili but not on an official or consistent basis. Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh, with over 240 million speakers. In April 2009, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina argued in front of the United Nations General Assembly that the Bengali language should be made one of the official languages of the UN. This was backed by a resolution adopted unanimously by the assembly of the Indian state of West Bengal in December, and support was also given by the states of Assam and Tripura. Hindi is one Document [108] (Title: English language) is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain, with most Document [109] (Title: South India) maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009. The largest linguistic group in South India is the Dravidian family of languages, a family of approximately 73 languages The major languages spoken include Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka and Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by half a million people in the Konkan coast. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India. Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in southern India. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu and Konkani are Document [110] (Title: Languages of India) purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965. As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the , which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965. The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied Document [111] (Title: Hindi Belt) Most Pakistani speakers, and some Muslim Indian speakers, call their version of Hindustani "Urdu" rather than "Hindi" or "Hindustani". Religious proponents both of Hindi and of Urdu often contend that they are two separate languages despite their mutual intelligibility. Mauritian Hindi is spoken in Mauritius. It is based on Bhojpuri and influenced by French. Sarnami is a form of Bhojpuri with Awadhi influence. It spoken by Indo-Surinamese. Fiji Hindi is a derived form of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, and including some English and very few native Fijian words. It is spoken by Indo-Fijians. Trinidadian Hindustani and Guyanese is based on Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Document [112] (Title: Linguistic history of India) the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the lingua franca of the country. Outside the Indian subcontinent, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca by many in the Indian subcontinent, and is the main language of Bollywood. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of southern Afghanistan, and overseas in other countries such as the Document [113] (Title: Languages of India) language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are : The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family. This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per 2018 estimate. The most widely spoken languages of this Document [114] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) varying degrees of success. The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. During the British Raj, English was the official language. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the "Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings. Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Document [115] (Title: Languages of India) interspersed areas of North India. In addition, there is a whole science regarding the tonal and cultural expression within the languages that are quite standard across India. Languages may have different vocabulary, but various hand and tonal gestures within two unrelated languages can still be common due to cultural amalgamations between invading people and the natives over time; in this case, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the native Dravidian people. Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes. In 1946, the issue of national language was a Document [116] (Title: Indian English) the central government and the non-Hindi states. The view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, available studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks, disadvantage students who rely on these books. Document [117] (Title: Islam in Uttar Pradesh) Persian, Arabic, Turkish and local languages while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit comparatively more heavily. Most linguists nonetheless consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of the same language; others classify them separately, while some consider any differences to be sociolinguistic. It should be noted, however, that mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts. Furthermore, due to religious nationalism since the partition of British India and consequent continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu increasingly assert them to be completely distinct languages. Later on, during the Mughal Document [118] (Title: Hindi-Urdu vocabulary) from the Germanic and Romanic languages, e.g. "pādrī" (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from "padre", meaning pastor. When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the British Raj, Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible." After the Document [119] (Title: Languages of India) bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted Document [120] (Title: Languages of India) of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Dravidian languages, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese. Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India and around the world. Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam, making it one of the few languages (along with Hindi, Bengali, Document [121] (Title: Urdu) policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This literary standard called "Hindi" replaced Urdu as the official language of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day, with post-independence examples including Gopi Chand Narang and Gulzar). There have been attempts to "purify" Urdu Document [122] (Title: C. N. Annadurai) Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire. DMK gave up the plan of showing black flags and Annadurai appealed to the Union Government to bring about a constitutional amendment incorporating the assurance. With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th Republic Day of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by the then Chief Minister of Madras State, Bhakthavatchalam, as blasphemous. Document [123] (Title: Tanittamil Iyakkam) 1965 at the peak of the anti-Hindi agitation: In practice, the ordinary man finds that the Tamil language is nowhere in the picture ... In Madras city like any other metro, English dominates our life to an extraordinary extent ... I think it will be no exaggeration to say that a person who earns very high can live for years in Madras without learning a word of Tamil, except for some servant inconvenience! Since the Congress government had turned down a number of demands, such as the use of "pure" rather than "Sanskritised Tamil" in schoolbooks and resisting the name Document [124] (Title: Languages with official status in India) Languages with official status in India The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari script, as well as English. There is no national language as declared by the Constitution of India. Hindi is used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications between the Central Government and a State Government. States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language(s) through legislation and therefore there are 22 officially recognized languages in India of which Hindi is the most used. The number of native Hindi Document [125] (Title: Languages of Tripura) Languages of Tripura Languages of Tripura, a state in Northeast India, include Bengali as official language and many other minority languages. As in the rest of India, English is used for official purpose. Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok is the official language of the state and is a prominent language among the tribes. In the state of Tripura, most of the languages of India are used. Major languages in terms of the number of speakers per 2001 census of India are as follows: A report in Times of Document [126] (Title: India) while Bihar the least with 63.82%. India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by 24% of the population). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan language families. India has no national language. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government. English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language"; it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more Document [127] (Title: Languages of India) a dialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language of most people living in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan. "Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official language of the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament however the Rajya Sabha now allows all 22 official languages on the Eighth Schedule to be spoken. Hindustani, evolved from "khari boli" (खड़ी बोली), a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary Document [128] (Title: Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40) the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The mandatory Hindi education was later withdrawn by the British Governor of Madras Lord Erskine in February 1940 after the resignation of the Congress government in 1939. The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. According to the Census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalized mother tongues and 122 languages with more than 10,000 speakers. During the British Raj, English was the official language. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani Document [129] (Title: Languages of India) language Hindi. Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, PEPSU, and Bilaspur. The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people, counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted. However, the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects, subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes, professions, religions, localities, regions, countries and nationalities. The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well Document [130] (Title: Arunachal Pradesh) acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state. Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state. The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2001 census are Nyishi (208,337), Adi (193,379), Bengali (97,149), Nepali (94,919), Hindi (81,186), Monpa (55,428), Assamese (51,551), Wancho (48,544), Tangsa (34,231), Mishmi (33,522), Mishing (33,381), Nocte (32,591), and Others (64,711). Itanagar Airport, a Greenfield project serving Itanagar is being planned at Holongi at a cost of Rs. 6.50 billion. The existing state owned Daporijo Airport, Document [131] (Title: Indo-Aryan languages) Marathi, and Punjabi. The Indo-Aryan languages of North India and Pakistan form a dialect continuum. What is called "Hindi" in India is frequently Standard Hindi, the Sanskritized version of the colloquial Hindustani spoken in the Delhi area since the Mughals. However, the term Hindi is also used for most of the central Indic dialects from Bihar to Rajasthan. The spoken New Indo-Aryan dialects from Assam in the east to the borders of Afghanistan in the west form a linguistic continuum across the plains of North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In the Central Zone Hindi-speaking areas, for a long time the Document [132] (Title: Western India) 83.66% of the population is Hindu, 10.12% Muslim, 4% Buddhist with Christians in Goa and Maharashtra making up the majority of the remainder. Marathi, with about 73 million speakers is the most widely spoken language, followed by Gujarati with about 46 million speakers and Konkani 2.5 million speakers, all of which are Indo-Aryan languages. As in other parts of India, a high level of multilingualism is seen with English and Hindi being spoken as additional languages in urban areas. The average literacy rate of West India is around 76%, higher than the national average of 70.5%. The population density is Document [133] (Title: Hindi-Urdu vocabulary) partition of India, political forces within India tried to further Sanskritize Hindi, while political forces in Pakistan campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanksrit derived words from Urdu and supplant them with Persian and Arabic words. Despite these government efforts, the film industry, Bollywood continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers; in addition many of the same television channels are viewed across the border. Hindi (हिन्दी "Hindi") is one of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus etymologically Indo-European. However, centuries of Document [134] (Title: Languages with official status in India) English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required. Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states, and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi. Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required. In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of Document [135] (Title: Urdu) received recognition and patronage under British rule when the British replaced the local official languages with English and Hindustani written in Nastaʿlīq script, as the official language in North and Northwestern India. Religious, social, and political factors pushed for a distinction between Urdu and Hindi in India, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy. According to Nationalencyklopedin's 2010 estimates, Urdu is the 21st most spoken first language in the world, with approximately 66 million speakers. According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates, Urdu, along with standard Hindi and the languages of the Hindi belt (as Hindustani), is the 3rd most spoken language in the Document [136] (Title: Punjabi language) language divided into Hindi, with more Sanskritisation, and Urdu, with more Persianisation, but in Punjabi both Sanskrit and Persian words are used with a liberal approach to language. Later, it was influenced by Portuguese and English, though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. However, in India, English words in the official language are more widespread than Hindi. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the eleventh -most widely spoken in India and spoken Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, being the native language of % Document [137] (Title: Hindi) of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as the those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies. At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Each may also designate a "co-official language"; in Document [138] (Title: Languages of India) the Congress party in Tamil Nadu. Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Karnataka, Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the government of Maharashtra made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions. The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Most languages in India are Document [139] (Title: Linguistic history of India) Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'. The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with Bharatendu Harishchandra. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh—and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been Document [140] (Title: Hindustani language) the world, with approximately 329.1 million native speakers, and 697.4 million total speakers. The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit. Before the partition of India, the terms "Hindustani," "Hindi," and "Urdu" were synonymous; they all covered what would be mostly called Hindi and Urdu today. The term "Hindustani" is still used for the colloquial language and the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan, Document [141] (Title: Culture of India) use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indian languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of continuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This enables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly noticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descendant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same. Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India. Hindi, India's most spoken language, is a "Sanskritised register" Document [142] (Title: Languages of South Asia) native language of 226,449 Indians in the 2001 census. English is the second "language of the Union" besides Hindi. Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution." Scheduled languages spoken by less than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.64%), Manipuri (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%), Dogri (0.01%, spoken in Jammu and Kashmir). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.099%) Languages of South Asia South Asia is home to several hundred languages. Most Document [143] (Title: Hindi) Trinidad and Tobago; 3,000 in Singapore. Linguistically, Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and uses more Sanskrit words, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian words. Hindi is the most commonly used official language in India. Urdu is the and "lingua franca" of Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India. The splitting of Hindi and Urdu into separate languages is largely motivated by politics, namely the Indo-Pakistani rivalry. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, Document [144] (Title: Hindi) large portion of its vocabulary from Śaurasenī Prākṛt, in the form of "tadbhava" words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit "tīkṣṇa" > Prakrit "tikkha" > Hindi "tīkhā". Much of Modern Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as "tatsam" borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding "tatsam" words, is called "Śuddh Hindi" (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use Document [145] (Title: Languages of the United States) different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent, such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, and the rest of the Caribbean. Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa. Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans. The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Detroit and the surrounding Document [146] (Title: Hindustani language) Hindustani language Hindustani (, ,), also known as Hindi-Urdu, and historically also known as Hindavi, Dehlavi, and Rekhta, is the "lingua franca" of Northern India and Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi. The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Prakrit, Persian as well as Sanskrit (via Prakrit and Tatsama borrowings) and Arabic (via Persian). It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu, which are its standardised registers. According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates Hindustani is the 3rd most spoken language in Document [147] (Title: Standard language) the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, Crete and the Cyclades. Two standardised registers of the Hindustani language have legal status India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan’s official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called “Hindi-Urdu". "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to "An Caighdeán", is official standard of the Irish language. It is taught in most schools in Ireland, though with strong influences from local dialects. It was first published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s. As of September 2013, the first Document [148] (Title: Hindustani language) as Delhi, Lucknow, and Agra. John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the Mughal Empire's courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India". Next to English it was the Document [149] (Title: Hindustani language) "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers. Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (known for its usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different. Standard Hindi, one of the official languages of India, is based on the Kharibol dialect of the Delhi region and differs from Urdu in that it is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic Document [150] (Title: Linguistic variety in Mauritius) only acquired their respective particularities because of cultural and religious differences in which each of them was independently used. Indeed, Hindi is the language of Hindus whereas Urdu is the language of Muslims. The only Indian language not proposed in primary school is Bhojpuri. The reason for that is the fact that only few students are interested in learning it. Moreover, Bhojpuri is considered as a spoken language and is only used on paper in traditional and popular poetry because of its negative connotation compared to Hindu or Urdu which are a lot more prestigious. This prestige probably comes from Document [151] (Title: Hindustani language) the majority of the population, Urdu is the "lingua franca". "Hindustani" was the official language of the British Raj and was synonymous with both Hindi and Urdu. After India's independence in 1947, the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights recommended that the official language of India be Hindustani: "Hindustani, written either in Devanagari or the Perso-Arabic script at the option of the citizen, shall, as the national language, be the first official language of the Union." However, this recommendation was not adopted by the Constituent Assembly. Besides being the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan in South Asia, Hindustani is also Document [152] (Title: Indian English) of India. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and it is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between Document [153] (Title: Suriya (community development block)) by literacy rate Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language.Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor. The three most populous mother-tongues (spoken language which is medium of conversation with the mother of children), as per data available from 2001 census in a Note on mother-tongue of earlier census, published in District Census Handbook Giridih, 2011, were: Khortha, Hindi and Urdu. Numerically, five important languages spoken by scheduled tribes in Document [154] (Title: 2011 Census of India) released on 26 June 2018. Bhili/Bhilodi was the most spoken unscheduled language with 10.4 million speakers, followed by Gondi with 2.9 million speakers. 96.71% of India's population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue in the 2011 census. The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 31.49 crore, which is 26% of the population in 2011. 7% of Indian population is Document [155] (Title: Hindi) Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the political formation in power, this language is generally Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, National Capital Territory. National language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, the Awadhi language (A Hindi dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri, Bihari languages, Fijian and English is spoken in Fiji. Document [156] (Title: Languages with official status in India) states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not, is required to be in English, or, in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation). Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is generally Document [157] (Title: Delhi) as defined by the 2001 plan to "Central National Capital Region (CNCR)". Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%). Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Baha'ism and Judaism. According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of the Delhites speak other languages. Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have Document [158] (Title: Swarachakra) major languages. Although smartphone penetration is increasing in India, text input in Indic scripts has been a challenge for many years. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey, the surveyed households reported that 72 per cent of men did not speak any English, 28 per cent spoke some English, and five per cent spoke fluent English. Among women, the corresponding percentages were 83, 17, and 3. While Indian languages are preferred in other means of communication in India (e.g. oral and written communication, radio, TV, newspapers and magazines), English is still the most preferred language for text input. The Document [159] (Title: Languages of India) exactly the opposite. In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede. As a result, the proposal was dropped, and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a Document [160] (Title: Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu) the situation supported Hindi as the sole official language, although members from Bengal and Madras dissented in favour of English. As of the 1961 census, there were 1652 languages. Hindi as an official language was opposed for two reasons: the first because the numbers of people with knowledge of English were fairly evenly spread, and also that imposition of Hindi would give a major advantage in terms of job and educational possibilities to those who had Hindi as their mother tongue. In effect a Tamil who would desire to pursue union civil service would have to learn three languages, Tamil, Document [161] (Title: Indian English) Indian English Indian English refers to dialects of the English language characteristic of the Republic of India. The Constitution of India designates the co-official language of the Government of India as English, along with Hindi. Today many regional varieties of English, or Englishes, exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Hindi is one of the official languages of the Union Government of India. However, even after 70 years of Indian Independence from Britain, English is still retained as an official language. Only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, have Document [162] (Title: Languages of South Asia) Languages of South Asia South Asia is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European (c. 74%), the Dravidian (c. 24%), the Austroasiatic (Munda) (c. 1.2%), or the Tibeto-Burman (c. 0.6%) families, with some languages of the Himalayas still unclassified. The SIL Ethnologue lists 461 living languages for India. Hindustani is the most widespread language of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as the broad variety of the Hindi languages. The native speakers of Hindi so defined account for 39% of Indians. Indian English is recorded as the Document [163] (Title: Languages with official status in India) As a result, the proposal was dropped, and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes as a "subsidiary official language," but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi. The Document [164] (Title: Languages of India) group are Hindi (or more correctly, Hindustani, which includes Hindi and Urdu), Bengali, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Assamese (Asamiya), Maithili and Odia. Aside from the Indo-Aryan languages, other Indo-European languages are also spoken in India, the most prominent of which is English, as a "lingua franca". The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Document [165] (Title: C. Rajagopalachari) January 1965 onwards, Hindi was to become the sole official language of the Indian Union and people in non-Hindi speaking regions were compelled to learn Hindi. This led to vehement opposition and just before Republic Day, severe anti-Hindi protests broke out in Madras State. Rajagopalachari had earlier been sharply critical of the recommendations made by the Official Languages Commission in 1957. On 28 January 1956, Rajagopalachari signed a resolution along with Annadurai and Periyar endorsing the continuation of English as the official language. At an All-India Language Conference held on 8 March 1958, he declared: "Hindi is as much foreign Document [166] (Title: Bilingual education) in India follows the Three-language formula, where children are to be taught English (or the medium of instruction in the school, grades 1-12), The Second Language (grades 1-10) is the Official language of the state (In most non-Hindi states) or Hindi (in the others), in a few states some schools offer a choice between the State Language and Hindi, and the third language (grades 5-8, often Hindi (in the non-Hindi states), the regional language of the state (if the student opted for Hindi as the second language, a foreign language or Sanskrit). An exception is Tamil Nadu where only Tamil Document [167] (Title: Language) mostly in Southern India, include Tamil Telugu and Kannada. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. The English word "language" derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European "" "tongue, speech, language" through Latin "lingua", "language; tongue", and Old French "language". The word is sometimes used to refer to codes, ciphers, and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as formally defined computer languages used for computer programming. Unlike conventional human languages, a formal language in this sense is a system of signs Document [168] (Title: Hindi) articles. Hindi literature, music, and film have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015, Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that 21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi. Many Hindi newspapers also offer digital editions. The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations): Hindi Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, "Hindī"), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, "Mānak Hindī") is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi written in the Devanagari script is one of the Question: after hindi which is the most spoken language in india

Answer: English Long Answer: First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census) Language First language speakers First language speakers as a percentage of total population Second language speakers Third language speakers Total speakers Total speakers as a percentage of total population Hindi 422,048,642 41.03 98,207,180 31,160,696 551,416,518 53.60 English 226,449 0.02 86,125,221 38,993,066 125,344,736 12.18 Bengali 83,369,769 8.10 6,637,222 1,108,088 91,115,079 8.86 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19 9,723,626 1,266,019 84,992,501 8.26 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99 9,546,414 2,701,498 84,184,806 8.18 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91 4,992,253 956,335 66,742,402 6.49 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01 6,535,489 1,007,912 59,079,512 5.74 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69 11,455,287 1,396,428 50,775,726 4.94 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48 3,476,355 703,989 50,271,961 4.89 Odia 33,017,446 3.21 3,272,151 319,525 36,609,122 3.56 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21 499,188 195,885 33,761,465 3.28 Sanskrit 14,135 1,234,931 3,742,223 4,991,289 0.49 Gold Document ID: 167

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sober (Lorde song)) episodes in her life to cope with her heartache. To the singer, parties have an "angst" to them, sharing a distinct memory of her having an intense conversation with someone and seeing people in her back porch dancing. Lorde stated that the DNA of the song is wanting to tell someone how you feel about them and knowing the other person feels the same way and needing the evenings theater have all the characters going to let your guard down. She worked on the song with Jack Antonoff. Her fear of recording on Westlake Recording Studios, which to her was Document [2] (Title: Cold One) song as "a Little Feat-flavored swamprocker that wrings emotion out of a boozer's double-entendre and wedges nearly a minute of hot soloing into a three-minute tune." Matt Bjorke of Roughstock reviewed the single favorably: "'Cold One' tells a simple story but like the first two singles from "The Outsiders"… it has interesting sonic sounds permeating through its heart and that’s enough to make Eric Church continue to stand out amongst a sea of sameness that often is mainstream radio". Writing for National Public Radio, Ken Tucker stated that "One of the things I like about Church is that he plays Document [3] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) said he liked the concept of a bartender as a God/Jesus figure to which to confess and get absolution. In the song, the protagonist tells others not to have certain feelings about him/her if he/she goes before his/her time. "Bartender" was the first song performed by the band after the August 2008 death of saxophonist LeRoi Moore. Structurally, the song starts with a single note introduction before moving into the lyrical section with march-style drumming by Carter Beauford. After the lyrics finish, the song begins an extended jam session beginning with a loud climax featuring emotional, improvised vocals by Dave Document [4] (Title: Eric Church) Willie Nelson for the new-country generation and compared Eric Church's dressing room to a cannabis dispensary. Eric's style has been described as country rock, outlaw country, and southern rock. Church's influences include Hank Williams Jr., Merle Haggard, Little Feat, The Band, Kris Kristofferson, Ray Wylie Hubbard and Waylon Jennings. Eric has also claimed that many hard rock and heavy metal bands influenced his music, including Metallica, Pantera, and AC/DC. Studio albums Band members Eric Church Kenneth Eric Church (born May 3, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He has released six studio albums through Capitol Nashville since 2005, later Document [5] (Title: Homeboy (Eric Church song)) Homeboy (Eric Church song) "Homeboy" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in February 2011 as the ninth single of his career and the first from his 2011 album "Chief". The song reached the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart with a peak at number 13. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. In "Homeboy", the narrator addresses a delinquent brother who has taken to a destructive urban lifestyle. The lyrics play on the word "homeboy", turning it into a plea for his brother to "come on Document [6] (Title: Drink to That All Night) of five, calling it "as unique, innovative and risky an artist can get." Bjorke said that the song "has a good natured, feel good vibe to it and quite honestly, it's the kind of song that makes for a fun part of a road trip playlist, a workout playlist, or – of course – a party playlist." Jon Freeman of "Country Weekly" was less positive, giving the song a "C" and criticizing the "monotone-rapping" of the verses and saying that the song was "surprisingly pedestrian", although he praised Niemann's singing on the chorus and said that the production "tastefully merges Document [7] (Title: Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)) Justin Moore and Thomas Rhett. The music video was directed by Shane Drake and premiered on the "Today Show" on June 19, 2014. It co-stars model Kate Upton and "Veep"/"Arrested Development" actor, Tony Hale. The video begins with a woman (Upton) sitting in front of a vanity, receiving a phone call from a friend (Scott). The friend invites her to go out to a bar with her and some friends to "forget his name." At the bar they receive challenges by the bartender (Hale) and go through many rounds. They beat the bartender and celebrate. There are cut to performance Document [8] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) Matthews. It then decrescendos into a pennywhistle solo/outro, into which both Moore and his successor, Jeff Coffin, have interpolated songs such as "If I Only Had a Brain" (as heard on "Live Trax Vol. 6"). Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song) "Bartender" is one of Dave Matthews Band's most popular live songs, featured on their studio album "Busted Stuff". The song was one of the many that carried over from the near-abandoned project that is "The Lillywhite Sessions". If "The Lillywhite Sessions" album is considered a Dave Matthews Band studio album, then "Bartender" is the longest Dave Matthews Band song recorded, Document [9] (Title: One Drink Ago) 2018. Clark invited Smith to debut the song at the Grand Ole Opry, of which Clark is the only female Canadian member, on April 10, 2018. One Drink Ago "One Drink Ago" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Rodney Clawson, and Ross Copperman, and recorded as a duet between Canadian country artists Dallas Smith and Terri Clark. It was released to Canadian country radio through 604 Records on March 28, 2018 and was released to digital retailers on March 30, 2018. "One Drink Ago" was intended as the lead single for Clark's forthcoming eleventh studio album, but was left Document [10] (Title: Tanlines) of [Tanlines'] most enjoyable work to date", but the band was also criticized for certain songs lacking a "big payoff" as well as for not "doing anything... that you can't hear another band doing just as well". On the "Billboard" album charts, "Mixed Emotions" peaked at No. 2 on the Heatseekers chart and at No. 8 on the Dance/Electronic chart. Rolling Stone named the track, "All of Me" the 43rd best song of 2012. Tanlines Tanlines is an American electronic music and indie rock duo from Brooklyn, New York composed of percussionist Jesse Cohen and guitarist and vocalist Eric Emm. Document [11] (Title: I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too) I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's "See Emily Play" and, as a bonus track in some countries, the Eurythmics' "Love Is a Stranger". The Australian release included a limited edition digipak with additional images and the bonus track. "Comin' Tonight" was released as an iTunes exclusive download in Australia in April Document [12] (Title: Body Like a Back Road) described it as "a lighthearted song" as he wanted to release something lighter than the "heavy direction" that his new album was taking. Hunt said: "I connect music to the emotions that come from relationships, so most of the songs that I write are inspired by those circumstances, emotions, feelings, all that kind of stuff." He had previously broken up with Fowler, and wrote "Drinkin' Too Much" as an apology (the break-up also inspired a few other songs in "Montevallo"). The couple got back together, and a few days after "Drinkin' Too Much" was released in January 2017, he announced Document [13] (Title: Bottled Up) 8, which kept Ty Dolla Sign's verse and removed Bassy's part. "Bottled Up" is a midtempo, R&B song that draws influences of tropical, reggae and hip hop music. It contains a "light tropical-tinged backbeat with a simple urban bassline." It runs for a total of three minutes and twenty seconds. Lyrically, the song is about "drinking your feelings away". In an interview with Z100, Jane said, "It’s about someone who has a hard time sharing their emotions, so they bottle up their feelings and they turn to smoking and drinking because that’s the way they’re getting it out." The song Document [14] (Title: Sober (Pink song)) Jonas Akerlund and it finds Pink at a party with her doppelgänger. In February 2008, Pink announced that she and her husband Carey Hart had separated, which led the singer to write songs for a new album. It was confirmed that she was working with many music producers such as Butch Walker, Billy Mann, Eg White and Danja. While working on the album, she penned a track called "Sober" with Kara DioGuardi, claiming it was "about the vices that we choose." She added, "I had this idea in my head, 'like how do I feel this good sober?' So I Document [15] (Title: How 'Bout You) people in a bar, to the stage of where the rest of the video is shots of him playing the song on stage, and the audience. It reached #1 on CMT's Top 20 Countdown in 2006. "How 'Bout You" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 18, 2006. How 'Bout You "How 'Bout You" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It released in January 2006 as his debut single and the first from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at Document [16] (Title: Milk and Alcohol) the UK's top ten, "Milk and Alcohol" continues to be a popular choice for the band during its concerts. Milk and Alcohol "Milk and Alcohol" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood, that reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart in 1979. Written by Nick Lowe and Gypie Mayo, and produced by Richard Gottehrer, the song was Dr. Feelgood's biggest hit and continues to be played by the band. "Milk and Alcohol", written in 1978 by Nick Lowe and John "Gypie" Mayo, reportedly retells Lowe's 1970s experiences drinking one too many Kahlúa-milk drinks at or after a United Document [17] (Title: Feelings (Hayley Kiyoko song)) Feelings (Hayley Kiyoko song) "Feelings" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Hayley Kiyoko for her first album "Expectations". The song was released with a music video as the second single from "Expectations" on October 19, 2017, although the album itself was not announced at the time of the single's release. "Feelings" is written by Kiyoko, Brandon Colbein, Nick Bailey, Jonathan Dorr, Cecil Bernardy, and Katherine Ostenberg. Similar to her other work, the song aims to normalize lesbian relationships in a heteronormative society. She wanted fans to be reminded of the feeling of a first crush. A music Document [18] (Title: The Good Stuff) man and woman, and the memories that they make together, such as "dropping the ring in the spaghetti plate". In the second verse, the narrator and the bartender begin conversing, when the narrator notices a picture on the bar. The bartender explains that the picture is of his wife who died of cancer. He also says that for several years after her death, he began drinking regularly, sobering up only after realizing that the memories of the love that they shared are "the one thing stronger than the whiskey". The bartender, in the song's bridge, then suggests that the male Document [19] (Title: Feelings Gone) dance-pop" and commented on Sam Sparro's vocals as "quirky enough to keep things interesting as he soars, squeaks and squalls his way through this track." Feelings Gone "Feelings Gone" is a song by British electronic music duo Basement Jaxx. It was released on 8 September 2009 as the second single from their fifth studio album, "Scars". It was digitally released on 8 September in the United States and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2009. The song features vocals from the Australian-born singer-songwriter Sam Sparro. The music video for the song was directed by Andy Soup and Document [20] (Title: The Hollywood Argyles) Fowley; He recalled that "all the participants were hopelessly drunk on cider by the time they recorded the song..." According to some reports, the lead vocalist on the track "Alley Oop" is Norm Davis, although the voice on the record has been identified as a match with other recordings sung by Paxton from the same era, such as "Spookie Movies." According to an interview with Gary Paxton, The group consisted of Ronnie Silico on drums, Gaynel Hodge on piano, Harper Cosby as the bassist, and Sandy Nelson (of Teen Beat fame) was the percussionist on the tambourine and a garbage Document [21] (Title: Drink You Away) Drink You Away "Drink You Away" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album, "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2" (2013). It was written and produced by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley and Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, with additional writing from James Fauntleroy. It was sent to US country radio stations on November 23, 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album. Musically, it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song including classic rock, country pop, gospel blues and Memphis soul. Lyrically, on the track, Timberlake compares love to alcoholism Document [22] (Title: Springsteen (song)) video features Eric Church playing instruments in a suburban neighborhood, while a couple is shown going through the ups and downs of a relationship. "Springsteen" features drums and a synthesizer, along with live instrumentation from the guitar and keyboard. The song notably lacks both the fiddle and steel guitar, which are staples of country music. Eric Church uses his voice throughout the piece to convey emotion, with his pitch and tone changing from verse to verse. The song is composed of two verses with a chorus that is repeated several times. The song is set in the key of D Document [23] (Title: Performance and Cocktails) a pleasant throatiness to it that adds emotion to even the simplest lyric." Brent DiCrescenzo from "Pitchfork Media" had a generally negative review of the album, comparing Stereophonics to Oasis and by summarising the album as, "Basically, what "Performance and Cocktails" boils down to is loud music engineered and crafted for Britain's summer festival circuit that practically guarantees a perennially muddy experience." Similarly, Barry Walters of "Rolling Stone" also compared the band to Oasis, stating, "[they] sound like Oasis trying to be Radiohead." "Performance and Cocktails" gave Stereophonics three straight top five singles in the British charts with "The Bartender Document [24] (Title: Tequila (Dan + Shay song)) brief romance, the pair separate when DiMarco's character departs to finish his journey alone. However, the two are reunited four years later at the bar where they first grabbed drinks. Dan told "Nash Country Daily" that the duo were "so inspired by" Nyle's advocacy for the deaf community and hoped to use their video as another platform for this. Digital download Digital download (remix) Tequila (Dan + Shay song) "Tequila" is a song recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their self-titled third studio album. Dan Smyers co-wrote the song with Nicolle Galyon and Jordan Reynolds and Document [25] (Title: Love Drunk (Boys Like Girls song)) the track, including About.com's "Top 40 Reviews", which claimed the song had "glorious" elements. However, many critics and fans alike criticized the song's "unmistakeable" similarity to The Killers' single "Somebody Told Me", which features a chorus similar to the chorus from "Love Drunk". The music video began shooting on June 29, 2009, and features actress and singer Ashley Tisdale. "Ashley was awesome -- she played the lead girl," Martin Johnson says. "We did this faux arcade set-up with the band as [carnival] guys. She makes all the guys in the arcade fall for her and then it has a surprise Document [26] (Title: Give Me Back My Hometown) about the loss of his hometown, not because it’s actually gone or changed but because the girl who helped it make it worthwhile has left him and the town back" and "for the middle of the road fan who likes the softer moments of Eric Church’s music…this one should easily be much more pleasing to them than "The Outsiders" was." Eric Church had his best debut on the chart when the song entered at No. 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 39 on the Hot Country Songs during its first week, with 28,000 copies sold. The following week, Document [27] (Title: Guys Like Me) Guys Like Me "Guys Like Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2007 as the third single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and at number 99 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan. The music video premiered in 2007 and was directed by Scott Speer. "Guys Like Me" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 3, 2007. Document [28] (Title: Drink You Away) liner notes of "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2". Drink You Away "Drink You Away" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album, "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2" (2013). It was written and produced by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley and Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, with additional writing from James Fauntleroy. It was sent to US country radio stations on November 23, 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album. Musically, it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song including classic rock, country pop, gospel blues and Memphis Document [29] (Title: Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song)) Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song) "Mixed Emotions" is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1989 album "Steel Wheels". Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards while on vacation in Barbados, "Mixed Emotions" was recorded in Montserrat from March through June 1989. The song was a heavy collaborative effort between Jagger and Richards. Richards brought his own music to the sessions along with most of the song's lyrics, the rest being filled in by Jagger in the studio. The song is an upfront rocker, with Richards, Jagger and Ronnie Wood sharing guitar duties. Piano and organ were provided Document [30] (Title: All Mixed Up (311 song)) All Mixed Up (311 song) "All Mixed Up" is a single released by 311. It was on the album "311", also known as "The Blue Album". This album was released in 1995 and later went triple platinum, selling over 3 million copies worldwide. The song was co-written by Douglas Vincent "SA" Martinez and Nick Hexum. The duo first started working on the song during the 311 tour supporting "Grassroots". After the tour Martinez wrote the lyrics about feeling "confused and being unfaithful" and Hexum took the song's title from an early Elvis Presley interview in which Elvis claimed he was Document [31] (Title: Drunk in Love) sexiest thing on the radio", further praising the singers for making "marriage sound ridiculously hot". The song was nominated for Top R&B Song at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards. At the 2014 BET Awards, it won Best Collaboration and was nominated for Viewer's Choice, losing to "I Luv This Shit" by August Alsina and Trinidad James. At the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards, "Drunk in Love" was nominated in the category for Song of the Year. The track won two Grammy awards, in the categories for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in Document [32] (Title: Kurt Hugo Schneider) Attack" by Demi Lovato with Halocene. In 2013, Schneider and Coca-Cola created music videos featuring creative covers of two 2011 singles: Calvin Harris' "Feel So Close" and Of Monsters and Men's "Little Talks" for a campaign called "The Sounds of AHH". Commercial edits of the singles premiered on the inaugural episode of season 13 of "American Idol" on January 14, 2014 on FOX. In the two new versions, recreated by Schneider, he is shown making the track playing only Coca-Cola bottles, glasses and cans. In addition, "Feels So Close" features the vocals of Sam Tsui whereas on the track "Little Document [33] (Title: Guys Like Me) Guys Like Me "Guys Like Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2007 as the third single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and at number 99 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan. The music video premiered in 2007 and was directed by Scott Speer. "Guys Like Me" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 3, 2007. Document [34] (Title: Drink in My Hand) Drink in My Hand "Drink in My Hand" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2011 as the second single from his 2011 album "Chief". The song became Church's first number one hit on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Church wrote this song with Michael P. Heeney and Luke Laird. "Drink in My Hand" is an up-tempo where the male narrator sings about drinking alcohol to forget his problems, suggesting that "All you gotta do is put a drink in [his] hand." Billy Dukes of "Taste of Document [35] (Title: Like a Wrecking Ball) in June 2015. It is composed of live footage that was shot during the 2015 CMT Music Awards. Like a Wrecking Ball "Like a Wrecking Ball" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released on March 9, 2015 as the fifth and final single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. Church once told a crowd during a show that "[the song is] about [...] sex". In regards to the "physicality" of the lyrics, Billy Dukes of "Taste of Country" said, "To be certain, this is Document [36] (Title: Eric Church) Nation Tour alongside Chesney, Zac Brown Band, and Eli Young Band. In December, Eric was honored as one of the CMT Artists of the Year Awards; his award was presented by Kid Rock and he received a video message of congratulations from Metallica's James Hetfield. On October 22, 2013, Church released a new single titled "The Outsiders". His fourth studio album, also titled "The Outsiders", was released on February 11, 2014. This album, as with Church's previous three, was produced by Jay Joyce and released on the EMI Records Nashville label. It was followed in January 2014 by "Give Me Document [37] (Title: Alcohol (Brad Paisley song)) describing the various influences that the beverages have on certain people ("Helping white people dance"), ultimately stating "You'll have some of the best times you'll never remember, with me, Alcohol". Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a positive rating. He says that Paisley pulls the song off with "good taste and great humor." The music video was directed by Jim Shea. It features Little Jimmy Dickens, who puts a lampshade on his head. It was released in June 2005. A newer, 3D live version of the video, directed by Scott Scovill, was released in late Document [38] (Title: Sober Saturday Night) the video depicts a man who appears to be recovering from a hangover but who is actually "adapting to a new normal" without the influence of alcohol, with the bar scenes implied to be flashbacks to the man's troubled past. Sober Saturday Night "Sober Saturday Night" is a song recorded by American country music singers Chris Young and Vince Gill. It was released in June 6, 2016 as the third and final single from Young's fifth studio album, "I'm Comin' Over" (2015). Young co-wrote the track with The Warren Brothers and assisted Corey Crowder with production. The staff of "Taste Document [39] (Title: Drink in My Hand) of 'All About Tonight'." The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in September 2011. It shows Eric at a concert, as well as various close-ups. It was filmed using a grainy-style technique, so the video is fast and somewhat blurry. "Drink in My Hand" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of August 27, 2011. As of April 2014, the song has sold 1,191,000 digital copies in the US. Drink in My Hand "Drink in My Hand" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Document [40] (Title: Eric Church discography) Eric Church discography American country music artist Eric Church has released six studio albums, two live albums, two extended plays, and 26 singles (including four as a featured artist). He made his debut on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs with "How 'Bout You", which peaked at number 14. It was the first single from his debut album "Sinners Like Me", which was released from Capitol Records Nashville. Both the album’s next two singles, "Two Pink Lines" and "Guys Like Me", also reached the Top 20 on the chart. The title track reached #51. Church released "His Kind of Money Document [41] (Title: Drunk on a Plane) honeymoon. While on the airplane, the narrator drinks heavily, becoming intoxicated and parties with the other passengers. Bentley told "Country Standard Time", "It's a fun song, but when you really listen, there's also an underlying lonesomeness, which is what makes it different than a lot of the other uptempo songs I've put out." Bob Paxman of "Country Weekly" rated the song "A", saying, "The song has a particular smartness about it, which sets this apart from the sundry drinking songs that inundate our space…'Drunk on a Plane' captures a sky-high party atmosphere while giving off a melancholy feel at the Document [42] (Title: Homeboy (Eric Church song)) police officers, jailed, and then leaving jail while realizing the effects of his decisions. Homeboy (Eric Church song) "Homeboy" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in February 2011 as the ninth single of his career and the first from his 2011 album "Chief". The song reached the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart with a peak at number 13. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. In "Homeboy", the narrator addresses a delinquent brother who has taken to a destructive urban lifestyle. The lyrics play on Document [43] (Title: The Winter of Mixed Drinks) band undertook a 20 date North American tour beginning in Seattle on 7 October and concluding on 3 November in Detroit. A 14 date tour of the UK and Ireland followed, beginning in Bristol on 20 November and ending at Dublin Academy on 9 December. The album's fourth and final single "The Loneliness and the Scream" was released on 22 November 2010 in the UK and 8 December 2010 in North America. The b-side of "The Loneliness and the Scream" featured Scott Hutchinson duetting with The Hold Steady's Craig Finn on a cover version of Elton John and Kiki Dee's Document [44] (Title: Eric Church) first two No. 1 singles, "Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen", and the hits "Homeboy", "Creepin'", and "Like Jesus Does". His third No. 1 single was "The Only Way I Know", which he, Jason Aldean, and Luke Bryan recorded for Aldean's album "Night Train". A fourth album, "The Outsiders"", was released in February 2014. It produced five new singles between 2013–15 with the title track, "Give Me Back My Hometown", "Cold One", "Talladega" and "Like a Wrecking Ball". "Talladega" and "Give Me Back My Hometown" each reached number one on the Country Airplay chart. Eric Church got his sixth No. Document [45] (Title: So Happy I Could Die) and Mike Orton for mixing the song at Sarm West Studios. An occasional drinker, the song represents Gaga's fear of what she describes as the "Alcohol Monster", as evident of several lyrics in the song, such as the chorus; "Happy in the club with a bottle of red wine, stars in our eyes and we're having a good time." In an interview with MTV, Gaga professed that the song is about the euphoric effects of alcohol—the so-called "happy place"—and explained that her fear is split between two songs. "My fear of alcohol. My fear of drugs... fear of addiction. [...] Document [46] (Title: Boys Like Girls) confirmed the title for their second album would be "Love Drunk". The album was officially released on September 8, 2009. On June 24, 2009, the band released their first single, the title track of the album. The "Love Drunk" music video features actress and singer Ashley Tisdale. The group released their second single "She's Got a Boyfriend Now" on iTunes in August. The fourth song from "Love Drunk" is called "Two Is Better Than One," featuring and written with Taylor Swift. The song is about Johnson's previous relationship with a longtime girlfriend. Johnson had previously worked with Swift to write Document [47] (Title: Milk and Alcohol) Milk and Alcohol "Milk and Alcohol" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood, that reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart in 1979. Written by Nick Lowe and Gypie Mayo, and produced by Richard Gottehrer, the song was Dr. Feelgood's biggest hit and continues to be played by the band. "Milk and Alcohol", written in 1978 by Nick Lowe and John "Gypie" Mayo, reportedly retells Lowe's 1970s experiences drinking one too many Kahlúa-milk drinks at or after a United States concert by bluesman John Lee Hooker. However, while the song anonymously criticises Hooker ("Main attraction dead on his Document [48] (Title: Hymn for the Weekend) What". I thought I'd like to have a song called 'Drinks on Me' where you sit on the side of a club and buy everyone drinks because you're so fucking cool," Martin recalled. "I was chuckling about that, when this melody came, 'drinks on me, drinks on me', then the rest of the song came out. I presented it to the rest of the band and they said, 'We love this song, but there's no way you can sing "drinks on me."' So that changed into 'drink from me' and the idea of having an angelic person in your life. Document [49] (Title: Mixed Emotions (1951 song)) in 1961. Anita Bryant released a version of the song that was the B-side to her 1960 hit "Paper Roses". Mixed Emotions (1951 song) "Mixed Emotions" is a popular song by Stuart F. Louchheim, published in 1951. The best-known version of the song was recorded by Rosemary Clooney on Columbia Records in 1951. It reached #22 in the United States. The song was covered by Ella Fitzgerald, as one side of a single whose other side was also a cover of a Rosemary Clooney hit, "Come On-a My House," on Decca Records (catalog number 27680). Instrumental version was covered by Document [50] (Title: Eric Church discography) (My Kind of Love)", which peaked at #46 on the charts but did not appear on an album. His second album, "Carolina", produced his first two Top 10 hits with "Love Your Love the Most" and "Hell on the Heart", which both peaked at #10. The album's third and final single, "Smoke a Little Smoke", peaked at #16. Church’s third album, "Chief", was also his first for EMI Records' Nashville division. Its lead single, "Homeboy", peaked at #13 followed by his first two number one hits, "Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen". The next singles, "Creepin'" and "Like Jesus Does", Document [51] (Title: Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album)) Keeping a Secret" and "Feel Good Hit of the Summer" with the former helping Queens of the Stone Age reach mainstream popularity. "Rated R" has been described as featuring stoner rock, alternative rock, hard rock, and alternative metal. The album contains numerous references to drugs and alcohol. This is particularly prominent on the opening track, "Feel Good Hit of the Summer", which consists entirely of the repeated verse "Nicotine, valium, vicodin, marijuana, ecstasy and alcohol" followed by a chorus of "c-c-c-c-c-cocaine". Though frontman Josh Homme has emphasized the fact there is no definitive endorsement or condemnation behind the lyrics, he Document [52] (Title: Eric Church) Eric's guitar "ButterBean". Church used "ButterBean" for the creation of the album. "Mr. Misunderstood" was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2016 ACM Awards and the title track was nominated for Video of the Year. "Mr. Misunderstood" features 10 self-written and co-written tracks and features themes of independence, lessons learned, and loyalty. The album was recorded by Jason Hall at St. Charles in Nashville. In March 2016, "Record Year" was released to radio; it reached #1 on the Country Airplay in August 2016. The album's third single, "Kill a Word" released to country radio on August 29, 2016. Document [53] (Title: Drinkin' Me Lonely) The music video was directed by Warren P. Sonada and premiered in 2006. Drinkin' Me Lonely "Drinkin' Me Lonely" is the debut single by American country music artist and winner of the season 4 Nashville Star competition Chris Young. Young wrote the song with Larry Wayne Clark. The song is a ballad about drinking alcohol at a bar to cope with the heartache of losing a girlfriend/wife. In his review of the album, Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave the song a positive review, saying that "By the time "Drinkin' Me Lonely'" comes up on the player, the album is in Document [54] (Title: Drink You Away) Music Association Awards; following it, "Drink You Away" sold 76,000 digital copies and debuted at number five on the US Hot Digital Songs chart. It also peaked at number 85 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. "Drink You Away" was written by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon and James Fauntleroy. The song was produced by Timbaland, Timberlake and Harmon while Jones provided additional production. It was recorded the Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Timberlake arranged and produced his vocals. Harmon provided keyboards for the song, while Ives played the guitar. The track was engineered by Chris Document [55] (Title: Eric Church) Church was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on ""Forever Country"", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. Church played his biggest solo tour to date with his Holdin' My Own Tour that featured 62 shows in 61 cities from January through May 2017. The tour was capped off by two sold-out shows at Nashville, Tennessee's Bridgestone Arena, with the Friday night show breaking the arena's capacity record before being one-uped by the Saturday night show which had Document [56] (Title: Eric Church) bonus track on albums sold at Best Buy. Following this song was "Love Your Love the Most", which debuted in early 2009 and was the first single from his second album "Carolina", released in stores on March 24, 2009. The night before the official release, Church and Capitol Records distributed copies of the album on the campus of Church's alma mater, Appalachian State University, during a "release party" concert. As with his debut album, "Carolina" was produced by Jay Joyce, and is entirely composed of songs that he co-wrote. "Love Your Love the Most" brought Church to the top 10 Document [57] (Title: Cheers (Drink to That)) "I love that song ['Cheers']. That is one of my favorite songs on the album. It makes you feel like celebrating ... It gives you a great feeling inside, like you want to go out and have a drink ... People can't wait for the weekend." Also in an interview with MTV News in late 2010, Avril Lavigne spoke about being included on the song, saying, "It was really exciting because 'I'm With You' is one of my favorite songs that I've done, I always love performing it." "Cheers (Drink to That)" is a pop rock and reggaeton song. It Document [58] (Title: Chief (album)) Chief (album) Chief is the third studio album by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released on July 26, 2011, via EMI Nashville. The album produced five singles, including Church's first two number one hits on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart—"Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen", as well as the Top 10 hits "Creepin'" and "Like Jesus Does" and the Top 20 "Homeboy". On June 20, 2012, the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, for having shipped over 1,000,000 records. As of April 2017, the album has sold 1,957,700 copies in the United States. The Document [59] (Title: Drapht) Fdel (Invada Records), Downsyde, MC Layla, Hunter, Selekt, Carlsani and Porsah Lane. The follow-up, 2005's "Who Am I", was co-produced by Dazastah (Downsyde) and Fdel, and co-mixed by Drapht with Dazastah. The songs touch on topics including politics, sex, and addiction to drunken antics. Guest appearances on the album include Pressure (Hilltop Hoods), Downsyde, Layla, Pegz (Obese Records), Clandestien, MJ (Funkola) and Hunter. It was released by Obese Records in both in a CD and a limited 2 LP vinyl format. Two tracks from the album, "Drink Drank Drunk" and "The Music", received airplay on Triple J, mostly on the Document [60] (Title: Melting (album)) put their feelings into it. "Emotion" is a medium-tempo song written by Cosmic Sound and Cosmos, with lyrics by Moonbyul. "I Miss You" is an R&B ballad written by Cosmic Sound, Hwang Yoo-bin, and Moonbyul, with music by Kim. "Funky Boy" is upbeat, retro-inspired song with lyrics by Yoon Hye-joo and music by Daniel Palm and Ellen Berg Tollbom. "Recipe" was written by Park, Solar, and Hwasa, with additional lyrics by Moonbyul and music by Kim. "Cat Fight" was written by Lee Hoo-sang, with music co-composed by S2REN and additional lyrics by Hwang and Moonbyul. "Recipe" and "Cat Fight" are Document [61] (Title: Drinks After Work (song)) Radio in quite some time. He might've scored hits here or there but he understands the 'game' that an artist must be able to play at Country radio from time to time and this one truly feels like his own "Pontoon" of sorts (as well it should since it was written by the same writing team) and there's no way "Drinks After Work" isn't a massive hit this summer for Toby Keith. It's a can't-miss single." Giving it a "B", Tammy Ragusa of "Country Weekly" thought that the "arrangement is unexpected and seems a bit electronic for what we expect Document [62] (Title: Mixed Emotions (1951 song)) Mixed Emotions (1951 song) "Mixed Emotions" is a popular song by Stuart F. Louchheim, published in 1951. The best-known version of the song was recorded by Rosemary Clooney on Columbia Records in 1951. It reached #22 in the United States. The song was covered by Ella Fitzgerald, as one side of a single whose other side was also a cover of a Rosemary Clooney hit, "Come On-a My House," on Decca Records (catalog number 27680). Instrumental version was covered by Earl Grant on his album "Yes Sirree!" Dinah Washington recorded the song twice, once in the early 1950s, and again Document [63] (Title: Two Pink Lines) Two Pink Lines "Two Pink Lines" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2006 as the second single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". Church wrote the song with Victoria Shaw. The narrator befriends and has sexual intercourse with a woman during his young adult years. She takes a pregnancy test and the male becomes concerned over the results. When the test produces a negative result, the two of them are relieved, and she leaves. The song received a favorable review from Deborah Evans Price of "Billboard", Document [64] (Title: Record Year) reviewed the single favorably, praising the songwriting and saying that "Eric Church has never sung heartbreak the same way twice — a streak that remains intact with Record Year. The second single from his Mr. Misunderstood album finds him hurting in a whole new way." "Record Year" reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart, which is Church's seventh No. 1 on the chart. It also peaked at No. 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song has sold 447,000 copies in the US as of November 2016. The music video was directed by Reid Long and John Peets Document [65] (Title: Here's a Drink) hits compilation "World Famous Classics". Here's a Drink "Here's a Drink" is the fourth and final single from "Stone Crazy", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released as a single by independent label Dixie Cup Records in 1997 and remains rare. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. The track samples "1nce Again" by A Tribe Called Quest. The song failed to chart or receive positive critical attention: Tom Doggett of RapReviews.com blames this on its "unconventional sample" and awkward staggered drums. It is nonetheless Document [66] (Title: Champagne Problems) on April 7. In A Interview he said that the song is about sharing a bottle of champagne with my now ex as we were breaking up to kind of close that chapter. It was sad and slightly sweet at the same time. It was a range of emotions and feelings and I think this song, although it sounds like a party song, actually has some of the deepest lyrics on the record. Caroline Menyes of Music Times said that the song was a little bit more of a dance-friendly track. Featuring Jonas' signature smooth falsetto and club-friendly beats, this Document [67] (Title: Springsteen (song)) 23, 2012, it later became Eric Church's second number one single on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs after "Drink in My Hand" in 2011. The record reached two million copies sold in January 2013 and has gone on to be certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song has sold 2,783,000 copies in the US as of August 2016. On the Canadian Hot 100, the single reached a peak of 28 on the charts before falling down the rankings. On September 5, 2012 sales for the song in Canada received gold and platinum certifications, Document [68] (Title: Lasers and Feelings) Webber and (on tracks 6–8) Ian Kagey. Lasers and Feelings Lasers and Feelings is the second album from the nerd-folk duo The Doubleclicks, released on July 9, 2013. The album debuted at #7 on Billboard's Comedy Albums chart for the week ending July 27, 2013. "Nothing to Prove", a response to the misogynistic "fake geek girl" concept within geek culture, is the most important of the tracks on the album. "Lasers and Feelings", "The Mystery's Gone" and "Oh, Mr. Darcy" are about relationships. "Lasers and Feelings" is a love song to a supervillain with a "ska-style upbeat rhythm that underpins Document [69] (Title: Eric Church) music video despite not being released as a single. Church wrote the song shortly after moving to Nashville, inspired by the movie "The Green Mile". Following the album's success, Church toured with Brad Paisley and Rascal Flatts. In 2008, Eric Church released a fifth single, "His Kind of Money (My Kind of Love)" to country radio. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart at No. 55 in early 2008, and reached its peak of No. 46 in August. Originally slated as the lead single to an upcoming second album, "His Kind of Money" was instead included as a Document [70] (Title: Cheers (Drink to That)) and rhythmic radio in the United States on August 2, 2011. "Cheers (Drink to That)" was written by hip hop production duo Andrew Harr and Jermaine Jackson, Stacey Barthe, Laura Pergolizzi, Corey Gibson, Chris Ivery, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards, Avril Lavigne and Scott Spock, and the main vocal track(s) were produced by Makeba Riddick, while its instrumental & backing vocal track(s) was produced by Harr and Jackson under their stage name, The Runners. In an interview with MTV News in late 2010, Rihanna spoke of how "Cheers (Drink to That)" was one of her favorite songs on the album, saying Document [71] (Title: Desperate Man (album)) Desperate Man (album) Desperate Man is the sixth album by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released via EMI Nashville and Snakefarm Records on October 5, 2018. The album's lead single is its title track. Church announced the album's release on July 13, 2018, via a livestream to his fanclub, the Church Choir. The lead single, which is the title track, was shipped to radio a day prior to this announcement. The album consists of 11 songs, and Church revealed the tracklisting on a pre-order page on his website. As with all of his previous albums, it was Document [72] (Title: Cold One) Cold One "Cold One" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2014 as the third single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". The song is about a lost love, told from the male's perspective. He states that she took a beer from a twelve-pack that he was drinking at the time, and describes both the beer and her sudden departure as a "cold one". Near the end of the song, Jay Joyce performs a guitar solo. Will Hermes of "Rolling Stone", in his review of "The Outsiders", described the Document [73] (Title: Drunk on Love (Rihanna song)) Love" debuted on the UK R&B Chart at number 23. Drunk on Love (Rihanna song) "Drunk on Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album "Talk That Talk" (2011). The song was written by Ester Dean, Traci Hale, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi, Romy Croft, Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx, with production helmed by StarGate. A power ballad, "Drunk on Love" samples the melody of The xx's song "Intro", which was included on their debut album "xx". Instrumentation consists of "a storm of drums" Document [74] (Title: Eric Church) moving to Nashville, Eric graduated from South Caldwell High School and then Appalachian State University with a degree in marketing. Upon graduation, Church became engaged to a Spanish teacher in the town of Lenoir, North Carolina. The future bride's father attempted to persuade Eric into a corporate career, which he rejected as an aspiring musician. She broke the engagement and he headed to Nashville with his father's financial backing. His father also provided the opportunity to make contacts, and more importantly, time to focus on developing his songwriting ability. Church co-wrote Terri Clark's 2005 single "The World Needs a Drink", Document [75] (Title: America Drinks & Goes Home) feel. At the end of the recording the audience sounds devolve into screams as lead vocalist Ray Collins says good night to the audience and tells them to "drink it up, folks." Soon after the song was released in early 1967 a few other songs appeared which used very similar ideas such as "On with the Show" by The Rolling Stones (released in 1967), "My Friend" by Jimi Hendrix (recorded in 1968, released in 1971) and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" by The Beatles (recorded in 1967 and 1969, released in 1970.) America Drinks & Goes Home Document [76] (Title: You Don't Know How It Feels) LSD, beer, crystal meth, china white (a slang term for heroin) and coffee. In the chorus Petty states: "Through ecstasy, crystal meth and glue/I found no drug compares to you/all these pills, all this weed/I dunno just what I need." You Don't Know How It Feels "You Don't Know How It Feels" is a song and the lead single from Tom Petty's 1994 album "Wildflowers". It reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and No. 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his last Top 40 hit. The track features candid lyrics describing the songwriter's desire Document [77] (Title: Like Jesus Does) "plodding melody". "Like Jesus Does" was directed by John Peets premiered on CMT and GAC in February 2013. Like Jesus Does "Like Jesus Does" is a song written by Casey Beathard and Monty Criswell and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2013 as the fifth and final single from Church's 2011 album "Chief". It was also his eighth consecutive single to be certified gold by the RIAA. The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which the narrator says that his lover accepts his personality and "loves [him] like Jesus does". Giving it 3.5 Document [78] (Title: Cocktail Mixxx) vocals. Cocktail Mixxx Cocktail Mixxx is a remix album released on March 6, 2007 by the Revolting Cocks on 13th Planet Records. All of the original songs can be found on the band's previous album, Cocked and Loaded, and are remixed in their order of appearance on the promotional issue of that album, with "Fire Engine" having a second remix appear at the end. Original member Luc Van Acker and longtime contributor Phildo Owens remixed a track each on the record, but the other nine tracks were remixed by Clayton Worbeck. The second remix of "Fire Engine" features Josh Bradford Document [79] (Title: Dance Gavin Dance) playing lead guitar, and Jason Ellis, formerly of Five Minute Ride, replaced Lodge on bass guitar. The group filmed a music video for the song "Me and Zoloft Get Along Just Fine" with director Robby Starbuck, which was released November 18, 2008. Jon Mess' vocals were lip-synced by Will Swan in the music video. In February 2009, the band went into the studio as a five-piece to record the follow-up to their self-titled album, yet again with producer Kris Crummett. The resulting album, "Happiness", was released on June 9, 2009. Bassist Jason Ellis appears on "Happiness", but left the band Document [80] (Title: Mr. Misunderstood) sessions, the ten tracks that comprise this album were finished. The recording sessions for this album took place in mid-to-late-September to early-October 2015. Church got Jay Joyce to produce the album, while his label EMI Records Nashville was the imprint used. This album was produced at St. Charles Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. The song, "Mixed Drinks about Feelings", featured blues and blue-eyed soul performer, Susan Tedeschi. Its song, "Chattanooga Lucy", featured country artist, Joanna Cotten, while the song, "Kill a Word", has two songstress featured, in Kentuckian, Andrea Davidson, and Americana singer, Rhiannon Giddens. Church put on the cover, McKinley Document [81] (Title: Desperate Man (song)) Desperate Man (song) "Desperate Man" is a song recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. Written by Church and Ray Wylie Hubbard, the song is the title track and lead single from his sixth studio album of the same name. Church announced the single and album via a livestream with his fan club, the Church Choir, in July 2018. The song has been compared to "Sympathy for the Devil" by The Rolling Stones. Church said that he chose to write with Ray Wylie Hubbard after name-dropping him in his 2015 single "Mr. Misunderstood". This led to the two performing Document [82] (Title: Eric Church) for the very first time, peaking at No. 10 in September 2009. The album's second single, "Hell on the Heart", debuted in October 2009 and would also hit the top 10 in May 2010. The third single from "Carolina" was "Smoke a Little Smoke". In June 2010 he moved to Capitol Nashville's new imprint EMI Records Nashville, becoming their second artist. On January 14, 2011, he released a four-song EP entitled "Caldwell County". Church released "Homeboy" to country radio in early 2011. The album "Chief", produced by Jay Joyce, was released July 26, 2011, debuting at No. 1 on both Document [83] (Title: I Like Girls That Drink Beer) instead of a high society, high-maintenance woman.” He goes on to say that, "Clearly contemporary, the song still has loads of fiddle, audible steel guitars and a downright country melody that makes it one of the most 'traditional' sounding songs to hit country radio." Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rates the song 3.5 stars out of 5. He states, "the new song – presumably from an upcoming album — is closer to the 2003 hit ‘I Love This Bar’ than it is ‘Red Solo Cup’ or ‘Beers Ago.’ All of his best bar room cuts (including ‘Whiskey Girl’ and Document [84] (Title: Smoke a Little Smoke) Smoke a Little Smoke "Smoke a Little Smoke" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2010 as the third and final single from his 2009 album "Carolina". It was also the eighth single of Church's career to reach the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart after peaking at number 16. Church wrote this song with Jeff Hyde and Driver Williams. Karlie Justus of "Engine 145" gave the song a "thumbs-up", saying that it "puts Church’s bravado posturing to good use." She also praised the song's Document [85] (Title: Find Me a Drink Home) Find Me a Drink Home Find Me a Drink Home is the first studio album by rock group Cheap Girls. It was released on April 22, 2008, on Bermuda Mohawk Records. Los Diaper Records released it on vinyl in May 2008 and Quote Unquote Records released it digitally on July 11, 2008. The album was produced by Rick Johnson and Cheap Girls. Johnson also engineered, mixed and played keys on the album. In the album notes bass player and lyricist Ian Graham is credited with the writing of the lyrics. The album notes state that it was recorded in a Document [86] (Title: Two Pink Lines) who wrote that "Church and co-writer Shaw have carefully crafted the lyric so the listener is drawn into the story, and Church's engaging performance brings the characters to life as they sit waiting for their future to unfold." The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in August 2006. The song debuted at number 52 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of September 2, 2006. Two Pink Lines "Two Pink Lines" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2006 as the second Document [87] (Title: LP (singer)) song ("Cheers"). That is one of my favorite songs on the album. It makes you feel like celebrating. It gives you a great feeling inside like you want to go out and have a drink. ... People can't wait for the weekend." LP's major label songwriting breakthroughs continued, as she co-wrote "Beautiful People", performed by Christina Aguilera. The song is featured on the "Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" album, which was released on November 22, 2010 through RCA Records. In June 2011, LP co-wrote "Afraid to Sleep", which was performed by NBC's "The Voice" finalist Vicci Martinez and reached #10 Document [88] (Title: Eric Church) his aviators and Von Dutch denim trucker hat became his trademark. Church has become an avid advocate for the use of cannabis, reflected in songs such as "Smoke a Little Smoke"; at the time of that song's release, Church's record label urged him not to release the song, though it became a minor success as a single. Church has also referenced marijuana use in other songs like "The Joint" and "I'm Gettin' Stoned", and has even been the subject of a marijuana joke at the 49th ACM Awards where Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan referred to Eric Church as the Document [89] (Title: One Drink Ago) Drink Ago" describes a night out on the town and how alcohol can draw people together. The song is a duet which blends Smith's rock-oriented vocal with Clark's more traditional country style. "One Drink Ago" debuted at number 36 on the "Billboard" Canada Country chart dated April 14, 2018. The song entered the top ten, at number 9, on the chart dated June 9, 2018; this earned Clark her fourteenth top ten country hit in Canada and Smith his record-extending eighteenth consecutive top ten hit. It has since reached a peak position of 3 on the chart dated June 30, Document [90] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song) "Bartender" is one of Dave Matthews Band's most popular live songs, featured on their studio album "Busted Stuff". The song was one of the many that carried over from the near-abandoned project that is "The Lillywhite Sessions". If "The Lillywhite Sessions" album is considered a Dave Matthews Band studio album, then "Bartender" is the longest Dave Matthews Band song recorded, and the only one over ten minutes. The song is about a person who, while talking to a bartender, deals with thoughts of their own death. In an interview with the "Rocky Mountain News", Matthews Document [91] (Title: Drink Myself Single) Drink Myself Single "Drink Myself Single" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Sunny Sweeney. It was released in October 2011 as the third single from her album "Concrete". Sweeney wrote the song with Monty Holmes. Sweeney co-wrote "Drink Myself Single" with Monty Holmes. She presented him with the idea while the two were drinking wine, and they finished the song in an hour and a half. The song is about a woman who decides to have a night to herself, drinking and having affairs until she has forgotten about her male lover. Giving it four Document [92] (Title: Drunk on Love (Rihanna song)) Drunk on Love (Rihanna song) "Drunk on Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album "Talk That Talk" (2011). The song was written by Ester Dean, Traci Hale, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi, Romy Croft, Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx, with production helmed by StarGate. A power ballad, "Drunk on Love" samples the melody of The xx's song "Intro", which was included on their debut album "xx". Instrumentation consists of "a storm of drums" and "clattering synths." The song garnered mixed reviews from music Document [93] (Title: Eric Church) to become a Number One country hit, as well as his first Top 20 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album's fourth single, "Creepin'", was released to country radio on July 16, 2012. Church lent his vocals for a song titled, "The Only Way I Know", with Jason Aldean along Luke Bryan. This song appears on Aldean's album "Night Train", from which it was released as the second single. The fifth single from "Chief", "Like Jesus Does", was released in January 2013 and peaked at number six on Country Airplay chart in June 2013. In September 2012, Church announced Document [94] (Title: Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)) Bartender (Lady Antebellum song) "Bartender" is a song written and recorded by American country music trio Lady Antebellum. Written by group members Dave Haywood, Charles Kelley, and Hillary Scott along with Rodney Clawson, and co-produced with Nathan Chapman, the song was released to country radio by Capitol Nashville on May 12, 2014, as the lead single from the group's sixth studio album, "747". It was released to iTunes the following week, on May 19, 2014. In its first week at radio, "Bartender" was the second most-added song of the week (with 72), behind "Small Town Throwdown" by Brantley Gilbert featuring Document [95] (Title: Morgan Evans (singer)) for this one at every 2018 wedding." Courtney Carr from "The Boot" described it as, a "feel good", explaining, "Evans uses those two sacred words not only as a wedding vow but to show the progression through which every happy relationship goes." It appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart top 100, No. 16 on the ARIA Digital Tracks, No. 8 on the Australian Artist Singles and No. 4 on the Hitseekers Singles charts. In August, Evans released his fourth EP titled, "Morgan Evans EP". Evan's second studio album, "Things That We Drink To" is was released in October 2018. Evans Document [96] (Title: Eric Church discography) both made the top 10. He served as a featured artist with Luke Bryan on Jason Aldean's #1 single "The Only Way I Know". Eric Church discography American country music artist Eric Church has released six studio albums, two live albums, two extended plays, and 26 singles (including four as a featured artist). He made his debut on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs with "How 'Bout You", which peaked at number 14. It was the first single from his debut album "Sinners Like Me", which was released from Capitol Records Nashville. Both the album’s next two singles, "Two Pink Document [97] (Title: Edwina Hayes) Radio 2 courtesy of broadcaster Michael Parkinson. In 2005 she toured extensively as support act to such notable performers as Jools Holland, Nanci Griffith, Ricky Ross and Loudon Wainwright III. In 2006 and 2007 she again supported Nanci Griffith. Hayes released her second solo album, "Pour Me a Drink" in February 2008. Released on a small independent label it was a much simpler recording than her debut, most tracks just featuring her voice and guitar. The title track was later recorded by Nanci Griffith. In 2009 her version of Randy Newman's "Feels Like Home" was featured in the movie My Document [98] (Title: Eric Church) Back My Hometown". This single reached number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming his fourth overall. The third single, "Cold One", was released in June 2014, followed by "Talladega" in September. The latter reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in February 2015. The fifth single, "Like a Wrecking Ball", was released to country radio in March 9, 2015. On November 3, 2015, Church's new surprise album, "Mr. Misunderstood", arrived in the mailboxes of his church choir members. The album became available to the public on iTunes the following day. The album was released as a surprise with Document [99] (Title: Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song)) by Chuck Leavell, the Stones' touring keyboardist since the 1980s. Backing vocals are provided by Jagger, Richards, Sarah Dash, Lisa Fischer, and Bernard Fowler, the latter two longtime touring vocalists for the Stones. Brass was provided by the Kick Horns while Luis Jardim provided percussion. Charlie Watts handled drums while Bill Wyman played bass. To match the upbeat nature of the song, the music video featured the Stones, playful and smiling, performing the song as well as recording it. This stands in stark contrast to the band's previous video, 1986's "One Hit (to the Body)," filmed during a time when Document [100] (Title: Cocktail Mixxx) Cocktail Mixxx Cocktail Mixxx is a remix album released on March 6, 2007 by the Revolting Cocks on 13th Planet Records. All of the original songs can be found on the band's previous album, Cocked and Loaded, and are remixed in their order of appearance on the promotional issue of that album, with "Fire Engine" having a second remix appear at the end. Original member Luc Van Acker and longtime contributor Phildo Owens remixed a track each on the record, but the other nine tracks were remixed by Clayton Worbeck. The second remix of "Fire Engine" features Josh Bradford on Document [101] (Title: Mixed Signals) on 14 October 2016, through his official Instagram account. He posted a short snippet of the song and wrote, "Here’s your next taste of #TheHeavyEntertainmentShow – track 3: Mixed Signals. There’ll be a new teaser here on Instagram every day – don’t go anywhere… #MixedSignals." Along with producing it, Price also mixed the song and together with Robert Root engineered it. He also together with Keuning provided the guitars and keyboards alongside Flowers. Stoermer plays the bass guitar on the song, whilst Vannucci Jr. is responsible for the drums. "Mixed Signals" was mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound Studios Document [102] (Title: FourFiveSeconds) dance beats present on her previous singles. "The New York Post" wrote that the lyrics "express emotions ranging from the flip to the resigned". Sharan Shetty of "Slate" stated that the song is about "heartbreak and redemption", while a Yahoo! News reviewer noted that it is about "personal travails and confusion". Nora Crotty of "Elle" magazine described the single as an "ode to repenting in the morning for the foolish mistakes you made the night before". "Billboard"'s Vena stated that a "plucky acoustic guitar" accompanies Rihanna's vocals while she sings the lines, "I think I've had enough/ Might get a Document [103] (Title: Eric Church) Eric Church Kenneth Eric Church (born May 3, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He has released six studio albums through Capitol Nashville since 2005, later signing to Snakefarm Records. His debut album, 2006's "Sinners Like Me", produced three singles on the "Billboard" country charts including the top 20 hits "How 'Bout You", "Two Pink Lines", and "Guys Like Me". His second album, 2009's "Carolina", produced three more singles: "Smoke a Little Smoke" and his first top 10 hits, "Love Your Love the Most" and "Hell on the Heart". 2011's "Chief", his first No. 1 album, gave him his Document [104] (Title: Here's a Drink) Here's a Drink "Here's a Drink" is the fourth and final single from "Stone Crazy", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released as a single by independent label Dixie Cup Records in 1997 and remains rare. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. The track samples "1nce Again" by A Tribe Called Quest. The song failed to chart or receive positive critical attention: Tom Doggett of RapReviews.com blames this on its "unconventional sample" and awkward staggered drums. It is nonetheless featured on The Beatnuts' 1999 Document [105] (Title: Gorman Bechard) 17-year-old Charlotte Beatty and 15-year-old Isabella Germano to co-produce the video. American Songwriter Magazine wrote: "a coltish, all-girl band plays the parts of Ryan and co., rocking out in the confines of a dingy basement, and the result is oddly effective. The song takes on an added poignancy as a charismatic teenaged singer mouths lines like “I’m pouring a drink/ And smoking a smoke/ Our guts are born in that fiery trench/ Between hurt and hope” in the raspy, cigarette drawl of a middle-aged man." The other music video for "Nothin' Feels Right But Doin' Wrong" by Sarah Shook and Document [106] (Title: Liquor Store Blues) of G3 to the high note of C6. The track is three minutes and fifty nine seconds. The song's lyrics describe feelings of "pain" and "sorrow", using alcohol as method to flee "bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events". In the end, hope is found by "getting messed up today" since on the following day everything will be fine. Tyrone S. Reid from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer considered that the record explores addiction in a "wonderfully, if humorously" way ("I take one shot for my pain, one drag for my sorrow/Get messed up today, I’ll be okay tomorrow"). "Liquor Store Document [107] (Title: Drink You Away) the way Timberlake lists the beverages in the lyrics it's an unorthodox style for the singer and in addition it differs musically from the rest of the material on the album, however, "for whatever reason, though, it works". He also noted that the song would suit better on a Montgomery Gentry LP. Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone" described it as a "a big genre-bending, feel-good sing-along that really actually does feels good." Jason King for "Spin" called the song "organ-laced" and thought it was "a surefire hit, a country twanger lifted to heaven by Timberlake’s quilted, hermetic harmonies." Ryan Dombal Document [108] (Title: How 'Bout You) How 'Bout You "How 'Bout You" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It released in January 2006 as his debut single and the first from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Church wrote this song with Brandon Church (his brother) and Brett Beavers. The music video was directed by Scott Speer. It features Eric Church holding the camera, and seeming to direct the video as he lets other people hold the camera from a construction worker outside, and Document [109] (Title: Sober (Selena Gomez song)) vocals. Driven to create a unique sound for herself, the singer focused on lyrics that reflected personal experiences, along with referencing influential albums of her youth, specifically Christina Aguilera's fourth studio album "Stripped" (2002). "Sober" is a midtempo synth-pop power ballad based around an expansive 1980s-influenced song structure; the production features chunky percussive beats, hand-claps, dark 1980s synthesizers, insistent drums, and synth stabs, along with influences of electro, R&B, and pop music. Inspired by social awkwardness after a night of drinking, the track describes a dysfunctional relationship which falls apart due to her lover's complex relationship with alcohol and how Document [110] (Title: The Outsiders (Eric Church song)) The Outsiders (Eric Church song) "The Outsiders" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in October 2013 as the first single and title track from his 2014 album of the same name. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. Church told Taste of Country that “It’s a bit of a statement. I wanted to send a message with this album that it’s gonna be different, it’s gonna be another level". He also described it as a mix of Waylon Jennings and Metallica. Church performed the song at the 2013 telecast of Document [111] (Title: Verse Simmonds) he co-wrote titled "Private" was included on the T.I. album "Paperwork". Simmonds then released his single "Situationships" on March 24, 2015. The track featured co-production from Needlz and Donut, and the publication "Complex" wrote that with the lyrics "Simmonds goes in on different types of relationships that go against the grain." The official music video for "Situationships" came out on VEVO on June 17, 2015. His mixtape "Fuck Your Feelings 3" was released on July 15, 2015. The publication "Uproxx" wrote that "Fvck Your Feelings 3" "is how it’s supposed to be done. Verse Simmonds mixes up a stiff drink Document [112] (Title: One Drink Ago) One Drink Ago "One Drink Ago" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Rodney Clawson, and Ross Copperman, and recorded as a duet between Canadian country artists Dallas Smith and Terri Clark. It was released to Canadian country radio through 604 Records on March 28, 2018 and was released to digital retailers on March 30, 2018. "One Drink Ago" was intended as the lead single for Clark's forthcoming eleventh studio album, but was left off the track listing when "Raising the Bar" was made available for pre-order. The song has become Smith's record-extending eighteenth consecutive top ten country hit. "One Document [113] (Title: Eric Church) and the track "Whiskey Wings" on Dean Miller's 2005 album "Platinum". He started recording with different producers. Capitol Nashville showed an interest and watched him perform but they were yet to be convinced enough to offer a recording contract. Autumn House-Tallant told HitQuarters that they didn't think the music was interesting enough. The record company's attitude changed after he started working with producer Jay Joyce. Doyle states, “Eric scored a meeting with Nashville heavyweight Arthur Buenahora, a publisher at Sony Music who also signed Taylor Swift and Miranda Lambert. Church played him "Lightning", a ballad he wrote after watching the Document [114] (Title: Hymn for the Weekend) song with the lyrics "drinks on me, drinks on me", but his bandmates didn't think that would go well with their fans. Martin's longtime friend Beyoncé was asked to sing on the song, and she accepted the request. Martin corroborated Berryman's story about the band protesting him singing, "Drinks on me, drinks on me" in an interview with "The Wall Street Journal". According to Martin, the original kernel was that he "was listening to Flo Rida or something", and he thought, "it's such a shame that Coldplay could never have one of those late-night club songs, like "Turn Down for Document [115] (Title: Love Drunk) sent to mainstream radio on July 6, 2009. The music video features Ashley Tisdale. "She's Got a Boyfriend Now" was released as a digital single on September 15, 2009. "Two Is Better Than One" is a collaboration with Taylor Swift and the official second single from "Love Drunk". The single was released for airplay on October 19, 2009. "Heart Heart Heartbreak" is the album's third single. The song was officially sent to U.S. radio on April 13, 2010. Love Drunk Love Drunk is the second studio album by American pop rock band Boys Like Girls. The album was recorded in Document [116] (Title: Drinkin' Me Lonely) Drinkin' Me Lonely "Drinkin' Me Lonely" is the debut single by American country music artist and winner of the season 4 Nashville Star competition Chris Young. Young wrote the song with Larry Wayne Clark. The song is a ballad about drinking alcohol at a bar to cope with the heartache of losing a girlfriend/wife. In his review of the album, Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave the song a positive review, saying that "By the time "Drinkin' Me Lonely'" comes up on the player, the album is in full swing. It's a song Merle Haggard would have been proud to write." Document [117] (Title: Cold One) in, the guy gets dumped by the cold one who left him 'one beer short of a 12-pack.' Then the band lets loose, in an odd and refreshing way…" The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in August 2014. The song has sold 281,000 copies in the US as of September 2014. Cold One "Cold One" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2014 as the third single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". The song is about a lost love, told from the male's perspective. Document [118] (Title: Eric Church) Top Country Albums and the "Billboard" 200. The album sold 145,000 copies in its first week. On November 30, 2011, "Chief" was announced as a nominee for the 2012 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album. In January 2012 "Drink in My Hand" became his first No. 1 single. In February 2012, "Springsteen" was released as the third single from "Chief". In an interview with American Songwriter, Church stated that the song was about "a love affair that takes place in an amphitheater between two people. It didn't happen with Springsteen, ironically, it happened with another artist." The song went on Document [119] (Title: Springsteen (song)) is over, the video cuts between shots of Eric Church and scenes of the girl and a boy during various high points and low points in their relationship. Church is seen throughout the video either playing with his band in a garage, in the middle of the street on a piano, or walking through the streets with an American flag around his shoulders while singing. The video ends without showing whether the girl and boy ended up together. "Springsteen" debuted at number 52 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 18, 2012. On June Question: who sings with eric church mixed drinks about feelings Answer: Susan Tedeschi Long Answer: 4 . "Mixed Drinks about Feelings" (featuring Susan Tedeschi) Church 3: 00 Gold Document ID: 80

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sober (Lorde song)) episodes in her life to cope with her heartache. To the singer, parties have an "angst" to them, sharing a distinct memory of her having an intense conversation with someone and seeing people in her back porch dancing. Lorde stated that the DNA of the song is wanting to tell someone how you feel about them and knowing the other person feels the same way and needing the evenings theater have all the characters going to let your guard down. She worked on the song with Jack Antonoff. Her fear of recording on Westlake Recording Studios, which to her was Document [2] (Title: Cold One) song as "a Little Feat-flavored swamprocker that wrings emotion out of a boozer's double-entendre and wedges nearly a minute of hot soloing into a three-minute tune." Matt Bjorke of Roughstock reviewed the single favorably: "'Cold One' tells a simple story but like the first two singles from "The Outsiders"… it has interesting sonic sounds permeating through its heart and that’s enough to make Eric Church continue to stand out amongst a sea of sameness that often is mainstream radio". Writing for National Public Radio, Ken Tucker stated that "One of the things I like about Church is that he plays Document [3] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) said he liked the concept of a bartender as a God/Jesus figure to which to confess and get absolution. In the song, the protagonist tells others not to have certain feelings about him/her if he/she goes before his/her time. "Bartender" was the first song performed by the band after the August 2008 death of saxophonist LeRoi Moore. Structurally, the song starts with a single note introduction before moving into the lyrical section with march-style drumming by Carter Beauford. After the lyrics finish, the song begins an extended jam session beginning with a loud climax featuring emotional, improvised vocals by Dave Document [4] (Title: Eric Church) Willie Nelson for the new-country generation and compared Eric Church's dressing room to a cannabis dispensary. Eric's style has been described as country rock, outlaw country, and southern rock. Church's influences include Hank Williams Jr., Merle Haggard, Little Feat, The Band, Kris Kristofferson, Ray Wylie Hubbard and Waylon Jennings. Eric has also claimed that many hard rock and heavy metal bands influenced his music, including Metallica, Pantera, and AC/DC. Studio albums Band members Eric Church Kenneth Eric Church (born May 3, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He has released six studio albums through Capitol Nashville since 2005, later Document [5] (Title: Homeboy (Eric Church song)) Homeboy (Eric Church song) "Homeboy" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in February 2011 as the ninth single of his career and the first from his 2011 album "Chief". The song reached the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart with a peak at number 13. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. In "Homeboy", the narrator addresses a delinquent brother who has taken to a destructive urban lifestyle. The lyrics play on the word "homeboy", turning it into a plea for his brother to "come on Document [6] (Title: Drink to That All Night) of five, calling it "as unique, innovative and risky an artist can get." Bjorke said that the song "has a good natured, feel good vibe to it and quite honestly, it's the kind of song that makes for a fun part of a road trip playlist, a workout playlist, or – of course – a party playlist." Jon Freeman of "Country Weekly" was less positive, giving the song a "C" and criticizing the "monotone-rapping" of the verses and saying that the song was "surprisingly pedestrian", although he praised Niemann's singing on the chorus and said that the production "tastefully merges Document [7] (Title: Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)) Justin Moore and Thomas Rhett. The music video was directed by Shane Drake and premiered on the "Today Show" on June 19, 2014. It co-stars model Kate Upton and "Veep"/"Arrested Development" actor, Tony Hale. The video begins with a woman (Upton) sitting in front of a vanity, receiving a phone call from a friend (Scott). The friend invites her to go out to a bar with her and some friends to "forget his name." At the bar they receive challenges by the bartender (Hale) and go through many rounds. They beat the bartender and celebrate. There are cut to performance Document [8] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) Matthews. It then decrescendos into a pennywhistle solo/outro, into which both Moore and his successor, Jeff Coffin, have interpolated songs such as "If I Only Had a Brain" (as heard on "Live Trax Vol. 6"). Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song) "Bartender" is one of Dave Matthews Band's most popular live songs, featured on their studio album "Busted Stuff". The song was one of the many that carried over from the near-abandoned project that is "The Lillywhite Sessions". If "The Lillywhite Sessions" album is considered a Dave Matthews Band studio album, then "Bartender" is the longest Dave Matthews Band song recorded, Document [9] (Title: One Drink Ago) 2018. Clark invited Smith to debut the song at the Grand Ole Opry, of which Clark is the only female Canadian member, on April 10, 2018. One Drink Ago "One Drink Ago" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Rodney Clawson, and Ross Copperman, and recorded as a duet between Canadian country artists Dallas Smith and Terri Clark. It was released to Canadian country radio through 604 Records on March 28, 2018 and was released to digital retailers on March 30, 2018. "One Drink Ago" was intended as the lead single for Clark's forthcoming eleventh studio album, but was left Document [10] (Title: Tanlines) of [Tanlines'] most enjoyable work to date", but the band was also criticized for certain songs lacking a "big payoff" as well as for not "doing anything... that you can't hear another band doing just as well". On the "Billboard" album charts, "Mixed Emotions" peaked at No. 2 on the Heatseekers chart and at No. 8 on the Dance/Electronic chart. Rolling Stone named the track, "All of Me" the 43rd best song of 2012. Tanlines Tanlines is an American electronic music and indie rock duo from Brooklyn, New York composed of percussionist Jesse Cohen and guitarist and vocalist Eric Emm. Document [11] (Title: I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too) I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's "See Emily Play" and, as a bonus track in some countries, the Eurythmics' "Love Is a Stranger". The Australian release included a limited edition digipak with additional images and the bonus track. "Comin' Tonight" was released as an iTunes exclusive download in Australia in April Document [12] (Title: Body Like a Back Road) described it as "a lighthearted song" as he wanted to release something lighter than the "heavy direction" that his new album was taking. Hunt said: "I connect music to the emotions that come from relationships, so most of the songs that I write are inspired by those circumstances, emotions, feelings, all that kind of stuff." He had previously broken up with Fowler, and wrote "Drinkin' Too Much" as an apology (the break-up also inspired a few other songs in "Montevallo"). The couple got back together, and a few days after "Drinkin' Too Much" was released in January 2017, he announced Document [13] (Title: Bottled Up) 8, which kept Ty Dolla Sign's verse and removed Bassy's part. "Bottled Up" is a midtempo, R&B song that draws influences of tropical, reggae and hip hop music. It contains a "light tropical-tinged backbeat with a simple urban bassline." It runs for a total of three minutes and twenty seconds. Lyrically, the song is about "drinking your feelings away". In an interview with Z100, Jane said, "It’s about someone who has a hard time sharing their emotions, so they bottle up their feelings and they turn to smoking and drinking because that’s the way they’re getting it out." The song Document [14] (Title: Sober (Pink song)) Jonas Akerlund and it finds Pink at a party with her doppelgänger. In February 2008, Pink announced that she and her husband Carey Hart had separated, which led the singer to write songs for a new album. It was confirmed that she was working with many music producers such as Butch Walker, Billy Mann, Eg White and Danja. While working on the album, she penned a track called "Sober" with Kara DioGuardi, claiming it was "about the vices that we choose." She added, "I had this idea in my head, 'like how do I feel this good sober?' So I Document [15] (Title: How 'Bout You) people in a bar, to the stage of where the rest of the video is shots of him playing the song on stage, and the audience. It reached #1 on CMT's Top 20 Countdown in 2006. "How 'Bout You" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 18, 2006. How 'Bout You "How 'Bout You" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It released in January 2006 as his debut single and the first from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at Document [16] (Title: Milk and Alcohol) the UK's top ten, "Milk and Alcohol" continues to be a popular choice for the band during its concerts. Milk and Alcohol "Milk and Alcohol" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood, that reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart in 1979. Written by Nick Lowe and Gypie Mayo, and produced by Richard Gottehrer, the song was Dr. Feelgood's biggest hit and continues to be played by the band. "Milk and Alcohol", written in 1978 by Nick Lowe and John "Gypie" Mayo, reportedly retells Lowe's 1970s experiences drinking one too many Kahlúa-milk drinks at or after a United Document [17] (Title: Feelings (Hayley Kiyoko song)) Feelings (Hayley Kiyoko song) "Feelings" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Hayley Kiyoko for her first album "Expectations". The song was released with a music video as the second single from "Expectations" on October 19, 2017, although the album itself was not announced at the time of the single's release. "Feelings" is written by Kiyoko, Brandon Colbein, Nick Bailey, Jonathan Dorr, Cecil Bernardy, and Katherine Ostenberg. Similar to her other work, the song aims to normalize lesbian relationships in a heteronormative society. She wanted fans to be reminded of the feeling of a first crush. A music Document [18] (Title: The Good Stuff) man and woman, and the memories that they make together, such as "dropping the ring in the spaghetti plate". In the second verse, the narrator and the bartender begin conversing, when the narrator notices a picture on the bar. The bartender explains that the picture is of his wife who died of cancer. He also says that for several years after her death, he began drinking regularly, sobering up only after realizing that the memories of the love that they shared are "the one thing stronger than the whiskey". The bartender, in the song's bridge, then suggests that the male Document [19] (Title: Feelings Gone) dance-pop" and commented on Sam Sparro's vocals as "quirky enough to keep things interesting as he soars, squeaks and squalls his way through this track." Feelings Gone "Feelings Gone" is a song by British electronic music duo Basement Jaxx. It was released on 8 September 2009 as the second single from their fifth studio album, "Scars". It was digitally released on 8 September in the United States and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2009. The song features vocals from the Australian-born singer-songwriter Sam Sparro. The music video for the song was directed by Andy Soup and Document [20] (Title: The Hollywood Argyles) Fowley; He recalled that "all the participants were hopelessly drunk on cider by the time they recorded the song..." According to some reports, the lead vocalist on the track "Alley Oop" is Norm Davis, although the voice on the record has been identified as a match with other recordings sung by Paxton from the same era, such as "Spookie Movies." According to an interview with Gary Paxton, The group consisted of Ronnie Silico on drums, Gaynel Hodge on piano, Harper Cosby as the bassist, and Sandy Nelson (of Teen Beat fame) was the percussionist on the tambourine and a garbage Document [21] (Title: Drink You Away) Drink You Away "Drink You Away" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album, "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2" (2013). It was written and produced by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley and Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, with additional writing from James Fauntleroy. It was sent to US country radio stations on November 23, 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album. Musically, it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song including classic rock, country pop, gospel blues and Memphis soul. Lyrically, on the track, Timberlake compares love to alcoholism Document [22] (Title: Springsteen (song)) video features Eric Church playing instruments in a suburban neighborhood, while a couple is shown going through the ups and downs of a relationship. "Springsteen" features drums and a synthesizer, along with live instrumentation from the guitar and keyboard. The song notably lacks both the fiddle and steel guitar, which are staples of country music. Eric Church uses his voice throughout the piece to convey emotion, with his pitch and tone changing from verse to verse. The song is composed of two verses with a chorus that is repeated several times. The song is set in the key of D Document [23] (Title: Performance and Cocktails) a pleasant throatiness to it that adds emotion to even the simplest lyric." Brent DiCrescenzo from "Pitchfork Media" had a generally negative review of the album, comparing Stereophonics to Oasis and by summarising the album as, "Basically, what "Performance and Cocktails" boils down to is loud music engineered and crafted for Britain's summer festival circuit that practically guarantees a perennially muddy experience." Similarly, Barry Walters of "Rolling Stone" also compared the band to Oasis, stating, "[they] sound like Oasis trying to be Radiohead." "Performance and Cocktails" gave Stereophonics three straight top five singles in the British charts with "The Bartender Document [24] (Title: Tequila (Dan + Shay song)) brief romance, the pair separate when DiMarco's character departs to finish his journey alone. However, the two are reunited four years later at the bar where they first grabbed drinks. Dan told "Nash Country Daily" that the duo were "so inspired by" Nyle's advocacy for the deaf community and hoped to use their video as another platform for this. Digital download Digital download (remix) Tequila (Dan + Shay song) "Tequila" is a song recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their self-titled third studio album. Dan Smyers co-wrote the song with Nicolle Galyon and Jordan Reynolds and Document [25] (Title: Love Drunk (Boys Like Girls song)) the track, including About.com's "Top 40 Reviews", which claimed the song had "glorious" elements. However, many critics and fans alike criticized the song's "unmistakeable" similarity to The Killers' single "Somebody Told Me", which features a chorus similar to the chorus from "Love Drunk". The music video began shooting on June 29, 2009, and features actress and singer Ashley Tisdale. "Ashley was awesome -- she played the lead girl," Martin Johnson says. "We did this faux arcade set-up with the band as [carnival] guys. She makes all the guys in the arcade fall for her and then it has a surprise Document [26] (Title: Give Me Back My Hometown) about the loss of his hometown, not because it’s actually gone or changed but because the girl who helped it make it worthwhile has left him and the town back" and "for the middle of the road fan who likes the softer moments of Eric Church’s music…this one should easily be much more pleasing to them than "The Outsiders" was." Eric Church had his best debut on the chart when the song entered at No. 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 39 on the Hot Country Songs during its first week, with 28,000 copies sold. The following week, Document [27] (Title: Guys Like Me) Guys Like Me "Guys Like Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2007 as the third single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and at number 99 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan. The music video premiered in 2007 and was directed by Scott Speer. "Guys Like Me" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 3, 2007. Document [28] (Title: Drink You Away) liner notes of "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2". Drink You Away "Drink You Away" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album, "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2" (2013). It was written and produced by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley and Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, with additional writing from James Fauntleroy. It was sent to US country radio stations on November 23, 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album. Musically, it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song including classic rock, country pop, gospel blues and Memphis Document [29] (Title: Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song)) Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song) "Mixed Emotions" is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1989 album "Steel Wheels". Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards while on vacation in Barbados, "Mixed Emotions" was recorded in Montserrat from March through June 1989. The song was a heavy collaborative effort between Jagger and Richards. Richards brought his own music to the sessions along with most of the song's lyrics, the rest being filled in by Jagger in the studio. The song is an upfront rocker, with Richards, Jagger and Ronnie Wood sharing guitar duties. Piano and organ were provided Document [30] (Title: All Mixed Up (311 song)) All Mixed Up (311 song) "All Mixed Up" is a single released by 311. It was on the album "311", also known as "The Blue Album". This album was released in 1995 and later went triple platinum, selling over 3 million copies worldwide. The song was co-written by Douglas Vincent "SA" Martinez and Nick Hexum. The duo first started working on the song during the 311 tour supporting "Grassroots". After the tour Martinez wrote the lyrics about feeling "confused and being unfaithful" and Hexum took the song's title from an early Elvis Presley interview in which Elvis claimed he was Document [31] (Title: Drunk in Love) sexiest thing on the radio", further praising the singers for making "marriage sound ridiculously hot". The song was nominated for Top R&B Song at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards. At the 2014 BET Awards, it won Best Collaboration and was nominated for Viewer's Choice, losing to "I Luv This Shit" by August Alsina and Trinidad James. At the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards, "Drunk in Love" was nominated in the category for Song of the Year. The track won two Grammy awards, in the categories for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in Document [32] (Title: Kurt Hugo Schneider) Attack" by Demi Lovato with Halocene. In 2013, Schneider and Coca-Cola created music videos featuring creative covers of two 2011 singles: Calvin Harris' "Feel So Close" and Of Monsters and Men's "Little Talks" for a campaign called "The Sounds of AHH". Commercial edits of the singles premiered on the inaugural episode of season 13 of "American Idol" on January 14, 2014 on FOX. In the two new versions, recreated by Schneider, he is shown making the track playing only Coca-Cola bottles, glasses and cans. In addition, "Feels So Close" features the vocals of Sam Tsui whereas on the track "Little Document [33] (Title: Guys Like Me) Guys Like Me "Guys Like Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2007 as the third single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and at number 99 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan. The music video premiered in 2007 and was directed by Scott Speer. "Guys Like Me" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs for the week of February 3, 2007. Document [34] (Title: Drink in My Hand) Drink in My Hand "Drink in My Hand" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2011 as the second single from his 2011 album "Chief". The song became Church's first number one hit on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Church wrote this song with Michael P. Heeney and Luke Laird. "Drink in My Hand" is an up-tempo where the male narrator sings about drinking alcohol to forget his problems, suggesting that "All you gotta do is put a drink in [his] hand." Billy Dukes of "Taste of Document [35] (Title: Like a Wrecking Ball) in June 2015. It is composed of live footage that was shot during the 2015 CMT Music Awards. Like a Wrecking Ball "Like a Wrecking Ball" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released on March 9, 2015 as the fifth and final single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. Church once told a crowd during a show that "[the song is] about [...] sex". In regards to the "physicality" of the lyrics, Billy Dukes of "Taste of Country" said, "To be certain, this is Document [36] (Title: Eric Church) Nation Tour alongside Chesney, Zac Brown Band, and Eli Young Band. In December, Eric was honored as one of the CMT Artists of the Year Awards; his award was presented by Kid Rock and he received a video message of congratulations from Metallica's James Hetfield. On October 22, 2013, Church released a new single titled "The Outsiders". His fourth studio album, also titled "The Outsiders", was released on February 11, 2014. This album, as with Church's previous three, was produced by Jay Joyce and released on the EMI Records Nashville label. It was followed in January 2014 by "Give Me Document [37] (Title: Alcohol (Brad Paisley song)) describing the various influences that the beverages have on certain people ("Helping white people dance"), ultimately stating "You'll have some of the best times you'll never remember, with me, Alcohol". Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a positive rating. He says that Paisley pulls the song off with "good taste and great humor." The music video was directed by Jim Shea. It features Little Jimmy Dickens, who puts a lampshade on his head. It was released in June 2005. A newer, 3D live version of the video, directed by Scott Scovill, was released in late Document [38] (Title: Sober Saturday Night) the video depicts a man who appears to be recovering from a hangover but who is actually "adapting to a new normal" without the influence of alcohol, with the bar scenes implied to be flashbacks to the man's troubled past. Sober Saturday Night "Sober Saturday Night" is a song recorded by American country music singers Chris Young and Vince Gill. It was released in June 6, 2016 as the third and final single from Young's fifth studio album, "I'm Comin' Over" (2015). Young co-wrote the track with The Warren Brothers and assisted Corey Crowder with production. The staff of "Taste Document [39] (Title: Drink in My Hand) of 'All About Tonight'." The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in September 2011. It shows Eric at a concert, as well as various close-ups. It was filmed using a grainy-style technique, so the video is fast and somewhat blurry. "Drink in My Hand" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of August 27, 2011. As of April 2014, the song has sold 1,191,000 digital copies in the US. Drink in My Hand "Drink in My Hand" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Document [40] (Title: Eric Church discography) Eric Church discography American country music artist Eric Church has released six studio albums, two live albums, two extended plays, and 26 singles (including four as a featured artist). He made his debut on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs with "How 'Bout You", which peaked at number 14. It was the first single from his debut album "Sinners Like Me", which was released from Capitol Records Nashville. Both the album’s next two singles, "Two Pink Lines" and "Guys Like Me", also reached the Top 20 on the chart. The title track reached #51. Church released "His Kind of Money Document [41] (Title: Drunk on a Plane) honeymoon. While on the airplane, the narrator drinks heavily, becoming intoxicated and parties with the other passengers. Bentley told "Country Standard Time", "It's a fun song, but when you really listen, there's also an underlying lonesomeness, which is what makes it different than a lot of the other uptempo songs I've put out." Bob Paxman of "Country Weekly" rated the song "A", saying, "The song has a particular smartness about it, which sets this apart from the sundry drinking songs that inundate our space…'Drunk on a Plane' captures a sky-high party atmosphere while giving off a melancholy feel at the Document [42] (Title: Homeboy (Eric Church song)) police officers, jailed, and then leaving jail while realizing the effects of his decisions. Homeboy (Eric Church song) "Homeboy" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in February 2011 as the ninth single of his career and the first from his 2011 album "Chief". The song reached the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart with a peak at number 13. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. In "Homeboy", the narrator addresses a delinquent brother who has taken to a destructive urban lifestyle. The lyrics play on Document [43] (Title: The Winter of Mixed Drinks) band undertook a 20 date North American tour beginning in Seattle on 7 October and concluding on 3 November in Detroit. A 14 date tour of the UK and Ireland followed, beginning in Bristol on 20 November and ending at Dublin Academy on 9 December. The album's fourth and final single "The Loneliness and the Scream" was released on 22 November 2010 in the UK and 8 December 2010 in North America. The b-side of "The Loneliness and the Scream" featured Scott Hutchinson duetting with The Hold Steady's Craig Finn on a cover version of Elton John and Kiki Dee's Document [44] (Title: Eric Church) first two No. 1 singles, "Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen", and the hits "Homeboy", "Creepin'", and "Like Jesus Does". His third No. 1 single was "The Only Way I Know", which he, Jason Aldean, and Luke Bryan recorded for Aldean's album "Night Train". A fourth album, "The Outsiders"", was released in February 2014. It produced five new singles between 2013–15 with the title track, "Give Me Back My Hometown", "Cold One", "Talladega" and "Like a Wrecking Ball". "Talladega" and "Give Me Back My Hometown" each reached number one on the Country Airplay chart. Eric Church got his sixth No. Document [45] (Title: So Happy I Could Die) and Mike Orton for mixing the song at Sarm West Studios. An occasional drinker, the song represents Gaga's fear of what she describes as the "Alcohol Monster", as evident of several lyrics in the song, such as the chorus; "Happy in the club with a bottle of red wine, stars in our eyes and we're having a good time." In an interview with MTV, Gaga professed that the song is about the euphoric effects of alcohol—the so-called "happy place"—and explained that her fear is split between two songs. "My fear of alcohol. My fear of drugs... fear of addiction. [...] Document [46] (Title: Boys Like Girls) confirmed the title for their second album would be "Love Drunk". The album was officially released on September 8, 2009. On June 24, 2009, the band released their first single, the title track of the album. The "Love Drunk" music video features actress and singer Ashley Tisdale. The group released their second single "She's Got a Boyfriend Now" on iTunes in August. The fourth song from "Love Drunk" is called "Two Is Better Than One," featuring and written with Taylor Swift. The song is about Johnson's previous relationship with a longtime girlfriend. Johnson had previously worked with Swift to write Document [47] (Title: Milk and Alcohol) Milk and Alcohol "Milk and Alcohol" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood, that reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart in 1979. Written by Nick Lowe and Gypie Mayo, and produced by Richard Gottehrer, the song was Dr. Feelgood's biggest hit and continues to be played by the band. "Milk and Alcohol", written in 1978 by Nick Lowe and John "Gypie" Mayo, reportedly retells Lowe's 1970s experiences drinking one too many Kahlúa-milk drinks at or after a United States concert by bluesman John Lee Hooker. However, while the song anonymously criticises Hooker ("Main attraction dead on his Document [48] (Title: Hymn for the Weekend) What". I thought I'd like to have a song called 'Drinks on Me' where you sit on the side of a club and buy everyone drinks because you're so fucking cool," Martin recalled. "I was chuckling about that, when this melody came, 'drinks on me, drinks on me', then the rest of the song came out. I presented it to the rest of the band and they said, 'We love this song, but there's no way you can sing "drinks on me."' So that changed into 'drink from me' and the idea of having an angelic person in your life. Document [49] (Title: Mixed Emotions (1951 song)) in 1961. Anita Bryant released a version of the song that was the B-side to her 1960 hit "Paper Roses". Mixed Emotions (1951 song) "Mixed Emotions" is a popular song by Stuart F. Louchheim, published in 1951. The best-known version of the song was recorded by Rosemary Clooney on Columbia Records in 1951. It reached #22 in the United States. The song was covered by Ella Fitzgerald, as one side of a single whose other side was also a cover of a Rosemary Clooney hit, "Come On-a My House," on Decca Records (catalog number 27680). Instrumental version was covered by Document [50] (Title: Eric Church discography) (My Kind of Love)", which peaked at #46 on the charts but did not appear on an album. His second album, "Carolina", produced his first two Top 10 hits with "Love Your Love the Most" and "Hell on the Heart", which both peaked at #10. The album's third and final single, "Smoke a Little Smoke", peaked at #16. Church’s third album, "Chief", was also his first for EMI Records' Nashville division. Its lead single, "Homeboy", peaked at #13 followed by his first two number one hits, "Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen". The next singles, "Creepin'" and "Like Jesus Does", Document [51] (Title: Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album)) Keeping a Secret" and "Feel Good Hit of the Summer" with the former helping Queens of the Stone Age reach mainstream popularity. "Rated R" has been described as featuring stoner rock, alternative rock, hard rock, and alternative metal. The album contains numerous references to drugs and alcohol. This is particularly prominent on the opening track, "Feel Good Hit of the Summer", which consists entirely of the repeated verse "Nicotine, valium, vicodin, marijuana, ecstasy and alcohol" followed by a chorus of "c-c-c-c-c-cocaine". Though frontman Josh Homme has emphasized the fact there is no definitive endorsement or condemnation behind the lyrics, he Document [52] (Title: Eric Church) Eric's guitar "ButterBean". Church used "ButterBean" for the creation of the album. "Mr. Misunderstood" was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2016 ACM Awards and the title track was nominated for Video of the Year. "Mr. Misunderstood" features 10 self-written and co-written tracks and features themes of independence, lessons learned, and loyalty. The album was recorded by Jason Hall at St. Charles in Nashville. In March 2016, "Record Year" was released to radio; it reached #1 on the Country Airplay in August 2016. The album's third single, "Kill a Word" released to country radio on August 29, 2016. Document [53] (Title: Drinkin' Me Lonely) The music video was directed by Warren P. Sonada and premiered in 2006. Drinkin' Me Lonely "Drinkin' Me Lonely" is the debut single by American country music artist and winner of the season 4 Nashville Star competition Chris Young. Young wrote the song with Larry Wayne Clark. The song is a ballad about drinking alcohol at a bar to cope with the heartache of losing a girlfriend/wife. In his review of the album, Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave the song a positive review, saying that "By the time "Drinkin' Me Lonely'" comes up on the player, the album is in Document [54] (Title: Drink You Away) Music Association Awards; following it, "Drink You Away" sold 76,000 digital copies and debuted at number five on the US Hot Digital Songs chart. It also peaked at number 85 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. "Drink You Away" was written by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon and James Fauntleroy. The song was produced by Timbaland, Timberlake and Harmon while Jones provided additional production. It was recorded the Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Timberlake arranged and produced his vocals. Harmon provided keyboards for the song, while Ives played the guitar. The track was engineered by Chris Document [55] (Title: Eric Church) Church was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on ""Forever Country"", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. Church played his biggest solo tour to date with his Holdin' My Own Tour that featured 62 shows in 61 cities from January through May 2017. The tour was capped off by two sold-out shows at Nashville, Tennessee's Bridgestone Arena, with the Friday night show breaking the arena's capacity record before being one-uped by the Saturday night show which had Document [56] (Title: Eric Church) bonus track on albums sold at Best Buy. Following this song was "Love Your Love the Most", which debuted in early 2009 and was the first single from his second album "Carolina", released in stores on March 24, 2009. The night before the official release, Church and Capitol Records distributed copies of the album on the campus of Church's alma mater, Appalachian State University, during a "release party" concert. As with his debut album, "Carolina" was produced by Jay Joyce, and is entirely composed of songs that he co-wrote. "Love Your Love the Most" brought Church to the top 10 Document [57] (Title: Cheers (Drink to That)) "I love that song ['Cheers']. That is one of my favorite songs on the album. It makes you feel like celebrating ... It gives you a great feeling inside, like you want to go out and have a drink ... People can't wait for the weekend." Also in an interview with MTV News in late 2010, Avril Lavigne spoke about being included on the song, saying, "It was really exciting because 'I'm With You' is one of my favorite songs that I've done, I always love performing it." "Cheers (Drink to That)" is a pop rock and reggaeton song. It Document [58] (Title: Chief (album)) Chief (album) Chief is the third studio album by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released on July 26, 2011, via EMI Nashville. The album produced five singles, including Church's first two number one hits on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart—"Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen", as well as the Top 10 hits "Creepin'" and "Like Jesus Does" and the Top 20 "Homeboy". On June 20, 2012, the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, for having shipped over 1,000,000 records. As of April 2017, the album has sold 1,957,700 copies in the United States. The Document [59] (Title: Drapht) Fdel (Invada Records), Downsyde, MC Layla, Hunter, Selekt, Carlsani and Porsah Lane. The follow-up, 2005's "Who Am I", was co-produced by Dazastah (Downsyde) and Fdel, and co-mixed by Drapht with Dazastah. The songs touch on topics including politics, sex, and addiction to drunken antics. Guest appearances on the album include Pressure (Hilltop Hoods), Downsyde, Layla, Pegz (Obese Records), Clandestien, MJ (Funkola) and Hunter. It was released by Obese Records in both in a CD and a limited 2 LP vinyl format. Two tracks from the album, "Drink Drank Drunk" and "The Music", received airplay on Triple J, mostly on the Document [60] (Title: Melting (album)) put their feelings into it. "Emotion" is a medium-tempo song written by Cosmic Sound and Cosmos, with lyrics by Moonbyul. "I Miss You" is an R&B ballad written by Cosmic Sound, Hwang Yoo-bin, and Moonbyul, with music by Kim. "Funky Boy" is upbeat, retro-inspired song with lyrics by Yoon Hye-joo and music by Daniel Palm and Ellen Berg Tollbom. "Recipe" was written by Park, Solar, and Hwasa, with additional lyrics by Moonbyul and music by Kim. "Cat Fight" was written by Lee Hoo-sang, with music co-composed by S2REN and additional lyrics by Hwang and Moonbyul. "Recipe" and "Cat Fight" are Document [61] (Title: Drinks After Work (song)) Radio in quite some time. He might've scored hits here or there but he understands the 'game' that an artist must be able to play at Country radio from time to time and this one truly feels like his own "Pontoon" of sorts (as well it should since it was written by the same writing team) and there's no way "Drinks After Work" isn't a massive hit this summer for Toby Keith. It's a can't-miss single." Giving it a "B", Tammy Ragusa of "Country Weekly" thought that the "arrangement is unexpected and seems a bit electronic for what we expect Document [62] (Title: Mixed Emotions (1951 song)) Mixed Emotions (1951 song) "Mixed Emotions" is a popular song by Stuart F. Louchheim, published in 1951. The best-known version of the song was recorded by Rosemary Clooney on Columbia Records in 1951. It reached #22 in the United States. The song was covered by Ella Fitzgerald, as one side of a single whose other side was also a cover of a Rosemary Clooney hit, "Come On-a My House," on Decca Records (catalog number 27680). Instrumental version was covered by Earl Grant on his album "Yes Sirree!" Dinah Washington recorded the song twice, once in the early 1950s, and again Document [63] (Title: Two Pink Lines) Two Pink Lines "Two Pink Lines" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2006 as the second single from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". Church wrote the song with Victoria Shaw. The narrator befriends and has sexual intercourse with a woman during his young adult years. She takes a pregnancy test and the male becomes concerned over the results. When the test produces a negative result, the two of them are relieved, and she leaves. The song received a favorable review from Deborah Evans Price of "Billboard", Document [64] (Title: Record Year) reviewed the single favorably, praising the songwriting and saying that "Eric Church has never sung heartbreak the same way twice — a streak that remains intact with Record Year. The second single from his Mr. Misunderstood album finds him hurting in a whole new way." "Record Year" reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart, which is Church's seventh No. 1 on the chart. It also peaked at No. 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song has sold 447,000 copies in the US as of November 2016. The music video was directed by Reid Long and John Peets Document [65] (Title: Here's a Drink) hits compilation "World Famous Classics". Here's a Drink "Here's a Drink" is the fourth and final single from "Stone Crazy", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released as a single by independent label Dixie Cup Records in 1997 and remains rare. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. The track samples "1nce Again" by A Tribe Called Quest. The song failed to chart or receive positive critical attention: Tom Doggett of RapReviews.com blames this on its "unconventional sample" and awkward staggered drums. It is nonetheless Document [66] (Title: Champagne Problems) on April 7. In A Interview he said that the song is about sharing a bottle of champagne with my now ex as we were breaking up to kind of close that chapter. It was sad and slightly sweet at the same time. It was a range of emotions and feelings and I think this song, although it sounds like a party song, actually has some of the deepest lyrics on the record. Caroline Menyes of Music Times said that the song was a little bit more of a dance-friendly track. Featuring Jonas' signature smooth falsetto and club-friendly beats, this Document [67] (Title: Springsteen (song)) 23, 2012, it later became Eric Church's second number one single on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs after "Drink in My Hand" in 2011. The record reached two million copies sold in January 2013 and has gone on to be certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song has sold 2,783,000 copies in the US as of August 2016. On the Canadian Hot 100, the single reached a peak of 28 on the charts before falling down the rankings. On September 5, 2012 sales for the song in Canada received gold and platinum certifications, Document [68] (Title: Lasers and Feelings) Webber and (on tracks 6–8) Ian Kagey. Lasers and Feelings Lasers and Feelings is the second album from the nerd-folk duo The Doubleclicks, released on July 9, 2013. The album debuted at #7 on Billboard's Comedy Albums chart for the week ending July 27, 2013. "Nothing to Prove", a response to the misogynistic "fake geek girl" concept within geek culture, is the most important of the tracks on the album. "Lasers and Feelings", "The Mystery's Gone" and "Oh, Mr. Darcy" are about relationships. "Lasers and Feelings" is a love song to a supervillain with a "ska-style upbeat rhythm that underpins Document [69] (Title: Eric Church) music video despite not being released as a single. Church wrote the song shortly after moving to Nashville, inspired by the movie "The Green Mile". Following the album's success, Church toured with Brad Paisley and Rascal Flatts. In 2008, Eric Church released a fifth single, "His Kind of Money (My Kind of Love)" to country radio. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart at No. 55 in early 2008, and reached its peak of No. 46 in August. Originally slated as the lead single to an upcoming second album, "His Kind of Money" was instead included as a Document [70] (Title: Cheers (Drink to That)) and rhythmic radio in the United States on August 2, 2011. "Cheers (Drink to That)" was written by hip hop production duo Andrew Harr and Jermaine Jackson, Stacey Barthe, Laura Pergolizzi, Corey Gibson, Chris Ivery, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards, Avril Lavigne and Scott Spock, and the main vocal track(s) were produced by Makeba Riddick, while its instrumental & backing vocal track(s) was produced by Harr and Jackson under their stage name, The Runners. In an interview with MTV News in late 2010, Rihanna spoke of how "Cheers (Drink to That)" was one of her favorite songs on the album, saying Document [71] (Title: Desperate Man (album)) Desperate Man (album) Desperate Man is the sixth album by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released via EMI Nashville and Snakefarm Records on October 5, 2018. The album's lead single is its title track. Church announced the album's release on July 13, 2018, via a livestream to his fanclub, the Church Choir. The lead single, which is the title track, was shipped to radio a day prior to this announcement. The album consists of 11 songs, and Church revealed the tracklisting on a pre-order page on his website. As with all of his previous albums, it was Document [72] (Title: Cold One) Cold One "Cold One" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2014 as the third single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". The song is about a lost love, told from the male's perspective. He states that she took a beer from a twelve-pack that he was drinking at the time, and describes both the beer and her sudden departure as a "cold one". Near the end of the song, Jay Joyce performs a guitar solo. Will Hermes of "Rolling Stone", in his review of "The Outsiders", described the Document [73] (Title: Drunk on Love (Rihanna song)) Love" debuted on the UK R&B Chart at number 23. Drunk on Love (Rihanna song) "Drunk on Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album "Talk That Talk" (2011). The song was written by Ester Dean, Traci Hale, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi, Romy Croft, Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx, with production helmed by StarGate. A power ballad, "Drunk on Love" samples the melody of The xx's song "Intro", which was included on their debut album "xx". Instrumentation consists of "a storm of drums" Document [74] (Title: Eric Church) moving to Nashville, Eric graduated from South Caldwell High School and then Appalachian State University with a degree in marketing. Upon graduation, Church became engaged to a Spanish teacher in the town of Lenoir, North Carolina. The future bride's father attempted to persuade Eric into a corporate career, which he rejected as an aspiring musician. She broke the engagement and he headed to Nashville with his father's financial backing. His father also provided the opportunity to make contacts, and more importantly, time to focus on developing his songwriting ability. Church co-wrote Terri Clark's 2005 single "The World Needs a Drink", Document [75] (Title: America Drinks & Goes Home) feel. At the end of the recording the audience sounds devolve into screams as lead vocalist Ray Collins says good night to the audience and tells them to "drink it up, folks." Soon after the song was released in early 1967 a few other songs appeared which used very similar ideas such as "On with the Show" by The Rolling Stones (released in 1967), "My Friend" by Jimi Hendrix (recorded in 1968, released in 1971) and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" by The Beatles (recorded in 1967 and 1969, released in 1970.) America Drinks & Goes Home Document [76] (Title: You Don't Know How It Feels) LSD, beer, crystal meth, china white (a slang term for heroin) and coffee. In the chorus Petty states: "Through ecstasy, crystal meth and glue/I found no drug compares to you/all these pills, all this weed/I dunno just what I need." You Don't Know How It Feels "You Don't Know How It Feels" is a song and the lead single from Tom Petty's 1994 album "Wildflowers". It reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and No. 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his last Top 40 hit. The track features candid lyrics describing the songwriter's desire Document [77] (Title: Like Jesus Does) "plodding melody". "Like Jesus Does" was directed by John Peets premiered on CMT and GAC in February 2013. Like Jesus Does "Like Jesus Does" is a song written by Casey Beathard and Monty Criswell and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2013 as the fifth and final single from Church's 2011 album "Chief". It was also his eighth consecutive single to be certified gold by the RIAA. The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which the narrator says that his lover accepts his personality and "loves [him] like Jesus does". Giving it 3.5 Document [78] (Title: Cocktail Mixxx) vocals. Cocktail Mixxx Cocktail Mixxx is a remix album released on March 6, 2007 by the Revolting Cocks on 13th Planet Records. All of the original songs can be found on the band's previous album, Cocked and Loaded, and are remixed in their order of appearance on the promotional issue of that album, with "Fire Engine" having a second remix appear at the end. Original member Luc Van Acker and longtime contributor Phildo Owens remixed a track each on the record, but the other nine tracks were remixed by Clayton Worbeck. The second remix of "Fire Engine" features Josh Bradford Document [79] (Title: Dance Gavin Dance) playing lead guitar, and Jason Ellis, formerly of Five Minute Ride, replaced Lodge on bass guitar. The group filmed a music video for the song "Me and Zoloft Get Along Just Fine" with director Robby Starbuck, which was released November 18, 2008. Jon Mess' vocals were lip-synced by Will Swan in the music video. In February 2009, the band went into the studio as a five-piece to record the follow-up to their self-titled album, yet again with producer Kris Crummett. The resulting album, "Happiness", was released on June 9, 2009. Bassist Jason Ellis appears on "Happiness", but left the band Document [80] (Title: Mr. Misunderstood) sessions, the ten tracks that comprise this album were finished. The recording sessions for this album took place in mid-to-late-September to early-October 2015. Church got Jay Joyce to produce the album, while his label EMI Records Nashville was the imprint used. This album was produced at St. Charles Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. The song, "Mixed Drinks about Feelings", featured blues and blue-eyed soul performer, Susan Tedeschi. Its song, "Chattanooga Lucy", featured country artist, Joanna Cotten, while the song, "Kill a Word", has two songstress featured, in Kentuckian, Andrea Davidson, and Americana singer, Rhiannon Giddens. Church put on the cover, McKinley Document [81] (Title: Desperate Man (song)) Desperate Man (song) "Desperate Man" is a song recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. Written by Church and Ray Wylie Hubbard, the song is the title track and lead single from his sixth studio album of the same name. Church announced the single and album via a livestream with his fan club, the Church Choir, in July 2018. The song has been compared to "Sympathy for the Devil" by The Rolling Stones. Church said that he chose to write with Ray Wylie Hubbard after name-dropping him in his 2015 single "Mr. Misunderstood". This led to the two performing Document [82] (Title: Eric Church) for the very first time, peaking at No. 10 in September 2009. The album's second single, "Hell on the Heart", debuted in October 2009 and would also hit the top 10 in May 2010. The third single from "Carolina" was "Smoke a Little Smoke". In June 2010 he moved to Capitol Nashville's new imprint EMI Records Nashville, becoming their second artist. On January 14, 2011, he released a four-song EP entitled "Caldwell County". Church released "Homeboy" to country radio in early 2011. The album "Chief", produced by Jay Joyce, was released July 26, 2011, debuting at No. 1 on both Document [83] (Title: I Like Girls That Drink Beer) instead of a high society, high-maintenance woman.” He goes on to say that, "Clearly contemporary, the song still has loads of fiddle, audible steel guitars and a downright country melody that makes it one of the most 'traditional' sounding songs to hit country radio." Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rates the song 3.5 stars out of 5. He states, "the new song – presumably from an upcoming album — is closer to the 2003 hit ‘I Love This Bar’ than it is ‘Red Solo Cup’ or ‘Beers Ago.’ All of his best bar room cuts (including ‘Whiskey Girl’ and Document [84] (Title: Smoke a Little Smoke) Smoke a Little Smoke "Smoke a Little Smoke" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2010 as the third and final single from his 2009 album "Carolina". It was also the eighth single of Church's career to reach the Top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart after peaking at number 16. Church wrote this song with Jeff Hyde and Driver Williams. Karlie Justus of "Engine 145" gave the song a "thumbs-up", saying that it "puts Church’s bravado posturing to good use." She also praised the song's Document [85] (Title: Find Me a Drink Home) Find Me a Drink Home Find Me a Drink Home is the first studio album by rock group Cheap Girls. It was released on April 22, 2008, on Bermuda Mohawk Records. Los Diaper Records released it on vinyl in May 2008 and Quote Unquote Records released it digitally on July 11, 2008. The album was produced by Rick Johnson and Cheap Girls. Johnson also engineered, mixed and played keys on the album. In the album notes bass player and lyricist Ian Graham is credited with the writing of the lyrics. The album notes state that it was recorded in a Document [86] (Title: Two Pink Lines) who wrote that "Church and co-writer Shaw have carefully crafted the lyric so the listener is drawn into the story, and Church's engaging performance brings the characters to life as they sit waiting for their future to unfold." The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in August 2006. The song debuted at number 52 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of September 2, 2006. Two Pink Lines "Two Pink Lines" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in August 2006 as the second Document [87] (Title: LP (singer)) song ("Cheers"). That is one of my favorite songs on the album. It makes you feel like celebrating. It gives you a great feeling inside like you want to go out and have a drink. ... People can't wait for the weekend." LP's major label songwriting breakthroughs continued, as she co-wrote "Beautiful People", performed by Christina Aguilera. The song is featured on the "Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" album, which was released on November 22, 2010 through RCA Records. In June 2011, LP co-wrote "Afraid to Sleep", which was performed by NBC's "The Voice" finalist Vicci Martinez and reached #10 Document [88] (Title: Eric Church) his aviators and Von Dutch denim trucker hat became his trademark. Church has become an avid advocate for the use of cannabis, reflected in songs such as "Smoke a Little Smoke"; at the time of that song's release, Church's record label urged him not to release the song, though it became a minor success as a single. Church has also referenced marijuana use in other songs like "The Joint" and "I'm Gettin' Stoned", and has even been the subject of a marijuana joke at the 49th ACM Awards where Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan referred to Eric Church as the Document [89] (Title: One Drink Ago) Drink Ago" describes a night out on the town and how alcohol can draw people together. The song is a duet which blends Smith's rock-oriented vocal with Clark's more traditional country style. "One Drink Ago" debuted at number 36 on the "Billboard" Canada Country chart dated April 14, 2018. The song entered the top ten, at number 9, on the chart dated June 9, 2018; this earned Clark her fourteenth top ten country hit in Canada and Smith his record-extending eighteenth consecutive top ten hit. It has since reached a peak position of 3 on the chart dated June 30, Document [90] (Title: Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song)) Bartender (Dave Matthews Band song) "Bartender" is one of Dave Matthews Band's most popular live songs, featured on their studio album "Busted Stuff". The song was one of the many that carried over from the near-abandoned project that is "The Lillywhite Sessions". If "The Lillywhite Sessions" album is considered a Dave Matthews Band studio album, then "Bartender" is the longest Dave Matthews Band song recorded, and the only one over ten minutes. The song is about a person who, while talking to a bartender, deals with thoughts of their own death. In an interview with the "Rocky Mountain News", Matthews Document [91] (Title: Drink Myself Single) Drink Myself Single "Drink Myself Single" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Sunny Sweeney. It was released in October 2011 as the third single from her album "Concrete". Sweeney wrote the song with Monty Holmes. Sweeney co-wrote "Drink Myself Single" with Monty Holmes. She presented him with the idea while the two were drinking wine, and they finished the song in an hour and a half. The song is about a woman who decides to have a night to herself, drinking and having affairs until she has forgotten about her male lover. Giving it four Document [92] (Title: Drunk on Love (Rihanna song)) Drunk on Love (Rihanna song) "Drunk on Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album "Talk That Talk" (2011). The song was written by Ester Dean, Traci Hale, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi, Romy Croft, Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx, with production helmed by StarGate. A power ballad, "Drunk on Love" samples the melody of The xx's song "Intro", which was included on their debut album "xx". Instrumentation consists of "a storm of drums" and "clattering synths." The song garnered mixed reviews from music Document [93] (Title: Eric Church) to become a Number One country hit, as well as his first Top 20 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album's fourth single, "Creepin'", was released to country radio on July 16, 2012. Church lent his vocals for a song titled, "The Only Way I Know", with Jason Aldean along Luke Bryan. This song appears on Aldean's album "Night Train", from which it was released as the second single. The fifth single from "Chief", "Like Jesus Does", was released in January 2013 and peaked at number six on Country Airplay chart in June 2013. In September 2012, Church announced Document [94] (Title: Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)) Bartender (Lady Antebellum song) "Bartender" is a song written and recorded by American country music trio Lady Antebellum. Written by group members Dave Haywood, Charles Kelley, and Hillary Scott along with Rodney Clawson, and co-produced with Nathan Chapman, the song was released to country radio by Capitol Nashville on May 12, 2014, as the lead single from the group's sixth studio album, "747". It was released to iTunes the following week, on May 19, 2014. In its first week at radio, "Bartender" was the second most-added song of the week (with 72), behind "Small Town Throwdown" by Brantley Gilbert featuring Document [95] (Title: Morgan Evans (singer)) for this one at every 2018 wedding." Courtney Carr from "The Boot" described it as, a "feel good", explaining, "Evans uses those two sacred words not only as a wedding vow but to show the progression through which every happy relationship goes." It appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart top 100, No. 16 on the ARIA Digital Tracks, No. 8 on the Australian Artist Singles and No. 4 on the Hitseekers Singles charts. In August, Evans released his fourth EP titled, "Morgan Evans EP". Evan's second studio album, "Things That We Drink To" is was released in October 2018. Evans Document [96] (Title: Eric Church discography) both made the top 10. He served as a featured artist with Luke Bryan on Jason Aldean's #1 single "The Only Way I Know". Eric Church discography American country music artist Eric Church has released six studio albums, two live albums, two extended plays, and 26 singles (including four as a featured artist). He made his debut on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs with "How 'Bout You", which peaked at number 14. It was the first single from his debut album "Sinners Like Me", which was released from Capitol Records Nashville. Both the album’s next two singles, "Two Pink Document [97] (Title: Edwina Hayes) Radio 2 courtesy of broadcaster Michael Parkinson. In 2005 she toured extensively as support act to such notable performers as Jools Holland, Nanci Griffith, Ricky Ross and Loudon Wainwright III. In 2006 and 2007 she again supported Nanci Griffith. Hayes released her second solo album, "Pour Me a Drink" in February 2008. Released on a small independent label it was a much simpler recording than her debut, most tracks just featuring her voice and guitar. The title track was later recorded by Nanci Griffith. In 2009 her version of Randy Newman's "Feels Like Home" was featured in the movie My Document [98] (Title: Eric Church) Back My Hometown". This single reached number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming his fourth overall. The third single, "Cold One", was released in June 2014, followed by "Talladega" in September. The latter reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in February 2015. The fifth single, "Like a Wrecking Ball", was released to country radio in March 9, 2015. On November 3, 2015, Church's new surprise album, "Mr. Misunderstood", arrived in the mailboxes of his church choir members. The album became available to the public on iTunes the following day. The album was released as a surprise with Document [99] (Title: Mixed Emotions (The Rolling Stones song)) by Chuck Leavell, the Stones' touring keyboardist since the 1980s. Backing vocals are provided by Jagger, Richards, Sarah Dash, Lisa Fischer, and Bernard Fowler, the latter two longtime touring vocalists for the Stones. Brass was provided by the Kick Horns while Luis Jardim provided percussion. Charlie Watts handled drums while Bill Wyman played bass. To match the upbeat nature of the song, the music video featured the Stones, playful and smiling, performing the song as well as recording it. This stands in stark contrast to the band's previous video, 1986's "One Hit (to the Body)," filmed during a time when Document [100] (Title: Cocktail Mixxx) Cocktail Mixxx Cocktail Mixxx is a remix album released on March 6, 2007 by the Revolting Cocks on 13th Planet Records. All of the original songs can be found on the band's previous album, Cocked and Loaded, and are remixed in their order of appearance on the promotional issue of that album, with "Fire Engine" having a second remix appear at the end. Original member Luc Van Acker and longtime contributor Phildo Owens remixed a track each on the record, but the other nine tracks were remixed by Clayton Worbeck. The second remix of "Fire Engine" features Josh Bradford on Document [101] (Title: Mixed Signals) on 14 October 2016, through his official Instagram account. He posted a short snippet of the song and wrote, "Here’s your next taste of #TheHeavyEntertainmentShow – track 3: Mixed Signals. There’ll be a new teaser here on Instagram every day – don’t go anywhere… #MixedSignals." Along with producing it, Price also mixed the song and together with Robert Root engineered it. He also together with Keuning provided the guitars and keyboards alongside Flowers. Stoermer plays the bass guitar on the song, whilst Vannucci Jr. is responsible for the drums. "Mixed Signals" was mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound Studios Document [102] (Title: FourFiveSeconds) dance beats present on her previous singles. "The New York Post" wrote that the lyrics "express emotions ranging from the flip to the resigned". Sharan Shetty of "Slate" stated that the song is about "heartbreak and redemption", while a Yahoo! News reviewer noted that it is about "personal travails and confusion". Nora Crotty of "Elle" magazine described the single as an "ode to repenting in the morning for the foolish mistakes you made the night before". "Billboard"'s Vena stated that a "plucky acoustic guitar" accompanies Rihanna's vocals while she sings the lines, "I think I've had enough/ Might get a Document [103] (Title: Eric Church) Eric Church Kenneth Eric Church (born May 3, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He has released six studio albums through Capitol Nashville since 2005, later signing to Snakefarm Records. His debut album, 2006's "Sinners Like Me", produced three singles on the "Billboard" country charts including the top 20 hits "How 'Bout You", "Two Pink Lines", and "Guys Like Me". His second album, 2009's "Carolina", produced three more singles: "Smoke a Little Smoke" and his first top 10 hits, "Love Your Love the Most" and "Hell on the Heart". 2011's "Chief", his first No. 1 album, gave him his Document [104] (Title: Here's a Drink) Here's a Drink "Here's a Drink" is the fourth and final single from "Stone Crazy", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released as a single by independent label Dixie Cup Records in 1997 and remains rare. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. The track samples "1nce Again" by A Tribe Called Quest. The song failed to chart or receive positive critical attention: Tom Doggett of RapReviews.com blames this on its "unconventional sample" and awkward staggered drums. It is nonetheless featured on The Beatnuts' 1999 Document [105] (Title: Gorman Bechard) 17-year-old Charlotte Beatty and 15-year-old Isabella Germano to co-produce the video. American Songwriter Magazine wrote: "a coltish, all-girl band plays the parts of Ryan and co., rocking out in the confines of a dingy basement, and the result is oddly effective. The song takes on an added poignancy as a charismatic teenaged singer mouths lines like “I’m pouring a drink/ And smoking a smoke/ Our guts are born in that fiery trench/ Between hurt and hope” in the raspy, cigarette drawl of a middle-aged man." The other music video for "Nothin' Feels Right But Doin' Wrong" by Sarah Shook and Document [106] (Title: Liquor Store Blues) of G3 to the high note of C6. The track is three minutes and fifty nine seconds. The song's lyrics describe feelings of "pain" and "sorrow", using alcohol as method to flee "bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events". In the end, hope is found by "getting messed up today" since on the following day everything will be fine. Tyrone S. Reid from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer considered that the record explores addiction in a "wonderfully, if humorously" way ("I take one shot for my pain, one drag for my sorrow/Get messed up today, I’ll be okay tomorrow"). "Liquor Store Document [107] (Title: Drink You Away) the way Timberlake lists the beverages in the lyrics it's an unorthodox style for the singer and in addition it differs musically from the rest of the material on the album, however, "for whatever reason, though, it works". He also noted that the song would suit better on a Montgomery Gentry LP. Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone" described it as a "a big genre-bending, feel-good sing-along that really actually does feels good." Jason King for "Spin" called the song "organ-laced" and thought it was "a surefire hit, a country twanger lifted to heaven by Timberlake’s quilted, hermetic harmonies." Ryan Dombal Document [108] (Title: How 'Bout You) How 'Bout You "How 'Bout You" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It released in January 2006 as his debut single and the first from his 2006 debut album "Sinners Like Me". The song peaked at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Church wrote this song with Brandon Church (his brother) and Brett Beavers. The music video was directed by Scott Speer. It features Eric Church holding the camera, and seeming to direct the video as he lets other people hold the camera from a construction worker outside, and Document [109] (Title: Sober (Selena Gomez song)) vocals. Driven to create a unique sound for herself, the singer focused on lyrics that reflected personal experiences, along with referencing influential albums of her youth, specifically Christina Aguilera's fourth studio album "Stripped" (2002). "Sober" is a midtempo synth-pop power ballad based around an expansive 1980s-influenced song structure; the production features chunky percussive beats, hand-claps, dark 1980s synthesizers, insistent drums, and synth stabs, along with influences of electro, R&B, and pop music. Inspired by social awkwardness after a night of drinking, the track describes a dysfunctional relationship which falls apart due to her lover's complex relationship with alcohol and how Document [110] (Title: The Outsiders (Eric Church song)) The Outsiders (Eric Church song) "The Outsiders" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in October 2013 as the first single and title track from his 2014 album of the same name. Church wrote this song with Casey Beathard. Church told Taste of Country that “It’s a bit of a statement. I wanted to send a message with this album that it’s gonna be different, it’s gonna be another level". He also described it as a mix of Waylon Jennings and Metallica. Church performed the song at the 2013 telecast of Document [111] (Title: Verse Simmonds) he co-wrote titled "Private" was included on the T.I. album "Paperwork". Simmonds then released his single "Situationships" on March 24, 2015. The track featured co-production from Needlz and Donut, and the publication "Complex" wrote that with the lyrics "Simmonds goes in on different types of relationships that go against the grain." The official music video for "Situationships" came out on VEVO on June 17, 2015. His mixtape "Fuck Your Feelings 3" was released on July 15, 2015. The publication "Uproxx" wrote that "Fvck Your Feelings 3" "is how it’s supposed to be done. Verse Simmonds mixes up a stiff drink Document [112] (Title: One Drink Ago) One Drink Ago "One Drink Ago" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Rodney Clawson, and Ross Copperman, and recorded as a duet between Canadian country artists Dallas Smith and Terri Clark. It was released to Canadian country radio through 604 Records on March 28, 2018 and was released to digital retailers on March 30, 2018. "One Drink Ago" was intended as the lead single for Clark's forthcoming eleventh studio album, but was left off the track listing when "Raising the Bar" was made available for pre-order. The song has become Smith's record-extending eighteenth consecutive top ten country hit. "One Document [113] (Title: Eric Church) and the track "Whiskey Wings" on Dean Miller's 2005 album "Platinum". He started recording with different producers. Capitol Nashville showed an interest and watched him perform but they were yet to be convinced enough to offer a recording contract. Autumn House-Tallant told HitQuarters that they didn't think the music was interesting enough. The record company's attitude changed after he started working with producer Jay Joyce. Doyle states, “Eric scored a meeting with Nashville heavyweight Arthur Buenahora, a publisher at Sony Music who also signed Taylor Swift and Miranda Lambert. Church played him "Lightning", a ballad he wrote after watching the Document [114] (Title: Hymn for the Weekend) song with the lyrics "drinks on me, drinks on me", but his bandmates didn't think that would go well with their fans. Martin's longtime friend Beyoncé was asked to sing on the song, and she accepted the request. Martin corroborated Berryman's story about the band protesting him singing, "Drinks on me, drinks on me" in an interview with "The Wall Street Journal". According to Martin, the original kernel was that he "was listening to Flo Rida or something", and he thought, "it's such a shame that Coldplay could never have one of those late-night club songs, like "Turn Down for Document [115] (Title: Love Drunk) sent to mainstream radio on July 6, 2009. The music video features Ashley Tisdale. "She's Got a Boyfriend Now" was released as a digital single on September 15, 2009. "Two Is Better Than One" is a collaboration with Taylor Swift and the official second single from "Love Drunk". The single was released for airplay on October 19, 2009. "Heart Heart Heartbreak" is the album's third single. The song was officially sent to U.S. radio on April 13, 2010. Love Drunk Love Drunk is the second studio album by American pop rock band Boys Like Girls. The album was recorded in Document [116] (Title: Drinkin' Me Lonely) Drinkin' Me Lonely "Drinkin' Me Lonely" is the debut single by American country music artist and winner of the season 4 Nashville Star competition Chris Young. Young wrote the song with Larry Wayne Clark. The song is a ballad about drinking alcohol at a bar to cope with the heartache of losing a girlfriend/wife. In his review of the album, Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave the song a positive review, saying that "By the time "Drinkin' Me Lonely'" comes up on the player, the album is in full swing. It's a song Merle Haggard would have been proud to write." Document [117] (Title: Cold One) in, the guy gets dumped by the cold one who left him 'one beer short of a 12-pack.' Then the band lets loose, in an odd and refreshing way…" The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in August 2014. The song has sold 281,000 copies in the US as of September 2014. Cold One "Cold One" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in June 2014 as the third single from his 2014 album "The Outsiders". The song is about a lost love, told from the male's perspective. Document [118] (Title: Eric Church) Top Country Albums and the "Billboard" 200. The album sold 145,000 copies in its first week. On November 30, 2011, "Chief" was announced as a nominee for the 2012 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album. In January 2012 "Drink in My Hand" became his first No. 1 single. In February 2012, "Springsteen" was released as the third single from "Chief". In an interview with American Songwriter, Church stated that the song was about "a love affair that takes place in an amphitheater between two people. It didn't happen with Springsteen, ironically, it happened with another artist." The song went on Document [119] (Title: Springsteen (song)) is over, the video cuts between shots of Eric Church and scenes of the girl and a boy during various high points and low points in their relationship. Church is seen throughout the video either playing with his band in a garage, in the middle of the street on a piano, or walking through the streets with an American flag around his shoulders while singing. The video ends without showing whether the girl and boy ended up together. "Springsteen" debuted at number 52 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 18, 2012. On June Question: who sings with eric church mixed drinks about feelings

Answer: Susan Tedeschi Long Answer: 4 . "Mixed Drinks about Feelings" (featuring Susan Tedeschi) Church 3: 00 Gold Document ID: 80

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Slam dunk) hands, the player allows their forearm(s) to pass through the basket, hooking their elbow pit on the rim before hanging for a short period of time. Although the dunk was introduced by Vince Carter in the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk contest, Kobe Bryant was filmed performing the dunk two years earlier at an exhibition in the Philippines. Colloquially, the dunk has a variety of names including 'honey dip', 'cookie jar', and 'elbow hook'. In the 2011 NBA contest, Los Angeles Clippers power-forward Blake Griffin completed a self-pass off of the backboard prior to elbow-hanging on the rim. A number of Document [2] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) most of the superstars – Jordan, Wilkins, Drexler, etc. – choosing not to participate, lesser-known players began to compete, leading to either watered-down competitions or surprises. Fans complained that players were beginning to win contests with boring or unoriginal dunks (witness the relatively forgettable early-'90s wins by the likes of Cedric Ceballos and Brent Barry). Harold Miner was a standout in 1993, winning the contest with a reverse power dunk, reaching between his legs and down to his feet in mid-air before sending the ball down. In 1994 and 1997 respectively, Isaiah Rider and Kobe Bryant won the contest. Rider Document [3] (Title: Joe Fortenberry) of the first, if not the first, to slam dunk the basketball; this appeared in a "New York Times" article by Pulitzer Prize winning sports reporter, Arthur Daley, in 1936. He could still dunk when he was 55 years old, according to his son. He is also credited as the cause of the goaltending rule, because he could so easily slap the ball away, and ending the jump ball after every successful basket, because he usually got the tip. His Olympic gold medal was appraised on "Antiques Roadshow" on PBS. The estimated value of the medal was $100,000 to $175,000. Document [4] (Title: Height in sports) in the NBA (and some players 6’7” or taller have not excelled at all). The list includes Muggsy Bogues, Earl Boykins, Spud Webb, Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas. Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as NBA slam dunk contest champions, with Robinson being the only 3-time winner. In addition, a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds. Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder. As for guards, usually being the shortest position in basketball, they have better control over their dribbling, Document [5] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) the fans vote to defeat Eric Gordon and won a spot to compete in the Slam Dunk Contest. </div> <br> The Rookies won the game 140–128, ending the Sophomores' seven games win streak and winning the Rookie Challenge for the first time since 2002. Rookie's Tyreke Evans was named MVP; he had 26 points, 6 rebounds and 5 assists. DeJuan Blair scored 22 points and notched a record 23 rebounds, becoming the first player to have a 20–20 game in the Rookie Challenge. Sophomore's Russell Westbrook had a game-high 40 points in a losing effort. It was the second time Document [6] (Title: Chet Walker) the Syracuse Nationals in the 1962 NBA draft, and was named to the NBA's first All-Rookie Team in 1963. He followed the team to Philadelphia after his rookie season. A seven-time participant in the NBA All-Star Game, Walker averaged over 19 points and eight rebounds a game for the 1966–67 76ers, who won 68 games and lost just 13—the best record in NBA history at the time. That Alex Hannum-coached team, which also featured center Wilt Chamberlain, guards Hal Greer and Wali Jones, and sixth man Billy Cunningham, ended the eight-year championship run of the Boston Celtics. Walker played his Document [7] (Title: LKL Slam Dunk Contest) LKL Slam Dunk Contest The LKL Slam Dunk Contest is an annual Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) competition, that was originally held during the LKL All-Star Day, and later during the King Mindaugas Cup. The contest has been held almost every year, from the first All-Star Day. Throughout the history of the contest, there have been witnessed many famous moments. Most noticeable being the 2001 contest, in Kaunas, where Robertas Javtokas (representing Lietuvos rytas) repeated the World Record for the highest slam dunk, when he dunked a basketball on a goal set at 3.65m (12 feet) above the floor. The very Document [8] (Title: Hakeem Olajuwon) first slam-dunking "fraternity", so named because of its above-the-rim prowess. In his sophomore and junior years he helped the Cougars advance to consecutive NCAA championship games, where they lost to North Carolina State on a last second tip-in in 1983 and a Patrick Ewing-led Georgetown team in 1984. Olajuwon won the 1983 NCAA Tournament Player of the Year award, even though he played for the losing team in the final game. He is, to date, the last player from a losing side to be granted this honor. Drexler departed for the NBA in 1983, leaving Olajuwon the lone star on Document [9] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) the dunk of the contest by jumping teammate Gordon Hayward, catching two balls from Hayward, and dunking it. Terrence Ross won the 2013 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest after a tomahawk dunk in tribute to former Toronto Raptors player Vince Carter, as well as a between-the-legs dunk performed while jumping over a ball boy. Ross took on Jeremy Evans of the Utah Jazz, Eric Bledsoe of the Los Angeles Clippers, Kenneth Faried of the Denver Nuggets, Gerald Green of the Indiana Pacers, and James White of the New York Knicks. Evans advanced to the final round to defend his title of Document [10] (Title: Slam dunk) dunk during a women's college basketball game and the second woman to dunk twice in a single college game. In her WNBA debut on May 27, 2013, Griner dunked twice, and as of 2014, has five WNBA dunks, including the first in a playoff game (August 25, 2014). At the 2012 London Olympics, Liz Cambage of the Australian Opals became the first woman to dunk in the Olympics, scoring against Russia. In 2004, as a high school senior, Candace Parker was invited to participate in the McDonald's All-American Game and accompanying festivities where she competed in and won the slam Document [11] (Title: National Basketball Association) led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league's first dynasty. To encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a field goal (or the ball fails to make contact with the rim) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA Document [12] (Title: Kobe Bryant) in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18. Bryant's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All-Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight. The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz, when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5. Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist, Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah's Jeff Hornacek, and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1:46 remaining in Document [13] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) would win with a spectacular, between-the-legs dunk, reminiscent of the Orlando Woolridge effort in the 1984 contest, but wasn't able to repeat in 1995, missing the same dunk on several tries, opening the way for Miner to grab his second slam dunk title in three years. In 1998, the Slam Dunk Contest was replaced with the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Contest. In 1999, there was no All-Star Game due to the NBA lockout. After a one-All Star Weekend layoff (the NBA did not have an All Star Weekend during the labor-shortened 1999 season), the NBA decided to bring the Slam Dunk Contest Document [14] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) first round of competition. A composite total of the scores from the first round of dunks of competition was tallied for each dunker and the dunkers with the two highest scores competed in a championship round consisting of two dunk attempts. Contestants were allowed one replacement dunk per attempt. The Idaho Stampede pair of Brent Petway and Mike Taylor emerged from the first round and headed to the finals. Petway emerged as the victor after he completed a spectacular through-the-legs dunk that brought down the house at Jam Session and earned a perfect 50 score. Taylor attempted to counter with Document [15] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) to win the contest. However, the announcers did note that Wilkins was given abnormally low score for his breathtaking third dunk, a 45, allowing Jordan to win it by 2 with his perfect 50. To this day, the allegations of ""home cooking"" still float around surrounding the event (it was held on Jordan's home court; one of the judges was former Chicago Bears star Gale Sayers; and another judge, former NBA star Tom Hawkins, is a Chicago native) and is considered arguably the most controversial of the slam dunk competitions. The following year in Houston, New York's Kenny "Sky" Walker, Document [16] (Title: Slam dunk) the first of the famous backboard breakers in the NBA, shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s. Luke Jackson also shattered a backboard in 1968: Darryl Dawkins of the Philadelphia 76ers was notorious for two glass-shattering dunks in 1979 resulting in the league threatening to fine him and eventually installing breakaway rims. Twice in his rookie season () during games, center Shaquille O'Neal dunked so hard that he broke the hydraulic support of one goal standard (against the Phoenix Suns) and broke the welds holding up another goal standard, causing the basket to break off and Document [17] (Title: Candace Parker) this is believed to be the first slam dunk by a female athlete in Illinois. On July 11, 2003, Parker tore her ACL in her left knee in a summer league game. On November 11, Parker announced her commitment to Tennessee on ESPNEWS, becoming the first women's player to announce the oral commitment live on ESPNEWS. On December 29, Parker returned to action for Naperville Central and a few months later, led her team to its second consecutive state title. On March 29, 2004, Parker won the slam dunk contest at McDonald's All-American Game, becoming the first female to win Document [18] (Title: Alvin Robertson) Junior College and the University of Arkansas. After five seasons with the Spurs, He finished out his career with the Milwaukee Bucks, the Detroit Pistons and the Toronto Raptors. He also was a member of 1984 U.S. Olympic gold-medal team. In 1986, Robertson became the inaugural winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award. This also marked the first of four National Basketball Association All-Star Game appearances for the guard (the others coming in 1987, 1988, and 1991). He also won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1986, and led the league in steals in 1986, 1987 Document [19] (Title: Vince Carter) During the 2000 NBA All-Star Weekend, Carter showcased arguably the most memorable Slam Dunk Contest event in its history. He won the contest by performing an array of dunks including a 360° windmill, a between the legs bounce dunk, and an "elbow in the rim" dunk (also known as a "cookie jar" dunk or the "honey dip"). Carter and his distant cousin Tracy McGrady formed a formidable one-two punch as teammates in Toronto between 1998 and 2000. However, McGrady was dealt to the Orlando Magic in August 2000, leaving Carter as the Raptors' franchise player. It is believed by some Document [20] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) 1986 edition, Oscar Schmidt is the record-holder with four wins, adding an unofficial title in December 2003 after beating the official winner Michele Mian in an extra contest. The latest (2015) edition saw the contestants try to score as many three-point field goals as possible from five shooting positions around the three-point line, with each position consisting of a rack with four balls worth three-points and a special "Money Ball" worth six, for a total of twenty five shots in one minute, with the highest score crowning the winner. The slam dunk contest (), known as the Openjobmetis Slam Dunk Document [21] (Title: Slam dunk) LaVine dunked from the free throw line on three occasions: One Hand, Windmill, and Between the Legs. All of the Dunks received a score of 50 for the dunk and won the Dunk contest. Other instances of dunks from a distance abound. James White in the 2006 NCAA Slam Dunk Contest successfully performed tomahawk and windmill variations of the foul-line dunk. Though he was unable to complete a between-the-legs from the foul line at that contest, he has been known to execute it on other occasions. In the 2008 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Jamario Moon leaped from the foul-line then, Document [22] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) They were judged on artistic ability, imagination, body flow as well as fan response. Artis Gilmore went first followed by George Gervin, Larry Kenon, David Thompson and finally Julius Erving. George Gervin and David Thompson both missed a dunk during their routines which counted as a zero (scores were not announced to the audience). David Thompson did a 360 degree dunk to finish his routine. All competitors had to perform a dunk from 10 feet, but Julius Erving started marking his steps from the free throw line (15 feet away). He then completed a dunk from the free throw line. Document [23] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) slam dunk champion, but was thwarted by Ross. Ross carried the momentum of his near-perfect first round, in which he scored a 99 out of a possible 100, with a stellar final round. Ross won the competition decisively, earning 58% of the vote. Team East, composed of dunkers Paul George, defending champion Terrence Ross, and John Wall won the 2014 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest in commanding fashion. Under the new team format, they dominated the Freestyle Round, capping it off with a pass off the backboard from Ross to Wall, then off the shot clock from Wall to George for Document [24] (Title: 2016 NBA All-Star Game) at 19 years old. Chris Bosh was announced as a first-time participant for the event, but he would be replaced by C. J. McCollum due to an injury before the event. Zach LaVine became the first back-to-back Slam Dunk Contest winner since Nate Robinson, edging out Aaron Gordon with four consecutive perfect scores in the final round. 2016 NBA All-Star Game The 2016 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 14, 2016. It was the 65th NBA All-Star Game. The Western Conference won 196–173 over the Eastern Conference, and Russell Westbrook was named the Document [25] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) In the second round, Harris went first and finished the course with 39.6 seconds, 3.1 seconds worse than his previous attempt. Rose went on to win the contest by recording a 35.3 seconds time while finishing the course with a dunk. Rose also became the first rookie winner of the Skills Challenge competition. The Haier Shooting Stars Competition was competed between four teams of three players, with each team representing a city which has both NBA and WNBA teams. Each team consisted of one current NBA player, one current WNBA player, and one NBA legend. Team San Antonio, the defending Document [26] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) a last-minute replacement whose father died just days beforehand, upset Portland's Clyde Drexler, the hometown favorite and Houston native who was seen as the favorite, being that Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins were not competing. 1986 champ Spud Webb finished 3rd, while Shelton Jones finished 4th. Though Jordan & Wilkins still played in the All-Star Game, Jordan chose not to compete due to a minor injury, and Wilkins did not compete in the competition due to a hand injury. In 1990, Dominique Wilkins of the Atlanta Hawks edged out Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings to win his second Slam Document [27] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) spun around to the other side while ducking his head (to avoid colliding with the backboard) and dunked it with his right hand. On February 17, 2007, the contest was held in Las Vegas. Judges for the event were all past winners: Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Kobe Bryant, Julius Erving, and Vince Carter. The title was taken by the Boston Celtics' Gerald Green, who, among other dunks, jumped over reigning champ Nate Robinson while covering his face – a homage to 1991 winner, Dee Brown, whose jersey Green had worn. He also scored a perfect fifty with his last slam, Document [28] (Title: 1988 NBA Finals) their first title (Detroit) and a veteran team on a mission with their backs to the wall (the Lakers). The Lakers led 56-48 in the third quarter when Isiah Thomas suddenly began a classic performance. He scored his team's next 14 points, hitting two free throws, a driving layup, four jump shots, and a running bank shot. With a little less than 5 minutes left in the period and the score 70-64, Lakers, Thomas rolled his right ankle while passing off to Joe Dumars for a basket. Thomas tried to run upcourt, but collapsed while the Lakers scored again. Despite Document [29] (Title: Slam dunk) Carter dunked while leaping over 7-foot-2 (2.18 m) French center Frédéric Weis in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The French media dubbed it ""le dunk de la mort"" — "the dunk of death." At least one player has performed a 720 degree dunk (that is, two full turns in the air): Taurian Fontenette also known as Air Up There during a Streetball game. Several notable and remarkable dunks have been performed by participants in the annual NBA Slam Dunk Contest. Spud Webb at defeated Dominique Wilkins in the 1986 contest. Michael Jordan popularized a dunk referred to by some fans as Document [30] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) two NBA slam dunk contests, Wilkins registered 26,668 points and 7,169 rebounds in his NBA career. As of 2016, he ranks 15th on the NBA scoring list. Wilkins' nickname was "The Human Highlight Film" for his athletic ability and highlight reel dunks. His trademark dunk was a powerful one- or two-handed windmill, dunks he used to capture the slam dunk contest titles in 1985 and 1990. As a basketball player he was known as an acrobatic scorer, somewhat of a gunner, though an outstanding finisher and one of the greatest dunkers in NBA history. His #21 jersey was retired by Document [31] (Title: Rudy Gay) for scoring average (20.1 points), becoming just the third player in franchise history to average 20 points per game (behind only Shareef Abdur-Rahim and Pau Gasol). He participated in the 2008 Rising Stars Slam Dunk Contest, and finished runner-up to Hedo Türkoğlu for the 2007–08 NBA Most Improved Player Award. After his invitation to the 2008 Slam Dunk Contest, Gay and YouTube teamed up for the Rudy Gay Slam Dunk Contest promotion, in which he asked fans to upload footage of their best dunks for him to attempt during the contest. During the contest, he performed a one handed reverse Document [32] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) the finish. In the Battle Round, Ross defeated Damian Lillard with a through the legs dunk from rapper Drake, George took down Harrison Barnes with a 360-degree, through the legs finish, and Wall defeated Ben McLemore by jumping over the Wizards' mascot G-Man and throwing down a reverse on the first try. Though Team East are the official winners, Wall was voted by fans as the Dunker of the Night. To the delight of NBA fans, the 2015 contest was changed back to its original format, as the Freestyle Round as well as the teams were taken out. The 4 Document [33] (Title: Scottie Pippen) a one-man fast break that he would finish with a thunderous slam dunk. As Pippen himself has attested, he and Jordan would compete to see who could force more turnovers and produce more offense from defense in each game (fast break points). During the 1990 Slam Dunk Contest, Pippen exhibited his leaping ability with a dunk from the free throw line. He was an athletic finisher at the rim, both with dunks and a skillful finger roll that he added to his skill set over time. He was also a prolific perimeter shooter, taking about three thousand and making almost Document [34] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) Kryptonite, a fictional substance known to have detrimental effect on Superman. The "Krypto-Nate vs. Superman" theme continued when Robinson, in his final dunk, used a green basketball and leaped over the 6'11" Howard who wore his Superman cape. Robinson ended up with 52% of fan vote to win his second dunk title. He joined Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Harold Miner and Jason Richardson as the only two-time winners of the contest. The Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout was contested by six players. Two-time winner Jason Kapono returned to defend his title along with two former contestants, Rashard Lewis and Mike Bibby. Document [35] (Title: American Basketball Association) NBA slam dunk contest at the ABA All Star game in 1976. The game was held in Denver, and the owners of the ABA teams wanted to ensure that the event would be entertaining for the sellout crowd of 15,021 people. The ABA and NBA had begun to discuss a possible merger, and the ABA owners wanted to establish the viability and success of their league. The Dunk Contest operated as a means of unique halftime entertainment that displayed the style and excitement that the ABA players brought to the game. The dunk contest was held at halftime of the Document [36] (Title: Darnell Hillman) for his stylish slam dunks and oversized afro hairstyle. He would even be named the winner of the NBA's Slam Dunk Contest in the 1976–77 season, which was a precursor to the event that's known today, although he wouldn't be give an official trophy for it until March 8, 2017. Hillman later played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, Kansas City Kings, and Golden State Warriors in the NBA, and he ended his career in 1980 with combined NBA/ABA totals of 6,666 points and 5,187 rebounds during the regular season, and 7,339 points and 5,809 rebounds including the post-season. Document [37] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) to allow up-and-coming star Blake Griffin to win and that runner-up JaVale McGee deserved to win. It was even disputed if Griffin even legitimately qualified for the finals since his final dunk got a perfect score but was basically a copy of DeMar DeRozan's first dunk with a lower degree of difficulty. Ben Maller of Fox Sports Radio reported that a media advisory sent out by the NBA over an hour before the 2011 Slam Dunk Contest began already referring to Blake Griffin as the winner. There have been 25 players crowned the best dunkers in the NBA. Nate Robinson Document [38] (Title: 2011 NBA All-Star Game) the second half and the Rookies eventually came out with a victory. On January 5, 2011, the four contestants for the dunk contest were announced. Blake Griffin, JaVale McGee, Serge Ibaka, and Brandon Jennings were all chosen to participate. On January 20, it was announced that DeMar DeRozan would replace Jennings due to his foot injury. For this edition, the contestants were also provided with a 'dunk coach': Griffin was mentored by Kenny Smith, McGee was paired with Chris Webber, Ibaka was mentored by teammate Kevin Durant, and DeRozan paired up with Darryl Dawkins as his mentor. During the first Document [39] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) The final round score was the best of two dunks." 1997 1998 "No competition was held." 1999 "No competition was held as All-Star Weekend was not held due to the NBA's lockout." 2000 "Beginning with this year, the two highest dunks in each round constituted the competitor's total score." 2001 2002 "A tournament format was adopted for this year." 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008"The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging for the first time." 2009"The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging." 2010"The final round was decided by fan voting via text Document [40] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) two scores from the first round. Adam Harrington dominated the contest, posting the highest score of all four competitors in the first round, and then edging Kaniel Dickens in the final round to earn the victory. Dickens advanced to the final via a 30-second shootout with Josh Gross after two players tied for the second best total in the opening round. The Slam Dunk Contest, which consisted of two rounds of two dunks each, began with each dunker submitting his top two dunks and selecting a fan from the crowd who chose the first dunk to be performed in the Document [41] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Slam Dunk Contest The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest was inaugurated by the American Basketball Association (ABA) at its All-Star Game in 1976 in Denver, the same year the slam dunk was legalized in the NCAA. As a result of the ABA–NBA merger later that year there would not be another slam dunk contest at the professional level until 1984. The contest has adopted several formats over the years, including, until 2014, the use of Document [42] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) was also the first Dunk Contest in history to have a "Dunk Off", the equivalent to a Dunk Contest overtime, between Knicks point guard Nate Robinson and shooting guard Andre Iguodala of the Philadelphia 76ers. Many fans argue that Iguodala should have won the contest, as it took Robinson fourteen attempts before finally completing his dunk. Iguodala pulled off a dunk where he started out of bounds from the right side of the baseline while teammate Allen Iverson bounced the ball off the back of the right side of the backboard. Iguodala caught the ball in mid-air behind the backboard, Document [43] (Title: Kenny Walker) 5th pick of the 1986 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. Walker played for five coaches in five years with the Knicks. On February 11, 1989, Walker won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, competing three days after the death of his father. He also secured third place in the 1990 contest. However, his success on the court was dwindling, and knee injuries forced him to leave the NBA and join the ACB league in Spain. Walker returned to the NBA in 1993 to play two seasons with the Washington Bullets as a role player. He played a season (c.1998) Document [44] (Title: Slam dunk) Dunk Contest, McGee jumped with two balls in his possession and dunked each prior to receiving and slamming an alley-oop pass from then teammate John Wall. In the past, it has been possible for players to dunk a basketball and pull the rim down so hard that the glass backboard shatters, either around the rim itself or, at times, shattering the entire backboard, or the entire goal standard fails. Reinforced backboards and breakaway rims have minimized this at the college and professional levels, but it still happens at lower levels. All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets was Document [45] (Title: 2004 NBA Finals) guard Chauncey Billups was named as the NBA Finals MVP. The series was noted for the perceived underdog, the Pistons, dominating a Lakers team that had four future Hall of Famers. Pistons owner William Davidson became the first owner in sports history to win two championships in one year. Eight days earlier, the other team that Davidson owned, the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League, had won the Stanley Cup Finals in seven games over the Calgary Flames. The Lakers had won consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002, but lost to the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs Document [46] (Title: John Wall (basketball)) for the 2014 NBA All-Star Game, making this his first All-Star team. On February 15, 2014, Wall was voted the dunker of the night in the 2014 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, with a double pump reverse assisted by the Wizards' mascot, making it the first win by a Washington Wizard. On February 27, 2014, Wall had 31 points and 9 assists as the Wizards won a triple overtime game against the Raptors 134-129. It was the franchise's first triple-overtime game since 1975. On March 1, 2014, Wall recorded a then career-high 16 assists, along with 17 points, 3 rebounds, and Document [47] (Title: Willis Reed) first player in NBA history to be named the NBA All-Star Game MVP, the NBA regular season MVP, and the NBA Finals MVP in the same season. That same year, he was named to the All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive First Team, as well as being named as ABC's "Wide World of Sports" Athlete of the Year, and the Sporting News NBA MVP. Reed's most famous performance took place on May 8, 1970, during game seven of the 1970 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers in Madison Square Garden. Due to a severe thigh injury, a torn muscle Document [48] (Title: 2015 NBA Finals) LeBron James, who made only 38.1% of his shots when Iguodala was in the game, but still averaged 35.8 points, 13.3 rebounds, and 8.8 assists. James received four of the 11 votes for Finals MVP even though Cleveland lost by an average of 14 points in the final three games. Stephen Curry was just the sixth player to win his first league MVP and his first NBA title in the same season. Shaquille O'Neal was the last player to have accomplished the feat, in 1999–2000. Kerr became the first rookie coach to win a title since Pat Riley in 1981–82. Document [49] (Title: 1985 NBA All-Star Game) 1985 NBA All-Star Game The 35th National Basketball Association All-Star Game was played on February 10, 1985, at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The coaches were K. C. Jones (Boston Celtics) for the East, and Pat Riley (Los Angeles Lakers) for the West. The MVP was Ralph Sampson, Houston (29 minutes, 24 points, 10 rebounds). The 1985 NBA Slam Dunk Contest is widely heralded as one of the greatest dunk contests of all time. It featured two of the highest flyers of the time, Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins. The other participants of the contest included Clyde Drexler, Julius Document [50] (Title: Beach Ball Classic) the 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Award and the 2000 Slam Dunk Contest is just one of the great players that have showcased their talents in the Classic. From Simon Gratz (Pa.), Rasheed Wallace. Wallace was a three-time Beach Baller who led his team to two tourney titles while setting records for most blocked shots in a game (16) and tournament (24). Wallace has been to the NBA Finals twice but only winning once with the Detroit Pistons. Wallace is currently the all-time leader in the NBA with most technical fouls at 304. From Lower Merion (Pa.), Kobe Bryant. Document [51] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) Michael Jordan in the finals. In Dallas in 1986, a Jordan-Wilkins rematch was put on hold, since Jordan was injured. Wilkins reached the finals where he was defeated by his 5'7" teammate, Spud Webb. The 1988 Slam Dunk Contest featured a rematch between Wilkins and Jordan. Jordan won in the final, beating Wilkins by two points. Wilkins' first two dunks of the finals earned scores of 50 from judges. On his third and final attempt, Wilkins' completed a thunderous windmill dunk from the left side. Soaring high above the floor, Wilkins' head nearly hit the rim. Wilkins received a standing Document [52] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) a windmill over a table. Other noteworthy dunks include a dunk by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard, who, while making his dunk, stuck a sticker with his smiling face on the backboard a reported 12'6" from the ground, two and a half feet beyond the regulation NBA rim. On February 16, 2008, the contest was held in New Orleans. Judges for the event included Darryl Dawkins, Dominique Wilkins, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, and Magic Johnson. The title was taken by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard. Howard's most noteworthy dunk came during the first round, his second dunk overall, when he Document [53] (Title: Shaquille O'Neal) were ejected. After O'Neal blocked a layup by Barkley, O'Neal shoved Barkley, who then threw the ball at O'Neal. O'Neal was also voted the 1999–2000 regular season Most Valuable Player, one vote short of becoming the first unanimous MVP in NBA history. Fred Hickman, then of CNN, instead chose Allen Iverson, then of the Philadelphia 76ers who would go on to win MVP the next season. O'Neal also won the scoring title while finishing second in rebounds and third in blocked shots. Jackson's influence resulted in a newfound commitment by O'Neal to defense, resulting in his first All-Defensive Team selection Document [54] (Title: Ike Azotam) playing basketball in fifth grade, but began taking it more seriously once he went through a growth spurt heading into ninth grade. Growing up, he often walked from his home to a nearby YMCA facility to practice. Azotam supposedly made his first slam dunk his first at the age of 15, a moment that he would remember for the rest of his life. Despite repeatedly performed the same move, but failed to do so when he called his friends to watch him. However, in the summer, he grew four inches and was eventually able to consistently dunk the ball. Azotam Document [55] (Title: Slam dunk) spins counter-clockwise). In the 2008 Sprite Rising Star's Slam Dunk Contest Dwight Howard performed the "Superman" dunk. He donned a Superman outfit as Orlando Magic guard Jameer Nelson tied a cape around his shoulders. Nelson alley-ooped the basketball as Howard jumped from within the key side of the free throw circle line, caught the ball, and threw it through the rim. This dunk is somewhat controversial, as his hand was not over as well as on a vertical plane to the rim. Some insist that it should in fact be considered a dunk because the ball was thrust downward into Document [56] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) of the game, finishing with 33 points, 4 rebounds, 2 assists, and 2 steals. Gerald Green returned to defend his crown won in last year's All-Star game. Young NBA stars Rudy Gay, Dwight Howard and Jamario Moon were also invited. What made the Slam Dunk contest unique in 2008 was the introduction of the fan vote. While judges (in this particular contest, Karl Malone, Magic Johnson, Julius Erving, Darryl Dawkins and Dominique Wilkins) still scored dunks on a scale from one to fifty and selected those who would move on to the next round, fans had the last word. NBA Document [57] (Title: Brent Barry) frame, allowed him to play a variety of positions, including point guard, shooting guard, and small forward; because he was taller than most traditional point guards, he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense. He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007. He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving-inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one-handed. He was the first caucasian player to win the competition. After being drafted Document [58] (Title: Larry Nance Jr.) first game-winning shot of his pro career to give the Cavaliers a 92–91 win over the Indiana Pacers. Nance is the son of Larry Nance, a former professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Phoenix Suns. Nance Sr. was a three-time NBA All-Star and won the league's first Slam Dunk Contest. Nance Jr. was a participant in the 2018 Slam Dunk Contest, coming in second. One of the younger Nance's dunks was a tribute to his father, as he wore a retro 1984 Phoenix Suns uniform and performed a cradle dunk as his father had done that year to Document [59] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) scoring 25 points in the final round. Kobe Bryant was looking to be the first player to win a Slam Dunk contest and a Three-Point Shootout title until he was replaced by Dallas Mavericks forward Dirk Nowitzki due to injury. Utah Jazz guard Deron Williams won the Skills Challenge, with a first round time of 31.2 seconds and a record finish in 25.5 in his second run. For the first time since 2005, Dwyane Wade did not win the contest. He finished with a low 53.9 seconds, ending his streak at two. Jason Kidd, winner of the event in 2003, Document [60] (Title: Slam dunk) "Rider dunk" — notwithstanding Orlando Woolridge's own such dunk in the NBA contest a decade earlier. Since then, the under-the-leg has been attempted in the NBA contest by a number of participants, and has been a staple of other contests as well. Its difficulty — due to the required hand-eye coordination, flexibility, and hang-time — keeps it generally reserved for exhibitions and contests, not competitive games. Ricky Davis has managed to complete the dunk in an NBA game, but both he and Josh Smith have botched at least one in-game attempt as well. Because of the possible combinations of starting Document [61] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) an unnecessary risk to injury. In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tracy McGrady injured his wrist while performing a dunk. Also in the 1995 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tony Dumas hurt his knee while performing his "Texas Twister" dunk. Although a longtime critic, LeBron James said he would perform in the 2010 Slam Dunk Contest. This decision was made after watching the 2009 dunk contest when Dwight Howard and Nate Robinson went at it. However, he withdrew his statement once the All-Star Weekend came around. The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala drew much Document [62] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) victories being the champion." John Wall was voted Dunker of the Night. 2015<br>"This year saw the return of the voting style that was last used in 2007." 2016 2017<br> 2018<br> Historically, the dunk contest drew some mild criticisms. One is that players who often compete in these contests are seen as dunkers only (with the obvious exceptions of Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Julius Erving), which is why notable high flying athletes like Shawn Marion and LeBron James have sometimes refused to participate. High-profile players such as Dwyane Wade and Charles Barkley have also declined to participate citing it as Document [63] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) Contest for sponsorship reasons, was first organised by Spain's ACB during the November 1992 and 1994 editions played in that country. The first time it was organised by Lega Basket was during the December 2005 edition, dunk specialist James White is the record-holder with two wins (Chandler Thompson won both ACB editions). White refused to defend his title in 2014, having decided to retire from dunk contests following his last place in the 2013 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. It formerly saw the contestants each have two dunk attempts, with the pair performing the best judged dunks reaching the final, where Document [64] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) requiring an additional teammate starting in the second round, they proved there were indeed many ways to dunk a basketball that had not been done before. Amar'e Stoudemire received rave reviews, as did Smith when he did a tribute dunk to Dominique Wilkins while donning Wilkins' jersey. Again in 2006, the Dunk Contest in Houston revitalized the interests of audiences as 5'9" Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks took the title with a great dunk-off. One of his most exciting dunks was a high-flying dunk over former Slam Dunk Contest winner, 5'7" Spud Webb. The 2006 Slam Dunk Contest Document [65] (Title: 2009–10 NBA season) Miami Heat's Dwyane Wade being named the MVP. The game had record-breaking attendance, with 108,713. In the Rookie Challenge game, the Rookies defeated the Sophomores. Tyreke Evans was named the game's MVP. This is the first time the Rookies won the Rookie Challenge since 2002. During the NBA All-Star Weekend, Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks won the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest for the third time in his career; Kevin Durant, who also won the inaugural event, won this year's H.O.R.S.E Competition and Boston's Paul Pierce beat rookie Stephen Curry to win the Three-Point Shootout. Steve Nash won the Document [66] (Title: George T. Johnson) in disqualifications in 1977–78 with 20, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 1980–81. He blocked at least 10 shots in a game six times during his NBA career. Johnson recorded the first five-by-five in NBA history, and is one of only twelve players to accomplish one. On March 26, 1978, he had 15 points, 18 rebounds, 5 assists, 5 steals and 7 blocks in a 118-104 victory over the Washington Bullets. Inspired by his teammate Rick Barry, Johnson shot his free throws underhanded. George T. Johnson George Thomas Johnson (born December 18, 1948) is an American Document [67] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) fan voting, via text-messaging, to determine the winner of the final round. The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All-Star Game. The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz. On January 27, 1976 at McNichols Sports Arena during halftime of the 1976 ABA All Star Game the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest was held, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, and George Gervin and Document [68] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) a player has reached the 40-point mark, since Kevin Durant had 46 points last year. The Rookies were up by 12 at halftime, the largest lead of the game. Westbrook, who had 11 points at halftime, took over and scored 29 points in the second half. But strong plays enabled the Rookies to keep the lead for the rest of the game. The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Nate Robinson, All-Star Gerald Wallace, Shannon Brown and DeMar DeRozan. The fourth contestant was determined through the first ever NBA All-Star Dunk-In, a single-round slam dunk competition that Document [69] (Title: Andre Iguodala) game. His efforts were rewarded when he was named to the All-Rookie First Team and started on the rookie team during the Rookie Challenge portion of All-Star Weekend. He finished fourth in voting for NBA Rookie of the Year. Now a permanent fixture in the 76ers starting rotation, Iguodala was the only Sixer to play in and start all 82 games in his second season. On February 17, 2006, at the Rookie Challenge, Iguodala won MVP honors for his 30-point performance in the Sophomores win. A day later, he participated in the Slam Dunk Contest. His first dunk was a Document [70] (Title: 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) on March 30. The slam dunk contest included Kristine Anigwe, who was attempting to become the first girl to win the dunk contest since Candace Parker won the 2004 contest. Dwayne Bacon won the dunk contest against finalist Stephen Zimmerman with dunks that included a dunk over Jalen Rose who stood in front of the basket, while Anigwe failed to complete a dunk. Luke Kennard won the boys three-point shooting contest over finalists Jalen Brunson and Antonio Blakeney. Brunson won the boys Skills Competition over finalists Carlton Bragg and Isaiah Briscoe. Following the game, Thomas Bryant committed to Indiana on Document [71] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) viewers for the first time could decide the winner of the Sprite Slam Dunk contest, under the tag line "They Dunk. You Decide." For five minutes after the final round, polls were open on NBA.com and through SMS TXT and the dunker with the most votes at the end of the time limit was the winner. Dwight Howard won the contest, grabbing 78% of fan votes. Jason Kapono became the first back-to-back winner of the Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout since Peja Stojaković won in 2002 and 2003. Kapono also tied the all-time record set in 1986 by Craig Hodges by Document [72] (Title: 1957 NBA Finals) Bill Russell set a rookie record for rebounds in a single NBA finals game with 32 in game 7, and averaged an NBA finals rookie record of 22.9 rebounds per game for the entire series. 1957 NBA Finals The 1957 NBA World Championship Series was the championship series of the 1956–57 National Basketball Association season, and was the conclusion of the 1957 NBA Playoffs. The best-of-seven series was played between the Western Division champion St. Louis Hawks and the Eastern Division champion Boston Celtics. This was the first trip to the Finals for each team, the first Finals in which Document [73] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) won the third annual D-League Slam Dunk Contest, beating Alonzo Gee in the final round. Tucker scored four 50-point dunk, finishing with perfect score in both the first and final round. In his final dunk, Tucker jumped over his teammate Brian Butch, who is seven feet tall. Andre Ingram won the third annual D-League Three-Point Shootout, beating defending champion Blake Ahearn in the final round by a score of 39–37. Ingram advanced to the finals having scored 18 points, while Ahearn scored 20 points in the first round. Morris Almond and Rob Kurz were eliminated in the first round. The Document [74] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) criticism because players were not penalized for missing a dunk attempt. Consequently, Robinson attempted a single dunk 14 times before completing it. Prior to the 2007 competition, the NBA changed a few rules to prevent excessive dunk attempts. Each participant has two minutes to complete their dunk. At the end of the two minutes allotted, they then have their number of dunk attempts limited to two. Slam Dunk Contest The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest Document [75] (Title: Slam dunk) the "Leaner". This dunk was so called because Jordan's body was not perpendicular to the ground while performing the dunk. TNT viewers rated it "the best dunk of all time" over Vince Carter's between-the-legs slam. In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest Carter used an elbow hang along with his reverse 360 windmill dunk and between-the-legs dunk. When performed, much of the audience was speechless, including the judges, because none had seen these types of dunks before (Carter's first round 360 windmill dunk is reminiscent of Kenny Walker's 360 windmill dunk in 1989 except that Carter spins clockwise, whereas Walker Document [76] (Title: James White (basketball)) 22, 2008, White won the Turkish dunk contest against Curtis Withers, Quinton Hosley, and Richard Chaney in the Beko Allstar Slam Dunk Contest with his raceway dunk. He was playing with the Anaheim Arsenal in the NBA's D-League when he signed a 10-day contract with the Houston Rockets on March 3, 2009 and then a second 10-day contract before signing a multi-year deal with the Rockets on March 24, 2009. He was deactivated April 7 to make room for forward Carl Landry, who had recovered from a gunshot wound. On September 2, 2009, White was drafted in the first round Document [77] (Title: Slam dunk) round and the contest was won by Dominique Wilkins. In the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winner Brent Barry dunked from the free-throw line. Barry received 49 (out of 50) for the dunk. In the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, Serge Ibaka dunked from behind the free-throw line, getting a score of 45 for the dunk, and finishing 4th. In the 2016 NBL Pre-Season Challenge Slam Dunk Contest in Australia's National Basketball League, Adelaide 36ers 18 year old American import player Terrance Ferguson dunked from just in front of the free-throw-line. In the 2016 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Zach Document [78] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Dunk Contest (first won in 1985 over Michael Jordan). Kenny Smith scored high points for originality with his signature dunk – he started by turning his back to the basket, bouncing the ball backward between his legs and off the backboard, then turning and grabbing it in the air and reverse dunking it. After 1990, interest in the Slam Dunk Contest began to wane and lasted throughout the 1990s. Initially, it was because many players lost interest in competing; some cited concerns of injuries, while others felt that the full repertoire of humanly possible dunks had already been exhausted. With Document [79] (Title: Slam dunk) the basket, meeting the basic definition of the dunk. During the 2009 NBA dunk contest, Howard had a separate goal brought onto the court, and the rim was noticeably significantly higher than a standard goal. Howard, after going into a 1950s-era telephone booth and again fashioning the Superman attire, caught a pass from Nelson and easily completed a two-handed dunk on the higher goal. While this was not performed for record-setting purposes, the dunk received a perfect score and a warm response from the crowd, in part because of its theatrics. Also in this contest, 5'9" guard Nate Robinson wore Document [80] (Title: History of the Cleveland Cavaliers) with 1:50 to go; Irving's three-pointer with 53 seconds left that propelled the Cavaliers to a 92–89 lead; and Love's defensive play on Stephen Curry in the ensuing possession. Cleveland emerged victorious with a 93–89 win to earn the city's first professional sports title in 52 years. James was named the unanimous Finals MVP. James became the third player to have a triple-double in Game 7 of the NBA Finals, joining Jerry West in 1969 and James Worthy in 1988. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in the clincher, capping a series where the Cavaliers became the Document [81] (Title: Kris Bruton) tour of the Bahamas, Bruton and several other Globetrotters attempted to break the world record for highest slam dunk. While eyewitnesses allege that he successfully completed a dunk at 12'1", thus breaking the record, on-site judges declared it an illegal dunk. Kris Bruton Kris Marcus Bruton (born January 10, 1971) is an American professional basketball player. Drafted by the Chicago Bulls in the second round of the 1994 NBA Draft, he was with the Bulls for two pre-seasons (1994 and 1995) before a serious thigh injury ended his career. Bruton never appeared in a regular-season NBA game for the Bulls. Document [82] (Title: Slam dunk) caught and dunked a second ball with his left hand—a yet to be duplicated dunk pioneered by Jordan Kilganon on a lower, non-regulation rim. Jordan Kilganon, a Canadian athlete, approached from the baseline a person standing, holding the ball above their head. Kilganon leaped, controlled the ball in front of his torso and raised it above the horizontal plane of the rim before bringing the ball downward into the hoop and hooking both elbows on and hanging from the rim. A study was carried out in 2015 to show the effectiveness of different shot types, including slam dunks. The study Document [83] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Los Angeles Lakers, Gerald Wallace of the Charlotte Bobcats, and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors. DeRozan earned his spot in the competition by defeating Los Angeles Clippers guard Eric Gordon in the inaugural Sprite Slam Dunk-In held the night before the actual dunk contest. Robinson and DeRozan advanced to the final round, where Robinson's double-pump reverse dunk helped seal a 51% to 49% victory. Blake Griffin won the 2011 slam dunk contest by jumping and dunking over the hood of a Kia sedan on February 19 in Los Angeles. JaVale McGee of the Washington Wizards, DeMar DeRozan of the Document [84] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) a show-stopping dunk of his own, but failed to convert on his two allotted attempts. Fort Wayne's Eric Smith and Iowa's Doug Thomas also performed some impressive dunks, but did not record high enough scores from the judges to advance to the final round. The Turner Broadcasting Network televised the game for the fifth straight year in the United States. The game was called by NBA on TNT commentators Marv Albert, Reggie Miller and Doug Collins. TNT also televised the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, PlayStation Skills Challenge, Footlocker Three-Point Shootout and the Haier Shooting Stars Competition. ESPN televised the McDonald's Document [85] (Title: Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award) the first ever awardee, is the only person to win the award while being on the losing team in the NBA Finals. Willis Reed, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, Hakeem Olajuwon, Kobe Bryant, and Kevin Durant won the award twice. Olajuwon, Durant, Bryant, and James have won the award in two consecutive seasons. Abdul-Jabbar and James are the only players to win the award for two teams. Olajuwon of Nigeria, who became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1993, Tony Parker of France, and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only international players to win the award. Duncan is an American citizen, Document [86] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) took off his jersey to reveal a Superman shirt and cape. With teammate Jameer Nelson's assistance he would make a leaping dunk from just in front of the free-throw line after a running start, throwing the ball through the rim from a few feet away. Other noteworthy dunks included the first round slam by Jamario Moon while the previous year's winner, Gerald Green, relied heavily on theatrics by blowing out a cupcake with a birthday candle on the rim before dunking (a jam he termed "The Birthday Cake"). For the first time ever, fan voting determined the outcome of the Document [87] (Title: NBA on CBS) the name of an Indianapolis liquor store, which is still in existence, and was the sponsor of a city parks softball league team for which Hillman played left field (and the only team he was a member of at the time). Other players to compete in the slam dunk tournament included Julius Erving, George Gervin, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Moses Malone. CBS, anxious for star power, also gave David Thompson the opportunity to be eliminated three times. During the 1977–78 season, CBS held a H-O-R-S-E competition at halftime of the "Game of the Week" telecasts. Again, Don Criqui hosted with Mendy Document [88] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) to participate in the contest. Smith was named as a late replacement for Rudy Gay, who was forced to withdraw from the contest due to injury. Each contestant performed two slam dunks in each round. The two best contestants in the first round, as rated by the panel of judges, advanced to the final round, where the winner was determined by fan voting. The panel of judges for this year contest consists of five former Phoenix Suns players, the inaugural Slam Dunk champion Larry Nance, 1992 champion Cedric Ceballos, 1987 All-Star Game MVP Tom Chambers and three-time All-Stars, Kevin Johnson Document [89] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) Cook failed to advance, finishing with 15 points along with Frye and Gallinari. In the second round, Pierce set the tone early by scoring 20 points, and both Billups and Curry were unable to match his score. Pierce, who could only manage to score 8 points in his first participation in 2002, became the first Celtic to win the contest since Larry Bird won it back-to-back in 1986 and 1987. The Taco Bell Skills Challenge was contested by four players. Derrick Rose, the defending champion, was supposed to participate in the contest but he suffered an injury before the All-Star Document [90] (Title: LKL Slam Dunk Contest) first slam dunk contest was won by Gary Arrington, of BC Statyba, at the 1994 LKL All-Star Day, in Panevėžys. The current champion of the LKL Dunk Contest is Kenny Gaines. LKL Slam Dunk Contest The LKL Slam Dunk Contest is an annual Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) competition, that was originally held during the LKL All-Star Day, and later during the King Mindaugas Cup. The contest has been held almost every year, from the first All-Star Day. Throughout the history of the contest, there have been witnessed many famous moments. Most noticeable being the 2001 contest, in Kaunas, where Robertas Document [91] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) was held at halftime of the Rookie Challenge game. The opening matchup between DeRozan and Eric Gordon ended with DeRozan winning 61% of the online fan vote and the final spot in the Saturday competition. The Slam Dunk Contest was held the following night. Each of the four contestants performed two slam dunks in the first round. A panel of five judges, including former champion Dominique Wilkins and Spud Webb, then scored the dunks to determine the final round pairing. DeRozan's scored 92 points in the first round, including a 50-point dunk to advance to the finals. Robinson scored 89 Document [92] (Title: Isiah Thomas) to win their first NBA title in Game 6. One of Thomas's most inspiring and self-defining moments came in Game 6. Although he had severely sprained his ankle late in the game, Thomas continued to play. While hobbling and in obvious pain, Thomas scored 25 points in a single quarter, an NBA Finals record. But the Lakers won the game 103–102 on a pair of last-minute free throws by Abdul-Jabbar, following a controversial foul called on Bill Laimbeer. With Thomas unable to compete at full strength the Lakers were able to take advantage and clinched their second consecutive title in Document [93] (Title: 2015 NBA All-Star Game) finished one point shy of the All-Star game record set by Wilt Chamberlain (42) in 1962. Rookie Zach LaVine won the Slam Dunk Contest to become the youngest champion (19) since an 18-year-old Kobe Bryant in 1997. He became a crowd favorite after his first dunk, which he performed while wearing Michael Jordan's No. 23 jersey from the movie "Space Jam", which inspired him as a youngster to become a basketball player. With a perfect 50 on each of his first two dunks, Lavine was the first player since Dwight Howard in 2009 with a perfect score on multiple dunks. Document [94] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) scoring 30 of his 46 points in the second half as the Sophomores outscored the Rookies by 6 points to win the game. The game marked the seventh consecutive loss for the Rookies team. The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Dwight Howard, 2006 champion Nate Robinson, 2005 contestant J. R. Smith and rookie Rudy Fernández. Fernández won the online voting on NBA.com to determine the fourth contestants, beating fellow rookies Joe Alexander and Russell Westbrook. This was the first time a dunk contestant was chosen by the fans. Fernández also became the first ever international player Document [95] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks." 1995"This year, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do at least three dunks and then given an overall score in round one. In the final round, each competitor was allowed 60 seconds to do at least two dunks and then given an overall score." 1996"Beginning this year, in the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. Document [96] (Title: 2006 NBA All-Star Game) Dirk Nowitzki won with a score of 18, beating Gilbert Arenas and Ray Allen in the final round. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Did not participate due to a family illness. Gilbert Arenas replaced Raja Bell. Nate Robinson won, beating Andre Iguodala in a dunk-off after the first ever tie in a Slam Dunk Contest. Robinson's win was highly questioned as he had missed several dunks and many speculate that Robinson was only awarded the title because of his small stature. Dwyane Wade won, beating LeBron James in the final round. Dwyane Wade won with a time of 26.1 seconds. The San Antonio team Document [97] (Title: 2007 NBA All-Star Game) Contest was a memorable one. Dwight Howard jumped up and dunked while posting a sticker of him laughing, on the backboard. Eventually, Gerald Green and Nate Robinson went to the final round. Robinson looked unimpressive with his first dunk, and Green looked as bad as Robinson. However, Robinson had to do his second dunk after the limited two-minute period, and scored below 40. Green finished it off by getting a perfect score after jumping over a table. The judging panel included an impressive list of former champions who are considered some of the greatest dunkers in NBA history: Michael Jordan, Document [98] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Dunk contest winner Julius Erving in the final round. Dominique Wilkins won the contest the following year, but in 1986 his Atlanta Hawks teammate Spud Webb made history when he defeated Wilkins in the final, preventing him from retaining his title. Standing a mere 5 feet 7 inches tall, Webb became the shortest player ever to win the contest, a distinction that he still holds. Chicago's Michael Jordan won back-to-back dunk contest victories in 1987 and in 1988. His victory over Wilkins in 1988 in Chicago finished with a perfect 50 dunk from the free-throw line for his third dunk Document [99] (Title: Slam dunk) was carried out across five different levels of basketball (NBA, EuroBasket, the Slovenian 1st Division, and two minor leagues). Overall the study showed that slam dunks were a very effective way of scoring in the game of basketball, particularly in the NBA, which had the highest dunk percentage in the study. Wilt Chamberlain was known to have dunked on an experimental 12-foot basket set up by Phog Allen at the University of Kansas in the 1950s. Michael Wilson, a former Harlem Globetrotter and University of Memphis basketball player, matched this feat on April 1, 2000 albeit with an alley-oop. Vince Document [100] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) back for the 2000 All-Star Weekend in Oakland, California. It would prove to be one of the most electrifying dunk contests in the league's history, featuring a great showdown between eventual winner Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors, his cousin and then-teammate Tracy McGrady, and the Houston Rockets' Steve Francis. Carter won after performing a number of very impressive dunks, including two reverse 360 windmills, a honey dip, and a between-the-legs dunk off a bounced alley-oop from McGrady. The next four contests did not feature superstars like Carter and Bryant, and despite innovative efforts by the likes of Desmond Mason Document [101] (Title: Dave Johnson (basketball)) also won the Slam Dunk Contest. He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 26th pick in the 1992 NBA Draft. He played one season for Portland before moving on to the Chicago Bulls in his second and final NBA season, for whom he played 17 games in 1993-94. Dave Johnson (basketball) Dave M. Johnson (born November 16, 1970) is a retired American professional basketball player who had a brief career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the early 1990s. Born in Morgan City, Louisiana, Johnson attended Syracuse University, where, as a junior and senior, he developed Document [102] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) and Jason Richardson, the lack of A-list superstars willing to participate hurt the appeal of the contest. In 2005, the Slam Dunk Contest returned to its birthplace in Denver. With the spectacular dunks of prior contests, there was buzz that the dunk competition could regain the popularity it had in the 1980s. The Phoenix Suns' Amar'e Stoudemire alley-ooping 360 off a soccer-style header from teammate Steve Nash; J. R. Smith putting it around his back and dunking, and the new champion, Josh Smith alley-ooping over Kenyon Martin all wowed the crowd with their maneuvers. With the change in the rules Document [103] (Title: Dee Brown (basketball, born 1968)) when he won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest with a no look slam dunk. He was a starter for Boston during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons and posted his best scoring numbers, averaging more than 15 points per game each of those years. After seven and a half seasons with the Celtics, he was traded to the Raptors along with Chauncey Billups in 1998. Overall, during his career, he scored 6,758 total points. In 2005, Brown won a one-year contract as a studio analyst for ESPN as the winner of the reality show "Dream Job", defeating five other former NBA Document [104] (Title: Russell Westbrook) earned his second MVP award after a 196–173 win by the West. He recorded 31 points, eight rebounds, five assists, and five steals in 22 minutes, and became the first player in All-Star history to win consecutive MVPs outright. Bob Pettit is the other player to have won two back-to-back awards, winning in 1958 and sharing it with Elgin Baylor in 1959. On March 9, he recorded his 11th triple-double of the season with 25 points, a career-high 20 assists and 11 rebounds in a 120–108 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. The stat line marked the NBA's first triple-double Document [105] (Title: Bill Russell) is credited with having raised defensive play in the NBA to a new level. By winning the 1956 NCAA Championship with USF and the 1957 NBA title with the Celtics, Russell became the first of only four players in basketball history to win an NCAA championship and an NBA Championship back-to-back (the others being Henry Bibby, Magic Johnson, and Billy Thompson). He also won two state championships in high school. In the interim, Russell won an Olympic gold medal in 1956. His stint as coach of the Celtics was also of historical significance, as he became the first black head Document [106] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) This was a season long event similar to 1977–1978 NBA Horse event. There were 22 competitors throughout the event (nearly one for each team at the time), including future Hall of Famers Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, David Thompson, Alex English, Moses Malone, George Gervin, and Elvin Hayes and took place in multiple venues throughout the season. Darnell Hillman was named the winner that season, beating out the Golden State Warriors' Larry McNeill in the championship round on June 5, 1977 in Portland. The NBA reintroduced the Slam Dunk Contest in 1984 at its birthplace in Denver. Phoenix's Larry Nance defeated the original Document [107] (Title: Slam dunk) cornerstone of dunk contests, dunks from a distance are also performed in games, most often on the fast break. In the 1950s, Jim Pollard and Wilt Chamberlain had both dunked from the free throw line—15 feet from the basket. Chamberlain was able to dunk from the free-throw line without a running start, beginning his forward movement from within the top half of the free-throw circle. This was the catalyst for the 1956 NCAA rule change which requires that a shooter maintain both feet behind the line during a free-throw attempt. In the 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest, Julius Erving dunked Document [108] (Title: Spud Webb) in NBA history under six feet tall to win a slam dunk contest. Webb was a judge for the 2010 Dunk contest in Dallas, at the American Airlines Center. It was the first time the event has been in Dallas since Webb's win in 1986. Spud Webb Anthony Jerome "Spud" Webb (born July 13, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball point guard. Webb, who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA), is known for winning a Slam Dunk Contest despite being one of the shortest players in NBA history. NBA.com lists him at 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) Document [109] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) final round of the contest; Howard beat Green for the trophy by claiming 78% of the fans' votes. Nate Robinson won the 2009 contest on February 14 in Phoenix, Arizona. The 5'9" guard dressed all in green as "Krypto-Nate" (a portmanteau of 'Nate' and Kryptonite) and jumped over 6'11" Dwight Howard characterized as Superman. He defeated Howard in the finals by a fan vote of 52–48 percent. J. R. Smith and Rudy Fernández also competed. Nate Robinson won the 2010 contest on February 13 in Dallas, becoming the first 3-time Slam Dunk champion. Robinson took on Shannon Brown of the Document [110] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Toronto Raptors, and Serge Ibaka of the Oklahoma City Thunder all competed against Griffin. Griffin and McGee advanced to the final round, where Griffin stole the show, winning the contest with 68% of the vote. Jeremy Evans won the 2012 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest by performing a dunk over Kevin Hart on February 25 in Orlando, Florida with 29% of the votes. Joining Evans were Chase Budinger of the Houston Rockets, Paul George of the Indiana Pacers, and Derrick Williams of the Minnesota Timberwolves. While George awed the crowd with a dunk with the lights turned off, Evans had perhaps Document [111] (Title: 1985 NBA All-Star Game) it home with two hands. On the second he performed a huge two hand windmill dunk that sealed the victory for him. The final scores were Michael Jordan 136 and Dominique Wilkins 147. This was the first of many battles for slam dunk supremacy fought between Jordan and Wilkins, with round one going to Wilkins. 1985 NBA All-Star Game The 35th National Basketball Association All-Star Game was played on February 10, 1985, at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The coaches were K. C. Jones (Boston Celtics) for the East, and Pat Riley (Los Angeles Lakers) for the West. The Document [112] (Title: Zach LaVine) opportunities. Again incorporating moves from the Ballislife contest two years earlier, LaVine won the Slam Dunk Contest during the 2015 NBA All-Star Weekend. He became the youngest champion since an 18-year-old Kobe Bryant in 1997. LaVine became a crowd favorite after his first dunk, which he performed while wearing Jordan's No. 23 jersey from the movie "Space Jam". With a perfect 50 on each of his first two dunks, he was the first player since Dwight Howard in 2009 with a perfect score on multiple dunks. Yahoo! Sports hailed him as "the most electrifying performer of All-Star Saturday Night... and, Document [113] (Title: Rasheed Wallace) to capture their first NBA title. On March 26, 2007, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, Wallace threw up a 60-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd. The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109. On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on LeBron James and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing Document [114] (Title: 1976 ABA All-Star Game) saw the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets (who took off from the free throw line for one of his dunks) over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, George Gervin of the San Antonio Spurs and Larry Kenon of the Spurs. The NBA later adopted the Slam Dunk Contest as part of its All Star Game starting in 1984 (also hosted by the Denver Nuggets). Denver's 52 fourth quarter points was a record for an ABA All Star Game and capped a ferocious comeback win. Document [115] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Larry Kenon of the San Antonio Spurs. There was a format each competitor had to follow in which they must attempt 5 dunks in a row under two minutes. One from a standing position, one from a distance of ten feet away from the basket (which is basically the bottom of the semi circle that surrounds the free throw line in the Key. The next 3 were freestyle positions, one coming in from the left side of the basket, one coming in from the right side of the basket and finally from either corner down the baseline to the basket. Document [116] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) dunkers competing were all up-and-coming players: The Bucks' Giannis Antetokounmpo, the Timberwolves' Zach LaVine, the Magic's Victor Oladipo, and the Nets' Mason Plumlee. LaVine took home the hardware with dunks that included a between-the-legs reverse, a behind-the-back slam in which he caught it in midair, a between-the-legs lefthanded dunk, and finished with a between-the-legs dunk as he caught it off the pole behind the backboard. Similar to Howard with Superman, LaVine did his first dunk with a cultural homage, wearing Michael Jordan's jersey from "Space Jam". Many people, including 2010 winner Nate Robinson, thought that the 2011 contest was rigged Document [117] (Title: Spud Webb) shorter than he was: Earl Boykins and Muggsy Bogues. Webb was the shortest person to compete in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winning the event in 1986 at Dallas' Reunion Arena. His participation surprised the media; including his teammate and defending dunk champion Dominique Wilkins, who had "never seen me dunk before", Webb said. His dunks included the elevator two-handed double pump dunk, the off-the-backboard one-handed jam, a 360-degree helicopter one-handed dunk, a reverse double-pump slam, and finally, the reverse two-handed strawberry jam from a lob bounce off the floor. He defeated Wilkins with two perfect 50-point scores in the Document [118] (Title: 2011 NBA All-Star Game) round, McGee made two perfect score dunks, including a dunk that had him dunk three basketballs at once, sending him to the finals. Griffin, who scored a total of 95 points in the first round, also entered the finals. In the second round, McGee and Griffin each made their two dunks, but Griffin won with 68% of the fans votes after he dunked over the hood of a car, with an assist by Baron Davis. The Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout featured six players: defending champion Paul Pierce returned to defend his title, competing against Celtics teammate Ray Allen, Kevin Durant, Document [119] (Title: Backboard shattering) history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim. However, the first NBA player to shatter a backboard, Chuck Connors (who would become far more famous as an actor), did not do so with a dunk. When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946, Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups, hitting the front of the rim. Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard, the backboard shattered. All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous Document [120] (Title: Slam dunk) dunk contest. In subsequent years other women have entered the contest; though Kelley Cain, Krystal Thomas, and Maya Moore were denied entry into the same contest in 2007. Brittney Griner intended to participate in the 2009 McDonald's Dunk Contest but was unable to attend the event due to the attendance policy of her high school. Breanna Stewart, at 6'3" (191 cm), Alexis Prince (6'2"; 188 cm), and Brittney Sykes (5'9"; 175 cm) competed in the 2012 contest; Prince and Sykes failed to complete their dunks, while Stewart landed two in the first round but missed her second two attempts in Document [121] (Title: David Thompson (basketball)) chance to play in the NBA, and Denver signed Towe to a 2-year contract. Thompson and Julius Erving were the finalists in the first ever Slam-Dunk Competition, held at the 1976 ABA All-Star Game at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver. The competition organizers had arranged the seedings to assure a final round pairing these two dynamic players. Erving won with the first ever foul-line dunk, to this day the standard for leaping and dunking prowess. Thompson, inexplicably, performed even more difficult dunks in warmups, but not in the competition itself—including a dunk called the "cradle the baby" whereby he cradled Document [122] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) is the only player to win the event three times. Five are two-time winners: Dominique Wilkins, Michael Jordan, Harold Miner, Jason Richardson and Zach LaVine. Slam Dunk Contest champions by franchise Bold denotes winner(s) of that year. 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 "Ron Harper (Cleveland) was to participate but withdrew due to injury." 1989 1990 1991"Beginning with this year, final round competitors were allowed three dunks, with the two highest scores comprising the total." 1992 1993"The two highest score dunks of three in each round constituted the competitor's score.Shawn Kemp (Seattle) was scheduled to compete but was injured." 1994"In the Document [123] (Title: Slam dunk) after leaping from the free-throw line, with his heel on the line, and has since been credited with introducing the free-throw line dunk to the general public. In the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Michael Jordan dunked from the free-throw line, in the same manner as Julius Erving, but parted his legs making his dunk more revolutionary than Erving's. In the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Scottie Pippen dunked from the free throw line. This was in the first round and Pippen received a score of 47 out of 50 for his dunk. Pippen however didn't proceed to the next Document [124] (Title: Zach LaVine) with Minnesota, he won the league's Slam Dunk Contest, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. In 2016, he became the fourth NBA player to ever win consecutive dunk contests. LaVine was born in Renton, Washington, to athletic parents. His father, Paul, played American football professionally in the United States Football League (USFL) and National Football League (NFL), and his mother, CJ, was a softball player. Around the age of five, LaVine developed an interest in basketball after watching Michael Jordan in "Space Jam". He later became a fan of Kobe Bryant, and modeled his game after his Document [125] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) ovation from players and fans in attendance, but was awarded a low score of 45. The judges opened the door for Jordan to win the Chicago-based event with a score of only 48. Jordan closed out the event with 50-point dunk, taking perhaps the contest's most controversial crown. In 1990 Wilkins made his final appearance in the Slam Dunk Contest, going up against new promising stars such as Kenny Smith, Scottie Pippen and Kenny Walker (the 1989 champion). He defeated Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings in the final round. Since 2004, Wilkins has served as the Hawks' Vice President Document [126] (Title: Slam dunk) Thus, the maneuver is often extracted from the basketball game and showcased in slam dunk contests such as the NBA Slam Dunk Contest held during the annual NBA All-Star Weekend. The first incarnation of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest was held during the half-time of the 1976 American Basketball Association All-Star Game. Dunking was banned in the NCAA from 1967 to 1976. Many people have attributed this to the dominance of the then-college phenomenon Lew Alcindor (now known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar); the no-dunking rule is sometimes referred to as the "Lew Alcindor rule." Many others have also attributed the ban Document [127] (Title: Slam dunk) a green New York Knicks jersey and green sneakers to represent Kryptonite, playing on Howard's Superman theme. He used a green "Kryptonite" ball, and jumped over the 6'11" Howard prior to dunking. This dunk and the theatrics could have won the competition for Robinson, who was voted the winner by the NBA fans. Robinson then thanked Howard for graciously allowing him to dunk over him, asking the crowd to also give Howard a round of applause. JaVale McGee currently holds the world record for Most Basketball Dunks in a Single Jump: three. While competing in the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Document [128] (Title: Darvin Ham) the Red Raiders, catapulting them to the second Sweet Sixteen in school history. The dunk was featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated". Ham won the NCAA slam dunk contest in 1996, following former college teammate Lance Hughes' win in 1995. In his 90-game college career, he averaged 8.1 points, 5.1 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.5 turnovers in 22.9 minutes, on top of .597 FG and .498 FT shooting. Ham was signed by the Denver Nuggets as a free agent on 1 October 1996. He was then traded by Denver to the Indiana Pacers for Jerome Allen on February 1997. Question: who won the first ever nba slam dunk contest Answer: Larry Nance Sr. Long Answer: The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All - Star Game . The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Slam dunk) hands, the player allows their forearm(s) to pass through the basket, hooking their elbow pit on the rim before hanging for a short period of time. Although the dunk was introduced by Vince Carter in the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk contest, Kobe Bryant was filmed performing the dunk two years earlier at an exhibition in the Philippines. Colloquially, the dunk has a variety of names including 'honey dip', 'cookie jar', and 'elbow hook'. In the 2011 NBA contest, Los Angeles Clippers power-forward Blake Griffin completed a self-pass off of the backboard prior to elbow-hanging on the rim. A number of Document [2] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) most of the superstars – Jordan, Wilkins, Drexler, etc. – choosing not to participate, lesser-known players began to compete, leading to either watered-down competitions or surprises. Fans complained that players were beginning to win contests with boring or unoriginal dunks (witness the relatively forgettable early-'90s wins by the likes of Cedric Ceballos and Brent Barry). Harold Miner was a standout in 1993, winning the contest with a reverse power dunk, reaching between his legs and down to his feet in mid-air before sending the ball down. In 1994 and 1997 respectively, Isaiah Rider and Kobe Bryant won the contest. Rider Document [3] (Title: Joe Fortenberry) of the first, if not the first, to slam dunk the basketball; this appeared in a "New York Times" article by Pulitzer Prize winning sports reporter, Arthur Daley, in 1936. He could still dunk when he was 55 years old, according to his son. He is also credited as the cause of the goaltending rule, because he could so easily slap the ball away, and ending the jump ball after every successful basket, because he usually got the tip. His Olympic gold medal was appraised on "Antiques Roadshow" on PBS. The estimated value of the medal was $100,000 to $175,000. Document [4] (Title: Height in sports) in the NBA (and some players 6’7” or taller have not excelled at all). The list includes Muggsy Bogues, Earl Boykins, Spud Webb, Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas. Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as NBA slam dunk contest champions, with Robinson being the only 3-time winner. In addition, a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds. Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder. As for guards, usually being the shortest position in basketball, they have better control over their dribbling, Document [5] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) the fans vote to defeat Eric Gordon and won a spot to compete in the Slam Dunk Contest. </div> <br> The Rookies won the game 140–128, ending the Sophomores' seven games win streak and winning the Rookie Challenge for the first time since 2002. Rookie's Tyreke Evans was named MVP; he had 26 points, 6 rebounds and 5 assists. DeJuan Blair scored 22 points and notched a record 23 rebounds, becoming the first player to have a 20–20 game in the Rookie Challenge. Sophomore's Russell Westbrook had a game-high 40 points in a losing effort. It was the second time Document [6] (Title: Chet Walker) the Syracuse Nationals in the 1962 NBA draft, and was named to the NBA's first All-Rookie Team in 1963. He followed the team to Philadelphia after his rookie season. A seven-time participant in the NBA All-Star Game, Walker averaged over 19 points and eight rebounds a game for the 1966–67 76ers, who won 68 games and lost just 13—the best record in NBA history at the time. That Alex Hannum-coached team, which also featured center Wilt Chamberlain, guards Hal Greer and Wali Jones, and sixth man Billy Cunningham, ended the eight-year championship run of the Boston Celtics. Walker played his Document [7] (Title: LKL Slam Dunk Contest) LKL Slam Dunk Contest The LKL Slam Dunk Contest is an annual Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) competition, that was originally held during the LKL All-Star Day, and later during the King Mindaugas Cup. The contest has been held almost every year, from the first All-Star Day. Throughout the history of the contest, there have been witnessed many famous moments. Most noticeable being the 2001 contest, in Kaunas, where Robertas Javtokas (representing Lietuvos rytas) repeated the World Record for the highest slam dunk, when he dunked a basketball on a goal set at 3.65m (12 feet) above the floor. The very Document [8] (Title: Hakeem Olajuwon) first slam-dunking "fraternity", so named because of its above-the-rim prowess. In his sophomore and junior years he helped the Cougars advance to consecutive NCAA championship games, where they lost to North Carolina State on a last second tip-in in 1983 and a Patrick Ewing-led Georgetown team in 1984. Olajuwon won the 1983 NCAA Tournament Player of the Year award, even though he played for the losing team in the final game. He is, to date, the last player from a losing side to be granted this honor. Drexler departed for the NBA in 1983, leaving Olajuwon the lone star on Document [9] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) the dunk of the contest by jumping teammate Gordon Hayward, catching two balls from Hayward, and dunking it. Terrence Ross won the 2013 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest after a tomahawk dunk in tribute to former Toronto Raptors player Vince Carter, as well as a between-the-legs dunk performed while jumping over a ball boy. Ross took on Jeremy Evans of the Utah Jazz, Eric Bledsoe of the Los Angeles Clippers, Kenneth Faried of the Denver Nuggets, Gerald Green of the Indiana Pacers, and James White of the New York Knicks. Evans advanced to the final round to defend his title of Document [10] (Title: Slam dunk) dunk during a women's college basketball game and the second woman to dunk twice in a single college game. In her WNBA debut on May 27, 2013, Griner dunked twice, and as of 2014, has five WNBA dunks, including the first in a playoff game (August 25, 2014). At the 2012 London Olympics, Liz Cambage of the Australian Opals became the first woman to dunk in the Olympics, scoring against Russia. In 2004, as a high school senior, Candace Parker was invited to participate in the McDonald's All-American Game and accompanying festivities where she competed in and won the slam Document [11] (Title: National Basketball Association) led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league's first dynasty. To encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a field goal (or the ball fails to make contact with the rim) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA Document [12] (Title: Kobe Bryant) in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18. Bryant's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All-Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight. The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz, when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5. Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist, Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah's Jeff Hornacek, and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1:46 remaining in Document [13] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) would win with a spectacular, between-the-legs dunk, reminiscent of the Orlando Woolridge effort in the 1984 contest, but wasn't able to repeat in 1995, missing the same dunk on several tries, opening the way for Miner to grab his second slam dunk title in three years. In 1998, the Slam Dunk Contest was replaced with the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Contest. In 1999, there was no All-Star Game due to the NBA lockout. After a one-All Star Weekend layoff (the NBA did not have an All Star Weekend during the labor-shortened 1999 season), the NBA decided to bring the Slam Dunk Contest Document [14] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) first round of competition. A composite total of the scores from the first round of dunks of competition was tallied for each dunker and the dunkers with the two highest scores competed in a championship round consisting of two dunk attempts. Contestants were allowed one replacement dunk per attempt. The Idaho Stampede pair of Brent Petway and Mike Taylor emerged from the first round and headed to the finals. Petway emerged as the victor after he completed a spectacular through-the-legs dunk that brought down the house at Jam Session and earned a perfect 50 score. Taylor attempted to counter with Document [15] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) to win the contest. However, the announcers did note that Wilkins was given abnormally low score for his breathtaking third dunk, a 45, allowing Jordan to win it by 2 with his perfect 50. To this day, the allegations of ""home cooking"" still float around surrounding the event (it was held on Jordan's home court; one of the judges was former Chicago Bears star Gale Sayers; and another judge, former NBA star Tom Hawkins, is a Chicago native) and is considered arguably the most controversial of the slam dunk competitions. The following year in Houston, New York's Kenny "Sky" Walker, Document [16] (Title: Slam dunk) the first of the famous backboard breakers in the NBA, shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s. Luke Jackson also shattered a backboard in 1968: Darryl Dawkins of the Philadelphia 76ers was notorious for two glass-shattering dunks in 1979 resulting in the league threatening to fine him and eventually installing breakaway rims. Twice in his rookie season () during games, center Shaquille O'Neal dunked so hard that he broke the hydraulic support of one goal standard (against the Phoenix Suns) and broke the welds holding up another goal standard, causing the basket to break off and Document [17] (Title: Candace Parker) this is believed to be the first slam dunk by a female athlete in Illinois. On July 11, 2003, Parker tore her ACL in her left knee in a summer league game. On November 11, Parker announced her commitment to Tennessee on ESPNEWS, becoming the first women's player to announce the oral commitment live on ESPNEWS. On December 29, Parker returned to action for Naperville Central and a few months later, led her team to its second consecutive state title. On March 29, 2004, Parker won the slam dunk contest at McDonald's All-American Game, becoming the first female to win Document [18] (Title: Alvin Robertson) Junior College and the University of Arkansas. After five seasons with the Spurs, He finished out his career with the Milwaukee Bucks, the Detroit Pistons and the Toronto Raptors. He also was a member of 1984 U.S. Olympic gold-medal team. In 1986, Robertson became the inaugural winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award. This also marked the first of four National Basketball Association All-Star Game appearances for the guard (the others coming in 1987, 1988, and 1991). He also won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1986, and led the league in steals in 1986, 1987 Document [19] (Title: Vince Carter) During the 2000 NBA All-Star Weekend, Carter showcased arguably the most memorable Slam Dunk Contest event in its history. He won the contest by performing an array of dunks including a 360° windmill, a between the legs bounce dunk, and an "elbow in the rim" dunk (also known as a "cookie jar" dunk or the "honey dip"). Carter and his distant cousin Tracy McGrady formed a formidable one-two punch as teammates in Toronto between 1998 and 2000. However, McGrady was dealt to the Orlando Magic in August 2000, leaving Carter as the Raptors' franchise player. It is believed by some Document [20] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) 1986 edition, Oscar Schmidt is the record-holder with four wins, adding an unofficial title in December 2003 after beating the official winner Michele Mian in an extra contest. The latest (2015) edition saw the contestants try to score as many three-point field goals as possible from five shooting positions around the three-point line, with each position consisting of a rack with four balls worth three-points and a special "Money Ball" worth six, for a total of twenty five shots in one minute, with the highest score crowning the winner. The slam dunk contest (), known as the Openjobmetis Slam Dunk Document [21] (Title: Slam dunk) LaVine dunked from the free throw line on three occasions: One Hand, Windmill, and Between the Legs. All of the Dunks received a score of 50 for the dunk and won the Dunk contest. Other instances of dunks from a distance abound. James White in the 2006 NCAA Slam Dunk Contest successfully performed tomahawk and windmill variations of the foul-line dunk. Though he was unable to complete a between-the-legs from the foul line at that contest, he has been known to execute it on other occasions. In the 2008 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Jamario Moon leaped from the foul-line then, Document [22] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) They were judged on artistic ability, imagination, body flow as well as fan response. Artis Gilmore went first followed by George Gervin, Larry Kenon, David Thompson and finally Julius Erving. George Gervin and David Thompson both missed a dunk during their routines which counted as a zero (scores were not announced to the audience). David Thompson did a 360 degree dunk to finish his routine. All competitors had to perform a dunk from 10 feet, but Julius Erving started marking his steps from the free throw line (15 feet away). He then completed a dunk from the free throw line. Document [23] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) slam dunk champion, but was thwarted by Ross. Ross carried the momentum of his near-perfect first round, in which he scored a 99 out of a possible 100, with a stellar final round. Ross won the competition decisively, earning 58% of the vote. Team East, composed of dunkers Paul George, defending champion Terrence Ross, and John Wall won the 2014 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest in commanding fashion. Under the new team format, they dominated the Freestyle Round, capping it off with a pass off the backboard from Ross to Wall, then off the shot clock from Wall to George for Document [24] (Title: 2016 NBA All-Star Game) at 19 years old. Chris Bosh was announced as a first-time participant for the event, but he would be replaced by C. J. McCollum due to an injury before the event. Zach LaVine became the first back-to-back Slam Dunk Contest winner since Nate Robinson, edging out Aaron Gordon with four consecutive perfect scores in the final round. 2016 NBA All-Star Game The 2016 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 14, 2016. It was the 65th NBA All-Star Game. The Western Conference won 196–173 over the Eastern Conference, and Russell Westbrook was named the Document [25] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) In the second round, Harris went first and finished the course with 39.6 seconds, 3.1 seconds worse than his previous attempt. Rose went on to win the contest by recording a 35.3 seconds time while finishing the course with a dunk. Rose also became the first rookie winner of the Skills Challenge competition. The Haier Shooting Stars Competition was competed between four teams of three players, with each team representing a city which has both NBA and WNBA teams. Each team consisted of one current NBA player, one current WNBA player, and one NBA legend. Team San Antonio, the defending Document [26] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) a last-minute replacement whose father died just days beforehand, upset Portland's Clyde Drexler, the hometown favorite and Houston native who was seen as the favorite, being that Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins were not competing. 1986 champ Spud Webb finished 3rd, while Shelton Jones finished 4th. Though Jordan & Wilkins still played in the All-Star Game, Jordan chose not to compete due to a minor injury, and Wilkins did not compete in the competition due to a hand injury. In 1990, Dominique Wilkins of the Atlanta Hawks edged out Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings to win his second Slam Document [27] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) spun around to the other side while ducking his head (to avoid colliding with the backboard) and dunked it with his right hand. On February 17, 2007, the contest was held in Las Vegas. Judges for the event were all past winners: Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Kobe Bryant, Julius Erving, and Vince Carter. The title was taken by the Boston Celtics' Gerald Green, who, among other dunks, jumped over reigning champ Nate Robinson while covering his face – a homage to 1991 winner, Dee Brown, whose jersey Green had worn. He also scored a perfect fifty with his last slam, Document [28] (Title: 1988 NBA Finals) their first title (Detroit) and a veteran team on a mission with their backs to the wall (the Lakers). The Lakers led 56-48 in the third quarter when Isiah Thomas suddenly began a classic performance. He scored his team's next 14 points, hitting two free throws, a driving layup, four jump shots, and a running bank shot. With a little less than 5 minutes left in the period and the score 70-64, Lakers, Thomas rolled his right ankle while passing off to Joe Dumars for a basket. Thomas tried to run upcourt, but collapsed while the Lakers scored again. Despite Document [29] (Title: Slam dunk) Carter dunked while leaping over 7-foot-2 (2.18 m) French center Frédéric Weis in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The French media dubbed it ""le dunk de la mort"" — "the dunk of death." At least one player has performed a 720 degree dunk (that is, two full turns in the air): Taurian Fontenette also known as Air Up There during a Streetball game. Several notable and remarkable dunks have been performed by participants in the annual NBA Slam Dunk Contest. Spud Webb at defeated Dominique Wilkins in the 1986 contest. Michael Jordan popularized a dunk referred to by some fans as Document [30] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) two NBA slam dunk contests, Wilkins registered 26,668 points and 7,169 rebounds in his NBA career. As of 2016, he ranks 15th on the NBA scoring list. Wilkins' nickname was "The Human Highlight Film" for his athletic ability and highlight reel dunks. His trademark dunk was a powerful one- or two-handed windmill, dunks he used to capture the slam dunk contest titles in 1985 and 1990. As a basketball player he was known as an acrobatic scorer, somewhat of a gunner, though an outstanding finisher and one of the greatest dunkers in NBA history. His #21 jersey was retired by Document [31] (Title: Rudy Gay) for scoring average (20.1 points), becoming just the third player in franchise history to average 20 points per game (behind only Shareef Abdur-Rahim and Pau Gasol). He participated in the 2008 Rising Stars Slam Dunk Contest, and finished runner-up to Hedo Türkoğlu for the 2007–08 NBA Most Improved Player Award. After his invitation to the 2008 Slam Dunk Contest, Gay and YouTube teamed up for the Rudy Gay Slam Dunk Contest promotion, in which he asked fans to upload footage of their best dunks for him to attempt during the contest. During the contest, he performed a one handed reverse Document [32] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) the finish. In the Battle Round, Ross defeated Damian Lillard with a through the legs dunk from rapper Drake, George took down Harrison Barnes with a 360-degree, through the legs finish, and Wall defeated Ben McLemore by jumping over the Wizards' mascot G-Man and throwing down a reverse on the first try. Though Team East are the official winners, Wall was voted by fans as the Dunker of the Night. To the delight of NBA fans, the 2015 contest was changed back to its original format, as the Freestyle Round as well as the teams were taken out. The 4 Document [33] (Title: Scottie Pippen) a one-man fast break that he would finish with a thunderous slam dunk. As Pippen himself has attested, he and Jordan would compete to see who could force more turnovers and produce more offense from defense in each game (fast break points). During the 1990 Slam Dunk Contest, Pippen exhibited his leaping ability with a dunk from the free throw line. He was an athletic finisher at the rim, both with dunks and a skillful finger roll that he added to his skill set over time. He was also a prolific perimeter shooter, taking about three thousand and making almost Document [34] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) Kryptonite, a fictional substance known to have detrimental effect on Superman. The "Krypto-Nate vs. Superman" theme continued when Robinson, in his final dunk, used a green basketball and leaped over the 6'11" Howard who wore his Superman cape. Robinson ended up with 52% of fan vote to win his second dunk title. He joined Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Harold Miner and Jason Richardson as the only two-time winners of the contest. The Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout was contested by six players. Two-time winner Jason Kapono returned to defend his title along with two former contestants, Rashard Lewis and Mike Bibby. Document [35] (Title: American Basketball Association) NBA slam dunk contest at the ABA All Star game in 1976. The game was held in Denver, and the owners of the ABA teams wanted to ensure that the event would be entertaining for the sellout crowd of 15,021 people. The ABA and NBA had begun to discuss a possible merger, and the ABA owners wanted to establish the viability and success of their league. The Dunk Contest operated as a means of unique halftime entertainment that displayed the style and excitement that the ABA players brought to the game. The dunk contest was held at halftime of the Document [36] (Title: Darnell Hillman) for his stylish slam dunks and oversized afro hairstyle. He would even be named the winner of the NBA's Slam Dunk Contest in the 1976–77 season, which was a precursor to the event that's known today, although he wouldn't be give an official trophy for it until March 8, 2017. Hillman later played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, Kansas City Kings, and Golden State Warriors in the NBA, and he ended his career in 1980 with combined NBA/ABA totals of 6,666 points and 5,187 rebounds during the regular season, and 7,339 points and 5,809 rebounds including the post-season. Document [37] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) to allow up-and-coming star Blake Griffin to win and that runner-up JaVale McGee deserved to win. It was even disputed if Griffin even legitimately qualified for the finals since his final dunk got a perfect score but was basically a copy of DeMar DeRozan's first dunk with a lower degree of difficulty. Ben Maller of Fox Sports Radio reported that a media advisory sent out by the NBA over an hour before the 2011 Slam Dunk Contest began already referring to Blake Griffin as the winner. There have been 25 players crowned the best dunkers in the NBA. Nate Robinson Document [38] (Title: 2011 NBA All-Star Game) the second half and the Rookies eventually came out with a victory. On January 5, 2011, the four contestants for the dunk contest were announced. Blake Griffin, JaVale McGee, Serge Ibaka, and Brandon Jennings were all chosen to participate. On January 20, it was announced that DeMar DeRozan would replace Jennings due to his foot injury. For this edition, the contestants were also provided with a 'dunk coach': Griffin was mentored by Kenny Smith, McGee was paired with Chris Webber, Ibaka was mentored by teammate Kevin Durant, and DeRozan paired up with Darryl Dawkins as his mentor. During the first Document [39] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) The final round score was the best of two dunks." 1997 1998 "No competition was held." 1999 "No competition was held as All-Star Weekend was not held due to the NBA's lockout." 2000 "Beginning with this year, the two highest dunks in each round constituted the competitor's total score." 2001 2002 "A tournament format was adopted for this year." 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008"The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging for the first time." 2009"The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging." 2010"The final round was decided by fan voting via text Document [40] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) two scores from the first round. Adam Harrington dominated the contest, posting the highest score of all four competitors in the first round, and then edging Kaniel Dickens in the final round to earn the victory. Dickens advanced to the final via a 30-second shootout with Josh Gross after two players tied for the second best total in the opening round. The Slam Dunk Contest, which consisted of two rounds of two dunks each, began with each dunker submitting his top two dunks and selecting a fan from the crowd who chose the first dunk to be performed in the Document [41] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Slam Dunk Contest The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest was inaugurated by the American Basketball Association (ABA) at its All-Star Game in 1976 in Denver, the same year the slam dunk was legalized in the NCAA. As a result of the ABA–NBA merger later that year there would not be another slam dunk contest at the professional level until 1984. The contest has adopted several formats over the years, including, until 2014, the use of Document [42] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) was also the first Dunk Contest in history to have a "Dunk Off", the equivalent to a Dunk Contest overtime, between Knicks point guard Nate Robinson and shooting guard Andre Iguodala of the Philadelphia 76ers. Many fans argue that Iguodala should have won the contest, as it took Robinson fourteen attempts before finally completing his dunk. Iguodala pulled off a dunk where he started out of bounds from the right side of the baseline while teammate Allen Iverson bounced the ball off the back of the right side of the backboard. Iguodala caught the ball in mid-air behind the backboard, Document [43] (Title: Kenny Walker) 5th pick of the 1986 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. Walker played for five coaches in five years with the Knicks. On February 11, 1989, Walker won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, competing three days after the death of his father. He also secured third place in the 1990 contest. However, his success on the court was dwindling, and knee injuries forced him to leave the NBA and join the ACB league in Spain. Walker returned to the NBA in 1993 to play two seasons with the Washington Bullets as a role player. He played a season (c.1998) Document [44] (Title: Slam dunk) Dunk Contest, McGee jumped with two balls in his possession and dunked each prior to receiving and slamming an alley-oop pass from then teammate John Wall. In the past, it has been possible for players to dunk a basketball and pull the rim down so hard that the glass backboard shatters, either around the rim itself or, at times, shattering the entire backboard, or the entire goal standard fails. Reinforced backboards and breakaway rims have minimized this at the college and professional levels, but it still happens at lower levels. All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets was Document [45] (Title: 2004 NBA Finals) guard Chauncey Billups was named as the NBA Finals MVP. The series was noted for the perceived underdog, the Pistons, dominating a Lakers team that had four future Hall of Famers. Pistons owner William Davidson became the first owner in sports history to win two championships in one year. Eight days earlier, the other team that Davidson owned, the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League, had won the Stanley Cup Finals in seven games over the Calgary Flames. The Lakers had won consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002, but lost to the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs Document [46] (Title: John Wall (basketball)) for the 2014 NBA All-Star Game, making this his first All-Star team. On February 15, 2014, Wall was voted the dunker of the night in the 2014 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, with a double pump reverse assisted by the Wizards' mascot, making it the first win by a Washington Wizard. On February 27, 2014, Wall had 31 points and 9 assists as the Wizards won a triple overtime game against the Raptors 134-129. It was the franchise's first triple-overtime game since 1975. On March 1, 2014, Wall recorded a then career-high 16 assists, along with 17 points, 3 rebounds, and Document [47] (Title: Willis Reed) first player in NBA history to be named the NBA All-Star Game MVP, the NBA regular season MVP, and the NBA Finals MVP in the same season. That same year, he was named to the All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive First Team, as well as being named as ABC's "Wide World of Sports" Athlete of the Year, and the Sporting News NBA MVP. Reed's most famous performance took place on May 8, 1970, during game seven of the 1970 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers in Madison Square Garden. Due to a severe thigh injury, a torn muscle Document [48] (Title: 2015 NBA Finals) LeBron James, who made only 38.1% of his shots when Iguodala was in the game, but still averaged 35.8 points, 13.3 rebounds, and 8.8 assists. James received four of the 11 votes for Finals MVP even though Cleveland lost by an average of 14 points in the final three games. Stephen Curry was just the sixth player to win his first league MVP and his first NBA title in the same season. Shaquille O'Neal was the last player to have accomplished the feat, in 1999–2000. Kerr became the first rookie coach to win a title since Pat Riley in 1981–82. Document [49] (Title: 1985 NBA All-Star Game) 1985 NBA All-Star Game The 35th National Basketball Association All-Star Game was played on February 10, 1985, at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The coaches were K. C. Jones (Boston Celtics) for the East, and Pat Riley (Los Angeles Lakers) for the West. The MVP was Ralph Sampson, Houston (29 minutes, 24 points, 10 rebounds). The 1985 NBA Slam Dunk Contest is widely heralded as one of the greatest dunk contests of all time. It featured two of the highest flyers of the time, Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins. The other participants of the contest included Clyde Drexler, Julius Document [50] (Title: Beach Ball Classic) the 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Award and the 2000 Slam Dunk Contest is just one of the great players that have showcased their talents in the Classic. From Simon Gratz (Pa.), Rasheed Wallace. Wallace was a three-time Beach Baller who led his team to two tourney titles while setting records for most blocked shots in a game (16) and tournament (24). Wallace has been to the NBA Finals twice but only winning once with the Detroit Pistons. Wallace is currently the all-time leader in the NBA with most technical fouls at 304. From Lower Merion (Pa.), Kobe Bryant. Document [51] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) Michael Jordan in the finals. In Dallas in 1986, a Jordan-Wilkins rematch was put on hold, since Jordan was injured. Wilkins reached the finals where he was defeated by his 5'7" teammate, Spud Webb. The 1988 Slam Dunk Contest featured a rematch between Wilkins and Jordan. Jordan won in the final, beating Wilkins by two points. Wilkins' first two dunks of the finals earned scores of 50 from judges. On his third and final attempt, Wilkins' completed a thunderous windmill dunk from the left side. Soaring high above the floor, Wilkins' head nearly hit the rim. Wilkins received a standing Document [52] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) a windmill over a table. Other noteworthy dunks include a dunk by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard, who, while making his dunk, stuck a sticker with his smiling face on the backboard a reported 12'6" from the ground, two and a half feet beyond the regulation NBA rim. On February 16, 2008, the contest was held in New Orleans. Judges for the event included Darryl Dawkins, Dominique Wilkins, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, and Magic Johnson. The title was taken by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard. Howard's most noteworthy dunk came during the first round, his second dunk overall, when he Document [53] (Title: Shaquille O'Neal) were ejected. After O'Neal blocked a layup by Barkley, O'Neal shoved Barkley, who then threw the ball at O'Neal. O'Neal was also voted the 1999–2000 regular season Most Valuable Player, one vote short of becoming the first unanimous MVP in NBA history. Fred Hickman, then of CNN, instead chose Allen Iverson, then of the Philadelphia 76ers who would go on to win MVP the next season. O'Neal also won the scoring title while finishing second in rebounds and third in blocked shots. Jackson's influence resulted in a newfound commitment by O'Neal to defense, resulting in his first All-Defensive Team selection Document [54] (Title: Ike Azotam) playing basketball in fifth grade, but began taking it more seriously once he went through a growth spurt heading into ninth grade. Growing up, he often walked from his home to a nearby YMCA facility to practice. Azotam supposedly made his first slam dunk his first at the age of 15, a moment that he would remember for the rest of his life. Despite repeatedly performed the same move, but failed to do so when he called his friends to watch him. However, in the summer, he grew four inches and was eventually able to consistently dunk the ball. Azotam Document [55] (Title: Slam dunk) spins counter-clockwise). In the 2008 Sprite Rising Star's Slam Dunk Contest Dwight Howard performed the "Superman" dunk. He donned a Superman outfit as Orlando Magic guard Jameer Nelson tied a cape around his shoulders. Nelson alley-ooped the basketball as Howard jumped from within the key side of the free throw circle line, caught the ball, and threw it through the rim. This dunk is somewhat controversial, as his hand was not over as well as on a vertical plane to the rim. Some insist that it should in fact be considered a dunk because the ball was thrust downward into Document [56] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) of the game, finishing with 33 points, 4 rebounds, 2 assists, and 2 steals. Gerald Green returned to defend his crown won in last year's All-Star game. Young NBA stars Rudy Gay, Dwight Howard and Jamario Moon were also invited. What made the Slam Dunk contest unique in 2008 was the introduction of the fan vote. While judges (in this particular contest, Karl Malone, Magic Johnson, Julius Erving, Darryl Dawkins and Dominique Wilkins) still scored dunks on a scale from one to fifty and selected those who would move on to the next round, fans had the last word. NBA Document [57] (Title: Brent Barry) frame, allowed him to play a variety of positions, including point guard, shooting guard, and small forward; because he was taller than most traditional point guards, he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense. He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007. He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving-inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one-handed. He was the first caucasian player to win the competition. After being drafted Document [58] (Title: Larry Nance Jr.) first game-winning shot of his pro career to give the Cavaliers a 92–91 win over the Indiana Pacers. Nance is the son of Larry Nance, a former professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Phoenix Suns. Nance Sr. was a three-time NBA All-Star and won the league's first Slam Dunk Contest. Nance Jr. was a participant in the 2018 Slam Dunk Contest, coming in second. One of the younger Nance's dunks was a tribute to his father, as he wore a retro 1984 Phoenix Suns uniform and performed a cradle dunk as his father had done that year to Document [59] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) scoring 25 points in the final round. Kobe Bryant was looking to be the first player to win a Slam Dunk contest and a Three-Point Shootout title until he was replaced by Dallas Mavericks forward Dirk Nowitzki due to injury. Utah Jazz guard Deron Williams won the Skills Challenge, with a first round time of 31.2 seconds and a record finish in 25.5 in his second run. For the first time since 2005, Dwyane Wade did not win the contest. He finished with a low 53.9 seconds, ending his streak at two. Jason Kidd, winner of the event in 2003, Document [60] (Title: Slam dunk) "Rider dunk" — notwithstanding Orlando Woolridge's own such dunk in the NBA contest a decade earlier. Since then, the under-the-leg has been attempted in the NBA contest by a number of participants, and has been a staple of other contests as well. Its difficulty — due to the required hand-eye coordination, flexibility, and hang-time — keeps it generally reserved for exhibitions and contests, not competitive games. Ricky Davis has managed to complete the dunk in an NBA game, but both he and Josh Smith have botched at least one in-game attempt as well. Because of the possible combinations of starting Document [61] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) an unnecessary risk to injury. In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tracy McGrady injured his wrist while performing a dunk. Also in the 1995 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tony Dumas hurt his knee while performing his "Texas Twister" dunk. Although a longtime critic, LeBron James said he would perform in the 2010 Slam Dunk Contest. This decision was made after watching the 2009 dunk contest when Dwight Howard and Nate Robinson went at it. However, he withdrew his statement once the All-Star Weekend came around. The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala drew much Document [62] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) victories being the champion." John Wall was voted Dunker of the Night. 2015<br>"This year saw the return of the voting style that was last used in 2007." 2016 2017<br> 2018<br> Historically, the dunk contest drew some mild criticisms. One is that players who often compete in these contests are seen as dunkers only (with the obvious exceptions of Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Julius Erving), which is why notable high flying athletes like Shawn Marion and LeBron James have sometimes refused to participate. High-profile players such as Dwyane Wade and Charles Barkley have also declined to participate citing it as Document [63] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) Contest for sponsorship reasons, was first organised by Spain's ACB during the November 1992 and 1994 editions played in that country. The first time it was organised by Lega Basket was during the December 2005 edition, dunk specialist James White is the record-holder with two wins (Chandler Thompson won both ACB editions). White refused to defend his title in 2014, having decided to retire from dunk contests following his last place in the 2013 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. It formerly saw the contestants each have two dunk attempts, with the pair performing the best judged dunks reaching the final, where Document [64] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) requiring an additional teammate starting in the second round, they proved there were indeed many ways to dunk a basketball that had not been done before. Amar'e Stoudemire received rave reviews, as did Smith when he did a tribute dunk to Dominique Wilkins while donning Wilkins' jersey. Again in 2006, the Dunk Contest in Houston revitalized the interests of audiences as 5'9" Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks took the title with a great dunk-off. One of his most exciting dunks was a high-flying dunk over former Slam Dunk Contest winner, 5'7" Spud Webb. The 2006 Slam Dunk Contest Document [65] (Title: 2009–10 NBA season) Miami Heat's Dwyane Wade being named the MVP. The game had record-breaking attendance, with 108,713. In the Rookie Challenge game, the Rookies defeated the Sophomores. Tyreke Evans was named the game's MVP. This is the first time the Rookies won the Rookie Challenge since 2002. During the NBA All-Star Weekend, Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks won the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest for the third time in his career; Kevin Durant, who also won the inaugural event, won this year's H.O.R.S.E Competition and Boston's Paul Pierce beat rookie Stephen Curry to win the Three-Point Shootout. Steve Nash won the Document [66] (Title: George T. Johnson) in disqualifications in 1977–78 with 20, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 1980–81. He blocked at least 10 shots in a game six times during his NBA career. Johnson recorded the first five-by-five in NBA history, and is one of only twelve players to accomplish one. On March 26, 1978, he had 15 points, 18 rebounds, 5 assists, 5 steals and 7 blocks in a 118-104 victory over the Washington Bullets. Inspired by his teammate Rick Barry, Johnson shot his free throws underhanded. George T. Johnson George Thomas Johnson (born December 18, 1948) is an American Document [67] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) fan voting, via text-messaging, to determine the winner of the final round. The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All-Star Game. The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz. On January 27, 1976 at McNichols Sports Arena during halftime of the 1976 ABA All Star Game the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest was held, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, and George Gervin and Document [68] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) a player has reached the 40-point mark, since Kevin Durant had 46 points last year. The Rookies were up by 12 at halftime, the largest lead of the game. Westbrook, who had 11 points at halftime, took over and scored 29 points in the second half. But strong plays enabled the Rookies to keep the lead for the rest of the game. The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Nate Robinson, All-Star Gerald Wallace, Shannon Brown and DeMar DeRozan. The fourth contestant was determined through the first ever NBA All-Star Dunk-In, a single-round slam dunk competition that Document [69] (Title: Andre Iguodala) game. His efforts were rewarded when he was named to the All-Rookie First Team and started on the rookie team during the Rookie Challenge portion of All-Star Weekend. He finished fourth in voting for NBA Rookie of the Year. Now a permanent fixture in the 76ers starting rotation, Iguodala was the only Sixer to play in and start all 82 games in his second season. On February 17, 2006, at the Rookie Challenge, Iguodala won MVP honors for his 30-point performance in the Sophomores win. A day later, he participated in the Slam Dunk Contest. His first dunk was a Document [70] (Title: 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) on March 30. The slam dunk contest included Kristine Anigwe, who was attempting to become the first girl to win the dunk contest since Candace Parker won the 2004 contest. Dwayne Bacon won the dunk contest against finalist Stephen Zimmerman with dunks that included a dunk over Jalen Rose who stood in front of the basket, while Anigwe failed to complete a dunk. Luke Kennard won the boys three-point shooting contest over finalists Jalen Brunson and Antonio Blakeney. Brunson won the boys Skills Competition over finalists Carlton Bragg and Isaiah Briscoe. Following the game, Thomas Bryant committed to Indiana on Document [71] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) viewers for the first time could decide the winner of the Sprite Slam Dunk contest, under the tag line "They Dunk. You Decide." For five minutes after the final round, polls were open on NBA.com and through SMS TXT and the dunker with the most votes at the end of the time limit was the winner. Dwight Howard won the contest, grabbing 78% of fan votes. Jason Kapono became the first back-to-back winner of the Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout since Peja Stojaković won in 2002 and 2003. Kapono also tied the all-time record set in 1986 by Craig Hodges by Document [72] (Title: 1957 NBA Finals) Bill Russell set a rookie record for rebounds in a single NBA finals game with 32 in game 7, and averaged an NBA finals rookie record of 22.9 rebounds per game for the entire series. 1957 NBA Finals The 1957 NBA World Championship Series was the championship series of the 1956–57 National Basketball Association season, and was the conclusion of the 1957 NBA Playoffs. The best-of-seven series was played between the Western Division champion St. Louis Hawks and the Eastern Division champion Boston Celtics. This was the first trip to the Finals for each team, the first Finals in which Document [73] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) won the third annual D-League Slam Dunk Contest, beating Alonzo Gee in the final round. Tucker scored four 50-point dunk, finishing with perfect score in both the first and final round. In his final dunk, Tucker jumped over his teammate Brian Butch, who is seven feet tall. Andre Ingram won the third annual D-League Three-Point Shootout, beating defending champion Blake Ahearn in the final round by a score of 39–37. Ingram advanced to the finals having scored 18 points, while Ahearn scored 20 points in the first round. Morris Almond and Rob Kurz were eliminated in the first round. The Document [74] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) criticism because players were not penalized for missing a dunk attempt. Consequently, Robinson attempted a single dunk 14 times before completing it. Prior to the 2007 competition, the NBA changed a few rules to prevent excessive dunk attempts. Each participant has two minutes to complete their dunk. At the end of the two minutes allotted, they then have their number of dunk attempts limited to two. Slam Dunk Contest The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest Document [75] (Title: Slam dunk) the "Leaner". This dunk was so called because Jordan's body was not perpendicular to the ground while performing the dunk. TNT viewers rated it "the best dunk of all time" over Vince Carter's between-the-legs slam. In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest Carter used an elbow hang along with his reverse 360 windmill dunk and between-the-legs dunk. When performed, much of the audience was speechless, including the judges, because none had seen these types of dunks before (Carter's first round 360 windmill dunk is reminiscent of Kenny Walker's 360 windmill dunk in 1989 except that Carter spins clockwise, whereas Walker Document [76] (Title: James White (basketball)) 22, 2008, White won the Turkish dunk contest against Curtis Withers, Quinton Hosley, and Richard Chaney in the Beko Allstar Slam Dunk Contest with his raceway dunk. He was playing with the Anaheim Arsenal in the NBA's D-League when he signed a 10-day contract with the Houston Rockets on March 3, 2009 and then a second 10-day contract before signing a multi-year deal with the Rockets on March 24, 2009. He was deactivated April 7 to make room for forward Carl Landry, who had recovered from a gunshot wound. On September 2, 2009, White was drafted in the first round Document [77] (Title: Slam dunk) round and the contest was won by Dominique Wilkins. In the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winner Brent Barry dunked from the free-throw line. Barry received 49 (out of 50) for the dunk. In the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, Serge Ibaka dunked from behind the free-throw line, getting a score of 45 for the dunk, and finishing 4th. In the 2016 NBL Pre-Season Challenge Slam Dunk Contest in Australia's National Basketball League, Adelaide 36ers 18 year old American import player Terrance Ferguson dunked from just in front of the free-throw-line. In the 2016 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Zach Document [78] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Dunk Contest (first won in 1985 over Michael Jordan). Kenny Smith scored high points for originality with his signature dunk – he started by turning his back to the basket, bouncing the ball backward between his legs and off the backboard, then turning and grabbing it in the air and reverse dunking it. After 1990, interest in the Slam Dunk Contest began to wane and lasted throughout the 1990s. Initially, it was because many players lost interest in competing; some cited concerns of injuries, while others felt that the full repertoire of humanly possible dunks had already been exhausted. With Document [79] (Title: Slam dunk) the basket, meeting the basic definition of the dunk. During the 2009 NBA dunk contest, Howard had a separate goal brought onto the court, and the rim was noticeably significantly higher than a standard goal. Howard, after going into a 1950s-era telephone booth and again fashioning the Superman attire, caught a pass from Nelson and easily completed a two-handed dunk on the higher goal. While this was not performed for record-setting purposes, the dunk received a perfect score and a warm response from the crowd, in part because of its theatrics. Also in this contest, 5'9" guard Nate Robinson wore Document [80] (Title: History of the Cleveland Cavaliers) with 1:50 to go; Irving's three-pointer with 53 seconds left that propelled the Cavaliers to a 92–89 lead; and Love's defensive play on Stephen Curry in the ensuing possession. Cleveland emerged victorious with a 93–89 win to earn the city's first professional sports title in 52 years. James was named the unanimous Finals MVP. James became the third player to have a triple-double in Game 7 of the NBA Finals, joining Jerry West in 1969 and James Worthy in 1988. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in the clincher, capping a series where the Cavaliers became the Document [81] (Title: Kris Bruton) tour of the Bahamas, Bruton and several other Globetrotters attempted to break the world record for highest slam dunk. While eyewitnesses allege that he successfully completed a dunk at 12'1", thus breaking the record, on-site judges declared it an illegal dunk. Kris Bruton Kris Marcus Bruton (born January 10, 1971) is an American professional basketball player. Drafted by the Chicago Bulls in the second round of the 1994 NBA Draft, he was with the Bulls for two pre-seasons (1994 and 1995) before a serious thigh injury ended his career. Bruton never appeared in a regular-season NBA game for the Bulls. Document [82] (Title: Slam dunk) caught and dunked a second ball with his left hand—a yet to be duplicated dunk pioneered by Jordan Kilganon on a lower, non-regulation rim. Jordan Kilganon, a Canadian athlete, approached from the baseline a person standing, holding the ball above their head. Kilganon leaped, controlled the ball in front of his torso and raised it above the horizontal plane of the rim before bringing the ball downward into the hoop and hooking both elbows on and hanging from the rim. A study was carried out in 2015 to show the effectiveness of different shot types, including slam dunks. The study Document [83] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Los Angeles Lakers, Gerald Wallace of the Charlotte Bobcats, and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors. DeRozan earned his spot in the competition by defeating Los Angeles Clippers guard Eric Gordon in the inaugural Sprite Slam Dunk-In held the night before the actual dunk contest. Robinson and DeRozan advanced to the final round, where Robinson's double-pump reverse dunk helped seal a 51% to 49% victory. Blake Griffin won the 2011 slam dunk contest by jumping and dunking over the hood of a Kia sedan on February 19 in Los Angeles. JaVale McGee of the Washington Wizards, DeMar DeRozan of the Document [84] (Title: 2008 NBA All-Star Game) a show-stopping dunk of his own, but failed to convert on his two allotted attempts. Fort Wayne's Eric Smith and Iowa's Doug Thomas also performed some impressive dunks, but did not record high enough scores from the judges to advance to the final round. The Turner Broadcasting Network televised the game for the fifth straight year in the United States. The game was called by NBA on TNT commentators Marv Albert, Reggie Miller and Doug Collins. TNT also televised the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest, PlayStation Skills Challenge, Footlocker Three-Point Shootout and the Haier Shooting Stars Competition. ESPN televised the McDonald's Document [85] (Title: Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award) the first ever awardee, is the only person to win the award while being on the losing team in the NBA Finals. Willis Reed, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, Hakeem Olajuwon, Kobe Bryant, and Kevin Durant won the award twice. Olajuwon, Durant, Bryant, and James have won the award in two consecutive seasons. Abdul-Jabbar and James are the only players to win the award for two teams. Olajuwon of Nigeria, who became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1993, Tony Parker of France, and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only international players to win the award. Duncan is an American citizen, Document [86] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) took off his jersey to reveal a Superman shirt and cape. With teammate Jameer Nelson's assistance he would make a leaping dunk from just in front of the free-throw line after a running start, throwing the ball through the rim from a few feet away. Other noteworthy dunks included the first round slam by Jamario Moon while the previous year's winner, Gerald Green, relied heavily on theatrics by blowing out a cupcake with a birthday candle on the rim before dunking (a jam he termed "The Birthday Cake"). For the first time ever, fan voting determined the outcome of the Document [87] (Title: NBA on CBS) the name of an Indianapolis liquor store, which is still in existence, and was the sponsor of a city parks softball league team for which Hillman played left field (and the only team he was a member of at the time). Other players to compete in the slam dunk tournament included Julius Erving, George Gervin, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Moses Malone. CBS, anxious for star power, also gave David Thompson the opportunity to be eliminated three times. During the 1977–78 season, CBS held a H-O-R-S-E competition at halftime of the "Game of the Week" telecasts. Again, Don Criqui hosted with Mendy Document [88] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) to participate in the contest. Smith was named as a late replacement for Rudy Gay, who was forced to withdraw from the contest due to injury. Each contestant performed two slam dunks in each round. The two best contestants in the first round, as rated by the panel of judges, advanced to the final round, where the winner was determined by fan voting. The panel of judges for this year contest consists of five former Phoenix Suns players, the inaugural Slam Dunk champion Larry Nance, 1992 champion Cedric Ceballos, 1987 All-Star Game MVP Tom Chambers and three-time All-Stars, Kevin Johnson Document [89] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) Cook failed to advance, finishing with 15 points along with Frye and Gallinari. In the second round, Pierce set the tone early by scoring 20 points, and both Billups and Curry were unable to match his score. Pierce, who could only manage to score 8 points in his first participation in 2002, became the first Celtic to win the contest since Larry Bird won it back-to-back in 1986 and 1987. The Taco Bell Skills Challenge was contested by four players. Derrick Rose, the defending champion, was supposed to participate in the contest but he suffered an injury before the All-Star Document [90] (Title: LKL Slam Dunk Contest) first slam dunk contest was won by Gary Arrington, of BC Statyba, at the 1994 LKL All-Star Day, in Panevėžys. The current champion of the LKL Dunk Contest is Kenny Gaines. LKL Slam Dunk Contest The LKL Slam Dunk Contest is an annual Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) competition, that was originally held during the LKL All-Star Day, and later during the King Mindaugas Cup. The contest has been held almost every year, from the first All-Star Day. Throughout the history of the contest, there have been witnessed many famous moments. Most noticeable being the 2001 contest, in Kaunas, where Robertas Document [91] (Title: 2010 NBA All-Star Game) was held at halftime of the Rookie Challenge game. The opening matchup between DeRozan and Eric Gordon ended with DeRozan winning 61% of the online fan vote and the final spot in the Saturday competition. The Slam Dunk Contest was held the following night. Each of the four contestants performed two slam dunks in the first round. A panel of five judges, including former champion Dominique Wilkins and Spud Webb, then scored the dunks to determine the final round pairing. DeRozan's scored 92 points in the first round, including a 50-point dunk to advance to the finals. Robinson scored 89 Document [92] (Title: Isiah Thomas) to win their first NBA title in Game 6. One of Thomas's most inspiring and self-defining moments came in Game 6. Although he had severely sprained his ankle late in the game, Thomas continued to play. While hobbling and in obvious pain, Thomas scored 25 points in a single quarter, an NBA Finals record. But the Lakers won the game 103–102 on a pair of last-minute free throws by Abdul-Jabbar, following a controversial foul called on Bill Laimbeer. With Thomas unable to compete at full strength the Lakers were able to take advantage and clinched their second consecutive title in Document [93] (Title: 2015 NBA All-Star Game) finished one point shy of the All-Star game record set by Wilt Chamberlain (42) in 1962. Rookie Zach LaVine won the Slam Dunk Contest to become the youngest champion (19) since an 18-year-old Kobe Bryant in 1997. He became a crowd favorite after his first dunk, which he performed while wearing Michael Jordan's No. 23 jersey from the movie "Space Jam", which inspired him as a youngster to become a basketball player. With a perfect 50 on each of his first two dunks, Lavine was the first player since Dwight Howard in 2009 with a perfect score on multiple dunks. Document [94] (Title: 2009 NBA All-Star Game) scoring 30 of his 46 points in the second half as the Sophomores outscored the Rookies by 6 points to win the game. The game marked the seventh consecutive loss for the Rookies team. The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Dwight Howard, 2006 champion Nate Robinson, 2005 contestant J. R. Smith and rookie Rudy Fernández. Fernández won the online voting on NBA.com to determine the fourth contestants, beating fellow rookies Joe Alexander and Russell Westbrook. This was the first time a dunk contestant was chosen by the fans. Fernández also became the first ever international player Document [95] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks." 1995"This year, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do at least three dunks and then given an overall score in round one. In the final round, each competitor was allowed 60 seconds to do at least two dunks and then given an overall score." 1996"Beginning this year, in the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. Document [96] (Title: 2006 NBA All-Star Game) Dirk Nowitzki won with a score of 18, beating Gilbert Arenas and Ray Allen in the final round. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Did not participate due to a family illness. Gilbert Arenas replaced Raja Bell. Nate Robinson won, beating Andre Iguodala in a dunk-off after the first ever tie in a Slam Dunk Contest. Robinson's win was highly questioned as he had missed several dunks and many speculate that Robinson was only awarded the title because of his small stature. Dwyane Wade won, beating LeBron James in the final round. Dwyane Wade won with a time of 26.1 seconds. The San Antonio team Document [97] (Title: 2007 NBA All-Star Game) Contest was a memorable one. Dwight Howard jumped up and dunked while posting a sticker of him laughing, on the backboard. Eventually, Gerald Green and Nate Robinson went to the final round. Robinson looked unimpressive with his first dunk, and Green looked as bad as Robinson. However, Robinson had to do his second dunk after the limited two-minute period, and scored below 40. Green finished it off by getting a perfect score after jumping over a table. The judging panel included an impressive list of former champions who are considered some of the greatest dunkers in NBA history: Michael Jordan, Document [98] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Dunk contest winner Julius Erving in the final round. Dominique Wilkins won the contest the following year, but in 1986 his Atlanta Hawks teammate Spud Webb made history when he defeated Wilkins in the final, preventing him from retaining his title. Standing a mere 5 feet 7 inches tall, Webb became the shortest player ever to win the contest, a distinction that he still holds. Chicago's Michael Jordan won back-to-back dunk contest victories in 1987 and in 1988. His victory over Wilkins in 1988 in Chicago finished with a perfect 50 dunk from the free-throw line for his third dunk Document [99] (Title: Slam dunk) was carried out across five different levels of basketball (NBA, EuroBasket, the Slovenian 1st Division, and two minor leagues). Overall the study showed that slam dunks were a very effective way of scoring in the game of basketball, particularly in the NBA, which had the highest dunk percentage in the study. Wilt Chamberlain was known to have dunked on an experimental 12-foot basket set up by Phog Allen at the University of Kansas in the 1950s. Michael Wilson, a former Harlem Globetrotter and University of Memphis basketball player, matched this feat on April 1, 2000 albeit with an alley-oop. Vince Document [100] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) back for the 2000 All-Star Weekend in Oakland, California. It would prove to be one of the most electrifying dunk contests in the league's history, featuring a great showdown between eventual winner Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors, his cousin and then-teammate Tracy McGrady, and the Houston Rockets' Steve Francis. Carter won after performing a number of very impressive dunks, including two reverse 360 windmills, a honey dip, and a between-the-legs dunk off a bounced alley-oop from McGrady. The next four contests did not feature superstars like Carter and Bryant, and despite innovative efforts by the likes of Desmond Mason Document [101] (Title: Dave Johnson (basketball)) also won the Slam Dunk Contest. He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 26th pick in the 1992 NBA Draft. He played one season for Portland before moving on to the Chicago Bulls in his second and final NBA season, for whom he played 17 games in 1993-94. Dave Johnson (basketball) Dave M. Johnson (born November 16, 1970) is a retired American professional basketball player who had a brief career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the early 1990s. Born in Morgan City, Louisiana, Johnson attended Syracuse University, where, as a junior and senior, he developed Document [102] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) and Jason Richardson, the lack of A-list superstars willing to participate hurt the appeal of the contest. In 2005, the Slam Dunk Contest returned to its birthplace in Denver. With the spectacular dunks of prior contests, there was buzz that the dunk competition could regain the popularity it had in the 1980s. The Phoenix Suns' Amar'e Stoudemire alley-ooping 360 off a soccer-style header from teammate Steve Nash; J. R. Smith putting it around his back and dunking, and the new champion, Josh Smith alley-ooping over Kenyon Martin all wowed the crowd with their maneuvers. With the change in the rules Document [103] (Title: Dee Brown (basketball, born 1968)) when he won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest with a no look slam dunk. He was a starter for Boston during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons and posted his best scoring numbers, averaging more than 15 points per game each of those years. After seven and a half seasons with the Celtics, he was traded to the Raptors along with Chauncey Billups in 1998. Overall, during his career, he scored 6,758 total points. In 2005, Brown won a one-year contract as a studio analyst for ESPN as the winner of the reality show "Dream Job", defeating five other former NBA Document [104] (Title: Russell Westbrook) earned his second MVP award after a 196–173 win by the West. He recorded 31 points, eight rebounds, five assists, and five steals in 22 minutes, and became the first player in All-Star history to win consecutive MVPs outright. Bob Pettit is the other player to have won two back-to-back awards, winning in 1958 and sharing it with Elgin Baylor in 1959. On March 9, he recorded his 11th triple-double of the season with 25 points, a career-high 20 assists and 11 rebounds in a 120–108 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. The stat line marked the NBA's first triple-double Document [105] (Title: Bill Russell) is credited with having raised defensive play in the NBA to a new level. By winning the 1956 NCAA Championship with USF and the 1957 NBA title with the Celtics, Russell became the first of only four players in basketball history to win an NCAA championship and an NBA Championship back-to-back (the others being Henry Bibby, Magic Johnson, and Billy Thompson). He also won two state championships in high school. In the interim, Russell won an Olympic gold medal in 1956. His stint as coach of the Celtics was also of historical significance, as he became the first black head Document [106] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) This was a season long event similar to 1977–1978 NBA Horse event. There were 22 competitors throughout the event (nearly one for each team at the time), including future Hall of Famers Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, David Thompson, Alex English, Moses Malone, George Gervin, and Elvin Hayes and took place in multiple venues throughout the season. Darnell Hillman was named the winner that season, beating out the Golden State Warriors' Larry McNeill in the championship round on June 5, 1977 in Portland. The NBA reintroduced the Slam Dunk Contest in 1984 at its birthplace in Denver. Phoenix's Larry Nance defeated the original Document [107] (Title: Slam dunk) cornerstone of dunk contests, dunks from a distance are also performed in games, most often on the fast break. In the 1950s, Jim Pollard and Wilt Chamberlain had both dunked from the free throw line—15 feet from the basket. Chamberlain was able to dunk from the free-throw line without a running start, beginning his forward movement from within the top half of the free-throw circle. This was the catalyst for the 1956 NCAA rule change which requires that a shooter maintain both feet behind the line during a free-throw attempt. In the 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest, Julius Erving dunked Document [108] (Title: Spud Webb) in NBA history under six feet tall to win a slam dunk contest. Webb was a judge for the 2010 Dunk contest in Dallas, at the American Airlines Center. It was the first time the event has been in Dallas since Webb's win in 1986. Spud Webb Anthony Jerome "Spud" Webb (born July 13, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball point guard. Webb, who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA), is known for winning a Slam Dunk Contest despite being one of the shortest players in NBA history. NBA.com lists him at 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) Document [109] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) final round of the contest; Howard beat Green for the trophy by claiming 78% of the fans' votes. Nate Robinson won the 2009 contest on February 14 in Phoenix, Arizona. The 5'9" guard dressed all in green as "Krypto-Nate" (a portmanteau of 'Nate' and Kryptonite) and jumped over 6'11" Dwight Howard characterized as Superman. He defeated Howard in the finals by a fan vote of 52–48 percent. J. R. Smith and Rudy Fernández also competed. Nate Robinson won the 2010 contest on February 13 in Dallas, becoming the first 3-time Slam Dunk champion. Robinson took on Shannon Brown of the Document [110] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Toronto Raptors, and Serge Ibaka of the Oklahoma City Thunder all competed against Griffin. Griffin and McGee advanced to the final round, where Griffin stole the show, winning the contest with 68% of the vote. Jeremy Evans won the 2012 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest by performing a dunk over Kevin Hart on February 25 in Orlando, Florida with 29% of the votes. Joining Evans were Chase Budinger of the Houston Rockets, Paul George of the Indiana Pacers, and Derrick Williams of the Minnesota Timberwolves. While George awed the crowd with a dunk with the lights turned off, Evans had perhaps Document [111] (Title: 1985 NBA All-Star Game) it home with two hands. On the second he performed a huge two hand windmill dunk that sealed the victory for him. The final scores were Michael Jordan 136 and Dominique Wilkins 147. This was the first of many battles for slam dunk supremacy fought between Jordan and Wilkins, with round one going to Wilkins. 1985 NBA All-Star Game The 35th National Basketball Association All-Star Game was played on February 10, 1985, at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The coaches were K. C. Jones (Boston Celtics) for the East, and Pat Riley (Los Angeles Lakers) for the West. The Document [112] (Title: Zach LaVine) opportunities. Again incorporating moves from the Ballislife contest two years earlier, LaVine won the Slam Dunk Contest during the 2015 NBA All-Star Weekend. He became the youngest champion since an 18-year-old Kobe Bryant in 1997. LaVine became a crowd favorite after his first dunk, which he performed while wearing Jordan's No. 23 jersey from the movie "Space Jam". With a perfect 50 on each of his first two dunks, he was the first player since Dwight Howard in 2009 with a perfect score on multiple dunks. Yahoo! Sports hailed him as "the most electrifying performer of All-Star Saturday Night... and, Document [113] (Title: Rasheed Wallace) to capture their first NBA title. On March 26, 2007, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, Wallace threw up a 60-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd. The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109. On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on LeBron James and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing Document [114] (Title: 1976 ABA All-Star Game) saw the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets (who took off from the free throw line for one of his dunks) over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, George Gervin of the San Antonio Spurs and Larry Kenon of the Spurs. The NBA later adopted the Slam Dunk Contest as part of its All Star Game starting in 1984 (also hosted by the Denver Nuggets). Denver's 52 fourth quarter points was a record for an ABA All Star Game and capped a ferocious comeback win. Document [115] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) Larry Kenon of the San Antonio Spurs. There was a format each competitor had to follow in which they must attempt 5 dunks in a row under two minutes. One from a standing position, one from a distance of ten feet away from the basket (which is basically the bottom of the semi circle that surrounds the free throw line in the Key. The next 3 were freestyle positions, one coming in from the left side of the basket, one coming in from the right side of the basket and finally from either corner down the baseline to the basket. Document [116] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) dunkers competing were all up-and-coming players: The Bucks' Giannis Antetokounmpo, the Timberwolves' Zach LaVine, the Magic's Victor Oladipo, and the Nets' Mason Plumlee. LaVine took home the hardware with dunks that included a between-the-legs reverse, a behind-the-back slam in which he caught it in midair, a between-the-legs lefthanded dunk, and finished with a between-the-legs dunk as he caught it off the pole behind the backboard. Similar to Howard with Superman, LaVine did his first dunk with a cultural homage, wearing Michael Jordan's jersey from "Space Jam". Many people, including 2010 winner Nate Robinson, thought that the 2011 contest was rigged Document [117] (Title: Spud Webb) shorter than he was: Earl Boykins and Muggsy Bogues. Webb was the shortest person to compete in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winning the event in 1986 at Dallas' Reunion Arena. His participation surprised the media; including his teammate and defending dunk champion Dominique Wilkins, who had "never seen me dunk before", Webb said. His dunks included the elevator two-handed double pump dunk, the off-the-backboard one-handed jam, a 360-degree helicopter one-handed dunk, a reverse double-pump slam, and finally, the reverse two-handed strawberry jam from a lob bounce off the floor. He defeated Wilkins with two perfect 50-point scores in the Document [118] (Title: 2011 NBA All-Star Game) round, McGee made two perfect score dunks, including a dunk that had him dunk three basketballs at once, sending him to the finals. Griffin, who scored a total of 95 points in the first round, also entered the finals. In the second round, McGee and Griffin each made their two dunks, but Griffin won with 68% of the fans votes after he dunked over the hood of a car, with an assist by Baron Davis. The Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout featured six players: defending champion Paul Pierce returned to defend his title, competing against Celtics teammate Ray Allen, Kevin Durant, Document [119] (Title: Backboard shattering) history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim. However, the first NBA player to shatter a backboard, Chuck Connors (who would become far more famous as an actor), did not do so with a dunk. When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946, Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups, hitting the front of the rim. Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard, the backboard shattered. All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous Document [120] (Title: Slam dunk) dunk contest. In subsequent years other women have entered the contest; though Kelley Cain, Krystal Thomas, and Maya Moore were denied entry into the same contest in 2007. Brittney Griner intended to participate in the 2009 McDonald's Dunk Contest but was unable to attend the event due to the attendance policy of her high school. Breanna Stewart, at 6'3" (191 cm), Alexis Prince (6'2"; 188 cm), and Brittney Sykes (5'9"; 175 cm) competed in the 2012 contest; Prince and Sykes failed to complete their dunks, while Stewart landed two in the first round but missed her second two attempts in Document [121] (Title: David Thompson (basketball)) chance to play in the NBA, and Denver signed Towe to a 2-year contract. Thompson and Julius Erving were the finalists in the first ever Slam-Dunk Competition, held at the 1976 ABA All-Star Game at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver. The competition organizers had arranged the seedings to assure a final round pairing these two dynamic players. Erving won with the first ever foul-line dunk, to this day the standard for leaping and dunking prowess. Thompson, inexplicably, performed even more difficult dunks in warmups, but not in the competition itself—including a dunk called the "cradle the baby" whereby he cradled Document [122] (Title: Slam Dunk Contest) is the only player to win the event three times. Five are two-time winners: Dominique Wilkins, Michael Jordan, Harold Miner, Jason Richardson and Zach LaVine. Slam Dunk Contest champions by franchise Bold denotes winner(s) of that year. 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 "Ron Harper (Cleveland) was to participate but withdrew due to injury." 1989 1990 1991"Beginning with this year, final round competitors were allowed three dunks, with the two highest scores comprising the total." 1992 1993"The two highest score dunks of three in each round constituted the competitor's score.Shawn Kemp (Seattle) was scheduled to compete but was injured." 1994"In the Document [123] (Title: Slam dunk) after leaping from the free-throw line, with his heel on the line, and has since been credited with introducing the free-throw line dunk to the general public. In the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Michael Jordan dunked from the free-throw line, in the same manner as Julius Erving, but parted his legs making his dunk more revolutionary than Erving's. In the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Scottie Pippen dunked from the free throw line. This was in the first round and Pippen received a score of 47 out of 50 for his dunk. Pippen however didn't proceed to the next Document [124] (Title: Zach LaVine) with Minnesota, he won the league's Slam Dunk Contest, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. In 2016, he became the fourth NBA player to ever win consecutive dunk contests. LaVine was born in Renton, Washington, to athletic parents. His father, Paul, played American football professionally in the United States Football League (USFL) and National Football League (NFL), and his mother, CJ, was a softball player. Around the age of five, LaVine developed an interest in basketball after watching Michael Jordan in "Space Jam". He later became a fan of Kobe Bryant, and modeled his game after his Document [125] (Title: Dominique Wilkins) ovation from players and fans in attendance, but was awarded a low score of 45. The judges opened the door for Jordan to win the Chicago-based event with a score of only 48. Jordan closed out the event with 50-point dunk, taking perhaps the contest's most controversial crown. In 1990 Wilkins made his final appearance in the Slam Dunk Contest, going up against new promising stars such as Kenny Smith, Scottie Pippen and Kenny Walker (the 1989 champion). He defeated Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings in the final round. Since 2004, Wilkins has served as the Hawks' Vice President Document [126] (Title: Slam dunk) Thus, the maneuver is often extracted from the basketball game and showcased in slam dunk contests such as the NBA Slam Dunk Contest held during the annual NBA All-Star Weekend. The first incarnation of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest was held during the half-time of the 1976 American Basketball Association All-Star Game. Dunking was banned in the NCAA from 1967 to 1976. Many people have attributed this to the dominance of the then-college phenomenon Lew Alcindor (now known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar); the no-dunking rule is sometimes referred to as the "Lew Alcindor rule." Many others have also attributed the ban Document [127] (Title: Slam dunk) a green New York Knicks jersey and green sneakers to represent Kryptonite, playing on Howard's Superman theme. He used a green "Kryptonite" ball, and jumped over the 6'11" Howard prior to dunking. This dunk and the theatrics could have won the competition for Robinson, who was voted the winner by the NBA fans. Robinson then thanked Howard for graciously allowing him to dunk over him, asking the crowd to also give Howard a round of applause. JaVale McGee currently holds the world record for Most Basketball Dunks in a Single Jump: three. While competing in the 2011 NBA Sprite Slam Document [128] (Title: Darvin Ham) the Red Raiders, catapulting them to the second Sweet Sixteen in school history. The dunk was featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated". Ham won the NCAA slam dunk contest in 1996, following former college teammate Lance Hughes' win in 1995. In his 90-game college career, he averaged 8.1 points, 5.1 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.5 turnovers in 22.9 minutes, on top of .597 FG and .498 FT shooting. Ham was signed by the Denver Nuggets as a free agent on 1 October 1996. He was then traded by Denver to the Indiana Pacers for Jerome Allen on February 1997. Question: who won the first ever nba slam dunk contest

Answer: Larry Nance Sr. Long Answer: The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All - Star Game . The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 5)) Squad; leads Chris Noth and Vincent D'Onofrio alternating episodes. Olivia d'Abo returned in her recurring role of Goren's nemesis, ; she helps the detectives close out the murder of a health inspector, who was the brother of Wallace's lover (Kevin J. O'Connor) at the time. Rebecca Wisocky guest starred in the episode "Diamond Dogs" as Dede McCann, a drug addict who manipulates her son Johnny (Peter Scanavino) into doing her bidding. Elizabeth Marvel portrayed the kidnapped wife of a prison warden in the episode "Prisoner". David Keith portrayed a dirty cop named Mark Virgini, who was in league with mafiosi. Document [2] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) as stolen two days prior. Carisi is injured, and Jules is killed. It is suspected that their car was hit by Jules' husband, Nick (Scott Porter). In May 2014 following the conclusion of the finale episode, SVU Executive Producer Warren Leight revealed that a new detective would temporarily replace Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) for the first three episodes of the sixteenth season. Peter Scanavino was approached to portray Detective Dominick Carisi, "a guy who has a little less polish...who maybe needs a little bit of refining". Initially, Scanavino was not a permanent addition to the cast, but rather a guest Document [3] (Title: Olivia Benson) 3's "Wrath", serial killer Eric Plummer (Justin Kirk) commits suicide by cop by attacking a child and forcing Benson to shoot him; and in Season 18's "Next Chapter", she shoots and kills rapist (and retired corrections officer) Tom Cole (Chris Bauer) during a hostage situation when Cole attacks her SVU colleague Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. (Peter Scanavino). Also, in Season 6's "Rage", she shoots and wounds serial killer Gordon Rickett (Matthew Modine) to prevent Stabler from killing him in cold blood. Hargitay has characterized Benson and Stabler's relationship as "very complicated". Her assessment is that: Baer agrees that a Document [4] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere, Esparza was promoted to a series regular. Also in season 15, Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode, "Wonderland Story", in which Sgt. Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA's office as an investigator. Later in the season, Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD, which made newly promoted Sgt. Benson the temporary squad commander. In leaving the cast, Florek ended a 400-episode run as Captain Cragen. In season 16, Peter Scanavino joined the series, first in a Document [5] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) star. However, he was promoted to the main cast in the fifth episode of the same season, "Pornstar's Requiem". Carisi is not the only character Scanavino has portrayed in the "Law & Order" franchise. In 2013, Scanavino guest-starred in "SVU"'s episode, "Monster's Legacy", as an attempted murderer, Johnny Dubcek. Prior to that, he had appeared in "", "" and "Law & Order" in various roles. Dominick Carisi Jr. Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. is a fictional character on the NBC police procedural drama "", portrayed by Peter Scanavino. Carisi is a detective with the Manhattan SVU at the 16th Precinct of Document [6] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) he has recently taken the bar exam and thanks Barba for the earlier opportunity. The season 17 episode "Intersecting Lives" reveals that Carisi has passed the exam; however, in the season finale "Heartfelt Passages," he decides to postpone his plans to become an assistant district attorney for the time being. At the end of the episode, he serves as a pallbearer for Sgt. Mike Dodds (Andy Karl) after the latter is killed by a corrupt corrections officer. In "Parole Violations", his sister Bella's (Marin Ireland) fiancé Tommy (Michael Chernus) reports that his female parole officer raped him at gunpoint in Document [7] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) Dominick Carisi Jr. Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. is a fictional character on the NBC police procedural drama "", portrayed by Peter Scanavino. Carisi is a detective with the Manhattan SVU at the 16th Precinct of the New York Police Department. His badge number is 0188. Carisi, an Italian-American, is an inexperienced detective who transfers to the Manhattan Special Victims Unit as Detective Nick Amaro's (Danny Pino) temporary replacement when Amaro is reassigned to Queens. He began his law enforcement career as a patrol officer in the Bronx. After getting his detective's shield, he did some time in Vice and then Document [8] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)) announced that "Chicago PD", "Chicago Fire", and also "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", could continue to have crossover episodes during the 2014–15 season. The episode entitled "Chicago Crossover" aired on November 12, 2014, as part of a crossover between "Chicago P.D.", "Chicago Fire", and "SVU". Additionally, the episode entitled "Daydream Believer", served as the second crossover with the three aforementioned shows. Peter Scanavino joined, originally in a recurring capacity, as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr., beginning with the season premiere episode "Girls Disappeared". Detective Carisi is "going to come in [to SVU] and shake things up...a guy who maybe Document [9] (Title: Peter Scanavino) Peter Scanavino Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor. He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long-running NBC crime/legal drama series "". Since 2005, Scanavino has had dozens of minor roles in films and on television, most notably "Deception" (2008), "The Good Wife" and "The Blacklist". In 2005, Scanavino guest starred on the NBC crime drama series "" in the episode "Diamond Dogs" as petty criminal Johnny Feist. In 2013, Scanavino guest starred on the long-running NBC crime-drama series "" in the , 13th episode, "Monster's Legacy" as Johnny Dubcek. The same year, he Document [10] (Title: Olivia Benson) Rollins (Kelli Giddish) and Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr. (Peter Scanavino). The following are the medals and service awards worn by then-Sergeant Benson, as seen in "Betrayal's Climax" and "Beast's Obsession". The following are the medals and service awards worn by Lieutenant Benson, as seen in "Heartfelt Passages". Casting for the lead characters on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA, were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists. For the female Document [11] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) revealed that Carisi has permanently joined the Manhattan SVU team. In the same episode, Carisi helps turn one suspect against another during the investigation of a porn star's rape, earning him praise from Benson. Throughout season 16, he mentions that he is going to night classes at Fordham University's law school. A running joke has Carisi annoying Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza) with unsolicited advice on how to prosecute cases. Barba eventually allows Carisi to shadow him for a trial, with Carisi helping Barba spot a key inconsistency in a witness' testimony. Some months later, Carisi reveals that Document [12] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) with Sergeant Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish). He is nonetheless a talented detective with a knack for interrogations, getting suspects to talk by playing the "good cop." He also eventually wins his colleagues' respect and friendship. Unlike his older, more seasoned colleagues, he has difficulty keeping his emotions in check when confronted by the horrific crimes he sees. He is particularly upset by a case in which a prominent dentist rapes his own niece; while taking the dentist's fingerprints, Carisi loses his temper and nearly breaks the man's hand. In the fifth episode, it is Document [13] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) did a few stints in the Special Victims Units for various boroughs before transferring to Manhattan SVU. He has never served in the military, despite what others may say. Carisi grew up in Staten Island ("off Arden [Avenue]") which is where his parents still reside. He is Roman Catholic, and wanted to be a priest when he was a child; two of his cousins are in the priesthood. His badge number is 0188. Carisi gets off to a rough start with his new colleagues in the premiere episode "Girls Disappeared", coming off as blunt and insensitive during his initial meeting Document [14] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)) you like." Warren Leight told "TV Guide" that season seventeen's theme would focus on change and transitions whereas last season (the sixteenth) focused on family; "it should be a year where wherever everyone starts at the beginning of the [season] is not where they end." Leight added that more character development would be in store for Raúl Esparza's ADA Barba and Peter Scanavino's Det. Carisi, as well as Benson (Hargitay) being promoted to Lieutenant. Star Kelli Giddish (Detective Amanda Rollins), who welcomed her first child in October 2015, had her character immersed in a pregnancy storyline. In the premiere episode, Document [15] (Title: Peter Scanavino) he puts his foot in his mouth a lot of times. But he's learning. He's picking it up. I think he’s a good detective, but he's got a lot to learn on how to... approach cases." Scanavino and his wife, Lisha Bai, welcomed their second child, a son, on January 8, 2016. Peter Scanavino Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor. He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long-running NBC crime/legal drama series "". Since 2005, Scanavino has had dozens of minor roles in films and on television, most notably "Deception" (2008), "The Good Question: who plays carisi on law & order svu Answer: Peter Scanavino Long Answer: Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor . He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long - running NBC crime / legal drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Gold Document ID: 15

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 5)) Squad; leads Chris Noth and Vincent D'Onofrio alternating episodes. Olivia d'Abo returned in her recurring role of Goren's nemesis, ; she helps the detectives close out the murder of a health inspector, who was the brother of Wallace's lover (Kevin J. O'Connor) at the time. Rebecca Wisocky guest starred in the episode "Diamond Dogs" as Dede McCann, a drug addict who manipulates her son Johnny (Peter Scanavino) into doing her bidding. Elizabeth Marvel portrayed the kidnapped wife of a prison warden in the episode "Prisoner". David Keith portrayed a dirty cop named Mark Virgini, who was in league with mafiosi. Document [2] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) as stolen two days prior. Carisi is injured, and Jules is killed. It is suspected that their car was hit by Jules' husband, Nick (Scott Porter). In May 2014 following the conclusion of the finale episode, SVU Executive Producer Warren Leight revealed that a new detective would temporarily replace Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) for the first three episodes of the sixteenth season. Peter Scanavino was approached to portray Detective Dominick Carisi, "a guy who has a little less polish...who maybe needs a little bit of refining". Initially, Scanavino was not a permanent addition to the cast, but rather a guest Document [3] (Title: Olivia Benson) 3's "Wrath", serial killer Eric Plummer (Justin Kirk) commits suicide by cop by attacking a child and forcing Benson to shoot him; and in Season 18's "Next Chapter", she shoots and kills rapist (and retired corrections officer) Tom Cole (Chris Bauer) during a hostage situation when Cole attacks her SVU colleague Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. (Peter Scanavino). Also, in Season 6's "Rage", she shoots and wounds serial killer Gordon Rickett (Matthew Modine) to prevent Stabler from killing him in cold blood. Hargitay has characterized Benson and Stabler's relationship as "very complicated". Her assessment is that: Baer agrees that a Document [4] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere, Esparza was promoted to a series regular. Also in season 15, Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode, "Wonderland Story", in which Sgt. Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA's office as an investigator. Later in the season, Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD, which made newly promoted Sgt. Benson the temporary squad commander. In leaving the cast, Florek ended a 400-episode run as Captain Cragen. In season 16, Peter Scanavino joined the series, first in a Document [5] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) star. However, he was promoted to the main cast in the fifth episode of the same season, "Pornstar's Requiem". Carisi is not the only character Scanavino has portrayed in the "Law & Order" franchise. In 2013, Scanavino guest-starred in "SVU"'s episode, "Monster's Legacy", as an attempted murderer, Johnny Dubcek. Prior to that, he had appeared in "", "" and "Law & Order" in various roles. Dominick Carisi Jr. Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. is a fictional character on the NBC police procedural drama "", portrayed by Peter Scanavino. Carisi is a detective with the Manhattan SVU at the 16th Precinct of Document [6] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) he has recently taken the bar exam and thanks Barba for the earlier opportunity. The season 17 episode "Intersecting Lives" reveals that Carisi has passed the exam; however, in the season finale "Heartfelt Passages," he decides to postpone his plans to become an assistant district attorney for the time being. At the end of the episode, he serves as a pallbearer for Sgt. Mike Dodds (Andy Karl) after the latter is killed by a corrupt corrections officer. In "Parole Violations", his sister Bella's (Marin Ireland) fiancé Tommy (Michael Chernus) reports that his female parole officer raped him at gunpoint in Document [7] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) Dominick Carisi Jr. Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. is a fictional character on the NBC police procedural drama "", portrayed by Peter Scanavino. Carisi is a detective with the Manhattan SVU at the 16th Precinct of the New York Police Department. His badge number is 0188. Carisi, an Italian-American, is an inexperienced detective who transfers to the Manhattan Special Victims Unit as Detective Nick Amaro's (Danny Pino) temporary replacement when Amaro is reassigned to Queens. He began his law enforcement career as a patrol officer in the Bronx. After getting his detective's shield, he did some time in Vice and then Document [8] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)) announced that "Chicago PD", "Chicago Fire", and also "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", could continue to have crossover episodes during the 2014–15 season. The episode entitled "Chicago Crossover" aired on November 12, 2014, as part of a crossover between "Chicago P.D.", "Chicago Fire", and "SVU". Additionally, the episode entitled "Daydream Believer", served as the second crossover with the three aforementioned shows. Peter Scanavino joined, originally in a recurring capacity, as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr., beginning with the season premiere episode "Girls Disappeared". Detective Carisi is "going to come in [to SVU] and shake things up...a guy who maybe Document [9] (Title: Peter Scanavino) Peter Scanavino Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor. He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long-running NBC crime/legal drama series "". Since 2005, Scanavino has had dozens of minor roles in films and on television, most notably "Deception" (2008), "The Good Wife" and "The Blacklist". In 2005, Scanavino guest starred on the NBC crime drama series "" in the episode "Diamond Dogs" as petty criminal Johnny Feist. In 2013, Scanavino guest starred on the long-running NBC crime-drama series "" in the , 13th episode, "Monster's Legacy" as Johnny Dubcek. The same year, he Document [10] (Title: Olivia Benson) Rollins (Kelli Giddish) and Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr. (Peter Scanavino). The following are the medals and service awards worn by then-Sergeant Benson, as seen in "Betrayal's Climax" and "Beast's Obsession". The following are the medals and service awards worn by Lieutenant Benson, as seen in "Heartfelt Passages". Casting for the lead characters on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA, were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists. For the female Document [11] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) revealed that Carisi has permanently joined the Manhattan SVU team. In the same episode, Carisi helps turn one suspect against another during the investigation of a porn star's rape, earning him praise from Benson. Throughout season 16, he mentions that he is going to night classes at Fordham University's law school. A running joke has Carisi annoying Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza) with unsolicited advice on how to prosecute cases. Barba eventually allows Carisi to shadow him for a trial, with Carisi helping Barba spot a key inconsistency in a witness' testimony. Some months later, Carisi reveals that Document [12] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) with Sergeant Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish). He is nonetheless a talented detective with a knack for interrogations, getting suspects to talk by playing the "good cop." He also eventually wins his colleagues' respect and friendship. Unlike his older, more seasoned colleagues, he has difficulty keeping his emotions in check when confronted by the horrific crimes he sees. He is particularly upset by a case in which a prominent dentist rapes his own niece; while taking the dentist's fingerprints, Carisi loses his temper and nearly breaks the man's hand. In the fifth episode, it is Document [13] (Title: Dominick Carisi Jr.) did a few stints in the Special Victims Units for various boroughs before transferring to Manhattan SVU. He has never served in the military, despite what others may say. Carisi grew up in Staten Island ("off Arden [Avenue]") which is where his parents still reside. He is Roman Catholic, and wanted to be a priest when he was a child; two of his cousins are in the priesthood. His badge number is 0188. Carisi gets off to a rough start with his new colleagues in the premiere episode "Girls Disappeared", coming off as blunt and insensitive during his initial meeting Document [14] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)) you like." Warren Leight told "TV Guide" that season seventeen's theme would focus on change and transitions whereas last season (the sixteenth) focused on family; "it should be a year where wherever everyone starts at the beginning of the [season] is not where they end." Leight added that more character development would be in store for Raúl Esparza's ADA Barba and Peter Scanavino's Det. Carisi, as well as Benson (Hargitay) being promoted to Lieutenant. Star Kelli Giddish (Detective Amanda Rollins), who welcomed her first child in October 2015, had her character immersed in a pregnancy storyline. In the premiere episode, Document [15] (Title: Peter Scanavino) he puts his foot in his mouth a lot of times. But he's learning. He's picking it up. I think he’s a good detective, but he's got a lot to learn on how to... approach cases." Scanavino and his wife, Lisha Bai, welcomed their second child, a son, on January 8, 2016. Peter Scanavino Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor. He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long-running NBC crime/legal drama series "". Since 2005, Scanavino has had dozens of minor roles in films and on television, most notably "Deception" (2008), "The Good Question: who plays carisi on law & order svu

Answer: Peter Scanavino Long Answer: Peter Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor . He stars as NYPD Detective Dominick Carisi Jr. in the long - running NBC crime / legal drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Gold Document ID: 15

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 New York City Marathon) first , when Geoffrey Mutai, the eventual winner, and Stanley Biwott, the eventual fifth-place finisher, broke away from the pack. Mutai and Biwott continued to lead the pack after . Mutai then pulled ahead of Biwott to lead by 9 seconds after , and led him by 33 seconds after . Biwott fell back to finish fifth, while Mutai maintained his lead to win the race in 2:08:24, finishing 52 seconds ahead of second-place Tsegaye Kebede. 2013 New York City Marathon The 2013 New York City Marathon took place on Sunday, November 3, 2013, and was the 43rd edition of Document [2] (Title: Jemima Sumgong) not considered as a personal best). Later in the year, she finished second at the New York City Marathon, losing a close battle with compatriot Mary Keitany, whose winning margin of three seconds equalled the narrowest in race history. On 24 April, she won the London Marathon with the time of 2:22:58. The event was notable as she fell during the run, but still managed to finish ahead of the rest of the field. On 14 August 2016, she won a gold medal in the Rio Olympics with a time of 2:24:04. Sumgong's 2016 Olympic gold medal is Kenya's first Document [3] (Title: 2014 New York City Marathon) Consultancy Services was the title sponsor. In addition, the one-millionth finisher of the New York City Marathon (since the marathon was first held in 1970), Katherine Slingluff of Brooklyn, completed her race with a time of 4:43:36. 2014 New York City Marathon The 44th New York City Marathon took place on November 2, 2014. It was won by Wilson Kipsang of Kenya with a time of 2:10:59 and Mary Keitany of Kenya with a time of 2:25:07. It was the largest marathon ever, with a record number of 50869 starters and 50564 finishers, and an average finish time of 4:34:45. Document [4] (Title: Shalane Flanagan) bronze medal in the 10,000 meters was upgraded to silver after runner up Elvan Abeylegesse had her silver medal stripped due to a positive result for banned substances found in a retroactive test. On November 5, 2017, Flanagan won the Women's New York City Marathon in 2:26:53. With about 3 miles to go, she pulled ahead of 3-time defending champion and women's-only marathon world record holder Mary Keitany of Kenya and finished ahead of her by 1:01. It was Flanagan's first win in a major marathon and the first win by an American woman at the NYC Marathon in 40 Document [5] (Title: Joyce Chepkirui) Huddle at the finish line. Chepkirui finished fourth in the 2016 New York City Marathon in 2:29:08. Joyce Chepkirui Joyce Chepkirui (born 20 August 1988) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in road running events. She established herself as a half marathon runner, winning races in Granollers, Bogotá and Gothenburg. She set a best of 1:06:19 hours to win the 2014 Prague Half Marathon. She also competes in 10K road races and her personal best of 30:38 minutes makes her fifth fastest woman ever. Chepkirui began competing in cross country running in 2012 and won the Kenyan and African Document [6] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) Tufa kept up with Keitany until the point before falling away. Keitany won the race in 2:24:25, a full minute and seven seconds in front of second placed Mergia who had overtaken Tufa in the final mile. Tufa trailed a further eighteen seconds behind in third place. Keitany's win marked the first time a woman had defended the New York Marathon title since Briton Paula Radcliffe in 2008. Singer-songwriter Alicia Keys completed a charity run of the course in 5:50:52. The first runners hit the point in 15:47 and the mark in 31:30. By the halfway point (1:06:49), a thirteen-man Document [7] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) lead pack had emerged led by Ethiopian Lelisa Desisa. At the mark, the lead pack had reduced to four, containing Kenyans Geoffrey Kamworor, Stanley Biwott and Wilson Kipsang, along with Desisa. Biwott took the lead in the and held on to win his first World Marathon Majors title in 2:10:34. Kamworor was fourteen seconds behind him to claim second and Desisa a further minute 22 seconds off in third. Former professional tennis player James Blake finished the course in 3:51:19 and actor Ethan Hawke recorded a time of 4:25:30. 2015 New York City Marathon The 45th New York City Marathon Document [8] (Title: 2016 London Marathon) won by Kenyan Jemima Sumgong, who fell along with two-time winner Mary Keitany and 2010 winner Aselefech Mergia in the latter stages of the race. Sumgong recovered to take the finish line, in front of 2015 winner Tigist Tufa. Coming less than a week after the Boston Marathon, the same winners won the London wheelchair races. Marcel Hug from Switzerland won the men's wheelchair division and the women's wheelchair division was won by American Tatyana McFadden. Hug won ahead of course record holder Kurt Fearnley and six-time winner David Weir, with the top three finishers each separated by a second. Document [9] (Title: New York City Marathon) time of 2:07:51. The female race winner was Mary Keitany from Kenya in 2:24:26. Male wheelchair race winner was Marcel Hug with a time of 1:35:49, and Female wheelchair race winner was Tatyana McFadden with a time of 1:47:43. In 2016, Lauren Lubin ran as the first openly genderqueer/non-binary athlete in the New York City Marathon. The 2017 TCS New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 5. Geoffrey Kamworor, a native of Kenya, won the men's competition with a time of 2:10:53, 3 seconds ahead of 2nd-place finisher Wilson Kipsang. In 3rd place was Lelisa Desisa with a Document [10] (Title: New York City Marathon) a time of 2:05:05, breaking the 10-year-old course record. Second-place runner Emmanuel Mutai, also of Kenya, and third-place runner Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia also beat the previous record for the event, with times of 2:06:28 and 2:07:14, respectively. Geoffrey Mutai, who won the Boston Marathon earlier in the year, became the first man to win both races in course-record time in the same year. Firehiwot Dado of Ethiopia won the women's race in a time of 2:23:15, her first major marathon victory. Coming second, 4 seconds behind the leader originally from Ethiopia, but now living in the Bronx, was Bizunesh Document [11] (Title: New York City Marathon) a time of 2:08:14. The race featured 37-year-old world record holder Haile Gebrselassie, who ran with a bad knee and dropped out of the race at the 16th mile. Afterwards, he announced his retirement, but later reversed this decision. Edna Kiplagat won the women's title with a time of 2 hours, 28 minutes, 20 seconds, ahead of American Shalane Flanagan. The total number of official finishers, 44,829 (28,757 men and 16,072 women) was a new world record for a marathon race. The 2011 Marathon was held on November 6. The men's event was won by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in Document [12] (Title: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany) among the lead pack until the 41 kilometre mark, where she fell behind to finish fourth. She announced her pregnancy at the start of 2013 and skipped that year's competitions. On 2 November, Keitany battled with eventual second-place finisher Jemima Sumgong to win the New York City Marathon in a time of 2:25:07. At the London Marathon, Keitany was one of the "Fantastic Four" of Kenyans (consisting of Keitany, Edna Kiplagat, Florence Kiplagat, and Priscah Jeptoo) who were expected to win the race and possibly challenge Paula Radcliffe's course record (and women's world record). Down the last stretch of the Document [13] (Title: Molly Huddle) 2016, Huddle finished a close second in the Millrose Games women's indoor 5000 m in 14:57.31, behind Betsy Saina. She won the New York City Half Marathon on March 20 with a time of 1:07:41, narrowly beating Joyce Chepkirui at the finish line. The time was just 7 seconds off Deena Kastor's American record of 1:07:34 at the 2006 Berlin Half Marathon and the fastest American for a women's only race. On April 16, Huddle won the B.A.A. 5k with a time of 15:14. In July, Huddle won the 5000 m in 15:05.01 and 10,000 m in 31:41.62 at 2016 Document [14] (Title: New York City Marathon) time of 2:11:32. On the women's side, the winner was Shalane Flanagan, a native of Marblehead, Massachusetts. She was the first American to win since 1977. Her time was 2:26:53. Mary Keitany placed 2nd with 2:27:54, and Mamitu Daska finished 3rd with a time of 2:28:08. The 2018 TCS New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 4. Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia won his first New York City Marathon after finishing third in 2017, third in 2015 and second in 2014, followed by Shura Kitata and defending champion Geoffrey Kamworor. Their times of 2:05:59, 2:06:01 and 2:06:26 were the Document [15] (Title: New York City Marathon) Marathons. The women's winner was the world Marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe from Great Britain in a time of 2:23:09, one second faster than her 2004 win. The 2008 New York City Marathon was held on Sunday, November 2. A field of 37,899 runners participated. The men's winner was Marílson Gomes dos Santos in 2:08:43. Paula Radcliffe won her third NYC marathon in 2:23:56. The 2008 marathon events were marred by the deaths of three marathon participants: The 2009 New York City Marathon was held Sunday November 1, 2009. Meb Keflezighi of the United States won the men's race (the Document [16] (Title: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie) his world championship, was considered a medal contender in the Marathon event. He placed fourth. On 6 November 2016, Ghirmay was the top men's finisher at the New York City Marathon, becoming the youngest male to ever win the race. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Ghirmay Ghebreslassie (Ge'ez: ግርማይ ገብረስላሰ, born 14 November 1995) is an Eritrean long distance runner. He won the 2015 World Championships in Athletics marathon in Beijing, China, becoming the youngest winner of the race at age 19 and became the first Eritrean to win a gold medal at the World Championships. On 6 November 2016, Ghirmay was the Document [17] (Title: New York City Marathon) the wheelchair race in 1:31:11. The 2005 event was administered by new NYRR CEO Mary Wittenberg. It is notable that she was the first woman director of an international Major marathon. The top male finisher was Marílson Gomes dos Santos of Brazil in a time of 2:09:58, while Jeļena Prokopčuka of Latvia won the female marathon for the second consecutive time in a time of 2:25:05. Gomes dos Santos becomes the first South American ever to win the race. Stephen Kiogora of Kenya placed second, and Paul Tergat, the 2005 defending champion and former marathon world record holder, placed third. Document [18] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) 2015 New York City Marathon The 45th New York City Marathon took place on November 1, 2015. The event was organised by the New York Road Runners and sponsored by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). A total of 50,229 runners were registered to take part in the event. The main race saw the third successive set of Kenyans taking first place. Stanley Biwott won the men's division with a time of 2:10:34. His compatriot Mary Keitany claimed the women's division with a time of 2:24:25, her second consecutive win in New York. In the wheelchair divisions, South African Ernst van Dyk Document [19] (Title: Sheldon Karlin) Ghirmay Ghebreslassie, in 2016. He returned to win the Washington's Birthday Marathon in 1974, and also won the Hunter's Woods Elementary School 20-miler that year. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Karlin grew up in Kenilworth, New Jersey, where he ran cross country in high school. Karlin attended the University of Maryland and competed for the Maryland Terrapins cross country running team. He was promised a sports scholarship if he excelled on the team, but when the scholarship was not forthcoming he left the college team. Following his retirement from the sport, he lived in Livingston, New Jersey with his wife Document [20] (Title: 2014 New York City Marathon) Brooklyn side of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, shortening the course to 23.2 miles. Kurt Fearnley of Australia won the men's wheelchair division with a time of 1:30:55, earning his fifth New York City win. Tatyana McFadden of Clarksville, Maryland successfully defended her title with a time of 1:42:16 on the shortened course, and, as a result, has become not only the sole person to have ever won four major marathons in a year (Boston, London, Chicago, and New York City), but also the sole person to do so two years in a row. This was the first marathon for which Tata Document [21] (Title: New York City Marathon) the 2012 cancellation, Geoffrey Mutai returned to become the first repeat winner in 15 years (after John Kagwe in 1997-1998). Under windy conditions, his 2:08:24 was more than 3 minutes slower than in 2011. Mutai broke away around mile 22 to win by almost a minute over Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede, who had finished third two years earlier. Jeptoo spotted Buzunesh Deba, an Ethiopian runner who has lived in the Bronx since 2009, three and a half minutes at the half-marathon mark, but came back to pass her in the 24th mile. The 2014 New York City Marathon was run on Document [22] (Title: 2016 Boston Marathon) line. Yemane Tsegay came in third, completing a podium sweep for Ethiopia. In the wheelchair races, Marcel Hug won his second Boston Marathon in a three-way finish with ten-time winner Ernst van Dyk and Kurt Fearnley. Tatyana McFadden won her fourth successive title, a full minute ahead of Manuela Schar and 2015 runner-up Wakako Tsuchida. Official results from the Boston Athletic Association: 2016 Boston Marathon The 2016 Boston Marathon was the 120th running of the Boston Athletic Association's mass-participation marathon. It took place on Monday, April 18 (Patriots Day in Massachusetts). Both of the winners were from Ethiopia: the men's Document [23] (Title: New York City Marathon) New York area on WNBC, and on Universal Sports for the entire country, However, in 2013, WABC-TV and ESPN announced they would begin broadcasting the New York City Marathon. The Marathon can also be watched online. On September 29, 1974, Norbert Sander and Kathrine Switzer became the only New York City residents to win the New York City Marathon. Grete Waitz, the Norwegian long distance runner, sets a new course record for women at 2:32:30 and wins her first New York Marathon. Waitz goes on to win 9 New York Marathons, the most course wins in any category to date. Document [24] (Title: Sport in Kenya) of them by one woman. The notable winners: Hussein's win in the New York City Marathon in the fall of 1987 was the first by a runner of African descent in the event. Three years later, Douglas Wakiihuri won the race that begins in Staten Island and goes through Queens, Brooklyn and the Bronx, ending in Manhattan's Central Park. Kenyan men won the race eight more times, and Kenyan women six in the open division. Among them: Douglas Wakiihuri won the race in 1989; it would be 15 years before another Kenyan, Evans Rutto, won in London. Martin Lel has Document [25] (Title: New York City Marathon) first American since Alberto Salazar in 1982) with a time of 2:09:15 while Ethiopian Derartu Tulu took the women's crown in 2:28:52, the first Ethiopian woman to do so. This was the first marathon in history with more than 40,000 official finishers, as 43,660 crossed the finish, 5,053 more than the previous best at the 2008 edition of this race. The 2010 New York City Marathon was held on November 7. Gebregziabher Gebremariam of Ethiopia, in his first-ever marathon, won the race after breaking away from his last rival, Emmanuel Mutai of Kenya, in the 25th mile to finish in Document [26] (Title: New York City Marathon) Sunday, November 2, 2014. It was announced on October 2, 2013, that the marathon's main sponsor would be Tata Consultancy Services starting in 2014. It is an eight-year deal, and the race was renamed the TCS New York City Marathon. Wind was unusually high, blowing from the north on a mostly northbound course. Winners were Wilson Kipsang and Mary Keitany. The 2015 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 1, 2015. Winners were Stanley Biwott and Mary Keitany. The 2016 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 6. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie won the men's competition with a Question: who won the new york marathon in 2016 Answer: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Long Answer: Year Winner Country Time Notes 1970 Gary Muhrcke United States 2: 31: 38 Course record 1971 Norman Higgins United States 2: 22: 54 Course record 1972 Sheldon Karlin United States 2: 27: 52 1973 Tom Fleming United States 2: 21: 54 Course record Norbert Sander United States 2: 26: 30 Tom Fleming United States 2: 19: 27 Course record, 2nd victory 1976 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 10: 10 Course record 1977 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 11: 28 2nd victory 1978 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 12: 12 3rd victory 1979 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 11: 42 4th victory 1980 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 09: 41 Course record 1981 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 08: 13 World record, 2nd victory 1982 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 09: 29 3rd victory Rod Dixon New Zealand 2: 08: 59 1984 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2: 14: 53 1985 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2: 11: 34 2nd victory 1986 Gianni Poli Italy 2: 11: 06 Ibrahim Hussein Kenya 2: 11: 01 1988 Steve Jones United Kingdom 2: 08: 20 1989 Juma Ikangaa Tanzania 2: 08: 01 Course record 1990 Douglas Wakiihuri Kenya 2: 12: 39 1991 Salvador García Mexico 2: 09: 28 1992 Willie Mtolo South Africa 2: 09: 29 1993 Andrés Espinosa Mexico 2: 10: 04 1994 Germán Silva Mexico 2: 11: 21 1995 Germán Silva Mexico 2: 11: 00 2nd victory Giacomo Leone Italy 2: 09: 54 1997 John Kagwe Kenya 2: 08: 12 1998 John Kagwe Kenya 2: 08: 45 2nd victory 1999 Joseph Chebet Kenya 2: 09: 14 2000 Abdelkader El Mouaziz Morocco 2: 10: 09 2001 Tesfaye Jifar Ethiopia 2: 07: 43 Course record 2002 Rodgers Rop Kenya 2: 08: 07 2003 Martin Lel Kenya 2: 10: 30 Hendrick Ramaala South Africa 2: 09: 28 2005 Paul Tergat Kenya 2: 09: 30 2006 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2: 09: 58 2007 Martin Lel Kenya 2: 09: 04 2nd victory 2008 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2: 08: 43 2nd victory 2009 Meb Keflezighi United States 2: 09: 15 Gebregziabher Gebremariam Ethiopia 2: 08: 14 2011 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2: 05: 06 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2: 08: 24 2nd victory 2014 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 2: 10: 59 2015 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2: 10: 34 2016 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Eritrea 2: 07: 51 2017 Geoffrey Kamworor Kenya 2: 10: 53 Gold Document ID: 26

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 New York City Marathon) first , when Geoffrey Mutai, the eventual winner, and Stanley Biwott, the eventual fifth-place finisher, broke away from the pack. Mutai and Biwott continued to lead the pack after . Mutai then pulled ahead of Biwott to lead by 9 seconds after , and led him by 33 seconds after . Biwott fell back to finish fifth, while Mutai maintained his lead to win the race in 2:08:24, finishing 52 seconds ahead of second-place Tsegaye Kebede. 2013 New York City Marathon The 2013 New York City Marathon took place on Sunday, November 3, 2013, and was the 43rd edition of Document [2] (Title: Jemima Sumgong) not considered as a personal best). Later in the year, she finished second at the New York City Marathon, losing a close battle with compatriot Mary Keitany, whose winning margin of three seconds equalled the narrowest in race history. On 24 April, she won the London Marathon with the time of 2:22:58. The event was notable as she fell during the run, but still managed to finish ahead of the rest of the field. On 14 August 2016, she won a gold medal in the Rio Olympics with a time of 2:24:04. Sumgong's 2016 Olympic gold medal is Kenya's first Document [3] (Title: 2014 New York City Marathon) Consultancy Services was the title sponsor. In addition, the one-millionth finisher of the New York City Marathon (since the marathon was first held in 1970), Katherine Slingluff of Brooklyn, completed her race with a time of 4:43:36. 2014 New York City Marathon The 44th New York City Marathon took place on November 2, 2014. It was won by Wilson Kipsang of Kenya with a time of 2:10:59 and Mary Keitany of Kenya with a time of 2:25:07. It was the largest marathon ever, with a record number of 50869 starters and 50564 finishers, and an average finish time of 4:34:45. Document [4] (Title: Shalane Flanagan) bronze medal in the 10,000 meters was upgraded to silver after runner up Elvan Abeylegesse had her silver medal stripped due to a positive result for banned substances found in a retroactive test. On November 5, 2017, Flanagan won the Women's New York City Marathon in 2:26:53. With about 3 miles to go, she pulled ahead of 3-time defending champion and women's-only marathon world record holder Mary Keitany of Kenya and finished ahead of her by 1:01. It was Flanagan's first win in a major marathon and the first win by an American woman at the NYC Marathon in 40 Document [5] (Title: Joyce Chepkirui) Huddle at the finish line. Chepkirui finished fourth in the 2016 New York City Marathon in 2:29:08. Joyce Chepkirui Joyce Chepkirui (born 20 August 1988) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in road running events. She established herself as a half marathon runner, winning races in Granollers, Bogotá and Gothenburg. She set a best of 1:06:19 hours to win the 2014 Prague Half Marathon. She also competes in 10K road races and her personal best of 30:38 minutes makes her fifth fastest woman ever. Chepkirui began competing in cross country running in 2012 and won the Kenyan and African Document [6] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) Tufa kept up with Keitany until the point before falling away. Keitany won the race in 2:24:25, a full minute and seven seconds in front of second placed Mergia who had overtaken Tufa in the final mile. Tufa trailed a further eighteen seconds behind in third place. Keitany's win marked the first time a woman had defended the New York Marathon title since Briton Paula Radcliffe in 2008. Singer-songwriter Alicia Keys completed a charity run of the course in 5:50:52. The first runners hit the point in 15:47 and the mark in 31:30. By the halfway point (1:06:49), a thirteen-man Document [7] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) lead pack had emerged led by Ethiopian Lelisa Desisa. At the mark, the lead pack had reduced to four, containing Kenyans Geoffrey Kamworor, Stanley Biwott and Wilson Kipsang, along with Desisa. Biwott took the lead in the and held on to win his first World Marathon Majors title in 2:10:34. Kamworor was fourteen seconds behind him to claim second and Desisa a further minute 22 seconds off in third. Former professional tennis player James Blake finished the course in 3:51:19 and actor Ethan Hawke recorded a time of 4:25:30. 2015 New York City Marathon The 45th New York City Marathon Document [8] (Title: 2016 London Marathon) won by Kenyan Jemima Sumgong, who fell along with two-time winner Mary Keitany and 2010 winner Aselefech Mergia in the latter stages of the race. Sumgong recovered to take the finish line, in front of 2015 winner Tigist Tufa. Coming less than a week after the Boston Marathon, the same winners won the London wheelchair races. Marcel Hug from Switzerland won the men's wheelchair division and the women's wheelchair division was won by American Tatyana McFadden. Hug won ahead of course record holder Kurt Fearnley and six-time winner David Weir, with the top three finishers each separated by a second. Document [9] (Title: New York City Marathon) time of 2:07:51. The female race winner was Mary Keitany from Kenya in 2:24:26. Male wheelchair race winner was Marcel Hug with a time of 1:35:49, and Female wheelchair race winner was Tatyana McFadden with a time of 1:47:43. In 2016, Lauren Lubin ran as the first openly genderqueer/non-binary athlete in the New York City Marathon. The 2017 TCS New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 5. Geoffrey Kamworor, a native of Kenya, won the men's competition with a time of 2:10:53, 3 seconds ahead of 2nd-place finisher Wilson Kipsang. In 3rd place was Lelisa Desisa with a Document [10] (Title: New York City Marathon) a time of 2:05:05, breaking the 10-year-old course record. Second-place runner Emmanuel Mutai, also of Kenya, and third-place runner Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia also beat the previous record for the event, with times of 2:06:28 and 2:07:14, respectively. Geoffrey Mutai, who won the Boston Marathon earlier in the year, became the first man to win both races in course-record time in the same year. Firehiwot Dado of Ethiopia won the women's race in a time of 2:23:15, her first major marathon victory. Coming second, 4 seconds behind the leader originally from Ethiopia, but now living in the Bronx, was Bizunesh Document [11] (Title: New York City Marathon) a time of 2:08:14. The race featured 37-year-old world record holder Haile Gebrselassie, who ran with a bad knee and dropped out of the race at the 16th mile. Afterwards, he announced his retirement, but later reversed this decision. Edna Kiplagat won the women's title with a time of 2 hours, 28 minutes, 20 seconds, ahead of American Shalane Flanagan. The total number of official finishers, 44,829 (28,757 men and 16,072 women) was a new world record for a marathon race. The 2011 Marathon was held on November 6. The men's event was won by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in Document [12] (Title: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany) among the lead pack until the 41 kilometre mark, where she fell behind to finish fourth. She announced her pregnancy at the start of 2013 and skipped that year's competitions. On 2 November, Keitany battled with eventual second-place finisher Jemima Sumgong to win the New York City Marathon in a time of 2:25:07. At the London Marathon, Keitany was one of the "Fantastic Four" of Kenyans (consisting of Keitany, Edna Kiplagat, Florence Kiplagat, and Priscah Jeptoo) who were expected to win the race and possibly challenge Paula Radcliffe's course record (and women's world record). Down the last stretch of the Document [13] (Title: Molly Huddle) 2016, Huddle finished a close second in the Millrose Games women's indoor 5000 m in 14:57.31, behind Betsy Saina. She won the New York City Half Marathon on March 20 with a time of 1:07:41, narrowly beating Joyce Chepkirui at the finish line. The time was just 7 seconds off Deena Kastor's American record of 1:07:34 at the 2006 Berlin Half Marathon and the fastest American for a women's only race. On April 16, Huddle won the B.A.A. 5k with a time of 15:14. In July, Huddle won the 5000 m in 15:05.01 and 10,000 m in 31:41.62 at 2016 Document [14] (Title: New York City Marathon) time of 2:11:32. On the women's side, the winner was Shalane Flanagan, a native of Marblehead, Massachusetts. She was the first American to win since 1977. Her time was 2:26:53. Mary Keitany placed 2nd with 2:27:54, and Mamitu Daska finished 3rd with a time of 2:28:08. The 2018 TCS New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 4. Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia won his first New York City Marathon after finishing third in 2017, third in 2015 and second in 2014, followed by Shura Kitata and defending champion Geoffrey Kamworor. Their times of 2:05:59, 2:06:01 and 2:06:26 were the Document [15] (Title: New York City Marathon) Marathons. The women's winner was the world Marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe from Great Britain in a time of 2:23:09, one second faster than her 2004 win. The 2008 New York City Marathon was held on Sunday, November 2. A field of 37,899 runners participated. The men's winner was Marílson Gomes dos Santos in 2:08:43. Paula Radcliffe won her third NYC marathon in 2:23:56. The 2008 marathon events were marred by the deaths of three marathon participants: The 2009 New York City Marathon was held Sunday November 1, 2009. Meb Keflezighi of the United States won the men's race (the Document [16] (Title: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie) his world championship, was considered a medal contender in the Marathon event. He placed fourth. On 6 November 2016, Ghirmay was the top men's finisher at the New York City Marathon, becoming the youngest male to ever win the race. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Ghirmay Ghebreslassie (Ge'ez: ግርማይ ገብረስላሰ, born 14 November 1995) is an Eritrean long distance runner. He won the 2015 World Championships in Athletics marathon in Beijing, China, becoming the youngest winner of the race at age 19 and became the first Eritrean to win a gold medal at the World Championships. On 6 November 2016, Ghirmay was the Document [17] (Title: New York City Marathon) the wheelchair race in 1:31:11. The 2005 event was administered by new NYRR CEO Mary Wittenberg. It is notable that she was the first woman director of an international Major marathon. The top male finisher was Marílson Gomes dos Santos of Brazil in a time of 2:09:58, while Jeļena Prokopčuka of Latvia won the female marathon for the second consecutive time in a time of 2:25:05. Gomes dos Santos becomes the first South American ever to win the race. Stephen Kiogora of Kenya placed second, and Paul Tergat, the 2005 defending champion and former marathon world record holder, placed third. Document [18] (Title: 2015 New York City Marathon) 2015 New York City Marathon The 45th New York City Marathon took place on November 1, 2015. The event was organised by the New York Road Runners and sponsored by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). A total of 50,229 runners were registered to take part in the event. The main race saw the third successive set of Kenyans taking first place. Stanley Biwott won the men's division with a time of 2:10:34. His compatriot Mary Keitany claimed the women's division with a time of 2:24:25, her second consecutive win in New York. In the wheelchair divisions, South African Ernst van Dyk Document [19] (Title: Sheldon Karlin) Ghirmay Ghebreslassie, in 2016. He returned to win the Washington's Birthday Marathon in 1974, and also won the Hunter's Woods Elementary School 20-miler that year. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Karlin grew up in Kenilworth, New Jersey, where he ran cross country in high school. Karlin attended the University of Maryland and competed for the Maryland Terrapins cross country running team. He was promised a sports scholarship if he excelled on the team, but when the scholarship was not forthcoming he left the college team. Following his retirement from the sport, he lived in Livingston, New Jersey with his wife Document [20] (Title: 2014 New York City Marathon) Brooklyn side of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, shortening the course to 23.2 miles. Kurt Fearnley of Australia won the men's wheelchair division with a time of 1:30:55, earning his fifth New York City win. Tatyana McFadden of Clarksville, Maryland successfully defended her title with a time of 1:42:16 on the shortened course, and, as a result, has become not only the sole person to have ever won four major marathons in a year (Boston, London, Chicago, and New York City), but also the sole person to do so two years in a row. This was the first marathon for which Tata Document [21] (Title: New York City Marathon) the 2012 cancellation, Geoffrey Mutai returned to become the first repeat winner in 15 years (after John Kagwe in 1997-1998). Under windy conditions, his 2:08:24 was more than 3 minutes slower than in 2011. Mutai broke away around mile 22 to win by almost a minute over Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede, who had finished third two years earlier. Jeptoo spotted Buzunesh Deba, an Ethiopian runner who has lived in the Bronx since 2009, three and a half minutes at the half-marathon mark, but came back to pass her in the 24th mile. The 2014 New York City Marathon was run on Document [22] (Title: 2016 Boston Marathon) line. Yemane Tsegay came in third, completing a podium sweep for Ethiopia. In the wheelchair races, Marcel Hug won his second Boston Marathon in a three-way finish with ten-time winner Ernst van Dyk and Kurt Fearnley. Tatyana McFadden won her fourth successive title, a full minute ahead of Manuela Schar and 2015 runner-up Wakako Tsuchida. Official results from the Boston Athletic Association: 2016 Boston Marathon The 2016 Boston Marathon was the 120th running of the Boston Athletic Association's mass-participation marathon. It took place on Monday, April 18 (Patriots Day in Massachusetts). Both of the winners were from Ethiopia: the men's Document [23] (Title: New York City Marathon) New York area on WNBC, and on Universal Sports for the entire country, However, in 2013, WABC-TV and ESPN announced they would begin broadcasting the New York City Marathon. The Marathon can also be watched online. On September 29, 1974, Norbert Sander and Kathrine Switzer became the only New York City residents to win the New York City Marathon. Grete Waitz, the Norwegian long distance runner, sets a new course record for women at 2:32:30 and wins her first New York Marathon. Waitz goes on to win 9 New York Marathons, the most course wins in any category to date. Document [24] (Title: Sport in Kenya) of them by one woman. The notable winners: Hussein's win in the New York City Marathon in the fall of 1987 was the first by a runner of African descent in the event. Three years later, Douglas Wakiihuri won the race that begins in Staten Island and goes through Queens, Brooklyn and the Bronx, ending in Manhattan's Central Park. Kenyan men won the race eight more times, and Kenyan women six in the open division. Among them: Douglas Wakiihuri won the race in 1989; it would be 15 years before another Kenyan, Evans Rutto, won in London. Martin Lel has Document [25] (Title: New York City Marathon) first American since Alberto Salazar in 1982) with a time of 2:09:15 while Ethiopian Derartu Tulu took the women's crown in 2:28:52, the first Ethiopian woman to do so. This was the first marathon in history with more than 40,000 official finishers, as 43,660 crossed the finish, 5,053 more than the previous best at the 2008 edition of this race. The 2010 New York City Marathon was held on November 7. Gebregziabher Gebremariam of Ethiopia, in his first-ever marathon, won the race after breaking away from his last rival, Emmanuel Mutai of Kenya, in the 25th mile to finish in Document [26] (Title: New York City Marathon) Sunday, November 2, 2014. It was announced on October 2, 2013, that the marathon's main sponsor would be Tata Consultancy Services starting in 2014. It is an eight-year deal, and the race was renamed the TCS New York City Marathon. Wind was unusually high, blowing from the north on a mostly northbound course. Winners were Wilson Kipsang and Mary Keitany. The 2015 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 1, 2015. Winners were Stanley Biwott and Mary Keitany. The 2016 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 6. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie won the men's competition with a Question: who won the new york marathon in 2016

Answer: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Long Answer: Year Winner Country Time Notes 1970 Gary Muhrcke United States 2: 31: 38 Course record 1971 Norman Higgins United States 2: 22: 54 Course record 1972 Sheldon Karlin United States 2: 27: 52 1973 Tom Fleming United States 2: 21: 54 Course record Norbert Sander United States 2: 26: 30 Tom Fleming United States 2: 19: 27 Course record, 2nd victory 1976 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 10: 10 Course record 1977 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 11: 28 2nd victory 1978 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 12: 12 3rd victory 1979 Bill Rodgers United States 2: 11: 42 4th victory 1980 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 09: 41 Course record 1981 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 08: 13 World record, 2nd victory 1982 Alberto Salazar United States 2: 09: 29 3rd victory Rod Dixon New Zealand 2: 08: 59 1984 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2: 14: 53 1985 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2: 11: 34 2nd victory 1986 Gianni Poli Italy 2: 11: 06 Ibrahim Hussein Kenya 2: 11: 01 1988 Steve Jones United Kingdom 2: 08: 20 1989 Juma Ikangaa Tanzania 2: 08: 01 Course record 1990 Douglas Wakiihuri Kenya 2: 12: 39 1991 Salvador García Mexico 2: 09: 28 1992 Willie Mtolo South Africa 2: 09: 29 1993 Andrés Espinosa Mexico 2: 10: 04 1994 Germán Silva Mexico 2: 11: 21 1995 Germán Silva Mexico 2: 11: 00 2nd victory Giacomo Leone Italy 2: 09: 54 1997 John Kagwe Kenya 2: 08: 12 1998 John Kagwe Kenya 2: 08: 45 2nd victory 1999 Joseph Chebet Kenya 2: 09: 14 2000 Abdelkader El Mouaziz Morocco 2: 10: 09 2001 Tesfaye Jifar Ethiopia 2: 07: 43 Course record 2002 Rodgers Rop Kenya 2: 08: 07 2003 Martin Lel Kenya 2: 10: 30 Hendrick Ramaala South Africa 2: 09: 28 2005 Paul Tergat Kenya 2: 09: 30 2006 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2: 09: 58 2007 Martin Lel Kenya 2: 09: 04 2nd victory 2008 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2: 08: 43 2nd victory 2009 Meb Keflezighi United States 2: 09: 15 Gebregziabher Gebremariam Ethiopia 2: 08: 14 2011 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2: 05: 06 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2: 08: 24 2nd victory 2014 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 2: 10: 59 2015 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2: 10: 34 2016 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Eritrea 2: 07: 51 2017 Geoffrey Kamworor Kenya 2: 10: 53 Gold Document ID: 26

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves) Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves The Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are a large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Indus River Delta forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests. Much of the forested area has been destroyed and the remaining parts are threatened. With a length of , the Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world, starting in the glaciers of the Himalayan range in Tibet and flowing through India and Pakistan. Where the river enters the Arabian Sea Document [2] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) culture of India. Many early settlements are found along the river beds in this area. Hakra or "Hakro Darya" streamed through Sindh and its sign can be found in Sindh areas such as Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar and Tharparkar. Along the course of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, there are many early archaeological sites belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization; but not further south than the middle of Bahawalpur district. It has been assumed that the Sarasvati ended there in a series of terminal lakes, and some think that its water only reached the Indus or the sea in very wet rainy seasons. Document [3] (Title: Daman Ganga River) joins the sea at Daman, it is named Daman Ganga. At the estuary there is heavy sedimentation and hence the depth of water is shallow. Daman is located on both banks of the river (Portuguese name: Rio Sandalcalo). At the mouth of the river the bar is level bed made of hard sand, except for the North of the North point where the river enters the sea. The river basin (part of the basin of West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri), which lies entirely on the western ghats, has a total catchment area of . Catchment area distribution is: Document [4] (Title: Dangri) of which the Indus Valley Civilisation developed. Dangri Tangri river, also called Dangri river, originating in Siwalik Hills, is a tributary of Ghaggar river in of Haryana state of India. The Tangri river originates in the Shivalik hills on the border of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh State, and flows along the haryana and Punjab, India border before meeting with Ghaggar river at the confluence. The basin is classified in two parts, Khadir and Bangar, the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called "Bangar" and the lower flood-prone area is called "Khadar". The Dangri or Tangri is Document [5] (Title: Haro River) Haro River results in water shortage in the twin cities during summer season. It is fed by four major tributaries: Minor tributaries include the following rivulets. This river joins the Indus River near Ghazi Barotha Dam. Haro River Haro () is the name of a river that flows through parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab . Its main valley is in Abbottabad District in the North West Frontier Province of northern Pakistan, identified with the Rigvedic Arjikiya. Its coordinates are 33°46'8" N and 72°14'43" E in DMS (Degrees Minutes Seconds) or 33.7689 and 72.2453 (in decimal degrees). Famous Khanpur Dam Document [6] (Title: Narmada River) as much as of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is . Till the beginning of planned development in the country was started in 1946, this huge potential went almost abegging without any effective utilisation thus denying much needed succour to the drought stricken people of the valley, both in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Since then plans have been evolved, Document [7] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Indus Waters Treaty The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan. According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 million acre-feet (MAF) — was given to Document [8] (Title: Shyok River) flows in a wide valley, suddenly entering a narrow gorge after Chalunka, continuing through Turtuk and Tyakshi before crossing into Pakistan. The Shyok joins the Indus at Keris, to the east of the town of Skardu. The Nubra river, originating from the Siachen glacier, also behaves like the Shyok. Before Tirkit, the SE flowing river Nubra takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of paleo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus and the Document [9] (Title: Shingo River) north at Kharul, 7 km north of Kargil. Suru/Shingo continues to flow north and reenters the Skardu District of Baltistan. It joins the Indus River from the left near Olding. The Shingo river is clearer than other rivers in Ladakh because it is formed from melting ice. It flows through Chanigund. The Shingo River runs north of the Line of Control dividing the Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir. Gultari is the largest city on its course. A road runs parallel to the river, which once connected Astor to Kargil. Once in the Kargil district, the valley of the river Document [10] (Title: Kushiyara River) from the left (south) by the Monu River, flows northwest past the villages of Aorangapur, Tajpur, and Pāilgaon, where it is joined by the small Itakhola River and assumes a westward direction. After the village of Mārkuli the river heads southwest past the village of Pāhārpur to the village of Ajmiriganj Bazar. After that the river forms several braided streams and heads south where it is joined by the Khowai River from the left (east) and heads southwest where it is rejoined by the Surma (locally known as the Danu River) from the right (north) and becomes the Meghna River, Document [11] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, and Gregory Possehl states: Because most of the Indus Valley sites known so far are actually located on the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some Indian archaeologists, such as S.P. Gupta, have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture which is named, as is common in archaeology, after the first place where the culture was discovered. Some paleo-environmental scientists have proposed that the Hakkra was fed by Himalayan sources, Document [12] (Title: Sarasvati River) east toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralized late Harappan phase took place. Clift et al. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in Cholistan immediately below the presumed Ghaggar-Hakra channel show sediment affinity not with the Ghagger-Hakra, but instead with the Beas River in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones, further weakening the hypothesis that the Ghaggar-Hakra was once a large river, but suggesting that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along Document [13] (Title: South Asian river dolphin) and possibly the Sapta Kosi River. The Indus subspecies ("P. g. minor") today only occurs in a 1,000 km stretch of the Indus River itself and several connecting channels between the Jinnah and Kotri barrages. In the past it was to be found along 3,400 km of the Indus, its tributaries and neighboring river systems. Its range has contracted by about 80% since 1870. Since the two originally inhabited river systems - between the Sukkur and Guddu barrage in Pakistan's Sind Province, and in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces - are not connected in any way, it remains unknown Document [14] (Title: Rainee Canal Project) will ensure supply of water to surrounding areas. Rainee Canal Project Rainee Canal Project is located in Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur Districts of Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is a canal that starts from the left bank of Indus River at Guddu Barrage. The total length of the main canal is about 175 km and length of its distributaries will be around 686 km. The project commenced in October 2002. Construction started in two phases. Work on Phase 1 was completed in June 2014 while Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in June 2018. The canal will provide water Document [15] (Title: Sutlej) India in Himachal Pradesh state. It then turns slightly, heading west-southwest for about to meet the Beas River near Makhu, Firozpur district, Punjab state. Ropar Wetland in Punjab state is located on the Sutlej river basin, evidence suggest Indus Valley Civilisation also flourished here. Ungti Chu and Pare Chu rivers which drain south eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir state are tributaries of Sutlej river. Continuing west-southwest, the Sutlej enters Pakistan about east of Bhedian Kalan, Kasur District, Punjab province, continuing southwest to water the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur princely state. About north of Uch Sharif, the Sutlej unites Document [16] (Title: Topography of Pakistan) of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometers west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometers, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 Document [17] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Jhelum and Chenab — and three eastern rivers — the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi. Per Article I of IWT, any river/ tributary and its catchment area of Indus System of Rivers which are not part of other five rivers, is part of Indus river including its creeks, delta channels, connecting lakes, etc. According to this treaty, the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive water use by India after the permitted water uses in Pakistan before they cross finally into Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive water use of the western rivers after the permitted water uses in India. Article Document [18] (Title: Mirpur, Pakistan) boats used to carry goods down the five rivers of the Punjab to the Indus River and onto the seaports in the Indus delta. Traders have been operating from there across the Indian Ocean for over three thousand years. Most of the crew on the boats trading up and down the Punjab and Indus River system were drawn from Mirpur, as training as a boat-builder was a necessary prerequisite for becoming a boatman. With the arrival of Dogra Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu, the thriving river trade was decimated due to the construction of railway lines from Bombay and Karachi Document [19] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) by the catchment of the Suru River, receives irrigation through the canals of the Suru River. The main crops grown in the valley include barley, buckwheat, turnips and mustard. Suru River (Indus) The Suru River (), a tributary of Indus River, is a river in the Kargil district of Ladakh region, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Suru River is a long river, that originates from the Panzella glacier which lies at Pensi La pass near the Drang Drung Glacier. The Drang Drung Glacier also gives rise to the Stod River which flows down in the opposite Document [20] (Title: Bhima River) enters from the left (north) across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The Ghod River is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of Daund on the right (southwest) bank. Chandani, Kamini, Moshi, Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogavati river and Nira are the major tributaries of the river in Solapur District. Of these, the Nira river meets with the Bhima between Nira Narsingpur Document [21] (Title: Indus River) Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams. The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal – linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers – extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi – standing long and high, with an long reservoir. It supports the Chashma Barrage near Dera Ismail Khan for irrigation use and flood control and the Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan which also produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is long Document [22] (Title: Indus River) the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake. Presently, Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks. The traditional source of the river is the "Senge Khabab" or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are Document [23] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) desert country, and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization. This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites, including part of Mohenjo Daro. About 80 percent of the Ghaggar-Hakkra sites are datable to the fourth or third millennium BCE, suggesting that the river was flowing during (part of) this period, which is also indicated by the fact that some Indus sites are found inside the bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra. Since the 19th century, proposals have been made to identify the mythological Sarasvati river with the Ghaggar-Hakra Document [24] (Title: Chenab River) in the Vedic period In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River). The river has rich power generation potential in India. Chenab River The Chenab River ( ; ), known traditionally as the Chandrabhaga River (), is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It forms in the upper Himalayas Document [25] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) Suru River (Indus) The Suru River (), a tributary of Indus River, is a river in the Kargil district of Ladakh region, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Suru River is a long river, that originates from the Panzella glacier which lies at Pensi La pass near the Drang Drung Glacier. The Drang Drung Glacier also gives rise to the Stod River which flows down in the opposite direction from the Suru. The source of the Suru River lies south of Kargil town, and north from Zanskar. Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir lies to the Document [26] (Title: Indori river) of Brahmavarta and was mentioned in the "Rigveda", the "Manusmriti", and the "Brahmin Granths" texts. Indori river The Indori river (Hindi: इन्दोरी नदी), is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range from Sikar district and flows through Alwar district of Rajasthan to Rewari district of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of Sahibi River. In Delhi, it is called the Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh Nallah. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthenware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on Document [27] (Title: Gomal River) 1965; not to restart till 2001 during the rule of Pervez Musharraf. while it was opened in 2013. There is also a street in E-7, Islamabad called the "Gomal Road". Gomal River Gomal River (, , ) is a 400 km long river in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The river was described in Ramayana, as Gomatī River (2.49.11). The river lends its name to the Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan and the like-named Gomal District in Paktika Province of Afghanistan. Gomal River's headwaters are located south-east of Ghazni. The springs which form the headwaters of the Gomal's main branch emerge Document [28] (Title: Shingo River) houses India's National Highway 1 that connects the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. After reentering Baltistan, its valley support the Shingo River Road, which is also called the Kargil–Skardu Road. Shingo River The Shingo River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows through Gilgit-Baltistan and Kargil regions. The river originates in the Chhota Deosai plains in the Astore District, north of Minimarg and flows east. The Shigar River, which originates in the Bara Deosai Plateau to the north, also flows east and joins Shingo before it enters the Indian-administered Kargil district near Dalunang. In the Kargil district, Shingo is Document [29] (Title: Indus River) this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border. In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface. In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar. Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in Document [30] (Title: Narmada River) river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa. There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Brahmaputra. Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially Document [31] (Title: Sutlej) of Great Rann of Kutch. Thus Gujarat state of India is also a riparian state of Indus river as Rann of Kutch area lying west of Kori Creek in the state is part of the Indus River Delta. The Sutlej, along with all of the Punjab rivers, is thought to have drained east into the Ganges prior to 5 mya. There is substantial geologic evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 BC, and perhaps much earlier, the Sutlej was an important tributary of the Ghaggar-Hakra River (thought to be the legendary Sarasvati River) rather than the Indus, with various authors Document [32] (Title: Indus River) Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. Kailas) mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually Document [33] (Title: Ghaghara) low water stage in this river is only for a short duration. There is a great urgency to carry out detailed study of the Karnali river to develop modern inland waterway by applying various channel improvement technologies. Ghaghara Ghaghara, also called Karnali (; "Ghāghrā" [ˈɡʱɑːɡrɑː]; ; "Karṇālī" [kʌrˈnɑːliː]; ; "Jiāgélāhé" [t͡ɕi̯ákɤ̌láxɤ̌]) is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Manasarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India. Together they form the Ghaghara River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of it is Document [34] (Title: Indus River) northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, and the Dards of Indo-Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Islam. Then it descends into Baltistan, northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu. A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar. People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language. Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu, Pattan and Dubair. As it continues through Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary Document [35] (Title: Adi Ganga) Chand Saudagor, the merchant, as passing Chitpur, Betore, Kalighat, Churaghat, Baruipur, Chhatrabhog, Badrikunda, Hathiagarh, Choumukhi, Satamukhi and Sagarsangam. The description of Bipradas Piplai tallies to a large extent with of 1660. Some quarters ascribe the virtual drying up of Adi Ganga to the artificial link to the lower channel of the Saraswati, whereby that became the main channel for oceangoing ships and the Adi Ganga became derelict. This feat is ascribed by some to Nawab Alivardi Khan. Others think that a tidal creek connecting the Saraswati and the Hooghly, near the point where the Adi Ganga branched off was the Document [36] (Title: Indus River) region, the river is known as सिन्धु "(Sindhu)" in Hindi and Nepali, سنڌو ("Sindhu") in Sindhi, ("Sindh") in Shahmukhi Punjabi, ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ ("Sindh Nadī") in Gurmukhī Punjabi, اباسين ("Abāsin" lit. "Father of Rivers") in Pashto, نهر السند ("Nahar al-Sind") in Arabic, སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ། ("singi khamban" lit. "Lion River" or "Lion Spring") in Tibetan, ("Yìndù") in Chinese, and "Nilab" in Turki. The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the "breadbasket" of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Document [37] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) also being the second largest city in the Ladakh region after Leh. A branch of the anicient Silk Road ran alongside the Suru River, connecting Kargil and Skardu. The road is now closed due to the Line of Control. The Suru River has extensive possibilities for rafting and it is practised during the summer. The Suru Valley is the starting point for rafting trips, and it also provides a base for mountaineering expeditions to the Nun Kun mountain massif. Agriculture in Ladakh is scarce due to the dry climate, and is restricted to the river valleys. The Suru valley, formed Document [38] (Title: Ravi River) through the Indus River in Pakistan. The river rises in the Bara Bhangal, District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, India. The river drains a total catchment area of in India after flowing for a length of . Flowing westward, it is hemmed by the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, forming a triangular zone. The Raavi River originates in the Himalayas in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows a north-westerly course and is a perennial river. It is the smallest of the five Punjab rivers that rises from glacier fields at an elevation of , on Document [39] (Title: Digvijaya Singh) devout Hindu along with his wife started the Narmada Parikrama on 30 Sept 2017, from Barman Ghat, on banks of river Narmada after taking the blessing of his spiritual guru Shankaracharya Swami Swaroopanand Saraswati ji. The journey took them from Barman Ghat, on River Narmada southern banks, all the way to its mouth at Bharuch in Gujarat. At Bharuch, Mithi Talai is the point where the Narmada joins the Arabian Sea. Here they took a motorboat from the southern to the northern end and begin the return journey along its northern bank. On April 9, 2018 they completed the narmada Document [40] (Title: Daman Ganga River) taluka of Nasik district of Maharashtra State. It raise at an elevation of 950m. The major tributaries of Daman and Vag run a course of and respectively before joining at Matunji to become the Daman Ganga River. Major part of the river lies in Maharashtra. Its total length from source to the Arabian Sea is . Some of major tributaries which originate and flow through the mountainous region of the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and the Union Territories of Dadara and Nagar Haweli and Daman are Dawan, Shrimant, Val, Rayate, Lendi, Wagh, Sakartond, Roshni, Dudhni, and Piperiya. As the river Document [41] (Title: Panjnad River) Arabian Sea. A barrage on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sindh provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers. Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, which is believed to be in earlier times the Saraswati/Ghaggar/Hakra river which eventually dried and became a seasonal river due to seismic shifts in the glacial region of Himachal Pradesh where it originated and later on Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab. Panjnad Document [42] (Title: Indus Highway) Indus Highway The Indus Highway (), also known as National Highway 55 (N-55) (), is a 1264 km long four-lane national highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the northwestern city of Peshawar via Dera Ghazi Khan. It is part of Pakistan's National Highways network and is maintained and operated by Pakistan's National Highway Authority. The Indus Highway passes through the Kohat Tunnel. In 1980, the Indus Highway was proposed to provide an alternative and shorter route to the heavily used N-5 and to also aid the development of western Sindh Document [43] (Title: Wainganga River) a few miles due to a Satpura foothill to become the Narmada's first major tributary. The main towns on this tributary are Nainpur and Pindrai. The river has been in recreational use since ancient times, as it was on the route of pilgrimage from South to North India. The village Jhulpur, on the bank of this river, was a stoppage and temple town. The major bridge over the river is at the town Pindrai by Indian Railway (Jabalpur-Gondia rail track). The Kathani River originates in the Pendhri Hills at Dhanora and joins Wainganga near Gadchiroli city. The Hirri River originates Document [44] (Title: Indus River) of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems Document [45] (Title: Kirtankhola) Kirtankhola Kirtankhola () is a river that starts from Sayeshtabad in Barisal district and ends into the Gajalia near Gabkhan khal (canal). The total length of the river is about . In ancient times, the Ganges used to flow in three courses in Bengal, namely the Nalini, the Haldini and the Pabni. The Pabni, meeting with the ancient Padma River joint flow of which termed as the Sugandha, flowed through Madaripur south of Faridpur, again renaming as the Andar Khan or the Arial Khan. The Arial Khan branched out in several courses in Madaripur and flowed through Barisal. Flowing forward Document [46] (Title: Narmada River) only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills. Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about , with an average width of , in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills Document [47] (Title: Maharana Pratap Sagar) eastern rivers (the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj) and Pakistan got the exclusive use of the three western rivers (the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab). Following this treaty, India prepared a master plan to utilize the waters of 3 rivers which came to its share. and the Bhakra Dam was constructed across Satluj River. Then, the Beas River was tapped in two stages, with the Pong Dam forming the second stage development. Ravi River has also been developed through the Ranjit Sagar Dam Project or Thein Dam. All three river developments are multipurpose in nature involving irrigation, water Document [48] (Title: Tawi River) the project which will help allay any apprehensions about violation of provisions of Indus Water Treaty Tawi River Tawi is a river that flows through the city of Jammu. Tawi river is considered sacred and holy, as is the case with most rivers in India. Tawi river originates from the lap of Kailash Kund glacier and adjoining area southwest of Bhadarwah in Doda district. Its catchment is delineated by latitude 32°35'-33°5'N and longitude 74°35'-75°45'E. The catchment area of the river up to Indian border (Jammu) is 2168 km² and falls in the districts of Jammu, Udhampur and a small part Document [49] (Title: Sharda River) through Kumaon hills and as the Kali and Gori Rivers meet at Jauljibi, with increased water volume, it offers great river rafting adventure to professionals, for a length of 117 km, from Jauljibi to Tanakpur. In rafting parlance, in this stretch, the rapids in the river are of Grade IV and more, which could be covered in 3 days. Below Tanakpur, Lower down among the frosted slopes, the river becomes calmer offering the amateur a sporting challenge. In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in India every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some myth Document [50] (Title: Ganges) borne by the Indus and its tributaries and the Ganges and its tributaries, now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is geologically known as a foredeep or foreland basin. The hydrology of the Ganges River is very complicated, especially in the Ganges Delta region. One result is different ways to determine the river's length, its discharge, and the size of its drainage basin. The name "Ganges" is used for the river between the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers, in the Himalayas, and the India-Bangladesh border, near the Farakka Barrage and the first bifurcation of the river. The Document [51] (Title: China–Pakistan border) feet) till it joins the Karakoram Range main watershed at a peak (reference co-ordinates approximately Longitude 75° 57' E. and Latitude 36° 03' N.). (5) Thence, the boundary line, running generally southward and then eastward, strictly follows the Karakoram Range main watershed which separates the Tarim River drainage system from the Indus River drainage system, passing through the East Mustagh Pass (Muztagh Pass), the top of the Chogri Peak (K2), the top of the Broad Peak, the top of the Gasherbrum Mountain (8068) Indirakoli Pass (named on the Chinese map only) and the top of the Teram Kangri Peak, and Document [52] (Title: Luni River) Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari River from the right. The Luni River begins near Ajmer in the Pushkar valley of the western Aravalli Range at an elevation of about 550m. At this point, the river is also known as the Sagarmati. The river then flows in the southwest direction through the hills and plains of the Marwar region in Rajasthan. The river flows south-west and enters the Thar Desert before dissipating into the Rann of Kutch, traversing a total of 495 km. In spite of the high salinity, it is a major river Document [53] (Title: Ghaghara) longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna. Lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and finds mention in Ramayana. Ayodhya is situated on its right bank. It rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River. The Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the long Bheri, Document [54] (Title: Indus River) River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to Kutch in modern Gujarat, India. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90–96 of more than Document [55] (Title: Indirasagar Dam) with a river flow length of 1,312 km originates from Amarkantak in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. Narmada flows southwestward and after passing through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and a small stretch in Maharashtra, it drains into Arabian Sea near Gulf of Khambhat. Indira Sagar Project (ISP) situated on River Narmada, 10 32 km from Mundi in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh is commissioned on 31 March 2005. Indira Sagar Project is a multipurpose Project with an installed capacity of 1,000 MW, with annual energy generation of 2,698 million units in Stage I, 1,850 million units in Stage II, and 1,515 Document [56] (Title: Indus River) term for "the country of the River Indus". The region through which the river drains into sea is called Sindh and owes its name to the river (Sanskrit: "Sindhu"). Megasthenes' book "Indica" derives its name from the river's Greek name, "Indós" ("Ἰνδός"), and describes Nearchus's contemporaneous account of how Alexander the Great crossed the river. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians (people of present-day northwest India and Pakistan) as "Indói" ("Ἰνδοί"), literally meaning "the people of the Indus". Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers, including one named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river Document [57] (Title: Indus River) in abundance, including pomfret and prawns. The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The Document [58] (Title: Gomal River) as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani tribe. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam System (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan. The daming of this river at Khajuri Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even after its administrative approval by the Government of Pakistan in 1963. Work on the Gomal Zam Dam was stopped in Document [59] (Title: Shingo River) Shingo River The Shingo River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows through Gilgit-Baltistan and Kargil regions. The river originates in the Chhota Deosai plains in the Astore District, north of Minimarg and flows east. The Shigar River, which originates in the Bara Deosai Plateau to the north, also flows east and joins Shingo before it enters the Indian-administered Kargil district near Dalunang. In the Kargil district, Shingo is joined by the Dras River, which originates near Zojila Pass and flows northeast. The flow of Shingo is then doubled. The two combined rivers join the Suru River flowing Document [60] (Title: Ganges Canal) the Upper Ganges Canal from Haridwar to Aligarh, with some branches, and the Lower Ganges Canal which constitutes several branches below Aligarh. The Upper Ganges canal is the original "Ganges Canal", which starts at the Bhimgoda Barrage near Har ki Pauri at Haridwar, traverses Meerut and Bulandshahr and continues to Nanau in Aligarh district, where it bifurcates into the Kanpur and Etawah branches. A channel from a barrage at Narora intersects the canal system 48 km downstream from Nanau, and continues past the Sengar River and Sersa River, past Shikohabad in Mainpuri district to become the Bhognipur branch which was Document [61] (Title: Iranian Plateau) River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The Indus River begins in the highlands of Tibet and flows the length of Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau. The Indus River forms the Iranian plateau's eastern boundary. Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from Document [62] (Title: Yamuna) Dham Yatra circuit. Also standing close to the temple, on its trek route that follows the right bank of the river, lies Markendeya Tirtha, where the sage Markandeya wrote the Markandeya Purana. From Markendeya Tirtha, the river flows southwards for about , through the Lower Himalayas and the Shivalik Hills Range. Morainic deposits are found along the steep Upper Yamuna, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, gorges and stream terraces. Large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, such as those near Naugoan. An Document [63] (Title: Indus River) kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the Classical Period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, ca. 515 BC. This river was known to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit as "Sindhu" and the Achaemenids as "Hiduš" (, "H-i-du-u-š"), which was regarded by both of them as "the border river". The variation between the two names is explained by the Old Iranian sound change "*s" > "h", which occurred between 850–600 Document [64] (Title: Chenab River) Chenab River The Chenab River ( ; ), known traditionally as the Chandrabhaga River (), is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It forms in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state, India, and flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts of Jammu region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, Pakistan, before flowing into the Indus River near the city of Uch Sharif. The waters of the Chenab were Document [65] (Title: Indus River) in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus. India retained Document [66] (Title: Empires of the Indus) Empires of the Indus Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River is a non-fiction book by Alice Albinia that covers the writer's journey from Karachi to Tibet, which is the natural course of the Indus River. The book gives an insight into the communities as well as the history and political framework of the countries through which the Indus flows. "Empires of the Indus" was awarded the Jerwood Award by the Royal Society of Literature in 2005. The content of the book is divided in 12 distinct sections, preceded by a preface. A map of the Indus river Document [67] (Title: Indus River) single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganga and were captured after that time. Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time. The delta of Document [68] (Title: Indus River) the province of Sindh, the upper third of the river is inhabited by people speaking Saraiki; which is a somewhat transitional dialect of the Punjabi and Sindhi languages. The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After Pakistan and India declared Independence from the British Raj, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split – with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply Document [69] (Title: Narmada River) crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla, (), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some (), called the Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for (), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about , above, it is compressed in this channel of (), Document [70] (Title: Adan River) way of life is at risk due to depleting fish resources. Adan River The Adan River () is a river in Washim District, Maharashtra, India and a principal tributary of the Painganga River. The source of the Adan River is in the Washim district of Maharashtra. The Arunavati River meets the Adan River about 13 kilometres before it joins the Painganga River. The river dries up in the summer, leaving only pools towards the end of its course. Two dams have been built on the Adan; one at its origin near Sonala village and the other near Karanja Lad city, Document [71] (Title: Indus River) bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh, where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the "Satnad River" ("sat" = "seven", "nadī" = "river"), as the Document [72] (Title: Narmada River) debated, finally legally examined and adjudicated by a tribunal, and agitated by NGOs. The Supreme Court has finally intervened to ensure that the implementation of the projects are not halted. Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters started around the time of independence, when Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) identified several storage schemes and in 1948 the Khosla Committee prioritised the proposals and named Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and Bharuch projects (the last three on the main stem of the river) for preparation of reports. The reports were ready by 1963. A parallel study of hydropower potential identified 16 sites Document [73] (Title: Hiranyakeshi river) shrine dedicated to the goddess Parvati near the hill-station of Amboli. It quickly flows in a north-west direction towards Jakatwadi, a small village next to Amboli. There the river turns right almost at a right angle and begins to flow eastwards similar to most rivers flowing on the Deccan Plateau. It flows underneath a bridge supporting state highway 121, which was named by the British as "Victoria Jubilee Bridge". Then on, it takes a north-eastward course till it reaches the town of Ajra in the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. 2 km before it reaches Ajra, the river plunges over a Document [74] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) and propose several changes if needed. Indus Waters Treaty The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan. According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 million Document [75] (Title: Indus River) of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region, while the lower course of the Indus is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as "Sapta Sindhu" and the Zoroastrian Avesta as "Hapta Hindu" (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). Early historical Document [76] (Title: Adi Badri, Haryana) and its plans to revive the sacred Sarasvati river by creating a new water channel along the supposed path of the river. According to a government-constituted expert committee, Saraswati river did exist, originating in the Himalayas, and passing through Haryana. According to committee-member Khadg Singh Valdiya, the committee identified a paleo-channel which is related to the Indus Valley Civilisation, and to the present Ghaggar, Sarsuti, Hakra and Nara rivers. 212 km channel is being revived, including 55 km section from Adi Badri to Uncha Chandna, 153 km section from Uncha Chandna to Kaithal and 4 km section from Kaithal to Document [77] (Title: Jhelum River) the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following: Jhelum River The Jhelum River ( Punjabi: ਜਿਹਲਮ, Kashmiri: Vyeth (/व्यथा), is a river of west Kashmir and eastern Pakistan. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Srinager District. It is Document [78] (Title: Geography of Ladakh) waters flow northwards through a gorge in the Zanskar range, to join the Indus at Nyemo in Central Ladakh. Zanskar suffers heavy snowfall, and the Pensi-la opens only in June and is blocked again in mid-October. The entire valley is virtually treeless. The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh; all the major places historically and currently such as Shey, Leh, Basgo, and Tingmosgang are situated close to the river. The Ladakh Range has no major peaks; its average height is a little less than 6000 metres, and few of its passes are less than 5000 m. Within Ladakh it Document [79] (Title: Brahmaputra River) first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the Monash and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Document [80] (Title: Indus River) BCE according to Asko Parpola. From the Achaemenid Empire, the name passed to the Greeks as "Indós" (Ἰνδός). It was adopted by the Romans as "Indus". The meaning of "Sindhu" as a "large body of water, sea, or ocean" is a later meaning in Classical Sanskrit. A later Persian name for the river was "Darya", which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea. Other variants of the name "Sindhu" include Assyrian "Sinda" (as early as the 7th century BC), Persian "Ab-e-sind", Pashto "Abasind", Arab "Al-Sind", Chinese "Sintow", and Javanese "Santri". "India" is a Greek and Latin Document [81] (Title: Sindh River) been constructed across the Sindh River in Shivpuri district. Sindh River The Sindh River, a tributary of the Yamuna River, flows through the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The Sindh originates on the Malwa Plateau in Vidisha district, and flows north-northeast through the districts of Guna, Ashoknagar, Shivpuri, Datia, Gwalior and Bhind in Madhya Pradesh to join the Yamuna River in jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh, just after the confluence of the Chambal River with the Yamuna River. It has a total length of , out of which are in Madhya Pradesh and are in Uttar Pradesh. The Document [82] (Title: Narmada River) from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about below Nemawar, and Dadrai, further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about . A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road, National Document [83] (Title: Sindhu Kingdom) and fleet as the winds." (3:71) "The river Sindhu (Indus) too is flowing with a current of fresh blood." (3:223) "The seven large rivers including the Sindhu (Indus) though flowing eastwards then flowed in opposite directions. The very directions seemed to be reversed and nothing could be distinguished. Fires blazed up everywhere and the earth trembled repeatedly." (5:84) "The spot where the Sindhu mingleth with the sea, is that tirtha of Varuna." (3:82) In the "Harivamsa Purana", the Sindhu kingdom is mentioned at (2.56.26). The Yadavas, led by Krishna, arrived there in search for a place to build the city Document [84] (Title: Sahibi River) near Bawal. In various other places on Sahibi riverbed, many artifacts have been found, including arrowheads, fishhooks, spearheads, awls, and chisels. Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the Sarasvati river and the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period, on the banks of which in the Vedic state of Brahmavarta, Indus-Sarasvati civilisation or Vedic Sanskriti developed. Such scholars include Bhargava The Drishadwati River had formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta while other was Saraswati river. This is mentioned in the "Rigveda", the "Manusmriti", and the Document [85] (Title: Karakoram Highway) Indus River at Thakot and continues along the river until Jaglot, where the Gilgit River joins the Indus River. This is where three great mountain ranges meet: the Hindukush, the Himalaya, and the Karakoram. The western end of the Himalayas, marked by the ninth highest peak in the world, Nanga Parbat, can be seen from the highway. The highway passes through the capital of Gilgit–Baltistan, Gilgit, and continues through the valleys of Nagar and Hunza, along the Hunza River. Some of the highest mountains and famous glaciers in the Karakoram can be seen in this section. The highway meets the Document [86] (Title: Amritlal Vegad) He has written these books from his personal foot travel along the banks of Narmada, which he has been doing now for more than three decades, starting from its origin point at Amarkantak to its final discharge at sea near Bharuch. His first book was Narmada – River of Beauty. He started his first foot-travel along the route of river Narmada known as parikrama in 1977 at age of 49 and did his last parikrama of river in 1999 at the age of 71. He was accompanied in all his travel by his wife, who would carry her load her-self. Document [87] (Title: Indus Valley State Railway) Indus Valley State Railway The Indus Valley State Railway was a railway founded in 1871 to provide a rail link between Kotri and Multan and to replace the Indus Steam Flotilla. The opening of the line thus connected Karachi with Lahore. The survey of the Indus Valley railway line began in 1869 and was undertaken by John Brunton, the Chief Resident Engineer of Scinde Railway, and assisted by his son William Arthur Brunton. The Empress Bridge, opened in 1878, carried the IVSR over the Sutlej River near Bahawalpur. The Indus and Sutlej rivers were seen as major impediments in the Document [88] (Title: Sulaiman Mountains) in Punjab and Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and approaches the Indus River near Mithankot in the Rajanpur District of Punjab. The eastern slopes drop very quickly to the Indus River, but towards west, the mountain range drops gradually in Kandahar southwest into Helmand and the Sistan Basin. Rivers that flow out from the Sulaimans include the Gomal River which flows eastward into the Indus River, and the Dori River and other small tributaries of the Arghandab River, which flows southwestward into the Helmand River. The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateau to the west of it, helps form Document [89] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Himachal Pradesh. They flow through the states of Punjab, Balochitan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Sindh, etc before emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi and Kori Creek in Gujarat. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than in Pakistan alone by 2009, one of the largest irrigated area of any one river system. The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters Document [90] (Title: Indus River) by 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward. The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic Empire, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Document [91] (Title: Lansdowne Bridge (Pakistan)) not bridged between Kotri and Hyderabad either therefore trains ran on Karachi-Jamshoro-Larkana-Sukkur route as early as 1879 and then they were ferried across to Rohri and vice versa on a river ferry. At Sukkur the river Indus flows through a gap in a range of low limestone hills and gets divided into two channels (Sukkur and Rohri channels) by an island called Bukkur. The Bukkur Island thus provides the best spot for a river crossing. Bridging the channel between Bukkur and Rohri was not so easy. The river bed here is not rocky but silty which made it difficult to Document [92] (Title: Multai) range at an elevation of 752 meter above the sea level. The states through which the Tapi river flows include Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Apart from the Narmada river, Tapi is the only river which flows in the westward direction and merges into the Arabian Sea. The Tapi basin extends to the total area of 65, 145 sq km, which is approximately 2.0% of the total geographical area of India. The main tributaries of the Tapi river are Purna, The Girna, The Panjhra, The Vaghur, the Bori and the Aner. According to the legends, Tapi river also known as Document [93] (Title: Sarasvati River) in various parts of the [Indian] subcontinent." Several present-day rivers are also named Sarasvati, after the Vedic Sarasvati: Already since the 19th century, attempts have been made to identify the mythical Sarasvati of the Vedas with physical rivers. Many think that the Vedic Sarasvati river once flowed east of the Indus (Sindhu) river. Scientists, geologists as well as scholars have identified the Sarasvati with many present-day or now defunct rivers. Two theories are popular in the attempts to identify the Sarasvati. Several scholars have identified the river with the present-day Ghaggar-Hakra River or dried up part of it, which is Document [94] (Title: Gangavalli River) the River embraces the name Gangavalli from the Goddess Ganga; the village in this area carries the same name Gangavalli. This stream joins at Kalghatgi about lower down to the Bedthi River that takes its birth near Hubli. River then flows west and then south-west for a total distance of 69 km. This river has a catchment area of and has a total length of . On its course towards the Arabian Sea, the river falls from a height of 180 metre at a point called Manjguni a new resort place on the western face of the Sahyadri. It is Document [95] (Title: Dvārakā–Kamboja route) northwest. The Kamboja–Dvārakā trade route began at the seaport of Dvārakā. It passed through the Anarta region to Madhyamika, a city near Chittor. South of Aravalli, the road reached the Indus River, where it turned north. At Roruka (modern Rodi), the route split in two: one road turned east and followed the river Sarasvati to Hastinapura and Indraprastha, while the second branch continued north to join the main east-west road (the Uttarapatha Route across northern India from Pataliputra to Bamyan) at Pushkalavati. From Pushkalavati, the Kamboja-Dvārakā and Uttarapatha routes ran together to Bahlika through Kabul and Bamyan. At Bahlika, the Document [96] (Title: Neelum River) 969 MW Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant; the country has placed the project in the hands of a Chinese consortium. Pakistan claims that the Indian dam project will violate the Indus Waters Treaty and has pursued formal arbitration proceedings against India over the matter. Neelum River The Neelum River (, ), or Kishanganga (, ), is a river in the Kashmir region of India and Pakistan; it starts in the Indian city of Gurais and then merges with the Jhelum River near the Pakistani city of Muzaffarabad. The Neelam River originates from Krishansar Lake in the vicinity of Sonamarg and runs northwards Document [97] (Title: Godavari River) into the neighboring district of Nanded where before reaching the town Nanded, is impounded by the Vishnupuri Dam and thus with it, bringing Asia's largest lift irrigation projects to life. A little downstream from Nanded, the river receives Asna, a small stream, on its left bank.It then runs into the controversial Babli project soon ends its course within Maharashtra, albeit temporarily, at its merger with a major tributary – Manjira. The river after flowing into Telangana, re-emerges to run as a state boundary separating the Mancherial, Telangana from Gadchiroli, Maharashtra. At the state border, it runs between Sironcha and Somnoor Document [98] (Title: Marala Headworks) in India. After cutting across the Pir Panjal Range, it enters the Sialkot District in the Pakistan. Here the Marala Barrage was built across the river in 1968 with a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000 m³/s). Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworks—the Marala ravi link canal and the Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to overcome any shortage of water in future. Marala Headworks is also a picnic spot, a wildlife sanctuary and an unprotected wetland. Marala Headworks Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab Document [99] (Title: Indus River Delta) Indus River Delta The Indus River Delta (, ), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the Southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of the Western tip of India. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is . The climate is arid, the region only receives between of rainfall in a normal year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world, as well Document [100] (Title: Indus River Delta) numerous minor creeks. The delta receives almost all of its water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately , and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. (In fact the World Bank has characterized the works as the "world's largest" and the Indus Basin Irrigation System as the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world.) This has served to reduce the flow of water and by 1994, the annual flow of water into Document [101] (Title: Geography of Pakistan) The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometres west of the source of the Sutlej River, which first flows through Punjab, India and joins the Indus in Pakistani Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through India and, Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometres, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul, Jhelum and, Chenab—flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been Document [102] (Title: Kiul River) Two miles south of Jamui it is joined by Barnar, below this point it receives the Alai, a mountain stream and near Jamui railway station it is joined by the Anjan. It then flows north-east up to Lakhisarai, It passes below the railway bridge between Kiul junction and Lakhisari station and is joined a few miles north of that place, near Rahuaghat, by the Harohar (Halahar or Harhobar), a continuation of the Sakri River. After this it turns due east and falls into the Ganges near Surajgarha. Until it meets the Harohar the Kiul has broad sandy bed and in Document [103] (Title: Topography of Pakistan) years. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. In Punjab (meaning the "land of five waters") are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The Sutlej river, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. The irrigation project, Document [104] (Title: Narmada River) out for navigating the Narmada from the sea up to Hoshangabad – a distance of – or even up to Jabalpur a further distance of , upstream. The main challenge in these studies is the arrangements to be planned to negotiate the Maheswar, Indira Sagar, Omkareswar, and Sardar Sarovar projects. As such, the navigation option is still open and probably can only be pursued after all the above dams are completed and other implications examined. As Varghese states, "The notion of seeing barge–trains plying the river up to Hoshangabad or Jabalpur is not far–fetched. They could become major inland ports." Document [105] (Title: Ladakh) Dras and the Mushkoh Valley form the western extremity of Ladakh. The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh. Most major historical and current towns — Shey, Leh, Basgo and Tingmosgang (but not Kargil), are close to the Indus River. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh became the only part of this river, which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture, that still flows through India. The Siachen Glacier is in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram Range forms a great Document [106] (Title: Indus River) British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over . After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India. The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Document [107] (Title: Nadistuti sukta) Nadistuti sukta The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit: नदिस्तुति सूक्त), "hymn of praise of rivers", is hymn 10.75 of the Rigveda. It is important for the reconstruction of the geography of the Vedic civilization. Sarasvati Sindhu (the Indus) is addressed as the mightiest of rivers and addressed specifically in verses 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9. In verse 5, the rishi enumerates ten rivers, beginning with the Ganga and moving westwards: O Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Shutudri (Sutlej), Parushni Marudvridha, Vitasta (Jhelum), with the Arjikiya (Haro) and Sushoma (Sohan), listen! Translation: Griffith Verse 6 adds northwestern rivers (tributaries of the Indus flowing through Document [108] (Title: Nara Canal) its lower reaches. About the by Jameel Ahmed Dars from Village Molvi Abdul Rahman Dars Taluka Khipro District Sanghar Nara Canal The Nara Canal is a deepened delta channel of Indus River in Sindh province, Pakistan. It was built as an excavated channel off the left bank of the Indus River into the course of the old Nara River. The canal runs from above the Sukkur Barrage through the Khairpur, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas and Tharparkar Districts to the Jamrao Canal. Nara is the longest canal in Pakistan, running for about . It has a designed capacity of , but actually discharges Document [109] (Title: Point 5353) east–west communication in the respective regions of Kashmir. The Shingo and Dras rivers join together further east near Kakshar. To the south of the Line of Control is India's Kargil district and to the north is Pakistan's Skardu district. According to the Indian Army sources, the Point 5353 itself is on the Line of Control. However, after the end of the Kargil War, a controversy erupted in India as to which side of the Line of Control the peak lay. Point 5070, 3 km west of Point 5353 is the closest peak to the Marpo La pass. The second tallest Document [110] (Title: Left Bank Outfall Drain) soil fertility in lower reaches of Indus basin area or Sind province or Indus River Delta for discharging adequate salt load to the sea. It starts from Ghotki district, which is located on the Sindh-Punjab border, and flows through the districts on the left bank of River Indus before ending in the Sir Creek of Arabian Sea on Badin’s coast. Its designed capacity is 4,500 cusecs The canal's effluent disseminates into Dhoro Puran Outfall Drain (DPOD) with capacity of 2000 cusec and Kadhan Pateji Outfall Drain (KPOD) having capacity of 2500 cusec. The DPOD empties into Shakoor Lake located both Document [111] (Title: Ravi River) the Sutlej River by the Beas Sutlej Link augments storage of the Bhakra reservoir in India. Ravi River The Raavi (, , ) is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (Punjab means "Five Rivers"). The waters of Raavi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Raavi and five other rivers are divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, Document [112] (Title: Agra Canal) at Okhla, about 10 km to the south of New Delhi. The weir across the Yamuna was the first attempted in Upper India upon a foundation of fine sand; it is about 800-yard long, and rises seven-feet above the summer level of the river. From Okhla the canal follows the high land between the Khari-Nadi and the Yamuna and finally joins the Banganga river about below Agra. Navigable branches connect the canal with Mathura and Agra. the canal irrigates about 1.5 lakh hectares in Agra, and Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Faridabad in Haryana, Bharatpur in Rajasthan and also some parts Document [113] (Title: Peter Clift) he dated to being older than 45 million years. He has proposed that the Indus captured the four major rivers of the Punjab region into its basin after around 5 million years ago. Prior to this time the Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Jellum Rivers would have flowed eastwards into the Ganges River, not westwards into the Indus. A project funded by the Leverhulme Trust allowed his to show that the reorganisation of rivers in SW Asia greatly predated the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. He showed that a river, possibly the mythical Sarasvati River used to flow from the Document [114] (Title: Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves) grey mangroves and red mangroves have been established and a further of red mangrove restored. Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves The Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are a large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Indus River Delta forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests. Much of the forested area has been destroyed and the remaining parts are threatened. With a length of , the Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world, starting in the glaciers of the Himalayan range Document [115] (Title: Dras River) Dras and Shingo rivers join the Suru River at Kharul, north of the town of Kargil. The Suru River is a left tributary of the Indus River. It originates from the Panzella glacier near Pensi La, flows northwards and merges with the Indus River at Nurla in Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan, north of its its confluence with the Dras River. It enters the Pakistani-Administered Kashmir at Post 43 of India or Post 44 of Pakistan. The Dras River flows through the towns of Matayan, Kharbu and Kakshar. The largest settlement on its banks is Dras, which is the second-coldest inhabited place in Document [116] (Title: Soan River) the Soan Bridge. After following a tortuous path along a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh proposed Dam Site close to Pirpiyahi where it falls into the Indus river. There is a famous railway station by the name of Sohan and a beautiful railway bridge very close to it. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. There are many species of fish in this river like China Rahu, Mahasher, Snakehead, Balm and Catfish are the main species of fish in this stream Document [117] (Title: Indus River) river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Bridge, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal bridge, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge. Kala Bagh Barrage, Chasma Barrage, and Taunsa Barrage are also built in Punjab on the Indus. Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river. Indus River The Indus River (locally called Darya-e-Sindh) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan Document [118] (Title: Yamuna) headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej–Indus watershed. This will connect the Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, shortening important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Delhi, and is designed to transfer Haryana's share of from the Indus Basin. Yamuna is one of the National Waterways of India, designated as NW110 in Haryana, Delhi Document [119] (Title: Beas River) The Pong Dam served initially to primarily provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation; its power station has a 360 MW installed capacity. The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, connecting both rivers. The river rises above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol, above sea-level. During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of Document [120] (Title: Beas River) chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. On 8 June 2014, 24 engineering students and one tour operator, drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened, allegedly without proper warnings and procedure. The water level rose suddenly to , and the surge carried the Document [121] (Title: Sutlej) the 1,000 MW Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant, and the 1,530 MW Nathpa Jhakri Dam. The river basin area in India is located in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and Haryana states. The source of the Sutlej is west of Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, as springs in an ephemeral stream channel descending from this lake. Rakshastal in turn is ephemerally connected by Ganga Chhu to sacred Lake Manasarovar about 4 km further east. The nascent river flows at first west-northwest for about under the Tibetan name "Langqên Zangbo" ("Elephant River" or "Elephant Spring") to the Shipki La pass, entering Document [122] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) from the glacier of the same name. The Dras River, fed by the Shingo River, joins the Suru River at Kharul, north of Kargil town. The Suru River then enters the Pakistani Administered Kashmir ahead from the point of merger of Dras and Suru rivers through Post 43 and Post 44 of India and Pakistan respectively and merges with the Indus River at Nurla. The river flows entirely within the jurisdiction of Kargil district. It flows through the towns of Tongul, Suru, Grantung, Goma and Kharul. Kargil town is the largest city situated on the banks of the Suru River, Document [123] (Title: Ravi River) Ravi River The Raavi (, , ) is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (Punjab means "Five Rivers"). The waters of Raavi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Raavi and five other rivers are divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. According to ancient history traced to Vedas, Document [124] (Title: Sarasvati River) with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. The drainage from the Yamuna may have been lost from the Ghaggar-Hakra well before the beginnings of Indus civilization. Ajit Singh et al. (2017) show that the paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago, well before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject Document [125] (Title: Rainee Canal Project) Rainee Canal Project Rainee Canal Project is located in Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur Districts of Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is a canal that starts from the left bank of Indus River at Guddu Barrage. The total length of the main canal is about 175 km and length of its distributaries will be around 686 km. The project commenced in October 2002. Construction started in two phases. Work on Phase 1 was completed in June 2014 while Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in June 2018. The canal will provide water for irrigation of 412,400 acres of land and Document [126] (Title: Indus River) several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab, but unlike the Senge Khabab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India, with an upward reach from east of Jhelum Document [127] (Title: Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project) the power complex is located. In the reach from Ghazi to Barotha, the Indus River inclines by 76 meters over a distance of 63 km. After passing through the powerhouse, the water is returned to the Indus. In addition to these main works, transmission lines stretch 225 km. The World Bank classed it "A" for adequate attention to environmental and social issues. The feasibility report was prepared in 1993 during the first tenure of Benazir Bhutto's administration and the Government of Pakistan entered into an agreement for the financing and construction of the project on 7 March 1996. About 1,600 Document [128] (Title: Indus Valley Civilisation) dry river beds overlapping with the Ghaggar River in India and Hakra channel in Pakistan. 616 sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries, while 406 sites have been found along the Indus and its tributaries. According to Shereen Ratnagar the Ghaggar-Hakra desert area has more remaining sites than the alluvium of the Indus Valley, since the Ghaggar-Hakra desert area has been left untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his "Narrative of Document [129] (Title: Panjnad River) Panjnad River Panjnad River (Urdu/Punjabi Shahmukhi: , (panj = five, nadi = river) is a river at the extreme end of Bahawalpur district in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence or merger of the five rivers of the Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad 10 miles north of Uch Sharif in Muzaffar Garh district. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues and then drains into the Document [130] (Title: Ganges) in the early 2nd millennium BC, marks the point when the centre of Indian civilisation shifted from the Indus basin to the Ganges basin. There may be links between the Late Harappan settlement of the Ganges basin and the archaeological culture known as "Cemetery H", the Indo-Aryan people, and the Vedic period. This river is the longest in India. During the early Vedic Age of the "Rigveda", the Indus and the Sarasvati River were the major sacred rivers, not the Ganges. But the later three Vedas gave much more importance to the Ganges. The Gangetic Plain became the centre of Document [131] (Title: Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka) which the river sprang. Rama is said to have dedicated a Shiva Kshethra known as Rajeshwara Temple on the banks of river Lakshmana Tirtha. The Lakshmana Tirtha river eventually flows into the Kaveri River. One Jain Temple is also present here built by Kadamba dynasty. Nishani Motte is a peak in Brahmagiri range of hills. Brahmagiri can be reached by a trek from Mananthavady (29 km east) or from Kutta. From Karnataka side, trek to Brahmagiri from Irupu Falls is 9 km and to Munikal Caves (Pakshipathalam) is 7 km. Trekkers need to seek the permission of Range Forest Officer Document [132] (Title: Sutlej) with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River, which finally flows into the Indus river about west of the city of Bahawalpur. The area to the southeast on the Pakistani side of the Indian border is called the Cholistan Desert and, on the Indian side, the Thar Desert. The Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur and the fertile plains region of Sindh, forming a large delta region between the border of Gujarat, India and Pakistan, finally terminating in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi, Pakistan. During floods, Indus river water flows in to Indian part Document [133] (Title: Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra) Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. State Catchment area Percentage Madhya Pradesh 9804 15.1 Maharashtra 51100 78.8 Gujarat 3970 6.1 Grand Total 64874 100 The Godavari (गोदावरी नदी) River is a major waterway in central India, originating in the Western Ghats and flowing eastwardly across the Deccan Plateau between the states of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, then crossing the latter state and turning to flow in Document [134] (Title: Rigvedic rivers) are often located in northern India / eastern Pakistan. If the Sarasvati and the five major rivers of India are included (Shutudri/Sutlej, Parushni/Ravi, Ashikni/Chenab, Vitasta/Jhelum, Vipasha/Beas, the latter all tributaries of Sindhu/Indus), one river is missing, probably the Kubha. (The Sindhu is a special case, having feminine or masculine gender). Other possibilities include the Arjikiya or Sushoma; compare also the list of ten rivers, both east and west of the Indus, in the Nadistuti sukta, RV 10.75. In 6.61.10, Sarasvati is called "she with seven sisters" ("saptasvasā") indicating a group of eight rivers, the number seven being more important than Document [135] (Title: Adi Badri, Haryana) confluence with Ghaggar River in Punjab, from there Ghaggar reenters Haryana and courses through Fatehabad and Sirsa districts up to Ottu barrage. All but 12 km section needs to be dug up. To revive the river, the dried up channel is being dug up and 3 dams will be built in the Sivalik Hills at Adi Badri, Haripur and Lohgarh on the Somb river (a tributary of Saraswati) and downstream Senonar barrage (Guldehra). This will help in controlling floods from Somb river, harvesting and conservation of water for irrigation and lake tourism. Pilgrimage sites, ghats, and tourist facilities will be Document [136] (Title: Manas River) joins the Manas in southern Bhutan; further downstream of the combined stream joining at the Tongsa Chu. Here, the river bed level is . After flowing in a generally south-westerly direction for about in Bhutan, the Aie river enters In India into the Goalpara district of Assam at the village of Agrong. From here, it follows a meandering course for about and outfalls into the Brahmaputra near Jogigopa. Aie River, which rises in the Black mountains at an altitude of about near the village of Bangpari, is about in length. The total length of the Manas measured along its longest Document [137] (Title: Great Rann of Kutch) forming part of its delta. Indus river branch called Koree river, shifted its course after an earthquake in 1819 isolating Rann of Kutch from its delta. Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through the Indus delta. The 500 km long LBOD, begins from northern Ghotki district in Sindh province of Pakistan and joins Rann of Kutch in Badin district of Sindh. Rann of Kutch is joint water body of India and Pakistan. Water Document [138] (Title: Indus River) the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects. There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus River may be shifting its course westwards – although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation. Originally, the delta used to receive almost Document [139] (Title: Indus River) 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but Document [140] (Title: Narmada River) only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (), and Maharashtra, (),() (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Document [141] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) after protracted discussions between India and Pakistan. In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration. Technical expert's ruling was followed for clearing the Baglihar power plant and PCA verdict was followed for clearing the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant. Pakistan raising disputes and approaching the PCA/ICA against Indian projects, could result in abolition of the IWT when its detailed provisions are interpreted by the PCA verdicts. The waters of the Indus System of Rivers begin mainly in Tibet, Afghanistan, and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Document [142] (Title: Indori river) Indori river The Indori river (Hindi: इन्दोरी नदी), is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range from Sikar district and flows through Alwar district of Rajasthan to Rewari district of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of Sahibi River. In Delhi, it is called the Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh Nallah. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthenware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. INTACH-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed Document [143] (Title: Indus River) Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth. It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the Document [144] (Title: Indus River) all of the water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately , and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world. This has reduced the flow of water and by 2018, the average annual flow of water below the Kotri barrage was , and annual amount of silt discharged was estimated to be . Substantial annual chemical/dissolved load of 46 Document [145] (Title: Chenab River) allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, 8 km southwest of Kyelang, in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers east of the Bara-lacha la pass in the in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass. This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers. The Chandra river transverses before the confluence. The Bhaga Document [146] (Title: Narmada River) and many more are under implementation, as conceived under the overall Master Plan. The river is partially navigable in the estuary reach around Bharuch but the river has never been a transport artery. The idea for inland navigation emanated with NWDT giving its award for the two main dams – the Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat from the coast and the Narmada Sagar in Madhya Pradesh – the two dams separated by a river distance of about , and the plans to build two other dams in between on the main stem of the river. A feasibility study has been carried Document [147] (Title: Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra) major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west, along with the Tapti and the Mahi River. It is the only river in India that flows in a rift valley. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state, and for the first of its course winds among the Mandla Hills, which form the head of the Satpura Range; then at Jabalpur, passing through the 'Marble Rocks', it enters the Narmada Valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. It flows through the states of Document [148] (Title: Ravi River) gravel shell dam with a gross irrigation potential of of land and power generation of 600 MW (4 units of 150 MW capacity each). The geomorpohological setting of the river basin, which has a large number of terraces between Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges, is attributed to the truly Himalayan characteristics of the river reflecting the "cis-Himalayan tectonic; structural, lithological and climatic conditions. Obviously it is different from the antecedent Indus and Sutlej". The upper reaches of the main Indus River and its tributaries lie in India whereas the lower reaches are in Pakistan. Following the partition of India in Document [149] (Title: Indica (Megasthenes)) shadow, and the Ursa Major is invisible at night. In the remotest parts, the shadows fall southward, and even Arcturus is not visible. India has many large and navigable rivers, which arise in the mountains on its northern border. Many of these rivers merge into Ganges, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the eastern boundary of Gangaridai. Other nations feared Gangaridai's huge force of the biggest elephants, and therefore, Gangaridai had never been conquered by any foreign king. Indus also runs from north to Document [150] (Title: Mohenjo-daro) The Indus still flows east of the site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed on the western side is now dry. Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira Document [151] (Title: Sutlej) Sutlej The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as "Satluj" River) (, (shatadrum), (), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree It is addressed as Shatarudra by the Gorkhalis. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India. There are several major hydroelectric projects on the Sutlej, including the 1,000 MW Bhakra Dam, Document [152] (Title: Indus River) Indus River The Indus River (locally called Darya-e-Sindh) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. The river has a total drainage area exceeding . Its estimated annual flow stands at around , twice that Document [153] (Title: Narmada River) on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of Document [154] (Title: Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)) Sai River at Parsadepur. Sai River (Uttar Pradesh) The Sai River (Sai setu), also referred to as the Adi Ganga, is a tributary of the Gomti River in Uttar Pradesh, India. The Sai River originates at the sprawling pond on the hilltop at Parsoi, a village with a population of 450 in the Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. It separates the region of Lucknow from Unnao. The river flows towards the south by Raebareli and comes into the region of Pratapgarh through the west, then turns east and touches the Ghuisarnath Dham. Flowing out of Ghuisarnath Dham, it touches another Document [155] (Title: Names for India) the Indus River as well as the country at the lower Indus basin (modern Sindh, in Pakistan). The Old Persian equivalent of was . Darius I conquered Sindh in about 516 BCE, upon which the Persian equivalent was used for the province at the lower Indus basin. Skylax of Karyanda who explored the Indus river for the Persian emperor probably took over the Persian name and passed it into Greek. The terms () for the Indus river as well as "an Indian" are found in Herodotus's Geography. The loss of the aspirate /h/ was probably due to the dialects of Document [156] (Title: Indus Highway) province and eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Construction began in 1981 from Karachi and was completed in 1985 in Peshawar. Major cities it links include The Government of Pakistan have planned that a portion of about 300 km will be dualized by the year 2023 starting from Dera Ghazi Khan towards Kotri. Indus Highway The Indus Highway (), also known as National Highway 55 (N-55) (), is a 1264 km long four-lane national highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the northwestern city of Peshawar via Dera Ghazi Khan. It is part Document [157] (Title: Geography of Pakistan) at Mithankot. River Indus has tributaries on both western and eastern side. River Indus eastern tributaries are River Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi and Beas. These four rivers flow in Punjab. These four rivers meet at Panjnad where they are known as River Panjnad. River Indus western tributaries are River Swat, Kabul, Kurrram, Tochi, Gomal, Zhob. These rivers join River Indus at KPK. At Mithankot these rivers finally meet with River Indus. After this River Indus flows alone through Lower Indus Plain. Lower Indus Plain Starts from Mithankot up to Thatta where River Indus meets with the Arabian Sea. This place Document [158] (Title: Mithi River) river at Andheri. The river originates from the overflow of Vihar Lake and also receives the overflows from the Powai Lake about 2 km later. It flows for a total of 15 km before it meets the Arabian Sea at Mahim Creek flowing through residential and industrial complexes of Powai, Saki Naka, Kurla, Kalina, Vakola, Bandra-Kurla complex, Dharavi and Mahim. The river has an average width of 5 metres in the upper reaches, has been widened to 25 m in the middle reaches and up to 70 m in the lower reaches after 26 July 2005 deluge (944 mm in Document [159] (Title: Ganges) of the Brahmaputra was more easterly, passing by the city of Mymensingh and joining the Meghna River. Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra, sometimes Old Brahmaputra. The site of the old Brahmaputra-Meghna confluence, in the locality of Langalbandh, is still considered sacred by Hindus. Near the confluence is a major early historic site called Wari-Bateshwar. The Late Harappan period, about 1900–1300 BCE, saw the spread of Harappan settlement eastward from the Indus River basin to the Ganges-Yamuna doab, although none crossed the Ganges to settle its eastern bank. The disintegration of the Harappan civilisation, Document [160] (Title: The Black Mountain (Tor Ghar)Tribes) twenty five to thirty miles and its average height about 8000 feet above sea level. It ascends from the Indus basin at its southern end near the village of Kiara and goes up to its watershed near the village Baradar; then it runs north-east by north to the point on the crest known as Chitabat. From here the range runs due north, finally descending to the Indus by two large spurs, at the foot of the easternmost of which lies Thakot. The Indus, after passing Thakot, turns westward along the northern foot of the mountain till it washes the western Document [161] (Title: Kali Sindh River) The origin point of the river is Vindhya Range and then flowing down further to the north direction through Baran and Jhalawar district. The river meets the Chambal River at Nonera village in Baran district. The popular place where the Kali Sindh River enters in Rajasthan is in Binda village. The total distance covered by the Kali Sindh River in Rajasthan is 145 kilometers. The geography of the Kali Sindh River shows an extensive aluminum deposits and flood plains. In the monsoon season, it sometimes reaches to the supreme water level. The geology of the Kali Sindh River points out Document [162] (Title: Sarasvati River) located in Northwestern India and Pakistan. A second popular theory associates the river with the Helmand river or an ancient river in the present Helmand Valley in Afghanistan. Others consider Sarasvati a mythical river. The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, suggesting an earlier dating of the Rig Veda, and renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures can be equated. The Rig Veda contains several hymns which give an indication of the Document [163] (Title: Beas River) Beas River The Beas River is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab. Its total length is and its drainage basin is large. As of 2017 the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin, the only one not located in Pakistan. Veda Vyasa is the eponym of the river Beas, the author of Indian epic Mahabharata; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Vyas Kund. Rig-veda calls Document [164] (Title: Rishikesh) flows through Rishikesh. Here the river leaves the Shivalik Hills in the Himalayas and flows into the plains of northern India. Several temples, ancient and new, are along the banks of the Ganges in Rishikesh. Shatrughna Mandir, Bharat Mandir, Lakshman Mandir are the ancient temples established by Adi Shankaracharya. Shatrughna Temple is near Ram Jhula and Lakshman Mandir is near Lakshman Jhula. Rishikesh is at . It has an average elevation of . The Tehri Dam is just uphill on the way to Gangotri. Rishikesh is the starting point for travelling to the four Chota Char Dham pilgrimage places — Document [165] (Title: Tilla Jogian) Jhelum River and the Grand Trunk Road – the ancient route which connected Central Asia to India. Tilla Jogian is also near the Rohtas Fort, and the Katas Raj Temples — another important Hindu pilgrimage site with a sacred pond that is said to have been created from the teardrops of the Hindu god "Shiva." Tilla Jogian complex is located in Pakistan's Salt Range, on a mountaintop of the same name. The temples are located at an altitude of 975 meters (3200 ft) near the summit of the mountain, resulting in a cooler and wetter climate relative to the Punjab Document [166] (Title: West Rapti River) further on at Chhapra, the Ghaghara reaches the Ganges. Aciravati, Achirvati or Airavati is the ancient name for a river has been identified with the modern Rapti, flowing through what is now Nepal and the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang knew it as A-chi-lo. Jain texts mention it as Eravai. The ancient city of Sravasti, once capital of Kosala Kingdom, stood on the western bank of the Achirvati. The river was a tributary of the Sarayu. It was one of the five great rivers that constituted the Ganges group of rivers and one of the sacred Document [167] (Title: Indus River Delta) prison and a $12 fine. However, most are jailed for a year, and their boats are sold at an auction. Indian fishermen crossing into Pakistan face a similar fate. Indus River Delta The Indus River Delta (, ), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the Southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of the Western tip of India. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is . The Document [168] (Title: Sutlej) for Bilaspur district, Hamirpur district, and other places along the Sutlej's banks. Of four rivers (Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra and Karnali/Ganges) mythically flowing out of holy Lake Manasarovar, the Sutlej is actually connected by channels that are dry most of the time. Sutlej The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as "Satluj" River) (, (shatadrum), (), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree It is addressed as Shatarudra by the Gorkhalis. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The Document [169] (Title: Indus River) river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta. The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – it diminishes greatly in Document [170] (Title: Leh) the one the modern highway follows from the Punjab via Mandi, the Kulu valley, over the Rohtang Pass, through Lahaul and on to the Indus Valley, and then down river to Leh. The route from Srinigar was roughly the same as the road that today crosses the "Zoji La" (pass) to Kargil, and then up the Indus Valley to Leh. From Baltistan there were two difficult routes: the main on ran up the Shyok Valley from the Indus, over a pass and then down the Hanu River to the Indus again below Khalsi (Khalatse). The other ran from Skardu straight Document [171] (Title: Sattagydia) on these considerations, two locations have been proposed: the first being "the area of the confluence of the Ghorband and Panjshir rivers in Afghanistan", and the second, "the area of the middle Indus, around the modern city of Bannu". Following recent archaeological findings, the Bannu basin has become the favoured choice. David Fleming points out that it is close to Kurram and Tochi rivers and it has four routes to the west, via the Khyber Pass, the Kurram river valley, the Gomal Pass and the Bolan Pass in Balochistan. Magee et al. have reported findings of recent archaeological excavations at Document [172] (Title: Megasthenes) at night. In the remotest parts, the shadows fall southward, and even Arcturus is not visible. India has many large and navigable rivers, which arise in the mountains on its northern border. Many merge into Ganges, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the eastern boundary of Gangaridai. Other nations feared Gangaridai's huge force of the biggest elephants, and therefore, Gangaridai had never been conquered by any foreign king. Indus also runs from north to south, and has several navigable tributaries. In addition, there are Document [173] (Title: Sharda River) around "Pancheshwar" (R) is called "Kali Kumaon". The Kali exits the Hill Region at Jogbudha Valley and receives two tributaries: "Ladhiya" (R) at 29º12'N, 80º14'E and "Ramgun" (L) at 29º9'N, 80º16'E. Then it enters the lower Shivalik Hills. Tanakpur (R) town is just above Dam of Sharda Reservoir at 29º3"N, 80º7"E where water is diverted into an irrigation canal. The river exits the last hills into the Terai plains, passing towns Banbasa (R) and Mahendranagar (Bhim Datta) (L). At 29º0'N, 80º7'E the Iran-Indonesia AH2 Asian highway route crosses as Nepal's east-west Mahendra Highway connects with India's National Highway 125. The Document [174] (Title: Krishnavati river) originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district) and Sota River (another tributaries of Sahibi river that merges with Sahibi at Behror in Alwar district). The drainage pattern for all these rivers is dendritic. The western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan and southern Haryana forms the basin of this river. The drainage pattern is dendritic. These west to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region, drain into southern Haryana. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Document [175] (Title: Pandoh Dam) cusecs) of Beas waters to the Satluj River. The project was completed in 1977. The two major rivers Beas and Satluj flow out of the himalayas and reach a point where they are separated by a crow fly distance of approximately 36 km and have an elevation difference of approximately 1099 ft. The waters of Beas are continuous flow from ice-melt and flow throughout the year. This was realized and a plan made to exploit the potential of this river system. The power potential was estimated as 1,000 MW. The plans originally called Beas Project Unit - I Beas Satluj Document [176] (Title: Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)) Sai River (Uttar Pradesh) The Sai River (Sai setu), also referred to as the Adi Ganga, is a tributary of the Gomti River in Uttar Pradesh, India. The Sai River originates at the sprawling pond on the hilltop at Parsoi, a village with a population of 450 in the Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. It separates the region of Lucknow from Unnao. The river flows towards the south by Raebareli and comes into the region of Pratapgarh through the west, then turns east and touches the Ghuisarnath Dham. Flowing out of Ghuisarnath Dham, it touches another religious place known as Document [177] (Title: Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)) Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh) Parvati River is a river in the Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh, northern India that flows into the Beas River at Bhuntar, some 10 km south of Kullu. It rises from the Man Talai Glacier below the Pin Parbati pass and flows in a gradual curve from north-northwest to west-southwest past the important temple town of Manikaran. The river valley has been a route to various places: Lahul across the Sara Umga La pass, Spiti across the famous Pin Parbati pass, and the recently discovered (1995) Debsa Pass. The river has fine first-growth forests in its Document [178] (Title: Kaushalya river) banks of which the Indus Valley Civilisation developed. Kaushalya river The Kaushalya river, a tributary of Ghaggar river, is a river in Panchkula district of Haryana state of India. The Kaushalya river rises in the Shivalik hills on the border of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh State, and flows through Panchkula district and confluences with Ghaggar river near Pinjore just downstream of Kaushalya Dam. The basin is classified in two parts, Khadir and Bangar, the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called "Bangar" and the lower flood-prone area is called "Khadar". Several archaeologists have identified the old Document [179] (Title: Ravi River) the World Bank. The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Raavi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in Pakistan. According to this treaty, Raavi, Beas and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers, are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan. However, a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilisation of waters of Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus Document [180] (Title: Indus Valley Civilisation) the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan, at Manda, Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu, India, and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km from Delhi. The southern most site of the Indus valley civilisation is Daimabad in Maharashtra. Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers, but also on the ancient seacoast, for example, Balakot, and on islands, for example, Dholavira. It flourished along the system of monsoon-fed perennial rivers in the basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra River in northwest India, and the Indus River flowing through the length of Pakistan. There is evidence of Document [181] (Title: Geography of India) the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal). (The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains. The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, China, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River) (or "Tsangpo"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, then flows west through Assam. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River. The Chambal, another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing Document [182] (Title: Lohit River) and becomes pool drop towards the latter end of the trip. Rafting was first started in February 1994 by the Indian Army and the first successful kayak descent of the river in December 2003. Parshuram Kund, a Hindu pilgrimage is situated on the lower reaches of Lohit. Over 70,000 devotees and sadhus take holy dip its water each year on the occasion of Makar Sankranti, in the month of January. Lohit River The Lohit River or Zayü River is a river in India and China. It is a tributary to the Brahmaputra River. The river rises in eastern Tibet, in Document [183] (Title: Indus River Delta) , 220 km, and . Because the Indus river has switched its location at various points in history, it has an "active" delta region, and total delta region (all area that was once a part of the delta). The total area is estimated at , and . The active area is estimated at , and . The length of the total delta along the axis of Indus is estimated at , whereas the current delta stretches from the Arabian Sea to just south of Thatta (~). There are currently 17 major creeks(Including Sir Creek, Bhitiaro Creek and Kori Creek) and Document [184] (Title: Sarasvati River) east into Punjab, they named the new rivers they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand, and the "Vinasana Sarasvati" may correspond with the Ghaggar-Hakra river. Romila Thapar has also suggested that the Sarasvati river is the ancient Haraxvati river of Afghanistan, noticing that the descriptions of the Sarasvati flowing through the "high mountains" cannot be reconciled with the actual course of the present-day Ghaggar-Hakkar river. The Vedic and Puranic statements about the drying-up and diving-under of the Sarasvati have been used as a reference point for the dating of the Harappan civilisation and the Vedic culture. Some Document [185] (Title: Indira Gandhi Canal) northwest corner of Jaisalmer could be brought under irrigation from the stored waters of Punjab rivers. In 1960, Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan which gave India the right to use waters of three rivers –the Satluj, Beas and Ravi. The proposed Rajasthan Canal envisaged use of 7.6 million acre feet of water. The initial plan was to build the canal in two stages, Stage I consisting of feeder canal from Harike barrage in Punjab. Stage I also included constructing distributary canal system of about in length. The stage II involved construction of long main canal and Document [186] (Title: Geography of India) which are classified as major rivers, with the total catchment area exceeding . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds: The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year. The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. (The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about . The Ganges originates from Document [187] (Title: Nara River (India)) its bank. According to Kurukshetra University's "Centre of Excellence for Sarasvati river researh" studies, Sarasvati originated at "Sarasvati Glacier" at "Sarasvotri" at Rupin Pass in Himachal Pradesh, melting into icy water at Netwar on southwest border of Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, flowing to Paonta Sahib and emering out of mountains at Adi Badri. After an earthquake some of its tributatries were usurped by Yamuna to east and Sutlej to west. Kurukshetra, where Mahabharat took place, was located on the banks of this river. Nara River (India) Nara River is a river in Gujarat in Document [188] (Title: Ravi River) August 1947, a dispute arose between India and Pakistan on sharing of the waters of the Indus River Basin. The dispute was resolved with the intervention of the World Bank and a treaty was signed in 1960 on sharing of the Indus waters between India and Pakistan. The Indus System of Rivers comprises the three Western Rivers in the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab together with three Eastern Rivers; the Sutlej, the Beas and the Raavi. To establish the ownership of these waters, an Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan on 1 April 1960, under monitoring of Document [189] (Title: Sarasvati River) late 19th-century, scholars have conjectured that the Vedic Saraswati river is the Ghaggar-Hakra River system, which flows through northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. Satellite images have pointed to the more significant river once following the course of the present day Ghaggar River. Scholars have observed that major Indus Valley Civilization sites at Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Banawali and Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat) also lay along this course. However, identification of the Vedic Sarasvati with the Ghaggar-Hakra system is problematic, since the Ghaggar-Hakra is not only mentioned separately in the "Rig Veda" river, but is described as having dried-up by the Document [190] (Title: Chachran) point of Indus and Ravi Rivers, probably on the eastern side at Chachran, Allah Abad, Khanpur and Rahim Yar Khan. So it is concluded that around 326 BC, Chachran was like a basic city in that state. Shahzada Mirza Mehmood Shah cited in his travelling story on page # 46 that Chacharan at the bank of Indus River is in the premises of Bahawalpur. It is said that it was a big city back then and its population was like the population of Multan. There was a big harbour in Chachran before the birth of Khawaja Ghulam Farid in the Document [191] (Title: Sarasvati River) Hindu epics. These post-Vedic texts regularly talk about drying up of the river, and start associating the goddess Sarasvati with language, rather than the river. Michael Witzel also notes that the Rig Veda indicates that the Sarswati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra)." The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harrapan Civilisation), which is named after the Indus, was largely located on the banks of and in the proximity of the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system. The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or Document [192] (Title: Lanela) river's lost path traced out beneath underground areas of Lanela Digitally processed satellite images have unearthed the hidden course of a major lost river below the sands of the Thar Desert, in the India–Pakistan (Indo-Pak) region. The great Himalayan river of the Vedic period (10 000–8000 BP) is mentioned in ancient Indian literature. It was called the ‘Saraswati’ in India and the ‘Hakra’ in Pakistan and it dried up during 4000–3500 BP. Large numbers of archaeological sites from the Harappan civilization occur along the dry river bed. The mapped course of the river is 4–10 km wide and conforms to Document [193] (Title: Bhagirathi River) lies at the confluence of the Bhāgirathi and the Bhilangna, at , near Tehri.Chaukhamba I is the highest point of the Bhagirathi basin. There are 18 dams along the Bhāgirathi River, either in operation, under construction or planned. These are, in order from the source: Bhagirathi River The Bhāgīrathī (Pron:/ˌbʌgɪˈɹɑːθɪ/) is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and one of the two headstreams (or source) of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and considered holy in Hinduism. In Hindu faith and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges. However, in Document [194] (Title: Gujarat) distance in its passage through the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on the Narmada River, one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around . It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi River and the Mahi River. A riverfront project has been built on the Sabarmati River. The Rann of Kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert located in the Thar Desert biogeographic region in between the province of Sindh and the state of Gujarat. Situated from the Document [195] (Title: Sharda River) India since the Sugauli Treaty concluding the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16. The Kali receives the right-bank (R) Dhauliganga—not to be confused with the Alaknanda tributary—at "Tawaghat" (29º57'N, 80º36'E). It passes a town Dharchula (R) and receives Gori Ganga at Jauljibi (R), exiting the high mountains that reach into the alpine zone. At 29º36'N, 80º24'E the first important left-bank (L) tributary from Nepal, the "Chameliya" joins after flowing southwest from Nepal's Gurans Himal (including Api). A bazaar town Jhulaghat (29º34', 80º21') is on both sides of the river. Then the Kali receives the "Sarju River" (R) at 29º27'N, 80º15'E. The area Document [196] (Title: Ravi River) Dam (also known as Thein dam as it is in Thein village). The left bank is in Punjab and the right bank is in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the main stem of the Raavi River, about upstream of Madhopur Headworks (built during pre-partition time). The project is an outcome of the development plan conceived for the use of the waters of three eastern rivers allocated to India under the Indus Treaty, namely the Sutlej, the Beas and the Raavi, for irrigation, hydropower generation and other consumptive uses. A proposal for building a storage dam on the Raavi Document [197] (Title: Ganges) km (155.343 mi) through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which irrigates the "Doab" region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India. The Ganges follows an arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an average Document [198] (Title: Drishadvati river) to north through the Aravallis from Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan to Nangal Chaudhery in southern Haryana. The river then turned to reach Satnali and meet the Saraswati. After major tectonic/seismic activity in the Aravalli Range some 6500 years ago, the river Saraswati changed its course, to what is now known as Ghaggar-Hakra river bed at present times, and dried up later. According to Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, the Drishadwati originated in the Vindya Mountains of Baghelkhand and joined the Charmanwati. After an earthquake, it flowed north to join the Son River. Sarkar believes that the Drishadvati is the Ghaghara. Drishadvati river Document [199] (Title: Sarasvati River) the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization", as it is theorized that the civilisation flourished on banks of the Sarasvati river, along with the Indus. Danino notes that the dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation, and that it is "tempting" to equate the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures. In 2015, Reuters reported that "members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh believe that proof of the physical existence of the Vedic river would bolster their concept of a golden age of Hindu India, before invasions by Muslims and Christians." The Bharatiya Janata Party Question: what is the starting point of indus river Answer: the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar Long Answer: The Indus River (locally called Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia . Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit - Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. Gold Document ID: 152

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves) Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves The Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are a large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Indus River Delta forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests. Much of the forested area has been destroyed and the remaining parts are threatened. With a length of , the Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world, starting in the glaciers of the Himalayan range in Tibet and flowing through India and Pakistan. Where the river enters the Arabian Sea Document [2] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) culture of India. Many early settlements are found along the river beds in this area. Hakra or "Hakro Darya" streamed through Sindh and its sign can be found in Sindh areas such as Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar and Tharparkar. Along the course of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, there are many early archaeological sites belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization; but not further south than the middle of Bahawalpur district. It has been assumed that the Sarasvati ended there in a series of terminal lakes, and some think that its water only reached the Indus or the sea in very wet rainy seasons. Document [3] (Title: Daman Ganga River) joins the sea at Daman, it is named Daman Ganga. At the estuary there is heavy sedimentation and hence the depth of water is shallow. Daman is located on both banks of the river (Portuguese name: Rio Sandalcalo). At the mouth of the river the bar is level bed made of hard sand, except for the North of the North point where the river enters the sea. The river basin (part of the basin of West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri), which lies entirely on the western ghats, has a total catchment area of . Catchment area distribution is: Document [4] (Title: Dangri) of which the Indus Valley Civilisation developed. Dangri Tangri river, also called Dangri river, originating in Siwalik Hills, is a tributary of Ghaggar river in of Haryana state of India. The Tangri river originates in the Shivalik hills on the border of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh State, and flows along the haryana and Punjab, India border before meeting with Ghaggar river at the confluence. The basin is classified in two parts, Khadir and Bangar, the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called "Bangar" and the lower flood-prone area is called "Khadar". The Dangri or Tangri is Document [5] (Title: Haro River) Haro River results in water shortage in the twin cities during summer season. It is fed by four major tributaries: Minor tributaries include the following rivulets. This river joins the Indus River near Ghazi Barotha Dam. Haro River Haro () is the name of a river that flows through parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab . Its main valley is in Abbottabad District in the North West Frontier Province of northern Pakistan, identified with the Rigvedic Arjikiya. Its coordinates are 33°46'8" N and 72°14'43" E in DMS (Degrees Minutes Seconds) or 33.7689 and 72.2453 (in decimal degrees). Famous Khanpur Dam Document [6] (Title: Narmada River) as much as of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is . Till the beginning of planned development in the country was started in 1946, this huge potential went almost abegging without any effective utilisation thus denying much needed succour to the drought stricken people of the valley, both in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Since then plans have been evolved, Document [7] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Indus Waters Treaty The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan. According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 million acre-feet (MAF) — was given to Document [8] (Title: Shyok River) flows in a wide valley, suddenly entering a narrow gorge after Chalunka, continuing through Turtuk and Tyakshi before crossing into Pakistan. The Shyok joins the Indus at Keris, to the east of the town of Skardu. The Nubra river, originating from the Siachen glacier, also behaves like the Shyok. Before Tirkit, the SE flowing river Nubra takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of paleo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus and the Document [9] (Title: Shingo River) north at Kharul, 7 km north of Kargil. Suru/Shingo continues to flow north and reenters the Skardu District of Baltistan. It joins the Indus River from the left near Olding. The Shingo river is clearer than other rivers in Ladakh because it is formed from melting ice. It flows through Chanigund. The Shingo River runs north of the Line of Control dividing the Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir. Gultari is the largest city on its course. A road runs parallel to the river, which once connected Astor to Kargil. Once in the Kargil district, the valley of the river Document [10] (Title: Kushiyara River) from the left (south) by the Monu River, flows northwest past the villages of Aorangapur, Tajpur, and Pāilgaon, where it is joined by the small Itakhola River and assumes a westward direction. After the village of Mārkuli the river heads southwest past the village of Pāhārpur to the village of Ajmiriganj Bazar. After that the river forms several braided streams and heads south where it is joined by the Khowai River from the left (east) and heads southwest where it is rejoined by the Surma (locally known as the Danu River) from the right (north) and becomes the Meghna River, Document [11] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, and Gregory Possehl states: Because most of the Indus Valley sites known so far are actually located on the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some Indian archaeologists, such as S.P. Gupta, have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture which is named, as is common in archaeology, after the first place where the culture was discovered. Some paleo-environmental scientists have proposed that the Hakkra was fed by Himalayan sources, Document [12] (Title: Sarasvati River) east toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralized late Harappan phase took place. Clift et al. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in Cholistan immediately below the presumed Ghaggar-Hakra channel show sediment affinity not with the Ghagger-Hakra, but instead with the Beas River in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones, further weakening the hypothesis that the Ghaggar-Hakra was once a large river, but suggesting that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along Document [13] (Title: South Asian river dolphin) and possibly the Sapta Kosi River. The Indus subspecies ("P. g. minor") today only occurs in a 1,000 km stretch of the Indus River itself and several connecting channels between the Jinnah and Kotri barrages. In the past it was to be found along 3,400 km of the Indus, its tributaries and neighboring river systems. Its range has contracted by about 80% since 1870. Since the two originally inhabited river systems - between the Sukkur and Guddu barrage in Pakistan's Sind Province, and in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces - are not connected in any way, it remains unknown Document [14] (Title: Rainee Canal Project) will ensure supply of water to surrounding areas. Rainee Canal Project Rainee Canal Project is located in Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur Districts of Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is a canal that starts from the left bank of Indus River at Guddu Barrage. The total length of the main canal is about 175 km and length of its distributaries will be around 686 km. The project commenced in October 2002. Construction started in two phases. Work on Phase 1 was completed in June 2014 while Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in June 2018. The canal will provide water Document [15] (Title: Sutlej) India in Himachal Pradesh state. It then turns slightly, heading west-southwest for about to meet the Beas River near Makhu, Firozpur district, Punjab state. Ropar Wetland in Punjab state is located on the Sutlej river basin, evidence suggest Indus Valley Civilisation also flourished here. Ungti Chu and Pare Chu rivers which drain south eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir state are tributaries of Sutlej river. Continuing west-southwest, the Sutlej enters Pakistan about east of Bhedian Kalan, Kasur District, Punjab province, continuing southwest to water the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur princely state. About north of Uch Sharif, the Sutlej unites Document [16] (Title: Topography of Pakistan) of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometers west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometers, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 Document [17] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Jhelum and Chenab — and three eastern rivers — the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi. Per Article I of IWT, any river/ tributary and its catchment area of Indus System of Rivers which are not part of other five rivers, is part of Indus river including its creeks, delta channels, connecting lakes, etc. According to this treaty, the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive water use by India after the permitted water uses in Pakistan before they cross finally into Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive water use of the western rivers after the permitted water uses in India. Article Document [18] (Title: Mirpur, Pakistan) boats used to carry goods down the five rivers of the Punjab to the Indus River and onto the seaports in the Indus delta. Traders have been operating from there across the Indian Ocean for over three thousand years. Most of the crew on the boats trading up and down the Punjab and Indus River system were drawn from Mirpur, as training as a boat-builder was a necessary prerequisite for becoming a boatman. With the arrival of Dogra Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu, the thriving river trade was decimated due to the construction of railway lines from Bombay and Karachi Document [19] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) by the catchment of the Suru River, receives irrigation through the canals of the Suru River. The main crops grown in the valley include barley, buckwheat, turnips and mustard. Suru River (Indus) The Suru River (), a tributary of Indus River, is a river in the Kargil district of Ladakh region, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Suru River is a long river, that originates from the Panzella glacier which lies at Pensi La pass near the Drang Drung Glacier. The Drang Drung Glacier also gives rise to the Stod River which flows down in the opposite Document [20] (Title: Bhima River) enters from the left (north) across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The Ghod River is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of Daund on the right (southwest) bank. Chandani, Kamini, Moshi, Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogavati river and Nira are the major tributaries of the river in Solapur District. Of these, the Nira river meets with the Bhima between Nira Narsingpur Document [21] (Title: Indus River) Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams. The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal – linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers – extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi – standing long and high, with an long reservoir. It supports the Chashma Barrage near Dera Ismail Khan for irrigation use and flood control and the Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan which also produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is long Document [22] (Title: Indus River) the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake. Presently, Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks. The traditional source of the river is the "Senge Khabab" or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are Document [23] (Title: Ghaggar-Hakra River) desert country, and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization. This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites, including part of Mohenjo Daro. About 80 percent of the Ghaggar-Hakkra sites are datable to the fourth or third millennium BCE, suggesting that the river was flowing during (part of) this period, which is also indicated by the fact that some Indus sites are found inside the bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra. Since the 19th century, proposals have been made to identify the mythological Sarasvati river with the Ghaggar-Hakra Document [24] (Title: Chenab River) in the Vedic period In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River). The river has rich power generation potential in India. Chenab River The Chenab River ( ; ), known traditionally as the Chandrabhaga River (), is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It forms in the upper Himalayas Document [25] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) Suru River (Indus) The Suru River (), a tributary of Indus River, is a river in the Kargil district of Ladakh region, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Suru River is a long river, that originates from the Panzella glacier which lies at Pensi La pass near the Drang Drung Glacier. The Drang Drung Glacier also gives rise to the Stod River which flows down in the opposite direction from the Suru. The source of the Suru River lies south of Kargil town, and north from Zanskar. Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir lies to the Document [26] (Title: Indori river) of Brahmavarta and was mentioned in the "Rigveda", the "Manusmriti", and the "Brahmin Granths" texts. Indori river The Indori river (Hindi: इन्दोरी नदी), is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range from Sikar district and flows through Alwar district of Rajasthan to Rewari district of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of Sahibi River. In Delhi, it is called the Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh Nallah. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthenware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on Document [27] (Title: Gomal River) 1965; not to restart till 2001 during the rule of Pervez Musharraf. while it was opened in 2013. There is also a street in E-7, Islamabad called the "Gomal Road". Gomal River Gomal River (, , ) is a 400 km long river in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The river was described in Ramayana, as Gomatī River (2.49.11). The river lends its name to the Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan and the like-named Gomal District in Paktika Province of Afghanistan. Gomal River's headwaters are located south-east of Ghazni. The springs which form the headwaters of the Gomal's main branch emerge Document [28] (Title: Shingo River) houses India's National Highway 1 that connects the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. After reentering Baltistan, its valley support the Shingo River Road, which is also called the Kargil–Skardu Road. Shingo River The Shingo River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows through Gilgit-Baltistan and Kargil regions. The river originates in the Chhota Deosai plains in the Astore District, north of Minimarg and flows east. The Shigar River, which originates in the Bara Deosai Plateau to the north, also flows east and joins Shingo before it enters the Indian-administered Kargil district near Dalunang. In the Kargil district, Shingo is Document [29] (Title: Indus River) this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border. In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface. In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar. Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in Document [30] (Title: Narmada River) river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa. There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Brahmaputra. Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially Document [31] (Title: Sutlej) of Great Rann of Kutch. Thus Gujarat state of India is also a riparian state of Indus river as Rann of Kutch area lying west of Kori Creek in the state is part of the Indus River Delta. The Sutlej, along with all of the Punjab rivers, is thought to have drained east into the Ganges prior to 5 mya. There is substantial geologic evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 BC, and perhaps much earlier, the Sutlej was an important tributary of the Ghaggar-Hakra River (thought to be the legendary Sarasvati River) rather than the Indus, with various authors Document [32] (Title: Indus River) Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. Kailas) mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually Document [33] (Title: Ghaghara) low water stage in this river is only for a short duration. There is a great urgency to carry out detailed study of the Karnali river to develop modern inland waterway by applying various channel improvement technologies. Ghaghara Ghaghara, also called Karnali (; "Ghāghrā" [ˈɡʱɑːɡrɑː]; ; "Karṇālī" [kʌrˈnɑːliː]; ; "Jiāgélāhé" [t͡ɕi̯ákɤ̌láxɤ̌]) is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Manasarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India. Together they form the Ghaghara River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of it is Document [34] (Title: Indus River) northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, and the Dards of Indo-Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Islam. Then it descends into Baltistan, northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu. A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar. People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language. Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu, Pattan and Dubair. As it continues through Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary Document [35] (Title: Adi Ganga) Chand Saudagor, the merchant, as passing Chitpur, Betore, Kalighat, Churaghat, Baruipur, Chhatrabhog, Badrikunda, Hathiagarh, Choumukhi, Satamukhi and Sagarsangam. The description of Bipradas Piplai tallies to a large extent with of 1660. Some quarters ascribe the virtual drying up of Adi Ganga to the artificial link to the lower channel of the Saraswati, whereby that became the main channel for oceangoing ships and the Adi Ganga became derelict. This feat is ascribed by some to Nawab Alivardi Khan. Others think that a tidal creek connecting the Saraswati and the Hooghly, near the point where the Adi Ganga branched off was the Document [36] (Title: Indus River) region, the river is known as सिन्धु "(Sindhu)" in Hindi and Nepali, سنڌو ("Sindhu") in Sindhi, ("Sindh") in Shahmukhi Punjabi, ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ ("Sindh Nadī") in Gurmukhī Punjabi, اباسين ("Abāsin" lit. "Father of Rivers") in Pashto, نهر السند ("Nahar al-Sind") in Arabic, སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ། ("singi khamban" lit. "Lion River" or "Lion Spring") in Tibetan, ("Yìndù") in Chinese, and "Nilab" in Turki. The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the "breadbasket" of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Document [37] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) also being the second largest city in the Ladakh region after Leh. A branch of the anicient Silk Road ran alongside the Suru River, connecting Kargil and Skardu. The road is now closed due to the Line of Control. The Suru River has extensive possibilities for rafting and it is practised during the summer. The Suru Valley is the starting point for rafting trips, and it also provides a base for mountaineering expeditions to the Nun Kun mountain massif. Agriculture in Ladakh is scarce due to the dry climate, and is restricted to the river valleys. The Suru valley, formed Document [38] (Title: Ravi River) through the Indus River in Pakistan. The river rises in the Bara Bhangal, District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, India. The river drains a total catchment area of in India after flowing for a length of . Flowing westward, it is hemmed by the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, forming a triangular zone. The Raavi River originates in the Himalayas in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows a north-westerly course and is a perennial river. It is the smallest of the five Punjab rivers that rises from glacier fields at an elevation of , on Document [39] (Title: Digvijaya Singh) devout Hindu along with his wife started the Narmada Parikrama on 30 Sept 2017, from Barman Ghat, on banks of river Narmada after taking the blessing of his spiritual guru Shankaracharya Swami Swaroopanand Saraswati ji. The journey took them from Barman Ghat, on River Narmada southern banks, all the way to its mouth at Bharuch in Gujarat. At Bharuch, Mithi Talai is the point where the Narmada joins the Arabian Sea. Here they took a motorboat from the southern to the northern end and begin the return journey along its northern bank. On April 9, 2018 they completed the narmada Document [40] (Title: Daman Ganga River) taluka of Nasik district of Maharashtra State. It raise at an elevation of 950m. The major tributaries of Daman and Vag run a course of and respectively before joining at Matunji to become the Daman Ganga River. Major part of the river lies in Maharashtra. Its total length from source to the Arabian Sea is . Some of major tributaries which originate and flow through the mountainous region of the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and the Union Territories of Dadara and Nagar Haweli and Daman are Dawan, Shrimant, Val, Rayate, Lendi, Wagh, Sakartond, Roshni, Dudhni, and Piperiya. As the river Document [41] (Title: Panjnad River) Arabian Sea. A barrage on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sindh provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers. Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, which is believed to be in earlier times the Saraswati/Ghaggar/Hakra river which eventually dried and became a seasonal river due to seismic shifts in the glacial region of Himachal Pradesh where it originated and later on Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab. Panjnad Document [42] (Title: Indus Highway) Indus Highway The Indus Highway (), also known as National Highway 55 (N-55) (), is a 1264 km long four-lane national highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the northwestern city of Peshawar via Dera Ghazi Khan. It is part of Pakistan's National Highways network and is maintained and operated by Pakistan's National Highway Authority. The Indus Highway passes through the Kohat Tunnel. In 1980, the Indus Highway was proposed to provide an alternative and shorter route to the heavily used N-5 and to also aid the development of western Sindh Document [43] (Title: Wainganga River) a few miles due to a Satpura foothill to become the Narmada's first major tributary. The main towns on this tributary are Nainpur and Pindrai. The river has been in recreational use since ancient times, as it was on the route of pilgrimage from South to North India. The village Jhulpur, on the bank of this river, was a stoppage and temple town. The major bridge over the river is at the town Pindrai by Indian Railway (Jabalpur-Gondia rail track). The Kathani River originates in the Pendhri Hills at Dhanora and joins Wainganga near Gadchiroli city. The Hirri River originates Document [44] (Title: Indus River) of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems Document [45] (Title: Kirtankhola) Kirtankhola Kirtankhola () is a river that starts from Sayeshtabad in Barisal district and ends into the Gajalia near Gabkhan khal (canal). The total length of the river is about . In ancient times, the Ganges used to flow in three courses in Bengal, namely the Nalini, the Haldini and the Pabni. The Pabni, meeting with the ancient Padma River joint flow of which termed as the Sugandha, flowed through Madaripur south of Faridpur, again renaming as the Andar Khan or the Arial Khan. The Arial Khan branched out in several courses in Madaripur and flowed through Barisal. Flowing forward Document [46] (Title: Narmada River) only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills. Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about , with an average width of , in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills Document [47] (Title: Maharana Pratap Sagar) eastern rivers (the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj) and Pakistan got the exclusive use of the three western rivers (the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab). Following this treaty, India prepared a master plan to utilize the waters of 3 rivers which came to its share. and the Bhakra Dam was constructed across Satluj River. Then, the Beas River was tapped in two stages, with the Pong Dam forming the second stage development. Ravi River has also been developed through the Ranjit Sagar Dam Project or Thein Dam. All three river developments are multipurpose in nature involving irrigation, water Document [48] (Title: Tawi River) the project which will help allay any apprehensions about violation of provisions of Indus Water Treaty Tawi River Tawi is a river that flows through the city of Jammu. Tawi river is considered sacred and holy, as is the case with most rivers in India. Tawi river originates from the lap of Kailash Kund glacier and adjoining area southwest of Bhadarwah in Doda district. Its catchment is delineated by latitude 32°35'-33°5'N and longitude 74°35'-75°45'E. The catchment area of the river up to Indian border (Jammu) is 2168 km² and falls in the districts of Jammu, Udhampur and a small part Document [49] (Title: Sharda River) through Kumaon hills and as the Kali and Gori Rivers meet at Jauljibi, with increased water volume, it offers great river rafting adventure to professionals, for a length of 117 km, from Jauljibi to Tanakpur. In rafting parlance, in this stretch, the rapids in the river are of Grade IV and more, which could be covered in 3 days. Below Tanakpur, Lower down among the frosted slopes, the river becomes calmer offering the amateur a sporting challenge. In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in India every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some myth Document [50] (Title: Ganges) borne by the Indus and its tributaries and the Ganges and its tributaries, now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is geologically known as a foredeep or foreland basin. The hydrology of the Ganges River is very complicated, especially in the Ganges Delta region. One result is different ways to determine the river's length, its discharge, and the size of its drainage basin. The name "Ganges" is used for the river between the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers, in the Himalayas, and the India-Bangladesh border, near the Farakka Barrage and the first bifurcation of the river. The Document [51] (Title: China–Pakistan border) feet) till it joins the Karakoram Range main watershed at a peak (reference co-ordinates approximately Longitude 75° 57' E. and Latitude 36° 03' N.). (5) Thence, the boundary line, running generally southward and then eastward, strictly follows the Karakoram Range main watershed which separates the Tarim River drainage system from the Indus River drainage system, passing through the East Mustagh Pass (Muztagh Pass), the top of the Chogri Peak (K2), the top of the Broad Peak, the top of the Gasherbrum Mountain (8068) Indirakoli Pass (named on the Chinese map only) and the top of the Teram Kangri Peak, and Document [52] (Title: Luni River) Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari River from the right. The Luni River begins near Ajmer in the Pushkar valley of the western Aravalli Range at an elevation of about 550m. At this point, the river is also known as the Sagarmati. The river then flows in the southwest direction through the hills and plains of the Marwar region in Rajasthan. The river flows south-west and enters the Thar Desert before dissipating into the Rann of Kutch, traversing a total of 495 km. In spite of the high salinity, it is a major river Document [53] (Title: Ghaghara) longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna. Lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and finds mention in Ramayana. Ayodhya is situated on its right bank. It rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River. The Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the long Bheri, Document [54] (Title: Indus River) River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to Kutch in modern Gujarat, India. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90–96 of more than Document [55] (Title: Indirasagar Dam) with a river flow length of 1,312 km originates from Amarkantak in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. Narmada flows southwestward and after passing through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and a small stretch in Maharashtra, it drains into Arabian Sea near Gulf of Khambhat. Indira Sagar Project (ISP) situated on River Narmada, 10 32 km from Mundi in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh is commissioned on 31 March 2005. Indira Sagar Project is a multipurpose Project with an installed capacity of 1,000 MW, with annual energy generation of 2,698 million units in Stage I, 1,850 million units in Stage II, and 1,515 Document [56] (Title: Indus River) term for "the country of the River Indus". The region through which the river drains into sea is called Sindh and owes its name to the river (Sanskrit: "Sindhu"). Megasthenes' book "Indica" derives its name from the river's Greek name, "Indós" ("Ἰνδός"), and describes Nearchus's contemporaneous account of how Alexander the Great crossed the river. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians (people of present-day northwest India and Pakistan) as "Indói" ("Ἰνδοί"), literally meaning "the people of the Indus". Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers, including one named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river Document [57] (Title: Indus River) in abundance, including pomfret and prawns. The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The Document [58] (Title: Gomal River) as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani tribe. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam System (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan. The daming of this river at Khajuri Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even after its administrative approval by the Government of Pakistan in 1963. Work on the Gomal Zam Dam was stopped in Document [59] (Title: Shingo River) Shingo River The Shingo River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows through Gilgit-Baltistan and Kargil regions. The river originates in the Chhota Deosai plains in the Astore District, north of Minimarg and flows east. The Shigar River, which originates in the Bara Deosai Plateau to the north, also flows east and joins Shingo before it enters the Indian-administered Kargil district near Dalunang. In the Kargil district, Shingo is joined by the Dras River, which originates near Zojila Pass and flows northeast. The flow of Shingo is then doubled. The two combined rivers join the Suru River flowing Document [60] (Title: Ganges Canal) the Upper Ganges Canal from Haridwar to Aligarh, with some branches, and the Lower Ganges Canal which constitutes several branches below Aligarh. The Upper Ganges canal is the original "Ganges Canal", which starts at the Bhimgoda Barrage near Har ki Pauri at Haridwar, traverses Meerut and Bulandshahr and continues to Nanau in Aligarh district, where it bifurcates into the Kanpur and Etawah branches. A channel from a barrage at Narora intersects the canal system 48 km downstream from Nanau, and continues past the Sengar River and Sersa River, past Shikohabad in Mainpuri district to become the Bhognipur branch which was Document [61] (Title: Iranian Plateau) River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The Indus River begins in the highlands of Tibet and flows the length of Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau. The Indus River forms the Iranian plateau's eastern boundary. Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from Document [62] (Title: Yamuna) Dham Yatra circuit. Also standing close to the temple, on its trek route that follows the right bank of the river, lies Markendeya Tirtha, where the sage Markandeya wrote the Markandeya Purana. From Markendeya Tirtha, the river flows southwards for about , through the Lower Himalayas and the Shivalik Hills Range. Morainic deposits are found along the steep Upper Yamuna, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, gorges and stream terraces. Large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, such as those near Naugoan. An Document [63] (Title: Indus River) kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the Classical Period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, ca. 515 BC. This river was known to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit as "Sindhu" and the Achaemenids as "Hiduš" (, "H-i-du-u-š"), which was regarded by both of them as "the border river". The variation between the two names is explained by the Old Iranian sound change "*s" > "h", which occurred between 850–600 Document [64] (Title: Chenab River) Chenab River The Chenab River ( ; ), known traditionally as the Chandrabhaga River (), is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It forms in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state, India, and flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts of Jammu region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, Pakistan, before flowing into the Indus River near the city of Uch Sharif. The waters of the Chenab were Document [65] (Title: Indus River) in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus. India retained Document [66] (Title: Empires of the Indus) Empires of the Indus Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River is a non-fiction book by Alice Albinia that covers the writer's journey from Karachi to Tibet, which is the natural course of the Indus River. The book gives an insight into the communities as well as the history and political framework of the countries through which the Indus flows. "Empires of the Indus" was awarded the Jerwood Award by the Royal Society of Literature in 2005. The content of the book is divided in 12 distinct sections, preceded by a preface. A map of the Indus river Document [67] (Title: Indus River) single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganga and were captured after that time. Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time. The delta of Document [68] (Title: Indus River) the province of Sindh, the upper third of the river is inhabited by people speaking Saraiki; which is a somewhat transitional dialect of the Punjabi and Sindhi languages. The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After Pakistan and India declared Independence from the British Raj, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split – with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply Document [69] (Title: Narmada River) crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla, (), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some (), called the Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for (), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about , above, it is compressed in this channel of (), Document [70] (Title: Adan River) way of life is at risk due to depleting fish resources. Adan River The Adan River () is a river in Washim District, Maharashtra, India and a principal tributary of the Painganga River. The source of the Adan River is in the Washim district of Maharashtra. The Arunavati River meets the Adan River about 13 kilometres before it joins the Painganga River. The river dries up in the summer, leaving only pools towards the end of its course. Two dams have been built on the Adan; one at its origin near Sonala village and the other near Karanja Lad city, Document [71] (Title: Indus River) bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh, where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the "Satnad River" ("sat" = "seven", "nadī" = "river"), as the Document [72] (Title: Narmada River) debated, finally legally examined and adjudicated by a tribunal, and agitated by NGOs. The Supreme Court has finally intervened to ensure that the implementation of the projects are not halted. Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters started around the time of independence, when Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) identified several storage schemes and in 1948 the Khosla Committee prioritised the proposals and named Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and Bharuch projects (the last three on the main stem of the river) for preparation of reports. The reports were ready by 1963. A parallel study of hydropower potential identified 16 sites Document [73] (Title: Hiranyakeshi river) shrine dedicated to the goddess Parvati near the hill-station of Amboli. It quickly flows in a north-west direction towards Jakatwadi, a small village next to Amboli. There the river turns right almost at a right angle and begins to flow eastwards similar to most rivers flowing on the Deccan Plateau. It flows underneath a bridge supporting state highway 121, which was named by the British as "Victoria Jubilee Bridge". Then on, it takes a north-eastward course till it reaches the town of Ajra in the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. 2 km before it reaches Ajra, the river plunges over a Document [74] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) and propose several changes if needed. Indus Waters Treaty The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan. According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 million Document [75] (Title: Indus River) of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region, while the lower course of the Indus is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as "Sapta Sindhu" and the Zoroastrian Avesta as "Hapta Hindu" (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). Early historical Document [76] (Title: Adi Badri, Haryana) and its plans to revive the sacred Sarasvati river by creating a new water channel along the supposed path of the river. According to a government-constituted expert committee, Saraswati river did exist, originating in the Himalayas, and passing through Haryana. According to committee-member Khadg Singh Valdiya, the committee identified a paleo-channel which is related to the Indus Valley Civilisation, and to the present Ghaggar, Sarsuti, Hakra and Nara rivers. 212 km channel is being revived, including 55 km section from Adi Badri to Uncha Chandna, 153 km section from Uncha Chandna to Kaithal and 4 km section from Kaithal to Document [77] (Title: Jhelum River) the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following: Jhelum River The Jhelum River ( Punjabi: ਜਿਹਲਮ, Kashmiri: Vyeth (/व्यथा), is a river of west Kashmir and eastern Pakistan. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Srinager District. It is Document [78] (Title: Geography of Ladakh) waters flow northwards through a gorge in the Zanskar range, to join the Indus at Nyemo in Central Ladakh. Zanskar suffers heavy snowfall, and the Pensi-la opens only in June and is blocked again in mid-October. The entire valley is virtually treeless. The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh; all the major places historically and currently such as Shey, Leh, Basgo, and Tingmosgang are situated close to the river. The Ladakh Range has no major peaks; its average height is a little less than 6000 metres, and few of its passes are less than 5000 m. Within Ladakh it Document [79] (Title: Brahmaputra River) first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the Monash and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Document [80] (Title: Indus River) BCE according to Asko Parpola. From the Achaemenid Empire, the name passed to the Greeks as "Indós" (Ἰνδός). It was adopted by the Romans as "Indus". The meaning of "Sindhu" as a "large body of water, sea, or ocean" is a later meaning in Classical Sanskrit. A later Persian name for the river was "Darya", which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea. Other variants of the name "Sindhu" include Assyrian "Sinda" (as early as the 7th century BC), Persian "Ab-e-sind", Pashto "Abasind", Arab "Al-Sind", Chinese "Sintow", and Javanese "Santri". "India" is a Greek and Latin Document [81] (Title: Sindh River) been constructed across the Sindh River in Shivpuri district. Sindh River The Sindh River, a tributary of the Yamuna River, flows through the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The Sindh originates on the Malwa Plateau in Vidisha district, and flows north-northeast through the districts of Guna, Ashoknagar, Shivpuri, Datia, Gwalior and Bhind in Madhya Pradesh to join the Yamuna River in jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh, just after the confluence of the Chambal River with the Yamuna River. It has a total length of , out of which are in Madhya Pradesh and are in Uttar Pradesh. The Document [82] (Title: Narmada River) from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about below Nemawar, and Dadrai, further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about . A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road, National Document [83] (Title: Sindhu Kingdom) and fleet as the winds." (3:71) "The river Sindhu (Indus) too is flowing with a current of fresh blood." (3:223) "The seven large rivers including the Sindhu (Indus) though flowing eastwards then flowed in opposite directions. The very directions seemed to be reversed and nothing could be distinguished. Fires blazed up everywhere and the earth trembled repeatedly." (5:84) "The spot where the Sindhu mingleth with the sea, is that tirtha of Varuna." (3:82) In the "Harivamsa Purana", the Sindhu kingdom is mentioned at (2.56.26). The Yadavas, led by Krishna, arrived there in search for a place to build the city Document [84] (Title: Sahibi River) near Bawal. In various other places on Sahibi riverbed, many artifacts have been found, including arrowheads, fishhooks, spearheads, awls, and chisels. Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the Sarasvati river and the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period, on the banks of which in the Vedic state of Brahmavarta, Indus-Sarasvati civilisation or Vedic Sanskriti developed. Such scholars include Bhargava The Drishadwati River had formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta while other was Saraswati river. This is mentioned in the "Rigveda", the "Manusmriti", and the Document [85] (Title: Karakoram Highway) Indus River at Thakot and continues along the river until Jaglot, where the Gilgit River joins the Indus River. This is where three great mountain ranges meet: the Hindukush, the Himalaya, and the Karakoram. The western end of the Himalayas, marked by the ninth highest peak in the world, Nanga Parbat, can be seen from the highway. The highway passes through the capital of Gilgit–Baltistan, Gilgit, and continues through the valleys of Nagar and Hunza, along the Hunza River. Some of the highest mountains and famous glaciers in the Karakoram can be seen in this section. The highway meets the Document [86] (Title: Amritlal Vegad) He has written these books from his personal foot travel along the banks of Narmada, which he has been doing now for more than three decades, starting from its origin point at Amarkantak to its final discharge at sea near Bharuch. His first book was Narmada – River of Beauty. He started his first foot-travel along the route of river Narmada known as parikrama in 1977 at age of 49 and did his last parikrama of river in 1999 at the age of 71. He was accompanied in all his travel by his wife, who would carry her load her-self. Document [87] (Title: Indus Valley State Railway) Indus Valley State Railway The Indus Valley State Railway was a railway founded in 1871 to provide a rail link between Kotri and Multan and to replace the Indus Steam Flotilla. The opening of the line thus connected Karachi with Lahore. The survey of the Indus Valley railway line began in 1869 and was undertaken by John Brunton, the Chief Resident Engineer of Scinde Railway, and assisted by his son William Arthur Brunton. The Empress Bridge, opened in 1878, carried the IVSR over the Sutlej River near Bahawalpur. The Indus and Sutlej rivers were seen as major impediments in the Document [88] (Title: Sulaiman Mountains) in Punjab and Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and approaches the Indus River near Mithankot in the Rajanpur District of Punjab. The eastern slopes drop very quickly to the Indus River, but towards west, the mountain range drops gradually in Kandahar southwest into Helmand and the Sistan Basin. Rivers that flow out from the Sulaimans include the Gomal River which flows eastward into the Indus River, and the Dori River and other small tributaries of the Arghandab River, which flows southwestward into the Helmand River. The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateau to the west of it, helps form Document [89] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) Himachal Pradesh. They flow through the states of Punjab, Balochitan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Sindh, etc before emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi and Kori Creek in Gujarat. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than in Pakistan alone by 2009, one of the largest irrigated area of any one river system. The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters Document [90] (Title: Indus River) by 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward. The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic Empire, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Document [91] (Title: Lansdowne Bridge (Pakistan)) not bridged between Kotri and Hyderabad either therefore trains ran on Karachi-Jamshoro-Larkana-Sukkur route as early as 1879 and then they were ferried across to Rohri and vice versa on a river ferry. At Sukkur the river Indus flows through a gap in a range of low limestone hills and gets divided into two channels (Sukkur and Rohri channels) by an island called Bukkur. The Bukkur Island thus provides the best spot for a river crossing. Bridging the channel between Bukkur and Rohri was not so easy. The river bed here is not rocky but silty which made it difficult to Document [92] (Title: Multai) range at an elevation of 752 meter above the sea level. The states through which the Tapi river flows include Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Apart from the Narmada river, Tapi is the only river which flows in the westward direction and merges into the Arabian Sea. The Tapi basin extends to the total area of 65, 145 sq km, which is approximately 2.0% of the total geographical area of India. The main tributaries of the Tapi river are Purna, The Girna, The Panjhra, The Vaghur, the Bori and the Aner. According to the legends, Tapi river also known as Document [93] (Title: Sarasvati River) in various parts of the [Indian] subcontinent." Several present-day rivers are also named Sarasvati, after the Vedic Sarasvati: Already since the 19th century, attempts have been made to identify the mythical Sarasvati of the Vedas with physical rivers. Many think that the Vedic Sarasvati river once flowed east of the Indus (Sindhu) river. Scientists, geologists as well as scholars have identified the Sarasvati with many present-day or now defunct rivers. Two theories are popular in the attempts to identify the Sarasvati. Several scholars have identified the river with the present-day Ghaggar-Hakra River or dried up part of it, which is Document [94] (Title: Gangavalli River) the River embraces the name Gangavalli from the Goddess Ganga; the village in this area carries the same name Gangavalli. This stream joins at Kalghatgi about lower down to the Bedthi River that takes its birth near Hubli. River then flows west and then south-west for a total distance of 69 km. This river has a catchment area of and has a total length of . On its course towards the Arabian Sea, the river falls from a height of 180 metre at a point called Manjguni a new resort place on the western face of the Sahyadri. It is Document [95] (Title: Dvārakā–Kamboja route) northwest. The Kamboja–Dvārakā trade route began at the seaport of Dvārakā. It passed through the Anarta region to Madhyamika, a city near Chittor. South of Aravalli, the road reached the Indus River, where it turned north. At Roruka (modern Rodi), the route split in two: one road turned east and followed the river Sarasvati to Hastinapura and Indraprastha, while the second branch continued north to join the main east-west road (the Uttarapatha Route across northern India from Pataliputra to Bamyan) at Pushkalavati. From Pushkalavati, the Kamboja-Dvārakā and Uttarapatha routes ran together to Bahlika through Kabul and Bamyan. At Bahlika, the Document [96] (Title: Neelum River) 969 MW Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant; the country has placed the project in the hands of a Chinese consortium. Pakistan claims that the Indian dam project will violate the Indus Waters Treaty and has pursued formal arbitration proceedings against India over the matter. Neelum River The Neelum River (, ), or Kishanganga (, ), is a river in the Kashmir region of India and Pakistan; it starts in the Indian city of Gurais and then merges with the Jhelum River near the Pakistani city of Muzaffarabad. The Neelam River originates from Krishansar Lake in the vicinity of Sonamarg and runs northwards Document [97] (Title: Godavari River) into the neighboring district of Nanded where before reaching the town Nanded, is impounded by the Vishnupuri Dam and thus with it, bringing Asia's largest lift irrigation projects to life. A little downstream from Nanded, the river receives Asna, a small stream, on its left bank.It then runs into the controversial Babli project soon ends its course within Maharashtra, albeit temporarily, at its merger with a major tributary – Manjira. The river after flowing into Telangana, re-emerges to run as a state boundary separating the Mancherial, Telangana from Gadchiroli, Maharashtra. At the state border, it runs between Sironcha and Somnoor Document [98] (Title: Marala Headworks) in India. After cutting across the Pir Panjal Range, it enters the Sialkot District in the Pakistan. Here the Marala Barrage was built across the river in 1968 with a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000 m³/s). Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworks—the Marala ravi link canal and the Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to overcome any shortage of water in future. Marala Headworks is also a picnic spot, a wildlife sanctuary and an unprotected wetland. Marala Headworks Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab Document [99] (Title: Indus River Delta) Indus River Delta The Indus River Delta (, ), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the Southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of the Western tip of India. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is . The climate is arid, the region only receives between of rainfall in a normal year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world, as well Document [100] (Title: Indus River Delta) numerous minor creeks. The delta receives almost all of its water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately , and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. (In fact the World Bank has characterized the works as the "world's largest" and the Indus Basin Irrigation System as the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world.) This has served to reduce the flow of water and by 1994, the annual flow of water into Document [101] (Title: Geography of Pakistan) The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometres west of the source of the Sutlej River, which first flows through Punjab, India and joins the Indus in Pakistani Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through India and, Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometres, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul, Jhelum and, Chenab—flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been Document [102] (Title: Kiul River) Two miles south of Jamui it is joined by Barnar, below this point it receives the Alai, a mountain stream and near Jamui railway station it is joined by the Anjan. It then flows north-east up to Lakhisarai, It passes below the railway bridge between Kiul junction and Lakhisari station and is joined a few miles north of that place, near Rahuaghat, by the Harohar (Halahar or Harhobar), a continuation of the Sakri River. After this it turns due east and falls into the Ganges near Surajgarha. Until it meets the Harohar the Kiul has broad sandy bed and in Document [103] (Title: Topography of Pakistan) years. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. In Punjab (meaning the "land of five waters") are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The Sutlej river, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. The irrigation project, Document [104] (Title: Narmada River) out for navigating the Narmada from the sea up to Hoshangabad – a distance of – or even up to Jabalpur a further distance of , upstream. The main challenge in these studies is the arrangements to be planned to negotiate the Maheswar, Indira Sagar, Omkareswar, and Sardar Sarovar projects. As such, the navigation option is still open and probably can only be pursued after all the above dams are completed and other implications examined. As Varghese states, "The notion of seeing barge–trains plying the river up to Hoshangabad or Jabalpur is not far–fetched. They could become major inland ports." Document [105] (Title: Ladakh) Dras and the Mushkoh Valley form the western extremity of Ladakh. The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh. Most major historical and current towns — Shey, Leh, Basgo and Tingmosgang (but not Kargil), are close to the Indus River. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh became the only part of this river, which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture, that still flows through India. The Siachen Glacier is in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram Range forms a great Document [106] (Title: Indus River) British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over . After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India. The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Document [107] (Title: Nadistuti sukta) Nadistuti sukta The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit: नदिस्तुति सूक्त), "hymn of praise of rivers", is hymn 10.75 of the Rigveda. It is important for the reconstruction of the geography of the Vedic civilization. Sarasvati Sindhu (the Indus) is addressed as the mightiest of rivers and addressed specifically in verses 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9. In verse 5, the rishi enumerates ten rivers, beginning with the Ganga and moving westwards: O Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Shutudri (Sutlej), Parushni Marudvridha, Vitasta (Jhelum), with the Arjikiya (Haro) and Sushoma (Sohan), listen! Translation: Griffith Verse 6 adds northwestern rivers (tributaries of the Indus flowing through Document [108] (Title: Nara Canal) its lower reaches. About the by Jameel Ahmed Dars from Village Molvi Abdul Rahman Dars Taluka Khipro District Sanghar Nara Canal The Nara Canal is a deepened delta channel of Indus River in Sindh province, Pakistan. It was built as an excavated channel off the left bank of the Indus River into the course of the old Nara River. The canal runs from above the Sukkur Barrage through the Khairpur, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas and Tharparkar Districts to the Jamrao Canal. Nara is the longest canal in Pakistan, running for about . It has a designed capacity of , but actually discharges Document [109] (Title: Point 5353) east–west communication in the respective regions of Kashmir. The Shingo and Dras rivers join together further east near Kakshar. To the south of the Line of Control is India's Kargil district and to the north is Pakistan's Skardu district. According to the Indian Army sources, the Point 5353 itself is on the Line of Control. However, after the end of the Kargil War, a controversy erupted in India as to which side of the Line of Control the peak lay. Point 5070, 3 km west of Point 5353 is the closest peak to the Marpo La pass. The second tallest Document [110] (Title: Left Bank Outfall Drain) soil fertility in lower reaches of Indus basin area or Sind province or Indus River Delta for discharging adequate salt load to the sea. It starts from Ghotki district, which is located on the Sindh-Punjab border, and flows through the districts on the left bank of River Indus before ending in the Sir Creek of Arabian Sea on Badin’s coast. Its designed capacity is 4,500 cusecs The canal's effluent disseminates into Dhoro Puran Outfall Drain (DPOD) with capacity of 2000 cusec and Kadhan Pateji Outfall Drain (KPOD) having capacity of 2500 cusec. The DPOD empties into Shakoor Lake located both Document [111] (Title: Ravi River) the Sutlej River by the Beas Sutlej Link augments storage of the Bhakra reservoir in India. Ravi River The Raavi (, , ) is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (Punjab means "Five Rivers"). The waters of Raavi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Raavi and five other rivers are divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, Document [112] (Title: Agra Canal) at Okhla, about 10 km to the south of New Delhi. The weir across the Yamuna was the first attempted in Upper India upon a foundation of fine sand; it is about 800-yard long, and rises seven-feet above the summer level of the river. From Okhla the canal follows the high land between the Khari-Nadi and the Yamuna and finally joins the Banganga river about below Agra. Navigable branches connect the canal with Mathura and Agra. the canal irrigates about 1.5 lakh hectares in Agra, and Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Faridabad in Haryana, Bharatpur in Rajasthan and also some parts Document [113] (Title: Peter Clift) he dated to being older than 45 million years. He has proposed that the Indus captured the four major rivers of the Punjab region into its basin after around 5 million years ago. Prior to this time the Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Jellum Rivers would have flowed eastwards into the Ganges River, not westwards into the Indus. A project funded by the Leverhulme Trust allowed his to show that the reorganisation of rivers in SW Asia greatly predated the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. He showed that a river, possibly the mythical Sarasvati River used to flow from the Document [114] (Title: Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves) grey mangroves and red mangroves have been established and a further of red mangrove restored. Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves The Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are a large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Indus River Delta forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests. Much of the forested area has been destroyed and the remaining parts are threatened. With a length of , the Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world, starting in the glaciers of the Himalayan range Document [115] (Title: Dras River) Dras and Shingo rivers join the Suru River at Kharul, north of the town of Kargil. The Suru River is a left tributary of the Indus River. It originates from the Panzella glacier near Pensi La, flows northwards and merges with the Indus River at Nurla in Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan, north of its its confluence with the Dras River. It enters the Pakistani-Administered Kashmir at Post 43 of India or Post 44 of Pakistan. The Dras River flows through the towns of Matayan, Kharbu and Kakshar. The largest settlement on its banks is Dras, which is the second-coldest inhabited place in Document [116] (Title: Soan River) the Soan Bridge. After following a tortuous path along a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh proposed Dam Site close to Pirpiyahi where it falls into the Indus river. There is a famous railway station by the name of Sohan and a beautiful railway bridge very close to it. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. There are many species of fish in this river like China Rahu, Mahasher, Snakehead, Balm and Catfish are the main species of fish in this stream Document [117] (Title: Indus River) river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Bridge, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal bridge, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge. Kala Bagh Barrage, Chasma Barrage, and Taunsa Barrage are also built in Punjab on the Indus. Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river. Indus River The Indus River (locally called Darya-e-Sindh) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan Document [118] (Title: Yamuna) headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej–Indus watershed. This will connect the Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, shortening important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Delhi, and is designed to transfer Haryana's share of from the Indus Basin. Yamuna is one of the National Waterways of India, designated as NW110 in Haryana, Delhi Document [119] (Title: Beas River) The Pong Dam served initially to primarily provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation; its power station has a 360 MW installed capacity. The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, connecting both rivers. The river rises above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol, above sea-level. During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of Document [120] (Title: Beas River) chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. On 8 June 2014, 24 engineering students and one tour operator, drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened, allegedly without proper warnings and procedure. The water level rose suddenly to , and the surge carried the Document [121] (Title: Sutlej) the 1,000 MW Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant, and the 1,530 MW Nathpa Jhakri Dam. The river basin area in India is located in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and Haryana states. The source of the Sutlej is west of Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, as springs in an ephemeral stream channel descending from this lake. Rakshastal in turn is ephemerally connected by Ganga Chhu to sacred Lake Manasarovar about 4 km further east. The nascent river flows at first west-northwest for about under the Tibetan name "Langqên Zangbo" ("Elephant River" or "Elephant Spring") to the Shipki La pass, entering Document [122] (Title: Suru River (Indus)) from the glacier of the same name. The Dras River, fed by the Shingo River, joins the Suru River at Kharul, north of Kargil town. The Suru River then enters the Pakistani Administered Kashmir ahead from the point of merger of Dras and Suru rivers through Post 43 and Post 44 of India and Pakistan respectively and merges with the Indus River at Nurla. The river flows entirely within the jurisdiction of Kargil district. It flows through the towns of Tongul, Suru, Grantung, Goma and Kharul. Kargil town is the largest city situated on the banks of the Suru River, Document [123] (Title: Ravi River) Ravi River The Raavi (, , ) is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (Punjab means "Five Rivers"). The waters of Raavi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Raavi and five other rivers are divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. According to ancient history traced to Vedas, Document [124] (Title: Sarasvati River) with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. The drainage from the Yamuna may have been lost from the Ghaggar-Hakra well before the beginnings of Indus civilization. Ajit Singh et al. (2017) show that the paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago, well before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject Document [125] (Title: Rainee Canal Project) Rainee Canal Project Rainee Canal Project is located in Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur Districts of Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is a canal that starts from the left bank of Indus River at Guddu Barrage. The total length of the main canal is about 175 km and length of its distributaries will be around 686 km. The project commenced in October 2002. Construction started in two phases. Work on Phase 1 was completed in June 2014 while Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in June 2018. The canal will provide water for irrigation of 412,400 acres of land and Document [126] (Title: Indus River) several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab, but unlike the Senge Khabab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India, with an upward reach from east of Jhelum Document [127] (Title: Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project) the power complex is located. In the reach from Ghazi to Barotha, the Indus River inclines by 76 meters over a distance of 63 km. After passing through the powerhouse, the water is returned to the Indus. In addition to these main works, transmission lines stretch 225 km. The World Bank classed it "A" for adequate attention to environmental and social issues. The feasibility report was prepared in 1993 during the first tenure of Benazir Bhutto's administration and the Government of Pakistan entered into an agreement for the financing and construction of the project on 7 March 1996. About 1,600 Document [128] (Title: Indus Valley Civilisation) dry river beds overlapping with the Ghaggar River in India and Hakra channel in Pakistan. 616 sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries, while 406 sites have been found along the Indus and its tributaries. According to Shereen Ratnagar the Ghaggar-Hakra desert area has more remaining sites than the alluvium of the Indus Valley, since the Ghaggar-Hakra desert area has been left untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his "Narrative of Document [129] (Title: Panjnad River) Panjnad River Panjnad River (Urdu/Punjabi Shahmukhi: , (panj = five, nadi = river) is a river at the extreme end of Bahawalpur district in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence or merger of the five rivers of the Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad 10 miles north of Uch Sharif in Muzaffar Garh district. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues and then drains into the Document [130] (Title: Ganges) in the early 2nd millennium BC, marks the point when the centre of Indian civilisation shifted from the Indus basin to the Ganges basin. There may be links between the Late Harappan settlement of the Ganges basin and the archaeological culture known as "Cemetery H", the Indo-Aryan people, and the Vedic period. This river is the longest in India. During the early Vedic Age of the "Rigveda", the Indus and the Sarasvati River were the major sacred rivers, not the Ganges. But the later three Vedas gave much more importance to the Ganges. The Gangetic Plain became the centre of Document [131] (Title: Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka) which the river sprang. Rama is said to have dedicated a Shiva Kshethra known as Rajeshwara Temple on the banks of river Lakshmana Tirtha. The Lakshmana Tirtha river eventually flows into the Kaveri River. One Jain Temple is also present here built by Kadamba dynasty. Nishani Motte is a peak in Brahmagiri range of hills. Brahmagiri can be reached by a trek from Mananthavady (29 km east) or from Kutta. From Karnataka side, trek to Brahmagiri from Irupu Falls is 9 km and to Munikal Caves (Pakshipathalam) is 7 km. Trekkers need to seek the permission of Range Forest Officer Document [132] (Title: Sutlej) with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River, which finally flows into the Indus river about west of the city of Bahawalpur. The area to the southeast on the Pakistani side of the Indian border is called the Cholistan Desert and, on the Indian side, the Thar Desert. The Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur and the fertile plains region of Sindh, forming a large delta region between the border of Gujarat, India and Pakistan, finally terminating in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi, Pakistan. During floods, Indus river water flows in to Indian part Document [133] (Title: Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra) Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. State Catchment area Percentage Madhya Pradesh 9804 15.1 Maharashtra 51100 78.8 Gujarat 3970 6.1 Grand Total 64874 100 The Godavari (गोदावरी नदी) River is a major waterway in central India, originating in the Western Ghats and flowing eastwardly across the Deccan Plateau between the states of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, then crossing the latter state and turning to flow in Document [134] (Title: Rigvedic rivers) are often located in northern India / eastern Pakistan. If the Sarasvati and the five major rivers of India are included (Shutudri/Sutlej, Parushni/Ravi, Ashikni/Chenab, Vitasta/Jhelum, Vipasha/Beas, the latter all tributaries of Sindhu/Indus), one river is missing, probably the Kubha. (The Sindhu is a special case, having feminine or masculine gender). Other possibilities include the Arjikiya or Sushoma; compare also the list of ten rivers, both east and west of the Indus, in the Nadistuti sukta, RV 10.75. In 6.61.10, Sarasvati is called "she with seven sisters" ("saptasvasā") indicating a group of eight rivers, the number seven being more important than Document [135] (Title: Adi Badri, Haryana) confluence with Ghaggar River in Punjab, from there Ghaggar reenters Haryana and courses through Fatehabad and Sirsa districts up to Ottu barrage. All but 12 km section needs to be dug up. To revive the river, the dried up channel is being dug up and 3 dams will be built in the Sivalik Hills at Adi Badri, Haripur and Lohgarh on the Somb river (a tributary of Saraswati) and downstream Senonar barrage (Guldehra). This will help in controlling floods from Somb river, harvesting and conservation of water for irrigation and lake tourism. Pilgrimage sites, ghats, and tourist facilities will be Document [136] (Title: Manas River) joins the Manas in southern Bhutan; further downstream of the combined stream joining at the Tongsa Chu. Here, the river bed level is . After flowing in a generally south-westerly direction for about in Bhutan, the Aie river enters In India into the Goalpara district of Assam at the village of Agrong. From here, it follows a meandering course for about and outfalls into the Brahmaputra near Jogigopa. Aie River, which rises in the Black mountains at an altitude of about near the village of Bangpari, is about in length. The total length of the Manas measured along its longest Document [137] (Title: Great Rann of Kutch) forming part of its delta. Indus river branch called Koree river, shifted its course after an earthquake in 1819 isolating Rann of Kutch from its delta. Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through the Indus delta. The 500 km long LBOD, begins from northern Ghotki district in Sindh province of Pakistan and joins Rann of Kutch in Badin district of Sindh. Rann of Kutch is joint water body of India and Pakistan. Water Document [138] (Title: Indus River) the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects. There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus River may be shifting its course westwards – although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation. Originally, the delta used to receive almost Document [139] (Title: Indus River) 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but Document [140] (Title: Narmada River) only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (), and Maharashtra, (),() (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Document [141] (Title: Indus Waters Treaty) after protracted discussions between India and Pakistan. In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration. Technical expert's ruling was followed for clearing the Baglihar power plant and PCA verdict was followed for clearing the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant. Pakistan raising disputes and approaching the PCA/ICA against Indian projects, could result in abolition of the IWT when its detailed provisions are interpreted by the PCA verdicts. The waters of the Indus System of Rivers begin mainly in Tibet, Afghanistan, and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Document [142] (Title: Indori river) Indori river The Indori river (Hindi: इन्दोरी नदी), is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range from Sikar district and flows through Alwar district of Rajasthan to Rewari district of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of Sahibi River. In Delhi, it is called the Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh Nallah. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthenware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. INTACH-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed Document [143] (Title: Indus River) Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth. It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the Document [144] (Title: Indus River) all of the water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately , and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world. This has reduced the flow of water and by 2018, the average annual flow of water below the Kotri barrage was , and annual amount of silt discharged was estimated to be . Substantial annual chemical/dissolved load of 46 Document [145] (Title: Chenab River) allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, 8 km southwest of Kyelang, in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers east of the Bara-lacha la pass in the in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass. This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers. The Chandra river transverses before the confluence. The Bhaga Document [146] (Title: Narmada River) and many more are under implementation, as conceived under the overall Master Plan. The river is partially navigable in the estuary reach around Bharuch but the river has never been a transport artery. The idea for inland navigation emanated with NWDT giving its award for the two main dams – the Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat from the coast and the Narmada Sagar in Madhya Pradesh – the two dams separated by a river distance of about , and the plans to build two other dams in between on the main stem of the river. A feasibility study has been carried Document [147] (Title: Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra) major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west, along with the Tapti and the Mahi River. It is the only river in India that flows in a rift valley. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state, and for the first of its course winds among the Mandla Hills, which form the head of the Satpura Range; then at Jabalpur, passing through the 'Marble Rocks', it enters the Narmada Valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. It flows through the states of Document [148] (Title: Ravi River) gravel shell dam with a gross irrigation potential of of land and power generation of 600 MW (4 units of 150 MW capacity each). The geomorpohological setting of the river basin, which has a large number of terraces between Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges, is attributed to the truly Himalayan characteristics of the river reflecting the "cis-Himalayan tectonic; structural, lithological and climatic conditions. Obviously it is different from the antecedent Indus and Sutlej". The upper reaches of the main Indus River and its tributaries lie in India whereas the lower reaches are in Pakistan. Following the partition of India in Document [149] (Title: Indica (Megasthenes)) shadow, and the Ursa Major is invisible at night. In the remotest parts, the shadows fall southward, and even Arcturus is not visible. India has many large and navigable rivers, which arise in the mountains on its northern border. Many of these rivers merge into Ganges, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the eastern boundary of Gangaridai. Other nations feared Gangaridai's huge force of the biggest elephants, and therefore, Gangaridai had never been conquered by any foreign king. Indus also runs from north to Document [150] (Title: Mohenjo-daro) The Indus still flows east of the site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed on the western side is now dry. Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira Document [151] (Title: Sutlej) Sutlej The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as "Satluj" River) (, (shatadrum), (), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree It is addressed as Shatarudra by the Gorkhalis. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India. There are several major hydroelectric projects on the Sutlej, including the 1,000 MW Bhakra Dam, Document [152] (Title: Indus River) Indus River The Indus River (locally called Darya-e-Sindh) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. The river has a total drainage area exceeding . Its estimated annual flow stands at around , twice that Document [153] (Title: Narmada River) on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of Document [154] (Title: Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)) Sai River at Parsadepur. Sai River (Uttar Pradesh) The Sai River (Sai setu), also referred to as the Adi Ganga, is a tributary of the Gomti River in Uttar Pradesh, India. The Sai River originates at the sprawling pond on the hilltop at Parsoi, a village with a population of 450 in the Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. It separates the region of Lucknow from Unnao. The river flows towards the south by Raebareli and comes into the region of Pratapgarh through the west, then turns east and touches the Ghuisarnath Dham. Flowing out of Ghuisarnath Dham, it touches another Document [155] (Title: Names for India) the Indus River as well as the country at the lower Indus basin (modern Sindh, in Pakistan). The Old Persian equivalent of was . Darius I conquered Sindh in about 516 BCE, upon which the Persian equivalent was used for the province at the lower Indus basin. Skylax of Karyanda who explored the Indus river for the Persian emperor probably took over the Persian name and passed it into Greek. The terms () for the Indus river as well as "an Indian" are found in Herodotus's Geography. The loss of the aspirate /h/ was probably due to the dialects of Document [156] (Title: Indus Highway) province and eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Construction began in 1981 from Karachi and was completed in 1985 in Peshawar. Major cities it links include The Government of Pakistan have planned that a portion of about 300 km will be dualized by the year 2023 starting from Dera Ghazi Khan towards Kotri. Indus Highway The Indus Highway (), also known as National Highway 55 (N-55) (), is a 1264 km long four-lane national highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the northwestern city of Peshawar via Dera Ghazi Khan. It is part Document [157] (Title: Geography of Pakistan) at Mithankot. River Indus has tributaries on both western and eastern side. River Indus eastern tributaries are River Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi and Beas. These four rivers flow in Punjab. These four rivers meet at Panjnad where they are known as River Panjnad. River Indus western tributaries are River Swat, Kabul, Kurrram, Tochi, Gomal, Zhob. These rivers join River Indus at KPK. At Mithankot these rivers finally meet with River Indus. After this River Indus flows alone through Lower Indus Plain. Lower Indus Plain Starts from Mithankot up to Thatta where River Indus meets with the Arabian Sea. This place Document [158] (Title: Mithi River) river at Andheri. The river originates from the overflow of Vihar Lake and also receives the overflows from the Powai Lake about 2 km later. It flows for a total of 15 km before it meets the Arabian Sea at Mahim Creek flowing through residential and industrial complexes of Powai, Saki Naka, Kurla, Kalina, Vakola, Bandra-Kurla complex, Dharavi and Mahim. The river has an average width of 5 metres in the upper reaches, has been widened to 25 m in the middle reaches and up to 70 m in the lower reaches after 26 July 2005 deluge (944 mm in Document [159] (Title: Ganges) of the Brahmaputra was more easterly, passing by the city of Mymensingh and joining the Meghna River. Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra, sometimes Old Brahmaputra. The site of the old Brahmaputra-Meghna confluence, in the locality of Langalbandh, is still considered sacred by Hindus. Near the confluence is a major early historic site called Wari-Bateshwar. The Late Harappan period, about 1900–1300 BCE, saw the spread of Harappan settlement eastward from the Indus River basin to the Ganges-Yamuna doab, although none crossed the Ganges to settle its eastern bank. The disintegration of the Harappan civilisation, Document [160] (Title: The Black Mountain (Tor Ghar)Tribes) twenty five to thirty miles and its average height about 8000 feet above sea level. It ascends from the Indus basin at its southern end near the village of Kiara and goes up to its watershed near the village Baradar; then it runs north-east by north to the point on the crest known as Chitabat. From here the range runs due north, finally descending to the Indus by two large spurs, at the foot of the easternmost of which lies Thakot. The Indus, after passing Thakot, turns westward along the northern foot of the mountain till it washes the western Document [161] (Title: Kali Sindh River) The origin point of the river is Vindhya Range and then flowing down further to the north direction through Baran and Jhalawar district. The river meets the Chambal River at Nonera village in Baran district. The popular place where the Kali Sindh River enters in Rajasthan is in Binda village. The total distance covered by the Kali Sindh River in Rajasthan is 145 kilometers. The geography of the Kali Sindh River shows an extensive aluminum deposits and flood plains. In the monsoon season, it sometimes reaches to the supreme water level. The geology of the Kali Sindh River points out Document [162] (Title: Sarasvati River) located in Northwestern India and Pakistan. A second popular theory associates the river with the Helmand river or an ancient river in the present Helmand Valley in Afghanistan. Others consider Sarasvati a mythical river. The identification with the Ghaggar-Hakra system took on new significance in the early 21st century, suggesting an earlier dating of the Rig Veda, and renaming the Indus Valley Civilisation as the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization," suggesting that the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures can be equated. The Rig Veda contains several hymns which give an indication of the Document [163] (Title: Beas River) Beas River The Beas River is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab. Its total length is and its drainage basin is large. As of 2017 the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin, the only one not located in Pakistan. Veda Vyasa is the eponym of the river Beas, the author of Indian epic Mahabharata; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Vyas Kund. Rig-veda calls Document [164] (Title: Rishikesh) flows through Rishikesh. Here the river leaves the Shivalik Hills in the Himalayas and flows into the plains of northern India. Several temples, ancient and new, are along the banks of the Ganges in Rishikesh. Shatrughna Mandir, Bharat Mandir, Lakshman Mandir are the ancient temples established by Adi Shankaracharya. Shatrughna Temple is near Ram Jhula and Lakshman Mandir is near Lakshman Jhula. Rishikesh is at . It has an average elevation of . The Tehri Dam is just uphill on the way to Gangotri. Rishikesh is the starting point for travelling to the four Chota Char Dham pilgrimage places — Document [165] (Title: Tilla Jogian) Jhelum River and the Grand Trunk Road – the ancient route which connected Central Asia to India. Tilla Jogian is also near the Rohtas Fort, and the Katas Raj Temples — another important Hindu pilgrimage site with a sacred pond that is said to have been created from the teardrops of the Hindu god "Shiva." Tilla Jogian complex is located in Pakistan's Salt Range, on a mountaintop of the same name. The temples are located at an altitude of 975 meters (3200 ft) near the summit of the mountain, resulting in a cooler and wetter climate relative to the Punjab Document [166] (Title: West Rapti River) further on at Chhapra, the Ghaghara reaches the Ganges. Aciravati, Achirvati or Airavati is the ancient name for a river has been identified with the modern Rapti, flowing through what is now Nepal and the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang knew it as A-chi-lo. Jain texts mention it as Eravai. The ancient city of Sravasti, once capital of Kosala Kingdom, stood on the western bank of the Achirvati. The river was a tributary of the Sarayu. It was one of the five great rivers that constituted the Ganges group of rivers and one of the sacred Document [167] (Title: Indus River Delta) prison and a $12 fine. However, most are jailed for a year, and their boats are sold at an auction. Indian fishermen crossing into Pakistan face a similar fate. Indus River Delta The Indus River Delta (, ), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the Southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of the Western tip of India. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is . The Document [168] (Title: Sutlej) for Bilaspur district, Hamirpur district, and other places along the Sutlej's banks. Of four rivers (Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra and Karnali/Ganges) mythically flowing out of holy Lake Manasarovar, the Sutlej is actually connected by channels that are dry most of the time. Sutlej The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as "Satluj" River) (, (shatadrum), (), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree It is addressed as Shatarudra by the Gorkhalis. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The Document [169] (Title: Indus River) river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta. The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – it diminishes greatly in Document [170] (Title: Leh) the one the modern highway follows from the Punjab via Mandi, the Kulu valley, over the Rohtang Pass, through Lahaul and on to the Indus Valley, and then down river to Leh. The route from Srinigar was roughly the same as the road that today crosses the "Zoji La" (pass) to Kargil, and then up the Indus Valley to Leh. From Baltistan there were two difficult routes: the main on ran up the Shyok Valley from the Indus, over a pass and then down the Hanu River to the Indus again below Khalsi (Khalatse). The other ran from Skardu straight Document [171] (Title: Sattagydia) on these considerations, two locations have been proposed: the first being "the area of the confluence of the Ghorband and Panjshir rivers in Afghanistan", and the second, "the area of the middle Indus, around the modern city of Bannu". Following recent archaeological findings, the Bannu basin has become the favoured choice. David Fleming points out that it is close to Kurram and Tochi rivers and it has four routes to the west, via the Khyber Pass, the Kurram river valley, the Gomal Pass and the Bolan Pass in Balochistan. Magee et al. have reported findings of recent archaeological excavations at Document [172] (Title: Megasthenes) at night. In the remotest parts, the shadows fall southward, and even Arcturus is not visible. India has many large and navigable rivers, which arise in the mountains on its northern border. Many merge into Ganges, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the eastern boundary of Gangaridai. Other nations feared Gangaridai's huge force of the biggest elephants, and therefore, Gangaridai had never been conquered by any foreign king. Indus also runs from north to south, and has several navigable tributaries. In addition, there are Document [173] (Title: Sharda River) around "Pancheshwar" (R) is called "Kali Kumaon". The Kali exits the Hill Region at Jogbudha Valley and receives two tributaries: "Ladhiya" (R) at 29º12'N, 80º14'E and "Ramgun" (L) at 29º9'N, 80º16'E. Then it enters the lower Shivalik Hills. Tanakpur (R) town is just above Dam of Sharda Reservoir at 29º3"N, 80º7"E where water is diverted into an irrigation canal. The river exits the last hills into the Terai plains, passing towns Banbasa (R) and Mahendranagar (Bhim Datta) (L). At 29º0'N, 80º7'E the Iran-Indonesia AH2 Asian highway route crosses as Nepal's east-west Mahendra Highway connects with India's National Highway 125. The Document [174] (Title: Krishnavati river) originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district) and Sota River (another tributaries of Sahibi river that merges with Sahibi at Behror in Alwar district). The drainage pattern for all these rivers is dendritic. The western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan and southern Haryana forms the basin of this river. The drainage pattern is dendritic. These west to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region, drain into southern Haryana. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Document [175] (Title: Pandoh Dam) cusecs) of Beas waters to the Satluj River. The project was completed in 1977. The two major rivers Beas and Satluj flow out of the himalayas and reach a point where they are separated by a crow fly distance of approximately 36 km and have an elevation difference of approximately 1099 ft. The waters of Beas are continuous flow from ice-melt and flow throughout the year. This was realized and a plan made to exploit the potential of this river system. The power potential was estimated as 1,000 MW. The plans originally called Beas Project Unit - I Beas Satluj Document [176] (Title: Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)) Sai River (Uttar Pradesh) The Sai River (Sai setu), also referred to as the Adi Ganga, is a tributary of the Gomti River in Uttar Pradesh, India. The Sai River originates at the sprawling pond on the hilltop at Parsoi, a village with a population of 450 in the Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. It separates the region of Lucknow from Unnao. The river flows towards the south by Raebareli and comes into the region of Pratapgarh through the west, then turns east and touches the Ghuisarnath Dham. Flowing out of Ghuisarnath Dham, it touches another religious place known as Document [177] (Title: Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)) Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh) Parvati River is a river in the Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh, northern India that flows into the Beas River at Bhuntar, some 10 km south of Kullu. It rises from the Man Talai Glacier below the Pin Parbati pass and flows in a gradual curve from north-northwest to west-southwest past the important temple town of Manikaran. The river valley has been a route to various places: Lahul across the Sara Umga La pass, Spiti across the famous Pin Parbati pass, and the recently discovered (1995) Debsa Pass. The river has fine first-growth forests in its Document [178] (Title: Kaushalya river) banks of which the Indus Valley Civilisation developed. Kaushalya river The Kaushalya river, a tributary of Ghaggar river, is a river in Panchkula district of Haryana state of India. The Kaushalya river rises in the Shivalik hills on the border of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh State, and flows through Panchkula district and confluences with Ghaggar river near Pinjore just downstream of Kaushalya Dam. The basin is classified in two parts, Khadir and Bangar, the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called "Bangar" and the lower flood-prone area is called "Khadar". Several archaeologists have identified the old Document [179] (Title: Ravi River) the World Bank. The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Raavi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in Pakistan. According to this treaty, Raavi, Beas and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers, are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan. However, a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilisation of waters of Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus Document [180] (Title: Indus Valley Civilisation) the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan, at Manda, Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu, India, and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km from Delhi. The southern most site of the Indus valley civilisation is Daimabad in Maharashtra. Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers, but also on the ancient seacoast, for example, Balakot, and on islands, for example, Dholavira. It flourished along the system of monsoon-fed perennial rivers in the basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra River in northwest India, and the Indus River flowing through the length of Pakistan. There is evidence of Document [181] (Title: Geography of India) the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal). (The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains. The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, China, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River) (or "Tsangpo"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, then flows west through Assam. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River. The Chambal, another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing Document [182] (Title: Lohit River) and becomes pool drop towards the latter end of the trip. Rafting was first started in February 1994 by the Indian Army and the first successful kayak descent of the river in December 2003. Parshuram Kund, a Hindu pilgrimage is situated on the lower reaches of Lohit. Over 70,000 devotees and sadhus take holy dip its water each year on the occasion of Makar Sankranti, in the month of January. Lohit River The Lohit River or Zayü River is a river in India and China. It is a tributary to the Brahmaputra River. The river rises in eastern Tibet, in Document [183] (Title: Indus River Delta) , 220 km, and . Because the Indus river has switched its location at various points in history, it has an "active" delta region, and total delta region (all area that was once a part of the delta). The total area is estimated at , and . The active area is estimated at , and . The length of the total delta along the axis of Indus is estimated at , whereas the current delta stretches from the Arabian Sea to just south of Thatta (~). There are currently 17 major creeks(Including Sir Creek, Bhitiaro Creek and Kori Creek) and Document [184] (Title: Sarasvati River) east into Punjab, they named the new rivers they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand, and the "Vinasana Sarasvati" may correspond with the Ghaggar-Hakra river. Romila Thapar has also suggested that the Sarasvati river is the ancient Haraxvati river of Afghanistan, noticing that the descriptions of the Sarasvati flowing through the "high mountains" cannot be reconciled with the actual course of the present-day Ghaggar-Hakkar river. The Vedic and Puranic statements about the drying-up and diving-under of the Sarasvati have been used as a reference point for the dating of the Harappan civilisation and the Vedic culture. Some Document [185] (Title: Indira Gandhi Canal) northwest corner of Jaisalmer could be brought under irrigation from the stored waters of Punjab rivers. In 1960, Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan which gave India the right to use waters of three rivers –the Satluj, Beas and Ravi. The proposed Rajasthan Canal envisaged use of 7.6 million acre feet of water. The initial plan was to build the canal in two stages, Stage I consisting of feeder canal from Harike barrage in Punjab. Stage I also included constructing distributary canal system of about in length. The stage II involved construction of long main canal and Document [186] (Title: Geography of India) which are classified as major rivers, with the total catchment area exceeding . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds: The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year. The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. (The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about . The Ganges originates from Document [187] (Title: Nara River (India)) its bank. According to Kurukshetra University's "Centre of Excellence for Sarasvati river researh" studies, Sarasvati originated at "Sarasvati Glacier" at "Sarasvotri" at Rupin Pass in Himachal Pradesh, melting into icy water at Netwar on southwest border of Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, flowing to Paonta Sahib and emering out of mountains at Adi Badri. After an earthquake some of its tributatries were usurped by Yamuna to east and Sutlej to west. Kurukshetra, where Mahabharat took place, was located on the banks of this river. Nara River (India) Nara River is a river in Gujarat in Document [188] (Title: Ravi River) August 1947, a dispute arose between India and Pakistan on sharing of the waters of the Indus River Basin. The dispute was resolved with the intervention of the World Bank and a treaty was signed in 1960 on sharing of the Indus waters between India and Pakistan. The Indus System of Rivers comprises the three Western Rivers in the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab together with three Eastern Rivers; the Sutlej, the Beas and the Raavi. To establish the ownership of these waters, an Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan on 1 April 1960, under monitoring of Document [189] (Title: Sarasvati River) late 19th-century, scholars have conjectured that the Vedic Saraswati river is the Ghaggar-Hakra River system, which flows through northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. Satellite images have pointed to the more significant river once following the course of the present day Ghaggar River. Scholars have observed that major Indus Valley Civilization sites at Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Banawali and Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat) also lay along this course. However, identification of the Vedic Sarasvati with the Ghaggar-Hakra system is problematic, since the Ghaggar-Hakra is not only mentioned separately in the "Rig Veda" river, but is described as having dried-up by the Document [190] (Title: Chachran) point of Indus and Ravi Rivers, probably on the eastern side at Chachran, Allah Abad, Khanpur and Rahim Yar Khan. So it is concluded that around 326 BC, Chachran was like a basic city in that state. Shahzada Mirza Mehmood Shah cited in his travelling story on page # 46 that Chacharan at the bank of Indus River is in the premises of Bahawalpur. It is said that it was a big city back then and its population was like the population of Multan. There was a big harbour in Chachran before the birth of Khawaja Ghulam Farid in the Document [191] (Title: Sarasvati River) Hindu epics. These post-Vedic texts regularly talk about drying up of the river, and start associating the goddess Sarasvati with language, rather than the river. Michael Witzel also notes that the Rig Veda indicates that the Sarswati "had already lost its main source of water supply and must have ended in a terminal lake (samudra)." The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harrapan Civilisation), which is named after the Indus, was largely located on the banks of and in the proximity of the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system. The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilization", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" or Document [192] (Title: Lanela) river's lost path traced out beneath underground areas of Lanela Digitally processed satellite images have unearthed the hidden course of a major lost river below the sands of the Thar Desert, in the India–Pakistan (Indo-Pak) region. The great Himalayan river of the Vedic period (10 000–8000 BP) is mentioned in ancient Indian literature. It was called the ‘Saraswati’ in India and the ‘Hakra’ in Pakistan and it dried up during 4000–3500 BP. Large numbers of archaeological sites from the Harappan civilization occur along the dry river bed. The mapped course of the river is 4–10 km wide and conforms to Document [193] (Title: Bhagirathi River) lies at the confluence of the Bhāgirathi and the Bhilangna, at , near Tehri.Chaukhamba I is the highest point of the Bhagirathi basin. There are 18 dams along the Bhāgirathi River, either in operation, under construction or planned. These are, in order from the source: Bhagirathi River The Bhāgīrathī (Pron:/ˌbʌgɪˈɹɑːθɪ/) is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and one of the two headstreams (or source) of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and considered holy in Hinduism. In Hindu faith and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges. However, in Document [194] (Title: Gujarat) distance in its passage through the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on the Narmada River, one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around . It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi River and the Mahi River. A riverfront project has been built on the Sabarmati River. The Rann of Kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert located in the Thar Desert biogeographic region in between the province of Sindh and the state of Gujarat. Situated from the Document [195] (Title: Sharda River) India since the Sugauli Treaty concluding the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16. The Kali receives the right-bank (R) Dhauliganga—not to be confused with the Alaknanda tributary—at "Tawaghat" (29º57'N, 80º36'E). It passes a town Dharchula (R) and receives Gori Ganga at Jauljibi (R), exiting the high mountains that reach into the alpine zone. At 29º36'N, 80º24'E the first important left-bank (L) tributary from Nepal, the "Chameliya" joins after flowing southwest from Nepal's Gurans Himal (including Api). A bazaar town Jhulaghat (29º34', 80º21') is on both sides of the river. Then the Kali receives the "Sarju River" (R) at 29º27'N, 80º15'E. The area Document [196] (Title: Ravi River) Dam (also known as Thein dam as it is in Thein village). The left bank is in Punjab and the right bank is in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the main stem of the Raavi River, about upstream of Madhopur Headworks (built during pre-partition time). The project is an outcome of the development plan conceived for the use of the waters of three eastern rivers allocated to India under the Indus Treaty, namely the Sutlej, the Beas and the Raavi, for irrigation, hydropower generation and other consumptive uses. A proposal for building a storage dam on the Raavi Document [197] (Title: Ganges) km (155.343 mi) through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which irrigates the "Doab" region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India. The Ganges follows an arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an average Document [198] (Title: Drishadvati river) to north through the Aravallis from Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan to Nangal Chaudhery in southern Haryana. The river then turned to reach Satnali and meet the Saraswati. After major tectonic/seismic activity in the Aravalli Range some 6500 years ago, the river Saraswati changed its course, to what is now known as Ghaggar-Hakra river bed at present times, and dried up later. According to Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, the Drishadwati originated in the Vindya Mountains of Baghelkhand and joined the Charmanwati. After an earthquake, it flowed north to join the Son River. Sarkar believes that the Drishadvati is the Ghaghara. Drishadvati river Document [199] (Title: Sarasvati River) the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization", as it is theorized that the civilisation flourished on banks of the Sarasvati river, along with the Indus. Danino notes that the dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation, and that it is "tempting" to equate the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures. In 2015, Reuters reported that "members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh believe that proof of the physical existence of the Vedic river would bolster their concept of a golden age of Hindu India, before invasions by Muslims and Christians." The Bharatiya Janata Party Question: what is the starting point of indus river

Answer: the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar Long Answer: The Indus River (locally called Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia . Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit - Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. Gold Document ID: 152

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) which apparently really "clashed" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for "The Return of Jafar" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s." Menken and Document [2] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) a little help from Genie, Aladdin uses his second wish to free them ("Somebody's Got Your Back"). The Sultan greets Aladdin in the hall and gives him his blessing to marry Jasmine, meaning that Aladdin himself will inherit the throne as the new Sultan one day. Fearful of this great responsibility, he tells Genie he's going to save his third wish for a day he may need it rather than use it to free Genie like he promised. Distraught, Genie returns to his lamp and refuses to speak to Aladdin. Aladdin laments ("Proud of Your Boy" (Reprise II)). Meanwhile, Jafar Document [3] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008. The series was followed by "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", which was released on August 13, 1996. After Jafar's death, Aladdin continues his duty as the savior of Agrabah. He and his friends continue their adventure, exploring the world and protecting the city from the group of villains. A total of eighty-six episodes were produced. The direct-to-video film "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" marked after the series. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Document [4] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) from the lamp. Jafar plots to seeks revenge on Aladdin. He nearly succeeds at killing Aladdin and taking control of the palace, but Iago, who has changed sides, thwarts his plans and destroys his lamp, killing him. Jafar did not appear in "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" or in the television series, but was often referred to by name by characters. In an episode of "Hercules: The Animated Series" called "Hercules and the Arabian Night", Jafar makes another attempt at revenge and is temporarily resurrected by Hercules's arch-enemy, Hades. He has lost his status as an all-powerful immortal genie Document [5] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) of Aladdin (Deniz Akdeniz), and his story featuring the return of Jafar, now portrayed by Oded Fehr (the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"). Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflixs "Sense8". It was also announced that "Galavant"s Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine. She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season. In early July, it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere. The character's last appearance was in the Document [6] (Title: Iago (Disney)) the film's focus as he grapples between standing by Aladdin or succumbing to Jafar's evil pressures." Iago's ability of mimicking voices (e.g., Aladdin) was referenced during a sketch entitled the "Real Housewives of Disney" in an episode of "Saturday Night Live". Iago (Disney) Iago is a fictional supporting character in the animated "Aladdin" films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Company. He is voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and appeared in the first film as the sidekick to the main villain Jafar, and later becomes one of the protagonists for the remainder of the "Aladdin" franchise's run, particularly the Document [7] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) and often duetting with another singer-violinist, Bob Lido. He was also well received by audiences for his dramatic readings, most of them submitted by Helen Steiner Rice of Cincinnati, Ohio. Aladdin was known to speak several different languages, which included Spanish, French, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew. He recorded the song "Darktown Strutters Ball" for Welk in Italian on the Coral record label with Bob Lido singing in English. He left the show after suffering a heart attack in the fall of 1967, and died a few years afterward in 1970. Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 Document [8] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in "The Return of Jafar"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike "The Little Mermaid", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from Document [9] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) "1001 Arabian Nights", replacing Ali Baba with Aladdin, and for the first time since the original "Aladdin", the film has a completely new soundtrack instead of the rearranged music from the original film for "The Return of Jafar" and the series. Though the film serves as the finale of the series, the characters also appear in a 1999 crossover episode of the animated series "Hercules," titled "Hercules and the Arabian Night", as well as the 2007 direct-to-video title called "". While the Genie and the people of Agrabah prepare for the upcoming wedding of Aladdin and Princess Jasmine, Aladdin retrieves Document [10] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) lamp for him, but it turns out that he only wanted a clock-like lamp and not the real magical one. Jafar also appears in another episode named "Pete's House of Villains" in which he keeps the other Aladdin characters from coming into House of Mouse. He also appears briefly in "" and appears in "Mickey's House of Villains" as the leader of Disney Villains. A live-action version of Jafar appears in the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Naveen Andrews portrays the character, an ally of the Red Queen. In this continuity, Jafar is the Document [11] (Title: John Carradine) "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp". One of Carradine's final film appearances was "Peggy Sue Got Married" in 1986. Carradine's last released film credit was "Bikini Drive-In", released years after his death. Carradine's deep, resonant voice earned him the nickname "The Voice". He was also known as the "Bard of the Boulevard" due to his idiosyncratic habit of strolling Hollywood streets while reciting Shakespearean soliloquies, something he always denied. Carradine was married four times. He married his first wife, Ardanelle Abigail McCool (January 25, 1911 – January 26, 1989), in 1935. She was mother of Bruce and David. John adopted Bruce, Document [12] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) after dying, but Hades gives him a new cobra staff that makes him flesh and blood as long as he holds it, and the two villains team up to get rid of Aladdin and Hercules. However, due to Aladdin's wit and Hercules's strength, Jafar is defeated for the final time, being pulled into the River Styx forever. Jafar debuted in "Kingdom Hearts" as one of the members of Maleficent's inner circle. Here, he plans to use The Heartless and take over Agrabah while attempting to locate both Jasmine (as she is one of the Princesses of Heart) and Agrabah's Keyhole. Document [13] (Title: Jason Alexander) the television series based on Disney's 1992 animated film, "Aladdin". Jason Alexander guest starred in "Malcolm in the Middle" as an intelligent but unpleasant individual (Lenard) who Malcolm meets in the park. He makes money as a telephone salesman and spends his time playing chess in the park. Malcolm, afraid of ending up like Lenard, tries to get him to change his ways and get a full-time job. In 2007, Alexander appeared in a commercial for the ASPCA, which has aired on cable TV stations. In 1987, Alexander appeared in a commercial for Miller Lite, with Yogi Berra as the Document [14] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) and Iago manage to steal the lamp that Aladdin carelessly discarded. As the Sultan announces to the public that Jasmine is to wed Prince Ali ("Prince Ali" (Sultan Reprise)), Jafar appears and reveals Ali to be merely a common street rat named Aladdin whom the former then threatens to send to "the end of the road" if no one changes the latter's personality to meet his standards ("Prince Ali" (Jafar Reprise)). Genie then enters with Jasmine in chains, saying that Jafar is now his master and that his first wish was to make Jasmine his prisoner. Jafar uses his second Document [15] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) Your Boy"). In the palace, Jafar plots with Iago to become Sultan as Jasmine rejects Prince Abdullah and the Sultan declares that she must marry by the next moon. Frustrated, Jasmine confides in her attendants - Isir, Manal, and Rajah - who encourage her to open up to experiences beyond the palace ("These Palace Walls"). As Jasmine disguises herself and takes off to heed their advice, Jafar and Iago invoke an incantation, and a Spooky Voice reveals that Aladdin is the key to finding a magic lamp that will grant Jafar the power to become Sultan. In the marketplace, Aladdin Document [16] (Title: Karine Costa) Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film "Aladdin", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded "Ce Rêve bleu" (the French adaptation of "A Whole New World") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and "Tombé du ciel" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song "C'est la vie" for the film "Bambi 2". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song, Document [17] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin are finally wed, and Aladdin reconciles with his father. "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" together serve as bookends to the Aladdin (TV series) as its prologue and epilogue, respectively. Aladdin was formerly a member of the Disney Adventurers franchise targeted at young boys sold by the Disney Store from 1999-2004, which sold various merchandise, mostly including toys. "Hercules and the Arabian Night" is set after the end of "King of Thieves" as Jasmine refers to herself as married. He is featured as a guest in Disney's House of Mouse, "" and Mickey's House Document [18] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) her love for Aladdin, wondering if he is a duplicitous liar after he saves Iago, Jafar's former pet parrot who had tortured her father. Meanwhile, Jafar is freed from his lamp by a socially awkward bandit named Abis Mal, and immediately plots his retribution against Aladdin. An animated series was created for Disney Channel and Toon Disney which aired from 1994 to 1996, based on the original 1992 feature. The series picked up where "The Return of Jafar" left off, with Aladdin still living on the streets of Agrabah, engaged to Jasmine. In the "Aladdin" television episode "The Lost Ones" Document [19] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to "Aladdin", "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote "" and "", pitched a fourth "Aladdin" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never Document [20] (Title: Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge) the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson). The evil witch Nasira begins her plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan (Val Bettin). She then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her dead or alive. Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive her brother Jafar (Jonathan Freeman) and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. The Document [21] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) as The Princess, John Carradine as The Wizard and June Lockhart as Aladdin's Mother. The opening and ending song was "Angel's Flight" were performed by Shadowfax. This dub would air on television by The Disney Channel on September 3, 1984, and American Movie Classics on April 5, 1992. But, has not seen a home media release to date. The story revolves around Aladdin, an impoverished but street smart kid who lives in an Arabian city somewhere in a desert with his mother. Along with his gang of friends, they steal from the local merchants and market sellers to survive. One Document [22] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) brief scuffle with the authorities, he takes Jasmine to his hideout, where they each reveal their unhappiness in their own lives ("A Million Miles Away"). Jasmine is discovered by the authorities and taken back to the palace. Aladdin is ordered to be killed, but he is saved by Jafar and Iago, who lead Aladdin to the Cave of Wonders ("Diamond in the Rough"). Grateful for saving his life, Aladdin honors Jafar's request to enter the cave. Once inside, Aladdin is instructed to bring the magic lamp to Jafar and touch nothing else. Astonished by all the treasure buried within the Document [23] (Title: Dan Castellaneta) "Desperate Housewives". He appeared as the Genie in the "Aladdin" sequel "The Return of Jafar" and on the 1994 "Aladdin" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in "Aladdin", and Castellaneta described replacing him as "sort of like stepping into "Hamlet" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?" He also provided Genie's voice in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling Document [24] (Title: The Producers (2005 film)) Leo go on to become successful Broadway producers. In a post-credits scene, the cast sings "Goodbye!", telling the audience to leave the theater. Ernie Sabella, Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick's co-star from "The Lion King", makes a brief appearance in the deleted song "You'll Find Your Happiness in Rio" as a drunk bar patron. Also, Jonathan Freeman who provided the voice for Jafar in "Aladdin", makes a small appearance as a ticket taker. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 50% based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Document [25] (Title: Jason Scott Lee) Lee turned down the role and was replaced by Robin Shou. Lee played Caine 607 in the 1998 film "Soldier", along with Kurt Russell and "Mortal Kombat" film director Paul Anderson. In 2000 he played Aladdin in the miniseries "Arabian Nights". He did voice-over work for the 2002 Disney animated adventure film "Lilo & Stitch". Lee went on to appear in several direct-to-video films such as "" (2001), "" (2003), and "" (2005). Lee is among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the documentary "The Slanted Screen" (2006), directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian Document [26] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) the television series "House of Mouse" and related works to those series—Jafar was the leader of the villains in "Mickey's House of Villains". On the TV series "Once Upon a Time" and its spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland", Jafar appears as one of the main villains. In addition, Aladdin and Jasmine also appear in recurring roles in "Once Upon a Time's" sixth season. "Descendants" is a live-action Disney Channel Original Movie based on the lives of the children of various Disney heroes and villains when they attend the same prep school. Jafar appears in the film as does Document [27] (Title: Genie (Disney)) it to Jafar, making Jafar Genie's new master. The Genie has no choice but to grant Jafar's first and second wish to become Sultan of Agrabah and the world's most powerful sorcerer. He is then made a slave with no purpose in life but to entertain the sadistic Jafar by tormenting the former Sultan. During the final fight between Aladdin and Jafar, the Genie is forced to grant Jafar's final wish to become an all-powerful Genie when Aladdin convinces him to do so. However, as they both know, the fulfillment of this wish causes Jafar to be imprisoned in a Document [28] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), Jasmine begins to question Document [29] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) demand Aladdin's release, only for Jafar to lie to her that Aladdin has been beheaded. Disguised as an old man, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu from prison, and sends them to the cave, ordering them to retrieve the lamp. There, Aladdin finds a magic carpet and obtains the lamp. Unaware to touch nothing but the lamp, Abu grabs a red jewel, and the cave collapses. Aladdin hands over the lamp to Jafar, who throws both Aladdin and Abu back down into the cave, though not before Abu manages to steal the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets Document [30] (Title: Mickey's House of Villains) and challenges Jafar to a magical duel using fireballs. Just when Mickey's sorcerer hat is knocked off, Aladdin escapes from the kitchen, flying on the magic carpet and gives Daisy Duck the magical lamp. Daisy hands it to Mickey who uses the lamp to suck Jafar into it. The rest of the villains run away and the House of Mouse is returned to normal. The three classic shorts feature the archive sounds of Walt Disney as Mickey Mouse, Pinto Colvig as Goofy, Clarence Nash as Donald Duck and Huey, Dewey and Louie, and June Foray as Hazel the Witch. "Mickey's Document [31] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Vyas, Pandit Amarnath and Raja Sandow. This fantasy film from the Arabian Nights follows the adventures of Aladdin and his finding of the magic lamp in the cave, Document [32] (Title: Eli Gorenstein) "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", Professor Ratigan in "The Great Mouse Detective", Jafar from "Aladdin". He has also dubbed supporting characters such as Sebastian from "The Little Mermaid", Eeyore in the "Winnie the Pooh" franchise, and Lumière from "Beauty and the Beast". Gorenstein maintained a successful career and a singer and a musician. He plays the cello and often performs songs in the style of Frank Sinatra. He often performs as an opera singer at the New Israeli Opera and he performs jingles for the openings of television shows and commercials. Gorenstein has one daughter named Roni, who is also Document [33] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 33% based on 12 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10. David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program "Siskel & Ebert", the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert. Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Steve Document [34] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 – June 9, 1970) was an actor and musician better known to fans as Aladdin who appeared on "The Lawrence Welk Show" from 1955 to 1967. Born and raised in New York, Aladdin first began his professional career as a dancer at age three, but a serious fall, which left him temporarily paralyzed, forced him to turn his talents in an instrumental and vocal direction, which led him to learning to play the violin. Prior to joining Welk's Champagne Music Makers, he appeared with Ray Noble on the Edgar Bergen Document [35] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) first place and can very easily take it away. Realizing that what Aladdin says is true, Jafar, consumed by his hunger for power, uses his final wish to become an all-powerful genie, in an attempt to rule the whole universe. However, Jafar is angered to realize that Aladdin has tricked him into wasting his wish into becoming a genie, since genies are not free beings, and becomes trapped in an oil lamp of his own, and the lamp is sent into the Cave of Wonders. In "The Return of Jafar", Jafar's lamp is found by Abis Mal, who releases Jafar Document [36] (Title: Val Bettin) Val Bettin Valentine John "Val" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film "The Great Mouse Detective" and the Sultan in "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's "Aladdin" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted "The Storyteller", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was Document [37] (Title: Jozef Szekeres) Studio, now known as DisneyToon Studios, and was the youngest animator employed there at that time. At Walt Disney Animation Australia, he was a principal animator on a series of films and TV series. On Aladdin: The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves, he animated both Jasmine and Aladdin, creating reference maquettes of both characters. He did development work on Belle for . On , he animated the Ariel, Melody and Prince Eric characters. On , he focused on human characters, such as the adult Wendy and the mermaids in Return to Never Land. He also Document [38] (Title: Iago (Disney)) Iago (Disney) Iago is a fictional supporting character in the animated "Aladdin" films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Company. He is voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and appeared in the first film as the sidekick to the main villain Jafar, and later becomes one of the protagonists for the remainder of the "Aladdin" franchise's run, particularly the two direct-to-video sequels and television adaptation. The red-plumed talking scarlet macaw is an homage to the villain of William Shakespeare's "Othello". Iago had been originally conceived as a "British" calm and serious character, but was reworked into a comic role after Document [39] (Title: JonTron) series "James & Mike Mondays". Jafari was also a featured vocalist in an episode of The Gregory Brothers' viral webseries "Songify the News". At the same time, The Gregory Brothers remixed Jafari's review of the bootlegged game, "Titenic", and it was released on iTunes. Jafari has done voice-over work for "Did You Know Gaming?", covering episodes on "The Legend of Zelda", "Banjo-Kazooie", "Donkey Kong", "Pokémon", "Pikmin", "Animal Crossing", "Dragon Quest", "", and games of Disney franchises. He has also covered the development of "Star Wars" for their spin-off series "Did You Know Movies?" on fellow YouTube personality Matthew Patrick's channel, Document [40] (Title: Féodor Atkine) on "House M.D." Féodor Atkine Féodor Atkine (born 27 February 1948) is a French actor. Born in Paris of Russian-Polish descent, he has had a career in European cinema and television since the early 1970s, and made occasional appearances in English-language films, notably as the Russian gangster "Mikhi" in "Ronin", as Woody Allen's character's brother in "Love and Death", and the recurring character of "Major Pierre Ducos" in the UK TV series "Sharpe". Atkine is also a well-regarded voice artist, providing the voice of "Jafar" in the French version of Disney's "Aladdin" (1992). He also provides the French dub for Document [41] (Title: The Thief and the Cobbler) style and character to "The Thief and the Cobbler"; for example, the character Zigzag from "Thief" shares many physical characteristics with both "Aladdin"'s villain, Jafar, and its Genie, as animated by Williams Studio alumnus Andreas Deja and Eric Goldberg. The Completion Bond Company asked television animation producer Fred Calvert to do a detailed analysis of the production status. He traveled to Williams's London studio several times to check on the progress of the film, and his conclusion was that Williams was "woefully behind schedule and way over budget." Williams had a script, according to Calvert, but "he wasn't following it Document [42] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) won the four biggest awards of American show business: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony Awards. "Aladdin" was released in 1992. The 31st Disney animated feature film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arabic folktale of "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" from the "One Thousand and One Nights". The plot follows street urchin Aladdin as he attempts to gain the affection of Princess Jasmine after acquiring a magic lamp. "Aladdin" was followed by Disney's first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" in 1994. The plot mainly focused on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. Document [43] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) but he gets into trouble when their meeting is interrupted by guards who arrest him. She reveals that she is actually Princess Jasmine. Despite Jasmine's efforts to demand the guards to release Aladdin immediately, they tell her that she must first deal with Jafar in order to free him. In prison, Aladdin meets an old man (who is actually Jafar in disguise) who mentions a cave filled with treasure and that he needs Aladdin to enter it. The old man reveals a secret exit, and Aladdin escapes with him and follows him into the desert. He enters the Cave of Document [44] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as "very muscular and action-packed". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will Document [45] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) "", based on Sora's memories, and "", based on the digitized data from Jiminy's Journal. In the Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic! Nighttime Show Spectacular, Jafar is one of the villains the Evil Queen evokes to fight Mickey Mouse and ruin his imagination. Jafar appears with Maleficent, Ursula and Oogie Boogie in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Halloween-themed fireworks program "HalloWishes" at Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. Jafar is featured in many episodes of "Disney's House of Mouse" where he is often found in the audience. In one episode named "Donald's Lamp Trade", Jafar hypnotizes Donald Duck to steal a Document [46] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) dubbed it "Act II’s standout". This song is playable in the video game "Just Dance 2014". Prince Ali (song) "Prince Ali" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film "Aladdin". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay Document [47] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) Jafar (Disney) Jafar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He is voiced by American actor Jonathan Freeman in most media, including the live-action Broadway musical adaptation. An inspiration to the character is the villain "Jafar", played by Conrad Veidt in "The Thief of Bagdad", from which "Aladdin" borrows several character ideas and plot elements. The Jafar of Disney's "Aladdin" plays essentially the same part as the character from the 1940 movie, and is drawn with notable similarity to Conrad Veidt's looks. Animator Andreas Deja decided to design Jafar in a Document [48] (Title: Genie (Disney)) his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix"). The Genie also appears briefly in "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature "The Return of Jafar", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised Document [49] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) had hired Vanessa Taylor to polish the original screenplay by August, specifically to do some "character work" and what is called "script doctoring". Meanwhile, Richie and the studio focused on casting the other main roles with filming slated to start in August in London. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari joined the cast as Jafar with Nasim Pedrad cast in a newly created role as "a hand maid and friend of Jasmine" who will serve as a "comic relief" and Numan Acar as Hakim. The following month, Billy Magnussen joined the cast in a newly created role as Prince Anders alongside Document [50] (Title: Tuvia Tzafir) the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film "Aladdin" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, "Pim Pam Po". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series "Danny Hollywood" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In Document [51] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and only number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the film's theme song sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The film's VHS release also set a sales record and grossed about $500million in the United States. success led to various derived works and other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996); an animated television series of the same name; and a Broadway adaptation. A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Guy Ritchie will be Document [52] (Title: Bernard Bresslaw) his last stage performances was as Malvolio in "Twelfth Night" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in "Aladdin" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the "Sooty Show". He also voiced Gorilla on "The Giddy Game Show". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of "Doctor Faustus" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the Document [53] (Title: Stefan Pejic) appeared in the 2016/17 pantomime "Aladdin" at Wolverhampton Grand Theatre between 10 December 2016 and 22 January 2017. He starred alongside Joe McElderry, Lisa Riley, Ian Adams, Lucy Kay, Ben Faulks and Doreen Tipton. Stefan Pejic Stefan Pejic (born 5 June 1988) is a Welsh actor born in Swansea, Wales. As a child he attended the Mark Jermin Stage School and appeared in many children's television shows for CITV such as "Jungle Run" and "Mad for it", adverts for WHSmith (1998), McDonald's (1999), Kelloggs Crispix (2000) and Krazy Kids, Nickelodeon (2001) and television productions such as "The Gormenghast Trilogy", "Goodbye Document [54] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) distract Jafar, and Aladdin attempts to retrieve the lamp. Jafar notices Aladdin, traps Jasmine inside an hourglass, and overpowers Aladdin and his friends with his magic. After Aladdin rescues Jasmine out of the hourglass, he tricks Jafar into using his last wish to become an all-powerful genie; now bound to his new lamp, Jafar ends up trapped inside it, taking Iago with him. With the palace and kingdom returned to normal, the Genie transports Jafar's lamp to the Cave of Wonders, and advises Aladdin use his third wish to regain his royal title so the law will allow him to Document [55] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Arabian Night," an episode of "". Guest stars intended to be in the series included George C. Scott, Hank Azaria, June Foray, Paul Winchell, Phil Hartman, James Earl Jones and Richard Horvitz, but the makers did not have the time. The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also Document [56] (Title: Genie (Disney)) Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature "The Return of Jafar", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as for the character's own mini-series, "Great Minds Think for Themselves". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in "Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" and later the "Kingdom Hearts" Document [57] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) originally conceived as an uptight British archetype, was reworked into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in "Beverly Hills Cop II", who was then cast for the role. By October 1991, Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of "Aladdin". As with Woolverton's screenplay, several characters and plot elements were based on the 1940 version of "The Thief of Bagdad", though the location of the film was changed from Baghdad to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah. One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of "Aladdin" was the depiction of Aladdin himself. Director Document [58] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) film, Aladdin is imprisoned in the palace dungeons, as arranged by Jafar using his influence over the guards and lies to Princess Jasmine that Aladdin has already been executed while pretending to be shocked that he had mistakenly believed that Aladdin abducted her. Jafar (disguised as a fellow prisoner) approaches him, striking a deal with Aladdin. In exchange for Aladdin's help in retrieving the lamp from the Cave of Wonders, Jafar reveals an escape route from the prison and promises him a reward if he succeeds, who soon reveals that the reward is death. When the plan fails, Aladdin and Document [59] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the Genie, who lives inside of it. The Genie tells Aladdin that he will grant him three wishes. Aladdin tricks the Genie into freeing themselves from the cave without using a wish, and he uses his first to become "Prince Ali Ababwa" in order to woo Jasmine. At Iago's suggestion, Jafar plots to become Sultan by marrying Jasmine. When Aladdin greets Jafar and the Sultan at the palace, Jasmine becomes angry at them. Refusing to tell Jasmine the truth, Aladdin takes Jasmine on a flight on the magic carpet. When she deduces his identity, he convinces her that he dresses Document [60] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) Prince Ali (song) "Prince Ali" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film "Aladdin". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two Document [61] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) from July 7–31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine. Additional actors included Seán G. Griffin as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Babkak, and Kassim – a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used – Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales, and Brandon O'Neill. The show was also directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. Another production of the musical played at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012. The musical premiered Document [62] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) the lamp are lost. The Sultan later scolds Jafar for supposedly executing an innocent life behind his back, in which Jafar pretends to regret his actions and promises not to do it again. When Iago suggests an alternative plan, Jafar next decides to, using the hypnotic powers of his snake-headed staff, manipulate the Sultan into mandating a marriage between himself and Jasmine, but he is impeded by Aladdin, who had discovered the Genie and used his first wish to become a prince. After a second attempt by Jafar on his life, Aladdin (with the help of the Genie) survives and Document [63] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), as well as the animated television series based on the film. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the Document [64] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) to free the Genie in order to maintain his charade. Iago steals the lamp, and Jafar becomes the Genie's new master. He uses his first two wishes to usurp the Sultan, and become the world's most powerful sorcerer, exposing Aladdin's identity and exiling him, Abu, and the carpet to a frozen wasteland. However, they escape, and return to the palace, where Jafar tries to use his final wish to make Jasmine fall in love with him, but the Genie cannot grant the wish as it is beyond his power. Upon noticing Aladdin, Jasmine pretends the wish has been granted to Document [65] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) theme, due to similarities to the flowing and swooping lines found in Arabic calligraphy. Jafar's design was not based on Hirschfeld's work because Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character to be contrasting. Each character was animated alone, with the animators consulting each other to make scenes with interrelating characters. Since Aladdin's animator Glen Keane was working in the California branch of Walt Disney Feature Animation, and Jasmine's animator Mark Henn was in the Florida one at Disney-MGM Studios, they had to frequently phone, fax or send designs and discs to each other. The animators filmed monkeys at the Document [66] (Title: The Return of Jafar) Aladdin ultimately declines the Sultan's offer to become the vizier, instead opting to see the world with Jasmine, much to Iago's chagrin. A post-credits scene reveals that Abis Mal survived, stuck in a tree, realizing that his third wish will never be granted. After the success of "The Little Mermaid" (1989), Walt Disney Television Animation subsequently produced an animated television series of the same name that aired on CBS. At the same time, the Disney Afternoon had become a success with television series such as "DuckTales" and "" airing in a syndicated two-hour time slot. Before the theatrical release of Document [67] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) way he was contrasting to the other characters, with many vertical lines against the curvy designs based on Al Hirschfeld. Jonathan Freeman, who composers Alan Menken and Howard Ashman met when he auditioned for "Little Shop of Horrors" and had previously invited Freeman to audition for both "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", said that the artwork was what got him truly interested in the role, declaring that "once I saw those heavy lidded eyes, that long narrow face, I knew that Jafar was going to be something really special". He was the first actor cast, and spent Document [68] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan; she then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her. The treacherous Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive Jafar and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. In November 2010 Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the show is in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The show premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre Document [69] (Title: Jonathan Freeman (actor)) Jonathan Freeman (actor) Jonathan Freeman (born February 5, 1950) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and puppeteer, known for puppetering and voicing Tito Swing in "Shining Time Station" and for voicing Jafar in Disney's "Aladdin" franchise, as well as the "Kingdom Hearts" franchise and the 2011 "Aladdin" Broadway musical. Freeman was born in Cleveland, Ohio on February 5, 1950. He graduated from Ohio University. As well as being the voice of Jafar in "Aladdin", Freeman is also known for being the puppeteer for Tito Swing of the Jukebox Band (Flexitoon Puppets) on the PBS series "Shining Time Station". In Document [70] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) San Francisco Zoo to study their movements for Abu's character. Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried's appearance into Iago's design, especially his semi-closed eyes and the always-appearing teeth. Some aspects of the Sultan were inspired by the Wizard of Oz, to create a bumbling authority figure. Andreas Deja, Jafar's supervising animator, tried to incorporate Jonathan Freeman's facial expressions and gesturing into the character. Animator Randy Cartwright described working on the Magic Carpet as challenging, since it is only a rectangular shape, who expresses himself through pantomime – "It's sort of like acting by origami". Document [71] (Title: Féodor Atkine) Féodor Atkine Féodor Atkine (born 27 February 1948) is a French actor. Born in Paris of Russian-Polish descent, he has had a career in European cinema and television since the early 1970s, and made occasional appearances in English-language films, notably as the Russian gangster "Mikhi" in "Ronin", as Woody Allen's character's brother in "Love and Death", and the recurring character of "Major Pierre Ducos" in the UK TV series "Sharpe". Atkine is also a well-regarded voice artist, providing the voice of "Jafar" in the French version of Disney's "Aladdin" (1992). He also provides the French dub for Dr. Gregory House Document [72] (Title: Val Bettin) wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John "Val" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film "The Great Mouse Detective" and the Sultan in "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's "Aladdin" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted "The Storyteller", a children's show on Chicago Document [73] (Title: The Return of Jafar) film, Iago escapes from Jafar and does his best to respect Aladdin, Jasmine, Sora, Donald and Goofy, although Jafar coerces him into aiding him in his revenge, almost damaging Iago's friendship with Aladdin and Sora, but he redeems himself after taking a blow for Aladdin which almost claims his life. The Peddler, at the beginning, comes across Jafar's lamp, but sells it to Aladdin, Sora, Donald and Goofy for a rare artifact in the Cave of Wonders. Despite Aladdin sealing the lamp in the palace dungeon, the greedy Peddler breaks into the dungeon and frees Jafar, unleashing his fury on Document [74] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) as a peasant to escape the stresses of royal life. After sending Jasmine home, Aladdin is tied up, gagged and thrown into the sea by Jafar, but he is rescued from drowning by the Genie with his second wish. Jafar tries to hypnotize the Sultan into agreeing to his marriage to Jasmine, but Aladdin intervenes, exposing his evil plot in the process; however, Jafar spots the lamp and thus discovers Aladdin's true identity. He flees to his lair, and orders Iago to retrieve the lamp from Aladdin. Fearing that he will lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin refuses Document [75] (Title: Princess Jasmine) matching his pace. The filmmakers had originally envisioned Jasmine's voice as similar to that of actress Lauren Bacall. Jasmine's speaking voice is provided by American actress Linda Larkin. The role was only one of several auditions Larkin had scheduled during the same week in which she auditioned for "Aladdin", and she originally underestimated the scope of the project, joking, "I thought it was going to be something like "Duck Tales" (sic)". Initially presented with only a few pages of the screenplay, Larkin found that she was particularly drawn to Jasmine's "spirit of activism", in addition to the ways in which Document [76] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and producer John Musker explains: He was initially going to be as young as thirteen, but that eventually changed to eighteen. Aladdin was designed by a team led by supervising animator Glen Keane, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn't "appealing enough," so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models. The design for most characters was based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the Document [77] (Title: Rasoul Azadani) to United States and studying at the California Institute of the Arts. Azadani joined Walt Disney Animation Studios to work as a layout assistant in 1985. The character Razoul from the Disney animated film "Aladdin" is named after Azadani. In the movie, Jafar originally used the phrase "Rasoul Azadani" to open the Cave of Wonders, but it was later cut. Rasoul Azadani Rasoul Azadani (, ; born 1965) is an Iranian animator, lighting designer and layout artist. He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Animation Studios. In 1995 he was nominated for an Annie Award in the Document [78] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) "Cave of Wonders", a mysterious cavern in the desert said to hold untold power. The voice of the cave reveals that only one who is worthy, a "diamond in the rough", may enter. When Jafar asks the identity of this "diamond in the rough", it is revealed to be Aladdin. Jafar and Iago set out to find him. While entertaining the locals ("Babkak, Omar, Aladdin, Kassim"), Aladdin bumps into Jasmine, who has disguised herself as a commoner to get a sense of life outside the palace. Aladdin has no idea who she is, but he is immediately smitten. After a Document [79] (Title: Brad Kane) the Public Theater's production of "Titus Andronicus", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of "The Winter's Tale". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of "A Whole New World", the hit song from "Aladdin", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of "She Loves Me". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode "The Prom" Document [80] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Show and has appeared in several Hollywood movies both as an actor and musician. Among his film roles were, "The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing", "Easy to Love", "Deep in the Heart of Texas", and "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes". He was also a featured violinist for Rudy Vallee, Xavier Cugat, and Carmen Cavallaro. He joined the Welk orchestra in 1953. Known informally among the band members as Tony Pallante, he took the stage name Aladdin. In addition to his talents as an expressive violinist, he displayed a flair for comedy and appeared in the show's novelty numbers, sometimes using dialects Document [81] (Title: Disney Princess) independence, tired of the restrictions laid before her by her father. She falls in love with Aladdin while he is disguised as a prince after he takes her on a romantic ride on a magic carpet. Aladdin's genie companion is summoned by Jafar, who uses the genie's magic to tyrannically overthrow Jasmine's father, the Sultan. Luckily, after Jafar's defeat, the Sultan permits Jasmine to wed Aladdin despite his lack of royal heritage. Princess Jasmine is voiced by Linda Larkin, animated by Mark Henn, and her singing voice is provided by Lea Salonga (in the feature film) and Liz Callaway (in Document [82] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked Document [83] (Title: Princess Jasmine) and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting "strong actors" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, "A Whole New World", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, "there's no way I would have even auditioned Document [84] (Title: The Return of Jafar) The Return of Jafar The Return of Jafar (also known as Aladdin 2: The Return of Jafar) is a 1994 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the first sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the pilot to the "Aladdin" animated series. Released on May 20, 1994, it was the first Disney direct-to-video animated film, and marked the first American direct-to-video animated film. It sold 15million VHS tapes and grossed , becoming one of the best-selling films on home video. Another direct-to-video sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", Document [85] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) one year and nine months recording dialogue, for months without any other actors to interact, and later interrupting theater tours to fly to Los Angeles and record newly written lines. When Deja first met Freeman, he was surprised to see the lack of physical similarity to the character, but included some of Freeman's acting and gesturing into Jafar's animation. In "Aladdin", Jafar is the Grand Vizier of Agrabah, the Sultan's most trusted advisor and is also an evil sorcerer. Jafar secretly plots to possess the Genie's magical oil lamp and wish to be the ruler of Agrabah. Early in the Document [86] (Title: Robin Williams) Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in "Aladdin" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including "" (1992), "Robots" (2005), "Happy Feet" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in "Everyone's Hero" (2006). Document [87] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, "The Power of Blast", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called "To Be Free". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations Document [88] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) "Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" is the "Aladdin" franchise video game which was developed for the PlayStation and PC by Argonaut Games and distributed by Disney Interactive in 2001. The game is set after the events of "The Return of Jafar", during the television series, and before "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". The legendary city of Agrabah is in trouble again: the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson) is out to avenge the death of her brother, the nefarious sorcerer Jafar (Jonathan Freeman). She begins her vengeful plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine Document [89] (Title: The Return of Jafar) fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for "Aladdin", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first "Aladdin" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public Document [90] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) then exposes Jafar's plot, but Jafar learns that Aladdin possesses the lamp. Iago steals the lamp from Aladdin and Jafar becomes the Genie's master. Jafar uses his first two wishes to become Sultan and the world's most powerful sorcerer. Jafar assumes control of the palace (which is lifted off the ground and put on the main top of a mountain by Genie) and banishes Aladdin to a frozen wasteland. Aladdin returns and battles Jafar and reminds him that he is only the second-most powerful being on Earth after Genie, who was the one who gave him his power in the Document [91] (Title: Scott Weinger) played Officer Rubin on "What I Like About You". In 2016, Weinger reprised his role of Steve Hale on the "Full House" spin-off series, "Fuller House". Weinger was cast as Aladdin, the street urchin in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin." He reprised his role multiple times off the big screen including the CBS "Aladdin" series and direct-to-video sequels, the most notable being "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". His voice would also be used for several video games including the "Kingdom Hearts" series, "Kinect Disneyland Adventures", and Disney Infinity series. Weinger has written Document [92] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of "Prince Ali of Ababwa" ("Prince Ali"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie ("A Whole New World"). Once they return, Jasmine Document [93] (Title: The Return of Jafar) was released in 1996. One year has passed since the events of the first film. Aladdin and Abu have settled in the palace with Princess Jasmine and her father, the Sultan. Still yearning for adventures, Aladdin foils the robbery of a criminal group led by Abis Mal, stealing their loot and returning it to the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, in the desert, Iago escapes from Jafar's lamp and refuses to heed Jafar's demands to free him. After throwing the lamp into a well, Iago returns to Agrabah, hoping to get close to Aladdin and return to the palace. During a Document [94] (Title: Linda Larkin) Linda Larkin Linda Larkin (born March 20, 1970) is an American actress and voice actress. She is best known for voicing Princess Jasmine in Disney's 1992 animated feature film, "Aladdin". She later reprised her role in the sequels, "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as in the "Kingdom Hearts" and "Disney Infinity" video game series. In order for her to voice Princess Jasmine, Disney required her to lower her voice as it was otherwise too high for the role. For her work at Disney, Larkin was honored as a Disney Legend on August Document [95] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) evil Jafar. Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like Document [96] (Title: Iago (Disney)) He is last seen with Cassim waving farewell to the newly-wed Aladdin and Jasmine as they ride off to the night. Iago appears as a supporting character in the straight-to-DVD movie "" and he performs a musical number called "Peacock Princess" with Princess Jasmine. In the video game "Kingdom Hearts", he is initially Jafar's sidekick, but then later is used by the player to assist in defeating Jafar. His Japanese voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts" is Akira Kamiya, and his voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts II" is Tōru Ōkawa. Gilbert Gottfried reprises his role in the English versions of both Document [97] (Title: Hal Smith (actor)) horse in "Aladdin" (1992). In 1985, Hal voiced Norman Harper, a sick father of wife Jennifer Walters (voiced by D.J. Harner). The audio short was aired on the Focus on the Family Daily Broadcast. He went to voice other roles for Focus on the Family Audio Productions. Starting in 1987, he was the voice of the main character John Avery Whittaker on the Focus on the Family radio drama "Adventures in Odyssey". He was responsible for much of the cast joining the show after he signed on (including Katie Leigh, Will Ryan, Walker Edminston, Earl Boen, Dave Madden and others), Document [98] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) The lyricists were Pandit Chand, Shyam Hindi, Ramesh Chandra Pandey and Anjum Jaipuri. The playback singing was by Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Shamshad Begum, Asha Bhonsle and Chitragupta. Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Document [99] (Title: Genie (Disney)) The freed Genie bids an emotional goodbye to Aladdin and leaves Agrabah to explore the world. In "The Return of Jafar", the Genie returns to Agrabah, deciding the world isn't all that great without his friends to share it with. His powers are lessened by his own admission, as a freed genie is less powerful than one bound to a lamp, though he still retains several abilities seen in the first film, most notably shape-shifting, flight and conjuration; he describes his formerly "phenomenal cosmic powers" as now only "semi-phenomenal, nearly cosmic". On the night of his return, after Jasmine and Document [100] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) Jafar eventually manages to steal Genie's lamp from Aladdin and kidnap Jasmine in the process. Sora, Aladdin, Donald Duck and Goofy track him to the Cave of Wonders, where Jafar used his first wish to reveal the world's keyhole. Upon arrival in the lamp chamber, they engage Jafar in battle after he used his second wish to enlist Genie's help in the fight. Upon his defeat, Jafar uses his final wish to become a Genie and battles the team again, only to be defeated and sealed away in the lamp. In "Kingdom Hearts II", Jafar's lamp is found by the Document [101] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and Document [102] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) extra verses in the middle of "Prince Ali". Soundtrack.net explains how "Prince Ali (reprise)" was conceived: "Prince Ali" is a flamboyant number sung by the Genie (Robin Williams) as he introduces Agrabah to Prince Ali Ababwa, Aladdin's royal alter ego, with a giant caravan. A reprise of the song has Jafar (Jonathan Freeman) unmask Aladdin as a poor thief. An early reprise of the song in the stage musical has the Sultan announcing to the city's residents about his daughter, Jasmine marrying the prince. The Genie character is known for spouting elements of contemporary pop culture, so all his songs Document [103] (Title: Ove Sprogøe) both also shown outside Denmark. He was an able singer especially in shows or revues and his interpretation of Tim Spencer's "Cigarettes, whiskey and wild wild women" (in Danish re-creation: "Fandens Oldemor" – "The Devil's Great-Grandmother") almost became his signature tune. He was the Danish voice of the Sultan in the dub of Disney's Aladdin. He was an actor who combined great public sympathy with the ability to remain a private person with a modest lifestyle. After his death it was revealed that he had been a passionate art enthusiast and had amassed a valuable collection of modern paintings. Shortly Document [104] (Title: Quibble (plot device)) sequel to Disney's film "Aladdin", the main villain Jafar, after becoming a genie, is unable to use his powers to directly kill living beings. However, he is able to use his powers to create situations that "could" kill or harm his enemies, including possibly torture as Jafar darkly suggests, "you would be surprised what you can live through." Jafar also frames Aladdin for the death of the Sultan and even impersonates Princess Jasmine ordering his execution by proxy. Jack Sparrow (from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" movies) promised to be Davy Jones' slave for 100 years in exchange for receiving Document [105] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin", Disney commissioned Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove to produce an animated series of "Aladdin" that would shepherd its transition from the movie into a television series. While conceiving the sequel, Stones became fascinated with the character Iago, commenting that "I said 'I want the parrot in there,' but he was trapped in the lamp [at the end of the "Aladdin" movie], so we came up with a story of how he got out and ended up with "Aladdin"." As common with half-hour animated television series at the time, Disney initially planned to begin the series with an hour-long television Document [106] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul ("La La Land") while Vanessa Taylor ("Game of Thrones", "The Shape of Water") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical Document [107] (Title: Voice acting in the United States) and theatrical features to this day, especially those for the Disney studio. But the film which truly brought about this modern perception, however was "Aladdin" which was marketed with a noted emphasis on Robin Williams' role, against the actor's own wishes. The success of this film eventually spurred the idea of highlighting the voice actors as stars of a film, this becoming the norm in movie marketing, with a greater focus on hiring Hollywood celebrities for name power, rather than performers with most experience in voice acting, particularly the "Toy Story" (Tom Hanks and Tim Allen) and "Shrek" (Mike Myers, Document [108] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Disney film of the same name. The series is set after "The Return of Jafar" and picked up where the installment left off. The "Aladdin" TV series is considered one of Disney's finest television animation work. The series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on "" and "Darkwing Duck". Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their Document [109] (Title: MyPods and Boomsticks) screen is a reference to the "1984" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film "Aladdin"; the Genie also makes an appearance. "The Simpsons" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the "Aladdin" television series, "The Return of Jafar", and the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film "Minority Report". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song "Lovin' You" and Miles Davis' "Moon Dreams", Document [110] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) illegitimate son of the Sultan, and his interest in genies stems from his mentor and lover, Amara, who discovered a ritual that could be used to rewrite the laws of magic using the power of three genies and two sorcerers. Jafar betrayed Amara by transforming her into his serpent staff so that he could have her power for himself. Andrews did not reprise his role in "Once Upon a Time"'s sixth season due to a scheduling conflict, and he was replaced by Oded Fehr. Jafar (Disney) Jafar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature Document [111] (Title: Princess Jasmine) the lamp. Jasmine and the Sultan are finally freed, and she and Aladdin become engaged after the Sultan abolishes the law so that Jasmine can legally marry whomever she chooses. Following the success of "Aladdin", Jasmine appears in the film's two direct-to-video sequels, in both of which Larkin reprises her role as the character, with Liz Callaway replacing Salonga as her singing voice. The first, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), features Jasmine as she begins to question her trust in Aladdin after he defends Jafar's former pet parrot, Iago, who escapes Jafar's lamp and rescues Aladdin from bandits, hoping to Document [112] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) released on May 24, 2019. In the fictional city of Agrabah (which Disney places near the Jordan river), Jafar, the Grand vizier of the Sultan, and his parrot Iago, seek the lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders, but are told that only a "diamond in the rough" may enter. Jafar identifies a street urchin named Aladdin. Princess Jasmine, who refuses to marry a suitor, temporarily leaves the palace and meets Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu. Aladdin and Jasmine become friends and eventually fall in love. When the palace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders, Jasmine confronts Jafar to Document [113] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried Document [114] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) wish to crown himself Sultan, which Genie reluctantly grants. Remembering what Genie told him earlier about the limitations to his powers, Aladdin tricks Jafar into wishing for himself to become a genie so that his power will be unmatched. Genie grants Jafar's wish, and Jafar is sucked into the lamp, bound to it for eternity. Aladdin uses his third and final wish to set Genie free. He then admits to Jasmine that he loves her, but he cannot pretend to be someone he's not. Seeing the nobility in Aladdin, the Sultan decrees that henceforth the Princess can marry whomever she Document [115] (Title: Christos Stassinopoulos) by the Walt Disney Company to perform the title-part in "Aladdin", in the dubbed Greek version of the very successful animated film, as well as in its two sequels "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". He's been also the Greek voice of "Aladdin" in the long running TV series. Besides "Aladdin", he has dubbed the parts of "Tweedle Dee" and "Tweedle Dum" in Walt Disney's "Alice in Wonderland". Warner Bros. chose him to perform the part of "Cornelius" in the Greek version of Don Bluth's animated film "Thumbelina" and the part of "Hubbie" in "The Document [116] (Title: Massimo Corvo) "Goof Troop", and Jafar in "Aladdin". In addition, he dubs over Gendo Ikari in the anime series "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Other actors he dubs over are Sylvester Stallone (replacing the late Ferruccio Amendola), Jean Reno, Bruce Willis, Patrick Bergin, Tom Sizemore, Vin Diesel, Forest Whitaker, and Jeff Bridges. Massimo Corvo Massimo Corvo (born July 9, 1959) is an Italian actor and voice actor from Rome, Italy. He was the most active between the late 1980s and early 2000s. His name translates to "Maximum Crow" in English. He is best known for dubbing over Laurence Fishburne in his role of Morpheus Document [117] (Title: Princess Jasmine) and Jonathan Freeman, who portray Aladdin and Jafar, respectively, Reed was the only main cast member required to audition. After learning she had been cast, Reed hired a personal trainer and practiced a healthier diet to prepare herself for her revealing costumes in which she exposes her midriff as the character. In the musical, Jasmine resembles an even stronger, more spirited character than the film version, specifically the way in which she fights against marriage laws and men who wish to control her. Reed believes her character changed the most during workshops as the show traveled from Seattle to Toronto, Document [118] (Title: Linda Larkin) 19, 2011. A native of Los Angeles, she has been married to actor and musician Yul Vazquez since 2002. Linda Larkin Linda Larkin (born March 20, 1970) is an American actress and voice actress. She is best known for voicing Princess Jasmine in Disney's 1992 animated feature film, "Aladdin". She later reprised her role in the sequels, "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as in the "Kingdom Hearts" and "Disney Infinity" video game series. In order for her to voice Princess Jasmine, Disney required her to lower her voice as it was otherwise Document [119] (Title: Princess Jasmine) her orders overruled by Jafar, the Sultan's scheming grand vizier. When the princess confronts Jafar, he lies and tells her that Aladdin has already been executed, leaving Jasmine distraught and blaming herself for his death; in reality, Jafar is using Aladdin to retrieve a magical lamp containing a genie. When the Genie, who saves and befriends Aladdin, grants his wish to be transformed into a prince to better his chances of wooing Jasmine, Aladdin introduces himself to her as "Prince Ali". Although initially unimpressed, Jasmine is charmed after joining him on a magic carpet ride, at the end of which Document [120] (Title: Jonathan Freeman (actor)) in Disney's Broadway production of "The Little Mermaid". Freeman began his run starring as Admiral Boom and the Bank Chairman in the Broadway production of "Mary Poppins" on December 12, 2009. Freeman reprises his role as Jafar on stage in the new musical adaptation of "Aladdin", which played at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre from July 7–31, 2011. He is currently reprising the role in the Broadway production, which opened in March 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre, and he is the only actor from the original cast of the animated film to do so. Jonathan Freeman (actor) Jonathan Freeman (born Question: who did the voice of jafar in aladdin Answer: Jonathan Freeman Long Answer: Jonathan Freeman (born February 5, 1950) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and puppeteer, known for puppetering and voicing Tito Swing in Shining Time Station and for voicing Jafar in Disney's Aladdin franchise, as well as the Kingdom Hearts franchise and the 2011 Aladdin Broadway musical. Gold Document ID: 120

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) which apparently really "clashed" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for "The Return of Jafar" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s." Menken and Document [2] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) a little help from Genie, Aladdin uses his second wish to free them ("Somebody's Got Your Back"). The Sultan greets Aladdin in the hall and gives him his blessing to marry Jasmine, meaning that Aladdin himself will inherit the throne as the new Sultan one day. Fearful of this great responsibility, he tells Genie he's going to save his third wish for a day he may need it rather than use it to free Genie like he promised. Distraught, Genie returns to his lamp and refuses to speak to Aladdin. Aladdin laments ("Proud of Your Boy" (Reprise II)). Meanwhile, Jafar Document [3] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008. The series was followed by "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", which was released on August 13, 1996. After Jafar's death, Aladdin continues his duty as the savior of Agrabah. He and his friends continue their adventure, exploring the world and protecting the city from the group of villains. A total of eighty-six episodes were produced. The direct-to-video film "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" marked after the series. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Document [4] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) from the lamp. Jafar plots to seeks revenge on Aladdin. He nearly succeeds at killing Aladdin and taking control of the palace, but Iago, who has changed sides, thwarts his plans and destroys his lamp, killing him. Jafar did not appear in "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" or in the television series, but was often referred to by name by characters. In an episode of "Hercules: The Animated Series" called "Hercules and the Arabian Night", Jafar makes another attempt at revenge and is temporarily resurrected by Hercules's arch-enemy, Hades. He has lost his status as an all-powerful immortal genie Document [5] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) of Aladdin (Deniz Akdeniz), and his story featuring the return of Jafar, now portrayed by Oded Fehr (the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"). Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflixs "Sense8". It was also announced that "Galavant"s Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine. She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season. In early July, it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere. The character's last appearance was in the Document [6] (Title: Iago (Disney)) the film's focus as he grapples between standing by Aladdin or succumbing to Jafar's evil pressures." Iago's ability of mimicking voices (e.g., Aladdin) was referenced during a sketch entitled the "Real Housewives of Disney" in an episode of "Saturday Night Live". Iago (Disney) Iago is a fictional supporting character in the animated "Aladdin" films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Company. He is voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and appeared in the first film as the sidekick to the main villain Jafar, and later becomes one of the protagonists for the remainder of the "Aladdin" franchise's run, particularly the Document [7] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) and often duetting with another singer-violinist, Bob Lido. He was also well received by audiences for his dramatic readings, most of them submitted by Helen Steiner Rice of Cincinnati, Ohio. Aladdin was known to speak several different languages, which included Spanish, French, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew. He recorded the song "Darktown Strutters Ball" for Welk in Italian on the Coral record label with Bob Lido singing in English. He left the show after suffering a heart attack in the fall of 1967, and died a few years afterward in 1970. Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 Document [8] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in "The Return of Jafar"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike "The Little Mermaid", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from Document [9] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) "1001 Arabian Nights", replacing Ali Baba with Aladdin, and for the first time since the original "Aladdin", the film has a completely new soundtrack instead of the rearranged music from the original film for "The Return of Jafar" and the series. Though the film serves as the finale of the series, the characters also appear in a 1999 crossover episode of the animated series "Hercules," titled "Hercules and the Arabian Night", as well as the 2007 direct-to-video title called "". While the Genie and the people of Agrabah prepare for the upcoming wedding of Aladdin and Princess Jasmine, Aladdin retrieves Document [10] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) lamp for him, but it turns out that he only wanted a clock-like lamp and not the real magical one. Jafar also appears in another episode named "Pete's House of Villains" in which he keeps the other Aladdin characters from coming into House of Mouse. He also appears briefly in "" and appears in "Mickey's House of Villains" as the leader of Disney Villains. A live-action version of Jafar appears in the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Naveen Andrews portrays the character, an ally of the Red Queen. In this continuity, Jafar is the Document [11] (Title: John Carradine) "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp". One of Carradine's final film appearances was "Peggy Sue Got Married" in 1986. Carradine's last released film credit was "Bikini Drive-In", released years after his death. Carradine's deep, resonant voice earned him the nickname "The Voice". He was also known as the "Bard of the Boulevard" due to his idiosyncratic habit of strolling Hollywood streets while reciting Shakespearean soliloquies, something he always denied. Carradine was married four times. He married his first wife, Ardanelle Abigail McCool (January 25, 1911 – January 26, 1989), in 1935. She was mother of Bruce and David. John adopted Bruce, Document [12] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) after dying, but Hades gives him a new cobra staff that makes him flesh and blood as long as he holds it, and the two villains team up to get rid of Aladdin and Hercules. However, due to Aladdin's wit and Hercules's strength, Jafar is defeated for the final time, being pulled into the River Styx forever. Jafar debuted in "Kingdom Hearts" as one of the members of Maleficent's inner circle. Here, he plans to use The Heartless and take over Agrabah while attempting to locate both Jasmine (as she is one of the Princesses of Heart) and Agrabah's Keyhole. Document [13] (Title: Jason Alexander) the television series based on Disney's 1992 animated film, "Aladdin". Jason Alexander guest starred in "Malcolm in the Middle" as an intelligent but unpleasant individual (Lenard) who Malcolm meets in the park. He makes money as a telephone salesman and spends his time playing chess in the park. Malcolm, afraid of ending up like Lenard, tries to get him to change his ways and get a full-time job. In 2007, Alexander appeared in a commercial for the ASPCA, which has aired on cable TV stations. In 1987, Alexander appeared in a commercial for Miller Lite, with Yogi Berra as the Document [14] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) and Iago manage to steal the lamp that Aladdin carelessly discarded. As the Sultan announces to the public that Jasmine is to wed Prince Ali ("Prince Ali" (Sultan Reprise)), Jafar appears and reveals Ali to be merely a common street rat named Aladdin whom the former then threatens to send to "the end of the road" if no one changes the latter's personality to meet his standards ("Prince Ali" (Jafar Reprise)). Genie then enters with Jasmine in chains, saying that Jafar is now his master and that his first wish was to make Jasmine his prisoner. Jafar uses his second Document [15] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) Your Boy"). In the palace, Jafar plots with Iago to become Sultan as Jasmine rejects Prince Abdullah and the Sultan declares that she must marry by the next moon. Frustrated, Jasmine confides in her attendants - Isir, Manal, and Rajah - who encourage her to open up to experiences beyond the palace ("These Palace Walls"). As Jasmine disguises herself and takes off to heed their advice, Jafar and Iago invoke an incantation, and a Spooky Voice reveals that Aladdin is the key to finding a magic lamp that will grant Jafar the power to become Sultan. In the marketplace, Aladdin Document [16] (Title: Karine Costa) Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film "Aladdin", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded "Ce Rêve bleu" (the French adaptation of "A Whole New World") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and "Tombé du ciel" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song "C'est la vie" for the film "Bambi 2". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song, Document [17] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin are finally wed, and Aladdin reconciles with his father. "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" together serve as bookends to the Aladdin (TV series) as its prologue and epilogue, respectively. Aladdin was formerly a member of the Disney Adventurers franchise targeted at young boys sold by the Disney Store from 1999-2004, which sold various merchandise, mostly including toys. "Hercules and the Arabian Night" is set after the end of "King of Thieves" as Jasmine refers to herself as married. He is featured as a guest in Disney's House of Mouse, "" and Mickey's House Document [18] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) her love for Aladdin, wondering if he is a duplicitous liar after he saves Iago, Jafar's former pet parrot who had tortured her father. Meanwhile, Jafar is freed from his lamp by a socially awkward bandit named Abis Mal, and immediately plots his retribution against Aladdin. An animated series was created for Disney Channel and Toon Disney which aired from 1994 to 1996, based on the original 1992 feature. The series picked up where "The Return of Jafar" left off, with Aladdin still living on the streets of Agrabah, engaged to Jasmine. In the "Aladdin" television episode "The Lost Ones" Document [19] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to "Aladdin", "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote "" and "", pitched a fourth "Aladdin" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never Document [20] (Title: Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge) the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson). The evil witch Nasira begins her plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan (Val Bettin). She then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her dead or alive. Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive her brother Jafar (Jonathan Freeman) and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. The Document [21] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) as The Princess, John Carradine as The Wizard and June Lockhart as Aladdin's Mother. The opening and ending song was "Angel's Flight" were performed by Shadowfax. This dub would air on television by The Disney Channel on September 3, 1984, and American Movie Classics on April 5, 1992. But, has not seen a home media release to date. The story revolves around Aladdin, an impoverished but street smart kid who lives in an Arabian city somewhere in a desert with his mother. Along with his gang of friends, they steal from the local merchants and market sellers to survive. One Document [22] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) brief scuffle with the authorities, he takes Jasmine to his hideout, where they each reveal their unhappiness in their own lives ("A Million Miles Away"). Jasmine is discovered by the authorities and taken back to the palace. Aladdin is ordered to be killed, but he is saved by Jafar and Iago, who lead Aladdin to the Cave of Wonders ("Diamond in the Rough"). Grateful for saving his life, Aladdin honors Jafar's request to enter the cave. Once inside, Aladdin is instructed to bring the magic lamp to Jafar and touch nothing else. Astonished by all the treasure buried within the Document [23] (Title: Dan Castellaneta) "Desperate Housewives". He appeared as the Genie in the "Aladdin" sequel "The Return of Jafar" and on the 1994 "Aladdin" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in "Aladdin", and Castellaneta described replacing him as "sort of like stepping into "Hamlet" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?" He also provided Genie's voice in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling Document [24] (Title: The Producers (2005 film)) Leo go on to become successful Broadway producers. In a post-credits scene, the cast sings "Goodbye!", telling the audience to leave the theater. Ernie Sabella, Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick's co-star from "The Lion King", makes a brief appearance in the deleted song "You'll Find Your Happiness in Rio" as a drunk bar patron. Also, Jonathan Freeman who provided the voice for Jafar in "Aladdin", makes a small appearance as a ticket taker. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 50% based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Document [25] (Title: Jason Scott Lee) Lee turned down the role and was replaced by Robin Shou. Lee played Caine 607 in the 1998 film "Soldier", along with Kurt Russell and "Mortal Kombat" film director Paul Anderson. In 2000 he played Aladdin in the miniseries "Arabian Nights". He did voice-over work for the 2002 Disney animated adventure film "Lilo & Stitch". Lee went on to appear in several direct-to-video films such as "" (2001), "" (2003), and "" (2005). Lee is among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the documentary "The Slanted Screen" (2006), directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian Document [26] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) the television series "House of Mouse" and related works to those series—Jafar was the leader of the villains in "Mickey's House of Villains". On the TV series "Once Upon a Time" and its spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland", Jafar appears as one of the main villains. In addition, Aladdin and Jasmine also appear in recurring roles in "Once Upon a Time's" sixth season. "Descendants" is a live-action Disney Channel Original Movie based on the lives of the children of various Disney heroes and villains when they attend the same prep school. Jafar appears in the film as does Document [27] (Title: Genie (Disney)) it to Jafar, making Jafar Genie's new master. The Genie has no choice but to grant Jafar's first and second wish to become Sultan of Agrabah and the world's most powerful sorcerer. He is then made a slave with no purpose in life but to entertain the sadistic Jafar by tormenting the former Sultan. During the final fight between Aladdin and Jafar, the Genie is forced to grant Jafar's final wish to become an all-powerful Genie when Aladdin convinces him to do so. However, as they both know, the fulfillment of this wish causes Jafar to be imprisoned in a Document [28] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), Jasmine begins to question Document [29] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) demand Aladdin's release, only for Jafar to lie to her that Aladdin has been beheaded. Disguised as an old man, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu from prison, and sends them to the cave, ordering them to retrieve the lamp. There, Aladdin finds a magic carpet and obtains the lamp. Unaware to touch nothing but the lamp, Abu grabs a red jewel, and the cave collapses. Aladdin hands over the lamp to Jafar, who throws both Aladdin and Abu back down into the cave, though not before Abu manages to steal the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets Document [30] (Title: Mickey's House of Villains) and challenges Jafar to a magical duel using fireballs. Just when Mickey's sorcerer hat is knocked off, Aladdin escapes from the kitchen, flying on the magic carpet and gives Daisy Duck the magical lamp. Daisy hands it to Mickey who uses the lamp to suck Jafar into it. The rest of the villains run away and the House of Mouse is returned to normal. The three classic shorts feature the archive sounds of Walt Disney as Mickey Mouse, Pinto Colvig as Goofy, Clarence Nash as Donald Duck and Huey, Dewey and Louie, and June Foray as Hazel the Witch. "Mickey's Document [31] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Vyas, Pandit Amarnath and Raja Sandow. This fantasy film from the Arabian Nights follows the adventures of Aladdin and his finding of the magic lamp in the cave, Document [32] (Title: Eli Gorenstein) "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", Professor Ratigan in "The Great Mouse Detective", Jafar from "Aladdin". He has also dubbed supporting characters such as Sebastian from "The Little Mermaid", Eeyore in the "Winnie the Pooh" franchise, and Lumière from "Beauty and the Beast". Gorenstein maintained a successful career and a singer and a musician. He plays the cello and often performs songs in the style of Frank Sinatra. He often performs as an opera singer at the New Israeli Opera and he performs jingles for the openings of television shows and commercials. Gorenstein has one daughter named Roni, who is also Document [33] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 33% based on 12 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10. David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program "Siskel & Ebert", the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert. Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Steve Document [34] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 – June 9, 1970) was an actor and musician better known to fans as Aladdin who appeared on "The Lawrence Welk Show" from 1955 to 1967. Born and raised in New York, Aladdin first began his professional career as a dancer at age three, but a serious fall, which left him temporarily paralyzed, forced him to turn his talents in an instrumental and vocal direction, which led him to learning to play the violin. Prior to joining Welk's Champagne Music Makers, he appeared with Ray Noble on the Edgar Bergen Document [35] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) first place and can very easily take it away. Realizing that what Aladdin says is true, Jafar, consumed by his hunger for power, uses his final wish to become an all-powerful genie, in an attempt to rule the whole universe. However, Jafar is angered to realize that Aladdin has tricked him into wasting his wish into becoming a genie, since genies are not free beings, and becomes trapped in an oil lamp of his own, and the lamp is sent into the Cave of Wonders. In "The Return of Jafar", Jafar's lamp is found by Abis Mal, who releases Jafar Document [36] (Title: Val Bettin) Val Bettin Valentine John "Val" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film "The Great Mouse Detective" and the Sultan in "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's "Aladdin" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted "The Storyteller", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was Document [37] (Title: Jozef Szekeres) Studio, now known as DisneyToon Studios, and was the youngest animator employed there at that time. At Walt Disney Animation Australia, he was a principal animator on a series of films and TV series. On Aladdin: The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves, he animated both Jasmine and Aladdin, creating reference maquettes of both characters. He did development work on Belle for . On , he animated the Ariel, Melody and Prince Eric characters. On , he focused on human characters, such as the adult Wendy and the mermaids in Return to Never Land. He also Document [38] (Title: Iago (Disney)) Iago (Disney) Iago is a fictional supporting character in the animated "Aladdin" films and television series produced by The Walt Disney Company. He is voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and appeared in the first film as the sidekick to the main villain Jafar, and later becomes one of the protagonists for the remainder of the "Aladdin" franchise's run, particularly the two direct-to-video sequels and television adaptation. The red-plumed talking scarlet macaw is an homage to the villain of William Shakespeare's "Othello". Iago had been originally conceived as a "British" calm and serious character, but was reworked into a comic role after Document [39] (Title: JonTron) series "James & Mike Mondays". Jafari was also a featured vocalist in an episode of The Gregory Brothers' viral webseries "Songify the News". At the same time, The Gregory Brothers remixed Jafari's review of the bootlegged game, "Titenic", and it was released on iTunes. Jafari has done voice-over work for "Did You Know Gaming?", covering episodes on "The Legend of Zelda", "Banjo-Kazooie", "Donkey Kong", "Pokémon", "Pikmin", "Animal Crossing", "Dragon Quest", "", and games of Disney franchises. He has also covered the development of "Star Wars" for their spin-off series "Did You Know Movies?" on fellow YouTube personality Matthew Patrick's channel, Document [40] (Title: Féodor Atkine) on "House M.D." Féodor Atkine Féodor Atkine (born 27 February 1948) is a French actor. Born in Paris of Russian-Polish descent, he has had a career in European cinema and television since the early 1970s, and made occasional appearances in English-language films, notably as the Russian gangster "Mikhi" in "Ronin", as Woody Allen's character's brother in "Love and Death", and the recurring character of "Major Pierre Ducos" in the UK TV series "Sharpe". Atkine is also a well-regarded voice artist, providing the voice of "Jafar" in the French version of Disney's "Aladdin" (1992). He also provides the French dub for Document [41] (Title: The Thief and the Cobbler) style and character to "The Thief and the Cobbler"; for example, the character Zigzag from "Thief" shares many physical characteristics with both "Aladdin"'s villain, Jafar, and its Genie, as animated by Williams Studio alumnus Andreas Deja and Eric Goldberg. The Completion Bond Company asked television animation producer Fred Calvert to do a detailed analysis of the production status. He traveled to Williams's London studio several times to check on the progress of the film, and his conclusion was that Williams was "woefully behind schedule and way over budget." Williams had a script, according to Calvert, but "he wasn't following it Document [42] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) won the four biggest awards of American show business: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony Awards. "Aladdin" was released in 1992. The 31st Disney animated feature film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arabic folktale of "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" from the "One Thousand and One Nights". The plot follows street urchin Aladdin as he attempts to gain the affection of Princess Jasmine after acquiring a magic lamp. "Aladdin" was followed by Disney's first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" in 1994. The plot mainly focused on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. Document [43] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) but he gets into trouble when their meeting is interrupted by guards who arrest him. She reveals that she is actually Princess Jasmine. Despite Jasmine's efforts to demand the guards to release Aladdin immediately, they tell her that she must first deal with Jafar in order to free him. In prison, Aladdin meets an old man (who is actually Jafar in disguise) who mentions a cave filled with treasure and that he needs Aladdin to enter it. The old man reveals a secret exit, and Aladdin escapes with him and follows him into the desert. He enters the Cave of Document [44] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as "very muscular and action-packed". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will Document [45] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) "", based on Sora's memories, and "", based on the digitized data from Jiminy's Journal. In the Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic! Nighttime Show Spectacular, Jafar is one of the villains the Evil Queen evokes to fight Mickey Mouse and ruin his imagination. Jafar appears with Maleficent, Ursula and Oogie Boogie in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Halloween-themed fireworks program "HalloWishes" at Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. Jafar is featured in many episodes of "Disney's House of Mouse" where he is often found in the audience. In one episode named "Donald's Lamp Trade", Jafar hypnotizes Donald Duck to steal a Document [46] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) dubbed it "Act II’s standout". This song is playable in the video game "Just Dance 2014". Prince Ali (song) "Prince Ali" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film "Aladdin". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay Document [47] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) Jafar (Disney) Jafar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He is voiced by American actor Jonathan Freeman in most media, including the live-action Broadway musical adaptation. An inspiration to the character is the villain "Jafar", played by Conrad Veidt in "The Thief of Bagdad", from which "Aladdin" borrows several character ideas and plot elements. The Jafar of Disney's "Aladdin" plays essentially the same part as the character from the 1940 movie, and is drawn with notable similarity to Conrad Veidt's looks. Animator Andreas Deja decided to design Jafar in a Document [48] (Title: Genie (Disney)) his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix"). The Genie also appears briefly in "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature "The Return of Jafar", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised Document [49] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) had hired Vanessa Taylor to polish the original screenplay by August, specifically to do some "character work" and what is called "script doctoring". Meanwhile, Richie and the studio focused on casting the other main roles with filming slated to start in August in London. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari joined the cast as Jafar with Nasim Pedrad cast in a newly created role as "a hand maid and friend of Jasmine" who will serve as a "comic relief" and Numan Acar as Hakim. The following month, Billy Magnussen joined the cast in a newly created role as Prince Anders alongside Document [50] (Title: Tuvia Tzafir) the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film "Aladdin" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, "Pim Pam Po". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series "Danny Hollywood" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In Document [51] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and only number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the film's theme song sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The film's VHS release also set a sales record and grossed about $500million in the United States. success led to various derived works and other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996); an animated television series of the same name; and a Broadway adaptation. A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Guy Ritchie will be Document [52] (Title: Bernard Bresslaw) his last stage performances was as Malvolio in "Twelfth Night" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in "Aladdin" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the "Sooty Show". He also voiced Gorilla on "The Giddy Game Show". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of "Doctor Faustus" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the Document [53] (Title: Stefan Pejic) appeared in the 2016/17 pantomime "Aladdin" at Wolverhampton Grand Theatre between 10 December 2016 and 22 January 2017. He starred alongside Joe McElderry, Lisa Riley, Ian Adams, Lucy Kay, Ben Faulks and Doreen Tipton. Stefan Pejic Stefan Pejic (born 5 June 1988) is a Welsh actor born in Swansea, Wales. As a child he attended the Mark Jermin Stage School and appeared in many children's television shows for CITV such as "Jungle Run" and "Mad for it", adverts for WHSmith (1998), McDonald's (1999), Kelloggs Crispix (2000) and Krazy Kids, Nickelodeon (2001) and television productions such as "The Gormenghast Trilogy", "Goodbye Document [54] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) distract Jafar, and Aladdin attempts to retrieve the lamp. Jafar notices Aladdin, traps Jasmine inside an hourglass, and overpowers Aladdin and his friends with his magic. After Aladdin rescues Jasmine out of the hourglass, he tricks Jafar into using his last wish to become an all-powerful genie; now bound to his new lamp, Jafar ends up trapped inside it, taking Iago with him. With the palace and kingdom returned to normal, the Genie transports Jafar's lamp to the Cave of Wonders, and advises Aladdin use his third wish to regain his royal title so the law will allow him to Document [55] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Arabian Night," an episode of "". Guest stars intended to be in the series included George C. Scott, Hank Azaria, June Foray, Paul Winchell, Phil Hartman, James Earl Jones and Richard Horvitz, but the makers did not have the time. The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also Document [56] (Title: Genie (Disney)) Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature "The Return of Jafar", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as for the character's own mini-series, "Great Minds Think for Themselves". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in "Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" and later the "Kingdom Hearts" Document [57] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) originally conceived as an uptight British archetype, was reworked into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in "Beverly Hills Cop II", who was then cast for the role. By October 1991, Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of "Aladdin". As with Woolverton's screenplay, several characters and plot elements were based on the 1940 version of "The Thief of Bagdad", though the location of the film was changed from Baghdad to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah. One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of "Aladdin" was the depiction of Aladdin himself. Director Document [58] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) film, Aladdin is imprisoned in the palace dungeons, as arranged by Jafar using his influence over the guards and lies to Princess Jasmine that Aladdin has already been executed while pretending to be shocked that he had mistakenly believed that Aladdin abducted her. Jafar (disguised as a fellow prisoner) approaches him, striking a deal with Aladdin. In exchange for Aladdin's help in retrieving the lamp from the Cave of Wonders, Jafar reveals an escape route from the prison and promises him a reward if he succeeds, who soon reveals that the reward is death. When the plan fails, Aladdin and Document [59] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the Genie, who lives inside of it. The Genie tells Aladdin that he will grant him three wishes. Aladdin tricks the Genie into freeing themselves from the cave without using a wish, and he uses his first to become "Prince Ali Ababwa" in order to woo Jasmine. At Iago's suggestion, Jafar plots to become Sultan by marrying Jasmine. When Aladdin greets Jafar and the Sultan at the palace, Jasmine becomes angry at them. Refusing to tell Jasmine the truth, Aladdin takes Jasmine on a flight on the magic carpet. When she deduces his identity, he convinces her that he dresses Document [60] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) Prince Ali (song) "Prince Ali" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film "Aladdin". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two Document [61] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) from July 7–31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine. Additional actors included Seán G. Griffin as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Babkak, and Kassim – a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used – Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales, and Brandon O'Neill. The show was also directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. Another production of the musical played at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012. The musical premiered Document [62] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) the lamp are lost. The Sultan later scolds Jafar for supposedly executing an innocent life behind his back, in which Jafar pretends to regret his actions and promises not to do it again. When Iago suggests an alternative plan, Jafar next decides to, using the hypnotic powers of his snake-headed staff, manipulate the Sultan into mandating a marriage between himself and Jasmine, but he is impeded by Aladdin, who had discovered the Genie and used his first wish to become a prince. After a second attempt by Jafar on his life, Aladdin (with the help of the Genie) survives and Document [63] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), as well as the animated television series based on the film. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the Document [64] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) to free the Genie in order to maintain his charade. Iago steals the lamp, and Jafar becomes the Genie's new master. He uses his first two wishes to usurp the Sultan, and become the world's most powerful sorcerer, exposing Aladdin's identity and exiling him, Abu, and the carpet to a frozen wasteland. However, they escape, and return to the palace, where Jafar tries to use his final wish to make Jasmine fall in love with him, but the Genie cannot grant the wish as it is beyond his power. Upon noticing Aladdin, Jasmine pretends the wish has been granted to Document [65] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) theme, due to similarities to the flowing and swooping lines found in Arabic calligraphy. Jafar's design was not based on Hirschfeld's work because Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character to be contrasting. Each character was animated alone, with the animators consulting each other to make scenes with interrelating characters. Since Aladdin's animator Glen Keane was working in the California branch of Walt Disney Feature Animation, and Jasmine's animator Mark Henn was in the Florida one at Disney-MGM Studios, they had to frequently phone, fax or send designs and discs to each other. The animators filmed monkeys at the Document [66] (Title: The Return of Jafar) Aladdin ultimately declines the Sultan's offer to become the vizier, instead opting to see the world with Jasmine, much to Iago's chagrin. A post-credits scene reveals that Abis Mal survived, stuck in a tree, realizing that his third wish will never be granted. After the success of "The Little Mermaid" (1989), Walt Disney Television Animation subsequently produced an animated television series of the same name that aired on CBS. At the same time, the Disney Afternoon had become a success with television series such as "DuckTales" and "" airing in a syndicated two-hour time slot. Before the theatrical release of Document [67] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) way he was contrasting to the other characters, with many vertical lines against the curvy designs based on Al Hirschfeld. Jonathan Freeman, who composers Alan Menken and Howard Ashman met when he auditioned for "Little Shop of Horrors" and had previously invited Freeman to audition for both "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", said that the artwork was what got him truly interested in the role, declaring that "once I saw those heavy lidded eyes, that long narrow face, I knew that Jafar was going to be something really special". He was the first actor cast, and spent Document [68] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan; she then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her. The treacherous Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive Jafar and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. In November 2010 Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the show is in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The show premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre Document [69] (Title: Jonathan Freeman (actor)) Jonathan Freeman (actor) Jonathan Freeman (born February 5, 1950) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and puppeteer, known for puppetering and voicing Tito Swing in "Shining Time Station" and for voicing Jafar in Disney's "Aladdin" franchise, as well as the "Kingdom Hearts" franchise and the 2011 "Aladdin" Broadway musical. Freeman was born in Cleveland, Ohio on February 5, 1950. He graduated from Ohio University. As well as being the voice of Jafar in "Aladdin", Freeman is also known for being the puppeteer for Tito Swing of the Jukebox Band (Flexitoon Puppets) on the PBS series "Shining Time Station". In Document [70] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) San Francisco Zoo to study their movements for Abu's character. Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried's appearance into Iago's design, especially his semi-closed eyes and the always-appearing teeth. Some aspects of the Sultan were inspired by the Wizard of Oz, to create a bumbling authority figure. Andreas Deja, Jafar's supervising animator, tried to incorporate Jonathan Freeman's facial expressions and gesturing into the character. Animator Randy Cartwright described working on the Magic Carpet as challenging, since it is only a rectangular shape, who expresses himself through pantomime – "It's sort of like acting by origami". Document [71] (Title: Féodor Atkine) Féodor Atkine Féodor Atkine (born 27 February 1948) is a French actor. Born in Paris of Russian-Polish descent, he has had a career in European cinema and television since the early 1970s, and made occasional appearances in English-language films, notably as the Russian gangster "Mikhi" in "Ronin", as Woody Allen's character's brother in "Love and Death", and the recurring character of "Major Pierre Ducos" in the UK TV series "Sharpe". Atkine is also a well-regarded voice artist, providing the voice of "Jafar" in the French version of Disney's "Aladdin" (1992). He also provides the French dub for Dr. Gregory House Document [72] (Title: Val Bettin) wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John "Val" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film "The Great Mouse Detective" and the Sultan in "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's "Aladdin" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted "The Storyteller", a children's show on Chicago Document [73] (Title: The Return of Jafar) film, Iago escapes from Jafar and does his best to respect Aladdin, Jasmine, Sora, Donald and Goofy, although Jafar coerces him into aiding him in his revenge, almost damaging Iago's friendship with Aladdin and Sora, but he redeems himself after taking a blow for Aladdin which almost claims his life. The Peddler, at the beginning, comes across Jafar's lamp, but sells it to Aladdin, Sora, Donald and Goofy for a rare artifact in the Cave of Wonders. Despite Aladdin sealing the lamp in the palace dungeon, the greedy Peddler breaks into the dungeon and frees Jafar, unleashing his fury on Document [74] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) as a peasant to escape the stresses of royal life. After sending Jasmine home, Aladdin is tied up, gagged and thrown into the sea by Jafar, but he is rescued from drowning by the Genie with his second wish. Jafar tries to hypnotize the Sultan into agreeing to his marriage to Jasmine, but Aladdin intervenes, exposing his evil plot in the process; however, Jafar spots the lamp and thus discovers Aladdin's true identity. He flees to his lair, and orders Iago to retrieve the lamp from Aladdin. Fearing that he will lose Jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin refuses Document [75] (Title: Princess Jasmine) matching his pace. The filmmakers had originally envisioned Jasmine's voice as similar to that of actress Lauren Bacall. Jasmine's speaking voice is provided by American actress Linda Larkin. The role was only one of several auditions Larkin had scheduled during the same week in which she auditioned for "Aladdin", and she originally underestimated the scope of the project, joking, "I thought it was going to be something like "Duck Tales" (sic)". Initially presented with only a few pages of the screenplay, Larkin found that she was particularly drawn to Jasmine's "spirit of activism", in addition to the ways in which Document [76] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and producer John Musker explains: He was initially going to be as young as thirteen, but that eventually changed to eighteen. Aladdin was designed by a team led by supervising animator Glen Keane, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn't "appealing enough," so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models. The design for most characters was based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the Document [77] (Title: Rasoul Azadani) to United States and studying at the California Institute of the Arts. Azadani joined Walt Disney Animation Studios to work as a layout assistant in 1985. The character Razoul from the Disney animated film "Aladdin" is named after Azadani. In the movie, Jafar originally used the phrase "Rasoul Azadani" to open the Cave of Wonders, but it was later cut. Rasoul Azadani Rasoul Azadani (, ; born 1965) is an Iranian animator, lighting designer and layout artist. He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Animation Studios. In 1995 he was nominated for an Annie Award in the Document [78] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) "Cave of Wonders", a mysterious cavern in the desert said to hold untold power. The voice of the cave reveals that only one who is worthy, a "diamond in the rough", may enter. When Jafar asks the identity of this "diamond in the rough", it is revealed to be Aladdin. Jafar and Iago set out to find him. While entertaining the locals ("Babkak, Omar, Aladdin, Kassim"), Aladdin bumps into Jasmine, who has disguised herself as a commoner to get a sense of life outside the palace. Aladdin has no idea who she is, but he is immediately smitten. After a Document [79] (Title: Brad Kane) the Public Theater's production of "Titus Andronicus", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of "The Winter's Tale". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of "A Whole New World", the hit song from "Aladdin", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of "She Loves Me". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode "The Prom" Document [80] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Show and has appeared in several Hollywood movies both as an actor and musician. Among his film roles were, "The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing", "Easy to Love", "Deep in the Heart of Texas", and "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes". He was also a featured violinist for Rudy Vallee, Xavier Cugat, and Carmen Cavallaro. He joined the Welk orchestra in 1953. Known informally among the band members as Tony Pallante, he took the stage name Aladdin. In addition to his talents as an expressive violinist, he displayed a flair for comedy and appeared in the show's novelty numbers, sometimes using dialects Document [81] (Title: Disney Princess) independence, tired of the restrictions laid before her by her father. She falls in love with Aladdin while he is disguised as a prince after he takes her on a romantic ride on a magic carpet. Aladdin's genie companion is summoned by Jafar, who uses the genie's magic to tyrannically overthrow Jasmine's father, the Sultan. Luckily, after Jafar's defeat, the Sultan permits Jasmine to wed Aladdin despite his lack of royal heritage. Princess Jasmine is voiced by Linda Larkin, animated by Mark Henn, and her singing voice is provided by Lea Salonga (in the feature film) and Liz Callaway (in Document [82] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked Document [83] (Title: Princess Jasmine) and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting "strong actors" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, "A Whole New World", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, "there's no way I would have even auditioned Document [84] (Title: The Return of Jafar) The Return of Jafar The Return of Jafar (also known as Aladdin 2: The Return of Jafar) is a 1994 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the first sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the pilot to the "Aladdin" animated series. Released on May 20, 1994, it was the first Disney direct-to-video animated film, and marked the first American direct-to-video animated film. It sold 15million VHS tapes and grossed , becoming one of the best-selling films on home video. Another direct-to-video sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", Document [85] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) one year and nine months recording dialogue, for months without any other actors to interact, and later interrupting theater tours to fly to Los Angeles and record newly written lines. When Deja first met Freeman, he was surprised to see the lack of physical similarity to the character, but included some of Freeman's acting and gesturing into Jafar's animation. In "Aladdin", Jafar is the Grand Vizier of Agrabah, the Sultan's most trusted advisor and is also an evil sorcerer. Jafar secretly plots to possess the Genie's magical oil lamp and wish to be the ruler of Agrabah. Early in the Document [86] (Title: Robin Williams) Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in "Aladdin" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including "" (1992), "Robots" (2005), "Happy Feet" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in "Everyone's Hero" (2006). Document [87] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, "The Power of Blast", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called "To Be Free". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations Document [88] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) "Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" is the "Aladdin" franchise video game which was developed for the PlayStation and PC by Argonaut Games and distributed by Disney Interactive in 2001. The game is set after the events of "The Return of Jafar", during the television series, and before "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". The legendary city of Agrabah is in trouble again: the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson) is out to avenge the death of her brother, the nefarious sorcerer Jafar (Jonathan Freeman). She begins her vengeful plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine Document [89] (Title: The Return of Jafar) fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for "Aladdin", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first "Aladdin" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public Document [90] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) then exposes Jafar's plot, but Jafar learns that Aladdin possesses the lamp. Iago steals the lamp from Aladdin and Jafar becomes the Genie's master. Jafar uses his first two wishes to become Sultan and the world's most powerful sorcerer. Jafar assumes control of the palace (which is lifted off the ground and put on the main top of a mountain by Genie) and banishes Aladdin to a frozen wasteland. Aladdin returns and battles Jafar and reminds him that he is only the second-most powerful being on Earth after Genie, who was the one who gave him his power in the Document [91] (Title: Scott Weinger) played Officer Rubin on "What I Like About You". In 2016, Weinger reprised his role of Steve Hale on the "Full House" spin-off series, "Fuller House". Weinger was cast as Aladdin, the street urchin in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film "Aladdin." He reprised his role multiple times off the big screen including the CBS "Aladdin" series and direct-to-video sequels, the most notable being "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". His voice would also be used for several video games including the "Kingdom Hearts" series, "Kinect Disneyland Adventures", and Disney Infinity series. Weinger has written Document [92] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of "Prince Ali of Ababwa" ("Prince Ali"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie ("A Whole New World"). Once they return, Jasmine Document [93] (Title: The Return of Jafar) was released in 1996. One year has passed since the events of the first film. Aladdin and Abu have settled in the palace with Princess Jasmine and her father, the Sultan. Still yearning for adventures, Aladdin foils the robbery of a criminal group led by Abis Mal, stealing their loot and returning it to the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, in the desert, Iago escapes from Jafar's lamp and refuses to heed Jafar's demands to free him. After throwing the lamp into a well, Iago returns to Agrabah, hoping to get close to Aladdin and return to the palace. During a Document [94] (Title: Linda Larkin) Linda Larkin Linda Larkin (born March 20, 1970) is an American actress and voice actress. She is best known for voicing Princess Jasmine in Disney's 1992 animated feature film, "Aladdin". She later reprised her role in the sequels, "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as in the "Kingdom Hearts" and "Disney Infinity" video game series. In order for her to voice Princess Jasmine, Disney required her to lower her voice as it was otherwise too high for the role. For her work at Disney, Larkin was honored as a Disney Legend on August Document [95] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) evil Jafar. Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like Document [96] (Title: Iago (Disney)) He is last seen with Cassim waving farewell to the newly-wed Aladdin and Jasmine as they ride off to the night. Iago appears as a supporting character in the straight-to-DVD movie "" and he performs a musical number called "Peacock Princess" with Princess Jasmine. In the video game "Kingdom Hearts", he is initially Jafar's sidekick, but then later is used by the player to assist in defeating Jafar. His Japanese voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts" is Akira Kamiya, and his voice actor in "Kingdom Hearts II" is Tōru Ōkawa. Gilbert Gottfried reprises his role in the English versions of both Document [97] (Title: Hal Smith (actor)) horse in "Aladdin" (1992). In 1985, Hal voiced Norman Harper, a sick father of wife Jennifer Walters (voiced by D.J. Harner). The audio short was aired on the Focus on the Family Daily Broadcast. He went to voice other roles for Focus on the Family Audio Productions. Starting in 1987, he was the voice of the main character John Avery Whittaker on the Focus on the Family radio drama "Adventures in Odyssey". He was responsible for much of the cast joining the show after he signed on (including Katie Leigh, Will Ryan, Walker Edminston, Earl Boen, Dave Madden and others), Document [98] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) The lyricists were Pandit Chand, Shyam Hindi, Ramesh Chandra Pandey and Anjum Jaipuri. The playback singing was by Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Shamshad Begum, Asha Bhonsle and Chitragupta. Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Document [99] (Title: Genie (Disney)) The freed Genie bids an emotional goodbye to Aladdin and leaves Agrabah to explore the world. In "The Return of Jafar", the Genie returns to Agrabah, deciding the world isn't all that great without his friends to share it with. His powers are lessened by his own admission, as a freed genie is less powerful than one bound to a lamp, though he still retains several abilities seen in the first film, most notably shape-shifting, flight and conjuration; he describes his formerly "phenomenal cosmic powers" as now only "semi-phenomenal, nearly cosmic". On the night of his return, after Jasmine and Document [100] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) Jafar eventually manages to steal Genie's lamp from Aladdin and kidnap Jasmine in the process. Sora, Aladdin, Donald Duck and Goofy track him to the Cave of Wonders, where Jafar used his first wish to reveal the world's keyhole. Upon arrival in the lamp chamber, they engage Jafar in battle after he used his second wish to enlist Genie's help in the fight. Upon his defeat, Jafar uses his final wish to become a Genie and battles the team again, only to be defeated and sealed away in the lamp. In "Kingdom Hearts II", Jafar's lamp is found by the Document [101] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and Document [102] (Title: Prince Ali (song)) extra verses in the middle of "Prince Ali". Soundtrack.net explains how "Prince Ali (reprise)" was conceived: "Prince Ali" is a flamboyant number sung by the Genie (Robin Williams) as he introduces Agrabah to Prince Ali Ababwa, Aladdin's royal alter ego, with a giant caravan. A reprise of the song has Jafar (Jonathan Freeman) unmask Aladdin as a poor thief. An early reprise of the song in the stage musical has the Sultan announcing to the city's residents about his daughter, Jasmine marrying the prince. The Genie character is known for spouting elements of contemporary pop culture, so all his songs Document [103] (Title: Ove Sprogøe) both also shown outside Denmark. He was an able singer especially in shows or revues and his interpretation of Tim Spencer's "Cigarettes, whiskey and wild wild women" (in Danish re-creation: "Fandens Oldemor" – "The Devil's Great-Grandmother") almost became his signature tune. He was the Danish voice of the Sultan in the dub of Disney's Aladdin. He was an actor who combined great public sympathy with the ability to remain a private person with a modest lifestyle. After his death it was revealed that he had been a passionate art enthusiast and had amassed a valuable collection of modern paintings. Shortly Document [104] (Title: Quibble (plot device)) sequel to Disney's film "Aladdin", the main villain Jafar, after becoming a genie, is unable to use his powers to directly kill living beings. However, he is able to use his powers to create situations that "could" kill or harm his enemies, including possibly torture as Jafar darkly suggests, "you would be surprised what you can live through." Jafar also frames Aladdin for the death of the Sultan and even impersonates Princess Jasmine ordering his execution by proxy. Jack Sparrow (from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" movies) promised to be Davy Jones' slave for 100 years in exchange for receiving Document [105] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin", Disney commissioned Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove to produce an animated series of "Aladdin" that would shepherd its transition from the movie into a television series. While conceiving the sequel, Stones became fascinated with the character Iago, commenting that "I said 'I want the parrot in there,' but he was trapped in the lamp [at the end of the "Aladdin" movie], so we came up with a story of how he got out and ended up with "Aladdin"." As common with half-hour animated television series at the time, Disney initially planned to begin the series with an hour-long television Document [106] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul ("La La Land") while Vanessa Taylor ("Game of Thrones", "The Shape of Water") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical Document [107] (Title: Voice acting in the United States) and theatrical features to this day, especially those for the Disney studio. But the film which truly brought about this modern perception, however was "Aladdin" which was marketed with a noted emphasis on Robin Williams' role, against the actor's own wishes. The success of this film eventually spurred the idea of highlighting the voice actors as stars of a film, this becoming the norm in movie marketing, with a greater focus on hiring Hollywood celebrities for name power, rather than performers with most experience in voice acting, particularly the "Toy Story" (Tom Hanks and Tim Allen) and "Shrek" (Mike Myers, Document [108] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Disney film of the same name. The series is set after "The Return of Jafar" and picked up where the installment left off. The "Aladdin" TV series is considered one of Disney's finest television animation work. The series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on "" and "Darkwing Duck". Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their Document [109] (Title: MyPods and Boomsticks) screen is a reference to the "1984" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film "Aladdin"; the Genie also makes an appearance. "The Simpsons" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the "Aladdin" television series, "The Return of Jafar", and the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film "Minority Report". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song "Lovin' You" and Miles Davis' "Moon Dreams", Document [110] (Title: Jafar (Disney)) illegitimate son of the Sultan, and his interest in genies stems from his mentor and lover, Amara, who discovered a ritual that could be used to rewrite the laws of magic using the power of three genies and two sorcerers. Jafar betrayed Amara by transforming her into his serpent staff so that he could have her power for himself. Andrews did not reprise his role in "Once Upon a Time"'s sixth season due to a scheduling conflict, and he was replaced by Oded Fehr. Jafar (Disney) Jafar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature Document [111] (Title: Princess Jasmine) the lamp. Jasmine and the Sultan are finally freed, and she and Aladdin become engaged after the Sultan abolishes the law so that Jasmine can legally marry whomever she chooses. Following the success of "Aladdin", Jasmine appears in the film's two direct-to-video sequels, in both of which Larkin reprises her role as the character, with Liz Callaway replacing Salonga as her singing voice. The first, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), features Jasmine as she begins to question her trust in Aladdin after he defends Jafar's former pet parrot, Iago, who escapes Jafar's lamp and rescues Aladdin from bandits, hoping to Document [112] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) released on May 24, 2019. In the fictional city of Agrabah (which Disney places near the Jordan river), Jafar, the Grand vizier of the Sultan, and his parrot Iago, seek the lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders, but are told that only a "diamond in the rough" may enter. Jafar identifies a street urchin named Aladdin. Princess Jasmine, who refuses to marry a suitor, temporarily leaves the palace and meets Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu. Aladdin and Jasmine become friends and eventually fall in love. When the palace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders, Jasmine confronts Jafar to Document [113] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried Document [114] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) wish to crown himself Sultan, which Genie reluctantly grants. Remembering what Genie told him earlier about the limitations to his powers, Aladdin tricks Jafar into wishing for himself to become a genie so that his power will be unmatched. Genie grants Jafar's wish, and Jafar is sucked into the lamp, bound to it for eternity. Aladdin uses his third and final wish to set Genie free. He then admits to Jasmine that he loves her, but he cannot pretend to be someone he's not. Seeing the nobility in Aladdin, the Sultan decrees that henceforth the Princess can marry whomever she Document [115] (Title: Christos Stassinopoulos) by the Walt Disney Company to perform the title-part in "Aladdin", in the dubbed Greek version of the very successful animated film, as well as in its two sequels "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". He's been also the Greek voice of "Aladdin" in the long running TV series. Besides "Aladdin", he has dubbed the parts of "Tweedle Dee" and "Tweedle Dum" in Walt Disney's "Alice in Wonderland". Warner Bros. chose him to perform the part of "Cornelius" in the Greek version of Don Bluth's animated film "Thumbelina" and the part of "Hubbie" in "The Document [116] (Title: Massimo Corvo) "Goof Troop", and Jafar in "Aladdin". In addition, he dubs over Gendo Ikari in the anime series "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Other actors he dubs over are Sylvester Stallone (replacing the late Ferruccio Amendola), Jean Reno, Bruce Willis, Patrick Bergin, Tom Sizemore, Vin Diesel, Forest Whitaker, and Jeff Bridges. Massimo Corvo Massimo Corvo (born July 9, 1959) is an Italian actor and voice actor from Rome, Italy. He was the most active between the late 1980s and early 2000s. His name translates to "Maximum Crow" in English. He is best known for dubbing over Laurence Fishburne in his role of Morpheus Document [117] (Title: Princess Jasmine) and Jonathan Freeman, who portray Aladdin and Jafar, respectively, Reed was the only main cast member required to audition. After learning she had been cast, Reed hired a personal trainer and practiced a healthier diet to prepare herself for her revealing costumes in which she exposes her midriff as the character. In the musical, Jasmine resembles an even stronger, more spirited character than the film version, specifically the way in which she fights against marriage laws and men who wish to control her. Reed believes her character changed the most during workshops as the show traveled from Seattle to Toronto, Document [118] (Title: Linda Larkin) 19, 2011. A native of Los Angeles, she has been married to actor and musician Yul Vazquez since 2002. Linda Larkin Linda Larkin (born March 20, 1970) is an American actress and voice actress. She is best known for voicing Princess Jasmine in Disney's 1992 animated feature film, "Aladdin". She later reprised her role in the sequels, "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", as well as in the "Kingdom Hearts" and "Disney Infinity" video game series. In order for her to voice Princess Jasmine, Disney required her to lower her voice as it was otherwise Document [119] (Title: Princess Jasmine) her orders overruled by Jafar, the Sultan's scheming grand vizier. When the princess confronts Jafar, he lies and tells her that Aladdin has already been executed, leaving Jasmine distraught and blaming herself for his death; in reality, Jafar is using Aladdin to retrieve a magical lamp containing a genie. When the Genie, who saves and befriends Aladdin, grants his wish to be transformed into a prince to better his chances of wooing Jasmine, Aladdin introduces himself to her as "Prince Ali". Although initially unimpressed, Jasmine is charmed after joining him on a magic carpet ride, at the end of which Document [120] (Title: Jonathan Freeman (actor)) in Disney's Broadway production of "The Little Mermaid". Freeman began his run starring as Admiral Boom and the Bank Chairman in the Broadway production of "Mary Poppins" on December 12, 2009. Freeman reprises his role as Jafar on stage in the new musical adaptation of "Aladdin", which played at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre from July 7–31, 2011. He is currently reprising the role in the Broadway production, which opened in March 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre, and he is the only actor from the original cast of the animated film to do so. Jonathan Freeman (actor) Jonathan Freeman (born Question: who did the voice of jafar in aladdin

Answer: Jonathan Freeman Long Answer: Jonathan Freeman (born February 5, 1950) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and puppeteer, known for puppetering and voicing Tito Swing in Shining Time Station and for voicing Jafar in Disney's Aladdin franchise, as well as the Kingdom Hearts franchise and the 2011 Aladdin Broadway musical. Gold Document ID: 120

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dennis Hopper) He appeared as an arrogant young gunfighter, the Utah Kid, in the 1956 episode "Quicksand" of the first hour-long western television series "Cheyenne", starring Clint Walker. In the story line, the Kid gave Cheyenne Bodie no choice but to kill him in a gunfight. In 1957, he played Billy the Kid on the episode "Brannigan's Boots" of "Sugarfoot" with Will Hutchins. He subsequently appeared in over 140 episodes of television shows such as "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "Petticoat Junction", "The Twilight Zone", "The Barbara Stanwyck Show", "The Defenders", "The Investigators", "The Legend of Jesse James", "Entourage", "The Big Valley", "The Time Tunnel", Document [2] (Title: Quintin Sondergaard) Gun - Will Travel", William Bendix's "Overland Trail" (as Jack Rance in the 1960 episode "West of Boston"), Clint Eastwood's "Rawhide", Robert Horton's "A Man Called Shenandoah", and Ralph Taeger's "Hondo". He guest starred twice on "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater" in the 1959 segments "Trail Incident" and "Heritage" and on NBC's "Wagon Train" in episodes "The Old Man Charvanaugh Story" (1959) and "The Albert Farnsworth Story" (1960). He appeared five times in different roles between 1958 and 1961 on Gene Barry's NBC series "Bat Masterson" in episodes entitled "Double Showdown", "Election Day", "Lady Luck", "Dakota Showdown", and "Episode in Document [3] (Title: Adam Williams (actor)) 1958 science fiction movie "The Space Children". Other notable film roles include the psychiatrist in "Fear Strikes Out" (1957) and Valerian in "North by Northwest" (1959). An accomplished pilot, Williams also worked as an examiner for the FAA. During the 1950s and 1960s, he appeared on dozens of television series, including the syndicated "Sheriff of Cochise", set in Arizona and starring John Bromfield, and CBS's "Have Gun – Will Travel" in the episode "The Reasonable Man". He portrayed private detective and murderer Jason Beckmeyer in the 1957 "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Runaway Corpse." In 1961, he was Document [4] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) was announced that a movie version of the television series would be made. John Travolta was named as a possible star in the Warner Bros. production, which was scripted by Larry Ferguson and to be directed by "The Fugitive" director Andrew Davis. However, the film was never made. In 2006, it was announced that a "Have Gun – Will Travel" movie starring rapper Eminem is in production. However, the film currently does not hold an official confirmed release date. Paramount Pictures extended an 18-month option on the television series and planned to transform the character of Paladin into a modern-day Document [5] (Title: Have Rocket, Will Travel) best known lineup of Moe, Larry and Curly. The trio had also starred in a 1951 film called "Gold Raiders" during the Shemp Howard era, and had also had supporting roles in several 1930s films when the trio was still affiliated with Ted Healy, including "Dancing Lady" with Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Robert Benchley and Fred Astaire. The space travel theme of "Have Rocket, Will Travel" was prevalent in the late 1950s. The Stooges had already filmed three shorts for Columbia revolving around this theme ("Space Ship Sappy", "Outer Space Jitters", "Flying Saucer Daffy"). They followed up with yet another Document [6] (Title: Ben Johnson (actor)) the character Mister in "Bite the Bullet", starring Gene Hackman and James Coburn. He also appeared with Charles Bronson in 1975's "Breakheart Pass". In 1980, he was cast as Sheriff Isum Gorch in "Soggy Bottom U.S.A." Johnson played Bartlett in the 1962-63 season of "Have Gun Will Travel", which featured a short scene of his riding skills. In the 1966-67 television season, Johnson appeared as the character Sleeve in all 26 episodes of the ABC family Western "The Monroes" with co-stars Michael Anderson, Jr. and Barbara Hershey. He teamed up with John Wayne again, and director Andrew V. McLaglen, in Document [7] (Title: Have Gun, Will Travel (band)) Have Gun, Will Travel (band) Have Gun will Travel is an alternative folk-rock band, launched on January 24, 2006. Based in Bradenton, Florida, they make reference to the town in several songs, including "Salad Days" from the album "Postcards from the Friendly City" ("The Friendly City" is also a reference to Bradenton). The band has Americana, folk-rock, country music, and punk-rock influence, and has been featured in a national Chevy TV commercial, as well as the PBS series "Roadtrip Nation", and CBS’s "The Good Wife". On July 31, 2015 the band released their fifth album, "Science from an Easy Chair", Document [8] (Title: Hey Dude) the credits roll over stills from the episode. David Lascher and Joe Torres were nominated for a 1991 Young Artist Award in the Best Youth Variety or Game Show category for their roles on "Hey Dude". "Hey Dude" was videotaped on location at the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch near Tucson, Arizona. The show was produced by Cinetel Productions. Casting began in 1988 with local auditions held in Tucson. While most of the show was technically shot on the property of the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch, the familiar "ranch" that was known to television viewers was actually built from scratch, roughly Document [9] (Title: Robert Blake (actor)) series "Have Gun Will Travel". He also guest starred on John Payne's NBC western "The Restless Gun", Nick Adams's ABC western "The Rebel", the NBC western series "The Californians", the ABC adventure series "Straightaway", and the American Western television series "Laramie," which aired on NBC from 1959 to 1963. Blake performed in numerous motion pictures as an adult, including the starring role in "The Purple Gang" (1960), a gangster movie, and featured roles in "Pork Chop Hill" in 1959 and, as one of four US soldiers participating in a gang rape in occupied Germany, in "Town Without Pity" in 1961. Document [10] (Title: John Dehner) a lead or supporting player in such series as "The Whistler", "Gunsmoke" and "Philip Marlowe." He also starred as Paladin in the radio version of "Have Gun – Will Travel", one of the few times a show began on television and then was later adapted for radio. On CBS Radio in 1958, he starred in the series "Frontier Gentleman", a Western that opened with a trumpet theme by Jerry Goldsmith and the following introduction: Written and directed by Antony Ellis, the short-lived series followed the adventures of journalist Kendall as he roamed the West in the post-Civil War United States Document [11] (Title: Kam Tong) Valley", "The Time Tunnel", "The Final War of Olly Winter", and "I Spy". Kam Tong Kam Tong (December 18, 1906 in San Francisco – November 8, 1969 in Costa Mesa, California) was a Chinese American actor best known for his role as Hey Boy on the CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel" and as Dr. Li in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Flower Drum Song". Kam was also a regular on the short run CBS-TV series "Mr. Garlund" in 1960. He appeared in many movies, often as an uncredited Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino character. Document [12] (Title: Jena Engstrom) as well as her final performance as an actress in "The Virginian". In “The Education of Sarah Jane” episode of Have Gun, Will Travel, Engstrom appeared as Sarah Jane opposite guest star Duane Eddy in a story of the youngest members of feuding clans that have been killing one another for generations. For Paladin (Richard Boone) his task is to bring an end to the madness. In the “Milly” episode of "Gunsmoke", she played Milly Glover, an impoverished teenager hoping to break herself and her younger brother (Billy Hughes) from their abusive and alcoholic father (Malcolm Atterbury). She tries to Document [13] (Title: Richard Boone) in several of his father's "Have Gun – Will Travel" television shows. Richard Boone moved to St. Augustine, Florida, from Hawaii in 1970 and worked with the annual local production of "Cross and Sword", when he was not acting on television or in movies, until shortly before his death in 1981. In the last year of his life, Boone was appointed Florida's cultural ambassador. During the 1970s, he wrote a newspaper column for the "St. Augustine Record" called "It Seems To Me". He also gave acting lectures at Flagler College in 1972–1973. In his final role, Boone played Commodore Matthew Document [14] (Title: John Doucette) Virginian", "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Kung Fu", "The Rat Patrol", "Hogan's Heroes", "Adventures of Superman", "Sea Hunt", "Science Fiction Theatre," "Walt Disney Presents", and "Tales of Wells Fargo". Doucette portrayed police Lieutenant Tom Gregory on the television version of "Big Town". Between 1959-1961, he also played police Lieutenant Weston on the series "Lock-Up", the character Aaron William Andrews in the comedy "The Partners", and the bounty hunter Lou Gore in the episode "Dead Aim" on the series "Colt .45" Doucette was cast twice on television as the Apache Chief Geronimo: for the 1958 episode "Geronimo" on the Western series Document [15] (Title: Pernell Roberts) in the French and Indian War. He appeared with fellow guest star Fay Spain in the 1958 episode "Pick Up the Gun" of "Tombstone Territory" and played the lead villain in the 31st episode ("Hey Boy's Revenge") of "Have Gun – Will Travel", portraying a killer boss exploiter of Chinese coolie laborers.<ref name="Bonanza Dcanary.com/Pernell">Bonanza Dcanary.com/Pernell</ref> In 1959, Roberts guest-starred in episodes of "General Electric Theater", Cimarron City, Sugarfoot, Lawman, , Bronco, 77 Sunset Strip, The Detectives, and "House Call." Also in 1959, he co-starred in the film "Ride Lonesome". "If Roberts felt typecast by Westerns, they also provided his finest Document [16] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Rolfe and Herb Meadow and produced by Frank Pierson, Don Ingalls, Robert Sparks, and Julian Claman. Of the 225 episodes of the television series, 24 were written by Gene Roddenberry. Other major contributors included Bruce Geller, Harry Julian Fink, Don Brinkley, and Irving Wallace. Andrew V. McLaglen directed 101 episodes, and 19 were directed by series star Richard Boone. This series follows the adventures of a man calling himself "Paladin" (played by Richard Boone on television and voiced by John Dehner on radio), taking his name from that of the foremost knight warriors in Charlemagne's court. He is a gentleman Document [17] (Title: Richard Boone) Richard Boone Richard Allen Boone (June 18, 1917 – January 10, 1981) was an American actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable for his roles in Westerns and for the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel". Boone was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle child of Cecile (née Beckerman) and Kirk E. Boone, a corporate lawyer. His father was a descendant of Squire Boone, brother to frontiersman Daniel Boone. His mother was Jewish, the daughter of immigrants from Russia. Richard Boone graduated from Hoover High School in Glendale, California. He attended Stanford University in Palo Document [18] (Title: Johnny Western) Sons of the Pioneers. He made his first professional recordings in the summer of 1952 in the studio of WCAL Radio station of St. Olaf College of Northfield, Minnesota. The six songs which resulted from those sessions were released on three singles on the local J-O-C-O label. After having played a supporting role in an episode of "Have Gun, Will Travel", Western wrote "The Ballad of Paladin" as a musical "thank-you-card" to Richard Boone. This landed him a deal with Columbia Records. Between August 1958 and May 1963, Western recorded seven singles and one album ("Have Gun, Will Travel", released Document [19] (Title: Norman Macdonnell) Richard Boone in the role of "Paladin", a well-educated, cultured resident of 1870s San Francisco who advertised his services as a gunfighter or well-armed “negotiator" for hire. Wanting to capitalize further on the popularity of "Have Gun—Will Travel", CBS decided to duplicate the series on radio with veteran character actor John Dehner performing in the same role as Boone. Macdonnell, who reportedly had promoted the radio-adaptation idea inside the network, was assigned to organize and direct the episodes. The first episode, "Strange Vendetta", aired on November 23, 1958, a year and a half after its televised counterpart. At a time Document [20] (Title: Riding the Bullet (film)) Noonan in "Bag of Bones" (2011 TV miniseries). Cynthia Garris played Laurie in "Sleepwalkers" (1992 film), Susan Stern in "The Stand" (1994 TV miniseries), 217 Woman in "The Shining" (1997 TV miniseries), and Ellen George in "Quicksilver Highway" (1997 film). Robin Nielson played Billy Goatee in "The Dead Zone" (2002 TV series). David Purvis played the Drunk in "Kingdom Hospital" (2004 TV series). Riding the Bullet (film) Riding the Bullet is a 2004 horror film written, co-produced and directed by Mick Garris. It is an adaptation of Stephen King's 2000 novella of the same name. The film, which received a Document [21] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) 35:25 mark of the film, the actual "Have Gun – Will Travel" opening theme is played in recognizable form, although the scoring is slightly different than that heard in the better-known television version. The show's closing song, "The Ballad of Paladin", was written by Johnny Western, Richard Boone, and program creator Sam Rolfe, and was performed by Western. In the first season the closing song was a reprise of the opening theme. In syndication, the first (premise) episode concludes with the Johnny Western ballad. The rest of the run of the first-season episodes play a reprise of the opening theme. Document [22] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Peckinpah wrote one episode, "The Singer," which aired in 1958. Other notable writers who contributed an episode include Gene L. Coon, Richard Matheson, Charles Beaumont, Laurence Heath, and Fred Freiberger. Both and were produced by Desilu Productions and later Paramount Television, which also now owns the rights to "Have Gun – Will Travel" through its successor company, CBS Television Distribution. The "Have Gun – Will Travel" radio show broadcast 106 episodes on the CBS Radio Network between November 23, 1958, and November 27, 1960. It was one of the last radio dramas featuring continuing characters and the only significant American Document [23] (Title: Have Love, Will Travel) 1-2m-m3-2m progression, to a basic 1-4-5-4 progression, which in G would be simply G-C-D-C. This is the version that virtually all other artists copied. Have Love, Will Travel "Have Love, Will Travel" is a 1959 song written and recorded by Richard Berry. Berry also wrote and originally performed the classic hit "Louie Louie". The title is a based on a popular television/radio western serial "Have Gun, Will Travel". In its best known incarnation, garage-rock protopunkers, The Sonics, covered the song on their 1965 album, "Here Are The Sonics". Driven by haphazardly recorded fuzz guitar, a big driving drum sound, screaming Document [24] (Title: Have Gun, Will Travel (band)) as Giants") was used during the final scenes and the credits of "The Good Wife" season 3 episode 21 ("The Penalty Box", aired April 22, 2012). Another song, "Standing at the End of the World", was used in the intro to YouTuber Paulsoaresjr's 7 Days to Die Let's Play series. Have Gun, Will Travel (band) Have Gun will Travel is an alternative folk-rock band, launched on January 24, 2006. Based in Bradenton, Florida, they make reference to the town in several songs, including "Salad Days" from the album "Postcards from the Friendly City" ("The Friendly City" is also a reference Document [25] (Title: Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album)) Rolling Stones, The Masters Apprentices, Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders, Downliners Sect, and George Thorogood. "Per liner notes" "Say Man, Back Again" reached #23 on the R&B Singles chart. Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album) Have Guitar Will Travel is the third studio album by rock and roll pioneer and blues icon Bo Diddley. It was released on the Checker Records label in 1960. The front cover of Diddley's album displays a white calling card similar to that which Richard Boone's 'Have Gun-Will Travel' character Paladin carried and gave out on every episode of the series. The location was Document [26] (Title: Sam Rolfe) Sam Rolfe Samuel Harris "Sam" Rolfe (February 18, 1924 – July 10, 1993) was an American screenwriter best known for creating (with Herb Meadow) the high rated CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel", as well as his work on the 1960s NBC television series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." and "The Eleventh Hour". Rolfe was born in New York City. He scored an Oscar nomination with his first screenplay, the Anthony Mann Western "The Naked Spur" in 1953. Most of Rolfe's subsequent career was spent in television, where he created and was part of the writing staff on the Document [27] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) radio adaptation of a television series. John Dehner (a regular on the radio series version of "Gunsmoke") played Paladin, and Ben Wright usually (but not always) played Hey Boy. Virginia Gregg played Miss Wong, Hey Boy's girlfriend, before the television series featured the character of Hey Girl. Unlike the small-screen version, in this medium there was usually a tag scene at the Carlton at both the beginning and the end of the episode. Initially, the episodes were adaptations of the television program as broadcast earlier the same week, but eventually original stories were produced, including a finale ("Goodbye, Paladin") in Document [28] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) 3, 1879. The title was a variation ("snowclone") on a cliche used in personal advertisements in newspapers like "The Times", indicating that the advertiser was ready for anything. It was used this way from the early twentieth century. A trope common in theatrical advertising was "Have tux, will travel", and CBS claimed this was the inspiration for the writer Herb Meadow. The television show popularized the phrase in the 1960s, and many variations were used as titles for other works, but was antedated by "Have Space Suit – Will Travel" by Robert A. Heinlein. Paladin prefers to settle without violence Document [29] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) bounty hunter. Eminem was expected to work on the soundtrack. In August 2012, it was announced in several venues that David Mamet was developing a reboot of the television series for CBS. In the television series "Maverick", season 2, episode 16, "Gun Shy", Marshal Mort Dooley, the marshal of Elwood, Kansas, comments that a lot of strange people have been passing through his town lately, specifically referring to "that gunslinger who handed out business cards." This could be no one other than Paladin, and obviously was a gentle dig at another TV Western. All of the episodes were released on Document [30] (Title: Kam Tong) Kam Tong Kam Tong (December 18, 1906 in San Francisco – November 8, 1969 in Costa Mesa, California) was a Chinese American actor best known for his role as Hey Boy on the CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel" and as Dr. Li in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Flower Drum Song". Kam was also a regular on the short run CBS-TV series "Mr. Garlund" in 1960. He appeared in many movies, often as an uncredited Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino character. He appeared in many television shows including "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Big Document [31] (Title: Brandon deWilde) with both James Stewart and Audie Murphy in the 1957 western "Night Passage". In 1958 deWilde continued his career, starring in "The Missouri Traveler" sharing lead billing with Lee Marvin in another coming-of-age film, this one set in the early 1900s. He made a mark on screen at age 17 as an adolescent father in the 1959 drama "Blue Denim", co-starring Carol Lynley, with the then-mature theme of abortion, even though the word is never used in the film. He guest-starred on many TV series, including "Alcoa Theatre" and the popular Western, "Wagon Train". In the 1959 "Wagon Train" episode, Document [32] (Title: Flip Mark) Brook Hooten on "Guestward Ho!", a 1960-1961 ABC sitcom starring Joanne Dru and Mark Miller, as a New York City family who relocates to rural New Mexico to operate a dude ranch. Thereafter, Mark appeared in guest shots in four popular CBS series, "Have Gun - Will Travel", starring Richard Boone, "The Andy Griffith Show", "General Electric Theater", and "My Favorite Martian". In the 1962-1963 season, he had a regular role as Larry Walker in CBS's "Fair Exchange", the story of families in Great Britain and the United States who swap teenaged daughters for a year. Eddie Foy Jr., played Document [33] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Have Gun – Will Travel Have Gun – Will Travel is an American Western series that was produced and originally broadcast by CBS on both television and radio from 1957 through 1963. The television version of the series was rated number three or number four in the Nielsen ratings every year of its first four seasons, and it is one of the few shows in television history to spawn a successful radio version. That radio series debuted November 23, 1958, more than a year after the premiere of its televised counterpart. "Have Gun – Will Travel" was created by Sam Document [34] (Title: Tom Pittman) "Have Gun – Will Travel", "The Restless Gun", and "Cimarron City". He also appeared in the 1957 drama "The Young Stranger" (1957) and the musical comedy "Bernardine" (1957). His final two roles were in the films "Verboten!" and "High School Big Shot", both released in 1959, the year following his death. On October 31, 1958, Pittman was driving home after a Halloween party when he ran his Porsche Spyder off the road at a sharp curve in the Hollywood Hills. After he failed to return home, his father filed a missing persons report. On November 19, Los Angeles police officer, Document [35] (Title: Shimon Wincelberg) play "Kataki" starring Sessue Hayakawa and Ben Piazza. Shimon Wincelberg Shimon Wincelberg (September 26, 1924 – September 29, 2004) was an American television writer and Broadway playwright. Born in Kiel, Germany, he wrote for many television shows from the 1950s, sometimes under the pen names of S. Bar-David, Shimon Bar-David, Simon Wincelberg, Nicholas B., and Simon Winvelberg. His credits include episodes of "Naked City", "Mannix", "The Time Tunnel", "Police Woman", "" ("Dagger of the Mind" and "The Galileo Seven"), "Gunsmoke", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Lost in Space", and "The Paper Chase". He also wrote in the 1990s for "Law Document [36] (Title: Dennis Cross) series, "Daniel Boone", including the role of Chief Red Hand in the 1966 episode "Gun-Barrel Highway". Cross also made two appearances in the 1959-1960 ABC series "Black Saddle" starring Peter Breck. In 1958, he appeared twice on Richard Boone's CBS series, "Have Gun – Will Travel", in the episodes "Hey Boy's Revenge" and "Twenty-Four Hours at North Fork". Cross guest starred twice on both "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre" and Henry Fonda's "The Deputy". He appeared once on each of the Dale Robertson westerns, "Tales of Wells Fargo" ("Man for the Job" as Lambert) and "The Iron Horse" ("Town Full Document [37] (Title: Will Chase) with musician Ingrid Michaelson. Will Chase Will Chase (born September 12, 1970) is an American actor and singer, best known for his work in Broadway musicals and in his role as country superstar Luke Wheeler on ABC's "Nashville". Chase was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, and is the youngest of three boys. He graduated from Western Hills High School and the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, where he studied conducting with Robert Spano and majored in percussion. Chase attended Oberlin Conservatory of Music, training as a percussionist and conductor. Chase started his acting career in Chicago, performing in regional theater productions and Document [38] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) by Collier-Macmillan in hardback and paperback, is based on the television episode "Genesis" by Frank Rolfe. This novel is the only source wherein a name is given to the Paladin character, Clay Alexander, but fans of the series do not consider this name canonical. Dell Comics published a number of comic books with original stories based on the television series. In 2001, a trade paperback book titled "The Have Gun – Will Travel Companion" was published, documenting the history of the radio and television series. The 500-page book was authored by Martin Grams, Jr. and Les Rayburn. In 1997, it Document [39] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) writers who worked on "Have Gun – Will Travel" went on to gain fame elsewhere. Gene Roddenberry created "Star Trek", Bruce Geller created "", Samuel A. Peeples created The Tall Man, Custer, and Lancer, and Harold Jack Bloom created Boone's later series "Hec Ramsey" and the 1970s medical-adventure series "Emergency!" Harry Julian Fink is one of the writers who created "Dirty Harry" (the opening title and theme scene of the 1973 "Dirty Harry" sequel "Magnum Force" features s "Paladin"-like sequence of a handgun being slowly cocked and then finally pointed toward the camera, with a potent line of dialogue). Sam Document [40] (Title: Karl Swenson) In 1958, Swenson appeared as Eddie Haskell's father, George, in two "Leave It to Beaver" first-season TV episodes on CBS: "Voodoo Magic" and "Train Trip". In 1958, Swenson was cast as Jim Courtright, a controversial lawman from Fort Worth, Texas in the episode "Long Odds" of "Colt .45". From 1958 through 1961, he had various roles in the television series "Have Gun Will Travel". In 1959, Swenson played a former Russian seaman en route to becoming an American citizen, Alexi Sharlakov, in the episode "The Extra Hand" of the ABC/WB western series, "Sugarfoot", with Will Hutchins in the title role. Document [41] (Title: Eminem) to star in an unmade film version of "Have Gun – Will Travel", and was considered for the role of David Rice in the 2008 film "Jumper". Eminem had a cameo appearance, arguing with Ray Romano, in the 2009 film "Funny People". He played himself in the "Entourage" season-seven finale "Lose Yourself" with Christina Aguilera. Although Eminem was offered the lead role in the 2013 science-fiction film "Elysium", he turned it down because director Neill Blomkamp would not change its location from Los Angeles to Detroit. Eminem had a cameo appearance as himself in the 2014 film "The Interview". During Document [42] (Title: Richard Boone) C. Perry in "The Bushido Blade". Richard Boone died soon afterward in St. Augustine of pneumonia while suffering from throat cancer. His ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii. Richard Boone Richard Allen Boone (June 18, 1917 – January 10, 1981) was an American actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable for his roles in Westerns and for the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel". Boone was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle child of Cecile (née Beckerman) and Kirk E. Boone, a corporate lawyer. His father was a descendant of Squire Boone, Document [43] (Title: Joseph Will) Joseph Will Joseph Will (born November 4, 1970) is an American actor. Will attended Point Park University graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater, and later pursued his master's degree in Acting from the Florida State University Conservatory of Actor Training, in Sarasota, Florida. Will began his television career in a comic role on the Emmy Award-winning sitcom "Frasier", opposite Kelsey Grammer and Patti Lupone. He has been featured in a number of prime time television shows, including NYPD Blue, "", "Will & Grace", "Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip", "Without A Trace", "Shark", "Life With Bonnie", and Document [44] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) a fully recorded version, opening with the refrain and including a second verse never heard on the television series. September 1957 – April 1963: Saturdays at 9:30 p.m. The television show was nominated for three Emmy Awards. These were for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series, for Richard Boone (1959); Best Western Series (1959); and Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series (Lead or Support), for Richard Boone (1960). In 1957, Gene Roddenberry received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Script for the episode "Helen of Abajinian". Many of the Document [45] (Title: Shimon Wincelberg) Shimon Wincelberg Shimon Wincelberg (September 26, 1924 – September 29, 2004) was an American television writer and Broadway playwright. Born in Kiel, Germany, he wrote for many television shows from the 1950s, sometimes under the pen names of S. Bar-David, Shimon Bar-David, Simon Wincelberg, Nicholas B., and Simon Winvelberg. His credits include episodes of "Naked City", "Mannix", "The Time Tunnel", "Police Woman", "" ("Dagger of the Mind" and "The Galileo Seven"), "Gunsmoke", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Lost in Space", and "The Paper Chase". He also wrote in the 1990s for "Law & Order". He also wrote the 1959 Broadway Document [46] (Title: Trevor Bardette) had materialized. He played "Wally", the proprietor of Wally's Filling Station, in the "Gomer the House Guest" episode of "The Andy Griffith Show". Bardette was cast in various roles in four episodes of the anthology series, "The Ford Television Theatre" between 1953 and 1956. He guest-starred six times each on the original CBS family drama, "Lassie", and in Clint Walker's ABC/Warner Brothers western series, "Cheyenne". Bardette appeared three times on John Payne's western series, "The Restless Gun" as well as "Wagon Train", and "Have Gun – Will Travel". Twice he appeared on "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Broken Arrow", "Maverick", and Document [47] (Title: Don Grady) the area. He graduated from Burbank High School in 1962. His acting credits included several Western series, including John Payne's "The Restless Gun", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "Buckskin", "Wagon Train" and "The Rifleman", in which he played two roles in the second season. In December 1959, at the age of 15, Grady appeared in two different episodes of CBS's "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre", having played opposite Joan Crawford and Dick Powell. In "Rebel Ranger", he was cast as Rob Faring, the young son of Crawford's character, Stella Faring, a Confederate widow who tries to reclaim her former home Document [48] (Title: Johnny Western) in May 1962) for Columbia, until he was dropped from their roster. He then signed a contract with the Philips label, but only one single resulted ("Light The Fuse" b/w "Tender Years"). "Have Gun Will Travel" included the haunting Stan Jones song "Cowpoke", which members of the Western Writers of America chose as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. The album was a mature work, redolent of Western lore. It also included Western's third version of "The Ballad of Paladin", a fine and introspective performance of "The Lonely Man", the gallows ballad "Hannah Lee", "The Streets Document [49] (Title: Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)) room to restore "Gunsmoke", which had just been canceled, to the schedule at the insistence of William S. Paley's wife. In an early episode of "Have Gun Will Travel", Paladin is vying for a job against another bounty hunter, who claims to have been Matt Dillon's deputy when Dillon was the marshal in Austin, Texas. Paladin calls the man a fraud, saying Dillon never served in Austin. In Maverick a character called Matt Pickle was Marshall of towns that the Maverick brothers would invariably run through. One 2nd season episode was a full parody of a gunsmoke episode. Later episodes Document [50] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) historian Martin Grams, Jr., Hey Boy was featured in all but the fourth of the show's six seasons, with the character of Hey Girl, played by Lisa Lu, replacing Hey Boy for season four while Kam Tong worked on the "Mr. Garlund" television series. Guest stars included Jack Lord, Charles Bronson, Victor McLaglen, Vincent Price, James Coburn, Ben Johnson, George Kennedy, John Carradine, Angie Dickinson, Buddy Ebsen, Denver Pyle, June Lockhart, Harry Morgan, Jack Elam, Dan Blocker, Pernell Roberts, DeForest Kelley, Lon Chaney, Jr., Warren Oates, Martin Balsam, Sydney Pollack, William Conrad, Dyan Cannon, Robert Blake, Suzanne Pleshette, Kathie Browne, Document [51] (Title: Denny Miller) son of a powerful rancher, in the "License to Kill" episode of "Laramie", starring John Smith and Robert Fuller. He also appeared on "Have Gun, Will Travel" and an episode of "The Rifleman" as a dimwitted gunfighter named Reuben Miles. From 1961 to 1964, Miller was a regular on "Wagon Train" in the role of the scout, Duke Shannon. His co-stars in addition to Robert Fuller were John McIntire, Robert Horton, Frank McGrath, Terry Wilson, and Michael Burns. After the cancellation of "Wagon Train" in 1965, Miller starred as Mike McCluskey, the military-officer husband of Juliet Prowse on the NBC Document [52] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) to the other episode. In 1974, a rodeo performer named Victor De Costa won a federal court judgment against CBS for trademark infringement, successfully arguing that he had created the Paladin character and the ideas used in the show, and that CBS had used them without permission. For example, at his rodeo appearances he always dressed in black, he called himself the "Paladin", he handed out hundreds of business cards with a chess piece logo and the phrase "Have gun will travel", and he carried a concealed derringer. A year later, an appellate court overturned the lower court ruling on Document [53] (Title: Sanctuary for All) claim to have apprehended the shooter (played by David Hewlett in the first webisode, but was played by another actor in this episode), who was fleeing the scene. Will sees no evidence of a gun being used and quickly deduces that all is not as it seems at the apartment, but his theories are ridiculed by Detective Joe Kavanagh (Kavan Smith). As he leaves, Will spots the boy and chases him down a back alley, where he narrowly avoids being struck by a young woman on a motorcycle who is also evidently pursuing the boy. He begins to chase them Document [54] (Title: Denver Pyle) billed as true stories of the Arizona Rangers. He appeared seven times on Richard Boone's CBS Western "Have Gun – Will Travel", his final appearance on the show in 1960 as the character Croft in "The Puppeteer". He guest-starred in 1960 in several other Westerns, including "Pony Express", "The Man from Blackhawk", and "Tombstone Territory". He guest-starred in the episode "Trail of the Dead", the story of five missing prospectors, of Rod Cameron's modern Western syndicated series "State Trooper". He appeared with Sammy Jackson in the episode "Resurrection" of the syndicated American Civil War drama, "The Gray Ghost". He was Document [55] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) carried in a black leather holster (with a platinum chess knight symbol facing the rear), hanging from a black leather gunbelt. He also carries a lever action Marlin rifle strapped to his saddle, and a Remington derringer concealed under his belt. Paladin gives out a business card imprinted with "Have Gun Will Travel" and a drawing of a knight chess piece. A closeup of this card is used as a title card between scenes in the program. The one other major semiregular character in the show was the Chinese bellhop at the Carlton Hotel, known as Hey Boy (real name Document [56] (Title: Have Guitar, Will Travel (Joe Perry album)) single was "We've Got a Long Way to Go." The title is a snowclone of the phrase "Have Gun – Will Travel", and also possibly a reference to the 1960 album of the same name by Bo Diddley. In February 2010, the album received its UK release alongside issue 142 of "Classic Rock" magazine. Editor Scott Rowley states that: "To our knowledge, it's the first time that a music magazine has given away a complete album." The issue featured an exclusive interview with Aerosmith and a 'track-by-track' interview with Perry about "Have Guitar, Will Travel". For Joe Perry's next solo Document [57] (Title: Richard Boone) an interviewer in 1972, "You know, Hec Ramsey is a lot like Paladin, only fatter." This quote was often misinterpreted to mean that "Hec Ramsey" was a sequel to "Have Gun – Will Travel," when it actually was not. In the mid-1970s, Boone returned to The Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, where he had once studied acting, to teach. In the 1960s and 1970s, Boone assisted the Israeli film industry at its inception. He appeared in the first Israeli-produced film shot outside Israel, the Western "Madron" (1970), with a story set in the American West of the 1800s. In 1979, Document [58] (Title: Richard Rust) Tom Nolan. He also appeared in several western television programs, including "Black Saddle" with Peter Breck, "The Man from Blackhawk" starring Robert Rockwell, "The Rifleman" starring Chuck Connors, "Gunsmoke" with James Arness, "Tales of Wells Fargo" starring Dale Robertson, "Johnny Ringo" with Don Durant, and "Have Gun – Will Travel" with Richard Boone. He twice guest starred on ABC/Warner Brothers series, "Bourbon Street Beat" with Andrew Duggan, and "77 Sunset Strip" with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Rust guest starred on other ABC/WB programs too, including "Sugarfoot" with Will Hutchins, "Bronco" with Ty Hardin, "Lawman" with John Russell, and "The Roaring 20s". Document [59] (Title: Cayden Boyd) Cayden Boyd Cayden Boyd (born May 24, 1994) is an American actor. He is best known for his child roles as Max in Robert Rodriguez's 2005 film "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl" and Ben Reynolds in the 2007 film "Have Dreams, Will Travel". Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas. His older sister, Jenna, is also an actor. Boyd plays violin and cello and played high school football. He recently graduated from Pepperdine University, studying business. Boyd landed his first roles, small television roles and commercials, as young as 6 and 7. He played Tim Robbins's son in "Mystic River". Document [60] (Title: Cayden Boyd) In 2004, he was cast in the starring role of Max in the 2005 film "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl". He played young Warren Worthington III in "", and he was cast in the lead role in the 2007 film "Have Dreams, Will Travel" (originally titled "A West Texas Children’s Story"). He appeared on episodes of such television series as "Crossing Jordan", "Cold Case", "Close to Home" and "Scrubs". In 2008, he appeared alongside Julia Roberts and Willem Dafoe in "Fireflies in the Garden". In 2015 Boyd also had a role on the television series "Awkward" playing Jenna's Marine Document [61] (Title: Leo Penn) Theatre World Award in 1954 for his performance in the play "The Girl on the Via Flaminia". He acted in numerous roles in the early years of television. In 1956, he was cast as Mr. Rico in the episode "Ringside Padre" of the religion anthology series, "Crossroads". In 1957, he appeared in the episode "One If by Sea" of the military drama series, "Navy Log". He was also cast in an episode of Beverly Garland's 1957-1958 groundbreaking crime drama, "Decoy". In 1960, he played Cavage in "The Poker Fiend" on Richard Boone's CBS western series, "Have Gun - Will Travel." Document [62] (Title: Charles H. Gray) "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Riverboat", "Death Valley Days", "Gunslinger", "Laredo", "The Road West", "The Iron Horse", "The High Chaparral", "The Virginian", "Bearcats!", "Bonanza" and "Alias Smith and Jones". He also appeared in many TV movies. Charles H. Gray Charles H. Gray (November 27, 1921 St. Louis, Missouri – August 2, 2008 Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California) was an American television and film actor. Gray was best known for his work in the TV series "Highway Patrol" as Officer Edwards, trail scout Clay Forrester in "Rawhide" and as Bill Foster in the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Document [63] (Title: Grant Withers) wealthy rancher Sam Barton in the episode "The Return of Dr. Thackeray" of CBS's "Have Gun - Will Travel". In the segment, lead character Paladin, played by Richard Boone, comes to the assistance of a physician friend portrayed by June Lockhart. Dr. Thackeray diagnoses a cook with smallpox and worries that the disease will infect the ranch hands when Barton refuses to permit his men to be vaccinated. Singer Johnny Western, who performed the "Have Gun - Will Travel" theme song, appeared in this episode as an angry gunslinger. Withers also appeared in two other "Have Gun – Will Travel" Document [64] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Kim Chan or Kim Chang): in the first season in the episode called "Hey Boy's Revenge", the character Hey Boy is sought by Paladin under the name Kim Chan which is written on a piece of paper and shown on screen. As the episode continues, Hey Boy is referred to (verbally) five times as Kim Chan and then on the sixth incident Paladin states Hey Boy's name as Kim Chang and thereafter he is referred to as Kim Chang every time. No explanation is given for the name change). Hey Boy was played by Kam Tong. According to author and Document [65] (Title: Sam Rolfe) felt the show lost its way after the first season. In an interview given shortly before his death he commented: Rolfe made a cameo appearance in one U.N.C.L.E. episode, "The Giuoco Piano Affair", where he played a Texan in the party-scene at Marion Raven's apartment. Robert Vaughn, who played Napoleon Solo in the series, called Rolfe "the real man from U.N.C.L.E." Rolfe was twice nominated for an Emmy Award, once for "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." and once for "Have Gun – Will Travel". He continued to work as a producer and screenwriter right up until his death. His most notable Document [66] (Title: Charles Bronson) "Yancy Derringer" (episode: "Hell and High Water"). Bronson starred alongside Elizabeth Montgomery in a "Twilight Zone" episode ("Two"; 1961). He appeared in five episodes of Richard Boone's "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957–63). Bronson had a support role in an expensive war film, "Never So Few" (1959), directed by John Sturges. Bronson was cast in the 1960 episode "Zigzag" of "Riverboat", starring Darren McGavin. That same year, he was cast as "Dutch Malkin" in the 1960 episode "The Generous Politician" of "The Islanders". In 1960, he garnered attention in John Sturges' "The Magnificent Seven", in which he was cast as Document [67] (Title: Calamity Jane) Deadwood. Colt is unsure if Calamity can handle the job because miners and Indians seek to steal the valuable medication. Season 5 of "Have Gun, Will Travel" included an episode called "The Cure" (first broadcast on May 20, 1961) with an alcoholic Jane (Norma Crane as "Martha Jane "Conroy"") seeking revenge on a promoter who had replaced the "real" Jane with a younger woman. In an episode of "Bonanza", "Calamity Over the Comstock" (1963), Stefanie Powers plays Calamity Jane, who visits Virginia City along with Doc Holliday. In this primarily comedic episode, she is rescued by Little Joe, who at Document [68] (Title: James Mitchum) his father's much younger brother, a role written for Elvis Presley, who was eager to do it until his manager demanded too much money. This film became a drive-in cult favorite, revived in the 1970s and ’80s. Curiously, he was again credited as being "introduced" in the "Have Gun Will Travel" pilot episode "Genesis" (1962). He has appeared in more than 30 films including "The Beat Generation" in 1959; "The Victors" in 1963; as a surfer named Eskimo in "Ride the Wild Surf" in 1964; "In Harm's Way" (1965) with John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Henry Fonda; "Ambush Bay" (1966); Document [69] (Title: Janice Rule) long-running television series: "Have Gun – Will Travel" episode 1; "Route 66" episode 2; "The Streets of San Francisco" episode 2; and, "Barnaby Jones" episode 2. Janice Rule Mary Janice Rule (August 15, 1931 – October 17, 2003) was an American actress "at her most convincing playing embittered, neurotic socialites". Janice Rule was born in Norwood, Ohio, to parents of Irish origin. Her father was a dealer in industrial diamonds. She began dancing at the Chez Paree nightclub at age 15, which paid for ballet lessons, and was a dancer in the 1949 Broadway production of "Miss Liberty". Rule also Document [70] (Title: Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album)) Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album) Have Guitar Will Travel is the third studio album by rock and roll pioneer and blues icon Bo Diddley. It was released on the Checker Records label in 1960. The front cover of Diddley's album displays a white calling card similar to that which Richard Boone's 'Have Gun-Will Travel' character Paladin carried and gave out on every episode of the series. The location was Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York City The song "Cops and Robbers" was released as an A-side of Checker single #850 in November 1956, the B-side "Down Home Special" did Document [71] (Title: Have Rocket, Will Travel) duplicates of the Stooges. When the boys return home triumphant, they are given a hero's welcome. "Have Rocket, Will Travel" was Joe DeRita's inaugural screen appearance with the Stooges, having replaced Joe Besser after Columbia ceased production of the Stooges' shorts series. The title is a parody of the then-popular television show "Have Gun, Will Travel", and its soundtrack featured songs such as "Swingin' the Alphabet" and "Aba Daba Honeymoon". Although billed as such, it was not the first starring feature for The Three Stooges. That honor goes to "Rockin' in the Rockies", the only starring feature made with the Document [72] (Title: Adam Williams (actor)) cast as Jim Gates in the episode "Frontier Week" on Joanne Dru's ABC sitcom "Guestward, Ho!", set on a dude ranch in New Mexico. In 1960 he played the role of a sailor hitching a ride in "The Twilight Zone" season 1 episode "The Hitch-Hiker", where he is picked up by a terrified driver played by Inger Stevens, who is compelled to pick him up so that he may offer protection and safety to her from a mysterious hitchhiker who shows up at various times and places along the road while she travels across country. Many reviewers have cited this Document [73] (Title: Lisa Lu) she had a recurring role as "Hey Girl" on the television series "Have Gun – Will Travel". She made numerous other appearances on television, with guest starring roles on "Bonanza", "The Big Valley", "The Richard Boone Show", "The Virginian", "Hawaiian Eye", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Rebel", and other shows. In 1960, she was the female lead in the antiwar film, "The Mountain Road", which starred James Stewart and which was based on the novel of the same name by the China war correspondent Theodore H. White, who later turned to reporting on U.S. politics. Her film career took off Document [74] (Title: Harry Morgan) obtrusive, alcohol-addled hotel clerk in the "Dragnet" radio episode "The Big Boys". After "Pete and Gladys" ended production, Morgan guest-starred in the role of Al Everett in the 1962 episode "Like My Own Brother" on Gene Kelly's ABC drama series, "Going My Way", loosely based on the 1944 Bing Crosby film of the same name. That same year, he played the mobster Bugs Moran in an episode of ABC's "The Untouchables", with Robert Stack. In 1963, he was cast as Sheriff Ernie Backwater on Richard Boone's "Have Gun - Will Travel" Western series on CBS, then worked as a regular Document [75] (Title: Albert Salmi) For that performance, Salmi was awarded a Western Heritage Award. Salmi also had guest starring roles in numerous television series including "The Virginian", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Naked City", "The Investigators", "Combat!", "Stoney Burke", "Bonanza", "The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters", "Redigo", "The Big Valley", "Twelve O'clock High", "The Legend of Jesse James", "Custer", "The Eleventh Hour", "Hawaii Five O, Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "The Road West", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Route 66", "Lost in Space", "That Girl", "Land of the Giants", "The Fugitive", "Night Gallery", "Kung Fu", "The A-Team", and "Knight Rider", as well as TV miniseries Document [76] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) often given in the closing credits. Locations included Bishop and Lone Pine, California; an area now known as Paladin Estates between Bend and Sisters, Oregon; and the Abbott Ranch near Prineville, Oregon. The program's opening was a four-note motif composed and conducted by Bernard Herrmann. For the opening theme, Herrmann reused a short sequence he had previously composed for the 1951 movie "On Dangerous Ground", starring Robert Ryan and Ida Lupino. The "Have Gun – Will Travel" theme (and fragments of incidental music also used in the television series) are featured in a chase scene across snowy fields; at the Document [77] (Title: Julian Claman) who appeared in two episodes of "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957), the TV series he produced. Seldes and Claman's daughter Katharine (named after Broadway actress/producer Katharine Cornell) is a writer. Julian Claman died in 1969, age 50. Julian Claman Julian Claman (1918 – April 24, 1969) was an American actor, war correspondent, press agent, stage manager, TV writer/producer, playwright, and novelist. He is well known for producing the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957). Claman wrote the novels "Aging Boy" (1964, cited in 2007 by Oscar-winning screenwriter/Pulitzer-winning author Larry McMurtry as a great lost novel) and "The Document [78] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) straightens as he shoves the firearm into his holster. This silhouette visual remained for the run of the series. In later episodes, the teaser line was dropped; as seen in many of the episodes of the final two seasons' opening titles, when Paladin crouches and points his gun at the camera, first "RICHARD BOONE", and then "HAVE GUN – WILL TRAVEL" would appear as before, and Boone would reholster his gun as the words faded out. (Due to the networks not always airing episodes in the order they were filmed, the omission of the voice-over dialogue was inconsistent for some Document [79] (Title: Ron McGarry) statuette with "Have Goals Will Travel" inscribed on it as thanks for his dedication to Newcastle United. Ron McGarry Ronald James McGarry (born 5 December 1937 in Whitehaven) is a former professional footballer, who played centre forward for Whitehaven, Workington, Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Barrow, South Coast United, Bulli, Balgownie Rangers and Gateshead. McGarry played for Newcastle between 1963 and 1967, where he was nicknamed Cassius. He made 132 appearances and scored 46 goals. Ron was famous for carrying printed cards with "Have goals will travel" on them, an idea he got from the 1960s TV western "Have Gun Will Document [80] (Title: Theo Marcuse) he toured nationally for nine months in a production of "Medea". On television he appeared on many series, including The Beverly Hillbillies, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", The Wild Wild West", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "Bonanza", "Hogan's Heroes" (1967; episode: "The Hostage", as General von Heiner), "Batman", "" (episode "Catspaw"), "The Time Tunnel", "I Spy", "The Monkees", "Perry Mason", "Peter Gunn", "The Untouchables", "The Twilight Zone" episodes "The Trade-Ins" and "To Serve Man", and "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." episodes "The Re-collectors Affair," "The Minus-X Affair," and "The Pieces of Fate Affair". His film career included roles in Document [81] (Title: Have Love, Will Travel) Have Love, Will Travel "Have Love, Will Travel" is a 1959 song written and recorded by Richard Berry. Berry also wrote and originally performed the classic hit "Louie Louie". The title is a based on a popular television/radio western serial "Have Gun, Will Travel". In its best known incarnation, garage-rock protopunkers, The Sonics, covered the song on their 1965 album, "Here Are The Sonics". Driven by haphazardly recorded fuzz guitar, a big driving drum sound, screaming vocals and a dirty saxophone break, it epitomized their sound at that time. The Sonics changed the chord progression from the original G-Am-Bb-Am, a Question: who played hey boy on have gun will travel Answer: Kam Tong Long Answer: The one other major semi-regular character in the show was the Chinese bellhop at the Carlton Hotel, known as Hey Boy (real name Kim Chan or Kim Chang: in the first season in the episode called "Hey Boy's Revenge" the character Hey Boy is sought by Paladin under the name Kim Chan which is written on a piece of paper and shown on screen . As the episode continues, Hey Boy is referred to (verbally) 5 times as Kim Chan and then on the 6th incident Paladin states Hey Boy's name as Kim Chang and thereafter he is referred to as Kim Chang every time . There is no explanation for the name change .), played by Kam Tong . According to author and historian Martin Grams, Jr., Hey Boy was featured in all but the fourth of the show's six seasons, with the character of Hey Girl, played by Lisa Lu, replacing Hey Boy for season four while Kam Tong worked on the Mr. Garlund television series. Gold Document ID: 64

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dennis Hopper) He appeared as an arrogant young gunfighter, the Utah Kid, in the 1956 episode "Quicksand" of the first hour-long western television series "Cheyenne", starring Clint Walker. In the story line, the Kid gave Cheyenne Bodie no choice but to kill him in a gunfight. In 1957, he played Billy the Kid on the episode "Brannigan's Boots" of "Sugarfoot" with Will Hutchins. He subsequently appeared in over 140 episodes of television shows such as "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "Petticoat Junction", "The Twilight Zone", "The Barbara Stanwyck Show", "The Defenders", "The Investigators", "The Legend of Jesse James", "Entourage", "The Big Valley", "The Time Tunnel", Document [2] (Title: Quintin Sondergaard) Gun - Will Travel", William Bendix's "Overland Trail" (as Jack Rance in the 1960 episode "West of Boston"), Clint Eastwood's "Rawhide", Robert Horton's "A Man Called Shenandoah", and Ralph Taeger's "Hondo". He guest starred twice on "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater" in the 1959 segments "Trail Incident" and "Heritage" and on NBC's "Wagon Train" in episodes "The Old Man Charvanaugh Story" (1959) and "The Albert Farnsworth Story" (1960). He appeared five times in different roles between 1958 and 1961 on Gene Barry's NBC series "Bat Masterson" in episodes entitled "Double Showdown", "Election Day", "Lady Luck", "Dakota Showdown", and "Episode in Document [3] (Title: Adam Williams (actor)) 1958 science fiction movie "The Space Children". Other notable film roles include the psychiatrist in "Fear Strikes Out" (1957) and Valerian in "North by Northwest" (1959). An accomplished pilot, Williams also worked as an examiner for the FAA. During the 1950s and 1960s, he appeared on dozens of television series, including the syndicated "Sheriff of Cochise", set in Arizona and starring John Bromfield, and CBS's "Have Gun – Will Travel" in the episode "The Reasonable Man". He portrayed private detective and murderer Jason Beckmeyer in the 1957 "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Runaway Corpse." In 1961, he was Document [4] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) was announced that a movie version of the television series would be made. John Travolta was named as a possible star in the Warner Bros. production, which was scripted by Larry Ferguson and to be directed by "The Fugitive" director Andrew Davis. However, the film was never made. In 2006, it was announced that a "Have Gun – Will Travel" movie starring rapper Eminem is in production. However, the film currently does not hold an official confirmed release date. Paramount Pictures extended an 18-month option on the television series and planned to transform the character of Paladin into a modern-day Document [5] (Title: Have Rocket, Will Travel) best known lineup of Moe, Larry and Curly. The trio had also starred in a 1951 film called "Gold Raiders" during the Shemp Howard era, and had also had supporting roles in several 1930s films when the trio was still affiliated with Ted Healy, including "Dancing Lady" with Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Robert Benchley and Fred Astaire. The space travel theme of "Have Rocket, Will Travel" was prevalent in the late 1950s. The Stooges had already filmed three shorts for Columbia revolving around this theme ("Space Ship Sappy", "Outer Space Jitters", "Flying Saucer Daffy"). They followed up with yet another Document [6] (Title: Ben Johnson (actor)) the character Mister in "Bite the Bullet", starring Gene Hackman and James Coburn. He also appeared with Charles Bronson in 1975's "Breakheart Pass". In 1980, he was cast as Sheriff Isum Gorch in "Soggy Bottom U.S.A." Johnson played Bartlett in the 1962-63 season of "Have Gun Will Travel", which featured a short scene of his riding skills. In the 1966-67 television season, Johnson appeared as the character Sleeve in all 26 episodes of the ABC family Western "The Monroes" with co-stars Michael Anderson, Jr. and Barbara Hershey. He teamed up with John Wayne again, and director Andrew V. McLaglen, in Document [7] (Title: Have Gun, Will Travel (band)) Have Gun, Will Travel (band) Have Gun will Travel is an alternative folk-rock band, launched on January 24, 2006. Based in Bradenton, Florida, they make reference to the town in several songs, including "Salad Days" from the album "Postcards from the Friendly City" ("The Friendly City" is also a reference to Bradenton). The band has Americana, folk-rock, country music, and punk-rock influence, and has been featured in a national Chevy TV commercial, as well as the PBS series "Roadtrip Nation", and CBS’s "The Good Wife". On July 31, 2015 the band released their fifth album, "Science from an Easy Chair", Document [8] (Title: Hey Dude) the credits roll over stills from the episode. David Lascher and Joe Torres were nominated for a 1991 Young Artist Award in the Best Youth Variety or Game Show category for their roles on "Hey Dude". "Hey Dude" was videotaped on location at the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch near Tucson, Arizona. The show was produced by Cinetel Productions. Casting began in 1988 with local auditions held in Tucson. While most of the show was technically shot on the property of the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch, the familiar "ranch" that was known to television viewers was actually built from scratch, roughly Document [9] (Title: Robert Blake (actor)) series "Have Gun Will Travel". He also guest starred on John Payne's NBC western "The Restless Gun", Nick Adams's ABC western "The Rebel", the NBC western series "The Californians", the ABC adventure series "Straightaway", and the American Western television series "Laramie," which aired on NBC from 1959 to 1963. Blake performed in numerous motion pictures as an adult, including the starring role in "The Purple Gang" (1960), a gangster movie, and featured roles in "Pork Chop Hill" in 1959 and, as one of four US soldiers participating in a gang rape in occupied Germany, in "Town Without Pity" in 1961. Document [10] (Title: John Dehner) a lead or supporting player in such series as "The Whistler", "Gunsmoke" and "Philip Marlowe." He also starred as Paladin in the radio version of "Have Gun – Will Travel", one of the few times a show began on television and then was later adapted for radio. On CBS Radio in 1958, he starred in the series "Frontier Gentleman", a Western that opened with a trumpet theme by Jerry Goldsmith and the following introduction: Written and directed by Antony Ellis, the short-lived series followed the adventures of journalist Kendall as he roamed the West in the post-Civil War United States Document [11] (Title: Kam Tong) Valley", "The Time Tunnel", "The Final War of Olly Winter", and "I Spy". Kam Tong Kam Tong (December 18, 1906 in San Francisco – November 8, 1969 in Costa Mesa, California) was a Chinese American actor best known for his role as Hey Boy on the CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel" and as Dr. Li in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Flower Drum Song". Kam was also a regular on the short run CBS-TV series "Mr. Garlund" in 1960. He appeared in many movies, often as an uncredited Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino character. Document [12] (Title: Jena Engstrom) as well as her final performance as an actress in "The Virginian". In “The Education of Sarah Jane” episode of Have Gun, Will Travel, Engstrom appeared as Sarah Jane opposite guest star Duane Eddy in a story of the youngest members of feuding clans that have been killing one another for generations. For Paladin (Richard Boone) his task is to bring an end to the madness. In the “Milly” episode of "Gunsmoke", she played Milly Glover, an impoverished teenager hoping to break herself and her younger brother (Billy Hughes) from their abusive and alcoholic father (Malcolm Atterbury). She tries to Document [13] (Title: Richard Boone) in several of his father's "Have Gun – Will Travel" television shows. Richard Boone moved to St. Augustine, Florida, from Hawaii in 1970 and worked with the annual local production of "Cross and Sword", when he was not acting on television or in movies, until shortly before his death in 1981. In the last year of his life, Boone was appointed Florida's cultural ambassador. During the 1970s, he wrote a newspaper column for the "St. Augustine Record" called "It Seems To Me". He also gave acting lectures at Flagler College in 1972–1973. In his final role, Boone played Commodore Matthew Document [14] (Title: John Doucette) Virginian", "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Kung Fu", "The Rat Patrol", "Hogan's Heroes", "Adventures of Superman", "Sea Hunt", "Science Fiction Theatre," "Walt Disney Presents", and "Tales of Wells Fargo". Doucette portrayed police Lieutenant Tom Gregory on the television version of "Big Town". Between 1959-1961, he also played police Lieutenant Weston on the series "Lock-Up", the character Aaron William Andrews in the comedy "The Partners", and the bounty hunter Lou Gore in the episode "Dead Aim" on the series "Colt .45" Doucette was cast twice on television as the Apache Chief Geronimo: for the 1958 episode "Geronimo" on the Western series Document [15] (Title: Pernell Roberts) in the French and Indian War. He appeared with fellow guest star Fay Spain in the 1958 episode "Pick Up the Gun" of "Tombstone Territory" and played the lead villain in the 31st episode ("Hey Boy's Revenge") of "Have Gun – Will Travel", portraying a killer boss exploiter of Chinese coolie laborers.<ref name="Bonanza Dcanary.com/Pernell">Bonanza Dcanary.com/Pernell</ref> In 1959, Roberts guest-starred in episodes of "General Electric Theater", Cimarron City, Sugarfoot, Lawman, , Bronco, 77 Sunset Strip, The Detectives, and "House Call." Also in 1959, he co-starred in the film "Ride Lonesome". "If Roberts felt typecast by Westerns, they also provided his finest Document [16] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Rolfe and Herb Meadow and produced by Frank Pierson, Don Ingalls, Robert Sparks, and Julian Claman. Of the 225 episodes of the television series, 24 were written by Gene Roddenberry. Other major contributors included Bruce Geller, Harry Julian Fink, Don Brinkley, and Irving Wallace. Andrew V. McLaglen directed 101 episodes, and 19 were directed by series star Richard Boone. This series follows the adventures of a man calling himself "Paladin" (played by Richard Boone on television and voiced by John Dehner on radio), taking his name from that of the foremost knight warriors in Charlemagne's court. He is a gentleman Document [17] (Title: Richard Boone) Richard Boone Richard Allen Boone (June 18, 1917 – January 10, 1981) was an American actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable for his roles in Westerns and for the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel". Boone was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle child of Cecile (née Beckerman) and Kirk E. Boone, a corporate lawyer. His father was a descendant of Squire Boone, brother to frontiersman Daniel Boone. His mother was Jewish, the daughter of immigrants from Russia. Richard Boone graduated from Hoover High School in Glendale, California. He attended Stanford University in Palo Document [18] (Title: Johnny Western) Sons of the Pioneers. He made his first professional recordings in the summer of 1952 in the studio of WCAL Radio station of St. Olaf College of Northfield, Minnesota. The six songs which resulted from those sessions were released on three singles on the local J-O-C-O label. After having played a supporting role in an episode of "Have Gun, Will Travel", Western wrote "The Ballad of Paladin" as a musical "thank-you-card" to Richard Boone. This landed him a deal with Columbia Records. Between August 1958 and May 1963, Western recorded seven singles and one album ("Have Gun, Will Travel", released Document [19] (Title: Norman Macdonnell) Richard Boone in the role of "Paladin", a well-educated, cultured resident of 1870s San Francisco who advertised his services as a gunfighter or well-armed “negotiator" for hire. Wanting to capitalize further on the popularity of "Have Gun—Will Travel", CBS decided to duplicate the series on radio with veteran character actor John Dehner performing in the same role as Boone. Macdonnell, who reportedly had promoted the radio-adaptation idea inside the network, was assigned to organize and direct the episodes. The first episode, "Strange Vendetta", aired on November 23, 1958, a year and a half after its televised counterpart. At a time Document [20] (Title: Riding the Bullet (film)) Noonan in "Bag of Bones" (2011 TV miniseries). Cynthia Garris played Laurie in "Sleepwalkers" (1992 film), Susan Stern in "The Stand" (1994 TV miniseries), 217 Woman in "The Shining" (1997 TV miniseries), and Ellen George in "Quicksilver Highway" (1997 film). Robin Nielson played Billy Goatee in "The Dead Zone" (2002 TV series). David Purvis played the Drunk in "Kingdom Hospital" (2004 TV series). Riding the Bullet (film) Riding the Bullet is a 2004 horror film written, co-produced and directed by Mick Garris. It is an adaptation of Stephen King's 2000 novella of the same name. The film, which received a Document [21] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) 35:25 mark of the film, the actual "Have Gun – Will Travel" opening theme is played in recognizable form, although the scoring is slightly different than that heard in the better-known television version. The show's closing song, "The Ballad of Paladin", was written by Johnny Western, Richard Boone, and program creator Sam Rolfe, and was performed by Western. In the first season the closing song was a reprise of the opening theme. In syndication, the first (premise) episode concludes with the Johnny Western ballad. The rest of the run of the first-season episodes play a reprise of the opening theme. Document [22] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Peckinpah wrote one episode, "The Singer," which aired in 1958. Other notable writers who contributed an episode include Gene L. Coon, Richard Matheson, Charles Beaumont, Laurence Heath, and Fred Freiberger. Both and were produced by Desilu Productions and later Paramount Television, which also now owns the rights to "Have Gun – Will Travel" through its successor company, CBS Television Distribution. The "Have Gun – Will Travel" radio show broadcast 106 episodes on the CBS Radio Network between November 23, 1958, and November 27, 1960. It was one of the last radio dramas featuring continuing characters and the only significant American Document [23] (Title: Have Love, Will Travel) 1-2m-m3-2m progression, to a basic 1-4-5-4 progression, which in G would be simply G-C-D-C. This is the version that virtually all other artists copied. Have Love, Will Travel "Have Love, Will Travel" is a 1959 song written and recorded by Richard Berry. Berry also wrote and originally performed the classic hit "Louie Louie". The title is a based on a popular television/radio western serial "Have Gun, Will Travel". In its best known incarnation, garage-rock protopunkers, The Sonics, covered the song on their 1965 album, "Here Are The Sonics". Driven by haphazardly recorded fuzz guitar, a big driving drum sound, screaming Document [24] (Title: Have Gun, Will Travel (band)) as Giants") was used during the final scenes and the credits of "The Good Wife" season 3 episode 21 ("The Penalty Box", aired April 22, 2012). Another song, "Standing at the End of the World", was used in the intro to YouTuber Paulsoaresjr's 7 Days to Die Let's Play series. Have Gun, Will Travel (band) Have Gun will Travel is an alternative folk-rock band, launched on January 24, 2006. Based in Bradenton, Florida, they make reference to the town in several songs, including "Salad Days" from the album "Postcards from the Friendly City" ("The Friendly City" is also a reference Document [25] (Title: Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album)) Rolling Stones, The Masters Apprentices, Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders, Downliners Sect, and George Thorogood. "Per liner notes" "Say Man, Back Again" reached #23 on the R&B Singles chart. Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album) Have Guitar Will Travel is the third studio album by rock and roll pioneer and blues icon Bo Diddley. It was released on the Checker Records label in 1960. The front cover of Diddley's album displays a white calling card similar to that which Richard Boone's 'Have Gun-Will Travel' character Paladin carried and gave out on every episode of the series. The location was Document [26] (Title: Sam Rolfe) Sam Rolfe Samuel Harris "Sam" Rolfe (February 18, 1924 – July 10, 1993) was an American screenwriter best known for creating (with Herb Meadow) the high rated CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel", as well as his work on the 1960s NBC television series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." and "The Eleventh Hour". Rolfe was born in New York City. He scored an Oscar nomination with his first screenplay, the Anthony Mann Western "The Naked Spur" in 1953. Most of Rolfe's subsequent career was spent in television, where he created and was part of the writing staff on the Document [27] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) radio adaptation of a television series. John Dehner (a regular on the radio series version of "Gunsmoke") played Paladin, and Ben Wright usually (but not always) played Hey Boy. Virginia Gregg played Miss Wong, Hey Boy's girlfriend, before the television series featured the character of Hey Girl. Unlike the small-screen version, in this medium there was usually a tag scene at the Carlton at both the beginning and the end of the episode. Initially, the episodes were adaptations of the television program as broadcast earlier the same week, but eventually original stories were produced, including a finale ("Goodbye, Paladin") in Document [28] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) 3, 1879. The title was a variation ("snowclone") on a cliche used in personal advertisements in newspapers like "The Times", indicating that the advertiser was ready for anything. It was used this way from the early twentieth century. A trope common in theatrical advertising was "Have tux, will travel", and CBS claimed this was the inspiration for the writer Herb Meadow. The television show popularized the phrase in the 1960s, and many variations were used as titles for other works, but was antedated by "Have Space Suit – Will Travel" by Robert A. Heinlein. Paladin prefers to settle without violence Document [29] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) bounty hunter. Eminem was expected to work on the soundtrack. In August 2012, it was announced in several venues that David Mamet was developing a reboot of the television series for CBS. In the television series "Maverick", season 2, episode 16, "Gun Shy", Marshal Mort Dooley, the marshal of Elwood, Kansas, comments that a lot of strange people have been passing through his town lately, specifically referring to "that gunslinger who handed out business cards." This could be no one other than Paladin, and obviously was a gentle dig at another TV Western. All of the episodes were released on Document [30] (Title: Kam Tong) Kam Tong Kam Tong (December 18, 1906 in San Francisco – November 8, 1969 in Costa Mesa, California) was a Chinese American actor best known for his role as Hey Boy on the CBS television series "Have Gun – Will Travel" and as Dr. Li in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Flower Drum Song". Kam was also a regular on the short run CBS-TV series "Mr. Garlund" in 1960. He appeared in many movies, often as an uncredited Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino character. He appeared in many television shows including "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Big Document [31] (Title: Brandon deWilde) with both James Stewart and Audie Murphy in the 1957 western "Night Passage". In 1958 deWilde continued his career, starring in "The Missouri Traveler" sharing lead billing with Lee Marvin in another coming-of-age film, this one set in the early 1900s. He made a mark on screen at age 17 as an adolescent father in the 1959 drama "Blue Denim", co-starring Carol Lynley, with the then-mature theme of abortion, even though the word is never used in the film. He guest-starred on many TV series, including "Alcoa Theatre" and the popular Western, "Wagon Train". In the 1959 "Wagon Train" episode, Document [32] (Title: Flip Mark) Brook Hooten on "Guestward Ho!", a 1960-1961 ABC sitcom starring Joanne Dru and Mark Miller, as a New York City family who relocates to rural New Mexico to operate a dude ranch. Thereafter, Mark appeared in guest shots in four popular CBS series, "Have Gun - Will Travel", starring Richard Boone, "The Andy Griffith Show", "General Electric Theater", and "My Favorite Martian". In the 1962-1963 season, he had a regular role as Larry Walker in CBS's "Fair Exchange", the story of families in Great Britain and the United States who swap teenaged daughters for a year. Eddie Foy Jr., played Document [33] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Have Gun – Will Travel Have Gun – Will Travel is an American Western series that was produced and originally broadcast by CBS on both television and radio from 1957 through 1963. The television version of the series was rated number three or number four in the Nielsen ratings every year of its first four seasons, and it is one of the few shows in television history to spawn a successful radio version. That radio series debuted November 23, 1958, more than a year after the premiere of its televised counterpart. "Have Gun – Will Travel" was created by Sam Document [34] (Title: Tom Pittman) "Have Gun – Will Travel", "The Restless Gun", and "Cimarron City". He also appeared in the 1957 drama "The Young Stranger" (1957) and the musical comedy "Bernardine" (1957). His final two roles were in the films "Verboten!" and "High School Big Shot", both released in 1959, the year following his death. On October 31, 1958, Pittman was driving home after a Halloween party when he ran his Porsche Spyder off the road at a sharp curve in the Hollywood Hills. After he failed to return home, his father filed a missing persons report. On November 19, Los Angeles police officer, Document [35] (Title: Shimon Wincelberg) play "Kataki" starring Sessue Hayakawa and Ben Piazza. Shimon Wincelberg Shimon Wincelberg (September 26, 1924 – September 29, 2004) was an American television writer and Broadway playwright. Born in Kiel, Germany, he wrote for many television shows from the 1950s, sometimes under the pen names of S. Bar-David, Shimon Bar-David, Simon Wincelberg, Nicholas B., and Simon Winvelberg. His credits include episodes of "Naked City", "Mannix", "The Time Tunnel", "Police Woman", "" ("Dagger of the Mind" and "The Galileo Seven"), "Gunsmoke", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Lost in Space", and "The Paper Chase". He also wrote in the 1990s for "Law Document [36] (Title: Dennis Cross) series, "Daniel Boone", including the role of Chief Red Hand in the 1966 episode "Gun-Barrel Highway". Cross also made two appearances in the 1959-1960 ABC series "Black Saddle" starring Peter Breck. In 1958, he appeared twice on Richard Boone's CBS series, "Have Gun – Will Travel", in the episodes "Hey Boy's Revenge" and "Twenty-Four Hours at North Fork". Cross guest starred twice on both "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre" and Henry Fonda's "The Deputy". He appeared once on each of the Dale Robertson westerns, "Tales of Wells Fargo" ("Man for the Job" as Lambert) and "The Iron Horse" ("Town Full Document [37] (Title: Will Chase) with musician Ingrid Michaelson. Will Chase Will Chase (born September 12, 1970) is an American actor and singer, best known for his work in Broadway musicals and in his role as country superstar Luke Wheeler on ABC's "Nashville". Chase was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, and is the youngest of three boys. He graduated from Western Hills High School and the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, where he studied conducting with Robert Spano and majored in percussion. Chase attended Oberlin Conservatory of Music, training as a percussionist and conductor. Chase started his acting career in Chicago, performing in regional theater productions and Document [38] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) by Collier-Macmillan in hardback and paperback, is based on the television episode "Genesis" by Frank Rolfe. This novel is the only source wherein a name is given to the Paladin character, Clay Alexander, but fans of the series do not consider this name canonical. Dell Comics published a number of comic books with original stories based on the television series. In 2001, a trade paperback book titled "The Have Gun – Will Travel Companion" was published, documenting the history of the radio and television series. The 500-page book was authored by Martin Grams, Jr. and Les Rayburn. In 1997, it Document [39] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) writers who worked on "Have Gun – Will Travel" went on to gain fame elsewhere. Gene Roddenberry created "Star Trek", Bruce Geller created "", Samuel A. Peeples created The Tall Man, Custer, and Lancer, and Harold Jack Bloom created Boone's later series "Hec Ramsey" and the 1970s medical-adventure series "Emergency!" Harry Julian Fink is one of the writers who created "Dirty Harry" (the opening title and theme scene of the 1973 "Dirty Harry" sequel "Magnum Force" features s "Paladin"-like sequence of a handgun being slowly cocked and then finally pointed toward the camera, with a potent line of dialogue). Sam Document [40] (Title: Karl Swenson) In 1958, Swenson appeared as Eddie Haskell's father, George, in two "Leave It to Beaver" first-season TV episodes on CBS: "Voodoo Magic" and "Train Trip". In 1958, Swenson was cast as Jim Courtright, a controversial lawman from Fort Worth, Texas in the episode "Long Odds" of "Colt .45". From 1958 through 1961, he had various roles in the television series "Have Gun Will Travel". In 1959, Swenson played a former Russian seaman en route to becoming an American citizen, Alexi Sharlakov, in the episode "The Extra Hand" of the ABC/WB western series, "Sugarfoot", with Will Hutchins in the title role. Document [41] (Title: Eminem) to star in an unmade film version of "Have Gun – Will Travel", and was considered for the role of David Rice in the 2008 film "Jumper". Eminem had a cameo appearance, arguing with Ray Romano, in the 2009 film "Funny People". He played himself in the "Entourage" season-seven finale "Lose Yourself" with Christina Aguilera. Although Eminem was offered the lead role in the 2013 science-fiction film "Elysium", he turned it down because director Neill Blomkamp would not change its location from Los Angeles to Detroit. Eminem had a cameo appearance as himself in the 2014 film "The Interview". During Document [42] (Title: Richard Boone) C. Perry in "The Bushido Blade". Richard Boone died soon afterward in St. Augustine of pneumonia while suffering from throat cancer. His ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii. Richard Boone Richard Allen Boone (June 18, 1917 – January 10, 1981) was an American actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable for his roles in Westerns and for the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel". Boone was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle child of Cecile (née Beckerman) and Kirk E. Boone, a corporate lawyer. His father was a descendant of Squire Boone, Document [43] (Title: Joseph Will) Joseph Will Joseph Will (born November 4, 1970) is an American actor. Will attended Point Park University graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater, and later pursued his master's degree in Acting from the Florida State University Conservatory of Actor Training, in Sarasota, Florida. Will began his television career in a comic role on the Emmy Award-winning sitcom "Frasier", opposite Kelsey Grammer and Patti Lupone. He has been featured in a number of prime time television shows, including NYPD Blue, "", "Will & Grace", "Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip", "Without A Trace", "Shark", "Life With Bonnie", and Document [44] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) a fully recorded version, opening with the refrain and including a second verse never heard on the television series. September 1957 – April 1963: Saturdays at 9:30 p.m. The television show was nominated for three Emmy Awards. These were for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series, for Richard Boone (1959); Best Western Series (1959); and Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series (Lead or Support), for Richard Boone (1960). In 1957, Gene Roddenberry received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Script for the episode "Helen of Abajinian". Many of the Document [45] (Title: Shimon Wincelberg) Shimon Wincelberg Shimon Wincelberg (September 26, 1924 – September 29, 2004) was an American television writer and Broadway playwright. Born in Kiel, Germany, he wrote for many television shows from the 1950s, sometimes under the pen names of S. Bar-David, Shimon Bar-David, Simon Wincelberg, Nicholas B., and Simon Winvelberg. His credits include episodes of "Naked City", "Mannix", "The Time Tunnel", "Police Woman", "" ("Dagger of the Mind" and "The Galileo Seven"), "Gunsmoke", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Lost in Space", and "The Paper Chase". He also wrote in the 1990s for "Law & Order". He also wrote the 1959 Broadway Document [46] (Title: Trevor Bardette) had materialized. He played "Wally", the proprietor of Wally's Filling Station, in the "Gomer the House Guest" episode of "The Andy Griffith Show". Bardette was cast in various roles in four episodes of the anthology series, "The Ford Television Theatre" between 1953 and 1956. He guest-starred six times each on the original CBS family drama, "Lassie", and in Clint Walker's ABC/Warner Brothers western series, "Cheyenne". Bardette appeared three times on John Payne's western series, "The Restless Gun" as well as "Wagon Train", and "Have Gun – Will Travel". Twice he appeared on "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Broken Arrow", "Maverick", and Document [47] (Title: Don Grady) the area. He graduated from Burbank High School in 1962. His acting credits included several Western series, including John Payne's "The Restless Gun", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "Buckskin", "Wagon Train" and "The Rifleman", in which he played two roles in the second season. In December 1959, at the age of 15, Grady appeared in two different episodes of CBS's "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre", having played opposite Joan Crawford and Dick Powell. In "Rebel Ranger", he was cast as Rob Faring, the young son of Crawford's character, Stella Faring, a Confederate widow who tries to reclaim her former home Document [48] (Title: Johnny Western) in May 1962) for Columbia, until he was dropped from their roster. He then signed a contract with the Philips label, but only one single resulted ("Light The Fuse" b/w "Tender Years"). "Have Gun Will Travel" included the haunting Stan Jones song "Cowpoke", which members of the Western Writers of America chose as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. The album was a mature work, redolent of Western lore. It also included Western's third version of "The Ballad of Paladin", a fine and introspective performance of "The Lonely Man", the gallows ballad "Hannah Lee", "The Streets Document [49] (Title: Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)) room to restore "Gunsmoke", which had just been canceled, to the schedule at the insistence of William S. Paley's wife. In an early episode of "Have Gun Will Travel", Paladin is vying for a job against another bounty hunter, who claims to have been Matt Dillon's deputy when Dillon was the marshal in Austin, Texas. Paladin calls the man a fraud, saying Dillon never served in Austin. In Maverick a character called Matt Pickle was Marshall of towns that the Maverick brothers would invariably run through. One 2nd season episode was a full parody of a gunsmoke episode. Later episodes Document [50] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) historian Martin Grams, Jr., Hey Boy was featured in all but the fourth of the show's six seasons, with the character of Hey Girl, played by Lisa Lu, replacing Hey Boy for season four while Kam Tong worked on the "Mr. Garlund" television series. Guest stars included Jack Lord, Charles Bronson, Victor McLaglen, Vincent Price, James Coburn, Ben Johnson, George Kennedy, John Carradine, Angie Dickinson, Buddy Ebsen, Denver Pyle, June Lockhart, Harry Morgan, Jack Elam, Dan Blocker, Pernell Roberts, DeForest Kelley, Lon Chaney, Jr., Warren Oates, Martin Balsam, Sydney Pollack, William Conrad, Dyan Cannon, Robert Blake, Suzanne Pleshette, Kathie Browne, Document [51] (Title: Denny Miller) son of a powerful rancher, in the "License to Kill" episode of "Laramie", starring John Smith and Robert Fuller. He also appeared on "Have Gun, Will Travel" and an episode of "The Rifleman" as a dimwitted gunfighter named Reuben Miles. From 1961 to 1964, Miller was a regular on "Wagon Train" in the role of the scout, Duke Shannon. His co-stars in addition to Robert Fuller were John McIntire, Robert Horton, Frank McGrath, Terry Wilson, and Michael Burns. After the cancellation of "Wagon Train" in 1965, Miller starred as Mike McCluskey, the military-officer husband of Juliet Prowse on the NBC Document [52] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) to the other episode. In 1974, a rodeo performer named Victor De Costa won a federal court judgment against CBS for trademark infringement, successfully arguing that he had created the Paladin character and the ideas used in the show, and that CBS had used them without permission. For example, at his rodeo appearances he always dressed in black, he called himself the "Paladin", he handed out hundreds of business cards with a chess piece logo and the phrase "Have gun will travel", and he carried a concealed derringer. A year later, an appellate court overturned the lower court ruling on Document [53] (Title: Sanctuary for All) claim to have apprehended the shooter (played by David Hewlett in the first webisode, but was played by another actor in this episode), who was fleeing the scene. Will sees no evidence of a gun being used and quickly deduces that all is not as it seems at the apartment, but his theories are ridiculed by Detective Joe Kavanagh (Kavan Smith). As he leaves, Will spots the boy and chases him down a back alley, where he narrowly avoids being struck by a young woman on a motorcycle who is also evidently pursuing the boy. He begins to chase them Document [54] (Title: Denver Pyle) billed as true stories of the Arizona Rangers. He appeared seven times on Richard Boone's CBS Western "Have Gun – Will Travel", his final appearance on the show in 1960 as the character Croft in "The Puppeteer". He guest-starred in 1960 in several other Westerns, including "Pony Express", "The Man from Blackhawk", and "Tombstone Territory". He guest-starred in the episode "Trail of the Dead", the story of five missing prospectors, of Rod Cameron's modern Western syndicated series "State Trooper". He appeared with Sammy Jackson in the episode "Resurrection" of the syndicated American Civil War drama, "The Gray Ghost". He was Document [55] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) carried in a black leather holster (with a platinum chess knight symbol facing the rear), hanging from a black leather gunbelt. He also carries a lever action Marlin rifle strapped to his saddle, and a Remington derringer concealed under his belt. Paladin gives out a business card imprinted with "Have Gun Will Travel" and a drawing of a knight chess piece. A closeup of this card is used as a title card between scenes in the program. The one other major semiregular character in the show was the Chinese bellhop at the Carlton Hotel, known as Hey Boy (real name Document [56] (Title: Have Guitar, Will Travel (Joe Perry album)) single was "We've Got a Long Way to Go." The title is a snowclone of the phrase "Have Gun – Will Travel", and also possibly a reference to the 1960 album of the same name by Bo Diddley. In February 2010, the album received its UK release alongside issue 142 of "Classic Rock" magazine. Editor Scott Rowley states that: "To our knowledge, it's the first time that a music magazine has given away a complete album." The issue featured an exclusive interview with Aerosmith and a 'track-by-track' interview with Perry about "Have Guitar, Will Travel". For Joe Perry's next solo Document [57] (Title: Richard Boone) an interviewer in 1972, "You know, Hec Ramsey is a lot like Paladin, only fatter." This quote was often misinterpreted to mean that "Hec Ramsey" was a sequel to "Have Gun – Will Travel," when it actually was not. In the mid-1970s, Boone returned to The Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, where he had once studied acting, to teach. In the 1960s and 1970s, Boone assisted the Israeli film industry at its inception. He appeared in the first Israeli-produced film shot outside Israel, the Western "Madron" (1970), with a story set in the American West of the 1800s. In 1979, Document [58] (Title: Richard Rust) Tom Nolan. He also appeared in several western television programs, including "Black Saddle" with Peter Breck, "The Man from Blackhawk" starring Robert Rockwell, "The Rifleman" starring Chuck Connors, "Gunsmoke" with James Arness, "Tales of Wells Fargo" starring Dale Robertson, "Johnny Ringo" with Don Durant, and "Have Gun – Will Travel" with Richard Boone. He twice guest starred on ABC/Warner Brothers series, "Bourbon Street Beat" with Andrew Duggan, and "77 Sunset Strip" with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Rust guest starred on other ABC/WB programs too, including "Sugarfoot" with Will Hutchins, "Bronco" with Ty Hardin, "Lawman" with John Russell, and "The Roaring 20s". Document [59] (Title: Cayden Boyd) Cayden Boyd Cayden Boyd (born May 24, 1994) is an American actor. He is best known for his child roles as Max in Robert Rodriguez's 2005 film "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl" and Ben Reynolds in the 2007 film "Have Dreams, Will Travel". Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas. His older sister, Jenna, is also an actor. Boyd plays violin and cello and played high school football. He recently graduated from Pepperdine University, studying business. Boyd landed his first roles, small television roles and commercials, as young as 6 and 7. He played Tim Robbins's son in "Mystic River". Document [60] (Title: Cayden Boyd) In 2004, he was cast in the starring role of Max in the 2005 film "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl". He played young Warren Worthington III in "", and he was cast in the lead role in the 2007 film "Have Dreams, Will Travel" (originally titled "A West Texas Children’s Story"). He appeared on episodes of such television series as "Crossing Jordan", "Cold Case", "Close to Home" and "Scrubs". In 2008, he appeared alongside Julia Roberts and Willem Dafoe in "Fireflies in the Garden". In 2015 Boyd also had a role on the television series "Awkward" playing Jenna's Marine Document [61] (Title: Leo Penn) Theatre World Award in 1954 for his performance in the play "The Girl on the Via Flaminia". He acted in numerous roles in the early years of television. In 1956, he was cast as Mr. Rico in the episode "Ringside Padre" of the religion anthology series, "Crossroads". In 1957, he appeared in the episode "One If by Sea" of the military drama series, "Navy Log". He was also cast in an episode of Beverly Garland's 1957-1958 groundbreaking crime drama, "Decoy". In 1960, he played Cavage in "The Poker Fiend" on Richard Boone's CBS western series, "Have Gun - Will Travel." Document [62] (Title: Charles H. Gray) "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Riverboat", "Death Valley Days", "Gunslinger", "Laredo", "The Road West", "The Iron Horse", "The High Chaparral", "The Virginian", "Bearcats!", "Bonanza" and "Alias Smith and Jones". He also appeared in many TV movies. Charles H. Gray Charles H. Gray (November 27, 1921 St. Louis, Missouri – August 2, 2008 Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California) was an American television and film actor. Gray was best known for his work in the TV series "Highway Patrol" as Officer Edwards, trail scout Clay Forrester in "Rawhide" and as Bill Foster in the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Document [63] (Title: Grant Withers) wealthy rancher Sam Barton in the episode "The Return of Dr. Thackeray" of CBS's "Have Gun - Will Travel". In the segment, lead character Paladin, played by Richard Boone, comes to the assistance of a physician friend portrayed by June Lockhart. Dr. Thackeray diagnoses a cook with smallpox and worries that the disease will infect the ranch hands when Barton refuses to permit his men to be vaccinated. Singer Johnny Western, who performed the "Have Gun - Will Travel" theme song, appeared in this episode as an angry gunslinger. Withers also appeared in two other "Have Gun – Will Travel" Document [64] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) Kim Chan or Kim Chang): in the first season in the episode called "Hey Boy's Revenge", the character Hey Boy is sought by Paladin under the name Kim Chan which is written on a piece of paper and shown on screen. As the episode continues, Hey Boy is referred to (verbally) five times as Kim Chan and then on the sixth incident Paladin states Hey Boy's name as Kim Chang and thereafter he is referred to as Kim Chang every time. No explanation is given for the name change). Hey Boy was played by Kam Tong. According to author and Document [65] (Title: Sam Rolfe) felt the show lost its way after the first season. In an interview given shortly before his death he commented: Rolfe made a cameo appearance in one U.N.C.L.E. episode, "The Giuoco Piano Affair", where he played a Texan in the party-scene at Marion Raven's apartment. Robert Vaughn, who played Napoleon Solo in the series, called Rolfe "the real man from U.N.C.L.E." Rolfe was twice nominated for an Emmy Award, once for "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." and once for "Have Gun – Will Travel". He continued to work as a producer and screenwriter right up until his death. His most notable Document [66] (Title: Charles Bronson) "Yancy Derringer" (episode: "Hell and High Water"). Bronson starred alongside Elizabeth Montgomery in a "Twilight Zone" episode ("Two"; 1961). He appeared in five episodes of Richard Boone's "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957–63). Bronson had a support role in an expensive war film, "Never So Few" (1959), directed by John Sturges. Bronson was cast in the 1960 episode "Zigzag" of "Riverboat", starring Darren McGavin. That same year, he was cast as "Dutch Malkin" in the 1960 episode "The Generous Politician" of "The Islanders". In 1960, he garnered attention in John Sturges' "The Magnificent Seven", in which he was cast as Document [67] (Title: Calamity Jane) Deadwood. Colt is unsure if Calamity can handle the job because miners and Indians seek to steal the valuable medication. Season 5 of "Have Gun, Will Travel" included an episode called "The Cure" (first broadcast on May 20, 1961) with an alcoholic Jane (Norma Crane as "Martha Jane "Conroy"") seeking revenge on a promoter who had replaced the "real" Jane with a younger woman. In an episode of "Bonanza", "Calamity Over the Comstock" (1963), Stefanie Powers plays Calamity Jane, who visits Virginia City along with Doc Holliday. In this primarily comedic episode, she is rescued by Little Joe, who at Document [68] (Title: James Mitchum) his father's much younger brother, a role written for Elvis Presley, who was eager to do it until his manager demanded too much money. This film became a drive-in cult favorite, revived in the 1970s and ’80s. Curiously, he was again credited as being "introduced" in the "Have Gun Will Travel" pilot episode "Genesis" (1962). He has appeared in more than 30 films including "The Beat Generation" in 1959; "The Victors" in 1963; as a surfer named Eskimo in "Ride the Wild Surf" in 1964; "In Harm's Way" (1965) with John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Henry Fonda; "Ambush Bay" (1966); Document [69] (Title: Janice Rule) long-running television series: "Have Gun – Will Travel" episode 1; "Route 66" episode 2; "The Streets of San Francisco" episode 2; and, "Barnaby Jones" episode 2. Janice Rule Mary Janice Rule (August 15, 1931 – October 17, 2003) was an American actress "at her most convincing playing embittered, neurotic socialites". Janice Rule was born in Norwood, Ohio, to parents of Irish origin. Her father was a dealer in industrial diamonds. She began dancing at the Chez Paree nightclub at age 15, which paid for ballet lessons, and was a dancer in the 1949 Broadway production of "Miss Liberty". Rule also Document [70] (Title: Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album)) Have Guitar Will Travel (Bo Diddley album) Have Guitar Will Travel is the third studio album by rock and roll pioneer and blues icon Bo Diddley. It was released on the Checker Records label in 1960. The front cover of Diddley's album displays a white calling card similar to that which Richard Boone's 'Have Gun-Will Travel' character Paladin carried and gave out on every episode of the series. The location was Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York City The song "Cops and Robbers" was released as an A-side of Checker single #850 in November 1956, the B-side "Down Home Special" did Document [71] (Title: Have Rocket, Will Travel) duplicates of the Stooges. When the boys return home triumphant, they are given a hero's welcome. "Have Rocket, Will Travel" was Joe DeRita's inaugural screen appearance with the Stooges, having replaced Joe Besser after Columbia ceased production of the Stooges' shorts series. The title is a parody of the then-popular television show "Have Gun, Will Travel", and its soundtrack featured songs such as "Swingin' the Alphabet" and "Aba Daba Honeymoon". Although billed as such, it was not the first starring feature for The Three Stooges. That honor goes to "Rockin' in the Rockies", the only starring feature made with the Document [72] (Title: Adam Williams (actor)) cast as Jim Gates in the episode "Frontier Week" on Joanne Dru's ABC sitcom "Guestward, Ho!", set on a dude ranch in New Mexico. In 1960 he played the role of a sailor hitching a ride in "The Twilight Zone" season 1 episode "The Hitch-Hiker", where he is picked up by a terrified driver played by Inger Stevens, who is compelled to pick him up so that he may offer protection and safety to her from a mysterious hitchhiker who shows up at various times and places along the road while she travels across country. Many reviewers have cited this Document [73] (Title: Lisa Lu) she had a recurring role as "Hey Girl" on the television series "Have Gun – Will Travel". She made numerous other appearances on television, with guest starring roles on "Bonanza", "The Big Valley", "The Richard Boone Show", "The Virginian", "Hawaiian Eye", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Rebel", and other shows. In 1960, she was the female lead in the antiwar film, "The Mountain Road", which starred James Stewart and which was based on the novel of the same name by the China war correspondent Theodore H. White, who later turned to reporting on U.S. politics. Her film career took off Document [74] (Title: Harry Morgan) obtrusive, alcohol-addled hotel clerk in the "Dragnet" radio episode "The Big Boys". After "Pete and Gladys" ended production, Morgan guest-starred in the role of Al Everett in the 1962 episode "Like My Own Brother" on Gene Kelly's ABC drama series, "Going My Way", loosely based on the 1944 Bing Crosby film of the same name. That same year, he played the mobster Bugs Moran in an episode of ABC's "The Untouchables", with Robert Stack. In 1963, he was cast as Sheriff Ernie Backwater on Richard Boone's "Have Gun - Will Travel" Western series on CBS, then worked as a regular Document [75] (Title: Albert Salmi) For that performance, Salmi was awarded a Western Heritage Award. Salmi also had guest starring roles in numerous television series including "The Virginian", "Have Gun — Will Travel", "Naked City", "The Investigators", "Combat!", "Stoney Burke", "Bonanza", "The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters", "Redigo", "The Big Valley", "Twelve O'clock High", "The Legend of Jesse James", "Custer", "The Eleventh Hour", "Hawaii Five O, Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "The Road West", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Route 66", "Lost in Space", "That Girl", "Land of the Giants", "The Fugitive", "Night Gallery", "Kung Fu", "The A-Team", and "Knight Rider", as well as TV miniseries Document [76] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) often given in the closing credits. Locations included Bishop and Lone Pine, California; an area now known as Paladin Estates between Bend and Sisters, Oregon; and the Abbott Ranch near Prineville, Oregon. The program's opening was a four-note motif composed and conducted by Bernard Herrmann. For the opening theme, Herrmann reused a short sequence he had previously composed for the 1951 movie "On Dangerous Ground", starring Robert Ryan and Ida Lupino. The "Have Gun – Will Travel" theme (and fragments of incidental music also used in the television series) are featured in a chase scene across snowy fields; at the Document [77] (Title: Julian Claman) who appeared in two episodes of "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957), the TV series he produced. Seldes and Claman's daughter Katharine (named after Broadway actress/producer Katharine Cornell) is a writer. Julian Claman died in 1969, age 50. Julian Claman Julian Claman (1918 – April 24, 1969) was an American actor, war correspondent, press agent, stage manager, TV writer/producer, playwright, and novelist. He is well known for producing the TV series "Have Gun – Will Travel" (1957). Claman wrote the novels "Aging Boy" (1964, cited in 2007 by Oscar-winning screenwriter/Pulitzer-winning author Larry McMurtry as a great lost novel) and "The Document [78] (Title: Have Gun – Will Travel) straightens as he shoves the firearm into his holster. This silhouette visual remained for the run of the series. In later episodes, the teaser line was dropped; as seen in many of the episodes of the final two seasons' opening titles, when Paladin crouches and points his gun at the camera, first "RICHARD BOONE", and then "HAVE GUN – WILL TRAVEL" would appear as before, and Boone would reholster his gun as the words faded out. (Due to the networks not always airing episodes in the order they were filmed, the omission of the voice-over dialogue was inconsistent for some Document [79] (Title: Ron McGarry) statuette with "Have Goals Will Travel" inscribed on it as thanks for his dedication to Newcastle United. Ron McGarry Ronald James McGarry (born 5 December 1937 in Whitehaven) is a former professional footballer, who played centre forward for Whitehaven, Workington, Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Barrow, South Coast United, Bulli, Balgownie Rangers and Gateshead. McGarry played for Newcastle between 1963 and 1967, where he was nicknamed Cassius. He made 132 appearances and scored 46 goals. Ron was famous for carrying printed cards with "Have goals will travel" on them, an idea he got from the 1960s TV western "Have Gun Will Document [80] (Title: Theo Marcuse) he toured nationally for nine months in a production of "Medea". On television he appeared on many series, including The Beverly Hillbillies, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", The Wild Wild West", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "Bonanza", "Hogan's Heroes" (1967; episode: "The Hostage", as General von Heiner), "Batman", "" (episode "Catspaw"), "The Time Tunnel", "I Spy", "The Monkees", "Perry Mason", "Peter Gunn", "The Untouchables", "The Twilight Zone" episodes "The Trade-Ins" and "To Serve Man", and "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." episodes "The Re-collectors Affair," "The Minus-X Affair," and "The Pieces of Fate Affair". His film career included roles in Document [81] (Title: Have Love, Will Travel) Have Love, Will Travel "Have Love, Will Travel" is a 1959 song written and recorded by Richard Berry. Berry also wrote and originally performed the classic hit "Louie Louie". The title is a based on a popular television/radio western serial "Have Gun, Will Travel". In its best known incarnation, garage-rock protopunkers, The Sonics, covered the song on their 1965 album, "Here Are The Sonics". Driven by haphazardly recorded fuzz guitar, a big driving drum sound, screaming vocals and a dirty saxophone break, it epitomized their sound at that time. The Sonics changed the chord progression from the original G-Am-Bb-Am, a Question: who played hey boy on have gun will travel

Answer: Kam Tong Long Answer: The one other major semi-regular character in the show was the Chinese bellhop at the Carlton Hotel, known as Hey Boy (real name Kim Chan or Kim Chang: in the first season in the episode called "Hey Boy's Revenge" the character Hey Boy is sought by Paladin under the name Kim Chan which is written on a piece of paper and shown on screen . As the episode continues, Hey Boy is referred to (verbally) 5 times as Kim Chan and then on the 6th incident Paladin states Hey Boy's name as Kim Chang and thereafter he is referred to as Kim Chang every time . There is no explanation for the name change .), played by Kam Tong . According to author and historian Martin Grams, Jr., Hey Boy was featured in all but the fourth of the show's six seasons, with the character of Hey Girl, played by Lisa Lu, replacing Hey Boy for season four while Kam Tong worked on the Mr. Garlund television series. Gold Document ID: 64

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: American Express) 2016. By March 2, 2015, Costco announced that Citigroup would become the exclusive issuer of Costco's credit cards and that Visa Inc. would replace American Express as the exclusive credit card network accepted at Costco's stores in the United States. The Costco deal with Visa began on June 20, 2016, and in addition to the new Citi card, Costco accepted all other Visa cards. All TrueEarnings card accounts and balances held by American Express were sold to Citigroup, and new Costco Anywhere Visa cards were sent to Costco members prior to the switch date. Concurrent with the switch to Visa, Document [2] (Title: ABCorp) also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, D.C., where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s. In 1933, the company printed the second series of Bank Melli Iran banknotes. In 1943 the U.S. Post Office launched a series of thirteen stamps honoring the countries that had been overrun by the axis during World War II. Each stamp featured a full-color reproduction of one of the occupied nations. While the Bureau of Engraving and Printing had previously issued bi-colored Document [3] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) Black Card (Mastercard) Black Card LLC is an American financial services company that offers the Black Card (MasterCard), a rewards credit card issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. As of 2015, the card has an annual membership fee of $495 for the account holder, and $195 for every additional authorized user on the account. In 2015, the Black Card was rebranded from Visa to a MasterCard. Holders of the stainless steel card receive membership perks including cash-back bonuses, a 24/7 concierge service, gifts, worldwide acceptance, and "Luxury Magazine", a members-only quarterly magazine in print and digital form, similar to AmEx's Black Document [4] (Title: Penny Black) Black design features in the innovations section of the new British passport in 2015. Also in 2015, the search engine Google marked the 175th anniversary of the postage stamp with a Google doodle of the Penny Black. Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but was not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an Document [5] (Title: Centurion Card) ruling that Black Card, LLC's trademark of the name "Black Card" should be canceled on grounds that it was merely descriptive. (See also "American Express Marketing and Development Corp, et al. v. Black Card, LLC", 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133151 (S.D.N.Y. November 17, 2011.) Today, Black Card LLC uses the registered trademark under license as a MasterCard issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. It has similar features, such as the members-only "Luxury Magazine" in print and digital form. Centurion Card The American Express Centurion Card, known informally as the Amex Black Card, is an invitation-only charge card issued by American Express Document [6] (Title: Richard Black) and Timothy, and seven grandchildren. His wife, Virginia Black, died in 2003. Richard Black Harry Richard Black (October 10, 1921 – March 30, 2014) was an American commercial artist, illustrator, and portraitist. Black created the original Mr. Clean mascot for Procter & Gamble's household cleaner during the 1950s. Richard Black was born on October 10, 1921, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He enrolled at Syracuse University, but left the school to enlist in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He moved to Ohio after the war and opened an art studio in Dayton. He also taught art at both the Document [7] (Title: American Express) credit card. Another specialized American Express business card is the American Express Corporate Purchasing Card, which can be assigned to individual employees or departments. Reconciliation and accounting services are available to make these functions easier for the corporation. In December 2000, American Express agreed to acquire the US$226 million credit card portfolio of Bank of Hawaii, then a division of Pacific Century Financial Corp. In January 2006, American Express sold its Bank of Hawaii card portfolio to Bank of America (MBNA). Bank of America will issue Visa and American Express cards under the Bank of Hawaii name. Until 2004, Visa Document [8] (Title: American Express) not positioned to be named CEO and left in August 1985. In 1984, American Express acquired the investment banking and trading firm Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, and added it to the Shearson family, creating Shearson Lehman/American Express. It was Lehman's CEO and former trader Lewis Glucksman who would next lead Shearson Lehman/American Express. In 1984, Shearson/American Express purchased the 90-year-old Investors Diversified Services, bringing with it a fleet of financial advisors and investment products. In 1988, Shearson Lehman acquired the brokerage firm E.F. Hutton & Co.. E.F. Hutton was merged with the investment banking business and the investment banking arm Document [9] (Title: Jay Black) comedy routine. Jay and his brother speak Yiddish fluently. In 1966, he recorded a Yiddish song "Where Is My Village" about the Holocaust. In 2006, Black completed bankruptcy proceedings in Manhattan, after he accrued a $500,000 debt in back taxes to the IRS as a result of his gambling addiction. The IRS initially sought to force him to sell the rights to perform as "Jay Black" as well as the trademark for "Jay and the Americans" in order to satisfy his debt to the IRS. Black did, however, win a partial victory in the case, which granted him the right Document [10] (Title: American Express) has renamed the building for itself. American Express extended its reach nationwide by arranging affiliations with other express companies (including Wells Fargo – the replacement for the two former companies that merged to form American Express), railroads, and steamship companies. In 1857, American Express started its expansion in the area of financial services by launching a money order business to compete with the United States Post Office's money orders. Sometime between 1888 and 1890, J. C. Fargo took a trip to Europe and returned frustrated and infuriated. Despite the fact that he was president of American Express and that he Document [11] (Title: Robert Black (serial killer)) legal right, Black refused to cooperate with the detectives in their investigation. Investigators contacted Poster, Dispatch and Storage Ltd to establish whether travel records could confirm his whereabouts on crucial dates linked to the investigation. Staff at this firm were able to confirm that Black had always bought petrol using credit cards, the receipts of which he would then submit to his firm to claim expenses. These files, plus several historical delivery schedules, were still in the company's archives. Investigators discovered that Black had made scheduled delivery runs to the areas where the abductions had occurred on the relevant dates, Document [12] (Title: Diners Club International) establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the "member card" arena, providing millions Document [13] (Title: Eli M. Black) the betterment of all." Black served as a trustee of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, The American Jewish Committee, the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Babson College, the Jewish Guild for the Blind, and the Jewish Museum. He had also served as chairman of the "Commentary Magazine" publication committee. After Black's death, Seymour Milstein and Paul Milstein bought into United Fruit. Black's suicide was the inspiration for a scene in the 1994 screwball comedy film "The Hudsucker Proxy". Eli M. Black E. M. Black (April 9, 1921 – February 3, 1975) was a Polish-born American businessman. He controlled the Document [14] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) of business, and requiring them to raise prices to consumers. The DOJ's suit was joined by the states of Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio and Texas. Visa and MasterCard immediately settled with the DOJ without any fines, agreeing to remove the anti-steering language imposed on merchants. However, American Express defended its practice, and continued to fight the lawsuit. During the pre-trial period, additional states also joined the other plaintiffs, including Arizona, Idaho, Illinois, New Hampshire, Montana, Nebraska, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Utah; Hawaii had also joined but later dismissed its claims before the trial. In February 2015, following Document [15] (Title: American Express) entitled "The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman." In late 2004, American Express launched the "My life. My card." brand campaign, and later the "Are You a Cardmember?" brand campaign in 2007 (both by Ogilvy & Mather), featuring famous American Express cardmembers talking about their lives. The ads have featured actors/actresses Kate Winslet,<ref name="amex-adsoftheworld-04/2009"></ref> Robert De Niro, Ken Watanabe, and Tina Fey; Duke University basketball coach Mike Krzyzewski; fashion designers Collette Dinnigan and Diane von Fürstenberg; comedian and talk show hostess Ellen DeGeneres; golfer Tiger Woods; professional snowboarder Shaun White; tennis pros Venus Williams, Andy Roddick, and Andre Agassi; surfer Laird Document [16] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) to come up with an advertising tag line for the business. Ogilvy came back with the highly successful slogans "Do You Know Me" and "Don’t leave home without it". By the time Waters stepped down as Executive Vice President and President of Travel Related Services in 1978, the American Express Card was accepted worldwide at every major travel establishment. The card had 9.5 million members, was generating close $1 billion in revenue, and accounted for the largest share of the company’s net income. Still today, the American Express Card remains one of the most recognizable global brand names and the Document [17] (Title: American Fletcher National Bank) state. Woollen had died just a month prior to the completion of the merger. Frank E. McKinney, the leader of Fidelity since 1935, became in charge of AFNB. American Fletcher was one of the earliest issuers of bank credit cards within the state of Indiana with the introduction of their proprietary AFNB Charge Card in May 1966. By early 1967, the AFNB Charge Card was associated with the regional Midwest Bank Card System, an early forerunner of MasterCard. Outside of Marion County, American Fletcher franchised their charge card to other Indiana banks, such as the Merchants National Bank of Terre Document [18] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) was widely known as "the Black Card" before the launch of the Black Card (then Visa card), despite never seeking to trademark that name itself. American Express filed suit against Black Card LLC in February 2010, claiming that the trademark was obtained improperly and sought injunctive relief. This suit was concluded in November 2011, with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruling that Black Card, LLC's trademark of the name "Black Card" should be canceled on grounds that it was merely descriptive. (See also "American Express Marketing and Development Corp, et al. v. Black Card, Document [19] (Title: American Express) film correspondent with the German army. In March 2014, American Express announced that it signed an agreement to create a joint venture for business travel and spun off its corporate travel business as American Express Global Business Travel. The American Express Publishing Corporation published the "Travel + Leisure," "Food & Wine," "Executive Travel", "Black Ink", and "Departures" magazines until October 1, 2013, when it sold those titles to Time Inc. It publishes "American Express Skyguide" and is based in New York City. , Time Inc. is restructuring the portfolio of publications. American Express FSB (federal savings bank) is a direct Document [20] (Title: Stephen Squeri) and Manhattan College. Squeri also serves as a member of the board of governors for Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School in Queens. Squeri joined American Express in 1985 as a manager in the Travellers Cheque Group. From 2000 to 2002, he served as President of the Establishment Services group in the U.S. and Canada, and he was President of the Corporate Card group from 2002 to 2005, during which time he globalized the business. He became the company’s Chief Information Officer in 2005 and also led the Corporate Development function, overseeing mergers and acquisitions. In 2009, he was named Group Document [21] (Title: Henry Thomas Windsor) Henry Thomas Windsor Henry Thomas Windsor was the owner of "The City Despatch Post Company" of New York which issued the first Stamp in the USA. A black/grey three cent stamp depicting the head of George Washington. Windsor was a merchant from London who was inspired by Rowland Hill's postal reforms in Great Britain including the issuing of the world's first stamp the Penny Black. Windsor with his wife Elizabeth sailed from Liverpool in April 1841, reaching New York in May. Up to the autumn of that year he spent his time visiting friends in Boston and Baltimore. In travelling Document [22] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) other cards. This also affected the promotion of other cards offered within the institution's network, such as using debit cards with lower fees compared to credit cards. In October 2010, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), after receiving numerous complaints that the anti-steering language violating antitrust laws and following two years of investigation, filed a civil anti-trust lawsuit against Visa, MasterCard, and American Express in United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The DOJ asserted that with in transaction fees each year, the practices of these three institutions prevented merchants from reducing their own costs Document [23] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) leading profit center for the company. George Waters (businessman) George Waters (1916–2003) was a pioneer in the credit card industry who is credited with transforming the American Express Card into a global brand and the flagship product of the American Express Company. Upon his retirement from American Express in 1980, Waters was bestowed with the title, "Father of the American Express Card". George Waters graduated from Indiana University in 1938 and was hired by IBM in its sales and marketing program. During World War II, he joined the US Army Air Forces where he served as Deputy Chief of Staff Document [24] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) LLC", 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133151 (S.D.N.Y. November 17, 2011.) Today, it uses the registered trademark under license. Black Card (Mastercard) Black Card LLC is an American financial services company that offers the Black Card (MasterCard), a rewards credit card issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. As of 2015, the card has an annual membership fee of $495 for the account holder, and $195 for every additional authorized user on the account. In 2015, the Black Card was rebranded from Visa to a MasterCard. Holders of the stainless steel card receive membership perks including cash-back bonuses, a 24/7 concierge service, gifts, Document [25] (Title: American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner) American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner Australian costume designer Lizzy Gardiner wore a dress made of 254 American Express Gold cards to the 67th Academy Awards on March 27, 1995, where she won an Oscar for Best Costume Design. All of the cards were genuine, but had expired. It has been called one of the worst Oscar dresses of all time. The gown had originally been conceived for the film "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" along with many other outlandish costumes such as one made solely out of pink flip flops, but American Express had Document [26] (Title: Diners Club International) Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a "Gold Card" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was Document [27] (Title: Accolades Card) Accolades Card The Merrill Accolades American Express Card, previously known as the Bank of America Accolades Card, was the first premium credit card offered by Bank of America. It is targeted exclusively at the bank's "affluent, wealthy and ultra- wealthy clients served through Premier Banking & Investments, The Private Bank of Bank of America and its extension, Family Wealth Advisors." The card is notable as it is the bank's foray into a new market segment as well as a product offered as a result of the bank's acquisition of another bank, U.S. Trust, particularly since the larger Bank of America Document [28] (Title: Mastercard) from doing business with American Express. Such exclusionary clauses and other written evidence were used by the United States Department of Justice in regulatory actions against Mastercard and Visa. Discover has sued Mastercard for similar issues. In 1996 about 4 million merchants sued Mastercard in federal court for making them accept debit cards if they wanted to accept credit cards and dramatically increasing credit card swipe fees. This case was settled with a multibillion-dollar payment in 2003. This was the largest anti-trust award in history. In 1998, the Department of Justice sued Mastercard over rules prohibiting their issuing banks from Document [29] (Title: Hugo Black) correct what he termed abuses of "fraud and collusion" resulting from the Air Mail Act of 1930, he introduced the Black-McKellar Bill, later the Air Mail Act of 1934. The following year he participated in a Senate committee's investigation of lobbying practices. He publicly denounced the "highpowered, deceptive, telegram-fixing, letterframing, Washington-visiting" lobbyists, and advocated legislation requiring them to publicly register their names and salaries. In 1935, during the Great Depression, Black became chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, a position he would hold for the remainder of his Senate career. In 1937 he sponsored the Black-Connery Bill, Document [30] (Title: American Express) Europe, because other financial institutions refused to assist these stranded travelers. The British government appointed American Express its official agent at the beginning of World War I. They were to deliver letters, money and relief parcels to British prisoners of war. Their employees went into camps to cash drafts for both British and French prisoners and arranged for them to receive money from home. By the end of the war they were delivering 150 tonnes of parcels per day to prisoners in six countries. American Express became one of the monopolies that President Theodore Roosevelt had the Interstate Commerce Commission Document [31] (Title: Van Lear Black) Van Lear Black Van Lear Black (18 December 187518 August 1930) was an American publisher and civil aviation pioneer. Black was born in Cumberland, Maryland as part of a wealthy family with a lineage to the American Revolution. He married Jessie Gary and had four children. Gary was the daughter of James A. Gary, Postmaster General under McKinley. In 1910 Black bought the estate "Folly Quarter" in Ellicott City, Maryland now known as the Shrine of St. Anthony. He restored it to its original condition and used it to entertain 500-700 political and publishing guests at a time, later selling Document [32] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) Edwin B. Morgan Edwin Barber Morgan (May 2, 1806 – October 13, 1881) was an entrepreneur and politician from the Finger Lakes region of western New York. He was the first president of Wells Fargo & Company, founder of the United States Express Company, and director of American Express Company. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New York and served for three terms. Edwin Barber Morgan was born in Aurora, New York, the eldest son of Christopher and Nancy (Barber) Morgan. The family was descended from Owain Gwynedd, once Prince of Wales. Educated at the Document [33] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) George Waters (businessman) George Waters (1916–2003) was a pioneer in the credit card industry who is credited with transforming the American Express Card into a global brand and the flagship product of the American Express Company. Upon his retirement from American Express in 1980, Waters was bestowed with the title, "Father of the American Express Card". George Waters graduated from Indiana University in 1938 and was hired by IBM in its sales and marketing program. During World War II, he joined the US Army Air Forces where he served as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Office of Statistical Control. Document [34] (Title: Marcus Garvey) investigation into the activities of Garvey and the UNIA. Toward this end, the BOI hired James Edward Amos, Arthur Lowell Brent, Thomas Leon Jefferson, James Wormley Jones, and Earl E. Titus as its first five African-American agents. Although initial efforts by the BOI were to find grounds upon which to deport Garvey as "an undesirable alien", a charge of mail fraud was brought against Garvey in connection with stock sales of the Black Star Line after the U.S. Post Office and the Attorney General joined the investigation. At the National Conference of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1921, a Document [35] (Title: J. C. Fargo) president of American Express and that he carried with him traditional letters of credit, he found it difficult to obtain cash anywhere, except in major cities. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to create a better solution than the traditional letter of credit. Berry, who had invented the express money order in 1882, created the American Express Traveler's Cheque, which was launched in 1891 in denominations of $10, $20, $50, and $100. Fargo married Fannie Parsons Stuart (1833–1896) on December 15, 1863. Together, they had: Two of his children worked at the American, National, and Westcott Express Document [36] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) that avoided the need for credit limits and allowed card members to establish their own responsible spending patterns. Drawing on his Air Force computer experience, he installed a data processing system that kept track of card activity and improved accounting controls. Next, he terminated card members who were not paying their bills on time – approximately one third of the card base. He then raised the annual card fee to $8.00 from $6.00 and raised the discount rate - the percentage of the sale that the service establishments had to pay American Express – from 3% to 7%. To make Document [37] (Title: Charge card) by the card operator were lower than the store's cost in running their own store accounts. In 1957, American Express also entered the field, and in 1959 was the first company to issue embossed plastic charge cards to ISO/IEC 7810 standards. In Europe, the MasterCard-affiliated Maestro brand (which is a debit card rather than a charge card) replaced the European Eurocheque brand for payment cards in 2002. Many Eurocheque cards, particularly in such countries as Austria and Germany, were charge cards branded with the Eurocheque logo. In addition, the European Eurocard, issued as the competitor for American Express was, and Document [38] (Title: American Express) consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American Document [39] (Title: ABCorp) a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts. In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of American Express Traveler's Cheques totaled $24.6 billion. In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 Columbian Exposition (for which they had Document [40] (Title: American Express) carried with him traditional letters of credit, he found it difficult to obtain cash anywhere except in major cities. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to create a better solution than the letter of credit. Berry introduced the American Express Traveler's Cheque which was launched in 1891 in denominations of $10, $20, $50, and $100. Traveler's cheques established American Express as a truly international company. In 1914, at the onset of World War I, American Express in Europe was among the few companies to honor the letters of credit (issued by various banks) held by Americans in Document [41] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) Joseph P. Williams Joseph P. Williams (born c. 1915 – November 8, 2003) was the creator of the BankAmericard, the first nationwide bank credit card, which later evolved into the VISA brand. Williams was born in Newark, New Jersey. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and served as an infantry officer in the United States Army during World War II. As an admirer of A.P. Giannini's aggressive banking approach at the Bank of America, he drove to San Francisco after completing his military service and approached Giannini for a job at the bank. Diners Club, the first major travel and Document [42] (Title: Centurion Card) are exclusive to Centurion members. As of 2015, they have a Champagne option of Veuve Clicquot and a single malt scotch by Balvenie. Several original Centurion program benefits have been discontinued, including: Since the inception of the card, members have received a copy of "Departures", which is also sent to all Platinum Card cardholders. In 2004, American Express Centurion members in the US began receiving an exclusive "no name" magazine, which was not available by any other means. Starting with the Spring 2007 edition, this magazine was officially titled Black Ink. The magazine is available only to individual Centurion cardholders, Document [43] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) was still more work to be done. The card was still not widely accepted by airlines and hotels. But Waters soon convinced American Airlines to drop its card and accept the American Express Card. Soon afterwards, all other major airlines followed. Next, Waters negotiated an exclusive arrangement with the American Hotel Association and soon thereafter, the card became broadly accepted at hotels in Europe and throughout the world. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Waters went on to build the brand and expand the franchise globally. He and American Express CEO James D. Robinson commissioned Andrew Kershaw at Ogilvy and Mather Document [44] (Title: American Express) Financial, to its shareholders. On September 30, 2005, RSM McGladrey acquired American Express Tax & Business Services (TBS). In 2008, Standard Chartered Bank acquired American Express Bank Ltd, the international banking subsidiary of American Express for US$823 million. American Express established a Travel Division in 1915 that tied together all earlier efforts at making travel easier, and soon established its first travel agencies. In the 1930s, the Travel Division had grown widely. Albert K. Dawson was instrumental in expanding business operations overseas, even investing in tourist relations with the Soviet Union. During World War I, Dawson was a photographer and Document [45] (Title: American Express Plum Card) American Express Plum Card The Plum Card is a charge card issued by American Express' OPEN small business division in the fall of 2007. Initially there were to be only 10,000 cards issued. Some of the first 10,000 cardmembers were featured in advertising. In the spring of 2008, additional applications were made available. The card's color, as the name suggests, is plum, a deep purple. The Plum Card offers cardmembers the option of an early pay discount of 1.5%, (to those who any amount as long as their minimum payment is covered within ten days of the statement closing date) Document [46] (Title: American Express) offer American Express contactless payment, including Meijer, Walgreens, Best Buy, Chevron Corporation, Starbucks, and McDonald's. American Express OPEN, the small-business branch of American Express, offers various types of charge cards for small businesses to manage their expenses. In late 2007, the company announced the new Plum Card as the latest addition to their card line for small business owners. The card provides a 1.5% early pay discount or up to two months to defer payment on purchases. The 1.5% discount is available for billing periods where the cardmember spends at least $5,000. The first 10,000 cards were issued to members Document [47] (Title: American Express) more affluent and elite customer segment. The card was initially available only to select users of the Platinum card. The annual fee for the card in the United States is $2,500 (up from $1,000 at introduction) with an additional one-time initiation fee of $7,500. American Express created the card line amid rumors and urban legends in the 1980s that it produced an ultra-exclusive black card for elite users who could purchase anything with it. American Express cards issued in the United States range in cost between no annual fee (for Blue and many other consumer and business cards) and a Document [48] (Title: Eli M. Black) Eli M. Black E. M. Black (April 9, 1921 – February 3, 1975) was a Polish-born American businessman. He controlled the United Brands Company. His son Leon Black is a founding member of private equity firm Apollo Management. Born Elihu Menashe Blachowitz in Poland, he immigrated to the United States as a child. He attended Yeshiva University, and graduated at the top of his class in 1940. He also received training to be an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and served as the rabbi of a congregation in Woodmere, New York for three and a half years prior to entering business. His Document [49] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) the discount rate more palatable to merchants, Waters drew upon his supermarket marketing experience by partnering with merchants in a cooperating advertising program. Waters proposed to give back .5% of all charge card volume to merchants to fund cooperative ads that helped service establishments advertise their products, accompanied by the little blue box Amex logo at the bottom of the advertisement. The strategy soon worked. On the strength of its advertising and growing list of participating businesses, The American Express Card became profitable by 1962 and in 1964, American Express saw its volume of charged sales surpass Diners Club. There Document [50] (Title: American Express) American Express The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World Financial Center in New York City. The company was founded in 1850 and is one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is best known for its charge card, credit card, and traveler's cheque businesses. In 2016, credit cards using the American Express network accounted for 22.9% of the total dollar volume of credit card transactions in the US. , the company had 112.8 million cards in force, including 50 million cards in force Document [51] (Title: American Express) it the 23rd best company to work for. The officers of the company are listed on the company's website as follows: The members of the company's board of directors are listed on the company's website as follows: , American Express shares are mainly held by institutional investors (Berkshire Hathaway, Vanguard group, BlackRock, State Street Corporation and others.) The brand name, card design, and slogans have been parodied numerous times: People American Express The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World Financial Center in New York City. The company was Document [52] (Title: History of American Airlines) Sabre, with IBM; and built a terminal at Idlewild (now JFK) Airport in New York City, which became the airline's largest base. Vignelli Associates designed the AA eagle logo in 1967. Vignelli attributes the introduction of his firm to American Airlines to Henry Dreyfuss, the legendary AA design consultant. The logo was in use until January 17, 2013. In 1970 American Airlines had flights from St. Louis, Chicago, and New York to Honolulu and on to Sydney and Auckland via American Samoa and Nadi, Fiji. In 1971, American acquired Trans Caribbean Airways. On March 30, 1973 American became the first Document [53] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18% Document [54] (Title: American Express) and Mastercard rules prohibited issuers of their cards from issuing American Express cards in the United States. This meant, as a practical matter, that U.S. banks could not issue American Express cards. These rules were struck-down as a result of antitrust litigation brought by the U.S. Department of Justice, and are no longer in effect. In January 2004, American Express reached a deal to have its cards issued by a U.S. bank, MBNA America. Initially decried by Mastercard executives as nothing but an "experiment", these cards were released in October 2004. Some said that the relationship was going to be Document [55] (Title: Albert Black) Albert Black Albert C. Black, Jr. (born July 24, 1959) is an American businessman entrepreneur and community trailblazer. Albert serves as CEO and chairman of On Target Supplies and Logistics, a company he founded in 1982. Black served as the first African American Chairman of the Dallas Regional Chamber in Dallas, Texas. He traveled to 16 countries on joint trade missions with former Dallas Mayor Ron Kirk promoting goodwill and business relationships. As a young business founder, he had the opportunity to partner with the late Governor Ann Richards to advocate for small businesses across Texas and recruit companies from Document [56] (Title: The 3/50 Project) and Australia. The summer of 2010, American Express OPEN courted The 3/50 Project in hopes of becoming a financial sponsor. During those discussions, in late October, AmEx pitched a concept called ""Small Business Saturday,"" modeled on the Project and its message. Based on resulting financial assurances made by American Express, Baxter agreed to both their sponsorship of the Project and to be the national spokesperson for SBS in its inaugural year. The first Small Business Saturday occurred on November 27, 2010, a scant twenty days after being announced to the public, following the national mid-term elections new cycle. The increased Document [57] (Title: Van Lear Black) at a New Jersey beach. Black's newspaper staff worked diligently to disguise his guest, Mrs. J. Walter Lord, as an elderly cousin to avoid scandal. Van Lear Black Van Lear Black (18 December 187518 August 1930) was an American publisher and civil aviation pioneer. Black was born in Cumberland, Maryland as part of a wealthy family with a lineage to the American Revolution. He married Jessie Gary and had four children. Gary was the daughter of James A. Gary, Postmaster General under McKinley. In 1910 Black bought the estate "Folly Quarter" in Ellicott City, Maryland now known as the Shrine Document [58] (Title: James D. Robinson III) James D. Robinson III James Dixon Robinson III (born November 19, 1935, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American businessman best known for his position as the chief executive officer of American Express Co. from 1977 until his retirement in 1993. Robinson attended Woodberry Forest School and is a 1957 graduate of Georgia Tech's School of Industrial Management where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He earned an MBA from Harvard in 1961. James D. Robinson III served as Chairman & CEO of the American Express Company for approximately 16 years. He held additional positions at the company Document [59] (Title: American Express) earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included "The Knot" and "The Nest" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with Document [60] (Title: DeLorean DMC-12) For Christmas 1980, a DeLorean/American Express promotion planned to sell 100 24K-gold-plated DMC-12s for US$85,000 each to its gold-card members, but only two were sold. One of these was purchased by Roger Mize, president of Snyder National Bank in Snyder, Texas. VIN #4301 sat in the bank lobby for over 20 years before being loaned to the Petersen Automotive Museum of Los Angeles. It has a black interior and an automatic transmission. The second gold-plated American Express DMC-12 was purchased by Sherwood Marshall, an entrepreneur and former Royal Canadian Naval Officer. Marshall donated his DeLorean to the William F. Harrah Document [61] (Title: Black Cards) Black Cards Black Cards was an American electronic duo that formed in July 2010 as Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz's new main project following the band's indefinite hiatus. Originally conceived as a four-piece electropop band, Wentz played bass guitar and wrote the band's lyrics, while singer Bebe Rexha filled in on vocals. The pair met when Wentz and producer Sam Hollander overheard Rexha recording demos at their studio. Nate Patterson and Spencer Peterson completed the lineup with guitar and drums respectively. Shortly after forming, the group released songs to YouTube, and one to iTunes. Initially the band had planned Document [62] (Title: Luther Meade Blackman) lives on Bat Creek, is convinced that Blackman is the forger. Blackman was an engraver who lived near the Tipton farm. He was also a neighbor of Jim Lawson. Blackman held a Federal Patronage job from 1870 to about 1890. It was during this time that President Grover Cleveland created the 1883 Pendleton Act to fix the Pensions Claims Office and the Postal Service. Cleveland let many Republicans be replaced by Democrats, and this increased the tension between the Democratic and Republican parties. It has been suggested that the L. C. Houk political machine that ran the Republicans in East Document [63] (Title: Clarence Dunnaville) Dunaville then attended St. John's University School of Law in Brooklyn, New York. Upon graduating from law school and passing the New York bar exam, Dunnaville became the first African American to work for the Internal Revenue Service. In 1961 he began work for then United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (and later New York City District Attorney) Robert Morganthau, whom he considers his most important mentor. He then became the first lawyer of color hired by AT&T (in 1965), and its Western Electric subsidiary in 1967 permitted him to take leave to work on civil Document [64] (Title: American Express) the architectural and cultural heritage, with the aim of raising awareness on the importance of historical and environmental conservation, through the restoration of historical monuments. American Express is a founder sponsor of the global program "World Monuments Watch", launched in 1995 by World Monuments Fund. During the first edition of Corporate Art Awards, in 2016 American Express received by pptArt the Corporate Art Award for its international restoration program. In April 1986, American Express moved its headquarters to the 51-story Three World Financial Center in New York City. After the events of September 11, 2001, American Express had to leave Document [65] (Title: John McGiver) including the very first of a long running popular series of commercials for the American Express charge card ("Do you know me?"). McGiver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the Jesuit-run Regis High School in Manhattan in 1932. He earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University in 1938 and master's degrees from Columbia University and Catholic University. He became an English teacher and worked as an actor and director in New York's Irish Repertory Theater. He interrupted those activities and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and served as Document [66] (Title: Centurion Card) Centurion Card The American Express Centurion Card, known informally as the Amex Black Card, is an invitation-only charge card issued by American Express to platinum card holders after they meet certain criteria. There are three different issues of the Centurion Card: personal, business, and corporate. In 1999 American Express introduced the Centurion Card to cater to the very wealthy. The card was initially available only to selected users of the company's Platinum Card. To become a Centurion cardholder, one must meet American Express eligibility criteria. Cardholders are required to pay an annual fee, and in some countries also an initiation Document [67] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) which he was known even after he was no longer active in the militia. He was a director and first president of Wells Fargo & Company, organized March 18, 1852, by his fellow townsman Henry Wells, who had been a founder of the American Express Company in 1850. Wells Fargo was developed specifically to offer express mail, shipping and banking services to California, where thousands of people were being drawn as the Gold Rush spurred migration and development. In 1854 Morgan founded the United States Express Company to provide similar express mail services for the Southern states. It connected with Document [68] (Title: Small Business Saturday) of American Express. The first event was sponsored by American Express, in partnership with the non-profit National Trust for Historic Preservation, Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino, and Roslindale Village Main Street. In 2010, the holiday was promoted by American Express via a nationwide radio and television advertising campaign. That year Amex bought advertising inventory on Facebook, which it in turn gave to its small merchant account holders, and also gave rebates to new customers to promote the event. American Express publicized the initiative using social media, advertising, and public relations. Many local politicians and small business groups in the United Document [69] (Title: Richard Black) Richard Black Harry Richard Black (October 10, 1921 – March 30, 2014) was an American commercial artist, illustrator, and portraitist. Black created the original Mr. Clean mascot for Procter & Gamble's household cleaner during the 1950s. Richard Black was born on October 10, 1921, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He enrolled at Syracuse University, but left the school to enlist in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He moved to Ohio after the war and opened an art studio in Dayton. He also taught art at both the University of Dayton and Sinclair Community College on a part-time basis for Document [70] (Title: Franklin Pierce Buyer) the manager of an American Express office at 10810 South Broadway, where he was held up at least twice: The first time, in January 1947, he rousted the bandits "with a well-placed right hook", and they escaped with no money; he was left with head lacerations. He was then living at 156 West 109th Place. The second holdup was in January 1959, when he was slugged and three gunmen escaped with $400 from a cash drawer. Buyer died in March 1963. leaving a wife, Viola. Buyer was elected to Los Angeles City Council District 15 in 1933, defeating incumbent Councilman Document [71] (Title: American Express) Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the "black card," which caters to an even Document [72] (Title: American Express Plum Card) or an "extra days to pay" option that allows you to pay 10% of the new balance by the first please-pay-by date and revolve the remaining balance only until the next please-pay-by date. Cardholders are allowed up to 99 employee cards fee free. American Express Plum Card The Plum Card is a charge card issued by American Express' OPEN small business division in the fall of 2007. Initially there were to be only 10,000 cards issued. Some of the first 10,000 cardmembers were featured in advertising. In the spring of 2008, additional applications were made available. The card's color, as Document [73] (Title: Van Lear Black) it in 1924. Black was insured for $750,000 at the time of his death during the Great Depression. Black's wife died at the age of 73 in Baltimore. Black was considered to be the wealthiest person in Maryland at the time of his death. Black got his start in banking at the age of eighteen as a clerk with the Fidelity Trust and Deposit Company, eventually becoming president in 1926. Black became involved with the Consolidation Coal Company as a director from 1906 to 1927. In 1920, he employed his connected friend Franklin D. Roosevelt while he also campaigned politically. Document [74] (Title: James T. Licavoli) monthly social security check. Licavoli had been called "Blackie" while he was growing up in Collinwood. Now he was known in the Mob as "Jack White," an ironic reference to his swarthy complexion. Despite his immense wealth, he had a reputation for being cheap and occasionally foolish to the point of embarrassment. Once at a local mall, he was detained by store detectives for switching the price tags on a pair of pants. After hearing about his background, the department store manager declined to prosecute. Another time, he was caught using slugs on machines. He also used stolen credit cards Document [75] (Title: Lizzy Gardiner) to the simply indescribable." She gained worldwide attention at the Academy Awards in 1995 when she picked up her award wearing an unusual dress consisting of 254 expired American Express Gold cards. The dress had originally been made for that film but was unauthorized by American Express. However, after the dress was worn by Gardiner herself, American Express saw its marketing potential and was keen to showcase it throughout its travel offices in the United States. The dress was auctioned off for charity in March 1999 for $12,650, with the proceeds going to the American Foundation for AIDS research. It Document [76] (Title: Penny Black) Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but was not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of Document [77] (Title: Accolades Card) Centurion card. Advertising segments for the new card began in September, 2007. Citigroup reportedly has a competing card planned. It has been reported that card holders will receive points that can be redeemed for luxury vacations, cooking and other lessons, concierge services, and other benefits. Note, reference # 6 and 7 are not current. Accolades Card The Merrill Accolades American Express Card, previously known as the Bank of America Accolades Card, was the first premium credit card offered by Bank of America. It is targeted exclusively at the bank's "affluent, wealthy and ultra- wealthy clients served through Premier Banking & Document [78] (Title: History of Wells Fargo) 1850 they decided to join forces to form the American Express Company. Soon after the new company was formed, Wells, the first president of American Express, and Fargo, its vice president, proposed expanding their business to California. Fearing that American Express's most powerful rival, Adams and Company (later renamed Adams Express Company), would acquire a monopoly in the West, the majority of the American Express Company's directors balked. Undaunted, Wells and Fargo decided to start their own business while continuing to fulfill their responsibilities as officers and directors of American Express. On March 18, 1852, they organized Wells, Fargo & Document [79] (Title: American Express) in the United States, each with an average annual spending of $18,519. In 2017, "Forbes" named American Express as the 23rd most valuable brand in the world (and the highest within financial services), estimating the brand to be worth US$24.5 billion. In 2018, "Fortune" ranked American Express as the 14th most admired company worldwide, and the 23rd best company to work for. The company's logo, adopted in 1958, is a gladiator or centurion whose image appears on the company's traveler's cheques, charge cards and credit cards. In 1850, American Express was started as an express mail business in Buffalo, New Document [80] (Title: Wayne Boden) Boden was granted a credit card by American Express five years into his life sentence, which he used while out on a day pass from prison in Laval and fled, but was recaptured 36 hours later while eating lunch in a restaurant at the Mount Royal Hotel in downtown Montreal. Three prison guards were disciplined, and American Express conducted an internal investigation to find out how a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder managed to get a credit card. Boden died from skin cancer at Kingston General Hospital on 27 March 2006 after being confined in the hospital for Document [81] (Title: American Express) after the Bank of America-MBNA merger. The first card from the partnership, the no-annual-fee Bank of America Rewards American Express card, was released on June 30, 2006. Since then, Citibank, Wells Fargo, First National Bank of Omaha, USAA, Synchrony Financial, and US Bancorp have started issuing American Express cards. Citi issues the Macy's and Bloomingdale's American Express cards along with Citi-branded cards. Wells Fargo issues American Express cards under their own brand and for Dillard's. US Bancorp issues American Express-branded cards for US Bank along with Elan Card Services, a subsidiary that issues credit cards on behalf of small to Document [82] (Title: American Express) York. It was founded as a joint stock corporation by the merger of the express companies owned by Henry Wells (Wells & Company), William G. Fargo (Livingston, Fargo & Company), and John Warren Butterfield (Wells, Butterfield & Company, the successor earlier in 1850 of Butterfield, Wasson & Company). Wells and Fargo also started Wells Fargo & Co. in 1852 when Butterfield and other directors objected to the proposal that American Express extend its operations to California. American Express initially established its headquarters in a building at the intersection of Jay Street and Hudson Street in what was later called the Document [83] (Title: Ambush marketing) need a passport, but you don't need a Visa." Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics, the company also promoted a partnership with Iberia and Turespana that made American Express "the official credit card of tourism in Spain"—a campaign which factored the Olympics, as well as Seville Expo '92. The IOC negotiated a truce between Amex and Visa to tone down their advertisements, but encouraged Visa once Amex returned to its ambush marketing in 1994, and Amex finally conceded defeat by 1996. Jerry Welsh, who was the manager of global marketing efforts for American Express in the 1980s, would coin the Document [84] (Title: American Express) and claimed that charging high fees is a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. According to the lawsuit, accepting American Express cards costs merchants the most. In January 2017, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court ruling that American Express could block merchants that accept its cards from steering customers to other cards, like those offered by Visa and Mastercard. In October 2017, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the antitrust case. Amex is the largest provider of traveler's checks in the world. In 2005, American Express released the American Express Travelers Check Card, a stored-value Document [85] (Title: Mastercard) doing business with American Express or Discover. The Department of Justice won in 2001 and the verdict withstood appeal. American Express also filed suit On August 23, 2001, Mastercard International Inc. was sued for violating the "Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act". On November 15, 2004, Mastercard Inc. paid damages to American Express, due to anticompetitive practices that prevented American Express from issuing cards through U.S. banks, and paid 1.8 billion dollars for settlement. The European Union has repeatedly criticised Mastercard for monopolistic trade practices. In April 2009, Mastercard reached a settlement with the European Union in an antitrust Document [86] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) Card's "Black Ink" and "Centurion" magazines. The concierge service offers a wide variety of services including entertainment planning, business services, gift arrangement, travel information, and assistance. The company also offers travel insurance for luggage, trip interruption/cancellation, rental car damages, warranty manager service, and purchase security on up to $500 per claim. The $495 annual fee gives members limited enrollment in the VIP lounge program that provides access to many airport lounges. In early 2009, the card's "New York Times" full-page ad was the focus of a Stephen Colbert segment pretending to misunderstand the name as racial. The Black Card has Document [87] (Title: Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.) Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc. Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc., 490 U.S. 477 (1989), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the arbitration of securities fraud claims. It was originally brought by a group of Texas investors against their brokerage house. By a 5–4 margin the Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and ruled that their claims under the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates trading in the primary market, must be arbitrated as stipulated in their customer agreements. The decision overruled a 1953 case, "Wilko v. Swan". Justice Anthony Kennedy's majority opinion Document [88] (Title: American Express) Express. Capitalizing on this elitist image, American Express frequently mentioned such exclusive partnerships in its advertising. Aside from some holdouts including Neiman Marcus (which continued exclusivity until 2011), the practice largely ended in 1991. A group of restaurants in Boston stopped accepting American Express while accepting and encouraging the use of Visa and Mastercard, including some that were exclusive to American Express. The rationale was due to far lower fees as compared to American Express' fees at the time (which were about 4% for each transaction versus around 1.2% at the time for Visa and Mastercard). The revolt, known as Document [89] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) also been featured as a high-end credit card in "Vegas Magazine", "Ocean Drive", "Capitol File", and "LA Confidential". "TIME Magazine" dubbed the Black Card one of the "5 Credit Cards You Don't Want In Your Wallet." Citing CardHub, the magazine called the Black Card the worst general consumer credit card as a result of its membership fee. Consumerism Commentary contrasts that the card's fee offsets the cutback rewards and concierge services. Black Card LLC successfully registered "Black Card" as a U.S. trademark in 2009. However, American Express offers its own exclusive black-colored card called the Centurion Card, which it contended Document [90] (Title: Robert Black (serial killer)) to buy fuel. With the cooperation of the companies, investigators obtained seven million archived microfiched credit card slips detailing fuel purchases paid via this method at every one of their nationwide premises between 1982 and 1986. These were sent to the reopened incident room in Newcastle upon Tyne, where a team of officers searched them for Black's distinctive signature in an effort to pinpoint precisely when and where he had bought his fuel. This laborious task bore fruit: beginning in October 1990, investigators began to discover evidence proving the precise times Black had bought fuel at petrol stations close to Document [91] (Title: American Express) bank offering a standard savings account to individuals. Checking account services are not provided. In 1975, David Ogilvy of Ogilvy & Mather developed the highly successful "Don't Leave Home Without Them" ad campaign for American Express Traveler's Cheques, featuring Oscar-award-winning actor Karl Malden. Malden served as the public face of American Express Travelers Cheques for 25 years. In the UK, the spokesman was the television personality Alan Whicker. After Malden's departure, and as the card assumed importance over the traveler's cheques, American Express continued to use celebrities, such as Mel Blanc and ballerina Cynthia Gregory. A typical ad for the Document [92] (Title: Paul LePaul) the first magician to use this as a stage trick. He appears to have started the Card to Wallet fad among magicians which was based on the routine he published as "Cards in Sealed Envelope" in the late 1940s. (Wallets did not become a common item until after the 1950s). Paul LePaul Paul LePaul (August 2, 1900 – June 8, 1958) was an American magician. LePaul was born Paul Shields Braden in Olney, Illinois. He grew up in St. Louis, Mo. He started his professional career around 1920, doing a manipulative act entirely with playing cards. He adopted the name Document [93] (Title: American Express) In November 2011, Neiman Marcus, which gave similar general-purpose card exclusivity to American Express since 1987, began accepting Visa and Mastercard. Costco's Canadian stores ended its exclusive deal with American Express in January 2015 in favor of one with Capital One and Mastercard. Capital One did not buy accounts and balances from American Express, which required Costco Canada members to apply for the new cards instead of automatically qualifying. On February 12, 2015, it was announced that the partnership between American Express and Costco in the United States would dissolve March 31, 2016, which was later extended to June 19, Document [94] (Title: Ralph Owen) Ralph Owen Ralph Owen (1905–1983) was an American businessman. He served as the Chairman of American Express (). Ralph Owen was born on October 3, 1905 in Hartsville, Tennessee. He had two brothers, Robert E. Owen and Roy Owen, and two sisters, Mrs. Mark Lowrey and Mrs. Pat W. Swaney. He graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1928. In 1930, Owen founded the Equitable Securities Corporation of Nashville, an investment bank offering credit cards, travel and banking services. It merged with American Express in 1968. Later, he served as the Chairman of American Express. Additionally, Owen served on Document [95] (Title: American Express) Mail"'s financial website, "This is Money", noted that "The list of places that are taking Amex appears to be growing, rather than slowing, but it seems to be a little hit-and-miss. It's not a good feeling to enter a shop, not knowing whether or not they accept the card." The company logo, a gladiator or centurion, appears at the center of the iconic Zync, Cobalt, Green, Gold, Platinum, and Centurion cards. The figure and his pose evoke classical antiquity. These cards also feature intricate border and background designs that read "American Express." The designs on these cards, especially the Green Document [96] (Title: American Express) $550 annual fee (for the Platinum card). Annual fees for the Green card start at $95 (first year free), while Gold card annual fees start at $250. American Express has several co-branded credit cards, with most falling into one of three categories: A credit card aimed at young adults is called "Blue", which has no annual fee and a loyalty program. A television media campaign for Blue adopted the 1979 UK Synthpop hit "Cars" by Gary Numan as its theme music. A cashback reward program version, "Blue Cash", quickly followed. Amex also targeted young adults with City Reward Cards that Document [97] (Title: Credit card) 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a "revolving credit" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the "BankAmericard" in Fresno, Document [98] (Title: Ogilvy (agency)) outlined 11 of the car's distinguishing features and benefits. The advertisement became one of Ogilvy's most famous. Ogilvy joked that the ad "sold so many cars we dare not run it again." American Express had been an Ogilvy & Mather client since the 1960s. The agency launched the company's "Do You Know Me" campaign in 1974, which focused on the prestige of carrying an American Express card. Each advertisement described the accomplishments of semi-recognizable celebrities who used the card. Their identities were revealed at the end. The campaign emphasized that even if a person was not immediately recognizable, their American Document [99] (Title: Stanley Dashew) of America, led to the introduction of Uni-card (taken over from Chase Manhattan Bank), which was later renamed VISA. To pitch his company’s unique position to American Express to emboss more variable data faster than his competitors, he printed the name of each board executive on each man’s sample card, along with a date and the catchphrase he created, “Member Since…” Dashew then took the helm of a fledgling Swedish enterprise and facilitated the worldwide introduction of single-point mooring systems for offshore oil production developed through the IMODCO Company. The Dashaveyor Company, a people-mover system builder, gained many worldwide patents Document [100] (Title: Louis V. Gerstner Jr.) School. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group. Gerstner joined American Express in 1978 as the executive vice president of its charge card division. A year later he was named president of the Travel Related Services group, which was responsible for American Express cards, traveler's cheques, and travel-service offices. At this time, MasterCard and Visa had begun to compete for the company's market share. Gerstner found new uses and users for the card. In 1980, most department stores did not accept American Express cards — by 1985 retail sales were second only to airline Document [101] (Title: American Express) each purchase made with an American Express Card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the Statue of Liberty. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. What would soon capture the attention of marketing departments of major corporations was that the promotion generated approximately a 28% increase in American Express card usage by consumers. In May 2007, American Express launched an initiative called the Members Project. Cardholders were invited to submit ideas for projects, and were told American Express was funding the winning project. American Express supports initiatives to enhance Document [102] (Title: Centurion Card) very small and exclusive range of clients around the world. Other such cards include: Black Card LLC successfully registered "Black Card" as a U.S. trademark in 2009. However, American Express contended its Centurion Card was widely known as "the Black Card" before the launch of the Black Card (then Visa card), despite never seeking to trademark that name itself. American Express filed suit against Black Card LLC in February 2010, claiming that the trademark was obtained improperly and sought injunctive relief. This suit was concluded in November 2011, with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York Document [103] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) Ohio v. American Express Co. Ohio v. American Express Co., 585 U.S. ___ (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the nature of antitrust law in relationship to two-sided markets. The case specifically involves policies set by some credit card banks that prevented merchants from steering customers to use cards from other issuers with lower transaction fees, forcing merchants to pay higher transaction fees to the banks. While Visa and MasterCard settled with the United States Department of Justice in 2010, American Express defended its practice by arguing that the anti-steering policies benefited its cardholders, the higher transaction Document [104] (Title: First Data) share in gas and groceries in 2014. First Data’s SpendTrend Report is a key shopping metric for national news networks such as "WSJ, USA Today", "ESPN", "The New York Times", Vox Media, and "Bloomberg". In October 2015, First Data returned to public markets, selling 160 million shares in the New York Stock Exchange’s biggest IPO of that year. First Data was founded in Omaha, Nebraska in 1971. It started off by providing processing services to the Mid-America Bankcard Association (MABA). In 1976, First Data became the first processor of Visa and MasterCard bank-issued credit cards. In 1980, American Express Information Document [105] (Title: Visa Inc.) Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or "drop", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of Document [106] (Title: Hugo Black) a mistrial. Hugo Black was twice the subject of covers of Time Magazine: On August 26, 1935 as a United States Senator; and on October 9, 1964 as an Associate Justice (art by Robert Vickrey). In 1986, Black appeared on the Great Americans series postage stamp issued by the United States Postal Service. Along with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. he was one of only two Associate Justices to do so until the later inclusions of Thurgood Marshall, Joseph Story, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, and William J. Brennan, Jr. "See", Justice Hugo L. Black 5¢ stamp. and Hugo L. Black, First Document [107] (Title: American Express) Hamilton Manchester United manager José Mourinho; film directors Martin Scorsese, Wes Anderson, and M. Night Shyamalan; singers Sheryl Crow, Alicia Keys and Beyoncé. In 2007, a two-minute black-and-white ad, entitled "Animals" and starring Ellen DeGeneres, won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Commercial. Many American Express credit card ads feature a sample American Express Card with the name "C. F. Frost" on the front. This is not a fabricated name; Charles F. Frost was an advertising executive at Ogilvy & Mather. American Express was one of the earliest users of cause marketing, to great success. A 1983 promotion advertised that for Document [108] (Title: American Express) the "Boston Fee Party" (alluding to the Boston Tea Party), spread to over 250 restaurants across the United States, including restaurants in other cities such as New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Visa offered to pay the Fee Party's legal bills, and Discover Card was able to increase their acceptance among Boston restaurants by 375%. Kenneth Chenault, then head of Travel Related Services prior to becoming American Express CEO, cut fees to bring these restaurants back into the fold. American Express then shifted its focus from exclusivity to broadening acceptance, adding mainstream merchants like Walmart to the American Express Document [109] (Title: American Express) Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be Document [110] (Title: American Express) Card from American Express OPEN, the Business Green Rewards Card from American Express OPEN and the Plum Card from American Express OPEN. These cards have return protection, year-end summaries and other tools to help with the business accounting and control. In 2008, American Express acquired the Corporate Payment Services business of GE, which primarily focused on providing Purchasing Card solutions for large global clients. As part of the $1b+ transaction, American Express also added a new product, called V-Payment, to its product portfolio. V-Payment is unique in that it enables a tightly controlled, single-use card number for increased control. , Document [111] (Title: American Express) had 10,000 offices, with over 30,000 employees). During the 1980s, American Express embarked on an effort to become a financial services supercompany and made a number of acquisitions to create an investment banking arm. In mid-1981 it purchased Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Loeb Rhoades, the second largest securities firm in the United States to form Shearson/American Express. After the purchase of Shearson, Weill was given the position of president of American Express in 1983. Weill grew increasingly unhappy with responsibilities within American Express and his conflicts with American Express' CEO James D. Robinson III. Weill soon realized that he was Document [112] (Title: American Express) merged with Shearson, Hammill & Co. in 1974 to form Shearson Hayden Stone. Shearson Hayden Stone then merged with Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. (formerly Loeb, Rhoades & Co. to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades in 1979. With capital totalling $250 million at the time of its acquisition, Shearson Loeb Rhoades trailed only Merrill Lynch as the securities industry's largest brokerage firm. After its acquisition by American Express, the firm was renamed Shearson/American Express. In 1984, Shearson/American Express purchased the 90-year-old Investors Diversified Services, bringing with it a fleet of financial advisors and investment products. Also in 1984, American Express acquired Document [113] (Title: Centurion Card) which also include the ExpressPay contactless payment technology are issued. American Express created the card line amid rumors and urban legends in the 1980s that it produced an ultra-exclusive black card for elite users who could purchase anything with it. Jerry Seinfeld claimed in a 2018 episode of his web show "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee" (with guest John Mulaney) that American Express began issuing the Black Card after Seinfeld asked the Amex president about it, and that Seinfeld (who was their ad pitchman) was given the first one. The Centurion Card is invitation-only after appropriate net worth with American Document [114] (Title: American Express) on December 16, 2007. In 2008, American Express closed all Business Line of Credit accounts. This decision was reached in tandem with the Federal Reserve's approval of American Express's request to become a commercial bank. , American Express has several credit cards designed for small business. These include SimplyCash® Plus Business Credit Card. Cash back earned is automatically credited to the cardholder's statement and other benefits are included. Other cards include the Business Platinum Card from American Express OPEN, the Business Gold Rewards Card from American Express OPEN, the Blue for Business Credit Card from American Express, Business Green Rewards Document [115] (Title: Christmas card) The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927. President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. Document [116] (Title: Magnetic stripe card) first magnetic striped plastic credit and ID cards used by banks, insurance companies, hospitals and many others. Another result of this project was that IBM IRD and IBM Data Processing Division announced on February 24, 1971 the first Magnetic Credit Card Service Center and the IBM 2730-1 Transaction Validation Terminal. Arthur E. Hahn Jr. was hired by IBM IRD in Dayton, N.J. on Aug 12, 1969 to head up this engineering effort. Other members of the group were David Morgan (Manager), Billy House (Software Developer), William Creeden (Programmer), and E. J. Gillen (Mechanical Engineering/Machining). They were given a recently announced Document [117] (Title: James Black (prohibitionist)) James Black (prohibitionist) James Black (September 23, 1823 – December 16, 1893) was an American temperance movement activist and a founder of the Prohibition Party. In 1872 Black was the first nominee of the Prohibition Party for President of the United States. James Black was born September 23, 1823 in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, the son of John Black and Jane Egbert Black. In 1836 the family moved to the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which would remain his hometown for the rest of his life. In addition to his home in the city of Lancaster, Black also had a residence in Fulton Document [118] (Title: American Express) the investment banking and trading firm, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, and added it to the Shearson family, creating Shearson Lehman/American Express. In 1988, the firm acquired E. F. Hutton & Co., forming Shearson Lehman Hutton until 1990, when the firm's name became Shearson Lehman Brothers. When Harvey Golub took the reins in 1993 he negotiated the sale of Shearson's retail brokerage and asset management business to Primerica and in following year, spun off of the remaining investment banking and institutional businesses as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. On September 30, 2005, American Express spun-off its American Express Financial Advisors unit, Ameriprise Document [119] (Title: American Express) to 2015), as well as an office in Hamilton, Ontario. The company began operations as a bank on July 1, 1990, following an order-in-council made by the Brian Mulroney government on November 21, 1988. This decision was not without controversy as federal banking policy at the time would not ordinarily have permitted American Express to operate as a bank. It is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA) and a registered member of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), the federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. American Express has several offices in the UK, including Document [120] (Title: Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.) of arbitration from contractual disputes to statutory claims during the 1980s. In the early 1980s several small first-time investors in Brownsville, Texas, opened accounts with Shearson/American Express agent Jon Grady Deaton. They included minors, widows, and terminally ill people; some could not understand English. Their investments with him totaled about $400,000 ($ in modern dollars). They later alleged that Deaton had mismanaged some of the money and churned the accounts, making trades solely to generate commissions for himself. They brought suit in federal court for the Southern District of Texas alleging securities fraud under the applicable state and federal laws. Document [121] (Title: Creed Black) American Society of Newspaper Editors and the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association. Outside of journalism, Black served as an assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for legislation during the first eighteen months of President Richard Nixon's first term in office. Black was born on July 15, 1925, in Harlan, Kentucky. His father was struck and killed by lightning when he was five years old and he moved to Paducah with his mother. He began his career in professional journalism by working at the "Paducah Sun-Democrat" as a part-time journalist when he was seventeen years old. He enlisted in the U.S. Document [122] (Title: American Express) American Express Card began with a celebrity asking viewers: "Do you know me?" Although he/she gave hints to his/her identity, the star's name was never mentioned except as imprinted on an American Express Card, after which announcer Peter Thomas told viewers how to apply for it. Each ad concluded with the celebrity reminding viewers: "Don't Leave Home Without It." The "Don't Leave Home Without It" slogan was revived in 2005. American Express continues to use celebrities in their ads. Some notable examples include a late 1990s ad campaign with comedian Jerry Seinfeld, including the two 2004 webisodes in a series Document [123] (Title: American Express) American Express has long been out of this building, but it still bears a terracotta seal with the American Express Eagle. In 1890–91 the company constructed a new ten-story building by Edward H. Kendall on the site of its former headquarters on Hudson Street. By 1903, the company had assets of some $28 million, second only to the National City Bank of New York among financial institutions in the city. To reflect this, the company purchased the Broadway buildings and site. At the end of the Wells-Fargo reign in 1914, an aggressive new president, George Chadbourne Taylor (1868–1923), who had Document [124] (Title: Charles Black (counterfeiter)) of them. Charles Black (counterfeiter) Charles Black (1928-2012) produced counterfeit British and U.S. currency together with traveller's cheques for a number of years before being arrested. As a testament to his skills, his techniques rendered the U.S Department of the Treasury's detection equipment obsolete. He was born in Lewisham, London. It was while he was in prison, serving a sentence for car-ringing, that he was introduced to the art of forgery. Black's mastery of the subject could only be exclaimed at by those responsible for his arrest and conviction. He was locked inside for a jail term for the forgeries. Document [125] (Title: John Creswell) Creswell appointed black Union veteran and first Medal of Honor hero, William Carney, letter carrier of Bedford, Massachusetts. On April 20, 1870 Creswell appointed John W. Curry Washington D.C.'s first black postman. Creswell also appointed Isaac Myers of Baltimore the first African American postal inspector. President Grant, at the beginning of his first term in office initiated an attempt to annex the Dominican Republic, then known as Santo Domingo. President Grant believed that the annexation and eventual statehood of the island country would add to American mineral resources and serve as a refuge for African Americans, who were harassed by Document [126] (Title: Black Star Line) in the first World War. After having been renamed the SS "Antonio Maceo" by the Black Star Line, it blew a boiler and killed a man. Besides oversold and poorly conditioned ships, the Black Star Line was beset by mismanagement and infiltration by agents of J. Edgar Hoover's Bureau of Investigation (the forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation), including the first African-American agent hired by the bureau, James Wormley Jones, who became an intimate of Garvey, and other agents who − according to historian Winston James − sabotaged it by throwing foreign matter into the fuel, damaging the engines. Document [127] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or Document [128] (Title: Theodore M. Pomeroy) equally huge debts and in 1868, the company was acquired and merged with the American Merchants Union, now known as the American Express Company. Pomeroy stayed on and served as first vice-president and general counsel, along with co-founder William Fargo and later with William's brother, J. C. Fargo, in 1868. On September 4, 1855, while serving his second term as District Attorney, he married Elizabeth Leitch Watson (1835–1892), the second daughter of Robert Watson, also of Auburn. Elizabeth's sister, Janet MacNeil Watson (1839–1913), married William H. Seward Jr. (1839–1920). Together, they had five children. Pomeroy retired from public life in Document [129] (Title: T206 Honus Wagner) they are inner city black men in a hobby that has been dominated by successful white men. Cobb, like Mastro back in the late 1980s, does not divulge the exact details of how he came to own the card. He has stated he purchased the card at an estate sale for $1,800 in 1983 or 1984, a bargain for the card at that time. When Cobb and Edwards tried to sell the card on eBay in 2002, a Newport, Kentucky attorney filed a police report against the two men because he believed the card was a reprint that was stolen Document [130] (Title: American Express) was renamed Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. However, when Harvey Golub became CEO of American Express in 1993, American Express decided to get out of the investment banking business and negotiated the sale of Shearson's retail brokerage and asset management business to Primerica. The Shearson business was merged with Primerica's Smith Barney to create Smith Barney Shearson. Ultimately, the Shearson name was dropped in 1994. In 1994, American Express spun off of the remaining investment banking and institutional businesses as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. After almost fifteen years of independence, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection in 2008 as part of Document [131] (Title: Citibank) noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, "South Pacific", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its "First National City Charge Service" credit card—popularly known as the Document [132] (Title: Black Jack (stamp)) Black Jack (stamp) Black Jack or Blackjack was the 2-Cent denomination United States postage stamp issued from July 1, 1863 to 1869, is generally referred to as the "Black Jack" due to the large portraiture of the United States President, Andrew Jackson on its face printed in pitch black. The stamp was issued to fulfill a need for a reduced rate, 2-Cent denomination for newspaper, magazine, and local deliveries; and was often used to "make up" higher rates, or split in half to make up lower ones (a 1-Cent stamp) due to shortages at the local post office. During the Document [133] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) left Bank of America two months before the bank's statewide rollout was complete. The bank lost almost US$9 million in just over a year after the cards were introduced. During the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, Williams published "The New York Standard", one of several alternative newspapers that were published during the 114-day strike that hit the city's major newspapers. He formed the Uni-Serve Corporation in 1962 and bought the credit card operations from Chase Manhattan Bank for US$9 million, the value of the unit's unpaid billings. Uni-Serve was sold to American Express in 1965, with Williams remaining as Document [134] (Title: White & Case) as "one of the biggest swindles in history." Continental Illinois had US$20 million of outstanding loans, and the case resulted in one of the largest financial settlements in history at the time, in which American Express paid its creditors US$57.9 million in cash and up to US$30 million of recoveries from insurance and other sources. Few individuals changed the firm more than James Hurlock, who shaped the firm's global presence and structure as its head from 1980 until 2000. Hurlock was a Rhodes Scholar who spent ten of his first 16 years with White & Case in Europe. Two early Document [135] (Title: Lewis Black) not inform the O&A show that the bus's route was also the route that President Clinton was using that day. Twenty-eight hours after their arrest, Black and Norton were released. Black appeared on "The Daily Show" the following night where he stated he was exercising his constitutional rights. He then joked that the location of this particular right was unclear, but that it was "between 'all men are created equal' and 'don't shit where you eat.' Lewis Black Lewis Niles Black (born August 30, 1948) is an American stand-up comedian, author, playwright, social critic and actor. He is best known Document [136] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) president of the unit until 1966 and as the unit's chairman until 1968. Williams died at age 88 on November 8, 2003 at his home in Atlantis, Florida. Joseph P. Williams Joseph P. Williams (born c. 1915 – November 8, 2003) was the creator of the BankAmericard, the first nationwide bank credit card, which later evolved into the VISA brand. Williams was born in Newark, New Jersey. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and served as an infantry officer in the United States Army during World War II. As an admirer of A.P. Giannini's aggressive banking approach at the Bank Document [137] (Title: American Express) paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional Document [138] (Title: Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon) Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220 (1987), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning arbitration of private securities fraud claims arising under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. By a 5–4 margin the Court held that its holding in a 1953 case, "Wilko v. Swan", that the nonwaiver provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 prevented the mandatory arbitration of such claims, did not apply to claims under the 1934 Act due to differences in the corresponding language of the two statutes, reversing a decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals Document [139] (Title: Charles Black (counterfeiter)) Charles Black (counterfeiter) Charles Black (1928-2012) produced counterfeit British and U.S. currency together with traveller's cheques for a number of years before being arrested. As a testament to his skills, his techniques rendered the U.S Department of the Treasury's detection equipment obsolete. He was born in Lewisham, London. It was while he was in prison, serving a sentence for car-ringing, that he was introduced to the art of forgery. Black's mastery of the subject could only be exclaimed at by those responsible for his arrest and conviction. He was locked inside for a jail term for the forgeries. Upon release, Document [140] (Title: Accolades Card) Bank, and Family Wealth Advisers were qualified to have the annual fee waived each year if they maintained assets greater than $350,000 with BOA and their affiliates. The main competitor in this credit card segment is the American Express Centurion Card, which is black in color. The Luxury Institute's recent survey of customer preferences ranked two American Express Cards in the top two; Centurion Card first and Platinum card second. Special access, unparalleled benefits and enhanced customer experience were cited as the reasons for its high regard among customers as well as justification for the $2,500 annual fee for the Document [141] (Title: Henry Thomas Windsor) & Hatch and printed in sheets of 42. Henry Thomas Windsor Henry Thomas Windsor was the owner of "The City Despatch Post Company" of New York which issued the first Stamp in the USA. A black/grey three cent stamp depicting the head of George Washington. Windsor was a merchant from London who was inspired by Rowland Hill's postal reforms in Great Britain including the issuing of the world's first stamp the Penny Black. Windsor with his wife Elizabeth sailed from Liverpool in April 1841, reaching New York in May. Up to the autumn of that year he spent his time Document [142] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) Wells Fargo at St. Louis, Missouri. Also, from about this time until his death in 1881, Morgan was a director of American Express. By the time Morgan became involved, American Express had its headquarters in Manhattan. Morgan was first nominated for a seat in Congress in 1850, but he was defeated by 14 votes. Morgan was elected to Congress in 1852 as a Whig, in 1854 as an Opposition Party candidate, and in 1856 as a Republican. He represented New York's 25th congressional district from March 4, 1853 until March 3, 1859. In 1855–56 he was chairman of the Committee Document [143] (Title: Traveler's cheque) volume. American Express's introduction of traveler's cheques is traditionally attributed to employee Marcellus Flemming Berry, after company president J.C. Fargo had problems in smaller European cities obtaining funds with a letter of credit. Between the 1650s and the 1990s, traveler's cheques became one of the main ways that people took money on vacation for use in foreign countries without the risks associated with carrying large amounts of cash. Several brands of travelers cheques have been marketed; the most familiar of those were Thomas Cook Group, Bank of America and American Express. The convenience and wider acceptance of such alternatives as Document [144] (Title: Eli M. Black) of taxes on banana exports. A few weeks before the scandal broke, on February 3, 1975, Black went to his office on the forty-fourth floor of the Pan Am Building in Manhattan. At about 8:00 a.m., he broke the window with his briefcase and jumped to his death, landing on the northbound ramp of Park Avenue beside motorists. He was remembered favorably by a number of prominent people, including Senator Abraham Ribicoff and Amyas Ames, the chairman of Lincoln Center. United Farm Workers president Cesar Chavez said that his career was proof that management could work with farm labor "for Document [145] (Title: Karl Malden) he portrayed a Catholic priest and used the same Bible he had used in "On the Waterfront". Malden delivered the line "Don't leave home without them!" in a series of U.S. television commercials for American Express traveler's cheques in the 1970s and 1980s. He also advertised the American Express card, with the famous opening line, "Do you know me?" These ads were occasionally spoofed on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Malden was a member of the United States Postal Service's 16-member Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee, which meets to review recommendations for U.S. commemorative postage stamps. On December 18, 1938, Document [146] (Title: Ogilvy (agency)) Express credit card would be. The campaign ran until 1987. A campaign called "Portraits" followed "Do You Know Me". "Portraits" showed card-carrying personalities like Tip O'Neil and Ella Fitzgerald in leisure activities. The campaign was photographed by Annie Leibovitz and named "Print Campaign of the Decade" by "Advertising Age" in 1990. Ogilvy & Mather launched the slogan "My Life. My Card." in 2004 with ads featuring celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres and Tiger Woods. In June 2017 American Express shifted almost all the business it had given to Ogilvy to McGarryBowen. Ogilvy & Mather won Merrill Lynch's print and television Document [147] (Title: William Black (businessman)) have been older (1898-1902?) and possibly emigrated from Russia with his family when he was four years old. He worked nights to pay for his education and in 1926 graduated from Columbia University in New York with a degree in engineering. He failed to find suitable employment, so with a start up fund of $250, he began selling nuts to passers-by from a stand located on Broadway and Forty-Third Street. The venture was profitable, and within six years Black had expanded his business to eighteen small stores called Chock Full o’Nuts. Sales dipped during the Great Depression, so Black adapted Document [148] (Title: American Express) the late–2000s financial crisis. Former CEO Ken I. Chenault took over leadership of American Express in 2001 from Harvey Golub, CEO from 1993 to 2001. Prior to that, the company was headed by James D. Robinson III from 1977 to 1993, Howard L. Clark Sr. from 1960 to 1977, and Ralph Reed from 1944 to 1960. Current CEO: Stephen Joseph Squeri since Feb 1, 2018. American Express executives discussed the possibility of launching a travel charge card as early as 1946, but it was not until Diners Club launched a card in March 1950 that American Express began to seriously Document [149] (Title: Jason J. Hogg) acted as president of the company until Blackstone Tactical Opportunities acquired it in 2000. (11) From 2002-2005, he served as chief operating officer of Medsite, which was later sold to WebMD Health in September 2006 for $41 million USD. Hogg and his group of investors launched Revolution Money Inc., a secure electronic payment platform, in 2005. After four years of development, he sold the firm for $300 million to American Express Co. in the summer of 2009 Upon purchase, Hogg joined American Express, and continued to lead the Revolution Money business, becoming President of American Express Serve Enterprise and responsible Document [150] (Title: Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.) do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term "credit card" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book "Looking Backward". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit Document [151] (Title: American Express) card that serves the same purposes as a traveler's check, but can be used in stores like a credit card. AmEx discontinued the card of October 31, 2007, due to "changing market conditions" and issued refund checks to cardholders for the remaining balances. During the 1980s, American Express began purchasing stock brokerage firms as part of an expansion. In mid-1981 it purchased Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Loeb Rhoades, the second largest securities firm in the United States to form Shearson/American Express. Shearson Loeb Rhoades, itself was the culmination of several mergers in the 1970s as Weill's Hayden, Stone & Co. Question: who had the first american express black card Answer: Jerry Seinfeld Long Answer: Jerry Seinfeld claimed in a 2018 episode of his web show "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee" (with guest John Mulaney) that American Express began issuing the Black Card after Seinfeld asked the Amex president about it, and that Seinfeld (who was their ad pitchman) was given the first one. Gold Document ID: 122

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: American Express) 2016. By March 2, 2015, Costco announced that Citigroup would become the exclusive issuer of Costco's credit cards and that Visa Inc. would replace American Express as the exclusive credit card network accepted at Costco's stores in the United States. The Costco deal with Visa began on June 20, 2016, and in addition to the new Citi card, Costco accepted all other Visa cards. All TrueEarnings card accounts and balances held by American Express were sold to Citigroup, and new Costco Anywhere Visa cards were sent to Costco members prior to the switch date. Concurrent with the switch to Visa, Document [2] (Title: ABCorp) also printed the admission tickets) in Chicago. On July 1, 1894 American delivered its entire stamp-producing operation to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, D.C., where U.S. stamps were still printed up into the 1990s. In 1933, the company printed the second series of Bank Melli Iran banknotes. In 1943 the U.S. Post Office launched a series of thirteen stamps honoring the countries that had been overrun by the axis during World War II. Each stamp featured a full-color reproduction of one of the occupied nations. While the Bureau of Engraving and Printing had previously issued bi-colored Document [3] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) Black Card (Mastercard) Black Card LLC is an American financial services company that offers the Black Card (MasterCard), a rewards credit card issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. As of 2015, the card has an annual membership fee of $495 for the account holder, and $195 for every additional authorized user on the account. In 2015, the Black Card was rebranded from Visa to a MasterCard. Holders of the stainless steel card receive membership perks including cash-back bonuses, a 24/7 concierge service, gifts, worldwide acceptance, and "Luxury Magazine", a members-only quarterly magazine in print and digital form, similar to AmEx's Black Document [4] (Title: Penny Black) Black design features in the innovations section of the new British passport in 2015. Also in 2015, the search engine Google marked the 175th anniversary of the postage stamp with a Google doodle of the Penny Black. Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but was not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an Document [5] (Title: Centurion Card) ruling that Black Card, LLC's trademark of the name "Black Card" should be canceled on grounds that it was merely descriptive. (See also "American Express Marketing and Development Corp, et al. v. Black Card, LLC", 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133151 (S.D.N.Y. November 17, 2011.) Today, Black Card LLC uses the registered trademark under license as a MasterCard issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. It has similar features, such as the members-only "Luxury Magazine" in print and digital form. Centurion Card The American Express Centurion Card, known informally as the Amex Black Card, is an invitation-only charge card issued by American Express Document [6] (Title: Richard Black) and Timothy, and seven grandchildren. His wife, Virginia Black, died in 2003. Richard Black Harry Richard Black (October 10, 1921 – March 30, 2014) was an American commercial artist, illustrator, and portraitist. Black created the original Mr. Clean mascot for Procter & Gamble's household cleaner during the 1950s. Richard Black was born on October 10, 1921, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He enrolled at Syracuse University, but left the school to enlist in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He moved to Ohio after the war and opened an art studio in Dayton. He also taught art at both the Document [7] (Title: American Express) credit card. Another specialized American Express business card is the American Express Corporate Purchasing Card, which can be assigned to individual employees or departments. Reconciliation and accounting services are available to make these functions easier for the corporation. In December 2000, American Express agreed to acquire the US$226 million credit card portfolio of Bank of Hawaii, then a division of Pacific Century Financial Corp. In January 2006, American Express sold its Bank of Hawaii card portfolio to Bank of America (MBNA). Bank of America will issue Visa and American Express cards under the Bank of Hawaii name. Until 2004, Visa Document [8] (Title: American Express) not positioned to be named CEO and left in August 1985. In 1984, American Express acquired the investment banking and trading firm Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, and added it to the Shearson family, creating Shearson Lehman/American Express. It was Lehman's CEO and former trader Lewis Glucksman who would next lead Shearson Lehman/American Express. In 1984, Shearson/American Express purchased the 90-year-old Investors Diversified Services, bringing with it a fleet of financial advisors and investment products. In 1988, Shearson Lehman acquired the brokerage firm E.F. Hutton & Co.. E.F. Hutton was merged with the investment banking business and the investment banking arm Document [9] (Title: Jay Black) comedy routine. Jay and his brother speak Yiddish fluently. In 1966, he recorded a Yiddish song "Where Is My Village" about the Holocaust. In 2006, Black completed bankruptcy proceedings in Manhattan, after he accrued a $500,000 debt in back taxes to the IRS as a result of his gambling addiction. The IRS initially sought to force him to sell the rights to perform as "Jay Black" as well as the trademark for "Jay and the Americans" in order to satisfy his debt to the IRS. Black did, however, win a partial victory in the case, which granted him the right Document [10] (Title: American Express) has renamed the building for itself. American Express extended its reach nationwide by arranging affiliations with other express companies (including Wells Fargo – the replacement for the two former companies that merged to form American Express), railroads, and steamship companies. In 1857, American Express started its expansion in the area of financial services by launching a money order business to compete with the United States Post Office's money orders. Sometime between 1888 and 1890, J. C. Fargo took a trip to Europe and returned frustrated and infuriated. Despite the fact that he was president of American Express and that he Document [11] (Title: Robert Black (serial killer)) legal right, Black refused to cooperate with the detectives in their investigation. Investigators contacted Poster, Dispatch and Storage Ltd to establish whether travel records could confirm his whereabouts on crucial dates linked to the investigation. Staff at this firm were able to confirm that Black had always bought petrol using credit cards, the receipts of which he would then submit to his firm to claim expenses. These files, plus several historical delivery schedules, were still in the company's archives. Investigators discovered that Black had made scheduled delivery runs to the areas where the abductions had occurred on the relevant dates, Document [12] (Title: Diners Club International) establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the "member card" arena, providing millions Document [13] (Title: Eli M. Black) the betterment of all." Black served as a trustee of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, The American Jewish Committee, the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Babson College, the Jewish Guild for the Blind, and the Jewish Museum. He had also served as chairman of the "Commentary Magazine" publication committee. After Black's death, Seymour Milstein and Paul Milstein bought into United Fruit. Black's suicide was the inspiration for a scene in the 1994 screwball comedy film "The Hudsucker Proxy". Eli M. Black E. M. Black (April 9, 1921 – February 3, 1975) was a Polish-born American businessman. He controlled the Document [14] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) of business, and requiring them to raise prices to consumers. The DOJ's suit was joined by the states of Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio and Texas. Visa and MasterCard immediately settled with the DOJ without any fines, agreeing to remove the anti-steering language imposed on merchants. However, American Express defended its practice, and continued to fight the lawsuit. During the pre-trial period, additional states also joined the other plaintiffs, including Arizona, Idaho, Illinois, New Hampshire, Montana, Nebraska, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Utah; Hawaii had also joined but later dismissed its claims before the trial. In February 2015, following Document [15] (Title: American Express) entitled "The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman." In late 2004, American Express launched the "My life. My card." brand campaign, and later the "Are You a Cardmember?" brand campaign in 2007 (both by Ogilvy & Mather), featuring famous American Express cardmembers talking about their lives. The ads have featured actors/actresses Kate Winslet,<ref name="amex-adsoftheworld-04/2009"></ref> Robert De Niro, Ken Watanabe, and Tina Fey; Duke University basketball coach Mike Krzyzewski; fashion designers Collette Dinnigan and Diane von Fürstenberg; comedian and talk show hostess Ellen DeGeneres; golfer Tiger Woods; professional snowboarder Shaun White; tennis pros Venus Williams, Andy Roddick, and Andre Agassi; surfer Laird Document [16] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) to come up with an advertising tag line for the business. Ogilvy came back with the highly successful slogans "Do You Know Me" and "Don’t leave home without it". By the time Waters stepped down as Executive Vice President and President of Travel Related Services in 1978, the American Express Card was accepted worldwide at every major travel establishment. The card had 9.5 million members, was generating close $1 billion in revenue, and accounted for the largest share of the company’s net income. Still today, the American Express Card remains one of the most recognizable global brand names and the Document [17] (Title: American Fletcher National Bank) state. Woollen had died just a month prior to the completion of the merger. Frank E. McKinney, the leader of Fidelity since 1935, became in charge of AFNB. American Fletcher was one of the earliest issuers of bank credit cards within the state of Indiana with the introduction of their proprietary AFNB Charge Card in May 1966. By early 1967, the AFNB Charge Card was associated with the regional Midwest Bank Card System, an early forerunner of MasterCard. Outside of Marion County, American Fletcher franchised their charge card to other Indiana banks, such as the Merchants National Bank of Terre Document [18] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) was widely known as "the Black Card" before the launch of the Black Card (then Visa card), despite never seeking to trademark that name itself. American Express filed suit against Black Card LLC in February 2010, claiming that the trademark was obtained improperly and sought injunctive relief. This suit was concluded in November 2011, with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruling that Black Card, LLC's trademark of the name "Black Card" should be canceled on grounds that it was merely descriptive. (See also "American Express Marketing and Development Corp, et al. v. Black Card, Document [19] (Title: American Express) film correspondent with the German army. In March 2014, American Express announced that it signed an agreement to create a joint venture for business travel and spun off its corporate travel business as American Express Global Business Travel. The American Express Publishing Corporation published the "Travel + Leisure," "Food & Wine," "Executive Travel", "Black Ink", and "Departures" magazines until October 1, 2013, when it sold those titles to Time Inc. It publishes "American Express Skyguide" and is based in New York City. , Time Inc. is restructuring the portfolio of publications. American Express FSB (federal savings bank) is a direct Document [20] (Title: Stephen Squeri) and Manhattan College. Squeri also serves as a member of the board of governors for Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School in Queens. Squeri joined American Express in 1985 as a manager in the Travellers Cheque Group. From 2000 to 2002, he served as President of the Establishment Services group in the U.S. and Canada, and he was President of the Corporate Card group from 2002 to 2005, during which time he globalized the business. He became the company’s Chief Information Officer in 2005 and also led the Corporate Development function, overseeing mergers and acquisitions. In 2009, he was named Group Document [21] (Title: Henry Thomas Windsor) Henry Thomas Windsor Henry Thomas Windsor was the owner of "The City Despatch Post Company" of New York which issued the first Stamp in the USA. A black/grey three cent stamp depicting the head of George Washington. Windsor was a merchant from London who was inspired by Rowland Hill's postal reforms in Great Britain including the issuing of the world's first stamp the Penny Black. Windsor with his wife Elizabeth sailed from Liverpool in April 1841, reaching New York in May. Up to the autumn of that year he spent his time visiting friends in Boston and Baltimore. In travelling Document [22] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) other cards. This also affected the promotion of other cards offered within the institution's network, such as using debit cards with lower fees compared to credit cards. In October 2010, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), after receiving numerous complaints that the anti-steering language violating antitrust laws and following two years of investigation, filed a civil anti-trust lawsuit against Visa, MasterCard, and American Express in United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The DOJ asserted that with in transaction fees each year, the practices of these three institutions prevented merchants from reducing their own costs Document [23] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) leading profit center for the company. George Waters (businessman) George Waters (1916–2003) was a pioneer in the credit card industry who is credited with transforming the American Express Card into a global brand and the flagship product of the American Express Company. Upon his retirement from American Express in 1980, Waters was bestowed with the title, "Father of the American Express Card". George Waters graduated from Indiana University in 1938 and was hired by IBM in its sales and marketing program. During World War II, he joined the US Army Air Forces where he served as Deputy Chief of Staff Document [24] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) LLC", 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 133151 (S.D.N.Y. November 17, 2011.) Today, it uses the registered trademark under license. Black Card (Mastercard) Black Card LLC is an American financial services company that offers the Black Card (MasterCard), a rewards credit card issued by Barclays Bank Delaware. As of 2015, the card has an annual membership fee of $495 for the account holder, and $195 for every additional authorized user on the account. In 2015, the Black Card was rebranded from Visa to a MasterCard. Holders of the stainless steel card receive membership perks including cash-back bonuses, a 24/7 concierge service, gifts, Document [25] (Title: American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner) American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner Australian costume designer Lizzy Gardiner wore a dress made of 254 American Express Gold cards to the 67th Academy Awards on March 27, 1995, where she won an Oscar for Best Costume Design. All of the cards were genuine, but had expired. It has been called one of the worst Oscar dresses of all time. The gown had originally been conceived for the film "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" along with many other outlandish costumes such as one made solely out of pink flip flops, but American Express had Document [26] (Title: Diners Club International) Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a "Gold Card" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was Document [27] (Title: Accolades Card) Accolades Card The Merrill Accolades American Express Card, previously known as the Bank of America Accolades Card, was the first premium credit card offered by Bank of America. It is targeted exclusively at the bank's "affluent, wealthy and ultra- wealthy clients served through Premier Banking & Investments, The Private Bank of Bank of America and its extension, Family Wealth Advisors." The card is notable as it is the bank's foray into a new market segment as well as a product offered as a result of the bank's acquisition of another bank, U.S. Trust, particularly since the larger Bank of America Document [28] (Title: Mastercard) from doing business with American Express. Such exclusionary clauses and other written evidence were used by the United States Department of Justice in regulatory actions against Mastercard and Visa. Discover has sued Mastercard for similar issues. In 1996 about 4 million merchants sued Mastercard in federal court for making them accept debit cards if they wanted to accept credit cards and dramatically increasing credit card swipe fees. This case was settled with a multibillion-dollar payment in 2003. This was the largest anti-trust award in history. In 1998, the Department of Justice sued Mastercard over rules prohibiting their issuing banks from Document [29] (Title: Hugo Black) correct what he termed abuses of "fraud and collusion" resulting from the Air Mail Act of 1930, he introduced the Black-McKellar Bill, later the Air Mail Act of 1934. The following year he participated in a Senate committee's investigation of lobbying practices. He publicly denounced the "highpowered, deceptive, telegram-fixing, letterframing, Washington-visiting" lobbyists, and advocated legislation requiring them to publicly register their names and salaries. In 1935, during the Great Depression, Black became chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, a position he would hold for the remainder of his Senate career. In 1937 he sponsored the Black-Connery Bill, Document [30] (Title: American Express) Europe, because other financial institutions refused to assist these stranded travelers. The British government appointed American Express its official agent at the beginning of World War I. They were to deliver letters, money and relief parcels to British prisoners of war. Their employees went into camps to cash drafts for both British and French prisoners and arranged for them to receive money from home. By the end of the war they were delivering 150 tonnes of parcels per day to prisoners in six countries. American Express became one of the monopolies that President Theodore Roosevelt had the Interstate Commerce Commission Document [31] (Title: Van Lear Black) Van Lear Black Van Lear Black (18 December 187518 August 1930) was an American publisher and civil aviation pioneer. Black was born in Cumberland, Maryland as part of a wealthy family with a lineage to the American Revolution. He married Jessie Gary and had four children. Gary was the daughter of James A. Gary, Postmaster General under McKinley. In 1910 Black bought the estate "Folly Quarter" in Ellicott City, Maryland now known as the Shrine of St. Anthony. He restored it to its original condition and used it to entertain 500-700 political and publishing guests at a time, later selling Document [32] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) Edwin B. Morgan Edwin Barber Morgan (May 2, 1806 – October 13, 1881) was an entrepreneur and politician from the Finger Lakes region of western New York. He was the first president of Wells Fargo & Company, founder of the United States Express Company, and director of American Express Company. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New York and served for three terms. Edwin Barber Morgan was born in Aurora, New York, the eldest son of Christopher and Nancy (Barber) Morgan. The family was descended from Owain Gwynedd, once Prince of Wales. Educated at the Document [33] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) George Waters (businessman) George Waters (1916–2003) was a pioneer in the credit card industry who is credited with transforming the American Express Card into a global brand and the flagship product of the American Express Company. Upon his retirement from American Express in 1980, Waters was bestowed with the title, "Father of the American Express Card". George Waters graduated from Indiana University in 1938 and was hired by IBM in its sales and marketing program. During World War II, he joined the US Army Air Forces where he served as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Office of Statistical Control. Document [34] (Title: Marcus Garvey) investigation into the activities of Garvey and the UNIA. Toward this end, the BOI hired James Edward Amos, Arthur Lowell Brent, Thomas Leon Jefferson, James Wormley Jones, and Earl E. Titus as its first five African-American agents. Although initial efforts by the BOI were to find grounds upon which to deport Garvey as "an undesirable alien", a charge of mail fraud was brought against Garvey in connection with stock sales of the Black Star Line after the U.S. Post Office and the Attorney General joined the investigation. At the National Conference of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1921, a Document [35] (Title: J. C. Fargo) president of American Express and that he carried with him traditional letters of credit, he found it difficult to obtain cash anywhere, except in major cities. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to create a better solution than the traditional letter of credit. Berry, who had invented the express money order in 1882, created the American Express Traveler's Cheque, which was launched in 1891 in denominations of $10, $20, $50, and $100. Fargo married Fannie Parsons Stuart (1833–1896) on December 15, 1863. Together, they had: Two of his children worked at the American, National, and Westcott Express Document [36] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) that avoided the need for credit limits and allowed card members to establish their own responsible spending patterns. Drawing on his Air Force computer experience, he installed a data processing system that kept track of card activity and improved accounting controls. Next, he terminated card members who were not paying their bills on time – approximately one third of the card base. He then raised the annual card fee to $8.00 from $6.00 and raised the discount rate - the percentage of the sale that the service establishments had to pay American Express – from 3% to 7%. To make Document [37] (Title: Charge card) by the card operator were lower than the store's cost in running their own store accounts. In 1957, American Express also entered the field, and in 1959 was the first company to issue embossed plastic charge cards to ISO/IEC 7810 standards. In Europe, the MasterCard-affiliated Maestro brand (which is a debit card rather than a charge card) replaced the European Eurocheque brand for payment cards in 2002. Many Eurocheque cards, particularly in such countries as Austria and Germany, were charge cards branded with the Eurocheque logo. In addition, the European Eurocard, issued as the competitor for American Express was, and Document [38] (Title: American Express) consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American Document [39] (Title: ABCorp) a massive number of official U.S. high security documents) was produced by Crane and Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts. In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing a new form of money for a longtime customer: the American Express "Travelers Cheque." In its first year, American Express sold $9,120 worth of its new invention. During 2000, sales of American Express Traveler's Cheques totaled $24.6 billion. In 1894, ABNCo completed the final contract for the private printing of American stamps. Perhaps their most popular stamps were the one cent to $5 issues commemorating the 1892–93 Columbian Exposition (for which they had Document [40] (Title: American Express) carried with him traditional letters of credit, he found it difficult to obtain cash anywhere except in major cities. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to create a better solution than the letter of credit. Berry introduced the American Express Traveler's Cheque which was launched in 1891 in denominations of $10, $20, $50, and $100. Traveler's cheques established American Express as a truly international company. In 1914, at the onset of World War I, American Express in Europe was among the few companies to honor the letters of credit (issued by various banks) held by Americans in Document [41] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) Joseph P. Williams Joseph P. Williams (born c. 1915 – November 8, 2003) was the creator of the BankAmericard, the first nationwide bank credit card, which later evolved into the VISA brand. Williams was born in Newark, New Jersey. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and served as an infantry officer in the United States Army during World War II. As an admirer of A.P. Giannini's aggressive banking approach at the Bank of America, he drove to San Francisco after completing his military service and approached Giannini for a job at the bank. Diners Club, the first major travel and Document [42] (Title: Centurion Card) are exclusive to Centurion members. As of 2015, they have a Champagne option of Veuve Clicquot and a single malt scotch by Balvenie. Several original Centurion program benefits have been discontinued, including: Since the inception of the card, members have received a copy of "Departures", which is also sent to all Platinum Card cardholders. In 2004, American Express Centurion members in the US began receiving an exclusive "no name" magazine, which was not available by any other means. Starting with the Spring 2007 edition, this magazine was officially titled Black Ink. The magazine is available only to individual Centurion cardholders, Document [43] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) was still more work to be done. The card was still not widely accepted by airlines and hotels. But Waters soon convinced American Airlines to drop its card and accept the American Express Card. Soon afterwards, all other major airlines followed. Next, Waters negotiated an exclusive arrangement with the American Hotel Association and soon thereafter, the card became broadly accepted at hotels in Europe and throughout the world. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Waters went on to build the brand and expand the franchise globally. He and American Express CEO James D. Robinson commissioned Andrew Kershaw at Ogilvy and Mather Document [44] (Title: American Express) Financial, to its shareholders. On September 30, 2005, RSM McGladrey acquired American Express Tax & Business Services (TBS). In 2008, Standard Chartered Bank acquired American Express Bank Ltd, the international banking subsidiary of American Express for US$823 million. American Express established a Travel Division in 1915 that tied together all earlier efforts at making travel easier, and soon established its first travel agencies. In the 1930s, the Travel Division had grown widely. Albert K. Dawson was instrumental in expanding business operations overseas, even investing in tourist relations with the Soviet Union. During World War I, Dawson was a photographer and Document [45] (Title: American Express Plum Card) American Express Plum Card The Plum Card is a charge card issued by American Express' OPEN small business division in the fall of 2007. Initially there were to be only 10,000 cards issued. Some of the first 10,000 cardmembers were featured in advertising. In the spring of 2008, additional applications were made available. The card's color, as the name suggests, is plum, a deep purple. The Plum Card offers cardmembers the option of an early pay discount of 1.5%, (to those who any amount as long as their minimum payment is covered within ten days of the statement closing date) Document [46] (Title: American Express) offer American Express contactless payment, including Meijer, Walgreens, Best Buy, Chevron Corporation, Starbucks, and McDonald's. American Express OPEN, the small-business branch of American Express, offers various types of charge cards for small businesses to manage their expenses. In late 2007, the company announced the new Plum Card as the latest addition to their card line for small business owners. The card provides a 1.5% early pay discount or up to two months to defer payment on purchases. The 1.5% discount is available for billing periods where the cardmember spends at least $5,000. The first 10,000 cards were issued to members Document [47] (Title: American Express) more affluent and elite customer segment. The card was initially available only to select users of the Platinum card. The annual fee for the card in the United States is $2,500 (up from $1,000 at introduction) with an additional one-time initiation fee of $7,500. American Express created the card line amid rumors and urban legends in the 1980s that it produced an ultra-exclusive black card for elite users who could purchase anything with it. American Express cards issued in the United States range in cost between no annual fee (for Blue and many other consumer and business cards) and a Document [48] (Title: Eli M. Black) Eli M. Black E. M. Black (April 9, 1921 – February 3, 1975) was a Polish-born American businessman. He controlled the United Brands Company. His son Leon Black is a founding member of private equity firm Apollo Management. Born Elihu Menashe Blachowitz in Poland, he immigrated to the United States as a child. He attended Yeshiva University, and graduated at the top of his class in 1940. He also received training to be an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and served as the rabbi of a congregation in Woodmere, New York for three and a half years prior to entering business. His Document [49] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) the discount rate more palatable to merchants, Waters drew upon his supermarket marketing experience by partnering with merchants in a cooperating advertising program. Waters proposed to give back .5% of all charge card volume to merchants to fund cooperative ads that helped service establishments advertise their products, accompanied by the little blue box Amex logo at the bottom of the advertisement. The strategy soon worked. On the strength of its advertising and growing list of participating businesses, The American Express Card became profitable by 1962 and in 1964, American Express saw its volume of charged sales surpass Diners Club. There Document [50] (Title: American Express) American Express The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World Financial Center in New York City. The company was founded in 1850 and is one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is best known for its charge card, credit card, and traveler's cheque businesses. In 2016, credit cards using the American Express network accounted for 22.9% of the total dollar volume of credit card transactions in the US. , the company had 112.8 million cards in force, including 50 million cards in force Document [51] (Title: American Express) it the 23rd best company to work for. The officers of the company are listed on the company's website as follows: The members of the company's board of directors are listed on the company's website as follows: , American Express shares are mainly held by institutional investors (Berkshire Hathaway, Vanguard group, BlackRock, State Street Corporation and others.) The brand name, card design, and slogans have been parodied numerous times: People American Express The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World Financial Center in New York City. The company was Document [52] (Title: History of American Airlines) Sabre, with IBM; and built a terminal at Idlewild (now JFK) Airport in New York City, which became the airline's largest base. Vignelli Associates designed the AA eagle logo in 1967. Vignelli attributes the introduction of his firm to American Airlines to Henry Dreyfuss, the legendary AA design consultant. The logo was in use until January 17, 2013. In 1970 American Airlines had flights from St. Louis, Chicago, and New York to Honolulu and on to Sydney and Auckland via American Samoa and Nadi, Fiji. In 1971, American acquired Trans Caribbean Airways. On March 30, 1973 American became the first Document [53] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18% Document [54] (Title: American Express) and Mastercard rules prohibited issuers of their cards from issuing American Express cards in the United States. This meant, as a practical matter, that U.S. banks could not issue American Express cards. These rules were struck-down as a result of antitrust litigation brought by the U.S. Department of Justice, and are no longer in effect. In January 2004, American Express reached a deal to have its cards issued by a U.S. bank, MBNA America. Initially decried by Mastercard executives as nothing but an "experiment", these cards were released in October 2004. Some said that the relationship was going to be Document [55] (Title: Albert Black) Albert Black Albert C. Black, Jr. (born July 24, 1959) is an American businessman entrepreneur and community trailblazer. Albert serves as CEO and chairman of On Target Supplies and Logistics, a company he founded in 1982. Black served as the first African American Chairman of the Dallas Regional Chamber in Dallas, Texas. He traveled to 16 countries on joint trade missions with former Dallas Mayor Ron Kirk promoting goodwill and business relationships. As a young business founder, he had the opportunity to partner with the late Governor Ann Richards to advocate for small businesses across Texas and recruit companies from Document [56] (Title: The 3/50 Project) and Australia. The summer of 2010, American Express OPEN courted The 3/50 Project in hopes of becoming a financial sponsor. During those discussions, in late October, AmEx pitched a concept called ""Small Business Saturday,"" modeled on the Project and its message. Based on resulting financial assurances made by American Express, Baxter agreed to both their sponsorship of the Project and to be the national spokesperson for SBS in its inaugural year. The first Small Business Saturday occurred on November 27, 2010, a scant twenty days after being announced to the public, following the national mid-term elections new cycle. The increased Document [57] (Title: Van Lear Black) at a New Jersey beach. Black's newspaper staff worked diligently to disguise his guest, Mrs. J. Walter Lord, as an elderly cousin to avoid scandal. Van Lear Black Van Lear Black (18 December 187518 August 1930) was an American publisher and civil aviation pioneer. Black was born in Cumberland, Maryland as part of a wealthy family with a lineage to the American Revolution. He married Jessie Gary and had four children. Gary was the daughter of James A. Gary, Postmaster General under McKinley. In 1910 Black bought the estate "Folly Quarter" in Ellicott City, Maryland now known as the Shrine Document [58] (Title: James D. Robinson III) James D. Robinson III James Dixon Robinson III (born November 19, 1935, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American businessman best known for his position as the chief executive officer of American Express Co. from 1977 until his retirement in 1993. Robinson attended Woodberry Forest School and is a 1957 graduate of Georgia Tech's School of Industrial Management where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He earned an MBA from Harvard in 1961. James D. Robinson III served as Chairman & CEO of the American Express Company for approximately 16 years. He held additional positions at the company Document [59] (Title: American Express) earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included "The Knot" and "The Nest" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with Document [60] (Title: DeLorean DMC-12) For Christmas 1980, a DeLorean/American Express promotion planned to sell 100 24K-gold-plated DMC-12s for US$85,000 each to its gold-card members, but only two were sold. One of these was purchased by Roger Mize, president of Snyder National Bank in Snyder, Texas. VIN #4301 sat in the bank lobby for over 20 years before being loaned to the Petersen Automotive Museum of Los Angeles. It has a black interior and an automatic transmission. The second gold-plated American Express DMC-12 was purchased by Sherwood Marshall, an entrepreneur and former Royal Canadian Naval Officer. Marshall donated his DeLorean to the William F. Harrah Document [61] (Title: Black Cards) Black Cards Black Cards was an American electronic duo that formed in July 2010 as Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz's new main project following the band's indefinite hiatus. Originally conceived as a four-piece electropop band, Wentz played bass guitar and wrote the band's lyrics, while singer Bebe Rexha filled in on vocals. The pair met when Wentz and producer Sam Hollander overheard Rexha recording demos at their studio. Nate Patterson and Spencer Peterson completed the lineup with guitar and drums respectively. Shortly after forming, the group released songs to YouTube, and one to iTunes. Initially the band had planned Document [62] (Title: Luther Meade Blackman) lives on Bat Creek, is convinced that Blackman is the forger. Blackman was an engraver who lived near the Tipton farm. He was also a neighbor of Jim Lawson. Blackman held a Federal Patronage job from 1870 to about 1890. It was during this time that President Grover Cleveland created the 1883 Pendleton Act to fix the Pensions Claims Office and the Postal Service. Cleveland let many Republicans be replaced by Democrats, and this increased the tension between the Democratic and Republican parties. It has been suggested that the L. C. Houk political machine that ran the Republicans in East Document [63] (Title: Clarence Dunnaville) Dunaville then attended St. John's University School of Law in Brooklyn, New York. Upon graduating from law school and passing the New York bar exam, Dunnaville became the first African American to work for the Internal Revenue Service. In 1961 he began work for then United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (and later New York City District Attorney) Robert Morganthau, whom he considers his most important mentor. He then became the first lawyer of color hired by AT&T (in 1965), and its Western Electric subsidiary in 1967 permitted him to take leave to work on civil Document [64] (Title: American Express) the architectural and cultural heritage, with the aim of raising awareness on the importance of historical and environmental conservation, through the restoration of historical monuments. American Express is a founder sponsor of the global program "World Monuments Watch", launched in 1995 by World Monuments Fund. During the first edition of Corporate Art Awards, in 2016 American Express received by pptArt the Corporate Art Award for its international restoration program. In April 1986, American Express moved its headquarters to the 51-story Three World Financial Center in New York City. After the events of September 11, 2001, American Express had to leave Document [65] (Title: John McGiver) including the very first of a long running popular series of commercials for the American Express charge card ("Do you know me?"). McGiver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the Jesuit-run Regis High School in Manhattan in 1932. He earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University in 1938 and master's degrees from Columbia University and Catholic University. He became an English teacher and worked as an actor and director in New York's Irish Repertory Theater. He interrupted those activities and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and served as Document [66] (Title: Centurion Card) Centurion Card The American Express Centurion Card, known informally as the Amex Black Card, is an invitation-only charge card issued by American Express to platinum card holders after they meet certain criteria. There are three different issues of the Centurion Card: personal, business, and corporate. In 1999 American Express introduced the Centurion Card to cater to the very wealthy. The card was initially available only to selected users of the company's Platinum Card. To become a Centurion cardholder, one must meet American Express eligibility criteria. Cardholders are required to pay an annual fee, and in some countries also an initiation Document [67] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) which he was known even after he was no longer active in the militia. He was a director and first president of Wells Fargo & Company, organized March 18, 1852, by his fellow townsman Henry Wells, who had been a founder of the American Express Company in 1850. Wells Fargo was developed specifically to offer express mail, shipping and banking services to California, where thousands of people were being drawn as the Gold Rush spurred migration and development. In 1854 Morgan founded the United States Express Company to provide similar express mail services for the Southern states. It connected with Document [68] (Title: Small Business Saturday) of American Express. The first event was sponsored by American Express, in partnership with the non-profit National Trust for Historic Preservation, Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino, and Roslindale Village Main Street. In 2010, the holiday was promoted by American Express via a nationwide radio and television advertising campaign. That year Amex bought advertising inventory on Facebook, which it in turn gave to its small merchant account holders, and also gave rebates to new customers to promote the event. American Express publicized the initiative using social media, advertising, and public relations. Many local politicians and small business groups in the United Document [69] (Title: Richard Black) Richard Black Harry Richard Black (October 10, 1921 – March 30, 2014) was an American commercial artist, illustrator, and portraitist. Black created the original Mr. Clean mascot for Procter & Gamble's household cleaner during the 1950s. Richard Black was born on October 10, 1921, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He enrolled at Syracuse University, but left the school to enlist in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He moved to Ohio after the war and opened an art studio in Dayton. He also taught art at both the University of Dayton and Sinclair Community College on a part-time basis for Document [70] (Title: Franklin Pierce Buyer) the manager of an American Express office at 10810 South Broadway, where he was held up at least twice: The first time, in January 1947, he rousted the bandits "with a well-placed right hook", and they escaped with no money; he was left with head lacerations. He was then living at 156 West 109th Place. The second holdup was in January 1959, when he was slugged and three gunmen escaped with $400 from a cash drawer. Buyer died in March 1963. leaving a wife, Viola. Buyer was elected to Los Angeles City Council District 15 in 1933, defeating incumbent Councilman Document [71] (Title: American Express) Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the "black card," which caters to an even Document [72] (Title: American Express Plum Card) or an "extra days to pay" option that allows you to pay 10% of the new balance by the first please-pay-by date and revolve the remaining balance only until the next please-pay-by date. Cardholders are allowed up to 99 employee cards fee free. American Express Plum Card The Plum Card is a charge card issued by American Express' OPEN small business division in the fall of 2007. Initially there were to be only 10,000 cards issued. Some of the first 10,000 cardmembers were featured in advertising. In the spring of 2008, additional applications were made available. The card's color, as Document [73] (Title: Van Lear Black) it in 1924. Black was insured for $750,000 at the time of his death during the Great Depression. Black's wife died at the age of 73 in Baltimore. Black was considered to be the wealthiest person in Maryland at the time of his death. Black got his start in banking at the age of eighteen as a clerk with the Fidelity Trust and Deposit Company, eventually becoming president in 1926. Black became involved with the Consolidation Coal Company as a director from 1906 to 1927. In 1920, he employed his connected friend Franklin D. Roosevelt while he also campaigned politically. Document [74] (Title: James T. Licavoli) monthly social security check. Licavoli had been called "Blackie" while he was growing up in Collinwood. Now he was known in the Mob as "Jack White," an ironic reference to his swarthy complexion. Despite his immense wealth, he had a reputation for being cheap and occasionally foolish to the point of embarrassment. Once at a local mall, he was detained by store detectives for switching the price tags on a pair of pants. After hearing about his background, the department store manager declined to prosecute. Another time, he was caught using slugs on machines. He also used stolen credit cards Document [75] (Title: Lizzy Gardiner) to the simply indescribable." She gained worldwide attention at the Academy Awards in 1995 when she picked up her award wearing an unusual dress consisting of 254 expired American Express Gold cards. The dress had originally been made for that film but was unauthorized by American Express. However, after the dress was worn by Gardiner herself, American Express saw its marketing potential and was keen to showcase it throughout its travel offices in the United States. The dress was auctioned off for charity in March 1999 for $12,650, with the proceeds going to the American Foundation for AIDS research. It Document [76] (Title: Penny Black) Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but was not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of Document [77] (Title: Accolades Card) Centurion card. Advertising segments for the new card began in September, 2007. Citigroup reportedly has a competing card planned. It has been reported that card holders will receive points that can be redeemed for luxury vacations, cooking and other lessons, concierge services, and other benefits. Note, reference # 6 and 7 are not current. Accolades Card The Merrill Accolades American Express Card, previously known as the Bank of America Accolades Card, was the first premium credit card offered by Bank of America. It is targeted exclusively at the bank's "affluent, wealthy and ultra- wealthy clients served through Premier Banking & Document [78] (Title: History of Wells Fargo) 1850 they decided to join forces to form the American Express Company. Soon after the new company was formed, Wells, the first president of American Express, and Fargo, its vice president, proposed expanding their business to California. Fearing that American Express's most powerful rival, Adams and Company (later renamed Adams Express Company), would acquire a monopoly in the West, the majority of the American Express Company's directors balked. Undaunted, Wells and Fargo decided to start their own business while continuing to fulfill their responsibilities as officers and directors of American Express. On March 18, 1852, they organized Wells, Fargo & Document [79] (Title: American Express) in the United States, each with an average annual spending of $18,519. In 2017, "Forbes" named American Express as the 23rd most valuable brand in the world (and the highest within financial services), estimating the brand to be worth US$24.5 billion. In 2018, "Fortune" ranked American Express as the 14th most admired company worldwide, and the 23rd best company to work for. The company's logo, adopted in 1958, is a gladiator or centurion whose image appears on the company's traveler's cheques, charge cards and credit cards. In 1850, American Express was started as an express mail business in Buffalo, New Document [80] (Title: Wayne Boden) Boden was granted a credit card by American Express five years into his life sentence, which he used while out on a day pass from prison in Laval and fled, but was recaptured 36 hours later while eating lunch in a restaurant at the Mount Royal Hotel in downtown Montreal. Three prison guards were disciplined, and American Express conducted an internal investigation to find out how a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder managed to get a credit card. Boden died from skin cancer at Kingston General Hospital on 27 March 2006 after being confined in the hospital for Document [81] (Title: American Express) after the Bank of America-MBNA merger. The first card from the partnership, the no-annual-fee Bank of America Rewards American Express card, was released on June 30, 2006. Since then, Citibank, Wells Fargo, First National Bank of Omaha, USAA, Synchrony Financial, and US Bancorp have started issuing American Express cards. Citi issues the Macy's and Bloomingdale's American Express cards along with Citi-branded cards. Wells Fargo issues American Express cards under their own brand and for Dillard's. US Bancorp issues American Express-branded cards for US Bank along with Elan Card Services, a subsidiary that issues credit cards on behalf of small to Document [82] (Title: American Express) York. It was founded as a joint stock corporation by the merger of the express companies owned by Henry Wells (Wells & Company), William G. Fargo (Livingston, Fargo & Company), and John Warren Butterfield (Wells, Butterfield & Company, the successor earlier in 1850 of Butterfield, Wasson & Company). Wells and Fargo also started Wells Fargo & Co. in 1852 when Butterfield and other directors objected to the proposal that American Express extend its operations to California. American Express initially established its headquarters in a building at the intersection of Jay Street and Hudson Street in what was later called the Document [83] (Title: Ambush marketing) need a passport, but you don't need a Visa." Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics, the company also promoted a partnership with Iberia and Turespana that made American Express "the official credit card of tourism in Spain"—a campaign which factored the Olympics, as well as Seville Expo '92. The IOC negotiated a truce between Amex and Visa to tone down their advertisements, but encouraged Visa once Amex returned to its ambush marketing in 1994, and Amex finally conceded defeat by 1996. Jerry Welsh, who was the manager of global marketing efforts for American Express in the 1980s, would coin the Document [84] (Title: American Express) and claimed that charging high fees is a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. According to the lawsuit, accepting American Express cards costs merchants the most. In January 2017, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court ruling that American Express could block merchants that accept its cards from steering customers to other cards, like those offered by Visa and Mastercard. In October 2017, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the antitrust case. Amex is the largest provider of traveler's checks in the world. In 2005, American Express released the American Express Travelers Check Card, a stored-value Document [85] (Title: Mastercard) doing business with American Express or Discover. The Department of Justice won in 2001 and the verdict withstood appeal. American Express also filed suit On August 23, 2001, Mastercard International Inc. was sued for violating the "Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act". On November 15, 2004, Mastercard Inc. paid damages to American Express, due to anticompetitive practices that prevented American Express from issuing cards through U.S. banks, and paid 1.8 billion dollars for settlement. The European Union has repeatedly criticised Mastercard for monopolistic trade practices. In April 2009, Mastercard reached a settlement with the European Union in an antitrust Document [86] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) Card's "Black Ink" and "Centurion" magazines. The concierge service offers a wide variety of services including entertainment planning, business services, gift arrangement, travel information, and assistance. The company also offers travel insurance for luggage, trip interruption/cancellation, rental car damages, warranty manager service, and purchase security on up to $500 per claim. The $495 annual fee gives members limited enrollment in the VIP lounge program that provides access to many airport lounges. In early 2009, the card's "New York Times" full-page ad was the focus of a Stephen Colbert segment pretending to misunderstand the name as racial. The Black Card has Document [87] (Title: Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.) Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc. Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc., 490 U.S. 477 (1989), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the arbitration of securities fraud claims. It was originally brought by a group of Texas investors against their brokerage house. By a 5–4 margin the Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and ruled that their claims under the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates trading in the primary market, must be arbitrated as stipulated in their customer agreements. The decision overruled a 1953 case, "Wilko v. Swan". Justice Anthony Kennedy's majority opinion Document [88] (Title: American Express) Express. Capitalizing on this elitist image, American Express frequently mentioned such exclusive partnerships in its advertising. Aside from some holdouts including Neiman Marcus (which continued exclusivity until 2011), the practice largely ended in 1991. A group of restaurants in Boston stopped accepting American Express while accepting and encouraging the use of Visa and Mastercard, including some that were exclusive to American Express. The rationale was due to far lower fees as compared to American Express' fees at the time (which were about 4% for each transaction versus around 1.2% at the time for Visa and Mastercard). The revolt, known as Document [89] (Title: Black Card (Mastercard)) also been featured as a high-end credit card in "Vegas Magazine", "Ocean Drive", "Capitol File", and "LA Confidential". "TIME Magazine" dubbed the Black Card one of the "5 Credit Cards You Don't Want In Your Wallet." Citing CardHub, the magazine called the Black Card the worst general consumer credit card as a result of its membership fee. Consumerism Commentary contrasts that the card's fee offsets the cutback rewards and concierge services. Black Card LLC successfully registered "Black Card" as a U.S. trademark in 2009. However, American Express offers its own exclusive black-colored card called the Centurion Card, which it contended Document [90] (Title: Robert Black (serial killer)) to buy fuel. With the cooperation of the companies, investigators obtained seven million archived microfiched credit card slips detailing fuel purchases paid via this method at every one of their nationwide premises between 1982 and 1986. These were sent to the reopened incident room in Newcastle upon Tyne, where a team of officers searched them for Black's distinctive signature in an effort to pinpoint precisely when and where he had bought his fuel. This laborious task bore fruit: beginning in October 1990, investigators began to discover evidence proving the precise times Black had bought fuel at petrol stations close to Document [91] (Title: American Express) bank offering a standard savings account to individuals. Checking account services are not provided. In 1975, David Ogilvy of Ogilvy & Mather developed the highly successful "Don't Leave Home Without Them" ad campaign for American Express Traveler's Cheques, featuring Oscar-award-winning actor Karl Malden. Malden served as the public face of American Express Travelers Cheques for 25 years. In the UK, the spokesman was the television personality Alan Whicker. After Malden's departure, and as the card assumed importance over the traveler's cheques, American Express continued to use celebrities, such as Mel Blanc and ballerina Cynthia Gregory. A typical ad for the Document [92] (Title: Paul LePaul) the first magician to use this as a stage trick. He appears to have started the Card to Wallet fad among magicians which was based on the routine he published as "Cards in Sealed Envelope" in the late 1940s. (Wallets did not become a common item until after the 1950s). Paul LePaul Paul LePaul (August 2, 1900 – June 8, 1958) was an American magician. LePaul was born Paul Shields Braden in Olney, Illinois. He grew up in St. Louis, Mo. He started his professional career around 1920, doing a manipulative act entirely with playing cards. He adopted the name Document [93] (Title: American Express) In November 2011, Neiman Marcus, which gave similar general-purpose card exclusivity to American Express since 1987, began accepting Visa and Mastercard. Costco's Canadian stores ended its exclusive deal with American Express in January 2015 in favor of one with Capital One and Mastercard. Capital One did not buy accounts and balances from American Express, which required Costco Canada members to apply for the new cards instead of automatically qualifying. On February 12, 2015, it was announced that the partnership between American Express and Costco in the United States would dissolve March 31, 2016, which was later extended to June 19, Document [94] (Title: Ralph Owen) Ralph Owen Ralph Owen (1905–1983) was an American businessman. He served as the Chairman of American Express (). Ralph Owen was born on October 3, 1905 in Hartsville, Tennessee. He had two brothers, Robert E. Owen and Roy Owen, and two sisters, Mrs. Mark Lowrey and Mrs. Pat W. Swaney. He graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1928. In 1930, Owen founded the Equitable Securities Corporation of Nashville, an investment bank offering credit cards, travel and banking services. It merged with American Express in 1968. Later, he served as the Chairman of American Express. Additionally, Owen served on Document [95] (Title: American Express) Mail"'s financial website, "This is Money", noted that "The list of places that are taking Amex appears to be growing, rather than slowing, but it seems to be a little hit-and-miss. It's not a good feeling to enter a shop, not knowing whether or not they accept the card." The company logo, a gladiator or centurion, appears at the center of the iconic Zync, Cobalt, Green, Gold, Platinum, and Centurion cards. The figure and his pose evoke classical antiquity. These cards also feature intricate border and background designs that read "American Express." The designs on these cards, especially the Green Document [96] (Title: American Express) $550 annual fee (for the Platinum card). Annual fees for the Green card start at $95 (first year free), while Gold card annual fees start at $250. American Express has several co-branded credit cards, with most falling into one of three categories: A credit card aimed at young adults is called "Blue", which has no annual fee and a loyalty program. A television media campaign for Blue adopted the 1979 UK Synthpop hit "Cars" by Gary Numan as its theme music. A cashback reward program version, "Blue Cash", quickly followed. Amex also targeted young adults with City Reward Cards that Document [97] (Title: Credit card) 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a "revolving credit" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the "BankAmericard" in Fresno, Document [98] (Title: Ogilvy (agency)) outlined 11 of the car's distinguishing features and benefits. The advertisement became one of Ogilvy's most famous. Ogilvy joked that the ad "sold so many cars we dare not run it again." American Express had been an Ogilvy & Mather client since the 1960s. The agency launched the company's "Do You Know Me" campaign in 1974, which focused on the prestige of carrying an American Express card. Each advertisement described the accomplishments of semi-recognizable celebrities who used the card. Their identities were revealed at the end. The campaign emphasized that even if a person was not immediately recognizable, their American Document [99] (Title: Stanley Dashew) of America, led to the introduction of Uni-card (taken over from Chase Manhattan Bank), which was later renamed VISA. To pitch his company’s unique position to American Express to emboss more variable data faster than his competitors, he printed the name of each board executive on each man’s sample card, along with a date and the catchphrase he created, “Member Since…” Dashew then took the helm of a fledgling Swedish enterprise and facilitated the worldwide introduction of single-point mooring systems for offshore oil production developed through the IMODCO Company. The Dashaveyor Company, a people-mover system builder, gained many worldwide patents Document [100] (Title: Louis V. Gerstner Jr.) School. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group. Gerstner joined American Express in 1978 as the executive vice president of its charge card division. A year later he was named president of the Travel Related Services group, which was responsible for American Express cards, traveler's cheques, and travel-service offices. At this time, MasterCard and Visa had begun to compete for the company's market share. Gerstner found new uses and users for the card. In 1980, most department stores did not accept American Express cards — by 1985 retail sales were second only to airline Document [101] (Title: American Express) each purchase made with an American Express Card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the Statue of Liberty. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. What would soon capture the attention of marketing departments of major corporations was that the promotion generated approximately a 28% increase in American Express card usage by consumers. In May 2007, American Express launched an initiative called the Members Project. Cardholders were invited to submit ideas for projects, and were told American Express was funding the winning project. American Express supports initiatives to enhance Document [102] (Title: Centurion Card) very small and exclusive range of clients around the world. Other such cards include: Black Card LLC successfully registered "Black Card" as a U.S. trademark in 2009. However, American Express contended its Centurion Card was widely known as "the Black Card" before the launch of the Black Card (then Visa card), despite never seeking to trademark that name itself. American Express filed suit against Black Card LLC in February 2010, claiming that the trademark was obtained improperly and sought injunctive relief. This suit was concluded in November 2011, with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York Document [103] (Title: Ohio v. American Express Co.) Ohio v. American Express Co. Ohio v. American Express Co., 585 U.S. ___ (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the nature of antitrust law in relationship to two-sided markets. The case specifically involves policies set by some credit card banks that prevented merchants from steering customers to use cards from other issuers with lower transaction fees, forcing merchants to pay higher transaction fees to the banks. While Visa and MasterCard settled with the United States Department of Justice in 2010, American Express defended its practice by arguing that the anti-steering policies benefited its cardholders, the higher transaction Document [104] (Title: First Data) share in gas and groceries in 2014. First Data’s SpendTrend Report is a key shopping metric for national news networks such as "WSJ, USA Today", "ESPN", "The New York Times", Vox Media, and "Bloomberg". In October 2015, First Data returned to public markets, selling 160 million shares in the New York Stock Exchange’s biggest IPO of that year. First Data was founded in Omaha, Nebraska in 1971. It started off by providing processing services to the Mid-America Bankcard Association (MABA). In 1976, First Data became the first processor of Visa and MasterCard bank-issued credit cards. In 1980, American Express Information Document [105] (Title: Visa Inc.) Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or "drop", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of Document [106] (Title: Hugo Black) a mistrial. Hugo Black was twice the subject of covers of Time Magazine: On August 26, 1935 as a United States Senator; and on October 9, 1964 as an Associate Justice (art by Robert Vickrey). In 1986, Black appeared on the Great Americans series postage stamp issued by the United States Postal Service. Along with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. he was one of only two Associate Justices to do so until the later inclusions of Thurgood Marshall, Joseph Story, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, and William J. Brennan, Jr. "See", Justice Hugo L. Black 5¢ stamp. and Hugo L. Black, First Document [107] (Title: American Express) Hamilton Manchester United manager José Mourinho; film directors Martin Scorsese, Wes Anderson, and M. Night Shyamalan; singers Sheryl Crow, Alicia Keys and Beyoncé. In 2007, a two-minute black-and-white ad, entitled "Animals" and starring Ellen DeGeneres, won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Commercial. Many American Express credit card ads feature a sample American Express Card with the name "C. F. Frost" on the front. This is not a fabricated name; Charles F. Frost was an advertising executive at Ogilvy & Mather. American Express was one of the earliest users of cause marketing, to great success. A 1983 promotion advertised that for Document [108] (Title: American Express) the "Boston Fee Party" (alluding to the Boston Tea Party), spread to over 250 restaurants across the United States, including restaurants in other cities such as New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Visa offered to pay the Fee Party's legal bills, and Discover Card was able to increase their acceptance among Boston restaurants by 375%. Kenneth Chenault, then head of Travel Related Services prior to becoming American Express CEO, cut fees to bring these restaurants back into the fold. American Express then shifted its focus from exclusivity to broadening acceptance, adding mainstream merchants like Walmart to the American Express Document [109] (Title: American Express) Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be Document [110] (Title: American Express) Card from American Express OPEN, the Business Green Rewards Card from American Express OPEN and the Plum Card from American Express OPEN. These cards have return protection, year-end summaries and other tools to help with the business accounting and control. In 2008, American Express acquired the Corporate Payment Services business of GE, which primarily focused on providing Purchasing Card solutions for large global clients. As part of the $1b+ transaction, American Express also added a new product, called V-Payment, to its product portfolio. V-Payment is unique in that it enables a tightly controlled, single-use card number for increased control. , Document [111] (Title: American Express) had 10,000 offices, with over 30,000 employees). During the 1980s, American Express embarked on an effort to become a financial services supercompany and made a number of acquisitions to create an investment banking arm. In mid-1981 it purchased Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Loeb Rhoades, the second largest securities firm in the United States to form Shearson/American Express. After the purchase of Shearson, Weill was given the position of president of American Express in 1983. Weill grew increasingly unhappy with responsibilities within American Express and his conflicts with American Express' CEO James D. Robinson III. Weill soon realized that he was Document [112] (Title: American Express) merged with Shearson, Hammill & Co. in 1974 to form Shearson Hayden Stone. Shearson Hayden Stone then merged with Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. (formerly Loeb, Rhoades & Co. to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades in 1979. With capital totalling $250 million at the time of its acquisition, Shearson Loeb Rhoades trailed only Merrill Lynch as the securities industry's largest brokerage firm. After its acquisition by American Express, the firm was renamed Shearson/American Express. In 1984, Shearson/American Express purchased the 90-year-old Investors Diversified Services, bringing with it a fleet of financial advisors and investment products. Also in 1984, American Express acquired Document [113] (Title: Centurion Card) which also include the ExpressPay contactless payment technology are issued. American Express created the card line amid rumors and urban legends in the 1980s that it produced an ultra-exclusive black card for elite users who could purchase anything with it. Jerry Seinfeld claimed in a 2018 episode of his web show "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee" (with guest John Mulaney) that American Express began issuing the Black Card after Seinfeld asked the Amex president about it, and that Seinfeld (who was their ad pitchman) was given the first one. The Centurion Card is invitation-only after appropriate net worth with American Document [114] (Title: American Express) on December 16, 2007. In 2008, American Express closed all Business Line of Credit accounts. This decision was reached in tandem with the Federal Reserve's approval of American Express's request to become a commercial bank. , American Express has several credit cards designed for small business. These include SimplyCash® Plus Business Credit Card. Cash back earned is automatically credited to the cardholder's statement and other benefits are included. Other cards include the Business Platinum Card from American Express OPEN, the Business Gold Rewards Card from American Express OPEN, the Blue for Business Credit Card from American Express, Business Green Rewards Document [115] (Title: Christmas card) The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927. President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. Document [116] (Title: Magnetic stripe card) first magnetic striped plastic credit and ID cards used by banks, insurance companies, hospitals and many others. Another result of this project was that IBM IRD and IBM Data Processing Division announced on February 24, 1971 the first Magnetic Credit Card Service Center and the IBM 2730-1 Transaction Validation Terminal. Arthur E. Hahn Jr. was hired by IBM IRD in Dayton, N.J. on Aug 12, 1969 to head up this engineering effort. Other members of the group were David Morgan (Manager), Billy House (Software Developer), William Creeden (Programmer), and E. J. Gillen (Mechanical Engineering/Machining). They were given a recently announced Document [117] (Title: James Black (prohibitionist)) James Black (prohibitionist) James Black (September 23, 1823 – December 16, 1893) was an American temperance movement activist and a founder of the Prohibition Party. In 1872 Black was the first nominee of the Prohibition Party for President of the United States. James Black was born September 23, 1823 in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, the son of John Black and Jane Egbert Black. In 1836 the family moved to the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which would remain his hometown for the rest of his life. In addition to his home in the city of Lancaster, Black also had a residence in Fulton Document [118] (Title: American Express) the investment banking and trading firm, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, and added it to the Shearson family, creating Shearson Lehman/American Express. In 1988, the firm acquired E. F. Hutton & Co., forming Shearson Lehman Hutton until 1990, when the firm's name became Shearson Lehman Brothers. When Harvey Golub took the reins in 1993 he negotiated the sale of Shearson's retail brokerage and asset management business to Primerica and in following year, spun off of the remaining investment banking and institutional businesses as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. On September 30, 2005, American Express spun-off its American Express Financial Advisors unit, Ameriprise Document [119] (Title: American Express) to 2015), as well as an office in Hamilton, Ontario. The company began operations as a bank on July 1, 1990, following an order-in-council made by the Brian Mulroney government on November 21, 1988. This decision was not without controversy as federal banking policy at the time would not ordinarily have permitted American Express to operate as a bank. It is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA) and a registered member of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), the federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. American Express has several offices in the UK, including Document [120] (Title: Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.) of arbitration from contractual disputes to statutory claims during the 1980s. In the early 1980s several small first-time investors in Brownsville, Texas, opened accounts with Shearson/American Express agent Jon Grady Deaton. They included minors, widows, and terminally ill people; some could not understand English. Their investments with him totaled about $400,000 ($ in modern dollars). They later alleged that Deaton had mismanaged some of the money and churned the accounts, making trades solely to generate commissions for himself. They brought suit in federal court for the Southern District of Texas alleging securities fraud under the applicable state and federal laws. Document [121] (Title: Creed Black) American Society of Newspaper Editors and the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association. Outside of journalism, Black served as an assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for legislation during the first eighteen months of President Richard Nixon's first term in office. Black was born on July 15, 1925, in Harlan, Kentucky. His father was struck and killed by lightning when he was five years old and he moved to Paducah with his mother. He began his career in professional journalism by working at the "Paducah Sun-Democrat" as a part-time journalist when he was seventeen years old. He enlisted in the U.S. Document [122] (Title: American Express) American Express Card began with a celebrity asking viewers: "Do you know me?" Although he/she gave hints to his/her identity, the star's name was never mentioned except as imprinted on an American Express Card, after which announcer Peter Thomas told viewers how to apply for it. Each ad concluded with the celebrity reminding viewers: "Don't Leave Home Without It." The "Don't Leave Home Without It" slogan was revived in 2005. American Express continues to use celebrities in their ads. Some notable examples include a late 1990s ad campaign with comedian Jerry Seinfeld, including the two 2004 webisodes in a series Document [123] (Title: American Express) American Express has long been out of this building, but it still bears a terracotta seal with the American Express Eagle. In 1890–91 the company constructed a new ten-story building by Edward H. Kendall on the site of its former headquarters on Hudson Street. By 1903, the company had assets of some $28 million, second only to the National City Bank of New York among financial institutions in the city. To reflect this, the company purchased the Broadway buildings and site. At the end of the Wells-Fargo reign in 1914, an aggressive new president, George Chadbourne Taylor (1868–1923), who had Document [124] (Title: Charles Black (counterfeiter)) of them. Charles Black (counterfeiter) Charles Black (1928-2012) produced counterfeit British and U.S. currency together with traveller's cheques for a number of years before being arrested. As a testament to his skills, his techniques rendered the U.S Department of the Treasury's detection equipment obsolete. He was born in Lewisham, London. It was while he was in prison, serving a sentence for car-ringing, that he was introduced to the art of forgery. Black's mastery of the subject could only be exclaimed at by those responsible for his arrest and conviction. He was locked inside for a jail term for the forgeries. Document [125] (Title: John Creswell) Creswell appointed black Union veteran and first Medal of Honor hero, William Carney, letter carrier of Bedford, Massachusetts. On April 20, 1870 Creswell appointed John W. Curry Washington D.C.'s first black postman. Creswell also appointed Isaac Myers of Baltimore the first African American postal inspector. President Grant, at the beginning of his first term in office initiated an attempt to annex the Dominican Republic, then known as Santo Domingo. President Grant believed that the annexation and eventual statehood of the island country would add to American mineral resources and serve as a refuge for African Americans, who were harassed by Document [126] (Title: Black Star Line) in the first World War. After having been renamed the SS "Antonio Maceo" by the Black Star Line, it blew a boiler and killed a man. Besides oversold and poorly conditioned ships, the Black Star Line was beset by mismanagement and infiltration by agents of J. Edgar Hoover's Bureau of Investigation (the forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation), including the first African-American agent hired by the bureau, James Wormley Jones, who became an intimate of Garvey, and other agents who − according to historian Winston James − sabotaged it by throwing foreign matter into the fuel, damaging the engines. Document [127] (Title: George Waters (businessman)) an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or Document [128] (Title: Theodore M. Pomeroy) equally huge debts and in 1868, the company was acquired and merged with the American Merchants Union, now known as the American Express Company. Pomeroy stayed on and served as first vice-president and general counsel, along with co-founder William Fargo and later with William's brother, J. C. Fargo, in 1868. On September 4, 1855, while serving his second term as District Attorney, he married Elizabeth Leitch Watson (1835–1892), the second daughter of Robert Watson, also of Auburn. Elizabeth's sister, Janet MacNeil Watson (1839–1913), married William H. Seward Jr. (1839–1920). Together, they had five children. Pomeroy retired from public life in Document [129] (Title: T206 Honus Wagner) they are inner city black men in a hobby that has been dominated by successful white men. Cobb, like Mastro back in the late 1980s, does not divulge the exact details of how he came to own the card. He has stated he purchased the card at an estate sale for $1,800 in 1983 or 1984, a bargain for the card at that time. When Cobb and Edwards tried to sell the card on eBay in 2002, a Newport, Kentucky attorney filed a police report against the two men because he believed the card was a reprint that was stolen Document [130] (Title: American Express) was renamed Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. However, when Harvey Golub became CEO of American Express in 1993, American Express decided to get out of the investment banking business and negotiated the sale of Shearson's retail brokerage and asset management business to Primerica. The Shearson business was merged with Primerica's Smith Barney to create Smith Barney Shearson. Ultimately, the Shearson name was dropped in 1994. In 1994, American Express spun off of the remaining investment banking and institutional businesses as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. After almost fifteen years of independence, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection in 2008 as part of Document [131] (Title: Citibank) noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, "South Pacific", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its "First National City Charge Service" credit card—popularly known as the Document [132] (Title: Black Jack (stamp)) Black Jack (stamp) Black Jack or Blackjack was the 2-Cent denomination United States postage stamp issued from July 1, 1863 to 1869, is generally referred to as the "Black Jack" due to the large portraiture of the United States President, Andrew Jackson on its face printed in pitch black. The stamp was issued to fulfill a need for a reduced rate, 2-Cent denomination for newspaper, magazine, and local deliveries; and was often used to "make up" higher rates, or split in half to make up lower ones (a 1-Cent stamp) due to shortages at the local post office. During the Document [133] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) left Bank of America two months before the bank's statewide rollout was complete. The bank lost almost US$9 million in just over a year after the cards were introduced. During the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, Williams published "The New York Standard", one of several alternative newspapers that were published during the 114-day strike that hit the city's major newspapers. He formed the Uni-Serve Corporation in 1962 and bought the credit card operations from Chase Manhattan Bank for US$9 million, the value of the unit's unpaid billings. Uni-Serve was sold to American Express in 1965, with Williams remaining as Document [134] (Title: White & Case) as "one of the biggest swindles in history." Continental Illinois had US$20 million of outstanding loans, and the case resulted in one of the largest financial settlements in history at the time, in which American Express paid its creditors US$57.9 million in cash and up to US$30 million of recoveries from insurance and other sources. Few individuals changed the firm more than James Hurlock, who shaped the firm's global presence and structure as its head from 1980 until 2000. Hurlock was a Rhodes Scholar who spent ten of his first 16 years with White & Case in Europe. Two early Document [135] (Title: Lewis Black) not inform the O&A show that the bus's route was also the route that President Clinton was using that day. Twenty-eight hours after their arrest, Black and Norton were released. Black appeared on "The Daily Show" the following night where he stated he was exercising his constitutional rights. He then joked that the location of this particular right was unclear, but that it was "between 'all men are created equal' and 'don't shit where you eat.' Lewis Black Lewis Niles Black (born August 30, 1948) is an American stand-up comedian, author, playwright, social critic and actor. He is best known Document [136] (Title: Joseph P. Williams) president of the unit until 1966 and as the unit's chairman until 1968. Williams died at age 88 on November 8, 2003 at his home in Atlantis, Florida. Joseph P. Williams Joseph P. Williams (born c. 1915 – November 8, 2003) was the creator of the BankAmericard, the first nationwide bank credit card, which later evolved into the VISA brand. Williams was born in Newark, New Jersey. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and served as an infantry officer in the United States Army during World War II. As an admirer of A.P. Giannini's aggressive banking approach at the Bank Document [137] (Title: American Express) paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional Document [138] (Title: Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon) Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220 (1987), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning arbitration of private securities fraud claims arising under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. By a 5–4 margin the Court held that its holding in a 1953 case, "Wilko v. Swan", that the nonwaiver provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 prevented the mandatory arbitration of such claims, did not apply to claims under the 1934 Act due to differences in the corresponding language of the two statutes, reversing a decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals Document [139] (Title: Charles Black (counterfeiter)) Charles Black (counterfeiter) Charles Black (1928-2012) produced counterfeit British and U.S. currency together with traveller's cheques for a number of years before being arrested. As a testament to his skills, his techniques rendered the U.S Department of the Treasury's detection equipment obsolete. He was born in Lewisham, London. It was while he was in prison, serving a sentence for car-ringing, that he was introduced to the art of forgery. Black's mastery of the subject could only be exclaimed at by those responsible for his arrest and conviction. He was locked inside for a jail term for the forgeries. Upon release, Document [140] (Title: Accolades Card) Bank, and Family Wealth Advisers were qualified to have the annual fee waived each year if they maintained assets greater than $350,000 with BOA and their affiliates. The main competitor in this credit card segment is the American Express Centurion Card, which is black in color. The Luxury Institute's recent survey of customer preferences ranked two American Express Cards in the top two; Centurion Card first and Platinum card second. Special access, unparalleled benefits and enhanced customer experience were cited as the reasons for its high regard among customers as well as justification for the $2,500 annual fee for the Document [141] (Title: Henry Thomas Windsor) & Hatch and printed in sheets of 42. Henry Thomas Windsor Henry Thomas Windsor was the owner of "The City Despatch Post Company" of New York which issued the first Stamp in the USA. A black/grey three cent stamp depicting the head of George Washington. Windsor was a merchant from London who was inspired by Rowland Hill's postal reforms in Great Britain including the issuing of the world's first stamp the Penny Black. Windsor with his wife Elizabeth sailed from Liverpool in April 1841, reaching New York in May. Up to the autumn of that year he spent his time Document [142] (Title: Edwin B. Morgan) Wells Fargo at St. Louis, Missouri. Also, from about this time until his death in 1881, Morgan was a director of American Express. By the time Morgan became involved, American Express had its headquarters in Manhattan. Morgan was first nominated for a seat in Congress in 1850, but he was defeated by 14 votes. Morgan was elected to Congress in 1852 as a Whig, in 1854 as an Opposition Party candidate, and in 1856 as a Republican. He represented New York's 25th congressional district from March 4, 1853 until March 3, 1859. In 1855–56 he was chairman of the Committee Document [143] (Title: Traveler's cheque) volume. American Express's introduction of traveler's cheques is traditionally attributed to employee Marcellus Flemming Berry, after company president J.C. Fargo had problems in smaller European cities obtaining funds with a letter of credit. Between the 1650s and the 1990s, traveler's cheques became one of the main ways that people took money on vacation for use in foreign countries without the risks associated with carrying large amounts of cash. Several brands of travelers cheques have been marketed; the most familiar of those were Thomas Cook Group, Bank of America and American Express. The convenience and wider acceptance of such alternatives as Document [144] (Title: Eli M. Black) of taxes on banana exports. A few weeks before the scandal broke, on February 3, 1975, Black went to his office on the forty-fourth floor of the Pan Am Building in Manhattan. At about 8:00 a.m., he broke the window with his briefcase and jumped to his death, landing on the northbound ramp of Park Avenue beside motorists. He was remembered favorably by a number of prominent people, including Senator Abraham Ribicoff and Amyas Ames, the chairman of Lincoln Center. United Farm Workers president Cesar Chavez said that his career was proof that management could work with farm labor "for Document [145] (Title: Karl Malden) he portrayed a Catholic priest and used the same Bible he had used in "On the Waterfront". Malden delivered the line "Don't leave home without them!" in a series of U.S. television commercials for American Express traveler's cheques in the 1970s and 1980s. He also advertised the American Express card, with the famous opening line, "Do you know me?" These ads were occasionally spoofed on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Malden was a member of the United States Postal Service's 16-member Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee, which meets to review recommendations for U.S. commemorative postage stamps. On December 18, 1938, Document [146] (Title: Ogilvy (agency)) Express credit card would be. The campaign ran until 1987. A campaign called "Portraits" followed "Do You Know Me". "Portraits" showed card-carrying personalities like Tip O'Neil and Ella Fitzgerald in leisure activities. The campaign was photographed by Annie Leibovitz and named "Print Campaign of the Decade" by "Advertising Age" in 1990. Ogilvy & Mather launched the slogan "My Life. My Card." in 2004 with ads featuring celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres and Tiger Woods. In June 2017 American Express shifted almost all the business it had given to Ogilvy to McGarryBowen. Ogilvy & Mather won Merrill Lynch's print and television Document [147] (Title: William Black (businessman)) have been older (1898-1902?) and possibly emigrated from Russia with his family when he was four years old. He worked nights to pay for his education and in 1926 graduated from Columbia University in New York with a degree in engineering. He failed to find suitable employment, so with a start up fund of $250, he began selling nuts to passers-by from a stand located on Broadway and Forty-Third Street. The venture was profitable, and within six years Black had expanded his business to eighteen small stores called Chock Full o’Nuts. Sales dipped during the Great Depression, so Black adapted Document [148] (Title: American Express) the late–2000s financial crisis. Former CEO Ken I. Chenault took over leadership of American Express in 2001 from Harvey Golub, CEO from 1993 to 2001. Prior to that, the company was headed by James D. Robinson III from 1977 to 1993, Howard L. Clark Sr. from 1960 to 1977, and Ralph Reed from 1944 to 1960. Current CEO: Stephen Joseph Squeri since Feb 1, 2018. American Express executives discussed the possibility of launching a travel charge card as early as 1946, but it was not until Diners Club launched a card in March 1950 that American Express began to seriously Document [149] (Title: Jason J. Hogg) acted as president of the company until Blackstone Tactical Opportunities acquired it in 2000. (11) From 2002-2005, he served as chief operating officer of Medsite, which was later sold to WebMD Health in September 2006 for $41 million USD. Hogg and his group of investors launched Revolution Money Inc., a secure electronic payment platform, in 2005. After four years of development, he sold the firm for $300 million to American Express Co. in the summer of 2009 Upon purchase, Hogg joined American Express, and continued to lead the Revolution Money business, becoming President of American Express Serve Enterprise and responsible Document [150] (Title: Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.) do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term "credit card" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book "Looking Backward". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit Document [151] (Title: American Express) card that serves the same purposes as a traveler's check, but can be used in stores like a credit card. AmEx discontinued the card of October 31, 2007, due to "changing market conditions" and issued refund checks to cardholders for the remaining balances. During the 1980s, American Express began purchasing stock brokerage firms as part of an expansion. In mid-1981 it purchased Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Loeb Rhoades, the second largest securities firm in the United States to form Shearson/American Express. Shearson Loeb Rhoades, itself was the culmination of several mergers in the 1970s as Weill's Hayden, Stone & Co. Question: who had the first american express black card

Answer: Jerry Seinfeld Long Answer: Jerry Seinfeld claimed in a 2018 episode of his web show "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee" (with guest John Mulaney) that American Express began issuing the Black Card after Seinfeld asked the Amex president about it, and that Seinfeld (who was their ad pitchman) was given the first one. Gold Document ID: 122

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: I Love New York 2) is eliminated, and Sister Paterson questions her decision. She says to New York, "You're dead meat, girl!" indicating that she believes that New York made the wrong choice for herself. "First aired December 12, 2007 A catch up with New York, with bonus scenes not aired on TV. "First aired December 17, 2007 (5.4M viewers) "First aired January 6, 2008 (4.86M viewers) All of the men are back to talk about this season with New York and Sister Paterson. Where New York accepts Tailor Made's proposal. Fans of "I Love New York" were encouraged to choose 5 of the 20 Document [2] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) show was going to be called "Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair". The show premiered January 3, 2010. I Love New York (TV series) I Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany "New York" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to "Flavor of Love", another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons. The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter) failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Document [3] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) I Love New York (TV series) I Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany "New York" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to "Flavor of Love", another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons. The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter) failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Made (George Weisgerber) was revealed as New York's chosen flame. (Weisgerber and Pollard later separated during the taping of Document [4] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) f**k ain't huggin' yo ass." Chance gets in a limousine and calls New York and Sister Patterson a 'hoe'. "First aired April 15, 2007 (5.01M viewers) 17 of the original 20 contestants came together to discuss issues that arose from the series, and the audience discovered what had happened with Tango and New York after the show. The reunion was taped on April 9, 2007 so the cast would have already seen all of the episodes and had issues that were addressed. The host for the reunion (also the host for both Flavor of Love reunions) La La Vasquez revealed Document [5] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) was the first episode of "I Love New York". New York talked about her "Flavor of Love" experiences and how she got her own show. Chamo was introduced as New York's personal stylist and assistant, while New York's mother, "Sister Patterson", served as New York's "consigliere" during this episode, especially during the naming ceremony. Unlike Flavor Flav in "Flavor of Love", New York allowed the contestants to give themselves names with her final approval. Five men were selected for elimination during a mixer held in New York's backyard. Afterwards, Mr. Boston got into a fight with Chance, Romance scared New Document [6] (Title: New York, I Love You) all have a unifying thread, of a videographer who films the other characters. The film stars an ensemble cast, among them Bradley Cooper, Shia LaBeouf, Natalie Portman, Anton Yelchin, Hayden Christensen, Orlando Bloom, Irrfan Khan, Rachel Bilson, Chris Cooper, Andy García, Christina Ricci, John Hurt, Cloris Leachman, Robin Wright Penn, Julie Christie, Maggie Q, Ethan Hawke, James Caan, Shu Qi and Eli Wallach. "New York, I Love You" premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008, and was released in the United States on October 16, 2009. Following is the cast and crew of ten segments of Document [7] (Title: I Love New York 2) contestants for the second season. New York has stated the men should be from 21–36 years of age, and straight, believed to be a recommendation because of questioned sexual orientation of some first season contestants (in reference to 12 Pack and Heat). A VH1 special on October 1, 2007 revealed the 5 men with the most votes. The five men who were chosen as the contestants are above on the elimination chart in the color yellow. The I Love New York: The Complete Unrated Second Season DVD was released June 3, 2008 along with the Flavor of Love 3. All Document [8] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) movie declared a "flop" by Box Office India. I Love NY (2015 film) I Love NY, also known as I Love New Year, is an Indian romantic comedy film directed by Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in lead roles. The film is produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. The film was extensively shot in Mumbai, New York City and Bangkok. The main plot was taken from the Russian romantic comedy "The Irony of Fate" (1976). After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015. Document [9] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) about 12 Pack having a girl back at home. When the guys returned home, New York sat 12 Pack and Romance down to talk about the allegations. At the elimination, Romance is sent home because he "needs Prozac," Trendz because New York thought he was trying to boost his music career, and Token because he didn't want to kiss New York. "First aired January 22, 2007 The one contestants were set to New York's test to see who had the best capability to earn money by evaluating each contestant's business portfolio. Whiteboy chose to participate in the challenge even after Document [10] (Title: New York: A Love Story) high points include the breezy "My Crib," the harder "Henny" and "Own It," and "U Can Cry to Me," which would lose none of its appeal without the guest appearances from Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. This is a promising first step from a smooth, thoughtful, and understated voice." New York: A Love Story New York: A Love Story is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Mack Wilds. It was released on September 30, 2013, by Louder Than Life and RED Distribution. The album features guest appearances from Method Man, Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. The album was Document [11] (Title: I Love New York) icon became a major success and has continued to be sold for years. In the popular mind (though this was not the original intention) the logo has become closely associated with New York City, and the placement of the logo on plain white T-shirts readily sold in the city has widely circulated the appearance of the image, making it a commonly recognized symbol. Glaser's original concept sketch and presentation boards were donated by Doyle to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The image became especially prominent following the September 11 attacks on the city, which Document [12] (Title: I Love New York 2) I Love New York 2 I Love New York 2 was a reality television show on VH1 that starred Tiffany "New York" Pollard who was on a quest to find her true love. Her relationship with season one's winner, Tango, ended shortly after the season concluded. Unlike the first season, Mauricio Sanchez did not return as "Chamo", New York's assistant. Instead of "Chamo", New York had "Big Ant" (Anthony) as her assistant, and "bodyguard". The show premiered on October 8, 2007, and featured twenty men competing to be the winner. The runner up of season two was Ezra "Buddha" Masters Document [13] (Title: New York: A Love Story) how the different aspects that he placed in it, like the orchestration or even the harps, it really turned it into a whole another monster." On June 24, 2013, the album's first single "Own It" was released. On July 30, 2013, the music video was released for "Own It". On December 16, 2013, the remix to "Henny" featuring Mobb Deep and French Montana, was released. On December 23, 2013, the music video was released for "Henny". Upon its release, "New York: A Love Story" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Andy Kellman gave the album four out Document [14] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) having her own show but when the Flavor of Love season 2 finale aired, she confirmed she was the "Flavorette" and that she was already down to the final three contestants. On November 3, 2006, VH1 announced the show's official title: "I Love New York". The first commercial for the series aired on December 3, 2006 during the VH1 2006 Big Awards show. The show premiered on Monday, January 8, 2007 and is the most watched series debut in VH1 history. The following numbers indicate which type of date the contestant won: "First aired January 8, 2007 (4.426M viewers) This Document [15] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) age 33 or 35. "New York Goes to Work" premiered on May 4, 2009. The reality show followed New York as she searched for a regular job. After the finale, viewers were asked to vote on what she should do next. The choices were: "I Love New York 3", "Take a vacation", or "find a real job". America voted for "I Love New York 3." A casting call was issued for a VH1 reality dating show starring Frank Maresca (The Entertainer). The show was tentatively entitled "The Entertainer of Love" but it was revealed on the VH1 Blog that the Document [16] (Title: New York, I Love You) - both in characters and in the unusual selection and collaboration of filmmakers and artists - is one of "New York, I Love You"'s main assets. And there's no question that Manhattan looks ever-vibrant and beautiful." The film grossed $1,588,015 in the United States. An episode of the Netflix series "Master of None" is named and structured after "New York, I Love You". Like the film, the episode follows the intersecting lives of various New Yorkers, although the episode's stories are not exclusively about romance. New York, I Love You New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic Document [17] (Title: New York, I Love You) New York, I Love You New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama anthology consisting of eleven short films, each by a different director. The short films all relate in some way to the subject of love, and are set among the five boroughs of New York City. The film is a sequel of sorts to the 2006 film "Paris, je t'aime", which had the same structure, and is the second film in the "Cities of Love" franchise, created and produced by Emmanuel Benbihy. Unlike "Paris, je t'aime", the short films of "New York, I Love You" Document [18] (Title: New York, New York (1977 film)) New York, New York (1977 film) New York, New York is a 1977 American musical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Mardik Martin and Earl Mac Rauch based on a story by Rauch. It is a musical tribute, featuring new songs by John Kander and Fred Ebb as well as jazz standards, to Scorsese's home town of New York City, and stars Robert De Niro and Liza Minnelli as a pair of musicians and lovers. The story is "about a jazz saxophonist (De Niro) and a pop singer (Minnelli) who fall madly in love and marry"; however, Document [19] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) "Flavor of Love", "Rock of Love", and "I Love New York" are brought together in a mansion in Mexico to compete in a co-ed battle of mental and physical challenges to win $250,000. "I Love Money" was filmed from February to March 2008, with the season premiere on July 6, 2008. "New York Goes to Hollywood" began on August 4, 2008, and consists of ten 30-minute episodes. The show will star New York as she goes throughout Hollywood trying to find an acting job. To focus on her new mission, New York has to put her last conquest, Tailor Made, Document [20] (Title: Love & Hip Hop: New York) Love & Hip Hop: New York Love & Hip Hop: New York (originally titled Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the "Love & Hip Hop" reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with East Coast hip hop. Its success has produced the spin-offs "", "Chrissy & Mr. Jones", "", "", "", "Leave It To Stevie", "" and "". On September Document [21] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) on the backburner as she tries to take on Tinseltown. At the end of the series, Pollard decided to keep auditioning for film work, stating she would continue to document her career search in "New York Goes to Hollywood: Part 2"; if her film career doesn't pan out, she has mentioned a possible return to reality-television dating with an "I Love New York 3." Brothers Ahmad (Real) and Kamal (Chance) Givens did not win "I Love New York", but they were given a second chance in the spin-off "Real Chance of Love", which premiered October 20, 2008. On the show, Document [22] (Title: Manhattan (film)) (an unusual request in a time when widescreen films were normally panned and scanned for TV and video release). As a result, all copies of the film on video (and most television broadcasts) were letterboxed, originally with a gray border. "Manhattan" was first released on Blu-ray on January 24, 2012, alongside Allen's 1977 film "Annie Hall". Both releases included the films' original theatrical trailer. In her memoir "Out Came the Sun" (2015), Hemingway detailed Allen's visit to her family home in Ketchum, Idaho upon completion of filming. After intimating that he wanted to take her to Paris, Hemingway warned her Document [23] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in the lead. It is a story of what happens between two people in a span of two days following New Year's Eve. The movie follows a beautiful musician (Kangana Ranaut) and a serious Wall Street banker (Sunny Deol), that have a chance encounter on New Year's Eve that the banker can not recall and the events that come about as a result of the two meeting. In 2011 directors Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru announced their intent to begin work on "I Love New Year". The film originally had the working title of Document [24] (Title: I Love New York) I Love New York I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is a slogan, a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign used since 1977 to promote tourism in the state of New York, including New York City. The trademarked logo, owned by the New York State Department of Economic Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the state, some licensed, many not. The song "I Love New York" is the state song of New York. The logo was designed by graphic designer Milton Glaser in 1976 in the back of a taxi Document [25] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) the second season. It contains all eleven episodes including the reunion special. An Australian DVD was released on November 1, 2008. I Love New York (season 1) I Love New York (season 1) is first season of the VH1 reality television series entitled "I Love New York". The first season consisted of 12 episodes, which first aired weekly from January 8, 2007 to April 15, 2007. In July 2006, VH1 published a casting call looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled "The Flavorette". Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be "Flavor of Love" season Document [26] (Title: I Love New York 2) episodes including the casting and reunion specials were on it, and a supertrailer. I Love New York 2 I Love New York 2 was a reality television show on VH1 that starred Tiffany "New York" Pollard who was on a quest to find her true love. Her relationship with season one's winner, Tango, ended shortly after the season concluded. Unlike the first season, Mauricio Sanchez did not return as "Chamo", New York's assistant. Instead of "Chamo", New York had "Big Ant" (Anthony) as her assistant, and "bodyguard". The show premiered on October 8, 2007, and featured twenty men competing to Document [27] (Title: New York City Boy) August 1999 solar eclipse, and CD2 featured a bonus video showing the song alongside footage of the eclipse in the UK. New York City Boy "New York City Boy" is a song by British music group Pet Shop Boys. It was released in September 1999 as the second single from the forthcoming album "Nightlife". In the UK, the single peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, the song hit number 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 53 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. The music video for the song features the Document [28] (Title: I Love New York) text at the bottom encouraged people to "Be generous. Your city needs you. This poster is not for sale." "I Love New York" was written and composed by Steve Karmen in 1977 as part of the advertising campaign. In 1980, Governor Hugh Carey declared it as New York's state anthem. In a move that was remarkable for Karmen, who is well known for retaining the publishing rights to his songs, he gave the rights to the song to the state for free. The logo has become a pop-culture icon, inspiring imitations in every corner of the globe. Merchandise proclaiming "I Document [29] (Title: New York City (album)) New York City (album) New York City is an album by The Peter Malick Group featuring Norah Jones. The album was recorded during August and September 2000, a few weeks before Jones made her own demos for Blue Note Records, and released three years later. Jones sings on all seven tracks, and this album is more bluesy than Jones' debut album, "Come Away with Me". One of the tracks of the album, "Strange Transmissions", was bundled with the Nokia 6230 mobile phone. The album reached number fifty-four on the "Billboard" 200, number one on Top Blues Albums, and number two Document [30] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) I Love NY (2015 film) I Love NY, also known as I Love New Year, is an Indian romantic comedy film directed by Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in lead roles. The film is produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. The film was extensively shot in Mumbai, New York City and Bangkok. The main plot was taken from the Russian romantic comedy "The Irony of Fate" (1976). After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015. "I Love New Year" is a comedy film Document [31] (Title: New York, I Love You) "New York, I Love You" with the transition part directed by Randy Balsmeyer: The film has received mixed reviews from critics, holding a 49/100 rating on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews" (based on 26 critics). Rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews with an average score of 5/10. Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B regarding the film "takes the wrinkle-free, easy-travel concept first executed in the 2007 Gallic compilation "Paris, je t'aime" to a new city and styles itself..." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave Document [32] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) I Love New York (season 1) I Love New York (season 1) is first season of the VH1 reality television series entitled "I Love New York". The first season consisted of 12 episodes, which first aired weekly from January 8, 2007 to April 15, 2007. In July 2006, VH1 published a casting call looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled "The Flavorette". Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be "Flavor of Love" season one contestants "Rain" (Thela Brown), "Hoopz" (Nicole Alexander) or Pollard. Before the second season finale of "Flavor of Love", Pollard denied Document [33] (Title: Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan) were never intended for release outside the film. Despite this a longer instrumental version of the track plays during the club scene in Forever Knight Season 1 Episode 1 (1992). In promotion for the film, Paramount Pictures began an advertising campaign featuring Jason slashing through the "I Love New York" logo, which was featured on the original movie poster. Though the poster was distributed, it was later replaced after Vincent Tese of the New York state economic development committee filed a complaint against Paramount Pictures for unauthorized use of the "I Love New York" logo. Paramount issued a replacement poster, Document [34] (Title: I Love New York) ❤ ..." can be found wherever tourists gather. New York has tried to uphold its trademark by filing nearly 3,000 objections against imitators (to 2005). Parodies, such as "I ♠ My Pets" or "I ♣ Seals", have also appeared. Facetious expressions beginning "I heart…", are based on a literal reading of the logo (e.g., the film "I Heart Huckabees" and the audio conglomerate iHeartMedia). In 1980 a court concluded that the producers of "Saturday Night Live" did not infringe on the copyrights of the “I Love New York” campaign with its “I Love Sodom” skit, ruling that it was a Document [35] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) After being eliminated, Real cried and confessed his love for New York. "First aired March 26, 2007 In this episode, never-before-scenes were shown. They included: "First aired April 2, 2007 (4.8M viewers) The two finalists traveled with New York to Playacar resort in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. Later, New York made her final decision in Hollywood, California for her potential mate. This episode was the final episode where Chance and Tango were split into two separate rooms, because Chance and Tango were in a heated argument while at dinner with New York. In the end, New York chose Tango over Document [36] (Title: I Love New York) parody. As of 2013, the State of New York had filed thousands of "trademark objections and cease-and-desist letters" to stop copycatting, and in 2012 the state sent about one hundred letters. I Love New York I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is a slogan, a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign used since 1977 to promote tourism in the state of New York, including New York City. The trademarked logo, owned by the New York State Department of Economic Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the state, some licensed, many Question: when did i love new york come out Answer: January 8, 2007 Long Answer: I Love New York Created by Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Starring Tiffany Pollard Michelle Patterson Mauricio "Chamo" Sanchez (Season one) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 Production Executive producer (s) Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Ben Samek Running time 60 minutes (including commercials) Release Original network VH1 Original release January 8, 2007--January 6, 2008 Chronology Preceded by Flavor of Love Followed by I Love Money New York Goes to Hollywood Real Chance of Love New York Goes to Work Frank the Entertainer...in a Basement Affair External links Website Gold Document ID: 32

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: I Love New York 2) is eliminated, and Sister Paterson questions her decision. She says to New York, "You're dead meat, girl!" indicating that she believes that New York made the wrong choice for herself. "First aired December 12, 2007 A catch up with New York, with bonus scenes not aired on TV. "First aired December 17, 2007 (5.4M viewers) "First aired January 6, 2008 (4.86M viewers) All of the men are back to talk about this season with New York and Sister Paterson. Where New York accepts Tailor Made's proposal. Fans of "I Love New York" were encouraged to choose 5 of the 20 Document [2] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) show was going to be called "Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair". The show premiered January 3, 2010. I Love New York (TV series) I Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany "New York" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to "Flavor of Love", another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons. The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter) failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Document [3] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) I Love New York (TV series) I Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany "New York" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to "Flavor of Love", another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons. The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter) failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Made (George Weisgerber) was revealed as New York's chosen flame. (Weisgerber and Pollard later separated during the taping of Document [4] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) f**k ain't huggin' yo ass." Chance gets in a limousine and calls New York and Sister Patterson a 'hoe'. "First aired April 15, 2007 (5.01M viewers) 17 of the original 20 contestants came together to discuss issues that arose from the series, and the audience discovered what had happened with Tango and New York after the show. The reunion was taped on April 9, 2007 so the cast would have already seen all of the episodes and had issues that were addressed. The host for the reunion (also the host for both Flavor of Love reunions) La La Vasquez revealed Document [5] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) was the first episode of "I Love New York". New York talked about her "Flavor of Love" experiences and how she got her own show. Chamo was introduced as New York's personal stylist and assistant, while New York's mother, "Sister Patterson", served as New York's "consigliere" during this episode, especially during the naming ceremony. Unlike Flavor Flav in "Flavor of Love", New York allowed the contestants to give themselves names with her final approval. Five men were selected for elimination during a mixer held in New York's backyard. Afterwards, Mr. Boston got into a fight with Chance, Romance scared New Document [6] (Title: New York, I Love You) all have a unifying thread, of a videographer who films the other characters. The film stars an ensemble cast, among them Bradley Cooper, Shia LaBeouf, Natalie Portman, Anton Yelchin, Hayden Christensen, Orlando Bloom, Irrfan Khan, Rachel Bilson, Chris Cooper, Andy García, Christina Ricci, John Hurt, Cloris Leachman, Robin Wright Penn, Julie Christie, Maggie Q, Ethan Hawke, James Caan, Shu Qi and Eli Wallach. "New York, I Love You" premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008, and was released in the United States on October 16, 2009. Following is the cast and crew of ten segments of Document [7] (Title: I Love New York 2) contestants for the second season. New York has stated the men should be from 21–36 years of age, and straight, believed to be a recommendation because of questioned sexual orientation of some first season contestants (in reference to 12 Pack and Heat). A VH1 special on October 1, 2007 revealed the 5 men with the most votes. The five men who were chosen as the contestants are above on the elimination chart in the color yellow. The I Love New York: The Complete Unrated Second Season DVD was released June 3, 2008 along with the Flavor of Love 3. All Document [8] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) movie declared a "flop" by Box Office India. I Love NY (2015 film) I Love NY, also known as I Love New Year, is an Indian romantic comedy film directed by Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in lead roles. The film is produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. The film was extensively shot in Mumbai, New York City and Bangkok. The main plot was taken from the Russian romantic comedy "The Irony of Fate" (1976). After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015. Document [9] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) about 12 Pack having a girl back at home. When the guys returned home, New York sat 12 Pack and Romance down to talk about the allegations. At the elimination, Romance is sent home because he "needs Prozac," Trendz because New York thought he was trying to boost his music career, and Token because he didn't want to kiss New York. "First aired January 22, 2007 The one contestants were set to New York's test to see who had the best capability to earn money by evaluating each contestant's business portfolio. Whiteboy chose to participate in the challenge even after Document [10] (Title: New York: A Love Story) high points include the breezy "My Crib," the harder "Henny" and "Own It," and "U Can Cry to Me," which would lose none of its appeal without the guest appearances from Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. This is a promising first step from a smooth, thoughtful, and understated voice." New York: A Love Story New York: A Love Story is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Mack Wilds. It was released on September 30, 2013, by Louder Than Life and RED Distribution. The album features guest appearances from Method Man, Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. The album was Document [11] (Title: I Love New York) icon became a major success and has continued to be sold for years. In the popular mind (though this was not the original intention) the logo has become closely associated with New York City, and the placement of the logo on plain white T-shirts readily sold in the city has widely circulated the appearance of the image, making it a commonly recognized symbol. Glaser's original concept sketch and presentation boards were donated by Doyle to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The image became especially prominent following the September 11 attacks on the city, which Document [12] (Title: I Love New York 2) I Love New York 2 I Love New York 2 was a reality television show on VH1 that starred Tiffany "New York" Pollard who was on a quest to find her true love. Her relationship with season one's winner, Tango, ended shortly after the season concluded. Unlike the first season, Mauricio Sanchez did not return as "Chamo", New York's assistant. Instead of "Chamo", New York had "Big Ant" (Anthony) as her assistant, and "bodyguard". The show premiered on October 8, 2007, and featured twenty men competing to be the winner. The runner up of season two was Ezra "Buddha" Masters Document [13] (Title: New York: A Love Story) how the different aspects that he placed in it, like the orchestration or even the harps, it really turned it into a whole another monster." On June 24, 2013, the album's first single "Own It" was released. On July 30, 2013, the music video was released for "Own It". On December 16, 2013, the remix to "Henny" featuring Mobb Deep and French Montana, was released. On December 23, 2013, the music video was released for "Henny". Upon its release, "New York: A Love Story" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Andy Kellman gave the album four out Document [14] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) having her own show but when the Flavor of Love season 2 finale aired, she confirmed she was the "Flavorette" and that she was already down to the final three contestants. On November 3, 2006, VH1 announced the show's official title: "I Love New York". The first commercial for the series aired on December 3, 2006 during the VH1 2006 Big Awards show. The show premiered on Monday, January 8, 2007 and is the most watched series debut in VH1 history. The following numbers indicate which type of date the contestant won: "First aired January 8, 2007 (4.426M viewers) This Document [15] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) age 33 or 35. "New York Goes to Work" premiered on May 4, 2009. The reality show followed New York as she searched for a regular job. After the finale, viewers were asked to vote on what she should do next. The choices were: "I Love New York 3", "Take a vacation", or "find a real job". America voted for "I Love New York 3." A casting call was issued for a VH1 reality dating show starring Frank Maresca (The Entertainer). The show was tentatively entitled "The Entertainer of Love" but it was revealed on the VH1 Blog that the Document [16] (Title: New York, I Love You) - both in characters and in the unusual selection and collaboration of filmmakers and artists - is one of "New York, I Love You"'s main assets. And there's no question that Manhattan looks ever-vibrant and beautiful." The film grossed $1,588,015 in the United States. An episode of the Netflix series "Master of None" is named and structured after "New York, I Love You". Like the film, the episode follows the intersecting lives of various New Yorkers, although the episode's stories are not exclusively about romance. New York, I Love You New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic Document [17] (Title: New York, I Love You) New York, I Love You New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama anthology consisting of eleven short films, each by a different director. The short films all relate in some way to the subject of love, and are set among the five boroughs of New York City. The film is a sequel of sorts to the 2006 film "Paris, je t'aime", which had the same structure, and is the second film in the "Cities of Love" franchise, created and produced by Emmanuel Benbihy. Unlike "Paris, je t'aime", the short films of "New York, I Love You" Document [18] (Title: New York, New York (1977 film)) New York, New York (1977 film) New York, New York is a 1977 American musical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Mardik Martin and Earl Mac Rauch based on a story by Rauch. It is a musical tribute, featuring new songs by John Kander and Fred Ebb as well as jazz standards, to Scorsese's home town of New York City, and stars Robert De Niro and Liza Minnelli as a pair of musicians and lovers. The story is "about a jazz saxophonist (De Niro) and a pop singer (Minnelli) who fall madly in love and marry"; however, Document [19] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) "Flavor of Love", "Rock of Love", and "I Love New York" are brought together in a mansion in Mexico to compete in a co-ed battle of mental and physical challenges to win $250,000. "I Love Money" was filmed from February to March 2008, with the season premiere on July 6, 2008. "New York Goes to Hollywood" began on August 4, 2008, and consists of ten 30-minute episodes. The show will star New York as she goes throughout Hollywood trying to find an acting job. To focus on her new mission, New York has to put her last conquest, Tailor Made, Document [20] (Title: Love & Hip Hop: New York) Love & Hip Hop: New York Love & Hip Hop: New York (originally titled Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the "Love & Hip Hop" reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with East Coast hip hop. Its success has produced the spin-offs "", "Chrissy & Mr. Jones", "", "", "", "Leave It To Stevie", "" and "". On September Document [21] (Title: I Love New York (TV series)) on the backburner as she tries to take on Tinseltown. At the end of the series, Pollard decided to keep auditioning for film work, stating she would continue to document her career search in "New York Goes to Hollywood: Part 2"; if her film career doesn't pan out, she has mentioned a possible return to reality-television dating with an "I Love New York 3." Brothers Ahmad (Real) and Kamal (Chance) Givens did not win "I Love New York", but they were given a second chance in the spin-off "Real Chance of Love", which premiered October 20, 2008. On the show, Document [22] (Title: Manhattan (film)) (an unusual request in a time when widescreen films were normally panned and scanned for TV and video release). As a result, all copies of the film on video (and most television broadcasts) were letterboxed, originally with a gray border. "Manhattan" was first released on Blu-ray on January 24, 2012, alongside Allen's 1977 film "Annie Hall". Both releases included the films' original theatrical trailer. In her memoir "Out Came the Sun" (2015), Hemingway detailed Allen's visit to her family home in Ketchum, Idaho upon completion of filming. After intimating that he wanted to take her to Paris, Hemingway warned her Document [23] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in the lead. It is a story of what happens between two people in a span of two days following New Year's Eve. The movie follows a beautiful musician (Kangana Ranaut) and a serious Wall Street banker (Sunny Deol), that have a chance encounter on New Year's Eve that the banker can not recall and the events that come about as a result of the two meeting. In 2011 directors Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru announced their intent to begin work on "I Love New Year". The film originally had the working title of Document [24] (Title: I Love New York) I Love New York I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is a slogan, a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign used since 1977 to promote tourism in the state of New York, including New York City. The trademarked logo, owned by the New York State Department of Economic Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the state, some licensed, many not. The song "I Love New York" is the state song of New York. The logo was designed by graphic designer Milton Glaser in 1976 in the back of a taxi Document [25] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) the second season. It contains all eleven episodes including the reunion special. An Australian DVD was released on November 1, 2008. I Love New York (season 1) I Love New York (season 1) is first season of the VH1 reality television series entitled "I Love New York". The first season consisted of 12 episodes, which first aired weekly from January 8, 2007 to April 15, 2007. In July 2006, VH1 published a casting call looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled "The Flavorette". Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be "Flavor of Love" season Document [26] (Title: I Love New York 2) episodes including the casting and reunion specials were on it, and a supertrailer. I Love New York 2 I Love New York 2 was a reality television show on VH1 that starred Tiffany "New York" Pollard who was on a quest to find her true love. Her relationship with season one's winner, Tango, ended shortly after the season concluded. Unlike the first season, Mauricio Sanchez did not return as "Chamo", New York's assistant. Instead of "Chamo", New York had "Big Ant" (Anthony) as her assistant, and "bodyguard". The show premiered on October 8, 2007, and featured twenty men competing to Document [27] (Title: New York City Boy) August 1999 solar eclipse, and CD2 featured a bonus video showing the song alongside footage of the eclipse in the UK. New York City Boy "New York City Boy" is a song by British music group Pet Shop Boys. It was released in September 1999 as the second single from the forthcoming album "Nightlife". In the UK, the single peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, the song hit number 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 53 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. The music video for the song features the Document [28] (Title: I Love New York) text at the bottom encouraged people to "Be generous. Your city needs you. This poster is not for sale." "I Love New York" was written and composed by Steve Karmen in 1977 as part of the advertising campaign. In 1980, Governor Hugh Carey declared it as New York's state anthem. In a move that was remarkable for Karmen, who is well known for retaining the publishing rights to his songs, he gave the rights to the song to the state for free. The logo has become a pop-culture icon, inspiring imitations in every corner of the globe. Merchandise proclaiming "I Document [29] (Title: New York City (album)) New York City (album) New York City is an album by The Peter Malick Group featuring Norah Jones. The album was recorded during August and September 2000, a few weeks before Jones made her own demos for Blue Note Records, and released three years later. Jones sings on all seven tracks, and this album is more bluesy than Jones' debut album, "Come Away with Me". One of the tracks of the album, "Strange Transmissions", was bundled with the Nokia 6230 mobile phone. The album reached number fifty-four on the "Billboard" 200, number one on Top Blues Albums, and number two Document [30] (Title: I Love NY (2015 film)) I Love NY (2015 film) I Love NY, also known as I Love New Year, is an Indian romantic comedy film directed by Radhika Rao and Vinay Sapru starring Sunny Deol and Kangana Ranaut in lead roles. The film is produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. The film was extensively shot in Mumbai, New York City and Bangkok. The main plot was taken from the Russian romantic comedy "The Irony of Fate" (1976). After numerous delays, the film released on 10 July 2015. "I Love New Year" is a comedy film Document [31] (Title: New York, I Love You) "New York, I Love You" with the transition part directed by Randy Balsmeyer: The film has received mixed reviews from critics, holding a 49/100 rating on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews" (based on 26 critics). Rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews with an average score of 5/10. Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B regarding the film "takes the wrinkle-free, easy-travel concept first executed in the 2007 Gallic compilation "Paris, je t'aime" to a new city and styles itself..." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave Document [32] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) I Love New York (season 1) I Love New York (season 1) is first season of the VH1 reality television series entitled "I Love New York". The first season consisted of 12 episodes, which first aired weekly from January 8, 2007 to April 15, 2007. In July 2006, VH1 published a casting call looking for contestants for their new series tentatively titled "The Flavorette". Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be "Flavor of Love" season one contestants "Rain" (Thela Brown), "Hoopz" (Nicole Alexander) or Pollard. Before the second season finale of "Flavor of Love", Pollard denied Document [33] (Title: Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan) were never intended for release outside the film. Despite this a longer instrumental version of the track plays during the club scene in Forever Knight Season 1 Episode 1 (1992). In promotion for the film, Paramount Pictures began an advertising campaign featuring Jason slashing through the "I Love New York" logo, which was featured on the original movie poster. Though the poster was distributed, it was later replaced after Vincent Tese of the New York state economic development committee filed a complaint against Paramount Pictures for unauthorized use of the "I Love New York" logo. Paramount issued a replacement poster, Document [34] (Title: I Love New York) ❤ ..." can be found wherever tourists gather. New York has tried to uphold its trademark by filing nearly 3,000 objections against imitators (to 2005). Parodies, such as "I ♠ My Pets" or "I ♣ Seals", have also appeared. Facetious expressions beginning "I heart…", are based on a literal reading of the logo (e.g., the film "I Heart Huckabees" and the audio conglomerate iHeartMedia). In 1980 a court concluded that the producers of "Saturday Night Live" did not infringe on the copyrights of the “I Love New York” campaign with its “I Love Sodom” skit, ruling that it was a Document [35] (Title: I Love New York (season 1)) After being eliminated, Real cried and confessed his love for New York. "First aired March 26, 2007 In this episode, never-before-scenes were shown. They included: "First aired April 2, 2007 (4.8M viewers) The two finalists traveled with New York to Playacar resort in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. Later, New York made her final decision in Hollywood, California for her potential mate. This episode was the final episode where Chance and Tango were split into two separate rooms, because Chance and Tango were in a heated argument while at dinner with New York. In the end, New York chose Tango over Document [36] (Title: I Love New York) parody. As of 2013, the State of New York had filed thousands of "trademark objections and cease-and-desist letters" to stop copycatting, and in 2012 the state sent about one hundred letters. I Love New York I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is a slogan, a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign used since 1977 to promote tourism in the state of New York, including New York City. The trademarked logo, owned by the New York State Department of Economic Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the state, some licensed, many Question: when did i love new york come out

Answer: January 8, 2007 Long Answer: I Love New York Created by Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Starring Tiffany Pollard Michelle Patterson Mauricio "Chamo" Sanchez (Season one) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 Production Executive producer (s) Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Ben Samek Running time 60 minutes (including commercials) Release Original network VH1 Original release January 8, 2007--January 6, 2008 Chronology Preceded by Flavor of Love Followed by I Love Money New York Goes to Hollywood Real Chance of Love New York Goes to Work Frank the Entertainer...in a Basement Affair External links Website Gold Document ID: 32

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Kat Graham) failed to chart. She then went on to release covers of artists such as Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul which garnered Graham the attention of Paula who praised her cover. Graham contributed a cover of the Garbage song "Only Happy When It Rains" to "The Vampire Diaries" soundtrack. The song premiered in December 2010 in an episode of the series titled "The Sacrifice". In March 2011, Graham released another single titled "I Want It All". The music video premiered in May 2011. In February 2012, Graham signed a recording contract with A&M Octone Records which was marked as her first Document [2] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) and the lyrics reference an alien and flying objects. Their performances of the song featured outer space themes. The next year, "Angel" invited bands to submit demos for the theme music to the show. They asked bands to use ""dark superhero ideas"" and ""Cello-rock"." "Darling Violetta" watched pivotal Angel-related episodes of "Buffy" like "Passion" and "Becoming, Part One" & "Becoming, Part Two" for inspiration along with cowriter and music producer, Holly Knight. Eventually Joss Whedon accepted Holly Knight/Darling Violetta's interpretation of an "Angel" theme as that most suitable for the show. A number of CD releases have been released linked Document [3] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) proved to be a Top 20 hit across the board, peaking at #4 on MTV NZ's Top 20, #13 on the Juice TV Top 20 Video Chart and #19 on the C4 Top 20 Video Chart. At the 2010 Juice TV Awards "Vampires" was nominated and went on to win the award for the Video of the Year. "Vampires" became the Dukes first release to officially chart New Zealand, debuting at #32 on the RIANZ New Zealand Singles Chart. The song has gone on to be their first Top 10 hit charting at #9 on April 26, 2010. On Monday Document [4] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) film's introductory theme. The song starts just as the revitalized 1988 New Line Cinema logo fades out (the first "Elm Street" to feature said logo), and plays over the opening credits, featuring a girl on a sidewalk, drawing with chalk. The camera pulls back from the Elm Street house to introduce Knight's character, and the song fades into Charles Bernstein's score from the original film. Due to licensing issues, the song did not originally receive an official single release or appear on the original soundtrack for the film, and Knight was never compensated for her contribution. Aside from the film, Document [5] (Title: Vic Mignogna) Vic Mignogna Victor Joseph Mignogna () (born August 27, 1962) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice-over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows, the most notable being Edward Elric from the "Fullmetal Alchemist" series, for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007. Other notable anime roles include Broly from the "Dragon Ball" films, Tamaki Suoh in "Ouran High School Host Club", Fai D. Flowright in "", Dark in "D.N.Angel", Kurz Weber in the "Full Metal Panic!" series, Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the "Vampire Knight" series, Christopher Aonuma Document [6] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) Vampires (Dukes song) "Vampires" is a pop/rock track by New Zealand rock band the Dukes. It's the first single to be taken from the Dukes forthcoming sophomore LP ""Still Life"", after the band decided against including their two previous singles on this release. "Vampires" was originally released as a digital download single on June 26, 2009 and then re-released online January 24, 2010. The song was nominated at the APRA Silver Scroll Awards for New Zealand’s most prestigious songwriting award. "Vampires" was performed live on the TV3 New Zealand 2009 Telethon "The Big Night In" on August 8, 2009. An Document [7] (Title: Vampire Knight) 29, 2008. On July 24, 2009, Viz Media announced it had acquired the license for the "Vampire Knight" anime and would begin releasing it to DVD on July 20, 2010. In the UK, the first volume was officially released on DVD via Manga Entertainment on November 22, 2010. In Australia, ABC3 began airing the series (English-language version) in March 2011 and began repeats on July 3 later that year. The series uses four pieces of theme music. The opening themes of both the first and second season are performed by the duo On/Off, with as the opening for the first Document [8] (Title: On/Off (Japanese band)) "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" was used as the opening theme song for the first season of anime series "Vampire Knight". The duo released two singles, (October 2008) that became the opening of the second season anime of Vampire Knight and (March 2009), before releasing their debut album on April 22, 2009. The former charted at number 18 on the charts and was used as the opening for the second season of "Vampire Knight"; while the latter failed to chart on the Top 30. Their single "Butterfly" was also used in the anime "Durarara!!" as the ending theme song. Document [9] (Title: Kanon Wakeshima) single was chosen as the ending theme for the first season of the anime adaptation of "Vampire Knight". She also provided the voice for a maid that appears in the eighth episode of the series. Wakeshima released her second single, "Suna No Oshiro", on November 12, 2008. The song was used as the second ending theme for "Vampire Knight". Wakeshima was nominated for a Best Newcomer award for 2008 in the fourth annual Shōjo Beat Music Awards, nominees of which are determined by surveying "record companies, music journalists, music experts, and music fans". Wakeshima released her debut album, "Shinshoku Dolce", Document [10] (Title: Magic Knight Rayearth (video game)) used the melody of the Japanese version with different lyrics. The original version was only released on Working Design's website, and had an entirely different singer and instrumentals than the two versions of the song that were released on the game. This version was a lot closer to the original anime's theme, but with Working Designs' English lyrics. The game, as with most of Working Designs' translated titles, was packaged with different artwork on the CDs to increase their value among collectors. The CDs came with three different designs, one for each of the game's heroines. It became the final Document [11] (Title: Rostam Batmanglij) both songs is credited to Batmanglij and Koenig, and lyrics are credited to Koenig. "Modern Vampires of the City" is the first Vampire Weekend album Batmanglij did not produce alone; for this record he collaborated with longtime friend Ariel Rechtshaid and the two co-produced the album together. It was released May 14, 2013. On January 26, 2016, Batmanglij announced on Twitter that he had left Vampire Weekend to pursue solo projects, but that he would continue to collaborate with Koenig on future projects and Vampire Weekend songs. Batmanglij began recording with Ra Ra Riot's vocalist Wes Miles on a project Document [12] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) video features a pregnant Annie Lennox, seen in a dark garden very similar to Lucy Westenra's in the film, and wearing a similar white dress. As she sings, several excerpts from the film are shown, and the video ends as what appears to be holy light shines upon her, very similar to what happens during Dracula's death at the film's end. In the UK, the song was the bigger hit of the double-A sided single with Lennox's track "Little Bird" from her album "Diva". It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart in early 1993, while in the US, Document [13] (Title: Think About It (Naughty Boy song)) soundtrack to the 2014 film Vampire Academy. The music video was released on October 29, 2013. Think About It (Naughty Boy song) "Think About It" is a song by British record producer Naughty Boy, featuring vocals from American rapper Wiz Khalifa and English singer Ella Eyre. It was released on 17 November 2013 as the fourth single from Naughty Boy's debut album, "Hotel Cabana". The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 80 and climbed to number 78 on the second week. It premiered on MistaJam's BBC Radio 1Xtra show on 14 August 2013. A remix by Wilkinson was Document [14] (Title: Story of Evil) of the series; it was originally composed for a theater adaption of the Story of Evil that opened on January 27, 2010, featuring voice actress Shimoda Asami. A version of the song sung by Kagamine Rin and Len was released on May 9, 2010. The song shows a small snapshot of the princess and servant's lives as small children before they were separated, avoiding a hungry, mysterious "demon" in the twilight. Alexiel eventually realized that the demon would be always hungry no matter what and decides to share his snack with the demon. In return, the demon tells Alexiel a Document [15] (Title: Dragonaut: The Resonance) themes are "Rain Of Love", which is performed by Yukari Fukui and composed by , with the lyrics written by Shoko Fujibayashi, and "FIGHT OR FLIGHT", which is performed by Yū Kobayashi. On November 21, 2007, Jazzin' Park and Yukari Fukui each released a four track single. The titles of the theme songs are used as the titles for its corresponding single, which each contains an instrumental version of its theme song, along with at least one different song sung by the artist. Yū Kobayashi's second single, "FIGHT OR FLIGHT", also contained four tracks, and was released on January 23, Document [16] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) Invincible EP, released in 2007. The song, however, utilises very few elements of the original song. Oakland hip hop group Zion I released a notable remix of the song in 2008. A "Nostalgia Dubstep" remix of this song has been utilised in Jason Charles Giles' animated short "Dubstep Dispute" that in turn was played on Cartoon Network in 2013, specifically Adult Swim's "Off the Air" episode "Light". A remix by Gramatik was released in the "Official & Bootleg Remixes, Colabs & Rare Tracks" album in 2012. A cover of the song was recorded by the ska band Demon Waffle and Document [17] (Title: White Knight Chronicles) however. Years spent in a costly and violent war ended with the death of their best and brightest, leaving the country in a state of discontent. Unrest grew throughout the land, eventually resulting in the death of the Queen. The Knights remain sealed away, long forgotten and unused. The official "White Knight Chronicles" soundtrack was released on 2 dics on July 1, 2009 by Aniplex. The music was composed by Takeshi Inoue, Yumiko Hashizume, and Noriyasu Agematsu. Orchestration was done by Hideo Inai, lyrics by Akihiro Hino, and vocals by Kazco Hamano who sung the main theme song, Travelers and Document [18] (Title: Kimi Omou: Shunkashūtō) theme song to the role-playing video game "Valkyria Chronicles 4" and performed better commercial success than the last two singles, peaking at number fifty-nine on the Billboard Japan Top Download Songs chart. "Koyoi wa Yume wo Misasete" was released on 8 August 2018, as the fifth single. The gagaku-influenced dance-pop song served as the theme song to the anime television series "Tsukumogami Kashimasu". A short version of the official music video for the song featuring a Japanese voice actress, Mikako Komatsu, who is known as a big fan of Kuraki and provided the voice of Okō in the anime, was Document [19] (Title: Hizaki) DaizyStripper, heidi., Matenrou Opera and Dolly. They performed live at Shibuya O-West on 25 June and released the single "Hitotsu Dake ~We are the One~" on 14 September, with the proceeds from the single donated to the victims. Hizaki composed the music for the title track of Kaya's January 2012 single "Vampire Requiem". On 20 July, Versailles announced they were stopping all activities by the end of the year. Hizaki, Kaya, Versailles bassist Masashi, Ken Morioka (Soft Ballet), Kenta Harada and Chargeeeeee (Omega Dripp, ZIZ) performed in a special session band on 7 October at Shinjuku Loft. On 1 April Document [20] (Title: Vampire Knight) issue of "LaLa". The second, "Vampire Knight Midnight CD-Pack", was released only via mail order. In November 2008, the official "Vampire Knight", titled , was published in Japan. In addition to providing additional information about the series characters and story, it includes images and details from Hino's storyboard. The fanbook has been licensed by Viz Media and was released on October 19, 2010. A 94-page "Matsuri Hino Illustrations Vampire Knight" was released on July 5, 2010, the artwork included one original double page spread created for the Artbook and a compilation of 100 previously released Vampire Knight color artworks. A Document [21] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) a short drum solo and the coda of "Space Dementia" played as a finale. On 26 January 2008, "Knights of Cydonia" was announced as the number-one song in Australia's 2007 Triple J Hottest 100. The song was also ranked No. 18 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009. It was also ranked No. 53 on Rhapsody's list of the "Top 100 Tracks of the Decade". In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 44 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". The intro, as performed on the live album H.A.A.R.P, is a citation Document [22] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) this event were "Supermassive Black Hole" and "Starlight", the first two singles from "Black Holes and Revelations". Live performances of "Knights of Cydonia" give Matt Bellamy's intro falsetto more prominence than its studio counterpart, along with Dominic Howard's introductory drum pattern being included in the performance. Since 2008, live performances have included an introduction of Ennio Morricone's "Man With a Harmonica" from "Once Upon a Time in the West" where bassist Chris Wolstenholme plays a harmonica piece. Other live additions include Bellamy playing an extra guitar part during the solo at the end of song, Howard ending the song with Document [23] (Title: The Moontrekkers) group auditioned new singers, and replaced him with the 16-year-old Rod Stewart. They then won an audition with record producer Joe Meek, who liked the group but not their singer. Stewart left, and Meek persuaded the group to add keyboard player Peter Knight, and to change their name to The Moontrekkers. They recorded Leport's instrumental tune, "Night of the Vampire", at Meek's home studio in Islington, with Leport on lead guitar, Knight on clavioline, and Meek himself providing the eerie screams at the end of the record. The record was banned by the BBC as being "unsuitable for people of Document [24] (Title: Princess Knight) "Nakayoshi" magazine, a musical directed by Yukio Ueshima, written by Sayaka Asai and with music composed by Shuhei Kamimura was staged. It starred Nogizaka46's Erika Ikuta and Reika Sakurai as Sapphire and Hecate respectively, while Keisuke Kaminaga and Tsunenori Aoki completed the main four in the poster, playing Prince Franz and the pirate Blood respectively. From November 12 to November 17, it ran at Tokyo's Akasaka ACT Theater and it was followed by exhibitions at Theater Brava in Osaka from December 3 to December 6. Princess Knight Princess Knight, also known as Ribon no Kishi, is a Japanese manga series Document [25] (Title: Interview with the Vampire (soundtrack)) as tracks No. 1 and No. 2, respectively. The album was nominated for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, losing on both counts to the score of "The Lion King". Interview with the Vampire (soundtrack) Elliot Goldenthal scored the 1994 film "Interview with the Vampire", working again with director and frequent collaborator Neil Jordan. The music is characterized by its full, dramatic sound that complements the film's gothic atmosphere. The classical style reflects the old-world setting of the film and helps to coveys the dark emotional struggles of the characters. The rock band Guns Document [26] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) Whedon explained that part of his decision to go with Nerf Herder's theme was that Alyson Hannigan had made him listen to the band's music. Nerf Herder later recorded a second version of the theme which was used for the opening titles from season 3 on. Back in 1999, Nerf Herder lead singer Parry Grip gave the background on the writing of the melody. The original melody was not written specifically for the show; it had been in place before Whedon contacted the band asking them to submit a demo for a theme tune: "Codo" has a science fiction theme Document [27] (Title: Holly Knight) Secret of My Success" (1987), "Stuart Little II" (2002), "13 Going on 30" (2004), "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" (2004), and hit television shows such as "Nip/Tuck" (2003–2010), "The Singing Bee" (2007–), "American Idol", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "30 Rock", "South Park", "Dallas Buyers Club", "Glee", "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", "Necessary Roughness", the 40th anniversary "Saturday Night Live", and the finale episode of "The Voice" (2011), in which Cee Lo Green performed a duet of "Love Is a Battlefield" with one of the final contestants. Knight wrote the theme song for the popular Document [28] (Title: A Cruel Angel's Thesis) tires due to specially built tarmac surface. Since the song's initial release, many artists have covered the song. Heavy metal cover bands Animetal and EIZO Japan included the track on their albums "Animetal Marathon V" and "EIZO Japan 2" respectively. Versions by cast members Megumi Hayashibara (Rei Ayanami), Yūko Miyamura (Asuka Langley Soryu), Kotono Mitsuishi (Misato Katsuragi), and Megumi Ogata (Shinji Ikari) exist on various soundtracks and solo albums from the voice actors. Masami Okui included a cover on her cover album "Masami Kobushi", and otaku tarento Shoko Nakagawa has a cover version on her first anime theme cover album Document [29] (Title: Tuesday Knight) and joined them as Keyboardist and Backing vocals. On September 17, 2012, Knight released "Faith", an 18-track album featuring a collection of songs recorded over the past twenty-five years. In September 2017, Tuesday returned with a new album called Uncovered. Her iconic cult classic song "Nightmare" is heard in the opening credits of 1988's "". The song was never released on the official soundtrack. But has since been released by Tuesday on CD and Mp3 formats. In 2000, Knight and "A Nightmare on Elm Street 4" co-star Lisa Wilcox founded the footwear jewelry company ToeBrights. Knight also has her own Document [30] (Title: Boys (Charli XCX song)) R&B duo THEY., Riz Ahmed, Ty Dolla Sign, Wiz Khalifa, Vampire Weekend's Ezra Koenig and former member Rostam Batmanglij, Charlie Puth, Bring Me the Horizon frontman Oliver Sykes, Will.i.am, Josh Ostrovsky, Chromeo, Flume, A.G. Cook, The Vamps members James McVey and Tristan Evans, Jay Park, Bastille's Dan Smith, Hurts singer Theo Hutchcraft, The Courteeners frontman Liam Fray, Tom Daley, Tom Grennan, Carl Barât and Cameron Dallas among others. Taken from Tidal. Boys (Charli XCX song) "Boys" is a single by English singer Charli XCX, released on 26 July 2017 by Asylum Records and Atlantic Records UK. The song serves as Document [31] (Title: Tous les secrets) the same day as the album (4 October 2005), but the CD single was released as late as March 2006 in France, Belgium and Switzerland. Then, "Tous les secrets" became a theme song from the animated movie "Asterix and the Vikings" meaning that it was not recorded as a theme song from the beginning. The track was written and produced by Kristian Lundin, who already worked with Dion on hits like "That's the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive," and by Jacques Veneruso who wrote "Sous le vent," "Tout l'or des hommes" and "Je ne vous oublie pas" among others. Document [32] (Title: Tuesday Knight) single was called "Out of Control." Her second album "Here it Comes" Released in 2000, Had More Of a Commercial Success Than Her Previous attempt. In 1990 she sang the song "Ivory Tower" on the Mad About You soundtrack. In 1996, she sang a cover of The Police's song "Every Breath You Take" in an episode of the Profiler entitled "I'll Be Watching You". In 2001, Tuesday provided her voice for the song "If It Takes All Night" in the film "The Theory of the Leisure Class". She later watched a performance by the David Bowie Tribute Band Space Oddity Document [33] (Title: Shiroi Honō) Yukinojō Mori, and both were arranged by Satoshi Takebe. The title sing was covered by Chiwa Saitō on the "Rosario + Vampire Capu2 Character Song 2" single on October 29, 2008 and the "Rosario + Vampire Idol Cover Best Album" released on February 18, 2009. Shiroi Honō "Shiroi Honō" was released by Canyon Records on May 21, 1985. It was used as the theme song for the first "Sukeban Deka" television drama series on Fuji TV, and Saito was the first to play the main character in the series, Saki Asamiya (she was followed by Yoko Minamino in the second Document [34] (Title: Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires) Johnny Osbourne and Wayne Jarrett. Here are Scientist's mixes and their original equivalents: Several tracks from the album ("Dance of the Vampires", "The Mummy's Shroud", "The Corpse Rises", "Your Teeth In My Neck" and "Plague of Zombies") were featured in the soundtrack to the popular video game "Grand Theft Auto III". They comprised the fictional radio station K-Jah and were the inspiration for many of the DJ's irreverent-sounding comments. Despite being paid a royalty on these and all recordings he made for Henry "Junjo" Lawes, Scientist sued Greensleeves Records unsuccessfully in a US court. The court ruled that according to Document [35] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) the song wasn't publicly accessible for years. An audio recording was later ripped from the film and featured on Knight's 2012 compilation album, "Faith", the song's first official release. In 2015, it was announced that the song had been remastered, remixed, and rerecorded, and is expected to receive an official extended play CD and digital download release before the end of the year. The album is produced by Tuesday Knight, Michael Perez and is designed by Dakota Thomas. 2015 Release: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song) "Nightmare", also known as "(Running From This) Nightmare", is a song by American recording artist and Document [36] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) it reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It reappeared in 1995 on the UK CD single 'A Whiter Shade of Pale' (RCA 74321 284822), alongside Lennox's covers of The Psychedelic Furs' 'Heaven' and Blondie's '(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear'. All tracks written by Annie Lennox unless otherwise noted. CD: Arista / 07822 12522 2 (US) CD: BMG / 74321 13383 2 (UK) Love Song for a Vampire "Love Song for a Vampire" is a song composed and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. It was recorded for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film "Bram Stoker's Document [37] (Title: Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack)) 14, 16, 17), guitar (track 7)<br> Christian Vincent – background vocals<br> Daniel Weaver – background vocals<br> Joss Whedon – piano, vocals (track 23)<br> Zachary Woodley – background vocals<br> Scott Zeller – background vocals<br> <br> Album personnel:<br> Executive in charge of music for Twentieth Century Fox: Robert Kraft<br> Music supervisor for Twentieth Century Fox: Geoff Bywater & Jacquie Perryman<br> Music production supervised by Carol Farhart<br> Fox Music business affairs: Tom Cavanaugh<br> Public relations: Jeffrey Taylor Light<br> <br> Album artwork:<br> Illustrations by Adam Hughes<br> Photographs by Mitchell Haasath & Richard Cartwright<br> Design by Steven Jurgensmeyer Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack) Once Document [38] (Title: Lykke Li) Vampire Diaries", titled "Klaus" and originally aired 21April 2011, as well as the sixth episode of the first season of "Teen Wolf", titled "Heart Monitor" and originally aired 4July 2011. The song was also used in the film "Premium Rush" as one of its soundtracks. The song "Unrequited Love" was used in episode 19 ("The Wheels of Justice"), season four of "The Good Wife". Li's song "Melodies and Desires" was featured in the 2010 Australian film "Griff the Invisible" and an edited version of "Get Some" was featured in the Catwoman trailer for the video game, "". She collaborated with Document [39] (Title: Aishite Knight) why the anime version of "Ai Shite Knight" is particularly famous is because it features, for the first time ever, original songs within the episodes, a plot device which will be very successful in subsequent anime series such as Mahou no Tenshi Creamy Mami and – more recently – Nana. The songs were performed by "Bee Hive" and the rival band "Kiss Relish" and they popular enough to be released in a companion album. Joe Hisaishi, who has composed the music for Hayao Miyazaki's movies, collaborated with composer Nozomu Aoki in writing and arranging the songs. The original songs featured Document [40] (Title: Vampire Knight) Studio Deen produced a twenty-six episode anime adaptation of the "Vampire Knight" manga, using many of the same voice actors featured on the drama CDs, written by Mari Okada, and directed by Kiyoko Sayama. The episodes started airing on TV Tokyo in Japan on April 7, 2008, and ran until the season conclusion on June 30, 2008. The episodes were also aired at later dates on TV Aichi, TV Hokkaido, TV Osaka, TV Setouchi, and TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting Co. The second season, named "Vampire Knight Guilty", premiered on the same station October 6, 2008. The final episode aired on December Document [41] (Title: Michael Vescera) versions of Japanese Anime theme songs. (Following in the steps of the Japanese project Animetal.) This project features Rudy Sarzo on bass, Scott Travis on drums (Later Jon Dette on Drums), and Chris Impelliterri on guitar. In 2012, he collaborated with Sovereign's guitar player Samir Mhamdi performing all the vocals on the album "Warring Heaven". In mid 2016, in a spin off of the Animetal USA project, Vescera with Rudy Sarzo on bass, John Bruno (Obsession) on guitar, and BJ Zampa (House of Lords) on drums, recorded a new project. This project D-Metal Stars "Metal Disney" was released in October Document [42] (Title: Don't Come Around Here No More) the Magical Orchestra gives the song a low-key, piano-based cover on her 2008 album "Flower of Evil". Indie band Vampire Weekend covers the song on a steady basis during live shows. British indie pop singer-songwriter Diana Vickers covered the song as a promotional track ahead of the release of her second album. The song was parodied by Bob Rivers. Showrunner Noah Hawley and composer Jeff Russo also performed a cover for a season two episode of the TV show "Legion". Don't Come Around Here No More "Don't Come Around Here No More" is a song written by Tom Petty of Document [43] (Title: Demon Knight) he'll catch the next one. Dressed identically to his predecessor and carrying the same suitcase, Jeryline realizes that he is the next Collector. After exchanging a glance in passing, the new Collector begins following on foot, whistling the theme song to the "Tales from the Crypt" television series. Unlike episodes of the HBO series, the story was not adapted from the pages of EC Comics. The first draft of the script was written in 1987, two years prior to the HBO series' debut. It was first intended to be made into a film by director Tom Holland, who planned to Document [44] (Title: Vampire's Love (Vamps song)) K.A.Z is HYDE's friend who is also a vampire. 3 supported members of Vamps, Ju-ken, Arimatsu & Jin also appear in the music video. Ju-ken plays a role as a victim of HYDE's bloodsucking. Meanwhile, both Arimatsu & Jin play the role of the citizen that appear during HYDE's girl nearly get hit by a car. Vampire's Love (Vamps song) "Vampire's Love" is the tenth single by Vamps, also the third and last single from album Bloodsuckers released on October 8, 2014. The single reached number 3 on the Oricon chart. On October 31, 2014, “Vampire's Love” was used for Document [45] (Title: If I Was Your Vampire) song on "Eat Me, Drink Me". An instrumental of the song appears on "Bonus Tracks and Instruments from the Album Eat Me, Drink Me", and a remix of the song by Sam Fog of the band Interpol was made available exclusively. "If I Was Your Vampire" is also heard on the trailers for the film, "" and also for the film adaptation of the video game, "Max Payne". "If I Was Your Vampire" was used in the soundtrack to the 2010 parody flick film "Vampires Suck". In the film, it used in the end credits. The working title for the Document [46] (Title: Vampire Knight) live-action musical adaptation was announced and staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Tokyo from January 21 to the 25th, 2015. Another musical took place July 1 to the 5th, 2015. Vampire Knight Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 8, 2008, and July 1, 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October 7, 2008, to December 30, 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for Document [47] (Title: In the Dark of the Night) it as an "I'm-so-evil theme song...so cheesy it could have been a left-over from "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". In the Dark of the Night "In the Dark of the Night " is a song from the 1997 Fox Animation Studios film "Anastasia". It is sung by Rasputin (Christopher Lloyd speaking, Jim Cummings singing) and serves as the villain song. Rasputin is in his lair singing about his plan to kill Anastasia, and sends off his minions to do this task. FilmTracks wrote "The villain's song for Rasputin isn't particularly popular, and some may even wish that Christopher Lloyd had Document [48] (Title: Bill Traut) Seeburg Corporation, producing background music. After teaming up with George Badonsky, who worked for Atlantic Records, they left Seeburg and established their own record label, initially called Amboy (after Badonsky's home town), and then formed Dunwich Productions, named for the setting of the H. P. Lovecraft story "The Dunwich Horror". They approached Nesuhi Ertegun at Atlantic, who allowed Traut and Badonsky to produce Higgins' 1965 album "Soulero". Traut also wrote the tune "Shelley's World", recorded by Oscar Peterson. Traut and Badonsky then discovered Chicago teen band the Shadows of Knight, and had them record a "cleaned-up" version of "Gloria", written Document [49] (Title: Kazco Hamano) opening theme song for a video game called SkyGunner. Kazco Hamano Hamano Kazuko (born January 19, 1970) is a singer and member of the GREAT TOUR BAND. Hamano sings the chorus, supporting Van Tomiko. Her popularity, due to her lively and energetic live performances, has led her to release two solo CDs. She is also well known for her performance on The Black Mages' song Otherworld. She provides the main vocals for the theme song of the video game White Knight Chronicles, titled Travelers. It was performed live at the "White Knight Chronicles Secret Party" held by the game's developer, Document [50] (Title: The Boy Who Could Fly) by Castle and Broughton). In a cameo on a television in one scene appear the band The Coupe de Villes (composed of said Nick Castle, horror director/composer/screenwriter/musician John Carpenter and director Tommy Lee Wallace) singing and playing their original song "Back on the Bus". The band is known today for their theme song "Big Trouble in Little China" for the movie with the same name directed by Carpenter, and their 1985 album "Waiting Out The Eighteens". The band Thrice released a song based on the film, titled "A Song For Milly Michaelson" on their 2007 LP "The Alchemy Index Vols. Document [51] (Title: Rublood) by their dancers, the Rubladies, who delight the audience with their magnificent gothic spectacle. In October 2013 they released their first full-length Star Vampire through Bakerteam Records. Shortly thereafter they are noticed by the production of the film Studio Illegale (released in cinema in February 2013 by Warner Bros.) in which, as well as to include one of their songs on the soundtrack, also appear as actors. They turn their first video clip for the song "Through The Looking-Glass" with Moviedel Productions and directed by Maurizio Del Piccolo. They turn their second videoclip for the song "Electro Starfuckers" always with Document [52] (Title: Cindy Alexander) Pop Artist – Los Angeles Music Awards. Her next album "Angels & Demons" won Los Angeles Music Awards' Independent Pop Album of the Year in 2006 and was nominated also for Album of the Year. In 2009 and 2010, she performed for the videogame "White Knight Chronicles II" soundtrack with the songs "Fly! -My Bluebrid-", "The Battlefield Flower" and "White Knight Chronicles 'Travelers'". Her fourth album, "Wobble with the World", was released in 2007 and was produced by her long-time collaborators Dave Darling and Paul Trudeau. The iTunes Store version of the album contains an extra bonus track "Slow Motion Document [53] (Title: Mr. Vampire) time. However, no wires were used in the scene where actor Chin Siu-ho performed a back-flip up the door. Action director Yuen Wah doubled as a vampire for some of the more acrobatic shots, such as the end scene depicting the vampire being burnt (the flames and oil were real). Most of "Mr. Vampire" atmospheric scores that were both spooky and humorous was mainly supplied by Anders Nelsson's music production company The Melody Bank. Jade's theme song, "Gwai San Noeng" (鬼新娘; "Ghost Bride"), was performed by the Jie'er Choir (傑兒合唱團). The music was written by Lee On-Tat and lyrics were Document [54] (Title: Say (All I Need)) and features their Live Lounge cover of Duffy's single "Mercy". The single was released on June 24, 2008 in the United States. The song was recorded at Rocket Carousel Studios in Culver City by producer Greg Wells and engineer Drew Pearson. The chorus of the song was featured during the most recent season of "The Hills". Also it featured in the pilot episode of the TV series, "The Vampire Diaries". On July 3, 2008, OneRepublic made a guest appearance on "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 4)" for a live performance of "Say (All I Need)". In France, Document [55] (Title: Wires (song)) iTunes launched the new format on 31 May 2007. "Wires" was featured on the sixth episode of the second season of "The Vampire Diaries". The song also appears on the 2006 compilation album, "The Acoustic Album" (Virgin). "Wires" was sung by Victor Frankenstein in Frankenstein's Wedding in 2011, when Victor destroys the creature's "companion." Charli XCX also covered the song, making it available through her official YouTube channel. "Wires" was performed by Rylan Clark-Neal on "The X Factor" in 2012. The week after Rylan's live performance, the original song by Athlete re-entered the UK chart at number 40. British TV Document [56] (Title: Batman Theme) Batman Theme "Batman Theme", the title song of the 1966 "Batman" TV series, was composed by Neal Hefti. This song is built around a guitar hook reminiscent of spy film scores and surf music. It has a twelve bar blues progression, using only three chords until the coda. The eleven cries of "Batman!" are sung by a chorus of four tenors and four sopranos (performed by The Ron Hicklin Singers). A long-held myth purports that the chorus is actually a group of horns. Adam West's book "Back to the Batcave" also fuels this rumor by claiming the chorus is instrumental, Document [57] (Title: Winter's Knight) Winter's Knight Winter's Knight is the third album by gothic duo Nox Arcana. The album peaked at #8 on Billboard Magazine's Music Charts for Top Holiday Albums of 2006 and 2007. The soundtrack is predominantly instrumental with a few traditional holiday songs performed with a darker medieval flair. The music is accented with Gregorian chanting, pipe organs, violins, and acoustic guitar. Some of the tracks contain vocals, such as the minstrel's rendition of "Past Time With Good Company". Other songs feature narration describing a tale of a ghostly knight who wanders the ruins of a haunted cathedral at wintertime. The Document [58] (Title: Holly Knight) Joss Whedon television show "Angel" (1999–2004), performed by Darling Violetta. She also wrote and produced the title theme for the sitcom "Still Standing" (2002–2006), performed by Will Hoge, which received the ASCAP award for recognition as one of the top TV music themes of 2003, as well as the same award again in 2004. In the 21st century, Knight has also been active as a record producer. In 2009, she produced a jazz EP called "Natural" for Antonia Bennett, daughter of Tony Bennett, and in 2012, an alternative pop record of original songs for her, entitled "Ordinary Girl". In 2014, Document [59] (Title: Giving Up the Gun) tennis ball to turn into a fireball and go right through her doppelgänger's racket, concluding the video by winning the tournament and pouring a bottle of milk over herself at the trophy ceremony. RZA then turns on a boombox that starts playing the band's song "Holiday", the next single from the album. The single managed to enter the UK Top 200 at #172 that same week. Giving Up the Gun "Giving Up the Gun" is the second single from Vampire Weekend's second album "Contra". The song was originally performed by L'Homme Run, a comedic rap duo that featured Vampire Weekend Document [60] (Title: Dark Paradise) believed the attraction of the criticism proved it as a highlight. Noticeably less successful than other singles from the album, "Dark Paradise" managed to gain some commercial success in Central Europe, becoming a top five hit on Polish airplay. It was also featured in an episode of "The Originals", a spin-off of "The Vampire Diaries". The song was recorded by psychobilly band Tiger Army, released in 2018 on the EP of the same name. In an interview in June 2012, Del Rey said she would not release the song as a single but did plan to release a music video Document [61] (Title: Vampire Weekend) something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about "LP4" and stated that it was "about 80% done." He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer, Ariel Rechtshaid, with additional "guest appearances", Document [62] (Title: Nick Knight (Forever Knight)) the catacombs of Paris for his first "feeding", in which Nicholas must kill a mortal for their blood. After some brief hesitation, Knight kills the first of what would become many victims, and fully embraces life as a vampire. Although it is never mentioned in any episode, writer James D. Parriott said that he wrote a backstory explaining the reasons for this disillusionment. In this backstory, Knight was captured by Muslims and spent several years being tortured in prison. This caused him to lose faith in God, and left him vulnerable to suggestion by Janette and LaCroix. Upon becoming a Document [63] (Title: Batman Theme) the television soundtrack version by Nelson Riddle, versions were covered by The Marketts (single "Batman Theme" and album "The Batman Theme by The Marketts"), The Ventures ("The Ventures Play the "Batman" Theme", Dolton BST8042, 3/1966), Al Hirt, The Standells and actor/musician David McCallum. The song has been widely parodied in the decades since its debut. The theme has been re-recorded by dozens of artists, including Link Wray, Voivod, The Jam, The Who, and The Kinks. Batman Theme "Batman Theme", the title song of the 1966 "Batman" TV series, was composed by Neal Hefti. This song is built around a guitar Document [64] (Title: Kristen Lawrence) rock, and folk genres and arranges them into her elegant quirky songs for Halloween and the autumnal season. Lawrence's original vampire-themed music, with her luxurious "Blood Waltz" and the lush "Vampire Empire", showcases her clear soprano voice. Her use of harpsichord and organ, as well as her somewhat dark subject matter—as in "Sleeping Dust" (a death lullaby) —have afforded her a nod by many as an "honorary goth". And yet, her "Cats in the Catacombs" is pure whimsy in featuring her cat's hisses and yowls as the clever lyrics use words beginning with "cat." "Rue Morgue" magazine Music Editor, Trevor Document [65] (Title: Yukinojo Mori) of songs Mori wrote by artists such as Bonnie Pink and Porno Graffitti. The songwriter returned to "Dragon Ball" in 2009 when he wrote "Kuu•Zen•Zetsu•Go" as the opening theme for "Dragon Ball Kai". For 2015's "Fukkatsu no F" film, he wrote lyrics inspired by the series for its theme song "Z no Chikai". That year he also penned "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey, which is the first opening theme song of "Dragon Ball Super". Mori also wrote the lyrics to its second opening theme, 2017's "Genkai Toppa × Survivor", a rock song by enka singer Kiyoshi Hikawa Document [66] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song) "Nightmare", also known as "(Running From This) Nightmare", is a song by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The song serves as the opening song for the fourth installment of the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise, "", in which Knight co-starred. Although not officially released as a single or included on the original soundtrack for the film at the time, "Nightmare" has become a cult hit among horror fans and is one of Knight's most well-known and signature songs. It was released officially as a single in 2016. In 1987, Tuesday Knight released her self-titled Document [67] (Title: Macross: Do You Remember Love?) for the film. Narumi Kakinouchi, one of the creators of "Vampire Princess Miyu", was the assistant animation director for this movie. During one of the action scenes towards the end of the movie, Hikaru fires a barrage of missiles on his way to Boddole Zer. As an inside joke among the animators, two of the missiles are drawn to look like cans of Budweiser and Tako Hai (a drink which literally translates as "Octopus Highball"). The film's soundtrack was composed by Kentaro Haneda, featuring new orchestral tracks and some music from the original TV series. The theme song ""Ai, Oboete Document [68] (Title: Tamara Rhodes) of her other songs were featured as well. Two of her songs were also featured in "Godiva's". She is also the voice and co-writer of the theme song for the show "The Guard", as well as of the song "Live Forever" which is the theme song for the vampire show "Blood Ties". Her musical style includes jazz, blues, soul, and R&B. Tamara Rhodes Tamara Rhodes is a Canadian jazz singer. She was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. She has been performing since a young age. After high school, she moved to New York City where she attended the Document [69] (Title: Tuesday Knight (album)) exposure in dance clubs, and was remixed several times with different single releases. In order to promote the album, Knight made a series of mall appearances and also performed at such venues as Madame Wong's West and The Palace. Tuesday Knight (album) Tuesday Knight is the eponymous debut album by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The album was released by Parc/CBS Records in August 1987 on Vinyl and cassette, and was accompanied by the lead single "Out of Control". After providing background vocals on Quiet Riot's 1983 album, "Metal Health", Knight was signed by Vanity Records in 1984. Document [70] (Title: Valkyria Chronicles) Czech Film Orchestra. The first opening theme song, "Asu e no Kizuna" was performed by Animax Anison Grand Prix winner Catherine St. Onge, under her chosen moniker of Himeka. A CD single of the song was released on May 27, 2009. The first ending theme, was sung by the band Pe'zmoku with a CD single released on May 27, 2009 in a regular and special edition. Maria performed the series's second opening theme, , which was used from the 14th episode on. The second ending song, , was sung by Hikari Inoue beginning from Episode 14 until Episode 25. Episode Document [71] (Title: Knight and Day) Salzburg. The Black Eyed Peas recorded a theme song for the film, titled "Someday". "Knight and Day" had been set for a June 25, 2010, release date, but FOX moved its debut up two days to June 23; in the face of poor initial tracking numbers. "The New York Observer" analyzed the marketing for the film, which included an attempt at pushing a "viral video" of the two main stars; journalist Christopher Rosen commented on the desperation level of the publicity campaign, "the marketing for this thing has seemed more intrusive and desperate than any other big-ticket release in some Document [72] (Title: Starstrukk) was featured on the third episode of the first season of "The Vampire Diaries". It was also used in "When in Rome". The song was covered by Marina and the Diamonds on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge and at a few of her live performances, including the Glastonbury Festival. A studio recording of her cover was included as the B-side to her 2010 single "Oh No!". Starstrukk "Starstrukk" is a song recorded by American group 3OH!3. It is their third single and their second single to be released from their second studio album, "Want" (2008). A radio-only and the deluxe Document [73] (Title: Tuesday Knight (album)) Tuesday Knight (album) Tuesday Knight is the eponymous debut album by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The album was released by Parc/CBS Records in August 1987 on Vinyl and cassette, and was accompanied by the lead single "Out of Control". After providing background vocals on Quiet Riot's 1983 album, "Metal Health", Knight was signed by Vanity Records in 1984. She was later bought out of her contract and signed to CBS Records, after which, she began recording her debut album. Almost all tracks were written and produced by Frank Wildhorn, who would go on to become known for Document [74] (Title: Vampire Knight) 8, 2013, Hino released the first special chapter titled "'", which was licensed and released digitally by Viz Media on December 9, 2014. The second special chapter, titled "'", was released on February 10, 2015. On December 10, 2015, the third special chapter, titled "'", was released. On February 10, 2016, the fourth and final special chapter, "'", was released. The "Lala" issue also announced that a volume compiling the special chapters will be released in June 2016. It also announced that Hino will also be releasing a brand new, spin-off manga called "Vampire Knight Memories", which began in June. Document [75] (Title: Vampire Weekend) Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure Document [76] (Title: Vampire Knight) season, and as the opening for the second. Kanon Wakeshima performs the first season ending theme, "Still Doll", and also the second season's ending theme . The soundtrack is composed by Takefumi Haketa and consists of 30 tracks (including the opening theme and ending theme). "Vampire Knight" was made available for streaming on Hulu and Netflix. Three light novels created by Matsuri Hino and Ayuna Fujisaki were published in Japan by Hakusensha in 2008 (the first two novels) and 2013 (the third), respectively. The novels feature side-stories that use the characters of the manga, but are not specifically based on Document [77] (Title: Chris Knight (musician)) Name." Long-time musical hero John Prine sings on the title track. Buddy Miller plays guitar and sings on two tracks: "Missing You" and "Nothing on Me." In 2015, Chris Knight was featured in Season 1, Episode 2 of CarbonTV's original series, American Elements. Chris Knight (musician) Chris Knight (born June 24, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter from Slaughters, Kentucky. In addition to releasing solo records of his own material, Knight has had a successful career writing songs that have been recorded by Confederate Railroad, John Anderson, and Randy Travis among others. Knight was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Knight grew Document [78] (Title: Tenkai Knights) theme and three closing themes. The opening theme is "Get the Glory" by Ayako Nakanomori. The first ending theme is by Rurika Yokoyama, while the second ending is by Cyntia. The third ending, , is sung by Pile. For the English version, John Majkut composed its opening theme with an instrumental version of the same track used for the credits. The series' background score is composed by Majkut and MONACA of "Star Driver" fame. Happinet released an 82-song soundtrack on CD on March 25, 2015, in Japan. On January 30, 2014, Namco Bandai Games announced a video game entitled for Document [79] (Title: Princes of the Universe) song, which featured Mercury sword-fighting, achieved some notoriety. "Princes of the Universe," written and composed for "Highlander," is the only song on the album for which Mercury receives sole credit. The song's name comes from the original working title of the film. It is played over the film's opening credits, and was later used as the opening theme for "." The song was never released as a single in the United Kingdom, and while it never truly charted, it is considered a cult favourite because of its relation to the film. In the movie, the guitar solo in the beginning Document [80] (Title: Vampire Knight) Vampire Knight Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 8, 2008, and July 1, 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October 7, 2008, to December 30, 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for the drama CDs. The anime adaptations were licensed for release in North America by Viz Media, the DVD released on July 20, 2010. Yuki's earliest memory is of a stormy Document [81] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) debut album. The following year, she was chosen to replace Patricia Arquette in the role of Kristen Parker in the film "". Before production wrapped on "The Dream Master", Knight met with director Renny Harlin and pitched the idea of writing a song for the film. She and her writing partner Michael Egizi recorded the song within two days, before playing the tape for Harlin in his car. Impressed, he handed the tape over to the music department without any further involvement from Knight. Unaware if the song would be used, she was surprised to find it serving as the Document [82] (Title: Vampires Everywhere!) themes, vocalist Michael Vampire has stated "We didn't get inspired by Twilight or True Blood at all. I love True Blood and own season 1, but all of our influences come from the classics. By classics I mean "The Lost Boys", "Nosferatu", Bram Stoker's "Dracula", Bela Lugosi, "Fright Night", and more." Vampires Everywhere! Vampires Everywhere! was an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. They were active from 2009 to 2016, the final lineup consisted of Michael Vampire (vocals), Matti Hoffman (lead guitar) and Grey Soto (rhythm guitar). Their name was taken from the film "The Lost Boys". Vampires Document [83] (Title: Hello Master) closing song, "Blood", was written and sung by drummer Vince Nudo, who is an avid vampire mythology enthusiast. The song centers on a conflict between good and evil, the latter personified as a vampire. Intentionally leaving the song open to interpretation as to whether the conflict depicted is a literal one, Nudo said, "I think everyone has encountered a vampire (off the screen or pages of a book). I guess the hero is the good guy who sees what's coming and battles their way out. But in this song the good guy loses." "Everything That You Are" features a 25-second Document [84] (Title: Jim Jones (rapper)) entitled "Vampire Life 2", it went on to be downloaded over 300,000 times on mixtape-sharing website DatPiff. On March 11, 2013, Jones announced he was working on two new mixtapes "V3 (Vampire Life 3)" and "The Ghost Of Rich Porter 2". "Vampire Life 3" was released on August 13, 2013. On December 3, 2013, Jim Jones released an extended play (EP), titled "We Own the Night". The EP was supported by the single "Nasty Girl", featuring American singer Jeremih. On June 24, 2014, Jones released a single titled "Wit the Shit", featuring American singer Trey Songz. In July 2014, Jones Document [85] (Title: Shadows of Knight (album)) Fisher (bass guitar), and Ken Turkin (drums). In 1968, the band signed a recording contract with Super K Productions, a subsidiary of Buddah Records responsible for hits with primarily bubblegum pop bands like 1910 Fruitgum Company and the Ohio Express. Tension soon arouse between the Shadows of Knight and the Jerry Kasenetz-Jeffrey Katz production team over musical direction. The group, in favor of their characteristic bluesy garage rock approach, conflicted with Kasenetz-Katz's polished production techniques, ultimately resulting in the duo instructing co-directors Joey Levine and Arthur Resnick to overdub much of the instrumentals with the work of uncredited session musicians. Document [86] (Title: Valtari) details of their sixth studio album, along with the premier of their new track "Ekki múkk". In April, they released "Ekki múkk" as a single for Record Store Day 2012, releasing it on limited edition 10" vinyl that plays inside out. Its B-side is an instrumental track titled "Kvistur". This B-side is also available as a pre-order bonus track. It was released along with a double vinyl release of "Hvarf/Heim". The song "Dauðalogn" was premiered during the third season finale of "The Vampire Diaries", aired 10 May 2012. On 17 May, the official website streamed the album online, in an Document [87] (Title: Natsumelo) she recorded the song "Nemu Nemu Go". On February 2015, it was announced that Mito will be releasing her debut single, "Maegami Kirisugita", on April 8, 2015. In conjunction with the release, she had contributed the theme song to the Japanese romantic movie "Koisuru Vampire" titled "Colony". The song was included as a B-side to the said single. Nakata, in addition, contributed the composition piece "KT" for the movie. In September 2015, Mito released her second single, "8-bit Boy", which was used as the main theme to the Japanese premiere of the American movie Pixels. Its B-side track, "Watashi wo Document [88] (Title: Cledus Maggard & the Citizen's Band) patrolman's speed trap. He chose the name "Cledus" after his mother's name Cleta. "The White Knight" reached No. 1 on the "Billboard magazine" Hot Country Singles chart in February 1976, and was his only hit to reach that chart's Top 40. Following the success of this record, Huguely most notably was a producer on the 1980s television series "Magnum, P.I.". In the 1990s, he was a writer and producer, known for "" (1993), "Street Justice" (1991) and "" (1994). Cledus Maggard & the Citizen's Band Jay Huguely (September 21, 1940 – December 13, 2008 in Valencia, California) was a stage Document [89] (Title: Love It to Death) a softer, creepy keyboard break by Buxton, and when the vocals reappear they repeat "I wanna get out of here", at first tentative and imploring, before climaxing in the character's total mental breakdown and a return to the chorus. The song's main character is named for Dwight Frye, an actor Hollywood media dubbed "the man with the thousand-watt stare" who portrayed Renfield, the lunatic slave of the titular vampire in the 1931 film "Dracula" starring Bela Lugosi. The album closes with a cover of "Sun Arise" by Australian entertainer Rolf Harris. The upbeat pop song had been a show-opener for Document [90] (Title: Mai Lan) song was directed by French studio PANAMÆRA. On 26 January 2017, Mai Lan released her single "Vampire", co-written with Anthony Gonzalez of M83 and Nick Sylvester. The song is "a big, shiny, bouncy pop song", and the video, from 'Technique' and 'Haze' directors PANAMÆRA, shows Mai Lan starring 'as the leader of a sexy vampire crew who take over an aging lounge lizard’s mansion and eventually turn him into lunch.' Mai Lan writes: "'Vampire' is a joyful, festive threat. In this song, I am a vampire who explains there is no way to escape and how I will devour you. Document [91] (Title: Linda Király) the title song for the movie "Szerelem utolsó vérig" ("Love Till Last Blood"). The song was written by Gábor Presser. Her next hit was "Clubsong", the main theme from the Hungarian version of "Big Brother." She also played Christine in "The Phantom of the Opera", and was preparing to release her debut album. In December 2003, her first album, titled #1 was released. The album included nine songs in English, five in Hungarian, plus the hits "Szerelem utolsó vérig" and "Clubsong". She released two singles, "Holla" and "És mégis". The next songs she recorded were "Lesz-e napsugár még?", the Hungarian Document [92] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) replaced by upbeat rock music; an electric guitar riff signifies youth culture and a post-modern twist on the horror genre. The theme was played by the pop punk band Nerf Herder. In an interview they explain how they came to produce the theme: ""They "[the Buffy production staff]" had hired some famous theme song composer to come up with a theme and they didn’t like the one he came up with so they were kind of on a low budget, and asked local bands to come up with theme song ideas."" In the DVD commentary for "Welcome to the Hellmouth," Document [93] (Title: Fhána) is used as the ending theme song to the 2016 anime series "Tales of Zestiria the X". The band's tenth single was released on January 25, 2017; the song is used as the opening theme to the 2017 anime series "Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid". Fhána's 11th single was released on April 26, 2017; the song is used as the ending theme to the second season of "The Eccentric Family". Their 12th single "Hello! My World!!" was released on August 2, 2017; the song is used as the opening theme to the 2017 anime series "Knight's & Magic". The band's 13th Document [94] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) Love Song for a Vampire "Love Song for a Vampire" is a song composed and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. It was recorded for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film "Bram Stoker's Dracula", where it plays during the end credits. Released as a double A-side with "Little Bird" in Ireland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, the single was a hit, peaking at number three on the UK and Irish Singles Chart as well as number 34 in Switzerland. "Love Song for a Vampire" by itself reached number four in Spain, number 10 in France, and number 11 in Italy. The Document [95] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) Man With No Name), Richard Brake as the antagonist (Sheriff Baron Klaus Rottingham), and Cassandra Bell as the love interest (Princess Shane Kuriyami). Throughout the video, the actors mouth out the lyrics, such as Russ Bain pilloried in town square mouthing ‘No one's going to take me alive’, and Cassandra Bell at the gallows ‘You and I must fight for our rights’. In both instances, the mouthed words occur after the song lyrics and complete before the song moves on to the next line. The band appears in some scenes, partly as holograms. Additionally, the population of the town Cydonia Document [96] (Title: Release the Bats) also contrasts with "the ominous baritone with which he’s now indelibly associated." Lyrically, the song was meant to be a self-parody, caricaturing the band's gothic associations. The title and lyrics of the track employs typical gothic themes, with attacking phrases such as "sex horror sex bat sex sex horror sex vampire sex bat horror vampire sex." AllMusic critic Amy Hanson described the track as "the quintessential Birthday Party song," stating: "The song's title alone ensured that "Release the Bats" became a mantra for the gothic generation as vampires, blood, and biting were so popular with the caped crowd." The song Document [97] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) May 23, 2010 "Vampires" was certified Gold in New Zealand after selling more than 7,500 units. It spent 16 weeks within the Top 40 last charting at #36 July 5, 2010. Vampires (Dukes song) "Vampires" is a pop/rock track by New Zealand rock band the Dukes. It's the first single to be taken from the Dukes forthcoming sophomore LP ""Still Life"", after the band decided against including their two previous singles on this release. "Vampires" was originally released as a digital download single on June 26, 2009 and then re-released online January 24, 2010. The song was nominated at the Document [98] (Title: The Legend of Prince Valiant) Arthurian legends or the long running Prince Valiant comic strip. "The Legend of Prince Valiant Soundtrack" consists of eighteen tracks of background themes produced, composed and performed by the instrumental duo Exchange (Gerald O’Brien and Steve Sexton). The soundtrack is noteworthy for including the full version of the show's opening theme ("Where the Truth Lies") as well as a pop song using the show's love music ("Love Called Out My Name"). Track listing In 1992, King Features developed video game versions of "The Legend of Prince Valiant" television series for Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy, only in Europe. This Question: who sings the theme song for vampire knight Answer: On / Off Long Answer: On / Off debuted on November 21, 2007 with "Eien no Setsuna" (永遠 の 刹那, "Eternal Bond"), which was used as the ending theme song the live - action adaptation of Fūma no Kojirō; they were also a part of its cast . The single debuted at number 59 on the Oricon charts . Following the release of "Eien no Setsuna" was their second single "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" (ふたつ の 鼓動 と 赤い 罪, "Two Beats and a Red Sin") on June 4, 2008 . The single achieved more success than their debut single charting at number 19 on the charts . "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" was used as the opening theme song for the first season of anime series Vampire Knight . The duo released two singles, "Rinne: Rondo" (輪廻 - ロンド -, "Cycle: Rondo") (October 2008) that became the opening of the second season anime of Vampire Knight and "Hana Kagari" (花 篝 - ハナカガリ -, "Hanakagari: Bamboo Flower") (March 2009), before releasing their debut album Legend of Twins I: Futago Densetsu (Legend of Twins I - 双子 伝説 -, Legend of Twins I: The Legend Twins) on April 22, 2009 . The former charted at number 18 on the charts and was used as the opening for the second season of Vampire Knight; while the latter failed to chart on the Top 30 . Their single "Butterfly" was also used in the anime Durarara!! as the ending theme song . Their new singles "Hajimaru no wa, Sayonara" was used as second opening for anime series Beelzebub and was composed and produced by popular J - pop artist Daisuke Asakura . On 2 / 11 / 11 they release their new single' Akatsuki' and on 7 / 12 / 11 is the release of their new album' Legend of Twins II: Zoku Futago Densetsu' Gold Document ID: 7

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Kat Graham) failed to chart. She then went on to release covers of artists such as Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul which garnered Graham the attention of Paula who praised her cover. Graham contributed a cover of the Garbage song "Only Happy When It Rains" to "The Vampire Diaries" soundtrack. The song premiered in December 2010 in an episode of the series titled "The Sacrifice". In March 2011, Graham released another single titled "I Want It All". The music video premiered in May 2011. In February 2012, Graham signed a recording contract with A&M Octone Records which was marked as her first Document [2] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) and the lyrics reference an alien and flying objects. Their performances of the song featured outer space themes. The next year, "Angel" invited bands to submit demos for the theme music to the show. They asked bands to use ""dark superhero ideas"" and ""Cello-rock"." "Darling Violetta" watched pivotal Angel-related episodes of "Buffy" like "Passion" and "Becoming, Part One" & "Becoming, Part Two" for inspiration along with cowriter and music producer, Holly Knight. Eventually Joss Whedon accepted Holly Knight/Darling Violetta's interpretation of an "Angel" theme as that most suitable for the show. A number of CD releases have been released linked Document [3] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) proved to be a Top 20 hit across the board, peaking at #4 on MTV NZ's Top 20, #13 on the Juice TV Top 20 Video Chart and #19 on the C4 Top 20 Video Chart. At the 2010 Juice TV Awards "Vampires" was nominated and went on to win the award for the Video of the Year. "Vampires" became the Dukes first release to officially chart New Zealand, debuting at #32 on the RIANZ New Zealand Singles Chart. The song has gone on to be their first Top 10 hit charting at #9 on April 26, 2010. On Monday Document [4] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) film's introductory theme. The song starts just as the revitalized 1988 New Line Cinema logo fades out (the first "Elm Street" to feature said logo), and plays over the opening credits, featuring a girl on a sidewalk, drawing with chalk. The camera pulls back from the Elm Street house to introduce Knight's character, and the song fades into Charles Bernstein's score from the original film. Due to licensing issues, the song did not originally receive an official single release or appear on the original soundtrack for the film, and Knight was never compensated for her contribution. Aside from the film, Document [5] (Title: Vic Mignogna) Vic Mignogna Victor Joseph Mignogna () (born August 27, 1962) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice-over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows, the most notable being Edward Elric from the "Fullmetal Alchemist" series, for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007. Other notable anime roles include Broly from the "Dragon Ball" films, Tamaki Suoh in "Ouran High School Host Club", Fai D. Flowright in "", Dark in "D.N.Angel", Kurz Weber in the "Full Metal Panic!" series, Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the "Vampire Knight" series, Christopher Aonuma Document [6] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) Vampires (Dukes song) "Vampires" is a pop/rock track by New Zealand rock band the Dukes. It's the first single to be taken from the Dukes forthcoming sophomore LP ""Still Life"", after the band decided against including their two previous singles on this release. "Vampires" was originally released as a digital download single on June 26, 2009 and then re-released online January 24, 2010. The song was nominated at the APRA Silver Scroll Awards for New Zealand’s most prestigious songwriting award. "Vampires" was performed live on the TV3 New Zealand 2009 Telethon "The Big Night In" on August 8, 2009. An Document [7] (Title: Vampire Knight) 29, 2008. On July 24, 2009, Viz Media announced it had acquired the license for the "Vampire Knight" anime and would begin releasing it to DVD on July 20, 2010. In the UK, the first volume was officially released on DVD via Manga Entertainment on November 22, 2010. In Australia, ABC3 began airing the series (English-language version) in March 2011 and began repeats on July 3 later that year. The series uses four pieces of theme music. The opening themes of both the first and second season are performed by the duo On/Off, with as the opening for the first Document [8] (Title: On/Off (Japanese band)) "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" was used as the opening theme song for the first season of anime series "Vampire Knight". The duo released two singles, (October 2008) that became the opening of the second season anime of Vampire Knight and (March 2009), before releasing their debut album on April 22, 2009. The former charted at number 18 on the charts and was used as the opening for the second season of "Vampire Knight"; while the latter failed to chart on the Top 30. Their single "Butterfly" was also used in the anime "Durarara!!" as the ending theme song. Document [9] (Title: Kanon Wakeshima) single was chosen as the ending theme for the first season of the anime adaptation of "Vampire Knight". She also provided the voice for a maid that appears in the eighth episode of the series. Wakeshima released her second single, "Suna No Oshiro", on November 12, 2008. The song was used as the second ending theme for "Vampire Knight". Wakeshima was nominated for a Best Newcomer award for 2008 in the fourth annual Shōjo Beat Music Awards, nominees of which are determined by surveying "record companies, music journalists, music experts, and music fans". Wakeshima released her debut album, "Shinshoku Dolce", Document [10] (Title: Magic Knight Rayearth (video game)) used the melody of the Japanese version with different lyrics. The original version was only released on Working Design's website, and had an entirely different singer and instrumentals than the two versions of the song that were released on the game. This version was a lot closer to the original anime's theme, but with Working Designs' English lyrics. The game, as with most of Working Designs' translated titles, was packaged with different artwork on the CDs to increase their value among collectors. The CDs came with three different designs, one for each of the game's heroines. It became the final Document [11] (Title: Rostam Batmanglij) both songs is credited to Batmanglij and Koenig, and lyrics are credited to Koenig. "Modern Vampires of the City" is the first Vampire Weekend album Batmanglij did not produce alone; for this record he collaborated with longtime friend Ariel Rechtshaid and the two co-produced the album together. It was released May 14, 2013. On January 26, 2016, Batmanglij announced on Twitter that he had left Vampire Weekend to pursue solo projects, but that he would continue to collaborate with Koenig on future projects and Vampire Weekend songs. Batmanglij began recording with Ra Ra Riot's vocalist Wes Miles on a project Document [12] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) video features a pregnant Annie Lennox, seen in a dark garden very similar to Lucy Westenra's in the film, and wearing a similar white dress. As she sings, several excerpts from the film are shown, and the video ends as what appears to be holy light shines upon her, very similar to what happens during Dracula's death at the film's end. In the UK, the song was the bigger hit of the double-A sided single with Lennox's track "Little Bird" from her album "Diva". It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart in early 1993, while in the US, Document [13] (Title: Think About It (Naughty Boy song)) soundtrack to the 2014 film Vampire Academy. The music video was released on October 29, 2013. Think About It (Naughty Boy song) "Think About It" is a song by British record producer Naughty Boy, featuring vocals from American rapper Wiz Khalifa and English singer Ella Eyre. It was released on 17 November 2013 as the fourth single from Naughty Boy's debut album, "Hotel Cabana". The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 80 and climbed to number 78 on the second week. It premiered on MistaJam's BBC Radio 1Xtra show on 14 August 2013. A remix by Wilkinson was Document [14] (Title: Story of Evil) of the series; it was originally composed for a theater adaption of the Story of Evil that opened on January 27, 2010, featuring voice actress Shimoda Asami. A version of the song sung by Kagamine Rin and Len was released on May 9, 2010. The song shows a small snapshot of the princess and servant's lives as small children before they were separated, avoiding a hungry, mysterious "demon" in the twilight. Alexiel eventually realized that the demon would be always hungry no matter what and decides to share his snack with the demon. In return, the demon tells Alexiel a Document [15] (Title: Dragonaut: The Resonance) themes are "Rain Of Love", which is performed by Yukari Fukui and composed by , with the lyrics written by Shoko Fujibayashi, and "FIGHT OR FLIGHT", which is performed by Yū Kobayashi. On November 21, 2007, Jazzin' Park and Yukari Fukui each released a four track single. The titles of the theme songs are used as the titles for its corresponding single, which each contains an instrumental version of its theme song, along with at least one different song sung by the artist. Yū Kobayashi's second single, "FIGHT OR FLIGHT", also contained four tracks, and was released on January 23, Document [16] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) Invincible EP, released in 2007. The song, however, utilises very few elements of the original song. Oakland hip hop group Zion I released a notable remix of the song in 2008. A "Nostalgia Dubstep" remix of this song has been utilised in Jason Charles Giles' animated short "Dubstep Dispute" that in turn was played on Cartoon Network in 2013, specifically Adult Swim's "Off the Air" episode "Light". A remix by Gramatik was released in the "Official & Bootleg Remixes, Colabs & Rare Tracks" album in 2012. A cover of the song was recorded by the ska band Demon Waffle and Document [17] (Title: White Knight Chronicles) however. Years spent in a costly and violent war ended with the death of their best and brightest, leaving the country in a state of discontent. Unrest grew throughout the land, eventually resulting in the death of the Queen. The Knights remain sealed away, long forgotten and unused. The official "White Knight Chronicles" soundtrack was released on 2 dics on July 1, 2009 by Aniplex. The music was composed by Takeshi Inoue, Yumiko Hashizume, and Noriyasu Agematsu. Orchestration was done by Hideo Inai, lyrics by Akihiro Hino, and vocals by Kazco Hamano who sung the main theme song, Travelers and Document [18] (Title: Kimi Omou: Shunkashūtō) theme song to the role-playing video game "Valkyria Chronicles 4" and performed better commercial success than the last two singles, peaking at number fifty-nine on the Billboard Japan Top Download Songs chart. "Koyoi wa Yume wo Misasete" was released on 8 August 2018, as the fifth single. The gagaku-influenced dance-pop song served as the theme song to the anime television series "Tsukumogami Kashimasu". A short version of the official music video for the song featuring a Japanese voice actress, Mikako Komatsu, who is known as a big fan of Kuraki and provided the voice of Okō in the anime, was Document [19] (Title: Hizaki) DaizyStripper, heidi., Matenrou Opera and Dolly. They performed live at Shibuya O-West on 25 June and released the single "Hitotsu Dake ~We are the One~" on 14 September, with the proceeds from the single donated to the victims. Hizaki composed the music for the title track of Kaya's January 2012 single "Vampire Requiem". On 20 July, Versailles announced they were stopping all activities by the end of the year. Hizaki, Kaya, Versailles bassist Masashi, Ken Morioka (Soft Ballet), Kenta Harada and Chargeeeeee (Omega Dripp, ZIZ) performed in a special session band on 7 October at Shinjuku Loft. On 1 April Document [20] (Title: Vampire Knight) issue of "LaLa". The second, "Vampire Knight Midnight CD-Pack", was released only via mail order. In November 2008, the official "Vampire Knight", titled , was published in Japan. In addition to providing additional information about the series characters and story, it includes images and details from Hino's storyboard. The fanbook has been licensed by Viz Media and was released on October 19, 2010. A 94-page "Matsuri Hino Illustrations Vampire Knight" was released on July 5, 2010, the artwork included one original double page spread created for the Artbook and a compilation of 100 previously released Vampire Knight color artworks. A Document [21] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) a short drum solo and the coda of "Space Dementia" played as a finale. On 26 January 2008, "Knights of Cydonia" was announced as the number-one song in Australia's 2007 Triple J Hottest 100. The song was also ranked No. 18 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009. It was also ranked No. 53 on Rhapsody's list of the "Top 100 Tracks of the Decade". In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 44 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". The intro, as performed on the live album H.A.A.R.P, is a citation Document [22] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) this event were "Supermassive Black Hole" and "Starlight", the first two singles from "Black Holes and Revelations". Live performances of "Knights of Cydonia" give Matt Bellamy's intro falsetto more prominence than its studio counterpart, along with Dominic Howard's introductory drum pattern being included in the performance. Since 2008, live performances have included an introduction of Ennio Morricone's "Man With a Harmonica" from "Once Upon a Time in the West" where bassist Chris Wolstenholme plays a harmonica piece. Other live additions include Bellamy playing an extra guitar part during the solo at the end of song, Howard ending the song with Document [23] (Title: The Moontrekkers) group auditioned new singers, and replaced him with the 16-year-old Rod Stewart. They then won an audition with record producer Joe Meek, who liked the group but not their singer. Stewart left, and Meek persuaded the group to add keyboard player Peter Knight, and to change their name to The Moontrekkers. They recorded Leport's instrumental tune, "Night of the Vampire", at Meek's home studio in Islington, with Leport on lead guitar, Knight on clavioline, and Meek himself providing the eerie screams at the end of the record. The record was banned by the BBC as being "unsuitable for people of Document [24] (Title: Princess Knight) "Nakayoshi" magazine, a musical directed by Yukio Ueshima, written by Sayaka Asai and with music composed by Shuhei Kamimura was staged. It starred Nogizaka46's Erika Ikuta and Reika Sakurai as Sapphire and Hecate respectively, while Keisuke Kaminaga and Tsunenori Aoki completed the main four in the poster, playing Prince Franz and the pirate Blood respectively. From November 12 to November 17, it ran at Tokyo's Akasaka ACT Theater and it was followed by exhibitions at Theater Brava in Osaka from December 3 to December 6. Princess Knight Princess Knight, also known as Ribon no Kishi, is a Japanese manga series Document [25] (Title: Interview with the Vampire (soundtrack)) as tracks No. 1 and No. 2, respectively. The album was nominated for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, losing on both counts to the score of "The Lion King". Interview with the Vampire (soundtrack) Elliot Goldenthal scored the 1994 film "Interview with the Vampire", working again with director and frequent collaborator Neil Jordan. The music is characterized by its full, dramatic sound that complements the film's gothic atmosphere. The classical style reflects the old-world setting of the film and helps to coveys the dark emotional struggles of the characters. The rock band Guns Document [26] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) Whedon explained that part of his decision to go with Nerf Herder's theme was that Alyson Hannigan had made him listen to the band's music. Nerf Herder later recorded a second version of the theme which was used for the opening titles from season 3 on. Back in 1999, Nerf Herder lead singer Parry Grip gave the background on the writing of the melody. The original melody was not written specifically for the show; it had been in place before Whedon contacted the band asking them to submit a demo for a theme tune: "Codo" has a science fiction theme Document [27] (Title: Holly Knight) Secret of My Success" (1987), "Stuart Little II" (2002), "13 Going on 30" (2004), "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" (2004), and hit television shows such as "Nip/Tuck" (2003–2010), "The Singing Bee" (2007–), "American Idol", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "30 Rock", "South Park", "Dallas Buyers Club", "Glee", "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", "Necessary Roughness", the 40th anniversary "Saturday Night Live", and the finale episode of "The Voice" (2011), in which Cee Lo Green performed a duet of "Love Is a Battlefield" with one of the final contestants. Knight wrote the theme song for the popular Document [28] (Title: A Cruel Angel's Thesis) tires due to specially built tarmac surface. Since the song's initial release, many artists have covered the song. Heavy metal cover bands Animetal and EIZO Japan included the track on their albums "Animetal Marathon V" and "EIZO Japan 2" respectively. Versions by cast members Megumi Hayashibara (Rei Ayanami), Yūko Miyamura (Asuka Langley Soryu), Kotono Mitsuishi (Misato Katsuragi), and Megumi Ogata (Shinji Ikari) exist on various soundtracks and solo albums from the voice actors. Masami Okui included a cover on her cover album "Masami Kobushi", and otaku tarento Shoko Nakagawa has a cover version on her first anime theme cover album Document [29] (Title: Tuesday Knight) and joined them as Keyboardist and Backing vocals. On September 17, 2012, Knight released "Faith", an 18-track album featuring a collection of songs recorded over the past twenty-five years. In September 2017, Tuesday returned with a new album called Uncovered. Her iconic cult classic song "Nightmare" is heard in the opening credits of 1988's "". The song was never released on the official soundtrack. But has since been released by Tuesday on CD and Mp3 formats. In 2000, Knight and "A Nightmare on Elm Street 4" co-star Lisa Wilcox founded the footwear jewelry company ToeBrights. Knight also has her own Document [30] (Title: Boys (Charli XCX song)) R&B duo THEY., Riz Ahmed, Ty Dolla Sign, Wiz Khalifa, Vampire Weekend's Ezra Koenig and former member Rostam Batmanglij, Charlie Puth, Bring Me the Horizon frontman Oliver Sykes, Will.i.am, Josh Ostrovsky, Chromeo, Flume, A.G. Cook, The Vamps members James McVey and Tristan Evans, Jay Park, Bastille's Dan Smith, Hurts singer Theo Hutchcraft, The Courteeners frontman Liam Fray, Tom Daley, Tom Grennan, Carl Barât and Cameron Dallas among others. Taken from Tidal. Boys (Charli XCX song) "Boys" is a single by English singer Charli XCX, released on 26 July 2017 by Asylum Records and Atlantic Records UK. The song serves as Document [31] (Title: Tous les secrets) the same day as the album (4 October 2005), but the CD single was released as late as March 2006 in France, Belgium and Switzerland. Then, "Tous les secrets" became a theme song from the animated movie "Asterix and the Vikings" meaning that it was not recorded as a theme song from the beginning. The track was written and produced by Kristian Lundin, who already worked with Dion on hits like "That's the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive," and by Jacques Veneruso who wrote "Sous le vent," "Tout l'or des hommes" and "Je ne vous oublie pas" among others. Document [32] (Title: Tuesday Knight) single was called "Out of Control." Her second album "Here it Comes" Released in 2000, Had More Of a Commercial Success Than Her Previous attempt. In 1990 she sang the song "Ivory Tower" on the Mad About You soundtrack. In 1996, she sang a cover of The Police's song "Every Breath You Take" in an episode of the Profiler entitled "I'll Be Watching You". In 2001, Tuesday provided her voice for the song "If It Takes All Night" in the film "The Theory of the Leisure Class". She later watched a performance by the David Bowie Tribute Band Space Oddity Document [33] (Title: Shiroi Honō) Yukinojō Mori, and both were arranged by Satoshi Takebe. The title sing was covered by Chiwa Saitō on the "Rosario + Vampire Capu2 Character Song 2" single on October 29, 2008 and the "Rosario + Vampire Idol Cover Best Album" released on February 18, 2009. Shiroi Honō "Shiroi Honō" was released by Canyon Records on May 21, 1985. It was used as the theme song for the first "Sukeban Deka" television drama series on Fuji TV, and Saito was the first to play the main character in the series, Saki Asamiya (she was followed by Yoko Minamino in the second Document [34] (Title: Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires) Johnny Osbourne and Wayne Jarrett. Here are Scientist's mixes and their original equivalents: Several tracks from the album ("Dance of the Vampires", "The Mummy's Shroud", "The Corpse Rises", "Your Teeth In My Neck" and "Plague of Zombies") were featured in the soundtrack to the popular video game "Grand Theft Auto III". They comprised the fictional radio station K-Jah and were the inspiration for many of the DJ's irreverent-sounding comments. Despite being paid a royalty on these and all recordings he made for Henry "Junjo" Lawes, Scientist sued Greensleeves Records unsuccessfully in a US court. The court ruled that according to Document [35] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) the song wasn't publicly accessible for years. An audio recording was later ripped from the film and featured on Knight's 2012 compilation album, "Faith", the song's first official release. In 2015, it was announced that the song had been remastered, remixed, and rerecorded, and is expected to receive an official extended play CD and digital download release before the end of the year. The album is produced by Tuesday Knight, Michael Perez and is designed by Dakota Thomas. 2015 Release: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song) "Nightmare", also known as "(Running From This) Nightmare", is a song by American recording artist and Document [36] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) it reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It reappeared in 1995 on the UK CD single 'A Whiter Shade of Pale' (RCA 74321 284822), alongside Lennox's covers of The Psychedelic Furs' 'Heaven' and Blondie's '(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear'. All tracks written by Annie Lennox unless otherwise noted. CD: Arista / 07822 12522 2 (US) CD: BMG / 74321 13383 2 (UK) Love Song for a Vampire "Love Song for a Vampire" is a song composed and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. It was recorded for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film "Bram Stoker's Document [37] (Title: Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack)) 14, 16, 17), guitar (track 7)<br> Christian Vincent – background vocals<br> Daniel Weaver – background vocals<br> Joss Whedon – piano, vocals (track 23)<br> Zachary Woodley – background vocals<br> Scott Zeller – background vocals<br> <br> Album personnel:<br> Executive in charge of music for Twentieth Century Fox: Robert Kraft<br> Music supervisor for Twentieth Century Fox: Geoff Bywater & Jacquie Perryman<br> Music production supervised by Carol Farhart<br> Fox Music business affairs: Tom Cavanaugh<br> Public relations: Jeffrey Taylor Light<br> <br> Album artwork:<br> Illustrations by Adam Hughes<br> Photographs by Mitchell Haasath & Richard Cartwright<br> Design by Steven Jurgensmeyer Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack) Once Document [38] (Title: Lykke Li) Vampire Diaries", titled "Klaus" and originally aired 21April 2011, as well as the sixth episode of the first season of "Teen Wolf", titled "Heart Monitor" and originally aired 4July 2011. The song was also used in the film "Premium Rush" as one of its soundtracks. The song "Unrequited Love" was used in episode 19 ("The Wheels of Justice"), season four of "The Good Wife". Li's song "Melodies and Desires" was featured in the 2010 Australian film "Griff the Invisible" and an edited version of "Get Some" was featured in the Catwoman trailer for the video game, "". She collaborated with Document [39] (Title: Aishite Knight) why the anime version of "Ai Shite Knight" is particularly famous is because it features, for the first time ever, original songs within the episodes, a plot device which will be very successful in subsequent anime series such as Mahou no Tenshi Creamy Mami and – more recently – Nana. The songs were performed by "Bee Hive" and the rival band "Kiss Relish" and they popular enough to be released in a companion album. Joe Hisaishi, who has composed the music for Hayao Miyazaki's movies, collaborated with composer Nozomu Aoki in writing and arranging the songs. The original songs featured Document [40] (Title: Vampire Knight) Studio Deen produced a twenty-six episode anime adaptation of the "Vampire Knight" manga, using many of the same voice actors featured on the drama CDs, written by Mari Okada, and directed by Kiyoko Sayama. The episodes started airing on TV Tokyo in Japan on April 7, 2008, and ran until the season conclusion on June 30, 2008. The episodes were also aired at later dates on TV Aichi, TV Hokkaido, TV Osaka, TV Setouchi, and TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting Co. The second season, named "Vampire Knight Guilty", premiered on the same station October 6, 2008. The final episode aired on December Document [41] (Title: Michael Vescera) versions of Japanese Anime theme songs. (Following in the steps of the Japanese project Animetal.) This project features Rudy Sarzo on bass, Scott Travis on drums (Later Jon Dette on Drums), and Chris Impelliterri on guitar. In 2012, he collaborated with Sovereign's guitar player Samir Mhamdi performing all the vocals on the album "Warring Heaven". In mid 2016, in a spin off of the Animetal USA project, Vescera with Rudy Sarzo on bass, John Bruno (Obsession) on guitar, and BJ Zampa (House of Lords) on drums, recorded a new project. This project D-Metal Stars "Metal Disney" was released in October Document [42] (Title: Don't Come Around Here No More) the Magical Orchestra gives the song a low-key, piano-based cover on her 2008 album "Flower of Evil". Indie band Vampire Weekend covers the song on a steady basis during live shows. British indie pop singer-songwriter Diana Vickers covered the song as a promotional track ahead of the release of her second album. The song was parodied by Bob Rivers. Showrunner Noah Hawley and composer Jeff Russo also performed a cover for a season two episode of the TV show "Legion". Don't Come Around Here No More "Don't Come Around Here No More" is a song written by Tom Petty of Document [43] (Title: Demon Knight) he'll catch the next one. Dressed identically to his predecessor and carrying the same suitcase, Jeryline realizes that he is the next Collector. After exchanging a glance in passing, the new Collector begins following on foot, whistling the theme song to the "Tales from the Crypt" television series. Unlike episodes of the HBO series, the story was not adapted from the pages of EC Comics. The first draft of the script was written in 1987, two years prior to the HBO series' debut. It was first intended to be made into a film by director Tom Holland, who planned to Document [44] (Title: Vampire's Love (Vamps song)) K.A.Z is HYDE's friend who is also a vampire. 3 supported members of Vamps, Ju-ken, Arimatsu & Jin also appear in the music video. Ju-ken plays a role as a victim of HYDE's bloodsucking. Meanwhile, both Arimatsu & Jin play the role of the citizen that appear during HYDE's girl nearly get hit by a car. Vampire's Love (Vamps song) "Vampire's Love" is the tenth single by Vamps, also the third and last single from album Bloodsuckers released on October 8, 2014. The single reached number 3 on the Oricon chart. On October 31, 2014, “Vampire's Love” was used for Document [45] (Title: If I Was Your Vampire) song on "Eat Me, Drink Me". An instrumental of the song appears on "Bonus Tracks and Instruments from the Album Eat Me, Drink Me", and a remix of the song by Sam Fog of the band Interpol was made available exclusively. "If I Was Your Vampire" is also heard on the trailers for the film, "" and also for the film adaptation of the video game, "Max Payne". "If I Was Your Vampire" was used in the soundtrack to the 2010 parody flick film "Vampires Suck". In the film, it used in the end credits. The working title for the Document [46] (Title: Vampire Knight) live-action musical adaptation was announced and staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Tokyo from January 21 to the 25th, 2015. Another musical took place July 1 to the 5th, 2015. Vampire Knight Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 8, 2008, and July 1, 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October 7, 2008, to December 30, 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for Document [47] (Title: In the Dark of the Night) it as an "I'm-so-evil theme song...so cheesy it could have been a left-over from "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". In the Dark of the Night "In the Dark of the Night " is a song from the 1997 Fox Animation Studios film "Anastasia". It is sung by Rasputin (Christopher Lloyd speaking, Jim Cummings singing) and serves as the villain song. Rasputin is in his lair singing about his plan to kill Anastasia, and sends off his minions to do this task. FilmTracks wrote "The villain's song for Rasputin isn't particularly popular, and some may even wish that Christopher Lloyd had Document [48] (Title: Bill Traut) Seeburg Corporation, producing background music. After teaming up with George Badonsky, who worked for Atlantic Records, they left Seeburg and established their own record label, initially called Amboy (after Badonsky's home town), and then formed Dunwich Productions, named for the setting of the H. P. Lovecraft story "The Dunwich Horror". They approached Nesuhi Ertegun at Atlantic, who allowed Traut and Badonsky to produce Higgins' 1965 album "Soulero". Traut also wrote the tune "Shelley's World", recorded by Oscar Peterson. Traut and Badonsky then discovered Chicago teen band the Shadows of Knight, and had them record a "cleaned-up" version of "Gloria", written Document [49] (Title: Kazco Hamano) opening theme song for a video game called SkyGunner. Kazco Hamano Hamano Kazuko (born January 19, 1970) is a singer and member of the GREAT TOUR BAND. Hamano sings the chorus, supporting Van Tomiko. Her popularity, due to her lively and energetic live performances, has led her to release two solo CDs. She is also well known for her performance on The Black Mages' song Otherworld. She provides the main vocals for the theme song of the video game White Knight Chronicles, titled Travelers. It was performed live at the "White Knight Chronicles Secret Party" held by the game's developer, Document [50] (Title: The Boy Who Could Fly) by Castle and Broughton). In a cameo on a television in one scene appear the band The Coupe de Villes (composed of said Nick Castle, horror director/composer/screenwriter/musician John Carpenter and director Tommy Lee Wallace) singing and playing their original song "Back on the Bus". The band is known today for their theme song "Big Trouble in Little China" for the movie with the same name directed by Carpenter, and their 1985 album "Waiting Out The Eighteens". The band Thrice released a song based on the film, titled "A Song For Milly Michaelson" on their 2007 LP "The Alchemy Index Vols. Document [51] (Title: Rublood) by their dancers, the Rubladies, who delight the audience with their magnificent gothic spectacle. In October 2013 they released their first full-length Star Vampire through Bakerteam Records. Shortly thereafter they are noticed by the production of the film Studio Illegale (released in cinema in February 2013 by Warner Bros.) in which, as well as to include one of their songs on the soundtrack, also appear as actors. They turn their first video clip for the song "Through The Looking-Glass" with Moviedel Productions and directed by Maurizio Del Piccolo. They turn their second videoclip for the song "Electro Starfuckers" always with Document [52] (Title: Cindy Alexander) Pop Artist – Los Angeles Music Awards. Her next album "Angels & Demons" won Los Angeles Music Awards' Independent Pop Album of the Year in 2006 and was nominated also for Album of the Year. In 2009 and 2010, she performed for the videogame "White Knight Chronicles II" soundtrack with the songs "Fly! -My Bluebrid-", "The Battlefield Flower" and "White Knight Chronicles 'Travelers'". Her fourth album, "Wobble with the World", was released in 2007 and was produced by her long-time collaborators Dave Darling and Paul Trudeau. The iTunes Store version of the album contains an extra bonus track "Slow Motion Document [53] (Title: Mr. Vampire) time. However, no wires were used in the scene where actor Chin Siu-ho performed a back-flip up the door. Action director Yuen Wah doubled as a vampire for some of the more acrobatic shots, such as the end scene depicting the vampire being burnt (the flames and oil were real). Most of "Mr. Vampire" atmospheric scores that were both spooky and humorous was mainly supplied by Anders Nelsson's music production company The Melody Bank. Jade's theme song, "Gwai San Noeng" (鬼新娘; "Ghost Bride"), was performed by the Jie'er Choir (傑兒合唱團). The music was written by Lee On-Tat and lyrics were Document [54] (Title: Say (All I Need)) and features their Live Lounge cover of Duffy's single "Mercy". The single was released on June 24, 2008 in the United States. The song was recorded at Rocket Carousel Studios in Culver City by producer Greg Wells and engineer Drew Pearson. The chorus of the song was featured during the most recent season of "The Hills". Also it featured in the pilot episode of the TV series, "The Vampire Diaries". On July 3, 2008, OneRepublic made a guest appearance on "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 4)" for a live performance of "Say (All I Need)". In France, Document [55] (Title: Wires (song)) iTunes launched the new format on 31 May 2007. "Wires" was featured on the sixth episode of the second season of "The Vampire Diaries". The song also appears on the 2006 compilation album, "The Acoustic Album" (Virgin). "Wires" was sung by Victor Frankenstein in Frankenstein's Wedding in 2011, when Victor destroys the creature's "companion." Charli XCX also covered the song, making it available through her official YouTube channel. "Wires" was performed by Rylan Clark-Neal on "The X Factor" in 2012. The week after Rylan's live performance, the original song by Athlete re-entered the UK chart at number 40. British TV Document [56] (Title: Batman Theme) Batman Theme "Batman Theme", the title song of the 1966 "Batman" TV series, was composed by Neal Hefti. This song is built around a guitar hook reminiscent of spy film scores and surf music. It has a twelve bar blues progression, using only three chords until the coda. The eleven cries of "Batman!" are sung by a chorus of four tenors and four sopranos (performed by The Ron Hicklin Singers). A long-held myth purports that the chorus is actually a group of horns. Adam West's book "Back to the Batcave" also fuels this rumor by claiming the chorus is instrumental, Document [57] (Title: Winter's Knight) Winter's Knight Winter's Knight is the third album by gothic duo Nox Arcana. The album peaked at #8 on Billboard Magazine's Music Charts for Top Holiday Albums of 2006 and 2007. The soundtrack is predominantly instrumental with a few traditional holiday songs performed with a darker medieval flair. The music is accented with Gregorian chanting, pipe organs, violins, and acoustic guitar. Some of the tracks contain vocals, such as the minstrel's rendition of "Past Time With Good Company". Other songs feature narration describing a tale of a ghostly knight who wanders the ruins of a haunted cathedral at wintertime. The Document [58] (Title: Holly Knight) Joss Whedon television show "Angel" (1999–2004), performed by Darling Violetta. She also wrote and produced the title theme for the sitcom "Still Standing" (2002–2006), performed by Will Hoge, which received the ASCAP award for recognition as one of the top TV music themes of 2003, as well as the same award again in 2004. In the 21st century, Knight has also been active as a record producer. In 2009, she produced a jazz EP called "Natural" for Antonia Bennett, daughter of Tony Bennett, and in 2012, an alternative pop record of original songs for her, entitled "Ordinary Girl". In 2014, Document [59] (Title: Giving Up the Gun) tennis ball to turn into a fireball and go right through her doppelgänger's racket, concluding the video by winning the tournament and pouring a bottle of milk over herself at the trophy ceremony. RZA then turns on a boombox that starts playing the band's song "Holiday", the next single from the album. The single managed to enter the UK Top 200 at #172 that same week. Giving Up the Gun "Giving Up the Gun" is the second single from Vampire Weekend's second album "Contra". The song was originally performed by L'Homme Run, a comedic rap duo that featured Vampire Weekend Document [60] (Title: Dark Paradise) believed the attraction of the criticism proved it as a highlight. Noticeably less successful than other singles from the album, "Dark Paradise" managed to gain some commercial success in Central Europe, becoming a top five hit on Polish airplay. It was also featured in an episode of "The Originals", a spin-off of "The Vampire Diaries". The song was recorded by psychobilly band Tiger Army, released in 2018 on the EP of the same name. In an interview in June 2012, Del Rey said she would not release the song as a single but did plan to release a music video Document [61] (Title: Vampire Weekend) something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about "LP4" and stated that it was "about 80% done." He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer, Ariel Rechtshaid, with additional "guest appearances", Document [62] (Title: Nick Knight (Forever Knight)) the catacombs of Paris for his first "feeding", in which Nicholas must kill a mortal for their blood. After some brief hesitation, Knight kills the first of what would become many victims, and fully embraces life as a vampire. Although it is never mentioned in any episode, writer James D. Parriott said that he wrote a backstory explaining the reasons for this disillusionment. In this backstory, Knight was captured by Muslims and spent several years being tortured in prison. This caused him to lose faith in God, and left him vulnerable to suggestion by Janette and LaCroix. Upon becoming a Document [63] (Title: Batman Theme) the television soundtrack version by Nelson Riddle, versions were covered by The Marketts (single "Batman Theme" and album "The Batman Theme by The Marketts"), The Ventures ("The Ventures Play the "Batman" Theme", Dolton BST8042, 3/1966), Al Hirt, The Standells and actor/musician David McCallum. The song has been widely parodied in the decades since its debut. The theme has been re-recorded by dozens of artists, including Link Wray, Voivod, The Jam, The Who, and The Kinks. Batman Theme "Batman Theme", the title song of the 1966 "Batman" TV series, was composed by Neal Hefti. This song is built around a guitar Document [64] (Title: Kristen Lawrence) rock, and folk genres and arranges them into her elegant quirky songs for Halloween and the autumnal season. Lawrence's original vampire-themed music, with her luxurious "Blood Waltz" and the lush "Vampire Empire", showcases her clear soprano voice. Her use of harpsichord and organ, as well as her somewhat dark subject matter—as in "Sleeping Dust" (a death lullaby) —have afforded her a nod by many as an "honorary goth". And yet, her "Cats in the Catacombs" is pure whimsy in featuring her cat's hisses and yowls as the clever lyrics use words beginning with "cat." "Rue Morgue" magazine Music Editor, Trevor Document [65] (Title: Yukinojo Mori) of songs Mori wrote by artists such as Bonnie Pink and Porno Graffitti. The songwriter returned to "Dragon Ball" in 2009 when he wrote "Kuu•Zen•Zetsu•Go" as the opening theme for "Dragon Ball Kai". For 2015's "Fukkatsu no F" film, he wrote lyrics inspired by the series for its theme song "Z no Chikai". That year he also penned "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey, which is the first opening theme song of "Dragon Ball Super". Mori also wrote the lyrics to its second opening theme, 2017's "Genkai Toppa × Survivor", a rock song by enka singer Kiyoshi Hikawa Document [66] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song) "Nightmare", also known as "(Running From This) Nightmare", is a song by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The song serves as the opening song for the fourth installment of the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise, "", in which Knight co-starred. Although not officially released as a single or included on the original soundtrack for the film at the time, "Nightmare" has become a cult hit among horror fans and is one of Knight's most well-known and signature songs. It was released officially as a single in 2016. In 1987, Tuesday Knight released her self-titled Document [67] (Title: Macross: Do You Remember Love?) for the film. Narumi Kakinouchi, one of the creators of "Vampire Princess Miyu", was the assistant animation director for this movie. During one of the action scenes towards the end of the movie, Hikaru fires a barrage of missiles on his way to Boddole Zer. As an inside joke among the animators, two of the missiles are drawn to look like cans of Budweiser and Tako Hai (a drink which literally translates as "Octopus Highball"). The film's soundtrack was composed by Kentaro Haneda, featuring new orchestral tracks and some music from the original TV series. The theme song ""Ai, Oboete Document [68] (Title: Tamara Rhodes) of her other songs were featured as well. Two of her songs were also featured in "Godiva's". She is also the voice and co-writer of the theme song for the show "The Guard", as well as of the song "Live Forever" which is the theme song for the vampire show "Blood Ties". Her musical style includes jazz, blues, soul, and R&B. Tamara Rhodes Tamara Rhodes is a Canadian jazz singer. She was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. She has been performing since a young age. After high school, she moved to New York City where she attended the Document [69] (Title: Tuesday Knight (album)) exposure in dance clubs, and was remixed several times with different single releases. In order to promote the album, Knight made a series of mall appearances and also performed at such venues as Madame Wong's West and The Palace. Tuesday Knight (album) Tuesday Knight is the eponymous debut album by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The album was released by Parc/CBS Records in August 1987 on Vinyl and cassette, and was accompanied by the lead single "Out of Control". After providing background vocals on Quiet Riot's 1983 album, "Metal Health", Knight was signed by Vanity Records in 1984. Document [70] (Title: Valkyria Chronicles) Czech Film Orchestra. The first opening theme song, "Asu e no Kizuna" was performed by Animax Anison Grand Prix winner Catherine St. Onge, under her chosen moniker of Himeka. A CD single of the song was released on May 27, 2009. The first ending theme, was sung by the band Pe'zmoku with a CD single released on May 27, 2009 in a regular and special edition. Maria performed the series's second opening theme, , which was used from the 14th episode on. The second ending song, , was sung by Hikari Inoue beginning from Episode 14 until Episode 25. Episode Document [71] (Title: Knight and Day) Salzburg. The Black Eyed Peas recorded a theme song for the film, titled "Someday". "Knight and Day" had been set for a June 25, 2010, release date, but FOX moved its debut up two days to June 23; in the face of poor initial tracking numbers. "The New York Observer" analyzed the marketing for the film, which included an attempt at pushing a "viral video" of the two main stars; journalist Christopher Rosen commented on the desperation level of the publicity campaign, "the marketing for this thing has seemed more intrusive and desperate than any other big-ticket release in some Document [72] (Title: Starstrukk) was featured on the third episode of the first season of "The Vampire Diaries". It was also used in "When in Rome". The song was covered by Marina and the Diamonds on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge and at a few of her live performances, including the Glastonbury Festival. A studio recording of her cover was included as the B-side to her 2010 single "Oh No!". Starstrukk "Starstrukk" is a song recorded by American group 3OH!3. It is their third single and their second single to be released from their second studio album, "Want" (2008). A radio-only and the deluxe Document [73] (Title: Tuesday Knight (album)) Tuesday Knight (album) Tuesday Knight is the eponymous debut album by American recording artist and actress Tuesday Knight. The album was released by Parc/CBS Records in August 1987 on Vinyl and cassette, and was accompanied by the lead single "Out of Control". After providing background vocals on Quiet Riot's 1983 album, "Metal Health", Knight was signed by Vanity Records in 1984. She was later bought out of her contract and signed to CBS Records, after which, she began recording her debut album. Almost all tracks were written and produced by Frank Wildhorn, who would go on to become known for Document [74] (Title: Vampire Knight) 8, 2013, Hino released the first special chapter titled "'", which was licensed and released digitally by Viz Media on December 9, 2014. The second special chapter, titled "'", was released on February 10, 2015. On December 10, 2015, the third special chapter, titled "'", was released. On February 10, 2016, the fourth and final special chapter, "'", was released. The "Lala" issue also announced that a volume compiling the special chapters will be released in June 2016. It also announced that Hino will also be releasing a brand new, spin-off manga called "Vampire Knight Memories", which began in June. Document [75] (Title: Vampire Weekend) Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure Document [76] (Title: Vampire Knight) season, and as the opening for the second. Kanon Wakeshima performs the first season ending theme, "Still Doll", and also the second season's ending theme . The soundtrack is composed by Takefumi Haketa and consists of 30 tracks (including the opening theme and ending theme). "Vampire Knight" was made available for streaming on Hulu and Netflix. Three light novels created by Matsuri Hino and Ayuna Fujisaki were published in Japan by Hakusensha in 2008 (the first two novels) and 2013 (the third), respectively. The novels feature side-stories that use the characters of the manga, but are not specifically based on Document [77] (Title: Chris Knight (musician)) Name." Long-time musical hero John Prine sings on the title track. Buddy Miller plays guitar and sings on two tracks: "Missing You" and "Nothing on Me." In 2015, Chris Knight was featured in Season 1, Episode 2 of CarbonTV's original series, American Elements. Chris Knight (musician) Chris Knight (born June 24, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter from Slaughters, Kentucky. In addition to releasing solo records of his own material, Knight has had a successful career writing songs that have been recorded by Confederate Railroad, John Anderson, and Randy Travis among others. Knight was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Knight grew Document [78] (Title: Tenkai Knights) theme and three closing themes. The opening theme is "Get the Glory" by Ayako Nakanomori. The first ending theme is by Rurika Yokoyama, while the second ending is by Cyntia. The third ending, , is sung by Pile. For the English version, John Majkut composed its opening theme with an instrumental version of the same track used for the credits. The series' background score is composed by Majkut and MONACA of "Star Driver" fame. Happinet released an 82-song soundtrack on CD on March 25, 2015, in Japan. On January 30, 2014, Namco Bandai Games announced a video game entitled for Document [79] (Title: Princes of the Universe) song, which featured Mercury sword-fighting, achieved some notoriety. "Princes of the Universe," written and composed for "Highlander," is the only song on the album for which Mercury receives sole credit. The song's name comes from the original working title of the film. It is played over the film's opening credits, and was later used as the opening theme for "." The song was never released as a single in the United Kingdom, and while it never truly charted, it is considered a cult favourite because of its relation to the film. In the movie, the guitar solo in the beginning Document [80] (Title: Vampire Knight) Vampire Knight Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 8, 2008, and July 1, 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October 7, 2008, to December 30, 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for the drama CDs. The anime adaptations were licensed for release in North America by Viz Media, the DVD released on July 20, 2010. Yuki's earliest memory is of a stormy Document [81] (Title: Nightmare (Tuesday Knight song)) debut album. The following year, she was chosen to replace Patricia Arquette in the role of Kristen Parker in the film "". Before production wrapped on "The Dream Master", Knight met with director Renny Harlin and pitched the idea of writing a song for the film. She and her writing partner Michael Egizi recorded the song within two days, before playing the tape for Harlin in his car. Impressed, he handed the tape over to the music department without any further involvement from Knight. Unaware if the song would be used, she was surprised to find it serving as the Document [82] (Title: Vampires Everywhere!) themes, vocalist Michael Vampire has stated "We didn't get inspired by Twilight or True Blood at all. I love True Blood and own season 1, but all of our influences come from the classics. By classics I mean "The Lost Boys", "Nosferatu", Bram Stoker's "Dracula", Bela Lugosi, "Fright Night", and more." Vampires Everywhere! Vampires Everywhere! was an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. They were active from 2009 to 2016, the final lineup consisted of Michael Vampire (vocals), Matti Hoffman (lead guitar) and Grey Soto (rhythm guitar). Their name was taken from the film "The Lost Boys". Vampires Document [83] (Title: Hello Master) closing song, "Blood", was written and sung by drummer Vince Nudo, who is an avid vampire mythology enthusiast. The song centers on a conflict between good and evil, the latter personified as a vampire. Intentionally leaving the song open to interpretation as to whether the conflict depicted is a literal one, Nudo said, "I think everyone has encountered a vampire (off the screen or pages of a book). I guess the hero is the good guy who sees what's coming and battles their way out. But in this song the good guy loses." "Everything That You Are" features a 25-second Document [84] (Title: Jim Jones (rapper)) entitled "Vampire Life 2", it went on to be downloaded over 300,000 times on mixtape-sharing website DatPiff. On March 11, 2013, Jones announced he was working on two new mixtapes "V3 (Vampire Life 3)" and "The Ghost Of Rich Porter 2". "Vampire Life 3" was released on August 13, 2013. On December 3, 2013, Jim Jones released an extended play (EP), titled "We Own the Night". The EP was supported by the single "Nasty Girl", featuring American singer Jeremih. On June 24, 2014, Jones released a single titled "Wit the Shit", featuring American singer Trey Songz. In July 2014, Jones Document [85] (Title: Shadows of Knight (album)) Fisher (bass guitar), and Ken Turkin (drums). In 1968, the band signed a recording contract with Super K Productions, a subsidiary of Buddah Records responsible for hits with primarily bubblegum pop bands like 1910 Fruitgum Company and the Ohio Express. Tension soon arouse between the Shadows of Knight and the Jerry Kasenetz-Jeffrey Katz production team over musical direction. The group, in favor of their characteristic bluesy garage rock approach, conflicted with Kasenetz-Katz's polished production techniques, ultimately resulting in the duo instructing co-directors Joey Levine and Arthur Resnick to overdub much of the instrumentals with the work of uncredited session musicians. Document [86] (Title: Valtari) details of their sixth studio album, along with the premier of their new track "Ekki múkk". In April, they released "Ekki múkk" as a single for Record Store Day 2012, releasing it on limited edition 10" vinyl that plays inside out. Its B-side is an instrumental track titled "Kvistur". This B-side is also available as a pre-order bonus track. It was released along with a double vinyl release of "Hvarf/Heim". The song "Dauðalogn" was premiered during the third season finale of "The Vampire Diaries", aired 10 May 2012. On 17 May, the official website streamed the album online, in an Document [87] (Title: Natsumelo) she recorded the song "Nemu Nemu Go". On February 2015, it was announced that Mito will be releasing her debut single, "Maegami Kirisugita", on April 8, 2015. In conjunction with the release, she had contributed the theme song to the Japanese romantic movie "Koisuru Vampire" titled "Colony". The song was included as a B-side to the said single. Nakata, in addition, contributed the composition piece "KT" for the movie. In September 2015, Mito released her second single, "8-bit Boy", which was used as the main theme to the Japanese premiere of the American movie Pixels. Its B-side track, "Watashi wo Document [88] (Title: Cledus Maggard & the Citizen's Band) patrolman's speed trap. He chose the name "Cledus" after his mother's name Cleta. "The White Knight" reached No. 1 on the "Billboard magazine" Hot Country Singles chart in February 1976, and was his only hit to reach that chart's Top 40. Following the success of this record, Huguely most notably was a producer on the 1980s television series "Magnum, P.I.". In the 1990s, he was a writer and producer, known for "" (1993), "Street Justice" (1991) and "" (1994). Cledus Maggard & the Citizen's Band Jay Huguely (September 21, 1940 – December 13, 2008 in Valencia, California) was a stage Document [89] (Title: Love It to Death) a softer, creepy keyboard break by Buxton, and when the vocals reappear they repeat "I wanna get out of here", at first tentative and imploring, before climaxing in the character's total mental breakdown and a return to the chorus. The song's main character is named for Dwight Frye, an actor Hollywood media dubbed "the man with the thousand-watt stare" who portrayed Renfield, the lunatic slave of the titular vampire in the 1931 film "Dracula" starring Bela Lugosi. The album closes with a cover of "Sun Arise" by Australian entertainer Rolf Harris. The upbeat pop song had been a show-opener for Document [90] (Title: Mai Lan) song was directed by French studio PANAMÆRA. On 26 January 2017, Mai Lan released her single "Vampire", co-written with Anthony Gonzalez of M83 and Nick Sylvester. The song is "a big, shiny, bouncy pop song", and the video, from 'Technique' and 'Haze' directors PANAMÆRA, shows Mai Lan starring 'as the leader of a sexy vampire crew who take over an aging lounge lizard’s mansion and eventually turn him into lunch.' Mai Lan writes: "'Vampire' is a joyful, festive threat. In this song, I am a vampire who explains there is no way to escape and how I will devour you. Document [91] (Title: Linda Király) the title song for the movie "Szerelem utolsó vérig" ("Love Till Last Blood"). The song was written by Gábor Presser. Her next hit was "Clubsong", the main theme from the Hungarian version of "Big Brother." She also played Christine in "The Phantom of the Opera", and was preparing to release her debut album. In December 2003, her first album, titled #1 was released. The album included nine songs in English, five in Hungarian, plus the hits "Szerelem utolsó vérig" and "Clubsong". She released two singles, "Holla" and "És mégis". The next songs she recorded were "Lesz-e napsugár még?", the Hungarian Document [92] (Title: Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel) replaced by upbeat rock music; an electric guitar riff signifies youth culture and a post-modern twist on the horror genre. The theme was played by the pop punk band Nerf Herder. In an interview they explain how they came to produce the theme: ""They "[the Buffy production staff]" had hired some famous theme song composer to come up with a theme and they didn’t like the one he came up with so they were kind of on a low budget, and asked local bands to come up with theme song ideas."" In the DVD commentary for "Welcome to the Hellmouth," Document [93] (Title: Fhána) is used as the ending theme song to the 2016 anime series "Tales of Zestiria the X". The band's tenth single was released on January 25, 2017; the song is used as the opening theme to the 2017 anime series "Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid". Fhána's 11th single was released on April 26, 2017; the song is used as the ending theme to the second season of "The Eccentric Family". Their 12th single "Hello! My World!!" was released on August 2, 2017; the song is used as the opening theme to the 2017 anime series "Knight's & Magic". The band's 13th Document [94] (Title: Love Song for a Vampire) Love Song for a Vampire "Love Song for a Vampire" is a song composed and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. It was recorded for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film "Bram Stoker's Dracula", where it plays during the end credits. Released as a double A-side with "Little Bird" in Ireland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, the single was a hit, peaking at number three on the UK and Irish Singles Chart as well as number 34 in Switzerland. "Love Song for a Vampire" by itself reached number four in Spain, number 10 in France, and number 11 in Italy. The Document [95] (Title: Knights of Cydonia) Man With No Name), Richard Brake as the antagonist (Sheriff Baron Klaus Rottingham), and Cassandra Bell as the love interest (Princess Shane Kuriyami). Throughout the video, the actors mouth out the lyrics, such as Russ Bain pilloried in town square mouthing ‘No one's going to take me alive’, and Cassandra Bell at the gallows ‘You and I must fight for our rights’. In both instances, the mouthed words occur after the song lyrics and complete before the song moves on to the next line. The band appears in some scenes, partly as holograms. Additionally, the population of the town Cydonia Document [96] (Title: Release the Bats) also contrasts with "the ominous baritone with which he’s now indelibly associated." Lyrically, the song was meant to be a self-parody, caricaturing the band's gothic associations. The title and lyrics of the track employs typical gothic themes, with attacking phrases such as "sex horror sex bat sex sex horror sex vampire sex bat horror vampire sex." AllMusic critic Amy Hanson described the track as "the quintessential Birthday Party song," stating: "The song's title alone ensured that "Release the Bats" became a mantra for the gothic generation as vampires, blood, and biting were so popular with the caped crowd." The song Document [97] (Title: Vampires (Dukes song)) May 23, 2010 "Vampires" was certified Gold in New Zealand after selling more than 7,500 units. It spent 16 weeks within the Top 40 last charting at #36 July 5, 2010. Vampires (Dukes song) "Vampires" is a pop/rock track by New Zealand rock band the Dukes. It's the first single to be taken from the Dukes forthcoming sophomore LP ""Still Life"", after the band decided against including their two previous singles on this release. "Vampires" was originally released as a digital download single on June 26, 2009 and then re-released online January 24, 2010. The song was nominated at the Document [98] (Title: The Legend of Prince Valiant) Arthurian legends or the long running Prince Valiant comic strip. "The Legend of Prince Valiant Soundtrack" consists of eighteen tracks of background themes produced, composed and performed by the instrumental duo Exchange (Gerald O’Brien and Steve Sexton). The soundtrack is noteworthy for including the full version of the show's opening theme ("Where the Truth Lies") as well as a pop song using the show's love music ("Love Called Out My Name"). Track listing In 1992, King Features developed video game versions of "The Legend of Prince Valiant" television series for Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy, only in Europe. This Question: who sings the theme song for vampire knight

Answer: On / Off Long Answer: On / Off debuted on November 21, 2007 with "Eien no Setsuna" (永遠 の 刹那, "Eternal Bond"), which was used as the ending theme song the live - action adaptation of Fūma no Kojirō; they were also a part of its cast . The single debuted at number 59 on the Oricon charts . Following the release of "Eien no Setsuna" was their second single "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" (ふたつ の 鼓動 と 赤い 罪, "Two Beats and a Red Sin") on June 4, 2008 . The single achieved more success than their debut single charting at number 19 on the charts . "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" was used as the opening theme song for the first season of anime series Vampire Knight . The duo released two singles, "Rinne: Rondo" (輪廻 - ロンド -, "Cycle: Rondo") (October 2008) that became the opening of the second season anime of Vampire Knight and "Hana Kagari" (花 篝 - ハナカガリ -, "Hanakagari: Bamboo Flower") (March 2009), before releasing their debut album Legend of Twins I: Futago Densetsu (Legend of Twins I - 双子 伝説 -, Legend of Twins I: The Legend Twins) on April 22, 2009 . The former charted at number 18 on the charts and was used as the opening for the second season of Vampire Knight; while the latter failed to chart on the Top 30 . Their single "Butterfly" was also used in the anime Durarara!! as the ending theme song . Their new singles "Hajimaru no wa, Sayonara" was used as second opening for anime series Beelzebub and was composed and produced by popular J - pop artist Daisuke Asakura . On 2 / 11 / 11 they release their new single' Akatsuki' and on 7 / 12 / 11 is the release of their new album' Legend of Twins II: Zoku Futago Densetsu' Gold Document ID: 7

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hanging with Hector) as he performed three shows in one night at the Edinburgh Fringe, made a television appearance on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" and visited Brands Hatch motor racing circuit to improve his driving skills. The episode with the actor Colm Meaney was filmed in Majorca where the pair went swimming and got wheel-clamped before flying out to Norway for the Haugesund Film Festival where they attended a screening of the film "The Boys (and Girl) from County Clare" and sing to the Scandinavian audience a rendition of "Whiskey in the Jar". Also featured were the jockey Johnny Murtagh and the Document [2] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) Dancing at Lughnasa (film) Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1998 Irish-British-American period drama film adapted from the Brian Friel play "Dancing at Lughnasa", directed by Pat O'Connor. The film competed in the Venice Film Festival of 1998. It won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Female Role by Brid Brennan. It was also nominated for 6 other awards, including the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Feature Film and the Best Actress Award for Meryl Streep. Although the film received average reviews (65% 'Fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes), most critics praised the performances of Document [3] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) was announced that "Dancing with the Stars" had been picked up by TV3 for a sixth series, which began airing in May 2015. In December 2017, it was that announced that a seventh series would air, this began in April 2018. The following are a list of dances that contestants and their partners have performed in an episode: In the sixth series, the Argentine Tango and Salsa were also performed. In the seventh series, the Charleston and Reggaeton were also performed. Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a New Zealand television series based Document [4] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3) Dancing with the Stars returns for a third series on 6 January 2019 on RTÉ One for a twelve-week run. Nicky Byrne will return as host for a third year, joined by Jennifer Zamparelli who replaces Amanda Byram as co-host. Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry and Julian Benson will all return as judges. On 2 December 2018, Mairéad Ronan, was officially announced as the first celebrity to be taking part. Celebrity reveals then continued every day until 7 December when the final three contestants were revealed during an appearance on "The Late Late Show. Document [5] (Title: The Irish Rovers) 1997, Jimmy Ferguson died of a heart attack. For a return to television in 2011, the band filmed the television special, "The Irish Rovers, Home in Ireland." Locations for the special included Dunluce Castle, Carnlough Harbour, Portglenone, and various spots along the northeast coast of Northern Ireland. The show was transmitted in 2011 and 2012 across the PBS Network in North America. In 2012 "The Irish Rovers Christmas" Television Special, which was filmed at various locations in Banff National Park, Sunshine Village and Chatham-Kent's Capitol Theatre, was shown across the PBS Network throughout the US and Canada. Both specials were Document [6] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) patterns and steps for an "a cappella" number. This number would later become "Planet Ireland", the show's finale. The show took six months to bring it from conception to the stage. Auditions were held in the SFX City Theatre in Dublin. The story follows the character "Lord of the Dance" and his fight against the evil dark lord "Don Dorcha" from taking over Planet Ireland. The "Lord of the Dance" defeats the dark lord's invasion with help from a little spirit. There is also a story with a "love vs lust" theme expressed through dance throughout the show. "Saoirse, the Document [7] (Title: You're a Star) three acts were chosen to go the first stage. On 19 August 2006, RTÉ confirmed that "You're a Star" would return for a fifth series. The tour venues were The Hill Grove Hotel in Monaghan, The Helix and the RDS in Dublin, The Mill Street Arena in Cork and The Lodge Hotel Conference Centre in Galway. Brian Ormond hosted the audition phase and Keith Duffy hosted the live shows. Unlike in earlier series, there was no wild card show. Out of 7,000 auditionees, only 82 made it through to the workshop round. Out of these, 40 went through to the Document [8] (Title: Angel (1982 Irish film)) shots. Other locations include the former Butlin's holiday camp in Mosney, County Meath, and the former St. Brendans Hospital, Grangegorman. The dance and crowd scenes from the Mosney ballroom had to be re-shot due to a problem with the film processing. Angel (1982 Irish film) Angel is a 1982 film directed by Neil Jordan and starring Stephen Rea. The film was Neil Jordan's directorial debut, and the executive producer was John Boorman. Danny, a saxophonist with a travelling band, witnesses the gangland murder of the band's manager (involved in extortion payoffs) and that of a deaf and mute girl witness Document [9] (Title: Game of Thrones) episode for scenes at Winterfell. The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland, but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space. The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets. The city of Mdina was used for King's Landing. Filming was also done at Fort Manoel (representing the Sept of Baelor), at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo (the Dothraki wedding site) and at San Anton Palace, Fort Ricasoli, Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Document [10] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 5)) Benioff and Weiss said that season 5 would include flashbacks, which they had previously avoided, and that Córdoba would represent the city of Volantis. Cersei's "walk of atonement" from "A Dance with Dragons" was filmed in Dubrovnik, Croatia, in the Stradun street between the Dubrovnik Cathedral and the Sponza Palace in early October 2014. The production reportedly employed a body double for Lena Headey for part of the scene in which Cersei appears naked. Meereen scenes were once again shot in Diocletian's Palace in Split, and on Klis Fortress north of Split. A town on the coast of the Bay Document [11] (Title: Maia Dunphy) of 30,000 for their chosen charity. She took part in the second series of "Dancing with the Stars" on RTÉ One and was eliminated in week 5. She was partnered with new dancer, Polish champion Robert Rowinski. In April 2011, she wed British comedian Johnny Vegas in her mother's home town of Seville, Spain. The couple lived in London together, but announced in May 2018 that they had separated the previous year. In November 2018 it was rumoured the notoriously private couple were back together after they were photographed at the Royal Television Society Awards in Manchester On 26 January Document [12] (Title: The Night Lands) the free city of Lys. The episode introduces the new location of Pyke, the Greyjoys' seat of power on the Iron Islands. Scenes set there were filmed at Lordsport Harbour, Ballintoy, in Northern Ireland's County of Antrim. The filming at the Harbour took place on August 18, 19 and 22, 2011, and from August 15 there was a limited public access to the zone. The local shops and fishermen, who had to temporarily berth their boats at the nearby town of Ballycastle, were compensated by the production. Other locations in Northern Ireland were used once again, including the interiors in Document [13] (Title: Lap dance) with lap dancers mainly from Russia and the Baltic republics. The owner, Donegal businessman Jerome Brennan, owned a club in Dundalk, in the Republic of Ireland but near the border. He already owned a lap dancing club in Limerick in the Republic. In 2002 Brennan opened the Movie Star Cafe, a lap dancing club in Belfast, with lap dancers from Belfast and England. The Belfast club was officially opened as a restaurant to circumvent Northern Ireland's licensing laws. The opening of the club was opposed by Rev. David McIlveen, a minister in the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, and the Document [14] (Title: Channel 4) the UK, Channel 4 has a dedicated variant broadcast on Sky Ireland which omits programmes for which broadcast rights are not held in Ireland. For example, the series "Glee" is not available on Channel 4 on Sky in Ireland. In recent years a Republic of Ireland advertising opt-out has been added to this version. With ITV plc pushing for much looser requirements on the amount of regional news and other programming it is obliged to broadcast in its ITV regions, the idea of Channel 4 taking on a regional news commitment has been considered, with the corporation in talks with Document [15] (Title: Dancing on Dangerous Ground) Toronto, the show was unable to continue touring due to debts generated in London. Dancing on Dangerous Ground Dancing on Dangerous Ground is an Irish dance show created by and starring Jean Butler and Colin Dunne. It premiered in London at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in 1999. The show made its American debut in New York at Radio City Music Hall in 2000. The ensemble and the three main characters are introduced during the surreal prologue: Finn McCool (a non-dancing role played by Tony Kemp), high king of Ireland; Diarmuid (Colin Dunne), captain of the Fianna—Finn's army; and Grania Document [16] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." As with the previous two weeks, Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: The cast of "Sunny Afternoon," performing 'Lola' and 'You Really Got Me'. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Document [17] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) play starting on 19 October 2011, directed by artistic director Charlotte Moore, billed as the "20th Anniversary Production". Ciaran O'Reilly was Michael; Annabel Hagg as Chris; Jo Kinsella – Maggie; Rachel Pickup – Agnes; Aedin Moloney – Rose; Orlagh Cassidy – Kate; Michael Countryman – Jack; and Kevin Collins as Gerry. The Rome Savoyards theatre company staged an original production of the play directed by Sandra Provost at the 'Teatro San Genesio' from February 4 to February 9 to great acclaim. William O'Neill was Michael; Lydia O'Kane - Chris; Gabriella Spadaro - Maggie; Carolyn Gouger - Agnes; Fabiana De Rose Document [18] (Title: Glenfarne) name. Sometime later a BBC television producer, after reading the book, decided to make a film, and so the film "The Ballroom of Romance" was screened worldwide. As the Rainbow had by this time taken on a modern look the film directors decided to look elsewhere for a more old-fashioned hall. This they found in west County Mayo and most of the film was recorded there. After seventy-odd years of non-stop dancing and entertainment in the same rural venue John McGivern left a considerable legacy. The Rainbow is still going strong with many top acts playing at the venue such Document [19] (Title: Run & Jump) in County Wicklow and County Kerry in Ireland. Upon its world premiere at Tribeca Film Festival on April 20, 2013, "Run & Jump" was met with mostly positive reviews. It has played to international audiences in Germany, Italy, Spain and Brazil (Oct 31, 2013). It was selected as the Best Breakthrough Feature at the Boston Irish Film Festival and screened at that festival on Mar 20, 2014. "Run & Jump" has secured distribution at Sundance Selects. Run & Jump Run & Jump is a 2013 Irish comedy-drama film starring Maxine Peake, Edward MacLiam, Ruth McCabe and Will Forte. It is Document [20] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) play starring Sorcha Cusack, Niamh Cusack, Sinéad Cusack and Andrea Corr. Second Age Theatre Company presented a revival of the play which toured Ireland as part of a National Tour. Directed by David Horan, the cast included Donna Dent, Susannah de Wrixon, Maeve Fitzgerald, Kate Nic Chonaonaigh and Marie Ruane. In February to April 2011, Alastair Whatley directed a production for the Original Theatre Company that toured the UK. The cast included Victoria Carling, Mairead Conneely, Patricia Gannon, Siobhan O'Kelly, Daragh O'Malley, Bronagh Taggart, Paul Westwood and Alastair Whatley. The Irish Repertory Theatre, Manhattan, staged a new production of the Document [21] (Title: The Ghost of Harrenhal) Renly's camp was once again filmed on the country's northern coast. After having filmed the Night's Watch storyline beyond the Wall in Irish forests for the first four episodes of the season, the producers decided that the unexplored land further to the north would be filmed in Iceland. According to the creator George R. R. Martin's vision of the setting, "the area closest to my Wall is densely forested (...). And then as you get further and further north, it changes. You get into tundra and ice fields and it becomes more of an arctic environment. You have plains on Document [22] (Title: Gavin Ó Fearraigh) of the lead models for Worldwide Print Campaign for Transition Lenses eyewear and also as the face of H.wood Beauty based in LA. He also travels to the east coast as Master of Ceremony for VIP Dance and Encore performing Arts which are national dance competitions held annually in the states. In 2014 Gavin teamed up with presenter Mairead Ni Chuaig (TG4) for Series 3 of Wwoofáil California where they both traveled the West Coast of California to work as Wwoofers on Organic Farms. The show was nominated for an IFTA (Irish Film & Television Awards) in 2015 http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_tv_2015/reality.html. Recently Document [23] (Title: Dancing on the Edge (TV series)) the hotel scenes were shot, the Black Country Living Museum was used to shoot a scene set in a mining village and Ragley Hall in Warwickshire was used as Lady Cremone's home. The headquarters of Music Express are located at No. 4 Princelet Street, Spitalfields and later at Somerset House. The railway scenes in the first episode were shot on the preserved Bluebell Railway. Wilton's Music Hall was used as the club. Fenton House, Hampstead, stands for the house of Donaldson. Some scenes for Donaldson's house were also shot at Upton House, Warwickshire. Kidderminster, on the Severn Valley Railway, was Document [24] (Title: Brian Redmond) businessman and is the founder of Spin Activity Centre, a hugely popular centre for dance, performance and fitness in Newbridge where he also continues to teach dance. Brian Redmond Brian Redmond (born 6 March 1977) is best known for his starring role in the judging hotseat on RTÉ One series, Dancing with the Stars. An integral part of the show's team from the very first episode, Brian is known for his candid critiques of star competitors. His expertise and direct style along with a wry sense of humour have garnered him an army of fans across the country." A multi-award-winning Document [25] (Title: Barry Lyndon) as construction in Potsdam had just begun in 1763). Some exterior shots were also filmed at Waterford Castle (now a luxury hotel and golf course) and Little Island, Waterford. Moorstown Castle in Tipperary also featured. Several scenes were filmed at Castletown House outside Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary, and at Youghal, Co. Cork. The filming took place in the backdrop of some of the most intense years of the Troubles in Ireland, during which the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA) was waging an armed campaign in order to bring about a United Ireland. On 30 January 1974 while filming in Dublin Document [26] (Title: Becoming Jane) her view of the world. You have to believe that the family live in that house because that is a crucial piece of the jigsaw." Scenes at Steventon rectory were filmed in Higginsbrook House, a few miles off Trim in County Meath. Later in fall 2006, it appeared again as the house of the Morlands in "Northanger Abbey". Charleville Castle stood in for the interior scenes of Lady Gresham's estate, while Kilruddery House, an old Elizabethan revival estate, provided the exterior shots of the property. Other filming sites included Cloghlee Bridge in the Dublin Mountains (as Mr. Austen's rectory) and Document [27] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) Brennan's secretive Agnes, Sophie Thompson's slow-witted Rose and Catherine McCormack's bold Christina, who never married the father of her son." Darrell Johnston, the youngest of the cast was also nominated for a best young actor in a supporting role. A crowning achievement given this was his first real introduction to a Hollywood screen. Kathy Burke received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress - Drama from the International Press Academy (Satellite Awards). Mementos from the filming is on display at the St. Connell's Museum in Glenties. Dancing at Lughnasa (film) Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1998 Irish-British-American period drama film adapted Document [28] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) personality Jason Gunn and co-hosted by professional dancer Candy Lane. All music was performed live by the "Dancing with the Stars" band, led by musical director Carl Doy. For the 2015 series, the show was hosted by Dominic Bowden and co-hosted by radio personality Sharyn Casey. TVNZ announced in November 2009 that the show would not be returning in 2010, due to the economic climate. In November 2013, television production house Great Southern Television announced that it had acquired the New Zealand rights to the show and would be pitching a new series to all broadcasters. In March 2015, it Document [29] (Title: Ardmore Studios) films shot in County Kerry, specifically in the towns of Beaufort, Dunloe and Killarney. To facilitate year-round filming, Olcott planned the building of a serviced studio based in Beaufort. The outbreak of World War I derailed this plan. Irish filmmaking continued, with native-born directors initiating their own work, but through the 1920s and 1930s and 1940s, no purpose-built studio facilitated year-round filmmaking in Ireland. Finally, in the middle 1950s, a business consortium part-funded from the United States, started building a Hollywood-style studio south of Dublin city. Ardmore Studios first opened its doors in May 1958. Situated on a ten-acre site Document [30] (Title: A Song for Europe (Father Ted)) multi-coloured lights. Dougal and Ted wake up in horror simultaneously, with Ted panting "We have to lose that sax solo!" The outdoor sequences were shot in the grounds of the Falls Hotel in Ennistymon, County Clare, Ireland. In the background the cascade waterfall in Ennistymon can clearly be seen. The episode is often regarded as one of the most popular, appearing on the "Best Of" video, with one of the most memorable moments being the video for "My Lovely Horse". In May 2014 a petition to make "My Lovely Horse" Ireland’s entry for Eurovision 2015 was formally submitted to the Document [31] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6)) one new style and their favourite dance of the season to reprise. Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6) The sixth series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 31 May 2015 on TV3, and was hosted by Dominic Bowden and Sharyn Casey. Stefano Olivieri, Hayley Holt, and Candy Lane were the series' judges; Lane served as the head judge. Since removing the live band, music for the show has been contracted out to Parachute studios. Many songs feature award winning musician Cam Noble and also many artists throughout New Zealand. This table only counts for dances scored on Document [32] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 7)) filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at Document [33] (Title: Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland) high levels of incoming production into Ireland, the craft and skills base of Irish crews improved exponentially, and was then also available to work on Irish films. Major international films shot in Ireland during this period include "Braveheart" and "Reign of Fire". In recent years Ireland has become the base for a number of high-end international TV dramas including "The Tudors" (2007-2010), "Ripper Street" (2012 – 2016), "Penny Dreadful" (2014 – 2016), "Vikings" (2013 – present), "Into the Badlands" (2017 – present), and "Nightflyers" (2018 – present). The agency did not initially have a policy of funding Animation. In 1991, Document [34] (Title: In the Name of the Grandfather) for the brand to appear in the episode. The Simpsons visit Dublin on Bloomsday, a day when people recreate the events in James Joyce's novel "Ulysses". Homer says that he wants to take Ireland back to the "good old days of "Angela's Ashes"", referencing Irish author Frank McCourt's memoir. In his flashback, Grampa dances in "Riverdance" style. Musicians Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová reprise their roles from the 2007 Irish film "Once" - much of which was originally shot in Mountjoy Square, Dublin, coincidentally a location that is also featured in "Ulysses". A billboard in Ireland advertises a U2 moving Document [35] (Title: Crumlin, Dublin) Saul Road Ragnall Place - Derry Drive Copeland Drive (this is the main location in the series where McCoy's Pub; The hungry pig diner; Vino's and the Spar are located) - Old County Road Carrigstown Garda Station - Garda Station, Crumlin Road Carrigstown Comprehensive Secondary School - St. Kevin's College CBS, Clogher Road Carrigstown Road - Windmill Road In 1994, Replicas of the exterior of the houses used in the series were constructed in the Donnybrook studios. It is still filmed there to this day. List of towns and villages in Ireland Crumlin, Dublin Crumlin () is a Southside suburb Document [36] (Title: The Quiet Man) home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period, Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co. Galway, which was filmed as Castletown station, and various places in Connemara Co. Galway and Co. Mayo. Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed, the Quiet Man Bridge, signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard and the "White O'Morn" cottage. The latter is located on R336 south of Maam, but has long ago fallen into ruin. The film also presents Ford's depiction of an idealized Irish society, with no social divisions based on class or religion. The Catholic Document [37] (Title: The Dawning) home, considerably older and wiser than when the film started. "The Dawning" was filmed in Ireland in the mid-1980s, largely on location in Ireland.The beach scenes were filmed extensively at Goat Island, a small cove on the Irish coast, close to the county boundary between Cork and Waterford. Some "Big House" exteriors were shot at Woodbine Hill in the same district. Incidentally, it was Rebecca Pidgeon's first feature film, and Trevor Howard's final film; he died shortly after production ended, and the film was dedicated to him. (Howard had made an earlier IRA film in 1946, the classic "I See Document [38] (Title: The Quiet Man) Irish language can be heard. Filming commenced on June 7, 1951. All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway. The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood. The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree. This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo–Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats, which is a tiny island. Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Document [39] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) were too small for the large scale production of Dancing with the Stars would require, with the largest television studio at RTE Studio 4 at 6,525 Sq Ft would be too small and so the production have had to be based in Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow, whose largest studio there are 15,000 Sq Ft. The format of the series follows celebrities being paired up with professional dancers, who perform predetermined dances each week for judges' scores and public votes, with the couple with the lowest amount of points being eliminated, until the winning couple remains. On 18 December Document [40] (Title: Game of Thrones) the individual novels; this enables them to move events across novels, according to screen-adaptation requirements. Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010, and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak), Castle Ward (Winterfell), Saintfield Estates (the Winterfell godswood), Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes), Cairncastle (the execution site), the Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black) and Shane's Castle (the tourney grounds). Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, was also used in the original pilot Document [41] (Title: Ardmore Studios) 12 miles south of Dublin, the studio offered the first opportunity for Irish filmmakers to shoot indoors all year round. The first production to emerge from Ardmore Studios was an adaptation of Walter Macken's play, "Home Is the Hero", starring Macken and directed by Emmy Award-winning Fielder Cooke. Renowned British director George Pollock shot the next two productions at the studio, "Sally's Irish Rogue" and "The Big Birthday", both based on popular Abbey theatre comedies. In the late 1950s, managing director Emmet Dalton and entrepreneur Louis Elliman travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment. Document [42] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. Since the second series, the programme has been filmed around Springbrook National Park, near Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia. The camp and filming studios are located in Dungay on Creek Road. Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other backstage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley Document [43] (Title: Standing on the Shore) season 6 of HBO's "Entourage" on 2 August 2009, during the closing credits. The music video for "Standing on the Shore" was shot at Lancelin, north of Perth, Australia. The video clip was directed by Josh Logue of Mathematics and choreographed by Serena Chalker and Quindell Orton of Perth dance company Anything Is Valid Dance Theatre (AIVDT). In an interview with "The Sun", Steele explained that the video clip was originally going to be filmed in Iceland but ended up being filmed at Lancelin as it was closer to his home. The video is also the first to only feature Document [44] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) to the celebrity contestant's charity of choice. "Dancing with the Stars" has been popular with the New Zealand public. The first series, which aired in 2005, was the highest rated timeslot programme, averaged 730,000 people per episode, while the second series had an average of 804,000. Up to a million people tuned into each of the series finales. The third series premiered in 2007 with 735,000 viewers, the fourth series premiered in 2008 with 720,000 viewers, and the fifth series premiered with over 800,000 viewers, the highest of all previous series debuts. From 20052009, the show was hosted by television Document [45] (Title: Mountjoy Square) apartment on Mountjoy Square East, where the female lead character, played by Marketa Irglova, lives with her family. Several scenes from "Georgie's Story", the third episode of Mark O'Halloran's award-winning television mini-series "Prosperity", screened on RTÉ in 2007, were filmed in and around Mountjoy Square park. The rock/pop band U2 used to rehearse in a squat on Mountjoy Square in the late 1970s and were photographed by Patrick Brocklebank, published in "The Dublin Music Scene and U2, 1978–81". The square's own park has both playing areas for football, basketball and table tennis, playgrounds for children and a green park area. Document [46] (Title: The Irish R.M.) the present-day Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. A television series based on the books was made in the 1980s, and was filmed in Ireland at locations in Kildare and Wicklow with additional locations in the west of Ireland in a co-production between Ulster Television and Radio Telefís Éireann. It was broadcast on Channel 4 and S4C in the United Kingdom, and RTÉ One in the Republic of Ireland. Like the books, the television series is a number of short stories around a few central characters. Morristown Lattin, the house used as Aussolas Castle, the residence of Beryl Reid's incarnation Document [47] (Title: Inside I'm Dancing) Inside I'm Dancing Inside I'm Dancing, also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here, is an Irish 2004 comedy-drama film directed by Damien O'Donnell and starring James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, and Brenda Fricker. The film revolves around two disabled young men who pursue physical and emotional independence in direct defiance of "protective" institutional living and their society's prevailing standards and attitudes, especially pity. The production was filmed in Dublin and Wicklow and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal with assistance from the Irish Film Board ("Bord Scannán na hÉireann"). The two lead actors in this Document [48] (Title: Irish stepdance) in a competitive format which paired celebrities with professional dancers. Competitors were judged by well-known stepdancers including Jean Butler and Colin Dunne. The 2011 Sue Bourne documentary film "Jig" followed eight dancers as they prepared for An Coimisiún's 2010 World Championships in Glasgow. On its release, the film was praised for attention to technical aspects of stepdance, but criticised for failing to explain the historical and socio-political context of the event. TLC acquired the rights to the documentary in preparation for a new television show about the competitive Irish stepdance world in America, for which the working title is "Irish Document [49] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) Belfast, Northern Ireland, and continued to receive support from the Northern Ireland Screen fund. The production used various locations in Northern Ireland to film scenes in the North and the Riverlands. Gosford Castle in Armagh, was used as the base for Rivverun Castle, home of House Tully. The production also returned to Dubrovnik in Croatia for scenes in King's Landing. Morocco, a new location, was used to film Daenerys' scenes in Essos such as the city of Astapor, for which locations in Essaouira were used. A scene involving a live bear was filmed in Los Angeles. The U.S. indie rock Document [50] (Title: Father Ted) "'Good Luck, Father Ted'", is in Portrane, North County Dublin. The 'Very Dark Caves' featured in "The Mainland" were the Aillwee caves in the Burren, County Clare. Some exterior shots for the episode "And God Created Woman" were filmed in Dún Laoghaire, South County Dublin. The opening sequence (including shots of the "Plassy" shipwreck) were filmed over Inisheer — the smallest of the Aran Islands. The interior scenes were recorded at the London Studios in front of a live studio audience. The series is set in a humorously surreal world in which Ted is the only fully rounded normal character Document [51] (Title: Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen) by everyone's laughter. In a conciliatory gesture, Lola helps her up, and Carla accepts defeat. After dancing with Stu, Lola dances with Sam, and they eventually share a kiss. Preproduction began on May 5, 2003, beginning with choreography rehearsals and make-up tests. Produced on a budget of $15,000,000, filming began on June 4. Behind the camera was Welsh director Sara Sugarman, who was known for directing the musical comedy film "Very Annie Mary". While taking place in New Jersey, the film was filmed in Toronto Hamilton, Ontario and Oakville, Ontario. Scenes at Dellwood High School were filmed at King City Document [52] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Due to an illness, Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Series 1 champions, Aidan O'Mahony and Valeria Milova performing a Charleston to 'I Got a Woman' "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Brendan Cole and Faye Huddleston performing a Rumba to 'Fields of Gold' Julian Benson returned to the panel following a two-week absence. Guest act: Gavin James Document [53] (Title: Joan Denise Moriarty) An Tóstal Festival for many years, travelled in 1958 to the Youth Festival of Wewelsburg (near Paderborn, Germany) and in 1961 to the Dijon International Folk Dance Festival in France. As a prize-winner, it was invited back to Dijon in 1965. In 1966 the group travelled to Berlin and participated successfully in the Deidesheim and Dillenburg Folk Dance Festivals. In 1966 and 1967 the group, together with the Cork Ballet Company, was commissioned by RTÉ, the state broadcasting service, to give 13 television programmes of Irish dance called "An Damhsa" (the dance), choreographed by Moriarty, costumes by Clare Hutson. Irish Document [54] (Title: Quirke (TV series)) was filmed in Dublin, from 19 November 2012 to 8 March 2013. Filming locations include Baggot Street, Camden Street and the main set at Clancy Barracks. RTÉ One began broadcasting the series before BBC One, debuting on 16 February 2014. The series has been sold to five broadcasters and will air in Germany (Degeto), Croatia (HRT), Denmark (Danmarks Radio), Iceland (RÚV) and Slovenia (RTV). The series was also broadcast on BBC UKTV in New Zealand in March 2014 and on NERIT in Greece in January 2015. The series began broadcasting in the US (PBS) on 3 April 2015, and on Document [55] (Title: Leap Year (2010 film)) her boyfriend in Dublin. Principal photography took place in County Wicklow, Dublin, County Mayo, and County Galway, with filming taking place in and around the Aran Islands, Connemara, Temple Bar, Georgian Dublin, Wicklow National Park, and Olaf Street, Waterford. "Leap Year" premiered in New York City on January 6, 2010 and was released theatrically on January 8, 2010 by Universal Pictures in the United States and on February 28 by Optimum Releasing in Ireland. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics, with many criticising the film’s pacing, plot and limited chemistry between Adams and Goode. Successful real estate stager Document [56] (Title: Ballymore Eustace) the Devil" was filmed in and around the town. Some of the battle scenes in Mel Gibson's (1995) film, "Braveheart", were filmed around Ballymore Eustace. The 2003 film "King Arthur" was also mostly shot in the village. This resulted in a 1 km long mock-up of Hadrian's Wall being constructed in a field outside of the village during 2003. This was disassembled and the field was returned to its original state. The Irish short film "Six Shooter" (2004) also shot scenes at Mountcashel, in Ballymore Eustace. Ballymore Eustace Ballymore Eustace ("An Baile Mór" in Irish) is a small town situated Document [57] (Title: Shane Connaughton) and published a book about its filming, "A Border Diary", the same year. "A Border Station", a short story collection, was a bestseller in Ireland and was shortlisted for the Guinness Peat Award. His first two books are both set in the County Cavan village of Redhills, where he grew up, and "The Playboys" and "The Run of the Country" were filmed there. Connaughton attended Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and has worked as a theatre and film actor, appearing in "Coronation Street", Mike Leigh's "Four Days in July", Neil Jordan's "The Miracle", and "The Playboys", among other roles. Connaughton Document [58] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) EastEnders episodes in Ireland In 1997, the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" broadcast three singular transmissions that were filmed on location in Dublin, Ireland. The episodes involved the Fowler and Beale family travelling from London to Ireland to meet their long-lost relatives. They were badly received by viewers and heavily criticised in the media. The BBC was inundated with complaints from angry viewers from Ireland for negative stereotyping, portraying Irish people as "dirty, rude, and drunk". Complaints were made by the Irish Embassy and there were fears that the episodes would have a negative effect on the Irish tourist trade. The Document [59] (Title: Leap Year (2010 film)) The film was shot in County Wicklow, Dublin, County Mayo and County Galway, with filming taking place in and around the Aran Islands, Connemara, Temple Bar, Georgian Dublin, Wicklow National Park and Olaf Street, Waterford. On October 19, it was announced that Randy Edelman had been chosen to compose the film's score. The decision to choose Edelman came as a surprise, as Tucker had used Barrington Pheloung for two of his previous films, "Hilary & Jackie" and "When Did You Last See Your Father?". An audio CD soundtrack for "Leap Year" was released on the Varèse Sarabande record label on Document [60] (Title: Sense8 (season 2)) club Paradiso, they filmed Tuppence Middleton DJing with a real audience, and the rest of the cast dancing. After the Netherlands, filming proceeded to Nairobi as early as July 22, and later to South Korea, in Seoul and Bucheon, for the production's longest shoot, lasting about three weeks. Afterwards, filming moved to Berlin, until September 14, and during the same period, they also briefly returned to London to shoot outside the Houses of Parliament for two days. Filming then moved to Malta on September 18, for a two-day shoot, where they used the water tanks in Kalkara. On September 19, Document [61] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) Dancing at Lughnasa Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1990 play by dramatist Brian Friel set in Ireland's County Donegal in August 1936 in the fictional town of Ballybeg. It is a memory play told from the point of view of the adult Michael Evans, the narrator. He recounts the summer in his aunts' cottage when he was seven years old. This play is loosely based on the lives of Friel's mother and aunts who lived in Glenties, on the west coast of Donegal. Set in the summer of 1936, the play depicts the late summer days when love briefly seems Document [62] (Title: Nicky Byrne) with Aidan Power. On 4 February 2014, Byrne signed a contract with RTÉ 2fm to host a new weekday show from 11am to 2pm. In January 2015, Byrne started hosting the new weekly National Lottery game show, "The Million Euro Challenge" on RTÉ 1, although the show was axed that July. In January 2017, Byrne started hosting an Irish version of the TV show "Dancing with the Stars", alongside Amanda Byram. Byrne has co-written some songs in his Westlife years and on all ten tracks on his debut solo albums and also to one unreleased song: Byrne was born to Document [63] (Title: The Delinquent Season) they row over where Jim has been but he is honest with her. Moments later, Jim is sat alone, Orla comforts him and they chat about the restaurant whilst cuddling on the sofa, Jim assures Orla he felt nothing for Yvonne upon seeing her again. A song plays over the radio, they both embrace and slow dance. "The Delinquent Season" was filmed in Dublin. Harry Guerin gave the film four stars remarking 'If this film reminds us of anything, it's not to let go lightly.' "The Irish Times"<nowiki>'</nowiki> Tara Brady was much more negative, giving it two stars out of Document [64] (Title: Runaway (The Corrs song)) was shot in Dublin, featuring locations such as Phoenix Park. The video is shot mostly in black-and-white with flashes of colour in certain scenes. The video follows the band as they sing and perform on several locations, including a forest and train station platform. The video begins with Andrea on a train, looking out the window and singing, and ends with her getting off the train and running towards the camera. The song was re-released in 1999, remixed by Tin Tin Out, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart, held from the top by Britney Spears's debut single "...Baby Document [65] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)) it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7, 2018, with filming taking place during August 2018. Professional skateboarder Sky Brown, junior pro JT Church and pro mentor Alan Bernsten were announced as the winners on December 9th, 2018. An unofficial live tour show called "Dancing Pros: Live!" toured with several "Dancing" pros since 2010. A "Dancing with the Stars: Live!" official tour was announced on November 3, 2014, for the 2014–2015 season starting on December 27, 2014, in Niagara Falls, New York and ending February 15, 2015, hitting 33 cities. A second tour, “Dancing with the Document [66] (Title: Irish stepdance) in Radio City Music Hall merchandise sale's record smashed during the first performance, sell-out tours at King's Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and The Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, Co. Cork, Ireland, plus a huge three and a half-month return to The Apollo in Hammersmith with advance ticket sales of over . After Flatley left "Riverdance", he created other Irish dance shows including "Lord of the Dance", "Celtic Tiger Live" and "Feet of Flames", the last-named being an expansion of "Lord of the Dance". A 2007 RTÉ reality television program, "Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels", combined traditional stepdance with modern music and choreography Document [67] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a New Zealand television series based on the British series "Strictly Come Dancing". The show introduces New Zealand celebrities paired with professional ballroom dancers who each week compete against each other in a competition to impress a panel of judges and the viewing public in order to survive potential elimination. Through a telephone poll, viewers vote for those couples who should stay. The public vote and the average score given by the panel of judges equally go towards deciding who should leave. Proceeds from the voting go Document [68] (Title: Crumlin, Dublin) a golf course, albeit one that did not ruin its features but tried to use them in the main. Notable people who have lived in or been associated with the area include: Bus Átha Cliath routes serving the Crumlin area are: 17,18,9,56A,27,77A,83,83A,122,123,150,151 When the RTÉ drama "Fair City" launched in 1989, exterior shots were filmed in the Crumlin-Drimnagh area for the first three seasons of the programme (1989–93) until season four launched in 1994, the year the set in RTÉ, Donnybrook was completed. Locations used were as follows: Entrance road onto Copeland Close - Clogher Road Junction Copeland Close - Document [69] (Title: Jennifer Zamparelli) co-host of the Irish version of Dancing with the Stars alongside Nicky Byrne. Jennifer Zamparelli Jennifer Zamparelli (née Maguire) (born 9 April 1980) is an Irish comedian and television presenter. She is known for her role on the TV show "Republic of Telly", where she was a primary writer, and as co-host of the 2FM morning show "Breakfast Republic" with Bernard O'Shea and Keith Walsh. She also stars in the Bridget & Eamon show, which frequently appears on Sky TV channel Gold in England and Wales. Zamparelli appeared on the British television series "The Apprentice" in its fourth series as Document [70] (Title: Cinema of Ireland) first fictional film shot in Ireland was Kalem Company's "The Lad from Old Ireland" (1910), which was also the first American film shot on location outside the United States. It was directed by Sidney Olcott, who returned the next year to shoot over a dozen films primarily in the small village of Beaufort, County Kerry. Olcott intended to start a permanent studio in Beaufort, but the outbreak of World War I prevented him from doing so. The Irish government was one of the first in Europe to see the potential benefit to the exchequer of having a competitive tax incentive Document [71] (Title: Spooks (series 1)) other locales around London were used as filming locations. The scenes leading up to Mary's apprehension in "Thou Shalt Not Kill" were filmed at Borough Market in Southwark. The same episode made use of Covent Garden. "One Last Dance" had scenes filmed in Roehampton and New Zealand House. In the latter's case, the actors were filmed on the top floors, where the wind forced the actors to raise their voices so the sound unit could hear them. Scenes were filmed in Hampstead Heath in "Traitor's Gate", while one scene was filmed in Trafalgar Square and at London Bridge for "The Document [72] (Title: Becoming Jane) February 2006. They ultimately opted to shoot in Dublin and the Irish counties of Meath and Wicklow instead of Hampshire, the birthplace of Austen, because it held "a sense of countryside that felt more unchanged," while Hampshire had unfortunately become too "groomed and manicured". Jarrold also found "a great variety of Georgian houses and older houses" in Ireland. His production received funds from the Irish Film Board, the UK Film Council Premiere Fund, 2 Entertain, Scion Films, and Miramax Films. Film critic Andrew Sarris noted that in Ireland "happily, there are still architectural traces of life more than 200 years Document [73] (Title: Camilla Dallerup) New Zealand version of "Dancing With The Stars" for its seventh season in 2018. Dallerup had danced and lived with Brendan Cole for six years before the first series of "Strictly". In an interview, she explains that they had purchased a house and shared bank accounts and e-mail address. Cole's alleged affair with "Strictly" partner, Natasha Kaplinsky was "shattering". Dallerup married Hollyoaks actor Kevin Sacre on 29 July 2010 in a ceremony in Ibiza and the couple live between Los Angeles and Walton-on-Thames in Surrey. Camilla Dallerup Camilla Sacre-Dallerup (born 6 April 1974) is a Danish author, life coach hypnotherapist Document [74] (Title: Ireland's Got Talent) at the National Concert Hall in Dublin on 30 August 2017, with Louis Walsh, Michelle Visage, Jason Byrne, and Denise van Outen confirmed as the judges. The judges auditions were taped at the TLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda. The semi-finals and final were held at The Helix, Dublin which started on 19 March 2018, continuing at 21 March until the 24th for the final. The judges auditions were taped in November 2017 at the TLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda. The first series started airing on 3 February 2018. Dance troupe RDC was hailed as the winner, with FKFT Document [75] (Title: Stop (Spice Girls song)) Street in Dublin, and features scenes of each member of the group knocking on different doors. Then during the first chorus, the group performs a hand-action dance, that was also used during their live performances. The second half of the video, set in the small town of Rathdrum, County Wicklow. showed the group interacting with young girls in various activities, such as running around the streets dancing, skipping rope, playing hopscotch, cat's cradle and pat-a-cake, hula hooping, Geri horseback riding, and participating in competitions of various kinds. The locals are depicted as working-class people who attend the local fair or Document [76] (Title: Stardust (2007 film)) Some parts of the film were also shot in Iceland. Several weeks of location filming also took place in the woods and the Golden Valley near Ashridge Business school, Hertfordshire in the village of Little Gaddesden in June and July. In mid-2006, there was some filming at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire and in the village of Castle Combe, Wiltshire. Some of the scenes requiring wide open spaces for riding and coach scenes were filmed at Bicester Airfield in Oxfordshire. Another film location was on Elm Hill in Norwich. The area, with a mixture of Tudor and medieval buildings dating as Document [77] (Title: Tolka Row) allow easy recording and editing of sequences filmed in different locations. In spite of this some scenes were filmed on location in such places as Dublin Airport. Tolka Row Tolka Row is an Irish soap opera set in a fictional housing estate on the northside of Dublin. Based on Maura Laverty's play of the same name, "Tolka Row" was first broadcast on 3 January 1964 and aired weekly for five series until it ended on 31 May 1968. As Telefís Éireann's first venture into soap operas, "Tolka Row" quickly became a staple of the new television station's schedule and set Document [78] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series "Strictly Come Dancing". The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen. Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen. The twenty-seventh season premiered on September 24, 2018, and its spin-off "" premiered on October 7, 2018. "Dancing with the Stars" will not Document [79] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. Guest act: Róisín O performing 'Give it Up'. Dance-Off Julian Benson returned to the judges table after a four-week absence. Guest act: The cast of "Thriller - Live" performing 'Man in the Mirror'. Dance-Off Guest act: LYRA performing 'Emerald'. Running order Dance-Off Guest act: Riverdance Dance-Off<br>"For the Dance-Off, Dayl & Ksenia danced their Quickstep, while Denise & Ryan danced their Contemporary Ballroom." Guest act: The Vamps performing 'All Night'. Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television Document [80] (Title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)) of their Experience + Innocence Tour. Irish-American dancer and musician Michael Flatley reprises his role as Lord of the Dance on 6 December 2010 during the Return of Michael Flatley As Lord of the Dance tour. A few scenes from the 3D concert film Lord of the Dance 3D, were filmed in the during the performance in the arena alongside the O2 London and O2 Dublin. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray under the title "Michael Flatley Returns As Lord of the Dance" in 2011. A 3D version was released only in Blu-ray in late 2011. In October Document [81] (Title: The Musketeers) development had detracted from the grittier architecture wanted. Dublin was also considered before settling on the Czech Republic, which suffered little damage during the two world wars. Many historic buildings were intact and privately owned stately homes were rented for filming. Filming for the series took place mainly in Doksany, 30 kilometres north-west of Prague, where a Parisian square, a number of streets and the musketeers garrison were constructed. A disused convent had additional sets constructed including taverns, bedrooms and mortuary. During filming of the first series Peter Capaldi learned that he had been given the role of the Twelfth Document [82] (Title: The Irish R.M.) of the erstwhile Mrs Knox (located at Newhall, Naas in County Kildare), was badly damaged by fire following completion of filming for the series. It has since been repaired. Johnstown Kennedy – the house used as Major Yeates' residence, Shreelane House – was situated near Rathcoole, County Dublin. The extensive outbuildings were transformed into shops and pubs for some of the village scenes. The house was demolished soon after the third series was completed and a golf course now stands on the site. The design of the course preserved the large number of mature trees, and in addition the house's Document [83] (Title: I'm Still Standing) shot in Cannes (InterContinental Carlton Cannes) and Nice on the Côte d'Azur in France and features the colors of the French flag. Bruno Tonioli, later a judge on the hit shows "Strictly Come Dancing" for BBC (UK) and its American adaptation, "Dancing with the Stars" for ABC in the US, appears as one of the dancers in the video. It was due to be shot over the course of two days, but a camera full of the first day's film was ruined when Mulcahy accidentally fell into the sea with it. Therefore, it had to be filmed again on another Document [84] (Title: Jig (film)) Gaelacha (the Irish Dancing Commission) in late 2009. Her proposal to film a documentary was met with skepticism, largely because the Commission does not permit filming of competitions in order to protect the original choreography of the dances. A meeting of the Commission's 100 members eventually agreed to the project on the grounds of Bourne's previous work and the potential publicity benefits of the film. Filming began in January 2010 with a crew of three, but Bourne used a crew of 20 during the nine days of the Championships themselves. In order to ensure copyright compliance, Bourne commissioned a suite Document [85] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts. Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former "" professional champion, Robert Rowiński. The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne. On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in Document [86] (Title: Bernadette Flynn) in Los Angeles and for the President of Ireland during a visit to Nenagh. She can also be seen in two Olive Hurley Dance instructional videos: "Irish dancing Step by Step" and "The 25th Anniversary World Championship". In January 2009, both Bernadette and Damien represented Ireland on the NBC hit reality TV show 'Superstars of Dance'. Bernadette Flynn Bernadette Mary Flynn (born 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland) is an Irish dancer best known for her work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Flynn was born on 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland. Document [87] (Title: The Ballroom of Romance) Almost all of the production personnel involved in the BBC/RTÉ co-production ‘Ballroom of Romance’ came from the BBC, along with Producer Kenith Trodd. The RTÉ participation in the production consisted of Director Pat O’Connor and Editor Maurice Healy. The post-production (Editing) was carried out at RTÉ in Dublin, in late 1981 and early 1982. Sound mixing was done at BBC Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd’s Bush, London. Rank Film Laboratories in Denham supplied the film prints for the television broadcasts. Extras were from the locals from within the Ballycroy area. The Ballroom of Romance The Ballroom of Romance is a Document [88] (Title: Bray, County Wicklow) the Martello Hotel on Strand Road presents music, literature, dance and visual arts. Bray is home to Ireland's oldest film studios, Ardmore Studios, established in 1958, where films such as "Excalibur", "Braveheart" and "Breakfast on Pluto" have been shot. "Custer's Last Stand-up" was filmed in Bray and the town was also used to film Neil Jordan's 2012 film "Byzantium", part of which was shot in the Bray Head Inn. Neil Jordan's 1991 film "The Miracle" is set in Bray. The Mermaid Arts Centre is the only venue for cinema in Bray. The mainstream cinema on the Quinsborough Road closed down Document [89] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 2)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 2) The second series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 7 May 2006. It had an average of 804,000 people watching, more than the first series, and up to a million tuned into the finale. Rebecca Nicholson (who partnered Tim Shadbolt in the first series) was the only dancer to be part of the series, and partnered "Shortland Street" actor David Wikaira-Paul. One of the most memorable moments in series two was celebrity Rodney Hide and his partner Krystal Stuart, who were awarded only one point from each judge for his cha-cha-cha, Document [90] (Title: Celebrity Bainisteoir (season 1)) were managed by Jon Kenny, who was mentored by John Ryan. Kiltimagh have been based in County Mayo since 1888. During "Celebrity Bainisteoir" they were managed by Aoibhinn Ní Shúilleabháin, who was mentored by Liam McHale. They were led by esteemed captain Conor 'The Machineghan' Heneghan, and despite the JOE.ie journalist's best efforts, the proud Mayo side lost out to Mayfield. Speaking afterwards, Heneghan said: It's a heartbreak almost akin to seeing Mayo lose an All-Ireland. I'm just happy I did myself and the parish proud." Maryland are based between Athlone and Mullingar in County Westmeath. The team competed in Document [91] (Title: Ballas Hough Band) gathering fame and recognition throughout Ireland and Europe. Ballas Hough Band was signed to Hollywood Records in 2008 and released its debut album, "BHB", on March 10, 2009. The album spent one week on the U.S. "Billboard" 200, peaking at No. 98 on that chart. But its two singles, "Do It for You" and "Do You Love Me," both failed to chart. On June 21, 2009, the band announced on their MySpace page that they are now currently signed with Morey Management. The band appeared on the November 3, 2009 episode of "Dancing With The Stars" results show, on which Document [92] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6) The sixth series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 31 May 2015 on TV3, and was hosted by Dominic Bowden and Sharyn Casey. Stefano Olivieri, Hayley Holt, and Candy Lane were the series' judges; Lane served as the head judge. Since removing the live band, music for the show has been contracted out to Parachute studios. Many songs feature award winning musician Cam Noble and also many artists throughout New Zealand. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according Document [93] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, and is hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of the "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. On 28 August 2018, Amanda Byram confirmed that she will not be returning as a presenter in 2019. On 30 October 2018, Jennifer Zamparelli was confirmed as Byram's replacement. In Document [94] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Ardmore Studios Ardmore Studios, located in Bray, County Wicklow, is the Republic of Ireland's only four wall studio. Ardmore Studios opened in 1958 under the management of Emmet Dalton by then Minister for Industry and Commerce, Seán Lemass. Since then, the studio has evolved through many management changes, finally consolidating in the 1990s. It has been the base for many successful Irish and international productions, from "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" to "Fair City", "Braveheart", "My Left Foot" and "Veronica Guerin". After the lapse of its initial business plan in the early 1970s, the studio became the Document [95] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Studios has been home to three television series – The Tudors, filmed between 2006 and 2010 at a cost of over €90 million, ""Camelot"", filmed in 2010, starring Joseph Fiennes and Eva Green, and from 2014 "Penny Dreadful". In 2008, Ardmore Studios celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2011, "Byzantium", directed by Neil Jordan, located at Ardmore. In January 2017 the studios were used by RTE for Dancing with the Stars, Ireland's version of the popular British show Strictly Come Dancing. RTE had purchased the rights to make an Irish version of the popular dancing show, however it became obvious to Document [96] (Title: On the Street Where You Live (TV series)) Limerick, Cork and Kilkenny but in the second series was aired in July & August 2011 featured Tralee, Waterford, Derry, Sligo and Ennis. The first programme focused on O'Connell Street in Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, and was broadcast on 9 January 2009. It features contributions from Carmel Moran, who lived on the street for thirty-five years and witnessed many events from her sitting room window above the Happy Ring House, Billy Fleming, whose father was a road worker on the street and who himself now drives the Number 11 bus up and down the street several times each Document [97] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 2)) Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 2) Dancing with the Stars was a Greek reality show airing on ANT1 and filmed live in Athens. The show was based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and was part of BBC Worldwide's "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The theme song was "It's personal" performed by Swedish indie pop band The Radio Dept. The second season of the show started on 20 March 2011. Season's 1 winner Errika Prezarakou joined the judging panel, replacing Galena Velikova. ANT1 launched a daily spin off titled "Dancing with the Stars Daily" on Document [98] (Title: Educating Rita (film)) the latter. No. 8 Hogan Avenue in Dublin 2 near Grand Canal Dock was used for Rita's house in the film, and one in Burlington Road, Ballsbridge for Bryant's. The scene where Rita runs into her ex Denny and his new wife was filmed in the South Lotts area of Ringsend. The scene in France was filmed in Maynooth, County Kildare, and Pearse Station and Dublin Airport were also used. The scene in the pub was shot in The Stag's Head pub on Dame Court in Dublin. However, the pub which Rita enters is the Dame Tavern which is opposite Document [99] (Title: Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels) Fearraigh actor and model from the Irish Tv drama Ros na Rún who won the crown along with his dance partner Dearbhla Lennon. Jean Butler, George Hook, Colin Dunne, Robert O'Byrne On 31 December 2006, "Celebrity Jigs n'Reels" returned to ring Ireland into the New Year live on RTÉ One. Seven brand new celebrities danced for one night only to raise money for charity and bring in 2007. The format differed from series one in that no celebrity represented a specific charity; instead all the money raised went to Focus Ireland and The Simon Community, both of which look after Document [100] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Greece 2010 – Tour with Michael Flatley – UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria 2015 – "Lord of the Dance: Dangerous Games" had temporary shows at the Playhouse Theatre, London and at the Lyric Theatre, Broadway and two touring casts elsewhere at the same time – one was in Sydney, Australia and also in Auckland, New Zealand, the others were spread across Europe. The European tour included countries such as Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg, and Poland. Lord of the Dance (musical) Lord of the Dance is an Irish musical and dance Document [101] (Title: The Devil's Own) Devil's Own" was filmed on location and at the Chelsea Piers studios in New York City, as well as in Newark, Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne Sandy Hook and Montclair, New Jersey. and Greenport, New York on Long Island. The opening scenes were filmed at Port Oriel, Clogherhead, County Louth, Republic of Ireland. The Belfast shootout scenes were filmed in Inchicore, Dublin in July 1996. Other location shoots in Ireland were in the Dublin Mountains. Two months before it opened, the film was still unfinished: Pakula was unhappy with the final scene ("a showdown on a boat with a cargo of Document [102] (Title: In America (film)) Naomi and Kirsten. He says they wanted to make a film showing how people can learn to overcome their pain and live for the future instead of dwelling on the sadness of the past. Manhattan locations include Hell's Kitchen, Times Square, the Lincoln Tunnel, and 8th Street in the East Village. Interiors were filmed at the Ardmore Studios in County Wicklow in Ireland. The fairground scene was filmed on Parnell Street, Dublin. The soundtrack includes songs performed by The Lovin' Spoonful, Culture Club, The Corrs, The Byrds, Kid Creole and The Coconuts, Evan Olson, and The Langhorns. The film premiered Document [103] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, and is part of the "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. In November 2016, it was reported that former "Big Brother" contestant, Hughie Maughan, would be participating in the competition. On 20 November 2016, it was reported that former RTÉ News reader, Anne Doyle will be Document [104] (Title: House of Shadows) Interlinea Films produced the film with the Ireland's Ripple World Pictures and Italy's Barter TV. Filming in Dublin, Apulia, and South Tyrol (in Missiano, Brixen, Bolzano and Ritten) for six weeks and completed on July 2013. De Venuto partnered with Irish director of photography Ciaran Tanham for the shooting and most of the crew members were Irish as well. The movie was supported by the Irish Film Board, the Apulia Film Commission, the Business Location Südtirol Film Fund, the Regione Lazio Film Fund, Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, the National Film Fund, and the Italian tax credit provided Document [105] (Title: TG4) shows for the channel from Adare Productions. "Glas Vegas" has a similar format to "America's Got Talent" and "The All Ireland Talent Show". "Nollig No. 1" has a similar format to "You're a Star" as the judges search for a Christmas number one single. The 2008 winner was Mary Lee, she released the single "You'll Never Walk Alone", with the chorus 'as Gaeilge'. In September 2009 another series from the same stable began the search for Ireland's best Irish dancing act, entitled An Jig Gig. The winners of this series were Irish Beats. A fourth season of "Glas Vegas" began Document [106] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) Lughnasa International Friel Festival (LIFF) occurred in August 2015. "Dancing at Lughnasa", in the year of its 25th anniversary, was chosen as its signature production. Dancing at Lughnasa Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1990 play by dramatist Brian Friel set in Ireland's County Donegal in August 1936 in the fictional town of Ballybeg. It is a memory play told from the point of view of the adult Michael Evans, the narrator. He recounts the summer in his aunts' cottage when he was seven years old. This play is loosely based on the lives of Friel's mother and aunts who lived Document [107] (Title: Midday (Irish talk show)) background too. The show is filmed in TV3's Ballymount studios. The studio uses a multi camera set up. The show also switches to the TV3 News Studio for updates throughout the programme It was expected that "Midday" would receive a new set, and move into TV3's newly built €5 million Sony HD Studios as new director of programming, Jeff Ford, said he planned on filming the morning time programmes in the Sony Studios to give independent production companies and international production companies the opportunity to use its facilities during the daytime. It was expected the "Midday" set would receive a Document [108] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) Maggie was only the result of pre-marital sex between Lou and her husband-to-be, Albert Beale. Pauline and various members of the Fowler and Beale family travel to Ireland to reunite with their long-lost relatives in a special week of episodes. The episodes were filmed on location in the countryside around County Dublin, away from the soap's typical filming location in Borehamwood, England. They were filmed over a period of two weeks in July and August 1997, and were broadcast on 22, 23 and 25 September 1997. In the three episodes, Pauline is accompanied by her sons Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) Document [109] (Title: Crystal Swing) Crystal Swing have continued to tour and have featured on many mainly Irish TV and Radio shows including Living with Lucy, Celebrity Bainisteoir, Driving me Crazy, Republic of Telly, Celebrity Head Chef, Charity ICA Bootcamp, Mastermind and many others. The band have also performed in London, Portugal and the Caribbean. Crystal Swing Crystal Swing are a new wave Country and Western and Country and Irish musical group, from Lisgoold, County Cork, Ireland. The family group is made up of mother Mary Murray-Burke and her children Dervla Burke, Derek Burke and Oisin Nee. The group rose to national fame in February Document [110] (Title: Dublin Community Television) provides members with affordable access to transmission, training, basic production equipment and facilities for a broad range of individuals, community groups and activists broadcasting a wealth of innovative, creative, educational and entertaining programmes that focus on real people and communities in all their diversity. Dublin Community Television was switched on on 16 July 2008, launched by Minister Eamon Ryan, Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources. Dancing Dublin – Produced by DCTV member Bill Tyson: Can Dubliners dance? This five-part series explores the capital's burgeoning dance culture and aims to discover if the city's inhabitants can really dance. Dancing Dublin Document [111] (Title: Holly Carpenter) MasterChef Ireland. She was eliminated in the first week of the competition. Carpenter will appear on the 2019 series of the Irish edition of "Dancing with the Stars". Carpenter was born and raised in Raheny, Dublin, Ireland. She is the granddaughter of the social diarist Terry Keane In 2011, she was working towards an arts degree in textiles at the National College of Art and Design. She speaks English, Irish and French.<br>She was in relationship with Leinster and Ireland Rugby International Cian Healy for two years before they split up in July 2014.<br>Between 2015 and 2016 she dated Danny O’Reilly Document [112] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Under O'Sullivan's management, the range of Ardmore-based service and facility companies increased to include other specialised related businesses. These include: Companies located at Ardmore studios include: Ardmore Studios Ardmore Studios, located in Bray, County Wicklow, is the Republic of Ireland's only four wall studio. Ardmore Studios opened in 1958 under the management of Emmet Dalton by then Minister for Industry and Commerce, Seán Lemass. Since then, the studio has evolved through many management changes, finally consolidating in the 1990s. It has been the base for many successful Irish and international productions, from "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" Document [113] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) in Germany, France, Benelux and Scandinavia. The 3D version of the film was released only in Blu-ray in late 2011. The film shows the performances from the O2 Arenas of London, Dublin, and Berlin. Over the years, along with several troupes, the lead dancers have changed. These cast members were on Flatley's return tour throughout Europe and are on the 3D film which was later released on DVD and Blu-ray. Bernadette Flynn toured with the show until 2010. Gillian Norris left the show in early 2008. Daire Nolan left the show shortly after its first run in Epcot in 1999. Document [114] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances are excluded). "Individual judges' Document [115] (Title: Daire Nolan) currently works in Element Six in Shannon. Nolan and his brother Cian are dance choreographers for all Ceol Chiarrai productions. In January 2009, he was chosen as the Irish judge for the American dance show, "Superstars of Dance". Daire Nolan Daire Nolan (born 1 December 1968) is an Irish dancer and choreographer best known for his work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Nolan has been dancing since the age of ten under the guidance of his parents Rose and Tony Nolan in Limerick and is no stranger to the international stage. He is undoubtedly the most Document [116] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 3)) board (with couples scoring less than them) and was eliminated. (This would be seen again in season 14 with Maria & Derek, season 15 with Sabrina & Louis, season 17 with Christina & Mark, season 24 with Heather & Maks, and season 27 with Juan Pablo & Cheryl.) On the October 25, 2006, results show, the first "Dancing with the Stars – The Tour" event was announced. Produced by ABC and Anschutz Entertainment Group, the live-action tour featured celebrities and professional dancers from U.S. seasons 1–3. The tour through 38 arena venues started in San Diego, California on December 19, Document [117] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) "Ballroom Blitz" are not included. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. "Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Due to an illness, dancer Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson for the night. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are Document [118] (Title: A Little Bit of Irish (soundtrack)) on the stage of the world-famous Abbey Theatre in Dublin with The Little Dublin Singers, and the final segment was filmed amongst the keeves and vats at the Guinness Brewery in James's Street, Dublin with the Guinness Choir. The orchestra was the Radio Éireann Light Orchestra conducted by co-director Buddy Bregman, and they recorded the music in the O'Connell Hall, Dublin. Bing added his voice at the Eamonn Andrews Studios in Henry Street and also contributed some items live on location during the actual filming. He also scripted the programme himself and featured his wife Kathryn in the Howth Castle Document [119] (Title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)) Irishman, filmed in Hungary, and produced in Canada. Filming in Hungary mainly took place at the Korda Studios in Etyek, just west of Budapest. Jordan had tried to direct a film about the Borgia reign for over a decade, and the project had many times come close to fruition, with stars such as Colin Farrell and Scarlett Johansson attached to it. In 2010, Steven Spielberg, the head of DreamWorks Pictures (now a producer of "The Borgias"), suggested the film be turned into a cable drama, and Jordan took the idea over to Showtime executives who, wanting to fill the void Document [120] (Title: Still Star-Crossed) for Shondaland's "How to Get Away with Murder", has been tapped to direct "Still Star-Crossed". The pilot was filmed in Salamanca, located in the province of Castile and León, north-western Spain, from April 18, 2016 to May 2, 2016, and Plasencia and Cáceres, located in the autonomous community of Extremadura, western Spain. On May 12, 2016, ABC ordered the pilot to series. Casting advertisement began in March 2016. On March 2, 2016, it was announced that Zuleikha Robinson, Lashana Lynch, Torrance Coombs, Wade Briggs and Ebonée Noel were cast in series regular roles. British actress Lashana Lynch was cast as Document [121] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a Greek dance competition television series that premiered on March 28, 2010, on ANT1 and filmed live in Athens. The show aired until February 1, 2015, on ANT1. In January 26, 2018 ANT1 premiered the sixth series and aired until May 4, 2018. The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of BBC Worldwide's "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The theme song is "It's personal" performed by Swedish indie pop band The Radio Dept. The format of the show Document [122] (Title: Ardmore Studios) RTE that the studios at their television centre in Donnybrook in Dublin would not be large enough for the scale of the show, and so Ardmore Studios was chosen. In April 2018 Irish firm Olcott Entertainment Limited has officially announced the full acquisition of Ardmore, after purchasing the shares owned by Ardmore Studios Limited (68%) and Enterprise Ireland (32%). During its MTM incarnation in the 1980s, Ardmore extended its facilities and built new sound stages. Today it offers 5 stages, including a water tank facility. In the early 1980s a handful of service provider companies were located on the lot. Document [123] (Title: Bríd Brennan) "Dancing at Lughnasa" (1998), starring Meryl Streep, for which Brennan won an Irish Film & Television Award for Best Actress. In 2010, Brennan appeared in the television shows "Doctor Who" and "The Escape Artist", both alongside David Tennant. Brennan gave an award-winning performance in 2012's "Shadow Dancer", winning an IFTA for her role as Ma. According to the director James Marsh, the fact that she had grown up in West Belfast during the Troubles was significant as by casting Irish actors "it felt that they knew this world better than I did and I felt they could help me and Document [124] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) that Amanda Byram had been selected as one of the hosts. In December, it was confirmed that Byrne would host alongside Byram. It was also confirmed that Bláthnaid Treacy would be hosting RTÉ Two spin-off show, "Can't Stop Dancing", airing on Friday nights before the live shows. Key: The first series of "Dancing with the Stars" started on 8 January 2017 and finished on 26 March 2017. The second series began on 7 January 2018 and finished on 25 March 2018. The third series begins on 6 January 2019 and will finish on 24 March 2019. Dancing with the Stars Document [125] (Title: Pat O'Connor (director)) Pat O'Connor (director) Pat O'Connor (born 1943 in Ardmore, County Waterford, Ireland) is a BAFTA-winning Irish film director. In 1982, O'Connor won a Jacob's Award for his direction of the RTÉ TV adaptation of William Trevor's short story, "Ballroom of Romance" starring Cyril Cusack and Brenda Fricker. It was shot near the village of Ballycroy, County Mayo. He subsequently won the BAFTA award for "Best Television Single Drama, 1983," for the same work. He also directed Trevor's "One of Ourselves" for BBC TV, again starring Cyril Cusack, and filmed in Cappoquin and Lismore, Co. Waterford. O'Connor has been married since Document [126] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) the entire cast. Janet Maslin, critic of the New York Times said that "Meryl Streep has made many a grand acting gesture in her career, but the way she simply peers out a window in "Dancing at Lughnasa" ranks with the best. Everything the viewer need know about Kate Mundy, the woman she plays here, is written on that prim, lonely face and its flabbergasted gaze." Peter Travis of Rolling Stone magazine wrote that "a luminous cast reveals long-buried feelings. Meryl Streep finds the expansive soul behind prim schoolteacher Kate. And she is matched by Kathy Burke's bawdy Maggie, Brid Document [127] (Title: Outsiders Inn) After making this discovery, Maureen, Carnie and Bobby decide to keep the families on separate floors to keep tempers from flaring, however problems continue to plague the three as they prepare for the wedding. The show was filmed at Christopher Place, An Intimate Resort in Newport, Tennessee, where taping began on June 9, 2008 and ended on June 29, 2008. Episode Two, titled "Pigeon Idol," was shot at Fiddler's Roost in Parrottsville, Tennessee on June 15, 2008, where the celebs judged a talent contest hosted by Ross Mathews from The Tonight Show. Outsiders Inn Outsiders Inn is an American half-hour Document [128] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3) Dancing with the Stars returns for a third series on 6 January 2019 on RTÉ One for a twelve-week run. Nicky Byrne will return as host for a third year, joined by Jennifer Zamparelli who replaces Amanda Byram as co-host. Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry and Julian Benson will all return as judges. On 2 December 2018, Mairéad Ronan, was officially announced as the first celebrity to be taking part. Celebrity reveals then continued every day until 7 December when the final three contestants were revealed during an appearance on "The Late Late Show. Document [129] (Title: Ireland's Got Talent) later stated that he would like to broadcast an Irish edition of "Got Talent", though he stated that the untitled talent show was only in early development. RTÉ One and TV3 showed interest in ordering the programme, however TV3 originally turned down the show in 2016. Simon Cowell announced that he will be a special guest judge on the programme during the series' launch. In February 2016, RTÉ One denied that "The Voice of Ireland" would be cancelled in order to broadcast the new talent show. However, the show was later replaced by "Dancing with the Stars". In August 2017, Document [130] (Title: Brian Redmond) Kremlin Palace in Moscow. In 2004 he retired from competitive dance and returned to Ireland, basing himself in county Kildare where he lives today with wife Jen and their two children. In January 2017, Redmond was named, alongside Loraine Barry and Julian Benson, as a judge on the Irish version of Dancing with the Stars for RTÉ One. An established media contributor, Brian is a regular on the nation's airwaves and has appeared on the Late Late Show, the Ray D’Arcy Show and the Ryan Tubridy Show to name just a few. Alongside his broadcast commitments, Brian is an established Document [131] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) 2019. On 3 December 2017, it was confirmed that Deirdre O'Kane would compete in the series. On 4 December 2017, it was revealed on RTÉ 2fm's "Breakfast Republic" that host, Bernard O'Shea, was the latest celebrity to confirmed to be taking part. On 6 December 2017, in an interview with Ryan Tubridy on his breakfast show on RTÉ Radio 1, it was revealed that Maïa Dunphy would be taking part in the series. On 8 December 2017, Erin McGregor, Marty Morrissey and Norah Casey appeared on "The Late Late Show" confirming their participation, with the remaining five contestants being confirmed Document [132] (Title: Gillian Norris) the second touring company (Troupe 2) in the United States. In July 1998, she returned to Troupe 1 and danced the lead in "Feet of Flames" in Hyde Park. She remained with Troupe 1 and toured Europe until she left the show in 2000. After Gillian left the show, she returned to Ireland and briefly pursued a modeling and singing career. In summer 2001, she briefly danced in the show Ragus in Dublin. She then enrolled in beauty therapy school, where she was a top student. In June 2005, she opened her own beauty salon/spa in Kilmacthomas. Gillian says about Document [133] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India. The UK, German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in New South Wales, Australia, at a permanently-built up camp in Dungay near Murwillumbah. However the first UK series of the show was filmed on a smaller site at King Ranch, near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. The Australian series is filmed in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, Indonesia Document [134] (Title: Falling for a Dancer) this marriage and her new life on a farm in West Cork. It is here Elizabeth has her baby but her choice of marriage has its darker side; resentment from her step children, moments of tragedy and a longing for young love and passion that she does not get from her husband, Neeley. It was filmed in Beara, County Cork on the southwest coast. Falling for a Dancer Falling For a Dancer is an Irish 1998 romantic drama television movie set in rural Ireland in the 1930s. It first aired on BBC One in four 50-minute episodes on 13 September Document [135] (Title: Vogue Williams) her degree, Williams worked for six months in London on building sites. She returned to Dublin to undertake further studies in quantity surveying at the Dublin Institute of Technology. Her career began on 11 November 2010 in an Irish TV series "Fade Street", a version of "The Hills" which follows the lives of 4 Irish girls in Dublin. The episodes focused on Vogue's work at "Stellar Magazine", learning to act and her passion for DJ'ing. On 15 April 2012 Williams participated in the twelfth series of "Dancing with the Stars" in Australia partnered with Christopher Page. They were the third Document [136] (Title: The Commitments (film)) was filmed on Sheriff Street, in front of the St. Lawrence O'Toole Catholic Church. A house located on Darndale in the Northside of Dublin was used to depict the Rabbitte family home. The home where Joey "the Lips" Fagan (Murphy) resides with his mother was a house located on 118 Pembroke Road in Ballsbridge. The production also filmed scenes at Ricardo's Pool Hall, a dilapidated pool hall located on 84–87 Lower Camden Street. The second floor of the pool hall was used to depict the band's rehearsals. The Archbishop Byrne Hall (also known as St. Kevin's Hall), located in the Document [137] (Title: The Commitments (film)) Portobello district of Dublin, was used to depict a local church community center, where The Commitments first perform on stage. The Saint Francis Xavier Church, Dublin, located on Upper Gardiner Street, was used to film a scene in which Jimmy finds Commitments pianist Steven Clifford playing "A Whiter Shade of Pale" on an organ. The production team also filmed a scene at a Phibsborough bus depot; the location was used to depict Jimmy convincing Deco (Strong) to become a part of the band. A walkway, where Jimmy discusses his plan to form a band to Outspan and Derek was filmed Document [138] (Title: Bridget & Eamon) incentives for the Irish Film Industry provided by the Government of Ireland, and filmed on location in Ireland. "Bridget and Eamon" are an unhappily married 1980s Irish couple. They live in the Midlands with their indeterminate number of children. The series follows their lives. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Bridget & Eamon Bridget & Eamon is an Irish sitcom that first aired on RTÉ Two on 1 February 2016, having previously aired as a RTÉ Player-exclusive series. It is based on the Bridget & Eamon sketches that featured on the Republic of Telly comedy review show. The show centres Document [139] (Title: Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest) 'n' Reels". Byrne and Donegan came third after receiving 95 points from all the other countries. The 2008 Irish representatives were Gavin Ó Fearraigh and Dearbhla Lennon, also from "Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels". The couple were chosen on "The Late Late Show" in May 2008. They finished in eleventh position at the contest in Glasgow, Scotland, on 6 September 2008. The Third Eurovision Dance Contest has been cancelled indefinitely. Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Ireland has taken part in two Eurovision Dance Contests. Its highest placed finish was third in 2007 and its lowest placed finish is eleventh was Document [140] (Title: Falling for a Dancer) Falling for a Dancer Falling For a Dancer is an Irish 1998 romantic drama television movie set in rural Ireland in the 1930s. It first aired on BBC One in four 50-minute episodes on 13 September 1998. Set in 1930s Cork, nineteen-year-old Elizabeth has a brief fling with a young actor and dancer and becomes pregnant. With no chance of finding the father, and trying to avoid entering the Magdalene Laundries, she chooses to marry an older man who she first meets on her wedding day and moves to her new life in West Cork. The series follows Elizabeth through Document [141] (Title: Inside I'm Dancing) young, skilled actor with actual cerebral palsy to play the role of Michael. Inside I'm Dancing Inside I'm Dancing, also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here, is an Irish 2004 comedy-drama film directed by Damien O'Donnell and starring James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, and Brenda Fricker. The film revolves around two disabled young men who pursue physical and emotional independence in direct defiance of "protective" institutional living and their society's prevailing standards and attitudes, especially pity. The production was filmed in Dublin and Wicklow and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal with assistance from the Document [142] (Title: Fair City) schedules, and other administrative tasks involved in managing a large production. From 1989 until 1994, all interior shots were filmed at Ardmore Studios, near Bray, County Wicklow. In 1994, production moved to studios at Montrose specifically adapted to cater for the show. All exterior shots were initially filmed at real houses in a real cul-de-sac in Barron Place, Drumcondra and later in Booterstown, where residents were asked to stay indoors during shooting. In 1999, a street set, known as the lot, was built at Ardmore, where set designers replicated the facades and interiors of the original houses. In 1994, the Document [143] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) performing 'Hearts On Fire' Dance-Off Dance-Off Dance-Off Guest act: Joanne Clifton and the cast of "Flashdance the Musical" performing a routine to 'Flashdance... What a Feeling' Dance-Off Guest act: Riverdance collaboration with the Dancing with the Stars professional dancers. "The couples will perform two dances, the first being a song by an Irish artist to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day" Dance-Off<br>"For the dance-off Jake & Karen chose to perform their Rumba, while Erin & Ryan chose their Samba." Judges votes; Guest act: Picture This performing 'This Morning'. Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a Document [144] (Title: Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series)) Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series) Fame: The Musical is a singing and dance contest in Ireland, produced by Screentime ShinAwiL for RTÉ. The audition and Fame Bootcamp stages were filmed around Ireland and in London. The shows aim was to find actors for the parts of "Nick" and "Serena" for the highly successful stage production of "Fame". On 13 June 2010 it was announced that Ben Morris would play the part of Nick and Jessica Cervi would play the part of Serena in the Irish tour of "Fame". Derek Mooney Colour key: Judges Robert C Kelly, Simon Delaney and Document [145] (Title: The Blue Max) It was a local tourist attraction for a long time after the film had wrapped. The Berlin scenes were shot in Dublin. Christ Church Cathedral and Leinster House, the seat of the Oireachtas, the Irish national parliament, are easily recognisable in the background of many scenes and Trinity College served as the army headquarters where von Klugermann's office is located. Many of the flying scenes were shot at Weston Aerodrome (EIWT) near Lucan, Ireland, about 10 miles west of Dublin hence the name confusion with Weston-on-the-Green. Weston Aerodrome is also home to the "National Flight Center". There is also a Document [146] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) later in the show. On 20 December 2017, previously confirmed celebrity, Aoife Walsh, was forced to pull out of the show due to injury; she was replaced by Alannah Beirne. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. "Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this Document [147] (Title: The Bear and the Maiden Fair) built in the nearby location of Little Barrage. The scenes with Jon Snow and the wildlings were filmed in the forests around Toome, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed six weeks before the production moved to Iceland to film several scenes for the previous episodes. Due to the legal restrictions and the difficulties involved in the transport of large animals, the scenes with the bear Little Bart had to be filmed in the USA. Although it was only used for a single scene, this was the fifth country where the production filmed during the Document [148] (Title: Crystal Swing) "The Afternoon Show". Later in the month they made appearances on "Xposé" and "Ireland AM". On 6 April, they flew to Hollywood to make an appearance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". The show was recorded on Thursday 8 April, and was broadcast in America on Monday, 12 April. After their initial media exposure, the band undertook an extensive tour of the major venues in Ireland with a five-piece band and support acts. The band has appeared with stars such as Lily Allen and Bonnie Tyler as well as most of the home-grown Irish stars of the music industry. Since 2010, Document [149] (Title: New York (Glee)) that the plan was to have the costuming be a "little nod" to the "iconic New York places we were going to shoot", and with a "little bit of '50s, '60s flair", but not too "vintage". She said, "We landed in New York on a Saturday night, shopped all day Sunday, threw them in the clothes" for the filming that began on Monday. According to an article in "The Hollywood Reporter", twenty-six outfits were found in a single day. Filming continued back in Los Angeles, where episodes are typically shot, including a location shoot at the Million Dollar Theater to Document [150] (Title: Glenties) museum also has a display about Cardinal Patrick O'Donnell, mementos from the filming of Dancing at Lughnasa, and an extensive display about the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee. It also has a reading room with a good collection of local historic records. The local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club – Naomh Conaill; field teams at all age levels playing gaelic football predominantly. Glenties was the model for Brian Friel's fictional village of Ballybeg, where several of his works were set. His play "Dancing at Lughnasa" was set in Ballybeg and was made into a film in 1994 starring Meryl Streep. Document [151] (Title: History of Hertfordshire) building has recently been restored and re-opened as the Odyssey Cinema. Elstree Studios nearby has risen to prominence; landmark films and television that have been produced there include the first and second Star Wars films (chronologically, i.e. Episodes IV and V), Indiana Jones, and Superman, The World's End and British television shows Dancing on Ice, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Big Brother. Parts of the Harry Potter film series production took place at Leavesden Film Studios. Wild child was filmed in Balls park, Hertford. Æthelgifu was a Christian Saxon noblewoman who lived in the county in the late Document [152] (Title: In the Name of the Grandfather) and references to Irish culture including the Giant's Causeway, Blarney Castle, James Joyce, Bloomsday, leprechauns, Guinness, "Riverdance", U2 and the film "Once". The special broadcast of the episode in Ireland was part of Fox's year-long "Best. 20 Years. Ever." celebration which commemorates the 20th anniversary of the show. To promote the broadcast, Jean, Brooks and voice actor Nancy Cartwright visited Ireland and participated in the Saint Patrick's Day parade in Dublin. Critics in Ireland mostly enjoyed the jokes about the nation but felt that the episode itself was average. The initial broadcast on Sky1 in Ireland was watched by 511,000 Document [153] (Title: Shake Hands with the Devil (1959 film)) Shake Hands with the Devil (1959 film) Shake Hands with the Devil is a 1959 film directed by Michael Anderson. The picture was filmed in Dublin, and at Ardmore Studios in Bray, Ireland. The film is set in 1921 Dublin, where the Irish Republican Army battles the Black and Tans, ex-British soldiers sent to suppress the rebels. It stars James Cagney and Don Murray. Also featured are Dana Wynter, Glynis Johns, Sybil Thorndike and Michael Redgrave. Irish-American Kerry O'Shea (Don Murray) is studying at the College of Surgeons in 1921 Dublin, Ireland, during a guerrilla war – the Irish War Document [154] (Title: Irish Travellers) like "The Riches" (2007–2008), the American television series featuring Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver, take a deeper look into the Traveller lifestyle. The documentary series "Big Fat Gypsy Weddings" (2010, 2011, and 2012) has been commercially successful in the United Kingdom, offering glimpses of Traveller life as viewed at real-life weddings. A 1997 American film, "Traveller", starring Bill Paxton and Mark Wahlberg, also explored the Travellers in America. Advocacy: Similar groups: Irish Travellers Irish Travellers (, meaning 'the walking people') are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group who maintain a set of traditions. Although predominantly English-speaking, some also use Shelta and Document [155] (Title: The Irish R.M.) location tempts Yeates. All three series of "The Irish R.M." were issued on DVD in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK. The DVD also includes an Ulster TV documentary about the filming of the first series. There are two slideshows, one of profiles of the lead actors and the other sample recipes from "Mrs Cadogan's Cookbook" (). The Irish R.M. The Irish R.M. refers to a series of books by the Anglo-Irish novelists Somerville and Ross, and the television comedy-drama series based on them. They are set in the turn-of-the-twentieth-century west of Ireland. The television series is based on Document [156] (Title: Irish stepdance) Dancing Tweens". The series, which will be produced by Sirens Media, features several dance schools. Each episode will focus on individual dancers during rehearsals, preparation, travel, and during competitions. Eight episodes of the series have been ordered. In 2014, BBC One produced a six-part documentary series called "Jigs and Wigs: The Extreme World of Irish Dancing", which featured "the unusual individuals and the stories" of stepdance. The series was noted for its focus on the extreme elements of the modern Irish stepdance world, and the increasing financial pressures on competitors. Reviewers also noted that "Jigs and Wigs" presented a stepdance Document [157] (Title: Irish dance) the United States, in Philadelphia. The 2010-2018 championships were held in Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, Boston, London, Montréal, Glasgow, Dublin and Glasgow respectively, always taking place during the week leading up to Easter Sunday, when the championships end. The BBC documentary film "Jig" provided an insight into championship level dancers competing in the 2010 World Championships held in Glasgow. Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne will be held in Greensboro in North Carolina in 2019 and will return to Dublin for the 50 year anniversary of the championships. An Coimsiún also holds Oireachtas Rince na hÉireann, or "The All Irelands" which took place Document [158] (Title: The Lodge (TV series)) episodes. The main character, Skye, was originally named Maia, like in the Israeli Disney Channel original series "North Star". The series "The Lodge", filmed in Northern Ireland, takes place in the county of County Down. Most of the scenes are filmed in Montalto Estate and at The Carriage Rooms, which are in Ballynahinch. On 13 December 2016, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered in 2017. On 21 February 2017, it was announced that production had begun on the second season and it would consist of 15 episodes. The premiere episode of "The Document [159] (Title: Adare Manor) and Michael York. In 2010, Adare Manor served as the judge's house for Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh on "The X Factor". Adare Manor Adare Manor is a manor house located on the banks of the River Maigue in the village of Adare, County Limerick, Ireland, the former seat of the Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl. The present house was built in the early 19th-century, though retaining some of the walls of the 17th-century structure. It is now the Adare Manor Hotel & Golf Resort, a luxury hotel. The first mention of a manor on the land is following the Document [160] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) EastEnders episodes in Ireland In 1997, the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" broadcast three singular transmissions that were filmed on location in Dublin, Ireland. The episodes involved the Fowler and Beale family travelling from London to Ireland to meet their long-lost relatives. They were badly received by viewers and heavily criticised in the media. The BBC was inundated with complaints from angry viewers from Ireland for negative stereotyping, portraying Irish people as "dirty, rude, and drunk". Complaints were made by the Irish Embassy and there were fears that the episodes would have a negative effect on the Irish tourist trade. The Document [161] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) 2016, RTÉ confirmed that Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond would be the judges on the programme. Creative producer Darren Bennett stood in for Benson, during week five, six, seven and eight, who was absent due to illness. People in the running to be host of the show included former Westlife musician and 2012 "Strictly Come Dancing" contestant Nicky Byrne; as well as popular radio host Ray D'Arcy, though D'Arcy ruled himself out of the running in August 2016. In October 2016, it was reported that Marty Whelan had auditioned to host the show. In November, it was reported Document [162] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5)) Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5) The fifth season of the Australian "Dancing with the Stars" TV series premiered on Tuesday 26 September 2006 and concluded on Tuesday 28 November 2006. A controversy occurred in the semi-final when judge Todd McKenney said that he believed Arianne Caoili had received professional dance lessons prior to the competition. Caoili denied this. Channel 7's "Today Tonight" supported McKenney's claims, producing video footage of Caoili attending salsa classes, but Caoili said she just started taking salsa lessons when the producers called to offer her a place on the show. Anthony Koutoufides and his Document [163] (Title: Amanda Byram) any boxes covering her body. Byram hosted a new TV show for Sky 1 HD, called "Don't Stop Me Now", in 2012. The first episode aired on 18 March 2012. On 31 May 2013, Byram presented "This Morning" with Jake Humphrey. In November 2016, it was reported and later confirmed that Byram would host the Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars" alongside Nicky Byrne. The series started in January 2017 on RTÉ One and is based on the format of the original British TV series "Strictly Come Dancing". Byram hosted the "Miss World" pageant in 2003 and briefly appeared Document [164] (Title: Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest) Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Ireland has taken part in two Eurovision Dance Contests. Its highest placed finish was third in 2007 and its lowest placed finish is eleventh was 2008. Like the Eurovision Song Contest, which Ireland has won a record seven times, Ireland decides upon its entry through a public vote on a special edition of "The Late Late Show". Ireland made its debut at the 2007 contest. The couple representing the country was Nicola Byrne and Mick Donegan, performing Jive and Fandango dances. They were given the chance to represent their country after winning "Celebrity Jigs Document [165] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a Logie Award-winning, Australian light entertainment reality show airing on the Seven Network and next year (in 2019) it will air on Network 10. The show, when it was on Seven Network was filmed live from the HSV-7 studios (now Global Television studios). The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of BBC Worldwide's international "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The show debuted in a short run from October to November 2004, then returned the following February. The show Document [166] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 1)) However, the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and much of it had to be reshot together with the other episodes of the season in Northern Ireland and Malta. Most scenes were shot in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland border counties. Principal photography was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010, with the primary studio location being the Paint Hall Studio in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Among various locations for the initial shooting of the pilot in 2009, Doune Castle in central Scotland was used as the location for Winterfell, including scenes at its great hall (the great Document [167] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) - Rose; Shelagh Stuchbery - Kate; Michael Fitzpatrick - Jack and Shane Harnett - Gerry. The Lyric Theatre in Belfast are currently presenting a revival of the play in association with the Dublin Theatre Festival, which tours both North and South of Ireland, with a cast featuring Catherine Cusack, Catherine McCormack and Mary Murray. Directed by Annabelle Comyn. "Dancing at Lughnasa" was adapted for a 1998 film of the same name starring Meryl Streep as Kate Mundy and directed by Pat O'Connor. Brid Brennan won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Female Role. The first Document [168] (Title: Monica Loughman) in stPetersburg Russia. She regularly works in Tv appearing in Dancing with the stars on RTE and Big ballet on Channel 4 and Netflix. Loughman has co-written a book, "The Irish Ballerina", with County Meath-based author, Jean Harrington, who helped the former Dublin prostitute Martina Keogh write her story in "Survivor". Published in 2004 by Maverick House Publishers, the book discusses her childhood Russian experiences performing ballet. The book was reviewed in "The Meath Chronicle" and "The Sunday Business Post" and Loughman was interviewed for the magazine "Woman's Way" in December 2004. On 21 September 2006, Loughman appeared on "Dustin's Document [169] (Title: Irish showband) "Wonderland" and "Arcadia". Dance halls in smaller towns and villages would host a dance once or twice a month. The fans often travelled fifty km from the surrounding countryside to see their favorite band. Some city ballrooms were lavish dance palaces from an earlier era. The Mecca in Belfast, Dublin's Town and Country Club (a Corinthian pillared ballroom in the Georgian era), Rotunda Rooms, the Metropole and the TV Club were prominent among the plusher venues. Most rural dance halls were roughly constructed in cheap materials by local entrepreneurs. Breeze block pebbled Irish Garage architecture prevailed. They had benches along Document [170] (Title: Bernadette Flynn) Bernadette Flynn Bernadette Mary Flynn (born 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland) is an Irish dancer best known for her work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Flynn was born on 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland. Her parents Andy and Mary Flynn formerly owned "Andy Flynn's", a pub/bed & breakfast in her home town of Nenagh and subsequently became the proprietors of Flynn's Bistro located in Pearse Street in Nenagh. Bernadette has an older brother (Andrew), an older sister (Elaine) and twin sisters Catriona and Maria. Her family has always been very Document [171] (Title: Starred Up) as the male lead. On a budget of £2 million, shooting was based in former prisons HM Prison Crumlin Road in Belfast and HM Prison Maze in Lisburn, which was a 24-day shoot including 18 days of stunts. Principal photography started on 11 February at Crumlin Road with the post-production scheduled to begin during May. Financing for "Starred Up" was provided by Film4 alongside Creative Scotland, Quickfire Films, Northern Ireland Screen and Lip Sync Productions. "Starred Up" premiered at the Telluride Film Festival, before screening at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2013, where it opened the Document [172] (Title: Dancer, Texas Pop. 81) Show"." The movie was filmed in Fort Davis, Texas as dancer and the tri county area. Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 is a 1998 comedy-drama film starring Breckin Meyer, Peter Facinelli, Eddie Mills, and Ethan Embry. Set in the small, fictional American town of Dancer (Brewster County, Texas), only 81 people live in this town. Following their high school graduation, four young men wrestle with their decisions to leave town for Los Angeles. "Dancer, Texas Pop. 81" received positive reviews; it currently holds an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Film reviewer Joe M. O'Connell, writing for the Document [173] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) taking part in the series. Des Bishop was confirmed as the first celebrity on 9 December 2016, during an appearance on "The Late Late Show"; RTÉ later confirmed he would be taking part in the series on Twitter. On 11 December 2016, former "Fair City" actress Aoibhín Garrihy, "Red Rock" actress Denise McCormack and model Thalia Heffernan were confirmed to take part in the series. On 12 December 2016, RTÉ confirmed the remaining seven contestants. Later that week, the professional dancing line-up was confirmed. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. Extra points from the Document [174] (Title: Scarborough, North Yorkshire) "Little Voice", "Possession", and "A Chorus of Disapproval" were filmed on location in Scarborough and surrounds. Also filmed in the district were scenes from "Miranda", "Dancing Queen", "Beltenbros", "The Brides in the Bath" and "The Damned United". Television series filmed in the area include "Heartbeat", its spin-off series "The Royal", "CBBC"'s "All At Sea", BBC1's "Rosie", and scenes from the second series of "Five Days". The 2015 series of The Syndicate starring Anthony Andrews, Melanie Hill and Lenny Henry also filmed scenes in Scarborough. Scarborough is twinned with: In 2015, Coventry University Scarborough Campus opened in the town with a Document [175] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) August 2016, it was confirmed that RTÉ One would broadcast an Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars", which would replace the successful "The Voice of Ireland", which was cancelled in order for the broadcaster to order the new show. A producer of the show commented, "We've got fantastic production people in Ireland who, I believe, deliver a show that's comparable with any of those shows on a fraction of the budget. So we're looking forward to the task of doing this equally the same way." It became quickly apparent that the television studios at RTE Television Centre in Dublin Document [176] (Title: Don't Tell the Bride) II, 2011–), Ireland (RTÉ, 2010–), Italy (Lei), Norway (TLC Norway), Poland (TLC Poland, 2011), Sweden (TV4), Turkey and United States. Various clips from some versions were shown in the 'Goes Global' special in 2012. The UK version has also been picked up by Russian broadcaster TLC, in France, NHK in Japan and RTL Nederland in the Netherlands, who has secured an option to produce a local version of the format. An Irish version of the show airs on RTÉ Two since 2010. A two episode Irish special, in which the couple's budget was €10,000, was first broadcast in May 2011 Document [177] (Title: Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series)) start of the series Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series) Fame: The Musical is a singing and dance contest in Ireland, produced by Screentime ShinAwiL for RTÉ. The audition and Fame Bootcamp stages were filmed around Ireland and in London. The shows aim was to find actors for the parts of "Nick" and "Serena" for the highly successful stage production of "Fame". On 13 June 2010 it was announced that Ben Morris would play the part of Nick and Jessica Cervi would play the part of Serena in the Irish tour of "Fame". Derek Mooney Colour key: Judges Robert C Document [178] (Title: The Irish Rovers) Alert – at the tip of Ellesmere Island – the farthest, northerly inhabited base in the world. "The Irish Rovers Show" ran for 7 years, winning an ACTRA Award for Best Variety Performance. Brothers Will and George Millar co-wrote the majority of their original Irish compositions. Producer and Director Ken Gibson and Michael Watt often hosted special effects technicians from L.A. who were learning the new green screen technology, which were used for comedic leprechaun segments featuring Will, George and Jimmy, and is later used in "The Mother Goose Video Treasury" in 1987. The Rovers then continued with another television Document [179] (Title: Cinema of Ireland) director of Ardmore Studios believes Ireland is an attractive film location as there is now recognition for the quality of the output of the Irish film industry and a perception that Ireland is a viable film destination. Prominent films that have been filmed in Ireland include "The Quiet Man" (1952), "The Lion in Winter" (1968), "The First Great Train Robbery" (1979), "Excalibur" (1981), "Braveheart" (1995), "Reign of Fire" (2002), "King Arthur" (2004), "The Guard" (2011), "" (2015), and "" (2017). The first cinema in Ireland, the "Volta", was opened at 45 Mary Street, Dublin, in 1909 by the novelist James Question: where is dancing with the stars filmed in ireland Answer: Ardmore Studios Long Answer: Dancing with the Stars Genre Talent show Created by Fenia Vardanis Richard Hopkins Karen Smith Presented by Amanda Byram Nicky Byrne Judges Julian Benson Loraine Barry Brian Redmond Darren Bennett Voices of Jack Boylan Country of origin Republic of Ireland Original language (s) English No. of series No. of episodes 24 (as of 25th March 2018) Production Location (s) Ardmore Studios Running time 120 minutes Production company (s) ShinAwil Release Original network RTÉ One Picture format 720p (HDTV) Original release 8 January 2017 (2017 - 01 - 08)--present Chronology Related shows Strictly Come Dancing Dancing with the Stars Gold Document ID: 179

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hanging with Hector) as he performed three shows in one night at the Edinburgh Fringe, made a television appearance on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" and visited Brands Hatch motor racing circuit to improve his driving skills. The episode with the actor Colm Meaney was filmed in Majorca where the pair went swimming and got wheel-clamped before flying out to Norway for the Haugesund Film Festival where they attended a screening of the film "The Boys (and Girl) from County Clare" and sing to the Scandinavian audience a rendition of "Whiskey in the Jar". Also featured were the jockey Johnny Murtagh and the Document [2] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) Dancing at Lughnasa (film) Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1998 Irish-British-American period drama film adapted from the Brian Friel play "Dancing at Lughnasa", directed by Pat O'Connor. The film competed in the Venice Film Festival of 1998. It won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Female Role by Brid Brennan. It was also nominated for 6 other awards, including the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Feature Film and the Best Actress Award for Meryl Streep. Although the film received average reviews (65% 'Fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes), most critics praised the performances of Document [3] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) was announced that "Dancing with the Stars" had been picked up by TV3 for a sixth series, which began airing in May 2015. In December 2017, it was that announced that a seventh series would air, this began in April 2018. The following are a list of dances that contestants and their partners have performed in an episode: In the sixth series, the Argentine Tango and Salsa were also performed. In the seventh series, the Charleston and Reggaeton were also performed. Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a New Zealand television series based Document [4] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3) Dancing with the Stars returns for a third series on 6 January 2019 on RTÉ One for a twelve-week run. Nicky Byrne will return as host for a third year, joined by Jennifer Zamparelli who replaces Amanda Byram as co-host. Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry and Julian Benson will all return as judges. On 2 December 2018, Mairéad Ronan, was officially announced as the first celebrity to be taking part. Celebrity reveals then continued every day until 7 December when the final three contestants were revealed during an appearance on "The Late Late Show. Document [5] (Title: The Irish Rovers) 1997, Jimmy Ferguson died of a heart attack. For a return to television in 2011, the band filmed the television special, "The Irish Rovers, Home in Ireland." Locations for the special included Dunluce Castle, Carnlough Harbour, Portglenone, and various spots along the northeast coast of Northern Ireland. The show was transmitted in 2011 and 2012 across the PBS Network in North America. In 2012 "The Irish Rovers Christmas" Television Special, which was filmed at various locations in Banff National Park, Sunshine Village and Chatham-Kent's Capitol Theatre, was shown across the PBS Network throughout the US and Canada. Both specials were Document [6] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) patterns and steps for an "a cappella" number. This number would later become "Planet Ireland", the show's finale. The show took six months to bring it from conception to the stage. Auditions were held in the SFX City Theatre in Dublin. The story follows the character "Lord of the Dance" and his fight against the evil dark lord "Don Dorcha" from taking over Planet Ireland. The "Lord of the Dance" defeats the dark lord's invasion with help from a little spirit. There is also a story with a "love vs lust" theme expressed through dance throughout the show. "Saoirse, the Document [7] (Title: You're a Star) three acts were chosen to go the first stage. On 19 August 2006, RTÉ confirmed that "You're a Star" would return for a fifth series. The tour venues were The Hill Grove Hotel in Monaghan, The Helix and the RDS in Dublin, The Mill Street Arena in Cork and The Lodge Hotel Conference Centre in Galway. Brian Ormond hosted the audition phase and Keith Duffy hosted the live shows. Unlike in earlier series, there was no wild card show. Out of 7,000 auditionees, only 82 made it through to the workshop round. Out of these, 40 went through to the Document [8] (Title: Angel (1982 Irish film)) shots. Other locations include the former Butlin's holiday camp in Mosney, County Meath, and the former St. Brendans Hospital, Grangegorman. The dance and crowd scenes from the Mosney ballroom had to be re-shot due to a problem with the film processing. Angel (1982 Irish film) Angel is a 1982 film directed by Neil Jordan and starring Stephen Rea. The film was Neil Jordan's directorial debut, and the executive producer was John Boorman. Danny, a saxophonist with a travelling band, witnesses the gangland murder of the band's manager (involved in extortion payoffs) and that of a deaf and mute girl witness Document [9] (Title: Game of Thrones) episode for scenes at Winterfell. The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland, but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space. The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets. The city of Mdina was used for King's Landing. Filming was also done at Fort Manoel (representing the Sept of Baelor), at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo (the Dothraki wedding site) and at San Anton Palace, Fort Ricasoli, Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Document [10] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 5)) Benioff and Weiss said that season 5 would include flashbacks, which they had previously avoided, and that Córdoba would represent the city of Volantis. Cersei's "walk of atonement" from "A Dance with Dragons" was filmed in Dubrovnik, Croatia, in the Stradun street between the Dubrovnik Cathedral and the Sponza Palace in early October 2014. The production reportedly employed a body double for Lena Headey for part of the scene in which Cersei appears naked. Meereen scenes were once again shot in Diocletian's Palace in Split, and on Klis Fortress north of Split. A town on the coast of the Bay Document [11] (Title: Maia Dunphy) of 30,000 for their chosen charity. She took part in the second series of "Dancing with the Stars" on RTÉ One and was eliminated in week 5. She was partnered with new dancer, Polish champion Robert Rowinski. In April 2011, she wed British comedian Johnny Vegas in her mother's home town of Seville, Spain. The couple lived in London together, but announced in May 2018 that they had separated the previous year. In November 2018 it was rumoured the notoriously private couple were back together after they were photographed at the Royal Television Society Awards in Manchester On 26 January Document [12] (Title: The Night Lands) the free city of Lys. The episode introduces the new location of Pyke, the Greyjoys' seat of power on the Iron Islands. Scenes set there were filmed at Lordsport Harbour, Ballintoy, in Northern Ireland's County of Antrim. The filming at the Harbour took place on August 18, 19 and 22, 2011, and from August 15 there was a limited public access to the zone. The local shops and fishermen, who had to temporarily berth their boats at the nearby town of Ballycastle, were compensated by the production. Other locations in Northern Ireland were used once again, including the interiors in Document [13] (Title: Lap dance) with lap dancers mainly from Russia and the Baltic republics. The owner, Donegal businessman Jerome Brennan, owned a club in Dundalk, in the Republic of Ireland but near the border. He already owned a lap dancing club in Limerick in the Republic. In 2002 Brennan opened the Movie Star Cafe, a lap dancing club in Belfast, with lap dancers from Belfast and England. The Belfast club was officially opened as a restaurant to circumvent Northern Ireland's licensing laws. The opening of the club was opposed by Rev. David McIlveen, a minister in the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, and the Document [14] (Title: Channel 4) the UK, Channel 4 has a dedicated variant broadcast on Sky Ireland which omits programmes for which broadcast rights are not held in Ireland. For example, the series "Glee" is not available on Channel 4 on Sky in Ireland. In recent years a Republic of Ireland advertising opt-out has been added to this version. With ITV plc pushing for much looser requirements on the amount of regional news and other programming it is obliged to broadcast in its ITV regions, the idea of Channel 4 taking on a regional news commitment has been considered, with the corporation in talks with Document [15] (Title: Dancing on Dangerous Ground) Toronto, the show was unable to continue touring due to debts generated in London. Dancing on Dangerous Ground Dancing on Dangerous Ground is an Irish dance show created by and starring Jean Butler and Colin Dunne. It premiered in London at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in 1999. The show made its American debut in New York at Radio City Music Hall in 2000. The ensemble and the three main characters are introduced during the surreal prologue: Finn McCool (a non-dancing role played by Tony Kemp), high king of Ireland; Diarmuid (Colin Dunne), captain of the Fianna—Finn's army; and Grania Document [16] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." As with the previous two weeks, Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: The cast of "Sunny Afternoon," performing 'Lola' and 'You Really Got Me'. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Document [17] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) play starting on 19 October 2011, directed by artistic director Charlotte Moore, billed as the "20th Anniversary Production". Ciaran O'Reilly was Michael; Annabel Hagg as Chris; Jo Kinsella – Maggie; Rachel Pickup – Agnes; Aedin Moloney – Rose; Orlagh Cassidy – Kate; Michael Countryman – Jack; and Kevin Collins as Gerry. The Rome Savoyards theatre company staged an original production of the play directed by Sandra Provost at the 'Teatro San Genesio' from February 4 to February 9 to great acclaim. William O'Neill was Michael; Lydia O'Kane - Chris; Gabriella Spadaro - Maggie; Carolyn Gouger - Agnes; Fabiana De Rose Document [18] (Title: Glenfarne) name. Sometime later a BBC television producer, after reading the book, decided to make a film, and so the film "The Ballroom of Romance" was screened worldwide. As the Rainbow had by this time taken on a modern look the film directors decided to look elsewhere for a more old-fashioned hall. This they found in west County Mayo and most of the film was recorded there. After seventy-odd years of non-stop dancing and entertainment in the same rural venue John McGivern left a considerable legacy. The Rainbow is still going strong with many top acts playing at the venue such Document [19] (Title: Run & Jump) in County Wicklow and County Kerry in Ireland. Upon its world premiere at Tribeca Film Festival on April 20, 2013, "Run & Jump" was met with mostly positive reviews. It has played to international audiences in Germany, Italy, Spain and Brazil (Oct 31, 2013). It was selected as the Best Breakthrough Feature at the Boston Irish Film Festival and screened at that festival on Mar 20, 2014. "Run & Jump" has secured distribution at Sundance Selects. Run & Jump Run & Jump is a 2013 Irish comedy-drama film starring Maxine Peake, Edward MacLiam, Ruth McCabe and Will Forte. It is Document [20] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) play starring Sorcha Cusack, Niamh Cusack, Sinéad Cusack and Andrea Corr. Second Age Theatre Company presented a revival of the play which toured Ireland as part of a National Tour. Directed by David Horan, the cast included Donna Dent, Susannah de Wrixon, Maeve Fitzgerald, Kate Nic Chonaonaigh and Marie Ruane. In February to April 2011, Alastair Whatley directed a production for the Original Theatre Company that toured the UK. The cast included Victoria Carling, Mairead Conneely, Patricia Gannon, Siobhan O'Kelly, Daragh O'Malley, Bronagh Taggart, Paul Westwood and Alastair Whatley. The Irish Repertory Theatre, Manhattan, staged a new production of the Document [21] (Title: The Ghost of Harrenhal) Renly's camp was once again filmed on the country's northern coast. After having filmed the Night's Watch storyline beyond the Wall in Irish forests for the first four episodes of the season, the producers decided that the unexplored land further to the north would be filmed in Iceland. According to the creator George R. R. Martin's vision of the setting, "the area closest to my Wall is densely forested (...). And then as you get further and further north, it changes. You get into tundra and ice fields and it becomes more of an arctic environment. You have plains on Document [22] (Title: Gavin Ó Fearraigh) of the lead models for Worldwide Print Campaign for Transition Lenses eyewear and also as the face of H.wood Beauty based in LA. He also travels to the east coast as Master of Ceremony for VIP Dance and Encore performing Arts which are national dance competitions held annually in the states. In 2014 Gavin teamed up with presenter Mairead Ni Chuaig (TG4) for Series 3 of Wwoofáil California where they both traveled the West Coast of California to work as Wwoofers on Organic Farms. The show was nominated for an IFTA (Irish Film & Television Awards) in 2015 http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_tv_2015/reality.html. Recently Document [23] (Title: Dancing on the Edge (TV series)) the hotel scenes were shot, the Black Country Living Museum was used to shoot a scene set in a mining village and Ragley Hall in Warwickshire was used as Lady Cremone's home. The headquarters of Music Express are located at No. 4 Princelet Street, Spitalfields and later at Somerset House. The railway scenes in the first episode were shot on the preserved Bluebell Railway. Wilton's Music Hall was used as the club. Fenton House, Hampstead, stands for the house of Donaldson. Some scenes for Donaldson's house were also shot at Upton House, Warwickshire. Kidderminster, on the Severn Valley Railway, was Document [24] (Title: Brian Redmond) businessman and is the founder of Spin Activity Centre, a hugely popular centre for dance, performance and fitness in Newbridge where he also continues to teach dance. Brian Redmond Brian Redmond (born 6 March 1977) is best known for his starring role in the judging hotseat on RTÉ One series, Dancing with the Stars. An integral part of the show's team from the very first episode, Brian is known for his candid critiques of star competitors. His expertise and direct style along with a wry sense of humour have garnered him an army of fans across the country." A multi-award-winning Document [25] (Title: Barry Lyndon) as construction in Potsdam had just begun in 1763). Some exterior shots were also filmed at Waterford Castle (now a luxury hotel and golf course) and Little Island, Waterford. Moorstown Castle in Tipperary also featured. Several scenes were filmed at Castletown House outside Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary, and at Youghal, Co. Cork. The filming took place in the backdrop of some of the most intense years of the Troubles in Ireland, during which the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA) was waging an armed campaign in order to bring about a United Ireland. On 30 January 1974 while filming in Dublin Document [26] (Title: Becoming Jane) her view of the world. You have to believe that the family live in that house because that is a crucial piece of the jigsaw." Scenes at Steventon rectory were filmed in Higginsbrook House, a few miles off Trim in County Meath. Later in fall 2006, it appeared again as the house of the Morlands in "Northanger Abbey". Charleville Castle stood in for the interior scenes of Lady Gresham's estate, while Kilruddery House, an old Elizabethan revival estate, provided the exterior shots of the property. Other filming sites included Cloghlee Bridge in the Dublin Mountains (as Mr. Austen's rectory) and Document [27] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) Brennan's secretive Agnes, Sophie Thompson's slow-witted Rose and Catherine McCormack's bold Christina, who never married the father of her son." Darrell Johnston, the youngest of the cast was also nominated for a best young actor in a supporting role. A crowning achievement given this was his first real introduction to a Hollywood screen. Kathy Burke received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress - Drama from the International Press Academy (Satellite Awards). Mementos from the filming is on display at the St. Connell's Museum in Glenties. Dancing at Lughnasa (film) Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1998 Irish-British-American period drama film adapted Document [28] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) personality Jason Gunn and co-hosted by professional dancer Candy Lane. All music was performed live by the "Dancing with the Stars" band, led by musical director Carl Doy. For the 2015 series, the show was hosted by Dominic Bowden and co-hosted by radio personality Sharyn Casey. TVNZ announced in November 2009 that the show would not be returning in 2010, due to the economic climate. In November 2013, television production house Great Southern Television announced that it had acquired the New Zealand rights to the show and would be pitching a new series to all broadcasters. In March 2015, it Document [29] (Title: Ardmore Studios) films shot in County Kerry, specifically in the towns of Beaufort, Dunloe and Killarney. To facilitate year-round filming, Olcott planned the building of a serviced studio based in Beaufort. The outbreak of World War I derailed this plan. Irish filmmaking continued, with native-born directors initiating their own work, but through the 1920s and 1930s and 1940s, no purpose-built studio facilitated year-round filmmaking in Ireland. Finally, in the middle 1950s, a business consortium part-funded from the United States, started building a Hollywood-style studio south of Dublin city. Ardmore Studios first opened its doors in May 1958. Situated on a ten-acre site Document [30] (Title: A Song for Europe (Father Ted)) multi-coloured lights. Dougal and Ted wake up in horror simultaneously, with Ted panting "We have to lose that sax solo!" The outdoor sequences were shot in the grounds of the Falls Hotel in Ennistymon, County Clare, Ireland. In the background the cascade waterfall in Ennistymon can clearly be seen. The episode is often regarded as one of the most popular, appearing on the "Best Of" video, with one of the most memorable moments being the video for "My Lovely Horse". In May 2014 a petition to make "My Lovely Horse" Ireland’s entry for Eurovision 2015 was formally submitted to the Document [31] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6)) one new style and their favourite dance of the season to reprise. Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6) The sixth series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 31 May 2015 on TV3, and was hosted by Dominic Bowden and Sharyn Casey. Stefano Olivieri, Hayley Holt, and Candy Lane were the series' judges; Lane served as the head judge. Since removing the live band, music for the show has been contracted out to Parachute studios. Many songs feature award winning musician Cam Noble and also many artists throughout New Zealand. This table only counts for dances scored on Document [32] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 7)) filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at Document [33] (Title: Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland) high levels of incoming production into Ireland, the craft and skills base of Irish crews improved exponentially, and was then also available to work on Irish films. Major international films shot in Ireland during this period include "Braveheart" and "Reign of Fire". In recent years Ireland has become the base for a number of high-end international TV dramas including "The Tudors" (2007-2010), "Ripper Street" (2012 – 2016), "Penny Dreadful" (2014 – 2016), "Vikings" (2013 – present), "Into the Badlands" (2017 – present), and "Nightflyers" (2018 – present). The agency did not initially have a policy of funding Animation. In 1991, Document [34] (Title: In the Name of the Grandfather) for the brand to appear in the episode. The Simpsons visit Dublin on Bloomsday, a day when people recreate the events in James Joyce's novel "Ulysses". Homer says that he wants to take Ireland back to the "good old days of "Angela's Ashes"", referencing Irish author Frank McCourt's memoir. In his flashback, Grampa dances in "Riverdance" style. Musicians Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová reprise their roles from the 2007 Irish film "Once" - much of which was originally shot in Mountjoy Square, Dublin, coincidentally a location that is also featured in "Ulysses". A billboard in Ireland advertises a U2 moving Document [35] (Title: Crumlin, Dublin) Saul Road Ragnall Place - Derry Drive Copeland Drive (this is the main location in the series where McCoy's Pub; The hungry pig diner; Vino's and the Spar are located) - Old County Road Carrigstown Garda Station - Garda Station, Crumlin Road Carrigstown Comprehensive Secondary School - St. Kevin's College CBS, Clogher Road Carrigstown Road - Windmill Road In 1994, Replicas of the exterior of the houses used in the series were constructed in the Donnybrook studios. It is still filmed there to this day. List of towns and villages in Ireland Crumlin, Dublin Crumlin () is a Southside suburb Document [36] (Title: The Quiet Man) home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period, Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co. Galway, which was filmed as Castletown station, and various places in Connemara Co. Galway and Co. Mayo. Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed, the Quiet Man Bridge, signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard and the "White O'Morn" cottage. The latter is located on R336 south of Maam, but has long ago fallen into ruin. The film also presents Ford's depiction of an idealized Irish society, with no social divisions based on class or religion. The Catholic Document [37] (Title: The Dawning) home, considerably older and wiser than when the film started. "The Dawning" was filmed in Ireland in the mid-1980s, largely on location in Ireland.The beach scenes were filmed extensively at Goat Island, a small cove on the Irish coast, close to the county boundary between Cork and Waterford. Some "Big House" exteriors were shot at Woodbine Hill in the same district. Incidentally, it was Rebecca Pidgeon's first feature film, and Trevor Howard's final film; he died shortly after production ended, and the film was dedicated to him. (Howard had made an earlier IRA film in 1946, the classic "I See Document [38] (Title: The Quiet Man) Irish language can be heard. Filming commenced on June 7, 1951. All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway. The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood. The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree. This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo–Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats, which is a tiny island. Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Document [39] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) were too small for the large scale production of Dancing with the Stars would require, with the largest television studio at RTE Studio 4 at 6,525 Sq Ft would be too small and so the production have had to be based in Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow, whose largest studio there are 15,000 Sq Ft. The format of the series follows celebrities being paired up with professional dancers, who perform predetermined dances each week for judges' scores and public votes, with the couple with the lowest amount of points being eliminated, until the winning couple remains. On 18 December Document [40] (Title: Game of Thrones) the individual novels; this enables them to move events across novels, according to screen-adaptation requirements. Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010, and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak), Castle Ward (Winterfell), Saintfield Estates (the Winterfell godswood), Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes), Cairncastle (the execution site), the Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black) and Shane's Castle (the tourney grounds). Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, was also used in the original pilot Document [41] (Title: Ardmore Studios) 12 miles south of Dublin, the studio offered the first opportunity for Irish filmmakers to shoot indoors all year round. The first production to emerge from Ardmore Studios was an adaptation of Walter Macken's play, "Home Is the Hero", starring Macken and directed by Emmy Award-winning Fielder Cooke. Renowned British director George Pollock shot the next two productions at the studio, "Sally's Irish Rogue" and "The Big Birthday", both based on popular Abbey theatre comedies. In the late 1950s, managing director Emmet Dalton and entrepreneur Louis Elliman travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment. Document [42] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. Since the second series, the programme has been filmed around Springbrook National Park, near Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia. The camp and filming studios are located in Dungay on Creek Road. Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other backstage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley Document [43] (Title: Standing on the Shore) season 6 of HBO's "Entourage" on 2 August 2009, during the closing credits. The music video for "Standing on the Shore" was shot at Lancelin, north of Perth, Australia. The video clip was directed by Josh Logue of Mathematics and choreographed by Serena Chalker and Quindell Orton of Perth dance company Anything Is Valid Dance Theatre (AIVDT). In an interview with "The Sun", Steele explained that the video clip was originally going to be filmed in Iceland but ended up being filmed at Lancelin as it was closer to his home. The video is also the first to only feature Document [44] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) to the celebrity contestant's charity of choice. "Dancing with the Stars" has been popular with the New Zealand public. The first series, which aired in 2005, was the highest rated timeslot programme, averaged 730,000 people per episode, while the second series had an average of 804,000. Up to a million people tuned into each of the series finales. The third series premiered in 2007 with 735,000 viewers, the fourth series premiered in 2008 with 720,000 viewers, and the fifth series premiered with over 800,000 viewers, the highest of all previous series debuts. From 20052009, the show was hosted by television Document [45] (Title: Mountjoy Square) apartment on Mountjoy Square East, where the female lead character, played by Marketa Irglova, lives with her family. Several scenes from "Georgie's Story", the third episode of Mark O'Halloran's award-winning television mini-series "Prosperity", screened on RTÉ in 2007, were filmed in and around Mountjoy Square park. The rock/pop band U2 used to rehearse in a squat on Mountjoy Square in the late 1970s and were photographed by Patrick Brocklebank, published in "The Dublin Music Scene and U2, 1978–81". The square's own park has both playing areas for football, basketball and table tennis, playgrounds for children and a green park area. Document [46] (Title: The Irish R.M.) the present-day Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. A television series based on the books was made in the 1980s, and was filmed in Ireland at locations in Kildare and Wicklow with additional locations in the west of Ireland in a co-production between Ulster Television and Radio Telefís Éireann. It was broadcast on Channel 4 and S4C in the United Kingdom, and RTÉ One in the Republic of Ireland. Like the books, the television series is a number of short stories around a few central characters. Morristown Lattin, the house used as Aussolas Castle, the residence of Beryl Reid's incarnation Document [47] (Title: Inside I'm Dancing) Inside I'm Dancing Inside I'm Dancing, also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here, is an Irish 2004 comedy-drama film directed by Damien O'Donnell and starring James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, and Brenda Fricker. The film revolves around two disabled young men who pursue physical and emotional independence in direct defiance of "protective" institutional living and their society's prevailing standards and attitudes, especially pity. The production was filmed in Dublin and Wicklow and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal with assistance from the Irish Film Board ("Bord Scannán na hÉireann"). The two lead actors in this Document [48] (Title: Irish stepdance) in a competitive format which paired celebrities with professional dancers. Competitors were judged by well-known stepdancers including Jean Butler and Colin Dunne. The 2011 Sue Bourne documentary film "Jig" followed eight dancers as they prepared for An Coimisiún's 2010 World Championships in Glasgow. On its release, the film was praised for attention to technical aspects of stepdance, but criticised for failing to explain the historical and socio-political context of the event. TLC acquired the rights to the documentary in preparation for a new television show about the competitive Irish stepdance world in America, for which the working title is "Irish Document [49] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) Belfast, Northern Ireland, and continued to receive support from the Northern Ireland Screen fund. The production used various locations in Northern Ireland to film scenes in the North and the Riverlands. Gosford Castle in Armagh, was used as the base for Rivverun Castle, home of House Tully. The production also returned to Dubrovnik in Croatia for scenes in King's Landing. Morocco, a new location, was used to film Daenerys' scenes in Essos such as the city of Astapor, for which locations in Essaouira were used. A scene involving a live bear was filmed in Los Angeles. The U.S. indie rock Document [50] (Title: Father Ted) "'Good Luck, Father Ted'", is in Portrane, North County Dublin. The 'Very Dark Caves' featured in "The Mainland" were the Aillwee caves in the Burren, County Clare. Some exterior shots for the episode "And God Created Woman" were filmed in Dún Laoghaire, South County Dublin. The opening sequence (including shots of the "Plassy" shipwreck) were filmed over Inisheer — the smallest of the Aran Islands. The interior scenes were recorded at the London Studios in front of a live studio audience. The series is set in a humorously surreal world in which Ted is the only fully rounded normal character Document [51] (Title: Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen) by everyone's laughter. In a conciliatory gesture, Lola helps her up, and Carla accepts defeat. After dancing with Stu, Lola dances with Sam, and they eventually share a kiss. Preproduction began on May 5, 2003, beginning with choreography rehearsals and make-up tests. Produced on a budget of $15,000,000, filming began on June 4. Behind the camera was Welsh director Sara Sugarman, who was known for directing the musical comedy film "Very Annie Mary". While taking place in New Jersey, the film was filmed in Toronto Hamilton, Ontario and Oakville, Ontario. Scenes at Dellwood High School were filmed at King City Document [52] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Due to an illness, Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Series 1 champions, Aidan O'Mahony and Valeria Milova performing a Charleston to 'I Got a Woman' "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Brendan Cole and Faye Huddleston performing a Rumba to 'Fields of Gold' Julian Benson returned to the panel following a two-week absence. Guest act: Gavin James Document [53] (Title: Joan Denise Moriarty) An Tóstal Festival for many years, travelled in 1958 to the Youth Festival of Wewelsburg (near Paderborn, Germany) and in 1961 to the Dijon International Folk Dance Festival in France. As a prize-winner, it was invited back to Dijon in 1965. In 1966 the group travelled to Berlin and participated successfully in the Deidesheim and Dillenburg Folk Dance Festivals. In 1966 and 1967 the group, together with the Cork Ballet Company, was commissioned by RTÉ, the state broadcasting service, to give 13 television programmes of Irish dance called "An Damhsa" (the dance), choreographed by Moriarty, costumes by Clare Hutson. Irish Document [54] (Title: Quirke (TV series)) was filmed in Dublin, from 19 November 2012 to 8 March 2013. Filming locations include Baggot Street, Camden Street and the main set at Clancy Barracks. RTÉ One began broadcasting the series before BBC One, debuting on 16 February 2014. The series has been sold to five broadcasters and will air in Germany (Degeto), Croatia (HRT), Denmark (Danmarks Radio), Iceland (RÚV) and Slovenia (RTV). The series was also broadcast on BBC UKTV in New Zealand in March 2014 and on NERIT in Greece in January 2015. The series began broadcasting in the US (PBS) on 3 April 2015, and on Document [55] (Title: Leap Year (2010 film)) her boyfriend in Dublin. Principal photography took place in County Wicklow, Dublin, County Mayo, and County Galway, with filming taking place in and around the Aran Islands, Connemara, Temple Bar, Georgian Dublin, Wicklow National Park, and Olaf Street, Waterford. "Leap Year" premiered in New York City on January 6, 2010 and was released theatrically on January 8, 2010 by Universal Pictures in the United States and on February 28 by Optimum Releasing in Ireland. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics, with many criticising the film’s pacing, plot and limited chemistry between Adams and Goode. Successful real estate stager Document [56] (Title: Ballymore Eustace) the Devil" was filmed in and around the town. Some of the battle scenes in Mel Gibson's (1995) film, "Braveheart", were filmed around Ballymore Eustace. The 2003 film "King Arthur" was also mostly shot in the village. This resulted in a 1 km long mock-up of Hadrian's Wall being constructed in a field outside of the village during 2003. This was disassembled and the field was returned to its original state. The Irish short film "Six Shooter" (2004) also shot scenes at Mountcashel, in Ballymore Eustace. Ballymore Eustace Ballymore Eustace ("An Baile Mór" in Irish) is a small town situated Document [57] (Title: Shane Connaughton) and published a book about its filming, "A Border Diary", the same year. "A Border Station", a short story collection, was a bestseller in Ireland and was shortlisted for the Guinness Peat Award. His first two books are both set in the County Cavan village of Redhills, where he grew up, and "The Playboys" and "The Run of the Country" were filmed there. Connaughton attended Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and has worked as a theatre and film actor, appearing in "Coronation Street", Mike Leigh's "Four Days in July", Neil Jordan's "The Miracle", and "The Playboys", among other roles. Connaughton Document [58] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) EastEnders episodes in Ireland In 1997, the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" broadcast three singular transmissions that were filmed on location in Dublin, Ireland. The episodes involved the Fowler and Beale family travelling from London to Ireland to meet their long-lost relatives. They were badly received by viewers and heavily criticised in the media. The BBC was inundated with complaints from angry viewers from Ireland for negative stereotyping, portraying Irish people as "dirty, rude, and drunk". Complaints were made by the Irish Embassy and there were fears that the episodes would have a negative effect on the Irish tourist trade. The Document [59] (Title: Leap Year (2010 film)) The film was shot in County Wicklow, Dublin, County Mayo and County Galway, with filming taking place in and around the Aran Islands, Connemara, Temple Bar, Georgian Dublin, Wicklow National Park and Olaf Street, Waterford. On October 19, it was announced that Randy Edelman had been chosen to compose the film's score. The decision to choose Edelman came as a surprise, as Tucker had used Barrington Pheloung for two of his previous films, "Hilary & Jackie" and "When Did You Last See Your Father?". An audio CD soundtrack for "Leap Year" was released on the Varèse Sarabande record label on Document [60] (Title: Sense8 (season 2)) club Paradiso, they filmed Tuppence Middleton DJing with a real audience, and the rest of the cast dancing. After the Netherlands, filming proceeded to Nairobi as early as July 22, and later to South Korea, in Seoul and Bucheon, for the production's longest shoot, lasting about three weeks. Afterwards, filming moved to Berlin, until September 14, and during the same period, they also briefly returned to London to shoot outside the Houses of Parliament for two days. Filming then moved to Malta on September 18, for a two-day shoot, where they used the water tanks in Kalkara. On September 19, Document [61] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) Dancing at Lughnasa Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1990 play by dramatist Brian Friel set in Ireland's County Donegal in August 1936 in the fictional town of Ballybeg. It is a memory play told from the point of view of the adult Michael Evans, the narrator. He recounts the summer in his aunts' cottage when he was seven years old. This play is loosely based on the lives of Friel's mother and aunts who lived in Glenties, on the west coast of Donegal. Set in the summer of 1936, the play depicts the late summer days when love briefly seems Document [62] (Title: Nicky Byrne) with Aidan Power. On 4 February 2014, Byrne signed a contract with RTÉ 2fm to host a new weekday show from 11am to 2pm. In January 2015, Byrne started hosting the new weekly National Lottery game show, "The Million Euro Challenge" on RTÉ 1, although the show was axed that July. In January 2017, Byrne started hosting an Irish version of the TV show "Dancing with the Stars", alongside Amanda Byram. Byrne has co-written some songs in his Westlife years and on all ten tracks on his debut solo albums and also to one unreleased song: Byrne was born to Document [63] (Title: The Delinquent Season) they row over where Jim has been but he is honest with her. Moments later, Jim is sat alone, Orla comforts him and they chat about the restaurant whilst cuddling on the sofa, Jim assures Orla he felt nothing for Yvonne upon seeing her again. A song plays over the radio, they both embrace and slow dance. "The Delinquent Season" was filmed in Dublin. Harry Guerin gave the film four stars remarking 'If this film reminds us of anything, it's not to let go lightly.' "The Irish Times"<nowiki>'</nowiki> Tara Brady was much more negative, giving it two stars out of Document [64] (Title: Runaway (The Corrs song)) was shot in Dublin, featuring locations such as Phoenix Park. The video is shot mostly in black-and-white with flashes of colour in certain scenes. The video follows the band as they sing and perform on several locations, including a forest and train station platform. The video begins with Andrea on a train, looking out the window and singing, and ends with her getting off the train and running towards the camera. The song was re-released in 1999, remixed by Tin Tin Out, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart, held from the top by Britney Spears's debut single "...Baby Document [65] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)) it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7, 2018, with filming taking place during August 2018. Professional skateboarder Sky Brown, junior pro JT Church and pro mentor Alan Bernsten were announced as the winners on December 9th, 2018. An unofficial live tour show called "Dancing Pros: Live!" toured with several "Dancing" pros since 2010. A "Dancing with the Stars: Live!" official tour was announced on November 3, 2014, for the 2014–2015 season starting on December 27, 2014, in Niagara Falls, New York and ending February 15, 2015, hitting 33 cities. A second tour, “Dancing with the Document [66] (Title: Irish stepdance) in Radio City Music Hall merchandise sale's record smashed during the first performance, sell-out tours at King's Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and The Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, Co. Cork, Ireland, plus a huge three and a half-month return to The Apollo in Hammersmith with advance ticket sales of over . After Flatley left "Riverdance", he created other Irish dance shows including "Lord of the Dance", "Celtic Tiger Live" and "Feet of Flames", the last-named being an expansion of "Lord of the Dance". A 2007 RTÉ reality television program, "Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels", combined traditional stepdance with modern music and choreography Document [67] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a New Zealand television series based on the British series "Strictly Come Dancing". The show introduces New Zealand celebrities paired with professional ballroom dancers who each week compete against each other in a competition to impress a panel of judges and the viewing public in order to survive potential elimination. Through a telephone poll, viewers vote for those couples who should stay. The public vote and the average score given by the panel of judges equally go towards deciding who should leave. Proceeds from the voting go Document [68] (Title: Crumlin, Dublin) a golf course, albeit one that did not ruin its features but tried to use them in the main. Notable people who have lived in or been associated with the area include: Bus Átha Cliath routes serving the Crumlin area are: 17,18,9,56A,27,77A,83,83A,122,123,150,151 When the RTÉ drama "Fair City" launched in 1989, exterior shots were filmed in the Crumlin-Drimnagh area for the first three seasons of the programme (1989–93) until season four launched in 1994, the year the set in RTÉ, Donnybrook was completed. Locations used were as follows: Entrance road onto Copeland Close - Clogher Road Junction Copeland Close - Document [69] (Title: Jennifer Zamparelli) co-host of the Irish version of Dancing with the Stars alongside Nicky Byrne. Jennifer Zamparelli Jennifer Zamparelli (née Maguire) (born 9 April 1980) is an Irish comedian and television presenter. She is known for her role on the TV show "Republic of Telly", where she was a primary writer, and as co-host of the 2FM morning show "Breakfast Republic" with Bernard O'Shea and Keith Walsh. She also stars in the Bridget & Eamon show, which frequently appears on Sky TV channel Gold in England and Wales. Zamparelli appeared on the British television series "The Apprentice" in its fourth series as Document [70] (Title: Cinema of Ireland) first fictional film shot in Ireland was Kalem Company's "The Lad from Old Ireland" (1910), which was also the first American film shot on location outside the United States. It was directed by Sidney Olcott, who returned the next year to shoot over a dozen films primarily in the small village of Beaufort, County Kerry. Olcott intended to start a permanent studio in Beaufort, but the outbreak of World War I prevented him from doing so. The Irish government was one of the first in Europe to see the potential benefit to the exchequer of having a competitive tax incentive Document [71] (Title: Spooks (series 1)) other locales around London were used as filming locations. The scenes leading up to Mary's apprehension in "Thou Shalt Not Kill" were filmed at Borough Market in Southwark. The same episode made use of Covent Garden. "One Last Dance" had scenes filmed in Roehampton and New Zealand House. In the latter's case, the actors were filmed on the top floors, where the wind forced the actors to raise their voices so the sound unit could hear them. Scenes were filmed in Hampstead Heath in "Traitor's Gate", while one scene was filmed in Trafalgar Square and at London Bridge for "The Document [72] (Title: Becoming Jane) February 2006. They ultimately opted to shoot in Dublin and the Irish counties of Meath and Wicklow instead of Hampshire, the birthplace of Austen, because it held "a sense of countryside that felt more unchanged," while Hampshire had unfortunately become too "groomed and manicured". Jarrold also found "a great variety of Georgian houses and older houses" in Ireland. His production received funds from the Irish Film Board, the UK Film Council Premiere Fund, 2 Entertain, Scion Films, and Miramax Films. Film critic Andrew Sarris noted that in Ireland "happily, there are still architectural traces of life more than 200 years Document [73] (Title: Camilla Dallerup) New Zealand version of "Dancing With The Stars" for its seventh season in 2018. Dallerup had danced and lived with Brendan Cole for six years before the first series of "Strictly". In an interview, she explains that they had purchased a house and shared bank accounts and e-mail address. Cole's alleged affair with "Strictly" partner, Natasha Kaplinsky was "shattering". Dallerup married Hollyoaks actor Kevin Sacre on 29 July 2010 in a ceremony in Ibiza and the couple live between Los Angeles and Walton-on-Thames in Surrey. Camilla Dallerup Camilla Sacre-Dallerup (born 6 April 1974) is a Danish author, life coach hypnotherapist Document [74] (Title: Ireland's Got Talent) at the National Concert Hall in Dublin on 30 August 2017, with Louis Walsh, Michelle Visage, Jason Byrne, and Denise van Outen confirmed as the judges. The judges auditions were taped at the TLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda. The semi-finals and final were held at The Helix, Dublin which started on 19 March 2018, continuing at 21 March until the 24th for the final. The judges auditions were taped in November 2017 at the TLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda. The first series started airing on 3 February 2018. Dance troupe RDC was hailed as the winner, with FKFT Document [75] (Title: Stop (Spice Girls song)) Street in Dublin, and features scenes of each member of the group knocking on different doors. Then during the first chorus, the group performs a hand-action dance, that was also used during their live performances. The second half of the video, set in the small town of Rathdrum, County Wicklow. showed the group interacting with young girls in various activities, such as running around the streets dancing, skipping rope, playing hopscotch, cat's cradle and pat-a-cake, hula hooping, Geri horseback riding, and participating in competitions of various kinds. The locals are depicted as working-class people who attend the local fair or Document [76] (Title: Stardust (2007 film)) Some parts of the film were also shot in Iceland. Several weeks of location filming also took place in the woods and the Golden Valley near Ashridge Business school, Hertfordshire in the village of Little Gaddesden in June and July. In mid-2006, there was some filming at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire and in the village of Castle Combe, Wiltshire. Some of the scenes requiring wide open spaces for riding and coach scenes were filmed at Bicester Airfield in Oxfordshire. Another film location was on Elm Hill in Norwich. The area, with a mixture of Tudor and medieval buildings dating as Document [77] (Title: Tolka Row) allow easy recording and editing of sequences filmed in different locations. In spite of this some scenes were filmed on location in such places as Dublin Airport. Tolka Row Tolka Row is an Irish soap opera set in a fictional housing estate on the northside of Dublin. Based on Maura Laverty's play of the same name, "Tolka Row" was first broadcast on 3 January 1964 and aired weekly for five series until it ended on 31 May 1968. As Telefís Éireann's first venture into soap operas, "Tolka Row" quickly became a staple of the new television station's schedule and set Document [78] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series "Strictly Come Dancing". The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen. Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen. The twenty-seventh season premiered on September 24, 2018, and its spin-off "" premiered on October 7, 2018. "Dancing with the Stars" will not Document [79] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. Guest act: Róisín O performing 'Give it Up'. Dance-Off Julian Benson returned to the judges table after a four-week absence. Guest act: The cast of "Thriller - Live" performing 'Man in the Mirror'. Dance-Off Guest act: LYRA performing 'Emerald'. Running order Dance-Off Guest act: Riverdance Dance-Off<br>"For the Dance-Off, Dayl & Ksenia danced their Quickstep, while Denise & Ryan danced their Contemporary Ballroom." Guest act: The Vamps performing 'All Night'. Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television Document [80] (Title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)) of their Experience + Innocence Tour. Irish-American dancer and musician Michael Flatley reprises his role as Lord of the Dance on 6 December 2010 during the Return of Michael Flatley As Lord of the Dance tour. A few scenes from the 3D concert film Lord of the Dance 3D, were filmed in the during the performance in the arena alongside the O2 London and O2 Dublin. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray under the title "Michael Flatley Returns As Lord of the Dance" in 2011. A 3D version was released only in Blu-ray in late 2011. In October Document [81] (Title: The Musketeers) development had detracted from the grittier architecture wanted. Dublin was also considered before settling on the Czech Republic, which suffered little damage during the two world wars. Many historic buildings were intact and privately owned stately homes were rented for filming. Filming for the series took place mainly in Doksany, 30 kilometres north-west of Prague, where a Parisian square, a number of streets and the musketeers garrison were constructed. A disused convent had additional sets constructed including taverns, bedrooms and mortuary. During filming of the first series Peter Capaldi learned that he had been given the role of the Twelfth Document [82] (Title: The Irish R.M.) of the erstwhile Mrs Knox (located at Newhall, Naas in County Kildare), was badly damaged by fire following completion of filming for the series. It has since been repaired. Johnstown Kennedy – the house used as Major Yeates' residence, Shreelane House – was situated near Rathcoole, County Dublin. The extensive outbuildings were transformed into shops and pubs for some of the village scenes. The house was demolished soon after the third series was completed and a golf course now stands on the site. The design of the course preserved the large number of mature trees, and in addition the house's Document [83] (Title: I'm Still Standing) shot in Cannes (InterContinental Carlton Cannes) and Nice on the Côte d'Azur in France and features the colors of the French flag. Bruno Tonioli, later a judge on the hit shows "Strictly Come Dancing" for BBC (UK) and its American adaptation, "Dancing with the Stars" for ABC in the US, appears as one of the dancers in the video. It was due to be shot over the course of two days, but a camera full of the first day's film was ruined when Mulcahy accidentally fell into the sea with it. Therefore, it had to be filmed again on another Document [84] (Title: Jig (film)) Gaelacha (the Irish Dancing Commission) in late 2009. Her proposal to film a documentary was met with skepticism, largely because the Commission does not permit filming of competitions in order to protect the original choreography of the dances. A meeting of the Commission's 100 members eventually agreed to the project on the grounds of Bourne's previous work and the potential publicity benefits of the film. Filming began in January 2010 with a crew of three, but Bourne used a crew of 20 during the nine days of the Championships themselves. In order to ensure copyright compliance, Bourne commissioned a suite Document [85] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts. Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former "" professional champion, Robert Rowiński. The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne. On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in Document [86] (Title: Bernadette Flynn) in Los Angeles and for the President of Ireland during a visit to Nenagh. She can also be seen in two Olive Hurley Dance instructional videos: "Irish dancing Step by Step" and "The 25th Anniversary World Championship". In January 2009, both Bernadette and Damien represented Ireland on the NBC hit reality TV show 'Superstars of Dance'. Bernadette Flynn Bernadette Mary Flynn (born 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland) is an Irish dancer best known for her work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Flynn was born on 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland. Document [87] (Title: The Ballroom of Romance) Almost all of the production personnel involved in the BBC/RTÉ co-production ‘Ballroom of Romance’ came from the BBC, along with Producer Kenith Trodd. The RTÉ participation in the production consisted of Director Pat O’Connor and Editor Maurice Healy. The post-production (Editing) was carried out at RTÉ in Dublin, in late 1981 and early 1982. Sound mixing was done at BBC Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd’s Bush, London. Rank Film Laboratories in Denham supplied the film prints for the television broadcasts. Extras were from the locals from within the Ballycroy area. The Ballroom of Romance The Ballroom of Romance is a Document [88] (Title: Bray, County Wicklow) the Martello Hotel on Strand Road presents music, literature, dance and visual arts. Bray is home to Ireland's oldest film studios, Ardmore Studios, established in 1958, where films such as "Excalibur", "Braveheart" and "Breakfast on Pluto" have been shot. "Custer's Last Stand-up" was filmed in Bray and the town was also used to film Neil Jordan's 2012 film "Byzantium", part of which was shot in the Bray Head Inn. Neil Jordan's 1991 film "The Miracle" is set in Bray. The Mermaid Arts Centre is the only venue for cinema in Bray. The mainstream cinema on the Quinsborough Road closed down Document [89] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 2)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 2) The second series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 7 May 2006. It had an average of 804,000 people watching, more than the first series, and up to a million tuned into the finale. Rebecca Nicholson (who partnered Tim Shadbolt in the first series) was the only dancer to be part of the series, and partnered "Shortland Street" actor David Wikaira-Paul. One of the most memorable moments in series two was celebrity Rodney Hide and his partner Krystal Stuart, who were awarded only one point from each judge for his cha-cha-cha, Document [90] (Title: Celebrity Bainisteoir (season 1)) were managed by Jon Kenny, who was mentored by John Ryan. Kiltimagh have been based in County Mayo since 1888. During "Celebrity Bainisteoir" they were managed by Aoibhinn Ní Shúilleabháin, who was mentored by Liam McHale. They were led by esteemed captain Conor 'The Machineghan' Heneghan, and despite the JOE.ie journalist's best efforts, the proud Mayo side lost out to Mayfield. Speaking afterwards, Heneghan said: It's a heartbreak almost akin to seeing Mayo lose an All-Ireland. I'm just happy I did myself and the parish proud." Maryland are based between Athlone and Mullingar in County Westmeath. The team competed in Document [91] (Title: Ballas Hough Band) gathering fame and recognition throughout Ireland and Europe. Ballas Hough Band was signed to Hollywood Records in 2008 and released its debut album, "BHB", on March 10, 2009. The album spent one week on the U.S. "Billboard" 200, peaking at No. 98 on that chart. But its two singles, "Do It for You" and "Do You Love Me," both failed to chart. On June 21, 2009, the band announced on their MySpace page that they are now currently signed with Morey Management. The band appeared on the November 3, 2009 episode of "Dancing With The Stars" results show, on which Document [92] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 6) The sixth series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 31 May 2015 on TV3, and was hosted by Dominic Bowden and Sharyn Casey. Stefano Olivieri, Hayley Holt, and Candy Lane were the series' judges; Lane served as the head judge. Since removing the live band, music for the show has been contracted out to Parachute studios. Many songs feature award winning musician Cam Noble and also many artists throughout New Zealand. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according Document [93] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, and is hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of the "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. On 28 August 2018, Amanda Byram confirmed that she will not be returning as a presenter in 2019. On 30 October 2018, Jennifer Zamparelli was confirmed as Byram's replacement. In Document [94] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Ardmore Studios Ardmore Studios, located in Bray, County Wicklow, is the Republic of Ireland's only four wall studio. Ardmore Studios opened in 1958 under the management of Emmet Dalton by then Minister for Industry and Commerce, Seán Lemass. Since then, the studio has evolved through many management changes, finally consolidating in the 1990s. It has been the base for many successful Irish and international productions, from "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" to "Fair City", "Braveheart", "My Left Foot" and "Veronica Guerin". After the lapse of its initial business plan in the early 1970s, the studio became the Document [95] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Studios has been home to three television series – The Tudors, filmed between 2006 and 2010 at a cost of over €90 million, ""Camelot"", filmed in 2010, starring Joseph Fiennes and Eva Green, and from 2014 "Penny Dreadful". In 2008, Ardmore Studios celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2011, "Byzantium", directed by Neil Jordan, located at Ardmore. In January 2017 the studios were used by RTE for Dancing with the Stars, Ireland's version of the popular British show Strictly Come Dancing. RTE had purchased the rights to make an Irish version of the popular dancing show, however it became obvious to Document [96] (Title: On the Street Where You Live (TV series)) Limerick, Cork and Kilkenny but in the second series was aired in July & August 2011 featured Tralee, Waterford, Derry, Sligo and Ennis. The first programme focused on O'Connell Street in Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, and was broadcast on 9 January 2009. It features contributions from Carmel Moran, who lived on the street for thirty-five years and witnessed many events from her sitting room window above the Happy Ring House, Billy Fleming, whose father was a road worker on the street and who himself now drives the Number 11 bus up and down the street several times each Document [97] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 2)) Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 2) Dancing with the Stars was a Greek reality show airing on ANT1 and filmed live in Athens. The show was based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and was part of BBC Worldwide's "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The theme song was "It's personal" performed by Swedish indie pop band The Radio Dept. The second season of the show started on 20 March 2011. Season's 1 winner Errika Prezarakou joined the judging panel, replacing Galena Velikova. ANT1 launched a daily spin off titled "Dancing with the Stars Daily" on Document [98] (Title: Educating Rita (film)) the latter. No. 8 Hogan Avenue in Dublin 2 near Grand Canal Dock was used for Rita's house in the film, and one in Burlington Road, Ballsbridge for Bryant's. The scene where Rita runs into her ex Denny and his new wife was filmed in the South Lotts area of Ringsend. The scene in France was filmed in Maynooth, County Kildare, and Pearse Station and Dublin Airport were also used. The scene in the pub was shot in The Stag's Head pub on Dame Court in Dublin. However, the pub which Rita enters is the Dame Tavern which is opposite Document [99] (Title: Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels) Fearraigh actor and model from the Irish Tv drama Ros na Rún who won the crown along with his dance partner Dearbhla Lennon. Jean Butler, George Hook, Colin Dunne, Robert O'Byrne On 31 December 2006, "Celebrity Jigs n'Reels" returned to ring Ireland into the New Year live on RTÉ One. Seven brand new celebrities danced for one night only to raise money for charity and bring in 2007. The format differed from series one in that no celebrity represented a specific charity; instead all the money raised went to Focus Ireland and The Simon Community, both of which look after Document [100] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Greece 2010 – Tour with Michael Flatley – UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria 2015 – "Lord of the Dance: Dangerous Games" had temporary shows at the Playhouse Theatre, London and at the Lyric Theatre, Broadway and two touring casts elsewhere at the same time – one was in Sydney, Australia and also in Auckland, New Zealand, the others were spread across Europe. The European tour included countries such as Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg, and Poland. Lord of the Dance (musical) Lord of the Dance is an Irish musical and dance Document [101] (Title: The Devil's Own) Devil's Own" was filmed on location and at the Chelsea Piers studios in New York City, as well as in Newark, Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne Sandy Hook and Montclair, New Jersey. and Greenport, New York on Long Island. The opening scenes were filmed at Port Oriel, Clogherhead, County Louth, Republic of Ireland. The Belfast shootout scenes were filmed in Inchicore, Dublin in July 1996. Other location shoots in Ireland were in the Dublin Mountains. Two months before it opened, the film was still unfinished: Pakula was unhappy with the final scene ("a showdown on a boat with a cargo of Document [102] (Title: In America (film)) Naomi and Kirsten. He says they wanted to make a film showing how people can learn to overcome their pain and live for the future instead of dwelling on the sadness of the past. Manhattan locations include Hell's Kitchen, Times Square, the Lincoln Tunnel, and 8th Street in the East Village. Interiors were filmed at the Ardmore Studios in County Wicklow in Ireland. The fairground scene was filmed on Parnell Street, Dublin. The soundtrack includes songs performed by The Lovin' Spoonful, Culture Club, The Corrs, The Byrds, Kid Creole and The Coconuts, Evan Olson, and The Langhorns. The film premiered Document [103] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, and is part of the "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. In November 2016, it was reported that former "Big Brother" contestant, Hughie Maughan, would be participating in the competition. On 20 November 2016, it was reported that former RTÉ News reader, Anne Doyle will be Document [104] (Title: House of Shadows) Interlinea Films produced the film with the Ireland's Ripple World Pictures and Italy's Barter TV. Filming in Dublin, Apulia, and South Tyrol (in Missiano, Brixen, Bolzano and Ritten) for six weeks and completed on July 2013. De Venuto partnered with Irish director of photography Ciaran Tanham for the shooting and most of the crew members were Irish as well. The movie was supported by the Irish Film Board, the Apulia Film Commission, the Business Location Südtirol Film Fund, the Regione Lazio Film Fund, Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, the National Film Fund, and the Italian tax credit provided Document [105] (Title: TG4) shows for the channel from Adare Productions. "Glas Vegas" has a similar format to "America's Got Talent" and "The All Ireland Talent Show". "Nollig No. 1" has a similar format to "You're a Star" as the judges search for a Christmas number one single. The 2008 winner was Mary Lee, she released the single "You'll Never Walk Alone", with the chorus 'as Gaeilge'. In September 2009 another series from the same stable began the search for Ireland's best Irish dancing act, entitled An Jig Gig. The winners of this series were Irish Beats. A fourth season of "Glas Vegas" began Document [106] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) Lughnasa International Friel Festival (LIFF) occurred in August 2015. "Dancing at Lughnasa", in the year of its 25th anniversary, was chosen as its signature production. Dancing at Lughnasa Dancing at Lughnasa is a 1990 play by dramatist Brian Friel set in Ireland's County Donegal in August 1936 in the fictional town of Ballybeg. It is a memory play told from the point of view of the adult Michael Evans, the narrator. He recounts the summer in his aunts' cottage when he was seven years old. This play is loosely based on the lives of Friel's mother and aunts who lived Document [107] (Title: Midday (Irish talk show)) background too. The show is filmed in TV3's Ballymount studios. The studio uses a multi camera set up. The show also switches to the TV3 News Studio for updates throughout the programme It was expected that "Midday" would receive a new set, and move into TV3's newly built €5 million Sony HD Studios as new director of programming, Jeff Ford, said he planned on filming the morning time programmes in the Sony Studios to give independent production companies and international production companies the opportunity to use its facilities during the daytime. It was expected the "Midday" set would receive a Document [108] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) Maggie was only the result of pre-marital sex between Lou and her husband-to-be, Albert Beale. Pauline and various members of the Fowler and Beale family travel to Ireland to reunite with their long-lost relatives in a special week of episodes. The episodes were filmed on location in the countryside around County Dublin, away from the soap's typical filming location in Borehamwood, England. They were filmed over a period of two weeks in July and August 1997, and were broadcast on 22, 23 and 25 September 1997. In the three episodes, Pauline is accompanied by her sons Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) Document [109] (Title: Crystal Swing) Crystal Swing have continued to tour and have featured on many mainly Irish TV and Radio shows including Living with Lucy, Celebrity Bainisteoir, Driving me Crazy, Republic of Telly, Celebrity Head Chef, Charity ICA Bootcamp, Mastermind and many others. The band have also performed in London, Portugal and the Caribbean. Crystal Swing Crystal Swing are a new wave Country and Western and Country and Irish musical group, from Lisgoold, County Cork, Ireland. The family group is made up of mother Mary Murray-Burke and her children Dervla Burke, Derek Burke and Oisin Nee. The group rose to national fame in February Document [110] (Title: Dublin Community Television) provides members with affordable access to transmission, training, basic production equipment and facilities for a broad range of individuals, community groups and activists broadcasting a wealth of innovative, creative, educational and entertaining programmes that focus on real people and communities in all their diversity. Dublin Community Television was switched on on 16 July 2008, launched by Minister Eamon Ryan, Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources. Dancing Dublin – Produced by DCTV member Bill Tyson: Can Dubliners dance? This five-part series explores the capital's burgeoning dance culture and aims to discover if the city's inhabitants can really dance. Dancing Dublin Document [111] (Title: Holly Carpenter) MasterChef Ireland. She was eliminated in the first week of the competition. Carpenter will appear on the 2019 series of the Irish edition of "Dancing with the Stars". Carpenter was born and raised in Raheny, Dublin, Ireland. She is the granddaughter of the social diarist Terry Keane In 2011, she was working towards an arts degree in textiles at the National College of Art and Design. She speaks English, Irish and French.<br>She was in relationship with Leinster and Ireland Rugby International Cian Healy for two years before they split up in July 2014.<br>Between 2015 and 2016 she dated Danny O’Reilly Document [112] (Title: Ardmore Studios) Under O'Sullivan's management, the range of Ardmore-based service and facility companies increased to include other specialised related businesses. These include: Companies located at Ardmore studios include: Ardmore Studios Ardmore Studios, located in Bray, County Wicklow, is the Republic of Ireland's only four wall studio. Ardmore Studios opened in 1958 under the management of Emmet Dalton by then Minister for Industry and Commerce, Seán Lemass. Since then, the studio has evolved through many management changes, finally consolidating in the 1990s. It has been the base for many successful Irish and international productions, from "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" Document [113] (Title: Lord of the Dance (musical)) in Germany, France, Benelux and Scandinavia. The 3D version of the film was released only in Blu-ray in late 2011. The film shows the performances from the O2 Arenas of London, Dublin, and Berlin. Over the years, along with several troupes, the lead dancers have changed. These cast members were on Flatley's return tour throughout Europe and are on the 3D film which was later released on DVD and Blu-ray. Bernadette Flynn toured with the show until 2010. Gillian Norris left the show in early 2008. Daire Nolan left the show shortly after its first run in Epcot in 1999. Document [114] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)) Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances are excluded). "Individual judges' Document [115] (Title: Daire Nolan) currently works in Element Six in Shannon. Nolan and his brother Cian are dance choreographers for all Ceol Chiarrai productions. In January 2009, he was chosen as the Irish judge for the American dance show, "Superstars of Dance". Daire Nolan Daire Nolan (born 1 December 1968) is an Irish dancer and choreographer best known for his work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Nolan has been dancing since the age of ten under the guidance of his parents Rose and Tony Nolan in Limerick and is no stranger to the international stage. He is undoubtedly the most Document [116] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 3)) board (with couples scoring less than them) and was eliminated. (This would be seen again in season 14 with Maria & Derek, season 15 with Sabrina & Louis, season 17 with Christina & Mark, season 24 with Heather & Maks, and season 27 with Juan Pablo & Cheryl.) On the October 25, 2006, results show, the first "Dancing with the Stars – The Tour" event was announced. Produced by ABC and Anschutz Entertainment Group, the live-action tour featured celebrities and professional dancers from U.S. seasons 1–3. The tour through 38 arena venues started in San Diego, California on December 19, Document [117] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) "Ballroom Blitz" are not included. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. "Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett." Due to an illness, dancer Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson for the night. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are Document [118] (Title: A Little Bit of Irish (soundtrack)) on the stage of the world-famous Abbey Theatre in Dublin with The Little Dublin Singers, and the final segment was filmed amongst the keeves and vats at the Guinness Brewery in James's Street, Dublin with the Guinness Choir. The orchestra was the Radio Éireann Light Orchestra conducted by co-director Buddy Bregman, and they recorded the music in the O'Connell Hall, Dublin. Bing added his voice at the Eamonn Andrews Studios in Henry Street and also contributed some items live on location during the actual filming. He also scripted the programme himself and featured his wife Kathryn in the Howth Castle Document [119] (Title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)) Irishman, filmed in Hungary, and produced in Canada. Filming in Hungary mainly took place at the Korda Studios in Etyek, just west of Budapest. Jordan had tried to direct a film about the Borgia reign for over a decade, and the project had many times come close to fruition, with stars such as Colin Farrell and Scarlett Johansson attached to it. In 2010, Steven Spielberg, the head of DreamWorks Pictures (now a producer of "The Borgias"), suggested the film be turned into a cable drama, and Jordan took the idea over to Showtime executives who, wanting to fill the void Document [120] (Title: Still Star-Crossed) for Shondaland's "How to Get Away with Murder", has been tapped to direct "Still Star-Crossed". The pilot was filmed in Salamanca, located in the province of Castile and León, north-western Spain, from April 18, 2016 to May 2, 2016, and Plasencia and Cáceres, located in the autonomous community of Extremadura, western Spain. On May 12, 2016, ABC ordered the pilot to series. Casting advertisement began in March 2016. On March 2, 2016, it was announced that Zuleikha Robinson, Lashana Lynch, Torrance Coombs, Wade Briggs and Ebonée Noel were cast in series regular roles. British actress Lashana Lynch was cast as Document [121] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a Greek dance competition television series that premiered on March 28, 2010, on ANT1 and filmed live in Athens. The show aired until February 1, 2015, on ANT1. In January 26, 2018 ANT1 premiered the sixth series and aired until May 4, 2018. The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of BBC Worldwide's "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The theme song is "It's personal" performed by Swedish indie pop band The Radio Dept. The format of the show Document [122] (Title: Ardmore Studios) RTE that the studios at their television centre in Donnybrook in Dublin would not be large enough for the scale of the show, and so Ardmore Studios was chosen. In April 2018 Irish firm Olcott Entertainment Limited has officially announced the full acquisition of Ardmore, after purchasing the shares owned by Ardmore Studios Limited (68%) and Enterprise Ireland (32%). During its MTM incarnation in the 1980s, Ardmore extended its facilities and built new sound stages. Today it offers 5 stages, including a water tank facility. In the early 1980s a handful of service provider companies were located on the lot. Document [123] (Title: Bríd Brennan) "Dancing at Lughnasa" (1998), starring Meryl Streep, for which Brennan won an Irish Film & Television Award for Best Actress. In 2010, Brennan appeared in the television shows "Doctor Who" and "The Escape Artist", both alongside David Tennant. Brennan gave an award-winning performance in 2012's "Shadow Dancer", winning an IFTA for her role as Ma. According to the director James Marsh, the fact that she had grown up in West Belfast during the Troubles was significant as by casting Irish actors "it felt that they knew this world better than I did and I felt they could help me and Document [124] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) that Amanda Byram had been selected as one of the hosts. In December, it was confirmed that Byrne would host alongside Byram. It was also confirmed that Bláthnaid Treacy would be hosting RTÉ Two spin-off show, "Can't Stop Dancing", airing on Friday nights before the live shows. Key: The first series of "Dancing with the Stars" started on 8 January 2017 and finished on 26 March 2017. The second series began on 7 January 2018 and finished on 25 March 2018. The third series begins on 6 January 2019 and will finish on 24 March 2019. Dancing with the Stars Document [125] (Title: Pat O'Connor (director)) Pat O'Connor (director) Pat O'Connor (born 1943 in Ardmore, County Waterford, Ireland) is a BAFTA-winning Irish film director. In 1982, O'Connor won a Jacob's Award for his direction of the RTÉ TV adaptation of William Trevor's short story, "Ballroom of Romance" starring Cyril Cusack and Brenda Fricker. It was shot near the village of Ballycroy, County Mayo. He subsequently won the BAFTA award for "Best Television Single Drama, 1983," for the same work. He also directed Trevor's "One of Ourselves" for BBC TV, again starring Cyril Cusack, and filmed in Cappoquin and Lismore, Co. Waterford. O'Connor has been married since Document [126] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa (film)) the entire cast. Janet Maslin, critic of the New York Times said that "Meryl Streep has made many a grand acting gesture in her career, but the way she simply peers out a window in "Dancing at Lughnasa" ranks with the best. Everything the viewer need know about Kate Mundy, the woman she plays here, is written on that prim, lonely face and its flabbergasted gaze." Peter Travis of Rolling Stone magazine wrote that "a luminous cast reveals long-buried feelings. Meryl Streep finds the expansive soul behind prim schoolteacher Kate. And she is matched by Kathy Burke's bawdy Maggie, Brid Document [127] (Title: Outsiders Inn) After making this discovery, Maureen, Carnie and Bobby decide to keep the families on separate floors to keep tempers from flaring, however problems continue to plague the three as they prepare for the wedding. The show was filmed at Christopher Place, An Intimate Resort in Newport, Tennessee, where taping began on June 9, 2008 and ended on June 29, 2008. Episode Two, titled "Pigeon Idol," was shot at Fiddler's Roost in Parrottsville, Tennessee on June 15, 2008, where the celebs judged a talent contest hosted by Ross Mathews from The Tonight Show. Outsiders Inn Outsiders Inn is an American half-hour Document [128] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3)) Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 3) Dancing with the Stars returns for a third series on 6 January 2019 on RTÉ One for a twelve-week run. Nicky Byrne will return as host for a third year, joined by Jennifer Zamparelli who replaces Amanda Byram as co-host. Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry and Julian Benson will all return as judges. On 2 December 2018, Mairéad Ronan, was officially announced as the first celebrity to be taking part. Celebrity reveals then continued every day until 7 December when the final three contestants were revealed during an appearance on "The Late Late Show. Document [129] (Title: Ireland's Got Talent) later stated that he would like to broadcast an Irish edition of "Got Talent", though he stated that the untitled talent show was only in early development. RTÉ One and TV3 showed interest in ordering the programme, however TV3 originally turned down the show in 2016. Simon Cowell announced that he will be a special guest judge on the programme during the series' launch. In February 2016, RTÉ One denied that "The Voice of Ireland" would be cancelled in order to broadcast the new talent show. However, the show was later replaced by "Dancing with the Stars". In August 2017, Document [130] (Title: Brian Redmond) Kremlin Palace in Moscow. In 2004 he retired from competitive dance and returned to Ireland, basing himself in county Kildare where he lives today with wife Jen and their two children. In January 2017, Redmond was named, alongside Loraine Barry and Julian Benson, as a judge on the Irish version of Dancing with the Stars for RTÉ One. An established media contributor, Brian is a regular on the nation's airwaves and has appeared on the Late Late Show, the Ray D’Arcy Show and the Ryan Tubridy Show to name just a few. Alongside his broadcast commitments, Brian is an established Document [131] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) 2019. On 3 December 2017, it was confirmed that Deirdre O'Kane would compete in the series. On 4 December 2017, it was revealed on RTÉ 2fm's "Breakfast Republic" that host, Bernard O'Shea, was the latest celebrity to confirmed to be taking part. On 6 December 2017, in an interview with Ryan Tubridy on his breakfast show on RTÉ Radio 1, it was revealed that Maïa Dunphy would be taking part in the series. On 8 December 2017, Erin McGregor, Marty Morrissey and Norah Casey appeared on "The Late Late Show" confirming their participation, with the remaining five contestants being confirmed Document [132] (Title: Gillian Norris) the second touring company (Troupe 2) in the United States. In July 1998, she returned to Troupe 1 and danced the lead in "Feet of Flames" in Hyde Park. She remained with Troupe 1 and toured Europe until she left the show in 2000. After Gillian left the show, she returned to Ireland and briefly pursued a modeling and singing career. In summer 2001, she briefly danced in the show Ragus in Dublin. She then enrolled in beauty therapy school, where she was a top student. In June 2005, she opened her own beauty salon/spa in Kilmacthomas. Gillian says about Document [133] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India. The UK, German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in New South Wales, Australia, at a permanently-built up camp in Dungay near Murwillumbah. However the first UK series of the show was filmed on a smaller site at King Ranch, near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. The Australian series is filmed in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, Indonesia Document [134] (Title: Falling for a Dancer) this marriage and her new life on a farm in West Cork. It is here Elizabeth has her baby but her choice of marriage has its darker side; resentment from her step children, moments of tragedy and a longing for young love and passion that she does not get from her husband, Neeley. It was filmed in Beara, County Cork on the southwest coast. Falling for a Dancer Falling For a Dancer is an Irish 1998 romantic drama television movie set in rural Ireland in the 1930s. It first aired on BBC One in four 50-minute episodes on 13 September Document [135] (Title: Vogue Williams) her degree, Williams worked for six months in London on building sites. She returned to Dublin to undertake further studies in quantity surveying at the Dublin Institute of Technology. Her career began on 11 November 2010 in an Irish TV series "Fade Street", a version of "The Hills" which follows the lives of 4 Irish girls in Dublin. The episodes focused on Vogue's work at "Stellar Magazine", learning to act and her passion for DJ'ing. On 15 April 2012 Williams participated in the twelfth series of "Dancing with the Stars" in Australia partnered with Christopher Page. They were the third Document [136] (Title: The Commitments (film)) was filmed on Sheriff Street, in front of the St. Lawrence O'Toole Catholic Church. A house located on Darndale in the Northside of Dublin was used to depict the Rabbitte family home. The home where Joey "the Lips" Fagan (Murphy) resides with his mother was a house located on 118 Pembroke Road in Ballsbridge. The production also filmed scenes at Ricardo's Pool Hall, a dilapidated pool hall located on 84–87 Lower Camden Street. The second floor of the pool hall was used to depict the band's rehearsals. The Archbishop Byrne Hall (also known as St. Kevin's Hall), located in the Document [137] (Title: The Commitments (film)) Portobello district of Dublin, was used to depict a local church community center, where The Commitments first perform on stage. The Saint Francis Xavier Church, Dublin, located on Upper Gardiner Street, was used to film a scene in which Jimmy finds Commitments pianist Steven Clifford playing "A Whiter Shade of Pale" on an organ. The production team also filmed a scene at a Phibsborough bus depot; the location was used to depict Jimmy convincing Deco (Strong) to become a part of the band. A walkway, where Jimmy discusses his plan to form a band to Outspan and Derek was filmed Document [138] (Title: Bridget & Eamon) incentives for the Irish Film Industry provided by the Government of Ireland, and filmed on location in Ireland. "Bridget and Eamon" are an unhappily married 1980s Irish couple. They live in the Midlands with their indeterminate number of children. The series follows their lives. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Bridget & Eamon Bridget & Eamon is an Irish sitcom that first aired on RTÉ Two on 1 February 2016, having previously aired as a RTÉ Player-exclusive series. It is based on the Bridget & Eamon sketches that featured on the Republic of Telly comedy review show. The show centres Document [139] (Title: Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest) 'n' Reels". Byrne and Donegan came third after receiving 95 points from all the other countries. The 2008 Irish representatives were Gavin Ó Fearraigh and Dearbhla Lennon, also from "Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels". The couple were chosen on "The Late Late Show" in May 2008. They finished in eleventh position at the contest in Glasgow, Scotland, on 6 September 2008. The Third Eurovision Dance Contest has been cancelled indefinitely. Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Ireland has taken part in two Eurovision Dance Contests. Its highest placed finish was third in 2007 and its lowest placed finish is eleventh was Document [140] (Title: Falling for a Dancer) Falling for a Dancer Falling For a Dancer is an Irish 1998 romantic drama television movie set in rural Ireland in the 1930s. It first aired on BBC One in four 50-minute episodes on 13 September 1998. Set in 1930s Cork, nineteen-year-old Elizabeth has a brief fling with a young actor and dancer and becomes pregnant. With no chance of finding the father, and trying to avoid entering the Magdalene Laundries, she chooses to marry an older man who she first meets on her wedding day and moves to her new life in West Cork. The series follows Elizabeth through Document [141] (Title: Inside I'm Dancing) young, skilled actor with actual cerebral palsy to play the role of Michael. Inside I'm Dancing Inside I'm Dancing, also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here, is an Irish 2004 comedy-drama film directed by Damien O'Donnell and starring James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, and Brenda Fricker. The film revolves around two disabled young men who pursue physical and emotional independence in direct defiance of "protective" institutional living and their society's prevailing standards and attitudes, especially pity. The production was filmed in Dublin and Wicklow and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal with assistance from the Document [142] (Title: Fair City) schedules, and other administrative tasks involved in managing a large production. From 1989 until 1994, all interior shots were filmed at Ardmore Studios, near Bray, County Wicklow. In 1994, production moved to studios at Montrose specifically adapted to cater for the show. All exterior shots were initially filmed at real houses in a real cul-de-sac in Barron Place, Drumcondra and later in Booterstown, where residents were asked to stay indoors during shooting. In 1999, a street set, known as the lot, was built at Ardmore, where set designers replicated the facades and interiors of the original houses. In 1994, the Document [143] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) performing 'Hearts On Fire' Dance-Off Dance-Off Dance-Off Guest act: Joanne Clifton and the cast of "Flashdance the Musical" performing a routine to 'Flashdance... What a Feeling' Dance-Off Guest act: Riverdance collaboration with the Dancing with the Stars professional dancers. "The couples will perform two dances, the first being a song by an Irish artist to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day" Dance-Off<br>"For the dance-off Jake & Karen chose to perform their Rumba, while Erin & Ryan chose their Samba." Judges votes; Guest act: Picture This performing 'This Morning'. Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a Document [144] (Title: Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series)) Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series) Fame: The Musical is a singing and dance contest in Ireland, produced by Screentime ShinAwiL for RTÉ. The audition and Fame Bootcamp stages were filmed around Ireland and in London. The shows aim was to find actors for the parts of "Nick" and "Serena" for the highly successful stage production of "Fame". On 13 June 2010 it was announced that Ben Morris would play the part of Nick and Jessica Cervi would play the part of Serena in the Irish tour of "Fame". Derek Mooney Colour key: Judges Robert C Kelly, Simon Delaney and Document [145] (Title: The Blue Max) It was a local tourist attraction for a long time after the film had wrapped. The Berlin scenes were shot in Dublin. Christ Church Cathedral and Leinster House, the seat of the Oireachtas, the Irish national parliament, are easily recognisable in the background of many scenes and Trinity College served as the army headquarters where von Klugermann's office is located. Many of the flying scenes were shot at Weston Aerodrome (EIWT) near Lucan, Ireland, about 10 miles west of Dublin hence the name confusion with Weston-on-the-Green. Weston Aerodrome is also home to the "National Flight Center". There is also a Document [146] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)) later in the show. On 20 December 2017, previously confirmed celebrity, Aoife Walsh, was forced to pull out of the show due to injury; she was replaced by Alannah Beirne. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. "Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. "Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this Document [147] (Title: The Bear and the Maiden Fair) built in the nearby location of Little Barrage. The scenes with Jon Snow and the wildlings were filmed in the forests around Toome, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed six weeks before the production moved to Iceland to film several scenes for the previous episodes. Due to the legal restrictions and the difficulties involved in the transport of large animals, the scenes with the bear Little Bart had to be filmed in the USA. Although it was only used for a single scene, this was the fifth country where the production filmed during the Document [148] (Title: Crystal Swing) "The Afternoon Show". Later in the month they made appearances on "Xposé" and "Ireland AM". On 6 April, they flew to Hollywood to make an appearance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". The show was recorded on Thursday 8 April, and was broadcast in America on Monday, 12 April. After their initial media exposure, the band undertook an extensive tour of the major venues in Ireland with a five-piece band and support acts. The band has appeared with stars such as Lily Allen and Bonnie Tyler as well as most of the home-grown Irish stars of the music industry. Since 2010, Document [149] (Title: New York (Glee)) that the plan was to have the costuming be a "little nod" to the "iconic New York places we were going to shoot", and with a "little bit of '50s, '60s flair", but not too "vintage". She said, "We landed in New York on a Saturday night, shopped all day Sunday, threw them in the clothes" for the filming that began on Monday. According to an article in "The Hollywood Reporter", twenty-six outfits were found in a single day. Filming continued back in Los Angeles, where episodes are typically shot, including a location shoot at the Million Dollar Theater to Document [150] (Title: Glenties) museum also has a display about Cardinal Patrick O'Donnell, mementos from the filming of Dancing at Lughnasa, and an extensive display about the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee. It also has a reading room with a good collection of local historic records. The local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club – Naomh Conaill; field teams at all age levels playing gaelic football predominantly. Glenties was the model for Brian Friel's fictional village of Ballybeg, where several of his works were set. His play "Dancing at Lughnasa" was set in Ballybeg and was made into a film in 1994 starring Meryl Streep. Document [151] (Title: History of Hertfordshire) building has recently been restored and re-opened as the Odyssey Cinema. Elstree Studios nearby has risen to prominence; landmark films and television that have been produced there include the first and second Star Wars films (chronologically, i.e. Episodes IV and V), Indiana Jones, and Superman, The World's End and British television shows Dancing on Ice, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Big Brother. Parts of the Harry Potter film series production took place at Leavesden Film Studios. Wild child was filmed in Balls park, Hertford. Æthelgifu was a Christian Saxon noblewoman who lived in the county in the late Document [152] (Title: In the Name of the Grandfather) and references to Irish culture including the Giant's Causeway, Blarney Castle, James Joyce, Bloomsday, leprechauns, Guinness, "Riverdance", U2 and the film "Once". The special broadcast of the episode in Ireland was part of Fox's year-long "Best. 20 Years. Ever." celebration which commemorates the 20th anniversary of the show. To promote the broadcast, Jean, Brooks and voice actor Nancy Cartwright visited Ireland and participated in the Saint Patrick's Day parade in Dublin. Critics in Ireland mostly enjoyed the jokes about the nation but felt that the episode itself was average. The initial broadcast on Sky1 in Ireland was watched by 511,000 Document [153] (Title: Shake Hands with the Devil (1959 film)) Shake Hands with the Devil (1959 film) Shake Hands with the Devil is a 1959 film directed by Michael Anderson. The picture was filmed in Dublin, and at Ardmore Studios in Bray, Ireland. The film is set in 1921 Dublin, where the Irish Republican Army battles the Black and Tans, ex-British soldiers sent to suppress the rebels. It stars James Cagney and Don Murray. Also featured are Dana Wynter, Glynis Johns, Sybil Thorndike and Michael Redgrave. Irish-American Kerry O'Shea (Don Murray) is studying at the College of Surgeons in 1921 Dublin, Ireland, during a guerrilla war – the Irish War Document [154] (Title: Irish Travellers) like "The Riches" (2007–2008), the American television series featuring Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver, take a deeper look into the Traveller lifestyle. The documentary series "Big Fat Gypsy Weddings" (2010, 2011, and 2012) has been commercially successful in the United Kingdom, offering glimpses of Traveller life as viewed at real-life weddings. A 1997 American film, "Traveller", starring Bill Paxton and Mark Wahlberg, also explored the Travellers in America. Advocacy: Similar groups: Irish Travellers Irish Travellers (, meaning 'the walking people') are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group who maintain a set of traditions. Although predominantly English-speaking, some also use Shelta and Document [155] (Title: The Irish R.M.) location tempts Yeates. All three series of "The Irish R.M." were issued on DVD in the UK, distributed by Acorn Media UK. The DVD also includes an Ulster TV documentary about the filming of the first series. There are two slideshows, one of profiles of the lead actors and the other sample recipes from "Mrs Cadogan's Cookbook" (). The Irish R.M. The Irish R.M. refers to a series of books by the Anglo-Irish novelists Somerville and Ross, and the television comedy-drama series based on them. They are set in the turn-of-the-twentieth-century west of Ireland. The television series is based on Document [156] (Title: Irish stepdance) Dancing Tweens". The series, which will be produced by Sirens Media, features several dance schools. Each episode will focus on individual dancers during rehearsals, preparation, travel, and during competitions. Eight episodes of the series have been ordered. In 2014, BBC One produced a six-part documentary series called "Jigs and Wigs: The Extreme World of Irish Dancing", which featured "the unusual individuals and the stories" of stepdance. The series was noted for its focus on the extreme elements of the modern Irish stepdance world, and the increasing financial pressures on competitors. Reviewers also noted that "Jigs and Wigs" presented a stepdance Document [157] (Title: Irish dance) the United States, in Philadelphia. The 2010-2018 championships were held in Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, Boston, London, Montréal, Glasgow, Dublin and Glasgow respectively, always taking place during the week leading up to Easter Sunday, when the championships end. The BBC documentary film "Jig" provided an insight into championship level dancers competing in the 2010 World Championships held in Glasgow. Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne will be held in Greensboro in North Carolina in 2019 and will return to Dublin for the 50 year anniversary of the championships. An Coimsiún also holds Oireachtas Rince na hÉireann, or "The All Irelands" which took place Document [158] (Title: The Lodge (TV series)) episodes. The main character, Skye, was originally named Maia, like in the Israeli Disney Channel original series "North Star". The series "The Lodge", filmed in Northern Ireland, takes place in the county of County Down. Most of the scenes are filmed in Montalto Estate and at The Carriage Rooms, which are in Ballynahinch. On 13 December 2016, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered in 2017. On 21 February 2017, it was announced that production had begun on the second season and it would consist of 15 episodes. The premiere episode of "The Document [159] (Title: Adare Manor) and Michael York. In 2010, Adare Manor served as the judge's house for Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh on "The X Factor". Adare Manor Adare Manor is a manor house located on the banks of the River Maigue in the village of Adare, County Limerick, Ireland, the former seat of the Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl. The present house was built in the early 19th-century, though retaining some of the walls of the 17th-century structure. It is now the Adare Manor Hotel & Golf Resort, a luxury hotel. The first mention of a manor on the land is following the Document [160] (Title: EastEnders episodes in Ireland) EastEnders episodes in Ireland In 1997, the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" broadcast three singular transmissions that were filmed on location in Dublin, Ireland. The episodes involved the Fowler and Beale family travelling from London to Ireland to meet their long-lost relatives. They were badly received by viewers and heavily criticised in the media. The BBC was inundated with complaints from angry viewers from Ireland for negative stereotyping, portraying Irish people as "dirty, rude, and drunk". Complaints were made by the Irish Embassy and there were fears that the episodes would have a negative effect on the Irish tourist trade. The Document [161] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) 2016, RTÉ confirmed that Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond would be the judges on the programme. Creative producer Darren Bennett stood in for Benson, during week five, six, seven and eight, who was absent due to illness. People in the running to be host of the show included former Westlife musician and 2012 "Strictly Come Dancing" contestant Nicky Byrne; as well as popular radio host Ray D'Arcy, though D'Arcy ruled himself out of the running in August 2016. In October 2016, it was reported that Marty Whelan had auditioned to host the show. In November, it was reported Document [162] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5)) Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5) The fifth season of the Australian "Dancing with the Stars" TV series premiered on Tuesday 26 September 2006 and concluded on Tuesday 28 November 2006. A controversy occurred in the semi-final when judge Todd McKenney said that he believed Arianne Caoili had received professional dance lessons prior to the competition. Caoili denied this. Channel 7's "Today Tonight" supported McKenney's claims, producing video footage of Caoili attending salsa classes, but Caoili said she just started taking salsa lessons when the producers called to offer her a place on the show. Anthony Koutoufides and his Document [163] (Title: Amanda Byram) any boxes covering her body. Byram hosted a new TV show for Sky 1 HD, called "Don't Stop Me Now", in 2012. The first episode aired on 18 March 2012. On 31 May 2013, Byram presented "This Morning" with Jake Humphrey. In November 2016, it was reported and later confirmed that Byram would host the Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars" alongside Nicky Byrne. The series started in January 2017 on RTÉ One and is based on the format of the original British TV series "Strictly Come Dancing". Byram hosted the "Miss World" pageant in 2003 and briefly appeared Document [164] (Title: Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest) Ireland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Ireland has taken part in two Eurovision Dance Contests. Its highest placed finish was third in 2007 and its lowest placed finish is eleventh was 2008. Like the Eurovision Song Contest, which Ireland has won a record seven times, Ireland decides upon its entry through a public vote on a special edition of "The Late Late Show". Ireland made its debut at the 2007 contest. The couple representing the country was Nicola Byrne and Mick Donegan, performing Jive and Fandango dances. They were given the chance to represent their country after winning "Celebrity Jigs Document [165] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)) Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a Logie Award-winning, Australian light entertainment reality show airing on the Seven Network and next year (in 2019) it will air on Network 10. The show, when it was on Seven Network was filmed live from the HSV-7 studios (now Global Television studios). The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series "Strictly Come Dancing" and is part of BBC Worldwide's international "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The show debuted in a short run from October to November 2004, then returned the following February. The show Document [166] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 1)) However, the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and much of it had to be reshot together with the other episodes of the season in Northern Ireland and Malta. Most scenes were shot in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland border counties. Principal photography was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010, with the primary studio location being the Paint Hall Studio in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Among various locations for the initial shooting of the pilot in 2009, Doune Castle in central Scotland was used as the location for Winterfell, including scenes at its great hall (the great Document [167] (Title: Dancing at Lughnasa) - Rose; Shelagh Stuchbery - Kate; Michael Fitzpatrick - Jack and Shane Harnett - Gerry. The Lyric Theatre in Belfast are currently presenting a revival of the play in association with the Dublin Theatre Festival, which tours both North and South of Ireland, with a cast featuring Catherine Cusack, Catherine McCormack and Mary Murray. Directed by Annabelle Comyn. "Dancing at Lughnasa" was adapted for a 1998 film of the same name starring Meryl Streep as Kate Mundy and directed by Pat O'Connor. Brid Brennan won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Female Role. The first Document [168] (Title: Monica Loughman) in stPetersburg Russia. She regularly works in Tv appearing in Dancing with the stars on RTE and Big ballet on Channel 4 and Netflix. Loughman has co-written a book, "The Irish Ballerina", with County Meath-based author, Jean Harrington, who helped the former Dublin prostitute Martina Keogh write her story in "Survivor". Published in 2004 by Maverick House Publishers, the book discusses her childhood Russian experiences performing ballet. The book was reviewed in "The Meath Chronicle" and "The Sunday Business Post" and Loughman was interviewed for the magazine "Woman's Way" in December 2004. On 21 September 2006, Loughman appeared on "Dustin's Document [169] (Title: Irish showband) "Wonderland" and "Arcadia". Dance halls in smaller towns and villages would host a dance once or twice a month. The fans often travelled fifty km from the surrounding countryside to see their favorite band. Some city ballrooms were lavish dance palaces from an earlier era. The Mecca in Belfast, Dublin's Town and Country Club (a Corinthian pillared ballroom in the Georgian era), Rotunda Rooms, the Metropole and the TV Club were prominent among the plusher venues. Most rural dance halls were roughly constructed in cheap materials by local entrepreneurs. Breeze block pebbled Irish Garage architecture prevailed. They had benches along Document [170] (Title: Bernadette Flynn) Bernadette Flynn Bernadette Mary Flynn (born 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland) is an Irish dancer best known for her work in "Lord of the Dance" and "Feet of Flames". Flynn was born on 1 August 1979 in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland. Her parents Andy and Mary Flynn formerly owned "Andy Flynn's", a pub/bed & breakfast in her home town of Nenagh and subsequently became the proprietors of Flynn's Bistro located in Pearse Street in Nenagh. Bernadette has an older brother (Andrew), an older sister (Elaine) and twin sisters Catriona and Maria. Her family has always been very Document [171] (Title: Starred Up) as the male lead. On a budget of £2 million, shooting was based in former prisons HM Prison Crumlin Road in Belfast and HM Prison Maze in Lisburn, which was a 24-day shoot including 18 days of stunts. Principal photography started on 11 February at Crumlin Road with the post-production scheduled to begin during May. Financing for "Starred Up" was provided by Film4 alongside Creative Scotland, Quickfire Films, Northern Ireland Screen and Lip Sync Productions. "Starred Up" premiered at the Telluride Film Festival, before screening at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2013, where it opened the Document [172] (Title: Dancer, Texas Pop. 81) Show"." The movie was filmed in Fort Davis, Texas as dancer and the tri county area. Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 is a 1998 comedy-drama film starring Breckin Meyer, Peter Facinelli, Eddie Mills, and Ethan Embry. Set in the small, fictional American town of Dancer (Brewster County, Texas), only 81 people live in this town. Following their high school graduation, four young men wrestle with their decisions to leave town for Los Angeles. "Dancer, Texas Pop. 81" received positive reviews; it currently holds an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Film reviewer Joe M. O'Connell, writing for the Document [173] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)) taking part in the series. Des Bishop was confirmed as the first celebrity on 9 December 2016, during an appearance on "The Late Late Show"; RTÉ later confirmed he would be taking part in the series on Twitter. On 11 December 2016, former "Fair City" actress Aoibhín Garrihy, "Red Rock" actress Denise McCormack and model Thalia Heffernan were confirmed to take part in the series. On 12 December 2016, RTÉ confirmed the remaining seven contestants. Later that week, the professional dancing line-up was confirmed. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. Extra points from the Document [174] (Title: Scarborough, North Yorkshire) "Little Voice", "Possession", and "A Chorus of Disapproval" were filmed on location in Scarborough and surrounds. Also filmed in the district were scenes from "Miranda", "Dancing Queen", "Beltenbros", "The Brides in the Bath" and "The Damned United". Television series filmed in the area include "Heartbeat", its spin-off series "The Royal", "CBBC"'s "All At Sea", BBC1's "Rosie", and scenes from the second series of "Five Days". The 2015 series of The Syndicate starring Anthony Andrews, Melanie Hill and Lenny Henry also filmed scenes in Scarborough. Scarborough is twinned with: In 2015, Coventry University Scarborough Campus opened in the town with a Document [175] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)) August 2016, it was confirmed that RTÉ One would broadcast an Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars", which would replace the successful "The Voice of Ireland", which was cancelled in order for the broadcaster to order the new show. A producer of the show commented, "We've got fantastic production people in Ireland who, I believe, deliver a show that's comparable with any of those shows on a fraction of the budget. So we're looking forward to the task of doing this equally the same way." It became quickly apparent that the television studios at RTE Television Centre in Dublin Document [176] (Title: Don't Tell the Bride) II, 2011–), Ireland (RTÉ, 2010–), Italy (Lei), Norway (TLC Norway), Poland (TLC Poland, 2011), Sweden (TV4), Turkey and United States. Various clips from some versions were shown in the 'Goes Global' special in 2012. The UK version has also been picked up by Russian broadcaster TLC, in France, NHK in Japan and RTL Nederland in the Netherlands, who has secured an option to produce a local version of the format. An Irish version of the show airs on RTÉ Two since 2010. A two episode Irish special, in which the couple's budget was €10,000, was first broadcast in May 2011 Document [177] (Title: Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series)) start of the series Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series) Fame: The Musical is a singing and dance contest in Ireland, produced by Screentime ShinAwiL for RTÉ. The audition and Fame Bootcamp stages were filmed around Ireland and in London. The shows aim was to find actors for the parts of "Nick" and "Serena" for the highly successful stage production of "Fame". On 13 June 2010 it was announced that Ben Morris would play the part of Nick and Jessica Cervi would play the part of Serena in the Irish tour of "Fame". Derek Mooney Colour key: Judges Robert C Document [178] (Title: The Irish Rovers) Alert – at the tip of Ellesmere Island – the farthest, northerly inhabited base in the world. "The Irish Rovers Show" ran for 7 years, winning an ACTRA Award for Best Variety Performance. Brothers Will and George Millar co-wrote the majority of their original Irish compositions. Producer and Director Ken Gibson and Michael Watt often hosted special effects technicians from L.A. who were learning the new green screen technology, which were used for comedic leprechaun segments featuring Will, George and Jimmy, and is later used in "The Mother Goose Video Treasury" in 1987. The Rovers then continued with another television Document [179] (Title: Cinema of Ireland) director of Ardmore Studios believes Ireland is an attractive film location as there is now recognition for the quality of the output of the Irish film industry and a perception that Ireland is a viable film destination. Prominent films that have been filmed in Ireland include "The Quiet Man" (1952), "The Lion in Winter" (1968), "The First Great Train Robbery" (1979), "Excalibur" (1981), "Braveheart" (1995), "Reign of Fire" (2002), "King Arthur" (2004), "The Guard" (2011), "" (2015), and "" (2017). The first cinema in Ireland, the "Volta", was opened at 45 Mary Street, Dublin, in 1909 by the novelist James Question: where is dancing with the stars filmed in ireland

Answer: Ardmore Studios Long Answer: Dancing with the Stars Genre Talent show Created by Fenia Vardanis Richard Hopkins Karen Smith Presented by Amanda Byram Nicky Byrne Judges Julian Benson Loraine Barry Brian Redmond Darren Bennett Voices of Jack Boylan Country of origin Republic of Ireland Original language (s) English No. of series No. of episodes 24 (as of 25th March 2018) Production Location (s) Ardmore Studios Running time 120 minutes Production company (s) ShinAwil Release Original network RTÉ One Picture format 720p (HDTV) Original release 8 January 2017 (2017 - 01 - 08)--present Chronology Related shows Strictly Come Dancing Dancing with the Stars Gold Document ID: 179

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Secondhand Lions) Secondhand Lions Secondhand Lions is a 2003 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tim McCanlies. It tells the story of an introverted young boy (Haley Joel Osment) who is sent to live with his eccentric great-uncles (Robert Duvall and Michael Caine) on a farm in Texas. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and the general public, and grossed $76 million on a $30 million budget. 14-year-old Walter is left by his irresponsible mother, Mae, to live for the summer with his reclusive, bachelor great-uncles, Hub and Garth. Despite living on a ramshackle Texan farm, they are said to Document [2] (Title: Eric Matthews (Saw)) as if having been there for an extended period of time. He managed to get into the foundation of the house, where he stumbled across the bathroom from the first film, where his son had already been to. Expecting to find Daniel there, Eric was attacked by Amanda Young, dressed in a pig mask, and rendered unconscious. It was revealed that the feed of the house that Eric had seen was not in fact live, but had been a recording. Daniel had been locked in a safe that had sat a few feet away from Jigsaw during Eric's test. When Document [3] (Title: Daniel 7) the Temple in 164 BC. The imagery of Daniel 7 comes ultimately from the Canaanite myth of Baʿal's battle with Yamm ( "Sea"), symbolic of chaos. The four beasts are chaos monsters which appeared as serpents in the Baʿal Cycle discovered in the ruins of Ugarit in the 1920s. In Daniel 7, composed sometime before Judas Maccabeus purified the temple in 164 , they symbolise Babylon, the Medes, Persia and Greece: The "ten horns" that appear on the beast is a round number standing for the Seleucid kings between Seleucus I, the founder of the kingdom, and Antiochus Epiphanes. The Document [4] (Title: The Lions of Al-Rassan) The Lions of Al-Rassan The Lions of Al-Rassan is a work of historical fantasy by Guy Gavriel Kay. It is set in a peninsula of the same world in which "The Sarantine Mosaic" and "The Last Light of the Sun" are set, and is based on Moorish Spain. The novel concentrates on the relationships between the three peoples: the Kindath (analogous to the Jews), the Asharites (analogous to the Muslims), and the Jaddites (analogous to the Christians), although the religions of the Kindath, Asharites, and Jaddites, as described in the novel, bear no relation to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The Document [5] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) Lions' Gate stabbings On 3 October 2015, a Palestinian resident of al-Bireh attacked the Benita family near the Lions' Gate in Jerusalem, as they were on their way to the Western Wall to pray. The attacker murdered Aaron Benita, the father of the family, and injured the mother Adele and their 2-year-old son Matan. Nehemia Lavi, a resident who heard screams and came to help was also murdered and his gun taken by the assailant. The attacker, 19 year old Muhanad Shafeq Halabi was shot and killed by police as he was firing on pedestrians. Adele described Arab residents standing Document [6] (Title: Daniel Stisen) seminar and after talking with her, he decided to travel over to Los Angeles to study acting at her studio, Ivana Chubbuck Studio. When Daniel was in Los Angeles, NRK, made the radio documentary "Den neste Schwarzenegger" (The next Schwarzenegger) about Daniel, it was one of the most heard radio documentary in Norway the same year. Daniel came back to Norway to try to start his film career, this was not easy. He decided to try to compete one more time in bodybuilding, and he did comeback in the new class, Classic bodybuilding, where he won the Norwegian Championship and Document [7] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) give them Daniel. Daniel is handed over, and thrown into a lions' den. The prophet Habakkuk is miraculously recruited and brought to share a meal with Daniel in the den. When Daniel is found alive in the den seven days later, the king throws his persecutors to the lions, who eat and kill them. The third narrative (14:31–42), Daniel in the Lions' Den, may be a retelling of Daniel's first trip from (6:1–28) or may describe a separate incident. It has been made into a consequence of the preceding episode, but the Septuagint precedes it with the notice, "From the Document [8] (Title: Where the Red Fern Grows (2003 film)) ghost coon at daylight. Also, the 2003 film placed the boys' betted money at five dollars, while the 1974 film and novel, place the money at two dollars. In the 2003 film, when Billy and his hounds encounter the mountain lion, Billy and Little Ann chase away the lion after it fatally injured Old Dan. In the novel and 1974 film version, Billy kills the mountain lion with his axe to save Old Dan. Old Dan's death is much more graphic and gory in the book, which involved his intestines being torn out, trying to fix him back up, and Document [9] (Title: The Lion of Punjab (film)) The Lion of Punjab (film) The Lion of Punjab is an Indian Punjabi action film starring Diljit Dosanjh, making his debut as an actor. It is also the debut Punjabi movie of Bollywood director Guddu Dhanoa. A huge set of a temple, a church, some houses and a shopping area, was erected at the Indian Express Office premises.It is a remake of the 2003 Telugu movie "Veede" which itself was a remake of 2003 Tamil movie "Dhool". The Punjabi remake of this film was released on 11 February 2011. with a music release on 31 January 2011. The album was Document [10] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose" and that "upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him." Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident, James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time. Painters who have depicted this incident include: Daniel in the lions' den The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius Document [11] (Title: Book of Daniel) exciting the jealousy of other officials. Knowing of Daniel's devotion to his God, his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30-day period. Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem; he is accused and King Darius, forced by his own decree, throws Daniel into the lions' den. But God shuts up the mouths of the lions, and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed. The king casts Daniel's accusers into the lions' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly Document [12] (Title: Between the Lions) a pair of pigeons named Walter and Clay comically infuriating a living bust of the library's deceased founder, Barnaby B. Busterfield III, located in an upper section of the library, that is normally intended for comic relief. The main characters are the lion cubs Lionel (7 years old and in 1st grade) and Leona (4 years old) and their parents Theo (Theodore) and Cleo (Cleopatra), who read stories to the cubs in almost every episode, so they can get wild about reading. "Between the Lions" often makes wild parodies of (often children's) programming. The title itself ia a twofold pun Document [13] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) formed a larger composition facing each other diagonally across the space of the chapel. Bernini created a spatial relationship that enlivened the entire chapel, turning its classical form to a new religious use. The statue of Daniel was placed in the niche to left of the entrance. On 26 June 1657 Bernini received 1000 scudi for the figure of Daniel which was then already in its place. The surviving preparatory drawings (four studies in the Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig) prove that the inspiration for the statue was provided by the famous Laocoön group. The drawings show the creative Document [14] (Title: The Lion Man) United Kingdom on Sky3 (now Pick) but no longer does. Series One aired in 2004. Series Two aired in 2005. Series Three aired in 2007. These are the animals that were at the park at some point while filming was taking place. Most appeared in the series. The Lion Man The Lion Man is a New Zealand television documentary series about a New Zealand big cat park called Zion Wildlife Gardens. The series was named after Craig Busch, the park's founder, who had styled himself as "the Lion Man". The series followed Busch and the park's employees as they managed Document [15] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) the den: and they were devoured in a moment before his face." Bel and the Dragon The narrative of Bel and the Dragon is incorporated as chapter 14 of the extended Book of Daniel. The original Septuagint text in Greek survives in a single manuscript, Codex Chisianus, while the standard text is due to Theodotion, the 2nd-century AD revisor. This chapter, along with chapter 13, is considered deuterocanonical: it was rejected by Rabbinic Judaism, and while it is viewed as canonical by both Catholic and Orthodox Christians, it is considered apocryphal by most Protestants and typically not found in modern Document [16] (Title: In the Midst of Lions) In the Midst of Lions In the Midst of Lions was a Christian deathcore band from St. Louis, Missouri. They have three full-length album releases: "Out Of Darkness", "The Heart of Man" and "Shadows". The name of the band pertains to a biblical scripture in Psalms 57:4. In the Midst of Lions originated from the St. Louis music scene. After the success of their debut album, "Out Of Darkness" on Strike First Records, the band signed to Facedown Records where they released "The Heart of Man". This album reached No. 30 on the "Billboard" Heatseekers chart. They headlined a tour Document [17] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) soon rise to the top — but their startling success comes with a high price. Spliced with unusual DNA, the drug has side effects with horrific consequences. Lion's Den (The Outer Limits) "Lion's Den" is an episode of the seventh season of "The Outer Limits". It aired on September 8, 2001 and was written and directed by Matt Hastings. A pressured high school wrestling coach gives his team an experimental new drug to help them get to the state championships. Coach Peter Shotwell used to be a contender. Back in Lewisborough High School he just missed his Olympic dreams when Document [18] (Title: Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego) of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar. Chapter 3 is unique in that Daniel does not appear in it. Daniel 3 forms part of a chiasmus (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side) within Daniel 2-7, paired with Daniel 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den: Chapters 3 and 6 contain significant differences, however. The story of the fiery furnace does not include Daniel, while the story of the lions' den does not include Daniel's friends; the first story takes Document [19] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book. Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the "fiery furnace": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection. Daniel is Document [20] (Title: Craig Busch) programme "Campbell Live" revealed Busch had not reported injuries to a young boy by a lion cub, during his tenure as operator of Zion Wildlife Gardens. Former park workers also alleged that Busch had lost a finger after it had been bitten off by the white lion Gandor. Footage included in the programme also showed Busch pulling a lion on a chain, and of one animal being subjected to physical punishment. In April 2012, the park reopened under the name Kingdom of Zion. In the same month, the New Zealand-based current affairs programme "Campbell Live" aired an item concerning serious Document [21] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel. It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish Document [22] (Title: Daniel Drew) not see face to face combat in the War of 1812. After the war, he spent some time with a traveling zoo and then built a successful cattle-droving business. In 1820, he moved to New York City, where he established himself at the Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, a place frequented by drovers and butchers doing business in the city. While running the tavern, he formed a partnership with two other drovers, buying cattle from neighboring counties and bringing them to New York for sale. In 1823, he married Roxanna Mead. In 1834, he entered the steamboat business, purchasing Document [23] (Title: Lion) lions were kept and allowed to roam within the temple. The Greeks called the city "Leontopolis" ("City of Lions") and documented that practice. Lions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC, and Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the Malhi of northern India. In Ancient Rome, lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas or were used for executions (see bestiarii, damnatio ad bestias, and venatio). Roman notables including Sulla, Pompey and Julius Caesar often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at Document [24] (Title: James Hannon) James Hannon James Hannon (born 1967 in Norwood, Bronx, New York), is an Irish-American author and filmmaker. Hannon may be best known for his documentary "Out of Our Dens: The Richard and the Young Lions Story" (2004), about the 1960s garage band Richard and the Young Lions. In August 2010, Hannon released his self-published book "Lost Boys of the Bronx: The Oral History of the Ducky Boys". The book, formerly a video documentary project, focuses on the real life Ducky Boys gang in the Bronx in the mid-1960s, as seen in the feature film "The Wanderers" (1979). In June 2018, Document [25] (Title: The Ranch Resort) prides have starred in movies including "The Gods Must Be Crazy", "King Solomon's Mines", "Incident at Victoria Falls", "The Lion Child" (1993 film), "The Ghost and the Darkness", "Pride". The current lions and their forebears have appeared in a total of over 400 international movies, documentaries and commercials. Resident animal trainer and handler Vivian "Viv" Bristow has extensive movie credits. The Ranch Resort is licensed to allow close contact with its animals. Under the supervision of specialist rangers, visitors can walk with the lions and watch cubs at play or being bottle-fed. Horseback safaris have become a mainstay of animal-contact Document [26] (Title: André Durand) the benefit of those who are not satisfied by postmodern fashions in this post secular era as much as for churchgoers. "The Coronation of the Virgin, Stopham Bridge, Pulborough, 2006." November 1, 2007, marked the 20th anniversary of the unveiling of Durand's "Votive Offering", which was painted to launch and benefit the AIDS charity Crusaid in 1987. A unique on-line exhibition about "Votive Offering", its sources, and Durand's allegorical pictures of Diana, Princess of Wales, is to be found in Durand Gallery Exhibitions. On November 29, 2007, a new picture, "Daniel in the Lions' Den" is to be unveiled. The Document [27] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) by and laughing as she was attacked, and telling her to "drop dead" when she pleaded for help for her son. This attack and another stabbing attack, both of which took place during a religious festival that draws many Jews to the holy places in Jerusalem, resulted in Israeli authorities temporarily barring Arab residents of East Jerusalem from entering the walled Old City. The attack came during the 2015–2016 wave of violence in Israeli-Palestinian conflict regarded by "The Guardian" as having begun in mid-September when a number of Palestinians "repeatedly barricaded themselves inside the al-Aqsa mosque and hurled stones, firebombs Document [28] (Title: Prey (2007 film)) it had eaten and was far away, before setting up camp. After dark, Tom and Crawford discuss lions at the fire, and Amy and Jessica discuss how she met Tom back in the car. The hunter comes back and is killed when the lion smashes through the window and drags him out. The next day, Amy, Jessica, and David resolve to survive with what they have and list what that is, and Crawford and Tom find the bones of one of the pride's previous victims. Crawford and Tom's trail goes cold and he says they'll pitch and start west tomorrow, Document [29] (Title: Lions' Gate) Lions' Gate The Lions' Gate ( "Sha'ar ha-Arayot", , also "St. Stephen's Gate" or "Sheep Gate") is located in the Old City Walls of Jerusalem, Israel and is one of seven open Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls. Located in the Eastern Wall, the entrance marks the beginning of the traditional Christian observance of the last walk of Jesus from prison to crucifixion, the Via Dolorosa. Near the gate’s crest are four figures of leopards, often mistaken for lions, two on the left and two on the right. They were placed there by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to celebrate the Document [30] (Title: J.O. Kinnaman) Jesus, as well as the account of Daniel in the Den of Lions, which he strongly defends particularly on page 140, where he writes: "Dr. Dieulafoy, one of the archaeologists, was working one day with a rather large stone in the surface of the ground. The stone was stubborn and refused to yield to the efforts of the man. Suddenly it gave away, and Dr. Dieulafoy disappeared. His co-workers found him scared but not hurt at the bottom of what appeared to be an ancient dry well. When the site was completely cleared, the well proved to be one of Document [31] (Title: Amaseffer) company with the purpose to produce movie soundtracks all over the world, in addition to the Exodus trilogy. In June 2009, the band decided not to implement the three-record deal with Inside Out Music and left the label. In January 2010, Amaseffer went into their studio in Jerusalem, with Mats Levén returning on vocals, in order to finish the second installment of the trilogy, with a projected release date of early 2011 once another record label was found. On April 9, 2010, the title of the second album was revealed to be "When the Lions Leave Their Den". The name Document [32] (Title: The Lion Man) series also showed Busch during related promotional activities as well as his various wildlife missions abroad, including trips to Africa and Thailand. "The Lion Man" was one of New Zealand's most successful television series, showing in 93 countries worldwide, including Sky1 in the United Kingdom. Three series were produced, the first of which began screening in New Zealand on 17 June 2004. The first two series were commissioned by state broadcaster TVNZ, but a third series looked in doubt following Busch's conviction in 2007 for assaulting his ex-wife at the park in 2005. Independent funding was found to produce the Document [33] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) prophecy of Habakkuk, son of Joshua, of the tribe of Levi." Daniel remains unharmed in the den with seven lions, fed by the prophet Habakkuk, who was taken to the lion's den by an angel. "Upon the seventh day the king went to bewail Daniel: and when he came to the den, he looked in, and behold, Daniel was sitting. Then cried the king with a loud voice, saying, Great art thou, O Lord God of Daniel, and there is none other besides thee. And he drew him out: and cast those that were the cause of his destruction into Document [34] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries Document [35] (Title: Matharpacady, Mumbai) of the architecture of the late 1800s. Diagonally across from the Lopes home is the "Lion's Den", a popularlandmark, and home of the Leao family sporting two stone lions flanking the entrance. And if you think that there is a connection between the family surname and the lions, the truth is that the house was named for the eldest son Daniel, the biblical figure who was thrown into the Lion's Den. Joseph Baptista, an associate of Bal Gangadhar Tilak was born in Matharpacady. Matharpacady, Mumbai Matharpacady is a "village" in the Mazgaon area of Mumbai, India, and is one of Document [36] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) Lion's Den (The Outer Limits) "Lion's Den" is an episode of the seventh season of "The Outer Limits". It aired on September 8, 2001 and was written and directed by Matt Hastings. A pressured high school wrestling coach gives his team an experimental new drug to help them get to the state championships. Coach Peter Shotwell used to be a contender. Back in Lewisborough High School he just missed his Olympic dreams when he blew out his knee. While his best friend Jon went on to international athletic stardom, Peter became coach of the Lewisborough Lions, the school's wrestling team. Document [37] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) On 6 October, an 18-year-old woman attacked an Israeli man with a knife near the Lions' Gate. The victim was able to draw his gun and shoot his attacker. Both were hospitalized; both were expected to live. The attacker was Shurooq Dweiyat, 18, from the Palestinian neighborhood of Sur Baher, a student at Bethlehem University who began collecting donations for the families of "“martyrs" the week before she stabbed an Israeli. On the morning of the attack, she told friends that she was cutting class to pray at the Al Aqsa mosque. A video circulating widely among Palestinians shows Dweiyat Document [38] (Title: Christian the lion) wounding an assistant. These events left Christian as the sole surviving member of the original pride. Over the course of a year, as George Adamson continued his work, the pride established itself in the region around Kora, with Christian as the head of the pride started by Boy. When John and Ace were informed by Adamson of Christian's successful reintroduction to the wild (reported in some newspaper articles to be in 1971, and by George Adamson to be 1972) they traveled to Kenya to visit Christian and were filmed in the documentary "Christian, The Lion at World's End" (released in Document [39] (Title: Bwana Devil) out once and for all to kill them. A grim battle between Jack and the lions endangers both Jack and his wife. Jack kills the lions and proves he is not a weakling. The plot was based on a well-known historical event, that of the Tsavo maneaters, in which many workers building the Uganda Railway were killed by lions. These incidents were also the basis for the book "The Man-eaters of Tsavo" (1907), the story of the events as written by Lt. Col. J. H. Patterson, the British engineer who killed the animals. The story was also the basis for Document [40] (Title: Survival (TV series)) Parry. The Bartletts followed snow geese on their 2,500-mile migration from Hudson Bay to the Mississippi Delta. They "adopted" orphans that regarded them as parents and could be filmed in close-up from the back of a moving station wagon. The programme, screened on ITV on Boxing Day 1972, was narrated by Peter Scott and featured a song by Glen Campbell, who also narrated the American version on NBC. "Lions of Etosha" featured a pride of 19 lions, led by two big males, in Etosha National Park, Namibia, the country where Des and Jen based themselves for almost 30 years. Des Document [41] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) Daniel and the Lion (Bernini) Daniel and the Lion is a sculpture created by Gian Lorenzo Bernini c. 1655-57. Standing in a niche in the Chigi Chapel in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, it shows the Prophet Daniel in the lions' den. It forms a part of a larger composition with the sculpture of Habakkuk and the Angel diagonally opposite. Gian Lorenzo Bernini began to work in the chapel in 1652 for Fabio Chigi, the cardinal-priest of the basilica. His patron was elected pope under the name of Alexander VII in 1655 giving a fresh impetus Document [42] (Title: Blanche d'Alpuget) Palau, Kazakhstan, the North West Frontier of Pakistan and the Antarctic peninsula. She returned to writing in 2008. In 2013 d'Alpuget released "The Young Lion", the first novel of a quartet. Set in the 12th century, the novel is about the birth of the House of Plantagenet and focuses on Henry II and his union with Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was Queen of France and subsequently became Queen of England. "The young lion" received favourable reviews. Geraldine Doogue said "this is exuberant story-telling history, full of sex, passion and politics." while Stephanie Dowrick notes that "few writers are both earthy Document [43] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) restrictions before Israeli forces dispersed the demonstration. Several were injured due to smoke inhalation. Business owners in the Muslim Quarter and schools in East Jerusalem declared a strike. Lions' Gate stabbings On 3 October 2015, a Palestinian resident of al-Bireh attacked the Benita family near the Lions' Gate in Jerusalem, as they were on their way to the Western Wall to pray. The attacker murdered Aaron Benita, the father of the family, and injured the mother Adele and their 2-year-old son Matan. Nehemia Lavi, a resident who heard screams and came to help was also murdered and his gun taken Document [44] (Title: André Durand) the bravery of Daniel confronting death amongst the lions as a tribute to Demelza's dedication and sensitivity to the uniqueness of the physical, social, intellectual, emotional, cultural and spiritual needs of every child and their family. In 2011 after his return to Italy and particularly Torre del Greco and Sperlonga we witness a new period in André Durand's artistic trajectory fully manifest, first in the pictures he painted in Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Sperlonga where Durand held an open studio for almost two years as artist in residence and later in Fondi. At the invitation of doctor Marina Sapelli Ragni, Document [45] (Title: The Last Lions) The Last Lions The Last Lions is a 2011 African nature documentary film by National Geographic Society, videotaped and directed by Dereck and Beverly Joubert. It was shot at the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The film premiered at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in January 2011 and was released in select theaters on February 18, 2011. The film follows in the tradition of other National Geographic big cat films, such as "India: Land of the Tiger" and "Eye of the Leopard". The film documentary focuses on a lioness named Ma di Tau ("Mother of Lions") as she battles to Document [46] (Title: Lejonkulan) Lejonkulan Lejonkulan (In English: "The Lion's Den"), was a historical theatre in Stockholm, Sweden, active in 1667–89. It's the historically second known theatre establishment of Stockholm, after Björngårdsteatern (1640–55). Lejonkulan was a building down in and over the partly dry moat at the south corner of the royal palace Tre Kronor. From 1648, it was commonly known by the name "Lejonkulan" ("The Lion's Den"), because a lion, a tribute from the storming of Prague during the Thirty Years War, was kept there during the reign of Queen Christina of Sweden. It was constructed with a stable for the lion, an Document [47] (Title: Lion) notably in the Book of Daniel in which the eponymous hero refuses to worship King Darius and is forced to sleep in the lions' den where he is miraculously unharmed (). In the Book of Judges, Samson kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman.(). The power and ferocity of the lion is invoked when describing the anger of God (, ) and the menace of Israel's enemies (, ) and Satan (). The book of Isaiah uses the imagery of a lion laying with a calf and child, and eating straw to portray the harmony of Document [48] (Title: Daniel in rabbinic literature) see whether the accusations against him could be substantiated, as the king did not believe them. Daniel did not omit his "Minchah" prayer. Notwithstanding his friendship for Daniel, the king listened to the accusations of the nobles, and condemned him to be cast into the den of lions. The mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose. Upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him. (Midrash Tehillim xxiv., lxvi.) Daniel's enemies insisted that the Document [49] (Title: Daniel in rabbinic literature) lions were tame because they were not hungry, whereupon the king commanded that the accusers themselves spend a night with the beasts. As a result, the enemies of Daniel, numbering 122, with their wives and children, making a total of 366 persons, were torn by 1,469 lions. (Midrash Tehillim l.c.) Although Daniel was no prophet, God held him worthy to receive the revelation of the destiny of Israel, even to the Day of Judgment, thus distinguishing him from his friends, the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who had no visions. Daniel, however, forgot the "end" revealed to him, after an Document [50] (Title: Lion Park) area. The antelope area, containing blesbok, gnu, impala, gemsbok, and zebra, is in a separate part away from the lions and other carnivores. On June 1, 2015, Katherine Chappell was visiting the park when a lion lunged through the window of her vehicle, which she had opened to lean out and take photographs, against park rules, and bit her on the neck. Chappell died in Lion Park of her wounds before the paramedics arrived. Chappell was visiting South Africa to work on the conservation of wildlife, and was raising funds for Wildlife ACT, a conservation charity. Lion Park Lion & Document [51] (Title: Bring It On: Fight to the Finish) him. The next day, Lina comes up with the idea of The Sea Lions competing in the All Star Championship. After the team agrees to double up their practices, The Sea Lions are invited to a Rodeo Drive Divas (RDD) party. Following Sea Lion practice, Gloria and Trey are expelled when Avery goes to the principal and gets Lina in trouble for sneaking them in without approval. Lina refuses to go to the dance, but is confronted by Sky. Evan takes Lina as his date to the party, where Gloria and Trey turn up. Lina and Avery proceed to have Document [52] (Title: Father of the Pride) Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In "Father of the Pride", the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom. Document [53] (Title: Løvejagten) lion as it stands by the water on a beach. They discover another lion and shoot it also. The lions are gutted and skinned. The happy hunters sit and smoke cigarettes afterward. The ten-minute "jungle" movie (215 meters of 35mm film) was actually filmed on location in Denmark. Scenes of the hunters in the forest were shot in Jægersborg Dyrehave park near Copenhagen. The animals were filmed at the Copenhagen Zoo with the camera aimed downward to avoid any view of the enclosures. The controversial shooting of two lions took place on the small island of Elleore in the Roskilde Document [54] (Title: Isaac A. Van Amburgh) tale of Daniel in the lion’s den, and, from then on, was determined to be a lion tamer. He found his start in the Zoological Institute of New York. At nineteen, Isaac left his home in Peekskill, New York to look for a job in neighboring North Salem. There he found a job as a cage cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York. Despite its lofty-sounding name, the Zoological Institute was not a zoo at all, but rather a tiny traveling menagerie. In a period of time when amusement was regarded with suspicion, it was from its name that Document [55] (Title: Cultural depictions of lions) ancient Israel. The best known Biblical account featuring lions comes from the Book of Daniel (chapter 6), where Daniel is thrown into a den of lions and miraculously survives. A lesser known Biblical account features Samson who kills a lion with his bare hands, later sees bees nesting in its carcass, and poses a riddle based on this unusual incident to test the faithfulness of his fiancée (Judges 14). The prophet Amos said (Amos, 3, 8): "The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken, who can but prophesy?", i.e., when the gift of prophecy comes Document [56] (Title: Christian the lion) in 1973). By this time Christian was successfully defending his own pride, had cubs of his own and was about twice the size he was in the earlier reunion video. Adamson advised Rendall that it would most likely be a wasted trip as he had not seen Christian's pride for nine months. However, when he reached Kora, Christian and his pride had returned to Adamson's compound the day before their arrival. Rendall describes the visit he and George Adamson made: The second reunion lasted until the next morning. According to Rendall that was the last anyone saw Christian. George Adamson Document [57] (Title: Dragons' Den) and is now being broadcast on Keshet 12. The show welcomed an entirely new cast: Titled , this is the original version. It was created by and broadcast on Nippon Television from 2001 to 2004. It was the first entertainment programme in the history of Japanese television that dealt with the concept of business investment. During its three-year run, as many as 16 business executives appeared in the programme as Tigers. The premier of Lion's Den was in October 2016 on NTV. The show was sponsored by KCB Group, the largest commercial bank in East Africa. The format was introduced Document [58] (Title: Into the Lion's Den) Into the Lion's Den Into the Lion's Den is a Discovery Channel documentary about zoologist and big cat trainer Dave Salmoni, armed only with a camera on a pole, carefully conditioning a wild pride of lions to accept his presence. The footage has been published as a 90 minute movie (2004) directed by Anton Truesdale and narrated by Robert Jimenez. It is set in the Thornybush reservation in South Africa and depicts Salmoni's initial attempt to confirm his theory of safe cohabitation alongside a wild pride. The movie was followed by a 5-part series called "Into the Pride" (2009) ("The Document [59] (Title: Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)) would have been over eighty years old at the time of the incident depicted. Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting) Daniel in the Lions' Den is a 1614–1616 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. The subject is from the Book of Daniel, 6:1–28. Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies, examples of which were then in the Spanish governor's menagerie in Brussels. In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture, in exchange for this painting, eight others and a sum of money. Although Document [60] (Title: Darius the Mede) 6 ("Daniel in the Lions' Den") is based on the classic Babylonian folk-tale "Ludlul-bel-nemeqi", telling of a courtier who suffers disgrace at the hands of evil enemies but is eventually restored due to the intervention of a kindly god (in the story in Daniel, this is the God of Israel): in the Babylonian original the "pit of lions" is a metaphor for human adversaries at court, but the biblical tale has turned the metaphorical lions into real animals. In Daniel 9 Daniel, pondering the meaning of Jeremiah's prediction that Jerusalem would remain desolate for seventy years, is told by the Document [61] (Title: Living with Lions (band)) Living with Lions (band) Living with Lions is a Canadian pop punk band formed in 2007 in Vancouver. They are currently signed to Black Box Music in Canada and Adeline Records in the United States. The band recorded their debut EP, "Dude Manor" in 2006 with Stu McKillop (member of the disbanded Vancouver group Daggermouth); it was released in 2007 on Black Box. They then released their first full-length album, "Make Your Mark" the following year. Both albums were re-released in 2009 after the band signed to Adeline Records; "Dude Manor" on 10" vinyl and "Make Your Mark" on 12" Document [62] (Title: Wild at Heart (UK TV series)) Glen Afric Country Lodge, a 1500-acre game reserve and sanctuary that is home to a host of African wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, cheetahs, hippos and buffalo. Glen Afric is located in Broederstroom, North West Province, South Africa. A large set called 'Leopards Den' was built on the property specifically for the production. Producer Ann Harrison-Baxter said: "We literally walked every inch of the reserve to find the best place to build the house, and then it was all created from scratch and aged to look like it had been there for more than a century in just 10 weeks!" Document [63] (Title: Lions' Gate) are presently open. Lions' Gate The Lions' Gate ( "Sha'ar ha-Arayot", , also "St. Stephen's Gate" or "Sheep Gate") is located in the Old City Walls of Jerusalem, Israel and is one of seven open Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls. Located in the Eastern Wall, the entrance marks the beginning of the traditional Christian observance of the last walk of Jesus from prison to crucifixion, the Via Dolorosa. Near the gate’s crest are four figures of leopards, often mistaken for lions, two on the left and two on the right. They were placed there by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent Document [64] (Title: Habakkuk and the Angel (Bernini)) depicted a story from the Book of Daniel which tells how God saved Daniel from starving through the miraculous appearance of Prophet Habakkuk in the lions' den (Daniel 14:33-36): "Now the prophet Habakkuk was in Judea; he had made a stew and had broken bread into a bowl, and was going into the field to take it to the reapers. But the angel of the Lord said to Habakkuk, “Take the food that you have to Babylon, to Daniel, in the lions’ den.” Habakkuk said, “Sir, I have never seen Babylon, and I know nothing about the den.” Then the Document [65] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) Lion's Den (mixed martial arts) The Lion's Den is a mixed martial arts team and training facility that was based out of Lodi, California and San Diego, California but has recently moved its headquarters to Reno, Nevada. The team was founded in the early 1990s by UFC Hall of Famer Ken Shamrock, and was the most dominant fight camp in the early UFC. It featured fighters such as Frank Shamrock, Guy Mezger, Vernon "Tiger" White, Jerry Bohlander, Tra Telligman, Pete Williams, and Mikey Burnett. The Lion's Den now features many new training facilities, including Lion's Den Arizona, Lion's Den Connecticut, Document [66] (Title: Valstagna) recalls this event, and rafts from each of the districts compete between each other in the river. During the years of the Serenissima, towns and cities that were somehow subject to the Venetian rule shared a common symbol: the St. Mark's lion. Lions differs mainly for the position of their sword and the book they hold: Lions like the one found in Valstagna (Combination 4) are not found in Venice at all, and can only be seen today in a handful of towns that were subject to the Venetian rule. The beautiful Lion with a closed book and a raised Document [67] (Title: The Young Lions (film)) when he stumbles upon a concentration camp and hears the commander talk about the mass exterminations. Shortly afterwards, the camp is liberated by American forces, which include Michael and Noah. The mayor of a nearby town offers working parties of his constituents to "clean up" the camp before American reporters and photographers arrive. He is roughly rebuffed by Captain Green after an imprisoned rabbi asks Green for permission to hold a religious service and the mayor protests. Seeing how Noah is affected by the camp, Green instructs him to take a walk and sends Michael with him. Nearby, dazed and Document [68] (Title: The Lair (Dreamworld)) where trainers and paying guests can feed the animals. In April 2011 Dreamworld began a promotion where white lions were on temporary exhibition from National Zoo & Aquarium which was renovating its facilities. On 30 March 2011, two lions, Jake and Mischka, were introduced into The Lair. The exhibit housed these two lions on public display from 9 April through to 9 May. A second pair of lions, Archilles and Agamemnon, were featured in the exhibit from 16 May until 7 August 2011. On September 7, 2011, a new feeding experience with Dreamworld's existing Bengal and Sumatran tigers began at Document [69] (Title: Dragons' Den) Salo, and the new lions were Riku Asikainen, Jorma Terentjeff, Ari Lahti, Anne Berner and Oskari Lehtonen. The German version is called "", which means "The Lions' Cave". It debuted on 19 August 2014 on VOX. The German "lions" are: The first episode of the second season aired on 18 August 2015. The third season launched on 23 August 2016, introducing two new presenters. A fourth season was announced for 2017. An Irish version of the show began in 2009 on RTÉ One, the state broadcaster. It is presented by Richard Curran, Deputy Editor of "The Sunday Business Post". The Document [70] (Title: The Lion Man) The Lion Man The Lion Man is a New Zealand television documentary series about a New Zealand big cat park called Zion Wildlife Gardens. The series was named after Craig Busch, the park's founder, who had styled himself as "the Lion Man". The series followed Busch and the park's employees as they managed the park and its collection of approximately 30 lions and tigers of various species, and other animals. As well as first-hand comment from Busch and his staff, the series was narrated throughout by Paul Casserley in New Zealand and actor Miles Anderson in the United Kingdom. The Document [71] (Title: Habakkuk) 33–39 state that Habakkuk is in Judea and after making some stew, he's told by the angel of the Lord to take the stew to Daniel, who is in Babylon in the lion's den. After proclaiming he is unaware of both the den and Babylon, the angel transports Habakkuk to the lion's den. Habakkuk gives Daniel the food to sustain him, and is immediately taken back to "his own place". Habakkuk is also mentioned in Lives of the Prophets, which also notes his time in Babylon. According to the Zohar (Volume 1, page 8b) Habakkuk is the boy born to Document [72] (Title: Into the Lion's Den) Bush Rules", "A Tale of Two Alphas", "Queen Cleo", "The Breakthrough", "Homeward Bound") directed by Richard Slater-Jones. It is set into the Erindi reserve in Namibia and documents Salmoni's efforts to reintegrate a cattle-raiding pride so they won't have to be put down. Into the Lion's Den Into the Lion's Den is a Discovery Channel documentary about zoologist and big cat trainer Dave Salmoni, armed only with a camera on a pole, carefully conditioning a wild pride of lions to accept his presence. The footage has been published as a 90 minute movie (2004) directed by Anton Truesdale and narrated Document [73] (Title: Living with Lions (band)) in August. Living with Lions (band) Living with Lions is a Canadian pop punk band formed in 2007 in Vancouver. They are currently signed to Black Box Music in Canada and Adeline Records in the United States. The band recorded their debut EP, "Dude Manor" in 2006 with Stu McKillop (member of the disbanded Vancouver group Daggermouth); it was released in 2007 on Black Box. They then released their first full-length album, "Make Your Mark" the following year. Both albums were re-released in 2009 after the band signed to Adeline Records; "Dude Manor" on 10" vinyl and "Make Your Mark" Document [74] (Title: Copenhagen Zoo) that they were introducing a male lion and did not want to disrupt the pride's natural structure and behaviour. The lions were not culled or dissected in public. Copenhagen Zoo is used as location in the films "Københavnere" (1933), W"ienerbarnet" (1941), "Hold fingrene fra mor" (1951), "Far til fire på landet" (1955)m "Vi er allesammen tossede" (1959), "Rikki og mændene" (1962), "Den store badedag" (1991) and "Far til fire på japansk" (2010). The zoo is also used as location in episode 84 of the DR television show "Huset på Christianshavn" and in the TV2 television Christmas calendar "Brødrenes Mortensen Jul". Document [75] (Title: Harold Davidson) The act was billed as "Daniel in a modern lion's den", and attracted large audiences, including a significant number of clergy. On 28 July 1937, at the evening performance, Davidson gave his usual speech before entering the cage in which two lions, Freddie and Toto, were sitting quietly. Then, according to Blythe: "in scarcely credible terms, the little clergyman from Norfolk and the lion acted out the classical Christian martyrdom to the full". Eyewitnesses later reported that after Davidson had cracked his whip and shouted, Freddie became agitated and knocked Davidson over, before seizing him by the neck and running Document [76] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) Daniel in the lions' den The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede, but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, but unable to save him, the king has him cast into the pit of lions. At daybreak he hurries back, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless Document [77] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) But in a series of bad years, this year's the worst. The Lions are at the bottom of the league and Morris, his son and a member of the team, is constantly angry at his dad for his failures. Jon tells Peter about a new performance-enhancing drug called Nuriflex 500 which he assures contains scientifically balanced nutrients that can help the team to victory. Peter hesitates, but with mounting pressure from the school's principal and his own son to win, he agrees to a trial run. The results are almost immediate and astonishing. With the Lions on the drug they Document [78] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC). Chapters 4–6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts. Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar). It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for Document [79] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) before him." The king has those who had conspired against Daniel, and their wives and children, thrown to the lions in his place, and commands to all the people of the whole world to "tremble and fear before the God of Daniel". Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure. The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts, a set of tales in chapters 1–6, and the series of visions in chapters 7–12: the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period, and the visions date from the Maccabean era (the mid-2nd century BC). The stories Document [80] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) MMA legend Ken Shamrock, the Lion's Den took the place of the Nevada Lions when the IFL decided to focus more on a camp-based system than a team-based system. Roy Nelson, a member of the Lion's Den, was the IFL's final Heavyweight Champion before it disbanded. Lion's Den (mixed martial arts) The Lion's Den is a mixed martial arts team and training facility that was based out of Lodi, California and San Diego, California but has recently moved its headquarters to Reno, Nevada. The team was founded in the early 1990s by UFC Hall of Famer Ken Shamrock, and was Document [81] (Title: Lion's Den, Zimbabwe) Lion's Den, Zimbabwe Lion's Den is a small town in Zimbabwe. The town lies in Makonde District, Mashonaland West Province, in central northern Zimbabwe. It is located about , northwest of Chinhoyi, the nearest large town, and the location of the district and provincial headquarters. This location is approximately , by road, northwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, and the largest city in that country. Lion's Den sits on Highway A-1, the main road from Harare to Chirundu, at the International border with Zambia, about , further northwest from Lion's Den. The coordinates of the town are: Latitude:-17.2700; Longitude:30.0250 Document [82] (Title: Dragons' Den) airing in April 2015. The five "lions" are Christian Stadil, Birgit Aaby, Tommy Ahlers, Ilse Jacobsen and Jesper Buch. In Finland, the first version of the show was ', which means the jaws or the mouth of a lion. The show began running on 27 September 2007 on the MTV3 channel, and aired for one season. It was hosted by Anna Sorainen. The local ' (lions) were Kyösti Kakkonen, Eero Lehti, Toivo Sukari, Lisa Sounio and Kaija Ward. In February 2013 the show re-emerged on the Nelonen channel, this time named " ("Lion's Den"). The show was hosted by Kirsi Document [83] (Title: Christian the lion) the seaside. Christian's growing size and the increasing cost of his care led Rendall and Bourke to understand they could not keep him in London. When Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna, stars of the film "Born Free", visited Rendall and Bourke's furniture store and met Christian, they suggested that Bourke and Rendall ask the assistance of George Adamson. Adamson, a Kenyan conservationist, who together with his wife Joy raised and released Elsa the lioness, agreed to reintegrate Christian into the wild at their compound in the Kora National Reserve. Virginia McKenna wrote about the experience in her memoir "The Life Document [84] (Title: Rod Daniel) in "Teen Wolf" had helped him. Daniel and his family had lived in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Tarzana. After Daniel's retirement from the industry, he moved back to a rural home in Franklin, Tennessee for a few years, but found himself longing for city living. He then moved to downtown Chicago, where he lived until his death. He had a vacation home in Glen Arbor, Michigan which is on a small strip of land between Lake Michigan and Glen Lake. In the summer he enjoyed salmon fishing there. Daniel was a voting member of the Academy of Motion Picture Document [85] (Title: Den (film)) Den (film) Den (marketed as DeN) is a 2001 independent drama horror film written and directed by Greg Arce. The film was released on 15 June 2001 in Culver City, California. In 2009 Arce announced that he was looking into potential legal actions against the producers of the 2004 film "Saw", as Arce alleges that "Saw" has at least similarities to his movie. Film critics and bloggers have noticed the similarities as well. Den was partly filmed in Australia and was briefly mentioned in Peter Shelley's "Australian Horror Films, 1973-2010". The film begins with a bearded man waking up in Document [86] (Title: The Old Den) the Enemy"", was presented to the club. Many supporters from the East End of London continued to (and many still do) follow the Lions after their move south of the River Thames, walking through the Greenwich foot tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel to join the supporters form nearer the Den, mainly in the Surrey Docks area. Millwall's first Football League match at the Den was on 28 August 1920. They beat Bristol Rovers 2–0. This victory over Rovers was the Lions' seventh successive win against them since moving to the Den. The game was played in the Football League Division Document [87] (Title: Dov Gazit) Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, now called the Tisch Family Zoological Gardens). Dr. Aaron Schulow (Aharon Shulov, who, like Dov Gazit, had also come to Palestine after being accused and jailed for Jewish Crimes in his native Russia (Dr. Shulov established the faculty of Zoology in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), and the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, asked Dov to find and send back to Jerusalem an African lion. Dov found a lion cub for sale in the market. He took the Zoo's new acquisition back to his, where he and Yeri cared for the cub for several months. With the lion cub Document [88] (Title: Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)) Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting) Daniel in the Lions' Den is a 1614–1616 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. The subject is from the Book of Daniel, 6:1–28. Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies, examples of which were then in the Spanish governor's menagerie in Brussels. In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture, in exchange for this painting, eight others and a sum of money. Although the painting shows Daniel as a young man, according to the biblical chronology Daniel Document [89] (Title: Abbey of Sant'Antimo) Italy, and in Santa Maria of Piè di Chianti, Marche. The ambulatory housed the pilgrims to pray the "Martyrium", the place where the Saint's relic are placed. The aisles and the ambulatory are groin vaulted, while the nave has trusses. The nave, which is c. 20-m high, is divided into three sections: the huge arcades, the matronaeum and the "" (upper floor). Notable is the so-called capital of "Daniel in the lions' den", work of the French Master of Cabestany. It shows Daniel praying between the hungry lions, and, on the other sides, the lions devouring the accusers. The outer Document [90] (Title: Daniel 8) the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"). His program sparked a popular uprising which led to the retaking of Jerusalem and the Temple by Judas Maccabeus (164 BCE). In the third year of Belshazzar, king of Babylon, Daniel in a vision sees himself in Susa, which is in Elam. In his vision he sees a ram with two horns, one greater than the other; the ram charges to the west, north and south, and no other beast can stand against it. Daniel sees a male goat with a single horn come from the west without touching the ground and strike the Document [91] (Title: Daniel (Old English poem)) Daniel’s prophecies. As the role of Daniel diminishes, the message of pride and humility can be more prevalent and in turn causes Nebuchadnezzar’s role to be increasingly important. The author creates a new perspective by using Nebuchadnezzar. The focus then shifts from Daniel’s prophetic gift to consequences of pride. There is also, then, a stronger link between pride and God’s judgment of pride. This is because Daniel takes on the sole role of being the giver of God’s warnings. Had the author then added Daniel in the Lion’s den, there would have been a shift of focus on Daniel. As Document [92] (Title: The Veldt (short story)) in and allow Peter and Wendy more time in the nursery. When the parents come to fetch them, the children lock George and Lydia into the nursery with the pride of lions. Shortly after, it is heavily implied that the lions eat George and Lydia. When David comes by to look for George and Lydia, he finds the children enjoying lunch in the nursery and sees the lions eating figures in the distance. This is implied to be George and Lydia, whose remains were the figure eaten by the lions earlier on. The story was adapted (by Ernest Kinoy) into Document [93] (Title: Meigle Sculptured Stone Museum) the cross and the outer border of the monument. The monument is the work of a master sculptor with the figures being cut in deep relief and arranged in an orderly fashion. Meigle 2 has projecting tenons on its top and sides and was probably intended to slot into a screen or wall. Local folklore holds that the representation of Daniel in the lions' den depicts King Arthur's wife Guinevere, known locally as Vanora. She was abducted by King Mordred and condemned by Arthur to be torn apart by wild beasts. The monument was said to mark her grave. Meigle Document [94] (Title: Baghdad Zoo) Several lions escaped from the abandoned zoo and were rounded up by American soldiers in armored fighting vehicles. Four that would not return to their cages were shot by the soldiers. Comics author Brian K. Vaughan wrote the fictionalized graphic novel "Pride of Baghdad" based on the lions, giving each speech and a personality. In mid-April 2003 South African conservationist Lawrence Anthony from the Thula Thula Game Reserve in Zululand, traveled in a hired car with two assistants from Kuwait to bring relief to the Baghdad Zoo, the first civilians to gain entry to Iraq after the invasion. Working with Document [95] (Title: Hamilton Palace) palace and a quantity of photographs were taken to accompany the series. As such they represent an invaluable record of the house before the massive sale of contents and fittings, and its demolition in 1921. The Rubens "Daniel in the Lions' Den" is now in The National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. The site of the palace is now occupied by the Hamilton Palace Sports Grounds. Most of the palace grounds were incorporated into Strathclyde Country Park. When the park was being constructed in 1974, vaulted cellars were discovered which may have belonged to the original house. However, these were Document [96] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) death, and divine deliverance. Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection. In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit. The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm: According to Josippon, "the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master, wagging their tails and licking him." The Midrash Tehillim says that "the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself Document [97] (Title: H. Daudi Mokinyo) assistant game warden, who confiscated his weapons. However, he later won the case in a Ngong court, and his weapons given back to him, he was highly praised by the maasai people as a brave person and was nicknamed Pastor Daudi, the Lion of Judah. In 1980, the reverend took all his family to a spot about 100 yards from his home, where he will be buried when he passes on, he said that he chose that place because it was not very rocky, and he did not want to give his family a lot of work digging his grave. Document [98] (Title: Two Lions (sculpture)) Grant (Victor Freunds Legat). Jensen wanted the sculpture placed at Langelinie and a location in Søndermarken was also considered but it was ultimately installed in the garden complex at present-day Israels Plads. The sculpture was later moved to a new location outside the entrance to Fælledparken on Østerbrogade. Another reason for the move was fear that a tail might break or bend, or that it might suffer other damage, since local use tended to use it for "gymnastic exercises". In 1915 it was proposed to protect it at its new location by installing a surrounding rough iron fence. The sculpture Document [99] (Title: H. Daudi Mokinyo) he said that he sat next to the railway line under a tree, he took a loaf of bread and some water and continued with the journey. While he was rearing his Sahiwal cattle at the Oletepesi ranch in 1956 he managed to legally acquire a gun, and at one point the lions around his home were terrorising the locals, such that no one was able to walk around at 3pm,the lions killed cattle all the time. Therefore, he shot dead four Lions, and the rest fled. The news about the dead Lions did not go so well with the Document [100] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) men of the Old Testament. The head of Jonah was inspired by the ancient statues of Antinous; and Bernini also chose an ancient model for the head of Daniel, Alexander the Great. Daniel and the Lion (Bernini) Daniel and the Lion is a sculpture created by Gian Lorenzo Bernini c. 1655-57. Standing in a niche in the Chigi Chapel in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, it shows the Prophet Daniel in the lions' den. It forms a part of a larger composition with the sculpture of Habakkuk and the Angel diagonally opposite. Gian Lorenzo Bernini began Document [101] (Title: Prey (2007 film)) stop the jeep because he has to defecate. Brian grabs his rifle and escorts David to a nearby tree. They encounter two lionesses, backed by a lion behind them. One lioness attacks and David runs back to the car, where Brian sacrifices himself to save the others. The keys lost, Amy, Jessica, and David are trapped in the car and stalked by the lions, who devour Brian. Back at the lodge, Tom is informed of his family's disappearance, and attempts to contact Crawford, a professional hunter and guide, at the suggestion of the park rangers. Crawford refuses to help him, Document [102] (Title: Killing of Cecil the lion) Jericho. Cecil was the best-known animal in the national park and was identifiable by his black-fringed mane and a GPS tracking collar. The lions in the park, including Cecil, have been studied by scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford as part of a scientific project that has run since 1999, and his movements had been followed since 2008. Of the 62 lions tagged during the study period, 34 have died, thereof 24 through sport hunting. Of adult male lions that were tagged inside the park, 72% were killed through sport hunting on areas near Document [103] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side): The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the "fiery furnace" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of Document [104] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) put on by Ken Shamrock. The new tryout format allows Ken to evaluate toughness and skill, while making cuts to determine who he wants to represent the Den. The Lion's Den has engaged in a feud with Tito Ortiz. The feud began to build when Ortiz, with his fingers, acted like he was shooting at the Lion's Den corner and coach Ken Shamrock after his win over Jerry Bohlander at UFC 18, and additionally put on a disrespectful shirt in the octagon after the fight with Bohlander. The feud exploded after his second fight with Guy Mezger at UFC 19 Document [105] (Title: From the Lions Mouth) to a cult following. One single, "Sense of Purpose (What Are We Going to Do)", was released. The album cover artwork was taken from the 1872 painting "Daniel in the Lions Den" [sic] by Briton Rivière. "NME" compared the album's bleak nature to Joy Division's "Closer". Despite The Sound being posited as a gloomy band, AllMusic wrote, "snake-charming opener 'Winning' is like a dash of cold water in the faces of all the bands that were wallowing and withering away at the weeping well [...] The Sound were not mopes. They had their problems with life, but rather than just Document [106] (Title: Dragons' Den) (Dragon's Nest) was scheduled to be broadcast in May 2007 on Croatian Radiotelevision and produced by Ocean Film, a local production company. Contracted Croatian Dragons were: A few shows were filmed but never broadcast for undisclosed reasons. In the Czech Republic, the show is called "Den D" (The D-Day). It first aired on 31 March 2009 on Czech TV (CT1 channel), in a very similar set up to the British version of BBC. The show is hosted by radio host Jan Pokorny, and the dragon investors are: The Dragons are/were: A Danish version of the show, " ("Lions' Den"), began Question: where did daniel and the lions den take place Answer: Babylon and Mesopotamia Long Answer: It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC). Chapters 4--6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts . Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1 - 6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar). It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Secondhand Lions) Secondhand Lions Secondhand Lions is a 2003 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tim McCanlies. It tells the story of an introverted young boy (Haley Joel Osment) who is sent to live with his eccentric great-uncles (Robert Duvall and Michael Caine) on a farm in Texas. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and the general public, and grossed $76 million on a $30 million budget. 14-year-old Walter is left by his irresponsible mother, Mae, to live for the summer with his reclusive, bachelor great-uncles, Hub and Garth. Despite living on a ramshackle Texan farm, they are said to Document [2] (Title: Eric Matthews (Saw)) as if having been there for an extended period of time. He managed to get into the foundation of the house, where he stumbled across the bathroom from the first film, where his son had already been to. Expecting to find Daniel there, Eric was attacked by Amanda Young, dressed in a pig mask, and rendered unconscious. It was revealed that the feed of the house that Eric had seen was not in fact live, but had been a recording. Daniel had been locked in a safe that had sat a few feet away from Jigsaw during Eric's test. When Document [3] (Title: Daniel 7) the Temple in 164 BC. The imagery of Daniel 7 comes ultimately from the Canaanite myth of Baʿal's battle with Yamm ( "Sea"), symbolic of chaos. The four beasts are chaos monsters which appeared as serpents in the Baʿal Cycle discovered in the ruins of Ugarit in the 1920s. In Daniel 7, composed sometime before Judas Maccabeus purified the temple in 164 , they symbolise Babylon, the Medes, Persia and Greece: The "ten horns" that appear on the beast is a round number standing for the Seleucid kings between Seleucus I, the founder of the kingdom, and Antiochus Epiphanes. The Document [4] (Title: The Lions of Al-Rassan) The Lions of Al-Rassan The Lions of Al-Rassan is a work of historical fantasy by Guy Gavriel Kay. It is set in a peninsula of the same world in which "The Sarantine Mosaic" and "The Last Light of the Sun" are set, and is based on Moorish Spain. The novel concentrates on the relationships between the three peoples: the Kindath (analogous to the Jews), the Asharites (analogous to the Muslims), and the Jaddites (analogous to the Christians), although the religions of the Kindath, Asharites, and Jaddites, as described in the novel, bear no relation to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The Document [5] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) Lions' Gate stabbings On 3 October 2015, a Palestinian resident of al-Bireh attacked the Benita family near the Lions' Gate in Jerusalem, as they were on their way to the Western Wall to pray. The attacker murdered Aaron Benita, the father of the family, and injured the mother Adele and their 2-year-old son Matan. Nehemia Lavi, a resident who heard screams and came to help was also murdered and his gun taken by the assailant. The attacker, 19 year old Muhanad Shafeq Halabi was shot and killed by police as he was firing on pedestrians. Adele described Arab residents standing Document [6] (Title: Daniel Stisen) seminar and after talking with her, he decided to travel over to Los Angeles to study acting at her studio, Ivana Chubbuck Studio. When Daniel was in Los Angeles, NRK, made the radio documentary "Den neste Schwarzenegger" (The next Schwarzenegger) about Daniel, it was one of the most heard radio documentary in Norway the same year. Daniel came back to Norway to try to start his film career, this was not easy. He decided to try to compete one more time in bodybuilding, and he did comeback in the new class, Classic bodybuilding, where he won the Norwegian Championship and Document [7] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) give them Daniel. Daniel is handed over, and thrown into a lions' den. The prophet Habakkuk is miraculously recruited and brought to share a meal with Daniel in the den. When Daniel is found alive in the den seven days later, the king throws his persecutors to the lions, who eat and kill them. The third narrative (14:31–42), Daniel in the Lions' Den, may be a retelling of Daniel's first trip from (6:1–28) or may describe a separate incident. It has been made into a consequence of the preceding episode, but the Septuagint precedes it with the notice, "From the Document [8] (Title: Where the Red Fern Grows (2003 film)) ghost coon at daylight. Also, the 2003 film placed the boys' betted money at five dollars, while the 1974 film and novel, place the money at two dollars. In the 2003 film, when Billy and his hounds encounter the mountain lion, Billy and Little Ann chase away the lion after it fatally injured Old Dan. In the novel and 1974 film version, Billy kills the mountain lion with his axe to save Old Dan. Old Dan's death is much more graphic and gory in the book, which involved his intestines being torn out, trying to fix him back up, and Document [9] (Title: The Lion of Punjab (film)) The Lion of Punjab (film) The Lion of Punjab is an Indian Punjabi action film starring Diljit Dosanjh, making his debut as an actor. It is also the debut Punjabi movie of Bollywood director Guddu Dhanoa. A huge set of a temple, a church, some houses and a shopping area, was erected at the Indian Express Office premises.It is a remake of the 2003 Telugu movie "Veede" which itself was a remake of 2003 Tamil movie "Dhool". The Punjabi remake of this film was released on 11 February 2011. with a music release on 31 January 2011. The album was Document [10] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose" and that "upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him." Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident, James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time. Painters who have depicted this incident include: Daniel in the lions' den The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius Document [11] (Title: Book of Daniel) exciting the jealousy of other officials. Knowing of Daniel's devotion to his God, his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30-day period. Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem; he is accused and King Darius, forced by his own decree, throws Daniel into the lions' den. But God shuts up the mouths of the lions, and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed. The king casts Daniel's accusers into the lions' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly Document [12] (Title: Between the Lions) a pair of pigeons named Walter and Clay comically infuriating a living bust of the library's deceased founder, Barnaby B. Busterfield III, located in an upper section of the library, that is normally intended for comic relief. The main characters are the lion cubs Lionel (7 years old and in 1st grade) and Leona (4 years old) and their parents Theo (Theodore) and Cleo (Cleopatra), who read stories to the cubs in almost every episode, so they can get wild about reading. "Between the Lions" often makes wild parodies of (often children's) programming. The title itself ia a twofold pun Document [13] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) formed a larger composition facing each other diagonally across the space of the chapel. Bernini created a spatial relationship that enlivened the entire chapel, turning its classical form to a new religious use. The statue of Daniel was placed in the niche to left of the entrance. On 26 June 1657 Bernini received 1000 scudi for the figure of Daniel which was then already in its place. The surviving preparatory drawings (four studies in the Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig) prove that the inspiration for the statue was provided by the famous Laocoön group. The drawings show the creative Document [14] (Title: The Lion Man) United Kingdom on Sky3 (now Pick) but no longer does. Series One aired in 2004. Series Two aired in 2005. Series Three aired in 2007. These are the animals that were at the park at some point while filming was taking place. Most appeared in the series. The Lion Man The Lion Man is a New Zealand television documentary series about a New Zealand big cat park called Zion Wildlife Gardens. The series was named after Craig Busch, the park's founder, who had styled himself as "the Lion Man". The series followed Busch and the park's employees as they managed Document [15] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) the den: and they were devoured in a moment before his face." Bel and the Dragon The narrative of Bel and the Dragon is incorporated as chapter 14 of the extended Book of Daniel. The original Septuagint text in Greek survives in a single manuscript, Codex Chisianus, while the standard text is due to Theodotion, the 2nd-century AD revisor. This chapter, along with chapter 13, is considered deuterocanonical: it was rejected by Rabbinic Judaism, and while it is viewed as canonical by both Catholic and Orthodox Christians, it is considered apocryphal by most Protestants and typically not found in modern Document [16] (Title: In the Midst of Lions) In the Midst of Lions In the Midst of Lions was a Christian deathcore band from St. Louis, Missouri. They have three full-length album releases: "Out Of Darkness", "The Heart of Man" and "Shadows". The name of the band pertains to a biblical scripture in Psalms 57:4. In the Midst of Lions originated from the St. Louis music scene. After the success of their debut album, "Out Of Darkness" on Strike First Records, the band signed to Facedown Records where they released "The Heart of Man". This album reached No. 30 on the "Billboard" Heatseekers chart. They headlined a tour Document [17] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) soon rise to the top — but their startling success comes with a high price. Spliced with unusual DNA, the drug has side effects with horrific consequences. Lion's Den (The Outer Limits) "Lion's Den" is an episode of the seventh season of "The Outer Limits". It aired on September 8, 2001 and was written and directed by Matt Hastings. A pressured high school wrestling coach gives his team an experimental new drug to help them get to the state championships. Coach Peter Shotwell used to be a contender. Back in Lewisborough High School he just missed his Olympic dreams when Document [18] (Title: Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego) of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar. Chapter 3 is unique in that Daniel does not appear in it. Daniel 3 forms part of a chiasmus (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side) within Daniel 2-7, paired with Daniel 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den: Chapters 3 and 6 contain significant differences, however. The story of the fiery furnace does not include Daniel, while the story of the lions' den does not include Daniel's friends; the first story takes Document [19] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book. Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the "fiery furnace": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection. Daniel is Document [20] (Title: Craig Busch) programme "Campbell Live" revealed Busch had not reported injuries to a young boy by a lion cub, during his tenure as operator of Zion Wildlife Gardens. Former park workers also alleged that Busch had lost a finger after it had been bitten off by the white lion Gandor. Footage included in the programme also showed Busch pulling a lion on a chain, and of one animal being subjected to physical punishment. In April 2012, the park reopened under the name Kingdom of Zion. In the same month, the New Zealand-based current affairs programme "Campbell Live" aired an item concerning serious Document [21] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel. It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish Document [22] (Title: Daniel Drew) not see face to face combat in the War of 1812. After the war, he spent some time with a traveling zoo and then built a successful cattle-droving business. In 1820, he moved to New York City, where he established himself at the Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, a place frequented by drovers and butchers doing business in the city. While running the tavern, he formed a partnership with two other drovers, buying cattle from neighboring counties and bringing them to New York for sale. In 1823, he married Roxanna Mead. In 1834, he entered the steamboat business, purchasing Document [23] (Title: Lion) lions were kept and allowed to roam within the temple. The Greeks called the city "Leontopolis" ("City of Lions") and documented that practice. Lions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC, and Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the Malhi of northern India. In Ancient Rome, lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas or were used for executions (see bestiarii, damnatio ad bestias, and venatio). Roman notables including Sulla, Pompey and Julius Caesar often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at Document [24] (Title: James Hannon) James Hannon James Hannon (born 1967 in Norwood, Bronx, New York), is an Irish-American author and filmmaker. Hannon may be best known for his documentary "Out of Our Dens: The Richard and the Young Lions Story" (2004), about the 1960s garage band Richard and the Young Lions. In August 2010, Hannon released his self-published book "Lost Boys of the Bronx: The Oral History of the Ducky Boys". The book, formerly a video documentary project, focuses on the real life Ducky Boys gang in the Bronx in the mid-1960s, as seen in the feature film "The Wanderers" (1979). In June 2018, Document [25] (Title: The Ranch Resort) prides have starred in movies including "The Gods Must Be Crazy", "King Solomon's Mines", "Incident at Victoria Falls", "The Lion Child" (1993 film), "The Ghost and the Darkness", "Pride". The current lions and their forebears have appeared in a total of over 400 international movies, documentaries and commercials. Resident animal trainer and handler Vivian "Viv" Bristow has extensive movie credits. The Ranch Resort is licensed to allow close contact with its animals. Under the supervision of specialist rangers, visitors can walk with the lions and watch cubs at play or being bottle-fed. Horseback safaris have become a mainstay of animal-contact Document [26] (Title: André Durand) the benefit of those who are not satisfied by postmodern fashions in this post secular era as much as for churchgoers. "The Coronation of the Virgin, Stopham Bridge, Pulborough, 2006." November 1, 2007, marked the 20th anniversary of the unveiling of Durand's "Votive Offering", which was painted to launch and benefit the AIDS charity Crusaid in 1987. A unique on-line exhibition about "Votive Offering", its sources, and Durand's allegorical pictures of Diana, Princess of Wales, is to be found in Durand Gallery Exhibitions. On November 29, 2007, a new picture, "Daniel in the Lions' Den" is to be unveiled. The Document [27] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) by and laughing as she was attacked, and telling her to "drop dead" when she pleaded for help for her son. This attack and another stabbing attack, both of which took place during a religious festival that draws many Jews to the holy places in Jerusalem, resulted in Israeli authorities temporarily barring Arab residents of East Jerusalem from entering the walled Old City. The attack came during the 2015–2016 wave of violence in Israeli-Palestinian conflict regarded by "The Guardian" as having begun in mid-September when a number of Palestinians "repeatedly barricaded themselves inside the al-Aqsa mosque and hurled stones, firebombs Document [28] (Title: Prey (2007 film)) it had eaten and was far away, before setting up camp. After dark, Tom and Crawford discuss lions at the fire, and Amy and Jessica discuss how she met Tom back in the car. The hunter comes back and is killed when the lion smashes through the window and drags him out. The next day, Amy, Jessica, and David resolve to survive with what they have and list what that is, and Crawford and Tom find the bones of one of the pride's previous victims. Crawford and Tom's trail goes cold and he says they'll pitch and start west tomorrow, Document [29] (Title: Lions' Gate) Lions' Gate The Lions' Gate ( "Sha'ar ha-Arayot", , also "St. Stephen's Gate" or "Sheep Gate") is located in the Old City Walls of Jerusalem, Israel and is one of seven open Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls. Located in the Eastern Wall, the entrance marks the beginning of the traditional Christian observance of the last walk of Jesus from prison to crucifixion, the Via Dolorosa. Near the gate’s crest are four figures of leopards, often mistaken for lions, two on the left and two on the right. They were placed there by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to celebrate the Document [30] (Title: J.O. Kinnaman) Jesus, as well as the account of Daniel in the Den of Lions, which he strongly defends particularly on page 140, where he writes: "Dr. Dieulafoy, one of the archaeologists, was working one day with a rather large stone in the surface of the ground. The stone was stubborn and refused to yield to the efforts of the man. Suddenly it gave away, and Dr. Dieulafoy disappeared. His co-workers found him scared but not hurt at the bottom of what appeared to be an ancient dry well. When the site was completely cleared, the well proved to be one of Document [31] (Title: Amaseffer) company with the purpose to produce movie soundtracks all over the world, in addition to the Exodus trilogy. In June 2009, the band decided not to implement the three-record deal with Inside Out Music and left the label. In January 2010, Amaseffer went into their studio in Jerusalem, with Mats Levén returning on vocals, in order to finish the second installment of the trilogy, with a projected release date of early 2011 once another record label was found. On April 9, 2010, the title of the second album was revealed to be "When the Lions Leave Their Den". The name Document [32] (Title: The Lion Man) series also showed Busch during related promotional activities as well as his various wildlife missions abroad, including trips to Africa and Thailand. "The Lion Man" was one of New Zealand's most successful television series, showing in 93 countries worldwide, including Sky1 in the United Kingdom. Three series were produced, the first of which began screening in New Zealand on 17 June 2004. The first two series were commissioned by state broadcaster TVNZ, but a third series looked in doubt following Busch's conviction in 2007 for assaulting his ex-wife at the park in 2005. Independent funding was found to produce the Document [33] (Title: Bel and the Dragon) prophecy of Habakkuk, son of Joshua, of the tribe of Levi." Daniel remains unharmed in the den with seven lions, fed by the prophet Habakkuk, who was taken to the lion's den by an angel. "Upon the seventh day the king went to bewail Daniel: and when he came to the den, he looked in, and behold, Daniel was sitting. Then cried the king with a loud voice, saying, Great art thou, O Lord God of Daniel, and there is none other besides thee. And he drew him out: and cast those that were the cause of his destruction into Document [34] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries Document [35] (Title: Matharpacady, Mumbai) of the architecture of the late 1800s. Diagonally across from the Lopes home is the "Lion's Den", a popularlandmark, and home of the Leao family sporting two stone lions flanking the entrance. And if you think that there is a connection between the family surname and the lions, the truth is that the house was named for the eldest son Daniel, the biblical figure who was thrown into the Lion's Den. Joseph Baptista, an associate of Bal Gangadhar Tilak was born in Matharpacady. Matharpacady, Mumbai Matharpacady is a "village" in the Mazgaon area of Mumbai, India, and is one of Document [36] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) Lion's Den (The Outer Limits) "Lion's Den" is an episode of the seventh season of "The Outer Limits". It aired on September 8, 2001 and was written and directed by Matt Hastings. A pressured high school wrestling coach gives his team an experimental new drug to help them get to the state championships. Coach Peter Shotwell used to be a contender. Back in Lewisborough High School he just missed his Olympic dreams when he blew out his knee. While his best friend Jon went on to international athletic stardom, Peter became coach of the Lewisborough Lions, the school's wrestling team. Document [37] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) On 6 October, an 18-year-old woman attacked an Israeli man with a knife near the Lions' Gate. The victim was able to draw his gun and shoot his attacker. Both were hospitalized; both were expected to live. The attacker was Shurooq Dweiyat, 18, from the Palestinian neighborhood of Sur Baher, a student at Bethlehem University who began collecting donations for the families of "“martyrs" the week before she stabbed an Israeli. On the morning of the attack, she told friends that she was cutting class to pray at the Al Aqsa mosque. A video circulating widely among Palestinians shows Dweiyat Document [38] (Title: Christian the lion) wounding an assistant. These events left Christian as the sole surviving member of the original pride. Over the course of a year, as George Adamson continued his work, the pride established itself in the region around Kora, with Christian as the head of the pride started by Boy. When John and Ace were informed by Adamson of Christian's successful reintroduction to the wild (reported in some newspaper articles to be in 1971, and by George Adamson to be 1972) they traveled to Kenya to visit Christian and were filmed in the documentary "Christian, The Lion at World's End" (released in Document [39] (Title: Bwana Devil) out once and for all to kill them. A grim battle between Jack and the lions endangers both Jack and his wife. Jack kills the lions and proves he is not a weakling. The plot was based on a well-known historical event, that of the Tsavo maneaters, in which many workers building the Uganda Railway were killed by lions. These incidents were also the basis for the book "The Man-eaters of Tsavo" (1907), the story of the events as written by Lt. Col. J. H. Patterson, the British engineer who killed the animals. The story was also the basis for Document [40] (Title: Survival (TV series)) Parry. The Bartletts followed snow geese on their 2,500-mile migration from Hudson Bay to the Mississippi Delta. They "adopted" orphans that regarded them as parents and could be filmed in close-up from the back of a moving station wagon. The programme, screened on ITV on Boxing Day 1972, was narrated by Peter Scott and featured a song by Glen Campbell, who also narrated the American version on NBC. "Lions of Etosha" featured a pride of 19 lions, led by two big males, in Etosha National Park, Namibia, the country where Des and Jen based themselves for almost 30 years. Des Document [41] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) Daniel and the Lion (Bernini) Daniel and the Lion is a sculpture created by Gian Lorenzo Bernini c. 1655-57. Standing in a niche in the Chigi Chapel in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, it shows the Prophet Daniel in the lions' den. It forms a part of a larger composition with the sculpture of Habakkuk and the Angel diagonally opposite. Gian Lorenzo Bernini began to work in the chapel in 1652 for Fabio Chigi, the cardinal-priest of the basilica. His patron was elected pope under the name of Alexander VII in 1655 giving a fresh impetus Document [42] (Title: Blanche d'Alpuget) Palau, Kazakhstan, the North West Frontier of Pakistan and the Antarctic peninsula. She returned to writing in 2008. In 2013 d'Alpuget released "The Young Lion", the first novel of a quartet. Set in the 12th century, the novel is about the birth of the House of Plantagenet and focuses on Henry II and his union with Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was Queen of France and subsequently became Queen of England. "The young lion" received favourable reviews. Geraldine Doogue said "this is exuberant story-telling history, full of sex, passion and politics." while Stephanie Dowrick notes that "few writers are both earthy Document [43] (Title: Lions' Gate stabbings) restrictions before Israeli forces dispersed the demonstration. Several were injured due to smoke inhalation. Business owners in the Muslim Quarter and schools in East Jerusalem declared a strike. Lions' Gate stabbings On 3 October 2015, a Palestinian resident of al-Bireh attacked the Benita family near the Lions' Gate in Jerusalem, as they were on their way to the Western Wall to pray. The attacker murdered Aaron Benita, the father of the family, and injured the mother Adele and their 2-year-old son Matan. Nehemia Lavi, a resident who heard screams and came to help was also murdered and his gun taken Document [44] (Title: André Durand) the bravery of Daniel confronting death amongst the lions as a tribute to Demelza's dedication and sensitivity to the uniqueness of the physical, social, intellectual, emotional, cultural and spiritual needs of every child and their family. In 2011 after his return to Italy and particularly Torre del Greco and Sperlonga we witness a new period in André Durand's artistic trajectory fully manifest, first in the pictures he painted in Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Sperlonga where Durand held an open studio for almost two years as artist in residence and later in Fondi. At the invitation of doctor Marina Sapelli Ragni, Document [45] (Title: The Last Lions) The Last Lions The Last Lions is a 2011 African nature documentary film by National Geographic Society, videotaped and directed by Dereck and Beverly Joubert. It was shot at the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The film premiered at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in January 2011 and was released in select theaters on February 18, 2011. The film follows in the tradition of other National Geographic big cat films, such as "India: Land of the Tiger" and "Eye of the Leopard". The film documentary focuses on a lioness named Ma di Tau ("Mother of Lions") as she battles to Document [46] (Title: Lejonkulan) Lejonkulan Lejonkulan (In English: "The Lion's Den"), was a historical theatre in Stockholm, Sweden, active in 1667–89. It's the historically second known theatre establishment of Stockholm, after Björngårdsteatern (1640–55). Lejonkulan was a building down in and over the partly dry moat at the south corner of the royal palace Tre Kronor. From 1648, it was commonly known by the name "Lejonkulan" ("The Lion's Den"), because a lion, a tribute from the storming of Prague during the Thirty Years War, was kept there during the reign of Queen Christina of Sweden. It was constructed with a stable for the lion, an Document [47] (Title: Lion) notably in the Book of Daniel in which the eponymous hero refuses to worship King Darius and is forced to sleep in the lions' den where he is miraculously unharmed (). In the Book of Judges, Samson kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman.(). The power and ferocity of the lion is invoked when describing the anger of God (, ) and the menace of Israel's enemies (, ) and Satan (). The book of Isaiah uses the imagery of a lion laying with a calf and child, and eating straw to portray the harmony of Document [48] (Title: Daniel in rabbinic literature) see whether the accusations against him could be substantiated, as the king did not believe them. Daniel did not omit his "Minchah" prayer. Notwithstanding his friendship for Daniel, the king listened to the accusations of the nobles, and condemned him to be cast into the den of lions. The mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose. Upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him. (Midrash Tehillim xxiv., lxvi.) Daniel's enemies insisted that the Document [49] (Title: Daniel in rabbinic literature) lions were tame because they were not hungry, whereupon the king commanded that the accusers themselves spend a night with the beasts. As a result, the enemies of Daniel, numbering 122, with their wives and children, making a total of 366 persons, were torn by 1,469 lions. (Midrash Tehillim l.c.) Although Daniel was no prophet, God held him worthy to receive the revelation of the destiny of Israel, even to the Day of Judgment, thus distinguishing him from his friends, the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who had no visions. Daniel, however, forgot the "end" revealed to him, after an Document [50] (Title: Lion Park) area. The antelope area, containing blesbok, gnu, impala, gemsbok, and zebra, is in a separate part away from the lions and other carnivores. On June 1, 2015, Katherine Chappell was visiting the park when a lion lunged through the window of her vehicle, which she had opened to lean out and take photographs, against park rules, and bit her on the neck. Chappell died in Lion Park of her wounds before the paramedics arrived. Chappell was visiting South Africa to work on the conservation of wildlife, and was raising funds for Wildlife ACT, a conservation charity. Lion Park Lion & Document [51] (Title: Bring It On: Fight to the Finish) him. The next day, Lina comes up with the idea of The Sea Lions competing in the All Star Championship. After the team agrees to double up their practices, The Sea Lions are invited to a Rodeo Drive Divas (RDD) party. Following Sea Lion practice, Gloria and Trey are expelled when Avery goes to the principal and gets Lina in trouble for sneaking them in without approval. Lina refuses to go to the dance, but is confronted by Sky. Evan takes Lina as his date to the party, where Gloria and Trey turn up. Lina and Avery proceed to have Document [52] (Title: Father of the Pride) Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In "Father of the Pride", the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom. Document [53] (Title: Løvejagten) lion as it stands by the water on a beach. They discover another lion and shoot it also. The lions are gutted and skinned. The happy hunters sit and smoke cigarettes afterward. The ten-minute "jungle" movie (215 meters of 35mm film) was actually filmed on location in Denmark. Scenes of the hunters in the forest were shot in Jægersborg Dyrehave park near Copenhagen. The animals were filmed at the Copenhagen Zoo with the camera aimed downward to avoid any view of the enclosures. The controversial shooting of two lions took place on the small island of Elleore in the Roskilde Document [54] (Title: Isaac A. Van Amburgh) tale of Daniel in the lion’s den, and, from then on, was determined to be a lion tamer. He found his start in the Zoological Institute of New York. At nineteen, Isaac left his home in Peekskill, New York to look for a job in neighboring North Salem. There he found a job as a cage cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York. Despite its lofty-sounding name, the Zoological Institute was not a zoo at all, but rather a tiny traveling menagerie. In a period of time when amusement was regarded with suspicion, it was from its name that Document [55] (Title: Cultural depictions of lions) ancient Israel. The best known Biblical account featuring lions comes from the Book of Daniel (chapter 6), where Daniel is thrown into a den of lions and miraculously survives. A lesser known Biblical account features Samson who kills a lion with his bare hands, later sees bees nesting in its carcass, and poses a riddle based on this unusual incident to test the faithfulness of his fiancée (Judges 14). The prophet Amos said (Amos, 3, 8): "The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken, who can but prophesy?", i.e., when the gift of prophecy comes Document [56] (Title: Christian the lion) in 1973). By this time Christian was successfully defending his own pride, had cubs of his own and was about twice the size he was in the earlier reunion video. Adamson advised Rendall that it would most likely be a wasted trip as he had not seen Christian's pride for nine months. However, when he reached Kora, Christian and his pride had returned to Adamson's compound the day before their arrival. Rendall describes the visit he and George Adamson made: The second reunion lasted until the next morning. According to Rendall that was the last anyone saw Christian. George Adamson Document [57] (Title: Dragons' Den) and is now being broadcast on Keshet 12. The show welcomed an entirely new cast: Titled , this is the original version. It was created by and broadcast on Nippon Television from 2001 to 2004. It was the first entertainment programme in the history of Japanese television that dealt with the concept of business investment. During its three-year run, as many as 16 business executives appeared in the programme as Tigers. The premier of Lion's Den was in October 2016 on NTV. The show was sponsored by KCB Group, the largest commercial bank in East Africa. The format was introduced Document [58] (Title: Into the Lion's Den) Into the Lion's Den Into the Lion's Den is a Discovery Channel documentary about zoologist and big cat trainer Dave Salmoni, armed only with a camera on a pole, carefully conditioning a wild pride of lions to accept his presence. The footage has been published as a 90 minute movie (2004) directed by Anton Truesdale and narrated by Robert Jimenez. It is set in the Thornybush reservation in South Africa and depicts Salmoni's initial attempt to confirm his theory of safe cohabitation alongside a wild pride. The movie was followed by a 5-part series called "Into the Pride" (2009) ("The Document [59] (Title: Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)) would have been over eighty years old at the time of the incident depicted. Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting) Daniel in the Lions' Den is a 1614–1616 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. The subject is from the Book of Daniel, 6:1–28. Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies, examples of which were then in the Spanish governor's menagerie in Brussels. In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture, in exchange for this painting, eight others and a sum of money. Although Document [60] (Title: Darius the Mede) 6 ("Daniel in the Lions' Den") is based on the classic Babylonian folk-tale "Ludlul-bel-nemeqi", telling of a courtier who suffers disgrace at the hands of evil enemies but is eventually restored due to the intervention of a kindly god (in the story in Daniel, this is the God of Israel): in the Babylonian original the "pit of lions" is a metaphor for human adversaries at court, but the biblical tale has turned the metaphorical lions into real animals. In Daniel 9 Daniel, pondering the meaning of Jeremiah's prediction that Jerusalem would remain desolate for seventy years, is told by the Document [61] (Title: Living with Lions (band)) Living with Lions (band) Living with Lions is a Canadian pop punk band formed in 2007 in Vancouver. They are currently signed to Black Box Music in Canada and Adeline Records in the United States. The band recorded their debut EP, "Dude Manor" in 2006 with Stu McKillop (member of the disbanded Vancouver group Daggermouth); it was released in 2007 on Black Box. They then released their first full-length album, "Make Your Mark" the following year. Both albums were re-released in 2009 after the band signed to Adeline Records; "Dude Manor" on 10" vinyl and "Make Your Mark" on 12" Document [62] (Title: Wild at Heart (UK TV series)) Glen Afric Country Lodge, a 1500-acre game reserve and sanctuary that is home to a host of African wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, cheetahs, hippos and buffalo. Glen Afric is located in Broederstroom, North West Province, South Africa. A large set called 'Leopards Den' was built on the property specifically for the production. Producer Ann Harrison-Baxter said: "We literally walked every inch of the reserve to find the best place to build the house, and then it was all created from scratch and aged to look like it had been there for more than a century in just 10 weeks!" Document [63] (Title: Lions' Gate) are presently open. Lions' Gate The Lions' Gate ( "Sha'ar ha-Arayot", , also "St. Stephen's Gate" or "Sheep Gate") is located in the Old City Walls of Jerusalem, Israel and is one of seven open Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls. Located in the Eastern Wall, the entrance marks the beginning of the traditional Christian observance of the last walk of Jesus from prison to crucifixion, the Via Dolorosa. Near the gate’s crest are four figures of leopards, often mistaken for lions, two on the left and two on the right. They were placed there by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent Document [64] (Title: Habakkuk and the Angel (Bernini)) depicted a story from the Book of Daniel which tells how God saved Daniel from starving through the miraculous appearance of Prophet Habakkuk in the lions' den (Daniel 14:33-36): "Now the prophet Habakkuk was in Judea; he had made a stew and had broken bread into a bowl, and was going into the field to take it to the reapers. But the angel of the Lord said to Habakkuk, “Take the food that you have to Babylon, to Daniel, in the lions’ den.” Habakkuk said, “Sir, I have never seen Babylon, and I know nothing about the den.” Then the Document [65] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) Lion's Den (mixed martial arts) The Lion's Den is a mixed martial arts team and training facility that was based out of Lodi, California and San Diego, California but has recently moved its headquarters to Reno, Nevada. The team was founded in the early 1990s by UFC Hall of Famer Ken Shamrock, and was the most dominant fight camp in the early UFC. It featured fighters such as Frank Shamrock, Guy Mezger, Vernon "Tiger" White, Jerry Bohlander, Tra Telligman, Pete Williams, and Mikey Burnett. The Lion's Den now features many new training facilities, including Lion's Den Arizona, Lion's Den Connecticut, Document [66] (Title: Valstagna) recalls this event, and rafts from each of the districts compete between each other in the river. During the years of the Serenissima, towns and cities that were somehow subject to the Venetian rule shared a common symbol: the St. Mark's lion. Lions differs mainly for the position of their sword and the book they hold: Lions like the one found in Valstagna (Combination 4) are not found in Venice at all, and can only be seen today in a handful of towns that were subject to the Venetian rule. The beautiful Lion with a closed book and a raised Document [67] (Title: The Young Lions (film)) when he stumbles upon a concentration camp and hears the commander talk about the mass exterminations. Shortly afterwards, the camp is liberated by American forces, which include Michael and Noah. The mayor of a nearby town offers working parties of his constituents to "clean up" the camp before American reporters and photographers arrive. He is roughly rebuffed by Captain Green after an imprisoned rabbi asks Green for permission to hold a religious service and the mayor protests. Seeing how Noah is affected by the camp, Green instructs him to take a walk and sends Michael with him. Nearby, dazed and Document [68] (Title: The Lair (Dreamworld)) where trainers and paying guests can feed the animals. In April 2011 Dreamworld began a promotion where white lions were on temporary exhibition from National Zoo & Aquarium which was renovating its facilities. On 30 March 2011, two lions, Jake and Mischka, were introduced into The Lair. The exhibit housed these two lions on public display from 9 April through to 9 May. A second pair of lions, Archilles and Agamemnon, were featured in the exhibit from 16 May until 7 August 2011. On September 7, 2011, a new feeding experience with Dreamworld's existing Bengal and Sumatran tigers began at Document [69] (Title: Dragons' Den) Salo, and the new lions were Riku Asikainen, Jorma Terentjeff, Ari Lahti, Anne Berner and Oskari Lehtonen. The German version is called "", which means "The Lions' Cave". It debuted on 19 August 2014 on VOX. The German "lions" are: The first episode of the second season aired on 18 August 2015. The third season launched on 23 August 2016, introducing two new presenters. A fourth season was announced for 2017. An Irish version of the show began in 2009 on RTÉ One, the state broadcaster. It is presented by Richard Curran, Deputy Editor of "The Sunday Business Post". The Document [70] (Title: The Lion Man) The Lion Man The Lion Man is a New Zealand television documentary series about a New Zealand big cat park called Zion Wildlife Gardens. The series was named after Craig Busch, the park's founder, who had styled himself as "the Lion Man". The series followed Busch and the park's employees as they managed the park and its collection of approximately 30 lions and tigers of various species, and other animals. As well as first-hand comment from Busch and his staff, the series was narrated throughout by Paul Casserley in New Zealand and actor Miles Anderson in the United Kingdom. The Document [71] (Title: Habakkuk) 33–39 state that Habakkuk is in Judea and after making some stew, he's told by the angel of the Lord to take the stew to Daniel, who is in Babylon in the lion's den. After proclaiming he is unaware of both the den and Babylon, the angel transports Habakkuk to the lion's den. Habakkuk gives Daniel the food to sustain him, and is immediately taken back to "his own place". Habakkuk is also mentioned in Lives of the Prophets, which also notes his time in Babylon. According to the Zohar (Volume 1, page 8b) Habakkuk is the boy born to Document [72] (Title: Into the Lion's Den) Bush Rules", "A Tale of Two Alphas", "Queen Cleo", "The Breakthrough", "Homeward Bound") directed by Richard Slater-Jones. It is set into the Erindi reserve in Namibia and documents Salmoni's efforts to reintegrate a cattle-raiding pride so they won't have to be put down. Into the Lion's Den Into the Lion's Den is a Discovery Channel documentary about zoologist and big cat trainer Dave Salmoni, armed only with a camera on a pole, carefully conditioning a wild pride of lions to accept his presence. The footage has been published as a 90 minute movie (2004) directed by Anton Truesdale and narrated Document [73] (Title: Living with Lions (band)) in August. Living with Lions (band) Living with Lions is a Canadian pop punk band formed in 2007 in Vancouver. They are currently signed to Black Box Music in Canada and Adeline Records in the United States. The band recorded their debut EP, "Dude Manor" in 2006 with Stu McKillop (member of the disbanded Vancouver group Daggermouth); it was released in 2007 on Black Box. They then released their first full-length album, "Make Your Mark" the following year. Both albums were re-released in 2009 after the band signed to Adeline Records; "Dude Manor" on 10" vinyl and "Make Your Mark" Document [74] (Title: Copenhagen Zoo) that they were introducing a male lion and did not want to disrupt the pride's natural structure and behaviour. The lions were not culled or dissected in public. Copenhagen Zoo is used as location in the films "Københavnere" (1933), W"ienerbarnet" (1941), "Hold fingrene fra mor" (1951), "Far til fire på landet" (1955)m "Vi er allesammen tossede" (1959), "Rikki og mændene" (1962), "Den store badedag" (1991) and "Far til fire på japansk" (2010). The zoo is also used as location in episode 84 of the DR television show "Huset på Christianshavn" and in the TV2 television Christmas calendar "Brødrenes Mortensen Jul". Document [75] (Title: Harold Davidson) The act was billed as "Daniel in a modern lion's den", and attracted large audiences, including a significant number of clergy. On 28 July 1937, at the evening performance, Davidson gave his usual speech before entering the cage in which two lions, Freddie and Toto, were sitting quietly. Then, according to Blythe: "in scarcely credible terms, the little clergyman from Norfolk and the lion acted out the classical Christian martyrdom to the full". Eyewitnesses later reported that after Davidson had cracked his whip and shouted, Freddie became agitated and knocked Davidson over, before seizing him by the neck and running Document [76] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) Daniel in the lions' den The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede, but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, but unable to save him, the king has him cast into the pit of lions. At daybreak he hurries back, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless Document [77] (Title: Lion's Den (The Outer Limits)) But in a series of bad years, this year's the worst. The Lions are at the bottom of the league and Morris, his son and a member of the team, is constantly angry at his dad for his failures. Jon tells Peter about a new performance-enhancing drug called Nuriflex 500 which he assures contains scientifically balanced nutrients that can help the team to victory. Peter hesitates, but with mounting pressure from the school's principal and his own son to win, he agrees to a trial run. The results are almost immediate and astonishing. With the Lions on the drug they Document [78] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC). Chapters 4–6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts. Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar). It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for Document [79] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) before him." The king has those who had conspired against Daniel, and their wives and children, thrown to the lions in his place, and commands to all the people of the whole world to "tremble and fear before the God of Daniel". Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure. The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts, a set of tales in chapters 1–6, and the series of visions in chapters 7–12: the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period, and the visions date from the Maccabean era (the mid-2nd century BC). The stories Document [80] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) MMA legend Ken Shamrock, the Lion's Den took the place of the Nevada Lions when the IFL decided to focus more on a camp-based system than a team-based system. Roy Nelson, a member of the Lion's Den, was the IFL's final Heavyweight Champion before it disbanded. Lion's Den (mixed martial arts) The Lion's Den is a mixed martial arts team and training facility that was based out of Lodi, California and San Diego, California but has recently moved its headquarters to Reno, Nevada. The team was founded in the early 1990s by UFC Hall of Famer Ken Shamrock, and was Document [81] (Title: Lion's Den, Zimbabwe) Lion's Den, Zimbabwe Lion's Den is a small town in Zimbabwe. The town lies in Makonde District, Mashonaland West Province, in central northern Zimbabwe. It is located about , northwest of Chinhoyi, the nearest large town, and the location of the district and provincial headquarters. This location is approximately , by road, northwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, and the largest city in that country. Lion's Den sits on Highway A-1, the main road from Harare to Chirundu, at the International border with Zambia, about , further northwest from Lion's Den. The coordinates of the town are: Latitude:-17.2700; Longitude:30.0250 Document [82] (Title: Dragons' Den) airing in April 2015. The five "lions" are Christian Stadil, Birgit Aaby, Tommy Ahlers, Ilse Jacobsen and Jesper Buch. In Finland, the first version of the show was ', which means the jaws or the mouth of a lion. The show began running on 27 September 2007 on the MTV3 channel, and aired for one season. It was hosted by Anna Sorainen. The local ' (lions) were Kyösti Kakkonen, Eero Lehti, Toivo Sukari, Lisa Sounio and Kaija Ward. In February 2013 the show re-emerged on the Nelonen channel, this time named " ("Lion's Den"). The show was hosted by Kirsi Document [83] (Title: Christian the lion) the seaside. Christian's growing size and the increasing cost of his care led Rendall and Bourke to understand they could not keep him in London. When Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna, stars of the film "Born Free", visited Rendall and Bourke's furniture store and met Christian, they suggested that Bourke and Rendall ask the assistance of George Adamson. Adamson, a Kenyan conservationist, who together with his wife Joy raised and released Elsa the lioness, agreed to reintegrate Christian into the wild at their compound in the Kora National Reserve. Virginia McKenna wrote about the experience in her memoir "The Life Document [84] (Title: Rod Daniel) in "Teen Wolf" had helped him. Daniel and his family had lived in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Tarzana. After Daniel's retirement from the industry, he moved back to a rural home in Franklin, Tennessee for a few years, but found himself longing for city living. He then moved to downtown Chicago, where he lived until his death. He had a vacation home in Glen Arbor, Michigan which is on a small strip of land between Lake Michigan and Glen Lake. In the summer he enjoyed salmon fishing there. Daniel was a voting member of the Academy of Motion Picture Document [85] (Title: Den (film)) Den (film) Den (marketed as DeN) is a 2001 independent drama horror film written and directed by Greg Arce. The film was released on 15 June 2001 in Culver City, California. In 2009 Arce announced that he was looking into potential legal actions against the producers of the 2004 film "Saw", as Arce alleges that "Saw" has at least similarities to his movie. Film critics and bloggers have noticed the similarities as well. Den was partly filmed in Australia and was briefly mentioned in Peter Shelley's "Australian Horror Films, 1973-2010". The film begins with a bearded man waking up in Document [86] (Title: The Old Den) the Enemy"", was presented to the club. Many supporters from the East End of London continued to (and many still do) follow the Lions after their move south of the River Thames, walking through the Greenwich foot tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel to join the supporters form nearer the Den, mainly in the Surrey Docks area. Millwall's first Football League match at the Den was on 28 August 1920. They beat Bristol Rovers 2–0. This victory over Rovers was the Lions' seventh successive win against them since moving to the Den. The game was played in the Football League Division Document [87] (Title: Dov Gazit) Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, now called the Tisch Family Zoological Gardens). Dr. Aaron Schulow (Aharon Shulov, who, like Dov Gazit, had also come to Palestine after being accused and jailed for Jewish Crimes in his native Russia (Dr. Shulov established the faculty of Zoology in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), and the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, asked Dov to find and send back to Jerusalem an African lion. Dov found a lion cub for sale in the market. He took the Zoo's new acquisition back to his, where he and Yeri cared for the cub for several months. With the lion cub Document [88] (Title: Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)) Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting) Daniel in the Lions' Den is a 1614–1616 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. The subject is from the Book of Daniel, 6:1–28. Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies, examples of which were then in the Spanish governor's menagerie in Brussels. In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture, in exchange for this painting, eight others and a sum of money. Although the painting shows Daniel as a young man, according to the biblical chronology Daniel Document [89] (Title: Abbey of Sant'Antimo) Italy, and in Santa Maria of Piè di Chianti, Marche. The ambulatory housed the pilgrims to pray the "Martyrium", the place where the Saint's relic are placed. The aisles and the ambulatory are groin vaulted, while the nave has trusses. The nave, which is c. 20-m high, is divided into three sections: the huge arcades, the matronaeum and the "" (upper floor). Notable is the so-called capital of "Daniel in the lions' den", work of the French Master of Cabestany. It shows Daniel praying between the hungry lions, and, on the other sides, the lions devouring the accusers. The outer Document [90] (Title: Daniel 8) the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"). His program sparked a popular uprising which led to the retaking of Jerusalem and the Temple by Judas Maccabeus (164 BCE). In the third year of Belshazzar, king of Babylon, Daniel in a vision sees himself in Susa, which is in Elam. In his vision he sees a ram with two horns, one greater than the other; the ram charges to the west, north and south, and no other beast can stand against it. Daniel sees a male goat with a single horn come from the west without touching the ground and strike the Document [91] (Title: Daniel (Old English poem)) Daniel’s prophecies. As the role of Daniel diminishes, the message of pride and humility can be more prevalent and in turn causes Nebuchadnezzar’s role to be increasingly important. The author creates a new perspective by using Nebuchadnezzar. The focus then shifts from Daniel’s prophetic gift to consequences of pride. There is also, then, a stronger link between pride and God’s judgment of pride. This is because Daniel takes on the sole role of being the giver of God’s warnings. Had the author then added Daniel in the Lion’s den, there would have been a shift of focus on Daniel. As Document [92] (Title: The Veldt (short story)) in and allow Peter and Wendy more time in the nursery. When the parents come to fetch them, the children lock George and Lydia into the nursery with the pride of lions. Shortly after, it is heavily implied that the lions eat George and Lydia. When David comes by to look for George and Lydia, he finds the children enjoying lunch in the nursery and sees the lions eating figures in the distance. This is implied to be George and Lydia, whose remains were the figure eaten by the lions earlier on. The story was adapted (by Ernest Kinoy) into Document [93] (Title: Meigle Sculptured Stone Museum) the cross and the outer border of the monument. The monument is the work of a master sculptor with the figures being cut in deep relief and arranged in an orderly fashion. Meigle 2 has projecting tenons on its top and sides and was probably intended to slot into a screen or wall. Local folklore holds that the representation of Daniel in the lions' den depicts King Arthur's wife Guinevere, known locally as Vanora. She was abducted by King Mordred and condemned by Arthur to be torn apart by wild beasts. The monument was said to mark her grave. Meigle Document [94] (Title: Baghdad Zoo) Several lions escaped from the abandoned zoo and were rounded up by American soldiers in armored fighting vehicles. Four that would not return to their cages were shot by the soldiers. Comics author Brian K. Vaughan wrote the fictionalized graphic novel "Pride of Baghdad" based on the lions, giving each speech and a personality. In mid-April 2003 South African conservationist Lawrence Anthony from the Thula Thula Game Reserve in Zululand, traveled in a hired car with two assistants from Kuwait to bring relief to the Baghdad Zoo, the first civilians to gain entry to Iraq after the invasion. Working with Document [95] (Title: Hamilton Palace) palace and a quantity of photographs were taken to accompany the series. As such they represent an invaluable record of the house before the massive sale of contents and fittings, and its demolition in 1921. The Rubens "Daniel in the Lions' Den" is now in The National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. The site of the palace is now occupied by the Hamilton Palace Sports Grounds. Most of the palace grounds were incorporated into Strathclyde Country Park. When the park was being constructed in 1974, vaulted cellars were discovered which may have belonged to the original house. However, these were Document [96] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) death, and divine deliverance. Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection. In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit. The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm: According to Josippon, "the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master, wagging their tails and licking him." The Midrash Tehillim says that "the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself Document [97] (Title: H. Daudi Mokinyo) assistant game warden, who confiscated his weapons. However, he later won the case in a Ngong court, and his weapons given back to him, he was highly praised by the maasai people as a brave person and was nicknamed Pastor Daudi, the Lion of Judah. In 1980, the reverend took all his family to a spot about 100 yards from his home, where he will be buried when he passes on, he said that he chose that place because it was not very rocky, and he did not want to give his family a lot of work digging his grave. Document [98] (Title: Two Lions (sculpture)) Grant (Victor Freunds Legat). Jensen wanted the sculpture placed at Langelinie and a location in Søndermarken was also considered but it was ultimately installed in the garden complex at present-day Israels Plads. The sculpture was later moved to a new location outside the entrance to Fælledparken on Østerbrogade. Another reason for the move was fear that a tail might break or bend, or that it might suffer other damage, since local use tended to use it for "gymnastic exercises". In 1915 it was proposed to protect it at its new location by installing a surrounding rough iron fence. The sculpture Document [99] (Title: H. Daudi Mokinyo) he said that he sat next to the railway line under a tree, he took a loaf of bread and some water and continued with the journey. While he was rearing his Sahiwal cattle at the Oletepesi ranch in 1956 he managed to legally acquire a gun, and at one point the lions around his home were terrorising the locals, such that no one was able to walk around at 3pm,the lions killed cattle all the time. Therefore, he shot dead four Lions, and the rest fled. The news about the dead Lions did not go so well with the Document [100] (Title: Daniel and the Lion (Bernini)) men of the Old Testament. The head of Jonah was inspired by the ancient statues of Antinous; and Bernini also chose an ancient model for the head of Daniel, Alexander the Great. Daniel and the Lion (Bernini) Daniel and the Lion is a sculpture created by Gian Lorenzo Bernini c. 1655-57. Standing in a niche in the Chigi Chapel in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, it shows the Prophet Daniel in the lions' den. It forms a part of a larger composition with the sculpture of Habakkuk and the Angel diagonally opposite. Gian Lorenzo Bernini began Document [101] (Title: Prey (2007 film)) stop the jeep because he has to defecate. Brian grabs his rifle and escorts David to a nearby tree. They encounter two lionesses, backed by a lion behind them. One lioness attacks and David runs back to the car, where Brian sacrifices himself to save the others. The keys lost, Amy, Jessica, and David are trapped in the car and stalked by the lions, who devour Brian. Back at the lodge, Tom is informed of his family's disappearance, and attempts to contact Crawford, a professional hunter and guide, at the suggestion of the park rangers. Crawford refuses to help him, Document [102] (Title: Killing of Cecil the lion) Jericho. Cecil was the best-known animal in the national park and was identifiable by his black-fringed mane and a GPS tracking collar. The lions in the park, including Cecil, have been studied by scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford as part of a scientific project that has run since 1999, and his movements had been followed since 2008. Of the 62 lions tagged during the study period, 34 have died, thereof 24 through sport hunting. Of adult male lions that were tagged inside the park, 72% were killed through sport hunting on areas near Document [103] (Title: Daniel in the lions' den) the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side): The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the "fiery furnace" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of Document [104] (Title: Lion's Den (mixed martial arts)) put on by Ken Shamrock. The new tryout format allows Ken to evaluate toughness and skill, while making cuts to determine who he wants to represent the Den. The Lion's Den has engaged in a feud with Tito Ortiz. The feud began to build when Ortiz, with his fingers, acted like he was shooting at the Lion's Den corner and coach Ken Shamrock after his win over Jerry Bohlander at UFC 18, and additionally put on a disrespectful shirt in the octagon after the fight with Bohlander. The feud exploded after his second fight with Guy Mezger at UFC 19 Document [105] (Title: From the Lions Mouth) to a cult following. One single, "Sense of Purpose (What Are We Going to Do)", was released. The album cover artwork was taken from the 1872 painting "Daniel in the Lions Den" [sic] by Briton Rivière. "NME" compared the album's bleak nature to Joy Division's "Closer". Despite The Sound being posited as a gloomy band, AllMusic wrote, "snake-charming opener 'Winning' is like a dash of cold water in the faces of all the bands that were wallowing and withering away at the weeping well [...] The Sound were not mopes. They had their problems with life, but rather than just Document [106] (Title: Dragons' Den) (Dragon's Nest) was scheduled to be broadcast in May 2007 on Croatian Radiotelevision and produced by Ocean Film, a local production company. Contracted Croatian Dragons were: A few shows were filmed but never broadcast for undisclosed reasons. In the Czech Republic, the show is called "Den D" (The D-Day). It first aired on 31 March 2009 on Czech TV (CT1 channel), in a very similar set up to the British version of BBC. The show is hosted by radio host Jan Pokorny, and the dragon investors are: The Dragons are/were: A Danish version of the show, " ("Lions' Den"), began Question: where did daniel and the lions den take place

Answer: Babylon and Mesopotamia Long Answer: It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC). Chapters 4--6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts . Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1 - 6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar). It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: OPEC Fund for International Development) year 2030. OFID considers its own EPI as complementary to the objectives of SE4ALL. In 2011, OFID’s Director-General Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish was invited to join the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Group on SE4ALL, which was charged with developing the Action Agenda that was presented to the 2012 Rio+20 Summit. Public sector lending forms the central pillar of OFID’s operations, accounting for more than two-thirds of total, cumulative commitments. These operations are carried out in direct cooperation with the governments of partner countries in support of their national development strategies. OFID’s public sector loans are concessional, with low interest rates and long Document [2] (Title: The Yes Men) to deliver the long-awaited conclusions of a study commissioned by U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman. The NPC is headed by former ExxonMobil CEO Lee Raymond, who is also the chair of the study. When the Yes Men arrived at the conference they said that Lee Raymond (the promised speaker) was unable to make it due to a pressing situation with the president. The Yes Men then went on to give a presentation in place of Lee Raymond. In the actual speech, the "NPC rep" announced that current U.S. and Canadian energy policies (notably the massive, carbon-intensive processing of Alberta's oil Document [3] (Title: Bob Dudley) but resigned in December 2008. Wikileaks revealed that Bob Dudley strongly suspected Igor Sechin, Russia’s deputy prime minister and chairman of the state-owned energy company, Rosneft, for organizing a boardroom coup that led him to feel life-threatened. On April 6, 2009 he became a managing director of BP, and was given oversight of the company's activities in the Americas and Asia. On June 23, 2010 he was appointed president and chief executive officer of BP's Gulf Coast Restoration Organization working with the oil leakage in the Gulf of Mexico, which affects five US states. As head of the organization, he Document [4] (Title: Diezani Alison-Madueke) Diezani Alison-Madueke Diezani K. Alison-Madueke (born 6 December 1960) is a Nigerian politician and the first female President of OPEC. She was elected at the 166th OPEC Ordinary meeting in Vienna on 27 November 2014. She became Nigeria's minister of transportation on 26 July 2007. She was moved to Mines and Steel Development in 2008, and in April 2010 was appointed Minister of Petroleum Resources. Diezani K. Agama was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Her father was Chief Frederick Abiye Agama. She studied Architecture in England and then at Howard University in the United States. She graduated from Document [5] (Title: Dzhambulat Zhakievich Sarsenov) years, and in 2017 he was re-appointed to this post. In July 2017, he was elected Vice President for Marketing and Member of the Executive Committee of the World Petroleum Council (WPC). This decision was made within the framework of the 22nd World Petroleum Congress in Istanbul, the Republic of Turkey. Mr. Sarsenov is one of the experienced, recognized and professional managers in the oil,gas and energy sectors of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a Member of the WPC Executive Committee, he takes an active part in the development of integration and energy dialogue between Kazkahstan and the world energy Document [6] (Title: Iyad bin Amin Madani) as vice president of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Foundation for housing development. In November 2012, Saudi Arabia nominated Madani to the post of secretary general of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) at the 39th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of OIC member states in Djibouti. On 2 February 2013, "Arab News" reported that Madani would replace Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu as secretary-general of the OIC. His appointment was officially announced after the 12th Summit of the OIC in Cairo on 8 February 2013. Madani's term as secretary general of OIC was effective in January 2014. He resigned in October Document [7] (Title: ExxonMobil) would now open new stations in the U.S. under the Esso name; they were primarily concerned about the additional expenses of having separate marketing, letterheads, packaging, and other materials that omit "Esso". On December 13, 2016, the CEO of ExxonMobil, Rex Tillerson, was nominated as Secretary of State by President-elect Donald Trump. In January 2017, Federal climate investigations of ExxonMobil were considered less likely under the new Trump administration. On January 9, 2017, it was revealed that Infineum, a joint venture of ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell headquartered in England, conducted business with Iran, Syria, and Sudan while those states Document [8] (Title: Oil Depletion Analysis Centre) firm. Co-founder of ODAC and of another UK charity that helps political refugees (Asylum Aid), she was formerly a trustee of a research charity dedicated to sustainable land-use, agriculture and food systems (Elm Farm Research Centre). Former Executive Vice President, Fina Exploration, Norway, he is Chairman and Founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO) and Visiting Scientist at Uppsala University in Sweden. He has published three books and numerous articles on oil depletion. Former Vice President, Exploration, Amerada Hess International, he is now an oil and gas exploration consultant. He was formerly President of Document [9] (Title: Luis Almagro) of Syrian refugees to Uruguay, along with former President Mujica. For this they were listed among "Foreign Policy "magazine's top Global Thinkers for 2014. Almagro is one of only 10 decision-makers in the region to be awarded this international distinction. Almagro was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on March 18, 2015, earning the support of 33 of the 34 Members States, including one abstention. He officially took office on May 26, 2015. Taking over the Organization at a time when questions about the OAS' relevance were augmented by a financial crisis and polarization in the hemisphere, Document [10] (Title: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) of the Republic of Senegal, became Secretary General on January 1, 2003. He was reelected on 29 September 2006, for a second mandate during the Summit of the Francophonie of Bucharest, and elected again in 2010 at the Summit of the Francophonie of Montreux for another mandate which ran until 31 December 2014. At the 2014 summit in Dakar, former Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean was chosen to lead the organization starting in January 2015. The Secretary General of the Francophonie is elected during the Summit, and serves as the spokesperson and the official representative internationally of the political Document [11] (Title: Kingsley Moghalu) This special assignment was at the nominal rank of Under-Secretary-General. Moghalu resigned from the United Nations System in December 2008. He then founded Sogato Strategies S.A. (Societe Anonyme), a global strategy and risk consultancy, in Geneva. Umaru Yar'Adua, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2007–2010) appointed Moghalu Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria in November 2009 following his confirmation by the Nigerian Senate. Moghalu has also served as a member of the board of directors of Opportunities Industrialization Centers International (OICI) in Philadelphia, a non-profit global entrepreneurship development organization founded by the late U.S. civil rights leader Document [12] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) director of the NNPC. Jackson Gaius Obaseki. The friction had apparently been building up after Lukman completed his term as OPEC president in early 2002, and after Obasanjo moved control and administration of oil blocks from the Petroleum Resources ministry to the NNPC in June 2002. He then became the Chairman of Afren Nigeria when it was established in May 2005. He is also a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and served on the SPE board as regional Director for Africa. In 2007, Lukman became a member of the Supervisory Board of Dietsmann NV of the Netherlands, Document [13] (Title: Mohammed Barkindo) Mohammed Barkindo Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (born 20 April 1959, Yola, Nigeria) has been appointed to a three-year term as Secretary General of OPEC with effect from 1 August 2016. He previously served as Acting Secretary General during 2006, represented Nigeria on OPEC's Economic Commission Board during 1993–2008, led the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation during 2009–2010, and has headed Nigeria's technical delegation to UN climate negotiations since 1991. Barkindo completed academic degrees from Ahmadu Bello University (Zaria, Nigeria) and Southeastern University (Washington, D.C., USA). He earned a postgraduate diploma from Oxford University, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Federal University Document [14] (Title: OPEC) Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin "described the relationship between OPEC and shale as 'mutual coexistence', with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like." In December 2017, Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8million barrels/day until the end of 2018. Qatar announced it will withdraw from OPEC effective 1st of January 2019. According to the New York Times, this constitutes a strategic response to the ongoing Qatar boycott by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt. OPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental Document [15] (Title: OPEC) for a natural-resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning. In April 2001, OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations (APEC, Eurostat, IEA, , UNSD) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data. They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise, which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market. GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014, enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas. Since 2007, OPEC has published the "World Document [16] (Title: ¿Por qué no te callas?) called for OPEC to "assert itself as an active political agent" at the OPEC summit in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh. In a followup at the OPEC summit, "Reuters" wrote that "Spain's king cannot shut Chavez up but bladder can", and that Chávez said to a throng of reporters at the OPEC summit, "For a while now, I have needed to go to the bathroom and I am going to pee ... Do you want me to pee on you?" Two weeks after the event, Chile's President Michelle Bachelet revealed that she had politely requested that Chávez abstain from making some Document [17] (Title: 2005 Organization of American States Secretary General election) April 2005, Mexico withdrew its candidate, which allowed Chile's Insulza to be elected in the next special session as Secretary General, with 31 votes, two abstentions and one vote left blank. On 8 October 2004, the newly elected Secretary General, former president of Costa Rica Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, facing corruption allegations in his home country, announced his resignation from the OAS position, effective 15 October. Assistant Secretary General Luigi R. Einaudi (a U.S. career diplomat) assumed the office as a temporary measure. After a period of uncertainty lasting several months, it was decided that rather than wait until the regular Document [18] (Title: OPEC) and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016. In spite of global oversupply, on 27 November 2014 in Vienna, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al-Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices. Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels, strategically rebuilding OPEC's long-term market share by ending the profitability of high-cost US shale oil production. As he explained in an interview: Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output, while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce? That is Document [19] (Title: Hafed Al-Ghwell) the OPEC countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Hafed holds a B.A. in Economics from the George Washington University, and completed multiple postgraduate programs in Philosophy of Religion also at GWU. He also holds a Postgraduate Executive Certificate from Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in leadership and public policy, and a Postgraduate Executive Certificate from Stanford University in Strategic Communications, Media and Publishing. Hafed has also completed numerous executive training programs of the World Bank Group in Management, Strategy, Economic Development, Public Policy and Administration. Hafed Al-Ghwell Hafed Al Ghwell — ARABIC : حافظ ال Document [20] (Title: Celestino Armas) OPEC in June 1991. He repeatedly occupied, albeit on an interim basis, Treasury Ministry and Health and Social Assistance Ministry. In the last months of the constitutional period he served as Secretary of the Presidency. In the private sphere, he was a member of the Superior Council of the Simón Bolívar University. Already retired, was founder of the Institute of Mining and Petroleum (IPEMIN), along with other important Venezuelan professionals, being president of this institution. Celestino Armas Celestino Armas (Barcelona, Anzoátegui, 15 December 1935 - 16 January 2011), was a Venezuelan engineer and politician. He obtained a degree in engineering Document [21] (Title: Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah) post of the deputy prime minister. In the post of minister of industry and energy he was replaced by Mohammed Saleh Al Sada. Since 1975, Attiyah has been the director of the Gulf Helicopters Corporation. From 1987 to 1995, he served as the deputy chairman of QTel. Since 1986, he has been member of the directors board of Gulf Airways Corporation and since 1992, the director of Qatar Petroleum. On 23 November 1993, Attiyah was named OPEC president and a member of the OPEC's quota compliance committee. On 30 June 2009, at the eight ministerial meeting of the Gas Exporting Document [22] (Title: Vicki Hollub) basing their decision on Hollub's "strong track record of successfully growing [Occidental's] domestic oil and gas business profitably and efficiently." During a subsequent transition period she was responsible for operations in the Middle East, Latin America and the United States. In May 2015, she was named senior executive vice president of Occidental and president of Oxy Oil and Gas. Later that year, in December 2015 Hollub was appointed the global president and chief operating officer (COO) of Occidental, with oversight for the company's midstream, chemical, and oil and gas operations. Hollub officially became president and CEO of Occidental Petroleum in Document [23] (Title: Nestor Mendez) Nestor Mendez Nestor Mendez (born January 21, 1971) is a Belizean diplomat and politician. He is currently the Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of American States. Nestor Mendez was elected as the ninth Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) on March 18, 2015. He began serving his five-year term on July 13, 2015 with a commitment to work closely with the Secretary General and the member states to reinvigorate and modernize the institution. The Assistant Secretary General based his platform on five main thematic areas: improving regional inter-connectivity; fostering economic growth, addressing the impacts of Document [24] (Title: OPEC) two days after it began. Some time after the attack, Carlos's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad, a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president, widely thought to be Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, itself an OPEC member. Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US$20 million and US$50 million from "an Arab president". Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran, but that the money was "diverted en Document [25] (Title: Ernesto Cordero Arroyo) Undersecretary of Energy and Technological Development in the Energy Secretariat (SENER), to join the Secretary of the SENER at that time, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, in his pre-candidature for the Mexican Presidency. In this campaign, Cordero was the coordinator of Public Politics. On June 15, 2008, the Mexican President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa named him the Head of the Social Development Secretariat in substitution of Beatriz Zavala Peniche. As Secretary, he designed and implemented different politics in social development; strengthening, modernizing and making transparent programs with a high impact on the lifestyle conditions of the Mexicans. He also faced the international financial Document [26] (Title: Ibrahim Shihata) worked as legal counsel in the role, based in Kuwait, for eight years. Dr. Shihata was appointed as Director General of the then OPEC Special Fund at its creation in 1976. Under his leadership, the OPEC Special Fund developed into the long-standing institution that is known as today—the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID). During his tenure, Dr. Shihata was known for his contribution towards addressing the issue of poverty, primarily in the southern areas of the world. While working at OFID, Dr Shihata also served as an Executive Director at the International Fund for Agricultural Development. He was the Document [27] (Title: Gholam-Hossein Nozari) Gholam-Hossein Nozari Gholam Hossein Nozari (born 1954) is a conservative Iranian politician who served as oil minister from 2007 to 2009. He was nominated secretary general of the OPEC in June 2012. Nozari was born in Kazeroon, Iran, in 1954. He studied petroleum and earth science engineering at Shahid Chamran University. He received a master's degree in industrial management from Tehran University. Nozari worked at the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Then he became a member of the fourth Majlis and acted as deputy chairman of the energy commission. In the fifth Majlis, he was a member of the development Document [28] (Title: Amir Ali Sheibany) is one sign of this newfound independence. Iran’s active role in OPEC, and the Shah’s willingness to stand up to the west is another.” Marshall Plan Point 4, Public Health division Azerbaijan 1955-1956 Associate Professor at Technical Faculty of Tehran University. Consultant at Ministry of Industry and Mines. Founder, and Chairman, of the Secretariat of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. Assistant General Managing Director of National Iranian Steel Corporation. (1st Cabinet of Mr. Jafar Sharif-Emami) Undersecretary of Ministry of Industry and Mines. (Dr. Amini's Cabinet) Undersecretary of Ministry of Economy. (Mr. A. Alam's Cabinet) General Managing Director of National Document [29] (Title: Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration) of the 1990s, Chavez played a leading role within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to reinvigorate that organisation and obtain members' adherence to lower production quotas designed to drive up the oil price. Venezuelan oil minister Alí Rodríguez Araque's announcement in 1999 that his country would respect OPEC production quotas marked "a historic turnaround from the nation's traditional pro-US oil policy." On 13 November 2001, under the enabling law authorized by the National Assembly, President Chávez enacted the Hydrocarbons Law, which came into effect in January 2002. The new Hydrocarbons Law required that a minimum of 51% Document [30] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) Fuad Rouhani Fuad Rouhani (23 October 1907 – 30 January 2004) () was an Iranian administrator and translator. He served as the first Secretary-General of OPEC between 21 January 1961 and 30 April 1964. He is the only Iranian to hold this office from OPEC's establishment to date. Fuad Rouhani was born in Tehran on October 23, 1907. Rouhani completed his early education in Tehran, and went to work in the oil industry, then under British control. Rouhani, educated as a lawyer, was born in Iran and trained in London and Paris. Rouhani worked in a company which discovered first Document [31] (Title: Yang Dongliang) Qing County, Hebei. He began work on October 1972 as an oil drill worker, and joined the Communist Party of China in December 1973. From 1972 onwards, he assumed various posts in North China Petroleum Battle Command (; now PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company), a state-controlled oil company which was renamed North China Petroleum Administration () in 1983. He served as its Deputy Communist Party Secretary from June 1983 to September 1987. From September 1985 to September 1987 he studied at Beijing Petroleum Management Cadre Institute, majoring in engineering administration. From September 1995 to January 1998 he studied at Central Party Document [32] (Title: Olufemi Elias) (OPCW) - Noble Peace Prize Awardee 2013, The Hague; Executive Secretary (Registrar), World Bank Administrative Tribunal, Washington D.C.; Senior Legal Officer, OPCW; Special Assistant to the Executive Secretary (Assistant Secretary-General), United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), Geneva and Legal Adviser, Governing Council Secretariat, UNCC. Elias is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Law, Queen Mary University of London and has taught at the King's College London and the University of Buckingham. He is also the author of several publications in the field of International Law and was awarded the Honorary Membership Award of the American Society of International Law (ASIL) Document [33] (Title: Hamid Algabid) 1988. From 1989 to 1996, Algabid was Secretary-General of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). In December 1996, he was nominated as a candidate to become Secretary-General of the United Nations, a post which was won by Kofi Annan. During the rule of Nigerien President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Algabid returned to politics in Niger. On 20 August 1997, he was named President of the RDP-Jama'a, which was established as Maïnassara's ruling party, at the party's national congress. Later, Algabid also became head of the Convergence for the Republic (CPR), a pro-Maïnassara coalition composed of 15 parties, which was formed Document [34] (Title: Nadim al-Pachachi) pressure on the US Pachachi proposed that all Arab oil-producing countries should adopt a "co-ordinated, unified policy to freeze their crude oil production at present levels until Israel withdraws fully from all Arab territories." Nadim al-Pachachi died on 29 February 1976 at the age of 61, after skiing accident in Switzerland. Nadim al-Pachachi Nadim al-Pachachi (18 March 1914 – 29 February 1976) was the Secretary-General of OPEC from January 1971 until December 1972. Born in Baghdad during the Ottoman Empire, he received a doctorate in petroleum engineering and worked in the Romanian oil fields as a young man. He served Document [35] (Title: Shukri Ghanem) the OPEC secretariat, and was the Director of its Research Division. He served as Deputy Director and Director of Foreign Trade at the Ministry of Economy in Libya; was Director of Marketing of Libya's National Oil Corporation (NOC); was Director of Economic Affairs and Under Secretary and Chief Advisor at the Ministry of Petroleum in Libya. In 2003, Ghanem was appointed General Secretary of the General People's Committee or Prime Minister. In March 2006, Ghanem was appointed Chairman of Libya's NOC. He tendered his resignation from NOC in August 2009 amidst probable disagreements within the Libyan government over the development Document [36] (Title: Megacorpstate) member nations and to decrease the oil market volatility. As of May 2017, the organization consists of 14 countries which earn the majority of their income through oil revenues: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (the dominant exporter), United Arab Emirates, Venezuela. According to OPEC, membership is open to any nation that has substantial oil resource and observes the same principles as the organization, subject to approval by the member governments. OPEC holds meetings with its members at least twice per year. During these meetings, the members usually examine market conditions and Document [37] (Title: Global Leadership Foundation) General, International Atomic Energy Agency 1997-2009, Interim Vice President 2013 Amara Essy Côte d’Ivoire, Foreign Minister, 1990-2000, Secretary General, OAU 2001-2, Chairman, AU Commission 2002-3 Gareth Evans Australia, Foreign Minister 1988-96, Vicente Fox Mexico, President 2000-06 Louise Fréchette Canada, UN Deputy Secretary-General 1998–2006 Lawrence Gonzi Malta, Prime Minister 2004-13 Minister of Finance, 2004-08 and Minister of Social Policy, 1998-2004 HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal Jordan Enrique Iglesias Uruguay, Foreign Minister 1985-1988, President of Inter-American Development Bank 1988-2005 Donald Kaberuka Rwanda, Finance Minister 1997-2005, President of the African Development Bank 2005-15 Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka, President 1994-2005 John Kufuor Ghana, Document [38] (Title: Henry Odein Ajumogobia) Member, National Independent Power Programme; (2007- 2010) Minister of Foreign Affairs (April 2010 - May 2011): Member, National Security Council, President UN Security Council (2010) Chairman Council of Ministers of Ecowas States; Co- Chairman (with H.E. Miguel Angel Moratinos Cuyaube- Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain of Political Dialogue between EU and ECOWAS Luxembourg (2010); Co-Chairman (with H.E. George Rebela Chicoti Minister of Foreign Affairs of Angola), International Contact Group on Guinea Bissau at UNGA (September 2010); As Nigeria's Minister of State for Petroleum he pushed for deregulation of the downstream sector of the oil industry. He said Document [39] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) to do so. Currently, Iran is demanding that an Iranian be chosen to fill the current opening. OPEC's success has long been a matter of debate, with many analysts saying that the marketplace and the willingness of one country, Saudi Arabia, to limit output have been the deciding factors in determining oil prices. The oil embargo of 1973 was initiated just by the Arab producers, not OPEC as a whole. In 1964 Rouhani was succeeded by an Iraqi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, who encouraged talk of both radical politics and Islamic religion. Rouhani played the tar, a traditional Persian musical instrument, Document [40] (Title: Rex Tillerson) Rex Tillerson Rex Wayne Tillerson (born March 23, 1952) is an American energy executive who served as the 69th United States Secretary of State from February 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, under President Donald Trump. Prior to joining the Trump administration, Tillerson was chairman and chief executive officer of ExxonMobil, holding that position from 2006 until 2017. Tillerson began his career as a civil engineer with Exxon in 1975 after graduating with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. By 1989 he had become general manager of the Exxon USA central production division. Document [41] (Title: OPEC) the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia's withdrawal, noting that OPEC "regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization, and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not-too-distant future." The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas. Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members, to increase the price Document [42] (Title: Yahaya Dikko) Dikko was a one time Executive Secretary of the Niger Dams Authority and General Manager of NEPA. Yahaya Dikko Yahaya Dikko was a Nigerian administrator who was General Manager of NEPA and later became Special Adviser on Petroleum and Energy Affairs to President Shehu Shagari. He was head of Nigeria's delegation to OPEC during the administration of Shagari and later became President of OPEC. Dikko was oil adviser in 1983 when global oil prices fell and Nigeria and OPEC had to cut oil prices, the first since an oil embargo began in 1973. Dikko was born to the family of Document [43] (Title: Third GECF summit) the days prior to the summit, Secretary-General Mohammad-Hossein Adeli was re-appointed for a second term in his role and Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zangeneh was chosen as the deputy chairman. Qatari Minister of Energy and Industry Mohammed Saleh Al Sada was chosen as the chairman of the forum. Azerbaijan was also given observer status in the GECF. Full members: Observer members: Special Guest: The final communique underscored the need for stronger cooperation, including the transfer of expertise and pricing mechanisms. It also called for cooperation in the security of natural gas supplies to the global markets. It further objected Document [44] (Title: Nadim al-Pachachi) Nadim al-Pachachi Nadim al-Pachachi (18 March 1914 – 29 February 1976) was the Secretary-General of OPEC from January 1971 until December 1972. Born in Baghdad during the Ottoman Empire, he received a doctorate in petroleum engineering and worked in the Romanian oil fields as a young man. He served as the Minister of Economy in the Iraqi government from 1952 until 1957. He was arrested during the 14 July Revolution in 1958. He later served as an advisor to the Libyan government and was very supportive of the Tripoli settlement of 20 March 1971 undertaken by the Muammar Gaddafi government. Document [45] (Title: OPEC) measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries... [The OPEC Special Fund's] resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels." The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations. On 21 December 1975, Saudi Arabia's Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna, Austria. The attack, which killed three non-ministers, was orchestrated by a six-person team led Document [46] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) of the world’s leading advocates of energy poverty alleviation, having championed the cause for over a decade. He was the first person to label energy access as the “missing ninth” Millennium Development Goal (MDG). In 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requested that Al-Herbish join his High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All). In 2013 he received an invitation to serve on the SE4ALL Advisory Board, which he has served on ever since. Prior to his appointment at OFID, Al-Herbish had served for 13 years as the Governor of Saudi Arabia at the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Document [47] (Title: Gholam Reza Aghazadeh) Minister of Petroleum in October 1985. He held this position until 1997 when he was replaced by Bijan Namdar Zanganeh after the election of then reformist president Mohammad Khatami. He was then promoted to the post of Vice President for Atomic Energy. He held this position from 1997 to 2009. Aghazadeh is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council. On 16 July 2009, the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency reported that Gholam Reza Aghazadeh had resigned as Iran's Nuclear Chief for unspecified reasons, a resignation of intense interest in such a difficult time. There has been speculation that he Document [48] (Title: Kumi Naidoo) the middle of his second term . Announcing his departure from the role of IED he said; "When I leave, I am looking forward to taking up an even more important role with Greenpeace: as a volunteer." Naidoo returned to South Africa to focus his work on energy justice. On 21 December 2017, Amnesty International appointed him as its next Secretary-General. In August 2018 Kumi succeed Salil Shetty, who served two terms in Amnesty International as the Secretary-General from 2010. The Secretary General is the leader and main spokesperson for Amnesty International and the Chief Executive of its International Secretariat. Document [49] (Title: OPEC) (1980–1988), Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (1990–1991), September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers (2001), American occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present), Arab Spring (2010–2012), Libyan Crisis (2011–present), and international Embargo against Iran (2012–2016). Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices, the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC's long-term cohesion and effectiveness. As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades, the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market. This is especially helpful Document [50] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) Yamani, however, continued in his role as oil minister for another eleven years after the death of Faisal, possibly buoyed by his prominent international position. On 21 December 1975, Saudi Arabia's Yamani, Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna, Austria. The attack, which killed three non-ministers, was carried out by a six-person team led by Venezuelan terrorist Carlos the Jackal which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and Hans-Joachim Klein. The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group called for the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by Document [51] (Title: OPEC) is the supreme authority of the organization, and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries. The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General. The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters, at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary. It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and "one member, one vote", with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget. However, since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most-profitable oil exporter in the world, with enough capacity to function as the traditional Document [52] (Title: Mohammed Barkindo) of Technology Yola. Mohammed Barkindo Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (born 20 April 1959, Yola, Nigeria) has been appointed to a three-year term as Secretary General of OPEC with effect from 1 August 2016. He previously served as Acting Secretary General during 2006, represented Nigeria on OPEC's Economic Commission Board during 1993–2008, led the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation during 2009–2010, and has headed Nigeria's technical delegation to UN climate negotiations since 1991. Barkindo completed academic degrees from Ahmadu Bello University (Zaria, Nigeria) and Southeastern University (Washington, D.C., USA). He earned a postgraduate diploma from Oxford University, and was awarded an honorary doctorate Document [53] (Title: Alí Rodríguez Araque) of energy of Venezuela from 1999, when Chávez took office, until 2000. In 2000 he was elected secretary-general of OPEC and served from January 2001 to July 2002. He then became president of Venezuela's state-owned oil company Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), where he masterminded the firing of more than 20,000 workers in response to their part in the company's leading role in the Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003. He remained in that position until November 2004 when Chávez appointed him foreign minister in a cabinet reshuffle. On 1 September 2006, Rodríguez was appointed as Ambassador of Venezuela to Cuba. Later Document [54] (Title: Ali Kardor) Ali Kardor Ali Kardor (, born 16 May 1954) is an Iranian oil executive, and the former managing director of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), from 2016 to 2018. Kardor joined NIOC in 1984. Kardor was appointed managing director of NIOC in June 2016, having previously served as deputy managing director for investment and finance. Kardor graduated with a M.S. in financial management from Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran. Since Kardor has assumed management of the NIOC, it has raised oil production. Following the lifting of international trade restrictions in January 2016 – Kardor announced 4.05 million barrels of crude oil Document [55] (Title: OPEC) by Venezuelan militant "Carlos the Jackal", and which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and Hans-Joachim Klein. The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers, except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed. Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages, with stops in Algiers and Tripoli, planning to fly eventually to Baghdad, where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed. All 30 non-Arab hostages were Document [56] (Title: Robert Mabro) Mabro played a key, if unaccredited, role in the secret negotiations that brought together these three countries." Mabro himself later suggested that OPEC should change its logo to a tea-bag “because it only works in hot water.” Robert Mabro Robert Emile Mabro (26 December 1934 – 2 August 2016) was an academic who specialised in oil and energy issues. He founded the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, and in the late 1990s brokered a historic production cut between OPEC and its rivals in the wake of a slump in the price of oil. Mabro was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in Document [57] (Title: OPEC) his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join, and Angola did in 2007, followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers, as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective Document [58] (Title: Mofia Tonjo Akobo) petroleum and Energy ministry. In December 1975 as OPEC minister in Vienna, Dr Akobo was part of the ministers held during the Carlos terrorist Hijack. He served on General Murtala Mohammed executive council and was retained by the new head of state General Olusegun Obasanjo but reassigned to the portfolio of economic planning and development until 1977. He concluded signing the contract of the Warri refinery and greatly advanced the development of the Kaduna refinery. He was involved in the establishment of the ECOWAS at the ministerial level and the establishment of the Niger Delta Basin Development Authority. In 1978 Document [59] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) foster economic integration among Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. In 1968 he entered the university of Paris where he was awarded a doctorate in law. Rouhani, though not religious himself, found time to write "A Guide to the Contents of the Koran," as well as other books on religion. He also translated into Persian works by Plato and C.G.Jung, among others. When OPEC set up its office in Geneva in 1961 before moving to Vienna Rouhani was elected the organization's first secretary general, an administrative post that also involved mediating between conflicting factions. He served for three years, the only Iranian Document [60] (Title: Ernesto Cordero Arroyo) the PAN. He has been President of the Committee of the Assembly of Governors of the "Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo" (BID); Co-president of the Committee of Transition of the United Nations for the Design of the Green Climate Fund; Co-president of the Group of Work of the G-20 for the Revision of the international monetary systems. In Mexico he has been President of the National Counsel of Social Politics; President of Financial System Stability Council; Coordinator of the Social Cabinet, as well as a Member of the Security Cabinet. In 2011, he fought for becoming the elected candidate of the Document [61] (Title: Nizar Al-Adsani) became a board member of the Kuwait Gulf Operation Committee (KGOC) and from 2011 to 2013 he served as chairman and managing director of Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC). Today Al-Adsani is the deputy chairman of the board of directors and the chief executive officer of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC). He was appointed to his current position in May 2013. Al-Adsani regularly appears on national and international media, commenting on the developments within KPC as well as national and foreign energy sector related developments. He's also a regularly speaking at different national and international conferences. Nizar Al-Adsani Nizar Mohammed Document [62] (Title: Emilio Lozoya Austin) stakeholders in the region. Between 2009 and 2012, Lozoya co-founded and was an Executive Board Member of different investment funds, specialized on international private capital investments, including restructuring and international transactions. From January to November 2012, he headed the International Affairs Office during the campaign, as well as at the Transition Team of now President Enrique Peña Nieto. From December 2012 to February 2016, he was appointed CEO of the Mexican state-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos by President Enrique Peña Nieto. In 2014, he was recognized by Energy Intelligence as “Petroleum Executive of the Year”. In 2012, he was named Document [63] (Title: OPEC) 1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. In May 2008, Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. It rejoined the organization in January 2016, but announced another "temporary Document [64] (Title: OPEC) disruption-ridden members Libya and Nigeria) covered the first half of 2017 – alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members, offset by expected increases in the US shale sector, Libya, Nigeria, spare capacity, and surging late-2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect. Indonesia announced another "temporary suspension" of its OPEC membership, rather than accepting the organization's requested 5 percent production cut. Prices fluctuated around US$50/bbl, and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018, with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned-off by then. Document [65] (Title: Héctor Moreira Rodríguez) At the beginning of the Vicente Fox administration he was named coordinator of the Strategic Planning Advisors as part of the Cabinet. In 2005, he was named Undersecretary of Hydrocarbons of the Ministry of Energy, working as an advisor to then energy secretary Felipe Calderón. He also represented Mexico at meetings of OPEC in 2005 and 2006. During his tenure, PEMEX was granted autonomy in several key distribution operations, including that of gasoline. He also created the Mesoamerican Energy Integration program with nine other countries. As a former consultant for PEMEX, he defended the practice of the organization having in-house Document [66] (Title: Catherine Uju Ifejika) industry for Texaco and Chevron. She joined Texaco as a Junior Counsel in 1987, spent two years at Texaco Overseas Petroleum Unlimited from 1988 to 1989, and was Acting Chief Counsel by 1991. This gave her experience in both the upstream and downstream aspects of the petroleum industry. By 1997, she was the Company Secretary and the Manager of Public and Government Affairs. As of 2003, she became Company Secretary for Public and Government Affairs for West Africa, a position in which she deal with Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. She served on the Document [67] (Title: Mana Al Otaiba) His son is Yousef Al Otaiba. Al Otaiba is an Arab diplomat who is sought for advice by Arab and international leaders because of his economic experience and his high levels of experience in the diplomatic circuit. His son Yousef Al Otaiba became the UAE ambassador to the United States. Mana Al Otaiba served as President of OPEC a record six times, for its 26th, 52nd, 53rd, 54th, 62nd and 63rd conferences, held during 1971–1983. He caused controversy in the 1970s by disregarding OPEC agreements that he considered harmful to the economy of the UAE, his most famous quote being Document [68] (Title: José Ángel Gurría) Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). From 2003 to 2005 he chaired the Inter-American Development Bank's External Advisory Group. In 2005, Gurría emerged at the head of a crowded field of candidates, including former Prime Minister Marek Belka, to succeed Donald Johnston of Canada as the OECD secretary general. In the process, he underwent about 150 interviews in all member countries over the several months to win the backing of governments and OECD officials. During his initial two terms, countries such as Chile, Estonia, and Israel joined the organization. On 26 May 2015, the 34 member countries of the Document [69] (Title: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) under Article 8 of the Convention. It is headed by the Executive Secretary. The current Executive Secretary, Patricia Espinosa, was appointed on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and took office on 18 July 2016. She succeeded Christiana Figueres who held the office since 2010. Former Executive Secretaries have been Yvo de Boer (2006-2010), Joke Waller-Hunter (2002-2005) and Michael Zammit Cutajar (1995-2002). Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than "Article 6". It refers to Article 6 of the Convention's original text Document [70] (Title: Jiang Jiemin) Qinghai Petroleum Administration Bureau in November 1994. In February 1999 he was made Assistant to the General Manager and the team leader in charge of the preparation for the initial public offering of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). In November of that year he was promoted again, to Director and Vice President of PetroChina, a subsidiary of CNPC. From there his career went to Qinghai Province, as deputy governor and member of the provincial Party Standing Committee in June 2000. In June 2001, he became Deputy Party Secretary of Qinghai province. In April 2004, he was transferred back to CNPC, Document [71] (Title: Samuel Dossou-Aworet) Samuel Dossou-Aworet Samuel Dossou-Aworet is a Pan-African businessman who was born on 5 November 1944 in Porto-Novo (Benin). In 1971, he obtained a Masters in Chemistry from the Ecole Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs and in 1972 he obtained a DEA (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies de Pétroléochimie et Synthèse Organique Industrielle) from the same institute of which he is an Engineering graduate. From 1973 to 1974, he was consulting engineer with Sema Metra International in Paris. From 1976 to 1980, he also took on a position as Governor of OPEC Special Fund. In 1978, he became Gabon's Director General of Document [72] (Title: Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki) was ASECNA's Representative in Niger from 1979 to 1980, Director-General of Air Niger—the national airline—from 1980 to 1983, and Niger's Director of Civil Aviation from 1983 to 1985. Oubandawaki became Secretary-General of ASECNA in 1985 and remained in that post for 11 years. President Ibrahim Baré Mainassara then appointed him to the Nigerien government as Minister of National Defense on 23 August 1996. He took office on 29 August. After soldiers at the Agadez garrison took officials hostage on 2 June 1997, Oubandawaki promptly led a delegation to Agadez; he successfully negotiated the release of the officials and restored government Document [73] (Title: OPEC) of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry." The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the de facto leader), United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Indonesia is a former member, and Qatar will no longer be a member of OPEC Document [74] (Title: Adnan Shihab-Eldin) Adnan Shihab-Eldin Dr. Adnan Shihab-Eldin (born 1 November 1943), former Acting Secretary General and Director of the Research Division of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is currently the Director General of the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences since 2011. He is also a research associate at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (OIES) since 2008 and a member of the Board of Directors of the SBC Energy Institute. Dr. Shihab-Eldin currently teaches in the MBA Energy Management at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) and is a member of the advisory board for Document [75] (Title: Janos Pasztor (diplomat)) working in the United Nations with previous roles including (2010-2012) Executive Secretary of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (GSP); (2008-2010) Director of UN Secretary-General’s Climate Change Support Team; (2007) Director, UN Environment Management Group (EMG), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); (1993-2006) Various positions at the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), initially in Geneva, and later in Bonn. The last position was Coordinator, Project-based Mechanisms Programme; (1990-1992) Senior Programme Officer, Atmosphere and Energy, Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the “Earth Summit ‘92”); and (1986-1989) Energy Document [76] (Title: Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma) Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma (13 April 1934 – 7 November 2012) was a Gabonese economist and politician. He was the Secretary-General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from 1981 to 1983 and has been an opposition politician in Gabon since 1990. He was the father of writer Bessora. A member of the Fang ethnic group, born in Lambaréné, Nan Nguéma studied in Paris and obtained a Ph.D in economics; he also received degrees in political science and business and public administration. He entered the civil service in Paris in 1960, and after returning Document [77] (Title: Oseloka H. Obaze) Secretary-General at in-house, inter-departmental and inter-agency meetings and consultations. He also developed policy options and guidance on U.N. political offices, in Somalia, Guinea Bissau, Central Africa Republic and West Africa NOWA] to the Under Secretary-General. Between 2007 and 2012, Oseloka Obaze worked as a senior member of the managerial team in the Security Council Secretariat branch, which services the U.N. Security Council and also as the Secretary of the Security Council Adhoc Working Group on Conflict Prevention in Africa including as Trip Coordinator for Security Council Missions. Before leaving the U.N., Obaze served on the U.N. National Competitive Examination Political Document [78] (Title: Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma) the International Monetary Fund from 1972 to 1975. Subsequently he was Gabon's Representative to the OPEC Executive Commission Board from 1975 to 1976 and Deputy Director-General of the Elf Gabon oil company from 1976 to 1981. Nan Nguéma served as Secretary-General of OPEC from 1 July 1981 to 30 June 1983. He also worked as the Deputy Director-General of Elf Gabon prior to 1990 and was an adviser to Gabonese President Omar Bongo until 1990. Amidst the wave of democratization that swept Africa beginning in 1990, Nan Nguéma joined the Gabonese opposition and became Vice-President of the Gabonese Progress Party Document [79] (Title: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) alliance with oil producing Arab nations to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuela's oil (among other reasons), establishing a strong link between the South American nation and the Middle East region that survives to this day. His extensive notes of the TRC methods for regulation of production to maximize recovery served him well both in Venezuela and later when he took them translated into Arabic to the Cairo meeting that served as launching platform for OPEC, where Wanda Jablonski introduced him to then minister of petroleum of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah Tariki, co-founder of OPEC. After the 1973 oil Document [80] (Title: Khalid A. Al-Falih) of Electricity. Al-Falih also holds the position of chairman of the Board of Directors of Aramco, whose CEO is Amin H. Nasser. The oil crash caused OPEC countries to react by diminishing production, the organization’s first cut in eight years. Minister Al-Falih urged fellow OPEC member countries to stop exceeding their output targets, and met with Venezuelan and Kazakh counterparts in August 2017 in order to extend the deal of cutting production until March 2018, by at least three more months. Al-Falih is active in many social programs. He has served as chairman of the Dammam City Municipal Council. His Document [81] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish (born 6 November 1942, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia)() ended his third five-year term as Director-General of the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) on October 31, 2018. Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish, a Saudi national, became the Director-General and Chief Executive Officer of OFID in November 2003. Al-Herbish guided OFID through a period of deep transformation which includes:<br> These developments have enabled the institution to substantially enhance the execution of its mandate and consolidate its standing as a prominent and respected player in the global development arena.<br> Al-Herbish and Energy Poverty Alleviation<br> Al-Herbish has been one Document [82] (Title: Rómulo Betancourt) Cairo, Venezuela's envoy, fluent in Arabic, convinced oil producing Middle Eastern countries to sign a secret agreement that promoted unity and control of their own national oil resources; under the noses of the British and American corporations that dominated the oil industry globally and had funded the event. Planting the seed for OPEC that was founded in September 1960 at Baghdad, Iraq. This movement was triggered by a 1960 law instituted by American President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico's oil industries. Eisenhower cited national security, land access to energy supplies, at times Document [83] (Title: Denis-Christel Sassou Nguesso) responsible for marketing oil, from 2005 to 2009. As part of an administrative shake-up at the SNPC, Sassou Nguesso was instead appointed as deputy director-general of the SNPC, in charge of the downstream operations, on 29 December 2010. The shake-up was viewed as indicative of his "increasing influence". Beginning in 2005, Sassou Nguesso headed the Pole of Young Republicans (PJR), a political association that elected eight of its members to the National Assembly as independent candidates in the 2007 parliamentary election. He served as the PJR's honorary president until he was elected as its national executive president on 12 October Document [84] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) Riyadh. According to Yamani, King Saud then offered him the position of Oil Minister but this was declined. Several months later a new cabinet was formed with Faisal as Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister and in March 1962 the incumbent Oil Minister and founding father of OPEC, Abdullah Tariki, was replaced by Ahmed Zaki Yamani. Although clearly distinguished from his fiery predecessor by both his supporters and detractors, Yamani had a common goal with Tariki in moving toward the nationalisation of Aramco, the operating oil company in the country. In 1962 the General Petroleum and Mineral Organization (Petromin) was Document [85] (Title: ¿Por qué no te callas?) statements at the summit, indicating frankly that she felt "let down" by the subsequent discussions at the OPEC meeting, considering the effect that the price of oil has on countries like Chile. Also just weeks after the incident, Chávez was "accused of breaking a protocol accord" with Colombia's President Álvaro Uribe and "exhaust[ing] his Colombian counterpart's patience by speaking out of turn once too often", formally ending Chávez's mediation in hostage negotiations with the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group. (Dialogue resumed later and the hostages were freed in January 2008.) In 2013, Infobae named the incident Document [86] (Title: Gholam-Hossein Nozari) Ahmedinejad to exert much more control over the oil sector in Iran. In June 2012, Iran nominated Nozari for the secretary-general of OPEC. Gholam-Hossein Nozari Gholam Hossein Nozari (born 1954) is a conservative Iranian politician who served as oil minister from 2007 to 2009. He was nominated secretary general of the OPEC in June 2012. Nozari was born in Kazeroon, Iran, in 1954. He studied petroleum and earth science engineering at Shahid Chamran University. He received a master's degree in industrial management from Tehran University. Nozari worked at the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Then he became a member of Document [87] (Title: History of the Venezuelan oil industry) the heads-of-state of OPEC in 25 years (the second ever). Goals of this meeting, held in Caracas, included recuperating the credibility of Venezuela in OPEC, defending oil prices, cementing relations between Venezuela and the Arab/Islamic world, and to strengthen OPEC in general. The meeting could be considered a success given the record high oil prices of the following years, but much of that is also a consequence of the 11 September 2001 attacks against the United States, the Iraq War, and the significant increase in demand for oil from developing economies like China and India, which helped prompt a surge Document [88] (Title: OPEC siege) were to be executed. Carlos led his team past two police officers in the building's lobby and up to the first floor, where a police officer, an Iraqi plainclothes security guard and a young Libyan economist, Yusuf al-Azmarly, were shot dead. As Carlos entered the conference room and fired shots into the ceiling, the delegates ducked under the table. The terrorists searched for Ahmed Zaki Yamani and then divided the sixty-three hostages into groups. Delegates of friendly countries were moved toward the door, 'neutrals' were placed in the centre of the room and the 'enemies' were placed along the back Document [89] (Title: OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism) the former Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon from 2015 to 2016, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations from 2007-2010 and again in 2011-2015, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between 2006-2007 and 2010-2011) was named to head the JIM. The JIM consisted of a three-member leadership panel, headed by an Assistant Secretary General. The panel’s two other members advised on political and investigative components, respectively. On 27 April 2017, the Secretary-General announced the appointment of Edmond Mulet (Guatemala) as the Head of the three-member Leadership Panel of the JIM. The Leadership Panel Document [90] (Title: OPEC siege) members of OPEC were taken hostage in Vienna, Austria, where the ministers were attending a meeting at the OPEC headquarters at Dr-Karl-Lueger-Ring 10 (renamed Universitätsring in 2012). The hostage attack was orchestrated by a six-person team led by Venezuelan terrorist Carlos the Jackal (which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann, Hans-Joachim Klein and Anis al-Naqqash). The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group called for the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and kidnap all eleven oil ministers in attendance and hold them for ransom, with the exception of Ahmed Zaki Yamani and Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, who Document [91] (Title: Youcef Yousfi) of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). On 23 December 1999 he was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was replaced by Abdelaziz Belkhadem in the post in August 2000, when Yousfi moved on to become Minister-Delegate to Prime Minister, Ali Benflis. In April 2001, Yousfi was nominated as Ambassador of Algeria to Canada, before becoming Permanent Representative to the United Nations in 2006. Yousfi is married and has three children. Youcef Yousfi Youcef Yousfi () (born 2 October 1941) is an Algerian politician who has been Minister of Energy and Mines between 2010 and 2015. He Document [92] (Title: Alemayehu Atomsa) Agency from 2006 to 2010. In 2012, Alemayehu became Chairperson of OPDO and President of Oromia region. He was the father of two daughters and two son. Alemayehu, an "obscure figure with little connection to the OPDO’s rank and file" became president of the Oromia Region on 6 September 2010, succeeding former General Abadula Gemeda, who was elected to the Federal Parliamentary Assembly and became the Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives. "Hailed [for] his strength and leadership charisma", as president, Alemayehu took a strong, public, and controversial stance against corruption, and within months of his assuming office several Document [93] (Title: Roknodin Javadi) Ahmad Ghalebani. Javadi served as NIOC’s CEO until he resigned in June 2016. He was succeeded by Ali Kardor. Javadi still serves as Vice-chairman of the Board. Following his work as CEO for NIOC Javadi began serving as the Ministry of Petroleum's deputy managing director for monitoring hydrocarbon resources. He regularly appeared on national and international media. Roknodin Javadi Roknodin Javadi (born 1957) is an Iranian business executive. He is a former CEO of National Iranian Oil Company and Deputy oil minister of iran and the Chairman of National Iranian South Oil Company. Javadi served as Managing Director of National Document [94] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) Chairman of the board of directors of the National Electric Power Authority (1993–1994). From 1986 he served eight consecutive terms as OPEC president. Lukman was elected OPEC secretary general on 22 November 1994, succeeding Dr. Subroto of Indonesia, whose three-year term ended on 30 June 1994. Lukman was a compromise choice between two competing candidates, Hossein Kazempour Ardebili of Iran and Alirio Parra of Venezuela. He was re-elected to a second term in 1997, holding office until the end of 2000. He was a central figure in the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia to control oil prices early in Document [95] (Title: Michael Lawrence Haider) he served for two years as deputy coordinator of worldwide production. He then became president and a director of International Petroleum Company, Limited, responsible for parts of South America. In 1959 he was elected an Exxon director, then vice president and director for Latin America (1960), and executive vice-president and member of the Executive Committee (1961). In 1963 he was elected president and vice chairman of the Executive Committee, and in 1965 he became chairman of the board and chief executive officer until his retirement in 1969. Haider served as chairman of the American Petroleum Institute and president of the Document [96] (Title: Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah) Countries Forum in Doha, Attiyah was elected as the chairman of the organization. Although Gas Exporting Countries Forum has seen by some experts as an attempt to form 'gas-OPEC', Attiyah ruled out a creation of OPEC-like cartel. In 2011, Attiyah was appointed head of former Emir Hamad Al Thani's office and president of the Qatar Administrative Control and Transparency Authority. During the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Doha, Attiyah served as the chairman. In 2007, London-based the British Petroleum Intelligence Bulletin chose Attiyah as the Man of the Year in the field of development of hydrocarbon industry. In Document [97] (Title: Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah) information in 2000, and acting minister of oil in 2001. He was the president of the Kuwait Olympic Committee from 1991 to 2001; in 1992, he was elected as a member of the IOC. He also serves as the president of the Olympic Council of Asia. He was appointed minister of oil in February 2002 when his uncle Sheikh Sabah was still the prime minister. After Sheikh Jaber died and Sheikh Sabah became Emir, he remained at that position under Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed's (his half-cousin) government. Al-Sabah served as Secretary General of OPEC in 2005, and was appointed the director Document [98] (Title: Bob McNally) conferences. His articles on oil and OPEC have been published in the "Financial Times". McNally testifies to Congress on energy markets and policy and informally advises officials on energy market trends and developments. In March 2011 was invited by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources to brief a Senate member-only meeting on oil price developments. He is a member of the National Petroleum Council and Non-Resident Fellow at the Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy. McNally was co-chair of the energy policy advisory group on the 2008 Mitt Romney presidential campaign and energy advisor on Senator Marco Document [99] (Title: Rex Tillerson) engineer. In 1989, Tillerson became general manager of the central production division of Exxon USA. In 1995, he became President of Exxon Yemen Inc. and Esso Exploration and Production Khorat Inc. In 1998, he became a vice president of Exxon Ventures (CIS) and president of Exxon Neftegas Limited with responsibility for Exxon's holdings in Russia and the Caspian Sea. He then entered Exxon into the Sakhalin-I consortium with Rosneft. In 1999, with the merger of Exxon and Mobil, he was named executive vice president of ExxonMobil Development Company. In 2004, he became president and director of ExxonMobil. Upon this appointment Document [100] (Title: Rick Orman) more competitive in a changing world environment. As Minister of Energy, Orman served as a delegate to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the United States Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and the South West Energy Council. Additionally, Orman was a founding member of the Clean Air Strategic Alliance – a group dedicated to managing a clean air environment. He also led energy related trade missions to Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Since Orman’s return to the private sector, he has remained active as an officer and board member in a number of privately held and Document [101] (Title: History of the Venezuelan oil industry) OPEC had lost much of its influence compared to when it was first created. A combination of OPEC members, including Venezuela, regularly ignoring quotas and non-OPEC countries such as Mexico and Russia beginning to expand on their own petroleum industries resulted in record low oil prices to which hurt the Venezuelan economy. One of Chávez's main goals as president was to combat this problem by re-strengthening OPEC and getting countries to once again abide by their quotas. Chávez personally visited many of the leaders of oil producing nations around the world, and in 2000, he hosted the first summit of Document [102] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) OPEC to quadruple the price of crude oil. During that time, Yamani gained a colourful international reputation, known in the West for both diplomatic skills and his characteristic goatee. In December 1975, Yamani and the other OPEC ministers were taken hostage by notorious terrorist Carlos (the Jackal) in Vienna, Austria. The hostages were released after two days riding an airplane across North Africa, even though Carlos was ordered by his superiors to execute Yamani and his Iranian counterpart Jamshid Amouzegar. In October 1986, King Fahd dismissed Yamani. He also dismissed Abdulhady Hassan Taher, who was the founder of Petromin oils Document [103] (Title: Diezani Alison-Madueke) financial burden on the government, disproportionately benefits the wealthy, [and] encourages inefficiency, corruption and diversion of scarce public resources away from investment in critical infrastructure." Alison-Madueke was the first woman to hold the position of Minister of Petroleum Resources in Nigeria, and in October 2010 she became the first woman to head a country delegation at the semi-annual OPEC conference. She was also the first female Minister of Transportation, and the first woman to be appointed to the board of Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria. On 27 November 2014, she was elected as the first female President of OPEC. On Document [104] (Title: Russia–Saudi Arabia relations) to join OPEC nations′ commitment to reduce oil output, with cuts taking effect from 1 January 2017 to last for six months; Russian president Vladimir Putin and Saudi deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, along with Iran’s supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, were said to have played a key role in having OPEC rivals Iran and Saudi Arabia set aside differences to make the organization's first deal with non-OPEC Russia in 15 years possible. In April 2017, deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman told "The Washington Post" that the Saudis had been “coordinating [their] oil policies recently” with Moscow in Document [105] (Title: Rex Tillerson) contribution to the oil and gas industry" during his 41 years at Exxon Mobil. Tillerson was first recommended to then-President-elect Trump for the Secretary of State role by former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, during her meeting with Trump in late November 2016. Rice's recommendation of Tillerson to Trump was backed up by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, three days later. Media speculation that he was being considered for the position began on December 5, 2016. On December 9, transition officials reported that Tillerson was the top candidate for the position, surpassing contenders such as Mitt Romney and David Document [106] (Title: Ibrahim Shihata) Ibrahim Shihata Ibrahim F.I. Shihata (1937–2001) was an expert on international development and general counsel of the World Bank from 1983 to 1998. Dr. Ibrahim F.I Shihata was the Founder of the Opec Fund and Senior Vice President and General Counsel at the World Bank for 20 years. At the age of 20, Ibrahim Shihata graduated with a BA in law from Cairo University Law School at the top of his class. He originally planned to continue his education in the United States, but then received an offer from the Conseil d’Etat to work as a legal advisor in the Document [107] (Title: Abdallah Salem el-Badri) Abdallah Salem el-Badri Abdalla Salem el-Badri (born 25 May 1940) is a former Libyan official who served as Chairman of the National Oil Corporation (NOC), Minister of Petroleum, Minister of Energy, Minister of Management, and Deputy Prime Minister. He was also the longest-serving Secretary General of OPEC, holding the position in 1994 and then 2007–2016. He is a citizen of Libya and resides in Austria. He is married with five children. OPEC selected Nigeria's Mohammed Barkindo to succeed el-Badri as Secretary General, effective 1 August 2016. One of their predecessors was Omar el-Badri who held the position in 1970, although Document [108] (Title: Fadhil Chalabi) Fadhil Chalabi Fadhil Jafar al-Chalabi (born 1929) is an Iraqi economist, and was Acting Secretary General of OPEC from 1983 to 1988. He is a second cousin of the politician Ahmed Chalabi. Born in 1929 in Baghdad to Jafar Mohamad al-Chalabi and Fatima née al -Uzri, Chalabi studied law at Baghdad University and graduated in 1951 before gaining a PhD in oil economics from the University of Paris. In 1968 he was appointed director of oil affairs in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, and in 1973 became Iraq's permanent undersecretary of oil. He was assistant secretary general to the Organization Document [109] (Title: Abdallah Salem el-Badri) OPEC does not disclose any relation between its two Libyan Secretaries General with the same family name. Abdalla El-Badri was born in Ghemines, Libya, and began his oil industry career in 1965 with Esso. He graduated "cum laude" from Florida Southern College in 1975 with a B.S. in accounting. He served as the Libyan Minister for Oil from 1990, the post being expanded to cover electricity in 1993. In 2000, he moved to become Under-Secretary for Services, then in 2002 he became Deputy Prime Minister. From 2002 to 2004, he served as Minister for Management. Abdallah Salem el-Badri Abdalla Salem Document [110] (Title: Ibrahim Ibrahim (economist)) special ceremony held at the CWC World LNG Summit in Barcelona, Spain. Ibrahim holds a Ph.D. in Business Administration from New York University in 1969. Ibrahim Ibrahim (economist) Dr. Ibrahim Ibrahim () was the former Secretary General for the General Secretariat for Development Planning (GSDP). He was the Secretary General from 2006 until June 2011. He became an Economic Advisor to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Emir of the State of Qatar, in 1988. He was aleader in the development of the Qatar National Vision 2030 project. Ibrahim has worked in the oil and gas industry. He is Document [111] (Title: Organization of American States) it had not been for the assassination of Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The Director General of the former, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the Organization's first Secretary General. The current Secretary General is former Uruguayan minister of foreign affairs Luis Almagro. Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following: In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, Document [112] (Title: Juan Camilo Mouriño) Chief of the Presidency's Office. On 15 January 2008, Mouriño was designated [[Secretary of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of the Interior]]. Juan Camilo Mouriño came under public scrutiny due to some contracts that appear to be signed by him as a representative of the companies owned by his father, while he was local deputy in Campeche, and later as an undersecretary of energy (under then energy secretary Calderón), both government related positions. [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] showed also two new contracts that show that Mouriño could have incurred in abuse of power, since it seems he was still shareholder of the Document [113] (Title: Patricia Espinosa) 28, 2006, President-elect Felipe Calderón announced that she would serve as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs starting on December 1, 2006. Her priorities included the diversification of the United States-Mexico agenda (heavily concentrated on immigration and security issues) and the rebuilding of diplomatic relations with Cuba and Venezuela, which were strained during the previous administration. In May 2016, she was selected by United Nations Secretary-General Ban ki-Moon to be the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Patricia Espinosa Patricia Espinosa Cantellano (born October 21, 1958) is a Mexican politician and diplomat who is currently Document [114] (Title: Guillaume Long) the US presidential elections. Ecuador's Ministry of Foreign Affairs argued that it refused to meddle in other countries' internal affairs particularly in times of elections, but that this measure bore no relations with the asylum. Long was also in charge of Ecuador's oil negotiations within OPEC and represented Ecuador at the OPEC meetings in Algiers on 29 September 2016 and Vienna on 30 November 2016, and the 10 December 2016 OPEC-non OPEC meeting in Vienna that resulted in the commitment to cut oil production by just under 1.8 million barrels a day. After the election of Donald Trump in the Document [115] (Title: OPEC Fund for International Development) emerged from the Solemn Declaration of the Third OPEC Summit, which took place in Riyadh in November 2007. The Declaration called for the complete eradication of energy poverty as a global priority and urged OFID to intensify its efforts in support of this goal. The EPI was launched by King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia in June 2008 and subsequently adopted by OFID as its flagship program. Since 2008, OFID has worked tirelessly to push energy poverty to the top of the international agenda and was responsible for the universal acceptance of energy poverty eradication as the “missing” Document [116] (Title: OPEC) suspension" of its membership at year-end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut. Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq, due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003–2004. But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings, as no US representative attended in an official capacity. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers. This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. The OPEC Conference Document [117] (Title: Samuel Dossou-Aworet) Contribution to the African Oil Industry Awards. Samuel Dossou-Aworet Samuel Dossou-Aworet is a Pan-African businessman who was born on 5 November 1944 in Porto-Novo (Benin). In 1971, he obtained a Masters in Chemistry from the Ecole Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs and in 1972 he obtained a DEA (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies de Pétroléochimie et Synthèse Organique Industrielle) from the same institute of which he is an Engineering graduate. From 1973 to 1974, he was consulting engineer with Sema Metra International in Paris. From 1976 to 1980, he also took on a position as Governor of OPEC Special Fund. In Document [118] (Title: Fadhil Chalabi) of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries from 1976 to 1978. From 1978 to 1988 he was deputy secretary general of OPEC, serving as acting secretary general from 1983 to 1988. In 1987 he became Executive Director of the Centre for Global Energy Studies, a London-based think-tank founded and chaired by Ahmed Zaki Yamani. He retired in 2011. Chalabi is interviewed in the 2006 documentary "". He was married in 1956 to Abda Bahjat Salih and has four children. Fadhil Chalabi Fadhil Jafar al-Chalabi (born 1929) is an Iraqi economist, and was Acting Secretary General of OPEC from 1983 to 1988. He Document [119] (Title: United States–Venezuela relations) OPEC producers towards lower production ceilings, with the resultant price settling around $25 a barrel prior to 2004. During Venezuela's holding of the OPEC presidency in 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries. In the process, he became the first head of state to meet Saddam Hussein since the Gulf War. The visit was controversial both in Venezuela and in the US, although Chávez did respect the ban on international flights to and from Iraq (he drove from Iran, his previous stop). The Bush administration consistently opposed Chávez's policies. Although it did not immediately recognize the Carmona government Document [120] (Title: Edmund Daukoru) Nigeria. In 1992, he became Group Managing Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. In 2003, Daukoru became Presidential Advisor on Petroleum and Energy, and in July 2005 was appointed Minister of State for Energy in the cabinet of President Olusegun Obasanjo. He was appointed Secretary General of OPEC on 1 January 2006 for a one-year term. Daukoru was appointed the Amayanabo, or traditional ruler of Nembe Kingdom in Bayelsa state, taking the name Mingi XIII. Rivalries between the Bassambiri and Ogbolomabiri communities of the old Nembe Kingdom date back over 200 years. In April 2010 the Bayelsa State government Document [121] (Title: Amina J. Mohammed) Nigeria's representative in the African Union (AU) Reform Steering Committee, chaired by Paul Kagame. She resigned from the Nigerian Federal Executive Council on 24 February 2017. In 2017, Mohammed was accused of participation in a Chinese scam to illegally import endangered Nigerian rosewood during her term as Nigeria’s environment minister. The Nigerian government has denied the claims. In January 2017, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres announced his intention to appoint Mohammed Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. Amina J. Mohammed Amina Jane Mohammed (born 27 June 1961) is the current Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and a former Minister Document [122] (Title: Gas Exporting Countries Forum) elected as Secretary-General. He was re-elected at the thirteenth ministerial meeting in December 2011. In 2013, GECF ministers elected Iran’s candidate Mohammad-Hossein Adeli, a former head of central bank and diplomat, as the new Secretary-General of the forum for the next two years. The objectives of the GECF are: The highest body of the GECF is a ministerial meeting. In between of ministerial meetings, the work is organized through the Secretariat, headquartered in Doha, Qatar. The 2009 chairman of the GECF was Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah and the vice chairman was Chakib Khelil. The Secretary-General is Leonid Bokhanovsky. The Document [123] (Title: Ricardo Raineri) director of the World Bank Group, in representation of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. In 2012, he was elected by experts around the world, and for a period of two years, as vice president for academic affairs of the International Association for Energy Economics. In 2014 was re-elected to continue in that office for a second two-year term, 2015–16. In 2015 is elected as IAEE president elect for 2016 and as IAEE president for 2017. On February 9, 2010, Chile's current President-elect Sebastián Piñera nominated him to the Ministry of Energy. Following the 2011 Magallanes protests in January Document [124] (Title: OPEC) Iraqi prime minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, whose country had skipped the 1959 congress. Government representatives from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries, and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs. Despite strong US opposition: "Together with Arab and non-Arab producers, Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations." The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut, but Venezuela argued for Document [125] (Title: Kaveh Madani) the University of Central Florida. Kaveh Madani served as the Secretary of Iran's First International Conference on Climate Change in February 2017. In 2017, his name appeared in the media, including Shargh, as one of the candidates with strong support from the Iranian environmental NGOs and activists to become Iran's Minister of Energy after Hamid Chitchian in Hassan Rouhani's second presidency term. Madani denied this news later in an interview with the Mehr News Agency. In September 2017, Madani was appointed by Isa Kalantari as the Deputy for International Affairs, Innovation and Socio-cultural Engagement of Iran's Department of Environment. Madani Document [126] (Title: Oil Companies International Marine Forum) Executive Committee is limited to a maximum of 15 members plus the Chairman and Vice Chairmen who are ex officio members. Members of the Executive Committee are elected at the Annual General Meeting. Present chairman is Dr. Grahaeme Henderson from Shell. A full-time Director, currently Captain Andrew Cassels from BP, is in charge of a small permanent Secretariat located in London. This Secretariat comprises full-time employees and technical staff seconded from member companies. The work of OCIMF is carried out through four main Committees (General Purposes Committee (GPC), Ports and Terminals Committee, Offshore Marine Committee and the Legal Committee. Sub-Committees, Document [127] (Title: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) creating OPEC, further developing his thoughts about conservation and stabilization of petroleum production and the defense of oil prices. As Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons during the second democratic government of Venezuela of president Rómulo Betancourt (1959–1964), he was responsible for the creation of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) for the purpose of rationalizing and thereby increasing oil prices in the world market. Triggered by a 1960 law instituted by US President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico's oil industries, Perez Alfonzo (also known as the Father of OPEC) reacted seeking an Document [128] (Title: Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah) the United States. Moreover, he was Chief Executive Officer at the "Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière de Mauritanie", the largest mining company and cooperation in Mauritania. Between 1985 and 1993, Ould-Abdallah worked as adviser on energy, including renewable energies and African issues, to the United Nations Secretary-General. From 1993 to 1995, he was Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's Special Representative in Burundi, during the first part of the Burundi Civil War. Between 1996 and 2002, he served as the Executive Secretary of the Global Coalition for Africa, a Washington D.C. based intergovernmental forum dedicated to African issues. In 2002, Secretary General Document [129] (Title: Ali Al-Naimi) was succeeded by Abdullah S. Jum'ah as CEO of Aramco. Also in 1995, Naimi received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University In December 2010, the Saudi Supreme Petroleum Council, chaired by King Abdullah, asked Naimi to nominate candidates to succeed him as oil minister. In November 2014, still serving as Saudi oil minister and therefore the de facto leader of OPEC, Naimi became the primary advocate for the export organization's controversial new strategy. He argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself at lower price levels, strategically rebuilding OPEC's long-term market share by ending the profitability of Document [130] (Title: José Miguel Insulza) Interior of Chile. Insulza was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on May 2, 2005 following the withdrawal from the race of Mexico's Foreign Minister Luis Ernesto Derbez. ("See" Organization of American States Secretary General election, 2005.) On January 5, 2007, Insulza criticized Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez's decision not to renew television channel RCTV's broadcast license (Chávez had accused the station of being a coup d'état instigator.) Three days later, Chávez responded to Insulza by calling for his resignation and referring to him as a "pendejo"—a Spanish profanity which is equivalent to "dumbass". Insulza later received the Document [131] (Title: Abdul Karim Luaibi) oil in charge with the upstream operations in 2009, and was in office until 2010. During his tenure, he was instrumental in securing the oil and gas contracts with international oil companies and other oil-related agreements with neighboring countries of Iraq. In December 2010, he was appointed oil minister, replacing Hussain Al Shahristani, to the cabinet headed by prime minister Nouri Maliki. Luaibi was part of the Iraqi National Alliance. He acted as the president of OPEC's 162th ordinary meeting which was held in Vienna on 12 December 2012. In March 2016, an investigate report published on the Huffington Post Document [132] (Title: Bijan Allipour) a member of the board of trustees of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. Bijan Allipour Bijan Allipour (born 27 March 1949, Masjed Soleyman, Iran) is an Iranian business executive. He is the current chairman and CEO of National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC). Allipour is also a current member of the board of directors of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Prior to his current position he was the senior executive vice president of NISOC, which he had joined in 1979. He holds a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Oklahoma. Among other Document [133] (Title: Cabinet of Donald Trump) as the basis for the United States presidential line of succession). The nomination of a Secretary-designate is reviewed during hearings held by the members of the Foreign Relations committee, then presented to the full Senate for a vote. On December 12, 2016, Rex Tillerson, CEO of ExxonMobil, was officially selected to be the Secretary of State. Tillerson was first recommended to Trump for the secretary of state role by Condoleezza Rice, during her meeting with Trump in late November. Rice's recommendation of Tillerson to Trump was backed up by Robert Gates three days later. Tillerson's confirmation hearing with the Foreign Document [134] (Title: Israel–Venezuela relations) key supporter of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Although it's not unusual for OPEC members to maintain relations, Carlos Romero, a political scientist at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, says that 'since the foundation of Israel, Venezuela has maintained equilibrium between its interests in Israel and Arab countries. Chavez has broken this'." Venezuelan Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez said on August 13, 2006, that Venezuela would not endorse an OPEC oil embargo in response to the Middle East crisis, but did say, "What we have been warning and denouncing over the past two years is the permanent aggression of U.S. foreign policy Document [135] (Title: Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) with an Iranian delegation led by Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Ali Asghar Khaji. The initial meetings were largely fruitless but June 2013 saw the election of Hassan Rouhani, a centrist and reformist from the Moderation and Development Party. Rouhani had previously served as Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council and as such had been Iran's lead nuclear negotiator as recently as 2005. At his inauguration in August 2013 and during a phone call with President Obama in September 2013, Rouhani relayed his intent to restart negotiations with the West on the nuclear issue. By November 2013, the P5+1 countries Document [136] (Title: Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown) Secretary-General on 1 April 2006, retaining the position until December 2006. Malloch Brown publicly defended handling of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the UN in general, and Kofi Annan in particular. While he countered critics that "Not a penny was lost from the organization," an internal UN audit of the Oil-for-Food programme revealed that there had been overcompensation amounting to $557 million. A separate audit of UN peacekeeping procurement concluded that at least $310 million from a budget of $1.6 billion could not be accounted for. Malloch Brown, briefing the Security Council, argued that, while the situation uncovered by the audit Document [137] (Title: Thamir Ghadhban) permanent constitution and one of three technocrats to draft Iraq's much debated oil law, which is still waiting to be approved by the parliament. In late April 2006, there was strong speculation that he would again be appointed Minister of Oil, this time by the government of Nuri al-Maliki. In 2012 and 2016 he was nominated by Iraq to be secretary-general of OPEC. Up until early 2018 he served as the Chairman of the prime minister's advisory committee. In April 2016 he was awarded the Japanese Imperial Decorations the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star from His Document [138] (Title: Zhang Jianhua) appointed director of the National Energy Administration, replacing Nur Bekri. Zhang Jianhua Zhang Jianhua (; born September 1964) is a Chinese politician currently serving as director of the National Energy Administration. He has over 30 years of working experience in China's petroleum and petrochemical industry. He is a delegate to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a member of the 19th Central Discipline Commission of the Communist Party of China. Zhang was born in Shanghai in September 1964. Zhang entered the workforce in July 1986, and joined the Communist Party of China in August 1994. Document [139] (Title: Rebeca Grynspan) of Directors of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) based in Washington, D.C. Grynspan was unanimously elected Secretary General of the Ibero-American Secretary General ("Secretaria General Iberoamericana"), SEGIB, in a special meeting of the Ministers of External Relations on February 24, 2014 in Mexico City, in which representatives of all 22 member countries were present. She succeeded in the office Enrique V. Iglesias who had held the position since the establishment of SEGIB in 2005. In September 2016, Grynspan was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to serve as member of the Lead Group of the Scaling Up Document [140] (Title: Mahmoud Mohieldin) and Executive Secretary to the Development Committee of the World Bank Group’s Board of Governors. As Corporate Secretary, Dr. Mohieldin’s role was to act as the key interlocutor between the Management of the World Bank and the Board of Executive Directors. During his tenure, he managed and ensured the success of several important decisions, including the 2015 Shareholding Review, the fast-track approval of loans related to Ebola, as well as the implementation of reforms. In January 2016, he took on his current role of Senior Vice President for the 2030 Development Agenda, UN Relations and Partnerships. This includes overseeing the Document [141] (Title: Mohammad Saeedikia) Oil Company. He is currently head of the Bonyad-e Mostazafen va Janbazan (Foundation of the Oppressed and Disabled), the second-largest commercial enterprise in Iran (behind the state-owned National Iranian Oil Company) and biggest holding company in the Middle East. Saeedikia was the first officially announced candidate for the 2013 presidential election in Iran. He announced his candidacy in December 2012. Due to his career, he was considered to be a traditionalist principlist candidate, but in fact he was an independent and technocrat candidate. Saeedikia was also one of the dark horse candidates. His nomination was rejected by Guardian Council on Document [142] (Title: Cambridge Energy Research Associates) Arabia, Iraq, Mexico, Norway, and the United States. Other notable speakers have included former United States Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, former Colorado Senator Gary Hart; former United States Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans; former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, and former Secretary General of OPEC Rilwanu Lukman. CERA also manages the Upstream Capital Costs Index. As the controversy over peak oil intensified in 2006, CERA found itself on the optimistic side of predictions, forecasting that a peak would not occur before 2030, and this would not Document [143] (Title: Bo Asplund) Between 1998 - 1999, he was director of Program Management Division of Oil-for-Food program in New York. Bo Asplund Bo Asplund currently serves as United Nations Secretary-General’s Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan, the United Nations Resident Coordinator and the Humanitarian Coordinator in Afghanistan. He was appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in August 2007. Asplund obtained his master's degree in international economics from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and master’s and bachelor's degrees in economics, political science and statistics from the University of Lund (Sweden). He also holds a Certificat d’Etudes Politiques from Document [144] (Title: Chakib Khelil) becoming Minister for Energy and Mines on 26 December 1999. In 2001, while a minister, he was also named president of Sonatrach, and he nominated and was succeeded by Mohamed Meziane in 2003. He was also president of OPEC for the years 2001 and 2008, president of the African Energy Commission (AFREC) in 2001, president of the Association of African Oil Producing Countries (APPA) in 2004 and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) in 2010. Chakib Khelil Chakib Khelil (born 8 August 1939) is an Algerian political figure who served in the government of Algeria as Minister of Energy and Document [145] (Title: OPEC) a neutral location, and so the organization chose Geneva, Switzerland. On 1 September 1965, OPEC moved to Vienna, Austria, after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges. During 1961–1975, the five founding nations were joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962–2008, rejoined 2014-2016), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973–1992, rejoined 2007), and Gabon (1975–1994, rejoined 2016). By the early 1970s, OPEC's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production. Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion, Mohammed Barkindo, OPEC's Acting Secretary General in 2006, urged Document [146] (Title: Roknodin Javadi) Roknodin Javadi Roknodin Javadi (born 1957) is an Iranian business executive. He is a former CEO of National Iranian Oil Company and Deputy oil minister of iran and the Chairman of National Iranian South Oil Company. Javadi served as Managing Director of National Iranian Gas Export Company (NIGEC) during ex-president Mohammad Khatami`s administration, who signed Crescent Gas Contract on behalf of the Iran's Oil Ministry. In September 2013 Javadi was appointed as the managing director and CEO of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and as deputy oil minister by Iran's oil minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh. He succeeded former NIOC CEO Document [147] (Title: Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu) to four in a move that led to the appointment of four new Group Executive Directors, to run the four new Directorates. Kachikwu in a bid to provide employees with general updates on the Corporation's progress, launched a series of weekly podcasts which is sent to the over 13,000 members of staff. However, on March 8 2016, he increased the directorates from four to seven. He is the immediate past President of the OPEC Conference with a tenure that expired in January 2016. He has chaired the 168th Meeting of the OPEC Conference held in Vienna, Austria, on December 4, Document [148] (Title: OPEC) OPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental organisation of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. the 15 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so called "Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies. The stated mission of the organisation is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies Document [149] (Title: Miguel Ángel Rodríguez) replace César Gaviria as secretary general of the OAS. He began his term on 15 September 2004 but served only 1 month, before stepping down when a former political collaborator accused him of having accepted a kickback from the French telecommunications firm Alcatel, which had been awarded a large government contract for cellular phone bandwidth during Rodríguez's tenure as president. On 8 October 2004, Rodríguez resigned as OAS Secretary General, effective 15 October, and was replaced by Assistant Secretary General Luigi Einaudi, a former U.S. State Department official who assumed the title of Acting Secretary General. After resigning from his Document [150] (Title: Andy Inglis) Alaska to serve as the manager for the Kuparuk field. He returned to London in 1996 as chief of staff for the upstream business. From 1997 until 1999, he was responsible for leading BP's activities in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. In January 1999, following the merger of BP and Amoco, he became vice president, US Western Gas business unit. In September 2000, he joined the upstream executive committee as a group vice president and became an executive vice president and Deputy Chief Executive of BP Exploration & Production in 2004. He was later appointed as an executive director of Document [151] (Title: OPEC) as new supplies were becoming available, the multinational oil companies (MOCs) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent. Weeks later, the Arab League's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo, Egypt, where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, representing the two then-largest oil-producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union. Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts, and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen's Agreement, calling for an "Oil Consultation Document [152] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) Rilwanu Lukman Rilwanu Lukman (26 August 1938 – 21 July 2014) was a Nigerian engineer who held several ministerial positions in the Nigerian Federal government before becoming Secretary General of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. He died on 21 July 2014. On 18 December 2008, Lukman was appointed Minister of Petroleum Resources by Nigerian president Umaru Yar'Adua, holding office until March 2010. Lukman was born in Zaria, Kaduna State. He trained as a mining engineer at the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Zaria (now Ahmadu Bello University), and then Document [153] (Title: Rostam Ghasemi) He was the president of the OPEC for 2011. Ghasemi's tenure as oil minister ended on 15 August 2013 and he was replaced by Bijan Namdar Zanganeh in the post. Shortly after leaving office Ghasemi was appointed advisor to Defense Minister Hossein Dehghan on 22 August. Ghasemi was included in the EU sanction list. Rostam Ghasemi Rostam Ghasemi (, born 5 May 1964) is an Iranian military officer and politician who was minister of petroleum from 3 August 2011 to 15 August 2013. Ghasemi was born on 5 May 1964 in Sargah village, Shiraz, Fars Province. His father was a Document [154] (Title: Edmund Daukoru) Edmund Daukoru Edmund Maduabebe Daukoru (born 13 October 1943) is a former Nigerian Minister of State for Energy and was Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 2006. He became the Amayanabo, or traditional ruler, of Nembe Kingdom in 2008. Also Chairman of South South Monarchs forum in the PGEJ regime. Daukoru was born on 13 October 1943 in the oil-rich Bayelsa State. He obtained a Ph.D in Geology from Imperial College, London. He was employed by Shell International Petroleum Company from 1970, where he rose from Chief Geologist to General Manager of Exploration in Document [155] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) initially by 10 percent alongside other OPEC members, followed by 5 percent reductions each month. This proposal was designed to gain the necessary attention from the West while preventing the tremendous economic damage that could be caused by more-radical reductions likely to be advanced by other OPEC members. On 16 October, the six Persian Gulf members of OPEC met in Kuwait and took the decision to raise oil prices from US$3 to $5.12. This was the first time the producer countries had independently set the price of their oil. On the next day, the ten OAPEC members agreed to Shiekh Document [156] (Title: Masoud Mir-Kazemi) Shahed University. He was Iran's minister of commerce during the first term of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from 2005 to 2009. Kazemi discussed the possibility of making neighbouring Iraq a major gas export market, citing the destruction of Iraq's energy infrastructure as a result of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He served as minister of petroleum from 2009 to 2011, replacing Gholam Hossein Nozari after Ahmadinejad was re-elected. On 14 October 2010, Mir Kazemi was elected as conference president for 2011 OPEC. On 9 May 2011, it was announced that Mir Kazemi, Sadegh Mahsouli and Ali Akbar Mehrabian would leave the Document [157] (Title: 1973 oil crisis) increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production. OPEC-member states raised the prospect of nationalization of oil company holdings. Most notably, Saudi Arabia nationalized Aramco in 1980 under the leadership of Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani. As other OPEC nations followed suit, the cartel's income soared. Saudi Arabia undertook a series of ambitious five-year development plans. The biggest began in 1980, funded at $250 billion. Other cartel members also undertook major economic development programs. US retail price gas prices rose from Document [158] (Title: OPEC) OPEC lost its two newest members, who had joined in the mid-1970s. Ecuador withdrew in December 1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization's founding, but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016, due to the country's daunting political difficulties. Document [159] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish (born 6 November 1942, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia)() ended his third five-year term as Director-General of the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) on October 31, 2018. Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish, a Saudi national, became the Director-General and Chief Executive Officer of OFID in November 2003. Al-Herbish guided OFID through a period of deep transformation which includes:<br> These developments have enabled the institution to substantially enhance the execution of its mandate and consolidate its standing as a prominent and respected player in the global development arena.<br> Al-Herbish and Energy Poverty Alleviation<br> Al-Herbish has been one Document [160] (Title: Desidério Costa) of Minister of Petroleum in a series of ministry-shake-ups in December 2002. He replaced Botelho de Vasconcelos, who was moved to the Ministry of Energy and Water. In the new cabinet formed on October 3, 2008, after the parliamentary elections of September 2008, he was replaced again by his predecessor. Desidério Costa continues to work as consultant to the oil industry. The 145th meeting of the OPEC Conference on 11 September 2007 elected Costa as the head of the Angolan delegation to serve as Alternate President for the year 2008. With the government changes in October 2008, this office also Question: who is the current secretary general of opec Answer: Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo Long Answer: List of OPEC Secretaries General No . Name Country Tenure Fuad Rouhani Iran 21 Jan 1961--30 Apr 1964 Abdul Rahman al - Bazzaz Iraq 1 May 1964--30 Apr 1965 Ashraf T. Lutfi Kuwait 1 May 1965--31 Dec 1966 Mohammad Saleh Joukhdar Saudi Arabia 1 Jan 1967--31 Dec 1967 Francisco R. Parra Venezuela 1 Jan 1968--31 Dec 1968 6 Elrich Sanger Indonesia 1 Jan 1969--31 Dec 1969 7 Omar el - Badri Libya 1 Jan 1970--31 Dec 1970 8 Nadim al - Pachachi United Arab Emirates 1 Jan 1971--31 Dec 1972 9 Abderrahman Khène Algeria 1 Jan 1973--31 Dec 1974 10 M.O. Feyide Nigeria 1 Jan 1975--31 Dec 1976 11 Ali M. Jaidah Qatar 1 Jan 1977--31 Dec 1978 12 René G. Ortiz Ecuador 1 Jan 1979--30 Jun 1981 13 Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema Gabon 1 Jul 1981--30 Jun 1983 14 Mana Al Otaiba United Arab Emirates 19 Jul 1983--31 Dec 1983 15 Kamel Hassan Maghur Libya 1 Jan 1984--31 Oct 1984 16 Subroto Indonesia 31 Oct 1984--9 Dec 1985 17 Arturo Hernández Grisanti Venezuela 1 Jan 1986--30 Jun 1986 18 Rilwanu Lukman Nigeria 1 Jul 1986--30 Jun 1988 19 Subroto Indonesia 1 Jul 1988--30 Jun 1994 20 Abdallah Salem el - Badri Libya 1 Jul 1994--31 Dec 1994 21 Rilwanu Lukman Nigeria 1 Jan 1995--31 Dec 2000 22 Alí Rodríguez Araque Venezuela 1 Jan 2001--30 Jun 2002 23 Álvaro Silva Calderón Venezuela 1 Jul 2002--31 Dec 2003 24 Purnomo Yusgiantoro Indonesia 1 Jan 2004--31 Dec 2004 25 Ahmed Al - Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Sabah Kuwait 1 Jan 2005--31 Dec 2005 26 Edmund Daukoru Nigeria 1 Jan 2006--31 Dec 2006 27 Abdallah Salem el - Badri Libya 1 Jan 2007--31 Jul 2016 28 Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo Nigeria 1 Aug 2016 -- Gold Document ID: 52

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: OPEC Fund for International Development) year 2030. OFID considers its own EPI as complementary to the objectives of SE4ALL. In 2011, OFID’s Director-General Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish was invited to join the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Group on SE4ALL, which was charged with developing the Action Agenda that was presented to the 2012 Rio+20 Summit. Public sector lending forms the central pillar of OFID’s operations, accounting for more than two-thirds of total, cumulative commitments. These operations are carried out in direct cooperation with the governments of partner countries in support of their national development strategies. OFID’s public sector loans are concessional, with low interest rates and long Document [2] (Title: The Yes Men) to deliver the long-awaited conclusions of a study commissioned by U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman. The NPC is headed by former ExxonMobil CEO Lee Raymond, who is also the chair of the study. When the Yes Men arrived at the conference they said that Lee Raymond (the promised speaker) was unable to make it due to a pressing situation with the president. The Yes Men then went on to give a presentation in place of Lee Raymond. In the actual speech, the "NPC rep" announced that current U.S. and Canadian energy policies (notably the massive, carbon-intensive processing of Alberta's oil Document [3] (Title: Bob Dudley) but resigned in December 2008. Wikileaks revealed that Bob Dudley strongly suspected Igor Sechin, Russia’s deputy prime minister and chairman of the state-owned energy company, Rosneft, for organizing a boardroom coup that led him to feel life-threatened. On April 6, 2009 he became a managing director of BP, and was given oversight of the company's activities in the Americas and Asia. On June 23, 2010 he was appointed president and chief executive officer of BP's Gulf Coast Restoration Organization working with the oil leakage in the Gulf of Mexico, which affects five US states. As head of the organization, he Document [4] (Title: Diezani Alison-Madueke) Diezani Alison-Madueke Diezani K. Alison-Madueke (born 6 December 1960) is a Nigerian politician and the first female President of OPEC. She was elected at the 166th OPEC Ordinary meeting in Vienna on 27 November 2014. She became Nigeria's minister of transportation on 26 July 2007. She was moved to Mines and Steel Development in 2008, and in April 2010 was appointed Minister of Petroleum Resources. Diezani K. Agama was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Her father was Chief Frederick Abiye Agama. She studied Architecture in England and then at Howard University in the United States. She graduated from Document [5] (Title: Dzhambulat Zhakievich Sarsenov) years, and in 2017 he was re-appointed to this post. In July 2017, he was elected Vice President for Marketing and Member of the Executive Committee of the World Petroleum Council (WPC). This decision was made within the framework of the 22nd World Petroleum Congress in Istanbul, the Republic of Turkey. Mr. Sarsenov is one of the experienced, recognized and professional managers in the oil,gas and energy sectors of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a Member of the WPC Executive Committee, he takes an active part in the development of integration and energy dialogue between Kazkahstan and the world energy Document [6] (Title: Iyad bin Amin Madani) as vice president of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Foundation for housing development. In November 2012, Saudi Arabia nominated Madani to the post of secretary general of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) at the 39th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of OIC member states in Djibouti. On 2 February 2013, "Arab News" reported that Madani would replace Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu as secretary-general of the OIC. His appointment was officially announced after the 12th Summit of the OIC in Cairo on 8 February 2013. Madani's term as secretary general of OIC was effective in January 2014. He resigned in October Document [7] (Title: ExxonMobil) would now open new stations in the U.S. under the Esso name; they were primarily concerned about the additional expenses of having separate marketing, letterheads, packaging, and other materials that omit "Esso". On December 13, 2016, the CEO of ExxonMobil, Rex Tillerson, was nominated as Secretary of State by President-elect Donald Trump. In January 2017, Federal climate investigations of ExxonMobil were considered less likely under the new Trump administration. On January 9, 2017, it was revealed that Infineum, a joint venture of ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell headquartered in England, conducted business with Iran, Syria, and Sudan while those states Document [8] (Title: Oil Depletion Analysis Centre) firm. Co-founder of ODAC and of another UK charity that helps political refugees (Asylum Aid), she was formerly a trustee of a research charity dedicated to sustainable land-use, agriculture and food systems (Elm Farm Research Centre). Former Executive Vice President, Fina Exploration, Norway, he is Chairman and Founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO) and Visiting Scientist at Uppsala University in Sweden. He has published three books and numerous articles on oil depletion. Former Vice President, Exploration, Amerada Hess International, he is now an oil and gas exploration consultant. He was formerly President of Document [9] (Title: Luis Almagro) of Syrian refugees to Uruguay, along with former President Mujica. For this they were listed among "Foreign Policy "magazine's top Global Thinkers for 2014. Almagro is one of only 10 decision-makers in the region to be awarded this international distinction. Almagro was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on March 18, 2015, earning the support of 33 of the 34 Members States, including one abstention. He officially took office on May 26, 2015. Taking over the Organization at a time when questions about the OAS' relevance were augmented by a financial crisis and polarization in the hemisphere, Document [10] (Title: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) of the Republic of Senegal, became Secretary General on January 1, 2003. He was reelected on 29 September 2006, for a second mandate during the Summit of the Francophonie of Bucharest, and elected again in 2010 at the Summit of the Francophonie of Montreux for another mandate which ran until 31 December 2014. At the 2014 summit in Dakar, former Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean was chosen to lead the organization starting in January 2015. The Secretary General of the Francophonie is elected during the Summit, and serves as the spokesperson and the official representative internationally of the political Document [11] (Title: Kingsley Moghalu) This special assignment was at the nominal rank of Under-Secretary-General. Moghalu resigned from the United Nations System in December 2008. He then founded Sogato Strategies S.A. (Societe Anonyme), a global strategy and risk consultancy, in Geneva. Umaru Yar'Adua, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2007–2010) appointed Moghalu Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria in November 2009 following his confirmation by the Nigerian Senate. Moghalu has also served as a member of the board of directors of Opportunities Industrialization Centers International (OICI) in Philadelphia, a non-profit global entrepreneurship development organization founded by the late U.S. civil rights leader Document [12] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) director of the NNPC. Jackson Gaius Obaseki. The friction had apparently been building up after Lukman completed his term as OPEC president in early 2002, and after Obasanjo moved control and administration of oil blocks from the Petroleum Resources ministry to the NNPC in June 2002. He then became the Chairman of Afren Nigeria when it was established in May 2005. He is also a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and served on the SPE board as regional Director for Africa. In 2007, Lukman became a member of the Supervisory Board of Dietsmann NV of the Netherlands, Document [13] (Title: Mohammed Barkindo) Mohammed Barkindo Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (born 20 April 1959, Yola, Nigeria) has been appointed to a three-year term as Secretary General of OPEC with effect from 1 August 2016. He previously served as Acting Secretary General during 2006, represented Nigeria on OPEC's Economic Commission Board during 1993–2008, led the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation during 2009–2010, and has headed Nigeria's technical delegation to UN climate negotiations since 1991. Barkindo completed academic degrees from Ahmadu Bello University (Zaria, Nigeria) and Southeastern University (Washington, D.C., USA). He earned a postgraduate diploma from Oxford University, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Federal University Document [14] (Title: OPEC) Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin "described the relationship between OPEC and shale as 'mutual coexistence', with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like." In December 2017, Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8million barrels/day until the end of 2018. Qatar announced it will withdraw from OPEC effective 1st of January 2019. According to the New York Times, this constitutes a strategic response to the ongoing Qatar boycott by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt. OPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental Document [15] (Title: OPEC) for a natural-resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning. In April 2001, OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations (APEC, Eurostat, IEA, , UNSD) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data. They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise, which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market. GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014, enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas. Since 2007, OPEC has published the "World Document [16] (Title: ¿Por qué no te callas?) called for OPEC to "assert itself as an active political agent" at the OPEC summit in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh. In a followup at the OPEC summit, "Reuters" wrote that "Spain's king cannot shut Chavez up but bladder can", and that Chávez said to a throng of reporters at the OPEC summit, "For a while now, I have needed to go to the bathroom and I am going to pee ... Do you want me to pee on you?" Two weeks after the event, Chile's President Michelle Bachelet revealed that she had politely requested that Chávez abstain from making some Document [17] (Title: 2005 Organization of American States Secretary General election) April 2005, Mexico withdrew its candidate, which allowed Chile's Insulza to be elected in the next special session as Secretary General, with 31 votes, two abstentions and one vote left blank. On 8 October 2004, the newly elected Secretary General, former president of Costa Rica Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, facing corruption allegations in his home country, announced his resignation from the OAS position, effective 15 October. Assistant Secretary General Luigi R. Einaudi (a U.S. career diplomat) assumed the office as a temporary measure. After a period of uncertainty lasting several months, it was decided that rather than wait until the regular Document [18] (Title: OPEC) and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016. In spite of global oversupply, on 27 November 2014 in Vienna, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al-Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices. Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels, strategically rebuilding OPEC's long-term market share by ending the profitability of high-cost US shale oil production. As he explained in an interview: Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output, while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce? That is Document [19] (Title: Hafed Al-Ghwell) the OPEC countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Hafed holds a B.A. in Economics from the George Washington University, and completed multiple postgraduate programs in Philosophy of Religion also at GWU. He also holds a Postgraduate Executive Certificate from Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in leadership and public policy, and a Postgraduate Executive Certificate from Stanford University in Strategic Communications, Media and Publishing. Hafed has also completed numerous executive training programs of the World Bank Group in Management, Strategy, Economic Development, Public Policy and Administration. Hafed Al-Ghwell Hafed Al Ghwell — ARABIC : حافظ ال Document [20] (Title: Celestino Armas) OPEC in June 1991. He repeatedly occupied, albeit on an interim basis, Treasury Ministry and Health and Social Assistance Ministry. In the last months of the constitutional period he served as Secretary of the Presidency. In the private sphere, he was a member of the Superior Council of the Simón Bolívar University. Already retired, was founder of the Institute of Mining and Petroleum (IPEMIN), along with other important Venezuelan professionals, being president of this institution. Celestino Armas Celestino Armas (Barcelona, Anzoátegui, 15 December 1935 - 16 January 2011), was a Venezuelan engineer and politician. He obtained a degree in engineering Document [21] (Title: Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah) post of the deputy prime minister. In the post of minister of industry and energy he was replaced by Mohammed Saleh Al Sada. Since 1975, Attiyah has been the director of the Gulf Helicopters Corporation. From 1987 to 1995, he served as the deputy chairman of QTel. Since 1986, he has been member of the directors board of Gulf Airways Corporation and since 1992, the director of Qatar Petroleum. On 23 November 1993, Attiyah was named OPEC president and a member of the OPEC's quota compliance committee. On 30 June 2009, at the eight ministerial meeting of the Gas Exporting Document [22] (Title: Vicki Hollub) basing their decision on Hollub's "strong track record of successfully growing [Occidental's] domestic oil and gas business profitably and efficiently." During a subsequent transition period she was responsible for operations in the Middle East, Latin America and the United States. In May 2015, she was named senior executive vice president of Occidental and president of Oxy Oil and Gas. Later that year, in December 2015 Hollub was appointed the global president and chief operating officer (COO) of Occidental, with oversight for the company's midstream, chemical, and oil and gas operations. Hollub officially became president and CEO of Occidental Petroleum in Document [23] (Title: Nestor Mendez) Nestor Mendez Nestor Mendez (born January 21, 1971) is a Belizean diplomat and politician. He is currently the Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of American States. Nestor Mendez was elected as the ninth Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) on March 18, 2015. He began serving his five-year term on July 13, 2015 with a commitment to work closely with the Secretary General and the member states to reinvigorate and modernize the institution. The Assistant Secretary General based his platform on five main thematic areas: improving regional inter-connectivity; fostering economic growth, addressing the impacts of Document [24] (Title: OPEC) two days after it began. Some time after the attack, Carlos's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad, a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president, widely thought to be Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, itself an OPEC member. Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US$20 million and US$50 million from "an Arab president". Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran, but that the money was "diverted en Document [25] (Title: Ernesto Cordero Arroyo) Undersecretary of Energy and Technological Development in the Energy Secretariat (SENER), to join the Secretary of the SENER at that time, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, in his pre-candidature for the Mexican Presidency. In this campaign, Cordero was the coordinator of Public Politics. On June 15, 2008, the Mexican President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa named him the Head of the Social Development Secretariat in substitution of Beatriz Zavala Peniche. As Secretary, he designed and implemented different politics in social development; strengthening, modernizing and making transparent programs with a high impact on the lifestyle conditions of the Mexicans. He also faced the international financial Document [26] (Title: Ibrahim Shihata) worked as legal counsel in the role, based in Kuwait, for eight years. Dr. Shihata was appointed as Director General of the then OPEC Special Fund at its creation in 1976. Under his leadership, the OPEC Special Fund developed into the long-standing institution that is known as today—the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID). During his tenure, Dr. Shihata was known for his contribution towards addressing the issue of poverty, primarily in the southern areas of the world. While working at OFID, Dr Shihata also served as an Executive Director at the International Fund for Agricultural Development. He was the Document [27] (Title: Gholam-Hossein Nozari) Gholam-Hossein Nozari Gholam Hossein Nozari (born 1954) is a conservative Iranian politician who served as oil minister from 2007 to 2009. He was nominated secretary general of the OPEC in June 2012. Nozari was born in Kazeroon, Iran, in 1954. He studied petroleum and earth science engineering at Shahid Chamran University. He received a master's degree in industrial management from Tehran University. Nozari worked at the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Then he became a member of the fourth Majlis and acted as deputy chairman of the energy commission. In the fifth Majlis, he was a member of the development Document [28] (Title: Amir Ali Sheibany) is one sign of this newfound independence. Iran’s active role in OPEC, and the Shah’s willingness to stand up to the west is another.” Marshall Plan Point 4, Public Health division Azerbaijan 1955-1956 Associate Professor at Technical Faculty of Tehran University. Consultant at Ministry of Industry and Mines. Founder, and Chairman, of the Secretariat of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. Assistant General Managing Director of National Iranian Steel Corporation. (1st Cabinet of Mr. Jafar Sharif-Emami) Undersecretary of Ministry of Industry and Mines. (Dr. Amini's Cabinet) Undersecretary of Ministry of Economy. (Mr. A. Alam's Cabinet) General Managing Director of National Document [29] (Title: Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration) of the 1990s, Chavez played a leading role within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to reinvigorate that organisation and obtain members' adherence to lower production quotas designed to drive up the oil price. Venezuelan oil minister Alí Rodríguez Araque's announcement in 1999 that his country would respect OPEC production quotas marked "a historic turnaround from the nation's traditional pro-US oil policy." On 13 November 2001, under the enabling law authorized by the National Assembly, President Chávez enacted the Hydrocarbons Law, which came into effect in January 2002. The new Hydrocarbons Law required that a minimum of 51% Document [30] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) Fuad Rouhani Fuad Rouhani (23 October 1907 – 30 January 2004) () was an Iranian administrator and translator. He served as the first Secretary-General of OPEC between 21 January 1961 and 30 April 1964. He is the only Iranian to hold this office from OPEC's establishment to date. Fuad Rouhani was born in Tehran on October 23, 1907. Rouhani completed his early education in Tehran, and went to work in the oil industry, then under British control. Rouhani, educated as a lawyer, was born in Iran and trained in London and Paris. Rouhani worked in a company which discovered first Document [31] (Title: Yang Dongliang) Qing County, Hebei. He began work on October 1972 as an oil drill worker, and joined the Communist Party of China in December 1973. From 1972 onwards, he assumed various posts in North China Petroleum Battle Command (; now PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company), a state-controlled oil company which was renamed North China Petroleum Administration () in 1983. He served as its Deputy Communist Party Secretary from June 1983 to September 1987. From September 1985 to September 1987 he studied at Beijing Petroleum Management Cadre Institute, majoring in engineering administration. From September 1995 to January 1998 he studied at Central Party Document [32] (Title: Olufemi Elias) (OPCW) - Noble Peace Prize Awardee 2013, The Hague; Executive Secretary (Registrar), World Bank Administrative Tribunal, Washington D.C.; Senior Legal Officer, OPCW; Special Assistant to the Executive Secretary (Assistant Secretary-General), United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), Geneva and Legal Adviser, Governing Council Secretariat, UNCC. Elias is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Law, Queen Mary University of London and has taught at the King's College London and the University of Buckingham. He is also the author of several publications in the field of International Law and was awarded the Honorary Membership Award of the American Society of International Law (ASIL) Document [33] (Title: Hamid Algabid) 1988. From 1989 to 1996, Algabid was Secretary-General of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). In December 1996, he was nominated as a candidate to become Secretary-General of the United Nations, a post which was won by Kofi Annan. During the rule of Nigerien President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Algabid returned to politics in Niger. On 20 August 1997, he was named President of the RDP-Jama'a, which was established as Maïnassara's ruling party, at the party's national congress. Later, Algabid also became head of the Convergence for the Republic (CPR), a pro-Maïnassara coalition composed of 15 parties, which was formed Document [34] (Title: Nadim al-Pachachi) pressure on the US Pachachi proposed that all Arab oil-producing countries should adopt a "co-ordinated, unified policy to freeze their crude oil production at present levels until Israel withdraws fully from all Arab territories." Nadim al-Pachachi died on 29 February 1976 at the age of 61, after skiing accident in Switzerland. Nadim al-Pachachi Nadim al-Pachachi (18 March 1914 – 29 February 1976) was the Secretary-General of OPEC from January 1971 until December 1972. Born in Baghdad during the Ottoman Empire, he received a doctorate in petroleum engineering and worked in the Romanian oil fields as a young man. He served Document [35] (Title: Shukri Ghanem) the OPEC secretariat, and was the Director of its Research Division. He served as Deputy Director and Director of Foreign Trade at the Ministry of Economy in Libya; was Director of Marketing of Libya's National Oil Corporation (NOC); was Director of Economic Affairs and Under Secretary and Chief Advisor at the Ministry of Petroleum in Libya. In 2003, Ghanem was appointed General Secretary of the General People's Committee or Prime Minister. In March 2006, Ghanem was appointed Chairman of Libya's NOC. He tendered his resignation from NOC in August 2009 amidst probable disagreements within the Libyan government over the development Document [36] (Title: Megacorpstate) member nations and to decrease the oil market volatility. As of May 2017, the organization consists of 14 countries which earn the majority of their income through oil revenues: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (the dominant exporter), United Arab Emirates, Venezuela. According to OPEC, membership is open to any nation that has substantial oil resource and observes the same principles as the organization, subject to approval by the member governments. OPEC holds meetings with its members at least twice per year. During these meetings, the members usually examine market conditions and Document [37] (Title: Global Leadership Foundation) General, International Atomic Energy Agency 1997-2009, Interim Vice President 2013 Amara Essy Côte d’Ivoire, Foreign Minister, 1990-2000, Secretary General, OAU 2001-2, Chairman, AU Commission 2002-3 Gareth Evans Australia, Foreign Minister 1988-96, Vicente Fox Mexico, President 2000-06 Louise Fréchette Canada, UN Deputy Secretary-General 1998–2006 Lawrence Gonzi Malta, Prime Minister 2004-13 Minister of Finance, 2004-08 and Minister of Social Policy, 1998-2004 HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal Jordan Enrique Iglesias Uruguay, Foreign Minister 1985-1988, President of Inter-American Development Bank 1988-2005 Donald Kaberuka Rwanda, Finance Minister 1997-2005, President of the African Development Bank 2005-15 Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka, President 1994-2005 John Kufuor Ghana, Document [38] (Title: Henry Odein Ajumogobia) Member, National Independent Power Programme; (2007- 2010) Minister of Foreign Affairs (April 2010 - May 2011): Member, National Security Council, President UN Security Council (2010) Chairman Council of Ministers of Ecowas States; Co- Chairman (with H.E. Miguel Angel Moratinos Cuyaube- Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain of Political Dialogue between EU and ECOWAS Luxembourg (2010); Co-Chairman (with H.E. George Rebela Chicoti Minister of Foreign Affairs of Angola), International Contact Group on Guinea Bissau at UNGA (September 2010); As Nigeria's Minister of State for Petroleum he pushed for deregulation of the downstream sector of the oil industry. He said Document [39] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) to do so. Currently, Iran is demanding that an Iranian be chosen to fill the current opening. OPEC's success has long been a matter of debate, with many analysts saying that the marketplace and the willingness of one country, Saudi Arabia, to limit output have been the deciding factors in determining oil prices. The oil embargo of 1973 was initiated just by the Arab producers, not OPEC as a whole. In 1964 Rouhani was succeeded by an Iraqi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, who encouraged talk of both radical politics and Islamic religion. Rouhani played the tar, a traditional Persian musical instrument, Document [40] (Title: Rex Tillerson) Rex Tillerson Rex Wayne Tillerson (born March 23, 1952) is an American energy executive who served as the 69th United States Secretary of State from February 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, under President Donald Trump. Prior to joining the Trump administration, Tillerson was chairman and chief executive officer of ExxonMobil, holding that position from 2006 until 2017. Tillerson began his career as a civil engineer with Exxon in 1975 after graduating with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. By 1989 he had become general manager of the Exxon USA central production division. Document [41] (Title: OPEC) the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia's withdrawal, noting that OPEC "regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization, and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not-too-distant future." The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas. Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members, to increase the price Document [42] (Title: Yahaya Dikko) Dikko was a one time Executive Secretary of the Niger Dams Authority and General Manager of NEPA. Yahaya Dikko Yahaya Dikko was a Nigerian administrator who was General Manager of NEPA and later became Special Adviser on Petroleum and Energy Affairs to President Shehu Shagari. He was head of Nigeria's delegation to OPEC during the administration of Shagari and later became President of OPEC. Dikko was oil adviser in 1983 when global oil prices fell and Nigeria and OPEC had to cut oil prices, the first since an oil embargo began in 1973. Dikko was born to the family of Document [43] (Title: Third GECF summit) the days prior to the summit, Secretary-General Mohammad-Hossein Adeli was re-appointed for a second term in his role and Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zangeneh was chosen as the deputy chairman. Qatari Minister of Energy and Industry Mohammed Saleh Al Sada was chosen as the chairman of the forum. Azerbaijan was also given observer status in the GECF. Full members: Observer members: Special Guest: The final communique underscored the need for stronger cooperation, including the transfer of expertise and pricing mechanisms. It also called for cooperation in the security of natural gas supplies to the global markets. It further objected Document [44] (Title: Nadim al-Pachachi) Nadim al-Pachachi Nadim al-Pachachi (18 March 1914 – 29 February 1976) was the Secretary-General of OPEC from January 1971 until December 1972. Born in Baghdad during the Ottoman Empire, he received a doctorate in petroleum engineering and worked in the Romanian oil fields as a young man. He served as the Minister of Economy in the Iraqi government from 1952 until 1957. He was arrested during the 14 July Revolution in 1958. He later served as an advisor to the Libyan government and was very supportive of the Tripoli settlement of 20 March 1971 undertaken by the Muammar Gaddafi government. Document [45] (Title: OPEC) measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries... [The OPEC Special Fund's] resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels." The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations. On 21 December 1975, Saudi Arabia's Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna, Austria. The attack, which killed three non-ministers, was orchestrated by a six-person team led Document [46] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) of the world’s leading advocates of energy poverty alleviation, having championed the cause for over a decade. He was the first person to label energy access as the “missing ninth” Millennium Development Goal (MDG). In 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requested that Al-Herbish join his High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All). In 2013 he received an invitation to serve on the SE4ALL Advisory Board, which he has served on ever since. Prior to his appointment at OFID, Al-Herbish had served for 13 years as the Governor of Saudi Arabia at the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Document [47] (Title: Gholam Reza Aghazadeh) Minister of Petroleum in October 1985. He held this position until 1997 when he was replaced by Bijan Namdar Zanganeh after the election of then reformist president Mohammad Khatami. He was then promoted to the post of Vice President for Atomic Energy. He held this position from 1997 to 2009. Aghazadeh is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council. On 16 July 2009, the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency reported that Gholam Reza Aghazadeh had resigned as Iran's Nuclear Chief for unspecified reasons, a resignation of intense interest in such a difficult time. There has been speculation that he Document [48] (Title: Kumi Naidoo) the middle of his second term . Announcing his departure from the role of IED he said; "When I leave, I am looking forward to taking up an even more important role with Greenpeace: as a volunteer." Naidoo returned to South Africa to focus his work on energy justice. On 21 December 2017, Amnesty International appointed him as its next Secretary-General. In August 2018 Kumi succeed Salil Shetty, who served two terms in Amnesty International as the Secretary-General from 2010. The Secretary General is the leader and main spokesperson for Amnesty International and the Chief Executive of its International Secretariat. Document [49] (Title: OPEC) (1980–1988), Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (1990–1991), September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers (2001), American occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present), Arab Spring (2010–2012), Libyan Crisis (2011–present), and international Embargo against Iran (2012–2016). Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices, the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC's long-term cohesion and effectiveness. As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades, the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market. This is especially helpful Document [50] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) Yamani, however, continued in his role as oil minister for another eleven years after the death of Faisal, possibly buoyed by his prominent international position. On 21 December 1975, Saudi Arabia's Yamani, Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna, Austria. The attack, which killed three non-ministers, was carried out by a six-person team led by Venezuelan terrorist Carlos the Jackal which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and Hans-Joachim Klein. The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group called for the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by Document [51] (Title: OPEC) is the supreme authority of the organization, and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries. The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General. The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters, at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary. It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and "one member, one vote", with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget. However, since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most-profitable oil exporter in the world, with enough capacity to function as the traditional Document [52] (Title: Mohammed Barkindo) of Technology Yola. Mohammed Barkindo Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (born 20 April 1959, Yola, Nigeria) has been appointed to a three-year term as Secretary General of OPEC with effect from 1 August 2016. He previously served as Acting Secretary General during 2006, represented Nigeria on OPEC's Economic Commission Board during 1993–2008, led the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation during 2009–2010, and has headed Nigeria's technical delegation to UN climate negotiations since 1991. Barkindo completed academic degrees from Ahmadu Bello University (Zaria, Nigeria) and Southeastern University (Washington, D.C., USA). He earned a postgraduate diploma from Oxford University, and was awarded an honorary doctorate Document [53] (Title: Alí Rodríguez Araque) of energy of Venezuela from 1999, when Chávez took office, until 2000. In 2000 he was elected secretary-general of OPEC and served from January 2001 to July 2002. He then became president of Venezuela's state-owned oil company Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), where he masterminded the firing of more than 20,000 workers in response to their part in the company's leading role in the Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003. He remained in that position until November 2004 when Chávez appointed him foreign minister in a cabinet reshuffle. On 1 September 2006, Rodríguez was appointed as Ambassador of Venezuela to Cuba. Later Document [54] (Title: Ali Kardor) Ali Kardor Ali Kardor (, born 16 May 1954) is an Iranian oil executive, and the former managing director of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), from 2016 to 2018. Kardor joined NIOC in 1984. Kardor was appointed managing director of NIOC in June 2016, having previously served as deputy managing director for investment and finance. Kardor graduated with a M.S. in financial management from Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran. Since Kardor has assumed management of the NIOC, it has raised oil production. Following the lifting of international trade restrictions in January 2016 – Kardor announced 4.05 million barrels of crude oil Document [55] (Title: OPEC) by Venezuelan militant "Carlos the Jackal", and which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and Hans-Joachim Klein. The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers, except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed. Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages, with stops in Algiers and Tripoli, planning to fly eventually to Baghdad, where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed. All 30 non-Arab hostages were Document [56] (Title: Robert Mabro) Mabro played a key, if unaccredited, role in the secret negotiations that brought together these three countries." Mabro himself later suggested that OPEC should change its logo to a tea-bag “because it only works in hot water.” Robert Mabro Robert Emile Mabro (26 December 1934 – 2 August 2016) was an academic who specialised in oil and energy issues. He founded the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, and in the late 1990s brokered a historic production cut between OPEC and its rivals in the wake of a slump in the price of oil. Mabro was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in Document [57] (Title: OPEC) his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join, and Angola did in 2007, followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers, as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective Document [58] (Title: Mofia Tonjo Akobo) petroleum and Energy ministry. In December 1975 as OPEC minister in Vienna, Dr Akobo was part of the ministers held during the Carlos terrorist Hijack. He served on General Murtala Mohammed executive council and was retained by the new head of state General Olusegun Obasanjo but reassigned to the portfolio of economic planning and development until 1977. He concluded signing the contract of the Warri refinery and greatly advanced the development of the Kaduna refinery. He was involved in the establishment of the ECOWAS at the ministerial level and the establishment of the Niger Delta Basin Development Authority. In 1978 Document [59] (Title: Fuad Rouhani) foster economic integration among Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. In 1968 he entered the university of Paris where he was awarded a doctorate in law. Rouhani, though not religious himself, found time to write "A Guide to the Contents of the Koran," as well as other books on religion. He also translated into Persian works by Plato and C.G.Jung, among others. When OPEC set up its office in Geneva in 1961 before moving to Vienna Rouhani was elected the organization's first secretary general, an administrative post that also involved mediating between conflicting factions. He served for three years, the only Iranian Document [60] (Title: Ernesto Cordero Arroyo) the PAN. He has been President of the Committee of the Assembly of Governors of the "Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo" (BID); Co-president of the Committee of Transition of the United Nations for the Design of the Green Climate Fund; Co-president of the Group of Work of the G-20 for the Revision of the international monetary systems. In Mexico he has been President of the National Counsel of Social Politics; President of Financial System Stability Council; Coordinator of the Social Cabinet, as well as a Member of the Security Cabinet. In 2011, he fought for becoming the elected candidate of the Document [61] (Title: Nizar Al-Adsani) became a board member of the Kuwait Gulf Operation Committee (KGOC) and from 2011 to 2013 he served as chairman and managing director of Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC). Today Al-Adsani is the deputy chairman of the board of directors and the chief executive officer of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC). He was appointed to his current position in May 2013. Al-Adsani regularly appears on national and international media, commenting on the developments within KPC as well as national and foreign energy sector related developments. He's also a regularly speaking at different national and international conferences. Nizar Al-Adsani Nizar Mohammed Document [62] (Title: Emilio Lozoya Austin) stakeholders in the region. Between 2009 and 2012, Lozoya co-founded and was an Executive Board Member of different investment funds, specialized on international private capital investments, including restructuring and international transactions. From January to November 2012, he headed the International Affairs Office during the campaign, as well as at the Transition Team of now President Enrique Peña Nieto. From December 2012 to February 2016, he was appointed CEO of the Mexican state-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos by President Enrique Peña Nieto. In 2014, he was recognized by Energy Intelligence as “Petroleum Executive of the Year”. In 2012, he was named Document [63] (Title: OPEC) 1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. In May 2008, Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. It rejoined the organization in January 2016, but announced another "temporary Document [64] (Title: OPEC) disruption-ridden members Libya and Nigeria) covered the first half of 2017 – alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members, offset by expected increases in the US shale sector, Libya, Nigeria, spare capacity, and surging late-2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect. Indonesia announced another "temporary suspension" of its OPEC membership, rather than accepting the organization's requested 5 percent production cut. Prices fluctuated around US$50/bbl, and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018, with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned-off by then. Document [65] (Title: Héctor Moreira Rodríguez) At the beginning of the Vicente Fox administration he was named coordinator of the Strategic Planning Advisors as part of the Cabinet. In 2005, he was named Undersecretary of Hydrocarbons of the Ministry of Energy, working as an advisor to then energy secretary Felipe Calderón. He also represented Mexico at meetings of OPEC in 2005 and 2006. During his tenure, PEMEX was granted autonomy in several key distribution operations, including that of gasoline. He also created the Mesoamerican Energy Integration program with nine other countries. As a former consultant for PEMEX, he defended the practice of the organization having in-house Document [66] (Title: Catherine Uju Ifejika) industry for Texaco and Chevron. She joined Texaco as a Junior Counsel in 1987, spent two years at Texaco Overseas Petroleum Unlimited from 1988 to 1989, and was Acting Chief Counsel by 1991. This gave her experience in both the upstream and downstream aspects of the petroleum industry. By 1997, she was the Company Secretary and the Manager of Public and Government Affairs. As of 2003, she became Company Secretary for Public and Government Affairs for West Africa, a position in which she deal with Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. She served on the Document [67] (Title: Mana Al Otaiba) His son is Yousef Al Otaiba. Al Otaiba is an Arab diplomat who is sought for advice by Arab and international leaders because of his economic experience and his high levels of experience in the diplomatic circuit. His son Yousef Al Otaiba became the UAE ambassador to the United States. Mana Al Otaiba served as President of OPEC a record six times, for its 26th, 52nd, 53rd, 54th, 62nd and 63rd conferences, held during 1971–1983. He caused controversy in the 1970s by disregarding OPEC agreements that he considered harmful to the economy of the UAE, his most famous quote being Document [68] (Title: José Ángel Gurría) Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). From 2003 to 2005 he chaired the Inter-American Development Bank's External Advisory Group. In 2005, Gurría emerged at the head of a crowded field of candidates, including former Prime Minister Marek Belka, to succeed Donald Johnston of Canada as the OECD secretary general. In the process, he underwent about 150 interviews in all member countries over the several months to win the backing of governments and OECD officials. During his initial two terms, countries such as Chile, Estonia, and Israel joined the organization. On 26 May 2015, the 34 member countries of the Document [69] (Title: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) under Article 8 of the Convention. It is headed by the Executive Secretary. The current Executive Secretary, Patricia Espinosa, was appointed on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and took office on 18 July 2016. She succeeded Christiana Figueres who held the office since 2010. Former Executive Secretaries have been Yvo de Boer (2006-2010), Joke Waller-Hunter (2002-2005) and Michael Zammit Cutajar (1995-2002). Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than "Article 6". It refers to Article 6 of the Convention's original text Document [70] (Title: Jiang Jiemin) Qinghai Petroleum Administration Bureau in November 1994. In February 1999 he was made Assistant to the General Manager and the team leader in charge of the preparation for the initial public offering of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). In November of that year he was promoted again, to Director and Vice President of PetroChina, a subsidiary of CNPC. From there his career went to Qinghai Province, as deputy governor and member of the provincial Party Standing Committee in June 2000. In June 2001, he became Deputy Party Secretary of Qinghai province. In April 2004, he was transferred back to CNPC, Document [71] (Title: Samuel Dossou-Aworet) Samuel Dossou-Aworet Samuel Dossou-Aworet is a Pan-African businessman who was born on 5 November 1944 in Porto-Novo (Benin). In 1971, he obtained a Masters in Chemistry from the Ecole Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs and in 1972 he obtained a DEA (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies de Pétroléochimie et Synthèse Organique Industrielle) from the same institute of which he is an Engineering graduate. From 1973 to 1974, he was consulting engineer with Sema Metra International in Paris. From 1976 to 1980, he also took on a position as Governor of OPEC Special Fund. In 1978, he became Gabon's Director General of Document [72] (Title: Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki) was ASECNA's Representative in Niger from 1979 to 1980, Director-General of Air Niger—the national airline—from 1980 to 1983, and Niger's Director of Civil Aviation from 1983 to 1985. Oubandawaki became Secretary-General of ASECNA in 1985 and remained in that post for 11 years. President Ibrahim Baré Mainassara then appointed him to the Nigerien government as Minister of National Defense on 23 August 1996. He took office on 29 August. After soldiers at the Agadez garrison took officials hostage on 2 June 1997, Oubandawaki promptly led a delegation to Agadez; he successfully negotiated the release of the officials and restored government Document [73] (Title: OPEC) of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry." The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the de facto leader), United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Indonesia is a former member, and Qatar will no longer be a member of OPEC Document [74] (Title: Adnan Shihab-Eldin) Adnan Shihab-Eldin Dr. Adnan Shihab-Eldin (born 1 November 1943), former Acting Secretary General and Director of the Research Division of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is currently the Director General of the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences since 2011. He is also a research associate at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (OIES) since 2008 and a member of the Board of Directors of the SBC Energy Institute. Dr. Shihab-Eldin currently teaches in the MBA Energy Management at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) and is a member of the advisory board for Document [75] (Title: Janos Pasztor (diplomat)) working in the United Nations with previous roles including (2010-2012) Executive Secretary of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (GSP); (2008-2010) Director of UN Secretary-General’s Climate Change Support Team; (2007) Director, UN Environment Management Group (EMG), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); (1993-2006) Various positions at the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), initially in Geneva, and later in Bonn. The last position was Coordinator, Project-based Mechanisms Programme; (1990-1992) Senior Programme Officer, Atmosphere and Energy, Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the “Earth Summit ‘92”); and (1986-1989) Energy Document [76] (Title: Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma) Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma (13 April 1934 – 7 November 2012) was a Gabonese economist and politician. He was the Secretary-General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from 1981 to 1983 and has been an opposition politician in Gabon since 1990. He was the father of writer Bessora. A member of the Fang ethnic group, born in Lambaréné, Nan Nguéma studied in Paris and obtained a Ph.D in economics; he also received degrees in political science and business and public administration. He entered the civil service in Paris in 1960, and after returning Document [77] (Title: Oseloka H. Obaze) Secretary-General at in-house, inter-departmental and inter-agency meetings and consultations. He also developed policy options and guidance on U.N. political offices, in Somalia, Guinea Bissau, Central Africa Republic and West Africa NOWA] to the Under Secretary-General. Between 2007 and 2012, Oseloka Obaze worked as a senior member of the managerial team in the Security Council Secretariat branch, which services the U.N. Security Council and also as the Secretary of the Security Council Adhoc Working Group on Conflict Prevention in Africa including as Trip Coordinator for Security Council Missions. Before leaving the U.N., Obaze served on the U.N. National Competitive Examination Political Document [78] (Title: Marc Saturnin Nan Nguéma) the International Monetary Fund from 1972 to 1975. Subsequently he was Gabon's Representative to the OPEC Executive Commission Board from 1975 to 1976 and Deputy Director-General of the Elf Gabon oil company from 1976 to 1981. Nan Nguéma served as Secretary-General of OPEC from 1 July 1981 to 30 June 1983. He also worked as the Deputy Director-General of Elf Gabon prior to 1990 and was an adviser to Gabonese President Omar Bongo until 1990. Amidst the wave of democratization that swept Africa beginning in 1990, Nan Nguéma joined the Gabonese opposition and became Vice-President of the Gabonese Progress Party Document [79] (Title: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) alliance with oil producing Arab nations to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuela's oil (among other reasons), establishing a strong link between the South American nation and the Middle East region that survives to this day. His extensive notes of the TRC methods for regulation of production to maximize recovery served him well both in Venezuela and later when he took them translated into Arabic to the Cairo meeting that served as launching platform for OPEC, where Wanda Jablonski introduced him to then minister of petroleum of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah Tariki, co-founder of OPEC. After the 1973 oil Document [80] (Title: Khalid A. Al-Falih) of Electricity. Al-Falih also holds the position of chairman of the Board of Directors of Aramco, whose CEO is Amin H. Nasser. The oil crash caused OPEC countries to react by diminishing production, the organization’s first cut in eight years. Minister Al-Falih urged fellow OPEC member countries to stop exceeding their output targets, and met with Venezuelan and Kazakh counterparts in August 2017 in order to extend the deal of cutting production until March 2018, by at least three more months. Al-Falih is active in many social programs. He has served as chairman of the Dammam City Municipal Council. His Document [81] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish (born 6 November 1942, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia)() ended his third five-year term as Director-General of the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) on October 31, 2018. Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish, a Saudi national, became the Director-General and Chief Executive Officer of OFID in November 2003. Al-Herbish guided OFID through a period of deep transformation which includes:<br> These developments have enabled the institution to substantially enhance the execution of its mandate and consolidate its standing as a prominent and respected player in the global development arena.<br> Al-Herbish and Energy Poverty Alleviation<br> Al-Herbish has been one Document [82] (Title: Rómulo Betancourt) Cairo, Venezuela's envoy, fluent in Arabic, convinced oil producing Middle Eastern countries to sign a secret agreement that promoted unity and control of their own national oil resources; under the noses of the British and American corporations that dominated the oil industry globally and had funded the event. Planting the seed for OPEC that was founded in September 1960 at Baghdad, Iraq. This movement was triggered by a 1960 law instituted by American President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico's oil industries. Eisenhower cited national security, land access to energy supplies, at times Document [83] (Title: Denis-Christel Sassou Nguesso) responsible for marketing oil, from 2005 to 2009. As part of an administrative shake-up at the SNPC, Sassou Nguesso was instead appointed as deputy director-general of the SNPC, in charge of the downstream operations, on 29 December 2010. The shake-up was viewed as indicative of his "increasing influence". Beginning in 2005, Sassou Nguesso headed the Pole of Young Republicans (PJR), a political association that elected eight of its members to the National Assembly as independent candidates in the 2007 parliamentary election. He served as the PJR's honorary president until he was elected as its national executive president on 12 October Document [84] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) Riyadh. According to Yamani, King Saud then offered him the position of Oil Minister but this was declined. Several months later a new cabinet was formed with Faisal as Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister and in March 1962 the incumbent Oil Minister and founding father of OPEC, Abdullah Tariki, was replaced by Ahmed Zaki Yamani. Although clearly distinguished from his fiery predecessor by both his supporters and detractors, Yamani had a common goal with Tariki in moving toward the nationalisation of Aramco, the operating oil company in the country. In 1962 the General Petroleum and Mineral Organization (Petromin) was Document [85] (Title: ¿Por qué no te callas?) statements at the summit, indicating frankly that she felt "let down" by the subsequent discussions at the OPEC meeting, considering the effect that the price of oil has on countries like Chile. Also just weeks after the incident, Chávez was "accused of breaking a protocol accord" with Colombia's President Álvaro Uribe and "exhaust[ing] his Colombian counterpart's patience by speaking out of turn once too often", formally ending Chávez's mediation in hostage negotiations with the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group. (Dialogue resumed later and the hostages were freed in January 2008.) In 2013, Infobae named the incident Document [86] (Title: Gholam-Hossein Nozari) Ahmedinejad to exert much more control over the oil sector in Iran. In June 2012, Iran nominated Nozari for the secretary-general of OPEC. Gholam-Hossein Nozari Gholam Hossein Nozari (born 1954) is a conservative Iranian politician who served as oil minister from 2007 to 2009. He was nominated secretary general of the OPEC in June 2012. Nozari was born in Kazeroon, Iran, in 1954. He studied petroleum and earth science engineering at Shahid Chamran University. He received a master's degree in industrial management from Tehran University. Nozari worked at the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Then he became a member of Document [87] (Title: History of the Venezuelan oil industry) the heads-of-state of OPEC in 25 years (the second ever). Goals of this meeting, held in Caracas, included recuperating the credibility of Venezuela in OPEC, defending oil prices, cementing relations between Venezuela and the Arab/Islamic world, and to strengthen OPEC in general. The meeting could be considered a success given the record high oil prices of the following years, but much of that is also a consequence of the 11 September 2001 attacks against the United States, the Iraq War, and the significant increase in demand for oil from developing economies like China and India, which helped prompt a surge Document [88] (Title: OPEC siege) were to be executed. Carlos led his team past two police officers in the building's lobby and up to the first floor, where a police officer, an Iraqi plainclothes security guard and a young Libyan economist, Yusuf al-Azmarly, were shot dead. As Carlos entered the conference room and fired shots into the ceiling, the delegates ducked under the table. The terrorists searched for Ahmed Zaki Yamani and then divided the sixty-three hostages into groups. Delegates of friendly countries were moved toward the door, 'neutrals' were placed in the centre of the room and the 'enemies' were placed along the back Document [89] (Title: OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism) the former Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon from 2015 to 2016, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations from 2007-2010 and again in 2011-2015, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between 2006-2007 and 2010-2011) was named to head the JIM. The JIM consisted of a three-member leadership panel, headed by an Assistant Secretary General. The panel’s two other members advised on political and investigative components, respectively. On 27 April 2017, the Secretary-General announced the appointment of Edmond Mulet (Guatemala) as the Head of the three-member Leadership Panel of the JIM. The Leadership Panel Document [90] (Title: OPEC siege) members of OPEC were taken hostage in Vienna, Austria, where the ministers were attending a meeting at the OPEC headquarters at Dr-Karl-Lueger-Ring 10 (renamed Universitätsring in 2012). The hostage attack was orchestrated by a six-person team led by Venezuelan terrorist Carlos the Jackal (which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann, Hans-Joachim Klein and Anis al-Naqqash). The self-named "Arm of the Arab Revolution" group called for the liberation of Palestine. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and kidnap all eleven oil ministers in attendance and hold them for ransom, with the exception of Ahmed Zaki Yamani and Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, who Document [91] (Title: Youcef Yousfi) of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). On 23 December 1999 he was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was replaced by Abdelaziz Belkhadem in the post in August 2000, when Yousfi moved on to become Minister-Delegate to Prime Minister, Ali Benflis. In April 2001, Yousfi was nominated as Ambassador of Algeria to Canada, before becoming Permanent Representative to the United Nations in 2006. Yousfi is married and has three children. Youcef Yousfi Youcef Yousfi () (born 2 October 1941) is an Algerian politician who has been Minister of Energy and Mines between 2010 and 2015. He Document [92] (Title: Alemayehu Atomsa) Agency from 2006 to 2010. In 2012, Alemayehu became Chairperson of OPDO and President of Oromia region. He was the father of two daughters and two son. Alemayehu, an "obscure figure with little connection to the OPDO’s rank and file" became president of the Oromia Region on 6 September 2010, succeeding former General Abadula Gemeda, who was elected to the Federal Parliamentary Assembly and became the Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives. "Hailed [for] his strength and leadership charisma", as president, Alemayehu took a strong, public, and controversial stance against corruption, and within months of his assuming office several Document [93] (Title: Roknodin Javadi) Ahmad Ghalebani. Javadi served as NIOC’s CEO until he resigned in June 2016. He was succeeded by Ali Kardor. Javadi still serves as Vice-chairman of the Board. Following his work as CEO for NIOC Javadi began serving as the Ministry of Petroleum's deputy managing director for monitoring hydrocarbon resources. He regularly appeared on national and international media. Roknodin Javadi Roknodin Javadi (born 1957) is an Iranian business executive. He is a former CEO of National Iranian Oil Company and Deputy oil minister of iran and the Chairman of National Iranian South Oil Company. Javadi served as Managing Director of National Document [94] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) Chairman of the board of directors of the National Electric Power Authority (1993–1994). From 1986 he served eight consecutive terms as OPEC president. Lukman was elected OPEC secretary general on 22 November 1994, succeeding Dr. Subroto of Indonesia, whose three-year term ended on 30 June 1994. Lukman was a compromise choice between two competing candidates, Hossein Kazempour Ardebili of Iran and Alirio Parra of Venezuela. He was re-elected to a second term in 1997, holding office until the end of 2000. He was a central figure in the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia to control oil prices early in Document [95] (Title: Michael Lawrence Haider) he served for two years as deputy coordinator of worldwide production. He then became president and a director of International Petroleum Company, Limited, responsible for parts of South America. In 1959 he was elected an Exxon director, then vice president and director for Latin America (1960), and executive vice-president and member of the Executive Committee (1961). In 1963 he was elected president and vice chairman of the Executive Committee, and in 1965 he became chairman of the board and chief executive officer until his retirement in 1969. Haider served as chairman of the American Petroleum Institute and president of the Document [96] (Title: Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah) Countries Forum in Doha, Attiyah was elected as the chairman of the organization. Although Gas Exporting Countries Forum has seen by some experts as an attempt to form 'gas-OPEC', Attiyah ruled out a creation of OPEC-like cartel. In 2011, Attiyah was appointed head of former Emir Hamad Al Thani's office and president of the Qatar Administrative Control and Transparency Authority. During the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Doha, Attiyah served as the chairman. In 2007, London-based the British Petroleum Intelligence Bulletin chose Attiyah as the Man of the Year in the field of development of hydrocarbon industry. In Document [97] (Title: Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah) information in 2000, and acting minister of oil in 2001. He was the president of the Kuwait Olympic Committee from 1991 to 2001; in 1992, he was elected as a member of the IOC. He also serves as the president of the Olympic Council of Asia. He was appointed minister of oil in February 2002 when his uncle Sheikh Sabah was still the prime minister. After Sheikh Jaber died and Sheikh Sabah became Emir, he remained at that position under Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed's (his half-cousin) government. Al-Sabah served as Secretary General of OPEC in 2005, and was appointed the director Document [98] (Title: Bob McNally) conferences. His articles on oil and OPEC have been published in the "Financial Times". McNally testifies to Congress on energy markets and policy and informally advises officials on energy market trends and developments. In March 2011 was invited by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources to brief a Senate member-only meeting on oil price developments. He is a member of the National Petroleum Council and Non-Resident Fellow at the Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy. McNally was co-chair of the energy policy advisory group on the 2008 Mitt Romney presidential campaign and energy advisor on Senator Marco Document [99] (Title: Rex Tillerson) engineer. In 1989, Tillerson became general manager of the central production division of Exxon USA. In 1995, he became President of Exxon Yemen Inc. and Esso Exploration and Production Khorat Inc. In 1998, he became a vice president of Exxon Ventures (CIS) and president of Exxon Neftegas Limited with responsibility for Exxon's holdings in Russia and the Caspian Sea. He then entered Exxon into the Sakhalin-I consortium with Rosneft. In 1999, with the merger of Exxon and Mobil, he was named executive vice president of ExxonMobil Development Company. In 2004, he became president and director of ExxonMobil. Upon this appointment Document [100] (Title: Rick Orman) more competitive in a changing world environment. As Minister of Energy, Orman served as a delegate to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the United States Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and the South West Energy Council. Additionally, Orman was a founding member of the Clean Air Strategic Alliance – a group dedicated to managing a clean air environment. He also led energy related trade missions to Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Since Orman’s return to the private sector, he has remained active as an officer and board member in a number of privately held and Document [101] (Title: History of the Venezuelan oil industry) OPEC had lost much of its influence compared to when it was first created. A combination of OPEC members, including Venezuela, regularly ignoring quotas and non-OPEC countries such as Mexico and Russia beginning to expand on their own petroleum industries resulted in record low oil prices to which hurt the Venezuelan economy. One of Chávez's main goals as president was to combat this problem by re-strengthening OPEC and getting countries to once again abide by their quotas. Chávez personally visited many of the leaders of oil producing nations around the world, and in 2000, he hosted the first summit of Document [102] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) OPEC to quadruple the price of crude oil. During that time, Yamani gained a colourful international reputation, known in the West for both diplomatic skills and his characteristic goatee. In December 1975, Yamani and the other OPEC ministers were taken hostage by notorious terrorist Carlos (the Jackal) in Vienna, Austria. The hostages were released after two days riding an airplane across North Africa, even though Carlos was ordered by his superiors to execute Yamani and his Iranian counterpart Jamshid Amouzegar. In October 1986, King Fahd dismissed Yamani. He also dismissed Abdulhady Hassan Taher, who was the founder of Petromin oils Document [103] (Title: Diezani Alison-Madueke) financial burden on the government, disproportionately benefits the wealthy, [and] encourages inefficiency, corruption and diversion of scarce public resources away from investment in critical infrastructure." Alison-Madueke was the first woman to hold the position of Minister of Petroleum Resources in Nigeria, and in October 2010 she became the first woman to head a country delegation at the semi-annual OPEC conference. She was also the first female Minister of Transportation, and the first woman to be appointed to the board of Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria. On 27 November 2014, she was elected as the first female President of OPEC. On Document [104] (Title: Russia–Saudi Arabia relations) to join OPEC nations′ commitment to reduce oil output, with cuts taking effect from 1 January 2017 to last for six months; Russian president Vladimir Putin and Saudi deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, along with Iran’s supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, were said to have played a key role in having OPEC rivals Iran and Saudi Arabia set aside differences to make the organization's first deal with non-OPEC Russia in 15 years possible. In April 2017, deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman told "The Washington Post" that the Saudis had been “coordinating [their] oil policies recently” with Moscow in Document [105] (Title: Rex Tillerson) contribution to the oil and gas industry" during his 41 years at Exxon Mobil. Tillerson was first recommended to then-President-elect Trump for the Secretary of State role by former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, during her meeting with Trump in late November 2016. Rice's recommendation of Tillerson to Trump was backed up by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, three days later. Media speculation that he was being considered for the position began on December 5, 2016. On December 9, transition officials reported that Tillerson was the top candidate for the position, surpassing contenders such as Mitt Romney and David Document [106] (Title: Ibrahim Shihata) Ibrahim Shihata Ibrahim F.I. Shihata (1937–2001) was an expert on international development and general counsel of the World Bank from 1983 to 1998. Dr. Ibrahim F.I Shihata was the Founder of the Opec Fund and Senior Vice President and General Counsel at the World Bank for 20 years. At the age of 20, Ibrahim Shihata graduated with a BA in law from Cairo University Law School at the top of his class. He originally planned to continue his education in the United States, but then received an offer from the Conseil d’Etat to work as a legal advisor in the Document [107] (Title: Abdallah Salem el-Badri) Abdallah Salem el-Badri Abdalla Salem el-Badri (born 25 May 1940) is a former Libyan official who served as Chairman of the National Oil Corporation (NOC), Minister of Petroleum, Minister of Energy, Minister of Management, and Deputy Prime Minister. He was also the longest-serving Secretary General of OPEC, holding the position in 1994 and then 2007–2016. He is a citizen of Libya and resides in Austria. He is married with five children. OPEC selected Nigeria's Mohammed Barkindo to succeed el-Badri as Secretary General, effective 1 August 2016. One of their predecessors was Omar el-Badri who held the position in 1970, although Document [108] (Title: Fadhil Chalabi) Fadhil Chalabi Fadhil Jafar al-Chalabi (born 1929) is an Iraqi economist, and was Acting Secretary General of OPEC from 1983 to 1988. He is a second cousin of the politician Ahmed Chalabi. Born in 1929 in Baghdad to Jafar Mohamad al-Chalabi and Fatima née al -Uzri, Chalabi studied law at Baghdad University and graduated in 1951 before gaining a PhD in oil economics from the University of Paris. In 1968 he was appointed director of oil affairs in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, and in 1973 became Iraq's permanent undersecretary of oil. He was assistant secretary general to the Organization Document [109] (Title: Abdallah Salem el-Badri) OPEC does not disclose any relation between its two Libyan Secretaries General with the same family name. Abdalla El-Badri was born in Ghemines, Libya, and began his oil industry career in 1965 with Esso. He graduated "cum laude" from Florida Southern College in 1975 with a B.S. in accounting. He served as the Libyan Minister for Oil from 1990, the post being expanded to cover electricity in 1993. In 2000, he moved to become Under-Secretary for Services, then in 2002 he became Deputy Prime Minister. From 2002 to 2004, he served as Minister for Management. Abdallah Salem el-Badri Abdalla Salem Document [110] (Title: Ibrahim Ibrahim (economist)) special ceremony held at the CWC World LNG Summit in Barcelona, Spain. Ibrahim holds a Ph.D. in Business Administration from New York University in 1969. Ibrahim Ibrahim (economist) Dr. Ibrahim Ibrahim () was the former Secretary General for the General Secretariat for Development Planning (GSDP). He was the Secretary General from 2006 until June 2011. He became an Economic Advisor to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Emir of the State of Qatar, in 1988. He was aleader in the development of the Qatar National Vision 2030 project. Ibrahim has worked in the oil and gas industry. He is Document [111] (Title: Organization of American States) it had not been for the assassination of Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The Director General of the former, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the Organization's first Secretary General. The current Secretary General is former Uruguayan minister of foreign affairs Luis Almagro. Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following: In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, Document [112] (Title: Juan Camilo Mouriño) Chief of the Presidency's Office. On 15 January 2008, Mouriño was designated [[Secretary of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of the Interior]]. Juan Camilo Mouriño came under public scrutiny due to some contracts that appear to be signed by him as a representative of the companies owned by his father, while he was local deputy in Campeche, and later as an undersecretary of energy (under then energy secretary Calderón), both government related positions. [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] showed also two new contracts that show that Mouriño could have incurred in abuse of power, since it seems he was still shareholder of the Document [113] (Title: Patricia Espinosa) 28, 2006, President-elect Felipe Calderón announced that she would serve as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs starting on December 1, 2006. Her priorities included the diversification of the United States-Mexico agenda (heavily concentrated on immigration and security issues) and the rebuilding of diplomatic relations with Cuba and Venezuela, which were strained during the previous administration. In May 2016, she was selected by United Nations Secretary-General Ban ki-Moon to be the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Patricia Espinosa Patricia Espinosa Cantellano (born October 21, 1958) is a Mexican politician and diplomat who is currently Document [114] (Title: Guillaume Long) the US presidential elections. Ecuador's Ministry of Foreign Affairs argued that it refused to meddle in other countries' internal affairs particularly in times of elections, but that this measure bore no relations with the asylum. Long was also in charge of Ecuador's oil negotiations within OPEC and represented Ecuador at the OPEC meetings in Algiers on 29 September 2016 and Vienna on 30 November 2016, and the 10 December 2016 OPEC-non OPEC meeting in Vienna that resulted in the commitment to cut oil production by just under 1.8 million barrels a day. After the election of Donald Trump in the Document [115] (Title: OPEC Fund for International Development) emerged from the Solemn Declaration of the Third OPEC Summit, which took place in Riyadh in November 2007. The Declaration called for the complete eradication of energy poverty as a global priority and urged OFID to intensify its efforts in support of this goal. The EPI was launched by King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia in June 2008 and subsequently adopted by OFID as its flagship program. Since 2008, OFID has worked tirelessly to push energy poverty to the top of the international agenda and was responsible for the universal acceptance of energy poverty eradication as the “missing” Document [116] (Title: OPEC) suspension" of its membership at year-end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut. Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq, due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003–2004. But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings, as no US representative attended in an official capacity. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers. This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. The OPEC Conference Document [117] (Title: Samuel Dossou-Aworet) Contribution to the African Oil Industry Awards. Samuel Dossou-Aworet Samuel Dossou-Aworet is a Pan-African businessman who was born on 5 November 1944 in Porto-Novo (Benin). In 1971, he obtained a Masters in Chemistry from the Ecole Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs and in 1972 he obtained a DEA (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies de Pétroléochimie et Synthèse Organique Industrielle) from the same institute of which he is an Engineering graduate. From 1973 to 1974, he was consulting engineer with Sema Metra International in Paris. From 1976 to 1980, he also took on a position as Governor of OPEC Special Fund. In Document [118] (Title: Fadhil Chalabi) of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries from 1976 to 1978. From 1978 to 1988 he was deputy secretary general of OPEC, serving as acting secretary general from 1983 to 1988. In 1987 he became Executive Director of the Centre for Global Energy Studies, a London-based think-tank founded and chaired by Ahmed Zaki Yamani. He retired in 2011. Chalabi is interviewed in the 2006 documentary "". He was married in 1956 to Abda Bahjat Salih and has four children. Fadhil Chalabi Fadhil Jafar al-Chalabi (born 1929) is an Iraqi economist, and was Acting Secretary General of OPEC from 1983 to 1988. He Document [119] (Title: United States–Venezuela relations) OPEC producers towards lower production ceilings, with the resultant price settling around $25 a barrel prior to 2004. During Venezuela's holding of the OPEC presidency in 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries. In the process, he became the first head of state to meet Saddam Hussein since the Gulf War. The visit was controversial both in Venezuela and in the US, although Chávez did respect the ban on international flights to and from Iraq (he drove from Iran, his previous stop). The Bush administration consistently opposed Chávez's policies. Although it did not immediately recognize the Carmona government Document [120] (Title: Edmund Daukoru) Nigeria. In 1992, he became Group Managing Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. In 2003, Daukoru became Presidential Advisor on Petroleum and Energy, and in July 2005 was appointed Minister of State for Energy in the cabinet of President Olusegun Obasanjo. He was appointed Secretary General of OPEC on 1 January 2006 for a one-year term. Daukoru was appointed the Amayanabo, or traditional ruler of Nembe Kingdom in Bayelsa state, taking the name Mingi XIII. Rivalries between the Bassambiri and Ogbolomabiri communities of the old Nembe Kingdom date back over 200 years. In April 2010 the Bayelsa State government Document [121] (Title: Amina J. Mohammed) Nigeria's representative in the African Union (AU) Reform Steering Committee, chaired by Paul Kagame. She resigned from the Nigerian Federal Executive Council on 24 February 2017. In 2017, Mohammed was accused of participation in a Chinese scam to illegally import endangered Nigerian rosewood during her term as Nigeria’s environment minister. The Nigerian government has denied the claims. In January 2017, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres announced his intention to appoint Mohammed Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. Amina J. Mohammed Amina Jane Mohammed (born 27 June 1961) is the current Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and a former Minister Document [122] (Title: Gas Exporting Countries Forum) elected as Secretary-General. He was re-elected at the thirteenth ministerial meeting in December 2011. In 2013, GECF ministers elected Iran’s candidate Mohammad-Hossein Adeli, a former head of central bank and diplomat, as the new Secretary-General of the forum for the next two years. The objectives of the GECF are: The highest body of the GECF is a ministerial meeting. In between of ministerial meetings, the work is organized through the Secretariat, headquartered in Doha, Qatar. The 2009 chairman of the GECF was Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah and the vice chairman was Chakib Khelil. The Secretary-General is Leonid Bokhanovsky. The Document [123] (Title: Ricardo Raineri) director of the World Bank Group, in representation of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. In 2012, he was elected by experts around the world, and for a period of two years, as vice president for academic affairs of the International Association for Energy Economics. In 2014 was re-elected to continue in that office for a second two-year term, 2015–16. In 2015 is elected as IAEE president elect for 2016 and as IAEE president for 2017. On February 9, 2010, Chile's current President-elect Sebastián Piñera nominated him to the Ministry of Energy. Following the 2011 Magallanes protests in January Document [124] (Title: OPEC) Iraqi prime minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, whose country had skipped the 1959 congress. Government representatives from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries, and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs. Despite strong US opposition: "Together with Arab and non-Arab producers, Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations." The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut, but Venezuela argued for Document [125] (Title: Kaveh Madani) the University of Central Florida. Kaveh Madani served as the Secretary of Iran's First International Conference on Climate Change in February 2017. In 2017, his name appeared in the media, including Shargh, as one of the candidates with strong support from the Iranian environmental NGOs and activists to become Iran's Minister of Energy after Hamid Chitchian in Hassan Rouhani's second presidency term. Madani denied this news later in an interview with the Mehr News Agency. In September 2017, Madani was appointed by Isa Kalantari as the Deputy for International Affairs, Innovation and Socio-cultural Engagement of Iran's Department of Environment. Madani Document [126] (Title: Oil Companies International Marine Forum) Executive Committee is limited to a maximum of 15 members plus the Chairman and Vice Chairmen who are ex officio members. Members of the Executive Committee are elected at the Annual General Meeting. Present chairman is Dr. Grahaeme Henderson from Shell. A full-time Director, currently Captain Andrew Cassels from BP, is in charge of a small permanent Secretariat located in London. This Secretariat comprises full-time employees and technical staff seconded from member companies. The work of OCIMF is carried out through four main Committees (General Purposes Committee (GPC), Ports and Terminals Committee, Offshore Marine Committee and the Legal Committee. Sub-Committees, Document [127] (Title: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) creating OPEC, further developing his thoughts about conservation and stabilization of petroleum production and the defense of oil prices. As Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons during the second democratic government of Venezuela of president Rómulo Betancourt (1959–1964), he was responsible for the creation of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) for the purpose of rationalizing and thereby increasing oil prices in the world market. Triggered by a 1960 law instituted by US President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico's oil industries, Perez Alfonzo (also known as the Father of OPEC) reacted seeking an Document [128] (Title: Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah) the United States. Moreover, he was Chief Executive Officer at the "Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière de Mauritanie", the largest mining company and cooperation in Mauritania. Between 1985 and 1993, Ould-Abdallah worked as adviser on energy, including renewable energies and African issues, to the United Nations Secretary-General. From 1993 to 1995, he was Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's Special Representative in Burundi, during the first part of the Burundi Civil War. Between 1996 and 2002, he served as the Executive Secretary of the Global Coalition for Africa, a Washington D.C. based intergovernmental forum dedicated to African issues. In 2002, Secretary General Document [129] (Title: Ali Al-Naimi) was succeeded by Abdullah S. Jum'ah as CEO of Aramco. Also in 1995, Naimi received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University In December 2010, the Saudi Supreme Petroleum Council, chaired by King Abdullah, asked Naimi to nominate candidates to succeed him as oil minister. In November 2014, still serving as Saudi oil minister and therefore the de facto leader of OPEC, Naimi became the primary advocate for the export organization's controversial new strategy. He argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself at lower price levels, strategically rebuilding OPEC's long-term market share by ending the profitability of Document [130] (Title: José Miguel Insulza) Interior of Chile. Insulza was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States on May 2, 2005 following the withdrawal from the race of Mexico's Foreign Minister Luis Ernesto Derbez. ("See" Organization of American States Secretary General election, 2005.) On January 5, 2007, Insulza criticized Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez's decision not to renew television channel RCTV's broadcast license (Chávez had accused the station of being a coup d'état instigator.) Three days later, Chávez responded to Insulza by calling for his resignation and referring to him as a "pendejo"—a Spanish profanity which is equivalent to "dumbass". Insulza later received the Document [131] (Title: Abdul Karim Luaibi) oil in charge with the upstream operations in 2009, and was in office until 2010. During his tenure, he was instrumental in securing the oil and gas contracts with international oil companies and other oil-related agreements with neighboring countries of Iraq. In December 2010, he was appointed oil minister, replacing Hussain Al Shahristani, to the cabinet headed by prime minister Nouri Maliki. Luaibi was part of the Iraqi National Alliance. He acted as the president of OPEC's 162th ordinary meeting which was held in Vienna on 12 December 2012. In March 2016, an investigate report published on the Huffington Post Document [132] (Title: Bijan Allipour) a member of the board of trustees of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. Bijan Allipour Bijan Allipour (born 27 March 1949, Masjed Soleyman, Iran) is an Iranian business executive. He is the current chairman and CEO of National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC). Allipour is also a current member of the board of directors of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Prior to his current position he was the senior executive vice president of NISOC, which he had joined in 1979. He holds a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Oklahoma. Among other Document [133] (Title: Cabinet of Donald Trump) as the basis for the United States presidential line of succession). The nomination of a Secretary-designate is reviewed during hearings held by the members of the Foreign Relations committee, then presented to the full Senate for a vote. On December 12, 2016, Rex Tillerson, CEO of ExxonMobil, was officially selected to be the Secretary of State. Tillerson was first recommended to Trump for the secretary of state role by Condoleezza Rice, during her meeting with Trump in late November. Rice's recommendation of Tillerson to Trump was backed up by Robert Gates three days later. Tillerson's confirmation hearing with the Foreign Document [134] (Title: Israel–Venezuela relations) key supporter of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Although it's not unusual for OPEC members to maintain relations, Carlos Romero, a political scientist at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, says that 'since the foundation of Israel, Venezuela has maintained equilibrium between its interests in Israel and Arab countries. Chavez has broken this'." Venezuelan Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez said on August 13, 2006, that Venezuela would not endorse an OPEC oil embargo in response to the Middle East crisis, but did say, "What we have been warning and denouncing over the past two years is the permanent aggression of U.S. foreign policy Document [135] (Title: Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) with an Iranian delegation led by Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Ali Asghar Khaji. The initial meetings were largely fruitless but June 2013 saw the election of Hassan Rouhani, a centrist and reformist from the Moderation and Development Party. Rouhani had previously served as Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council and as such had been Iran's lead nuclear negotiator as recently as 2005. At his inauguration in August 2013 and during a phone call with President Obama in September 2013, Rouhani relayed his intent to restart negotiations with the West on the nuclear issue. By November 2013, the P5+1 countries Document [136] (Title: Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown) Secretary-General on 1 April 2006, retaining the position until December 2006. Malloch Brown publicly defended handling of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the UN in general, and Kofi Annan in particular. While he countered critics that "Not a penny was lost from the organization," an internal UN audit of the Oil-for-Food programme revealed that there had been overcompensation amounting to $557 million. A separate audit of UN peacekeeping procurement concluded that at least $310 million from a budget of $1.6 billion could not be accounted for. Malloch Brown, briefing the Security Council, argued that, while the situation uncovered by the audit Document [137] (Title: Thamir Ghadhban) permanent constitution and one of three technocrats to draft Iraq's much debated oil law, which is still waiting to be approved by the parliament. In late April 2006, there was strong speculation that he would again be appointed Minister of Oil, this time by the government of Nuri al-Maliki. In 2012 and 2016 he was nominated by Iraq to be secretary-general of OPEC. Up until early 2018 he served as the Chairman of the prime minister's advisory committee. In April 2016 he was awarded the Japanese Imperial Decorations the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star from His Document [138] (Title: Zhang Jianhua) appointed director of the National Energy Administration, replacing Nur Bekri. Zhang Jianhua Zhang Jianhua (; born September 1964) is a Chinese politician currently serving as director of the National Energy Administration. He has over 30 years of working experience in China's petroleum and petrochemical industry. He is a delegate to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a member of the 19th Central Discipline Commission of the Communist Party of China. Zhang was born in Shanghai in September 1964. Zhang entered the workforce in July 1986, and joined the Communist Party of China in August 1994. Document [139] (Title: Rebeca Grynspan) of Directors of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) based in Washington, D.C. Grynspan was unanimously elected Secretary General of the Ibero-American Secretary General ("Secretaria General Iberoamericana"), SEGIB, in a special meeting of the Ministers of External Relations on February 24, 2014 in Mexico City, in which representatives of all 22 member countries were present. She succeeded in the office Enrique V. Iglesias who had held the position since the establishment of SEGIB in 2005. In September 2016, Grynspan was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to serve as member of the Lead Group of the Scaling Up Document [140] (Title: Mahmoud Mohieldin) and Executive Secretary to the Development Committee of the World Bank Group’s Board of Governors. As Corporate Secretary, Dr. Mohieldin’s role was to act as the key interlocutor between the Management of the World Bank and the Board of Executive Directors. During his tenure, he managed and ensured the success of several important decisions, including the 2015 Shareholding Review, the fast-track approval of loans related to Ebola, as well as the implementation of reforms. In January 2016, he took on his current role of Senior Vice President for the 2030 Development Agenda, UN Relations and Partnerships. This includes overseeing the Document [141] (Title: Mohammad Saeedikia) Oil Company. He is currently head of the Bonyad-e Mostazafen va Janbazan (Foundation of the Oppressed and Disabled), the second-largest commercial enterprise in Iran (behind the state-owned National Iranian Oil Company) and biggest holding company in the Middle East. Saeedikia was the first officially announced candidate for the 2013 presidential election in Iran. He announced his candidacy in December 2012. Due to his career, he was considered to be a traditionalist principlist candidate, but in fact he was an independent and technocrat candidate. Saeedikia was also one of the dark horse candidates. His nomination was rejected by Guardian Council on Document [142] (Title: Cambridge Energy Research Associates) Arabia, Iraq, Mexico, Norway, and the United States. Other notable speakers have included former United States Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, former Colorado Senator Gary Hart; former United States Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans; former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, and former Secretary General of OPEC Rilwanu Lukman. CERA also manages the Upstream Capital Costs Index. As the controversy over peak oil intensified in 2006, CERA found itself on the optimistic side of predictions, forecasting that a peak would not occur before 2030, and this would not Document [143] (Title: Bo Asplund) Between 1998 - 1999, he was director of Program Management Division of Oil-for-Food program in New York. Bo Asplund Bo Asplund currently serves as United Nations Secretary-General’s Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan, the United Nations Resident Coordinator and the Humanitarian Coordinator in Afghanistan. He was appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in August 2007. Asplund obtained his master's degree in international economics from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and master’s and bachelor's degrees in economics, political science and statistics from the University of Lund (Sweden). He also holds a Certificat d’Etudes Politiques from Document [144] (Title: Chakib Khelil) becoming Minister for Energy and Mines on 26 December 1999. In 2001, while a minister, he was also named president of Sonatrach, and he nominated and was succeeded by Mohamed Meziane in 2003. He was also president of OPEC for the years 2001 and 2008, president of the African Energy Commission (AFREC) in 2001, president of the Association of African Oil Producing Countries (APPA) in 2004 and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) in 2010. Chakib Khelil Chakib Khelil (born 8 August 1939) is an Algerian political figure who served in the government of Algeria as Minister of Energy and Document [145] (Title: OPEC) a neutral location, and so the organization chose Geneva, Switzerland. On 1 September 1965, OPEC moved to Vienna, Austria, after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges. During 1961–1975, the five founding nations were joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962–2008, rejoined 2014-2016), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973–1992, rejoined 2007), and Gabon (1975–1994, rejoined 2016). By the early 1970s, OPEC's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production. Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion, Mohammed Barkindo, OPEC's Acting Secretary General in 2006, urged Document [146] (Title: Roknodin Javadi) Roknodin Javadi Roknodin Javadi (born 1957) is an Iranian business executive. He is a former CEO of National Iranian Oil Company and Deputy oil minister of iran and the Chairman of National Iranian South Oil Company. Javadi served as Managing Director of National Iranian Gas Export Company (NIGEC) during ex-president Mohammad Khatami`s administration, who signed Crescent Gas Contract on behalf of the Iran's Oil Ministry. In September 2013 Javadi was appointed as the managing director and CEO of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and as deputy oil minister by Iran's oil minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh. He succeeded former NIOC CEO Document [147] (Title: Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu) to four in a move that led to the appointment of four new Group Executive Directors, to run the four new Directorates. Kachikwu in a bid to provide employees with general updates on the Corporation's progress, launched a series of weekly podcasts which is sent to the over 13,000 members of staff. However, on March 8 2016, he increased the directorates from four to seven. He is the immediate past President of the OPEC Conference with a tenure that expired in January 2016. He has chaired the 168th Meeting of the OPEC Conference held in Vienna, Austria, on December 4, Document [148] (Title: OPEC) OPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental organisation of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. the 15 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so called "Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies. The stated mission of the organisation is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies Document [149] (Title: Miguel Ángel Rodríguez) replace César Gaviria as secretary general of the OAS. He began his term on 15 September 2004 but served only 1 month, before stepping down when a former political collaborator accused him of having accepted a kickback from the French telecommunications firm Alcatel, which had been awarded a large government contract for cellular phone bandwidth during Rodríguez's tenure as president. On 8 October 2004, Rodríguez resigned as OAS Secretary General, effective 15 October, and was replaced by Assistant Secretary General Luigi Einaudi, a former U.S. State Department official who assumed the title of Acting Secretary General. After resigning from his Document [150] (Title: Andy Inglis) Alaska to serve as the manager for the Kuparuk field. He returned to London in 1996 as chief of staff for the upstream business. From 1997 until 1999, he was responsible for leading BP's activities in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. In January 1999, following the merger of BP and Amoco, he became vice president, US Western Gas business unit. In September 2000, he joined the upstream executive committee as a group vice president and became an executive vice president and Deputy Chief Executive of BP Exploration & Production in 2004. He was later appointed as an executive director of Document [151] (Title: OPEC) as new supplies were becoming available, the multinational oil companies (MOCs) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent. Weeks later, the Arab League's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo, Egypt, where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, representing the two then-largest oil-producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union. Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts, and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen's Agreement, calling for an "Oil Consultation Document [152] (Title: Rilwanu Lukman) Rilwanu Lukman Rilwanu Lukman (26 August 1938 – 21 July 2014) was a Nigerian engineer who held several ministerial positions in the Nigerian Federal government before becoming Secretary General of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. He died on 21 July 2014. On 18 December 2008, Lukman was appointed Minister of Petroleum Resources by Nigerian president Umaru Yar'Adua, holding office until March 2010. Lukman was born in Zaria, Kaduna State. He trained as a mining engineer at the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Zaria (now Ahmadu Bello University), and then Document [153] (Title: Rostam Ghasemi) He was the president of the OPEC for 2011. Ghasemi's tenure as oil minister ended on 15 August 2013 and he was replaced by Bijan Namdar Zanganeh in the post. Shortly after leaving office Ghasemi was appointed advisor to Defense Minister Hossein Dehghan on 22 August. Ghasemi was included in the EU sanction list. Rostam Ghasemi Rostam Ghasemi (, born 5 May 1964) is an Iranian military officer and politician who was minister of petroleum from 3 August 2011 to 15 August 2013. Ghasemi was born on 5 May 1964 in Sargah village, Shiraz, Fars Province. His father was a Document [154] (Title: Edmund Daukoru) Edmund Daukoru Edmund Maduabebe Daukoru (born 13 October 1943) is a former Nigerian Minister of State for Energy and was Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 2006. He became the Amayanabo, or traditional ruler, of Nembe Kingdom in 2008. Also Chairman of South South Monarchs forum in the PGEJ regime. Daukoru was born on 13 October 1943 in the oil-rich Bayelsa State. He obtained a Ph.D in Geology from Imperial College, London. He was employed by Shell International Petroleum Company from 1970, where he rose from Chief Geologist to General Manager of Exploration in Document [155] (Title: Ahmed Zaki Yamani) initially by 10 percent alongside other OPEC members, followed by 5 percent reductions each month. This proposal was designed to gain the necessary attention from the West while preventing the tremendous economic damage that could be caused by more-radical reductions likely to be advanced by other OPEC members. On 16 October, the six Persian Gulf members of OPEC met in Kuwait and took the decision to raise oil prices from US$3 to $5.12. This was the first time the producer countries had independently set the price of their oil. On the next day, the ten OAPEC members agreed to Shiekh Document [156] (Title: Masoud Mir-Kazemi) Shahed University. He was Iran's minister of commerce during the first term of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from 2005 to 2009. Kazemi discussed the possibility of making neighbouring Iraq a major gas export market, citing the destruction of Iraq's energy infrastructure as a result of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He served as minister of petroleum from 2009 to 2011, replacing Gholam Hossein Nozari after Ahmadinejad was re-elected. On 14 October 2010, Mir Kazemi was elected as conference president for 2011 OPEC. On 9 May 2011, it was announced that Mir Kazemi, Sadegh Mahsouli and Ali Akbar Mehrabian would leave the Document [157] (Title: 1973 oil crisis) increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production. OPEC-member states raised the prospect of nationalization of oil company holdings. Most notably, Saudi Arabia nationalized Aramco in 1980 under the leadership of Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani. As other OPEC nations followed suit, the cartel's income soared. Saudi Arabia undertook a series of ambitious five-year development plans. The biggest began in 1980, funded at $250 billion. Other cartel members also undertook major economic development programs. US retail price gas prices rose from Document [158] (Title: OPEC) OPEC lost its two newest members, who had joined in the mid-1970s. Ecuador withdrew in December 1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization's founding, but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016, due to the country's daunting political difficulties. Document [159] (Title: Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish) Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish (born 6 November 1942, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia)() ended his third five-year term as Director-General of the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) on October 31, 2018. Suleiman Jasir Al-Herbish, a Saudi national, became the Director-General and Chief Executive Officer of OFID in November 2003. Al-Herbish guided OFID through a period of deep transformation which includes:<br> These developments have enabled the institution to substantially enhance the execution of its mandate and consolidate its standing as a prominent and respected player in the global development arena.<br> Al-Herbish and Energy Poverty Alleviation<br> Al-Herbish has been one Document [160] (Title: Desidério Costa) of Minister of Petroleum in a series of ministry-shake-ups in December 2002. He replaced Botelho de Vasconcelos, who was moved to the Ministry of Energy and Water. In the new cabinet formed on October 3, 2008, after the parliamentary elections of September 2008, he was replaced again by his predecessor. Desidério Costa continues to work as consultant to the oil industry. The 145th meeting of the OPEC Conference on 11 September 2007 elected Costa as the head of the Angolan delegation to serve as Alternate President for the year 2008. With the government changes in October 2008, this office also Question: who is the current secretary general of opec

Answer: Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo Long Answer: List of OPEC Secretaries General No . Name Country Tenure Fuad Rouhani Iran 21 Jan 1961--30 Apr 1964 Abdul Rahman al - Bazzaz Iraq 1 May 1964--30 Apr 1965 Ashraf T. Lutfi Kuwait 1 May 1965--31 Dec 1966 Mohammad Saleh Joukhdar Saudi Arabia 1 Jan 1967--31 Dec 1967 Francisco R. Parra Venezuela 1 Jan 1968--31 Dec 1968 6 Elrich Sanger Indonesia 1 Jan 1969--31 Dec 1969 7 Omar el - Badri Libya 1 Jan 1970--31 Dec 1970 8 Nadim al - Pachachi United Arab Emirates 1 Jan 1971--31 Dec 1972 9 Abderrahman Khène Algeria 1 Jan 1973--31 Dec 1974 10 M.O. Feyide Nigeria 1 Jan 1975--31 Dec 1976 11 Ali M. Jaidah Qatar 1 Jan 1977--31 Dec 1978 12 René G. Ortiz Ecuador 1 Jan 1979--30 Jun 1981 13 Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema Gabon 1 Jul 1981--30 Jun 1983 14 Mana Al Otaiba United Arab Emirates 19 Jul 1983--31 Dec 1983 15 Kamel Hassan Maghur Libya 1 Jan 1984--31 Oct 1984 16 Subroto Indonesia 31 Oct 1984--9 Dec 1985 17 Arturo Hernández Grisanti Venezuela 1 Jan 1986--30 Jun 1986 18 Rilwanu Lukman Nigeria 1 Jul 1986--30 Jun 1988 19 Subroto Indonesia 1 Jul 1988--30 Jun 1994 20 Abdallah Salem el - Badri Libya 1 Jul 1994--31 Dec 1994 21 Rilwanu Lukman Nigeria 1 Jan 1995--31 Dec 2000 22 Alí Rodríguez Araque Venezuela 1 Jan 2001--30 Jun 2002 23 Álvaro Silva Calderón Venezuela 1 Jul 2002--31 Dec 2003 24 Purnomo Yusgiantoro Indonesia 1 Jan 2004--31 Dec 2004 25 Ahmed Al - Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Sabah Kuwait 1 Jan 2005--31 Dec 2005 26 Edmund Daukoru Nigeria 1 Jan 2006--31 Dec 2006 27 Abdallah Salem el - Badri Libya 1 Jan 2007--31 Jul 2016 28 Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo Nigeria 1 Aug 2016 -- Gold Document ID: 52

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unreal (TV series)) in January 2018 before the third season had aired. On May 22, 2018, it was reported that the fourth season had been acquired by Hulu. The streaming service would distribute the series exclusively as a "Hulu Original" in the United States for a set period of time before the episodes are to air on Lifetime. On July 16, 2018, the fourth season was released on Hulu and it was confirmed that the season would be the series' last. Producer Rachel Goldberg returns to "Everlasting", a popular dating show, after a breakdown. With a reputation to rebuild and executive producer Quinn Document [2] (Title: The Tunnel (TV series)) 2016. It premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The renewal for a third and final series was announced on 20 January 2017 entitled "The Tunnel: Vengeance" and consisting of six episodes. It began filming in March 2017 and premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. Canal+ did not announce a corresponding date for France at the time of the UK release. Season 3 premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018. In the United States, the first season aired on many Document [3] (Title: Tumble Leaf) re-dubbed German version premiered for Amazon's German Prime customers on August 20, 2014. On February 23, 2015 it was renewed for a second season, which became available on December 10, 2015. On December 21, 2015 it was renewed for a third season. It premiered on April 4, 2017 with an Easter special. The remainder of season three premiered on August 14, 2017. Season 4 premiered on July 23, 2018. A Halloween special was released on October 19, 2018. Tumble Leaf Tumble Leaf is an Amazon Studios original series that premiered in 2014. It is a stop motion animated series for Document [4] (Title: 3 Seasons) was a surprise success for many of the credits, speculators and the general public. 3 Seasons 3 Seasons () is a 2009 Canadian psychological drama, directed and written by Jim Donovan. The film was produced on a minimalist budget with support of the Canada Council for the Arts and Comedians. The story follows the lives of two couples experiencing an unexpected life change, as well as a middle-aged father seeking revenge for his life's misfortune. Leader Post summaries this film as " a gritty, multi-layered drama about the intersecting lives of two Montreal couples and a grieving middle-aged father visiting Document [5] (Title: The Real Housewives of Melbourne (season 3)) cast member Gina Liano announcing her return and that filming for the season would begin in July 2015. On September 11, 2015, the cast of season three was announced as well as an order of a total of ten episodes, and on 22 December 2016 the premiere date was announced along with an increased episode order now with a total of eleven episodes. On 11 January 2016, a promotional trailer featuring the wives walking among gold confetti teased the upcoming season, which included the possibility of old flames, wedding bells and a new baby. On February 6, 2016, Arena released Document [6] (Title: Quantico (season 3)) was announced that Alan Powell will join the show as a series regular in the third season. He will play Mike McQuigg, an undercover agent. On December 6, 2017, it was announced that Amber Skye Noyes will join the third season in the recurring role of Celine Fox. On January 17, 2018, it was announced that Vandit Bhatt will join the third season in the recurring role of Jagdeep Patel. On February 16, 2018, it was confirmed that Aunjanue Ellis has exited the series. Certain scenes of the third-season premiere were shot on location in Italy. Filming for the third Document [7] (Title: Shake It Up (season 3)) Filming for the season began in July 2012 and ended in March 2013. It was announced that Kenton Duty would be removed from the main cast and will not appear in the opening credits. In September 2012, the season was announced to premiere in October. The third season officially premiered on October 14, 2012 and aired its last episode on November 10, 2013 with 26 episodes aired for the season. Rob Lotterstein returned as executive producer and showrunner. Jeff Strauss didn't return and was replaced by Eileen Conn, while Season 2 writer Darin Henry filled Conn's position as co-executive producer. Document [8] (Title: Glitch (TV series)) episodes. The second series premiered on 14 September, 2017 on ABC. Series two follows James and the Risen as they begin to unravel the mystery of how and why they are back, but their journey of reconciliation and revenge is soon disrupted by a new and even more lethal threat. The first series was made available to stream on Netflix globally on 15 October 2016. Series 2 premiered on 28 November 2017 internationally on Netflix. The show's renewal for season 3 was announced via Facebook on 20 August 2018 and began filming on 17 September 2018. James Hayes (Patrick Brammall) Document [9] (Title: StartUp (2016 TV series)) and Hollywood Gang Productions. On January 13, 2017, Crackle announced that they had renewed the series for a second season. On November 15, 2017, Crackle officially renewed the series for a third season. On August 27, 2018, it was announced the third season would premiere on November 1, 2018. Simultaneously alongside the initial series order announcement, it was confirmed that the series would star Martin Freeman, Adam Brody, Edi Gathegi, and Otmara Marrero. That same day, it was reported that Jocelin Donahue had been cast in a recurring role. On March 17, 2016, Ashley Hinshaw joined the show in a Document [10] (Title: The Path (TV series)) abruptly told that his contract would not be renewed. Speaking about it with "The Hollywood Reporter", he called the decision "not a healthy way to do business". The Path (TV series) The Path is an American drama web television series created by Jessica Goldberg and starring Aaron Paul, Michelle Monaghan, and Hugh Dancy. The show portrays members of a fictional religion known as Meyerism. The series was ordered by Hulu in March 2015 with a straight 10-episode order. The series was originally titled "The Way", but was changed to "The Path" in September 2015 due to its similarity to real-life Document [11] (Title: Escape the Night) June 22, 2017. On May 24, 2018, Joey Graceffa announced the third season via Twitter. On May 28, 2018 through June 1, 2018, Joey Graceffa confirmed via Twitter he would be releasing the cast of season three periodically. The third season debuted on June 21, 2018. Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5. Escape the Night Escape the Night is an American postmodern metafictional murder-mystery reality web series hosted by Joey Graceffa that premiered on June 22, 2016 on YouTube Premium. The third season was Document [12] (Title: The Path (TV series)) The Path (TV series) The Path is an American drama web television series created by Jessica Goldberg and starring Aaron Paul, Michelle Monaghan, and Hugh Dancy. The show portrays members of a fictional religion known as Meyerism. The series was ordered by Hulu in March 2015 with a straight 10-episode order. The series was originally titled "The Way", but was changed to "The Path" in September 2015 due to its similarity to real-life ministry and alleged cult, The Way International. The show debuted on March 30, 2016. On May 4, 2016, Hulu renewed the series for a second season, which Document [13] (Title: Stargate Atlantis (season 3)) Stargate Atlantis (season 3) The third season of "Stargate Atlantis", an American-Canadian television series, began airing on July 21, 2006 on the US-American Sci Fi Channel. The third season concluded after 20 episodes on February 5, 2007 on the Canadian The Movie Network. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season three regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Jason Momoa, Rachel Luttrell, Paul McGillion, and David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay. Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Document [14] (Title: Lost Girl (season 3)) the start of principal photography on Season Three on April 17, 2012, with the season premiere slated for Fall 2012. On July 12, 2012, Showcase announced Season Three would premiere in Winter 2013 (i.e. early 2013). Syfy confirmed the January 14, 2013, U.S. premiere of Season Three in a general press release on November 12, 2012. The following day (November 13), Showcase announced the Canadian premiere date of January 6, 2013. "Lost Girl ConFAEdential", a special roundtable discussion about the previous two seasons and characters, aired on Showcase before the premiere of Season Three on January 6, 2013. Moderated by Document [15] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) to No. 19, and was bumped off the top-30 list by the fourth week. The season was also released in Region 2 on August 25, 2008, and in Region 4 on September 30, 2008. A three-disc, region-free Blu-ray box set was later released on November 11, 2008. Supernatural (season 3) The third season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 4, 2007, and concluded on May 15, 2008. Traveling throughout America, protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business—saving Document [16] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) suspicions about Reddick to Skinner. Linden later sees a ring from the missing Kallie on Skinner's daughter's finger. She knows Skinner is the killer and must ride with him to find Adrian. Holder must race to save Linden when Adrian is found safe. AMC announced on July 27, 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season. However, Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks. In August 2012, it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the Document [17] (Title: Weeds (season 3)) ensuring that she and her family will be leaving and moving on, and there will be no evidence of their drug activities. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Weeds (season 3) The third season of "Weeds" premiered on August 13, 2007, and consisted of 15 episodes. Metacritic gives the season a score of 82. The season begins with the fallout from the botched drug deal of the season two finale. Celia finds and destroys the entire harvest; U-Turn pays the mobsters to leave Nancy and him alone; Silas is arrested and sentenced to community service; Sanjay comes out of the closet, but U-Turn forces him Document [18] (Title: Archer (season 3)) Archer (season 3) The third season of the animated television series, "Archer" originally aired in the United States on the cable network FX. The three part episode "Heart of Archness" aired from September 15, 2011 until September 29, 2011. The rest of the season started on January 19, 2012 with "The Man from Jupiter" and ended with the two part episode "Space Race" on March 16, 2012, and March 23, 2012, respectively, with a total of thirteen episodes. It was announced on March 29, 2011, that "Archer" was renewed for 16 more episodes. FX had originally intended the first three Document [19] (Title: EastSiders) episodes were funded by a Kickstarter campaign. On April 2, 2013, it was announced that the series was picked up for distribution through Logo TV's website, and the remainder of the season premiered on April 23, 2013. The second season premiered on September 15, 2015, through Vimeo's on demand service. The series was later sold to Netflix, and the third season premiered November 28, 2017. Since its release, the series has received numerous accolades, including two Indie Series Awards and several Daytime Emmy Award nominations. In Silver Lake, Los Angeles, Cal (Kit Williamson) learns that Thom (Van Hansis), his boyfriend Document [20] (Title: BoBoiBoy) brought it to 5 January 2014. Season 3 started on 5 January 2014 and continuously aired 5 episodes for 5 weeks. On 23 March 2014, the Animonsta Studio's YouTube channel have announced that the new time slot airing on 6:00 pm from Sunday, 6 April 2014 to Sunday, 18 May 2014 due to the school test and Eid al-Fitr. Season 3 Episode 6 and so on were aired started on 4 December 2014 at new time slot, 5.35pm, Monday-Thursday at TV3 and aired started on 20 November 2014 at new time slot. This is also the first season that new Document [21] (Title: The Golden Path (TV series)) The Golden Path (TV series) The Golden Path () is a 30-episode drama serial. Set in 1982 and spanning 25 years, it tells the story of a family embroiled in conflicts of interest, webs of deceit, love, hatred and vengeance. The drama was produced by MediaCorp in celebration of the company's 25 years of local Chinese drama production and incorporates scenes from past dramas such as "The Seletar Robbery", "The Flying Fish", "Pretty Faces", "Turn of the Tide", "Finishing Lines", "The Last Applause", "Stepping Out", "The Golden Pillow" and "Holland V". The serial was telecast on MediaCorp TV Channel 8, Document [22] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 2)) shield being broken, as well as mention of the Raft prison. The season also mentions the Rand Corporation from "Iron Fist", and makes multiple references to Spider-Man. The second season of "Jessica Jones" was released on March 8, 2018, to coincide with International Women's Day, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range. In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date. A trailer was released on February 7, 2018. Ahead of the season releasing, Netflix revealed the episode titles and creative teams with pulp Document [23] (Title: Community (season 6)) Television starting March 18, 2015. In Australia, the sixth season was available on Stan beginning March 17, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Yahoo! Screen released "Communitary", an extra version of season six with commentary by series creator Dan Harmon. The sixth season was released on DVD in region 1 on March 8, 2016. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the making of the finale, trivia with the cast and crew, and a gag reel. The sixth season has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 12 Document [24] (Title: Falling Skies (season 3)) Falling Skies (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Falling Skies" was renewed on July 11, 2012 for a total of 10 episodes. The season premiered on June 9 and ended on August 4, 2013. On July 2, 2013, TNT renewed the show for a fourth season. Special Guest <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On July 11, 2012, the series was renewed for a third season, consisting of 10 episodes and premiered on June 9, 2013. Writer and co-executive producer Mark Verheiden disclosed that he would not return to the series for the third season. On August 23, 2012, it Document [25] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of the third season as being "haphazardly paced" and "struggling to develop a clear sense of direction". The third season averaged 3.52 million viewers across the 23 episodes, ranking 135th among television show viewership. "Arrow: Season 3" was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 22, 2015 in the United States and September 28, 2015 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest. Arrow (season Document [26] (Title: Red vs. Blue) 14, 2013 and started the Chorus Trilogy. The trilogy picked up where Season 10 left off and returned to a format similar to that of The Blood Gulch Chronicles, having no pre-rendered CGI. The season ended on November 11, 2013. On February 3, 2014, Miles Luna announced "Season 12" on Rooster Teeth's website. The season premiered on April 28, 2014 and concluded on September 29, 2014. The final season of the Chorus Trilogy, "Season 13", was announced on March 4, 2015, with a release date of April 1, 2015. The season brought back a handful of characters from the series, Document [27] (Title: Degrassi: Next Class (season 3)) in May 2016 and finished in August of the same year. The season is expected to premiere on January 6, 2017 on Netflix internationally and on January 9, 2017 on Family Channel's 'F2N' teen block. On F2N, it will run for two weeks and use the telenovela format. The season premiered at midnight on January 6, 2017, on the Family Channel App. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Degrassi: Next Class (season 3) The third season of "" premiered on January 9, 2017 on Family Channel under the teen block F2N in Canada and began streaming internationally on January 6, 2017 on Netflix. This season Document [28] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) set in the US on September 2, 2008, a month before the premiere of the fourth season. Including all 16 episodes of the third season, the set also featured DVD extras such as bloopers, episode discussions by the writers, a featurette on the various effects used on the show, and a digital copy of the season. The set was ranked No. 6 in DVD sales for its week of release, selling 104,979 units for $4,093,131. It slipped to No. 18 the following week with 35,593 units for $1,387,771. Though sales increased in the third week—40,034 units for $1,560,926—the set fell Document [29] (Title: The Golden Path (TV series)) (《路》) & Cavin Soh 苏智诚 — Love Blossoms 心花朵朵开 (《心花朵朵开》) The Golden Path (TV series) The Golden Path () is a 30-episode drama serial. Set in 1982 and spanning 25 years, it tells the story of a family embroiled in conflicts of interest, webs of deceit, love, hatred and vengeance. The drama was produced by MediaCorp in celebration of the company's 25 years of local Chinese drama production and incorporates scenes from past dramas such as "The Seletar Robbery", "The Flying Fish", "Pretty Faces", "Turn of the Tide", "Finishing Lines", "The Last Applause", "Stepping Out", "The Golden Pillow" and "Holland Document [30] (Title: The Path of True Love) the cast list. Regulars do not feature. Other characters such as Colin Cakeworthy are made reference to but not do feature. The Path of True Love "The Path of True Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, "The Green Green Grass". It was screened on 8 January 2009, as the first episode of the fourth series. The staff easily notice that all is not well at Winterdown Farm. Boycie's lack of attention-giving is upsetting Marlene so much that she feels unloved, under-valued and extremely lonely. With worries floating through her head that their marriage may be coming to a Document [31] (Title: Californication (TV series)) on DVD in the US on June 17, 2008. Showtime renewed Californication for a third season, which premiered on Sunday September 27, 2009 at 10 pm. The show is laced with rock culture references. It frequently alludes to Warren Zevon and featured Henry Rollins in a guest appearance; some episode titles, such as "Filthy Lucre" and "Turn the Page", allude to album and song names (Sex Pistols' "Filthy Lucre Live" and Bob Seger's "Turn the Page", respectively). Hank's lawyer in Season 4 is called Abby Rhoads; his first three novels, "South of Heaven", "Seasons in the Abyss" and "God Hates Document [32] (Title: 19-2 (2014 TV series)) September 22, 2017. Spike UK aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons. The complete first season was first released on DVD in Region 1 on April 26, 2016, with the complete second season released on August 30, 2016, the complete third season released on December 13, 2016, and the complete fourth season is scheduled to be released on November 7, 2017. CraveTV has exclusive Canadian streaming rights to the series, with all episodes available on the video on demand service and new episodes of the fourth season available one day earlier, 10 p.m. on Sunday, Document [33] (Title: Salem (season 3)) season which premiered on November 2, 2016. On April 5, 2016, it was revealed the show would premiere the week of Halloween, rather than the usual April premiere slot. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Salem (season 3) The third season of "Salem", an American horror–drama television series on WGN America, premiered on November 2, 2016, and concluded on January 25, 2017, consisting of ten episodes. Created for television by Adam Simon and Brannon Braga, who write or co-write episodes of the show, the series is based on the Salem Witch Trials. It was executive produced by Braga, Coby Greenberg and David Von Ancken, with Document [34] (Title: Bull (2016 TV series)) the fall of 2016 and air on Tuesdays at 9:00 P.M. On November 4, 2016, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. An additional episode was ordered in November. On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a second season. which premiered on September 26, 2017. On April 18, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a third season which is set to premiere on September 24, 2018. Michael Weatherly, Geneva Carr, Freddy Rodriguez, Chris Jackson and Jaime Lee Kirchner were part of the pilot's main cast. Annabelle Attanasio did not return for season three Document [35] (Title: Daredevil (season 2)) to see how long it was until the season would debut. The season was enhanced to be available in high dynamic range after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. Footage from the season was shown at New York Comic Con in October 2015, and at Comic Con Experience that December. On February 15, 2016, the first part of the season trailer was released focusing on the Punisher, while the second part focusing on Elektra was released 10 days later, on February 25. Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" felt the first part is "clearly going for a vibe similar to that Document [36] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) Supernatural (season 3) The third season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 4, 2007, and concluded on May 15, 2008. Traveling throughout America, protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business—saving people and hunting supernatural creatures. The season begins with the brothers tracking down the demons released from Hell in the previous season finale. They become allies with a demon named Ruby (Katie Cassidy), who claims to know a way to release Dean from his demonic pact—he had Document [37] (Title: Through the Wormhole) which premiered on August 30, 2016. The eighth and final season premiered on April 25, 2017. In region 1, season 1 was released on DVD on March 8, 2011, season 2 was released on November 22, 2011, season 3 was released on October 23, 2012, season 4 was released on September 16, 2014, season 5 was released on June 16, 2015, and season 6 was released on December 15, 2016. Through the Wormhole Through the Wormhole is an American science documentary television series narrated and hosted by American actor Morgan Freeman. It began airing on Science in the United States Document [38] (Title: Finding Carter) April, it was announced that Jesse Henderson would play Gabe, the role in which Nolan Sotillo was previously cast. On August 19, 2014, MTV renewed the show for a second season containing 12 episodes. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that Season 2 would premier on March 31, 2015. On May 18, 2015, it was announced that there would be a 12 episode extension to season 2 which premiered in October. The season finale of season 2 was on December 15, 2015. On January 29, 2016, MTV announced the show's cancellation because of a drop in viewers. Since the Document [39] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true circumstances of the Document [40] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 1)) season, Sarandos had said that it was "too hard to say now" if the season would actually release in 2015, with Netflix's plan to release a Marvel series approximately a year apart from each other after "Daredevil"s April 2015 release. However, Netflix soon confirmed that the season would indeed release in 2015, announcing the November 20 release date in September. The season was enhanced to be available in high dynamic range after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. In May 2015, Marvel announced plans to reprint "Alias", the comic that the series is based on, with new covers from Document [41] (Title: All That (season 3)) film. The intro remains the same as the first two seasons. However all of the Bates parts are edited out and are replaced with Bynes. New group shots of the entire cast were taped as well. This was the first season to air on The N back in 2008, and it was the second season to air on "The '90s Are All That" on August 22, 2011. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> All That (season 3) "All Thats third season"' ran from November 16, 1996 to October 25, 1997. This season of "All That" contained 21 episodes. Many changes to the show happened before Document [42] (Title: Sanctuary (season 3)) abnormal named Thelo in the season finale, scheduled to air during the Spring 2011. Production of the season commenced on March 15, 2010. Syfy originally announced that the third season will premiere alongside the second season of "Stargate Universe" on September 28, 2010. However, they later announced it will be delayed until Friday, October 15 on their original 10 pm timeslot. The season premiere "Kali, Part 3" was seen by almost 1.8 million viewers and 1.3 household ratings. Viewership increased 17 per cent in total viewers, and 12 per cent among adults aged 18 through 49, compared to the average Document [43] (Title: A Series of Unfortunate Events) released on March 30, 2018, and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series. The television series was also renewed for a third and final season, which will air in early 2019 and will also adapt the four remaining books(The Slippery Slope, The Grim Grotto,The Penultimate Peril, and The End. The last season will have 7 episodes, The End only being one episode instead of the standard two episodes. (It is assumed Handler will remain on as screenwriter of the new seasons. "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" is a film adaptation of Document [44] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 3)) three is set to be released in Region 1 on September 13, 2016. Chicago P.D. (season 3) The third season of "Chicago P.D.", an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on September 30, 2015 and concluded on May 25, 2016. The season contained 23 episodes. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> A three-way crossover between "Chicago Fire", "Chicago Med" and "Chicago P.D." aired in January 5 and 6, 2016. A crossover with "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" aired on February 10, 2016, where Intelligence helps SVU track down Greg Yates Document [45] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [46] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) for a third season, consisting of 10 episodes. The third season premiered August 10, 2013. Creators Tony and Joe Gayton had stepped down as showrunners, but remained with the series as consulting producers. John Shiban had also stepped down as executive producer, putting the third season renewal on hold until a replacement was found. AMC officially green-lit the third season on December 12, 2012, and announced that John Wirth would serve as the new executive producer. Wirth stated the third season would "be a western about work — the building of the railroad, the binding of the nation after the Document [47] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) CBS. Kevin Chapman, who plays Freddie, is now cast as Terrence Garrity, brother of the Sean character in the FX series "Rescue Me". Television critics also pointed to the end of season three as potentially the end of the series, saying that the finale seemed to convey a sense of closure, wrapping up storylines. On June 29, 2009, Showtime confirmed that the series would not be renewed, and that the third season DVD would be billed as "The Final Season." American satellite television provider DirecTV rebroadcast the series beginning in February 2010. The series focuses on the concept of brotherhood Document [48] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) deal with the Secret Service. The third season began airing on November 2, 2008 and consisted of 8 episodes. It ended on December 21, 2008. The titles of all episodes of season three are quotations from Shakespeare. Season 3 begins in the late summer, and it's implied that the events of Season two have had a few months to sink in. Michael is now on medication for his psychosis, although he appears to have developed severe paranoia and his narcissism has worsened. He is still an informant for Franklin, although this relationship is complicated when Paul Carvalho, (the Portuguese politician Document [49] (Title: The Blade's Path) The Blade's Path "The Blade's Path" is the fifth episode of the fourth season and 71st episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Tze Chun and directed by Scott White. It was first broadcast on October 19, 2017. In the episode, after Alex's funeral, Bruce discovers Ra's has a likely possibility to be released from prison and sets to go and kill him himself using the knife. Gordon and Alfred become worried about what Bruce could do and Document [50] (Title: Burn Notice (season 4)) Burn Notice (season 4) The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3, 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network. Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter, a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns. As the fourth season opens, Michael sits alone in a well furnished room, where he meets his new handler, Vaughn (Robert Wisdom). Vaughn attempts to lure Michael into the organization by attempting to befriend him, and tells Michael the organization is now on the hunt for a terrorist mastermind. Michael agrees to work with Vaughn on the condition Document [51] (Title: One Day at a Time) season of "One Day at a Time" on DVD in Region 1. On September 7, 2017, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released "One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD" in Region 1 on December 5, 2017. Season 2 was released on March 27, 2018. Season 3 was released on June 12, 2018. Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series, with a Latino cast, for Netflix, beginning in 2017. The ensemble is led by Justina Machado, with Rita Moreno, Stephen Tobolowsky, Isabella Document [52] (Title: Malcolm in the Middle) the fall of 2003, but was cancelled due to high costs of music clearances. In February 2012, it was announced that Fabulous Films would be releasing the first season of the show in the UK in April, as well as releasing each subsequent season the following month, ending with a complete series set near Christmas 2012. However, in late March 2012, several retailers had removed the release date from their websites; this was later revealed to be because of "technical issues with the Masters" and that the release date had been pushed back to June. Other seasons will now follow Document [53] (Title: Grimm (TV series)) returning on September 30, 2012, season three on October 30, 2013, and season four on January 7, 2015. The series was replayed on free-to-air network Seven (as opposed to FOX8, which is a subscription television network), with season one premiering November 30, 2012, with season two returning on August 1, 2013, and season three on October 15, 2014. In New Zealand the series premiered on June 18, 2012 on FOUR. The series premiered in Canada on October 28, 2011 on CTV, with season two returning on August 13, 2012, season three on October 25, 2013, and season four on October Document [54] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd) games, which became "The 3rd". While the first two entries focused on the more upbeat adventures of Estelle and Joshua, "The 3rd" shifts its story-telling into a darker direction. "The 3rd" was released on a number of different platforms since it original Windows release. A PlayStation Portable port was released on July 24, 2008. A high definition PlayStation 3 port was released in June 2013. It was also released on PlayStation Plus on January 2014. It has received an HD "Evolution" remake for PlayStation Vita on July 14, 2016. An English localization by Xseed Games was released for Windows on Document [55] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on Document [56] (Title: Beugró) fifth between February, 22 and April 20, 2011; the sixth between September 27 and November 23, 2010; the seventh between February 21 and May 3, 2011; the eighth between September 5 and November 8, 2011. The first two seasons have been published on DVD so far. Their distributor is Universal Music. First season 2 was released on October 8, 2009 on 4 DVDs, containing all fourteen episodes and cut scenes along with the pilot episode as extra. Season 1 came out next on March 30, 2010 on 3 DVDs with all thirteen episodes and a making-of and cut scenes as Document [57] (Title: Continuum (TV series)) on addikTV on November 6, 2013. It premièred in the UK on September 27, 2012, on Syfy (UK), with season 2 returning on May 23, 2013, and season 3 on January 28, 2015. The series premièred in the U.S. on January 14, 2013, on Syfy, with season 2 returning June 7, 2013, and season 3 on April 4, 2014. The series premièred in Australia on SF on February 21, 2013, and returned for season 2 on October 3, 2013. Season 3 premiered on Syfy (Australia) (the replacement to the now defunct SF) on May 5, 2014. The show was cancelled Document [58] (Title: American Crime Story) set of the season. On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock would play Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim. Principal photography for season 1 began on May 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California. According to set photos, principal photography of "Versace" (then season 3, now season 2) began at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami, Florida. In October 2015, FX released its first promotional trailer for "The People v. O. J. Simpson", showing an Akita dog whining, walking from its residence onto a sidewalk to bark, then walking back to its residence, leaving behind bloody paw prints. Document [59] (Title: Crossing Lines) second season by TF1, and was released in its entirety on Amazon Prime Instant Video in the UK on August 15, 2014. NBC did not broadcast the show after the first season. Netflix carried the series' first two seasons, and announced the debut of season three on February 19, 2015. Canada's CBC aired second-season episodes during late-night hours. On 20 February 2015, the show was renewed for a twelve-episode, third season. The third season began on September 15, 2015. Former New York Police Department officer Carl Hickman's life has fallen apart after he was injured on the job; he has Document [60] (Title: 3 Seasons) 3 Seasons 3 Seasons () is a 2009 Canadian psychological drama, directed and written by Jim Donovan. The film was produced on a minimalist budget with support of the Canada Council for the Arts and Comedians. The story follows the lives of two couples experiencing an unexpected life change, as well as a middle-aged father seeking revenge for his life's misfortune. Leader Post summaries this film as " a gritty, multi-layered drama about the intersecting lives of two Montreal couples and a grieving middle-aged father visiting from Alberta. With pregnancy and parenthood as the unifying themes, the movie covers a Document [61] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) and also received a nomination for Program of the Year. For the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast was nominated for Best Drama Ensemble, Peter Dinklage was nominated for Best Drama Actor, and the series won for Best Stunt Team. The day after the third season premiered in the U.S., it premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky Atlantic, in Australia on Foxtel, and in New Zealand on SoHo. The third season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on , in region 2 on and in region 4 on . It was made available for purchase Document [62] (Title: Braccialetti rossi) of 6 episodes, aired from 26 January to 2 March 2014 while the second, consisting of 5 episodes, from 15 February to 15 March 2015. On 18 March 2016 instead, the shooting of the third season ended, composed of 8 new episodes, which were broadcast starting October 16, 2016, with the confirmation of the entire cast and several new entries. In addition, the series was renewed for a fourth season and shooting began in May 2017. The series was almost entirely shot in Fasano, Puglia, within the CIASU (International Center for Higher University Studies) structure, in which the hospital of Document [63] (Title: The Shannara Chronicles) Network). The second season premiered on October 11, 2017, and concluded November 22, 2017. On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons and that the producers are shopping the series to other networks. Season one of "The Shannara Chronicles" roughly follows the storylines set out in "The Elfstones of Shannara", set in the fictional Four Lands. As the series opens, demons start to return after being banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding—locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys. The series chronicles the journey of Wil, Amberle Document [64] (Title: Shadowhunters) third season of 20 episodes, which premiered on March 20, 2018. In June 2018, Freeform canceled the series after three seasons, but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series' story; the second half of the third season is set to premiere on February 25, 2019, with 12 episodes ordered. Clary Fray has just enrolled at Brooklyn Academy of Arts. On her eighteenth birthday, she learns that she is a Shadowhunter, a human born with angelic blood who protects humans from demons and rogue downworlders. That night, Clary's mother, Jocelyn, is abducted by a group of rogue Shadowhunters called Document [65] (Title: Das Haus Anubis) there was the first feature film as a transition to the third season and was called Anubis en het Pad der 7 Zonden, which in Dutch means Anubis and the path of the 7 sins. Although a third season was Nickelodeon has not announced, the agency by Karim Günes let know that the series went into extra time on 14 March 2011. In addition, Franziska Alber confirmed in an interview that the shooting would go for its third season until January 2012. In addition, the preview of the season finale of Season 2, an excerpt from episode 235 (the first Document [66] (Title: Open Season 3) Open Season 3 Open Season 3 is a 2010 American computer-animated buddy comedy film produced by Sony Pictures Animation with animation provided by Reel FX Creative Studios. It is the third installment in the "Open Season" film series, following "Open Season" (2006) and "Open Season 2" (2008). Directed by Cody Cameron, the film theatrically premiered in Russia on October 21, 2010 and was released as a direct-to-video in the United States and Canada on January 25, 2011. Many of the previous actors reprised their roles, with the exception of Mike Epps, Joel McHale, Jane Krakowski, Billy Connolly, and Jon Favreau. Document [67] (Title: Luke Cage (season 1)) Paradise throughout the season; and each episode is named after a Gang Starr song. Visual effects, including for the depiction of Cage's abilities, were provided by FuseFX. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Harlem on September 28, 2016, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on September 30 to an estimated high viewership—it was believed to become the fourth most-viewed season on Netflix within 30 days of its release—and positive reviews, particularly for the first 7 episodes. Critics praised the cast, especially the performances of Ali and Woodard, as well as the music and Document [68] (Title: Log Horizon) by Satelight aired on NHK Educational TV from October 5, 2013 to March 22, 2014. The series was streamed as a simulcast by Crunchyroll in North America and other select parts of the world. A 25-episode second season produced by Studio Deen began airing on October 4, 2014. Both seasons have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America for digital and home video release. For both seasons, the opening theme is "database" by Man with a Mission featuring Takuma while the ending theme for the first season is "Your song*" and for the second season it is "Wonderful Wonder Document [69] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) on September 28. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13. The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray and be on Netflix from September 1. In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on January 26, 2015. In March 2018, it was announced that E4 had acquired the rights to air the fourth season on UK television. In September 2014, Warner Bros. sold the series' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix. In early Document [70] (Title: Video Game High School) on, and filming began in March 2014. Season 3 episodes were being released once per week starting on October 13, or could be purchased for immediate viewing through Vimeo On Demand, which includes 4K HD, HD, and SD downloads of the episode(s) purchased. RocketJump announced on October 30 that season 3 would be the last of the series. Netflix currently streams all three seasons of the show, but only season 3 is in 4K UHD, with most episodes doubled up to make individual 30-minute episodes. Video Game High School Video Game High School (often abbreviated VGHS) is an American action Document [71] (Title: Haters Back Off) date, to promote the series. Season 2 filmed in and around Vancouver from April until June 5, 2017. Ballinger began promotions for Season 2 in August 2017 with an appearance on "Live with Kelly and Ryan". Ballinger announced the release date of Season 2 in character as Miranda on the Miranda Sings YouTube channel on September 11, 2017. On the same date, she released a new original song on Miranda's YouTube channel to promote the season. On October 10, 2017, Netflix released the official trailer for Season 2. On October 16, Angela Kinsey appeared on the "Today" show to promote Document [72] (Title: House of Cards (season 2)) Globe Awards on December 12, a season 2 trailer was released on December 13. However, the first official full trailer was released on January 6. Willimon has stated "In conception of the second season, I put a lot of thought into the doors open to us in seasons three and beyond ... I didn't want to paint ourselves into a corner in the second season." On February 4, 2014, Netflix announced it had renewed the web series for a season 3 of undisclosed length. In May 2014, the season became one of the first Netflix streaming offerings available in 4K Document [73] (Title: Every Witch Way) 5, 2015. On February 25, 2015, Nickelodeon renewed the show for a 4th season and announced a spin-off titled "WITS Academy". It was announced on June 1, 2015, that the fourth season would be the final season. The series finale aired on July 30, 2015, with "WITS Academy" announced following its conclusion to air in fall 2015. "WITS Academy" premiered on October 5, 2015, but was later canceled after one season. Emma Alonso moves with her father Francisco to the suburbs of Miami, Florida, where she attends Iridium High. She later learns that she is a witch, and is also Document [74] (Title: The Following) starred Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy in leading roles, as well as Shawn Ashmore, Natalie Zea, and Valorie Curry. The first season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on January 21, 2013, and concluded on April 29, 2013. On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 19, 2014, and concluded on April 28, 2014. The series' renewal for a third season was announced on March 7, 2014, and the season premiered on March 2, 2015. On May 8, 2015, Fox canceled "The Following" after three seasons. The final episode aired on May 18, 2015. Document [75] (Title: Gargoyles (comics)) "The Journey", which was the only third season "Gargoyles" episode Weisman considers to be canonical (as well as the only third season episode Weisman wrote). Issue #3 of the "Gargoyles" comic then began a completely new storyline, which deliberately ignored the rest of the events of the televised third season. Weisman has confirmed that the in-universe timeline of the comic starts in 1996, just after the conclusion of the final episode of the series' second season. Issue #10 was the first issue set in 1997. In June 2005, it was announced that a series of Disney-licensed, bi-monthly "Gargoyles" comic books Document [76] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) a critical and commercial success after it started airing in April 2011. A few days after ratings for the second season's premiere, "The North Remembers", hit a series high of 8.3 million viewers, HBO announced the show's renewal for a third season. Prior to that announcement, there had been rumors and reports that showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss planned to shoot seasons three and four simultaneously. Benioff said that this would be very efficient, but impossible to write. The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed Document [77] (Title: Quantico (season 3)) season started on October 10, 2017. In March 2018, it was confirmed by showrunner Michael Seitzman that the last few episodes of the third season would be shot on location in Ireland. Filming for the third season ended on April 21, 2018. The third season received mixed feedback from critics, who were divided over its direction in comparison to the first season. The series premiere was poorly received. Despite praising the episode's action and pacing and its introduction of Marlee Matlin's character, Dishya Sharma of the "International Business Times" wrote that "it leaves you asking for more". "The Quint"'s Dipti Document [78] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) audience over time." Season two premiered on May 31, 2015, and concluded on August 2, 2015. Despite the critical acclaim that season two garnered, viewership declined. The season averaged 520,000 viewers per episode and a 0.2 rating in the 18–49 age demographic in live plus same-day viewings. Still, AMC renewed the series in October 2015 for a ten-episode third season. Stillerman said, "The critical momentum was a big part of the decision." The first episode of season three aired on August 21, 2016, ahead of the two-hour season premiere on August 23, 2016. The Tuesday premiere drew just 385,000 same-day Document [79] (Title: Da Vinci's Demons) Leaves" as he finds himself entangled with a cult known as the Sons of Mithras. The series premiered in the United States on Starz on 12 April 2013, and its second season premiered on 22 March 2014. The series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on 24 October 2015. On 23 July 2015, Starz announced that the third season would be the show's last. However, Goyer has left it open for a miniseries return. A fictionalised story based on historical persons, the series explores the early life of Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance in Italy. He is Document [80] (Title: Lethal Weapon (TV series)) death in season three, Wesley Cole, a former CIA operative who has been everywhere and seen everything, finds himself navigating a new partnership with Murtaugh, as he adjusts to life in Los Angeles. The series was ordered on May 10, 2016 and premiered on Fox on September 21, 2016. On October 12, 2016, Fox picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. On February 22, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a 22-episode second season, which premiered on September 26, 2017. On May 13, 2018, the series was renewed for a 13-episode third season, with Seann William Document [81] (Title: Beyond (2017 TV series)) 2015. The series was ordered for production in November 2015 with a ten-episode order. A sneak peek aired on January 1, 2017, with the official premiere on January 2, 2017. On January 10, 2017, Freeform renewed the series for a second season; season 2 premiered on January 18, 2018, with a double episode. The 10-episode second season's finale aired March 22, 2018. The entire first season was released on digital platforms, such as OnDemand, the Freeform App and website, and Hulu, on January 2, 2017. A recap special entitled "Beyond: What Lies Ahead" aired on December 28, 2017, and drew Document [82] (Title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)) On December 13, 2018, it was announced that season 3 is set to premiere on February 8, 2019. Upon its release, the show received critical acclaim, with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno. "One Day at a Time" was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017, with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year. The series received multiple awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series (Pat Barnett). At the Document [83] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder) season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows by ABC. It was announced that the third season will premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced on Twitter that the writer staff were in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, with filming starting a week later. A promotional poster showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on August 29, 2016. The series was renewed Document [84] (Title: The WalkerZ) of the usual 10 episode count, this is due production timing and actors schedule. While Season 3 titled Viral is expected to air during late Fall-Winter 2016, the 4th Season titled Decay would air during spring 2017. Production was put on hold due to hurricane affecting Puerto Rico severely. On September 06, 2018 almost a year after the hiatus, it was announced that the 3rd season would be re-written since hurricane affected filming locations and several actors left the island, due to this it would be a 5 episode arc ending the series to continue on as short films based Document [85] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) that. Series developer Veena Sud returned as showrunner and returning writers include executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin. On December 12, 2012, it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell, Michelle Forbes and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season. On January 15, 2013, AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 episode third season. Production started on February 25, 2013 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and ended on June 25, 2013. In March 2013, Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription Document [86] (Title: Sabri Maranan (TV series)) for a second season. Production began in June 2012 and ended in August 2012. The third season was announced on March 1, 2016 and it premiered on March 11, 2016. The fourth season began filming on April 20, 2017 and finished filming on June 13, 2017. The season premiered on November 3, 2017 on the new Keshet 12 channel. The fifth season began filming on March 25, 2018 and finished filming on May 22, 2018. The sixth season was announced by Yaniv Polishook on November 26, 2018. In April 7, 2015 the show premiered in United States under the title Document [87] (Title: The Path (TV series)) what the movement was and how they could join. The first season of "The Path" has received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator, Metacritic, the first season scored 70 out of 100 based on 33 reviews. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" reacted positively to the series, writing: "There's a lot to like about "The Path", from the strong visual sense of place that director Mike Cahill established in the first two episodes to its theoretical take on faith, and of course the exquisite acting and deft writing." Hank Stuever of the "Washington Post", wrote that ""The Path" Document [88] (Title: Annamalai (season 3)) for the small boy and how they left for England. The first season was aired 22 December 2014 to 31 March 2015 every Monday to Thursday at 10:30PM SST for 48 episodes. The show starred James Kumar, Karthik Samasundram, Bharathi, Varman, Sri and Jemes Dorairaj among others. It was director by I. Sunder, S.s. Vikneshwaran, A. Mohamed Ali and Nagaraj Veerappan. The second season, titled Annamalai Day of Reckoning was aired 29 June 2015 to 1 October 2015 every Monday to Thursday at 10:30PM SST for 52 episodes. The show started airing on MediaCorp Vasantham on 29 June 2015 and Document [89] (Title: Faking It (season 3)) his friendship with both Amy and Karma. Liam (Gregg Sulkin) and Zita (Chloe Bridges) are now dating after spending the summer trying to find out more about Liam's past. The series was pick-up for another season on April 21, 2015, set to premiere in 2016. Ten new episodes were produced. The episodes are broadcast on the time slot of Tuesdays 10:30PM ET/PT. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Faking It (season 3) The third and final season of "Faking It", an American single-camera romantic comedy, premiered on March 15, 2016, on the MTV network. The show was renewed for a third season on April 21, Document [90] (Title: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)) "The Hostile Hospital", and "The Carnivorous Carnival". The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes: "The Slippery Slope", "The Grim Grotto" and "The Penultimate Peril" will be adapted into two episodes each, and "The End" will conclude the series with a longer single episode. Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for "The Penultimate Peril". Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season. The third season is slated to be released on January 1, 2019. The thirteen "A Series of Unfortunate Events" novels, written by Daniel Handler under the Document [91] (Title: The WalkerZ) episodes to start airing in April 2016. On August 1, 2015 a special Q/A episode featuring the cast is coming out by the end of the month before the premiere of the remaining 5 episodes from season two, this episode will feature around 50 questions made by fans through Facebook, Twitter & Instagram. As of November 11, 2015 Filming for Season 2 has wrapped, with two remaining episodes set to air during November & December 2015. Production for Season 3 is expected to start on May 15, 2016, all main & regular cast will be back to reprise there role, Document [92] (Title: Teen Wolf (season 3)) a reaction, has a consequence. And it's not always what you "think" it's gonna be." During Season 3B production, Crystal Reed decided she "wanted to explore other avenues of film and TV" and move on from the show, and her character Allison Argent was killed off in the penultimate episode. Season 3 was released in two parts. Season 3A was released on December 10, 2013. This was 27 days before the premiere of Season 3B on January 6, 2014. Season 3B was released on June 17, 2014. This was 6 days before the premiere of Season 4 on June 23, Document [93] (Title: Looking (TV series)) The three men navigate life, relationships, family, and careers in modern-day San Francisco. HBO ordered an eight-episode first season of "Looking" on May 14, 2013. The pilot was written by Michael Lannan, based on Lannan's 2011 short film entitled "Lorimer", and directed by Andrew Haigh. Filming began in the San Francisco Bay Area on September 16, 2013, and ended on November 7, 2013. The first season premiered on January 19, 2014. Creator Michael Lannan announced in an interview in February 2014 that the writers were already thinking of new material for a second season, should it come. His comment was Document [94] (Title: The 4400) in Vancouver until July 26, 2006. The third season premiered June 11, 2006, with 4.2 million viewers tuning in. Executive Producer Ira Steven Behr described season three as "bigger and more mythic. It feels like 26 episodes instead of 13 because we're cramming so much stuff in". Billy Campbell, the actor who plays Collier, took most of season three off to sail around the world, returning in the final four episodes. Production of the fourth and final season began in early 2007 for a mid-year premiere, returning with the episode "The Wrath of Graham". The theme song of the show Document [95] (Title: The Path (TV series)) premiered on January 25, 2017. On April 12, 2017, Hulu renewed the series for a 13-episode third season, which premiered on January 17, 2018. On April 23, 2018, Jessica Goldberg announced via Twitter that "The Path" will not be renewed for a fourth season. Eddie Lane lives in Upstate New York with his wife Sarah and their two children, Hawk and Summer. They are all members of the Meyerist Movement, which combines aspects of New Age philosophy, shamanism, Scientology, Christian mysticism and Utopianism with a few elements from the Shakers, Sufism, Tibetan Buddhism and Freemasonry ritual. Eddie returns from Peru, Document [96] (Title: Lucifer (TV series)) the series for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2016. On October 31, 2016, the series received a 22-episode full second season pickup by Fox. On February 13, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a third season initially of 22 episodes, which premiered on October 2, 2017. However, in March 2017, it was revealed that the final four episodes of the second season would be removed and placed in the third season to air, meaning that the second season would consist of 18 episodes and the third season would consist of 26. On January 22, 2018, writer Chris Document [97] (Title: In Plain Sight) for a third season of 16 episodes on August 2, 2009. Although the previously planned 16th episode of season 2 was set to be the opening episode of season 3, the episode was shelved and replaced by a new opening episode, written by new showrunner, John McNamara. The season was later reduced to 13 episodes when McNamara took a leave of absence for medical reasons. In a statement released exclusively to The Futon Critic, the producer of Universal Cable Productions said, "John Romano assumed executive producer responsibilities for the remaining episodes. Given the unexpected change, we decided to end the Document [98] (Title: T@gged) for the third season began in October 2017 and wrapped in December 2017. T@gged T@gged is an American psychological thriller web series, starring Lulu Antariksa, Lia Marie Johnson, and Katelyn Nacon. The series is produced by AwesomenessTV, and premiered on July 19, 2016 on go90. On September 13, 2016, it was officially announced that the series was renewed for a second season, slated for a 2017 premiere. On May 1, 2017, before the season 2 premiere, AwesomenessTV announced that they had renewed "T@gged" for a third season. The third season premiered on December 7, 2018 on Hulu. "T@gged" follows three Document [99] (Title: Third Watch) worldwide including Africa, Europe, Latin America, Asia, Oceania and the Middle East. Warner Home Video released Season 1 of "Third Watch" on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4. Season 2 was released in Region 1 on July 7, 2009. Music licensing issues delayed the release of the first two seasons and, as of 2018, it is unknown when or if the remaining four seasons will ever be released, most likely due to the same issues. In March 2015, Crave TV began streaming the first three seasons. The hit series won the prestigious Peabody Award for Season 3 episode "In Document [100] (Title: Touched by an Angel (season 3)) was released to Region 1 DVD on August 31, 2004. The episodes use the song "Walk With You", performed by Reese, as their opening theme. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 3) The third season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 15, 1996 through May 18, 1997, spanning 29 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a Document [101] (Title: Empire (season 3)) Empire (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Empire" premiered on September 21, 2016, in the United States on Fox. The third season was ordered on January 15, 2016. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc. The showrunners for this season are Ilene Chaiken, Danny Strong and Lee Daniels. The season aired on Wednesday at 9:00 pm, the same slot as the previous seasons. The season concluded on May 24, 2017 and contained 18 episodes. The show centers around Document [102] (Title: Naruto (season 3)) the next thirteen episodes, No Regret Life's , utilized for the rest. The English version replaces the endings with and an instrumental version of "Rise" by Jeremy Sweet and Ian Nickus. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Naruto (season 3) The third season of the "Naruto" anime series, titled "3rd Stage" in Japan, is directed by Hayato Date, and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo. Based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga series, the season follows Sasuke Uchiha joining up with Orochimaru after Tsunade becomes the Fifth Hokage. The season aired from May 2004 to April 2005 on TV Tokyo. It was also released with Document [103] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) Gabi as they try to find sanctuary. The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic, and directed by Andrew Bernstein. The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015. A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes. The second season, featuring audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and various behind-the-scene featurettes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 13, 2016. The third season, featuring audio Document [104] (Title: Revenge (season 3)) Revenge (season 3) The third season of the ABC American television drama series "Revenge" premiered on September 29, 2013. The show aired on Sundays 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central for the first thirteen episodes before moving to the new time of 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central from episode 14. Ashley Madekwe and Connor Paolo did not return as Ashley Davenport and Declan Porter, respectively, although Davenport guest starred in the premiere to conclude her story. On July 12, 2013 it was confirmed that Justin Hartley would join the cast as Patrick Osbourne, Victoria Grayson's long lost son. This is also Document [105] (Title: Jeremiah (TV series)) and continue with a third season. Ultimately, the network began airing the remaining of the second season starting on September 3, 2004 - after a ten-month break since the last aired episode - but despite continuously rising ratings did not proceed with the renewal of the show. Before season 2 premiered, Straczynski vowed to never work with the then-current administration of MGM Television after experiencing major creative differences with them, and had there been a third season it would have to run under some new showrunner. Everyone on cast and crew, including Grant Rosenberg, the second season's co-executive producer, were Document [106] (Title: 19-2 (2014 TV series)) it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18. In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on Document [107] (Title: Supernatural (season 2)) was divided into two parts, being released on May 14, 2007, and September 10, 2007; the complete set was released on October 29, 2007. The season was also released in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The second season was released on Region A Blu-ray Disc on June 14, 2011, including a new special feature–"The Devil's Road Map", an interactive guide featuring interviews about every episode. Supernatural (season 2) The second season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on September 28, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007, airing 22 episodes. The season Document [108] (Title: Defiance (season 3)) third season with the two-hour season premiere on June 12, 2015. Production commenced in Toronto in February 2015. Lee Tergesen, Conrad Coates, Nichole Galicia joined the cast in recurring roles for season 3 while Anna Hopkins was promoted to series regular. Defiance (season 3) The third and final season of the American science fiction television series "Defiance" premiered on Syfy on June 12, 2015, concluded on August 28, 2015, and consisted a total of 13 episodes. The show stars Grant Bowler, Julie Benz, Stephanie Leonidas, Tony Curran, Jaime Murray, Graham Greene, Jesse Rath, Anna Hopkins and Nichole Galicia. The series Document [109] (Title: Defiance (TV series)) 13 episode third season on September 25, 2014, which premiered on June 12, 2015. On October 16, 2015, the show was cancelled by Syfy citing financial reasons after having completed its third season. However, the companion video game, "Defiance", continues to be supported; on March 1, 2016, Trion Worlds announced a major update for the game, promoted as season four of the show. They also stated they had no plans of making a sequel, instead they will continue to update the game with new content. The new version, named "Defiance 2050", was released on July 10, 2018, for PC, Xbox Document [110] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) as the current comic timeline. He also said more comic-related events will happen. During a 2015 E3 Discussion with Greg Miller and Job Stauffer, Stauffer implied that Season 3 will be "a long ways off" and "considerably larger" than previous games. Stauffer hinted that some Comic Series characters will appear in Season 3. Season 3 was planned to tie in all the possible endings that players from previous seasons may have taken, but as well as to draw in new players to the series. With the planned influx of new players and those that have transitioned off older consoles and Document [111] (Title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)) something heartbreaking about not being able to be face-to-face with the person". "Ascension" also introduces the concept of Life Model Decoys. The season began airing in the United States on ABC on September 29, 2015, and ran for 22 episodes. In Australia, the season aired on Fox8, rather than Seven Network with previous seasons, with a two-week delay from the U.S. airings. In the United Kingdom, the season moved to E4 after previously airing on Channel 4, and debuted on January 10, 2016. To promote the inclusion of the Secret Warriors in the season, at San Diego Comic-Con International 2015, Document [112] (Title: Teen Wolf (season 3)) the Nogitsune feeds off of. Scott struggles to find a way to save Stiles without killing him. They also encounter the Oni, spirits summoned by Kira's mother, Noshiko, to defeat the Nogitsune. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Season 3 was filmed in two parts. Part 1 (or Season 3A) was filmed from December 3, 2012 and wrapped up on May 5, 2013. Part 2 (Season 3B) began filming on July 29, 2013, and wrapped up on December 19, 2013. Unlike the previous two seasons, which were shot in Atlanta, Georgia, this season will be shot in Los Angeles, California. Colton Haynes left the show, Document [113] (Title: South of Nowhere) Nowhere" for a third season, and 16 episodes had been ordered. Eight episodes aired from August 10, 2007 to September 21, 2007. On February 27, 2008, it was officially announced on the N'sider podcast that "South of Nowhere" was to be canceled after the end of season 3. On February 28, an official announcement was made at the show's website that this will be the last season. Promos began airing in March 2008 stating the show would be returning April 11. However, on March 21, it was announced that the final half of the third season had been pushed back Document [114] (Title: Younger (season 3)) airing on September 28, 2016 at 10 PM. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Younger (season 3) Younger is an American single-camera comedy-drama television series based on the Pamela Redmond Satran novel of the same name, created and produced by Darren Star. The series stars Sutton Foster as the lead character, with Debi Mazar, Miriam Shor, Nico Tortorella, Hilary Duff, Molly Bernard and Peter Hermann co-starring in other main roles. The pilot was picked up for a series in April 2014, with a 12-episode order. The first season consisted of 12 episodes, premiering on March 31, 2015 at 10 pm Eastern time. The second season Document [115] (Title: 13 Reasons Why) halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed. Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017. The second season was released on May 18, 2018. On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which is set to be released in 2019. The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of "Daredevil" received, which was the most viewed season Document [116] (Title: Justified (season 3)) region 2 on February 25, 2013, and in region 4 on March 6, 2013. Special features on the season three set include nine audio commentaries by cast and crew, deleted scenes, four behind-the-scenes featurettes, and outtakes. Justified (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Justified" premiered on January 17, 2012, on FX, and concluded on April 10, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's novels "Pronto" and "Riding the Rap" and his short story "Fire in the Hole". Its main character is Raylan Givens, a deputy U.S. Document [117] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) run of seven or eight episodes in the Spring. [The three] is not a self-contained [series of] episodes, because it extends what we're doing in the Fall, but it is an ended story, so we'll arc it out." Just like the second season, the third season also carried a two subtitles for the season. The first 14 episodes of the season: "Mad City"; and the other 8 episodes: "Heroes Rise". On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet the first two episodes of the season. According to Stephens, the structure for the season "We extend [the longer story arcs] Document [118] (Title: Sanctuary (season 3)) Sanctuary (season 3) The third season of the Canadian science fiction–fantasy television series "Sanctuary", premiered on Syfy in the United States on October 15, 2010 and consists of 20 episodes. Created by Damian Kindler, the series was adapted from a series of webisodes released in 2007. The increased number of episodes in this season allows the producers to include numerous story arcs. The second half of the third season premiered on April 15, 2011 until it was moved to Monday nights on April 25, 2011. The Sanctuary team deal with the aftermath of the gigantic tidal wave released by Big Document [119] (Title: American Vandal) Television Studios, Funny Or Die and 3 Arts Entertainment. Shortly after the release of the first season, Yacenda and Perrault discussed the possibility of a second season, with the same documentary crew creating a documentary on a different crime. On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season. On August 21, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on September 14, 2018. On October 26, 2018, it was announced that Netflix had canceled the series after two seasons, however it was also reported that producers intend to shop the Document [120] (Title: The Journey (trilogy series)) of the series, each of a different background and with different forms of motivation, the series aims to inspires viewers with the characters’ hunger for survival and grit in overcoming adversities without lamentation. This is the third show on Channel 8 to celebrate MediaCorp's TV50, after mid-year blockbuster "The Dream Makers" and variety series "The Joy Truck". The series is written by Ang Eng Tee and executive produced by Chia Mien Yang, who also executive produced "C.L.I.F." and "C.L.I.F. 2". This is also the only season to have a producer, Kwek Leng Soong, who is notable for "The Little Nyonya", Document [121] (Title: Hawthorne (season 3)) Ray Stein played by David Julian Hirsh did not return for Season 3. It was left unknown what happened to his character. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hawthorne (season 3) The third and final season of "Hawthorne" premiered on TNT on June 14, 2011. The season will contain 10 episodes. Season 3 concluded on August 16, 2011 and was cancelled shortly after. Season three focuses on Christina and Tom's struggling relationship due to the fact she lost her baby in an assault and she gets even more depressed when she loses her job. On September 14, 2010, TNT renewed "Hawthorne" for a 10 episode Document [122] (Title: True Detective (season 3)) True Detective (season 3) The third season of "True Detective", an American anthology crime drama television series created by Nic Pizzolatto, was confirmed by HBO on August 31, 2017, and is scheduled to premiere on January 13, 2019. The story takes place in the Ozarks over three separate time periods, as partner detectives investigate a macabre crime involving two missing children. Mahershala Ali will play the lead role of detective Wayne Hays, while Stephen Dorff will play his partner detective Roland West. The season marks Pizzolatto's directorial debut, with the series creator dividing up directing assignments with Jeremy Saulnier and Document [123] (Title: Years of Living Dangerously) Episode 1 was made available freely on the internet on April 7, 2014, prior to its television debut. The following episodes aired on April 20 and 27, May 4, 12, 19 and 26, and June 2. Showtime re-aired the entire series in September 2014. Electus International acquired international rights to season one of the series and licensed it to broadcasters in over 75 countries and regions. Season one of the series is available on DVD and other digital platforms. In 2014, the National Wildlife Federation edited the series one episodes to create curricula for schools and colleges Season 2 premiered Document [124] (Title: Charlie Brooker) rights to the programme A trailer for the third season was released in October 2016. This was later split into two series of six episodes. The third season was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016. Brooker has solely written four of the episodes in series three, and has co-written the remaining two. The fourth season was released in December 2017. The series is produced by Zeppotron for Endemol. Regarding the programme's content and structure, Brooker noted, "each episode has a different cast, a different setting, even a different reality. But they're all about the way we live now Document [125] (Title: Fuller House (TV series)) 2016. On December 24, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season, to be released in 2017. and On December 31, 2016, it was confirmed that the season was given an 18-episode order. Production for the third season began on March 18, 2017, and ended on September 2, 2017. It was announced on June 26, 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts, with the release of the first part on September 22, 2017 to consist of nine episodes. It was announced on November 13, 2017 that the second half, also consisting of nine episodes, would Document [126] (Title: Christina El Moussa) June 2018 it was announced that Christina would be receiving her own spin off show known as "Christina on the Coast". The first episode of season 1 will focus on Christina renovating her new, post divorce, home; with the remaining 7 episodes focusing on her fixing up other people's homes. Filming began in fall 2018, for a spring 2019 premier. The couple leads Success Path Education, a real estate investment seminar series held at locations across North America for aspiring investors. During these workshops, the couple explains the entire process of house flipping to potential investors. They try to help Document [127] (Title: Ejen Ali) They planned to develop this series at least until 5 seasons, then the films will follow. The first episode was broadcast on April 8, 2016, with the second and third episodes shown on April 15 and April 22 respectively. It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3. Fourth, fifth and sixth episodes shown on July 22, July 29, and August 5 respectively. Seventh to ninth episodes are shown on October 28, 2016 for three consecutive weeks. Tenth to twelfth episodes are shown on December 30, 2016, January 6 and January 13, 2017. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season Document [128] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) to September 21, 2017 in order to give its companion newcomer series "The Orville" a continuous run. The fourth season is moving to a Thursday timeslot, alongside "The Orville", after airing its past seasons on Mondays. In July 2017, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season, showing a five-minute sizzle reel from season 3 as well as the debut trailer for the season. The second episode "The Fear Reaper" was screened on September 23, 2017, when Cannon, McKenzie, Taylor, Bicondova, Mazouz, Pertwee and Lucas promoted the series at the inaugural Tribeca TV Festival. Document [129] (Title: The Path (TV series)) works best as an intense psychological study of an extended family whose members equate faith and loyalty with happiness." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix had a more critical reaction to the series. He called the show a "a dry, claustrophobic show, with not enough of a narrative hook to pull the viewer through hour after hour of it." The second season also received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season has a score of 64 out of 100 based on 8 reviews. Residents of Marysville, Washington called the show "insensitive" for "exploiting" the October 24, 2014 shooting at Marysville Document [130] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was Document [131] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 3)) was ordered in April 2018, a month after the second season was released. Filming for the season began by the end of that June, with Ritter making her directorial debut during the season. The season is scheduled to be released in 2019. Star Krysten Ritter directs an episode for the season, marking her directorial debut. On April 12, 2018, a month after the release of the second season, Netflix ordered a third season of "Jessica Jones". With the season order came confirmation that the returning starring cast would include Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker, Document [132] (Title: Lethal Weapon (TV series)) co-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character named Wesley Cole. However, in October 2018, Damon Wayans also announced his exit from the series as he will leave following the end of production for the third season in December 2018. In United Kingdom, ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3, 2017. Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week. Series 2 started January 12, 2018. In Australia, the Nine Network premiered the series on January 29, 2017. In the Philippines, it premiered on June 10, 2017 on Document [133] (Title: Community (season 3)) says, "Season 3 is about the price that you pay when you figure out that you love a group of people. That's it in a nutshell. It's about the high cost of valuing people other than yourself, and that's the path that Jeff has been on. The third chapter for him is going to be the toughest of all. When you love people, their pain is your pain. Nobody likes having to deal with hassles more than Jeff Winger, and nobody's going to have to deal with more this year." On November 14, 2011, NBC announced that they were removing Document [134] (Title: Red vs. Blue) "The Brick Gulch Chronicles" would be writing and directing Season 15. Its trailer was released on March 30, 2017, and the season itself premiered on April 2, 2017. Nicolosi returned for Season 16, "Red vs. Blue: The Shisno Paradox", where he also had the help of writer Jason Weight. The season premiered on April 15, 2018. The process by which the show is written has changed as the show progressed. In the first season, Burnie Burns would typically write an episode script on a Sunday afternoon before the episode was to be released on Friday. Scripts were written with minimal Document [135] (Title: Hero Corp) long dead. For the third season, Simon Astier and France 4 have developed a smartphone application to serve as transition between season 2 and 3, which will precede the TV broadcast, the device interactive series will begin on August 2, 2013 and the series will broadcast in France on September 4 at 8pm. The format of the series also changed, from 15 26-minute episodes to 36 episodes of approximately 7 minutes. In 2014, France 4 renewed the show for a fourth season. The format of the series will change again. Season 4 will consist of 19 episodes of 12 minutes Document [136] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016. Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico. This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season. In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season. In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular. In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Document [137] (Title: Satyamev Jayate (Season 3)) Satyamev Jayate (Season 3) The third season of Indian television show Satyamev Jayate premiered on Star Plus. The title of third season is tagged with "Mumkin Hai" (It is possible). It was scheduled to be launched on 21 September 2014, but later its start date postponed to 5 October 2014. Unlike its first and second season, Satyamev Jayate (TV series) (Season 3) had longer episodes and celebrity interactions. The trailers, presented in the show's documentary style, featured real interviews with people who have been affected by the show, on a deeper, personal level. The promotional video of Satyamev Jayate (Season Document [138] (Title: Salem (season 3)) Salem (season 3) The third season of "Salem", an American horror–drama television series on WGN America, premiered on November 2, 2016, and concluded on January 25, 2017, consisting of ten episodes. Created for television by Adam Simon and Brannon Braga, who write or co-write episodes of the show, the series is based on the Salem Witch Trials. It was executive produced by Braga, Coby Greenberg and David Von Ancken, with Braga and Simon assuming the role of showrunner. On January 25, 2017, Salem was canceled after three seasons. On July 11, 2015, WGN America renewed "Salem" for a 10-episode third Document [139] (Title: Project Mc2) 7, 2015. On April 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons. The second season was released on August 12, 2016, and the third season was released on October 14, 2016. Both consisted of six episodes. An extended 34-minute Valentine's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14, 2017. A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15, 2017. A sixth season, also consisting of five episodes, was released on November 7, 2017. The series is filmed primarily in and Document [140] (Title: Assassin's Creed III) first episode was released on February 19 for Xbox 360 and PC, February 20 for PlayStation 3, and on February 21 for the Wii U. On February 6, 2013, it was announced that the second episode, titled "The Betrayal", would be released on March 19 for Xbox 360, PC and PlayStation 3 and an unknown date for Wii U (available in the eShop as of March 27) and that the third episode, titled "The Redemption", would be released on April 23 for Xbox 360, PC and PlayStation 3. Despite being given a release date of May 16 for Wii U, Document [141] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) third time they die [on "Gotham"]" Filming for the season began on June 20, 2017, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. In January 2018, it was announced that Ben McKenzie would direct an episode after making his directional debut the previous season. It was later revealed that he would be directing the 16th episode, titled "One of My Three Soups". Production on the season officially wrapped in late March 2018. The season was originally set to air on September 28, 2017, on Fox in the United States. However, on July 28, 2017, Fox decided to move up the premiere Document [142] (Title: Corner Gas) whose DVD box set includes described video for the visually impaired. The second season set was released by CTV and Video Service Corporation and includes a peek at Season 3, bloopers, cast and crew interviews, a Thunderface music video as well as all season 2 episodes. The season three DVD was released on October 3, 2006. Unlike the previous sets, the third season DVD set is presented in widescreen (letterbox). The fourth season was released on DVD on September 18, 2007. This was the first time the DVD set of the previous season was released before the current season started Document [143] (Title: Glass Home) and it's titled "Glass Home: Time for Truth" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Време за истина"). 13 episodes were shown and the show went on another pause, which ended with the beginning of second half of the second season: "Glass Home: Time for Truth - The Resolution" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Време за истина - Развръзката"). On 30 March, bTV announced that season 3 started on 11 April 2011, exactly one year after the show's first episode aired, and with no break between Season 2 and 3. It is called "Glass Home: The Temptation" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Изушението") and it takes place three Document [144] (Title: Empire (season 3)) a hip hop music and entertainment company, Empire Entertainment, and the drama among the members of the founders' family as they fight for control of the company. "Empire" was renewed for a third season on January 15, 2016. It was later announced that the season will premiere on September 21, 2016. Fox released a promotional poster on July 14, 2016, for the season, showcasing both Lucious Lyon and Cookie Lyon. "TVLine" announced on June 18, 2016, that Xzibit who plays Shyne Johnson, Lucious’ drug-dealing adversary, was upgraded to a series regular for the third season after being a recurring role Document [145] (Title: Every Witch Way) 3 finale drew 1.71 million viewers. Season 4 premiered with 1.50 million viewers. The crossover with "Talia in the Kitchen" drew 1.16 million viewers during its first half. The 14th episode had 0.96 million viewers, an unusually small audience. The series finale on July 30, 2015 had 1.64 million viewers. On February 25, 2015, Nickelodeon announced a spin-off titled "WITS Academy". It is a daily strip about the comedic adventures of witches- and wizards-in-training based on the third season of Grachi, and it premiered on October 5, 2015, ending on October 30, 2015. It was announced by Daniella Nieves that Document [146] (Title: 3 (TV series)) 3 (TV series) 3 is an American reality television series that premiered on July 26, 2012, on CBS in the United States. It revolved around three very different women who are brought together to search for love. They provided emotional support to each other as they deal with the realities of dating. The series was hosted by Alex Miranda. The format was based on a similar series that was made in Israel. On July 31, 2012, CBS announced that the show had been pulled from the schedule effective immediately, following low ratings for its first two episodes. On August 5, Document [147] (Title: Continuum (season 3)) 2013. Season 3 premiered on March 16, 2014 on Showcase in Canada and on April 4, 2014 on the Syfy channel in the United States. The season began airing on January 28, 2015 on Syfy in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The third season of "Continuum" received a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 5 reviews. Continuum (season 3) The third season of the Showcase television series "Continuum" premiered on March 16, 2014 and concluded on June 22, 2014. The series was created by Simon Barry, and centers on Kiera Cameron (Rachel Nichols) as she travels back in Document [148] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) service for the series' third season. In the U.S., Netflix will stream the season approximately three months after its finale. Episodes were made available a day after the U.S. TV broadcast by Netflix UK and Ireland. In a May 2013 interview, Sud stated her inspiration for the third season came from "Streetwise" (1988), Mary Ellen Mark's book of photographs about teenaged runaways in Seattle. Sud also stated she was "very fascinated" with Gary Ridgway, the serial killer of numerous females near Seattle and Tacoma, Washington in the 1980s and 1990s. In a separate interview, Sud said Peter Sarsgaard's character, Ray Document [149] (Title: Charmed (season 3)) whom return from the previous season as well as Julian McMahon as Cole Turner, who is introduced in the premiere. It is the last season to feature original cast member Shannen Doherty, as she left the series at the end of the season. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete third season in a six-disc box set on November 15, 2005. The season was praised by critics, often being singled out as one of the series' best. Praise went to the introduction of longer story-arcs and the introduction of Cole Turner, the Triad and the Elders for expanding the mythology and Document [150] (Title: The Exes) it had ordered a second season of "The Exes". Season two premiered on June 20, 2012, at 10:30 pm following "The Soul Man", On November 13, 2012, TV Land ordered an additional 10 episodes for the second season. However, on December 13, 2012, TV Land announced that the 10 additional episodes ordered will be considered the third season. Season three premiered on June 19, 2013, at 10:30 pm EST. On July 18, 2013, TV Land extended the episode order of season three to 20 episodes. The remaining episodes began airing on December 11, 2013. On February 3, 2014, TV Land Document [151] (Title: Homeland (season 3)) two featurettes—"The Tower of David: Filming in Puerto Rico 3" and "The Last Days: Filming the Season Finale". The same set was also released on September 8, 2014, in region 2 and on September 24, 2014, in region 4. The season is also available for streaming online via Hulu, as of August 1, 2016. Homeland (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Homeland" premiered on September 29, 2013 on Showtime, and concluded on December 15, 2013, consisting of 12 episodes. The series is loosely based on the Israeli television series "Hatufim" (English: "Prisoners of War") created Document [152] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) Civil War, and the rehabilitation of the men who lived and fought their way through those exploits." He added, "This season we're placing Cullen Bohannon at the center of the show, and taking him away from the revenge motive which propelled him into the series." Filming of the third season was suspended on June 20, part way through the sixth episode, as the location was part of the mandatory evacuation area due to the flooding in southern Alberta. Originally producers had announced a two-day shut down, when only the road to the location was under water. Later on June 21, Document [153] (Title: Letterkenny (TV series)) Season 2, CraveTV announced that they had ordered a third season. On March 17, 2017, a St. Patrick's Day special episode, "St. Perfect's Day" was released. The third season, shot during the winter season, was released on Canada Day, July 1, 2017. A Halloween episode was announced on October 2, 2017, which was released on October 20, 2017. The fourth season of six episodes was released on December 25, 2017. On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the series has a new media partner which has agreed to a production commitment for 40 new episodes, a 26 city "Letterkenny Document [154] (Title: The Dreamstone) of Series 3 released in 1997 only in Australia. There was also another video release, presumably of the first 3 episodes of Series 1 from Video Distributors International in 1992. In the United States, Fisher Price released a single video of The Dreamstone. Pidax Film released the first 13 episodes on DVD in Germany, with English & German audio, on 23 February 2018. Season 2 was released on 18 May 2018. Season 3 was released on 27 July 2018, and Season 4 was released on 28 September 2018. In October 2018 12 episodes of Season 1 were added to Amazon Document [155] (Title: Winterthorne) Billed as a "four-part online event", the series debuted at Winterthorne.com on August 27, 2015. The remaining three episodes of season 1 were released weekly on Fridays, starting September 4, 2015. In May 2015, Luke Kerr of "Daytime Confidential" wrote that the initial preview trailer featured "big screen production values (we expect nothing less from Caruso & Co.), fantastic fashion, epic drama and a drizzle of "Pushing Daisies"-style mythology". Calling the series "highly anticipated", Michael Fairman noted, "The sweeping epic look, and the fantastical images and costumes have become staples of Caruso’s work, and this series looks to be where Document [156] (Title: ReBoot) CITV programming block. When it came to the third season, Meridian only purchased the broadcasting rights for the first 10 episodes of the season and on 17 July 1997, CITV started airing Season 3 before anywhere else in the world; however, this run came to a halt in August after the sixth episode, 'Where No Sprite Has Gone Before. On 12 February 1998, CITV repeated the series from the season 2 episode "Trust No One" before going into the episodes that had yet to be aired at that point. When "To Mend and Defend" should have aired, the episode "Firewall" Document [157] (Title: Someone Knows Something) October 2018 focusing on the 1986 rape and murder of Kerrie Ann Brown in Thompson, Manitoba. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is "coming soon". The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016, with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3. Someone Knows Something Someone Knows Something (or SKS for short) is a podcast by Canadian award-winning filmmaker and writer Document [158] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 2)) Kilgrave from season one. A third season of "Jessica Jones" was ordered on April 12, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that "Jessica Jones" the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate. In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defender series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate," with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful "Jessica Document [159] (Title: Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath) of people emboldened to come forward". He said that the team was "sitting on some really damning and actionable material and can't wait to premiere." The first season comprises seven episodes broadcast on Tuesday nights, plus two episodes added to the schedules for the night of Monday, December 19, 2016 and Tuesday, January 17, 2017, as well as a two-hour special aired on May 29, 2017. The show's seven original episodes (minus the three specials) have also been broadcast in Europe on the satellite TV Crime & Investigation Network (Europe), commencing March 11, 2017, and in South East Asia on Document [160] (Title: Guild Wars 2) the living world storyline. Living World Season 4 refers to a schedule of content updates, beginning on the 28th of November, 2017.It continues the story of Guild Wars 2: Path of Fire, picking up immediately where the story instance Small Victory (Epilogue) left off. This article assumes knowledge of the storyline up to and including Path of Fire. The energy released upon the death of Balthazar has been absorbed by both Kralkatorrik and Aurene. The Commander and his or her allies must contend with an empowered Elder Dragon threatening Elona, which remains under the thrall of Palawa Joko's Awakened army. Document [161] (Title: Archer (season 3)) episodes of Season 3 to air in the fall of 2011 as a "Special Assignment" three-part event, with a further 13 episodes (a normal sized season for most FX shows) to air at the beginning of 2012. Series creator Adam Reed later clarified the situation. He explained that while FX had intended the second set of episodes to be 13 episodes, he had believed that he was only going to be producing a further 10 episodes (with the first three episodes completing the standard order of 13 episodes). While he attempted to produce the full 16 episodes after he realized Document [162] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) where no one can be trusted". The first episode was released in the fourth quarter of 2013, with subsequent episodes released four to six weeks apart. A collector's disc was announced to purchase at the end of the season, with those who pre-order the game (from the Telltale Games Store) receiving it for just the shipping and handling cost. Telltale Games and Skybound Entertainment announced spin off mini-series "" released in February 2016 and third season titled "" was released with first two episodes on December 2016, with physical season pass released in February 2017. "The Walking Dead: Season Two" Document [163] (Title: Hawthorne (season 3)) Hawthorne (season 3) The third and final season of "Hawthorne" premiered on TNT on June 14, 2011. The season will contain 10 episodes. Season 3 concluded on August 16, 2011 and was cancelled shortly after. Season three focuses on Christina and Tom's struggling relationship due to the fact she lost her baby in an assault and she gets even more depressed when she loses her job. On September 14, 2010, TNT renewed "Hawthorne" for a 10 episode third and final season slated to begin on June 14, 2011. Marc Anthony has joined the main cast beginning with season three. Nurse Document [164] (Title: If Loving You Is Wrong) season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016. The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017. The second half of season 4 premiered on January 10, 2018 and ended Document [165] (Title: Defiance (season 3)) Defiance (season 3) The third and final season of the American science fiction television series "Defiance" premiered on Syfy on June 12, 2015, concluded on August 28, 2015, and consisted a total of 13 episodes. The show stars Grant Bowler, Julie Benz, Stephanie Leonidas, Tony Curran, Jaime Murray, Graham Greene, Jesse Rath, Anna Hopkins and Nichole Galicia. The series is produced by Universal Cable Productions, in transmedia collaboration with Trion Worlds, who have released an MMORPG video game of the same name which is tied into the series. Notes <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On September 25, 2014, "Defiance" was renewed for a 13-episode Document [166] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won Document [167] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) Hell on Wheels (season 3) The third season of the AMC television series "Hell on Wheels" aired from August 10 through October 5, 2013, and consists of 10 episodes. The season follows Cullen Bohannon as he abandons seeking revenge for the deaths in his family in order to continue to drive the westward expansion of Union Pacific Railroad, while battling Thomas "Doc" Durant for control. The third season features ten series regulars. Kasha Kropinski and Dohn Norwood are promoted from recurring status, and Jennifer Ferrin is added to the main cast. On October 29, 2012, AMC renewed "Hell On Wheels" Document [168] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) free. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ABC renewed the series for a third season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows. It was announced that the third season would premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced, on Twitter, that the writing staff was in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, and filming started a week later. A promotional poster, showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on Document [169] (Title: Under the Dome (season 3)) in the final moments that have massive global consequences. The cast members portray characters that were mostly taken from the original novel, "although some have been combined and others have changed jobs." On October 9, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season. Tim Schlattmann joined the series as an executive producer for season three. According to producer Randy Sutter, filming for the third season began on March 11, 2015, and ended on August 8, 2015. During a CBS press briefing in May 2015, showrunner and executive producer Neal Baer promised answers in the new season. "We will tell Document [170] (Title: The Path (TV series)) Pilchuck High School. Episode 2 referred to the shooting in order to develop Sean's backstory. The insult, they say, was that the show's writers changed the real events by giving the shooting a racial motive (the character stated that the shooting was due to "the color of their skin"). Tulalip Native American student Jaylen Fryberg's murder-suicide was personally motivated, and did not involve African Americans. , Hulu and the writers of the show had made no response to this. In April 2017, following the announcement that Hulu had picked up the show for a third season, actor Rockmond Dunbar was Document [171] (Title: Community (season 3)) on his main job, as he explained "I'm not an actor". Series creator Dan Harmon explained Star-Burns' death is "not just thrown away", but "triggers the rest of the entire season. Filming of the season concluded in mid-February 2012. Dan Harmon planned on making the third season more cohesive than the previous, with more connectivity between the storylines of the episodes, as well as to make the show more grounded, with somewhat fewer themed episodes. Harmon also planned out the characters' storylines for the entire season. Explaining the theme of the third season, and Jeff's journey for the season, Harmon Document [172] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) Seward ... much of the narrative meanders — so slow, bleak and dreary, it's difficult to muster much interest as to when (inevitably) it's all going to begin to intersect." Peter Sarsgaard received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. The third season of "The Killing" was released on DVD on June 3, 2014, in region 1, exclusively through Amazon's CreateSpace manufacture-on-demand program. In regions 2 and B, it was released on October 27, 2014. The Killing (season 3) The third season of the AMC American crime drama television series Document [173] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) 21.) Unlike episode titles from season one which were based Bible passages, season two episode titles were based on lyrics from songs written and performed by Bob Dylan. The first episode officially aired on September 30, 2007, with the season finale airing on December 2. However, on July 18, 2007, the first two episodes of season 2 were leaked to the internet via torrent. The season begins a few months after the conclusion of season one. Michael has survived Declan's attack, though his awareness is compromised and he has no memory of the attack. Michael finds himself shut out of Document [174] (Title: The Detour (TV series)) The Detour (TV series) The Detour is an American comedy television series created by Jason Jones and Samantha Bee about a family vacation road trip. The series premiered on TBS on April 11, 2016. The show was renewed for a second season on April 6, 2016, five days prior to the series premiere. The second season premiered on February 21, 2017. On April 25, 2017, TBS renewed the series for a third season. On May 11, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season. The series follows Nate Parker, Jr. (Jason Jones), his wife Robin Randall (Natalie Zea), and Document [175] (Title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)) has been unleashed and the one-year contract Dean has before he goes to Hell. The third season consists of 16 episodes that aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm beginning October 4, 2007, and ending May 15, 2008. Originally 22 episodes were ordered for the third season, but production was halted on December 5, 2007, upon completion of the twelfth episode by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. The season number was shortened to sixteen episodes, with four new episodes airing in April and May 2008. The season focuses on trying to save Dean from his deal and tracking down Document [176] (Title: The 100 (TV series)) seasons. This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices, and it's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1". On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season received an overall rating of 89% with an average rating of 7.9/10. On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 77 out of 100, based on 3 critics, indicating generally positive reviews. Maureen Ryan of "Variety" wrote in an early review of the third season: "When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three, which overtly and covertly recalls "The Lord Document [177] (Title: The Tester) PlayStation 3 title, a two-year lease on a 2012 Ford Focus Titanium edition and a Sony BRAVIA 3D Television. The first season launched in North America on February 18, 2010 and new episodes were released weekly until the finale aired on April 8, 2010. In its third season, the program is available as a free download exclusively on the PlayStation Network. Full seasons can also be streamed from the PlayStation website. The host, Meredith Molinari, guides the contestants through physical challenges based on skills required of game testers, such as a critical eye for detail and effective communication. Each week, Document [178] (Title: Quiz of God) reflex anoxic seizures and Savant syndrome. Fabry disease, Kleine–Levin syndrome and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis were featured in the second season. Season 1 aired from October 8 to December 10, 2010 on Fridays at 22:00 for 10 episodes. Season 2 aired from June 10 to August 26, 2011 on Fridays at 24:00 for 12 episodes. Season 3 aired from May 20 to August 12, 2012 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 4 aired from May 18 to August 3, 2014 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 5 will be aired on November 7, 2018 Document [179] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) Telltale game engine that it is using for its Batman game. During the 2016 PAX Expo, Telltale revealed the third season will be released in November 2016, with the subtitle "A New Frontier". Telltale later had to delay the first episode's release until December 20, 2016. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment will publish retail versions of Season 3 as part of a deal with Telltale for "Batman" that was released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 24, 2017 in North America and March 3, 2017 in Europe; it will contain the first two episodes on Document [180] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) 2016, that Mary J. Blige had landed a guest role in the third season. On September 13, 2016, it was reported that Brett Butler will appear in a guest role during the third season. The third season received positive reviews from critics. The season has a rating of 90% fresh on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews. The season premiere was watched by 5.11 million in total viewership, a decline of 39 percent compared to the second-season premiere, and a 1.4 in the key demographic Adults 18–49, a decline of 46 percent from the previous premiere. How to Get Away Document [181] (Title: Lost Girl (season 3)) for a third season. Season Three premiered on January 6, 2013. In Australia, Season Three premiered on SF (formerly Sci Fi) on January 10, 2013. In the United States, Season Three premiered on Syfy on January 14, 2013. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Season Three premiered on Syfy (UK) on April 23, 2013. With Fae society in upheaval, Bo finds herself facing further changes and challenges as former ally Hale becomes the acting Ash – trying to forge a new balance between Light and Dark by appointing a Valkyrie aligned with the Dark Fae, Tamsin, as Dyson's new detective Document [182] (Title: Ragged Isle) 11, 2011. On February 1, 2012, the first season relaunched on the entertainment network web site The SFN, home of other notable web series, including California Heaven, River Ridge, and AIDAN 5, among others. Scripts for seasons two and three (six episodes each) were written by Greg Tulonen, based on a story by Greg Tulonen, Barry Dodd, Karen L. Dodd, Rick Dalton, and Jacob Lear. Both seasons were shot in the summer of 2011. Season two premiered May 29, 2012 on raggedisle.com, with new episodes released every other week. The world premiere of its third and final season screened at Document [183] (Title: Web Therapy (season 3)) Web Therapy (season 3) The third season of the American Improvisational comedy television series Web Therapy premiered on July 23, 2013, and concluded on September 24, 2014, on Showtime. The series stars Lisa Kudrow as Fiona Wallice, a therapist who has conceived of a new form of therapy: the titular "web therapy". This season contains the webisodes from season five of the web series. Fiona takes some time off and relaxes at a beach resort in California where she meets Jackson Pickett. After having a romantic night with him, she tries to push him away but he imagines a future Document [184] (Title: The Tunnel (TV series)) later in deference to the Brussels terrorist attacks on 22 March 2016. Series 2 premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The season finished on 31 May 2016. Series 3, titled "The Tunnel: Vengeance", premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. The season premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018, and the finale aired on 18 June 2018. In the United States, "The Tunnel" was broadcast on many PBS stations. Season 1 aired from 19 June through 21 August 2016, Season Document [185] (Title: The Blade's Path) Lee (Morena Baccarin) is secretly working there as the new doctor. In September 2017, it was announced that the fifth episode of the season would be titled "The Blade's Path" and was to be written by Tze Chun on his writing debut and directed by Scott White. Camren Bicondova, Jessica Lucas, and Chris Chalk don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In September 2017, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Kelcy Griffin as Detective Harper, and Marina Benedict as Cherry. The episode was watched by 2.75 million viewers with a 0.9/3 share Document [186] (Title: South of Nowhere) is only available in selected countries. It is not available in Canada. Episodes can also be viewed on Logo's official website. Season 2 was released on September 16, 2008, through "Amazon.com". Season 1 was released on October 21, 2008. These contain the same edits as used on Amazon Unbox. Season 1 does not feature opening credits for the majority of the episodes, though the accompanying music track, "Life Me Up," is used in the closing credits for each. Season 3 was released on June 16, 2009 through "Amazon.com". "South of Nowhere" received positive reviews. Ratings for the second season were Question: when does the path season 3 come out Answer: January 18, 2018 Long Answer: No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 24 "The Beginning" TBA TBA January 18, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 18) 25 "A Beast, No More" TBA TBA January 24, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 24) 26 "Locusts" TBA TBA January 31, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 31) 27 "De Rerum Natura" TBA TBA February 7, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 07) 28 5 "Awakenings" TBA TBA February 14, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 14) 29 6 "Messiah" TBA TBA February 21, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 21) Gold Document ID: 81

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unreal (TV series)) in January 2018 before the third season had aired. On May 22, 2018, it was reported that the fourth season had been acquired by Hulu. The streaming service would distribute the series exclusively as a "Hulu Original" in the United States for a set period of time before the episodes are to air on Lifetime. On July 16, 2018, the fourth season was released on Hulu and it was confirmed that the season would be the series' last. Producer Rachel Goldberg returns to "Everlasting", a popular dating show, after a breakdown. With a reputation to rebuild and executive producer Quinn Document [2] (Title: The Tunnel (TV series)) 2016. It premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The renewal for a third and final series was announced on 20 January 2017 entitled "The Tunnel: Vengeance" and consisting of six episodes. It began filming in March 2017 and premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. Canal+ did not announce a corresponding date for France at the time of the UK release. Season 3 premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018. In the United States, the first season aired on many Document [3] (Title: Tumble Leaf) re-dubbed German version premiered for Amazon's German Prime customers on August 20, 2014. On February 23, 2015 it was renewed for a second season, which became available on December 10, 2015. On December 21, 2015 it was renewed for a third season. It premiered on April 4, 2017 with an Easter special. The remainder of season three premiered on August 14, 2017. Season 4 premiered on July 23, 2018. A Halloween special was released on October 19, 2018. Tumble Leaf Tumble Leaf is an Amazon Studios original series that premiered in 2014. It is a stop motion animated series for Document [4] (Title: 3 Seasons) was a surprise success for many of the credits, speculators and the general public. 3 Seasons 3 Seasons () is a 2009 Canadian psychological drama, directed and written by Jim Donovan. The film was produced on a minimalist budget with support of the Canada Council for the Arts and Comedians. The story follows the lives of two couples experiencing an unexpected life change, as well as a middle-aged father seeking revenge for his life's misfortune. Leader Post summaries this film as " a gritty, multi-layered drama about the intersecting lives of two Montreal couples and a grieving middle-aged father visiting Document [5] (Title: The Real Housewives of Melbourne (season 3)) cast member Gina Liano announcing her return and that filming for the season would begin in July 2015. On September 11, 2015, the cast of season three was announced as well as an order of a total of ten episodes, and on 22 December 2016 the premiere date was announced along with an increased episode order now with a total of eleven episodes. On 11 January 2016, a promotional trailer featuring the wives walking among gold confetti teased the upcoming season, which included the possibility of old flames, wedding bells and a new baby. On February 6, 2016, Arena released Document [6] (Title: Quantico (season 3)) was announced that Alan Powell will join the show as a series regular in the third season. He will play Mike McQuigg, an undercover agent. On December 6, 2017, it was announced that Amber Skye Noyes will join the third season in the recurring role of Celine Fox. On January 17, 2018, it was announced that Vandit Bhatt will join the third season in the recurring role of Jagdeep Patel. On February 16, 2018, it was confirmed that Aunjanue Ellis has exited the series. Certain scenes of the third-season premiere were shot on location in Italy. Filming for the third Document [7] (Title: Shake It Up (season 3)) Filming for the season began in July 2012 and ended in March 2013. It was announced that Kenton Duty would be removed from the main cast and will not appear in the opening credits. In September 2012, the season was announced to premiere in October. The third season officially premiered on October 14, 2012 and aired its last episode on November 10, 2013 with 26 episodes aired for the season. Rob Lotterstein returned as executive producer and showrunner. Jeff Strauss didn't return and was replaced by Eileen Conn, while Season 2 writer Darin Henry filled Conn's position as co-executive producer. Document [8] (Title: Glitch (TV series)) episodes. The second series premiered on 14 September, 2017 on ABC. Series two follows James and the Risen as they begin to unravel the mystery of how and why they are back, but their journey of reconciliation and revenge is soon disrupted by a new and even more lethal threat. The first series was made available to stream on Netflix globally on 15 October 2016. Series 2 premiered on 28 November 2017 internationally on Netflix. The show's renewal for season 3 was announced via Facebook on 20 August 2018 and began filming on 17 September 2018. James Hayes (Patrick Brammall) Document [9] (Title: StartUp (2016 TV series)) and Hollywood Gang Productions. On January 13, 2017, Crackle announced that they had renewed the series for a second season. On November 15, 2017, Crackle officially renewed the series for a third season. On August 27, 2018, it was announced the third season would premiere on November 1, 2018. Simultaneously alongside the initial series order announcement, it was confirmed that the series would star Martin Freeman, Adam Brody, Edi Gathegi, and Otmara Marrero. That same day, it was reported that Jocelin Donahue had been cast in a recurring role. On March 17, 2016, Ashley Hinshaw joined the show in a Document [10] (Title: The Path (TV series)) abruptly told that his contract would not be renewed. Speaking about it with "The Hollywood Reporter", he called the decision "not a healthy way to do business". The Path (TV series) The Path is an American drama web television series created by Jessica Goldberg and starring Aaron Paul, Michelle Monaghan, and Hugh Dancy. The show portrays members of a fictional religion known as Meyerism. The series was ordered by Hulu in March 2015 with a straight 10-episode order. The series was originally titled "The Way", but was changed to "The Path" in September 2015 due to its similarity to real-life Document [11] (Title: Escape the Night) June 22, 2017. On May 24, 2018, Joey Graceffa announced the third season via Twitter. On May 28, 2018 through June 1, 2018, Joey Graceffa confirmed via Twitter he would be releasing the cast of season three periodically. The third season debuted on June 21, 2018. Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5. Escape the Night Escape the Night is an American postmodern metafictional murder-mystery reality web series hosted by Joey Graceffa that premiered on June 22, 2016 on YouTube Premium. The third season was Document [12] (Title: The Path (TV series)) The Path (TV series) The Path is an American drama web television series created by Jessica Goldberg and starring Aaron Paul, Michelle Monaghan, and Hugh Dancy. The show portrays members of a fictional religion known as Meyerism. The series was ordered by Hulu in March 2015 with a straight 10-episode order. The series was originally titled "The Way", but was changed to "The Path" in September 2015 due to its similarity to real-life ministry and alleged cult, The Way International. The show debuted on March 30, 2016. On May 4, 2016, Hulu renewed the series for a second season, which Document [13] (Title: Stargate Atlantis (season 3)) Stargate Atlantis (season 3) The third season of "Stargate Atlantis", an American-Canadian television series, began airing on July 21, 2006 on the US-American Sci Fi Channel. The third season concluded after 20 episodes on February 5, 2007 on the Canadian The Movie Network. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season three regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Jason Momoa, Rachel Luttrell, Paul McGillion, and David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay. Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Document [14] (Title: Lost Girl (season 3)) the start of principal photography on Season Three on April 17, 2012, with the season premiere slated for Fall 2012. On July 12, 2012, Showcase announced Season Three would premiere in Winter 2013 (i.e. early 2013). Syfy confirmed the January 14, 2013, U.S. premiere of Season Three in a general press release on November 12, 2012. The following day (November 13), Showcase announced the Canadian premiere date of January 6, 2013. "Lost Girl ConFAEdential", a special roundtable discussion about the previous two seasons and characters, aired on Showcase before the premiere of Season Three on January 6, 2013. Moderated by Document [15] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) to No. 19, and was bumped off the top-30 list by the fourth week. The season was also released in Region 2 on August 25, 2008, and in Region 4 on September 30, 2008. A three-disc, region-free Blu-ray box set was later released on November 11, 2008. Supernatural (season 3) The third season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 4, 2007, and concluded on May 15, 2008. Traveling throughout America, protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business—saving Document [16] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) suspicions about Reddick to Skinner. Linden later sees a ring from the missing Kallie on Skinner's daughter's finger. She knows Skinner is the killer and must ride with him to find Adrian. Holder must race to save Linden when Adrian is found safe. AMC announced on July 27, 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season. However, Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks. In August 2012, it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the Document [17] (Title: Weeds (season 3)) ensuring that she and her family will be leaving and moving on, and there will be no evidence of their drug activities. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Weeds (season 3) The third season of "Weeds" premiered on August 13, 2007, and consisted of 15 episodes. Metacritic gives the season a score of 82. The season begins with the fallout from the botched drug deal of the season two finale. Celia finds and destroys the entire harvest; U-Turn pays the mobsters to leave Nancy and him alone; Silas is arrested and sentenced to community service; Sanjay comes out of the closet, but U-Turn forces him Document [18] (Title: Archer (season 3)) Archer (season 3) The third season of the animated television series, "Archer" originally aired in the United States on the cable network FX. The three part episode "Heart of Archness" aired from September 15, 2011 until September 29, 2011. The rest of the season started on January 19, 2012 with "The Man from Jupiter" and ended with the two part episode "Space Race" on March 16, 2012, and March 23, 2012, respectively, with a total of thirteen episodes. It was announced on March 29, 2011, that "Archer" was renewed for 16 more episodes. FX had originally intended the first three Document [19] (Title: EastSiders) episodes were funded by a Kickstarter campaign. On April 2, 2013, it was announced that the series was picked up for distribution through Logo TV's website, and the remainder of the season premiered on April 23, 2013. The second season premiered on September 15, 2015, through Vimeo's on demand service. The series was later sold to Netflix, and the third season premiered November 28, 2017. Since its release, the series has received numerous accolades, including two Indie Series Awards and several Daytime Emmy Award nominations. In Silver Lake, Los Angeles, Cal (Kit Williamson) learns that Thom (Van Hansis), his boyfriend Document [20] (Title: BoBoiBoy) brought it to 5 January 2014. Season 3 started on 5 January 2014 and continuously aired 5 episodes for 5 weeks. On 23 March 2014, the Animonsta Studio's YouTube channel have announced that the new time slot airing on 6:00 pm from Sunday, 6 April 2014 to Sunday, 18 May 2014 due to the school test and Eid al-Fitr. Season 3 Episode 6 and so on were aired started on 4 December 2014 at new time slot, 5.35pm, Monday-Thursday at TV3 and aired started on 20 November 2014 at new time slot. This is also the first season that new Document [21] (Title: The Golden Path (TV series)) The Golden Path (TV series) The Golden Path () is a 30-episode drama serial. Set in 1982 and spanning 25 years, it tells the story of a family embroiled in conflicts of interest, webs of deceit, love, hatred and vengeance. The drama was produced by MediaCorp in celebration of the company's 25 years of local Chinese drama production and incorporates scenes from past dramas such as "The Seletar Robbery", "The Flying Fish", "Pretty Faces", "Turn of the Tide", "Finishing Lines", "The Last Applause", "Stepping Out", "The Golden Pillow" and "Holland V". The serial was telecast on MediaCorp TV Channel 8, Document [22] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 2)) shield being broken, as well as mention of the Raft prison. The season also mentions the Rand Corporation from "Iron Fist", and makes multiple references to Spider-Man. The second season of "Jessica Jones" was released on March 8, 2018, to coincide with International Women's Day, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range. In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date. A trailer was released on February 7, 2018. Ahead of the season releasing, Netflix revealed the episode titles and creative teams with pulp Document [23] (Title: Community (season 6)) Television starting March 18, 2015. In Australia, the sixth season was available on Stan beginning March 17, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Yahoo! Screen released "Communitary", an extra version of season six with commentary by series creator Dan Harmon. The sixth season was released on DVD in region 1 on March 8, 2016. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the making of the finale, trivia with the cast and crew, and a gag reel. The sixth season has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 12 Document [24] (Title: Falling Skies (season 3)) Falling Skies (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Falling Skies" was renewed on July 11, 2012 for a total of 10 episodes. The season premiered on June 9 and ended on August 4, 2013. On July 2, 2013, TNT renewed the show for a fourth season. Special Guest <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On July 11, 2012, the series was renewed for a third season, consisting of 10 episodes and premiered on June 9, 2013. Writer and co-executive producer Mark Verheiden disclosed that he would not return to the series for the third season. On August 23, 2012, it Document [25] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of the third season as being "haphazardly paced" and "struggling to develop a clear sense of direction". The third season averaged 3.52 million viewers across the 23 episodes, ranking 135th among television show viewership. "Arrow: Season 3" was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 22, 2015 in the United States and September 28, 2015 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest. Arrow (season Document [26] (Title: Red vs. Blue) 14, 2013 and started the Chorus Trilogy. The trilogy picked up where Season 10 left off and returned to a format similar to that of The Blood Gulch Chronicles, having no pre-rendered CGI. The season ended on November 11, 2013. On February 3, 2014, Miles Luna announced "Season 12" on Rooster Teeth's website. The season premiered on April 28, 2014 and concluded on September 29, 2014. The final season of the Chorus Trilogy, "Season 13", was announced on March 4, 2015, with a release date of April 1, 2015. The season brought back a handful of characters from the series, Document [27] (Title: Degrassi: Next Class (season 3)) in May 2016 and finished in August of the same year. The season is expected to premiere on January 6, 2017 on Netflix internationally and on January 9, 2017 on Family Channel's 'F2N' teen block. On F2N, it will run for two weeks and use the telenovela format. The season premiered at midnight on January 6, 2017, on the Family Channel App. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Degrassi: Next Class (season 3) The third season of "" premiered on January 9, 2017 on Family Channel under the teen block F2N in Canada and began streaming internationally on January 6, 2017 on Netflix. This season Document [28] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) set in the US on September 2, 2008, a month before the premiere of the fourth season. Including all 16 episodes of the third season, the set also featured DVD extras such as bloopers, episode discussions by the writers, a featurette on the various effects used on the show, and a digital copy of the season. The set was ranked No. 6 in DVD sales for its week of release, selling 104,979 units for $4,093,131. It slipped to No. 18 the following week with 35,593 units for $1,387,771. Though sales increased in the third week—40,034 units for $1,560,926—the set fell Document [29] (Title: The Golden Path (TV series)) (《路》) & Cavin Soh 苏智诚 — Love Blossoms 心花朵朵开 (《心花朵朵开》) The Golden Path (TV series) The Golden Path () is a 30-episode drama serial. Set in 1982 and spanning 25 years, it tells the story of a family embroiled in conflicts of interest, webs of deceit, love, hatred and vengeance. The drama was produced by MediaCorp in celebration of the company's 25 years of local Chinese drama production and incorporates scenes from past dramas such as "The Seletar Robbery", "The Flying Fish", "Pretty Faces", "Turn of the Tide", "Finishing Lines", "The Last Applause", "Stepping Out", "The Golden Pillow" and "Holland Document [30] (Title: The Path of True Love) the cast list. Regulars do not feature. Other characters such as Colin Cakeworthy are made reference to but not do feature. The Path of True Love "The Path of True Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, "The Green Green Grass". It was screened on 8 January 2009, as the first episode of the fourth series. The staff easily notice that all is not well at Winterdown Farm. Boycie's lack of attention-giving is upsetting Marlene so much that she feels unloved, under-valued and extremely lonely. With worries floating through her head that their marriage may be coming to a Document [31] (Title: Californication (TV series)) on DVD in the US on June 17, 2008. Showtime renewed Californication for a third season, which premiered on Sunday September 27, 2009 at 10 pm. The show is laced with rock culture references. It frequently alludes to Warren Zevon and featured Henry Rollins in a guest appearance; some episode titles, such as "Filthy Lucre" and "Turn the Page", allude to album and song names (Sex Pistols' "Filthy Lucre Live" and Bob Seger's "Turn the Page", respectively). Hank's lawyer in Season 4 is called Abby Rhoads; his first three novels, "South of Heaven", "Seasons in the Abyss" and "God Hates Document [32] (Title: 19-2 (2014 TV series)) September 22, 2017. Spike UK aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons. The complete first season was first released on DVD in Region 1 on April 26, 2016, with the complete second season released on August 30, 2016, the complete third season released on December 13, 2016, and the complete fourth season is scheduled to be released on November 7, 2017. CraveTV has exclusive Canadian streaming rights to the series, with all episodes available on the video on demand service and new episodes of the fourth season available one day earlier, 10 p.m. on Sunday, Document [33] (Title: Salem (season 3)) season which premiered on November 2, 2016. On April 5, 2016, it was revealed the show would premiere the week of Halloween, rather than the usual April premiere slot. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Salem (season 3) The third season of "Salem", an American horror–drama television series on WGN America, premiered on November 2, 2016, and concluded on January 25, 2017, consisting of ten episodes. Created for television by Adam Simon and Brannon Braga, who write or co-write episodes of the show, the series is based on the Salem Witch Trials. It was executive produced by Braga, Coby Greenberg and David Von Ancken, with Document [34] (Title: Bull (2016 TV series)) the fall of 2016 and air on Tuesdays at 9:00 P.M. On November 4, 2016, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. An additional episode was ordered in November. On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a second season. which premiered on September 26, 2017. On April 18, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a third season which is set to premiere on September 24, 2018. Michael Weatherly, Geneva Carr, Freddy Rodriguez, Chris Jackson and Jaime Lee Kirchner were part of the pilot's main cast. Annabelle Attanasio did not return for season three Document [35] (Title: Daredevil (season 2)) to see how long it was until the season would debut. The season was enhanced to be available in high dynamic range after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. Footage from the season was shown at New York Comic Con in October 2015, and at Comic Con Experience that December. On February 15, 2016, the first part of the season trailer was released focusing on the Punisher, while the second part focusing on Elektra was released 10 days later, on February 25. Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" felt the first part is "clearly going for a vibe similar to that Document [36] (Title: Supernatural (season 3)) Supernatural (season 3) The third season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 4, 2007, and concluded on May 15, 2008. Traveling throughout America, protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business—saving people and hunting supernatural creatures. The season begins with the brothers tracking down the demons released from Hell in the previous season finale. They become allies with a demon named Ruby (Katie Cassidy), who claims to know a way to release Dean from his demonic pact—he had Document [37] (Title: Through the Wormhole) which premiered on August 30, 2016. The eighth and final season premiered on April 25, 2017. In region 1, season 1 was released on DVD on March 8, 2011, season 2 was released on November 22, 2011, season 3 was released on October 23, 2012, season 4 was released on September 16, 2014, season 5 was released on June 16, 2015, and season 6 was released on December 15, 2016. Through the Wormhole Through the Wormhole is an American science documentary television series narrated and hosted by American actor Morgan Freeman. It began airing on Science in the United States Document [38] (Title: Finding Carter) April, it was announced that Jesse Henderson would play Gabe, the role in which Nolan Sotillo was previously cast. On August 19, 2014, MTV renewed the show for a second season containing 12 episodes. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that Season 2 would premier on March 31, 2015. On May 18, 2015, it was announced that there would be a 12 episode extension to season 2 which premiered in October. The season finale of season 2 was on December 15, 2015. On January 29, 2016, MTV announced the show's cancellation because of a drop in viewers. Since the Document [39] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true circumstances of the Document [40] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 1)) season, Sarandos had said that it was "too hard to say now" if the season would actually release in 2015, with Netflix's plan to release a Marvel series approximately a year apart from each other after "Daredevil"s April 2015 release. However, Netflix soon confirmed that the season would indeed release in 2015, announcing the November 20 release date in September. The season was enhanced to be available in high dynamic range after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. In May 2015, Marvel announced plans to reprint "Alias", the comic that the series is based on, with new covers from Document [41] (Title: All That (season 3)) film. The intro remains the same as the first two seasons. However all of the Bates parts are edited out and are replaced with Bynes. New group shots of the entire cast were taped as well. This was the first season to air on The N back in 2008, and it was the second season to air on "The '90s Are All That" on August 22, 2011. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> All That (season 3) "All Thats third season"' ran from November 16, 1996 to October 25, 1997. This season of "All That" contained 21 episodes. Many changes to the show happened before Document [42] (Title: Sanctuary (season 3)) abnormal named Thelo in the season finale, scheduled to air during the Spring 2011. Production of the season commenced on March 15, 2010. Syfy originally announced that the third season will premiere alongside the second season of "Stargate Universe" on September 28, 2010. However, they later announced it will be delayed until Friday, October 15 on their original 10 pm timeslot. The season premiere "Kali, Part 3" was seen by almost 1.8 million viewers and 1.3 household ratings. Viewership increased 17 per cent in total viewers, and 12 per cent among adults aged 18 through 49, compared to the average Document [43] (Title: A Series of Unfortunate Events) released on March 30, 2018, and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series. The television series was also renewed for a third and final season, which will air in early 2019 and will also adapt the four remaining books(The Slippery Slope, The Grim Grotto,The Penultimate Peril, and The End. The last season will have 7 episodes, The End only being one episode instead of the standard two episodes. (It is assumed Handler will remain on as screenwriter of the new seasons. "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" is a film adaptation of Document [44] (Title: Chicago P.D. (season 3)) three is set to be released in Region 1 on September 13, 2016. Chicago P.D. (season 3) The third season of "Chicago P.D.", an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on September 30, 2015 and concluded on May 25, 2016. The season contained 23 episodes. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> A three-way crossover between "Chicago Fire", "Chicago Med" and "Chicago P.D." aired in January 5 and 6, 2016. A crossover with "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" aired on February 10, 2016, where Intelligence helps SVU track down Greg Yates Document [45] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [46] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) for a third season, consisting of 10 episodes. The third season premiered August 10, 2013. Creators Tony and Joe Gayton had stepped down as showrunners, but remained with the series as consulting producers. John Shiban had also stepped down as executive producer, putting the third season renewal on hold until a replacement was found. AMC officially green-lit the third season on December 12, 2012, and announced that John Wirth would serve as the new executive producer. Wirth stated the third season would "be a western about work — the building of the railroad, the binding of the nation after the Document [47] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) CBS. Kevin Chapman, who plays Freddie, is now cast as Terrence Garrity, brother of the Sean character in the FX series "Rescue Me". Television critics also pointed to the end of season three as potentially the end of the series, saying that the finale seemed to convey a sense of closure, wrapping up storylines. On June 29, 2009, Showtime confirmed that the series would not be renewed, and that the third season DVD would be billed as "The Final Season." American satellite television provider DirecTV rebroadcast the series beginning in February 2010. The series focuses on the concept of brotherhood Document [48] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) deal with the Secret Service. The third season began airing on November 2, 2008 and consisted of 8 episodes. It ended on December 21, 2008. The titles of all episodes of season three are quotations from Shakespeare. Season 3 begins in the late summer, and it's implied that the events of Season two have had a few months to sink in. Michael is now on medication for his psychosis, although he appears to have developed severe paranoia and his narcissism has worsened. He is still an informant for Franklin, although this relationship is complicated when Paul Carvalho, (the Portuguese politician Document [49] (Title: The Blade's Path) The Blade's Path "The Blade's Path" is the fifth episode of the fourth season and 71st episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Tze Chun and directed by Scott White. It was first broadcast on October 19, 2017. In the episode, after Alex's funeral, Bruce discovers Ra's has a likely possibility to be released from prison and sets to go and kill him himself using the knife. Gordon and Alfred become worried about what Bruce could do and Document [50] (Title: Burn Notice (season 4)) Burn Notice (season 4) The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3, 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network. Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter, a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns. As the fourth season opens, Michael sits alone in a well furnished room, where he meets his new handler, Vaughn (Robert Wisdom). Vaughn attempts to lure Michael into the organization by attempting to befriend him, and tells Michael the organization is now on the hunt for a terrorist mastermind. Michael agrees to work with Vaughn on the condition Document [51] (Title: One Day at a Time) season of "One Day at a Time" on DVD in Region 1. On September 7, 2017, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released "One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD" in Region 1 on December 5, 2017. Season 2 was released on March 27, 2018. Season 3 was released on June 12, 2018. Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series, with a Latino cast, for Netflix, beginning in 2017. The ensemble is led by Justina Machado, with Rita Moreno, Stephen Tobolowsky, Isabella Document [52] (Title: Malcolm in the Middle) the fall of 2003, but was cancelled due to high costs of music clearances. In February 2012, it was announced that Fabulous Films would be releasing the first season of the show in the UK in April, as well as releasing each subsequent season the following month, ending with a complete series set near Christmas 2012. However, in late March 2012, several retailers had removed the release date from their websites; this was later revealed to be because of "technical issues with the Masters" and that the release date had been pushed back to June. Other seasons will now follow Document [53] (Title: Grimm (TV series)) returning on September 30, 2012, season three on October 30, 2013, and season four on January 7, 2015. The series was replayed on free-to-air network Seven (as opposed to FOX8, which is a subscription television network), with season one premiering November 30, 2012, with season two returning on August 1, 2013, and season three on October 15, 2014. In New Zealand the series premiered on June 18, 2012 on FOUR. The series premiered in Canada on October 28, 2011 on CTV, with season two returning on August 13, 2012, season three on October 25, 2013, and season four on October Document [54] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd) games, which became "The 3rd". While the first two entries focused on the more upbeat adventures of Estelle and Joshua, "The 3rd" shifts its story-telling into a darker direction. "The 3rd" was released on a number of different platforms since it original Windows release. A PlayStation Portable port was released on July 24, 2008. A high definition PlayStation 3 port was released in June 2013. It was also released on PlayStation Plus on January 2014. It has received an HD "Evolution" remake for PlayStation Vita on July 14, 2016. An English localization by Xseed Games was released for Windows on Document [55] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on Document [56] (Title: Beugró) fifth between February, 22 and April 20, 2011; the sixth between September 27 and November 23, 2010; the seventh between February 21 and May 3, 2011; the eighth between September 5 and November 8, 2011. The first two seasons have been published on DVD so far. Their distributor is Universal Music. First season 2 was released on October 8, 2009 on 4 DVDs, containing all fourteen episodes and cut scenes along with the pilot episode as extra. Season 1 came out next on March 30, 2010 on 3 DVDs with all thirteen episodes and a making-of and cut scenes as Document [57] (Title: Continuum (TV series)) on addikTV on November 6, 2013. It premièred in the UK on September 27, 2012, on Syfy (UK), with season 2 returning on May 23, 2013, and season 3 on January 28, 2015. The series premièred in the U.S. on January 14, 2013, on Syfy, with season 2 returning June 7, 2013, and season 3 on April 4, 2014. The series premièred in Australia on SF on February 21, 2013, and returned for season 2 on October 3, 2013. Season 3 premiered on Syfy (Australia) (the replacement to the now defunct SF) on May 5, 2014. The show was cancelled Document [58] (Title: American Crime Story) set of the season. On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock would play Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim. Principal photography for season 1 began on May 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California. According to set photos, principal photography of "Versace" (then season 3, now season 2) began at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami, Florida. In October 2015, FX released its first promotional trailer for "The People v. O. J. Simpson", showing an Akita dog whining, walking from its residence onto a sidewalk to bark, then walking back to its residence, leaving behind bloody paw prints. Document [59] (Title: Crossing Lines) second season by TF1, and was released in its entirety on Amazon Prime Instant Video in the UK on August 15, 2014. NBC did not broadcast the show after the first season. Netflix carried the series' first two seasons, and announced the debut of season three on February 19, 2015. Canada's CBC aired second-season episodes during late-night hours. On 20 February 2015, the show was renewed for a twelve-episode, third season. The third season began on September 15, 2015. Former New York Police Department officer Carl Hickman's life has fallen apart after he was injured on the job; he has Document [60] (Title: 3 Seasons) 3 Seasons 3 Seasons () is a 2009 Canadian psychological drama, directed and written by Jim Donovan. The film was produced on a minimalist budget with support of the Canada Council for the Arts and Comedians. The story follows the lives of two couples experiencing an unexpected life change, as well as a middle-aged father seeking revenge for his life's misfortune. Leader Post summaries this film as " a gritty, multi-layered drama about the intersecting lives of two Montreal couples and a grieving middle-aged father visiting from Alberta. With pregnancy and parenthood as the unifying themes, the movie covers a Document [61] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) and also received a nomination for Program of the Year. For the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast was nominated for Best Drama Ensemble, Peter Dinklage was nominated for Best Drama Actor, and the series won for Best Stunt Team. The day after the third season premiered in the U.S., it premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky Atlantic, in Australia on Foxtel, and in New Zealand on SoHo. The third season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on , in region 2 on and in region 4 on . It was made available for purchase Document [62] (Title: Braccialetti rossi) of 6 episodes, aired from 26 January to 2 March 2014 while the second, consisting of 5 episodes, from 15 February to 15 March 2015. On 18 March 2016 instead, the shooting of the third season ended, composed of 8 new episodes, which were broadcast starting October 16, 2016, with the confirmation of the entire cast and several new entries. In addition, the series was renewed for a fourth season and shooting began in May 2017. The series was almost entirely shot in Fasano, Puglia, within the CIASU (International Center for Higher University Studies) structure, in which the hospital of Document [63] (Title: The Shannara Chronicles) Network). The second season premiered on October 11, 2017, and concluded November 22, 2017. On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons and that the producers are shopping the series to other networks. Season one of "The Shannara Chronicles" roughly follows the storylines set out in "The Elfstones of Shannara", set in the fictional Four Lands. As the series opens, demons start to return after being banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding—locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys. The series chronicles the journey of Wil, Amberle Document [64] (Title: Shadowhunters) third season of 20 episodes, which premiered on March 20, 2018. In June 2018, Freeform canceled the series after three seasons, but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series' story; the second half of the third season is set to premiere on February 25, 2019, with 12 episodes ordered. Clary Fray has just enrolled at Brooklyn Academy of Arts. On her eighteenth birthday, she learns that she is a Shadowhunter, a human born with angelic blood who protects humans from demons and rogue downworlders. That night, Clary's mother, Jocelyn, is abducted by a group of rogue Shadowhunters called Document [65] (Title: Das Haus Anubis) there was the first feature film as a transition to the third season and was called Anubis en het Pad der 7 Zonden, which in Dutch means Anubis and the path of the 7 sins. Although a third season was Nickelodeon has not announced, the agency by Karim Günes let know that the series went into extra time on 14 March 2011. In addition, Franziska Alber confirmed in an interview that the shooting would go for its third season until January 2012. In addition, the preview of the season finale of Season 2, an excerpt from episode 235 (the first Document [66] (Title: Open Season 3) Open Season 3 Open Season 3 is a 2010 American computer-animated buddy comedy film produced by Sony Pictures Animation with animation provided by Reel FX Creative Studios. It is the third installment in the "Open Season" film series, following "Open Season" (2006) and "Open Season 2" (2008). Directed by Cody Cameron, the film theatrically premiered in Russia on October 21, 2010 and was released as a direct-to-video in the United States and Canada on January 25, 2011. Many of the previous actors reprised their roles, with the exception of Mike Epps, Joel McHale, Jane Krakowski, Billy Connolly, and Jon Favreau. Document [67] (Title: Luke Cage (season 1)) Paradise throughout the season; and each episode is named after a Gang Starr song. Visual effects, including for the depiction of Cage's abilities, were provided by FuseFX. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Harlem on September 28, 2016, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on September 30 to an estimated high viewership—it was believed to become the fourth most-viewed season on Netflix within 30 days of its release—and positive reviews, particularly for the first 7 episodes. Critics praised the cast, especially the performances of Ali and Woodard, as well as the music and Document [68] (Title: Log Horizon) by Satelight aired on NHK Educational TV from October 5, 2013 to March 22, 2014. The series was streamed as a simulcast by Crunchyroll in North America and other select parts of the world. A 25-episode second season produced by Studio Deen began airing on October 4, 2014. Both seasons have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America for digital and home video release. For both seasons, the opening theme is "database" by Man with a Mission featuring Takuma while the ending theme for the first season is "Your song*" and for the second season it is "Wonderful Wonder Document [69] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) on September 28. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13. The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray and be on Netflix from September 1. In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on January 26, 2015. In March 2018, it was announced that E4 had acquired the rights to air the fourth season on UK television. In September 2014, Warner Bros. sold the series' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix. In early Document [70] (Title: Video Game High School) on, and filming began in March 2014. Season 3 episodes were being released once per week starting on October 13, or could be purchased for immediate viewing through Vimeo On Demand, which includes 4K HD, HD, and SD downloads of the episode(s) purchased. RocketJump announced on October 30 that season 3 would be the last of the series. Netflix currently streams all three seasons of the show, but only season 3 is in 4K UHD, with most episodes doubled up to make individual 30-minute episodes. Video Game High School Video Game High School (often abbreviated VGHS) is an American action Document [71] (Title: Haters Back Off) date, to promote the series. Season 2 filmed in and around Vancouver from April until June 5, 2017. Ballinger began promotions for Season 2 in August 2017 with an appearance on "Live with Kelly and Ryan". Ballinger announced the release date of Season 2 in character as Miranda on the Miranda Sings YouTube channel on September 11, 2017. On the same date, she released a new original song on Miranda's YouTube channel to promote the season. On October 10, 2017, Netflix released the official trailer for Season 2. On October 16, Angela Kinsey appeared on the "Today" show to promote Document [72] (Title: House of Cards (season 2)) Globe Awards on December 12, a season 2 trailer was released on December 13. However, the first official full trailer was released on January 6. Willimon has stated "In conception of the second season, I put a lot of thought into the doors open to us in seasons three and beyond ... I didn't want to paint ourselves into a corner in the second season." On February 4, 2014, Netflix announced it had renewed the web series for a season 3 of undisclosed length. In May 2014, the season became one of the first Netflix streaming offerings available in 4K Document [73] (Title: Every Witch Way) 5, 2015. On February 25, 2015, Nickelodeon renewed the show for a 4th season and announced a spin-off titled "WITS Academy". It was announced on June 1, 2015, that the fourth season would be the final season. The series finale aired on July 30, 2015, with "WITS Academy" announced following its conclusion to air in fall 2015. "WITS Academy" premiered on October 5, 2015, but was later canceled after one season. Emma Alonso moves with her father Francisco to the suburbs of Miami, Florida, where she attends Iridium High. She later learns that she is a witch, and is also Document [74] (Title: The Following) starred Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy in leading roles, as well as Shawn Ashmore, Natalie Zea, and Valorie Curry. The first season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on January 21, 2013, and concluded on April 29, 2013. On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 19, 2014, and concluded on April 28, 2014. The series' renewal for a third season was announced on March 7, 2014, and the season premiered on March 2, 2015. On May 8, 2015, Fox canceled "The Following" after three seasons. The final episode aired on May 18, 2015. Document [75] (Title: Gargoyles (comics)) "The Journey", which was the only third season "Gargoyles" episode Weisman considers to be canonical (as well as the only third season episode Weisman wrote). Issue #3 of the "Gargoyles" comic then began a completely new storyline, which deliberately ignored the rest of the events of the televised third season. Weisman has confirmed that the in-universe timeline of the comic starts in 1996, just after the conclusion of the final episode of the series' second season. Issue #10 was the first issue set in 1997. In June 2005, it was announced that a series of Disney-licensed, bi-monthly "Gargoyles" comic books Document [76] (Title: Game of Thrones (season 3)) a critical and commercial success after it started airing in April 2011. A few days after ratings for the second season's premiere, "The North Remembers", hit a series high of 8.3 million viewers, HBO announced the show's renewal for a third season. Prior to that announcement, there had been rumors and reports that showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss planned to shoot seasons three and four simultaneously. Benioff said that this would be very efficient, but impossible to write. The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed Document [77] (Title: Quantico (season 3)) season started on October 10, 2017. In March 2018, it was confirmed by showrunner Michael Seitzman that the last few episodes of the third season would be shot on location in Ireland. Filming for the third season ended on April 21, 2018. The third season received mixed feedback from critics, who were divided over its direction in comparison to the first season. The series premiere was poorly received. Despite praising the episode's action and pacing and its introduction of Marlee Matlin's character, Dishya Sharma of the "International Business Times" wrote that "it leaves you asking for more". "The Quint"'s Dipti Document [78] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) audience over time." Season two premiered on May 31, 2015, and concluded on August 2, 2015. Despite the critical acclaim that season two garnered, viewership declined. The season averaged 520,000 viewers per episode and a 0.2 rating in the 18–49 age demographic in live plus same-day viewings. Still, AMC renewed the series in October 2015 for a ten-episode third season. Stillerman said, "The critical momentum was a big part of the decision." The first episode of season three aired on August 21, 2016, ahead of the two-hour season premiere on August 23, 2016. The Tuesday premiere drew just 385,000 same-day Document [79] (Title: Da Vinci's Demons) Leaves" as he finds himself entangled with a cult known as the Sons of Mithras. The series premiered in the United States on Starz on 12 April 2013, and its second season premiered on 22 March 2014. The series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on 24 October 2015. On 23 July 2015, Starz announced that the third season would be the show's last. However, Goyer has left it open for a miniseries return. A fictionalised story based on historical persons, the series explores the early life of Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance in Italy. He is Document [80] (Title: Lethal Weapon (TV series)) death in season three, Wesley Cole, a former CIA operative who has been everywhere and seen everything, finds himself navigating a new partnership with Murtaugh, as he adjusts to life in Los Angeles. The series was ordered on May 10, 2016 and premiered on Fox on September 21, 2016. On October 12, 2016, Fox picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. On February 22, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a 22-episode second season, which premiered on September 26, 2017. On May 13, 2018, the series was renewed for a 13-episode third season, with Seann William Document [81] (Title: Beyond (2017 TV series)) 2015. The series was ordered for production in November 2015 with a ten-episode order. A sneak peek aired on January 1, 2017, with the official premiere on January 2, 2017. On January 10, 2017, Freeform renewed the series for a second season; season 2 premiered on January 18, 2018, with a double episode. The 10-episode second season's finale aired March 22, 2018. The entire first season was released on digital platforms, such as OnDemand, the Freeform App and website, and Hulu, on January 2, 2017. A recap special entitled "Beyond: What Lies Ahead" aired on December 28, 2017, and drew Document [82] (Title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)) On December 13, 2018, it was announced that season 3 is set to premiere on February 8, 2019. Upon its release, the show received critical acclaim, with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno. "One Day at a Time" was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017, with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year. The series received multiple awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series (Pat Barnett). At the Document [83] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder) season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows by ABC. It was announced that the third season will premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced on Twitter that the writer staff were in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, with filming starting a week later. A promotional poster showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on August 29, 2016. The series was renewed Document [84] (Title: The WalkerZ) of the usual 10 episode count, this is due production timing and actors schedule. While Season 3 titled Viral is expected to air during late Fall-Winter 2016, the 4th Season titled Decay would air during spring 2017. Production was put on hold due to hurricane affecting Puerto Rico severely. On September 06, 2018 almost a year after the hiatus, it was announced that the 3rd season would be re-written since hurricane affected filming locations and several actors left the island, due to this it would be a 5 episode arc ending the series to continue on as short films based Document [85] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) that. Series developer Veena Sud returned as showrunner and returning writers include executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin. On December 12, 2012, it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell, Michelle Forbes and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season. On January 15, 2013, AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 episode third season. Production started on February 25, 2013 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and ended on June 25, 2013. In March 2013, Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription Document [86] (Title: Sabri Maranan (TV series)) for a second season. Production began in June 2012 and ended in August 2012. The third season was announced on March 1, 2016 and it premiered on March 11, 2016. The fourth season began filming on April 20, 2017 and finished filming on June 13, 2017. The season premiered on November 3, 2017 on the new Keshet 12 channel. The fifth season began filming on March 25, 2018 and finished filming on May 22, 2018. The sixth season was announced by Yaniv Polishook on November 26, 2018. In April 7, 2015 the show premiered in United States under the title Document [87] (Title: The Path (TV series)) what the movement was and how they could join. The first season of "The Path" has received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator, Metacritic, the first season scored 70 out of 100 based on 33 reviews. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" reacted positively to the series, writing: "There's a lot to like about "The Path", from the strong visual sense of place that director Mike Cahill established in the first two episodes to its theoretical take on faith, and of course the exquisite acting and deft writing." Hank Stuever of the "Washington Post", wrote that ""The Path" Document [88] (Title: Annamalai (season 3)) for the small boy and how they left for England. The first season was aired 22 December 2014 to 31 March 2015 every Monday to Thursday at 10:30PM SST for 48 episodes. The show starred James Kumar, Karthik Samasundram, Bharathi, Varman, Sri and Jemes Dorairaj among others. It was director by I. Sunder, S.s. Vikneshwaran, A. Mohamed Ali and Nagaraj Veerappan. The second season, titled Annamalai Day of Reckoning was aired 29 June 2015 to 1 October 2015 every Monday to Thursday at 10:30PM SST for 52 episodes. The show started airing on MediaCorp Vasantham on 29 June 2015 and Document [89] (Title: Faking It (season 3)) his friendship with both Amy and Karma. Liam (Gregg Sulkin) and Zita (Chloe Bridges) are now dating after spending the summer trying to find out more about Liam's past. The series was pick-up for another season on April 21, 2015, set to premiere in 2016. Ten new episodes were produced. The episodes are broadcast on the time slot of Tuesdays 10:30PM ET/PT. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Faking It (season 3) The third and final season of "Faking It", an American single-camera romantic comedy, premiered on March 15, 2016, on the MTV network. The show was renewed for a third season on April 21, Document [90] (Title: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)) "The Hostile Hospital", and "The Carnivorous Carnival". The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes: "The Slippery Slope", "The Grim Grotto" and "The Penultimate Peril" will be adapted into two episodes each, and "The End" will conclude the series with a longer single episode. Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for "The Penultimate Peril". Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season. The third season is slated to be released on January 1, 2019. The thirteen "A Series of Unfortunate Events" novels, written by Daniel Handler under the Document [91] (Title: The WalkerZ) episodes to start airing in April 2016. On August 1, 2015 a special Q/A episode featuring the cast is coming out by the end of the month before the premiere of the remaining 5 episodes from season two, this episode will feature around 50 questions made by fans through Facebook, Twitter & Instagram. As of November 11, 2015 Filming for Season 2 has wrapped, with two remaining episodes set to air during November & December 2015. Production for Season 3 is expected to start on May 15, 2016, all main & regular cast will be back to reprise there role, Document [92] (Title: Teen Wolf (season 3)) a reaction, has a consequence. And it's not always what you "think" it's gonna be." During Season 3B production, Crystal Reed decided she "wanted to explore other avenues of film and TV" and move on from the show, and her character Allison Argent was killed off in the penultimate episode. Season 3 was released in two parts. Season 3A was released on December 10, 2013. This was 27 days before the premiere of Season 3B on January 6, 2014. Season 3B was released on June 17, 2014. This was 6 days before the premiere of Season 4 on June 23, Document [93] (Title: Looking (TV series)) The three men navigate life, relationships, family, and careers in modern-day San Francisco. HBO ordered an eight-episode first season of "Looking" on May 14, 2013. The pilot was written by Michael Lannan, based on Lannan's 2011 short film entitled "Lorimer", and directed by Andrew Haigh. Filming began in the San Francisco Bay Area on September 16, 2013, and ended on November 7, 2013. The first season premiered on January 19, 2014. Creator Michael Lannan announced in an interview in February 2014 that the writers were already thinking of new material for a second season, should it come. His comment was Document [94] (Title: The 4400) in Vancouver until July 26, 2006. The third season premiered June 11, 2006, with 4.2 million viewers tuning in. Executive Producer Ira Steven Behr described season three as "bigger and more mythic. It feels like 26 episodes instead of 13 because we're cramming so much stuff in". Billy Campbell, the actor who plays Collier, took most of season three off to sail around the world, returning in the final four episodes. Production of the fourth and final season began in early 2007 for a mid-year premiere, returning with the episode "The Wrath of Graham". The theme song of the show Document [95] (Title: The Path (TV series)) premiered on January 25, 2017. On April 12, 2017, Hulu renewed the series for a 13-episode third season, which premiered on January 17, 2018. On April 23, 2018, Jessica Goldberg announced via Twitter that "The Path" will not be renewed for a fourth season. Eddie Lane lives in Upstate New York with his wife Sarah and their two children, Hawk and Summer. They are all members of the Meyerist Movement, which combines aspects of New Age philosophy, shamanism, Scientology, Christian mysticism and Utopianism with a few elements from the Shakers, Sufism, Tibetan Buddhism and Freemasonry ritual. Eddie returns from Peru, Document [96] (Title: Lucifer (TV series)) the series for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2016. On October 31, 2016, the series received a 22-episode full second season pickup by Fox. On February 13, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a third season initially of 22 episodes, which premiered on October 2, 2017. However, in March 2017, it was revealed that the final four episodes of the second season would be removed and placed in the third season to air, meaning that the second season would consist of 18 episodes and the third season would consist of 26. On January 22, 2018, writer Chris Document [97] (Title: In Plain Sight) for a third season of 16 episodes on August 2, 2009. Although the previously planned 16th episode of season 2 was set to be the opening episode of season 3, the episode was shelved and replaced by a new opening episode, written by new showrunner, John McNamara. The season was later reduced to 13 episodes when McNamara took a leave of absence for medical reasons. In a statement released exclusively to The Futon Critic, the producer of Universal Cable Productions said, "John Romano assumed executive producer responsibilities for the remaining episodes. Given the unexpected change, we decided to end the Document [98] (Title: T@gged) for the third season began in October 2017 and wrapped in December 2017. T@gged T@gged is an American psychological thriller web series, starring Lulu Antariksa, Lia Marie Johnson, and Katelyn Nacon. The series is produced by AwesomenessTV, and premiered on July 19, 2016 on go90. On September 13, 2016, it was officially announced that the series was renewed for a second season, slated for a 2017 premiere. On May 1, 2017, before the season 2 premiere, AwesomenessTV announced that they had renewed "T@gged" for a third season. The third season premiered on December 7, 2018 on Hulu. "T@gged" follows three Document [99] (Title: Third Watch) worldwide including Africa, Europe, Latin America, Asia, Oceania and the Middle East. Warner Home Video released Season 1 of "Third Watch" on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4. Season 2 was released in Region 1 on July 7, 2009. Music licensing issues delayed the release of the first two seasons and, as of 2018, it is unknown when or if the remaining four seasons will ever be released, most likely due to the same issues. In March 2015, Crave TV began streaming the first three seasons. The hit series won the prestigious Peabody Award for Season 3 episode "In Document [100] (Title: Touched by an Angel (season 3)) was released to Region 1 DVD on August 31, 2004. The episodes use the song "Walk With You", performed by Reese, as their opening theme. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 3) The third season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 15, 1996 through May 18, 1997, spanning 29 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a Document [101] (Title: Empire (season 3)) Empire (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Empire" premiered on September 21, 2016, in the United States on Fox. The third season was ordered on January 15, 2016. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc. The showrunners for this season are Ilene Chaiken, Danny Strong and Lee Daniels. The season aired on Wednesday at 9:00 pm, the same slot as the previous seasons. The season concluded on May 24, 2017 and contained 18 episodes. The show centers around Document [102] (Title: Naruto (season 3)) the next thirteen episodes, No Regret Life's , utilized for the rest. The English version replaces the endings with and an instrumental version of "Rise" by Jeremy Sweet and Ian Nickus. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Naruto (season 3) The third season of the "Naruto" anime series, titled "3rd Stage" in Japan, is directed by Hayato Date, and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo. Based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga series, the season follows Sasuke Uchiha joining up with Orochimaru after Tsunade becomes the Fifth Hokage. The season aired from May 2004 to April 2005 on TV Tokyo. It was also released with Document [103] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) Gabi as they try to find sanctuary. The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic, and directed by Andrew Bernstein. The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015. A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes. The second season, featuring audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and various behind-the-scene featurettes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 13, 2016. The third season, featuring audio Document [104] (Title: Revenge (season 3)) Revenge (season 3) The third season of the ABC American television drama series "Revenge" premiered on September 29, 2013. The show aired on Sundays 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central for the first thirteen episodes before moving to the new time of 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central from episode 14. Ashley Madekwe and Connor Paolo did not return as Ashley Davenport and Declan Porter, respectively, although Davenport guest starred in the premiere to conclude her story. On July 12, 2013 it was confirmed that Justin Hartley would join the cast as Patrick Osbourne, Victoria Grayson's long lost son. This is also Document [105] (Title: Jeremiah (TV series)) and continue with a third season. Ultimately, the network began airing the remaining of the second season starting on September 3, 2004 - after a ten-month break since the last aired episode - but despite continuously rising ratings did not proceed with the renewal of the show. Before season 2 premiered, Straczynski vowed to never work with the then-current administration of MGM Television after experiencing major creative differences with them, and had there been a third season it would have to run under some new showrunner. Everyone on cast and crew, including Grant Rosenberg, the second season's co-executive producer, were Document [106] (Title: 19-2 (2014 TV series)) it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18. In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on Document [107] (Title: Supernatural (season 2)) was divided into two parts, being released on May 14, 2007, and September 10, 2007; the complete set was released on October 29, 2007. The season was also released in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The second season was released on Region A Blu-ray Disc on June 14, 2011, including a new special feature–"The Devil's Road Map", an interactive guide featuring interviews about every episode. Supernatural (season 2) The second season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on September 28, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007, airing 22 episodes. The season Document [108] (Title: Defiance (season 3)) third season with the two-hour season premiere on June 12, 2015. Production commenced in Toronto in February 2015. Lee Tergesen, Conrad Coates, Nichole Galicia joined the cast in recurring roles for season 3 while Anna Hopkins was promoted to series regular. Defiance (season 3) The third and final season of the American science fiction television series "Defiance" premiered on Syfy on June 12, 2015, concluded on August 28, 2015, and consisted a total of 13 episodes. The show stars Grant Bowler, Julie Benz, Stephanie Leonidas, Tony Curran, Jaime Murray, Graham Greene, Jesse Rath, Anna Hopkins and Nichole Galicia. The series Document [109] (Title: Defiance (TV series)) 13 episode third season on September 25, 2014, which premiered on June 12, 2015. On October 16, 2015, the show was cancelled by Syfy citing financial reasons after having completed its third season. However, the companion video game, "Defiance", continues to be supported; on March 1, 2016, Trion Worlds announced a major update for the game, promoted as season four of the show. They also stated they had no plans of making a sequel, instead they will continue to update the game with new content. The new version, named "Defiance 2050", was released on July 10, 2018, for PC, Xbox Document [110] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) as the current comic timeline. He also said more comic-related events will happen. During a 2015 E3 Discussion with Greg Miller and Job Stauffer, Stauffer implied that Season 3 will be "a long ways off" and "considerably larger" than previous games. Stauffer hinted that some Comic Series characters will appear in Season 3. Season 3 was planned to tie in all the possible endings that players from previous seasons may have taken, but as well as to draw in new players to the series. With the planned influx of new players and those that have transitioned off older consoles and Document [111] (Title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)) something heartbreaking about not being able to be face-to-face with the person". "Ascension" also introduces the concept of Life Model Decoys. The season began airing in the United States on ABC on September 29, 2015, and ran for 22 episodes. In Australia, the season aired on Fox8, rather than Seven Network with previous seasons, with a two-week delay from the U.S. airings. In the United Kingdom, the season moved to E4 after previously airing on Channel 4, and debuted on January 10, 2016. To promote the inclusion of the Secret Warriors in the season, at San Diego Comic-Con International 2015, Document [112] (Title: Teen Wolf (season 3)) the Nogitsune feeds off of. Scott struggles to find a way to save Stiles without killing him. They also encounter the Oni, spirits summoned by Kira's mother, Noshiko, to defeat the Nogitsune. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Season 3 was filmed in two parts. Part 1 (or Season 3A) was filmed from December 3, 2012 and wrapped up on May 5, 2013. Part 2 (Season 3B) began filming on July 29, 2013, and wrapped up on December 19, 2013. Unlike the previous two seasons, which were shot in Atlanta, Georgia, this season will be shot in Los Angeles, California. Colton Haynes left the show, Document [113] (Title: South of Nowhere) Nowhere" for a third season, and 16 episodes had been ordered. Eight episodes aired from August 10, 2007 to September 21, 2007. On February 27, 2008, it was officially announced on the N'sider podcast that "South of Nowhere" was to be canceled after the end of season 3. On February 28, an official announcement was made at the show's website that this will be the last season. Promos began airing in March 2008 stating the show would be returning April 11. However, on March 21, it was announced that the final half of the third season had been pushed back Document [114] (Title: Younger (season 3)) airing on September 28, 2016 at 10 PM. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Younger (season 3) Younger is an American single-camera comedy-drama television series based on the Pamela Redmond Satran novel of the same name, created and produced by Darren Star. The series stars Sutton Foster as the lead character, with Debi Mazar, Miriam Shor, Nico Tortorella, Hilary Duff, Molly Bernard and Peter Hermann co-starring in other main roles. The pilot was picked up for a series in April 2014, with a 12-episode order. The first season consisted of 12 episodes, premiering on March 31, 2015 at 10 pm Eastern time. The second season Document [115] (Title: 13 Reasons Why) halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed. Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017. The second season was released on May 18, 2018. On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which is set to be released in 2019. The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of "Daredevil" received, which was the most viewed season Document [116] (Title: Justified (season 3)) region 2 on February 25, 2013, and in region 4 on March 6, 2013. Special features on the season three set include nine audio commentaries by cast and crew, deleted scenes, four behind-the-scenes featurettes, and outtakes. Justified (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Justified" premiered on January 17, 2012, on FX, and concluded on April 10, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's novels "Pronto" and "Riding the Rap" and his short story "Fire in the Hole". Its main character is Raylan Givens, a deputy U.S. Document [117] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) run of seven or eight episodes in the Spring. [The three] is not a self-contained [series of] episodes, because it extends what we're doing in the Fall, but it is an ended story, so we'll arc it out." Just like the second season, the third season also carried a two subtitles for the season. The first 14 episodes of the season: "Mad City"; and the other 8 episodes: "Heroes Rise". On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet the first two episodes of the season. According to Stephens, the structure for the season "We extend [the longer story arcs] Document [118] (Title: Sanctuary (season 3)) Sanctuary (season 3) The third season of the Canadian science fiction–fantasy television series "Sanctuary", premiered on Syfy in the United States on October 15, 2010 and consists of 20 episodes. Created by Damian Kindler, the series was adapted from a series of webisodes released in 2007. The increased number of episodes in this season allows the producers to include numerous story arcs. The second half of the third season premiered on April 15, 2011 until it was moved to Monday nights on April 25, 2011. The Sanctuary team deal with the aftermath of the gigantic tidal wave released by Big Document [119] (Title: American Vandal) Television Studios, Funny Or Die and 3 Arts Entertainment. Shortly after the release of the first season, Yacenda and Perrault discussed the possibility of a second season, with the same documentary crew creating a documentary on a different crime. On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season. On August 21, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on September 14, 2018. On October 26, 2018, it was announced that Netflix had canceled the series after two seasons, however it was also reported that producers intend to shop the Document [120] (Title: The Journey (trilogy series)) of the series, each of a different background and with different forms of motivation, the series aims to inspires viewers with the characters’ hunger for survival and grit in overcoming adversities without lamentation. This is the third show on Channel 8 to celebrate MediaCorp's TV50, after mid-year blockbuster "The Dream Makers" and variety series "The Joy Truck". The series is written by Ang Eng Tee and executive produced by Chia Mien Yang, who also executive produced "C.L.I.F." and "C.L.I.F. 2". This is also the only season to have a producer, Kwek Leng Soong, who is notable for "The Little Nyonya", Document [121] (Title: Hawthorne (season 3)) Ray Stein played by David Julian Hirsh did not return for Season 3. It was left unknown what happened to his character. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hawthorne (season 3) The third and final season of "Hawthorne" premiered on TNT on June 14, 2011. The season will contain 10 episodes. Season 3 concluded on August 16, 2011 and was cancelled shortly after. Season three focuses on Christina and Tom's struggling relationship due to the fact she lost her baby in an assault and she gets even more depressed when she loses her job. On September 14, 2010, TNT renewed "Hawthorne" for a 10 episode Document [122] (Title: True Detective (season 3)) True Detective (season 3) The third season of "True Detective", an American anthology crime drama television series created by Nic Pizzolatto, was confirmed by HBO on August 31, 2017, and is scheduled to premiere on January 13, 2019. The story takes place in the Ozarks over three separate time periods, as partner detectives investigate a macabre crime involving two missing children. Mahershala Ali will play the lead role of detective Wayne Hays, while Stephen Dorff will play his partner detective Roland West. The season marks Pizzolatto's directorial debut, with the series creator dividing up directing assignments with Jeremy Saulnier and Document [123] (Title: Years of Living Dangerously) Episode 1 was made available freely on the internet on April 7, 2014, prior to its television debut. The following episodes aired on April 20 and 27, May 4, 12, 19 and 26, and June 2. Showtime re-aired the entire series in September 2014. Electus International acquired international rights to season one of the series and licensed it to broadcasters in over 75 countries and regions. Season one of the series is available on DVD and other digital platforms. In 2014, the National Wildlife Federation edited the series one episodes to create curricula for schools and colleges Season 2 premiered Document [124] (Title: Charlie Brooker) rights to the programme A trailer for the third season was released in October 2016. This was later split into two series of six episodes. The third season was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016. Brooker has solely written four of the episodes in series three, and has co-written the remaining two. The fourth season was released in December 2017. The series is produced by Zeppotron for Endemol. Regarding the programme's content and structure, Brooker noted, "each episode has a different cast, a different setting, even a different reality. But they're all about the way we live now Document [125] (Title: Fuller House (TV series)) 2016. On December 24, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season, to be released in 2017. and On December 31, 2016, it was confirmed that the season was given an 18-episode order. Production for the third season began on March 18, 2017, and ended on September 2, 2017. It was announced on June 26, 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts, with the release of the first part on September 22, 2017 to consist of nine episodes. It was announced on November 13, 2017 that the second half, also consisting of nine episodes, would Document [126] (Title: Christina El Moussa) June 2018 it was announced that Christina would be receiving her own spin off show known as "Christina on the Coast". The first episode of season 1 will focus on Christina renovating her new, post divorce, home; with the remaining 7 episodes focusing on her fixing up other people's homes. Filming began in fall 2018, for a spring 2019 premier. The couple leads Success Path Education, a real estate investment seminar series held at locations across North America for aspiring investors. During these workshops, the couple explains the entire process of house flipping to potential investors. They try to help Document [127] (Title: Ejen Ali) They planned to develop this series at least until 5 seasons, then the films will follow. The first episode was broadcast on April 8, 2016, with the second and third episodes shown on April 15 and April 22 respectively. It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3. Fourth, fifth and sixth episodes shown on July 22, July 29, and August 5 respectively. Seventh to ninth episodes are shown on October 28, 2016 for three consecutive weeks. Tenth to twelfth episodes are shown on December 30, 2016, January 6 and January 13, 2017. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season Document [128] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) to September 21, 2017 in order to give its companion newcomer series "The Orville" a continuous run. The fourth season is moving to a Thursday timeslot, alongside "The Orville", after airing its past seasons on Mondays. In July 2017, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season, showing a five-minute sizzle reel from season 3 as well as the debut trailer for the season. The second episode "The Fear Reaper" was screened on September 23, 2017, when Cannon, McKenzie, Taylor, Bicondova, Mazouz, Pertwee and Lucas promoted the series at the inaugural Tribeca TV Festival. Document [129] (Title: The Path (TV series)) works best as an intense psychological study of an extended family whose members equate faith and loyalty with happiness." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix had a more critical reaction to the series. He called the show a "a dry, claustrophobic show, with not enough of a narrative hook to pull the viewer through hour after hour of it." The second season also received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season has a score of 64 out of 100 based on 8 reviews. Residents of Marysville, Washington called the show "insensitive" for "exploiting" the October 24, 2014 shooting at Marysville Document [130] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was Document [131] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 3)) was ordered in April 2018, a month after the second season was released. Filming for the season began by the end of that June, with Ritter making her directorial debut during the season. The season is scheduled to be released in 2019. Star Krysten Ritter directs an episode for the season, marking her directorial debut. On April 12, 2018, a month after the release of the second season, Netflix ordered a third season of "Jessica Jones". With the season order came confirmation that the returning starring cast would include Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker, Document [132] (Title: Lethal Weapon (TV series)) co-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character named Wesley Cole. However, in October 2018, Damon Wayans also announced his exit from the series as he will leave following the end of production for the third season in December 2018. In United Kingdom, ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3, 2017. Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week. Series 2 started January 12, 2018. In Australia, the Nine Network premiered the series on January 29, 2017. In the Philippines, it premiered on June 10, 2017 on Document [133] (Title: Community (season 3)) says, "Season 3 is about the price that you pay when you figure out that you love a group of people. That's it in a nutshell. It's about the high cost of valuing people other than yourself, and that's the path that Jeff has been on. The third chapter for him is going to be the toughest of all. When you love people, their pain is your pain. Nobody likes having to deal with hassles more than Jeff Winger, and nobody's going to have to deal with more this year." On November 14, 2011, NBC announced that they were removing Document [134] (Title: Red vs. Blue) "The Brick Gulch Chronicles" would be writing and directing Season 15. Its trailer was released on March 30, 2017, and the season itself premiered on April 2, 2017. Nicolosi returned for Season 16, "Red vs. Blue: The Shisno Paradox", where he also had the help of writer Jason Weight. The season premiered on April 15, 2018. The process by which the show is written has changed as the show progressed. In the first season, Burnie Burns would typically write an episode script on a Sunday afternoon before the episode was to be released on Friday. Scripts were written with minimal Document [135] (Title: Hero Corp) long dead. For the third season, Simon Astier and France 4 have developed a smartphone application to serve as transition between season 2 and 3, which will precede the TV broadcast, the device interactive series will begin on August 2, 2013 and the series will broadcast in France on September 4 at 8pm. The format of the series also changed, from 15 26-minute episodes to 36 episodes of approximately 7 minutes. In 2014, France 4 renewed the show for a fourth season. The format of the series will change again. Season 4 will consist of 19 episodes of 12 minutes Document [136] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016. Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico. This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season. In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season. In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular. In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Document [137] (Title: Satyamev Jayate (Season 3)) Satyamev Jayate (Season 3) The third season of Indian television show Satyamev Jayate premiered on Star Plus. The title of third season is tagged with "Mumkin Hai" (It is possible). It was scheduled to be launched on 21 September 2014, but later its start date postponed to 5 October 2014. Unlike its first and second season, Satyamev Jayate (TV series) (Season 3) had longer episodes and celebrity interactions. The trailers, presented in the show's documentary style, featured real interviews with people who have been affected by the show, on a deeper, personal level. The promotional video of Satyamev Jayate (Season Document [138] (Title: Salem (season 3)) Salem (season 3) The third season of "Salem", an American horror–drama television series on WGN America, premiered on November 2, 2016, and concluded on January 25, 2017, consisting of ten episodes. Created for television by Adam Simon and Brannon Braga, who write or co-write episodes of the show, the series is based on the Salem Witch Trials. It was executive produced by Braga, Coby Greenberg and David Von Ancken, with Braga and Simon assuming the role of showrunner. On January 25, 2017, Salem was canceled after three seasons. On July 11, 2015, WGN America renewed "Salem" for a 10-episode third Document [139] (Title: Project Mc2) 7, 2015. On April 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons. The second season was released on August 12, 2016, and the third season was released on October 14, 2016. Both consisted of six episodes. An extended 34-minute Valentine's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14, 2017. A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15, 2017. A sixth season, also consisting of five episodes, was released on November 7, 2017. The series is filmed primarily in and Document [140] (Title: Assassin's Creed III) first episode was released on February 19 for Xbox 360 and PC, February 20 for PlayStation 3, and on February 21 for the Wii U. On February 6, 2013, it was announced that the second episode, titled "The Betrayal", would be released on March 19 for Xbox 360, PC and PlayStation 3 and an unknown date for Wii U (available in the eShop as of March 27) and that the third episode, titled "The Redemption", would be released on April 23 for Xbox 360, PC and PlayStation 3. Despite being given a release date of May 16 for Wii U, Document [141] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) third time they die [on "Gotham"]" Filming for the season began on June 20, 2017, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. In January 2018, it was announced that Ben McKenzie would direct an episode after making his directional debut the previous season. It was later revealed that he would be directing the 16th episode, titled "One of My Three Soups". Production on the season officially wrapped in late March 2018. The season was originally set to air on September 28, 2017, on Fox in the United States. However, on July 28, 2017, Fox decided to move up the premiere Document [142] (Title: Corner Gas) whose DVD box set includes described video for the visually impaired. The second season set was released by CTV and Video Service Corporation and includes a peek at Season 3, bloopers, cast and crew interviews, a Thunderface music video as well as all season 2 episodes. The season three DVD was released on October 3, 2006. Unlike the previous sets, the third season DVD set is presented in widescreen (letterbox). The fourth season was released on DVD on September 18, 2007. This was the first time the DVD set of the previous season was released before the current season started Document [143] (Title: Glass Home) and it's titled "Glass Home: Time for Truth" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Време за истина"). 13 episodes were shown and the show went on another pause, which ended with the beginning of second half of the second season: "Glass Home: Time for Truth - The Resolution" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Време за истина - Развръзката"). On 30 March, bTV announced that season 3 started on 11 April 2011, exactly one year after the show's first episode aired, and with no break between Season 2 and 3. It is called "Glass Home: The Temptation" (Bulgarian: "Стъклен дом: Изушението") and it takes place three Document [144] (Title: Empire (season 3)) a hip hop music and entertainment company, Empire Entertainment, and the drama among the members of the founders' family as they fight for control of the company. "Empire" was renewed for a third season on January 15, 2016. It was later announced that the season will premiere on September 21, 2016. Fox released a promotional poster on July 14, 2016, for the season, showcasing both Lucious Lyon and Cookie Lyon. "TVLine" announced on June 18, 2016, that Xzibit who plays Shyne Johnson, Lucious’ drug-dealing adversary, was upgraded to a series regular for the third season after being a recurring role Document [145] (Title: Every Witch Way) 3 finale drew 1.71 million viewers. Season 4 premiered with 1.50 million viewers. The crossover with "Talia in the Kitchen" drew 1.16 million viewers during its first half. The 14th episode had 0.96 million viewers, an unusually small audience. The series finale on July 30, 2015 had 1.64 million viewers. On February 25, 2015, Nickelodeon announced a spin-off titled "WITS Academy". It is a daily strip about the comedic adventures of witches- and wizards-in-training based on the third season of Grachi, and it premiered on October 5, 2015, ending on October 30, 2015. It was announced by Daniella Nieves that Document [146] (Title: 3 (TV series)) 3 (TV series) 3 is an American reality television series that premiered on July 26, 2012, on CBS in the United States. It revolved around three very different women who are brought together to search for love. They provided emotional support to each other as they deal with the realities of dating. The series was hosted by Alex Miranda. The format was based on a similar series that was made in Israel. On July 31, 2012, CBS announced that the show had been pulled from the schedule effective immediately, following low ratings for its first two episodes. On August 5, Document [147] (Title: Continuum (season 3)) 2013. Season 3 premiered on March 16, 2014 on Showcase in Canada and on April 4, 2014 on the Syfy channel in the United States. The season began airing on January 28, 2015 on Syfy in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The third season of "Continuum" received a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 5 reviews. Continuum (season 3) The third season of the Showcase television series "Continuum" premiered on March 16, 2014 and concluded on June 22, 2014. The series was created by Simon Barry, and centers on Kiera Cameron (Rachel Nichols) as she travels back in Document [148] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) service for the series' third season. In the U.S., Netflix will stream the season approximately three months after its finale. Episodes were made available a day after the U.S. TV broadcast by Netflix UK and Ireland. In a May 2013 interview, Sud stated her inspiration for the third season came from "Streetwise" (1988), Mary Ellen Mark's book of photographs about teenaged runaways in Seattle. Sud also stated she was "very fascinated" with Gary Ridgway, the serial killer of numerous females near Seattle and Tacoma, Washington in the 1980s and 1990s. In a separate interview, Sud said Peter Sarsgaard's character, Ray Document [149] (Title: Charmed (season 3)) whom return from the previous season as well as Julian McMahon as Cole Turner, who is introduced in the premiere. It is the last season to feature original cast member Shannen Doherty, as she left the series at the end of the season. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete third season in a six-disc box set on November 15, 2005. The season was praised by critics, often being singled out as one of the series' best. Praise went to the introduction of longer story-arcs and the introduction of Cole Turner, the Triad and the Elders for expanding the mythology and Document [150] (Title: The Exes) it had ordered a second season of "The Exes". Season two premiered on June 20, 2012, at 10:30 pm following "The Soul Man", On November 13, 2012, TV Land ordered an additional 10 episodes for the second season. However, on December 13, 2012, TV Land announced that the 10 additional episodes ordered will be considered the third season. Season three premiered on June 19, 2013, at 10:30 pm EST. On July 18, 2013, TV Land extended the episode order of season three to 20 episodes. The remaining episodes began airing on December 11, 2013. On February 3, 2014, TV Land Document [151] (Title: Homeland (season 3)) two featurettes—"The Tower of David: Filming in Puerto Rico 3" and "The Last Days: Filming the Season Finale". The same set was also released on September 8, 2014, in region 2 and on September 24, 2014, in region 4. The season is also available for streaming online via Hulu, as of August 1, 2016. Homeland (season 3) The third season of the American television drama series "Homeland" premiered on September 29, 2013 on Showtime, and concluded on December 15, 2013, consisting of 12 episodes. The series is loosely based on the Israeli television series "Hatufim" (English: "Prisoners of War") created Document [152] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) Civil War, and the rehabilitation of the men who lived and fought their way through those exploits." He added, "This season we're placing Cullen Bohannon at the center of the show, and taking him away from the revenge motive which propelled him into the series." Filming of the third season was suspended on June 20, part way through the sixth episode, as the location was part of the mandatory evacuation area due to the flooding in southern Alberta. Originally producers had announced a two-day shut down, when only the road to the location was under water. Later on June 21, Document [153] (Title: Letterkenny (TV series)) Season 2, CraveTV announced that they had ordered a third season. On March 17, 2017, a St. Patrick's Day special episode, "St. Perfect's Day" was released. The third season, shot during the winter season, was released on Canada Day, July 1, 2017. A Halloween episode was announced on October 2, 2017, which was released on October 20, 2017. The fourth season of six episodes was released on December 25, 2017. On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the series has a new media partner which has agreed to a production commitment for 40 new episodes, a 26 city "Letterkenny Document [154] (Title: The Dreamstone) of Series 3 released in 1997 only in Australia. There was also another video release, presumably of the first 3 episodes of Series 1 from Video Distributors International in 1992. In the United States, Fisher Price released a single video of The Dreamstone. Pidax Film released the first 13 episodes on DVD in Germany, with English & German audio, on 23 February 2018. Season 2 was released on 18 May 2018. Season 3 was released on 27 July 2018, and Season 4 was released on 28 September 2018. In October 2018 12 episodes of Season 1 were added to Amazon Document [155] (Title: Winterthorne) Billed as a "four-part online event", the series debuted at Winterthorne.com on August 27, 2015. The remaining three episodes of season 1 were released weekly on Fridays, starting September 4, 2015. In May 2015, Luke Kerr of "Daytime Confidential" wrote that the initial preview trailer featured "big screen production values (we expect nothing less from Caruso & Co.), fantastic fashion, epic drama and a drizzle of "Pushing Daisies"-style mythology". Calling the series "highly anticipated", Michael Fairman noted, "The sweeping epic look, and the fantastical images and costumes have become staples of Caruso’s work, and this series looks to be where Document [156] (Title: ReBoot) CITV programming block. When it came to the third season, Meridian only purchased the broadcasting rights for the first 10 episodes of the season and on 17 July 1997, CITV started airing Season 3 before anywhere else in the world; however, this run came to a halt in August after the sixth episode, 'Where No Sprite Has Gone Before. On 12 February 1998, CITV repeated the series from the season 2 episode "Trust No One" before going into the episodes that had yet to be aired at that point. When "To Mend and Defend" should have aired, the episode "Firewall" Document [157] (Title: Someone Knows Something) October 2018 focusing on the 1986 rape and murder of Kerrie Ann Brown in Thompson, Manitoba. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is "coming soon". The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016, with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3. Someone Knows Something Someone Knows Something (or SKS for short) is a podcast by Canadian award-winning filmmaker and writer Document [158] (Title: Jessica Jones (season 2)) Kilgrave from season one. A third season of "Jessica Jones" was ordered on April 12, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that "Jessica Jones" the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate. In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defender series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate," with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful "Jessica Document [159] (Title: Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath) of people emboldened to come forward". He said that the team was "sitting on some really damning and actionable material and can't wait to premiere." The first season comprises seven episodes broadcast on Tuesday nights, plus two episodes added to the schedules for the night of Monday, December 19, 2016 and Tuesday, January 17, 2017, as well as a two-hour special aired on May 29, 2017. The show's seven original episodes (minus the three specials) have also been broadcast in Europe on the satellite TV Crime & Investigation Network (Europe), commencing March 11, 2017, and in South East Asia on Document [160] (Title: Guild Wars 2) the living world storyline. Living World Season 4 refers to a schedule of content updates, beginning on the 28th of November, 2017.It continues the story of Guild Wars 2: Path of Fire, picking up immediately where the story instance Small Victory (Epilogue) left off. This article assumes knowledge of the storyline up to and including Path of Fire. The energy released upon the death of Balthazar has been absorbed by both Kralkatorrik and Aurene. The Commander and his or her allies must contend with an empowered Elder Dragon threatening Elona, which remains under the thrall of Palawa Joko's Awakened army. Document [161] (Title: Archer (season 3)) episodes of Season 3 to air in the fall of 2011 as a "Special Assignment" three-part event, with a further 13 episodes (a normal sized season for most FX shows) to air at the beginning of 2012. Series creator Adam Reed later clarified the situation. He explained that while FX had intended the second set of episodes to be 13 episodes, he had believed that he was only going to be producing a further 10 episodes (with the first three episodes completing the standard order of 13 episodes). While he attempted to produce the full 16 episodes after he realized Document [162] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) where no one can be trusted". The first episode was released in the fourth quarter of 2013, with subsequent episodes released four to six weeks apart. A collector's disc was announced to purchase at the end of the season, with those who pre-order the game (from the Telltale Games Store) receiving it for just the shipping and handling cost. Telltale Games and Skybound Entertainment announced spin off mini-series "" released in February 2016 and third season titled "" was released with first two episodes on December 2016, with physical season pass released in February 2017. "The Walking Dead: Season Two" Document [163] (Title: Hawthorne (season 3)) Hawthorne (season 3) The third and final season of "Hawthorne" premiered on TNT on June 14, 2011. The season will contain 10 episodes. Season 3 concluded on August 16, 2011 and was cancelled shortly after. Season three focuses on Christina and Tom's struggling relationship due to the fact she lost her baby in an assault and she gets even more depressed when she loses her job. On September 14, 2010, TNT renewed "Hawthorne" for a 10 episode third and final season slated to begin on June 14, 2011. Marc Anthony has joined the main cast beginning with season three. Nurse Document [164] (Title: If Loving You Is Wrong) season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016. The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017. The second half of season 4 premiered on January 10, 2018 and ended Document [165] (Title: Defiance (season 3)) Defiance (season 3) The third and final season of the American science fiction television series "Defiance" premiered on Syfy on June 12, 2015, concluded on August 28, 2015, and consisted a total of 13 episodes. The show stars Grant Bowler, Julie Benz, Stephanie Leonidas, Tony Curran, Jaime Murray, Graham Greene, Jesse Rath, Anna Hopkins and Nichole Galicia. The series is produced by Universal Cable Productions, in transmedia collaboration with Trion Worlds, who have released an MMORPG video game of the same name which is tied into the series. Notes <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On September 25, 2014, "Defiance" was renewed for a 13-episode Document [166] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won Document [167] (Title: Hell on Wheels (season 3)) Hell on Wheels (season 3) The third season of the AMC television series "Hell on Wheels" aired from August 10 through October 5, 2013, and consists of 10 episodes. The season follows Cullen Bohannon as he abandons seeking revenge for the deaths in his family in order to continue to drive the westward expansion of Union Pacific Railroad, while battling Thomas "Doc" Durant for control. The third season features ten series regulars. Kasha Kropinski and Dohn Norwood are promoted from recurring status, and Jennifer Ferrin is added to the main cast. On October 29, 2012, AMC renewed "Hell On Wheels" Document [168] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) free. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ABC renewed the series for a third season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows. It was announced that the third season would premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced, on Twitter, that the writing staff was in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, and filming started a week later. A promotional poster, showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on Document [169] (Title: Under the Dome (season 3)) in the final moments that have massive global consequences. The cast members portray characters that were mostly taken from the original novel, "although some have been combined and others have changed jobs." On October 9, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season. Tim Schlattmann joined the series as an executive producer for season three. According to producer Randy Sutter, filming for the third season began on March 11, 2015, and ended on August 8, 2015. During a CBS press briefing in May 2015, showrunner and executive producer Neal Baer promised answers in the new season. "We will tell Document [170] (Title: The Path (TV series)) Pilchuck High School. Episode 2 referred to the shooting in order to develop Sean's backstory. The insult, they say, was that the show's writers changed the real events by giving the shooting a racial motive (the character stated that the shooting was due to "the color of their skin"). Tulalip Native American student Jaylen Fryberg's murder-suicide was personally motivated, and did not involve African Americans. , Hulu and the writers of the show had made no response to this. In April 2017, following the announcement that Hulu had picked up the show for a third season, actor Rockmond Dunbar was Document [171] (Title: Community (season 3)) on his main job, as he explained "I'm not an actor". Series creator Dan Harmon explained Star-Burns' death is "not just thrown away", but "triggers the rest of the entire season. Filming of the season concluded in mid-February 2012. Dan Harmon planned on making the third season more cohesive than the previous, with more connectivity between the storylines of the episodes, as well as to make the show more grounded, with somewhat fewer themed episodes. Harmon also planned out the characters' storylines for the entire season. Explaining the theme of the third season, and Jeff's journey for the season, Harmon Document [172] (Title: The Killing (season 3)) Seward ... much of the narrative meanders — so slow, bleak and dreary, it's difficult to muster much interest as to when (inevitably) it's all going to begin to intersect." Peter Sarsgaard received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. The third season of "The Killing" was released on DVD on June 3, 2014, in region 1, exclusively through Amazon's CreateSpace manufacture-on-demand program. In regions 2 and B, it was released on October 27, 2014. The Killing (season 3) The third season of the AMC American crime drama television series Document [173] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) 21.) Unlike episode titles from season one which were based Bible passages, season two episode titles were based on lyrics from songs written and performed by Bob Dylan. The first episode officially aired on September 30, 2007, with the season finale airing on December 2. However, on July 18, 2007, the first two episodes of season 2 were leaked to the internet via torrent. The season begins a few months after the conclusion of season one. Michael has survived Declan's attack, though his awareness is compromised and he has no memory of the attack. Michael finds himself shut out of Document [174] (Title: The Detour (TV series)) The Detour (TV series) The Detour is an American comedy television series created by Jason Jones and Samantha Bee about a family vacation road trip. The series premiered on TBS on April 11, 2016. The show was renewed for a second season on April 6, 2016, five days prior to the series premiere. The second season premiered on February 21, 2017. On April 25, 2017, TBS renewed the series for a third season. On May 11, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season. The series follows Nate Parker, Jr. (Jason Jones), his wife Robin Randall (Natalie Zea), and Document [175] (Title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)) has been unleashed and the one-year contract Dean has before he goes to Hell. The third season consists of 16 episodes that aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm beginning October 4, 2007, and ending May 15, 2008. Originally 22 episodes were ordered for the third season, but production was halted on December 5, 2007, upon completion of the twelfth episode by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. The season number was shortened to sixteen episodes, with four new episodes airing in April and May 2008. The season focuses on trying to save Dean from his deal and tracking down Document [176] (Title: The 100 (TV series)) seasons. This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices, and it's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1". On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season received an overall rating of 89% with an average rating of 7.9/10. On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 77 out of 100, based on 3 critics, indicating generally positive reviews. Maureen Ryan of "Variety" wrote in an early review of the third season: "When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three, which overtly and covertly recalls "The Lord Document [177] (Title: The Tester) PlayStation 3 title, a two-year lease on a 2012 Ford Focus Titanium edition and a Sony BRAVIA 3D Television. The first season launched in North America on February 18, 2010 and new episodes were released weekly until the finale aired on April 8, 2010. In its third season, the program is available as a free download exclusively on the PlayStation Network. Full seasons can also be streamed from the PlayStation website. The host, Meredith Molinari, guides the contestants through physical challenges based on skills required of game testers, such as a critical eye for detail and effective communication. Each week, Document [178] (Title: Quiz of God) reflex anoxic seizures and Savant syndrome. Fabry disease, Kleine–Levin syndrome and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis were featured in the second season. Season 1 aired from October 8 to December 10, 2010 on Fridays at 22:00 for 10 episodes. Season 2 aired from June 10 to August 26, 2011 on Fridays at 24:00 for 12 episodes. Season 3 aired from May 20 to August 12, 2012 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 4 aired from May 18 to August 3, 2014 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 5 will be aired on November 7, 2018 Document [179] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) Telltale game engine that it is using for its Batman game. During the 2016 PAX Expo, Telltale revealed the third season will be released in November 2016, with the subtitle "A New Frontier". Telltale later had to delay the first episode's release until December 20, 2016. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment will publish retail versions of Season 3 as part of a deal with Telltale for "Batman" that was released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 24, 2017 in North America and March 3, 2017 in Europe; it will contain the first two episodes on Document [180] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) 2016, that Mary J. Blige had landed a guest role in the third season. On September 13, 2016, it was reported that Brett Butler will appear in a guest role during the third season. The third season received positive reviews from critics. The season has a rating of 90% fresh on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews. The season premiere was watched by 5.11 million in total viewership, a decline of 39 percent compared to the second-season premiere, and a 1.4 in the key demographic Adults 18–49, a decline of 46 percent from the previous premiere. How to Get Away Document [181] (Title: Lost Girl (season 3)) for a third season. Season Three premiered on January 6, 2013. In Australia, Season Three premiered on SF (formerly Sci Fi) on January 10, 2013. In the United States, Season Three premiered on Syfy on January 14, 2013. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Season Three premiered on Syfy (UK) on April 23, 2013. With Fae society in upheaval, Bo finds herself facing further changes and challenges as former ally Hale becomes the acting Ash – trying to forge a new balance between Light and Dark by appointing a Valkyrie aligned with the Dark Fae, Tamsin, as Dyson's new detective Document [182] (Title: Ragged Isle) 11, 2011. On February 1, 2012, the first season relaunched on the entertainment network web site The SFN, home of other notable web series, including California Heaven, River Ridge, and AIDAN 5, among others. Scripts for seasons two and three (six episodes each) were written by Greg Tulonen, based on a story by Greg Tulonen, Barry Dodd, Karen L. Dodd, Rick Dalton, and Jacob Lear. Both seasons were shot in the summer of 2011. Season two premiered May 29, 2012 on raggedisle.com, with new episodes released every other week. The world premiere of its third and final season screened at Document [183] (Title: Web Therapy (season 3)) Web Therapy (season 3) The third season of the American Improvisational comedy television series Web Therapy premiered on July 23, 2013, and concluded on September 24, 2014, on Showtime. The series stars Lisa Kudrow as Fiona Wallice, a therapist who has conceived of a new form of therapy: the titular "web therapy". This season contains the webisodes from season five of the web series. Fiona takes some time off and relaxes at a beach resort in California where she meets Jackson Pickett. After having a romantic night with him, she tries to push him away but he imagines a future Document [184] (Title: The Tunnel (TV series)) later in deference to the Brussels terrorist attacks on 22 March 2016. Series 2 premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The season finished on 31 May 2016. Series 3, titled "The Tunnel: Vengeance", premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. The season premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018, and the finale aired on 18 June 2018. In the United States, "The Tunnel" was broadcast on many PBS stations. Season 1 aired from 19 June through 21 August 2016, Season Document [185] (Title: The Blade's Path) Lee (Morena Baccarin) is secretly working there as the new doctor. In September 2017, it was announced that the fifth episode of the season would be titled "The Blade's Path" and was to be written by Tze Chun on his writing debut and directed by Scott White. Camren Bicondova, Jessica Lucas, and Chris Chalk don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In September 2017, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Kelcy Griffin as Detective Harper, and Marina Benedict as Cherry. The episode was watched by 2.75 million viewers with a 0.9/3 share Document [186] (Title: South of Nowhere) is only available in selected countries. It is not available in Canada. Episodes can also be viewed on Logo's official website. Season 2 was released on September 16, 2008, through "Amazon.com". Season 1 was released on October 21, 2008. These contain the same edits as used on Amazon Unbox. Season 1 does not feature opening credits for the majority of the episodes, though the accompanying music track, "Life Me Up," is used in the closing credits for each. Season 3 was released on June 16, 2009 through "Amazon.com". "South of Nowhere" received positive reviews. Ratings for the second season were Question: when does the path season 3 come out

Answer: January 18, 2018 Long Answer: No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 24 "The Beginning" TBA TBA January 18, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 18) 25 "A Beast, No More" TBA TBA January 24, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 24) 26 "Locusts" TBA TBA January 31, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 31) 27 "De Rerum Natura" TBA TBA February 7, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 07) 28 5 "Awakenings" TBA TBA February 14, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 14) 29 6 "Messiah" TBA TBA February 21, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 21) Gold Document ID: 81

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) of flexion and 10 degrees of extension (from neutral) are needed at the hip joint for a normal walking pattern. The knee has a more complex movement pattern compared to the hip. At heel contact the knee extensor and flexor muscles co-contract to provide stability for the knee joint since it is almost maximally extended at that point in time. Shortly after, as the foot becomes flat on the ground, the knee gradually flexes approximately 10-15 degrees reaching the maximum at about 15% of the gait cycle. This small amount of knee flexion is controlled eccentrically by the knee extensor Document [2] (Title: Squat (exercise)) the bottom is lost as a result. Over-flexing the torso greatly increases the forces exerted on the lower back, risking a spinal disc herniation. Another error where health of the knee joint is concerned is when the knee is not aligned with the direction of the toes. If the knee is not tracking over the toes during the movement this results in twisting/shearing of the joint and unwanted torque affecting the ligaments which can soon result in injury. The knee should always follow the toe. Have your toes slightly pointed out in order to track the knee properly. Some common Document [3] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) and the vertical ground reaction force moves posterior to the axis of rotation of the hip joint. This creates an external hip extension moment, which must be resisted by an internal hip flexion moment. This flexion moment decelerates the extension motion occurring at the thigh and then pulls the hip into flexion for swing phase. At heel strike the vertical ground reaction force is located anterior to the axis of rotation of the knee joint. Momentarily, this creates an external knee extension moment during the first percent of stance. To counteract this moment, an internal knee flexion moment is generated Document [4] (Title: Mechanoreceptor) frequency range generated upon finger tips by textures made of features smaller than 200 micrometres. The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts an extensor muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg. Tapping the tendon stretches the thigh muscle, which activates stretch receptors within the muscle called muscle spindles. Each muscle spindle consists of sensory nerve endings wrapped around special muscle fibers called spindle fibers (also called intrafusal fibers). Stretching a spindle fiber Document [5] (Title: Knee (strike)) also used a jumping knee as one of his finishing moves. Takashi Sugiura and Jun Akiyama are known for their effective knee strikes. José Aldo landed a double flying knee at WEC 41 against Cub Swanson, in one of his first international MMA fights, scoring a knockout win just eight seconds into the first round of the fight. Knee (strike) A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. Kneeing is a disallowed practice in many combat sports, especially to the head of a downed Document [6] (Title: Cradle (wrestling)) so it is potentially dangerous). Doing this during the far side cradle adds pressure and pain to the opponent so they do not put up as much of a fight. Another one of the above cradles is the standing cradle. This is usually performed after taking an outside leg shot (outside sweep) and pulling the leg up, with your arms in between the knee, and you standing to the outside of them. Once you stand up with the leg, get your arm that is nearest the foot of the leg you have, and get it to the outside of the Document [7] (Title: Arthrokinetic reflex) resulted in muscle activation of the quadriceps or semitendinosus, depending on whether the knee joint was moved into flexion or extension. The results were published in the American Journal of Physiology (volume 184). The arthrokinetic reflex was later documented in other joints and muscle groups such as the Temporomandibular joint and mandibular musculature. In recent years, practitioners of physical therapy and rehabilitation have suggested that the existence of the arthrokinetic reflex implies that joint mobilization may be useful in addressing chronic pain conditions such as lower-back pain or as a way to improve sports-related performance. Recent research has also hypothesized Document [8] (Title: Anterior cruciate ligament injury) and comparing it to the other, non-injured knee. When a doctor suspects ACL injury in a person who reports a popping sound in the knee followed by swelling, pain, and instability of the knee joint, they can perform several tests to evaluate the damage to the knee. These tests include the pivot-shift test, anterior drawer test, and Lachman test. The pivot-shift test involves flexing the knee while holding onto the ankle and slightly rotating the tibia inwards. In the anterior drawer test, the examiner flexes the knees to 90 degrees, sits on the person's feet, and gently pulls the tibia Document [9] (Title: Ankle jerk reflex) Ankle jerk reflex The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the gastrocnemius muscle and the nerve that supplies it. A positive result would be the jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface. Being a deep tendon reflex, it is monosynaptic. It is also a stretch reflex. These are monosynaptic spinal segmental reflexes. When they are intact, integrity of the following is confirmed: cutaneous innervation, motor supply, and cortical input to the corresponding Document [10] (Title: Knee) control the joint as the collateral ligaments are relaxed. Furthermore, the dorsal fibers of the tibial collateral ligament become tensed during extreme medial rotation and the ligament also reduces the lateral rotation to 45-60°. Knee pain is caused by trauma, misalignment, and degeneration as well as by conditions like arthritis. The most common knee disorder is generally known as patellofemoral syndrome.The majority of minor cases of knee pain can be treated at home with rest and ice but more serious injuries do require surgical care. One form of patellofemoral syndrome involves a tissue-related problem that creates pressure and irritation in Document [11] (Title: Knee) suprapatellar bursa described above. Four considerably smaller bursae are located on the back of the knee. Two non-communicative bursae are located in front of the patella and below the patellar tendon, and others are sometimes present. Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone and makes certain that the joint surfaces can slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the meniscus) and hyaline cartilage. Fibrous cartilage has tensile strength and can resist pressure. Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Document [12] (Title: Knee (strike)) to protect from a straight knee. Typical targets include floating ribs, hips, and the side of the abdomen. A flying knee (known as "hanuman thayarn" in Muay Thai, and sometimes called a jumping knee) is a knee strike very similar to a front knee, except that it is performed in stand-up fighting by jumping, and often by rushing towards the opponent. A more reckless application of the flying knee strike can be applied by rotating the body so that the side of the knee strikes the opponent, used more as an offensive pushing attack rather than a concussive KO attack. Document [13] (Title: Plantar reflex) in 1896, the reflex has been identified in art at least as early as Botticelli's Madonna and Child With an Angel, painted in the mid 15th Century. The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt instrument or device so as not to cause pain, discomfort, or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the toes (metatarsal pads). Many reflex hammers taper at the end of the handle to a point which was used for testing the plantar response in the past, however, due to the tightening Document [14] (Title: Kick) can quickly be followed up by a low side-blade kick to the knee of the offender. The outward/outer/outside crescent hits with the 'blade', the outside edge of the foot. Its path is counter-clockwise for the left leg and clockwise for the right leg, and force is generated by both legs' hip abduction. This is similar to a rising side kick, only with the kicking leg's hip flexed so that the line of force travels parallel to the ground from front to side rather than straight up, beginning and ending at the side. In Korean, "huryeo chagi" (후려 차기) or "golcho Document [15] (Title: Swimming injuries) chances of developing knee pain and inflammation of the knee muscles such as, the increasing age of the swimmer, the length of the competitive career, the length of the event, inadequate warm-up, strength imbalance of hip abductors/adductors and flexibility imbalance of hip abductors/adductors. In order to prevent the development of knee pain and inflammation of the knee muscles it is recommended that swimmers use a well-designed strength and stretching program, warm-up adequately, use correct breastroke kick technique, gradually build up the distance of breastroke swimming and have a balanced training program that focuses on not only breastroke and also has Document [16] (Title: Kick (association football)) second stage is the plant foot force, which involves situating the supporting foot at a distance lateral from the ball prior to kicking. The third stage is the swing limb loading that requires the preparation of the hip flexors and knee extensors to load or eccentrically stretch for forward movement in order for the swinging limb to strike the ball. It is also known as the backswing phase. The fourth stage is when the hip flexors and knee extensors initiate a forceful contraction in the swinging limb at a high velocity towards the ball. This stage is considered the swinging Document [17] (Title: Peroneal strike) Peroneal strike A peroneal strike is a temporarily disabling blow to the common peroneal nerve of the leg, just above the knee. The attacker aims roughly a hand span above the exterior side of the knee, towards the back of the leg. This causes a temporary loss of motor control of the leg, accompanied by numbness and a painful tingling sensation from the point of impact all the way down the leg, usually lasting anywhere from 30 seconds to 5 minutes in duration. The strike is commonly made with the knee, a baton, or shin kick, but can be done Document [18] (Title: Genu valgum) lower femur and total knee replacement (TKR). Weight loss and substitution of high-impact for low-impact exercise can help slow progression of the condition. With every step, the patient's weight places a distortion on the knee toward a knocked knee position, and the effect is increased with increased angle or increased weight. Even in the normal knee position, the femurs function at an angle because they connect to the hip girdle at points much further apart than they connect at the knees. Working with a physical medicine specialist such as a physiatrist, or a physiotherapist may assist a patient learning how Document [19] (Title: Patellar dislocation) assess the knee, a clinician can perform the patellar apprehension test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees. The people can do the "patella tracking assessment" by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the , and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures. The patella is a floating sesamoid bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should Document [20] (Title: Arthrokinetic reflex) Arthrokinetic reflex The terms "arthrokinetic reflex" was coined by medical researchers at the University of Pittsburgh's Medical School, department of Physiology, in 1956 to refer to the way in which joint movement can reflexively cause muscle activation or inhibition. The prefix "Arthro-" means joint, "kinetic" signifies motion, and a reflex in humans refers to an involuntary movement in response to a given stimulus. Thus, the arthrokinetic reflex refers to the involuntary response that happens when a joint is moved, namely that relevant muscles fire reflexively. In 1956, Leonard Cohen and Manfred Cohen discovered that moving a decerebrate cat's knee joint Document [21] (Title: Kick) the body are very present in mixed martial arts, with some fighters employing them sporadically, while others, like Lyoto Machida, Edson Barboza and Donald Cerrone rely heavily on their use and have multiple knockouts by kicks on their resumee. Delivering a front kick involves raising the knee and foot of the striking leg to the desired height and extending the leg to contact the target. The actual strike is usually delivered by the ball of the foot for a forward kick or the top of the toes for an upward kick. Taekwondo practitioners utilize both the heel and ball of Document [22] (Title: Running) the ankle and knee joints will release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase. The quadriceps group/knee extensors go into full knee extension, pushing the body off of the ground. At the same time, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion, adding to a pulling motion on the ground and beginning the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to maximum, adding the forces pulling and pushing off of the ground. The movement and momentum generated by the hip extensors also contributes to knee flexion and the beginning of the initial swing phase. Initial Document [23] (Title: Reflex arc) roots of the spinal cord, via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve. The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle, leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee (i.e. the lower leg kicks forward). Ultimately, an improper patellar reflex may indicate CNS injury. The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic (hamstring) muscles. The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates (by not opposing) the extension Document [24] (Title: Natarajasana) and balancing asana is used in the Indian classical dance form Bharatanatyam. To get into this position, start in mountain pose or tadasana. Bend your left knee so your knee points down towards the ground and your heal moves toward your seat. Grab the inside of your left foot with your left palm. Spread your left toes, and kick your palm, moving your foot into the air faster than your chest moves forward. Broaden your collar bones. To move into the full variation of this pose, extend the right arm behind you and reach for the left foot. This may Document [25] (Title: Cremaster muscle) the testes while dealing with a fight or flight situation. Clinically, a reflex arc termed the cremasteric reflex can be demonstrated by lightly stroking the skin of the inner thigh downwards from the hip towards the knee. This stimulates the sensory fibers of the ilioinguinal nerve, which enters the spinal cord at L1. The sensory fibers stimulate the motor fibers of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (also at spinal level L1), which provides innervation to the cremaster muscles causing the contraction of the muscle and elevation of the testes. This causes the cremaster muscle on the same side Document [26] (Title: Tear of meniscus) muscular strengthening and neuromuscular training are emphasized using progressive weight bearing and balance exercises. Exercises in this phase can increase knee flexion for more than 90ᵒ. Advised exercises include stationary bicycle, standing on foam surface with two and one leg, abdominal and back strengthening, and quadriceps strengthening. The proposed criteria include normal gait on all surfaces and single leg balance longer than 15 seconds (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993). Patients begin exercises in phase III 14 to 22 weeks after surgery. Phase III’s goal and final criteria is to perform sport/work specific movements with no pain or swelling (Fowler, Document [27] (Title: Kick) hook kick, and is sometimes practised as an off-target front snap kick. The leg is bent like the front kick, but the knee is pointed at a target to the left or right of the true target. The energy from the snap is then redirected, whipping the leg into an arc and hitting the target from the side. This is useful for getting inside defenses and striking the side of the head or for knocking down hands to follow up with a close attack. In many styles of T'ai chi ch'uan and Kalaripayattu, crescent kicks are taught as tripping techniques. Document [28] (Title: Kick) (aka: Button Camel). This strike is a low roundhouse kick that hits the backside of the calf with the shin. While a Calf Kick sacrifices range in comparison to a standard low roundhouse kick to the thigh, the Calf Kick can't be checked with a knee or grabbed with an arm making it a safer kick for a striker in MMA matches vs opponents capable of checking low kicks or grapplers looking for takedown opportunities. In Japanese, "mikazuki Geri"; in Korean, "bandal chagi" (반달 차기). The crescent kick, also referred to as a 'swing' kick, has some similarities to a Document [29] (Title: Swimming injuries) seek the advice of a medical professional. Breastroker’s knee is the name given to pain felt within and around the knee that is experienced by swimmers. It is named this due to the fact it is most commonly only breastrokers that experience pain within the knee and around the knee. Most swimmer will have no problems with their knees however ‘the majority (86%) of breaststroke swimmers will have experienced knee pain at one point in their career and 47.2% of them will have had this problem at least one time every week.’ There are several factors that increase the swimmers Document [30] (Title: Knee) while bending. Pain often occurs when one squats. Small meniscus tears are treated conservatively but most large tears require surgery. Knee fractures are rare but do occur, especially as a result of motor vehicle accidents. There is usually immediate pain; swelling and one may not be able to stand on the leg. The muscles go into spasm and even the slightest movements are painful. X-rays can easily confirm the injury and surgery depends on the degree of displacement and type of fracture. Tendons usually attach muscle to bone. In the knee the quadriceps and patellar tendon can sometimes tear. The Document [31] (Title: Front kick) kick can also be feinted, angled or delivered from the ground. Front kick The front kick in martial arts is a kick executed by lifting the knee straight forward, while keeping the foot and shin either hanging freely or pulled to the hip, and then straightening the leg in front of the practitioner and striking the target area. It is desirable to retract the leg immediately after delivering the kick, to avoid the opponent trying to grapple the leg and (unless a combination is in process) to return to stable fighting stance. The front Kick described is the typical basic Document [32] (Title: Posterior cruciate ligament) accident or falling hard on the knee, both instances displacing the tibia posterior to the femur. An additional test of posterior cruciate ligament injury is the "posterior sag test", where, in contrast to the drawer test, no active force is applied. Rather, the person lies supine with the leg held by another person so that the hip is flexed to 90 degrees and the knee 90 degrees. The main parameter in this test is "step-off", which is the shortest distance from the femur to a hypothetical line that tangents the surface of the tibia from the tibial tuberosity and upwards. Document [33] (Title: Knee (strike)) flying knee offers substantial momentum and knockout power. This spectacular strike is a crowd-pleaser in fighting sports such as K-1 (kickboxing) and MMA. In one UFC bout, James Irvin knocked out Terry Martin with a flying knee; Martin was unresponsive for three minutes and left on a stretcher. At K-1 Hero's 5, Norifumi Yamamoto knocked out Kazuyuki Miyata with a flying knee at four seconds into the first round. 3 time K-1 champion Remy Bonjasky is known for his flying knees. Japanese professional wrestling, in keeping with its martial arts roots, has many wrestlers utilizing knees in matches. Tomomi Tsuruta Document [34] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) to assist with stabilizing the knee joint as it prepares for weight acceptance. Once the foot is flat the vertical ground reaction force moves posterior to the knee joint as the trunk glides over the stance foot, resulting in an external knee flexion moment. This is counteracted by an internal knee extension moment which continues through the rest of stance. This knee extension moment assists with weight acceptance and deceleration of the forward motion of the center of mass. At heel strike the vertical ground reaction force is located posterior to the axis of rotation of the ankle joint. An Document [35] (Title: Patellar reflex) the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought. The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there "is" an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (Reciprocal innervation). This test of a basic automatic Document [36] (Title: Drawer test) Drawer test The drawer test is used in the initial clinical assessment of suspected rupture of the cruciate ligaments in the knee. The patient should be supine with the hips flexed to 45 degrees, the knees flexed to 90 degrees and the feet flat on table. The examiner positions himself by sitting on the examination table in front of the involved knee and grasping the tibia just below the joint line of the knee. The thumbs are placed along the joint line on either side of the patellar tendon. The tibia is then drawn forward anteriorly. An increased amount of Document [37] (Title: Strike (attack)) as chambering, and extending the leg to contact the target, typically with the upper body straight and balanced. The actual strike is usually delivered by the ball of the foot. Thrusting one's hips is a common method of increasing both reach and power of the kick; depending on practitioner's particular needs, a front kick may involve more or less body motion. Front kicks are typically aimed at targets below the chest: abdomen, thighs, groin, knees or lower, however advanced practitioner have the capability of striking head-level targets with the front kick. The side kick refers to a kick that is Document [38] (Title: Kick) Kick A kick is a physical strike using the leg, in unison usually with an area of the knee or lower using the foot, heel, tibia, ball of the foot, blade of the foot, toes or knee (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This type of attack is used frequently by hooved animals as well as humans in the context of stand-up fighting. Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as savate, taekwondo, MMA, sikaran, karate, Pankration, Kung Fu, Vovinam, kickboxing, Muay Thai, Yaw-Yan, capoeira, silat, and kalaripayattu. Kicking is also prominent Document [39] (Title: Knee (strike)) a stand-up position both when the combatants are separated, or when they are clinching. A particularly effective clinching position for throwing front knee is the double collar tie, where the head of the opponent is controlled. On the ground, front knees can be effective from a few top positions such as the Side control and north-south position. Typical targets for the front knee include the head, hips, ribs, solar plexus, stomach and thighs. In Muay Thai, a double collar tie with a front knee to the face was traditionally called "Hak Kor Aiyara". The groin is widely considered the key Document [40] (Title: Strike (attack)) deceiving. A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. The most common is the straight knee strike, often employed from a clinch or double collar tie, targeting anywhere from the groin to the head. Variants include the curved knee strike, which is similar to a roundhouse kick, and the jumping or flying knee. While less common, other parts of the body are used in specific strikes. In a bottom strike, as taught by Impact self-defense and other self-defense systems, the defendant drives his or Document [41] (Title: Tear of meniscus) planning sport activities it makes sense to consult a physical therapist and check how much impact the sport will have on the knee. The meniscal tear is the most common knee injury. It tends to be more frequent in sports that have rough contact or pivoting sports such as soccer. It is more common in males than females, with a ratio of about two and a half males to one female. Males between the ages of 31 and 40 tend to tear their meniscus more frequently than younger men. Females seem to be more likely to tear their meniscus between Document [42] (Title: Patellar reflex) Patellar reflex The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (myotatic) (monosynaptic) (American spelling knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with Document [43] (Title: Rectus femoris muscle) patella or in the muscle itself. The injury is usually a partial tear but could be a full tear. The injury is caused by a forceful movement related to sprinting, jumping, or kicking and is common in sports like football or soccer. The rectus femoris is prone to injury since it crosses both the knee and the hip. Symptoms include a sudden sharp pain at the front of the hip or in the groin, swelling and bruising, and an inability to contract the rectus femoris with a full tear. Rectus femoris muscle The rectus femoris muscle is one of the Document [44] (Title: Squat (exercise)) angles have been used to rehabilitate knee extensors. Conducting squats at a declined angle allows the knee to flex despite possible pain or lack of mobilization in the ankle. If therapists are looking to focus on the knee during squats, one study shows that doing single-limb squats at a 16° decline angle has the greatest activation of the knee extensors without placing excessive pressure on the ankles. This same study also found that a 24° decline angle can be used to strengthen ankles and knee extensors. Squat (exercise) In strength training and fitness, the squat is a compound, full body Document [45] (Title: Kick (association football)) forwards while the knee continues to flex. During the last stages (stage 5 and 6) of the kick, the kicking foot exhibits plantar flexion at the ankle joint when coming into contact with the ball. Throughout each stage of the kick, the supporting limb knee is at a constant flexion. It is required to “absorb the impact of landing” and helps with reducing the forward motion. Once the kicking limb is near contact with the ball, the supporting knee initiates extension to stabilize the action. Prior to contact with the ball, there is a lateral flexion between the supporting limb Document [46] (Title: Reflex arc) of the lower leg. In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord, for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish. Reflex arc A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the Document [47] (Title: Passing (association football)) were familiar with older styles. It is good to approach the ball at around 30 degrees. Turn the foot you are going to make the pass with outwards and lock the ankle so it is strong on contact with the ball. Bend the knee of your passing leg slightly so the foot is in the correct position to pass. With your standing foot about hip-width away from the ball, bring your kicking foot through and strike the middle of the ball with the inside of your foot. The aim of a short pass is generally to keep the ball low, Document [48] (Title: ACL injuries in the Australian Football League) and the patella (the knee cap). Within these two main bones tendons attach the bones to the muscles that give the knee movement, while the ligaments provide the knee with stability. The ACL looks like a mixture of an oval and triangle shape, and is located in a very compact area within the knee. The ACL fibers are in place to give direction for the knee to move, such as a kicking or twisting motion. If an ACL rupture occurs, it immediately forces an increase for not only the anterior tibial translation but also the internal tibial rotation as the Document [49] (Title: Patellar reflex) Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord. The term "knee-jerk" was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk." The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, Document [50] (Title: Kick) calf, or even thigh, since attacking leg muscles will often cripple an opponent's mobility. The side kick refers to a kick that is delivered sideways in relation to the body of the person kicking. It is one of the most adaptable kicks, useful as both an offensive move and as a defensive counter to a blitzing opponent. There are two areas that are commonly used as impact points in sidekicks: the heel of the foot or the outer edge of the foot. The heel is more suited to hard targets such as the ribs, stomach, jaw, temple and chest. However, Document [51] (Title: Posterior cruciate ligament injury) mechanism, the dashboard injury mechanism, the knee experiences impact in a posterior direction during knee flexion toward the space above the tibia. These mechanisms occur in excessive external tibial rotation and during falls that induce a combination of extension and adduction of the tibia, which is referred to as varus-extension stress, or that occur while the knee is flexed. Knee injuries are very common among athletes as well as regular active people and can always be prevented. Ligament tears account for more than forty percent of knee injuries and the posterior cruciate ligament is considered one of the less common Document [52] (Title: Squat (exercise)) (i.e., top of the quadriceps) below the top of the knee. Squatting below parallel qualifies a squat as deep while squatting above it qualifies as shallow. Some authorities caution against deep squats; though the forces on the ACL and PCL decrease at high flexion, compressive forces on the menisci and articular cartilages in the knee peak at these same high angles. This makes the relative safety of deep versus shallow squats difficult to determine. As the body gradually descends, the hips and knees undergo flexion, the ankle extends ("dorsiflexes") and muscles around the joint contract eccentrically, reaching maximal contraction at Document [53] (Title: Arnis) toe kick, a stomp, or a knee. Targets include the groin, thighs, knees, shins, ankles, feet and toes. The upper body is used only for defensive maneuvers, making pananadiyak ideal for when combatants are engaged in a clinch. When used effectively, the strikes can bring an opponent to the ground or otherwise end an altercation by making them too weak to stand. Fundamental techniques include kicking or smashing the ankle to force it either towards or away from the opposite foot (severe supination or pronation, respectively), heel-stomping the top of the foot where it meets the lower leg so as Document [54] (Title: Kick (association football)) supporting limb are active to prevent the hip from adducting. As the kicking limb begins forward movement in stage 4, quadriceps, hip flexor muscles (iliopsoas), knee extensor muscles including the rectus femoris creates concentric activity to produce a fast forward velocity toward the ball by extending the knee and flexing the hip. During the swing stage prior to contact of the ball in stage 5, there is greater activation of the rectus femoris and the vastus medialis that may contribute to final knee extension speed. Also during the swinging limb stages, the gluteus medius has a greater activation in the Document [55] (Title: Kick) When training for crescent kicks, it is common to keep the knee extended to increase the difficulty. This also increases the momentum of the foot and can generate more force, though it takes longer to build up the speed. The inward/inner/inside crescent hits with the inside edge of the foot. Its arch is clockwise for the left leg and counter-clockwise for the right leg. Force is generated by both legs' hip adduction. The inward variant has also been called a "hangetsu geri" (Half moon kick) in karate and is employed to "wipe" an opponents hand off of one's wrist. It Document [56] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) muscles which serve the purpose of cushioning the rate of loading on the lower limb and preventing excessive knee flexion. Following through to mid-and terminal stance, the knee gradually extends with concentric activity of the knee extensor muscles and approaches near full extension as heel off occurs (30-40% of gait cycle). At this point the knee flexor muscles concentrically flex the knee again for swing phase. The maximum knee flexion that occurs during swing is about 60 degrees. Sagittal plane motions of the ankle occur at the talocrural joint. As the heel contacts the ground the ankle joint is near Document [57] (Title: Professional wrestling attacks) a running enzuigiri to the kneeling opponent's head without the use of the opponent's knee for leverage. Many other "shining" attacks exist, including big boots and dropkicks. The shining wizard can be applied to a standing opponent as well; this would be likely applied by stepping off the opponent's chest and then delivering a knee smash to the opponent's face. AJ Lee uses this move. Also known as a discus knee or rolling knee, the wrestler advances towards a sitting or bent over opponent, performs a 360° spin and uses the momentum to deliver a jumping knee strike to the Document [58] (Title: Mawashi geri) and the entire body rotates as the knee swings around to the front (picture swinging one's leg over to mount a bicycle). The rotation of the body and lateral movement of the leg add to the momentum of the lower leg, which moves in and out the same as above. The final possible variation is in the foot, itself. One may either strike with the instep of the foot (with the ankle and toes extended), or with the ball of the foot (ankle and toes bent back). Alternately, one could forgo the use of the foot entirely, and strike with Document [59] (Title: Reflex arc) Reflex arc A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action. There are two types: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles). However, autonomic reflexes sometimes Document [60] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) the brain. Cutaneous receptors are a type of sensory receptor, which respond to stimuli (touch, pressure, pain, temperature) that provide information regarding contact with the external environment. A common reflex involving cutaneous receptors is the crossed extensor reflex. This reflex is recruited when we experience a painful stimulus on the bottom of our foot, such as stepping on a tack. The response is to quickly pull the foot that stepped on the tack away, and at the same time, shift our weight to the opposite (contralateral) leg for balance. It has been noted that the muscle activation response to cutaneous Document [61] (Title: Kick) chagi". The hook kick strikes with the heel from the side (or flat of the foot in sparring). It is executed similar to a side kick. However, the kick is intentionally aimed slightly off target in the direction of the kicking foot's toes. At full extension, the knee is bent and the foot snapped to the side, impacting the target with the heel. In Taekwondo it is often used at the resulting miss of a short slide side kick to the head, but is considered a very high level technique in said circumstance. Practitioners of jeet kune do frequently use Document [62] (Title: Knee (strike)) Generally, flying knee strikes can be effectively applied when the opponent is off-balanced, recovering from previous strikes, or as a counter to a strike by the opponent. It can also be used as a follow-up maneuver after delivering a particularly incapacitating strike. One example took place at a UFC event, where Pablo Garza knocked Fredson Paixao unconscious with a flying knee when Paixao shot in for a takedown. A famous flying knee strike in pop culture is the "Knee of Justice" used by Captain Falcon in the Super Smash Bros. series. Provided that it makes impact with the head, a Document [63] (Title: Ankle jerk reflex) spinal segment. This reflex is mediated by the S1 spinal segment of the spinal cord. Ankle of the patient is relaxed. It is helpful to support the ball of the foot at least somewhat to put some tension in the Achilles tendon, but don’t completely dorsiflex the ankle. A small strike is given on the Achilles tendon using a rubber hammer to elicit the response. If the practitioner is not able to elicit a response, a Jendrassik maneuver can be tried by having the patient cup their fingers on each hand and try to pull the hands apart. A positive Document [64] (Title: Strike (attack)) a surface to balance out the break much as the thigh is for the juji-gatame in judo. Leg strikes is a physical strike using the ball of the foot, heel, shin, knee or thigh (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This attack is often used in hand-to-hand combat, especially in stand-up fighting. Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as Taekwondo, Karate, Kung fu, Vovinam, Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Capoeira, Silat, and Kalarippayattu. Delivering a front kick involves raising the knee and foot of the striking leg to the desired height, also known Document [65] (Title: Patellar reflex) October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk." Patellar reflex The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (myotatic) (monosynaptic) (American spelling knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor Document [66] (Title: Foot) heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will roll in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed evenly across the metatarsus. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track directly over the hallux. This rolling inwards motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that the body naturally absorbs shock. Neutral pronation is the most ideal, efficient type of gait when using a heel strike gait; in a forefoot strike, the body absorbs shock instead via flexation of the foot. As Document [67] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) 2. Tibial nerve (innervating the plantar surface of the foot)3. Sural nerve (innervating the lateral portion of the foot)4. Superficial branch of radial nerve (innervating forearm and hand on the thumb side) Human locomotion is often examined from the perspective of the gait cycle. Cutaneous reflexes demonstrate variations in the muscles activated and the timing at which they are activated depending on which portion of the gait cycle the stimulation occurs. This variation suggests a functional role for the reflex to provide us with a smooth gait alteration when encountering or anticipating obstacles and challenging terrain. The major muscles impacted Document [68] (Title: Plyometrics) squat (crouch) upon landing in which the hip, knee, and ankle joints flex. The takeoff or jump upward is executed in a sequence initiated by hip-joint extension followed by knee-joint extension which begins during the hip-joint extension. As the knee-joint extension is taking place, ankle-joint extension begins and is the only action that occurs as the takeoff (breaking contact with the ground) takes place. All three actions contribute force to the upward jump, but the knee-joint extension is the major contributor. The most common type of plyometrics used in the United States is simple and relatively easy jump exercises executed Document [69] (Title: Kick (association football)) phase. The fifth stage is when the swinging foot makes complete contact with the ball. Lastly, once the foot makes impact, the kicker should try to keep their foot in contact with the ball as long as they can. This is possible by proceeding with the swing of the limb until ball is out of contact. This stage is also known as the follow through phase. Joint motions are focused on the lower extremities; although there is recognition of upper body joint movements during the kick. Starting in stage 3, the kicking limb moves posterior of the positioned body, which Document [70] (Title: Front kick) of lifting ones knee before the rest of the kick commences, something which is considered important in Taekwondo, where it is somewhat literally translated from the Korean "ap chagi" (앞차기), (and many kicking arts with the notable exception of Capoeira). In competition fights (known as "sparring" or "kyorugi") this kick sees little actual use, except possibly as a component in an improvised kick which is perhaps intended as an "an chagi" or "naeryo chagi". It is common to slightly bend the knee of the leg one is standing on when executing this kick, and pointing the foot one is standing Document [71] (Title: Knee (strike)) target for knee strikes and clinch knee attacks in a street fight according to karate, tae kwon do, muay thai, and many other martial arts. The curved knee (also sometimes called a side knee or roundhouse knee) is similar to the front knee except that it does not use a forward thrusting motion, but is instead rotated from the outside. Whereas the front knee needs some space in between the combatants to be performed, the curved knee can be executed from a minimal distance, such as in a close clinch. This technique is often employed when an opponent is attempting Document [72] (Title: Roundhouse kick) middle, high) to inflict damage to different parts of the opponent's body. Low (or lowpoint) kicks generally target the thigh just above the knee joint for the purpose of weakening the leg, which serves many purposes such as limiting the opponent's mobility, potentially his or her ability to stand on the leg altogether and his or her ability to use it for forceful kicks. Muay Thai practitioners are taught to repeatedly strike the same point on the thigh to increase the cumulative effect of low kicks as a match proceeds. Some Thai camps emphasize targeting the inner thigh to compress Document [73] (Title: Kick (association football)) and the trunk of the performer. Both the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus have greater activity in the kicking leg during the foot planting stage (Stage 2) preparing to raise the leg posterior of the body. During the backward swing in stage 3, the hamstrings (bicep femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) are activated to flex the knee and extend the hip in the swinging limb. Hamstrings are also activated in the supporting limb throughout the swinging stages until foot comes into contact with the ball to allow stabilization and balance. Stabilizer muscles, such as the gluteus medius and psoas, on the Document [74] (Title: Breaststroke) Before the kick the knee is maximally bent and the upper leg is rotating along its axis to its extreme outer position and the lower leg is twisted to extreme, at the end of the kick the ankles are maximally turned to the inside so that the soles clap together to achieve a nozzle effect like in a jelly fish. Therefore, training involves getting flexible in addition to fitness and precision. The sudden sideways stress on knee at the kick can lead to uncomfortable noise and feeling for the beginner and to wear for the senior. The easiest way to Document [75] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) which present instability or challenging locomotive movements. In unstable conditions, such as disturbances occurring when the arms are crossed, there is facilitation or amplification in both the ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes which are muscle specific. With superficial fibular nerve stimulation, the ipsilateral biceps femoris (knee flexor) and ipsilateral soleus (plantar flexor) reflexes are amplified during swing to allow the leg to clear the obstacle. In contrast, the contralateral, opposite, leg demonstrates amplification of both the tibialis anterior (dorsiflexor) and the gastrocnemius (plantar flexor) providing additional leg stiffness for stability of the stance leg. Similar amplification results are seen in both Document [76] (Title: Bulbocavernosus reflex) injury of the conus medullaris or sacral nerve roots. There is an association between hyperexcitable bulbocavernosus reflex resulting from stimulation of the prostatic urethra and premature ejaculation. The bulbocavernosus reflex has been found to be delayed or absent at a higher rate than the general population in diabetic men with complaints of erectile impotence, and men whose penises have been circumcised or have permanent retraction of the foreskin behind the glans penis. Bulbocavernosus reflex The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR), bulbospongiosus reflex (BSR) or "Osinski reflex" is a polysynaptic reflex that is useful in testing for spinal shock and gaining information about Document [77] (Title: Jendrassik maneuver) Jendrassik maneuver The Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient clenches the teeth, flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form, and interlocks those sets of fingers together. The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a reflex hammer to elicit the patellar reflex. The elicited response is compared with the reflex result of the same action when the maneuver is not in use. Often a larger reflex response will be observed when the patient is occupied with the maneuver, as the maneuver may prevent the patient from consciously inhibiting or influencing his or her Document [78] (Title: Roundhouse kick) of the lower striking leg around the knee found in most other martial arts. The power is instead entirely created by the rotation of the supporting leg and hips; akin to swinging a baseball bat. The practical difference is the objective of the kick. A standard karate or taekwondo roundhouse kick has one snap the instep at the objective, but a Muay Thai roundhouse uses the combined momentum generated by the leg and hip for more power. Because the kick is executed with such non-retractable power, a missed kick requires the kicker to either continue spinning (180 degrees or a Document [79] (Title: Kick (association football)) is possible with hip extension. The hip is also adducted and externally rotated with knee flexion, knee internal rotation, and slight plantar flexion at the ankle joint on the kicking leg to prepare for impact with the ball. When the kicking foot comes into contact with the ball, hip goes into flexion, abduction, and external rotation with knee at a slight constant flexion. The pelvis rotates around the supporting limb by raising the thigh of the kicking limb forward. Forward motion is initiated by rotating the pelvis around the supporting leg and by bring the thigh of the kicking leg Document [80] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) involve four (4) motions important to locomotion: Cutaneous stimulation of the superficial fibular nerve (SF) would typically occur when the top of the foot encounters an obstacle. The reflexive response to this activation is to pull the leg up and over the obstacle, while also preparing for a possible stumble or fall. Observed EMG muscle responses to SF stimulation help to explain how this reflexive response is accomplished: Tibial nerve (TN) stimulation demonstrates a phase dependent response, in which the muscle activation varies depending on what part of the gait cycle a person is in when the stimulation occurs. 1. Document [81] (Title: Passing (association football)) swing your kicking leg through. Use your arms for balance, position your non-kicking foot close to the side of the ball, and keep your eyes on the ball. If you want to keep the ball low you must keep the knee of your kicking foot over the ball and not lean back as you strike the centre of the ball with your laces, following through. If you want increased power and height, hit the ball near the bottom, lean back further and follow through the ball more. Ideally you do not want the ball to bounce before it reaches a Document [82] (Title: Reflex arc) In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain. When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps. This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve Document [83] (Title: Drop (b-boy move)) slams into the back of the right knee in a "figure-four" position. As the right leg collapses, the breaker falls forward (not to either side!). Ideally unseen by observers, the left foot actually sticks out just to the right of the collapsing knee, and the toes should be pulled up hard. Instead of landing on the knee, the breaker lands on the toes of the left foot. The breaker drops as one leg sweeps out around in a wide arc. As all the weight shifts to the left leg, the right leg kicks backwards. The left leg bends so that Document [84] (Title: Roundhouse kick) rotation "before" or during the rising of the knee. The knee is then rotated so that it is nearly parallel to the ground (counterclockwise for the right leg roundhouse) and the kicking hip is simultaneously rotated towards the opponent. The rotation of the hip, combined with the snapping of the leg forward, gives the kick its power. The striking surface is the instep or the ball of the foot. In this way taekwondo differs from Chinese sanshou, where the striking surface is the shin. This is also called an "off the line" or "rear leg" roundhouse kick. The roundhouse kick Document [85] (Title: Strike (attack)) delivered sideways in relation to the body of the practitioner. There are two areas that are commonly used as impact points in sidekicks: the heel of the foot and the outer edge of the foot. The heel is more suited to hard targets such as the ribs, stomach, jaw, temple and chest. A sidekick is performed by first chambering the kicking leg diagonally across the body, then extending the leg in a linear fashion toward the target, while flexing the abdominals. Also referred to as a "round kick", this is the most commonly used kick in combat sports due to Document [86] (Title: Kneecapping) prevents full freedom of movement or utilization of resources. Kneecapping Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well. The severity of the injury can vary from simple Document [87] (Title: Primitive reflexes) grasp of it may be able to support the child's weight, they may also release their grip suddenly and without warning. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of the hand. A plantar reflex is a normal reflex that involves plantar flexion of the foot, which moves toes away from the shin and curls them down. An abnormal plantar reflex (aka Babinski Sign) occurs when upper motor neuron control over the flexion reflex circuit is interrupted. This results in a dorsiflexion of the foot (foot angles towards the shin, big toe curls up). This also Document [88] (Title: Low kick) sciatic nerve, which is the longest and widest nerve in the human body, beginning in the lower back and running through the buttocks all the way to the lower limb, is a frequent target for low kicks. The most common defense against a low kick is known as "checking", where the leg is bent and brought up to protect the thigh. This causes the kicker to slam their shin into the defending fighters' shin or knee, causing pain and damage to the offender. In some instances, a well executed check of a low kick can break the leg of the Document [89] (Title: Kick (association football)) rectus femoris, psoas major, iliacus, sartorius, pectineus, adductor brevis, longus, and magnus), and extension on the “planted” leg side (gluteus maximus, hamstring group and adductor magnus. The side lunge increases strength of the quadriceps muscles, gluteus maximus, and hip adductors & flexors. The side lunge improves balance by putting the body weight on the planted leg while trying to prevent falling back or forward. In addition, cariocas is an exercise in which the person moves laterally while facing forward by internally rotating the hip and stepping over with the leg contralateral to the direction of the movement. This exercise improves Document [90] (Title: Professional wrestling attacks) the opponent in front of him to execute the move, throwing the legs of the opponent out backwards to rotate them 180°, before making the opponent land face first over the bent right knee. An attack in which a wrestler will charge towards the opponent, then jumps up and raises a knee to hit the opponent usually into the side of the head. This move has been closely associated with Harley Race, often being referred to as a "Harley Race High-Knee". It has later been popularized as a signature move by WWE Superstars as Triple H and CM Punk. This Document [91] (Title: Tear of meniscus) mass and strength may also aid in maintaining healthy knees. The use of the parallel squat increases much needed stability in the knee if executed properly. Execution of the parallel squat will develop the lower body muscles that will strengthen the hips, knees, and ankles. The last major way to prevent a tear in the meniscus is learning proper technique for the movement that is taking place. For the sports involving quick powerful movements it is important to learn how to cut, turn, land from a jump, and stop correctly. It is important to take the time out to perfect Document [92] (Title: Knee) ACL requires surgery. After surgery, recovery is prolonged and low impact exercises are recommended to strengthen the joint. The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee joint. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisci injury may be innocuous and one may be able to walk after a tear, but soon swelling and pain set in. Sometimes the knee will lock Document [93] (Title: Running) swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another footstrike. Initial swing ends at midswing, when the limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion Document [94] (Title: Knee (strike)) Knee (strike) A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. Kneeing is a disallowed practice in many combat sports, especially to the head of a downed opponent. Styles such as Muay Thai and several mixed martial arts organizations allow kneeing depending on the positioning of the fighters. The straight knee (also known as a front knee) is a typical knee strike, and involves thrusting the front of the knee into the head or body of an opponent. The straight knee can be applied from Document [95] (Title: Crossed extensor reflex) stimulated side of the body to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. There, they synapse with interneurons, which, in turn, excite or inhibit alpha motor neurons to the muscles of the contralateral limb. In the ipsilateral leg (the one which steps on the nail), the flexors contract and the extensors relax to lift the leg from the ground. On the contralateral side (the one that bears all the weight), the flexors relax and the extensors contract to stiffen the leg since it must suddenly support the entire weight of the body. At the same time, signals travel up the Question: where do you hit the knee for reflex Answer: the patellar tendon Long Answer: Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle . This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres . From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction . This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick . This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought. Gold Document ID: 82

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) of flexion and 10 degrees of extension (from neutral) are needed at the hip joint for a normal walking pattern. The knee has a more complex movement pattern compared to the hip. At heel contact the knee extensor and flexor muscles co-contract to provide stability for the knee joint since it is almost maximally extended at that point in time. Shortly after, as the foot becomes flat on the ground, the knee gradually flexes approximately 10-15 degrees reaching the maximum at about 15% of the gait cycle. This small amount of knee flexion is controlled eccentrically by the knee extensor Document [2] (Title: Squat (exercise)) the bottom is lost as a result. Over-flexing the torso greatly increases the forces exerted on the lower back, risking a spinal disc herniation. Another error where health of the knee joint is concerned is when the knee is not aligned with the direction of the toes. If the knee is not tracking over the toes during the movement this results in twisting/shearing of the joint and unwanted torque affecting the ligaments which can soon result in injury. The knee should always follow the toe. Have your toes slightly pointed out in order to track the knee properly. Some common Document [3] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) and the vertical ground reaction force moves posterior to the axis of rotation of the hip joint. This creates an external hip extension moment, which must be resisted by an internal hip flexion moment. This flexion moment decelerates the extension motion occurring at the thigh and then pulls the hip into flexion for swing phase. At heel strike the vertical ground reaction force is located anterior to the axis of rotation of the knee joint. Momentarily, this creates an external knee extension moment during the first percent of stance. To counteract this moment, an internal knee flexion moment is generated Document [4] (Title: Mechanoreceptor) frequency range generated upon finger tips by textures made of features smaller than 200 micrometres. The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts an extensor muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg. Tapping the tendon stretches the thigh muscle, which activates stretch receptors within the muscle called muscle spindles. Each muscle spindle consists of sensory nerve endings wrapped around special muscle fibers called spindle fibers (also called intrafusal fibers). Stretching a spindle fiber Document [5] (Title: Knee (strike)) also used a jumping knee as one of his finishing moves. Takashi Sugiura and Jun Akiyama are known for their effective knee strikes. José Aldo landed a double flying knee at WEC 41 against Cub Swanson, in one of his first international MMA fights, scoring a knockout win just eight seconds into the first round of the fight. Knee (strike) A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. Kneeing is a disallowed practice in many combat sports, especially to the head of a downed Document [6] (Title: Cradle (wrestling)) so it is potentially dangerous). Doing this during the far side cradle adds pressure and pain to the opponent so they do not put up as much of a fight. Another one of the above cradles is the standing cradle. This is usually performed after taking an outside leg shot (outside sweep) and pulling the leg up, with your arms in between the knee, and you standing to the outside of them. Once you stand up with the leg, get your arm that is nearest the foot of the leg you have, and get it to the outside of the Document [7] (Title: Arthrokinetic reflex) resulted in muscle activation of the quadriceps or semitendinosus, depending on whether the knee joint was moved into flexion or extension. The results were published in the American Journal of Physiology (volume 184). The arthrokinetic reflex was later documented in other joints and muscle groups such as the Temporomandibular joint and mandibular musculature. In recent years, practitioners of physical therapy and rehabilitation have suggested that the existence of the arthrokinetic reflex implies that joint mobilization may be useful in addressing chronic pain conditions such as lower-back pain or as a way to improve sports-related performance. Recent research has also hypothesized Document [8] (Title: Anterior cruciate ligament injury) and comparing it to the other, non-injured knee. When a doctor suspects ACL injury in a person who reports a popping sound in the knee followed by swelling, pain, and instability of the knee joint, they can perform several tests to evaluate the damage to the knee. These tests include the pivot-shift test, anterior drawer test, and Lachman test. The pivot-shift test involves flexing the knee while holding onto the ankle and slightly rotating the tibia inwards. In the anterior drawer test, the examiner flexes the knees to 90 degrees, sits on the person's feet, and gently pulls the tibia Document [9] (Title: Ankle jerk reflex) Ankle jerk reflex The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the gastrocnemius muscle and the nerve that supplies it. A positive result would be the jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface. Being a deep tendon reflex, it is monosynaptic. It is also a stretch reflex. These are monosynaptic spinal segmental reflexes. When they are intact, integrity of the following is confirmed: cutaneous innervation, motor supply, and cortical input to the corresponding Document [10] (Title: Knee) control the joint as the collateral ligaments are relaxed. Furthermore, the dorsal fibers of the tibial collateral ligament become tensed during extreme medial rotation and the ligament also reduces the lateral rotation to 45-60°. Knee pain is caused by trauma, misalignment, and degeneration as well as by conditions like arthritis. The most common knee disorder is generally known as patellofemoral syndrome.The majority of minor cases of knee pain can be treated at home with rest and ice but more serious injuries do require surgical care. One form of patellofemoral syndrome involves a tissue-related problem that creates pressure and irritation in Document [11] (Title: Knee) suprapatellar bursa described above. Four considerably smaller bursae are located on the back of the knee. Two non-communicative bursae are located in front of the patella and below the patellar tendon, and others are sometimes present. Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone and makes certain that the joint surfaces can slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the meniscus) and hyaline cartilage. Fibrous cartilage has tensile strength and can resist pressure. Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Document [12] (Title: Knee (strike)) to protect from a straight knee. Typical targets include floating ribs, hips, and the side of the abdomen. A flying knee (known as "hanuman thayarn" in Muay Thai, and sometimes called a jumping knee) is a knee strike very similar to a front knee, except that it is performed in stand-up fighting by jumping, and often by rushing towards the opponent. A more reckless application of the flying knee strike can be applied by rotating the body so that the side of the knee strikes the opponent, used more as an offensive pushing attack rather than a concussive KO attack. Document [13] (Title: Plantar reflex) in 1896, the reflex has been identified in art at least as early as Botticelli's Madonna and Child With an Angel, painted in the mid 15th Century. The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt instrument or device so as not to cause pain, discomfort, or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the toes (metatarsal pads). Many reflex hammers taper at the end of the handle to a point which was used for testing the plantar response in the past, however, due to the tightening Document [14] (Title: Kick) can quickly be followed up by a low side-blade kick to the knee of the offender. The outward/outer/outside crescent hits with the 'blade', the outside edge of the foot. Its path is counter-clockwise for the left leg and clockwise for the right leg, and force is generated by both legs' hip abduction. This is similar to a rising side kick, only with the kicking leg's hip flexed so that the line of force travels parallel to the ground from front to side rather than straight up, beginning and ending at the side. In Korean, "huryeo chagi" (후려 차기) or "golcho Document [15] (Title: Swimming injuries) chances of developing knee pain and inflammation of the knee muscles such as, the increasing age of the swimmer, the length of the competitive career, the length of the event, inadequate warm-up, strength imbalance of hip abductors/adductors and flexibility imbalance of hip abductors/adductors. In order to prevent the development of knee pain and inflammation of the knee muscles it is recommended that swimmers use a well-designed strength and stretching program, warm-up adequately, use correct breastroke kick technique, gradually build up the distance of breastroke swimming and have a balanced training program that focuses on not only breastroke and also has Document [16] (Title: Kick (association football)) second stage is the plant foot force, which involves situating the supporting foot at a distance lateral from the ball prior to kicking. The third stage is the swing limb loading that requires the preparation of the hip flexors and knee extensors to load or eccentrically stretch for forward movement in order for the swinging limb to strike the ball. It is also known as the backswing phase. The fourth stage is when the hip flexors and knee extensors initiate a forceful contraction in the swinging limb at a high velocity towards the ball. This stage is considered the swinging Document [17] (Title: Peroneal strike) Peroneal strike A peroneal strike is a temporarily disabling blow to the common peroneal nerve of the leg, just above the knee. The attacker aims roughly a hand span above the exterior side of the knee, towards the back of the leg. This causes a temporary loss of motor control of the leg, accompanied by numbness and a painful tingling sensation from the point of impact all the way down the leg, usually lasting anywhere from 30 seconds to 5 minutes in duration. The strike is commonly made with the knee, a baton, or shin kick, but can be done Document [18] (Title: Genu valgum) lower femur and total knee replacement (TKR). Weight loss and substitution of high-impact for low-impact exercise can help slow progression of the condition. With every step, the patient's weight places a distortion on the knee toward a knocked knee position, and the effect is increased with increased angle or increased weight. Even in the normal knee position, the femurs function at an angle because they connect to the hip girdle at points much further apart than they connect at the knees. Working with a physical medicine specialist such as a physiatrist, or a physiotherapist may assist a patient learning how Document [19] (Title: Patellar dislocation) assess the knee, a clinician can perform the patellar apprehension test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees. The people can do the "patella tracking assessment" by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the , and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures. The patella is a floating sesamoid bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should Document [20] (Title: Arthrokinetic reflex) Arthrokinetic reflex The terms "arthrokinetic reflex" was coined by medical researchers at the University of Pittsburgh's Medical School, department of Physiology, in 1956 to refer to the way in which joint movement can reflexively cause muscle activation or inhibition. The prefix "Arthro-" means joint, "kinetic" signifies motion, and a reflex in humans refers to an involuntary movement in response to a given stimulus. Thus, the arthrokinetic reflex refers to the involuntary response that happens when a joint is moved, namely that relevant muscles fire reflexively. In 1956, Leonard Cohen and Manfred Cohen discovered that moving a decerebrate cat's knee joint Document [21] (Title: Kick) the body are very present in mixed martial arts, with some fighters employing them sporadically, while others, like Lyoto Machida, Edson Barboza and Donald Cerrone rely heavily on their use and have multiple knockouts by kicks on their resumee. Delivering a front kick involves raising the knee and foot of the striking leg to the desired height and extending the leg to contact the target. The actual strike is usually delivered by the ball of the foot for a forward kick or the top of the toes for an upward kick. Taekwondo practitioners utilize both the heel and ball of Document [22] (Title: Running) the ankle and knee joints will release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase. The quadriceps group/knee extensors go into full knee extension, pushing the body off of the ground. At the same time, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion, adding to a pulling motion on the ground and beginning the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to maximum, adding the forces pulling and pushing off of the ground. The movement and momentum generated by the hip extensors also contributes to knee flexion and the beginning of the initial swing phase. Initial Document [23] (Title: Reflex arc) roots of the spinal cord, via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve. The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle, leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee (i.e. the lower leg kicks forward). Ultimately, an improper patellar reflex may indicate CNS injury. The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic (hamstring) muscles. The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates (by not opposing) the extension Document [24] (Title: Natarajasana) and balancing asana is used in the Indian classical dance form Bharatanatyam. To get into this position, start in mountain pose or tadasana. Bend your left knee so your knee points down towards the ground and your heal moves toward your seat. Grab the inside of your left foot with your left palm. Spread your left toes, and kick your palm, moving your foot into the air faster than your chest moves forward. Broaden your collar bones. To move into the full variation of this pose, extend the right arm behind you and reach for the left foot. This may Document [25] (Title: Cremaster muscle) the testes while dealing with a fight or flight situation. Clinically, a reflex arc termed the cremasteric reflex can be demonstrated by lightly stroking the skin of the inner thigh downwards from the hip towards the knee. This stimulates the sensory fibers of the ilioinguinal nerve, which enters the spinal cord at L1. The sensory fibers stimulate the motor fibers of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (also at spinal level L1), which provides innervation to the cremaster muscles causing the contraction of the muscle and elevation of the testes. This causes the cremaster muscle on the same side Document [26] (Title: Tear of meniscus) muscular strengthening and neuromuscular training are emphasized using progressive weight bearing and balance exercises. Exercises in this phase can increase knee flexion for more than 90ᵒ. Advised exercises include stationary bicycle, standing on foam surface with two and one leg, abdominal and back strengthening, and quadriceps strengthening. The proposed criteria include normal gait on all surfaces and single leg balance longer than 15 seconds (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993). Patients begin exercises in phase III 14 to 22 weeks after surgery. Phase III’s goal and final criteria is to perform sport/work specific movements with no pain or swelling (Fowler, Document [27] (Title: Kick) hook kick, and is sometimes practised as an off-target front snap kick. The leg is bent like the front kick, but the knee is pointed at a target to the left or right of the true target. The energy from the snap is then redirected, whipping the leg into an arc and hitting the target from the side. This is useful for getting inside defenses and striking the side of the head or for knocking down hands to follow up with a close attack. In many styles of T'ai chi ch'uan and Kalaripayattu, crescent kicks are taught as tripping techniques. Document [28] (Title: Kick) (aka: Button Camel). This strike is a low roundhouse kick that hits the backside of the calf with the shin. While a Calf Kick sacrifices range in comparison to a standard low roundhouse kick to the thigh, the Calf Kick can't be checked with a knee or grabbed with an arm making it a safer kick for a striker in MMA matches vs opponents capable of checking low kicks or grapplers looking for takedown opportunities. In Japanese, "mikazuki Geri"; in Korean, "bandal chagi" (반달 차기). The crescent kick, also referred to as a 'swing' kick, has some similarities to a Document [29] (Title: Swimming injuries) seek the advice of a medical professional. Breastroker’s knee is the name given to pain felt within and around the knee that is experienced by swimmers. It is named this due to the fact it is most commonly only breastrokers that experience pain within the knee and around the knee. Most swimmer will have no problems with their knees however ‘the majority (86%) of breaststroke swimmers will have experienced knee pain at one point in their career and 47.2% of them will have had this problem at least one time every week.’ There are several factors that increase the swimmers Document [30] (Title: Knee) while bending. Pain often occurs when one squats. Small meniscus tears are treated conservatively but most large tears require surgery. Knee fractures are rare but do occur, especially as a result of motor vehicle accidents. There is usually immediate pain; swelling and one may not be able to stand on the leg. The muscles go into spasm and even the slightest movements are painful. X-rays can easily confirm the injury and surgery depends on the degree of displacement and type of fracture. Tendons usually attach muscle to bone. In the knee the quadriceps and patellar tendon can sometimes tear. The Document [31] (Title: Front kick) kick can also be feinted, angled or delivered from the ground. Front kick The front kick in martial arts is a kick executed by lifting the knee straight forward, while keeping the foot and shin either hanging freely or pulled to the hip, and then straightening the leg in front of the practitioner and striking the target area. It is desirable to retract the leg immediately after delivering the kick, to avoid the opponent trying to grapple the leg and (unless a combination is in process) to return to stable fighting stance. The front Kick described is the typical basic Document [32] (Title: Posterior cruciate ligament) accident or falling hard on the knee, both instances displacing the tibia posterior to the femur. An additional test of posterior cruciate ligament injury is the "posterior sag test", where, in contrast to the drawer test, no active force is applied. Rather, the person lies supine with the leg held by another person so that the hip is flexed to 90 degrees and the knee 90 degrees. The main parameter in this test is "step-off", which is the shortest distance from the femur to a hypothetical line that tangents the surface of the tibia from the tibial tuberosity and upwards. Document [33] (Title: Knee (strike)) flying knee offers substantial momentum and knockout power. This spectacular strike is a crowd-pleaser in fighting sports such as K-1 (kickboxing) and MMA. In one UFC bout, James Irvin knocked out Terry Martin with a flying knee; Martin was unresponsive for three minutes and left on a stretcher. At K-1 Hero's 5, Norifumi Yamamoto knocked out Kazuyuki Miyata with a flying knee at four seconds into the first round. 3 time K-1 champion Remy Bonjasky is known for his flying knees. Japanese professional wrestling, in keeping with its martial arts roots, has many wrestlers utilizing knees in matches. Tomomi Tsuruta Document [34] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) to assist with stabilizing the knee joint as it prepares for weight acceptance. Once the foot is flat the vertical ground reaction force moves posterior to the knee joint as the trunk glides over the stance foot, resulting in an external knee flexion moment. This is counteracted by an internal knee extension moment which continues through the rest of stance. This knee extension moment assists with weight acceptance and deceleration of the forward motion of the center of mass. At heel strike the vertical ground reaction force is located posterior to the axis of rotation of the ankle joint. An Document [35] (Title: Patellar reflex) the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought. The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there "is" an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (Reciprocal innervation). This test of a basic automatic Document [36] (Title: Drawer test) Drawer test The drawer test is used in the initial clinical assessment of suspected rupture of the cruciate ligaments in the knee. The patient should be supine with the hips flexed to 45 degrees, the knees flexed to 90 degrees and the feet flat on table. The examiner positions himself by sitting on the examination table in front of the involved knee and grasping the tibia just below the joint line of the knee. The thumbs are placed along the joint line on either side of the patellar tendon. The tibia is then drawn forward anteriorly. An increased amount of Document [37] (Title: Strike (attack)) as chambering, and extending the leg to contact the target, typically with the upper body straight and balanced. The actual strike is usually delivered by the ball of the foot. Thrusting one's hips is a common method of increasing both reach and power of the kick; depending on practitioner's particular needs, a front kick may involve more or less body motion. Front kicks are typically aimed at targets below the chest: abdomen, thighs, groin, knees or lower, however advanced practitioner have the capability of striking head-level targets with the front kick. The side kick refers to a kick that is Document [38] (Title: Kick) Kick A kick is a physical strike using the leg, in unison usually with an area of the knee or lower using the foot, heel, tibia, ball of the foot, blade of the foot, toes or knee (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This type of attack is used frequently by hooved animals as well as humans in the context of stand-up fighting. Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as savate, taekwondo, MMA, sikaran, karate, Pankration, Kung Fu, Vovinam, kickboxing, Muay Thai, Yaw-Yan, capoeira, silat, and kalaripayattu. Kicking is also prominent Document [39] (Title: Knee (strike)) a stand-up position both when the combatants are separated, or when they are clinching. A particularly effective clinching position for throwing front knee is the double collar tie, where the head of the opponent is controlled. On the ground, front knees can be effective from a few top positions such as the Side control and north-south position. Typical targets for the front knee include the head, hips, ribs, solar plexus, stomach and thighs. In Muay Thai, a double collar tie with a front knee to the face was traditionally called "Hak Kor Aiyara". The groin is widely considered the key Document [40] (Title: Strike (attack)) deceiving. A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. The most common is the straight knee strike, often employed from a clinch or double collar tie, targeting anywhere from the groin to the head. Variants include the curved knee strike, which is similar to a roundhouse kick, and the jumping or flying knee. While less common, other parts of the body are used in specific strikes. In a bottom strike, as taught by Impact self-defense and other self-defense systems, the defendant drives his or Document [41] (Title: Tear of meniscus) planning sport activities it makes sense to consult a physical therapist and check how much impact the sport will have on the knee. The meniscal tear is the most common knee injury. It tends to be more frequent in sports that have rough contact or pivoting sports such as soccer. It is more common in males than females, with a ratio of about two and a half males to one female. Males between the ages of 31 and 40 tend to tear their meniscus more frequently than younger men. Females seem to be more likely to tear their meniscus between Document [42] (Title: Patellar reflex) Patellar reflex The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (myotatic) (monosynaptic) (American spelling knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with Document [43] (Title: Rectus femoris muscle) patella or in the muscle itself. The injury is usually a partial tear but could be a full tear. The injury is caused by a forceful movement related to sprinting, jumping, or kicking and is common in sports like football or soccer. The rectus femoris is prone to injury since it crosses both the knee and the hip. Symptoms include a sudden sharp pain at the front of the hip or in the groin, swelling and bruising, and an inability to contract the rectus femoris with a full tear. Rectus femoris muscle The rectus femoris muscle is one of the Document [44] (Title: Squat (exercise)) angles have been used to rehabilitate knee extensors. Conducting squats at a declined angle allows the knee to flex despite possible pain or lack of mobilization in the ankle. If therapists are looking to focus on the knee during squats, one study shows that doing single-limb squats at a 16° decline angle has the greatest activation of the knee extensors without placing excessive pressure on the ankles. This same study also found that a 24° decline angle can be used to strengthen ankles and knee extensors. Squat (exercise) In strength training and fitness, the squat is a compound, full body Document [45] (Title: Kick (association football)) forwards while the knee continues to flex. During the last stages (stage 5 and 6) of the kick, the kicking foot exhibits plantar flexion at the ankle joint when coming into contact with the ball. Throughout each stage of the kick, the supporting limb knee is at a constant flexion. It is required to “absorb the impact of landing” and helps with reducing the forward motion. Once the kicking limb is near contact with the ball, the supporting knee initiates extension to stabilize the action. Prior to contact with the ball, there is a lateral flexion between the supporting limb Document [46] (Title: Reflex arc) of the lower leg. In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord, for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish. Reflex arc A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the Document [47] (Title: Passing (association football)) were familiar with older styles. It is good to approach the ball at around 30 degrees. Turn the foot you are going to make the pass with outwards and lock the ankle so it is strong on contact with the ball. Bend the knee of your passing leg slightly so the foot is in the correct position to pass. With your standing foot about hip-width away from the ball, bring your kicking foot through and strike the middle of the ball with the inside of your foot. The aim of a short pass is generally to keep the ball low, Document [48] (Title: ACL injuries in the Australian Football League) and the patella (the knee cap). Within these two main bones tendons attach the bones to the muscles that give the knee movement, while the ligaments provide the knee with stability. The ACL looks like a mixture of an oval and triangle shape, and is located in a very compact area within the knee. The ACL fibers are in place to give direction for the knee to move, such as a kicking or twisting motion. If an ACL rupture occurs, it immediately forces an increase for not only the anterior tibial translation but also the internal tibial rotation as the Document [49] (Title: Patellar reflex) Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord. The term "knee-jerk" was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk." The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, Document [50] (Title: Kick) calf, or even thigh, since attacking leg muscles will often cripple an opponent's mobility. The side kick refers to a kick that is delivered sideways in relation to the body of the person kicking. It is one of the most adaptable kicks, useful as both an offensive move and as a defensive counter to a blitzing opponent. There are two areas that are commonly used as impact points in sidekicks: the heel of the foot or the outer edge of the foot. The heel is more suited to hard targets such as the ribs, stomach, jaw, temple and chest. However, Document [51] (Title: Posterior cruciate ligament injury) mechanism, the dashboard injury mechanism, the knee experiences impact in a posterior direction during knee flexion toward the space above the tibia. These mechanisms occur in excessive external tibial rotation and during falls that induce a combination of extension and adduction of the tibia, which is referred to as varus-extension stress, or that occur while the knee is flexed. Knee injuries are very common among athletes as well as regular active people and can always be prevented. Ligament tears account for more than forty percent of knee injuries and the posterior cruciate ligament is considered one of the less common Document [52] (Title: Squat (exercise)) (i.e., top of the quadriceps) below the top of the knee. Squatting below parallel qualifies a squat as deep while squatting above it qualifies as shallow. Some authorities caution against deep squats; though the forces on the ACL and PCL decrease at high flexion, compressive forces on the menisci and articular cartilages in the knee peak at these same high angles. This makes the relative safety of deep versus shallow squats difficult to determine. As the body gradually descends, the hips and knees undergo flexion, the ankle extends ("dorsiflexes") and muscles around the joint contract eccentrically, reaching maximal contraction at Document [53] (Title: Arnis) toe kick, a stomp, or a knee. Targets include the groin, thighs, knees, shins, ankles, feet and toes. The upper body is used only for defensive maneuvers, making pananadiyak ideal for when combatants are engaged in a clinch. When used effectively, the strikes can bring an opponent to the ground or otherwise end an altercation by making them too weak to stand. Fundamental techniques include kicking or smashing the ankle to force it either towards or away from the opposite foot (severe supination or pronation, respectively), heel-stomping the top of the foot where it meets the lower leg so as Document [54] (Title: Kick (association football)) supporting limb are active to prevent the hip from adducting. As the kicking limb begins forward movement in stage 4, quadriceps, hip flexor muscles (iliopsoas), knee extensor muscles including the rectus femoris creates concentric activity to produce a fast forward velocity toward the ball by extending the knee and flexing the hip. During the swing stage prior to contact of the ball in stage 5, there is greater activation of the rectus femoris and the vastus medialis that may contribute to final knee extension speed. Also during the swinging limb stages, the gluteus medius has a greater activation in the Document [55] (Title: Kick) When training for crescent kicks, it is common to keep the knee extended to increase the difficulty. This also increases the momentum of the foot and can generate more force, though it takes longer to build up the speed. The inward/inner/inside crescent hits with the inside edge of the foot. Its arch is clockwise for the left leg and counter-clockwise for the right leg. Force is generated by both legs' hip adduction. The inward variant has also been called a "hangetsu geri" (Half moon kick) in karate and is employed to "wipe" an opponents hand off of one's wrist. It Document [56] (Title: Lower-limb walking pattern) muscles which serve the purpose of cushioning the rate of loading on the lower limb and preventing excessive knee flexion. Following through to mid-and terminal stance, the knee gradually extends with concentric activity of the knee extensor muscles and approaches near full extension as heel off occurs (30-40% of gait cycle). At this point the knee flexor muscles concentrically flex the knee again for swing phase. The maximum knee flexion that occurs during swing is about 60 degrees. Sagittal plane motions of the ankle occur at the talocrural joint. As the heel contacts the ground the ankle joint is near Document [57] (Title: Professional wrestling attacks) a running enzuigiri to the kneeling opponent's head without the use of the opponent's knee for leverage. Many other "shining" attacks exist, including big boots and dropkicks. The shining wizard can be applied to a standing opponent as well; this would be likely applied by stepping off the opponent's chest and then delivering a knee smash to the opponent's face. AJ Lee uses this move. Also known as a discus knee or rolling knee, the wrestler advances towards a sitting or bent over opponent, performs a 360° spin and uses the momentum to deliver a jumping knee strike to the Document [58] (Title: Mawashi geri) and the entire body rotates as the knee swings around to the front (picture swinging one's leg over to mount a bicycle). The rotation of the body and lateral movement of the leg add to the momentum of the lower leg, which moves in and out the same as above. The final possible variation is in the foot, itself. One may either strike with the instep of the foot (with the ankle and toes extended), or with the ball of the foot (ankle and toes bent back). Alternately, one could forgo the use of the foot entirely, and strike with Document [59] (Title: Reflex arc) Reflex arc A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action. There are two types: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles). However, autonomic reflexes sometimes Document [60] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) the brain. Cutaneous receptors are a type of sensory receptor, which respond to stimuli (touch, pressure, pain, temperature) that provide information regarding contact with the external environment. A common reflex involving cutaneous receptors is the crossed extensor reflex. This reflex is recruited when we experience a painful stimulus on the bottom of our foot, such as stepping on a tack. The response is to quickly pull the foot that stepped on the tack away, and at the same time, shift our weight to the opposite (contralateral) leg for balance. It has been noted that the muscle activation response to cutaneous Document [61] (Title: Kick) chagi". The hook kick strikes with the heel from the side (or flat of the foot in sparring). It is executed similar to a side kick. However, the kick is intentionally aimed slightly off target in the direction of the kicking foot's toes. At full extension, the knee is bent and the foot snapped to the side, impacting the target with the heel. In Taekwondo it is often used at the resulting miss of a short slide side kick to the head, but is considered a very high level technique in said circumstance. Practitioners of jeet kune do frequently use Document [62] (Title: Knee (strike)) Generally, flying knee strikes can be effectively applied when the opponent is off-balanced, recovering from previous strikes, or as a counter to a strike by the opponent. It can also be used as a follow-up maneuver after delivering a particularly incapacitating strike. One example took place at a UFC event, where Pablo Garza knocked Fredson Paixao unconscious with a flying knee when Paixao shot in for a takedown. A famous flying knee strike in pop culture is the "Knee of Justice" used by Captain Falcon in the Super Smash Bros. series. Provided that it makes impact with the head, a Document [63] (Title: Ankle jerk reflex) spinal segment. This reflex is mediated by the S1 spinal segment of the spinal cord. Ankle of the patient is relaxed. It is helpful to support the ball of the foot at least somewhat to put some tension in the Achilles tendon, but don’t completely dorsiflex the ankle. A small strike is given on the Achilles tendon using a rubber hammer to elicit the response. If the practitioner is not able to elicit a response, a Jendrassik maneuver can be tried by having the patient cup their fingers on each hand and try to pull the hands apart. A positive Document [64] (Title: Strike (attack)) a surface to balance out the break much as the thigh is for the juji-gatame in judo. Leg strikes is a physical strike using the ball of the foot, heel, shin, knee or thigh (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This attack is often used in hand-to-hand combat, especially in stand-up fighting. Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as Taekwondo, Karate, Kung fu, Vovinam, Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Capoeira, Silat, and Kalarippayattu. Delivering a front kick involves raising the knee and foot of the striking leg to the desired height, also known Document [65] (Title: Patellar reflex) October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk." Patellar reflex The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (myotatic) (monosynaptic) (American spelling knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor Document [66] (Title: Foot) heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will roll in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed evenly across the metatarsus. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track directly over the hallux. This rolling inwards motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that the body naturally absorbs shock. Neutral pronation is the most ideal, efficient type of gait when using a heel strike gait; in a forefoot strike, the body absorbs shock instead via flexation of the foot. As Document [67] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) 2. Tibial nerve (innervating the plantar surface of the foot)3. Sural nerve (innervating the lateral portion of the foot)4. Superficial branch of radial nerve (innervating forearm and hand on the thumb side) Human locomotion is often examined from the perspective of the gait cycle. Cutaneous reflexes demonstrate variations in the muscles activated and the timing at which they are activated depending on which portion of the gait cycle the stimulation occurs. This variation suggests a functional role for the reflex to provide us with a smooth gait alteration when encountering or anticipating obstacles and challenging terrain. The major muscles impacted Document [68] (Title: Plyometrics) squat (crouch) upon landing in which the hip, knee, and ankle joints flex. The takeoff or jump upward is executed in a sequence initiated by hip-joint extension followed by knee-joint extension which begins during the hip-joint extension. As the knee-joint extension is taking place, ankle-joint extension begins and is the only action that occurs as the takeoff (breaking contact with the ground) takes place. All three actions contribute force to the upward jump, but the knee-joint extension is the major contributor. The most common type of plyometrics used in the United States is simple and relatively easy jump exercises executed Document [69] (Title: Kick (association football)) phase. The fifth stage is when the swinging foot makes complete contact with the ball. Lastly, once the foot makes impact, the kicker should try to keep their foot in contact with the ball as long as they can. This is possible by proceeding with the swing of the limb until ball is out of contact. This stage is also known as the follow through phase. Joint motions are focused on the lower extremities; although there is recognition of upper body joint movements during the kick. Starting in stage 3, the kicking limb moves posterior of the positioned body, which Document [70] (Title: Front kick) of lifting ones knee before the rest of the kick commences, something which is considered important in Taekwondo, where it is somewhat literally translated from the Korean "ap chagi" (앞차기), (and many kicking arts with the notable exception of Capoeira). In competition fights (known as "sparring" or "kyorugi") this kick sees little actual use, except possibly as a component in an improvised kick which is perhaps intended as an "an chagi" or "naeryo chagi". It is common to slightly bend the knee of the leg one is standing on when executing this kick, and pointing the foot one is standing Document [71] (Title: Knee (strike)) target for knee strikes and clinch knee attacks in a street fight according to karate, tae kwon do, muay thai, and many other martial arts. The curved knee (also sometimes called a side knee or roundhouse knee) is similar to the front knee except that it does not use a forward thrusting motion, but is instead rotated from the outside. Whereas the front knee needs some space in between the combatants to be performed, the curved knee can be executed from a minimal distance, such as in a close clinch. This technique is often employed when an opponent is attempting Document [72] (Title: Roundhouse kick) middle, high) to inflict damage to different parts of the opponent's body. Low (or lowpoint) kicks generally target the thigh just above the knee joint for the purpose of weakening the leg, which serves many purposes such as limiting the opponent's mobility, potentially his or her ability to stand on the leg altogether and his or her ability to use it for forceful kicks. Muay Thai practitioners are taught to repeatedly strike the same point on the thigh to increase the cumulative effect of low kicks as a match proceeds. Some Thai camps emphasize targeting the inner thigh to compress Document [73] (Title: Kick (association football)) and the trunk of the performer. Both the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus have greater activity in the kicking leg during the foot planting stage (Stage 2) preparing to raise the leg posterior of the body. During the backward swing in stage 3, the hamstrings (bicep femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) are activated to flex the knee and extend the hip in the swinging limb. Hamstrings are also activated in the supporting limb throughout the swinging stages until foot comes into contact with the ball to allow stabilization and balance. Stabilizer muscles, such as the gluteus medius and psoas, on the Document [74] (Title: Breaststroke) Before the kick the knee is maximally bent and the upper leg is rotating along its axis to its extreme outer position and the lower leg is twisted to extreme, at the end of the kick the ankles are maximally turned to the inside so that the soles clap together to achieve a nozzle effect like in a jelly fish. Therefore, training involves getting flexible in addition to fitness and precision. The sudden sideways stress on knee at the kick can lead to uncomfortable noise and feeling for the beginner and to wear for the senior. The easiest way to Document [75] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) which present instability or challenging locomotive movements. In unstable conditions, such as disturbances occurring when the arms are crossed, there is facilitation or amplification in both the ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes which are muscle specific. With superficial fibular nerve stimulation, the ipsilateral biceps femoris (knee flexor) and ipsilateral soleus (plantar flexor) reflexes are amplified during swing to allow the leg to clear the obstacle. In contrast, the contralateral, opposite, leg demonstrates amplification of both the tibialis anterior (dorsiflexor) and the gastrocnemius (plantar flexor) providing additional leg stiffness for stability of the stance leg. Similar amplification results are seen in both Document [76] (Title: Bulbocavernosus reflex) injury of the conus medullaris or sacral nerve roots. There is an association between hyperexcitable bulbocavernosus reflex resulting from stimulation of the prostatic urethra and premature ejaculation. The bulbocavernosus reflex has been found to be delayed or absent at a higher rate than the general population in diabetic men with complaints of erectile impotence, and men whose penises have been circumcised or have permanent retraction of the foreskin behind the glans penis. Bulbocavernosus reflex The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR), bulbospongiosus reflex (BSR) or "Osinski reflex" is a polysynaptic reflex that is useful in testing for spinal shock and gaining information about Document [77] (Title: Jendrassik maneuver) Jendrassik maneuver The Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient clenches the teeth, flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form, and interlocks those sets of fingers together. The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a reflex hammer to elicit the patellar reflex. The elicited response is compared with the reflex result of the same action when the maneuver is not in use. Often a larger reflex response will be observed when the patient is occupied with the maneuver, as the maneuver may prevent the patient from consciously inhibiting or influencing his or her Document [78] (Title: Roundhouse kick) of the lower striking leg around the knee found in most other martial arts. The power is instead entirely created by the rotation of the supporting leg and hips; akin to swinging a baseball bat. The practical difference is the objective of the kick. A standard karate or taekwondo roundhouse kick has one snap the instep at the objective, but a Muay Thai roundhouse uses the combined momentum generated by the leg and hip for more power. Because the kick is executed with such non-retractable power, a missed kick requires the kicker to either continue spinning (180 degrees or a Document [79] (Title: Kick (association football)) is possible with hip extension. The hip is also adducted and externally rotated with knee flexion, knee internal rotation, and slight plantar flexion at the ankle joint on the kicking leg to prepare for impact with the ball. When the kicking foot comes into contact with the ball, hip goes into flexion, abduction, and external rotation with knee at a slight constant flexion. The pelvis rotates around the supporting limb by raising the thigh of the kicking limb forward. Forward motion is initiated by rotating the pelvis around the supporting leg and by bring the thigh of the kicking leg Document [80] (Title: Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion) involve four (4) motions important to locomotion: Cutaneous stimulation of the superficial fibular nerve (SF) would typically occur when the top of the foot encounters an obstacle. The reflexive response to this activation is to pull the leg up and over the obstacle, while also preparing for a possible stumble or fall. Observed EMG muscle responses to SF stimulation help to explain how this reflexive response is accomplished: Tibial nerve (TN) stimulation demonstrates a phase dependent response, in which the muscle activation varies depending on what part of the gait cycle a person is in when the stimulation occurs. 1. Document [81] (Title: Passing (association football)) swing your kicking leg through. Use your arms for balance, position your non-kicking foot close to the side of the ball, and keep your eyes on the ball. If you want to keep the ball low you must keep the knee of your kicking foot over the ball and not lean back as you strike the centre of the ball with your laces, following through. If you want increased power and height, hit the ball near the bottom, lean back further and follow through the ball more. Ideally you do not want the ball to bounce before it reaches a Document [82] (Title: Reflex arc) In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain. When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps. This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve Document [83] (Title: Drop (b-boy move)) slams into the back of the right knee in a "figure-four" position. As the right leg collapses, the breaker falls forward (not to either side!). Ideally unseen by observers, the left foot actually sticks out just to the right of the collapsing knee, and the toes should be pulled up hard. Instead of landing on the knee, the breaker lands on the toes of the left foot. The breaker drops as one leg sweeps out around in a wide arc. As all the weight shifts to the left leg, the right leg kicks backwards. The left leg bends so that Document [84] (Title: Roundhouse kick) rotation "before" or during the rising of the knee. The knee is then rotated so that it is nearly parallel to the ground (counterclockwise for the right leg roundhouse) and the kicking hip is simultaneously rotated towards the opponent. The rotation of the hip, combined with the snapping of the leg forward, gives the kick its power. The striking surface is the instep or the ball of the foot. In this way taekwondo differs from Chinese sanshou, where the striking surface is the shin. This is also called an "off the line" or "rear leg" roundhouse kick. The roundhouse kick Document [85] (Title: Strike (attack)) delivered sideways in relation to the body of the practitioner. There are two areas that are commonly used as impact points in sidekicks: the heel of the foot and the outer edge of the foot. The heel is more suited to hard targets such as the ribs, stomach, jaw, temple and chest. A sidekick is performed by first chambering the kicking leg diagonally across the body, then extending the leg in a linear fashion toward the target, while flexing the abdominals. Also referred to as a "round kick", this is the most commonly used kick in combat sports due to Document [86] (Title: Kneecapping) prevents full freedom of movement or utilization of resources. Kneecapping Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well. The severity of the injury can vary from simple Document [87] (Title: Primitive reflexes) grasp of it may be able to support the child's weight, they may also release their grip suddenly and without warning. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of the hand. A plantar reflex is a normal reflex that involves plantar flexion of the foot, which moves toes away from the shin and curls them down. An abnormal plantar reflex (aka Babinski Sign) occurs when upper motor neuron control over the flexion reflex circuit is interrupted. This results in a dorsiflexion of the foot (foot angles towards the shin, big toe curls up). This also Document [88] (Title: Low kick) sciatic nerve, which is the longest and widest nerve in the human body, beginning in the lower back and running through the buttocks all the way to the lower limb, is a frequent target for low kicks. The most common defense against a low kick is known as "checking", where the leg is bent and brought up to protect the thigh. This causes the kicker to slam their shin into the defending fighters' shin or knee, causing pain and damage to the offender. In some instances, a well executed check of a low kick can break the leg of the Document [89] (Title: Kick (association football)) rectus femoris, psoas major, iliacus, sartorius, pectineus, adductor brevis, longus, and magnus), and extension on the “planted” leg side (gluteus maximus, hamstring group and adductor magnus. The side lunge increases strength of the quadriceps muscles, gluteus maximus, and hip adductors & flexors. The side lunge improves balance by putting the body weight on the planted leg while trying to prevent falling back or forward. In addition, cariocas is an exercise in which the person moves laterally while facing forward by internally rotating the hip and stepping over with the leg contralateral to the direction of the movement. This exercise improves Document [90] (Title: Professional wrestling attacks) the opponent in front of him to execute the move, throwing the legs of the opponent out backwards to rotate them 180°, before making the opponent land face first over the bent right knee. An attack in which a wrestler will charge towards the opponent, then jumps up and raises a knee to hit the opponent usually into the side of the head. This move has been closely associated with Harley Race, often being referred to as a "Harley Race High-Knee". It has later been popularized as a signature move by WWE Superstars as Triple H and CM Punk. This Document [91] (Title: Tear of meniscus) mass and strength may also aid in maintaining healthy knees. The use of the parallel squat increases much needed stability in the knee if executed properly. Execution of the parallel squat will develop the lower body muscles that will strengthen the hips, knees, and ankles. The last major way to prevent a tear in the meniscus is learning proper technique for the movement that is taking place. For the sports involving quick powerful movements it is important to learn how to cut, turn, land from a jump, and stop correctly. It is important to take the time out to perfect Document [92] (Title: Knee) ACL requires surgery. After surgery, recovery is prolonged and low impact exercises are recommended to strengthen the joint. The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee joint. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisci injury may be innocuous and one may be able to walk after a tear, but soon swelling and pain set in. Sometimes the knee will lock Document [93] (Title: Running) swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another footstrike. Initial swing ends at midswing, when the limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion Document [94] (Title: Knee (strike)) Knee (strike) A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area. Kneeing is a disallowed practice in many combat sports, especially to the head of a downed opponent. Styles such as Muay Thai and several mixed martial arts organizations allow kneeing depending on the positioning of the fighters. The straight knee (also known as a front knee) is a typical knee strike, and involves thrusting the front of the knee into the head or body of an opponent. The straight knee can be applied from Document [95] (Title: Crossed extensor reflex) stimulated side of the body to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. There, they synapse with interneurons, which, in turn, excite or inhibit alpha motor neurons to the muscles of the contralateral limb. In the ipsilateral leg (the one which steps on the nail), the flexors contract and the extensors relax to lift the leg from the ground. On the contralateral side (the one that bears all the weight), the flexors relax and the extensors contract to stiffen the leg since it must suddenly support the entire weight of the body. At the same time, signals travel up the Question: where do you hit the knee for reflex

Answer: the patellar tendon Long Answer: Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle . This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres . From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction . This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick . This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought. Gold Document ID: 82

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Koffee with Karan) was brought back and aired as the penultimate episode of the season with the finale, a best of episode, being aired on 19 March 2017. On 24 April 2018, Johar confirmed season 6 to be out in 2018 breaking the usual trend of a season every three years. On 18 August, Johar tweeted that the season premiere will air on 21 October 2018. On 21 October, the sixth season premiered with Deepika Padukone and Alia Bhatt as guests. In the third episode, Johar competed against guest Aamir Khan in the rapid fire round, while Malaika Arora appeared as a guest Document [2] (Title: Lost (season 6)) episodes. Season six was planned to have 17 episodes, too. However, on June 29, 2009 it was announced that the final season would feature an additional hour, making the number of episodes 18. Executive producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse stated that they "always envisioned "Lost" as a show with a beginning, middle, and end," and that by announcing when the show would end that viewers would "have the security of knowing that the story will play out as we've intended." Lindelof and Cuse stated that securing the 2010 series-end date "was immensely liberating" and helped the series rediscover its Document [3] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) Burn Notice (season 6) The sixth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 14, 2012 on the cable television channel USA Network. John C. McGinley appeared in six episodes as Tom Card, Michael's original CIA trainer. Taryn Manning appeared in one episode as one of Fiona's fellow prisoners. Jere Burns and Kristanna Loken returned to the series for multiple episodes as Anson Fullerton and Rebecca Lang, respectively. Lauren Stamile and Alex Carter also returned to the series as Dani Pearce and Jason Bly, respectively. Faran Tahir appeared in the third episode as Ahmed, a ruthless Document [4] (Title: Burn Notice (season 2)) Burn Notice (season 2) Burn Notice is an American television action-drama series created by Matt Nix and starring Jeffrey Donovan, Gabrielle Anwar, Bruce Campbell, and Sharon Gless. The second season premiered July 10, 2008. The season was split into two parts, with episodes 1–9 airing in the summer of 2008 and episodes 10–16 being broadcast in early 2009. A burn notice is a document issued by intelligence agencies to discredit or announce the dismissal of agents or sources who are considered to have become unreliable. The television series is a first-person narrative (including frequent stream of consciousness voice-overs providing nuggets Document [5] (Title: Lost (season 6)) Lost (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on February 2, 2010. The sixth-season premiere was the first to climb in the ratings year-over-year since the second season, drawing 12.1 million viewers. The season aired Tuesdays at 9:00 pm from February 2 to May 18. The series finale aired on Sunday, May 23, 2010. The finale ran two-and-a-half hours starting at 9:00 pm; pushing the local news back a half-hour, followed by the previously announced post-finale special, "Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost", at Document [6] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) Network on April 16, 2010. This announcement came just over a month after the fourth season had completed airing. The season began in summer 2012. Jeffrey Donovan stated in a pre-season interview that one of the show's long-standing characters will die during this season. Matt Nix wrote the first episode of the season, his twentieth credit for the series. The episode was directed by Stephen Surjik; it was his seventh directing credit for "Burn Notice". Series star Jeffrey Donovan directed one episode as well, his second of the series and first since season 4. In the following table, "U.S. viewers Document [7] (Title: Burn Notice) of the prisoner: Simon Escher (Garret Dillahunt), the man who committed the crimes for which Michael was framed. In the final scenes of the season, Michael is arrested and taken to a mysterious room. The fourth season, consisting of 18 episodes, follows Michael as he begins working once again for the people who burned him. As with most other seasons, the fourth season begins immediately after the events of the previous. Michael, still in prison, is visited by Vaughn (Robert Wisdom), a high-ranking member of management. He serves as Michael's new handler, bringing Michael various jobs and even participating in Document [8] (Title: Hot in Cleveland (season 1)) receive, decide to move there. The series stars Valerie Bertinelli, Wendie Malick and Jane Leeves as the three Los Angeles women Melanie Moretti, Victoria Chase, and Joy Scroggs. Veteran actress Betty White also stars in the series as Elka Ovstrosky, the women's sassy caretaker. The season also featured numerous guest stars, including John Schneider, Susan Lucci, Carl Reiner and Joe Jonas. Consisting of ten episodes, the first season aired from June 16 to August 18, 2010 on Wednesdays at 10:00 p.m. EST. The series debuted to 4.75 million viewers, becoming the most watched program on the channel and more than Document [9] (Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 9)) contain the series 200th episode. The season is expected to contain 22 episodes. It was later revealed that the first episode of the season would be a remake of the 1968 episode from the original series, "Hawaii Five-O", also entitled "Cocoon" On August 18, 2018 it was revealed that the 200th episode of the series would be the seventh aired episode of the season. Other series co-star Chi McBride, wrote an episode for the season. On Wednesday, August 22, 2018 with the anticipated landfall of Hurricane Lane, a Category 4 hurricane, in Hawaii CBS reported that they "were closely monitoring Document [10] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true circumstances of the Document [11] (Title: Burn Notice (season 1)) Burn Notice (season 1) Season one of the American television series Burn Notice originally aired from June 28, 2007 to September 20, 2007. The first season of "Burn Notice" introduces Michael Westen. He is burned while on a covert op in Nigeria. After fleeing, he soon finds himself in Miami, where he is reunited with his ex-girlfriend, Fiona Glenanne, and another old friend, Sam Axe. For several episodes, Michael is tailed by Harris (Marc Macaulay) and Lane (Brandon Morris), two FBI agents who are sent to keep tabs on Michael. Sam reports to them, mildly straining his relationship with Michael. Document [12] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)) Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5) The fifth season of the television series, "" premiered September 23, 2003, and ended May 18, 2004, on NBC. "Law & Order: SVU" moved away from its Friday night slot to Tuesday nights at 10pm/9c. Casey Novak, the unit's longest-serving ADA, was introduced in the fifth episode when Diane Neal joined the cast to fill the absence left by Stephanie March. Early reports about Stephanie March leaving the cast at the end of indicate that the first Season 5 episodes were written if not filmed by May 2003. The sixth episode, "Coerced", Document [13] (Title: Grimm (season 6)) sixth season would consist of at least 13 episodes, unlike previous seasons. On July 27, 2016, Chris McKenna was cast as Lt. Grossante, a formidable and driven "military-type" cop. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Grimm (season 6) The sixth and final season of the NBC American supernatural drama series "Grimm" was announced on April 18, 2016. It premiered on January 6 and concluded on March 31, 2017. The season consisted of 13 episodes. The series, created by David Greenwalt, Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter, is produced by NBC, GK Productions, Hazy Mills Productions, and Universal Television. The main plot follows a descendant of the Document [14] (Title: The Burning Zone) supernatural cases to include more action. Science fiction writers Roger Fulton and John Gregory Betancourt wrote that the program had "so many transformations in its brief 19-episode run that no viewer who saw the first show would recognize the last". Morgan and Tomita appear in 11 episodes while Todd Susman was in two episodes. Black appears in all 19 episodes, and Harris and Tatum are in 18 episodes and eight episodes, respectively. Produced by Universal Television, "The Burning Zone" was created by Coleman Luck, who was an executive producer alongside James Duff McAdams and Carleton Eastlake. Consultation for the episodes Document [15] (Title: All That (season 6)) All That (season 6) "All Thats sixth season"' ran from January 15, 2000 to November 18, 2000. This season contained 16 episodes, in addition to 11 specials titled the Best of All That in 1999-2001. Many changes occurred before the start of this season. Kel Mitchell and Kenan Thompson both left the show toward the end of the fifth season. Mitchell and Thompson would both go on to film the final season of Kenan & Kel and then leave Nickelodeon altogether. Producers hired then unknown comic Gabriel Iglesias to replace the absence left by Mitchell and Thompson. Producers also upgraded Document [16] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) audience over time." Season two premiered on May 31, 2015, and concluded on August 2, 2015. Despite the critical acclaim that season two garnered, viewership declined. The season averaged 520,000 viewers per episode and a 0.2 rating in the 18–49 age demographic in live plus same-day viewings. Still, AMC renewed the series in October 2015 for a ten-episode third season. Stillerman said, "The critical momentum was a big part of the decision." The first episode of season three aired on August 21, 2016, ahead of the two-hour season premiere on August 23, 2016. The Tuesday premiere drew just 385,000 same-day Document [17] (Title: Modern Family (season 6)) Modern Family (season 6) The sixth season of "Modern Family" premiered on September 24, 2014 on ABC. The sixth season was ordered on May 18, 2014, by ABC. The show airs on ABC on Wednesday nights and is produced by Steven Levitan Productions and Picador Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television, with creators Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd as showrunners. On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed "Modern Family" for a seventh season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Modern Family"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s sixth season received positive reviews from television critics, with some claiming it an improvement over the previous couple of seasons that had a Document [18] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) hopes to set things right. Also appearing in the tenth-to-twelfth episodes was Kenny Johnson as Tyler Gray, the trigger man behind the death of Michael's brother. Patton Oswalt and Sonja Sohn each had guest appearances during the winter season. Oswalt appeared in episodes 14-16 as Calvin Schmidt, a smuggler whom the team contacts for help in escaping the country. Sohn plays Olivia Riley, a high-level CIA director who “literally [wrote] the book on counter-intel training and procedures", and she appeared on a recurring basis beginning with the thirteenth episode. A sixth season, consisting of 18 episodes, was ordered by USA Document [19] (Title: According to Jim) sense for us". But on June 27, 2007, ABC renewed the show for a seventh season with 18 episodes. "According to Jim" returned to ABC's schedule on Tuesday January 1, 2008, with two episodes at 9 pm and 9:30 pm. After that, the series moved to its regular time slot at 8 pm. Despite the writer's strike, ABC announced that the show would produce all 18 episodes ordered for this season. On February 27, 2008, it was reported that ABC was close to renewing "According to Jim" for an eighth season. On May 13, 2008, ABC officially renewed the series Document [20] (Title: Burn Notice (season 4)) Burn Notice (season 4) The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3, 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network. Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter, a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns. As the fourth season opens, Michael sits alone in a well furnished room, where he meets his new handler, Vaughn (Robert Wisdom). Vaughn attempts to lure Michael into the organization by attempting to befriend him, and tells Michael the organization is now on the hunt for a terrorist mastermind. Michael agrees to work with Vaughn on the condition Document [21] (Title: Community (season 6)) Television starting March 18, 2015. In Australia, the sixth season was available on Stan beginning March 17, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Yahoo! Screen released "Communitary", an extra version of season six with commentary by series creator Dan Harmon. The sixth season was released on DVD in region 1 on March 8, 2016. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the making of the finale, trivia with the cast and crew, and a gag reel. The sixth season has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 12 Document [22] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [23] (Title: Lost (season 6)) Lost (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on February 2, 2010. The sixth-season premiere was the first to climb in the ratings year-over-year since the second season, drawing 12.1 million viewers. The season aired Tuesdays at 9:00 pm from February 2 to May 18. The series finale aired on Sunday, May 23, 2010. The finale ran two-and-a-half hours starting at 9:00 pm; pushing the local news back a half-hour, followed by the previously announced post-finale special, "Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost", at Document [24] (Title: Seven Seconds (TV series)) teenager from Jersey City—with his car. Jablonski calls his friends on the force to the scene. They assume Brenton is dead and a cover up ensues. Racial tensions explode in the face of injustice and the absence of quick resolution of the case. On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and O’Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show Document [25] (Title: Burn Notice) blackmails Fiona to get Michael to do what he wants. After Michael and his team are repeatedly forced to commit crimes and complete increasingly dangerous missions on Anson's behalf, Fiona turns herself in, freeing Michael to pursue Anson without concern for her. The sixth season, consisting of 18 episodes, begins with Fiona's arrest. Michael does contract work for the CIA agent who trained him, Tom Card (John C. McGinley), to gain visitation rights to Fiona and eventually have her released. He is also working with Pearce, trying to track down Anson. The team finally captures Anson with the help of Document [26] (Title: One Tree Hill (season 6)) episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast, deleted scenes, gag reels and behind-the-scenes featurettes. One Tree Hill (season 6) The sixth season of "One Tree Hill", an American television series, began on September 1, 2008 and concluded on May 18, 2009 with a total of 24 episodes. This is the third season to air on The CW television network. The season's seventh episode, "Messin' with the Kid" achieved a series high in Adults 18–34 with a 2.7 rating. Season six is the final season for Document [27] (Title: Burn Notice) help. Michael is finally taken to Washington, DC, where he is met by an unidentified man (Dylan Baker) who proclaims, "Welcome back." The fifth season, consisting of 18 episodes, begins six months after Michael successfully rejoins the CIA as a consultant. The man from the final scenes of the fourth season has been identified as Raines, and, along with Max (Grant Show), Michael begins hunting down and arresting all of the people on Simon's list of "Management" agents. While pursuing the final man on the list, however, Max and Michael hit a dead end when they discover that the man Document [28] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) 21.) Unlike episode titles from season one which were based Bible passages, season two episode titles were based on lyrics from songs written and performed by Bob Dylan. The first episode officially aired on September 30, 2007, with the season finale airing on December 2. However, on July 18, 2007, the first two episodes of season 2 were leaked to the internet via torrent. The season begins a few months after the conclusion of season one. Michael has survived Declan's attack, though his awareness is compromised and he has no memory of the attack. Michael finds himself shut out of Document [29] (Title: Detroit 1-8-7) "Road to Nowhere" Episode 14: "Beaten / Cover Letter" Episode 15: "Legacy / Drag City" Episode 16: "Stone Cold" Episode 17: "Motor City Blues" Episode 18: "Blackout" "Detroit 1-8-7" premiered on September 21, 2010 at 10:00 pm on ABC. The first season was initially to be 13 episodes. On October 25, 2010 ABC announced the order of an additional 5 episodes to bring the first season to 18 episodes. The thirteenth episode, "Road To Nowhere", was initially scheduled for January 18, 2011 but was replaced with a 20/20 special interview with Mark E. Kelly, the husband of U.S. Congresswoman Gabrielle Document [30] (Title: Six (TV series)) Six (TV series) Six (stylized as SIX) is an American television drama series. The series was ordered by the History channel with an eight-episode initial order. The first two episodes were directed by Lesli Linka Glatter. "Six" premiered on January 18, 2017. "Six" was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes on February 23, 2017, which premiered on May 28, 2018, with the second new episode airing during its regular timeslot on May 30, 2018. On June 29, History announced they had cancelled the series after two seasons. The series chronicles the operations and daily lives of operators who Document [31] (Title: Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe) event was viewed by 3.57 million viewers upon its first airing. In the 18–49 demographic, there were 1.44 million viewers. It was the 23rd most-watched show on cable television that week. Towards the end of the film, Sam Axe adopts the alias "Deputy Assistant Intelligence Director Chuck Finley" from the NSA headquarters when calling for help over the radio. Chuck Finley has been the alias Sam Axe uses throughout the TV series when impersonating someone. The movie shows Sam looking at a photograph of (former) Major League Baseball pitcher Chuck Finley on the cover of a sports magazine as he Document [32] (Title: Quiz of God) reflex anoxic seizures and Savant syndrome. Fabry disease, Kleine–Levin syndrome and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis were featured in the second season. Season 1 aired from October 8 to December 10, 2010 on Fridays at 22:00 for 10 episodes. Season 2 aired from June 10 to August 26, 2011 on Fridays at 24:00 for 12 episodes. Season 3 aired from May 20 to August 12, 2012 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 4 aired from May 18 to August 3, 2014 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 5 will be aired on November 7, 2018 Document [33] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) in millions" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the day of original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 6) The sixth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 14, 2012 on the cable television channel USA Network. John C. McGinley appeared in six episodes as Tom Card, Michael's original CIA trainer. Taryn Manning appeared in one episode as one of Fiona's fellow prisoners. Jere Burns and Kristanna Loken returned to the series for multiple episodes as Anson Fullerton and Rebecca Lang, respectively. Lauren Stamile and Alex Carter also returned to the Document [34] (Title: Braccialetti rossi) of 6 episodes, aired from 26 January to 2 March 2014 while the second, consisting of 5 episodes, from 15 February to 15 March 2015. On 18 March 2016 instead, the shooting of the third season ended, composed of 8 new episodes, which were broadcast starting October 16, 2016, with the confirmation of the entire cast and several new entries. In addition, the series was renewed for a fourth season and shooting began in May 2017. The series was almost entirely shot in Fasano, Puglia, within the CIASU (International Center for Higher University Studies) structure, in which the hospital of Document [35] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) live plus same-day viewings. When accounting for time shifting via digital video recorders (DVRs), the season averaged 1.3 million viewers per episode in live plus 7-day viewings; 606,000 of them were ages 18–49, making "Halt and Catch Fire" among the "most upscale dramas on ad-supported television" behind "Mad Men" and "The Good Wife", according to AMC. Despite the low overall ratings, AMC renewed the show in August 2014 for a second season of ten episodes. The network's president Charlie Collier said, "We have a history of demonstrating patience through the early seasons of new shows, betting on talent and building Document [36] (Title: Burn Notice (season 7)) Burn Notice (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television spy drama "Burn Notice" aired from June 6, 2013 to September 12, 2013, on the cable television channel USA Network. The 13-episode season was ordered by USA Network on November 7, 2012. In May 2013, the network announced that this season will be the show's last. Production on the series wrapped on July 31, 2013. Jack Coleman plays Andrew Strong, a CIA officer who pushes Michael to do whatever it takes to complete a mission that has consumed Strong for eight years. Stephen Martines plays Carlos Cruz, Document [37] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true Document [38] (Title: All That (season 6)) season leading up to the Relaunch. All That (season 6) "All Thats sixth season"' ran from January 15, 2000 to November 18, 2000. This season contained 16 episodes, in addition to 11 specials titled the Best of All That in 1999-2001. Many changes occurred before the start of this season. Kel Mitchell and Kenan Thompson both left the show toward the end of the fifth season. Mitchell and Thompson would both go on to film the final season of Kenan & Kel and then leave Nickelodeon altogether. Producers hired then unknown comic Gabriel Iglesias to replace the absence left by Document [39] (Title: Standoff (TV series)) Flannery and Emily Lehman are considered to be the protagonists of the series as a subplot concerning their relationship is featured in each episode. Although the show lost more than half of its audience after its premiere, Fox ordered 6 more episodes in November 2006, bringing the total number of episodes to 18 for the season. The show was put on hiatus in December 2006 and was scheduled to return on March 30, 2007 before being pushed back to April 6, 2007. The return date was changed again to June 8, 2007 and was allocated to the 9:00 pm Friday Document [40] (Title: Burn Notice (season 5)) Burn Notice (season 5) The fifth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 23, 2011 on the cable television channel USA Network. The season concluded after its eighteenth episode on December 15, 2011. Six months after the arrest of Vaughn and the retrieval of the NOC list, Michael has been working with the CIA to capture, imprison, or execute all of the people that worked for the organization that burned him. With only one high-ranking operative remaining, Michael, his boss Raines (Dylan Baker), and partner Max (Grant Show) attempt to extract the final spy, but Document [41] (Title: Burn Notice (season 7)) hallucinations. Garret Dillahunt returns as Simon Escher in the season's eleventh episode. In the following table, "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the day of original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television spy drama "Burn Notice" aired from June 6, 2013 to September 12, 2013, on the cable television channel USA Network. The 13-episode season was ordered by USA Network on November 7, 2012. In May 2013, the network announced that this season will be the show's last. Production on the series Document [42] (Title: Criminal Minds (season 6)) <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Criminal Minds (season 6) The sixth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 22, 2010 and ended May 18, 2011. Before the filming of the season began, it was announced that A.J. Cook had been let go from the series, reportedly due to budget cuts on the show relating to the launch of the "Criminal Minds" spinoff. Thanks to letters and petitions by fans, Cook was allowed to return for two episodes to wrap up her character's storyline. She later returned as a special guest star in two subsequent episodes of this season. Paget Brewster was a Document [43] (Title: Criminal Minds (season 6)) Criminal Minds (season 6) The sixth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 22, 2010 and ended May 18, 2011. Before the filming of the season began, it was announced that A.J. Cook had been let go from the series, reportedly due to budget cuts on the show relating to the launch of the "Criminal Minds" spinoff. Thanks to letters and petitions by fans, Cook was allowed to return for two episodes to wrap up her character's storyline. She later returned as a special guest star in two subsequent episodes of this season. Paget Brewster was a regular Question: how many episodes in season 6 of burn notice Answer: 18 Long Answer: Burn Notice (season 6) Region 1 DVD cover artwork Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network USA Network Original release June 14 (2012 - 06 - 14)--December 20, 2012 (2012 - 12 - 20) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Burn Notice episodes Gold Document ID: 43

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Koffee with Karan) was brought back and aired as the penultimate episode of the season with the finale, a best of episode, being aired on 19 March 2017. On 24 April 2018, Johar confirmed season 6 to be out in 2018 breaking the usual trend of a season every three years. On 18 August, Johar tweeted that the season premiere will air on 21 October 2018. On 21 October, the sixth season premiered with Deepika Padukone and Alia Bhatt as guests. In the third episode, Johar competed against guest Aamir Khan in the rapid fire round, while Malaika Arora appeared as a guest Document [2] (Title: Lost (season 6)) episodes. Season six was planned to have 17 episodes, too. However, on June 29, 2009 it was announced that the final season would feature an additional hour, making the number of episodes 18. Executive producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse stated that they "always envisioned "Lost" as a show with a beginning, middle, and end," and that by announcing when the show would end that viewers would "have the security of knowing that the story will play out as we've intended." Lindelof and Cuse stated that securing the 2010 series-end date "was immensely liberating" and helped the series rediscover its Document [3] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) Burn Notice (season 6) The sixth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 14, 2012 on the cable television channel USA Network. John C. McGinley appeared in six episodes as Tom Card, Michael's original CIA trainer. Taryn Manning appeared in one episode as one of Fiona's fellow prisoners. Jere Burns and Kristanna Loken returned to the series for multiple episodes as Anson Fullerton and Rebecca Lang, respectively. Lauren Stamile and Alex Carter also returned to the series as Dani Pearce and Jason Bly, respectively. Faran Tahir appeared in the third episode as Ahmed, a ruthless Document [4] (Title: Burn Notice (season 2)) Burn Notice (season 2) Burn Notice is an American television action-drama series created by Matt Nix and starring Jeffrey Donovan, Gabrielle Anwar, Bruce Campbell, and Sharon Gless. The second season premiered July 10, 2008. The season was split into two parts, with episodes 1–9 airing in the summer of 2008 and episodes 10–16 being broadcast in early 2009. A burn notice is a document issued by intelligence agencies to discredit or announce the dismissal of agents or sources who are considered to have become unreliable. The television series is a first-person narrative (including frequent stream of consciousness voice-overs providing nuggets Document [5] (Title: Lost (season 6)) Lost (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on February 2, 2010. The sixth-season premiere was the first to climb in the ratings year-over-year since the second season, drawing 12.1 million viewers. The season aired Tuesdays at 9:00 pm from February 2 to May 18. The series finale aired on Sunday, May 23, 2010. The finale ran two-and-a-half hours starting at 9:00 pm; pushing the local news back a half-hour, followed by the previously announced post-finale special, "Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost", at Document [6] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) Network on April 16, 2010. This announcement came just over a month after the fourth season had completed airing. The season began in summer 2012. Jeffrey Donovan stated in a pre-season interview that one of the show's long-standing characters will die during this season. Matt Nix wrote the first episode of the season, his twentieth credit for the series. The episode was directed by Stephen Surjik; it was his seventh directing credit for "Burn Notice". Series star Jeffrey Donovan directed one episode as well, his second of the series and first since season 4. In the following table, "U.S. viewers Document [7] (Title: Burn Notice) of the prisoner: Simon Escher (Garret Dillahunt), the man who committed the crimes for which Michael was framed. In the final scenes of the season, Michael is arrested and taken to a mysterious room. The fourth season, consisting of 18 episodes, follows Michael as he begins working once again for the people who burned him. As with most other seasons, the fourth season begins immediately after the events of the previous. Michael, still in prison, is visited by Vaughn (Robert Wisdom), a high-ranking member of management. He serves as Michael's new handler, bringing Michael various jobs and even participating in Document [8] (Title: Hot in Cleveland (season 1)) receive, decide to move there. The series stars Valerie Bertinelli, Wendie Malick and Jane Leeves as the three Los Angeles women Melanie Moretti, Victoria Chase, and Joy Scroggs. Veteran actress Betty White also stars in the series as Elka Ovstrosky, the women's sassy caretaker. The season also featured numerous guest stars, including John Schneider, Susan Lucci, Carl Reiner and Joe Jonas. Consisting of ten episodes, the first season aired from June 16 to August 18, 2010 on Wednesdays at 10:00 p.m. EST. The series debuted to 4.75 million viewers, becoming the most watched program on the channel and more than Document [9] (Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 9)) contain the series 200th episode. The season is expected to contain 22 episodes. It was later revealed that the first episode of the season would be a remake of the 1968 episode from the original series, "Hawaii Five-O", also entitled "Cocoon" On August 18, 2018 it was revealed that the 200th episode of the series would be the seventh aired episode of the season. Other series co-star Chi McBride, wrote an episode for the season. On Wednesday, August 22, 2018 with the anticipated landfall of Hurricane Lane, a Category 4 hurricane, in Hawaii CBS reported that they "were closely monitoring Document [10] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true circumstances of the Document [11] (Title: Burn Notice (season 1)) Burn Notice (season 1) Season one of the American television series Burn Notice originally aired from June 28, 2007 to September 20, 2007. The first season of "Burn Notice" introduces Michael Westen. He is burned while on a covert op in Nigeria. After fleeing, he soon finds himself in Miami, where he is reunited with his ex-girlfriend, Fiona Glenanne, and another old friend, Sam Axe. For several episodes, Michael is tailed by Harris (Marc Macaulay) and Lane (Brandon Morris), two FBI agents who are sent to keep tabs on Michael. Sam reports to them, mildly straining his relationship with Michael. Document [12] (Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)) Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5) The fifth season of the television series, "" premiered September 23, 2003, and ended May 18, 2004, on NBC. "Law & Order: SVU" moved away from its Friday night slot to Tuesday nights at 10pm/9c. Casey Novak, the unit's longest-serving ADA, was introduced in the fifth episode when Diane Neal joined the cast to fill the absence left by Stephanie March. Early reports about Stephanie March leaving the cast at the end of indicate that the first Season 5 episodes were written if not filmed by May 2003. The sixth episode, "Coerced", Document [13] (Title: Grimm (season 6)) sixth season would consist of at least 13 episodes, unlike previous seasons. On July 27, 2016, Chris McKenna was cast as Lt. Grossante, a formidable and driven "military-type" cop. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Grimm (season 6) The sixth and final season of the NBC American supernatural drama series "Grimm" was announced on April 18, 2016. It premiered on January 6 and concluded on March 31, 2017. The season consisted of 13 episodes. The series, created by David Greenwalt, Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter, is produced by NBC, GK Productions, Hazy Mills Productions, and Universal Television. The main plot follows a descendant of the Document [14] (Title: The Burning Zone) supernatural cases to include more action. Science fiction writers Roger Fulton and John Gregory Betancourt wrote that the program had "so many transformations in its brief 19-episode run that no viewer who saw the first show would recognize the last". Morgan and Tomita appear in 11 episodes while Todd Susman was in two episodes. Black appears in all 19 episodes, and Harris and Tatum are in 18 episodes and eight episodes, respectively. Produced by Universal Television, "The Burning Zone" was created by Coleman Luck, who was an executive producer alongside James Duff McAdams and Carleton Eastlake. Consultation for the episodes Document [15] (Title: All That (season 6)) All That (season 6) "All Thats sixth season"' ran from January 15, 2000 to November 18, 2000. This season contained 16 episodes, in addition to 11 specials titled the Best of All That in 1999-2001. Many changes occurred before the start of this season. Kel Mitchell and Kenan Thompson both left the show toward the end of the fifth season. Mitchell and Thompson would both go on to film the final season of Kenan & Kel and then leave Nickelodeon altogether. Producers hired then unknown comic Gabriel Iglesias to replace the absence left by Mitchell and Thompson. Producers also upgraded Document [16] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) audience over time." Season two premiered on May 31, 2015, and concluded on August 2, 2015. Despite the critical acclaim that season two garnered, viewership declined. The season averaged 520,000 viewers per episode and a 0.2 rating in the 18–49 age demographic in live plus same-day viewings. Still, AMC renewed the series in October 2015 for a ten-episode third season. Stillerman said, "The critical momentum was a big part of the decision." The first episode of season three aired on August 21, 2016, ahead of the two-hour season premiere on August 23, 2016. The Tuesday premiere drew just 385,000 same-day Document [17] (Title: Modern Family (season 6)) Modern Family (season 6) The sixth season of "Modern Family" premiered on September 24, 2014 on ABC. The sixth season was ordered on May 18, 2014, by ABC. The show airs on ABC on Wednesday nights and is produced by Steven Levitan Productions and Picador Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television, with creators Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd as showrunners. On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed "Modern Family" for a seventh season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Modern Family"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s sixth season received positive reviews from television critics, with some claiming it an improvement over the previous couple of seasons that had a Document [18] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) hopes to set things right. Also appearing in the tenth-to-twelfth episodes was Kenny Johnson as Tyler Gray, the trigger man behind the death of Michael's brother. Patton Oswalt and Sonja Sohn each had guest appearances during the winter season. Oswalt appeared in episodes 14-16 as Calvin Schmidt, a smuggler whom the team contacts for help in escaping the country. Sohn plays Olivia Riley, a high-level CIA director who “literally [wrote] the book on counter-intel training and procedures", and she appeared on a recurring basis beginning with the thirteenth episode. A sixth season, consisting of 18 episodes, was ordered by USA Document [19] (Title: According to Jim) sense for us". But on June 27, 2007, ABC renewed the show for a seventh season with 18 episodes. "According to Jim" returned to ABC's schedule on Tuesday January 1, 2008, with two episodes at 9 pm and 9:30 pm. After that, the series moved to its regular time slot at 8 pm. Despite the writer's strike, ABC announced that the show would produce all 18 episodes ordered for this season. On February 27, 2008, it was reported that ABC was close to renewing "According to Jim" for an eighth season. On May 13, 2008, ABC officially renewed the series Document [20] (Title: Burn Notice (season 4)) Burn Notice (season 4) The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3, 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network. Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter, a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns. As the fourth season opens, Michael sits alone in a well furnished room, where he meets his new handler, Vaughn (Robert Wisdom). Vaughn attempts to lure Michael into the organization by attempting to befriend him, and tells Michael the organization is now on the hunt for a terrorist mastermind. Michael agrees to work with Vaughn on the condition Document [21] (Title: Community (season 6)) Television starting March 18, 2015. In Australia, the sixth season was available on Stan beginning March 17, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Yahoo! Screen released "Communitary", an extra version of season six with commentary by series creator Dan Harmon. The sixth season was released on DVD in region 1 on March 8, 2016. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the making of the finale, trivia with the cast and crew, and a gag reel. The sixth season has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 12 Document [22] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [23] (Title: Lost (season 6)) Lost (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on February 2, 2010. The sixth-season premiere was the first to climb in the ratings year-over-year since the second season, drawing 12.1 million viewers. The season aired Tuesdays at 9:00 pm from February 2 to May 18. The series finale aired on Sunday, May 23, 2010. The finale ran two-and-a-half hours starting at 9:00 pm; pushing the local news back a half-hour, followed by the previously announced post-finale special, "Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost", at Document [24] (Title: Seven Seconds (TV series)) teenager from Jersey City—with his car. Jablonski calls his friends on the force to the scene. They assume Brenton is dead and a cover up ensues. Racial tensions explode in the face of injustice and the absence of quick resolution of the case. On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and O’Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show Document [25] (Title: Burn Notice) blackmails Fiona to get Michael to do what he wants. After Michael and his team are repeatedly forced to commit crimes and complete increasingly dangerous missions on Anson's behalf, Fiona turns herself in, freeing Michael to pursue Anson without concern for her. The sixth season, consisting of 18 episodes, begins with Fiona's arrest. Michael does contract work for the CIA agent who trained him, Tom Card (John C. McGinley), to gain visitation rights to Fiona and eventually have her released. He is also working with Pearce, trying to track down Anson. The team finally captures Anson with the help of Document [26] (Title: One Tree Hill (season 6)) episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast, deleted scenes, gag reels and behind-the-scenes featurettes. One Tree Hill (season 6) The sixth season of "One Tree Hill", an American television series, began on September 1, 2008 and concluded on May 18, 2009 with a total of 24 episodes. This is the third season to air on The CW television network. The season's seventh episode, "Messin' with the Kid" achieved a series high in Adults 18–34 with a 2.7 rating. Season six is the final season for Document [27] (Title: Burn Notice) help. Michael is finally taken to Washington, DC, where he is met by an unidentified man (Dylan Baker) who proclaims, "Welcome back." The fifth season, consisting of 18 episodes, begins six months after Michael successfully rejoins the CIA as a consultant. The man from the final scenes of the fourth season has been identified as Raines, and, along with Max (Grant Show), Michael begins hunting down and arresting all of the people on Simon's list of "Management" agents. While pursuing the final man on the list, however, Max and Michael hit a dead end when they discover that the man Document [28] (Title: Brotherhood (U.S. TV series)) 21.) Unlike episode titles from season one which were based Bible passages, season two episode titles were based on lyrics from songs written and performed by Bob Dylan. The first episode officially aired on September 30, 2007, with the season finale airing on December 2. However, on July 18, 2007, the first two episodes of season 2 were leaked to the internet via torrent. The season begins a few months after the conclusion of season one. Michael has survived Declan's attack, though his awareness is compromised and he has no memory of the attack. Michael finds himself shut out of Document [29] (Title: Detroit 1-8-7) "Road to Nowhere" Episode 14: "Beaten / Cover Letter" Episode 15: "Legacy / Drag City" Episode 16: "Stone Cold" Episode 17: "Motor City Blues" Episode 18: "Blackout" "Detroit 1-8-7" premiered on September 21, 2010 at 10:00 pm on ABC. The first season was initially to be 13 episodes. On October 25, 2010 ABC announced the order of an additional 5 episodes to bring the first season to 18 episodes. The thirteenth episode, "Road To Nowhere", was initially scheduled for January 18, 2011 but was replaced with a 20/20 special interview with Mark E. Kelly, the husband of U.S. Congresswoman Gabrielle Document [30] (Title: Six (TV series)) Six (TV series) Six (stylized as SIX) is an American television drama series. The series was ordered by the History channel with an eight-episode initial order. The first two episodes were directed by Lesli Linka Glatter. "Six" premiered on January 18, 2017. "Six" was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes on February 23, 2017, which premiered on May 28, 2018, with the second new episode airing during its regular timeslot on May 30, 2018. On June 29, History announced they had cancelled the series after two seasons. The series chronicles the operations and daily lives of operators who Document [31] (Title: Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe) event was viewed by 3.57 million viewers upon its first airing. In the 18–49 demographic, there were 1.44 million viewers. It was the 23rd most-watched show on cable television that week. Towards the end of the film, Sam Axe adopts the alias "Deputy Assistant Intelligence Director Chuck Finley" from the NSA headquarters when calling for help over the radio. Chuck Finley has been the alias Sam Axe uses throughout the TV series when impersonating someone. The movie shows Sam looking at a photograph of (former) Major League Baseball pitcher Chuck Finley on the cover of a sports magazine as he Document [32] (Title: Quiz of God) reflex anoxic seizures and Savant syndrome. Fabry disease, Kleine–Levin syndrome and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis were featured in the second season. Season 1 aired from October 8 to December 10, 2010 on Fridays at 22:00 for 10 episodes. Season 2 aired from June 10 to August 26, 2011 on Fridays at 24:00 for 12 episodes. Season 3 aired from May 20 to August 12, 2012 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 4 aired from May 18 to August 3, 2014 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Season 5 will be aired on November 7, 2018 Document [33] (Title: Burn Notice (season 6)) in millions" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the day of original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 6) The sixth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 14, 2012 on the cable television channel USA Network. John C. McGinley appeared in six episodes as Tom Card, Michael's original CIA trainer. Taryn Manning appeared in one episode as one of Fiona's fellow prisoners. Jere Burns and Kristanna Loken returned to the series for multiple episodes as Anson Fullerton and Rebecca Lang, respectively. Lauren Stamile and Alex Carter also returned to the Document [34] (Title: Braccialetti rossi) of 6 episodes, aired from 26 January to 2 March 2014 while the second, consisting of 5 episodes, from 15 February to 15 March 2015. On 18 March 2016 instead, the shooting of the third season ended, composed of 8 new episodes, which were broadcast starting October 16, 2016, with the confirmation of the entire cast and several new entries. In addition, the series was renewed for a fourth season and shooting began in May 2017. The series was almost entirely shot in Fasano, Puglia, within the CIASU (International Center for Higher University Studies) structure, in which the hospital of Document [35] (Title: Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)) live plus same-day viewings. When accounting for time shifting via digital video recorders (DVRs), the season averaged 1.3 million viewers per episode in live plus 7-day viewings; 606,000 of them were ages 18–49, making "Halt and Catch Fire" among the "most upscale dramas on ad-supported television" behind "Mad Men" and "The Good Wife", according to AMC. Despite the low overall ratings, AMC renewed the show in August 2014 for a second season of ten episodes. The network's president Charlie Collier said, "We have a history of demonstrating patience through the early seasons of new shows, betting on talent and building Document [36] (Title: Burn Notice (season 7)) Burn Notice (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television spy drama "Burn Notice" aired from June 6, 2013 to September 12, 2013, on the cable television channel USA Network. The 13-episode season was ordered by USA Network on November 7, 2012. In May 2013, the network announced that this season will be the show's last. Production on the series wrapped on July 31, 2013. Jack Coleman plays Andrew Strong, a CIA officer who pushes Michael to do whatever it takes to complete a mission that has consumed Strong for eight years. Stephen Martines plays Carlos Cruz, Document [37] (Title: Burn Notice (season 3)) original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 3) The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season. Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael is able to secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true Document [38] (Title: All That (season 6)) season leading up to the Relaunch. All That (season 6) "All Thats sixth season"' ran from January 15, 2000 to November 18, 2000. This season contained 16 episodes, in addition to 11 specials titled the Best of All That in 1999-2001. Many changes occurred before the start of this season. Kel Mitchell and Kenan Thompson both left the show toward the end of the fifth season. Mitchell and Thompson would both go on to film the final season of Kenan & Kel and then leave Nickelodeon altogether. Producers hired then unknown comic Gabriel Iglesias to replace the absence left by Document [39] (Title: Standoff (TV series)) Flannery and Emily Lehman are considered to be the protagonists of the series as a subplot concerning their relationship is featured in each episode. Although the show lost more than half of its audience after its premiere, Fox ordered 6 more episodes in November 2006, bringing the total number of episodes to 18 for the season. The show was put on hiatus in December 2006 and was scheduled to return on March 30, 2007 before being pushed back to April 6, 2007. The return date was changed again to June 8, 2007 and was allocated to the 9:00 pm Friday Document [40] (Title: Burn Notice (season 5)) Burn Notice (season 5) The fifth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 23, 2011 on the cable television channel USA Network. The season concluded after its eighteenth episode on December 15, 2011. Six months after the arrest of Vaughn and the retrieval of the NOC list, Michael has been working with the CIA to capture, imprison, or execute all of the people that worked for the organization that burned him. With only one high-ranking operative remaining, Michael, his boss Raines (Dylan Baker), and partner Max (Grant Show) attempt to extract the final spy, but Document [41] (Title: Burn Notice (season 7)) hallucinations. Garret Dillahunt returns as Simon Escher in the season's eleventh episode. In the following table, "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the day of original broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Burn Notice (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television spy drama "Burn Notice" aired from June 6, 2013 to September 12, 2013, on the cable television channel USA Network. The 13-episode season was ordered by USA Network on November 7, 2012. In May 2013, the network announced that this season will be the show's last. Production on the series Document [42] (Title: Criminal Minds (season 6)) <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Criminal Minds (season 6) The sixth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 22, 2010 and ended May 18, 2011. Before the filming of the season began, it was announced that A.J. Cook had been let go from the series, reportedly due to budget cuts on the show relating to the launch of the "Criminal Minds" spinoff. Thanks to letters and petitions by fans, Cook was allowed to return for two episodes to wrap up her character's storyline. She later returned as a special guest star in two subsequent episodes of this season. Paget Brewster was a Document [43] (Title: Criminal Minds (season 6)) Criminal Minds (season 6) The sixth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 22, 2010 and ended May 18, 2011. Before the filming of the season began, it was announced that A.J. Cook had been let go from the series, reportedly due to budget cuts on the show relating to the launch of the "Criminal Minds" spinoff. Thanks to letters and petitions by fans, Cook was allowed to return for two episodes to wrap up her character's storyline. She later returned as a special guest star in two subsequent episodes of this season. Paget Brewster was a regular Question: how many episodes in season 6 of burn notice

Answer: 18 Long Answer: Burn Notice (season 6) Region 1 DVD cover artwork Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network USA Network Original release June 14 (2012 - 06 - 14)--December 20, 2012 (2012 - 12 - 20) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Burn Notice episodes Gold Document ID: 43

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) season 2 DVD featurette. The singer Marina and the Diamonds has also been referenced on the show, in a text by Debbie Gallagher. "Shameless" premiered on January 9, 2011 in the United States, becoming Showtime's highest-rated series debut on record across the network's target demographic. The first episode of the series generated 982,000 unique viewers, and was Showtime's largest audience for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The fourth episode, "Casey Casden", airing January 30, posted 1.45 million total viewers. "Shameless" was the cable channel's best-performing first-year drama. Defying the usual downward trend following a premiere, the Document [2] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) viewers, making "Shameless" the best performing first-year drama on Showtime. The season finale scored 1.16 million viewers. The series depicts the dysfunctional family of Francis (Frank) Gallagher, a single father of six children. While he spends his days drunk, his kids learn to take care of themselves. The first season mainly focuses on the ups and downs of Fiona Gallagher's new relationship with Steve Lishman. Their relationship begins when Fiona has her purse snatched at a nightclub and Steve attempts to retrieve it from a mugger. The season also follows Kev and Veronica, the Gallagher's neighbours, as they are forced Document [3] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) Shameless (season 1) The first season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 9, 2011, at Sunday 10:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on March 27, 2011. The show's season premiere was watched by 982,000 viewers, making it the network's biggest turnout for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The episode airing January 30, "Casey Casden", received 1.45 million total Document [4] (Title: Unforgettable (U.S. TV series)) On May 13, 2012, CBS canceled "Unforgettable". TNT and Lifetime soon expressed interest in picking up the show, but ultimately passed on the series. On June 29, 2012, CBS reversed course, and confirmed that "Unforgettable" would return for a second season in summer 2013 with an order for 13 episodes, of which seven were broadcast in 2013. Season two premiered on Sunday, July 28 at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/8:00 p.m. Central. On September 27, 2013, CBS renewed "Unforgettable" for a third season of 13 episodes to premiere summer 2014. Broadcast of the second season was resumed on Friday April 4, 2014 Document [5] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) 26 January 2010 and concluded on 4 May 2010. As with series 5 and 6, the seventh series consisted of 16 episodes. Series 7 saw the arrivals of Libby Croker, played by Pauline McLynn, the next serious love interest for Frank, and her battleaxe wheelchair-bound mother, Patty, with Valerie Lilley taking on the role. This series also introduced Maxine's brother Bruce, who would only appear during this series. Also to arrive in Series 7 was Billy Tutton (Michael Taylor), a new love interest for Mimi, who would return as a regular in the following series. Sean Gilder left his role Document [6] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) two weeks later on January 29, "Shameless" was renewed for a fourth season. It premiered January 12, 2014. On February 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a fifth season. Production on the first episode of the fifth season began on July 3, 2014 with the first episode table read, with initial shooting for the season beginning on July 8, 2014. The series was renewed for a sixth season on January 12, 2015. "Shameless" was renewed for a 12-episode seventh season on January 12, 2016. Season 7 premiered on October 2, 2016. The series is set in Chicago's Canaryville neighborhood Document [7] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) comedic tradition of making fun of the people in those worlds," he said. "The reality is that these people aren't 'the other'—they're people who live four blocks down from you and two blocks over." "Shameless" was adapted from a long-running, award-winning British television drama of the same name. HBO began developing an American version of "Shameless" after striking a deal with John Wells in January 2009. By October 2009 the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions taped a pilot episode for the cable network in December 2009. William H. Macy stars in the lead role as Frank Gallagher. Document [8] (Title: Curb Your Enthusiasm) Pedrad, Elizabeth Perkins, June Diane Raphael, Casey Wilson, Andrea Savage, Damon Wayans Jr., Steven Weber, Katie Aselton and Judge Judy Sheindlin. Production for season 9 started on November 11, 2016. On July 10, 2017, HBO announced that the ten-episode ninth season would premiere on October 1, 2017. Season 9 sees Larry return from a prolonged hiatus six years after the events of the season 8 finale. Larry incurs a fatwa from the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, after lampooning the Ayatollahs while appearing on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in promotion of his latest, long-awaited project, a comedy musical called Document [9] (Title: Emmy Rossum) that of co-star Macy and back pay for the differential over seven seasons, which was resolved later that month. Following this news, "Shameless" was renewed for its eighth season beginning production in 2017. In August 2018, Rossum announced her departure from "Shameless" after nine seasons. In mid-2011, Rossum starred in D. J. Caruso's social film, "Inside"; the online film aired in several segments, incorporating multiple social media platforms including Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. The following year, Rossum played Ridley, a siren Caster in "Beautiful Creatures" (2013), based on the young adult fantasy novel of the same name. Although the film Document [10] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) in the first series, and a slightly larger role in the second, expanded. This series also saw the introduction of Nicky Evans as Shane Maguire, who only appeared in one episode, but would become an essential character in later series. The series kicks off with a New Year's Day special where Debbie convinces everyone Liam has cancer to stop him getting expelled from school but things slowly get out of hand. Monica and Norma Starkey, played by Dystin Johnson, return for one episode this series. Kev and Veronica unsuccessfully trying for a baby through IVF, Mandy giving birth to Lip's Document [11] (Title: Marry Me (U.S. TV series)) in Chicago. On November 5, 2014, the series order was upped to 18 episodes for its first season. On February 17, 2015, the show aired its final episode before being removed from the schedule to allow "The Voice" to air two-hour episodes for three weeks, before "Undateable" took over the timeslot for the remainder of the season - leaving four episodes of "Marry Me" unaired. These episodes later began premiering in the UK from April 23, 2015 to May 14, 2015. On May 8, 2015, NBC announced it had officially canceled "Marry Me" after one season. All 18 episodes were Document [12] (Title: Black-ish (season 1)) Andre Jr (Marcus Scribner), twins Jack (Miles Brown) and Diane (Marsai Martin). After only airing six episodes, ABC ordered a full season of 24 episodes. It was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2015. The pilot episode premiered to a total of 11.04 million viewers, ranking number 1 in its time slot. It garnered 3.3/10 adults 18-49. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Black-ish (season 1) The first season of "Black-ish" aired from September 24, 2014 to May 20, 2015. on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Wilmore Films, Cinema Gypsy Productions and Principato-Young Entertainment, with creator Document [13] (Title: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)) August 14, 2018. On September 11, 2018, OWN announced the fourth half of the season, which premiered on October 2, 2018, on October 9, 2018, OWN announced the countdown to the season 6 finale, set to air November 6, 2018. The series has been renewed for a seventh season which is now filming. The seventh season is set to premiere on January 8, 2019. The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed "The Haves") and the poor and destitute Document [14] (Title: Mark Mylod) and executive-produced the pilot episode of the U.S. version of the dramedy, "Shameless", for Showtime. He remains a co-executive producer and frequent director on the series. In 2011, Mylod directed and executive-produced the pilot of the ABC fantasy series "Once Upon a Time". In 2014, he directed the pilot episode for American TV Series "The Affair". In 2014 he directed episodes 3 and 4 of Season 5 of the HBO series "Game of Thrones". He came back for Season 6, where he directed episode 7 and 8 and episode 2 of season 7. Mylod is married to costume designer Amy Document [15] (Title: The Americans (season 4)) The Americans (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series "The Americans", consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on FX on March 16, 2016, and concluded on June 8, 2016. The events of the fourth season begin immediately after the events of the last episode of the third season in March 1983 and end on the night of Super Bowl XVIII, January 22, 1984, which Paige and Matthew are watching at Stan's house in the finale. The series was renewed for a 13-episode fourth season on March 31, 2015. In April 2015, FX announced Frank Langella would continue Document [16] (Title: Nashville (season 5)) Sara Evans ("A Little Bit Stronger"), Garth Brooks ("If Tomorrow Never Comes"), Carrie Underwood ("The Night Before (Life Goes On)"), Sheryl Crow ("A Change Would Do You Good"), and Dixie Chicks ("Not Ready to Make Nice"). On May 12, 2016, ABC cancelled the series after four seasons. On June 10, 2016, it was announced that CMT had picked up the series for a fifth season of 22 episodes. The pick-up was assisted by $11 million in economic incentives: $8.5 million comes via the State of Tennessee Film Office, $1 million from the City of Nashville, $1 million from the Nashville Document [17] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) NBC announced that there would not be a third season. The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003 to March 5, 2003 on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed. NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK's format. The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8–10 pm EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode every Monday 8–10 pm aired 8–9 pm EDT Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 Document [18] (Title: ICarly) of the show's final season. The final season, Season 7, began on March 24, 2012 with a total of fifteen episodes to air. However, after a four-month hiatus after six episodes of the season aired from March to June, "iShock America" was promoted as the start of a new season for the last batch of episodes, effectively splitting the season into two. The series ended on November 23, 2012 with the episode "iGoodbye". On November 8, 2008, "iGo to Japan", the film based on "iCarly", premiered on Nickelodeon. It has also been broadcast divided in three-parts of second season that Document [19] (Title: Shameless (season 9)) that the sixth episode of the season would be his last one. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Shameless (season 9) The ninth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on November 8, 2017, following the season 8 premiere. The season premiered on September 9, 2018, and will consist of a total of 14 episodes. After the seventh episode, the season will be on hiatus until January 20, 2019. The 100th episode of the series will air this season. On August 30, 2018, Emmy Rossum announced that she would leave Document [20] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Also departing this series was Carl, who made numerous guest appearances before leaving. Prominent storylines for this series include Micky being the victim of a homophobic attack, and Frank, Jamie, Shane, Ruby and Aidan being trapped underground when a plan to rob lottery tickets goes dramatically wrong. Series 10, originally planned to be the second half of the ninth series, was reduced from 11 episodes to 10. It aired between 13 September and 1 November 2012. As with the last two series, the first two episodes aired on two consecutive nights. The final episode of the tenth series saw three Document [21] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Carl run a babysitting service in the house to bring in extra funds. Sheila is simultaneously trying to find Eddie (who committed suicide last season) and working on getting over her agoraphobia. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show's second season began shooting on July 5, 2011 and it premiered on Sunday, January 8, 2012 at a new time slot at 9:00pm. Shanola Hampton, Steve Howey, Joan Cusack, and Laura Slade Wiggins return in the second season as Veronica Fisher, Kevin "Kev" Ball, Sheila Jackson and Karen Jackson. Also returning are Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich, Pej Vahdat as Kash, Tyler Jacob Moore as Document [22] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) of the season. The season finale scored 1.82 million viewers. Fiona adapts to life with Jimmy when he moves into the Gallagher house. Jimmy has more pressing concerns however when Estefania's father makes him an accomplice in murder and forces him into a worrying situation. He has more shocks in store when he discovers that his father is secretly gay and in a relationship with Ian. Mandy and Lip deal with problems in their relationship- has Lip really been able to let Karen go?- while Mandy secretly does Lip's college applications for him. Meanwhile, Mickey is out of prison and Document [23] (Title: Sense8 (season 2)) It was filmed in Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Italy, Kenya, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Korea, the UK, and the US. On August 8, 2015, Netflix announced that it had renewed the show for a second season. Netflix released the first episode of the second season, a two-hour Christmas special, on December 23, 2016; the remaining 10 episodes of the season were released on May 5, 2017. The season was met with positive critical reception and received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series in the GLAAD Media Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Cinematography for a Document [24] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) Shameless (season 4) The fourth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, "Strangers on a Train", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.93 million Document [25] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) viewers, making it the network's biggest turnout for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The episode airing January 30, "Casey Casden", received 1.45 million total viewers, making "Shameless" the best performing first-year drama on Showtime. Shameless (U.S. TV series) Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells which debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It is an adaptation of the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott, featuring an ensemble cast led by William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum. It is set in the South Side of Chicago and filmed Document [26] (Title: Issa Rae) nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2017 and 2018, as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2018. On November 14, 2016, HBO renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on July 23, 2017. On August 8, 2017, it was announced that the show was renewed for a third season, which premiered on August 12, 2018. Rae's first book, a memoir titled "The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl", was released in 2015 and became a "New York Times" best-seller. In the book, Document [27] (Title: RTÉ2) well known US shows on RTÉ Two include "Lost", "Ugly Betty", "Prison Break", "", "", "", "Desperate Housewives", "The Americans", "New Girl" and "Two Broke Girls". It also airs "Smallville", "Sons of Anarchy", "Eli Stone", "Mr. Sunshine" after midnight on weekends, and British shows such as "Shameless" and "The Thick of It". It has also aired Seasons 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of "NCIS" and also Season 2 of "Hawaii Five-0". It is currently showing NCIS Season 10 on Saturdays at midnight and Hawaii Five-0 Season 3 on Sunday nights. "The Walking Dead", "Under The Dome" and "Person of Document [28] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) while juggling her new job at Patsy's Pies, where she has flirtatious encounters with her boss, Sean. Lip is home from college for the summer, and is torn between two worlds as his loyalty to the South Side is questioned while gentrification comes to the neighborhood. Ian's declining mental health raises the concerns of Mickey and the rest of the Gallaghers, yet he remains in denial of his condition. Debbie continues to struggle with the pains of adolescence and Carl begins a new business venture as a drug-dealer. Sammi becomes more involved in the lives of her half-brothers and sisters Document [29] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as SBS One (Australia), UKTV (New Zealand), Acht (Belgium), I.Sat (Argentina), Showcase (Canada), Virgin 17 (France), Nederland 3 (Netherlands), YLE FST5 (Finland), SIC Radical (Portugal), RTÉ Two (Ireland), BBC America (only aired the first series) and Sundance Channel (United States), yes+ (Israel), I.Sat (Latin America) and Jimmy (Italy).Netflix. HBO began developing an American version of "Shameless" after striking a deal with John Wells. By October 2009, the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions filmed a pilot episode for the cable network in January 2010. It stars William H. Macy in the Frank Gallagher role. Allison Janney was cast Document [30] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4)) The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4) The fourth season of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 13, 2011 at 8:00 PM. During its third season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on January 10, 2011, that the show would be renewed for a fourth season. The fourth season premiered on June 13, 2011, one week after the season 3 finale. The second half of the season premiered on March 26, 2012. On February 2, 2012, ABC Family announced that Secret Document [31] (Title: John Wells (filmmaker)) Showtime's history. Shameless has run for 8 seasons, and production on the 9th began in May 2018. Wells made his directorial debut with the film drama "The Company Men", starring Ben Affleck. The film was scheduled for release in the fall of 2010 but premiered earlier at the Sundance film festival. After the Sundance screening, "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "Wells has made, for his first film, a tough movie and certainly not a commercial one. This displays the kind of guts he always brought to his television work, which one can only hope continues on in other future film projects." Document [32] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) cast as Sheila, a romantic interest for Frank, replacing Allison Janney, who portrayed the role in the pilot. A preview of the pilot aired on December 12, 2010, after the Season 5 finale of "Dexter". The first season officially began airing on Showtime on Sunday, January 9, 2011. Production began in mid-September 2010. It is filmed in the North Lawndale community area of Chicago and Burbank, California, at Warner Bros. Studios. Shameless (season 1) The first season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 9, Document [33] (Title: Shameless (season 7)) He later finds out Mickey is out of prison. Debbie struggles to raise and keep Franny as she gets kidnapped by Derek's family. Kev and Veronica continue their "thrupple" with Svetlana until they find out Svetlana lied and betrayed them. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Recurring actress Isidora Goreshter has been promoted to series regular with the commencement of the season. Star Emmy Rossum made her directorial debut with the fourth episode, "I Am A Storm". Shameless (season 7) The seventh season of "Shameless", based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, is an American comedy-drama television series with executive Document [34] (Title: Scandal (season 4)) eighteenth episode. After the season finale, it was announced that Portia de Rossi has been promoted to a series regular for the fifth season. The fourth season began airing September 25, 2014, in the U.S. in a new timeslot as a result of making room for ShondaLand produced show, "How to Get Away with Murder". The season premiered at the same time in Canada on City. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on Sky Living on January 8, 2015. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The season premiere returned with universal acclaim from critics, with many commenting the accomplishment the premiere did to Document [35] (Title: The Best Years) care, and her classmates as they attend the university. The first season included episodes involving cocaine addiction, child molestation, and suicide. The second and final season picked up eight months after season one with many characters absent and replaced with new characters and focused romantic entanglements. Reoccurring Cast According to Mediaweek, ratings the show debuted with 323,250 total viewers on Friday, June 29 at 8:30 p.m. ET, which more than doubled the time period average. The first season of "The Best Years" was first shown in Canada on Global between May 22, 2007, and August 14, 2007. In the U.S., Document [36] (Title: The Americans (season 4)) 74th Golden Globe Awards, Matthew Rhys and Keri Russell were nominated for Best Actor and Best Actress in a Drama Series, respectively. For the 69th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won the award for . The Americans (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series "The Americans", consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on FX on March 16, 2016, and concluded on June 8, 2016. The events of the fourth season begin immediately after the events of the last episode of the third season in March 1983 and end on the night of Super Bowl XVIII, Document [37] (Title: Cameron Monaghan) seventh season began airing in October 2016. The eighth season, consisting of 12 episodes, went into production in May 2017; it premiered on November 5, 2017. The series was renewed for a ninth season which premiered on September 9, 2018. Monaghan announced via Instagram that he would be leaving the series following the sixth episode of the ninth season. In addition to his role on "Shameless", Monaghan has continued to appear in a variety of episodic television roles. In 2011, he guest-starred as Nick Peyton, a teenage boy accused of murdering his Marine father, on the CBS crime series "NCIS". Document [38] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Comedy Drama" at the British Comedy Awards. The network Showtime adapted the series into its own American version, which debuted in 2011. The first series of Shameless ran from 19 January to 24 February 2004. It consisted of seven episodes. The first series chronicled the life of the Noblett family and their neighbours. David Threlfall was cast as alcoholic father of six, Frank Gallagher. Anne-Marie Duff was cast as his eldest daughter and "head" of the family, Fiona. Jody Latham and Gerard Kearns played Gallagher brothers Lip and Ian. Twin brothers Elliott and Luke Tittensor both took on the role Document [39] (Title: David Zabel) through the end of its run, after 15 seasons, in 2009. He was nominated for a second Humanitas Prize for writing the episode "Heal Thyself," which he also directed. He was the showrunner of "Detroit 1-8-7" in 2010-2011, for which he also wrote and directed numerous episodes. In 2013, he had two pilots he wrote and produced go to series on ABC - "Lucky 7" (co-written with Jason Richman) and "Betrayal." He served as executive producer and showrunner on both shows. In 2016, the first season of his PBS series "Mercy Street" aired. A second season for January 2017 is Document [40] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4)) Life was being renewed for a fifth and final season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4) The fourth season of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 13, 2011 at 8:00 PM. During its third season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on January 10, 2011, that the show would be renewed for a fourth season. The fourth season premiered on June 13, 2011, one week after the season 3 finale. The second half of the season premiered on March Document [41] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) the seventh series. Unlike any previous series, the eighth series of 22 episodes was split into two halves. The first five episodes were aired consecutively during one week, from 10 January to 14 January 2011, to tie-in with a series-opener story-arc. After this, the series returned to its regular weekly slot, and continued for a further 7 episodes between 18 January to 8 March 2011. After a four-month break, the final 9 episodes of the eighth series began on 30 August 2011 and concluded the series on 25 October 2011. Starting with series 8 the show took a more light Document [42] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) officially announced that "Shameless" had been renewed for an eighth season. Just days after the eighth season premiere, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a ninth, which would bring the show past the 100-episode mark. In August 2018, Rossum announced her departure from Shameless after nine seasons playing Fiona Gallagher. In October 2018, Cameron Monaghan also announced his departure from the series after playing Ian Gallagher for nine seasons. The theme song for "Shameless" is "The Luck You Got" by indie rock group The High Strung. The majority of the music featured in the series is Document [43] (Title: American Horror Story) on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The sixth season premiered on September 14, 2016, and concluded on November 16, 2016. The seventh season premiered on September 5, 2017, and concluded on November 14, 2017. The eighth season premiered on September 12, 2018 and concluded on November Document [44] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) on the South Side. In December 2016, it was reported that Emmy Rossum had requested that she be paid more than William H. Macy for future seasons, to make up for previous seasons in which she was paid less than Macy. The pay dispute briefly delayed work on an eighth season of the series, while she and Warner Bros. Television negotiated. The dispute came to an end on December 14, when Rossum confirmed through Twitter that she would continue to work on the series, with production of an eighth season to begin in May 2017. On December 19, 2016, Showtime Document [45] (Title: Noh Matta Wat!) same. Note: this has been edited in subsequent airings. Unknown. Noh Matta Wat! storylines and scriptwriting were scripted by media and film veterans Adele Ramos (a staff writer and senior editor at the Amandala newspaper) in season 1, and Kimberley Vasquez (Belizean stage and screenwriter) in seasons 1,2 and 3. Steve T. Berry returned in season 2 to direct the first two episodes, while James E. Cheek took the helm to direct episode 3 and the final episodes 6, 7 and 8. In addition, Kelley Chatman directed episode 4 and Eric Berry directed episode 5. The DVD release of season Document [46] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Shameless (UK TV series) Shameless is a British comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the series aired from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013. The comedy drama, centred on British working class culture, was accorded critical acclaim by various sections of the British media, including "The Sun" newspaper and "Newsnight Review" on BBC Two. The programme was created and partially written by Paul Abbott, who is also the programme's executive producer. In 2005, the show won "Best Drama Series" at the BAFTA TV Awards and "Best TV Document [47] (Title: Unforgettable (season 2)) However, on June 29, 2012, CBS confirmed that "Unforgettable" would return for a second season in the summer of 2013 with an order for 13 episodes. The September 8 episode served as the summer finale, with the remainder of the season returning in January in Europe and on April 4, 2014 in the United States. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Unforgettable (season 2) The second season of CBS American television drama series "Unforgettable" premiered on July 28, 2013, and has 13 episodes. The first seven episodes of the season were aired between this date and September 8, 2013. On May 13, 2012, CBS confirmed Document [48] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as Paddy Maguire towards the end of Series 7, with Warren Donnelly, Joanna Higson, Gerard Kearns and Ben Batt also leaving their roles as Stan Waterman, Maxine Donnelly, Ian Gallagher and Joe Pritchard. Kelli Hollis also left her role as Yvonne Karib, however she would return in the final series. In the series finale, Mimi surprisingly gave birth to baby Cilla, a storyline which would continue into the eighth series. Karen's bipolar and her affair with Joe, Carl and Chesney being on the run for murder, and the wedding of Shane and Kelly are all prominent storylines to feature in Document [49] (Title: The Following) starred Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy in leading roles, as well as Shawn Ashmore, Natalie Zea, and Valorie Curry. The first season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on January 21, 2013, and concluded on April 29, 2013. On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 19, 2014, and concluded on April 28, 2014. The series' renewal for a third season was announced on March 7, 2014, and the season premiered on March 2, 2015. On May 8, 2015, Fox canceled "The Following" after three seasons. The final episode aired on May 18, 2015. Document [50] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) with Gloria in Series 10, however this stopped following a pregnancy scare, and eventually Karen discovers his deceit. Shane accidentally killed a man after running him over in a hit-and-run, and battled his conscience as he began helping the man's family through their grief. The eleventh and final series of Shameless began on 26 February 2013 and concluded the show itself on 28 May 2013. An expansion from the last two series, the eleventh series consisted of 14 episodes. The shows final episode saw the return of several departed characters, mostly consisting of the Gallagher children. During the eleventh series, Document [51] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) Shameless (season 5) The fifth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes. The season picks up from the season 4 finale two to three months after the events of finding out Ian's bipolarity and Fiona's release from prison. Fiona begins a new relationship with a skilled member of a rock 'n' roll band Document [52] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) January 12, 2014. Shameless (season 4) The fourth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, "Strangers on a Train", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale Document [53] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) the USA. Shameless (season 2) The second season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 8, 2012, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 1, 2012. The show's season premiere brought in 1.58 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The episode airing March 4, "Parenthood", received 1.6 million total viewers, its highest rated show of the Document [54] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Also joining the cast were Emmy Rossum as Fiona and Justin Chatwin as Steve, former co-stars from "Dragonball Evolution". Paul Abbott, whose semi-autobiographical telescript was the basis for the UK pilot, is credited as an executive producer on the U.S. version. In April 2010, Showtime green-lit the series with a 12-episode order. In late August Joan Cusack was cast as Sheila, a romantic interest for Frank, replacing Allison Janney, who portrayed the role in the pilot. Production began in mid-September. A preview of the pilot aired on December 12, 2010, after the Season 5 finale of "Dexter". The first season Document [55] (Title: The Middle (season 1)) 2 episodes, ABC gave the show a full season pickup. It was then renewed for a second season on January 12, 2010. The first episode premiered to 8.707 million viewers, a 5.4/9 household rating and a 2.6/8 adults 18-49 rating. It beat out the CBS sitcom, Gary Unmarried, and the NBC drama, Mercy, both of which aired in the same timeslot. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Middle (season 1) The first season of the television comedy series "The Middle" aired between September 30, 2009 and May 19, 2010, on ABC in the United States. It was produced by Blackie and Blondie Productions and Document [56] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) baby and Frank and Sheila getting married are all storylines covered in the third series. The fourth series, again consisting of eight episodes, ran between 9 January 2007 until 27 February 2007. It featured the biggest cast change in the show's nine-year run, with many characters from the first three series departing and many new characters introduced to replace them. Most notably, the series saw the introduction of the Maguire family as main characters rather than the antagonists that they were in the early series. From Series 4, the Maguires would gradually become the focus of the show during its Document [57] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as a romantic interest for Frank, but left after taking a job on Matthew Perry's "Mr. Sunshine" and was unable to be a part of both series. Academy Award nominee Joan Cusack joined the cast as the new Sheila Jackson, along with Emmy Rossum as Frank's sensible and feisty eldest daughter, and Justin Chatwin as a car thief who falls for her. Showtime's "Shameless" cast also includes Jeremy Allen White, Cameron Monaghan, Emma Kenney, Ethan Cutkosky, Noel Fisher, Steve Howey and Shanola Hampton. The first episode of the series aired on Showtime on 9 January 2011. The American version has Document [58] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) turns in such episodes as 'But at Last Came a Knock'". BuddyTV ranked "Shameless" #8 on its list of 2011's best new TV shows. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 'fresh' rating of 74% based on 31 reviews, with the critical consensus "Shameless is a dark, urban dramedy that overcomes its leaps of logic thanks to fantastic casting, intriguing ambiance, and shock value." Seasons 2-8 each have an above 90% rating as of July 2018, with the exception of season 7, which has an 88% rating. The first episode of the series, "Pilot", was watched by 982,000 Document [59] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) while Frank struggles with sobriety following his recent liver transplant. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 18, 2014, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season. Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first table read, with principal photography commencing on July 8, 2014. Shameless (season 5) The fifth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all Document [60] (Title: The Middle (TV series)) second season. The show was renewed for a third season. The third season premiered with a one-hour episode on September 21, 2011. On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered with a one-hour special on September 26, 2012. The show was renewed for a fifth season on May 10, 2013. ABC confirmed on May 9, 2014 that the series was picked up for a sixth season of 22 episodes, and officially ordered an additional two episodes in October of that year, bringing the season six total to 24. On May 8, 2015, ABC officially Document [61] (Title: Awkward (TV series)) included in various critics' top ten lists. The show also earned several award nominations, winning one Teen Choice Award and one People's Choice Award. On October 8, 2014, "Awkward" was renewed for a fifth and final season, which premiered on August 31, 2015. The mid-season finale aired on November 9, 2015; when the show returned in 2016, the story picked up during the summer after the characters' freshman year of college. The second half of season 5 premiered on March 15, 2016. Producer Chris Alberghini said that there could possibly be a season 6 if MTV decides and that there Document [62] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)) II, Jorge Pallo, Mark Derwin, and Luke Zimmerman. "Kyle XY" was ABC Family's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 20016, but lost its reign when the series premiere of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" brought in 2.8 million viewers. The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, 2.4 million of whom were females. The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23, 2009 in viewers 12-34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers. The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Document [63] (Title: John Wells (filmmaker)) Day" from a story by his ex-assistant Heather Zuhlke. Since 2016, Wells has been an executive producer and writer on the TNT drama, Animal Kingdom, and has written two episodes of the series thus far. The series has aired three seasons and a fourth will begin in summer 2019. In 2009, Wells began work on an American adaptation of the British series "Shameless". Originally commissioned by HBO, the project moved to competing network Showtime, where it debuted in January 2011. Starring William H. Macy as an alcoholic single father of six children, "Shameless" was the best performing first-year drama in Document [64] (Title: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 8)) had been renewed for an eighth season, The trailer and the official cast were released on September 28, 2015. The season premiered with "The Shades of It All" on November 8, 2015, while the seventeenth episode "Who's Been Naughty, Who's Been Nice" served as the season finale, and was aired on April 10, 2016. It was followed by a three-part reunion that aired on March 20, March 27, and April 3, 2016, and "Secrets Revealed" that aired on April 10, 2016, which marked the conclusion of the season. Lauren Eskelin, Lorraine Haughton, Glenda Hersh, Carlos King, and Steven Weinstock are Document [65] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Frank Gallagher, a single father raising six children. He spends his days drunk or in search of misadventures, and his children learn to take care of themselves. The show's producers sought to distinguish this production from previous American working-class shows by highlighting how Frank's alcoholism affects his family. The show's creator Paul Abbott said, "It's not "My Name Is Earl" or "Roseanne." It's got a much graver level of poverty attached to it. It's not blue collar; it's no collar." Showrunner John Wells fought efforts to place the show in the South or in a trailer park. "We have a Document [66] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Tony Markovich and Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher. The role of Mandy Milkovich originally played by Jane Levy in season one was recast due to Levy beginning work on her own TV series on ABC titled ""Suburgatory"". It was announced in late 2011 that Emma Greenwell would now appear as Mandy Milkovich for the duration of the show. Zach McGowan appears as Jody Silverman a man Karen meets at Sex Addicts Anonymous and later marries. Stephanie Fantauzzi was cast as Estefania, Jimmys Brazilian wife and drug lord's daughter whom he marries as a way for her to come to Document [67] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) received critical acclaim and some of Showtime's highest recorded ratings. As of 2018 eight seasons have aired with a ninth planned, making it the network's longest running original-scripted program. On 14 September 2017, Fox Türkiye began airing the Turkish adaptation, starring Hazal Kaya and Burak Deniz. It is called “Bizim Hikaye”, which translates to “Our Story”. On 24 September 2017, NTV began airing a Russian Adaption titled , Russian for Shameless. Shameless (UK TV series) Shameless is a British comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the series aired Document [68] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) and the announcement that Sheila, who had overcome her agoraphobia, was pregnant by Frank. The second series ran from 4 January to 8 March 2005. It consisted of ten regular episodes and a Christmas Special (which aired on 23 December 2004) for a total of eleven episodes. The third series began on 3 January 2006 and ended on 21 February 2006. The series was reduced to eight episodes. The third series was the first series to not feature Fiona or Steve who were both heavily featured in the previous series. This series saw Carl's character, who had a minor role Document [69] (Title: Shameless (season 7)) Shameless (season 7) The seventh season of "Shameless", based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, is an American comedy-drama television series with executive producers John Wells, Christopher Chulack, Krista Vernoff, Etan Frankel, Nancy M. Pimental and Sheila Callaghan. The season premiered on October 2, 2016, the first time the series has debuted in autumn. Showtime premiered a free preview of the season premiere online on September 23, 2016, ahead of the October 2 broadcast. In this season, Frank starts a successful homeless shelter, but later gets kicked out despite owning the property. He later finds Document [70] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) officially began airing on Showtime on Sunday, January 9, 2011. It is filmed in the North Lawndale community area of Chicago and Burbank, California, at Warner Bros. Studios. Before the cold open, a main character breaks the fourth wall and berates the viewer who missed previous episodes by identifying plot points relevant to the current episode. Initial shooting of the second season began on July 5, 2011 and premiered January 8, 2012. The series was renewed for a third season on February 1, 2012, and initial shooting began June 27, 2012. The third season premiered on January 13, 2013, and Document [71] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) series, with Michael Legge and Amanda Ryan portraying young police officers Tom O'Leary and Carrie Rogers, alongside original cast member Warren Donnelly as Stan Waterman. The fifth series aired between 1 January 2008 to 15 April 2008. It consisted of 16 episodes, a big expansion from previous series. The sixth series began on 27 January and concluded on 5 May 2009. Again, the series consisted of 16 episodes. The series begins with Debbie's 16th birthday and her break-up from Tom. Ian recovers from amnesia after being struck by a car, and decides he wants more from life than Chatsworth has Document [72] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) son, Karen makes them choose between her and the baby so Karen decides to leave the house. Wiggins makes her first appearance back into the season in episode 7 titled "A Long Way From Home". Stephanie Fantauzzi, Vanessa Bell Calloway, Marguerite Moreau and Tyler Jacob Moore return in the third season as Estefania, Carol Fisher, Linda and Tony Markovich. Louise Fletcher appears as Peg Gallagher, the Gallagher's grandmother. Shameless (season 3) The third season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday Document [73] (Title: I Hate My Teenage Daughter) cancelled those plans. In January 2013, the unaired episodes began to air in international markets, with three episodes premiering on TV2 in New Zealand and another three on Nine in Australia. The premiere scored a 2.9 rating with adults 18–49, and 6.8 total million viewers. However, the second episode fell to a 2.1 rating among adults 18–49, and 5.38 million viewers. The third episode continued the decline, but the fourth bounced back, achieving the highest viewership since the premiere. The two-and-a-half-month break between the fourth and fifth episodes, however, did the series no favors; its ratings plummeted when it returned, Document [74] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Shameless (U.S. TV series) Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells which debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It is an adaptation of the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott, featuring an ensemble cast led by William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum. It is set in the South Side of Chicago and filmed throughout both the city and Los Angeles. The series was renewed for a ninth season, which premiered on September 9, 2018 and is the longest-running original scripted series in Showtime's history. The series depicts the dysfunctional family of Document [75] (Title: Pretty Little Liars) 28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, "Pretty Little Liars" was basic cable's top scripted series in women aged 18–34 and viewers 12–34. The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8/7c, beginning on January 2, 2012. On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes. On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced Document [76] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) and the lives of his six children, Fiona and boyfriend Steve, Lip, Ian, Carl, Debbie and Liam, and next door neighbours, Kev and Veronica. Later the Maguire family was introduced: Paddy, his wife, Mimi, and their three sons—Jamie, Shane and Micky—and daughter, Mandy. The Maguires became the focus of the show as the Gallagher children departed. Other characters also become the focus after only starting off as minor characters, such as those from the Karib family. In April 2005, the programme's first series won the Best Drama Series category at the British Academy Television Awards. It was also nominated for Document [77] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) of youngster Carl Gallagher, whilst Rebecca Ryan was cast as Debbie Gallagher, and Liam was played by Joseph Furnace (series 1-2) and Johnny Bennett (series 3-8). Other characters included James McAvoy as Fiona's boyfriend Steve McBride. The Gallaghers' next-door neighbours Kev and Veronica, were played by Dean Lennox Kelly and Maxine Peake. Maggie O'Neill played agoraphobic Sheila Jackson, a love interest of Frank. Appearing alongside her were Rebecca Atkinson as her 15-year-old wayward daughter Karen and Steve Pemberton appeared in the first two episodes as Karen's god-fearing father Eddie. Two other characters were added: local shopkeepers Kash and Yvonne Karib, Document [78] (Title: Wipeout (2008 U.S. game show)) launched in recent years that has demonstrated proven staying power." On October 13, 2010, ABC announced plans that the fourth season would be split into three sections – Winter, Spring, and Summer; with a total of 32 episodes: 8 Winter episodes, 7 Spring episodes and 17 Summer episodes. The fourth season premiered on January 6, 2011. On June 16, 2011, ABC announced that the show had been renewed for a fifth season, and that Vanessa Lachey would replace co-host Jill Wagner on the show. New episodes of "Winter Wipeout" began on December 8, 2011, with a Christmas special episode, entitled Document [79] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) to college and meets a young woman named Amanda who helps him through a difficult time. Lip begins a relationship with Amanda. Debbie attempts to reinvent herself. Ian comes back from the army drastically changed. Veronica finds out that she's pregnant with triplets, Kevin reveals that the bar is losing money, Carol refuses Veronica's request to abort her own baby, also fathered by Kev. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On January 29, 2013, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season. The show's fourth season began production on September 20, 2013 and began filming the following week, and premiered on Sunday, Document [80] (Title: Nashville (season 4)) Conway Twitty ("'Til The Pain Outwears The Shame"), Waylon Jennings ("Stop the World (And Let Me Off)"), Patty Loveless ("How Can I Help You Say Goodbye"), Reba McEntire ("How Does It Feel To Be Free") and LeAnn Rimes ("What I Cannot Change"). On May 7, 2015, "Nashville" was renewed for a fourth season by ABC. The writers began work on the season on May 26, 2015. This season will receive a $10 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, and other local groups, more than the Season 3 incentives — which totaled $8 million. Filming began on July 17, Document [81] (Title: W. Kamau Bell) of America", which premiered on April 24, 2016 and was renewed for a third season in 2017. The show, of which Bell is an Executive Producer, was awarded the Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program in 2017. The show "United Shades of America" was renewed for season 3 in 2018. The first episode of the show was aired on the 29th of April 2018. The show lasted for 8 episodes in total. The last episode titled ""Native Hawaii"" aired on July 1, 2018. Later in July 2018, Bell was nominated for "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for Document [82] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) also saw the return of Jack Deam as Marty Fisher as a regular cast member, who left the show in Series 4. When Frank finds himself being framed for brutally mugging a pensioner, Kev Ball, who left the show in Series 4, returned to help, with Dean Lennox Kelly reprising the role for a single episode to mark "Shameless" 100th episode. The ninth series of Shameless began on 9 January 2012 and concluded on 13 March 2012. The ninth series, originally consisting of 22 episodes, was reduced to 11 episodes, with the remaining 11 being turned into the tenth series. Document [83] (Title: Law & Order: UK) 1–6 being transmitted as series five, broadcast in 2011, and episodes 7–13 being transmitted as series six, broadcast in 2012. In August 2012, ITV commissioned a seventh series made up of eight episodes. In Canada and the United States, for series 1-6, each thirteen-episode run was transmitted as a single series, meaning a total of three seasons had been broadcast through 2012. In 2013, the 6-episode series 7 was broadcast as season 4 in the US, a month after the UK broadcast. No date has been announced for the US broadcast of series 8. On 30 April 2014, the final Document [84] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) Shameless (season 3) The third season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 7, 2013. The shows season premiere brought in 2.00 million viewers, becoming the show highest rated episode ever to-date. The episode airing February 17, "The Sins of My Caretaker", received 1.31 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode Document [85] (Title: Shameless (season 9)) Shameless (season 9) The ninth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on November 8, 2017, following the season 8 premiere. The season premiered on September 9, 2018, and will consist of a total of 14 episodes. After the seventh episode, the season will be on hiatus until January 20, 2019. The 100th episode of the series will air this season. On August 30, 2018, Emmy Rossum announced that she would leave the series following the ninth season. On October 7, 2018, Cameron Monaghan announced Document [86] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager) and was added to ABC Family's line up on April 7, 2009. The show was renewed for a 24-episode second season, which began airing on June 22, 2009. Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22, 2009, through September 7, 2009. After a four-month hiatus, the second half of the season returned on January 4, 2010, and concluded on March 22, 2010. Following their record-breaking, mid-season returns, "Make It or Break It", and "Secret Life" were both picked up for an additional season. The third-season premiere of "Secret Life" was aired on June 7, 2010, at 8 pm. Document [87] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) compelling television from the first moment. As long as it stays true to the roots of the original, it's going to be essential viewing". The show's first season score on Metacritic is a 66 of 100, which is a generally favorable review. The second season score on Metacritic is a 76 of 100, indicating increasingly favorable reviews. Tom O'Neill of the "Los Angeles Times" reported on the Emmy buzz about "Shameless", especially with respect to the performance of Emmy Rossum. He said "she didn't have much Emmy buzz after "Shameless" debuted in January, but that changed after she gave powerhouse Document [88] (Title: Men in feminism) wage gap sits at $900,000, with the original cast making one million dollars per episode, while Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch earn $100,000 per episode. Emmy Rossum from "Shameless" put production of season 8 on hold when she was renegotiating her contract for equal pay as her co-star William H. Macy. She also requested a little more money to make up for the years of work where she was making less. When confronted by TMZ with this reality, William H. Macy responded, "It's about f--king time, don’t you think?” and “She works as hard as I do, she deserves everything." Document [89] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) season finale scored 1.45 million viewers. It's summertime in Chicago, and the Gallaghers are back and up to the same tricks. Frank – after losing a bet with a fellow bar patron – is now in over his head $6,000, and Karen refuses to let him steal the money from Sheila again; Frank uses Liam to win sympathy panhandling, until the bar patron takes Liam as collateral for the money. Lip wants to continue seeing Karen, who is now attending Sex Addicts Anonymous meetings and in a sex-free relationship with a fellow group member; however, he is also preoccupied with Document [90] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) deal with John Wells in January 2009. By October 2009 the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions filmed a pilot episode for the cable network in December 2009. William H. Macy stars in the lead role as Frank Gallagher. Also joining the cast were former "Dragonball Evolution" co-stars Emmy Rossum as Fiona and Justin Chatwin as Steve. Paul Abbott, whose semi-autobiographical telescript became the pilot episode for the original UK version, is credited as an executive producer on the U.S. version. In April 2010, Showtime green-lit the series with a twelve-episode order. In late August Joan Cusack was Document [91] (Title: Justified (TV series)) 9, 2011. A third season of 13 episodes was announced on March 29, 2011, and premiered January 17, 2012. A fourth season of 13 episodes was announced on March 6, 2012, and premiered January 8, 2013. The show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on January 7, 2014. On January 14, 2014, the series was renewed for a sixth and final season, which premiered on January 20, 2015. The decision to end the show was primarily based on lead actor Timothy Olyphant and series developer Graham Yost. FX network president John Landgraf said that, "They [Yost and Olyphant] Document [92] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) series built on its initial audience, becoming number one in its time slot among adults aged 18 through 49. Subsequent episodes' audiences fluctuated between a million and 1.14 million viewers. The March 27, 2011 season finale, "Father Frank, Full of Grace," drew an audience of 1.157 million. The third season's premiere episode, "El Gran Cañon" (airing January 13, 2013), drew 2 million viewers, becoming the show's highest rated episode to date. It has since maintained average ratings of just below 2 million viewers throughout the remainder of its episodes. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that ""Shameless" is excellent, Document [93] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Shameless (season 2) The second season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 8, 2012, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 1, 2012. The show's season premiere brought in 1.58 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The episode airing March 4, "Parenthood", received 1.6 million total viewers, its highest rated show of the season. The Document [94] (Title: The Good Wife) Florrick receiving significant praise. The show has especially received wide acclaim for its insight on social media and the internet in society, politics, and law. It is considered by several critics to be network television's "last great drama", producing full 22-episode seasons while other similarly acclaimed dramas often produce only 6 to 13 episodes per season. CBS announced on February 7, 2016, that the show was ending with its seventh season. The final episode aired on May 8, 2016. The series focuses on Alicia Florrick (Margulies), whose husband Peter (Noth), the former Cook County, Illinois State's Attorney, has been jailed Document [95] (Title: Axle Whitehead) moved to Los Angeles. After 18 months as an out of work actor, he landed a role in season 5 of the series "Shameless". He played an Australian rock singer named Davis, a love interest of Fiona Gallagher (Emmy Rossum). He appeared in the first 4 episodes of season 5 and a brief appearance in episode 8. In 2014, Whitehead was the runner-up for the Heath Ledger scholarship. In 2016, he played James Slade / Hellfire, a recurring role in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.". This role reunited him with "Home and Away" star Luke Mitchell. In 2017, Whitehead began hosting Australian Document [96] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) person, leaving a heartbroken Fiona to enlist Frank's help in getting them back. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 1, 2012, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a third season. The show's third season began shooting on June 27, 2012 and premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2013. Noel Fisher, Emma Greenwell and Zach McGowan have been promoted to series regulars for their roles as Mickey Milkovich, Mandy Milkovich and Jody Silverman. Laura Slade Wiggins was demoted to a recurring character for her role as Karen Jackson. After Karen gives birth to her son, Sheila and Jody decide to raise Karen's newborn Document [97] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) hearted, comedy approach, rarely taking on board the gritty realistic drama it had started out with. From this point onwards the shows storylines became increasingly farfetched and viewing figures started to drop rapidly. Series 8 saw a variety of new characters arrive, including the Powell family, consisting of Emmanuel Ighodaro as Jackson, Karen Bryson as Jackson's wife Avril, and Kira Martin as their daughter Letitia. Also, Libby and Patty's relative, Aidan Croker, played by Robbie Conway, arrived to fill the hole left by Liam, following his departure in the early episodes of the series. Billy Tutton returned and is revealed Document [98] (Title: The Lying Game) 2011, after an episode of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", drawing 1.4 million viewers. ABC back-ordered an additional 10 episodes of season 1 in September 2011, which premiered in January 2012 drawing a series high 1.8 million viewers. "The Lying Game" was renewed for a second season by ABC Family in April 2012, with production to take place during summer 2012 for a winter premiere. Charisma Carpenter, who had been recurring in season 1, was promoted to the main cast for season 2 in July 2012. Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2013, drawing 1.55 million viewers; the Question: how many seasons of shameless usa is there Answer: 8 Long Answer: Shameless Genre Comedy - drama Black comedy Created by Paul Abbott Based on Shameless by Paul Abbott Developed by John Wells Starring William H. Macy Emmy Rossum Justin Chatwin Ethan Cutkosky Shanola Hampton Steve Howey Emma Kenney Cameron Monaghan Jeremy Allen White Joan Cusack Laura Slade Wiggins Emma Greenwell Zach McGowan Noel Fisher Jake McDorman Emily Bergl Isidora Goreshter Opening theme "The Luck You Got" by The High Strung Composer (s) iZLER Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 96 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) John Wells Mark Mylod (seasons 1--4) Paul Abbott (pilot) Andrew Stearn Etan Frankel Krista Vernoff Davey Holmes Nancy M. Pimental Christopher Chulack Producer (s) Michael Hissrich (seasons 1--3) Terri Murphy Location (s) Chicago, Illinois Los Angeles, California Cinematography Rodney Charters Kevin McKnight Running time 45--59 minutes Production company (s) John Wells Productions Warner Bros. Television Showtime Networks Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Showtime Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release January 9, 2011 (2011 - 01 - 09)--present Chronology Related shows Shameless (UK) External links Website Gold Document ID: 98

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) season 2 DVD featurette. The singer Marina and the Diamonds has also been referenced on the show, in a text by Debbie Gallagher. "Shameless" premiered on January 9, 2011 in the United States, becoming Showtime's highest-rated series debut on record across the network's target demographic. The first episode of the series generated 982,000 unique viewers, and was Showtime's largest audience for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The fourth episode, "Casey Casden", airing January 30, posted 1.45 million total viewers. "Shameless" was the cable channel's best-performing first-year drama. Defying the usual downward trend following a premiere, the Document [2] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) viewers, making "Shameless" the best performing first-year drama on Showtime. The season finale scored 1.16 million viewers. The series depicts the dysfunctional family of Francis (Frank) Gallagher, a single father of six children. While he spends his days drunk, his kids learn to take care of themselves. The first season mainly focuses on the ups and downs of Fiona Gallagher's new relationship with Steve Lishman. Their relationship begins when Fiona has her purse snatched at a nightclub and Steve attempts to retrieve it from a mugger. The season also follows Kev and Veronica, the Gallagher's neighbours, as they are forced Document [3] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) Shameless (season 1) The first season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 9, 2011, at Sunday 10:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on March 27, 2011. The show's season premiere was watched by 982,000 viewers, making it the network's biggest turnout for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The episode airing January 30, "Casey Casden", received 1.45 million total Document [4] (Title: Unforgettable (U.S. TV series)) On May 13, 2012, CBS canceled "Unforgettable". TNT and Lifetime soon expressed interest in picking up the show, but ultimately passed on the series. On June 29, 2012, CBS reversed course, and confirmed that "Unforgettable" would return for a second season in summer 2013 with an order for 13 episodes, of which seven were broadcast in 2013. Season two premiered on Sunday, July 28 at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/8:00 p.m. Central. On September 27, 2013, CBS renewed "Unforgettable" for a third season of 13 episodes to premiere summer 2014. Broadcast of the second season was resumed on Friday April 4, 2014 Document [5] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) 26 January 2010 and concluded on 4 May 2010. As with series 5 and 6, the seventh series consisted of 16 episodes. Series 7 saw the arrivals of Libby Croker, played by Pauline McLynn, the next serious love interest for Frank, and her battleaxe wheelchair-bound mother, Patty, with Valerie Lilley taking on the role. This series also introduced Maxine's brother Bruce, who would only appear during this series. Also to arrive in Series 7 was Billy Tutton (Michael Taylor), a new love interest for Mimi, who would return as a regular in the following series. Sean Gilder left his role Document [6] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) two weeks later on January 29, "Shameless" was renewed for a fourth season. It premiered January 12, 2014. On February 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a fifth season. Production on the first episode of the fifth season began on July 3, 2014 with the first episode table read, with initial shooting for the season beginning on July 8, 2014. The series was renewed for a sixth season on January 12, 2015. "Shameless" was renewed for a 12-episode seventh season on January 12, 2016. Season 7 premiered on October 2, 2016. The series is set in Chicago's Canaryville neighborhood Document [7] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) comedic tradition of making fun of the people in those worlds," he said. "The reality is that these people aren't 'the other'—they're people who live four blocks down from you and two blocks over." "Shameless" was adapted from a long-running, award-winning British television drama of the same name. HBO began developing an American version of "Shameless" after striking a deal with John Wells in January 2009. By October 2009 the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions taped a pilot episode for the cable network in December 2009. William H. Macy stars in the lead role as Frank Gallagher. Document [8] (Title: Curb Your Enthusiasm) Pedrad, Elizabeth Perkins, June Diane Raphael, Casey Wilson, Andrea Savage, Damon Wayans Jr., Steven Weber, Katie Aselton and Judge Judy Sheindlin. Production for season 9 started on November 11, 2016. On July 10, 2017, HBO announced that the ten-episode ninth season would premiere on October 1, 2017. Season 9 sees Larry return from a prolonged hiatus six years after the events of the season 8 finale. Larry incurs a fatwa from the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, after lampooning the Ayatollahs while appearing on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in promotion of his latest, long-awaited project, a comedy musical called Document [9] (Title: Emmy Rossum) that of co-star Macy and back pay for the differential over seven seasons, which was resolved later that month. Following this news, "Shameless" was renewed for its eighth season beginning production in 2017. In August 2018, Rossum announced her departure from "Shameless" after nine seasons. In mid-2011, Rossum starred in D. J. Caruso's social film, "Inside"; the online film aired in several segments, incorporating multiple social media platforms including Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. The following year, Rossum played Ridley, a siren Caster in "Beautiful Creatures" (2013), based on the young adult fantasy novel of the same name. Although the film Document [10] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) in the first series, and a slightly larger role in the second, expanded. This series also saw the introduction of Nicky Evans as Shane Maguire, who only appeared in one episode, but would become an essential character in later series. The series kicks off with a New Year's Day special where Debbie convinces everyone Liam has cancer to stop him getting expelled from school but things slowly get out of hand. Monica and Norma Starkey, played by Dystin Johnson, return for one episode this series. Kev and Veronica unsuccessfully trying for a baby through IVF, Mandy giving birth to Lip's Document [11] (Title: Marry Me (U.S. TV series)) in Chicago. On November 5, 2014, the series order was upped to 18 episodes for its first season. On February 17, 2015, the show aired its final episode before being removed from the schedule to allow "The Voice" to air two-hour episodes for three weeks, before "Undateable" took over the timeslot for the remainder of the season - leaving four episodes of "Marry Me" unaired. These episodes later began premiering in the UK from April 23, 2015 to May 14, 2015. On May 8, 2015, NBC announced it had officially canceled "Marry Me" after one season. All 18 episodes were Document [12] (Title: Black-ish (season 1)) Andre Jr (Marcus Scribner), twins Jack (Miles Brown) and Diane (Marsai Martin). After only airing six episodes, ABC ordered a full season of 24 episodes. It was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2015. The pilot episode premiered to a total of 11.04 million viewers, ranking number 1 in its time slot. It garnered 3.3/10 adults 18-49. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Black-ish (season 1) The first season of "Black-ish" aired from September 24, 2014 to May 20, 2015. on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Wilmore Films, Cinema Gypsy Productions and Principato-Young Entertainment, with creator Document [13] (Title: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)) August 14, 2018. On September 11, 2018, OWN announced the fourth half of the season, which premiered on October 2, 2018, on October 9, 2018, OWN announced the countdown to the season 6 finale, set to air November 6, 2018. The series has been renewed for a seventh season which is now filming. The seventh season is set to premiere on January 8, 2019. The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed "The Haves") and the poor and destitute Document [14] (Title: Mark Mylod) and executive-produced the pilot episode of the U.S. version of the dramedy, "Shameless", for Showtime. He remains a co-executive producer and frequent director on the series. In 2011, Mylod directed and executive-produced the pilot of the ABC fantasy series "Once Upon a Time". In 2014, he directed the pilot episode for American TV Series "The Affair". In 2014 he directed episodes 3 and 4 of Season 5 of the HBO series "Game of Thrones". He came back for Season 6, where he directed episode 7 and 8 and episode 2 of season 7. Mylod is married to costume designer Amy Document [15] (Title: The Americans (season 4)) The Americans (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series "The Americans", consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on FX on March 16, 2016, and concluded on June 8, 2016. The events of the fourth season begin immediately after the events of the last episode of the third season in March 1983 and end on the night of Super Bowl XVIII, January 22, 1984, which Paige and Matthew are watching at Stan's house in the finale. The series was renewed for a 13-episode fourth season on March 31, 2015. In April 2015, FX announced Frank Langella would continue Document [16] (Title: Nashville (season 5)) Sara Evans ("A Little Bit Stronger"), Garth Brooks ("If Tomorrow Never Comes"), Carrie Underwood ("The Night Before (Life Goes On)"), Sheryl Crow ("A Change Would Do You Good"), and Dixie Chicks ("Not Ready to Make Nice"). On May 12, 2016, ABC cancelled the series after four seasons. On June 10, 2016, it was announced that CMT had picked up the series for a fifth season of 22 episodes. The pick-up was assisted by $11 million in economic incentives: $8.5 million comes via the State of Tennessee Film Office, $1 million from the City of Nashville, $1 million from the Nashville Document [17] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) NBC announced that there would not be a third season. The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003 to March 5, 2003 on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed. NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK's format. The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8–10 pm EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode every Monday 8–10 pm aired 8–9 pm EDT Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 Document [18] (Title: ICarly) of the show's final season. The final season, Season 7, began on March 24, 2012 with a total of fifteen episodes to air. However, after a four-month hiatus after six episodes of the season aired from March to June, "iShock America" was promoted as the start of a new season for the last batch of episodes, effectively splitting the season into two. The series ended on November 23, 2012 with the episode "iGoodbye". On November 8, 2008, "iGo to Japan", the film based on "iCarly", premiered on Nickelodeon. It has also been broadcast divided in three-parts of second season that Document [19] (Title: Shameless (season 9)) that the sixth episode of the season would be his last one. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Shameless (season 9) The ninth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on November 8, 2017, following the season 8 premiere. The season premiered on September 9, 2018, and will consist of a total of 14 episodes. After the seventh episode, the season will be on hiatus until January 20, 2019. The 100th episode of the series will air this season. On August 30, 2018, Emmy Rossum announced that she would leave Document [20] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Also departing this series was Carl, who made numerous guest appearances before leaving. Prominent storylines for this series include Micky being the victim of a homophobic attack, and Frank, Jamie, Shane, Ruby and Aidan being trapped underground when a plan to rob lottery tickets goes dramatically wrong. Series 10, originally planned to be the second half of the ninth series, was reduced from 11 episodes to 10. It aired between 13 September and 1 November 2012. As with the last two series, the first two episodes aired on two consecutive nights. The final episode of the tenth series saw three Document [21] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Carl run a babysitting service in the house to bring in extra funds. Sheila is simultaneously trying to find Eddie (who committed suicide last season) and working on getting over her agoraphobia. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show's second season began shooting on July 5, 2011 and it premiered on Sunday, January 8, 2012 at a new time slot at 9:00pm. Shanola Hampton, Steve Howey, Joan Cusack, and Laura Slade Wiggins return in the second season as Veronica Fisher, Kevin "Kev" Ball, Sheila Jackson and Karen Jackson. Also returning are Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich, Pej Vahdat as Kash, Tyler Jacob Moore as Document [22] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) of the season. The season finale scored 1.82 million viewers. Fiona adapts to life with Jimmy when he moves into the Gallagher house. Jimmy has more pressing concerns however when Estefania's father makes him an accomplice in murder and forces him into a worrying situation. He has more shocks in store when he discovers that his father is secretly gay and in a relationship with Ian. Mandy and Lip deal with problems in their relationship- has Lip really been able to let Karen go?- while Mandy secretly does Lip's college applications for him. Meanwhile, Mickey is out of prison and Document [23] (Title: Sense8 (season 2)) It was filmed in Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Italy, Kenya, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Korea, the UK, and the US. On August 8, 2015, Netflix announced that it had renewed the show for a second season. Netflix released the first episode of the second season, a two-hour Christmas special, on December 23, 2016; the remaining 10 episodes of the season were released on May 5, 2017. The season was met with positive critical reception and received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series in the GLAAD Media Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Cinematography for a Document [24] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) Shameless (season 4) The fourth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, "Strangers on a Train", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.93 million Document [25] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) viewers, making it the network's biggest turnout for a series premiere since "Dead Like Me" in 2003. The episode airing January 30, "Casey Casden", received 1.45 million total viewers, making "Shameless" the best performing first-year drama on Showtime. Shameless (U.S. TV series) Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells which debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It is an adaptation of the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott, featuring an ensemble cast led by William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum. It is set in the South Side of Chicago and filmed Document [26] (Title: Issa Rae) nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2017 and 2018, as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2018. On November 14, 2016, HBO renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on July 23, 2017. On August 8, 2017, it was announced that the show was renewed for a third season, which premiered on August 12, 2018. Rae's first book, a memoir titled "The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl", was released in 2015 and became a "New York Times" best-seller. In the book, Document [27] (Title: RTÉ2) well known US shows on RTÉ Two include "Lost", "Ugly Betty", "Prison Break", "", "", "", "Desperate Housewives", "The Americans", "New Girl" and "Two Broke Girls". It also airs "Smallville", "Sons of Anarchy", "Eli Stone", "Mr. Sunshine" after midnight on weekends, and British shows such as "Shameless" and "The Thick of It". It has also aired Seasons 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of "NCIS" and also Season 2 of "Hawaii Five-0". It is currently showing NCIS Season 10 on Saturdays at midnight and Hawaii Five-0 Season 3 on Sunday nights. "The Walking Dead", "Under The Dome" and "Person of Document [28] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) while juggling her new job at Patsy's Pies, where she has flirtatious encounters with her boss, Sean. Lip is home from college for the summer, and is torn between two worlds as his loyalty to the South Side is questioned while gentrification comes to the neighborhood. Ian's declining mental health raises the concerns of Mickey and the rest of the Gallaghers, yet he remains in denial of his condition. Debbie continues to struggle with the pains of adolescence and Carl begins a new business venture as a drug-dealer. Sammi becomes more involved in the lives of her half-brothers and sisters Document [29] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as SBS One (Australia), UKTV (New Zealand), Acht (Belgium), I.Sat (Argentina), Showcase (Canada), Virgin 17 (France), Nederland 3 (Netherlands), YLE FST5 (Finland), SIC Radical (Portugal), RTÉ Two (Ireland), BBC America (only aired the first series) and Sundance Channel (United States), yes+ (Israel), I.Sat (Latin America) and Jimmy (Italy).Netflix. HBO began developing an American version of "Shameless" after striking a deal with John Wells. By October 2009, the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions filmed a pilot episode for the cable network in January 2010. It stars William H. Macy in the Frank Gallagher role. Allison Janney was cast Document [30] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4)) The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4) The fourth season of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 13, 2011 at 8:00 PM. During its third season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on January 10, 2011, that the show would be renewed for a fourth season. The fourth season premiered on June 13, 2011, one week after the season 3 finale. The second half of the season premiered on March 26, 2012. On February 2, 2012, ABC Family announced that Secret Document [31] (Title: John Wells (filmmaker)) Showtime's history. Shameless has run for 8 seasons, and production on the 9th began in May 2018. Wells made his directorial debut with the film drama "The Company Men", starring Ben Affleck. The film was scheduled for release in the fall of 2010 but premiered earlier at the Sundance film festival. After the Sundance screening, "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "Wells has made, for his first film, a tough movie and certainly not a commercial one. This displays the kind of guts he always brought to his television work, which one can only hope continues on in other future film projects." Document [32] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) cast as Sheila, a romantic interest for Frank, replacing Allison Janney, who portrayed the role in the pilot. A preview of the pilot aired on December 12, 2010, after the Season 5 finale of "Dexter". The first season officially began airing on Showtime on Sunday, January 9, 2011. Production began in mid-September 2010. It is filmed in the North Lawndale community area of Chicago and Burbank, California, at Warner Bros. Studios. Shameless (season 1) The first season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 9, Document [33] (Title: Shameless (season 7)) He later finds out Mickey is out of prison. Debbie struggles to raise and keep Franny as she gets kidnapped by Derek's family. Kev and Veronica continue their "thrupple" with Svetlana until they find out Svetlana lied and betrayed them. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Recurring actress Isidora Goreshter has been promoted to series regular with the commencement of the season. Star Emmy Rossum made her directorial debut with the fourth episode, "I Am A Storm". Shameless (season 7) The seventh season of "Shameless", based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, is an American comedy-drama television series with executive Document [34] (Title: Scandal (season 4)) eighteenth episode. After the season finale, it was announced that Portia de Rossi has been promoted to a series regular for the fifth season. The fourth season began airing September 25, 2014, in the U.S. in a new timeslot as a result of making room for ShondaLand produced show, "How to Get Away with Murder". The season premiered at the same time in Canada on City. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on Sky Living on January 8, 2015. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The season premiere returned with universal acclaim from critics, with many commenting the accomplishment the premiere did to Document [35] (Title: The Best Years) care, and her classmates as they attend the university. The first season included episodes involving cocaine addiction, child molestation, and suicide. The second and final season picked up eight months after season one with many characters absent and replaced with new characters and focused romantic entanglements. Reoccurring Cast According to Mediaweek, ratings the show debuted with 323,250 total viewers on Friday, June 29 at 8:30 p.m. ET, which more than doubled the time period average. The first season of "The Best Years" was first shown in Canada on Global between May 22, 2007, and August 14, 2007. In the U.S., Document [36] (Title: The Americans (season 4)) 74th Golden Globe Awards, Matthew Rhys and Keri Russell were nominated for Best Actor and Best Actress in a Drama Series, respectively. For the 69th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won the award for . The Americans (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series "The Americans", consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on FX on March 16, 2016, and concluded on June 8, 2016. The events of the fourth season begin immediately after the events of the last episode of the third season in March 1983 and end on the night of Super Bowl XVIII, Document [37] (Title: Cameron Monaghan) seventh season began airing in October 2016. The eighth season, consisting of 12 episodes, went into production in May 2017; it premiered on November 5, 2017. The series was renewed for a ninth season which premiered on September 9, 2018. Monaghan announced via Instagram that he would be leaving the series following the sixth episode of the ninth season. In addition to his role on "Shameless", Monaghan has continued to appear in a variety of episodic television roles. In 2011, he guest-starred as Nick Peyton, a teenage boy accused of murdering his Marine father, on the CBS crime series "NCIS". Document [38] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Comedy Drama" at the British Comedy Awards. The network Showtime adapted the series into its own American version, which debuted in 2011. The first series of Shameless ran from 19 January to 24 February 2004. It consisted of seven episodes. The first series chronicled the life of the Noblett family and their neighbours. David Threlfall was cast as alcoholic father of six, Frank Gallagher. Anne-Marie Duff was cast as his eldest daughter and "head" of the family, Fiona. Jody Latham and Gerard Kearns played Gallagher brothers Lip and Ian. Twin brothers Elliott and Luke Tittensor both took on the role Document [39] (Title: David Zabel) through the end of its run, after 15 seasons, in 2009. He was nominated for a second Humanitas Prize for writing the episode "Heal Thyself," which he also directed. He was the showrunner of "Detroit 1-8-7" in 2010-2011, for which he also wrote and directed numerous episodes. In 2013, he had two pilots he wrote and produced go to series on ABC - "Lucky 7" (co-written with Jason Richman) and "Betrayal." He served as executive producer and showrunner on both shows. In 2016, the first season of his PBS series "Mercy Street" aired. A second season for January 2017 is Document [40] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4)) Life was being renewed for a fifth and final season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 4) The fourth season of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 13, 2011 at 8:00 PM. During its third season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on January 10, 2011, that the show would be renewed for a fourth season. The fourth season premiered on June 13, 2011, one week after the season 3 finale. The second half of the season premiered on March Document [41] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) the seventh series. Unlike any previous series, the eighth series of 22 episodes was split into two halves. The first five episodes were aired consecutively during one week, from 10 January to 14 January 2011, to tie-in with a series-opener story-arc. After this, the series returned to its regular weekly slot, and continued for a further 7 episodes between 18 January to 8 March 2011. After a four-month break, the final 9 episodes of the eighth series began on 30 August 2011 and concluded the series on 25 October 2011. Starting with series 8 the show took a more light Document [42] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) officially announced that "Shameless" had been renewed for an eighth season. Just days after the eighth season premiere, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a ninth, which would bring the show past the 100-episode mark. In August 2018, Rossum announced her departure from Shameless after nine seasons playing Fiona Gallagher. In October 2018, Cameron Monaghan also announced his departure from the series after playing Ian Gallagher for nine seasons. The theme song for "Shameless" is "The Luck You Got" by indie rock group The High Strung. The majority of the music featured in the series is Document [43] (Title: American Horror Story) on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The sixth season premiered on September 14, 2016, and concluded on November 16, 2016. The seventh season premiered on September 5, 2017, and concluded on November 14, 2017. The eighth season premiered on September 12, 2018 and concluded on November Document [44] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) on the South Side. In December 2016, it was reported that Emmy Rossum had requested that she be paid more than William H. Macy for future seasons, to make up for previous seasons in which she was paid less than Macy. The pay dispute briefly delayed work on an eighth season of the series, while she and Warner Bros. Television negotiated. The dispute came to an end on December 14, when Rossum confirmed through Twitter that she would continue to work on the series, with production of an eighth season to begin in May 2017. On December 19, 2016, Showtime Document [45] (Title: Noh Matta Wat!) same. Note: this has been edited in subsequent airings. Unknown. Noh Matta Wat! storylines and scriptwriting were scripted by media and film veterans Adele Ramos (a staff writer and senior editor at the Amandala newspaper) in season 1, and Kimberley Vasquez (Belizean stage and screenwriter) in seasons 1,2 and 3. Steve T. Berry returned in season 2 to direct the first two episodes, while James E. Cheek took the helm to direct episode 3 and the final episodes 6, 7 and 8. In addition, Kelley Chatman directed episode 4 and Eric Berry directed episode 5. The DVD release of season Document [46] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) Shameless (UK TV series) Shameless is a British comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the series aired from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013. The comedy drama, centred on British working class culture, was accorded critical acclaim by various sections of the British media, including "The Sun" newspaper and "Newsnight Review" on BBC Two. The programme was created and partially written by Paul Abbott, who is also the programme's executive producer. In 2005, the show won "Best Drama Series" at the BAFTA TV Awards and "Best TV Document [47] (Title: Unforgettable (season 2)) However, on June 29, 2012, CBS confirmed that "Unforgettable" would return for a second season in the summer of 2013 with an order for 13 episodes. The September 8 episode served as the summer finale, with the remainder of the season returning in January in Europe and on April 4, 2014 in the United States. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Unforgettable (season 2) The second season of CBS American television drama series "Unforgettable" premiered on July 28, 2013, and has 13 episodes. The first seven episodes of the season were aired between this date and September 8, 2013. On May 13, 2012, CBS confirmed Document [48] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as Paddy Maguire towards the end of Series 7, with Warren Donnelly, Joanna Higson, Gerard Kearns and Ben Batt also leaving their roles as Stan Waterman, Maxine Donnelly, Ian Gallagher and Joe Pritchard. Kelli Hollis also left her role as Yvonne Karib, however she would return in the final series. In the series finale, Mimi surprisingly gave birth to baby Cilla, a storyline which would continue into the eighth series. Karen's bipolar and her affair with Joe, Carl and Chesney being on the run for murder, and the wedding of Shane and Kelly are all prominent storylines to feature in Document [49] (Title: The Following) starred Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy in leading roles, as well as Shawn Ashmore, Natalie Zea, and Valorie Curry. The first season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on January 21, 2013, and concluded on April 29, 2013. On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 19, 2014, and concluded on April 28, 2014. The series' renewal for a third season was announced on March 7, 2014, and the season premiered on March 2, 2015. On May 8, 2015, Fox canceled "The Following" after three seasons. The final episode aired on May 18, 2015. Document [50] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) with Gloria in Series 10, however this stopped following a pregnancy scare, and eventually Karen discovers his deceit. Shane accidentally killed a man after running him over in a hit-and-run, and battled his conscience as he began helping the man's family through their grief. The eleventh and final series of Shameless began on 26 February 2013 and concluded the show itself on 28 May 2013. An expansion from the last two series, the eleventh series consisted of 14 episodes. The shows final episode saw the return of several departed characters, mostly consisting of the Gallagher children. During the eleventh series, Document [51] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) Shameless (season 5) The fifth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes. The season picks up from the season 4 finale two to three months after the events of finding out Ian's bipolarity and Fiona's release from prison. Fiona begins a new relationship with a skilled member of a rock 'n' roll band Document [52] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) January 12, 2014. Shameless (season 4) The fourth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, "Strangers on a Train", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale Document [53] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) the USA. Shameless (season 2) The second season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 8, 2012, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 1, 2012. The show's season premiere brought in 1.58 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The episode airing March 4, "Parenthood", received 1.6 million total viewers, its highest rated show of the Document [54] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Also joining the cast were Emmy Rossum as Fiona and Justin Chatwin as Steve, former co-stars from "Dragonball Evolution". Paul Abbott, whose semi-autobiographical telescript was the basis for the UK pilot, is credited as an executive producer on the U.S. version. In April 2010, Showtime green-lit the series with a 12-episode order. In late August Joan Cusack was cast as Sheila, a romantic interest for Frank, replacing Allison Janney, who portrayed the role in the pilot. Production began in mid-September. A preview of the pilot aired on December 12, 2010, after the Season 5 finale of "Dexter". The first season Document [55] (Title: The Middle (season 1)) 2 episodes, ABC gave the show a full season pickup. It was then renewed for a second season on January 12, 2010. The first episode premiered to 8.707 million viewers, a 5.4/9 household rating and a 2.6/8 adults 18-49 rating. It beat out the CBS sitcom, Gary Unmarried, and the NBC drama, Mercy, both of which aired in the same timeslot. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Middle (season 1) The first season of the television comedy series "The Middle" aired between September 30, 2009 and May 19, 2010, on ABC in the United States. It was produced by Blackie and Blondie Productions and Document [56] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) baby and Frank and Sheila getting married are all storylines covered in the third series. The fourth series, again consisting of eight episodes, ran between 9 January 2007 until 27 February 2007. It featured the biggest cast change in the show's nine-year run, with many characters from the first three series departing and many new characters introduced to replace them. Most notably, the series saw the introduction of the Maguire family as main characters rather than the antagonists that they were in the early series. From Series 4, the Maguires would gradually become the focus of the show during its Document [57] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) as a romantic interest for Frank, but left after taking a job on Matthew Perry's "Mr. Sunshine" and was unable to be a part of both series. Academy Award nominee Joan Cusack joined the cast as the new Sheila Jackson, along with Emmy Rossum as Frank's sensible and feisty eldest daughter, and Justin Chatwin as a car thief who falls for her. Showtime's "Shameless" cast also includes Jeremy Allen White, Cameron Monaghan, Emma Kenney, Ethan Cutkosky, Noel Fisher, Steve Howey and Shanola Hampton. The first episode of the series aired on Showtime on 9 January 2011. The American version has Document [58] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) turns in such episodes as 'But at Last Came a Knock'". BuddyTV ranked "Shameless" #8 on its list of 2011's best new TV shows. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 'fresh' rating of 74% based on 31 reviews, with the critical consensus "Shameless is a dark, urban dramedy that overcomes its leaps of logic thanks to fantastic casting, intriguing ambiance, and shock value." Seasons 2-8 each have an above 90% rating as of July 2018, with the exception of season 7, which has an 88% rating. The first episode of the series, "Pilot", was watched by 982,000 Document [59] (Title: Shameless (season 5)) while Frank struggles with sobriety following his recent liver transplant. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 18, 2014, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season. Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first table read, with principal photography commencing on July 8, 2014. Shameless (season 5) The fifth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all Document [60] (Title: The Middle (TV series)) second season. The show was renewed for a third season. The third season premiered with a one-hour episode on September 21, 2011. On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered with a one-hour special on September 26, 2012. The show was renewed for a fifth season on May 10, 2013. ABC confirmed on May 9, 2014 that the series was picked up for a sixth season of 22 episodes, and officially ordered an additional two episodes in October of that year, bringing the season six total to 24. On May 8, 2015, ABC officially Document [61] (Title: Awkward (TV series)) included in various critics' top ten lists. The show also earned several award nominations, winning one Teen Choice Award and one People's Choice Award. On October 8, 2014, "Awkward" was renewed for a fifth and final season, which premiered on August 31, 2015. The mid-season finale aired on November 9, 2015; when the show returned in 2016, the story picked up during the summer after the characters' freshman year of college. The second half of season 5 premiered on March 15, 2016. Producer Chris Alberghini said that there could possibly be a season 6 if MTV decides and that there Document [62] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)) II, Jorge Pallo, Mark Derwin, and Luke Zimmerman. "Kyle XY" was ABC Family's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 20016, but lost its reign when the series premiere of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" brought in 2.8 million viewers. The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, 2.4 million of whom were females. The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23, 2009 in viewers 12-34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers. The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Document [63] (Title: John Wells (filmmaker)) Day" from a story by his ex-assistant Heather Zuhlke. Since 2016, Wells has been an executive producer and writer on the TNT drama, Animal Kingdom, and has written two episodes of the series thus far. The series has aired three seasons and a fourth will begin in summer 2019. In 2009, Wells began work on an American adaptation of the British series "Shameless". Originally commissioned by HBO, the project moved to competing network Showtime, where it debuted in January 2011. Starring William H. Macy as an alcoholic single father of six children, "Shameless" was the best performing first-year drama in Document [64] (Title: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 8)) had been renewed for an eighth season, The trailer and the official cast were released on September 28, 2015. The season premiered with "The Shades of It All" on November 8, 2015, while the seventeenth episode "Who's Been Naughty, Who's Been Nice" served as the season finale, and was aired on April 10, 2016. It was followed by a three-part reunion that aired on March 20, March 27, and April 3, 2016, and "Secrets Revealed" that aired on April 10, 2016, which marked the conclusion of the season. Lauren Eskelin, Lorraine Haughton, Glenda Hersh, Carlos King, and Steven Weinstock are Document [65] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Frank Gallagher, a single father raising six children. He spends his days drunk or in search of misadventures, and his children learn to take care of themselves. The show's producers sought to distinguish this production from previous American working-class shows by highlighting how Frank's alcoholism affects his family. The show's creator Paul Abbott said, "It's not "My Name Is Earl" or "Roseanne." It's got a much graver level of poverty attached to it. It's not blue collar; it's no collar." Showrunner John Wells fought efforts to place the show in the South or in a trailer park. "We have a Document [66] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Tony Markovich and Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher. The role of Mandy Milkovich originally played by Jane Levy in season one was recast due to Levy beginning work on her own TV series on ABC titled ""Suburgatory"". It was announced in late 2011 that Emma Greenwell would now appear as Mandy Milkovich for the duration of the show. Zach McGowan appears as Jody Silverman a man Karen meets at Sex Addicts Anonymous and later marries. Stephanie Fantauzzi was cast as Estefania, Jimmys Brazilian wife and drug lord's daughter whom he marries as a way for her to come to Document [67] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) received critical acclaim and some of Showtime's highest recorded ratings. As of 2018 eight seasons have aired with a ninth planned, making it the network's longest running original-scripted program. On 14 September 2017, Fox Türkiye began airing the Turkish adaptation, starring Hazal Kaya and Burak Deniz. It is called “Bizim Hikaye”, which translates to “Our Story”. On 24 September 2017, NTV began airing a Russian Adaption titled , Russian for Shameless. Shameless (UK TV series) Shameless is a British comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the series aired Document [68] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) and the announcement that Sheila, who had overcome her agoraphobia, was pregnant by Frank. The second series ran from 4 January to 8 March 2005. It consisted of ten regular episodes and a Christmas Special (which aired on 23 December 2004) for a total of eleven episodes. The third series began on 3 January 2006 and ended on 21 February 2006. The series was reduced to eight episodes. The third series was the first series to not feature Fiona or Steve who were both heavily featured in the previous series. This series saw Carl's character, who had a minor role Document [69] (Title: Shameless (season 7)) Shameless (season 7) The seventh season of "Shameless", based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, is an American comedy-drama television series with executive producers John Wells, Christopher Chulack, Krista Vernoff, Etan Frankel, Nancy M. Pimental and Sheila Callaghan. The season premiered on October 2, 2016, the first time the series has debuted in autumn. Showtime premiered a free preview of the season premiere online on September 23, 2016, ahead of the October 2 broadcast. In this season, Frank starts a successful homeless shelter, but later gets kicked out despite owning the property. He later finds Document [70] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) officially began airing on Showtime on Sunday, January 9, 2011. It is filmed in the North Lawndale community area of Chicago and Burbank, California, at Warner Bros. Studios. Before the cold open, a main character breaks the fourth wall and berates the viewer who missed previous episodes by identifying plot points relevant to the current episode. Initial shooting of the second season began on July 5, 2011 and premiered January 8, 2012. The series was renewed for a third season on February 1, 2012, and initial shooting began June 27, 2012. The third season premiered on January 13, 2013, and Document [71] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) series, with Michael Legge and Amanda Ryan portraying young police officers Tom O'Leary and Carrie Rogers, alongside original cast member Warren Donnelly as Stan Waterman. The fifth series aired between 1 January 2008 to 15 April 2008. It consisted of 16 episodes, a big expansion from previous series. The sixth series began on 27 January and concluded on 5 May 2009. Again, the series consisted of 16 episodes. The series begins with Debbie's 16th birthday and her break-up from Tom. Ian recovers from amnesia after being struck by a car, and decides he wants more from life than Chatsworth has Document [72] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) son, Karen makes them choose between her and the baby so Karen decides to leave the house. Wiggins makes her first appearance back into the season in episode 7 titled "A Long Way From Home". Stephanie Fantauzzi, Vanessa Bell Calloway, Marguerite Moreau and Tyler Jacob Moore return in the third season as Estefania, Carol Fisher, Linda and Tony Markovich. Louise Fletcher appears as Peg Gallagher, the Gallagher's grandmother. Shameless (season 3) The third season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday Document [73] (Title: I Hate My Teenage Daughter) cancelled those plans. In January 2013, the unaired episodes began to air in international markets, with three episodes premiering on TV2 in New Zealand and another three on Nine in Australia. The premiere scored a 2.9 rating with adults 18–49, and 6.8 total million viewers. However, the second episode fell to a 2.1 rating among adults 18–49, and 5.38 million viewers. The third episode continued the decline, but the fourth bounced back, achieving the highest viewership since the premiere. The two-and-a-half-month break between the fourth and fifth episodes, however, did the series no favors; its ratings plummeted when it returned, Document [74] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) Shameless (U.S. TV series) Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells which debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It is an adaptation of the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott, featuring an ensemble cast led by William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum. It is set in the South Side of Chicago and filmed throughout both the city and Los Angeles. The series was renewed for a ninth season, which premiered on September 9, 2018 and is the longest-running original scripted series in Showtime's history. The series depicts the dysfunctional family of Document [75] (Title: Pretty Little Liars) 28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, "Pretty Little Liars" was basic cable's top scripted series in women aged 18–34 and viewers 12–34. The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8/7c, beginning on January 2, 2012. On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes. On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced Document [76] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) and the lives of his six children, Fiona and boyfriend Steve, Lip, Ian, Carl, Debbie and Liam, and next door neighbours, Kev and Veronica. Later the Maguire family was introduced: Paddy, his wife, Mimi, and their three sons—Jamie, Shane and Micky—and daughter, Mandy. The Maguires became the focus of the show as the Gallagher children departed. Other characters also become the focus after only starting off as minor characters, such as those from the Karib family. In April 2005, the programme's first series won the Best Drama Series category at the British Academy Television Awards. It was also nominated for Document [77] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) of youngster Carl Gallagher, whilst Rebecca Ryan was cast as Debbie Gallagher, and Liam was played by Joseph Furnace (series 1-2) and Johnny Bennett (series 3-8). Other characters included James McAvoy as Fiona's boyfriend Steve McBride. The Gallaghers' next-door neighbours Kev and Veronica, were played by Dean Lennox Kelly and Maxine Peake. Maggie O'Neill played agoraphobic Sheila Jackson, a love interest of Frank. Appearing alongside her were Rebecca Atkinson as her 15-year-old wayward daughter Karen and Steve Pemberton appeared in the first two episodes as Karen's god-fearing father Eddie. Two other characters were added: local shopkeepers Kash and Yvonne Karib, Document [78] (Title: Wipeout (2008 U.S. game show)) launched in recent years that has demonstrated proven staying power." On October 13, 2010, ABC announced plans that the fourth season would be split into three sections – Winter, Spring, and Summer; with a total of 32 episodes: 8 Winter episodes, 7 Spring episodes and 17 Summer episodes. The fourth season premiered on January 6, 2011. On June 16, 2011, ABC announced that the show had been renewed for a fifth season, and that Vanessa Lachey would replace co-host Jill Wagner on the show. New episodes of "Winter Wipeout" began on December 8, 2011, with a Christmas special episode, entitled Document [79] (Title: Shameless (season 4)) to college and meets a young woman named Amanda who helps him through a difficult time. Lip begins a relationship with Amanda. Debbie attempts to reinvent herself. Ian comes back from the army drastically changed. Veronica finds out that she's pregnant with triplets, Kevin reveals that the bar is losing money, Carol refuses Veronica's request to abort her own baby, also fathered by Kev. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On January 29, 2013, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season. The show's fourth season began production on September 20, 2013 and began filming the following week, and premiered on Sunday, Document [80] (Title: Nashville (season 4)) Conway Twitty ("'Til The Pain Outwears The Shame"), Waylon Jennings ("Stop the World (And Let Me Off)"), Patty Loveless ("How Can I Help You Say Goodbye"), Reba McEntire ("How Does It Feel To Be Free") and LeAnn Rimes ("What I Cannot Change"). On May 7, 2015, "Nashville" was renewed for a fourth season by ABC. The writers began work on the season on May 26, 2015. This season will receive a $10 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, and other local groups, more than the Season 3 incentives — which totaled $8 million. Filming began on July 17, Document [81] (Title: W. Kamau Bell) of America", which premiered on April 24, 2016 and was renewed for a third season in 2017. The show, of which Bell is an Executive Producer, was awarded the Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program in 2017. The show "United Shades of America" was renewed for season 3 in 2018. The first episode of the show was aired on the 29th of April 2018. The show lasted for 8 episodes in total. The last episode titled ""Native Hawaii"" aired on July 1, 2018. Later in July 2018, Bell was nominated for "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for Document [82] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) also saw the return of Jack Deam as Marty Fisher as a regular cast member, who left the show in Series 4. When Frank finds himself being framed for brutally mugging a pensioner, Kev Ball, who left the show in Series 4, returned to help, with Dean Lennox Kelly reprising the role for a single episode to mark "Shameless" 100th episode. The ninth series of Shameless began on 9 January 2012 and concluded on 13 March 2012. The ninth series, originally consisting of 22 episodes, was reduced to 11 episodes, with the remaining 11 being turned into the tenth series. Document [83] (Title: Law & Order: UK) 1–6 being transmitted as series five, broadcast in 2011, and episodes 7–13 being transmitted as series six, broadcast in 2012. In August 2012, ITV commissioned a seventh series made up of eight episodes. In Canada and the United States, for series 1-6, each thirteen-episode run was transmitted as a single series, meaning a total of three seasons had been broadcast through 2012. In 2013, the 6-episode series 7 was broadcast as season 4 in the US, a month after the UK broadcast. No date has been announced for the US broadcast of series 8. On 30 April 2014, the final Document [84] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) Shameless (season 3) The third season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 7, 2013. The shows season premiere brought in 2.00 million viewers, becoming the show highest rated episode ever to-date. The episode airing February 17, "The Sins of My Caretaker", received 1.31 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode Document [85] (Title: Shameless (season 9)) Shameless (season 9) The ninth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on November 8, 2017, following the season 8 premiere. The season premiered on September 9, 2018, and will consist of a total of 14 episodes. After the seventh episode, the season will be on hiatus until January 20, 2019. The 100th episode of the series will air this season. On August 30, 2018, Emmy Rossum announced that she would leave the series following the ninth season. On October 7, 2018, Cameron Monaghan announced Document [86] (Title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager) and was added to ABC Family's line up on April 7, 2009. The show was renewed for a 24-episode second season, which began airing on June 22, 2009. Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22, 2009, through September 7, 2009. After a four-month hiatus, the second half of the season returned on January 4, 2010, and concluded on March 22, 2010. Following their record-breaking, mid-season returns, "Make It or Break It", and "Secret Life" were both picked up for an additional season. The third-season premiere of "Secret Life" was aired on June 7, 2010, at 8 pm. Document [87] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) compelling television from the first moment. As long as it stays true to the roots of the original, it's going to be essential viewing". The show's first season score on Metacritic is a 66 of 100, which is a generally favorable review. The second season score on Metacritic is a 76 of 100, indicating increasingly favorable reviews. Tom O'Neill of the "Los Angeles Times" reported on the Emmy buzz about "Shameless", especially with respect to the performance of Emmy Rossum. He said "she didn't have much Emmy buzz after "Shameless" debuted in January, but that changed after she gave powerhouse Document [88] (Title: Men in feminism) wage gap sits at $900,000, with the original cast making one million dollars per episode, while Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch earn $100,000 per episode. Emmy Rossum from "Shameless" put production of season 8 on hold when she was renegotiating her contract for equal pay as her co-star William H. Macy. She also requested a little more money to make up for the years of work where she was making less. When confronted by TMZ with this reality, William H. Macy responded, "It's about f--king time, don’t you think?” and “She works as hard as I do, she deserves everything." Document [89] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) season finale scored 1.45 million viewers. It's summertime in Chicago, and the Gallaghers are back and up to the same tricks. Frank – after losing a bet with a fellow bar patron – is now in over his head $6,000, and Karen refuses to let him steal the money from Sheila again; Frank uses Liam to win sympathy panhandling, until the bar patron takes Liam as collateral for the money. Lip wants to continue seeing Karen, who is now attending Sex Addicts Anonymous meetings and in a sex-free relationship with a fellow group member; however, he is also preoccupied with Document [90] (Title: Shameless (season 1)) deal with John Wells in January 2009. By October 2009 the development had moved to Showtime. John Wells Productions filmed a pilot episode for the cable network in December 2009. William H. Macy stars in the lead role as Frank Gallagher. Also joining the cast were former "Dragonball Evolution" co-stars Emmy Rossum as Fiona and Justin Chatwin as Steve. Paul Abbott, whose semi-autobiographical telescript became the pilot episode for the original UK version, is credited as an executive producer on the U.S. version. In April 2010, Showtime green-lit the series with a twelve-episode order. In late August Joan Cusack was Document [91] (Title: Justified (TV series)) 9, 2011. A third season of 13 episodes was announced on March 29, 2011, and premiered January 17, 2012. A fourth season of 13 episodes was announced on March 6, 2012, and premiered January 8, 2013. The show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on January 7, 2014. On January 14, 2014, the series was renewed for a sixth and final season, which premiered on January 20, 2015. The decision to end the show was primarily based on lead actor Timothy Olyphant and series developer Graham Yost. FX network president John Landgraf said that, "They [Yost and Olyphant] Document [92] (Title: Shameless (U.S. TV series)) series built on its initial audience, becoming number one in its time slot among adults aged 18 through 49. Subsequent episodes' audiences fluctuated between a million and 1.14 million viewers. The March 27, 2011 season finale, "Father Frank, Full of Grace," drew an audience of 1.157 million. The third season's premiere episode, "El Gran Cañon" (airing January 13, 2013), drew 2 million viewers, becoming the show's highest rated episode to date. It has since maintained average ratings of just below 2 million viewers throughout the remainder of its episodes. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that ""Shameless" is excellent, Document [93] (Title: Shameless (season 2)) Shameless (season 2) The second season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 8, 2012, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 1, 2012. The show's season premiere brought in 1.58 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The episode airing March 4, "Parenthood", received 1.6 million total viewers, its highest rated show of the season. The Document [94] (Title: The Good Wife) Florrick receiving significant praise. The show has especially received wide acclaim for its insight on social media and the internet in society, politics, and law. It is considered by several critics to be network television's "last great drama", producing full 22-episode seasons while other similarly acclaimed dramas often produce only 6 to 13 episodes per season. CBS announced on February 7, 2016, that the show was ending with its seventh season. The final episode aired on May 8, 2016. The series focuses on Alicia Florrick (Margulies), whose husband Peter (Noth), the former Cook County, Illinois State's Attorney, has been jailed Document [95] (Title: Axle Whitehead) moved to Los Angeles. After 18 months as an out of work actor, he landed a role in season 5 of the series "Shameless". He played an Australian rock singer named Davis, a love interest of Fiona Gallagher (Emmy Rossum). He appeared in the first 4 episodes of season 5 and a brief appearance in episode 8. In 2014, Whitehead was the runner-up for the Heath Ledger scholarship. In 2016, he played James Slade / Hellfire, a recurring role in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.". This role reunited him with "Home and Away" star Luke Mitchell. In 2017, Whitehead began hosting Australian Document [96] (Title: Shameless (season 3)) person, leaving a heartbroken Fiona to enlist Frank's help in getting them back. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 1, 2012, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a third season. The show's third season began shooting on June 27, 2012 and premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2013. Noel Fisher, Emma Greenwell and Zach McGowan have been promoted to series regulars for their roles as Mickey Milkovich, Mandy Milkovich and Jody Silverman. Laura Slade Wiggins was demoted to a recurring character for her role as Karen Jackson. After Karen gives birth to her son, Sheila and Jody decide to raise Karen's newborn Document [97] (Title: Shameless (UK TV series)) hearted, comedy approach, rarely taking on board the gritty realistic drama it had started out with. From this point onwards the shows storylines became increasingly farfetched and viewing figures started to drop rapidly. Series 8 saw a variety of new characters arrive, including the Powell family, consisting of Emmanuel Ighodaro as Jackson, Karen Bryson as Jackson's wife Avril, and Kira Martin as their daughter Letitia. Also, Libby and Patty's relative, Aidan Croker, played by Robbie Conway, arrived to fill the hole left by Liam, following his departure in the early episodes of the series. Billy Tutton returned and is revealed Document [98] (Title: The Lying Game) 2011, after an episode of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", drawing 1.4 million viewers. ABC back-ordered an additional 10 episodes of season 1 in September 2011, which premiered in January 2012 drawing a series high 1.8 million viewers. "The Lying Game" was renewed for a second season by ABC Family in April 2012, with production to take place during summer 2012 for a winter premiere. Charisma Carpenter, who had been recurring in season 1, was promoted to the main cast for season 2 in July 2012. Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2013, drawing 1.55 million viewers; the Question: how many seasons of shameless usa is there

Answer: 8 Long Answer: Shameless Genre Comedy - drama Black comedy Created by Paul Abbott Based on Shameless by Paul Abbott Developed by John Wells Starring William H. Macy Emmy Rossum Justin Chatwin Ethan Cutkosky Shanola Hampton Steve Howey Emma Kenney Cameron Monaghan Jeremy Allen White Joan Cusack Laura Slade Wiggins Emma Greenwell Zach McGowan Noel Fisher Jake McDorman Emily Bergl Isidora Goreshter Opening theme "The Luck You Got" by The High Strung Composer (s) iZLER Country of origin United States Original language (s) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 96 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer (s) John Wells Mark Mylod (seasons 1--4) Paul Abbott (pilot) Andrew Stearn Etan Frankel Krista Vernoff Davey Holmes Nancy M. Pimental Christopher Chulack Producer (s) Michael Hissrich (seasons 1--3) Terri Murphy Location (s) Chicago, Illinois Los Angeles, California Cinematography Rodney Charters Kevin McKnight Running time 45--59 minutes Production company (s) John Wells Productions Warner Bros. Television Showtime Networks Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Showtime Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release January 9, 2011 (2011 - 01 - 09)--present Chronology Related shows Shameless (UK) External links Website Gold Document ID: 98

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) won the bypoll in January 2016. Following death of Jasubhai Barad of INC in January 2016, the bypoll was held for Talala constituency. The bypoll had 63.66 per cent turnout. Govind Parmar of BJP won the bypoll in May 2016 defeating Bhagwanji Barad of INC. 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections were held in the Indian state of Gujarat in December 2012 for all 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Incumbent Chief Minister Narendra Modi of Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), in power since 2002, was running for his fourth term. The leader of the Document [2] (Title: 2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) total of 2,586 candidates filled their nomination for 230 seats spread across 51 districts. Prominent BJP candidates included former CM Babulal Gaur (Govindpura constituency in Bhopal), Kailash Vijayvargiya (Mhow in Indore) and former PM, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s nephew Anoop Mishra (Bhitarvar in Gwalior). Prominent Congress candidates included former Union Minister Suresh Pachouri (Bhojpur), leader of the opposition in the assembly Ajay Singh (Churhat), Digvijaya Singh’s son Jaivardhan Singh (Raghogarh), and Sachin Yadav, son of former Deputy CM, Subhash Yadav (Kasravad). On 10 November, CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan, who won an election from the Budhni seat in 2008, decided to run Document [3] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) of polling was held on 17 December 2012 witnessed voting turnout of 71.85%. With 71.85% of Phase-II voting turnout following the Phase-I turnout of 70.75%, the resultant final voting turnout stood at 71.32%. The average turnout percentage in Gujarat had decreased from 64.39% in 1995 to 59.77% during the last four state elections (1995, 1998, 2002, 2007)as per the Election Commission of India statistics. Counting of votes was held on 20 December 2012. Results were as following. BJP lost in 16 seats by the margin of less than 2%. The Congress won 46% seats with a margin of less than Document [4] (Title: 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) in Rajasthan elections. There were 2,087 candidates including 166 women and one eunuch candidate. INC and BJP contested on all 200 seats while BSP on 195 seats. 38 CPI(M), 23 CPI, 16 NCP, 666 other parties candidates and 758 Independents were also in foray. Over 4.08 crore voters including 1.92 crore women were eligible to exercise their vote. There were 47,223 polling booths. Total voting turnout was 74.38%, the highest ever in state assembly election. The highest turnout (85.52%) was recorded at Jaisalmer and the lowest (55.21%) at Bharatpur. The results were declared on 8 December. Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot Document [5] (Title: Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party) seats, all in and around the city of Ponda in central Goa. The Dhavalikar brothers retained their seats - Deepak from Priol and Sudin from Marcaim. Meanwhile, the MGP candidate Lavoo Mamledar beat Congress heavyweight and incumbent Home Minister Ravi Naik. The BJP won another 21 seats. The BJP-MGP alliance came to power with the support of 26 MLAs including 2 independent candidates in the 40 member house. Sudinis the minister for PWD, Transport and River Navigation in the new cabinet. Deepak holds the portfolios of Co-operation, Factories & Boilers. Before 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election, MGP broke the alliance Document [6] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) segment-wise result of Lok Sabha elections in Uttar Pradesh shows that the BJP was number one in 328 seats, while the ruling SP led in just 42. Congress was ahead in 15, BSP 9 and Apna Dal 9. In 2012, SP had formed government by winning 224 assembly seats. BSP had won 80, BJP 47, Congress 28 and Apna Dal one. Similarly, in Maharashtra BJP-Shiva Sena alliance has got a lead in 246 assembly segments out of the total 288. By securing seven of the 10 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, BJP remained ahead on 52 assembly segments in the Document [7] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) panchayats, the Congress grabbed 133 while the BJP’s tally fell from 162 to 72. Out of a total of 4778 seats, the Congress won 2509, while BJP bagged 1981. Elections in Gujarat Elections in Gujarat are being conducted since 1962 to elect the members of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha and the members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha. There are 182 Vidhan Sabha constituencies and 26 Lok Sabha constituencies in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) are the most powerful parties in the state. Other parties which have Document [8] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) Chief Minister by the party. VVPAT-fitted EVMs were used in entire Gujarat state at 50,128 polling stations in the 2017 elections, which was the first time that the entire state saw the implementation of VVPAT. VVPAT slips were counted in a polling station each of Gujarat's 182 constituencies. There were 43.3 million registered voters in Gujarat as on September 25, 2017. Other Backward Castes, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprised 40% of the total population of Gujarat. 147 communities were considered to be OBCs at the time of the election. Scheduled tribes (primarily Adivasis) comprised 15.5% of the population, while scheduled castes Document [9] (Title: 2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) before the election as part of its economic reforms, and the victory is likely to boost such reforms by the Centre. Both Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh had BJP governments and went to polls together. But unlike Gujarat, where the BJP under the leadership of Narendra Modi retained power by winning a massive 115 out of 182 seats, in Himachal Pradesh, the Prem Kumar Dhumal-led BJP lost due to a huge anti-incumbency wave arising mainly out of corruption and lack of good governance. Cong veteran leader Virbhadra Singh takes oath for record sixth term as Himachal chief minister at historic Ridge Document [10] (Title: 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) in the legislative assembly elections. The election results for all 403 Legislative Assembly seats were declared on 11 March 2017. After the BJP emerged as the majority party in the election, Prime Minister Narendra Modi thanked the public in a tweet saying, "Gratitude to the people of India for the continued faith, support and affection for the BJP. This is very humbling & overwhelming." The BJP's UP chief Keshav Prasad Maurya attributed the victory to Modi saying, "It is a Modi wave. The wave which started with 2014 Lok Sabha elections is continuing in 2017 and the momentum will go Document [11] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) regards to the election. On 11 June, Jitan Ram Manjhi announced his party Hindustani Awam Morcha alliance with the NDA for the election. On 14 September, the NDA announced its seat distribution: BJP got 160 seats, LJP got 40 seats, RLSP got 23 seats and HAM got 20 seats. The NDA did not announce any chief ministerial candidate. BJP announced the names of 154 candidates in three lists. Caste played a major role in distributing tickets. BJP also accommodated five candidates of the Hindustani Awam Morcha. Later, the BJP gave the Imamganj seat to HAM for Majhi is contesting and Document [12] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) this election. RJD increased its seats tally by 59 compared with previous election. RJD had the best strike rate by winning 81 of the 101 seats contested. RJD became the single largest party in Bihar Assembly. RJD defeated BJP in 36 seats BJP had won in the last election, similarly it took 25 seats JD (U) had won in the last election. brahman rajput yadav Muslim sc Janata Dal (United) leader Nitish Kumar sworn in as chief minister for the fifth time in a row on 20 November 2015 after the Mahagathbandhan alliance won a sweeping victory, taking 178 seats. Document [13] (Title: 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election) claimed to secure largest number of parliamentary seats under the leadership of its prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi who had been gaining ground for a national role after his continued term of 14 years as Gujarat Chief Minister. BJP won an absolute majority in the 2014 elections with 282 seats making it the first time ever in the 67-year history of independent India that a non-Congress party achieved a simple majority on its own. Following the declaration of Modi as the head of the BJP's election campaign, Janata Dal (United) which had been a key ally of NDA for 17 Document [14] (Title: Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election) 16 occasions, roughly correct on 7 occasions and wrong on 4 occasions. Post-poll surveys, widely published, are fundamentally different from opinion polls. According to a study, post-poll surveys in the past have consistently overestimated BJP seats. The eight largest metropolises in India are considered important because they constitute 31 seats, larger than some regions altogether. In the previous election, the INC-led UPA won 24 of these seats, but the UPA is trailing in these areas. A NDTV opinion poll in Uttar Pradesh indicated that the BJP would win its largest share of seats in the region by winning 40 of Document [15] (Title: Patidar reservation agitation) which had earlier given interim direction to not allow fresh admissions or recruitment under the EBC reservation. Several Patidar leaders had requested to vote against BJP in the local body elections. On 27 November 2016, the local body elections of 126 seats in 16 districts of Gujarat was held which included two municipalities and one taluka panchayat and by-elections for over 100 seats for various local bodies. The BJP won 109 seats while INC won 17 seats, 39 less than the last elections.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2016"></ref> The 11 members committee of PAAS held talks with three state ministers on 1 December Document [16] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) BJP on 24 February 2014. Nalin Kotadiya who was representing Dhari in assembly, joined BJP along with party. Four more MLAs Rajendrasinh Chavda, Jasabhai Barad, Chhabilbhai Patel and Parbhubhai Vasava quit INC and resigned as they joined BJP in February. Bypolls for all these seven seats were held on April 30 along with Indian general election, 2014. Voting turnout was 74.84% in Somnath, 70.19% in Abdasa, 56.62% in Rapar, 71.87% in Himmatnagar, 56.06% in Visavadar, 64.86% in Lathi and 67% in Mandvi which stood to an average of 65.92% in all seven constituencies. On May 16, 2014, the result of Document [17] (Title: 2018 elections in India) two days later on being unable to prove majority in the assembly. Thereafter the INC and JD(S) which had entered into a post-poll agreement formed a majority coalition government. H.D. Kumaraswamy of Janata Dal (Secular) was subsequently appointed Chief Minister. 10 assembly seats across 9 different states held bypolls on 28 May 2018. The results of each bypoll were declared on 31 May 2018 Followed the demise of BJP MLA Lokendra Singh Chauhan in a road accident, the Noorpur seat fell vacant. Besides the Kairana Lok Sabha constituency, Noorpur is another assembly seat in which the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Document [18] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) to Surat West was held on December 4, 2013 due to death of sitting BJP MLA Kishore Wankawala. BJP candidate Purnesh Modi won against INC candidate D I Patel in result declared on December 8, 2013. It was the first time NOTA (None of the above) button introduced in election in Gujarat. It was used by 2307 voters. Rapar BJP MLA Vaghjibhai Patel died on January 30, 2014 following heart attack. Lathi MLA Bavku Undhad resigned as he quit INC and joined BJP in January. GPP MLA Keshubhai Patel resigned in February following his ill health. GPP was merged with Document [19] (Title: 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election) machines installed with EVMs, As per the special summary revision of electoral rolls, there are a total of 1.9 crore voters in Punjab as of August 2016. The 2014 general election was held in Punjab for 13 parliamentary constituencies. Shiromani Akali Dal and Aam Aadmi Party won 4 seats each, Congress won 3, and 2 constituencies elected Bharatiya Janata Party candidates. The first-time contesting Aam Aadmi Party won from 34 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments. Wherever it trailed the major parties its vote share was Document [20] (Title: Politics of Gujarat) constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 26 for scheduled tribes. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker, who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is Assembly, and to address the House after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Document [21] (Title: 1937 Bombay Presidency election) the total 175 seats in the assembly out of which 97 were general constituencies. For the council, it contested 15 out of the 26 seats where elections took place. In the assembly, 15 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes. B. R. Ambedkar's Independent Labour Party secured one seat unopposed and contested 8 seats out of which it won 5. Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Assembly: Total Number of Seats : 175 Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Council: Total Number of Seats : 30 Although the Indian National Congress won Document [22] (Title: Maharashtra) between BJP and Shivsena respectively broke down over seat allocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed a minority government under Devendra Fadnavis but the Shivsena has, as of December 2014, entered the Government and therefore the Government now enjoys a comfortable majority in the Maharashtra Vidhansabha. The people of Maharashtra also elect 48 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the 2014 general elections, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Shiv Sena, and Document [23] (Title: 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) won from his Sardarpura constituency by a margin of 18,478 votes while Vasundhara Raje won from Jhalarpatan by 60,896 votes. The election also recorded best and worst performances for the BJP and the Congress respectively in the state. Influential Meena leader and MP from Dausa, Kirori Lal Meena received a big setback when his newly formed party, National People’s Party won only four seats. 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections, 2013 was held in Indian state of Rajasthan on 1 December 2013. Results were announced on 8 December. The incumbent ruling party Indian National Congress, led by Document [24] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 5%. Following candidates won election from their respective seats: Keys: Four seats became vacant in 2012-13. Bypolls for them was held by Election Commission in June 2013. All four seats were held by Indian National Congress members. Morva Hadaf MLA Savitaben Khant died in December 2012 while Limbdi MLA Soma Ganda resigned later as he chose to continue as a Member of Parliament. Jayesh Radadiya (Jetpur) and Vitthal Radadiya (Dhoraji) resigned as they left Indian National Congress and joined Bharatiya Janata Party in March, 2013. In bypolls, INC lost all four seats and BJP won all of them. The bypoll Document [25] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) state. Its ally HJC could not win any of the Lok Sabha seats it contested, but its candidates remained ahead in seven assembly segments. BJP contested 8 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, leaving two constituencies for its alliance partner HJC. BJP candidates remained ahead in all 27 assembly segments of Ambala, Karnal and Faridabad parliamentary constituencies. BJP won all seats except Rohtak where its candidate Om Prakash Dhankar lost to Haryana chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda's son and sitting MP Deepender Hooda. Criminal background of winners About one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, Document [26] (Title: Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election) the 80 seats. BSP would get 15 seats, SP would get 13 seats, INC-RLD will get 12 seats, amongst its losses will Ajit Singh. The poll also asked those in Gujarat if Modi should run from U.P., of which 67% responded negatively, while those in U.P. said by 62% that they would like to see him run from there. A survey of first time voters suggested Modi was the most popular prime ministerial candidate and Mamata Banerjee was the most popular outside the BJP or INC. Latest survey by CNN-IBN-Lokniti predicts the decline (by 5%) in popularity of Narendra Modi Document [27] (Title: Arvind Kejriwal) candidate, Narendra Modi, from Varanasi. He lost the contest by a margin of around 370,000 votes. Kejriwal led Aam Aadmi Party to win 67 of the 70 constituencies in the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections, leaving the BJP with three seats and the INC with none. In those elections, he was again elected from the New Delhi constituency, defeating Nupur Sharma by 31,583 votes. He took oath on 14 February 2015 as Delhi's chief minister for a second time at Ramlila Maidan. Since then his party has passed the Jan Lokpal Bill though with some differences. There has been a long-running Document [28] (Title: 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election) cent and Kumaraswamy at 13 per cent, while 16 per cent preferred 'others'. The exit polls remained divided, with only one predicting that a party - BJP - will get past the majority mark. 5 predicted that BJP will have the most seats, while 2 predicted that the Congress is in comfortable lead, and 1 predicted a cliffhanger. Today's Chanakya exit poll, which was released last and took into account voting right until polling closure time, predicted clear majority for BJP. The election led to a hung assembly, with the BJP emerging as the largest party, with 104 seats, but Document [29] (Title: 2012 elections in India) to sitting legislators to avoid the corruption stigma. Another important issue was the proposed division into four smaller provinces to which the primary opposition party, the Samajwadi Party, is opposed. The election was conducted in seven phases on 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 28 February and 3 March. Voter turnout was nearly 59.5% voters exercising their franchise. The result was announced 6 March 2012, with Akhilesh Yadav being the Chief Minister-designate of UP. The detailed result is shown below: Polls in Gujarat took place in two phases: First phase on December 13, 2012 and second phase on December 17, 2012. Document [30] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) post electoral systems, the state's politics are dominated by two parties – the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The term of current Gujarat Legislative Assembly ends on 22 January 2018. The previous assembly election, held in 2012 resulted in BJP gaining a majority of seats and Narendra Modi becoming the Chief Minister. After the 2014 General Elections, Modi became the Prime Minister of the country and Anandiben Patel was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat. After the agitations of Patidars, Dalit protests and claims of poor governance, she was replaced by Vijay Rupani as the Document [31] (Title: Narendra Modi) general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt. The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure and allowing the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995). In later by-elections the BJP won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although Modi did not campaign for its candidates. In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University Document [32] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) The BJP, led by Narendra Modi, won 116 seats out of total 182 seats and formed the government while INC won 60 seats. BJP has been in the power in Gujarat since 1995. Elections were held in two phases, the first on 13 December and second on 17 December 2012. First phase of polling was held on 13 December 2012 witnessed 70.75% of record breaking voting. Within three hours, the voter turnout was 18 per cent and by 1 pm it was 38 per cent. The figure went up to 53 per cent by 3 pm, concluding with 70.75%. Phase-II Document [33] (Title: 1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election) 154 seats in 1957 elections. 88 constituencies were single member constituencies while 33 were two-member constituencies. Out of 121 constituencies, 33 were reserved for Scheduled Tribes. There were 52,44,907 electors in single member constituencies, while 3,96,40,19 in two-member constituencies. Total 661 candidates were in fray for these 154 seats. Four national parties, Communist Party of India, Congress, Praja Socialist Party and Bharatiya Jana Sangha along with the state party Scheduled Caste Federation took part in the assembly election. Congress was the clear winner in the elections winning 77.92% of the total seats (i.~e. 120 seats) with a vote share of Document [34] (Title: Kantilal Amrutiya) a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities. Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats. In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi underwent a series of fasts as part of the "Sadbhavna Mission". The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in Document [35] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) (57%) and Matar (54.7%). The results of September byepolls were declared on 16 September 2014. BJP retained six seats while lost three seats to INC. Vajubhai Vala, the incumbent speaker of assembly, resigned as the MLA from Rajkot West and as the speaker on 30 August 2014 following his appointment as the Governor of Karnataka. The byepoll for Rajkot West was held on 15 October 2014 and result was declared on 19 October 2014. BJP retained the seat with Vijay Rupani declared winner candidate. Rajendrabhai Parabhubhai Patel, the sitting MLA from Choryasi died following dengue in August 2015. His daughter Document [36] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) responsible to the Legislative Assembly and stays in power only if it has the support of majority members. Elections take place on a first past the post basis, the candidate with the most number of votes wins the seat regardless of absolute majority. Every citizen of the state, who is 18 and above is eligible to vote. The Governors of States of India then invites the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government. The Constitution of India states that the term of Legislative Assemblies is five years. As is common in most other first past the Document [37] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or coalition expected to become the next Chief Minister. The election was won by the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party with a reduced majority, following losses to the opposition Indian National Congress with increased seats. Gujarat, as a state of India follows Parliamentary system of government similar to other states. The Government is Document [38] (Title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly) Gujarat Legislative Assembly Gujarat Legislative Assembly or Gujarat Vidhan Sabha is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is situated in the capital Gandhinagar. Presently, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected from the single-seat constituencies and one member is nominated. It has term of 5 years unless it is dissolved sooner. 13 constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 constituencies for scheduled tribes. Bhavsinhji Gohil, ruler of Bhavnagar State, established "The Peoples' Representative Assembly" consisting of 38 members appointed by him. His succeeding son, Krishnakumar Sinhji, formed the Bhavnagar legislative assembly in 1941 Document [39] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) byepolls was declared along with Indian general election, 2014 result. BJP won four while INC won three seats of seven vacant seats. Out of five constituencies which were held by INC before there representatives joined BJP, they retained only one, Abdasa. BJP candidate Bharat Patel, son of former representative Keshubhai Patel, lost to INC candidate Harshad Ribadiya in Visavadar. Shaktisinh Gohil, the former Leader of Opposition, defeated Chhabil Patel in Abdasa. Following Indian general election, 2014, nine assembly members resigned as they were elected to Loksabha, the lower house of the parliament of India. They all belonged to BJP. Incumbent Document [40] (Title: Kantilal Amrutiya) BJP secured a majority in these elections. Narendra Modi won in his constituency Maninagar by a margin of 86,373 votes against Shweta Bhatt (wife of Sanjiv Bhatt) of the Indian National Congress. The BJP has been the ruling party in Gujarat since 1995. Modi interacted with netizens on Google+ on 31 August 2012. The chat session was also live broadcast on YouTube, and Modi took part in it through Ahmedabad. The chat was scheduled to start at 20:00 IST, but began 45 minutes late because of the reported crash of Google+ due to the response. The questions were to be Document [41] (Title: 2012 elections in India) The counting was held on December 20, 2012. The BJP have held a majority in the state since 1995 and went to the election under the leadership of Chief Minister Narendra Modi. The Indian National Congress was the main opposition, but did not specified a chief ministerial candidate. Counting of votes completed on 20 December 2012 before evening which started from 8.00am across the Gujarat State at specified location in every district. Results of the election are as following: Total Seats: 182<br> Results declared: 182 The BJP lost in 16 contests by a margin of less than 2%. The Congress Document [42] (Title: 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election) of the Banaskantha district was transferred to Rajasthan. Hence the constituencies increased from 315 to 396 in 1957 elections. 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election Elections to the Bombay Legislative Assembly were held on 25 February 1957. 1146 candidates contested for the 339 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 57 two-member constituencies and 282 single-member constituencies. On 1 November 1956, under States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Bombay state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra state and Kutch state, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost Kannada-speaking districts of Document [43] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) (Dalits) totalled 7%. Muslims of various castes constituted 9.7% of the population. Forward castes and others made up the remainder. The votes were counted on 18 December 2017. Over 1.9% of all voters in the election specified the None of the Above (NOTA) option, which amounted to more than 500,000 votes. 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or Document [44] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) Elections in Gujarat Elections in Gujarat are being conducted since 1962 to elect the members of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha and the members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha. There are 182 Vidhan Sabha constituencies and 26 Lok Sabha constituencies in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) are the most powerful parties in the state. Other parties which have been influential in the past include Swatantra Party, Praja Socialist Party (PSP), Indian National Congress (Organisation) (NCO), Janata Party, Janata Dal, Janata Dal (Gujarat) (JDG) and Rashtriya Janata Party Document [45] (Title: Amit Shah) election from the Sarkhej constituency in Ahmedabad. He won by the highest margin among all candidates: 158,036 votes. In the 2007 Assembly election, he won from Sarkhej again, improving his margin of victory. During Narendra Modi's twelve-year tenure as the Gujarat CM, Shah emerged as one of the most powerful leaders in Gujarat. After winning the 2002 elections, he became the youngest minister in the Modi government, and was given multiple portfolios. At one time, he held 12 portfolios: Home, Law and Justice, Prison, Border Security, Civil Defence, Excise, Transport, Prohibition, Home Guards, Gram Rakshak Dal, Police Housing, and Legislative Document [46] (Title: 2018 elections in India) of 224 constituencies of the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent Indian National Congress (INC) was seeking re-election, having governed the state since elections in 2013. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)) sought to regain office. The election led to a hung assembly, with the Bharatiya Janata Party emerging as the single largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority of seats and popular votes. The Indian National Congress (INC) won the popular vote. Following the election, B. S. Yeddyurappa was appointed Chief Minister and tasked with forming a minority BJP government, but resigned Document [47] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) that not a single voter turned up for a re-poll at 5 polling stations in Nagaland on 15 May. On 12 May, the Bombay High court declined to order supplementary polling for voters in Maharashtra whose names were missing from the electoral rolls. There were speculated to be as many as 100,000 voters missing from the electoral roll in Pune and as many as 200,000 missing from electoral roll in Mumbai. The BJP secured 39% support from first time voters, while Congress received 19% of the first time votes. The NDA won 39 of 74 seats where Muslim voters make Document [48] (Title: Rashtriya Loktantrik Party) the gathered crowd was around 5-6 lakhs. The RLP contested Rajasthan assembly elections of 2018 in 57 seats alone. It secured three seats in its opening election in state politics, It ended up being second in two constituencies: Baytu (Barmer) and Jayal (SC) (Nagaur), while remained third on many seats. Now it is aiming for Bikaner(SC) seat in upcoming Lok Sabha election, 2019. It has high prospects in Panchayat election in late 2019 in these constituencies. Earlier BJP MLA and farmer leader Hanuman Beniwal was suspended from Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) after remark against Rajasthan BJP Leaders including former Rajasthan Document [49] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) Chief Minister Narendra Modi resigned as MLA from Maninagar as he won from Vadodara and Varanasi and sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India. The eight others include Khambhalia MLA Poonam Madam (elected from Jamnagar), Anand MLA Dilip Patel (Anand), Limkheda MLA Jaswantsinh Bhabhor (Dahod), Deesa MLA Liladhar Vaghela (Patan), Matar MLA Devusinh Chauhan (Kheda), Talaja MLA Bharati Shiyal (Bhavnagar), Mangrol MLA Rajesh Chudasama (Junagadh) and Tankara MLA Mohan Kundariya (Rajkot). Byepolls were held on 13 September 2014 which recorded following voters turnout: Limkheda (64%), Maninagar (33.5%), Deesa (59.76%), Tankara (57%), Khambhalia (55.5%), Mangrol (57%), Talja (49%), Anand Document [50] (Title: 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) majority. The popular vote was won by the BJP, with 41.0% of total votes polled. An analysis of the result showed that the BJP lost 7 seats with very small margin (<1000) against the Congress. The seat and vote share was as follows -: 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held on 28 November 2018 to elect members of the 230 constituencies in Madhya Pradesh. It is believed that the election will be a direct political battle between the BJP and the INC. While the Shivraj Singh Chouhan government will try to Document [51] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections were held in the Indian state of Gujarat in December 2012 for all 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Incumbent Chief Minister Narendra Modi of Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), in power since 2002, was running for his fourth term. The leader of the opposition was Shaktisinh Gohil of the Indian National Congress (INC). Elections were held in two phases, the first on 13 December and second on 17 December 2012. Total voting turnout of both phases was 71.32%, highest since 1980. Results were declared on 20 December 2012. Document [52] (Title: V. S. Achuthanandan) majority also wanted Achuthanandan to be removed from the post of leader of opposition but this was not done. "This is a clipping of the wings of Achuthanandan", said K.M. Shahjahan. In the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) secured a huge win with a total of 91 seats in 140 assembly constituencies. At the age of 92, VS travelled across the state campaigning for the party with much vigour. V S Achuthanandan also contested this election from Malampuzha constituency, where he won by a margin of 27,142 votes. Being the face and most recognizable leader Document [53] (Title: 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election) failing to win a majority. The popular vote was won by the Congress. The seat and vote share was as follows - An analysis of the result showed that the BJP lost 9 seats with very small margin against the Congress. If 6730 votes had switched over from the Congress to the BJP, the BJP could have won 113 seats. Similarly, the Congress would have needed a minimum of 1,25,608 votes to switch over to its side for it to increase its tally from 78 to 113. The election results for each constituency are as follows By-election The Congress party Document [54] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) up between 21 and 95% of the total electorate. The BJP won all 16 seats in Uttar Pradesh. It also secured 5 out of 9 such seats in Bihar. Analyst Saeed Naqvi believes that Amit Shah managed to convince Dalits and OBC voters to elect the BJP as "Muslim appeasers in an atmosphere of perpetual communal tension". The BJP won all 26 seats in Gujarat, marking the first time a single party won all seats in the state. The previous record was held by the Congress which won 25 of the 26 seats in the 1984 general election. The assembly Document [55] (Title: 1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) States Reorganisation Act 1956, Rajasthan assembly constituencies changed from 140 with 160 seats to 136 with 176 seats. 96 of them were single member constituencies while the number of double member constituencies was 40. 28 of the double member constituencies were reserved for Scheduled Caste while 4 of the single member and 12 of the double member constituencies (total 16 constituencies) were reserved for Schedule Tribe. There were 48,43,841 electors in single member constituencies, while 38,92,288 were in double member constituencies. Total 737 candidates contested for the 176 seats of the 136 constituencies in the Assembly. Poll percentage in the Document [56] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) (RJP). It is worth noting that Gujarat was a part of the erstwhile Bombay State till 1960. The elections for the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha are being held since 1962. In the villages it was a total role reversal, with Congress winning 21 of the 31 district panchayats compared to the 2 it held last time. The BJP which held 24 seats in 2010 was reduced to a mere 6.-The Congress made deep inroads into the Patidar pockets in Saurashtra, north and south Gujarat -- including at Morbi, Jamnagar, Amreli and Mehsana, which are traditionally BJP strongholds. Of the 230 taluka Document [57] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) BJP with 53 seats. In terms of vote share, BJP came first with 24.4%, followed by RJD with 18.4% and JD (U) with 16.8% and Congress got 6.7%. Election Commission of India announced that around 1,000 Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines will be used along with EVM in 36 out of the 243 assembly seats in Bihar elections, spread over 34 districts. ECIL manufactured VVPATs will be used in 10 assembly constituencies, while BEL manufactured VVPAT will be used in 26 assembly constituencies. The election information was webcast for the first time and voters can locate their polling booth Document [58] (Title: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) the place of Muslims in Gujarati society. Seeking to capitalize on the sentiments stirred up by the riots, Modi took a hardline Hindutva stance during the campaign, including the use of Anti-Muslim rhetoric and frequent references to Islamic terrorism. The legislative assembly of Gujarat is elected from 182 constituencies, which were contested by a total of 21 parties and several hundred independent candidates. The Bharatiya Janata Party won a 127 seats, thus achieving an absolute majority in the assembly. Modi was sworn in for a second term as chief minister. Following candidates won election from their respective seats: Keys: 2002 Question: how many seat to win majority in gujarat Answer: 92 Long Answer: Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 ← 2012 9 and 14 December 2017 2022 → All 182 seats in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly 92 seats needed for a majority Turnout 68.41% Majority party Minority party Leader Vijay Rupani Bharatsinh Solanki Party BJP INC Alliance INC+ Leader since 2016 2015 Leader's seat Rajkot West Did not contest Last election 115 61 Seats won 99 77 Seat change 16 16 Popular vote 1, 47, 24,427 1, 24, 38,937 Percentage 49.1% 41.4% Swing 1.2% 2.5% Election result map Chief Minister before election Vijay Rupani BJP Chief Minister Vijay Rupani BJP Gold Document ID: 55

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) won the bypoll in January 2016. Following death of Jasubhai Barad of INC in January 2016, the bypoll was held for Talala constituency. The bypoll had 63.66 per cent turnout. Govind Parmar of BJP won the bypoll in May 2016 defeating Bhagwanji Barad of INC. 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections were held in the Indian state of Gujarat in December 2012 for all 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Incumbent Chief Minister Narendra Modi of Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), in power since 2002, was running for his fourth term. The leader of the Document [2] (Title: 2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) total of 2,586 candidates filled their nomination for 230 seats spread across 51 districts. Prominent BJP candidates included former CM Babulal Gaur (Govindpura constituency in Bhopal), Kailash Vijayvargiya (Mhow in Indore) and former PM, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s nephew Anoop Mishra (Bhitarvar in Gwalior). Prominent Congress candidates included former Union Minister Suresh Pachouri (Bhojpur), leader of the opposition in the assembly Ajay Singh (Churhat), Digvijaya Singh’s son Jaivardhan Singh (Raghogarh), and Sachin Yadav, son of former Deputy CM, Subhash Yadav (Kasravad). On 10 November, CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan, who won an election from the Budhni seat in 2008, decided to run Document [3] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) of polling was held on 17 December 2012 witnessed voting turnout of 71.85%. With 71.85% of Phase-II voting turnout following the Phase-I turnout of 70.75%, the resultant final voting turnout stood at 71.32%. The average turnout percentage in Gujarat had decreased from 64.39% in 1995 to 59.77% during the last four state elections (1995, 1998, 2002, 2007)as per the Election Commission of India statistics. Counting of votes was held on 20 December 2012. Results were as following. BJP lost in 16 seats by the margin of less than 2%. The Congress won 46% seats with a margin of less than Document [4] (Title: 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) in Rajasthan elections. There were 2,087 candidates including 166 women and one eunuch candidate. INC and BJP contested on all 200 seats while BSP on 195 seats. 38 CPI(M), 23 CPI, 16 NCP, 666 other parties candidates and 758 Independents were also in foray. Over 4.08 crore voters including 1.92 crore women were eligible to exercise their vote. There were 47,223 polling booths. Total voting turnout was 74.38%, the highest ever in state assembly election. The highest turnout (85.52%) was recorded at Jaisalmer and the lowest (55.21%) at Bharatpur. The results were declared on 8 December. Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot Document [5] (Title: Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party) seats, all in and around the city of Ponda in central Goa. The Dhavalikar brothers retained their seats - Deepak from Priol and Sudin from Marcaim. Meanwhile, the MGP candidate Lavoo Mamledar beat Congress heavyweight and incumbent Home Minister Ravi Naik. The BJP won another 21 seats. The BJP-MGP alliance came to power with the support of 26 MLAs including 2 independent candidates in the 40 member house. Sudinis the minister for PWD, Transport and River Navigation in the new cabinet. Deepak holds the portfolios of Co-operation, Factories & Boilers. Before 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election, MGP broke the alliance Document [6] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) segment-wise result of Lok Sabha elections in Uttar Pradesh shows that the BJP was number one in 328 seats, while the ruling SP led in just 42. Congress was ahead in 15, BSP 9 and Apna Dal 9. In 2012, SP had formed government by winning 224 assembly seats. BSP had won 80, BJP 47, Congress 28 and Apna Dal one. Similarly, in Maharashtra BJP-Shiva Sena alliance has got a lead in 246 assembly segments out of the total 288. By securing seven of the 10 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, BJP remained ahead on 52 assembly segments in the Document [7] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) panchayats, the Congress grabbed 133 while the BJP’s tally fell from 162 to 72. Out of a total of 4778 seats, the Congress won 2509, while BJP bagged 1981. Elections in Gujarat Elections in Gujarat are being conducted since 1962 to elect the members of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha and the members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha. There are 182 Vidhan Sabha constituencies and 26 Lok Sabha constituencies in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) are the most powerful parties in the state. Other parties which have Document [8] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) Chief Minister by the party. VVPAT-fitted EVMs were used in entire Gujarat state at 50,128 polling stations in the 2017 elections, which was the first time that the entire state saw the implementation of VVPAT. VVPAT slips were counted in a polling station each of Gujarat's 182 constituencies. There were 43.3 million registered voters in Gujarat as on September 25, 2017. Other Backward Castes, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprised 40% of the total population of Gujarat. 147 communities were considered to be OBCs at the time of the election. Scheduled tribes (primarily Adivasis) comprised 15.5% of the population, while scheduled castes Document [9] (Title: 2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) before the election as part of its economic reforms, and the victory is likely to boost such reforms by the Centre. Both Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh had BJP governments and went to polls together. But unlike Gujarat, where the BJP under the leadership of Narendra Modi retained power by winning a massive 115 out of 182 seats, in Himachal Pradesh, the Prem Kumar Dhumal-led BJP lost due to a huge anti-incumbency wave arising mainly out of corruption and lack of good governance. Cong veteran leader Virbhadra Singh takes oath for record sixth term as Himachal chief minister at historic Ridge Document [10] (Title: 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) in the legislative assembly elections. The election results for all 403 Legislative Assembly seats were declared on 11 March 2017. After the BJP emerged as the majority party in the election, Prime Minister Narendra Modi thanked the public in a tweet saying, "Gratitude to the people of India for the continued faith, support and affection for the BJP. This is very humbling & overwhelming." The BJP's UP chief Keshav Prasad Maurya attributed the victory to Modi saying, "It is a Modi wave. The wave which started with 2014 Lok Sabha elections is continuing in 2017 and the momentum will go Document [11] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) regards to the election. On 11 June, Jitan Ram Manjhi announced his party Hindustani Awam Morcha alliance with the NDA for the election. On 14 September, the NDA announced its seat distribution: BJP got 160 seats, LJP got 40 seats, RLSP got 23 seats and HAM got 20 seats. The NDA did not announce any chief ministerial candidate. BJP announced the names of 154 candidates in three lists. Caste played a major role in distributing tickets. BJP also accommodated five candidates of the Hindustani Awam Morcha. Later, the BJP gave the Imamganj seat to HAM for Majhi is contesting and Document [12] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) this election. RJD increased its seats tally by 59 compared with previous election. RJD had the best strike rate by winning 81 of the 101 seats contested. RJD became the single largest party in Bihar Assembly. RJD defeated BJP in 36 seats BJP had won in the last election, similarly it took 25 seats JD (U) had won in the last election. brahman rajput yadav Muslim sc Janata Dal (United) leader Nitish Kumar sworn in as chief minister for the fifth time in a row on 20 November 2015 after the Mahagathbandhan alliance won a sweeping victory, taking 178 seats. Document [13] (Title: 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election) claimed to secure largest number of parliamentary seats under the leadership of its prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi who had been gaining ground for a national role after his continued term of 14 years as Gujarat Chief Minister. BJP won an absolute majority in the 2014 elections with 282 seats making it the first time ever in the 67-year history of independent India that a non-Congress party achieved a simple majority on its own. Following the declaration of Modi as the head of the BJP's election campaign, Janata Dal (United) which had been a key ally of NDA for 17 Document [14] (Title: Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election) 16 occasions, roughly correct on 7 occasions and wrong on 4 occasions. Post-poll surveys, widely published, are fundamentally different from opinion polls. According to a study, post-poll surveys in the past have consistently overestimated BJP seats. The eight largest metropolises in India are considered important because they constitute 31 seats, larger than some regions altogether. In the previous election, the INC-led UPA won 24 of these seats, but the UPA is trailing in these areas. A NDTV opinion poll in Uttar Pradesh indicated that the BJP would win its largest share of seats in the region by winning 40 of Document [15] (Title: Patidar reservation agitation) which had earlier given interim direction to not allow fresh admissions or recruitment under the EBC reservation. Several Patidar leaders had requested to vote against BJP in the local body elections. On 27 November 2016, the local body elections of 126 seats in 16 districts of Gujarat was held which included two municipalities and one taluka panchayat and by-elections for over 100 seats for various local bodies. The BJP won 109 seats while INC won 17 seats, 39 less than the last elections.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2016"></ref> The 11 members committee of PAAS held talks with three state ministers on 1 December Document [16] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) BJP on 24 February 2014. Nalin Kotadiya who was representing Dhari in assembly, joined BJP along with party. Four more MLAs Rajendrasinh Chavda, Jasabhai Barad, Chhabilbhai Patel and Parbhubhai Vasava quit INC and resigned as they joined BJP in February. Bypolls for all these seven seats were held on April 30 along with Indian general election, 2014. Voting turnout was 74.84% in Somnath, 70.19% in Abdasa, 56.62% in Rapar, 71.87% in Himmatnagar, 56.06% in Visavadar, 64.86% in Lathi and 67% in Mandvi which stood to an average of 65.92% in all seven constituencies. On May 16, 2014, the result of Document [17] (Title: 2018 elections in India) two days later on being unable to prove majority in the assembly. Thereafter the INC and JD(S) which had entered into a post-poll agreement formed a majority coalition government. H.D. Kumaraswamy of Janata Dal (Secular) was subsequently appointed Chief Minister. 10 assembly seats across 9 different states held bypolls on 28 May 2018. The results of each bypoll were declared on 31 May 2018 Followed the demise of BJP MLA Lokendra Singh Chauhan in a road accident, the Noorpur seat fell vacant. Besides the Kairana Lok Sabha constituency, Noorpur is another assembly seat in which the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Document [18] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) to Surat West was held on December 4, 2013 due to death of sitting BJP MLA Kishore Wankawala. BJP candidate Purnesh Modi won against INC candidate D I Patel in result declared on December 8, 2013. It was the first time NOTA (None of the above) button introduced in election in Gujarat. It was used by 2307 voters. Rapar BJP MLA Vaghjibhai Patel died on January 30, 2014 following heart attack. Lathi MLA Bavku Undhad resigned as he quit INC and joined BJP in January. GPP MLA Keshubhai Patel resigned in February following his ill health. GPP was merged with Document [19] (Title: 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election) machines installed with EVMs, As per the special summary revision of electoral rolls, there are a total of 1.9 crore voters in Punjab as of August 2016. The 2014 general election was held in Punjab for 13 parliamentary constituencies. Shiromani Akali Dal and Aam Aadmi Party won 4 seats each, Congress won 3, and 2 constituencies elected Bharatiya Janata Party candidates. The first-time contesting Aam Aadmi Party won from 34 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments. Wherever it trailed the major parties its vote share was Document [20] (Title: Politics of Gujarat) constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 26 for scheduled tribes. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker, who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is Assembly, and to address the House after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Document [21] (Title: 1937 Bombay Presidency election) the total 175 seats in the assembly out of which 97 were general constituencies. For the council, it contested 15 out of the 26 seats where elections took place. In the assembly, 15 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes. B. R. Ambedkar's Independent Labour Party secured one seat unopposed and contested 8 seats out of which it won 5. Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Assembly: Total Number of Seats : 175 Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Council: Total Number of Seats : 30 Although the Indian National Congress won Document [22] (Title: Maharashtra) between BJP and Shivsena respectively broke down over seat allocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed a minority government under Devendra Fadnavis but the Shivsena has, as of December 2014, entered the Government and therefore the Government now enjoys a comfortable majority in the Maharashtra Vidhansabha. The people of Maharashtra also elect 48 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the 2014 general elections, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Shiv Sena, and Document [23] (Title: 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) won from his Sardarpura constituency by a margin of 18,478 votes while Vasundhara Raje won from Jhalarpatan by 60,896 votes. The election also recorded best and worst performances for the BJP and the Congress respectively in the state. Influential Meena leader and MP from Dausa, Kirori Lal Meena received a big setback when his newly formed party, National People’s Party won only four seats. 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections, 2013 was held in Indian state of Rajasthan on 1 December 2013. Results were announced on 8 December. The incumbent ruling party Indian National Congress, led by Document [24] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 5%. Following candidates won election from their respective seats: Keys: Four seats became vacant in 2012-13. Bypolls for them was held by Election Commission in June 2013. All four seats were held by Indian National Congress members. Morva Hadaf MLA Savitaben Khant died in December 2012 while Limbdi MLA Soma Ganda resigned later as he chose to continue as a Member of Parliament. Jayesh Radadiya (Jetpur) and Vitthal Radadiya (Dhoraji) resigned as they left Indian National Congress and joined Bharatiya Janata Party in March, 2013. In bypolls, INC lost all four seats and BJP won all of them. The bypoll Document [25] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) state. Its ally HJC could not win any of the Lok Sabha seats it contested, but its candidates remained ahead in seven assembly segments. BJP contested 8 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, leaving two constituencies for its alliance partner HJC. BJP candidates remained ahead in all 27 assembly segments of Ambala, Karnal and Faridabad parliamentary constituencies. BJP won all seats except Rohtak where its candidate Om Prakash Dhankar lost to Haryana chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda's son and sitting MP Deepender Hooda. Criminal background of winners About one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, Document [26] (Title: Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election) the 80 seats. BSP would get 15 seats, SP would get 13 seats, INC-RLD will get 12 seats, amongst its losses will Ajit Singh. The poll also asked those in Gujarat if Modi should run from U.P., of which 67% responded negatively, while those in U.P. said by 62% that they would like to see him run from there. A survey of first time voters suggested Modi was the most popular prime ministerial candidate and Mamata Banerjee was the most popular outside the BJP or INC. Latest survey by CNN-IBN-Lokniti predicts the decline (by 5%) in popularity of Narendra Modi Document [27] (Title: Arvind Kejriwal) candidate, Narendra Modi, from Varanasi. He lost the contest by a margin of around 370,000 votes. Kejriwal led Aam Aadmi Party to win 67 of the 70 constituencies in the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections, leaving the BJP with three seats and the INC with none. In those elections, he was again elected from the New Delhi constituency, defeating Nupur Sharma by 31,583 votes. He took oath on 14 February 2015 as Delhi's chief minister for a second time at Ramlila Maidan. Since then his party has passed the Jan Lokpal Bill though with some differences. There has been a long-running Document [28] (Title: 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election) cent and Kumaraswamy at 13 per cent, while 16 per cent preferred 'others'. The exit polls remained divided, with only one predicting that a party - BJP - will get past the majority mark. 5 predicted that BJP will have the most seats, while 2 predicted that the Congress is in comfortable lead, and 1 predicted a cliffhanger. Today's Chanakya exit poll, which was released last and took into account voting right until polling closure time, predicted clear majority for BJP. The election led to a hung assembly, with the BJP emerging as the largest party, with 104 seats, but Document [29] (Title: 2012 elections in India) to sitting legislators to avoid the corruption stigma. Another important issue was the proposed division into four smaller provinces to which the primary opposition party, the Samajwadi Party, is opposed. The election was conducted in seven phases on 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 28 February and 3 March. Voter turnout was nearly 59.5% voters exercising their franchise. The result was announced 6 March 2012, with Akhilesh Yadav being the Chief Minister-designate of UP. The detailed result is shown below: Polls in Gujarat took place in two phases: First phase on December 13, 2012 and second phase on December 17, 2012. Document [30] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) post electoral systems, the state's politics are dominated by two parties – the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The term of current Gujarat Legislative Assembly ends on 22 January 2018. The previous assembly election, held in 2012 resulted in BJP gaining a majority of seats and Narendra Modi becoming the Chief Minister. After the 2014 General Elections, Modi became the Prime Minister of the country and Anandiben Patel was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat. After the agitations of Patidars, Dalit protests and claims of poor governance, she was replaced by Vijay Rupani as the Document [31] (Title: Narendra Modi) general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt. The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure and allowing the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995). In later by-elections the BJP won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although Modi did not campaign for its candidates. In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University Document [32] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) The BJP, led by Narendra Modi, won 116 seats out of total 182 seats and formed the government while INC won 60 seats. BJP has been in the power in Gujarat since 1995. Elections were held in two phases, the first on 13 December and second on 17 December 2012. First phase of polling was held on 13 December 2012 witnessed 70.75% of record breaking voting. Within three hours, the voter turnout was 18 per cent and by 1 pm it was 38 per cent. The figure went up to 53 per cent by 3 pm, concluding with 70.75%. Phase-II Document [33] (Title: 1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election) 154 seats in 1957 elections. 88 constituencies were single member constituencies while 33 were two-member constituencies. Out of 121 constituencies, 33 were reserved for Scheduled Tribes. There were 52,44,907 electors in single member constituencies, while 3,96,40,19 in two-member constituencies. Total 661 candidates were in fray for these 154 seats. Four national parties, Communist Party of India, Congress, Praja Socialist Party and Bharatiya Jana Sangha along with the state party Scheduled Caste Federation took part in the assembly election. Congress was the clear winner in the elections winning 77.92% of the total seats (i.~e. 120 seats) with a vote share of Document [34] (Title: Kantilal Amrutiya) a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities. Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats. In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi underwent a series of fasts as part of the "Sadbhavna Mission". The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in Document [35] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) (57%) and Matar (54.7%). The results of September byepolls were declared on 16 September 2014. BJP retained six seats while lost three seats to INC. Vajubhai Vala, the incumbent speaker of assembly, resigned as the MLA from Rajkot West and as the speaker on 30 August 2014 following his appointment as the Governor of Karnataka. The byepoll for Rajkot West was held on 15 October 2014 and result was declared on 19 October 2014. BJP retained the seat with Vijay Rupani declared winner candidate. Rajendrabhai Parabhubhai Patel, the sitting MLA from Choryasi died following dengue in August 2015. His daughter Document [36] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) responsible to the Legislative Assembly and stays in power only if it has the support of majority members. Elections take place on a first past the post basis, the candidate with the most number of votes wins the seat regardless of absolute majority. Every citizen of the state, who is 18 and above is eligible to vote. The Governors of States of India then invites the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government. The Constitution of India states that the term of Legislative Assemblies is five years. As is common in most other first past the Document [37] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or coalition expected to become the next Chief Minister. The election was won by the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party with a reduced majority, following losses to the opposition Indian National Congress with increased seats. Gujarat, as a state of India follows Parliamentary system of government similar to other states. The Government is Document [38] (Title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly) Gujarat Legislative Assembly Gujarat Legislative Assembly or Gujarat Vidhan Sabha is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is situated in the capital Gandhinagar. Presently, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected from the single-seat constituencies and one member is nominated. It has term of 5 years unless it is dissolved sooner. 13 constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 constituencies for scheduled tribes. Bhavsinhji Gohil, ruler of Bhavnagar State, established "The Peoples' Representative Assembly" consisting of 38 members appointed by him. His succeeding son, Krishnakumar Sinhji, formed the Bhavnagar legislative assembly in 1941 Document [39] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) byepolls was declared along with Indian general election, 2014 result. BJP won four while INC won three seats of seven vacant seats. Out of five constituencies which were held by INC before there representatives joined BJP, they retained only one, Abdasa. BJP candidate Bharat Patel, son of former representative Keshubhai Patel, lost to INC candidate Harshad Ribadiya in Visavadar. Shaktisinh Gohil, the former Leader of Opposition, defeated Chhabil Patel in Abdasa. Following Indian general election, 2014, nine assembly members resigned as they were elected to Loksabha, the lower house of the parliament of India. They all belonged to BJP. Incumbent Document [40] (Title: Kantilal Amrutiya) BJP secured a majority in these elections. Narendra Modi won in his constituency Maninagar by a margin of 86,373 votes against Shweta Bhatt (wife of Sanjiv Bhatt) of the Indian National Congress. The BJP has been the ruling party in Gujarat since 1995. Modi interacted with netizens on Google+ on 31 August 2012. The chat session was also live broadcast on YouTube, and Modi took part in it through Ahmedabad. The chat was scheduled to start at 20:00 IST, but began 45 minutes late because of the reported crash of Google+ due to the response. The questions were to be Document [41] (Title: 2012 elections in India) The counting was held on December 20, 2012. The BJP have held a majority in the state since 1995 and went to the election under the leadership of Chief Minister Narendra Modi. The Indian National Congress was the main opposition, but did not specified a chief ministerial candidate. Counting of votes completed on 20 December 2012 before evening which started from 8.00am across the Gujarat State at specified location in every district. Results of the election are as following: Total Seats: 182<br> Results declared: 182 The BJP lost in 16 contests by a margin of less than 2%. The Congress Document [42] (Title: 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election) of the Banaskantha district was transferred to Rajasthan. Hence the constituencies increased from 315 to 396 in 1957 elections. 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election Elections to the Bombay Legislative Assembly were held on 25 February 1957. 1146 candidates contested for the 339 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 57 two-member constituencies and 282 single-member constituencies. On 1 November 1956, under States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Bombay state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra state and Kutch state, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost Kannada-speaking districts of Document [43] (Title: 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) (Dalits) totalled 7%. Muslims of various castes constituted 9.7% of the population. Forward castes and others made up the remainder. The votes were counted on 18 December 2017. Over 1.9% of all voters in the election specified the None of the Above (NOTA) option, which amounted to more than 500,000 votes. 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or Document [44] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) Elections in Gujarat Elections in Gujarat are being conducted since 1962 to elect the members of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha and the members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha. There are 182 Vidhan Sabha constituencies and 26 Lok Sabha constituencies in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) are the most powerful parties in the state. Other parties which have been influential in the past include Swatantra Party, Praja Socialist Party (PSP), Indian National Congress (Organisation) (NCO), Janata Party, Janata Dal, Janata Dal (Gujarat) (JDG) and Rashtriya Janata Party Document [45] (Title: Amit Shah) election from the Sarkhej constituency in Ahmedabad. He won by the highest margin among all candidates: 158,036 votes. In the 2007 Assembly election, he won from Sarkhej again, improving his margin of victory. During Narendra Modi's twelve-year tenure as the Gujarat CM, Shah emerged as one of the most powerful leaders in Gujarat. After winning the 2002 elections, he became the youngest minister in the Modi government, and was given multiple portfolios. At one time, he held 12 portfolios: Home, Law and Justice, Prison, Border Security, Civil Defence, Excise, Transport, Prohibition, Home Guards, Gram Rakshak Dal, Police Housing, and Legislative Document [46] (Title: 2018 elections in India) of 224 constituencies of the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent Indian National Congress (INC) was seeking re-election, having governed the state since elections in 2013. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)) sought to regain office. The election led to a hung assembly, with the Bharatiya Janata Party emerging as the single largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority of seats and popular votes. The Indian National Congress (INC) won the popular vote. Following the election, B. S. Yeddyurappa was appointed Chief Minister and tasked with forming a minority BJP government, but resigned Document [47] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) that not a single voter turned up for a re-poll at 5 polling stations in Nagaland on 15 May. On 12 May, the Bombay High court declined to order supplementary polling for voters in Maharashtra whose names were missing from the electoral rolls. There were speculated to be as many as 100,000 voters missing from the electoral roll in Pune and as many as 200,000 missing from electoral roll in Mumbai. The BJP secured 39% support from first time voters, while Congress received 19% of the first time votes. The NDA won 39 of 74 seats where Muslim voters make Document [48] (Title: Rashtriya Loktantrik Party) the gathered crowd was around 5-6 lakhs. The RLP contested Rajasthan assembly elections of 2018 in 57 seats alone. It secured three seats in its opening election in state politics, It ended up being second in two constituencies: Baytu (Barmer) and Jayal (SC) (Nagaur), while remained third on many seats. Now it is aiming for Bikaner(SC) seat in upcoming Lok Sabha election, 2019. It has high prospects in Panchayat election in late 2019 in these constituencies. Earlier BJP MLA and farmer leader Hanuman Beniwal was suspended from Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) after remark against Rajasthan BJP Leaders including former Rajasthan Document [49] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) Chief Minister Narendra Modi resigned as MLA from Maninagar as he won from Vadodara and Varanasi and sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India. The eight others include Khambhalia MLA Poonam Madam (elected from Jamnagar), Anand MLA Dilip Patel (Anand), Limkheda MLA Jaswantsinh Bhabhor (Dahod), Deesa MLA Liladhar Vaghela (Patan), Matar MLA Devusinh Chauhan (Kheda), Talaja MLA Bharati Shiyal (Bhavnagar), Mangrol MLA Rajesh Chudasama (Junagadh) and Tankara MLA Mohan Kundariya (Rajkot). Byepolls were held on 13 September 2014 which recorded following voters turnout: Limkheda (64%), Maninagar (33.5%), Deesa (59.76%), Tankara (57%), Khambhalia (55.5%), Mangrol (57%), Talja (49%), Anand Document [50] (Title: 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election) majority. The popular vote was won by the BJP, with 41.0% of total votes polled. An analysis of the result showed that the BJP lost 7 seats with very small margin (<1000) against the Congress. The seat and vote share was as follows -: 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held on 28 November 2018 to elect members of the 230 constituencies in Madhya Pradesh. It is believed that the election will be a direct political battle between the BJP and the INC. While the Shivraj Singh Chouhan government will try to Document [51] (Title: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election The 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections were held in the Indian state of Gujarat in December 2012 for all 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Incumbent Chief Minister Narendra Modi of Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), in power since 2002, was running for his fourth term. The leader of the opposition was Shaktisinh Gohil of the Indian National Congress (INC). Elections were held in two phases, the first on 13 December and second on 17 December 2012. Total voting turnout of both phases was 71.32%, highest since 1980. Results were declared on 20 December 2012. Document [52] (Title: V. S. Achuthanandan) majority also wanted Achuthanandan to be removed from the post of leader of opposition but this was not done. "This is a clipping of the wings of Achuthanandan", said K.M. Shahjahan. In the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) secured a huge win with a total of 91 seats in 140 assembly constituencies. At the age of 92, VS travelled across the state campaigning for the party with much vigour. V S Achuthanandan also contested this election from Malampuzha constituency, where he won by a margin of 27,142 votes. Being the face and most recognizable leader Document [53] (Title: 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election) failing to win a majority. The popular vote was won by the Congress. The seat and vote share was as follows - An analysis of the result showed that the BJP lost 9 seats with very small margin against the Congress. If 6730 votes had switched over from the Congress to the BJP, the BJP could have won 113 seats. Similarly, the Congress would have needed a minimum of 1,25,608 votes to switch over to its side for it to increase its tally from 78 to 113. The election results for each constituency are as follows By-election The Congress party Document [54] (Title: 2014 Indian general election) up between 21 and 95% of the total electorate. The BJP won all 16 seats in Uttar Pradesh. It also secured 5 out of 9 such seats in Bihar. Analyst Saeed Naqvi believes that Amit Shah managed to convince Dalits and OBC voters to elect the BJP as "Muslim appeasers in an atmosphere of perpetual communal tension". The BJP won all 26 seats in Gujarat, marking the first time a single party won all seats in the state. The previous record was held by the Congress which won 25 of the 26 seats in the 1984 general election. The assembly Document [55] (Title: 1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election) States Reorganisation Act 1956, Rajasthan assembly constituencies changed from 140 with 160 seats to 136 with 176 seats. 96 of them were single member constituencies while the number of double member constituencies was 40. 28 of the double member constituencies were reserved for Scheduled Caste while 4 of the single member and 12 of the double member constituencies (total 16 constituencies) were reserved for Schedule Tribe. There were 48,43,841 electors in single member constituencies, while 38,92,288 were in double member constituencies. Total 737 candidates contested for the 176 seats of the 136 constituencies in the Assembly. Poll percentage in the Document [56] (Title: Elections in Gujarat) (RJP). It is worth noting that Gujarat was a part of the erstwhile Bombay State till 1960. The elections for the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha are being held since 1962. In the villages it was a total role reversal, with Congress winning 21 of the 31 district panchayats compared to the 2 it held last time. The BJP which held 24 seats in 2010 was reduced to a mere 6.-The Congress made deep inroads into the Patidar pockets in Saurashtra, north and south Gujarat -- including at Morbi, Jamnagar, Amreli and Mehsana, which are traditionally BJP strongholds. Of the 230 taluka Document [57] (Title: Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015) BJP with 53 seats. In terms of vote share, BJP came first with 24.4%, followed by RJD with 18.4% and JD (U) with 16.8% and Congress got 6.7%. Election Commission of India announced that around 1,000 Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines will be used along with EVM in 36 out of the 243 assembly seats in Bihar elections, spread over 34 districts. ECIL manufactured VVPATs will be used in 10 assembly constituencies, while BEL manufactured VVPAT will be used in 26 assembly constituencies. The election information was webcast for the first time and voters can locate their polling booth Document [58] (Title: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election) the place of Muslims in Gujarati society. Seeking to capitalize on the sentiments stirred up by the riots, Modi took a hardline Hindutva stance during the campaign, including the use of Anti-Muslim rhetoric and frequent references to Islamic terrorism. The legislative assembly of Gujarat is elected from 182 constituencies, which were contested by a total of 21 parties and several hundred independent candidates. The Bharatiya Janata Party won a 127 seats, thus achieving an absolute majority in the assembly. Modi was sworn in for a second term as chief minister. Following candidates won election from their respective seats: Keys: 2002 Question: how many seat to win majority in gujarat

Answer: 92 Long Answer: Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 ← 2012 9 and 14 December 2017 2022 → All 182 seats in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly 92 seats needed for a majority Turnout 68.41% Majority party Minority party Leader Vijay Rupani Bharatsinh Solanki Party BJP INC Alliance INC+ Leader since 2016 2015 Leader's seat Rajkot West Did not contest Last election 115 61 Seats won 99 77 Seat change 16 16 Popular vote 1, 47, 24,427 1, 24, 38,937 Percentage 49.1% 41.4% Swing 1.2% 2.5% Election result map Chief Minister before election Vijay Rupani BJP Chief Minister Vijay Rupani BJP Gold Document ID: 55

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Heterogeneous water oxidation) substituted magnesium ferrite. Hydronium ions get trapped inside nanopores of ferrite that generate enough electrostatic fields to dissociate further water molecules into ions. Hydroxide ions instantly forms zinc hydroxide at the zinc electrode, releasing two electrons at the site of oxidation, the anode. The electrons are collected on another silver electrode at the site of reduction, the cathode, which converts hydronium ions into hydrogen gas and water. There is a net flow of current in the cell which can be used to do work. The reaction mechanism of the cell is expressed as: The overall HEC voltage is Ecell = Document [2] (Title: Galvanic anode) is rather a simplified view of the corrosion process, because it can occur in several different forms. CP works by introducing another metal (the galvanic anode) with a much more anodic surface, so that all the current will flow from the introduced anode and the metal to be protected becomes cathodic in comparison to the anode. This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection. For this to work there must be an electron pathway between the anode and the metal Document [3] (Title: Cathode) pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more "cathodic" with respect to the more easily reduced reagent. In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode. When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with Document [4] (Title: Galvanic anode) to be protected (e.g., a wire or direct contact) and an ion pathway between both the oxidizing agent (e.g., water or moist soil) and the anode, and the oxidizing agent and the metal to be protected, thus forming a closed circuit; therefore simply bolting a piece of active metal such as zinc to a less active metal, such as mild steel, in air (a poor conductor and therefore no closed circuit) will not furnish any protection. There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes, magnesium, aluminum and zinc. They are all available as blocks, rods, plates or extruded ribbon. Document [5] (Title: Electrochemical cell) Electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells and the other ones are called electrolytic cells which are used to drive chemical reactions like electrolysis. A common example of a galvanic cell is a standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A "battery" consists of one or more cells, connected either in parallel, series or series-and-parallel pattern.<r: A cell is a device which can convert chemical energy Document [6] (Title: Galvanic cell) Concentration cells, whose electrodes and ions are made of the same metal and which are driven by an entropy increase and free-energy decrease as ion concentrations equalize, show that the electronegativity difference of the metals is not the driving force of electrochemical processes. Galvanic cells and batteries are typically used as a source of electrical power. The energy derives from a high-cohesive-energy metal dissolving while to a lower-energy metal is deposited, and/or from high-energy metal ions plating out while lower-energy ions go into solution. Quantitatively, the electrical energy produced by a galvanic cell is approximately equal to the standard free-energy Document [7] (Title: Galvani potential) of the charge carriers in the two phases. The Galvani potential difference between an electrode and electrolyte (or between other two electrically conductive phases) forms in an analogous fashion, although the chemical potentials in the equation above may need to include all species involved in the electrochemical reaction at the interface. The Galvani potential difference is not directly measurable using voltmeters. The measured potential difference between two metal electrodes assembled into a cell does not equal the difference of the Galvani potentials of the two metals (or their combination with the solution Galvani potential) because the cell needs to contain Document [8] (Title: Fuel cell) charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode (positive side of the fuel cell) to the anode (negative side of the fuel cell) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode, as is the case in all other types of fuel cells. Oxygen gas is fed through the cathode, where it absorbs electrons to create oxygen ions. The oxygen ions then travel through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen gas at the anode. The reaction at the anode produces electricity and water as by-products. Carbon dioxide may also be a by-product depending on the fuel, but Document [9] (Title: Standard electrode potential) is sufficient to calculate either one of the potentials. Therefore, standard electrode potential is commonly written as standard reduction potential. The electrode potential cannot be obtained empirically. The galvanic cell potential results from a "pair" of electrodes. Thus, only one empirical value is available in a pair of electrodes and it is not possible to determine the value for each electrode in the pair using the empirically obtained galvanic cell potential. A reference electrode, standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), for which the potential is "defined" or agreed upon by convention, needed to be established. In this case SHE is set to Document [10] (Title: Electric current) example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions (protons) flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions. In a metal, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual atom as they are in insulating materials, but are Document [11] (Title: Galvani potential) arbitrary voltage difference may exist between them. However, when two different metals are brought into electronic contact, electrons will flow from the metal with a lower voltage to the metal with the higher voltage until the Fermi level of the electrons in the bulk of both phases are equal. The actual numbers of electrons that passes between the two phases is small (it depends on the capacitance between the objects), and the occupancies of the electron bands are practically unaffected. Rather, this small increase or decrease in charge results in a shift in all the energy levels in the metals. Document [12] (Title: Solid oxide fuel cell) that the consumption of reacting species in the reactant flows causes a drop in reactant concentration as it travels along the cell, which causes a drop in the local potential near the tail end of the cell. The concentration polarization occurs in both the anode and cathode. The anode can be particularly problematic, as the oxidation of the hydrogen produces steam, which further dilutes the fuel stream as it travels along the length of the cell. This polarization can be mitigated by reducing the reactant utilization fraction or increasing the electrode porosity, but these approaches each have significant design trade-offs. Document [13] (Title: Electrochemical cell) anode to the cathode through the electrolyte after the reaction. At the same time, electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, another catalyst causes hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water. Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in startup time ranging from 1 second for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A related technology is flow batteries, in which the fuel can be Document [14] (Title: Flow battery) conductivity, although these electrodes somewhat limit the charge / discharge power due to their low inherent activity towards many redox couples. In other words, a flow battery is just like an electrochemical cell, with the exception that the ionic solution (electrolyte) is not stored in the cell around the electrodes. Rather, the ionic solution is stored outside of the cell, and can be fed into the cell in order to generate electricity. The total amount of electricity that can be generated depends on the size of the storage tanks. Flow batteries are governed by the design principles established by electrochemical Document [15] (Title: Anode) current depends not only on the direction the charge carriers move, but also the carriers' electric charge. The currents outside the device are usually carried by electrons in a metal conductor. Since electrons have a negative charge, the direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current. Consequently, electrons leave the device through the anode and enter the device through the cathode. The definition of anode and cathode is slightly different for electrical devices such as diodes and vacuum tubes where the electrode naming is fixed and does not depend on the actual charge flow (current). These Document [16] (Title: Cathodic protection) over a decade and incorporate the coordination, monitoring and high restorative current flow of ICCP systems with the reactive, lower cost and easier to maintain galvanic anodes. The system is made up of wired galvanic anodes in arrays typically 400mm apart which are then initially powered for a short period to restore the concrete and power ionic migration. The power supply is then taken away and the anodes simply attached to the steel as a galvanic system. More powered phases can be administered if needed. Like Galvanic systems corrosion rate monitoring from polarisation tests and half-cell potential mapping can be Document [17] (Title: Galvanic cell) or grape juice have been shown to produce a voltage. However, it is far from certain that this was its purpose—other scholars have pointed out that it is very similar to vessels known to have been used for storing parchment scrolls. In its simplest form, a half-cell consists of a solid metal (called an electrode) that is submerged in a solution; the solution contains cations (+) of the electrode metal and anions (−) to balance the charge of the cations. The full cell consists of two half-cells, usually connected by a semi-permeable membrane or by a salt bridge that prevents Document [18] (Title: Galvanic cell) electrolyte, and ion (cation and anion). Thus Galvani incorrectly thought the source of electricity (or source of emf, or seat of emf) was in the animal, Volta incorrectly thought it was in the physical properties of the isolated electrodes, but Faraday correctly identified the source of emf as the chemical reactions at the two electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The authoritative work on the intellectual history of the voltaic cell remains that by Ostwald. It was suggested by Wilhelm König in 1940 that the object known as the Baghdad battery might represent galvanic cell technology from ancient Parthia. Replicas filled with citric acid Document [19] (Title: Electrochemistry) The two electrodes must be electrically connected to each other, allowing for a flow of electrons that leave the metal of the anode and flow through this connection to the ions at the surface of the cathode. This flow of electrons is an electric current that can be used to do work, such as turn a motor or power a light. A galvanic cell whose electrodes are zinc and copper submerged in zinc sulfate and copper sulfate, respectively, is known as a Daniell cell. Half reactions for a Daniell cell are these: In this example, the anode is the zinc Document [20] (Title: Neuronal galvanotropism) but the growth, when observed appears to be directed to the negative pole (cathode). This is a strange behavior that can only be accounted for by electroosmotic effects. Positively charged ions outside the cell experience a force towards the cathode. There is a flux of these ions outside the cell and the shear force of solution movement is thought to pull the neurite in the cathodal direction. Also, the electric field may depolarize the cell near the cathodal side opening voltage-gated calcium channels and allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. Calcium is widely believed to be a factor in Document [21] (Title: Dye-sensitized solar cell) in the n-type portion flow into the p-type to "fill in" the missing electrons, also known as electron holes. Eventually enough electrons will flow across the boundary to equalize the Fermi levels of the two materials. The result is a region at the interface, the p-n junction, where charge carriers are depleted and/or accumulated on each side of the interface. In silicon, this transfer of electrons produces a potential barrier of about 0.6 to 0.7 V. When placed in the sun, photons of the sunlight can excite electrons on the p-type side of the semiconductor, a process known as photoexcitation. Document [22] (Title: Galvanic cell) one looks up copper and zinc's half reactions and finds: Thus the overall reaction is: The standard potential for the reaction is then +0.34 V − (−0.76 V) = 1.10 V. The polarity of the cell is determined as follows. Zinc metal is more strongly reducing than copper metal because the standard (reduction) potential for zinc is more negative than that of copper. Thus, zinc metal will lose electrons to copper ions and develop a positive electrical charge. The equilibrium constant, "K", for the cell is given by where "F" is the Faraday constant, "R" is the gas constant and Document [23] (Title: Primary cell) dry cell) is called the anode. This is the "reverse" of the terminology used in an electrolytic cell or thermionic vacuum tube. The reason is that the terms anode and cathode are defined by the direction of electric current, not by their voltage. The anode is the terminal through which conventional current (positive charge) enters the cell from the external circuit, while the cathode is the terminal through which conventional current leaves the cell and flows into the external circuit. Since a battery is a power source which provides the voltage which forces the current through the external circuit, the Document [24] (Title: Galvanic corrosion) otherwise stop the reaction. In some cases, this type of reaction is intentionally encouraged. For example, low-cost household batteries typically contain carbon-zinc cells. As part of a closed circuit (the electron pathway), the zinc within the cell will corrode preferentially (the ion pathway) as an essential part of the battery producing electricity. Another example is the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures as well as hot water storage tanks. In this case, sacrificial anodes work as part of a galvanic couple, promoting corrosion of the anode, while protecting the cathode metal. In other cases, such as mixed metals in Document [25] (Title: Cathodic protection) International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes. In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work, the anode must possess a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than that of the cathode (the target structure to be protected). The table below shows a simplified galvanic series which is used to select the anode metal. The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list than the material to be protected. In some cases, "impressed current cathodic protection" (ICCP) systems are used. These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source, often Document [26] (Title: Galvanic cell) call the work function of the electrode. This view ignored the chemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, which include H formation on the more noble metal in Volta's pile. Although Volta did not understand the operation of the battery or the galvanic cell, these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries; Volta's cell was named an IEEE Milestone in 1999. Some forty years later, Faraday (see Faraday's laws of electrolysis) showed that the galvanic cell -- now often called a voltaic cell -- was chemical in nature. Faraday introduced new terminology to the language of chemistry: electrode (cathode and anode), Document [27] (Title: Galvanic cell) dioxide, both immersed in sulfuric acid. Large battery rooms, for instance in a telephone exchange providing central office power to user's telephones, may have cells connected in both series and parallel. The voltage (electromotive force "E") produced by a galvanic cell can be estimated from the standard Gibbs free energy change in the electrochemical reaction according to formula_1 where "ν" is the number of electrons transferred in the balanced half reactions, and "F" is Faraday's constant. However, it can be determined more conveniently by the use of a standard potential table for the two half cells involved. The first step Document [28] (Title: Concentration cell) the active metal beneath the film will be exposed to corrosive attack in areas where the passive film is broken. An electrical potential will develop between the large area of the passive film (cathode) and the small area of the exposed active metal (anode). Rapid pitting of the active metal will result. Concentration cell In battery technology, a concentration cell is a limited form of a galvanic cell that has two equivalent half-cells of the same composition differing only in concentrations. One can calculate the potential developed by such a cell using the Nernst equation. A concentration cell produces a Document [29] (Title: Mixed oxidant) the cathode. This cell has two inputs and two outputs for water. One pair of them is located at the cathode side and the other pair is located at the anode side. There are membrane cells with different membrane models. In some of them an ion exchange membrane is used which is able to move the cations and anions from one side to the other side. In this type of cell brine solution enters from one side and water from the other side. The half reaction in the cathode chamber is as follows: At the anode side, part of the Document [30] (Title: Contact electrification) Galvanic cell or battery. "See also: Dry pile" If two metals having differing work functions are touched together, one steals electrons from the other, and the opposite net charges grow larger and larger; this is the Volta effect. The process is halted when the difference in electric potential (electrostatic potential) between the two metals reaches a particular value, namely the difference in work function values - usually less than one volt. At this point, the Fermi levels for the two metals are equal, and there is no voltage difference between them. [If there were a voltage difference between them, then Document [31] (Title: Electrode potential) Potential of a cell assembled of two electrodes can be determined from the two individual electrode potentials using or, equivalently, This follows from the IUPAC definition of the electric potential difference of a galvanic cell, according to which the electric potential difference of a cell is the difference of the potentials of the electrodes on the right and the left of the galvanic cell. When Δ"V" is positive, then positive electrical charge flows through the cell from the left electrode (anode) to the right electrode (cathode). Electrode potential Electrode potential, "E", in chemistry or electrochemistry, according to a IUPAC definition, Document [32] (Title: Theory of solar cells) area where photocurrent is generated and across which diode current can flow. By the same argument, it will also have half the "R" of the series resistance related to vertical current flow; however, for large-area silicon solar cells, the scaling of the series resistance encountered by lateral current flow is not easily predictable since it will depend crucially on the grid design (it is not clear what "otherwise identical" means in this respect). Depending on the shunt type, the larger cell may also have half the "R" because it has twice the area where shunts may occur; on the other Document [33] (Title: Plasma display) are mounted in front of the cell, along the front glass plate. As can be seen in the illustration, the electrodes are covered by an insulating protective layer. Control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell, creating a voltage difference between front and back. Some of the atoms in the gas of a cell then lose electrons and become ionized, which creates an electrically conducting plasma of atoms, free electrons, and ions. The collisions of the flowing electrons in the plasma with the inert gas atoms leads to light emission; such light-emitting plasmas are known as glow Document [34] (Title: Electrolytic cell) water, particularly when ions are added (salt water or acidic water), can be "electrolyzed" (subject to electrolysis). When driven by an external source of voltage, H ions flow to the cathode to combine with electrons to produce hydrogen gas in a reduction reaction. Likewise, OH ions flow to the anode to release electrons and an H ion to produce oxygen gas in an oxidation reaction. In molten sodium chloride, when a current is passed through the salt the anode oxidizes chloride ions (Cl) to chlorine gas, releasing electrons to the anode. Likewise the cathode reduces sodium ions (Na), which accept Document [35] (Title: Electron beam-induced current) the electron–hole pairs will be separated by drift due to the electric field. If the p- and n-sides (or semiconductor and Schottky contact, in the case of a Schottky device) are connected through a picoammeter, a current will flow. EBIC is best understood by analogy: in a solar cell, photons of light fall on the entire cell, thus delivering energy and creating electron hole pairs, and cause a current to flow. In EBIC, energetic electrons take the role of the photons, causing the EBIC current to flow. However, because the electron beam of an SEM or STEM is very small, Document [36] (Title: Theory of solar cells) region to the n region (as in the diagram at the beginning of this article) is being pushed by the electric field against the concentration gradient. The same goes for a hole moving in the opposite direction. It is easiest to understand how a current is generated when considering electron-hole pairs that are created in the depletion zone, which is where there is a strong electric field. The electron is pushed by this field toward the n side and the hole toward the p side. (This is opposite to the direction of current in a forward-biased diode, such as a Document [37] (Title: Daniell cell) anions in the salt bridge move into the zinc half-cell in order to balance the increase in Zn ions. At the same time, potassium ions from the salt bridge move into the copper half-cell in order to replace the Cu ions being precipitated onto the copper electrode. In the Daniell cell, the porous barrier cannot prevent the flow of copper ions into the zinc half-cell. Hence, recharging (reversing the current flow by an external source of EMF) is impossible because, if the zinc electrode is made to become the cathode, copper ions, rather than zinc ions, will be discharged on Document [38] (Title: Cathode) the cathode is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device. Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current. In vacuum tubes (including cathode ray tubes) it is the negative terminal where electrons enter the device from the external circuit and proceed into the tube's near-vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of Document [39] (Title: Anode) galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode from which electrons flow out towards the external part of the circuit. Internally the positively charged cations are flowing away from the anode (even though it is negative and therefore would be expected to attract them, this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems); but, external to the cell in the circuit, electrons are being pushed out through the negative contact and thus through the circuit by the voltage potential as would be expected. Note: in a galvanic cell, contrary Document [40] (Title: Galvanic cell) one half-cell is composed of metal A, and the electrode of the other half-cell is composed of metal B; the redox reactions for the two separate half-cells are thus: The overall balanced reaction is In other words, the metal atoms of one half-cell are oxidized while the metal cations of the other half-cell are reduced. By separating the metals in two half-cells, their reaction can be controlled in a way that forces transfer of electrons through the external circuit where they can do useful work. By definition: Galvanic cells, by their nature, produce direct current. The Weston cell has an Document [41] (Title: Galvanic cell) difference of the reactants and products, denoted as Δ"G". In the Daniell cell, most of the electrical energy of Δ"G" = -213 kJ/mol can be attributed to the -207 kJ/mol difference between Zn and Cu lattice cohesive energies. A half-cell contains a metal in two oxidation states. Inside an isolated half-cell, there is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that is in chemical equilibrium, a condition written symbolically as follows (here, "M" represents a metal cation, an atom that has a charge imbalance due to the loss of ""n"" electrons): A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells, such that the electrode of Document [42] (Title: Carrier generation and recombination) "allowed bands" called the "valence band" and the "conduction band". The valence band, immediately below the forbidden band, is normally very nearly completely occupied. The conduction band, above the Fermi level, is normally nearly completely empty. Because the valence band is so nearly full, its electrons are not mobile, and cannot flow as electric current. However, if an electron in the valence band acquires enough energy to reach the conduction band, it can flow freely among the nearly empty conduction band energy states. Furthermore, it will also leave behind an electron hole that can flow as current exactly like a Document [43] (Title: Galvanic anode) Galvanic anode A galvanic anode is the main component of a galvanic cathodic protection (CP) system used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion. They are made from a metal alloy with a more "active" voltage (more negative reduction potential / more positive electrochemical potential) than the metal of the structure. The difference in potential between the two metals means that the galvanic anode corrodes, so that the anode material is consumed in preference to the structure. The loss (or sacrifice) of the anode material gives rise to the alternative name of sacrificial anode. In brief, corrosion is Document [44] (Title: Electrolytic cell) drive current in opposite directions. The cell with the larger voltage is discharged, making it a galvanic cell, so P is the cathode and N is the anode as described above. But, the cell with the smaller voltage charges, making it an electrolytic cell. In the electrolytic cell, negative ions are driven towards P and positive ions towards N. Thus, the P electrode of the electrolytic cell meets the definition of anode while the electrolytic cell is being charged. Similarly, the N electrode of the electrolytic cell is the cathode while the electrolytic cell is being charged. As already noted, Document [45] (Title: Sources of electrical energy) field causes separation of these pairs, establishing an electromotive force in the process. The electric field sends the electron to the p-type material, and the hole to the n-type material. If an external current path is provided, electrical energy will be available to do work. The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field creates the voltage. With both current and voltage the silicon cell has power. The greater the amount of light falling on the cell's surface, the greater is the probability of photons releasing electrons, and hence more electric energy is produced. When a zinc electrode Document [46] (Title: Electrolytic cell) the cell, to be oxidized by depositing electrons on the electrode. To an external wire connected to the electrodes of a Galvanic cell (or battery), forming an electric circuit, the cathode is positive and the anode is negative. Thus positive electric current flows from the cathode to the anode through the external circuit in the case of a Galvanic cell. Consider two voltaic cells of unequal voltage. Mark the positive and negative electrodes of each one as P and N, respectively. Place them in a circuit with P near P and N near N, so the cells will tend to Document [47] (Title: Galvanic corrosion) the cathode reaction is reduction of dissolved H to H or O to OH. The electropotential difference between the reactions at the two electrodes is the driving force for an accelerated attack on the anode metal, which dissolves into the electrolyte. This leads to the metal at the anode corroding more quickly than it otherwise would and corrosion at the cathode being inhibited. The presence of an electrolyte and an electrical conducting path between the metals is essential for galvanic corrosion to occur. The electrolyte provides a means for ion migration whereby ions move to prevent charge build-up that would Document [48] (Title: Galvanic cell) each other in the presence of an electrolyte, such as salt water, forming a galvanic cell with H formation on the more noble metal. The resulting electrochemical potential then develops an electric current that electrolytically dissolves the less noble material. A concentration cell can be formed if the same metal is exposed to two different concentrations of electrolyte. Galvanic cell A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals immersed in Document [49] (Title: Electrolytic cell) reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise. A galvanic cell can be considered an electrolytic cell acting in reverse. While electrolytic cells convert electrical energy into chemical energy, galvanic cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Galvanic cells are often used in batteries. Michael Faraday defined the cathode of a cell as the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions, like silver ions Ag) flow within the cell, to be reduced by reacting with electrons (negatively charged) from that electrode. Likewise he defined the anode as the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions, like chloride ions Cl) flow within Document [50] (Title: Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor) surface, the more electrical current is generated. The chemistry sets the voltage and the oxygen concentration controls the electric current output. If an electrical load is connected across the cell it can draw up to this current but if the cell is overloaded the voltage will drop. When the lead electrode has been substantially oxidised, the maximum current that the cell can produce will drop, and eventually linearity of output voltage to partial pressure of oxygen at the reactive surface will fail within the required range of measurement, and the cell will no longer be accurate. There are two commonly Document [51] (Title: Galvanic cell) assumption that all chemical reactions are in equilibrium. When a current flows in the circuit, equilibrium conditions are not achieved and the cell voltage will usually be reduced by various mechanisms, such as the development of overpotentials. Also, since chemical reactions occur when the cell is producing power, the electrolyte concentrations change and the cell voltage is reduced. A consequence of the temperature dependency of standard potentials is that the voltage produced by a galvanic cell is also temperature dependent. Galvanic corrosion is a process that degrades metals electrochemically. This corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact with Document [52] (Title: Galvanic anode) some cathodic (reduction). Electrons flow from the anodic areas into the electrolyte as the metal corrodes. Conversely, as electrons flow from the electrolyte to the cathodic areas the rate of corrosion is reduced. (The flow of electrons is in the opposite direction of the flow of electric current). As the metal continues to corrode, the local potentials on the surface of the metal will change and the anodic and cathodic areas will change and move. As a result, in ferrous metals, a general covering of rust is formed over the whole surface, which will eventually consume all the metal. This Document [53] (Title: Flow battery) Flow battery A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after "reduction–oxidation"), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids contained within the system and separated by a membrane. Ion exchange (accompanied by flow of electric current) occurs through the membrane while both liquids circulate in their own respective space. Cell voltage is chemically determined by the Nernst equation and ranges, in practical applications, from 1.0 to 2.2 volts. A flow battery may be used like a fuel cell (where the spent fuel is extracted and new fuel is added to Document [54] (Title: Cathodic protection) must have a good electrically conductive contact. The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode. During the initial phase of high current, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative protecting the steel which hydroxide ion generation at the steel surface and ionic migration restore the concrete environment. Over time the galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced.<br> Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc, magnesium and aluminium. ASTM Document [55] (Title: Galvanic cell) anode composed of cadmium mercury amalgam, and a cathode composed of pure mercury. The electrolyte is a (saturated) solution of cadmium sulfate. The depolarizer is a paste of mercurous sulfate. When the electrolyte solution is saturated, the voltage of the cell is very reproducible; hence, in 1911, it was adopted as an international standard for voltage. A battery is a set of galvanic cells that are connected together to form a single source of voltage. For instance, a typical 12V lead–acid battery has six galvanic cells connected in series with the anodes composed of lead and cathodes composed of lead Document [56] (Title: Cathode) electrons is almost always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode. An exception is in a diode, where electrons flow from the cathode to the anode under a forward-bias. Cathode polarity with respect to the anode can be positive or negative depending on how the device is being operated. Although positively charged cations always move towards the cathode (hence their name) and negatively charged anions move away from it, cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. In a Document [57] (Title: Galvanic cell) of the two electrodes into the electrolyte. The emf depends on both the electrodes and on the electrolyte, an indication that the emf is chemical in nature. The electrochemical processes in a galvanic cell occur because reactants of high free energy (e.g. metallic Zn and hydrated Cu in the Daniell cell) are converted to lower-energy products (metallic Cu and hydrated Zn in this example). The difference in the lattice cohesive energies of the electrode metals is sometimes the dominant energetic driver of the reaction, specifically in the Daniell cell. Metallic Zn, Cd, Li, and Na, which are not stabilized by Document [58] (Title: Leclanché cell) cell begins when zinc atoms on the surface of the anode oxidize, i.e. they give up both their valence electrons to become positively charged Zn ions. As the Zn ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathode. When the cell is connected in an external electrical circuit, the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the carbon rod, the movement of electrons forming an electric current. After passing through the whole circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with Document [59] (Title: Electrochemistry) metal which is oxidized (loses electrons) to form zinc ions in solution, and copper ions accept electrons from the copper metal electrode and the ions deposit at the copper cathode as an electrodeposit. This cell forms a simple battery as it will spontaneously generate a flow of electric current from the anode to the cathode through the external connection. This reaction can be driven in reverse by applying a voltage, resulting in the deposition of zinc metal at the anode and formation of copper ions at the cathode. To provide a complete electric circuit, there must also be an ionic Document [60] (Title: Vacuum tube) as the "Edison Effect". A second electrode, the anode or "plate", will attract those electrons if it is at a more positive voltage. The result is a net flow of electrons from the filament to plate. However, electrons cannot flow in the reverse direction because the plate is not heated and does not emit electrons. The filament ("cathode") has a dual function: it emits electrons when heated; and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them. Such a tube with only two electrodes is termed a diode, and is used for rectification. Document [61] (Title: Electrochemistry) includes the Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, both scientists who conducted several experiments on chemical reactions and electric current during the late 18th century. Electrochemical cells have two conductive electrodes (the anode and the cathode). The anode is defined as the electrode where oxidation occurs and the cathode is the electrode where the reduction takes place. Electrodes can be made from any sufficiently conductive materials, such as metals, semiconductors, graphite, and even conductive and electric polymers. In between these electrodes is the electrolyte, which contains ions that can freely move. The galvanic cell Document [62] (Title: Galvanic cell) "T" is the temperature in kelvins. For the Daniell cell "K" is approximately equal to . Thus, at equilibrium, a few electrons are transferred, enough to cause the electrodes to be charged. Actual half-cell potentials must be calculated by using the Nernst equation as the solutes are unlikely to be in their standard states, where "Q" is the reaction quotient. When the charges of the ions in the reaction are equal, this simplifies to where {M} is the activity of the metal ion in solution. In practice concentration in mol/L is used in place of activity. The metal electrode is Document [63] (Title: Galvanic anode) a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). During corrosion there are two reactions, oxidation (equation ), where electrons leave the metal (and results in the actual loss of metal) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert water or oxygen to hydroxides (equations and ). In most environments, the hydroxide ions and ferrous ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide, which eventually becomes the familiar brown rust: As corrosion takes place, oxidation and reduction reactions occur and electrochemical cells are formed on the surface of the metal so that some areas will become anodic (oxidation) and Document [64] (Title: Galvani potential) another metal-metal interface, as in the following schematic of a galvanic cell: where: Instead, the measured cell potential can be written as: where: From the above equation, two metals in electronic contact (i.e., under electronic equilibrium) must have the same electrode potential. Also, the electrochemical potentials of the electrons within the two metals will be the same. However, their Galvani potentials will be different (unless the metals are identical). Moreover, if define formula_6, the "electric potential" (or the "electromotive potential in" [6]), as which is effectively negative of the reduced electrochemical potential of electrons given in units of volts. It Document [65] (Title: Galvanic cell) in its standard state so by definition has unit activity. The potential of the whole cell is obtained as the difference between the potentials for the two half-cells, so it depends on the concentrations of both dissolved metal ions. If the concentrations are the same, formula_5and the Nernst equation is not needed under the conditions assumed here. The value of 2.303 is , so at 25 °C (298.15 K) the half-cell potential will change by only 0.05918 V/"ν" if the concentration of a metal ion is increased or decreased by a factor of 10. These calculations are based on the Document [66] (Title: History of chemistry) of the discipline of electrochemistry. A Galvanic cell (or voltaic cell) is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane. Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam, modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, a French chemist who is celebrated as the "father of modern chemistry". Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water Document [67] (Title: Cathode) note the cathode has a 'c', as does 'reduction'. Hence, reduction at the cathode. Perhaps most useful would be to remember cathode corresponds to cation (acceptor) and anode corresponds to anion (donor). The cathode can be negative like when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used for decomposing chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used for generating electrical energy). The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode Document [68] (Title: Galvanic cell) is to identify the two metals and their ions reacting in the cell. Then one looks up the standard electrode potential, "E", in volts, for each of the two half reactions. The standard potential of the cell is equal to the more positive "E" value minus the more negative "E" value. For example, in the figure above the solutions are CuSO and ZnSO. Each solution has a corresponding metal strip in it, and a salt bridge or porous disk connecting the two solutions and allowing ions to flow freely between the copper and zinc solutions. To calculate the standard potential Document [69] (Title: Thermogalvanic cell) Thermogalvanic cell A thermogalvanic cell is a kind of galvanic cell in which heat is employed to provide electrical power directly. These cells are electrochemical cells in which the two electrodes are deliberately maintained at different temperatures. This temperature difference generates a potential difference between the electrodes. The electrodes can be of identical composition and the electrolyte solution homogeneous. This is usually the case in these cells. This is in contrast to galvanic cells in which electrodes and/or solutions of different composition provide the electromotive potential. As long as there is a difference in temperature between the electrodes a current Document [70] (Title: Thermogalvanic cell) will flow through the circuit. A thermogalvanic cell can be seen as analogous to a concentration cell but instead of running on differences in the concentration/pressure of the reactants they make use of differences in the "concentrations" of thermal energy. The principal application of thermogalvanic cells is the production of electricity from low-temperature heat sources (waste heat and solar heat). Their energetic efficiency is low, in the range of 0.1% to 1% for conversion of heat into electricity. The use of heat to empower galvanic cells was first studied around 1880. However it was not until the decade of 1950 Document [71] (Title: Flow battery) allows electricity to flow throughout the liquid. This allows more energy to be extracted. In a semi-solid flow cell, the positive and negative electrodes are composed of particles suspended in a carrier liquid. The positive and negative suspensions are stored in separate tanks and pumped through separate pipes into a stack of adjacent reaction chambers, where they are separated by a barrier such as a thin, porous membrane. The approach combines the basic structure of aqueous-flow batteries, which use electrode material suspended in a liquid electrolyte, with the chemistry of lithium-ion batteries in both carbon-free suspensions and slurries with conductive Document [72] (Title: Electrochemical cell) cell is discharged, the concentration of the reactants decreases and the cell potential also decreases. Electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells and the other ones are called electrolytic cells which are used to drive chemical reactions like electrolysis. A common example of a galvanic cell is a standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A "battery" consists of one or more cells, connected either in Document [73] (Title: Cathode) device which absorbs energy of charge (such as recharging a battery), the cathode is negative (electrons flow out of the cathode, and charge flows into it), and in a device which provides energy (such as battery in use), the cathode is positive (electrons flow into it and charge flows out): A battery or galvanic cell in use has a cathode that is the positive terminal since that is where the current flows out of the device. This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the electrolyte to the positive cathode (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" Document [74] (Title: Electrochemical cell) reactions can take place. Only with an external electrical potential (i.e. voltage) of correct polarity and sufficient magnitude can an electrolytic cell decompose a normally stable, or inert chemical compound in the solution. The electrical energy provided can produce a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise. A galvanic cell, or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, or Alessandro Volta respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane. Volta Document [75] (Title: Galvanic cell) cells. In 1780, Luigi Galvani discovered that when two different metals (e.g., copper and zinc) are in contact and then both at the same time to two different parts of a muscle of a frog leg, to close the circuit, the frog's leg contracts. He called this "animal electricity". The frog's leg, as well as being a detector of electrical current, was also the electrolyte (to use the language of modern chemistry). A year after Galvani published his work (1790), Alessandro Volta showed that the frog was not necessary, using instead a force-based detector and brine-soaked paper (as electrolyte). (Earlier Document [76] (Title: Galvanic series) the anode (electron or anion attractor) within the electrolyte device functioning as described above (a galvanic cell). Galvanic reaction is the principle upon which batteries are based. See the "table" of standard electrode potentials for more details. The following is the galvanic series for stagnant (that is, low oxygen content) seawater. The order may change in different environments. Galvanic series The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of Document [77] (Title: Half-cell) double layer, and the potential rises in value until the field halts the net charge-pumping reactions. This self-limiting action occurs almost instantly in an isolated half-cell; in applications two dissimilar half-cells are appropriately connected to constitute a Galvanic cell. A standard half-cell, used in electrochemistry, consists of a metal electrode in a 1 molar (1 mol/L) aqueous solution of the metal's salt, at 298 kelvins (25 °C). The electrochemical series, which consists of standard electrode potentials and is closely related to the reactivity series, was generated by measuring the difference in potential between the metal half-cell in a circuit with Document [78] (Title: Galvanic cell) the ions of the more noble metal from plating out at the other electrode. A specific example is the Daniell cell (see figure), with a zinc (Zn) half-cell containing a solution of ZnSO (zinc sulfate) and a copper (Cu) half-cell containing a solution of CuSO (copper sulfate). A salt bridge is used here to complete the electric circuit. If an external electrical conductor connects the copper and zinc electrodes, zinc from the zinc electrode dissolves into the solution as Zn ions (oxidation), releasing electrons that enter the external conductor. To compensate for the increased zinc ion concentration, via the salt Document [79] (Title: Galvanic cell) d-orbital bonding, have higher cohesive energies (i.e. they are more weakly bonded) than all transition metals, including Cu, and are therefore useful as high-energy anode metals. The difference between the metals' ionization energies in water is the other energetic contribution that can drive the reaction in a galvanic cell; it is not important in the Daniell cell because the energies of hydrated Cu and Zn ions happen to be similar. Both atom transfer, e.g. of zinc from the metal electrode into the solution, and electron transfer, from metal atoms or to metal ions, play important roles in a galvanic cell. Document [80] (Title: Cathodic protection) load line in an area to avoid mechanical damage. The current density required for protection is a function of velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull. Some ships may require specialist treatment, for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced. In cases like this, aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull and the steel fixture. If the steel fixtures are large, several galvanic Document [81] (Title: Overpotential) cell's thermodynamic potential divided by the cell's experimental potential converted to a percentile. For a "galvanic" cell it is the ratio of a cell's experimental potential divided by the cell's thermodynamic potential converted to a percentile. Voltage efficiency should not be confused with Faraday efficiency. Both terms refer to a mode through which electrochemical systems can lose energy. Energy can be expressed as the product of potential, current and time (joule = volt × Ampere × second). Losses in the potential term through overpotentials are described by voltage efficiency. Losses in the current term through misdirected electrons are described by Document [82] (Title: Primary cell) voltage on the cathode must be higher than the voltage on the anode, creating an electric field directed from cathode to anode, to force the positive charge out of the cathode through the resistance of the external circuit. Inside the cell the anode is the electrode where chemical oxidation occurs, as it donates electrons which flow out of the anode into the external circuit. The cathode is the electrode where chemical reduction occurs, as it accepts electrons from the circuit through the cathode. Outside the cell, different terminology is used. As the anode donates positive charge to the electrolyte (thus Document [83] (Title: Anode) Anode An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device. This contrasts with a cathode, an electrode through which conventional current leaves an electrical device. A common mnemonic is ACID for "anode current into device". The direction of conventional current (the flow of positive charges) in a circuit is opposite to the direction of electron flow, so (negatively charged) electrons flow out the anode into the outside circuit. In a galvanic cell, the anode is the electrode at which the oxidation reaction occurs. An anode is also the wire or plate having excess Document [84] (Title: Cathode) is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell). The cathodic current, in electrochemistry, is the flow of electrons from the cathode interface to a species in solution. The anodic current is the flow of electrons into the anode from a species in solution. In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or Document [85] (Title: Galvanic cell) bridge zinc ions leave and anions enter the zinc half-cell. In the copper half-cell, the copper ions plate onto the copper electrode (reduction), taking up electrons that leave the external conductor. Since the Cu ions (cations) plate onto the copper electrode, the latter is called the cathode. Correspondingly the zinc electrode is the anode. The electrochemical reaction is: In addition, electrons flow through the external conductor, which is the primary application of the galvanic cell. As discussed under #Cell voltage, the emf of the cell is the difference of the half-cell potentials, a measure of the relative ease of dissolution Document [86] (Title: Galvanic cell) Galvanic cell A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals immersed in an electrolyte, or of individual half-cells with different metals and their ions in solution connected by a salt bridge or separated by a porous membrane. Volta was the inventor of the voltaic pile, the first electrical battery. In common usage, the word "battery" has come to include a single galvanic cell, but a battery properly consists of multiple Document [87] (Title: Cathode) motion). It is continued externally by electrons moving into the battery which constitutes positive current flowing outwards. For example, the Daniell galvanic cell's copper electrode is the positive terminal and the cathode. A battery that is recharging or an electrolytic cell performing electrolysis has its cathode as the negative terminal, from which current exits the device and returns to the external generator as charge enters the battery/ cell. For example, reversing the current direction in a Daniell galvanic cell converts it into an electrolytic cell where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and also the anode. In a diode, Document [88] (Title: Dye-sensitized solar cell) In silicon, sunlight can provide enough energy to push an electron out of the lower-energy valence band into the higher-energy conduction band. As the name implies, electrons in the conduction band are free to move about the silicon. When a load is placed across the cell as a whole, these electrons will flow out of the p-type side into the n-type side, lose energy while moving through the external circuit, and then flow back into the p-type material where they can once again re-combine with the valence-band hole they left behind. In this way, sunlight creates an electric current. In Question: where do electrons flow in a galvanic cell Answer: through the external conductor Long Answer: In addition, electrons flow through the external conductor, which is the primary application of the galvanic cell. Gold Document ID: 85

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Heterogeneous water oxidation) substituted magnesium ferrite. Hydronium ions get trapped inside nanopores of ferrite that generate enough electrostatic fields to dissociate further water molecules into ions. Hydroxide ions instantly forms zinc hydroxide at the zinc electrode, releasing two electrons at the site of oxidation, the anode. The electrons are collected on another silver electrode at the site of reduction, the cathode, which converts hydronium ions into hydrogen gas and water. There is a net flow of current in the cell which can be used to do work. The reaction mechanism of the cell is expressed as: The overall HEC voltage is Ecell = Document [2] (Title: Galvanic anode) is rather a simplified view of the corrosion process, because it can occur in several different forms. CP works by introducing another metal (the galvanic anode) with a much more anodic surface, so that all the current will flow from the introduced anode and the metal to be protected becomes cathodic in comparison to the anode. This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection. For this to work there must be an electron pathway between the anode and the metal Document [3] (Title: Cathode) pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more "cathodic" with respect to the more easily reduced reagent. In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode. When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with Document [4] (Title: Galvanic anode) to be protected (e.g., a wire or direct contact) and an ion pathway between both the oxidizing agent (e.g., water or moist soil) and the anode, and the oxidizing agent and the metal to be protected, thus forming a closed circuit; therefore simply bolting a piece of active metal such as zinc to a less active metal, such as mild steel, in air (a poor conductor and therefore no closed circuit) will not furnish any protection. There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes, magnesium, aluminum and zinc. They are all available as blocks, rods, plates or extruded ribbon. Document [5] (Title: Electrochemical cell) Electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells and the other ones are called electrolytic cells which are used to drive chemical reactions like electrolysis. A common example of a galvanic cell is a standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A "battery" consists of one or more cells, connected either in parallel, series or series-and-parallel pattern.<r: A cell is a device which can convert chemical energy Document [6] (Title: Galvanic cell) Concentration cells, whose electrodes and ions are made of the same metal and which are driven by an entropy increase and free-energy decrease as ion concentrations equalize, show that the electronegativity difference of the metals is not the driving force of electrochemical processes. Galvanic cells and batteries are typically used as a source of electrical power. The energy derives from a high-cohesive-energy metal dissolving while to a lower-energy metal is deposited, and/or from high-energy metal ions plating out while lower-energy ions go into solution. Quantitatively, the electrical energy produced by a galvanic cell is approximately equal to the standard free-energy Document [7] (Title: Galvani potential) of the charge carriers in the two phases. The Galvani potential difference between an electrode and electrolyte (or between other two electrically conductive phases) forms in an analogous fashion, although the chemical potentials in the equation above may need to include all species involved in the electrochemical reaction at the interface. The Galvani potential difference is not directly measurable using voltmeters. The measured potential difference between two metal electrodes assembled into a cell does not equal the difference of the Galvani potentials of the two metals (or their combination with the solution Galvani potential) because the cell needs to contain Document [8] (Title: Fuel cell) charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode (positive side of the fuel cell) to the anode (negative side of the fuel cell) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode, as is the case in all other types of fuel cells. Oxygen gas is fed through the cathode, where it absorbs electrons to create oxygen ions. The oxygen ions then travel through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen gas at the anode. The reaction at the anode produces electricity and water as by-products. Carbon dioxide may also be a by-product depending on the fuel, but Document [9] (Title: Standard electrode potential) is sufficient to calculate either one of the potentials. Therefore, standard electrode potential is commonly written as standard reduction potential. The electrode potential cannot be obtained empirically. The galvanic cell potential results from a "pair" of electrodes. Thus, only one empirical value is available in a pair of electrodes and it is not possible to determine the value for each electrode in the pair using the empirically obtained galvanic cell potential. A reference electrode, standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), for which the potential is "defined" or agreed upon by convention, needed to be established. In this case SHE is set to Document [10] (Title: Electric current) example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions (protons) flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions. In a metal, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual atom as they are in insulating materials, but are Document [11] (Title: Galvani potential) arbitrary voltage difference may exist between them. However, when two different metals are brought into electronic contact, electrons will flow from the metal with a lower voltage to the metal with the higher voltage until the Fermi level of the electrons in the bulk of both phases are equal. The actual numbers of electrons that passes between the two phases is small (it depends on the capacitance between the objects), and the occupancies of the electron bands are practically unaffected. Rather, this small increase or decrease in charge results in a shift in all the energy levels in the metals. Document [12] (Title: Solid oxide fuel cell) that the consumption of reacting species in the reactant flows causes a drop in reactant concentration as it travels along the cell, which causes a drop in the local potential near the tail end of the cell. The concentration polarization occurs in both the anode and cathode. The anode can be particularly problematic, as the oxidation of the hydrogen produces steam, which further dilutes the fuel stream as it travels along the length of the cell. This polarization can be mitigated by reducing the reactant utilization fraction or increasing the electrode porosity, but these approaches each have significant design trade-offs. Document [13] (Title: Electrochemical cell) anode to the cathode through the electrolyte after the reaction. At the same time, electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, another catalyst causes hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water. Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in startup time ranging from 1 second for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A related technology is flow batteries, in which the fuel can be Document [14] (Title: Flow battery) conductivity, although these electrodes somewhat limit the charge / discharge power due to their low inherent activity towards many redox couples. In other words, a flow battery is just like an electrochemical cell, with the exception that the ionic solution (electrolyte) is not stored in the cell around the electrodes. Rather, the ionic solution is stored outside of the cell, and can be fed into the cell in order to generate electricity. The total amount of electricity that can be generated depends on the size of the storage tanks. Flow batteries are governed by the design principles established by electrochemical Document [15] (Title: Anode) current depends not only on the direction the charge carriers move, but also the carriers' electric charge. The currents outside the device are usually carried by electrons in a metal conductor. Since electrons have a negative charge, the direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current. Consequently, electrons leave the device through the anode and enter the device through the cathode. The definition of anode and cathode is slightly different for electrical devices such as diodes and vacuum tubes where the electrode naming is fixed and does not depend on the actual charge flow (current). These Document [16] (Title: Cathodic protection) over a decade and incorporate the coordination, monitoring and high restorative current flow of ICCP systems with the reactive, lower cost and easier to maintain galvanic anodes. The system is made up of wired galvanic anodes in arrays typically 400mm apart which are then initially powered for a short period to restore the concrete and power ionic migration. The power supply is then taken away and the anodes simply attached to the steel as a galvanic system. More powered phases can be administered if needed. Like Galvanic systems corrosion rate monitoring from polarisation tests and half-cell potential mapping can be Document [17] (Title: Galvanic cell) or grape juice have been shown to produce a voltage. However, it is far from certain that this was its purpose—other scholars have pointed out that it is very similar to vessels known to have been used for storing parchment scrolls. In its simplest form, a half-cell consists of a solid metal (called an electrode) that is submerged in a solution; the solution contains cations (+) of the electrode metal and anions (−) to balance the charge of the cations. The full cell consists of two half-cells, usually connected by a semi-permeable membrane or by a salt bridge that prevents Document [18] (Title: Galvanic cell) electrolyte, and ion (cation and anion). Thus Galvani incorrectly thought the source of electricity (or source of emf, or seat of emf) was in the animal, Volta incorrectly thought it was in the physical properties of the isolated electrodes, but Faraday correctly identified the source of emf as the chemical reactions at the two electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The authoritative work on the intellectual history of the voltaic cell remains that by Ostwald. It was suggested by Wilhelm König in 1940 that the object known as the Baghdad battery might represent galvanic cell technology from ancient Parthia. Replicas filled with citric acid Document [19] (Title: Electrochemistry) The two electrodes must be electrically connected to each other, allowing for a flow of electrons that leave the metal of the anode and flow through this connection to the ions at the surface of the cathode. This flow of electrons is an electric current that can be used to do work, such as turn a motor or power a light. A galvanic cell whose electrodes are zinc and copper submerged in zinc sulfate and copper sulfate, respectively, is known as a Daniell cell. Half reactions for a Daniell cell are these: In this example, the anode is the zinc Document [20] (Title: Neuronal galvanotropism) but the growth, when observed appears to be directed to the negative pole (cathode). This is a strange behavior that can only be accounted for by electroosmotic effects. Positively charged ions outside the cell experience a force towards the cathode. There is a flux of these ions outside the cell and the shear force of solution movement is thought to pull the neurite in the cathodal direction. Also, the electric field may depolarize the cell near the cathodal side opening voltage-gated calcium channels and allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. Calcium is widely believed to be a factor in Document [21] (Title: Dye-sensitized solar cell) in the n-type portion flow into the p-type to "fill in" the missing electrons, also known as electron holes. Eventually enough electrons will flow across the boundary to equalize the Fermi levels of the two materials. The result is a region at the interface, the p-n junction, where charge carriers are depleted and/or accumulated on each side of the interface. In silicon, this transfer of electrons produces a potential barrier of about 0.6 to 0.7 V. When placed in the sun, photons of the sunlight can excite electrons on the p-type side of the semiconductor, a process known as photoexcitation. Document [22] (Title: Galvanic cell) one looks up copper and zinc's half reactions and finds: Thus the overall reaction is: The standard potential for the reaction is then +0.34 V − (−0.76 V) = 1.10 V. The polarity of the cell is determined as follows. Zinc metal is more strongly reducing than copper metal because the standard (reduction) potential for zinc is more negative than that of copper. Thus, zinc metal will lose electrons to copper ions and develop a positive electrical charge. The equilibrium constant, "K", for the cell is given by where "F" is the Faraday constant, "R" is the gas constant and Document [23] (Title: Primary cell) dry cell) is called the anode. This is the "reverse" of the terminology used in an electrolytic cell or thermionic vacuum tube. The reason is that the terms anode and cathode are defined by the direction of electric current, not by their voltage. The anode is the terminal through which conventional current (positive charge) enters the cell from the external circuit, while the cathode is the terminal through which conventional current leaves the cell and flows into the external circuit. Since a battery is a power source which provides the voltage which forces the current through the external circuit, the Document [24] (Title: Galvanic corrosion) otherwise stop the reaction. In some cases, this type of reaction is intentionally encouraged. For example, low-cost household batteries typically contain carbon-zinc cells. As part of a closed circuit (the electron pathway), the zinc within the cell will corrode preferentially (the ion pathway) as an essential part of the battery producing electricity. Another example is the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures as well as hot water storage tanks. In this case, sacrificial anodes work as part of a galvanic couple, promoting corrosion of the anode, while protecting the cathode metal. In other cases, such as mixed metals in Document [25] (Title: Cathodic protection) International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes. In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work, the anode must possess a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than that of the cathode (the target structure to be protected). The table below shows a simplified galvanic series which is used to select the anode metal. The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list than the material to be protected. In some cases, "impressed current cathodic protection" (ICCP) systems are used. These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source, often Document [26] (Title: Galvanic cell) call the work function of the electrode. This view ignored the chemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, which include H formation on the more noble metal in Volta's pile. Although Volta did not understand the operation of the battery or the galvanic cell, these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries; Volta's cell was named an IEEE Milestone in 1999. Some forty years later, Faraday (see Faraday's laws of electrolysis) showed that the galvanic cell -- now often called a voltaic cell -- was chemical in nature. Faraday introduced new terminology to the language of chemistry: electrode (cathode and anode), Document [27] (Title: Galvanic cell) dioxide, both immersed in sulfuric acid. Large battery rooms, for instance in a telephone exchange providing central office power to user's telephones, may have cells connected in both series and parallel. The voltage (electromotive force "E") produced by a galvanic cell can be estimated from the standard Gibbs free energy change in the electrochemical reaction according to formula_1 where "ν" is the number of electrons transferred in the balanced half reactions, and "F" is Faraday's constant. However, it can be determined more conveniently by the use of a standard potential table for the two half cells involved. The first step Document [28] (Title: Concentration cell) the active metal beneath the film will be exposed to corrosive attack in areas where the passive film is broken. An electrical potential will develop between the large area of the passive film (cathode) and the small area of the exposed active metal (anode). Rapid pitting of the active metal will result. Concentration cell In battery technology, a concentration cell is a limited form of a galvanic cell that has two equivalent half-cells of the same composition differing only in concentrations. One can calculate the potential developed by such a cell using the Nernst equation. A concentration cell produces a Document [29] (Title: Mixed oxidant) the cathode. This cell has two inputs and two outputs for water. One pair of them is located at the cathode side and the other pair is located at the anode side. There are membrane cells with different membrane models. In some of them an ion exchange membrane is used which is able to move the cations and anions from one side to the other side. In this type of cell brine solution enters from one side and water from the other side. The half reaction in the cathode chamber is as follows: At the anode side, part of the Document [30] (Title: Contact electrification) Galvanic cell or battery. "See also: Dry pile" If two metals having differing work functions are touched together, one steals electrons from the other, and the opposite net charges grow larger and larger; this is the Volta effect. The process is halted when the difference in electric potential (electrostatic potential) between the two metals reaches a particular value, namely the difference in work function values - usually less than one volt. At this point, the Fermi levels for the two metals are equal, and there is no voltage difference between them. [If there were a voltage difference between them, then Document [31] (Title: Electrode potential) Potential of a cell assembled of two electrodes can be determined from the two individual electrode potentials using or, equivalently, This follows from the IUPAC definition of the electric potential difference of a galvanic cell, according to which the electric potential difference of a cell is the difference of the potentials of the electrodes on the right and the left of the galvanic cell. When Δ"V" is positive, then positive electrical charge flows through the cell from the left electrode (anode) to the right electrode (cathode). Electrode potential Electrode potential, "E", in chemistry or electrochemistry, according to a IUPAC definition, Document [32] (Title: Theory of solar cells) area where photocurrent is generated and across which diode current can flow. By the same argument, it will also have half the "R" of the series resistance related to vertical current flow; however, for large-area silicon solar cells, the scaling of the series resistance encountered by lateral current flow is not easily predictable since it will depend crucially on the grid design (it is not clear what "otherwise identical" means in this respect). Depending on the shunt type, the larger cell may also have half the "R" because it has twice the area where shunts may occur; on the other Document [33] (Title: Plasma display) are mounted in front of the cell, along the front glass plate. As can be seen in the illustration, the electrodes are covered by an insulating protective layer. Control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell, creating a voltage difference between front and back. Some of the atoms in the gas of a cell then lose electrons and become ionized, which creates an electrically conducting plasma of atoms, free electrons, and ions. The collisions of the flowing electrons in the plasma with the inert gas atoms leads to light emission; such light-emitting plasmas are known as glow Document [34] (Title: Electrolytic cell) water, particularly when ions are added (salt water or acidic water), can be "electrolyzed" (subject to electrolysis). When driven by an external source of voltage, H ions flow to the cathode to combine with electrons to produce hydrogen gas in a reduction reaction. Likewise, OH ions flow to the anode to release electrons and an H ion to produce oxygen gas in an oxidation reaction. In molten sodium chloride, when a current is passed through the salt the anode oxidizes chloride ions (Cl) to chlorine gas, releasing electrons to the anode. Likewise the cathode reduces sodium ions (Na), which accept Document [35] (Title: Electron beam-induced current) the electron–hole pairs will be separated by drift due to the electric field. If the p- and n-sides (or semiconductor and Schottky contact, in the case of a Schottky device) are connected through a picoammeter, a current will flow. EBIC is best understood by analogy: in a solar cell, photons of light fall on the entire cell, thus delivering energy and creating electron hole pairs, and cause a current to flow. In EBIC, energetic electrons take the role of the photons, causing the EBIC current to flow. However, because the electron beam of an SEM or STEM is very small, Document [36] (Title: Theory of solar cells) region to the n region (as in the diagram at the beginning of this article) is being pushed by the electric field against the concentration gradient. The same goes for a hole moving in the opposite direction. It is easiest to understand how a current is generated when considering electron-hole pairs that are created in the depletion zone, which is where there is a strong electric field. The electron is pushed by this field toward the n side and the hole toward the p side. (This is opposite to the direction of current in a forward-biased diode, such as a Document [37] (Title: Daniell cell) anions in the salt bridge move into the zinc half-cell in order to balance the increase in Zn ions. At the same time, potassium ions from the salt bridge move into the copper half-cell in order to replace the Cu ions being precipitated onto the copper electrode. In the Daniell cell, the porous barrier cannot prevent the flow of copper ions into the zinc half-cell. Hence, recharging (reversing the current flow by an external source of EMF) is impossible because, if the zinc electrode is made to become the cathode, copper ions, rather than zinc ions, will be discharged on Document [38] (Title: Cathode) the cathode is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device. Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current. In vacuum tubes (including cathode ray tubes) it is the negative terminal where electrons enter the device from the external circuit and proceed into the tube's near-vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of Document [39] (Title: Anode) galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode from which electrons flow out towards the external part of the circuit. Internally the positively charged cations are flowing away from the anode (even though it is negative and therefore would be expected to attract them, this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems); but, external to the cell in the circuit, electrons are being pushed out through the negative contact and thus through the circuit by the voltage potential as would be expected. Note: in a galvanic cell, contrary Document [40] (Title: Galvanic cell) one half-cell is composed of metal A, and the electrode of the other half-cell is composed of metal B; the redox reactions for the two separate half-cells are thus: The overall balanced reaction is In other words, the metal atoms of one half-cell are oxidized while the metal cations of the other half-cell are reduced. By separating the metals in two half-cells, their reaction can be controlled in a way that forces transfer of electrons through the external circuit where they can do useful work. By definition: Galvanic cells, by their nature, produce direct current. The Weston cell has an Document [41] (Title: Galvanic cell) difference of the reactants and products, denoted as Δ"G". In the Daniell cell, most of the electrical energy of Δ"G" = -213 kJ/mol can be attributed to the -207 kJ/mol difference between Zn and Cu lattice cohesive energies. A half-cell contains a metal in two oxidation states. Inside an isolated half-cell, there is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that is in chemical equilibrium, a condition written symbolically as follows (here, "M" represents a metal cation, an atom that has a charge imbalance due to the loss of ""n"" electrons): A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells, such that the electrode of Document [42] (Title: Carrier generation and recombination) "allowed bands" called the "valence band" and the "conduction band". The valence band, immediately below the forbidden band, is normally very nearly completely occupied. The conduction band, above the Fermi level, is normally nearly completely empty. Because the valence band is so nearly full, its electrons are not mobile, and cannot flow as electric current. However, if an electron in the valence band acquires enough energy to reach the conduction band, it can flow freely among the nearly empty conduction band energy states. Furthermore, it will also leave behind an electron hole that can flow as current exactly like a Document [43] (Title: Galvanic anode) Galvanic anode A galvanic anode is the main component of a galvanic cathodic protection (CP) system used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion. They are made from a metal alloy with a more "active" voltage (more negative reduction potential / more positive electrochemical potential) than the metal of the structure. The difference in potential between the two metals means that the galvanic anode corrodes, so that the anode material is consumed in preference to the structure. The loss (or sacrifice) of the anode material gives rise to the alternative name of sacrificial anode. In brief, corrosion is Document [44] (Title: Electrolytic cell) drive current in opposite directions. The cell with the larger voltage is discharged, making it a galvanic cell, so P is the cathode and N is the anode as described above. But, the cell with the smaller voltage charges, making it an electrolytic cell. In the electrolytic cell, negative ions are driven towards P and positive ions towards N. Thus, the P electrode of the electrolytic cell meets the definition of anode while the electrolytic cell is being charged. Similarly, the N electrode of the electrolytic cell is the cathode while the electrolytic cell is being charged. As already noted, Document [45] (Title: Sources of electrical energy) field causes separation of these pairs, establishing an electromotive force in the process. The electric field sends the electron to the p-type material, and the hole to the n-type material. If an external current path is provided, electrical energy will be available to do work. The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field creates the voltage. With both current and voltage the silicon cell has power. The greater the amount of light falling on the cell's surface, the greater is the probability of photons releasing electrons, and hence more electric energy is produced. When a zinc electrode Document [46] (Title: Electrolytic cell) the cell, to be oxidized by depositing electrons on the electrode. To an external wire connected to the electrodes of a Galvanic cell (or battery), forming an electric circuit, the cathode is positive and the anode is negative. Thus positive electric current flows from the cathode to the anode through the external circuit in the case of a Galvanic cell. Consider two voltaic cells of unequal voltage. Mark the positive and negative electrodes of each one as P and N, respectively. Place them in a circuit with P near P and N near N, so the cells will tend to Document [47] (Title: Galvanic corrosion) the cathode reaction is reduction of dissolved H to H or O to OH. The electropotential difference between the reactions at the two electrodes is the driving force for an accelerated attack on the anode metal, which dissolves into the electrolyte. This leads to the metal at the anode corroding more quickly than it otherwise would and corrosion at the cathode being inhibited. The presence of an electrolyte and an electrical conducting path between the metals is essential for galvanic corrosion to occur. The electrolyte provides a means for ion migration whereby ions move to prevent charge build-up that would Document [48] (Title: Galvanic cell) each other in the presence of an electrolyte, such as salt water, forming a galvanic cell with H formation on the more noble metal. The resulting electrochemical potential then develops an electric current that electrolytically dissolves the less noble material. A concentration cell can be formed if the same metal is exposed to two different concentrations of electrolyte. Galvanic cell A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals immersed in Document [49] (Title: Electrolytic cell) reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise. A galvanic cell can be considered an electrolytic cell acting in reverse. While electrolytic cells convert electrical energy into chemical energy, galvanic cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Galvanic cells are often used in batteries. Michael Faraday defined the cathode of a cell as the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions, like silver ions Ag) flow within the cell, to be reduced by reacting with electrons (negatively charged) from that electrode. Likewise he defined the anode as the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions, like chloride ions Cl) flow within Document [50] (Title: Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor) surface, the more electrical current is generated. The chemistry sets the voltage and the oxygen concentration controls the electric current output. If an electrical load is connected across the cell it can draw up to this current but if the cell is overloaded the voltage will drop. When the lead electrode has been substantially oxidised, the maximum current that the cell can produce will drop, and eventually linearity of output voltage to partial pressure of oxygen at the reactive surface will fail within the required range of measurement, and the cell will no longer be accurate. There are two commonly Document [51] (Title: Galvanic cell) assumption that all chemical reactions are in equilibrium. When a current flows in the circuit, equilibrium conditions are not achieved and the cell voltage will usually be reduced by various mechanisms, such as the development of overpotentials. Also, since chemical reactions occur when the cell is producing power, the electrolyte concentrations change and the cell voltage is reduced. A consequence of the temperature dependency of standard potentials is that the voltage produced by a galvanic cell is also temperature dependent. Galvanic corrosion is a process that degrades metals electrochemically. This corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact with Document [52] (Title: Galvanic anode) some cathodic (reduction). Electrons flow from the anodic areas into the electrolyte as the metal corrodes. Conversely, as electrons flow from the electrolyte to the cathodic areas the rate of corrosion is reduced. (The flow of electrons is in the opposite direction of the flow of electric current). As the metal continues to corrode, the local potentials on the surface of the metal will change and the anodic and cathodic areas will change and move. As a result, in ferrous metals, a general covering of rust is formed over the whole surface, which will eventually consume all the metal. This Document [53] (Title: Flow battery) Flow battery A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after "reduction–oxidation"), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids contained within the system and separated by a membrane. Ion exchange (accompanied by flow of electric current) occurs through the membrane while both liquids circulate in their own respective space. Cell voltage is chemically determined by the Nernst equation and ranges, in practical applications, from 1.0 to 2.2 volts. A flow battery may be used like a fuel cell (where the spent fuel is extracted and new fuel is added to Document [54] (Title: Cathodic protection) must have a good electrically conductive contact. The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode. During the initial phase of high current, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative protecting the steel which hydroxide ion generation at the steel surface and ionic migration restore the concrete environment. Over time the galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced.<br> Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc, magnesium and aluminium. ASTM Document [55] (Title: Galvanic cell) anode composed of cadmium mercury amalgam, and a cathode composed of pure mercury. The electrolyte is a (saturated) solution of cadmium sulfate. The depolarizer is a paste of mercurous sulfate. When the electrolyte solution is saturated, the voltage of the cell is very reproducible; hence, in 1911, it was adopted as an international standard for voltage. A battery is a set of galvanic cells that are connected together to form a single source of voltage. For instance, a typical 12V lead–acid battery has six galvanic cells connected in series with the anodes composed of lead and cathodes composed of lead Document [56] (Title: Cathode) electrons is almost always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode. An exception is in a diode, where electrons flow from the cathode to the anode under a forward-bias. Cathode polarity with respect to the anode can be positive or negative depending on how the device is being operated. Although positively charged cations always move towards the cathode (hence their name) and negatively charged anions move away from it, cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. In a Document [57] (Title: Galvanic cell) of the two electrodes into the electrolyte. The emf depends on both the electrodes and on the electrolyte, an indication that the emf is chemical in nature. The electrochemical processes in a galvanic cell occur because reactants of high free energy (e.g. metallic Zn and hydrated Cu in the Daniell cell) are converted to lower-energy products (metallic Cu and hydrated Zn in this example). The difference in the lattice cohesive energies of the electrode metals is sometimes the dominant energetic driver of the reaction, specifically in the Daniell cell. Metallic Zn, Cd, Li, and Na, which are not stabilized by Document [58] (Title: Leclanché cell) cell begins when zinc atoms on the surface of the anode oxidize, i.e. they give up both their valence electrons to become positively charged Zn ions. As the Zn ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathode. When the cell is connected in an external electrical circuit, the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the carbon rod, the movement of electrons forming an electric current. After passing through the whole circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with Document [59] (Title: Electrochemistry) metal which is oxidized (loses electrons) to form zinc ions in solution, and copper ions accept electrons from the copper metal electrode and the ions deposit at the copper cathode as an electrodeposit. This cell forms a simple battery as it will spontaneously generate a flow of electric current from the anode to the cathode through the external connection. This reaction can be driven in reverse by applying a voltage, resulting in the deposition of zinc metal at the anode and formation of copper ions at the cathode. To provide a complete electric circuit, there must also be an ionic Document [60] (Title: Vacuum tube) as the "Edison Effect". A second electrode, the anode or "plate", will attract those electrons if it is at a more positive voltage. The result is a net flow of electrons from the filament to plate. However, electrons cannot flow in the reverse direction because the plate is not heated and does not emit electrons. The filament ("cathode") has a dual function: it emits electrons when heated; and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them. Such a tube with only two electrodes is termed a diode, and is used for rectification. Document [61] (Title: Electrochemistry) includes the Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, both scientists who conducted several experiments on chemical reactions and electric current during the late 18th century. Electrochemical cells have two conductive electrodes (the anode and the cathode). The anode is defined as the electrode where oxidation occurs and the cathode is the electrode where the reduction takes place. Electrodes can be made from any sufficiently conductive materials, such as metals, semiconductors, graphite, and even conductive and electric polymers. In between these electrodes is the electrolyte, which contains ions that can freely move. The galvanic cell Document [62] (Title: Galvanic cell) "T" is the temperature in kelvins. For the Daniell cell "K" is approximately equal to . Thus, at equilibrium, a few electrons are transferred, enough to cause the electrodes to be charged. Actual half-cell potentials must be calculated by using the Nernst equation as the solutes are unlikely to be in their standard states, where "Q" is the reaction quotient. When the charges of the ions in the reaction are equal, this simplifies to where {M} is the activity of the metal ion in solution. In practice concentration in mol/L is used in place of activity. The metal electrode is Document [63] (Title: Galvanic anode) a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). During corrosion there are two reactions, oxidation (equation ), where electrons leave the metal (and results in the actual loss of metal) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert water or oxygen to hydroxides (equations and ). In most environments, the hydroxide ions and ferrous ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide, which eventually becomes the familiar brown rust: As corrosion takes place, oxidation and reduction reactions occur and electrochemical cells are formed on the surface of the metal so that some areas will become anodic (oxidation) and Document [64] (Title: Galvani potential) another metal-metal interface, as in the following schematic of a galvanic cell: where: Instead, the measured cell potential can be written as: where: From the above equation, two metals in electronic contact (i.e., under electronic equilibrium) must have the same electrode potential. Also, the electrochemical potentials of the electrons within the two metals will be the same. However, their Galvani potentials will be different (unless the metals are identical). Moreover, if define formula_6, the "electric potential" (or the "electromotive potential in" [6]), as which is effectively negative of the reduced electrochemical potential of electrons given in units of volts. It Document [65] (Title: Galvanic cell) in its standard state so by definition has unit activity. The potential of the whole cell is obtained as the difference between the potentials for the two half-cells, so it depends on the concentrations of both dissolved metal ions. If the concentrations are the same, formula_5and the Nernst equation is not needed under the conditions assumed here. The value of 2.303 is , so at 25 °C (298.15 K) the half-cell potential will change by only 0.05918 V/"ν" if the concentration of a metal ion is increased or decreased by a factor of 10. These calculations are based on the Document [66] (Title: History of chemistry) of the discipline of electrochemistry. A Galvanic cell (or voltaic cell) is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane. Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam, modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, a French chemist who is celebrated as the "father of modern chemistry". Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water Document [67] (Title: Cathode) note the cathode has a 'c', as does 'reduction'. Hence, reduction at the cathode. Perhaps most useful would be to remember cathode corresponds to cation (acceptor) and anode corresponds to anion (donor). The cathode can be negative like when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used for decomposing chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used for generating electrical energy). The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode Document [68] (Title: Galvanic cell) is to identify the two metals and their ions reacting in the cell. Then one looks up the standard electrode potential, "E", in volts, for each of the two half reactions. The standard potential of the cell is equal to the more positive "E" value minus the more negative "E" value. For example, in the figure above the solutions are CuSO and ZnSO. Each solution has a corresponding metal strip in it, and a salt bridge or porous disk connecting the two solutions and allowing ions to flow freely between the copper and zinc solutions. To calculate the standard potential Document [69] (Title: Thermogalvanic cell) Thermogalvanic cell A thermogalvanic cell is a kind of galvanic cell in which heat is employed to provide electrical power directly. These cells are electrochemical cells in which the two electrodes are deliberately maintained at different temperatures. This temperature difference generates a potential difference between the electrodes. The electrodes can be of identical composition and the electrolyte solution homogeneous. This is usually the case in these cells. This is in contrast to galvanic cells in which electrodes and/or solutions of different composition provide the electromotive potential. As long as there is a difference in temperature between the electrodes a current Document [70] (Title: Thermogalvanic cell) will flow through the circuit. A thermogalvanic cell can be seen as analogous to a concentration cell but instead of running on differences in the concentration/pressure of the reactants they make use of differences in the "concentrations" of thermal energy. The principal application of thermogalvanic cells is the production of electricity from low-temperature heat sources (waste heat and solar heat). Their energetic efficiency is low, in the range of 0.1% to 1% for conversion of heat into electricity. The use of heat to empower galvanic cells was first studied around 1880. However it was not until the decade of 1950 Document [71] (Title: Flow battery) allows electricity to flow throughout the liquid. This allows more energy to be extracted. In a semi-solid flow cell, the positive and negative electrodes are composed of particles suspended in a carrier liquid. The positive and negative suspensions are stored in separate tanks and pumped through separate pipes into a stack of adjacent reaction chambers, where they are separated by a barrier such as a thin, porous membrane. The approach combines the basic structure of aqueous-flow batteries, which use electrode material suspended in a liquid electrolyte, with the chemistry of lithium-ion batteries in both carbon-free suspensions and slurries with conductive Document [72] (Title: Electrochemical cell) cell is discharged, the concentration of the reactants decreases and the cell potential also decreases. Electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells and the other ones are called electrolytic cells which are used to drive chemical reactions like electrolysis. A common example of a galvanic cell is a standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A "battery" consists of one or more cells, connected either in Document [73] (Title: Cathode) device which absorbs energy of charge (such as recharging a battery), the cathode is negative (electrons flow out of the cathode, and charge flows into it), and in a device which provides energy (such as battery in use), the cathode is positive (electrons flow into it and charge flows out): A battery or galvanic cell in use has a cathode that is the positive terminal since that is where the current flows out of the device. This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the electrolyte to the positive cathode (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" Document [74] (Title: Electrochemical cell) reactions can take place. Only with an external electrical potential (i.e. voltage) of correct polarity and sufficient magnitude can an electrolytic cell decompose a normally stable, or inert chemical compound in the solution. The electrical energy provided can produce a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise. A galvanic cell, or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, or Alessandro Volta respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane. Volta Document [75] (Title: Galvanic cell) cells. In 1780, Luigi Galvani discovered that when two different metals (e.g., copper and zinc) are in contact and then both at the same time to two different parts of a muscle of a frog leg, to close the circuit, the frog's leg contracts. He called this "animal electricity". The frog's leg, as well as being a detector of electrical current, was also the electrolyte (to use the language of modern chemistry). A year after Galvani published his work (1790), Alessandro Volta showed that the frog was not necessary, using instead a force-based detector and brine-soaked paper (as electrolyte). (Earlier Document [76] (Title: Galvanic series) the anode (electron or anion attractor) within the electrolyte device functioning as described above (a galvanic cell). Galvanic reaction is the principle upon which batteries are based. See the "table" of standard electrode potentials for more details. The following is the galvanic series for stagnant (that is, low oxygen content) seawater. The order may change in different environments. Galvanic series The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of Document [77] (Title: Half-cell) double layer, and the potential rises in value until the field halts the net charge-pumping reactions. This self-limiting action occurs almost instantly in an isolated half-cell; in applications two dissimilar half-cells are appropriately connected to constitute a Galvanic cell. A standard half-cell, used in electrochemistry, consists of a metal electrode in a 1 molar (1 mol/L) aqueous solution of the metal's salt, at 298 kelvins (25 °C). The electrochemical series, which consists of standard electrode potentials and is closely related to the reactivity series, was generated by measuring the difference in potential between the metal half-cell in a circuit with Document [78] (Title: Galvanic cell) the ions of the more noble metal from plating out at the other electrode. A specific example is the Daniell cell (see figure), with a zinc (Zn) half-cell containing a solution of ZnSO (zinc sulfate) and a copper (Cu) half-cell containing a solution of CuSO (copper sulfate). A salt bridge is used here to complete the electric circuit. If an external electrical conductor connects the copper and zinc electrodes, zinc from the zinc electrode dissolves into the solution as Zn ions (oxidation), releasing electrons that enter the external conductor. To compensate for the increased zinc ion concentration, via the salt Document [79] (Title: Galvanic cell) d-orbital bonding, have higher cohesive energies (i.e. they are more weakly bonded) than all transition metals, including Cu, and are therefore useful as high-energy anode metals. The difference between the metals' ionization energies in water is the other energetic contribution that can drive the reaction in a galvanic cell; it is not important in the Daniell cell because the energies of hydrated Cu and Zn ions happen to be similar. Both atom transfer, e.g. of zinc from the metal electrode into the solution, and electron transfer, from metal atoms or to metal ions, play important roles in a galvanic cell. Document [80] (Title: Cathodic protection) load line in an area to avoid mechanical damage. The current density required for protection is a function of velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull. Some ships may require specialist treatment, for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced. In cases like this, aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull and the steel fixture. If the steel fixtures are large, several galvanic Document [81] (Title: Overpotential) cell's thermodynamic potential divided by the cell's experimental potential converted to a percentile. For a "galvanic" cell it is the ratio of a cell's experimental potential divided by the cell's thermodynamic potential converted to a percentile. Voltage efficiency should not be confused with Faraday efficiency. Both terms refer to a mode through which electrochemical systems can lose energy. Energy can be expressed as the product of potential, current and time (joule = volt × Ampere × second). Losses in the potential term through overpotentials are described by voltage efficiency. Losses in the current term through misdirected electrons are described by Document [82] (Title: Primary cell) voltage on the cathode must be higher than the voltage on the anode, creating an electric field directed from cathode to anode, to force the positive charge out of the cathode through the resistance of the external circuit. Inside the cell the anode is the electrode where chemical oxidation occurs, as it donates electrons which flow out of the anode into the external circuit. The cathode is the electrode where chemical reduction occurs, as it accepts electrons from the circuit through the cathode. Outside the cell, different terminology is used. As the anode donates positive charge to the electrolyte (thus Document [83] (Title: Anode) Anode An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device. This contrasts with a cathode, an electrode through which conventional current leaves an electrical device. A common mnemonic is ACID for "anode current into device". The direction of conventional current (the flow of positive charges) in a circuit is opposite to the direction of electron flow, so (negatively charged) electrons flow out the anode into the outside circuit. In a galvanic cell, the anode is the electrode at which the oxidation reaction occurs. An anode is also the wire or plate having excess Document [84] (Title: Cathode) is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell). The cathodic current, in electrochemistry, is the flow of electrons from the cathode interface to a species in solution. The anodic current is the flow of electrons into the anode from a species in solution. In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or Document [85] (Title: Galvanic cell) bridge zinc ions leave and anions enter the zinc half-cell. In the copper half-cell, the copper ions plate onto the copper electrode (reduction), taking up electrons that leave the external conductor. Since the Cu ions (cations) plate onto the copper electrode, the latter is called the cathode. Correspondingly the zinc electrode is the anode. The electrochemical reaction is: In addition, electrons flow through the external conductor, which is the primary application of the galvanic cell. As discussed under #Cell voltage, the emf of the cell is the difference of the half-cell potentials, a measure of the relative ease of dissolution Document [86] (Title: Galvanic cell) Galvanic cell A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals immersed in an electrolyte, or of individual half-cells with different metals and their ions in solution connected by a salt bridge or separated by a porous membrane. Volta was the inventor of the voltaic pile, the first electrical battery. In common usage, the word "battery" has come to include a single galvanic cell, but a battery properly consists of multiple Document [87] (Title: Cathode) motion). It is continued externally by electrons moving into the battery which constitutes positive current flowing outwards. For example, the Daniell galvanic cell's copper electrode is the positive terminal and the cathode. A battery that is recharging or an electrolytic cell performing electrolysis has its cathode as the negative terminal, from which current exits the device and returns to the external generator as charge enters the battery/ cell. For example, reversing the current direction in a Daniell galvanic cell converts it into an electrolytic cell where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and also the anode. In a diode, Document [88] (Title: Dye-sensitized solar cell) In silicon, sunlight can provide enough energy to push an electron out of the lower-energy valence band into the higher-energy conduction band. As the name implies, electrons in the conduction band are free to move about the silicon. When a load is placed across the cell as a whole, these electrons will flow out of the p-type side into the n-type side, lose energy while moving through the external circuit, and then flow back into the p-type material where they can once again re-combine with the valence-band hole they left behind. In this way, sunlight creates an electric current. In Question: where do electrons flow in a galvanic cell

Answer: through the external conductor Long Answer: In addition, electrons flow through the external conductor, which is the primary application of the galvanic cell. Gold Document ID: 85

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Veneration) Rome beginning as early as the third century. Over time, the honor also began to be given to those Christians who lived lives of holiness and sanctity. Various denominations venerate and determine saints in different ways, with some having a formal canonization or glorification process. It is also the first step to becoming a saint. In Roman Catholic and Orthodox theology, veneration is a type of honor distinct from the adoration due to God alone. According to Mark Miravelle of Franciscan University of Steubenville, the English word "worship" has been associated with both veneration and adoration: As St. Thomas Aquinas Document [2] (Title: All Saints' Day) established in the East. The feast of All Saints, on its current date, is traced to the foundation by Pope Gregory III (731–741) of an oratory in St. Peter's for the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world", with the date moved to 1 November and 13 May feast suppressed. This fell on the Celtic holiday of Samhain, which had a theme similar to the Roman festival of Lemuria, but which was also a harvest festival. The Irish, having celebrated Samhain in Document [3] (Title: All Saints' Day) after Pentecost in Constantinople. As early as 411 there is in the Chaldean Calendar a "Commemoratio Confessorum" for the Friday after Easter. On 13 May 609 or 610, Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary; the feast of the "dedication Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres" has been celebrated at Rome ever since. There is evidence that from the 5th to the 7th centuries there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast date on 13 May to celebrate the holy martyrs. The origin of All Saints' Day Document [4] (Title: Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)) who had led a good and exemplary life or who had been martyred began to develop in Christianity. By the time of the Reformation, the use of "saint" was almost exclusively the restrictive, titular sense. One of the effects of the Reformation was to eliminate the abuses of the cult of saints, and as a result, it is a common misconception that Lutherans do not have (or rather, do not venerate) saints. However, the confessional documents of the Lutheran Church, particularly the Augsburg Confession, accept both the general and particular use of the word saints. In regards to the titular Document [5] (Title: Saint) the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above upon proof of their "holiness" or likeness to God. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church Chapter 2, Article 1, 61, "The patriarchs, prophets, and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the church's liturgical traditions." On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a "saint" from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. Before that Document [6] (Title: Commemoration (liturgy)) the ninth century, priests began elsewhere to say more than one collect, only one was used in Rome. However, even in Rome the number of collects gradually increased. Pope Pius V promulgated official editions of the Roman Breviary (in 1568) and the Roman Missal (in 1570) at the request of the Council of Trent. These admitted several commemorations on the same day. Thus, on 29 December the liturgy celebrated was that of Saint Thomas Becket with commemorations of the Octaves of Christmas, Saint Stephen, John the Apostle and the Holy Innocents. (See Tridentine Calendar.) There were complicated rules about such Document [7] (Title: Saint) the saints and celebrating their feast days. According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorised King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41 Now therefore arise, O God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness. In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but Document [8] (Title: Carmelites) devotion in 1958 and declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday) for all Catholics. Therese of Lisieux emerged as one of the most popular saints for Catholics in the 20th century, and a statue of her can be found in many European and North American Catholic churches built prior to the Second Vatican Council (after which the number of statues tended to be reduced when churches were built). In the 20th century, in the last apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, Sister Lúcia, one of the most Document [9] (Title: Catholic Church) while canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints. The first persons honored as saints were the martyrs. Pious legends of their deaths were considered affirmations of the truth of their faith in Christ. By the fourth century, however, "confessors"—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word and life—began to be venerated publicly. In the Catholic Church, both in Latin and Eastern Catholic churches, the act of canonization is reserved Document [10] (Title: All Saints' Day) Souls' Day on 2 November, and is currently a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, as well as a Principal Feast of the Anglican Communion. In the early days the Christians were accustomed to solemnise the anniversary of a martyr's death for Christ at the place of martyrdom. In the 4th century, neighbouring dioceses began to interchange feasts, to transfer relics, to divide them, and to join in a common feast; as is shown by the invitation of St. Basil of Caesarea (397) to the bishops of the province of Pontus. Document [11] (Title: Folk saint) officially canonized until half of a century later. In the meantime, she was essentially a folk saint. As the Church spread, it became more influential in regions that celebrated deities and heroes that were not part of Catholic tradition. Many of those figures were incorporated into a local variety of Catholicism: the ranks of official saints then came to include a number of non-Catholics or even fictional persons. Church leaders made an effort in 1969 to purge such figures from the official list of saints, though at least some probably remain. Many folk saints have their origins in this same Document [12] (Title: Calendar of saints) which list those saints celebrated in the entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology, and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally. The earliest feast days of saints were those of martyrs, venerated as having shown for Christ the greatest form of love, in accordance with the teaching: "Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends." Saint Martin of Tours is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs Question: when did the catholic church start honoring saints Answer: 3 January 993 Long Answer: On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a "saint" from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg . Before that time, the popular "cults", or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local bishop . Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs . Pope Benedict VIII later declared the Armenian hermit Symeon to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of Pope Innocent III that the Popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope . Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153 . Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, in so far as the Latin Church was concerned. Gold Document ID: 5

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Veneration) Rome beginning as early as the third century. Over time, the honor also began to be given to those Christians who lived lives of holiness and sanctity. Various denominations venerate and determine saints in different ways, with some having a formal canonization or glorification process. It is also the first step to becoming a saint. In Roman Catholic and Orthodox theology, veneration is a type of honor distinct from the adoration due to God alone. According to Mark Miravelle of Franciscan University of Steubenville, the English word "worship" has been associated with both veneration and adoration: As St. Thomas Aquinas Document [2] (Title: All Saints' Day) established in the East. The feast of All Saints, on its current date, is traced to the foundation by Pope Gregory III (731–741) of an oratory in St. Peter's for the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world", with the date moved to 1 November and 13 May feast suppressed. This fell on the Celtic holiday of Samhain, which had a theme similar to the Roman festival of Lemuria, but which was also a harvest festival. The Irish, having celebrated Samhain in Document [3] (Title: All Saints' Day) after Pentecost in Constantinople. As early as 411 there is in the Chaldean Calendar a "Commemoratio Confessorum" for the Friday after Easter. On 13 May 609 or 610, Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary; the feast of the "dedication Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres" has been celebrated at Rome ever since. There is evidence that from the 5th to the 7th centuries there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast date on 13 May to celebrate the holy martyrs. The origin of All Saints' Day Document [4] (Title: Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)) who had led a good and exemplary life or who had been martyred began to develop in Christianity. By the time of the Reformation, the use of "saint" was almost exclusively the restrictive, titular sense. One of the effects of the Reformation was to eliminate the abuses of the cult of saints, and as a result, it is a common misconception that Lutherans do not have (or rather, do not venerate) saints. However, the confessional documents of the Lutheran Church, particularly the Augsburg Confession, accept both the general and particular use of the word saints. In regards to the titular Document [5] (Title: Saint) the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above upon proof of their "holiness" or likeness to God. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church Chapter 2, Article 1, 61, "The patriarchs, prophets, and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the church's liturgical traditions." On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a "saint" from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. Before that Document [6] (Title: Commemoration (liturgy)) the ninth century, priests began elsewhere to say more than one collect, only one was used in Rome. However, even in Rome the number of collects gradually increased. Pope Pius V promulgated official editions of the Roman Breviary (in 1568) and the Roman Missal (in 1570) at the request of the Council of Trent. These admitted several commemorations on the same day. Thus, on 29 December the liturgy celebrated was that of Saint Thomas Becket with commemorations of the Octaves of Christmas, Saint Stephen, John the Apostle and the Holy Innocents. (See Tridentine Calendar.) There were complicated rules about such Document [7] (Title: Saint) the saints and celebrating their feast days. According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorised King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41 Now therefore arise, O God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness. In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but Document [8] (Title: Carmelites) devotion in 1958 and declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday) for all Catholics. Therese of Lisieux emerged as one of the most popular saints for Catholics in the 20th century, and a statue of her can be found in many European and North American Catholic churches built prior to the Second Vatican Council (after which the number of statues tended to be reduced when churches were built). In the 20th century, in the last apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, Sister Lúcia, one of the most Document [9] (Title: Catholic Church) while canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints. The first persons honored as saints were the martyrs. Pious legends of their deaths were considered affirmations of the truth of their faith in Christ. By the fourth century, however, "confessors"—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word and life—began to be venerated publicly. In the Catholic Church, both in Latin and Eastern Catholic churches, the act of canonization is reserved Document [10] (Title: All Saints' Day) Souls' Day on 2 November, and is currently a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, as well as a Principal Feast of the Anglican Communion. In the early days the Christians were accustomed to solemnise the anniversary of a martyr's death for Christ at the place of martyrdom. In the 4th century, neighbouring dioceses began to interchange feasts, to transfer relics, to divide them, and to join in a common feast; as is shown by the invitation of St. Basil of Caesarea (397) to the bishops of the province of Pontus. Document [11] (Title: Folk saint) officially canonized until half of a century later. In the meantime, she was essentially a folk saint. As the Church spread, it became more influential in regions that celebrated deities and heroes that were not part of Catholic tradition. Many of those figures were incorporated into a local variety of Catholicism: the ranks of official saints then came to include a number of non-Catholics or even fictional persons. Church leaders made an effort in 1969 to purge such figures from the official list of saints, though at least some probably remain. Many folk saints have their origins in this same Document [12] (Title: Calendar of saints) which list those saints celebrated in the entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology, and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally. The earliest feast days of saints were those of martyrs, venerated as having shown for Christ the greatest form of love, in accordance with the teaching: "Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends." Saint Martin of Tours is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs Question: when did the catholic church start honoring saints

Answer: 3 January 993 Long Answer: On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a "saint" from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg . Before that time, the popular "cults", or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local bishop . Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs . Pope Benedict VIII later declared the Armenian hermit Symeon to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of Pope Innocent III that the Popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope . Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153 . Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, in so far as the Latin Church was concerned. Gold Document ID: 5

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You) Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" is a duet between Billy Newton-Davis and Celine Dion, released as a single in July 1989 in Canada. The song was featured on Newton-Davis' album "Spellbound". "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" was later included on Dion's Japanese maxi-single "Unison" (1991). It was written by Dan Hill who also wrote for Dion "Seduces Me" on her 1996 album "Falling into You". The "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" music video received a MuchMusic Video Award for Best MOR Video in Document [2] (Title: Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)) Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)" is the English language name for a 1930 German song composed by Friedrich Hollaender as ""Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Liebe eingestellt"" (literally: "I am, from head to toe, ready for love"). The song was originally performed in the film "Der Blaue Engel" (English translation: "The Blue Angel") by Marlene Dietrich, who also recorded the most famous English version, which became her anthem. Dietrich is backed by the Friedrich Hollaender Orchestra. The English lyrics were written by Sammy Lerner, though they do not include Document [3] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) of "Rappler" also stated the film is "relentlessly charming" and "too committed to formula," bu admitted it as,"... Cruz-Alviar's most entertaining movie," and complimented Padilla stating that he, "...who really manages to keep the movie from being tedious in its reliance on formula." Irish Eden R. Belleza of "Gulf News" share same thought, she name it as "typical romantic comedy," but "...lovely and refreshing at the same time." Stephanie Mayo a film reviewer of "Concept News Central" admitted, ""Can’t Help Falling in Love" may have some cringingly corny scenes" but "..it fun and entertaining" and rated the film 3 out Document [4] (Title: I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me) I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" is a 1926 popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Clarence Gaskill. More than 20 recordings were made of "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" in the 16 years following its publication. Early recordings included Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra (1926), Louis Armstrong (1930), Nat Gonella (1932), Earl Hines (1932), Artie Shaw (1938), Teddy Wilson (1938), and Ella Fitzgerald (1941). It is sung twice by Claudia Drake in Edgar G. Ulmer's low-budget film noir classic "Detour" Document [5] (Title: Jess Greenberg) spotlight. Jess Greenberg Jess Greenberg is a YouTube personality, singer, and acoustic guitarist from London, England. Greenberg started performing publicly at an early age. In an interview she recounted her performance of Elvis Presley's "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" at age four while on a trip to St. Tropez to an audience at the Hotel Byblos. "I requested 'Can't help falling in love with you' by Elvis and the performer asked if I'd sing it. I remember being so excited." She later explained the effect of seeing the 2003 Jack Black movie "School of Rock" had on her Document [6] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Barcelona characters. On January 21, there were reports of shots from some underwater scenes for "Can't Help Falling in Love". The photos of them spread online as they were seen shooting scenes diving in the Moalboal located in the southwestern tip of Cebu. Based on the photos, they travel around South Cebu went from Cabana Beach Club Resort in Moalboal on Sunday to visit the hidden Mantayupan falls, located in Barili town, around 30 km from their first location. They were in Cebu for a week in January 2017 to shoot some important scenes for their movie. They explored the Document [7] (Title: Jess Greenberg) Jess Greenberg Jess Greenberg is a YouTube personality, singer, and acoustic guitarist from London, England. Greenberg started performing publicly at an early age. In an interview she recounted her performance of Elvis Presley's "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" at age four while on a trip to St. Tropez to an audience at the Hotel Byblos. "I requested 'Can't help falling in love with you' by Elvis and the performer asked if I'd sing it. I remember being so excited." She later explained the effect of seeing the 2003 Jack Black movie "School of Rock" had on her musical Document [8] (Title: Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4) dated from the 1961 soundtrack to "Blue Hawaii", pulled off that album as the flip to accompany "Can't Help Falling In Love" as a single. Three tracks were the advance singles for their respective soundtracks: "Bossa Nova Baby" for "Fun in Acapulco"; "Kissin' Cousins" for its album; and "Return to Sender", released a month before "Girls! Girls! Girls!". "Viva Las Vegas" (the flipside to "What'd I Say"), by the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, would prove a more durable Elvis recording, receiving myriad cover versions including those by the Dead Kennedys, Bruce Springsteen, and Nine Inch Nails. The Document [9] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Saipan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Hongkong, and for the first time in The Filipino Channel history screened in Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia. "Can't Help Falling In Love" received mix to positive reviews from critics. Pablo A. Tariman of "The Philippine Star" reviewed the film as "a different kind of kilig" In other hand, Philbert Ortiz Dy a professional movie critics of "The Neighborhood" rated the film 2.5 out of 5, called it "lapsing into lazy formula," stated the screenplay is "patchy". But he gave credit to the leads especially Padilla's performance. Francis Joseph Cruz a movie critics Document [10] (Title: UB40) in his blood. Earl was sentenced to six months imprisonment in June 1988 and banned from driving for three years. Their most successful worldwide single release is their reggae/pop version of "(I Can't Help) Falling in Love With You", which was the main title to the 1993 Sharon Stone movie "Sliver"; it was a number one hit across Europe and in the US. In 1995 they covered the Stevie Wonder song "Superstition" for the Eddie Murphy movie "Vampire in Brooklyn" and it appears on their album "The Best of UB40 – Volume Two" which they released that year. The group Document [11] (Title: Falling in Love (1984 film)) Falling in Love (1984 film) Falling in Love is a 1984 American romantic drama film starring Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep and directed by Ulu Grosbard. In the film, two married strangers meet randomly, become friends, and fall in love. They spend time together, riding the train into the city of New York, and begin meeting for coffee or lunch. They enjoy their time together and this enjoyment eventually blossoms into love. While Christmas shopping for their respective families, architect Frank Raftis (De Niro) and graphic artist Molly Gilmore (Streep) bump into each other in a bookstore. When they Document [12] (Title: Lick the Tins) that it was considerably less than three minutes long. As a result, three polkas were added to the end of the track to bring it to the desired length. "Can't Help Falling in Love" is featured in the Irish film "The Snapper". A remix of the song by Stephen Hague is featured in the John Hughes 1987 film "Some Kind of Wonderful". Lick the Tins had two other minor singles, "Belle of Belfast City" (cover of "I'll Tell Me Ma") and "In the Middle of the Night", after which Simon Ryan left the band and was replaced by Martin Hughes, Document [13] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) filmed in Los Angeles, California. It had two different versions. The "Disney Version", as the fans named it, features scenes of the movie, and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes. The "A-Teens Version" of the video, features the A-Teens on the white background with different close-ups and choreography, and scenes with puppies and different costumes. Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks. European 2-track CD single European/Australian CD maxi Can't Help Falling in Love "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley for the album "Blue Hawaii" (1961). It was written Document [14] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) white sand beaches of Moalboal, Bukilat Cave and Boho Rock Resort of Camotes Island, Osmeña Peak in Dalaguete, as well as the towns of Boljoon, Argao and Oslob. Editing process finished on April 5, 2017 Just 9 days before the official release. The film received a rating of PG-13 from the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) and rated B by The Cinema Evaluation Board (CEB). The soundtrack title for "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a pop ballad song originally recorded by Elvis Presley with the same title performed by the lead actor, Daniel Padilla. The music Document [15] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) and an episode of "Hindsight". In the US, and on the "Sliver" soundtrack, the song title was listed as "Can't Help Falling in Love," rather than what appeared on the record sleeve. The single version of the song also has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody. The song and band also appear in the 1997 film "". The song was the A-Teens's first single from their first extended play "Pop 'til You Drop!", as well as for the "Lilo & Stitch" movie soundtrack, which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks, the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in Document [16] (Title: I Melt with You) in a "falling in love" montage sequence. It was later licensed for a myriad of TV commercials in the States, including adverts for Burger King, M&M's, Ritz Crackers, and Hershey's TV commercials. A cover by American singer-songwriter Jason Mraz was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film "50 First Dates". French group Nouvelle Vague's rendition found placement in "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (2005), as well as adverts for GMC, T-Mobile, and Vicks Sinex. American rock band Bowling for Soup covered the song as part of the soundtrack to the 2005 Disney film "Sky High". It was also featured on Document [17] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) turns upside down when she discovers that she is already married - but to a total stranger, the happy-go-lucky Dos (Daniel Padilla). As she figures out with Dos how this unlikely incident happened between them, Gab starts breaking her own rules to survive their crazily confusing situation. But with the changes in her well-planned life seems to come a change of heart as well. Cruz-Alviar at the grand press conference shared that "Can't Help Falling in Love" was shot almost immediately after . It took Padilla and Bernardo a while before they were able to shed the personalities of their Document [18] (Title: Blue Hawaii (soundtrack)) again in 2008. The latter edition was a deluxe 2-disc release on the Follow That Dream label that featured numerous alternate takes. It also corrected the error with the 1997 issue that incorrectly reversed the stereo channels. Five songs from this album appear on the 1995 compendium soundtrack box set "": "Can't Help Falling in Love", "Rock-a-Hula Baby", "Blue Hawaii," "Hawaiian Wedding Song," and "Beach Boy Blues." On April 29, 1997, RCA released a remastered and expanded version for compact disc. Tracks 1-7 were the seven songs from side one of the original LP and tracks 8-14 were from side Document [19] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) Can't Help Falling in Love "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley for the album "Blue Hawaii" (1961). It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss. (The melody is based on "Plaisir d'amour", a popular French love song composed in 1784 by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini). "Can't Help Falling in Love" was featured in Presley's 1961 film, "Blue Hawaii" and also in the film The Book Of Life (2014). During the following four decades, it has been recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the Document [20] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) of 5. Nazamel Tabarres a film enthusiast of "Pelikulamania" also rated the film 3 out of 5 stated the film "predictable, formulaic but lovely." Ro Manalo of "Cosmopolitan" complimented the film wrote, "Overall, I found the movie to be funny, fast-paced, and full of "kilig"." According to Twitter Philippines, "Filipinos couldn't stop talking" about the film, releasing 700,000 tweets related to the movie from April 10–17. Netizens can't help but give their positive reviews, ratings and comments about the movie. Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy-drama film directed by Document [21] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) the soundtrack. It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album, "New Arrival" for the European market. The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels, with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album. As a result, the song had two music videos, one to promote the Disney movie, the other for the album. It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album, "Disney Girlz Rock". The song reached No. 12 in Sweden, No. 16 in Argentina, and No. 41 in Australia. The video was directed by Gregory Dark and Document [22] (Title: By Request (Perry Como album)) just scored a hit with "Lollipops and Roses"; Como's RCA Victor labelmate Elvis Presley had done the same with "Can't Help Falling in Love", from his film "Blue Hawaii"; Tony Bennett was already popularizing the wistful "Once Upon a Time" from the Broadway musical "All American"; and Andy Williams had claimed the year's Oscar winner, "Moon River" from "Breakfast at Tiffany's". The other tracks included "Maria", newly popular due to the movie version of "West Side Story", Rodgers and Hammerstein's "My Favorite Things" from the 1959 musical "The Sound of Music", and "The Sweetest Sounds" from Richard Rodgers' new, solely Document [23] (Title: I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me) (1945); it is also featured in The Caine Mutiny (1954). in the 1967 film "Thoroughly Modern Millie" it is sung by an uncredited male vocalist on the gramophone. I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" is a 1926 popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Clarence Gaskill. More than 20 recordings were made of "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" in the 16 years following its publication. Early recordings included Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra (1926), Louis Armstrong (1930), Nat Gonella (1932), Earl Document [24] (Title: Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)) a performance by Madeline Kahn called "I'm Tired", done as a parody of Dietrich's performance in "Blue Angel". Christina Aguilera covered the song for the soundtrack of the motion picture "The Spirit", a 2008 American comic book adaptation, written and directed by Frank Miller. Aranea Peel of Grausame Töchter covered the German version "Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Liebe eingestellt" in 2013 Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)" is the English language name for a 1930 German song composed by Friedrich Hollaender as ""Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Document [25] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mae Cruz-Alviar, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla. It was their very first project right after their blockbuster film "" last 2016. The film was produced and released by Star Cinema on April 15, 2017. "Can't Help Falling in Love" earned ₱33 million on its first day making it the highest opening Blackly Saturday Filipino film. Gab (Kathryn Bernardo) is a "close to perfect girl" who's already set to wed her long-time boyfriend Jason (Matteo Guidicelli). Her world, however, suddenly Document [26] (Title: Command Performances: The Essential 60s Masters II) the sessions for the movie "Clambake"; and an alternate take of the song "Follow That Dream" as the stereo master for the original has been lost, and the compilers opted not to use the surviving mono master. The songs "Can't Help Falling in Love" and "Rock-A-Hula Baby" were released as, respectively, the A-side and b-side of a single following the release of the "Blue Hawaii" album, and went to #2 and #23 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. "Puppet on a String" appeared as a single seven months after the release of the "Girl Happy" soundtrack, backed with "Wooden Heart" Document [27] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) film held a premiere night at United Arab Emirates. "Can’t Help Falling In Love" has an advanced screening for fans on April 19 at 8pm at Novo Cinema Festival City. The film released across the UAE on April 20 and it has grossed $150,443 after 4 days. The film has grossed $900,000 in North America after 10 days. The film was screened in the United States and Canada starting April 21 in 63 cinemas. Due to popular demand it was extended up to four weeks The film also screened in keycountries worldwide including Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, United Kingdom, Austria, Italy, Document [28] (Title: I Could Fall in Love with You) April 2007 and in North America the following day. It was the first Erasure single to be commercially released on 7" vinyl since "Run to the Sun" 13 years previously. Erasure member Vince Clarke described the origins of "I Could Fall in Love with You": There are two different music videos for this song. Erasure's official website initially presented viewers with a "behind the scenes" look at the making of the music video for this song via RealMedia, Windows Media Player and QuickTime. The footage showed Clarke and Bell as cashiers in a shop-like set-up. The scenes were filmed with Document [29] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) video officially released on March 16, 2017, while the song officially released on radio through MOR 101.9 on March 23, 2017. The MV launched for the first time on ABS-CBN's music program, ASAP on April 2, 2017. The song officially released on April 13, 2017 through iTunes and Spotify. During filming, the first teaser of the trailer officially released on March 15, while the second teaser was released on March 21, 2017 has garnered more than 2 million views in less than 24 hours. The production of the film still on editing room, when Star Cinema released first trailer on Document [30] (Title: I Could Fall in Love with You) extras milling about in the foreground and the clips, filmed in front of a greenscreen, implied that special effects would be added in post production. However, weeks later a call was put out for fans to submit pictures or video footage of themselves and loved ones in scenes depicting love or falling in love. These scenes (also including Clarke and Bell) were then edited together into a montage with a "falling in love" theme. This new version has sprung up on Erasure's YouTube site and also is viewable on Erasure's official website, dubbed the "alternate video". The original version was Question: what movie is the song i can't help falling in love with you in Answer: Blue Hawaii Long Answer: "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a pop ballad based on "Plaisir d'amour" which is sung by Montgomery Clift in the 1949 film "The Heiress" starring Clift and Olivia de Havilland musical score provided by Aaron Copeland . Originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss . The melody is based on "Plaisir d'amour", a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini (1784). The song was featured in "The Heiress" and Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts. Gold Document ID: 26

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You) Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" is a duet between Billy Newton-Davis and Celine Dion, released as a single in July 1989 in Canada. The song was featured on Newton-Davis' album "Spellbound". "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" was later included on Dion's Japanese maxi-single "Unison" (1991). It was written by Dan Hill who also wrote for Dion "Seduces Me" on her 1996 album "Falling into You". The "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" music video received a MuchMusic Video Award for Best MOR Video in Document [2] (Title: Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)) Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)" is the English language name for a 1930 German song composed by Friedrich Hollaender as ""Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Liebe eingestellt"" (literally: "I am, from head to toe, ready for love"). The song was originally performed in the film "Der Blaue Engel" (English translation: "The Blue Angel") by Marlene Dietrich, who also recorded the most famous English version, which became her anthem. Dietrich is backed by the Friedrich Hollaender Orchestra. The English lyrics were written by Sammy Lerner, though they do not include Document [3] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) of "Rappler" also stated the film is "relentlessly charming" and "too committed to formula," bu admitted it as,"... Cruz-Alviar's most entertaining movie," and complimented Padilla stating that he, "...who really manages to keep the movie from being tedious in its reliance on formula." Irish Eden R. Belleza of "Gulf News" share same thought, she name it as "typical romantic comedy," but "...lovely and refreshing at the same time." Stephanie Mayo a film reviewer of "Concept News Central" admitted, ""Can’t Help Falling in Love" may have some cringingly corny scenes" but "..it fun and entertaining" and rated the film 3 out Document [4] (Title: I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me) I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" is a 1926 popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Clarence Gaskill. More than 20 recordings were made of "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" in the 16 years following its publication. Early recordings included Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra (1926), Louis Armstrong (1930), Nat Gonella (1932), Earl Hines (1932), Artie Shaw (1938), Teddy Wilson (1938), and Ella Fitzgerald (1941). It is sung twice by Claudia Drake in Edgar G. Ulmer's low-budget film noir classic "Detour" Document [5] (Title: Jess Greenberg) spotlight. Jess Greenberg Jess Greenberg is a YouTube personality, singer, and acoustic guitarist from London, England. Greenberg started performing publicly at an early age. In an interview she recounted her performance of Elvis Presley's "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" at age four while on a trip to St. Tropez to an audience at the Hotel Byblos. "I requested 'Can't help falling in love with you' by Elvis and the performer asked if I'd sing it. I remember being so excited." She later explained the effect of seeing the 2003 Jack Black movie "School of Rock" had on her Document [6] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Barcelona characters. On January 21, there were reports of shots from some underwater scenes for "Can't Help Falling in Love". The photos of them spread online as they were seen shooting scenes diving in the Moalboal located in the southwestern tip of Cebu. Based on the photos, they travel around South Cebu went from Cabana Beach Club Resort in Moalboal on Sunday to visit the hidden Mantayupan falls, located in Barili town, around 30 km from their first location. They were in Cebu for a week in January 2017 to shoot some important scenes for their movie. They explored the Document [7] (Title: Jess Greenberg) Jess Greenberg Jess Greenberg is a YouTube personality, singer, and acoustic guitarist from London, England. Greenberg started performing publicly at an early age. In an interview she recounted her performance of Elvis Presley's "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" at age four while on a trip to St. Tropez to an audience at the Hotel Byblos. "I requested 'Can't help falling in love with you' by Elvis and the performer asked if I'd sing it. I remember being so excited." She later explained the effect of seeing the 2003 Jack Black movie "School of Rock" had on her musical Document [8] (Title: Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4) dated from the 1961 soundtrack to "Blue Hawaii", pulled off that album as the flip to accompany "Can't Help Falling In Love" as a single. Three tracks were the advance singles for their respective soundtracks: "Bossa Nova Baby" for "Fun in Acapulco"; "Kissin' Cousins" for its album; and "Return to Sender", released a month before "Girls! Girls! Girls!". "Viva Las Vegas" (the flipside to "What'd I Say"), by the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, would prove a more durable Elvis recording, receiving myriad cover versions including those by the Dead Kennedys, Bruce Springsteen, and Nine Inch Nails. The Document [9] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Saipan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Hongkong, and for the first time in The Filipino Channel history screened in Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia. "Can't Help Falling In Love" received mix to positive reviews from critics. Pablo A. Tariman of "The Philippine Star" reviewed the film as "a different kind of kilig" In other hand, Philbert Ortiz Dy a professional movie critics of "The Neighborhood" rated the film 2.5 out of 5, called it "lapsing into lazy formula," stated the screenplay is "patchy". But he gave credit to the leads especially Padilla's performance. Francis Joseph Cruz a movie critics Document [10] (Title: UB40) in his blood. Earl was sentenced to six months imprisonment in June 1988 and banned from driving for three years. Their most successful worldwide single release is their reggae/pop version of "(I Can't Help) Falling in Love With You", which was the main title to the 1993 Sharon Stone movie "Sliver"; it was a number one hit across Europe and in the US. In 1995 they covered the Stevie Wonder song "Superstition" for the Eddie Murphy movie "Vampire in Brooklyn" and it appears on their album "The Best of UB40 – Volume Two" which they released that year. The group Document [11] (Title: Falling in Love (1984 film)) Falling in Love (1984 film) Falling in Love is a 1984 American romantic drama film starring Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep and directed by Ulu Grosbard. In the film, two married strangers meet randomly, become friends, and fall in love. They spend time together, riding the train into the city of New York, and begin meeting for coffee or lunch. They enjoy their time together and this enjoyment eventually blossoms into love. While Christmas shopping for their respective families, architect Frank Raftis (De Niro) and graphic artist Molly Gilmore (Streep) bump into each other in a bookstore. When they Document [12] (Title: Lick the Tins) that it was considerably less than three minutes long. As a result, three polkas were added to the end of the track to bring it to the desired length. "Can't Help Falling in Love" is featured in the Irish film "The Snapper". A remix of the song by Stephen Hague is featured in the John Hughes 1987 film "Some Kind of Wonderful". Lick the Tins had two other minor singles, "Belle of Belfast City" (cover of "I'll Tell Me Ma") and "In the Middle of the Night", after which Simon Ryan left the band and was replaced by Martin Hughes, Document [13] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) filmed in Los Angeles, California. It had two different versions. The "Disney Version", as the fans named it, features scenes of the movie, and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes. The "A-Teens Version" of the video, features the A-Teens on the white background with different close-ups and choreography, and scenes with puppies and different costumes. Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks. European 2-track CD single European/Australian CD maxi Can't Help Falling in Love "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley for the album "Blue Hawaii" (1961). It was written Document [14] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) white sand beaches of Moalboal, Bukilat Cave and Boho Rock Resort of Camotes Island, Osmeña Peak in Dalaguete, as well as the towns of Boljoon, Argao and Oslob. Editing process finished on April 5, 2017 Just 9 days before the official release. The film received a rating of PG-13 from the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) and rated B by The Cinema Evaluation Board (CEB). The soundtrack title for "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a pop ballad song originally recorded by Elvis Presley with the same title performed by the lead actor, Daniel Padilla. The music Document [15] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) and an episode of "Hindsight". In the US, and on the "Sliver" soundtrack, the song title was listed as "Can't Help Falling in Love," rather than what appeared on the record sleeve. The single version of the song also has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody. The song and band also appear in the 1997 film "". The song was the A-Teens's first single from their first extended play "Pop 'til You Drop!", as well as for the "Lilo & Stitch" movie soundtrack, which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks, the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in Document [16] (Title: I Melt with You) in a "falling in love" montage sequence. It was later licensed for a myriad of TV commercials in the States, including adverts for Burger King, M&M's, Ritz Crackers, and Hershey's TV commercials. A cover by American singer-songwriter Jason Mraz was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film "50 First Dates". French group Nouvelle Vague's rendition found placement in "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (2005), as well as adverts for GMC, T-Mobile, and Vicks Sinex. American rock band Bowling for Soup covered the song as part of the soundtrack to the 2005 Disney film "Sky High". It was also featured on Document [17] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) turns upside down when she discovers that she is already married - but to a total stranger, the happy-go-lucky Dos (Daniel Padilla). As she figures out with Dos how this unlikely incident happened between them, Gab starts breaking her own rules to survive their crazily confusing situation. But with the changes in her well-planned life seems to come a change of heart as well. Cruz-Alviar at the grand press conference shared that "Can't Help Falling in Love" was shot almost immediately after . It took Padilla and Bernardo a while before they were able to shed the personalities of their Document [18] (Title: Blue Hawaii (soundtrack)) again in 2008. The latter edition was a deluxe 2-disc release on the Follow That Dream label that featured numerous alternate takes. It also corrected the error with the 1997 issue that incorrectly reversed the stereo channels. Five songs from this album appear on the 1995 compendium soundtrack box set "": "Can't Help Falling in Love", "Rock-a-Hula Baby", "Blue Hawaii," "Hawaiian Wedding Song," and "Beach Boy Blues." On April 29, 1997, RCA released a remastered and expanded version for compact disc. Tracks 1-7 were the seven songs from side one of the original LP and tracks 8-14 were from side Document [19] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) Can't Help Falling in Love "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley for the album "Blue Hawaii" (1961). It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss. (The melody is based on "Plaisir d'amour", a popular French love song composed in 1784 by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini). "Can't Help Falling in Love" was featured in Presley's 1961 film, "Blue Hawaii" and also in the film The Book Of Life (2014). During the following four decades, it has been recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the Document [20] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) of 5. Nazamel Tabarres a film enthusiast of "Pelikulamania" also rated the film 3 out of 5 stated the film "predictable, formulaic but lovely." Ro Manalo of "Cosmopolitan" complimented the film wrote, "Overall, I found the movie to be funny, fast-paced, and full of "kilig"." According to Twitter Philippines, "Filipinos couldn't stop talking" about the film, releasing 700,000 tweets related to the movie from April 10–17. Netizens can't help but give their positive reviews, ratings and comments about the movie. Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy-drama film directed by Document [21] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love) the soundtrack. It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album, "New Arrival" for the European market. The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels, with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album. As a result, the song had two music videos, one to promote the Disney movie, the other for the album. It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album, "Disney Girlz Rock". The song reached No. 12 in Sweden, No. 16 in Argentina, and No. 41 in Australia. The video was directed by Gregory Dark and Document [22] (Title: By Request (Perry Como album)) just scored a hit with "Lollipops and Roses"; Como's RCA Victor labelmate Elvis Presley had done the same with "Can't Help Falling in Love", from his film "Blue Hawaii"; Tony Bennett was already popularizing the wistful "Once Upon a Time" from the Broadway musical "All American"; and Andy Williams had claimed the year's Oscar winner, "Moon River" from "Breakfast at Tiffany's". The other tracks included "Maria", newly popular due to the movie version of "West Side Story", Rodgers and Hammerstein's "My Favorite Things" from the 1959 musical "The Sound of Music", and "The Sweetest Sounds" from Richard Rodgers' new, solely Document [23] (Title: I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me) (1945); it is also featured in The Caine Mutiny (1954). in the 1967 film "Thoroughly Modern Millie" it is sung by an uncredited male vocalist on the gramophone. I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" is a 1926 popular song composed by Jimmy McHugh, with lyrics by Clarence Gaskill. More than 20 recordings were made of "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" in the 16 years following its publication. Early recordings included Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra (1926), Louis Armstrong (1930), Nat Gonella (1932), Earl Document [24] (Title: Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)) a performance by Madeline Kahn called "I'm Tired", done as a parody of Dietrich's performance in "Blue Angel". Christina Aguilera covered the song for the soundtrack of the motion picture "The Spirit", a 2008 American comic book adaptation, written and directed by Frank Miller. Aranea Peel of Grausame Töchter covered the German version "Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Liebe eingestellt" in 2013 Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)" is the English language name for a 1930 German song composed by Friedrich Hollaender as ""Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Document [25] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mae Cruz-Alviar, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla. It was their very first project right after their blockbuster film "" last 2016. The film was produced and released by Star Cinema on April 15, 2017. "Can't Help Falling in Love" earned ₱33 million on its first day making it the highest opening Blackly Saturday Filipino film. Gab (Kathryn Bernardo) is a "close to perfect girl" who's already set to wed her long-time boyfriend Jason (Matteo Guidicelli). Her world, however, suddenly Document [26] (Title: Command Performances: The Essential 60s Masters II) the sessions for the movie "Clambake"; and an alternate take of the song "Follow That Dream" as the stereo master for the original has been lost, and the compilers opted not to use the surviving mono master. The songs "Can't Help Falling in Love" and "Rock-A-Hula Baby" were released as, respectively, the A-side and b-side of a single following the release of the "Blue Hawaii" album, and went to #2 and #23 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. "Puppet on a String" appeared as a single seven months after the release of the "Girl Happy" soundtrack, backed with "Wooden Heart" Document [27] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) film held a premiere night at United Arab Emirates. "Can’t Help Falling In Love" has an advanced screening for fans on April 19 at 8pm at Novo Cinema Festival City. The film released across the UAE on April 20 and it has grossed $150,443 after 4 days. The film has grossed $900,000 in North America after 10 days. The film was screened in the United States and Canada starting April 21 in 63 cinemas. Due to popular demand it was extended up to four weeks The film also screened in keycountries worldwide including Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, United Kingdom, Austria, Italy, Document [28] (Title: I Could Fall in Love with You) April 2007 and in North America the following day. It was the first Erasure single to be commercially released on 7" vinyl since "Run to the Sun" 13 years previously. Erasure member Vince Clarke described the origins of "I Could Fall in Love with You": There are two different music videos for this song. Erasure's official website initially presented viewers with a "behind the scenes" look at the making of the music video for this song via RealMedia, Windows Media Player and QuickTime. The footage showed Clarke and Bell as cashiers in a shop-like set-up. The scenes were filmed with Document [29] (Title: Can't Help Falling in Love (film)) video officially released on March 16, 2017, while the song officially released on radio through MOR 101.9 on March 23, 2017. The MV launched for the first time on ABS-CBN's music program, ASAP on April 2, 2017. The song officially released on April 13, 2017 through iTunes and Spotify. During filming, the first teaser of the trailer officially released on March 15, while the second teaser was released on March 21, 2017 has garnered more than 2 million views in less than 24 hours. The production of the film still on editing room, when Star Cinema released first trailer on Document [30] (Title: I Could Fall in Love with You) extras milling about in the foreground and the clips, filmed in front of a greenscreen, implied that special effects would be added in post production. However, weeks later a call was put out for fans to submit pictures or video footage of themselves and loved ones in scenes depicting love or falling in love. These scenes (also including Clarke and Bell) were then edited together into a montage with a "falling in love" theme. This new version has sprung up on Erasure's YouTube site and also is viewable on Erasure's official website, dubbed the "alternate video". The original version was Question: what movie is the song i can't help falling in love with you in

Answer: Blue Hawaii Long Answer: "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a pop ballad based on "Plaisir d'amour" which is sung by Montgomery Clift in the 1949 film "The Heiress" starring Clift and Olivia de Havilland musical score provided by Aaron Copeland . Originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss . The melody is based on "Plaisir d'amour", a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini (1784). The song was featured in "The Heiress" and Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts. Gold Document ID: 26

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pete Cimino) in a high school basketball game on January 22, 1960. The single-game shooting outburst occurred during a 134–86 win over Palisades High School, in a Lower Bucks County League match. In the game, Cimino made 44 of 79 field goal attempts and 26 of 29 free throw attempts. He scored all 69 of his team's second half points. The 114-point total is still a Pennsylvania state record and is also the fourth highest in any United States boys high school game. The 44 field goals made and 79 attempts were both national single-game records at the time. Afterwards, Cimino said, Document [2] (Title: 3x3 basketball) has been a basketball format long played in streets and gyms across the world, albeit in a less formal way. Starting in the late 1980s, three-on-three began to become standardized throughout the United States, most notably through the Gus Macker and Hoop It Up tournament series, which held large events across the country that invited teams and players from all skill levels. Adidas launched its now-discontinued streetball competition in 1992. Since then, the number of 3×3 events and competitions has been steadily growing all around the world. FIBA took the decision to first test 3x3 at the 2007 Asian Indoor Document [3] (Title: Matt Barnes) the league since joining the team. With struggling forward Mike Dunleavy, Jr. placed on the bench, Barnes was given more playing time by coach Don Nelson. On December 26, 2006, he hit seven three-point field goals to tie a Warriors franchise record. The record was broken later that season by Jason Richardson, who hit 8 three-pointers on March 29, 2007. Barnes, a high-school All-American wide receiver, says that if he had not been signed by the Warriors he would have tried out for the NFL. Before signing with Golden State, Barnes had only made 10 three-pointers in his career. In Document [4] (Title: Mike Edwards (basketball)) no three-point field goal line existed. As a pure jumpshooter, Edwards later claimed that it "would have been interesting" to see how many more points he would have scored if a three-point line had existed. In his first varsity season the Volunteers earned a berth into the 1971 National Invitation Tournament, reaching the quarterfinals before bowing out to Duke, 74–68. They finished in second place in the SEC with a 13–5 conference record. The following year, Edwards helped lead Tennessee to an SEC regular season co-championship with Kentucky behind a 14–4 conference record. They did not qualify for any postseason Document [5] (Title: ABA–NBA merger) Louis were put into a special dispersal draft in 1976. The three-point field goal was used in the ABA; the NBA originally disparaged it, but eventually adopted it in the 1979-80 season. Angelo Drossos, owner of the San Antonio Spurs: "When the leagues merged, the NBA moguls didn't want the 3-point shot. Red Auerbach hated it and said the Celtics would never go along with it. He had everybody up in arms against the play. Of course, a few years later Red drafted Larry Bird and suddenly he was all for it. And suddenly one of the bigger attractions at Document [6] (Title: Point Loma High School) 2018 The Lady Pointers basketball team was a powerhouse at the state level during the late 1980s, capturing the state championship for four straight years, 1984 to 1987. Their victories inspired a graffiti-style mural at the athletic field. Under legendary women's basketball coach Lee Trepanier, known as "Coach T", the Lady Pointers posted an astonishing record of 335 wins and 51 losses between 1977 and 1990. The Point Loma High water polo team had the distinction of making it to the CIF tournament, seeded eighth in 2007. In the 2015 season, water polo won first place in their division. The Document [7] (Title: ACB contests) they weren't organized, and the 2012–13 season, when it was celebrated during the presentation of the league in the headquarters of Endesa, the league's main sponsor. The three-point shootout has the same format as the NBA one. For the 2009–10 and 2010–11 editions, there was the possibility of a "magic three-pointer" from 8-meters distance (26 feet 3 inches), which was worth four points. In some editions, a female player of the Spanish Women's League was invited. For the 2013 and 2014 contests, three-point shooting record-man Josh Ruggles, was invited. ACB contests The ACB contests are the 3-point shootout and slam Document [8] (Title: Three-Point Contest) Three-Point Contest The Three-Point Contest (officially named the JBL Three-Point Contest and previously named the Three-Point Shootout) is a National Basketball Association (NBA) contest held on the Saturday before the annual All-Star Game as part of All-Star Weekend. From its introduction in 1986 to 2002, and again from 2017 onward, eight participants were selected to participate in each season's shootout. Between 2003 and 2016, the contest was open to just six competitors. Devin Booker of the Phoenix Suns is the most recent winner of the event which was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. In this contest, Document [9] (Title: Nik Stauskas) to Stauskas. When he tweeted a Christmas Eve 2012 video of himself making 45 of 50 three-point shots, Dick Vitale replied 14 minutes later. On April 24, 2013, he posted a video of himself making 70 of 76 three-pointers in five minutes, and 8 hours later, Stephen Curry challenged him, via Twitter, to a three-point shooting contest. Curry had set the National Basketball Association single-season three-pointers made record one week earlier. The following morning ESPN retweeted the video and noted that Stauskas made 46 in a row. A few hours later, when Stauskas woke up, he said he would look Document [10] (Title: Rules of basketball) the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958. Free throws were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the free throw line was officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the backboard, prior to which most gymnasiums placed one twenty feet (6.1 m) from the backboard. From 1924, players that received a foul were required to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded to a player who was fouled while making a successful field goal attempt. If the field goal attempt is unsuccessful, two free throw shots are awarded (three Document [11] (Title: Rick Mount) 61 points were scored in the first half alone. Later research found that if the three-point line had existed in 1970 in the NCAA, he would have scored 74 points in that game, credited with 13 three-point field goals. The official school record is eight, held by Cuonzo Martin, Robbie Hummel, and Ryne Smith. Leading Purdue to an 18-6 season, he averaged 35.4 points a game and took second straight First Team All-American and Big Ten Player Of The Year honors. Mount left as the school's all-time leading scorer with 2,323 points throughout only three varsity seasons. At the time, Document [12] (Title: Chris Lofton) Illustrated picked Tennessee 3rd in the country and Lofton as a 1st Team All-American. On December 19, 2007, Lofton passed Allan Houston to become first on Tennessee's list for most three point field goals made. Houston had held the record with 346 three pointers made. On January 22, 2008, Lofton passed Pat Bradley of the University of Arkansas to capture the record for the most career three pointers in the Southeastern Conference with 367.His final three pointer came vs. Louisville in the Sweet 16 of the 2008 NCAA Tournament, a game which Tennessee lost 79-60. Lofton was also selected to Document [13] (Title: Stephen Curry) winning strategy. Analysts have referred to him as "the Michael Jordan of the three-point era," stating that he did for the three-point shot what Jordan did for the dunk. "The Guardian"'s Robert O'Connell cites Curry's February 27, 2013 game against the New York Knicks, in which he made 11 of 13 shots from behind the arc en route for a 54-point performance, as the start of the three-point era. The era has been referred to as "The Steph Effect" and "the NBA's Three-Point Revolution." The increase in three-point shooting is partly due to NBA teams incorporating it in their attempts Document [14] (Title: JJ Redick) in the ACC Tournament and 12 in the NCAA Tournament to finish ahead of Clark. Redick finished his career with an NCAA-record 457 three-point field goals shooting 40.4% from three-point range. His career three-pointers record was broken on February 2, 2014, by Oakland University's Travis Bader. In the game after breaking Staples' record, Redick scored 30 points on February 19, 2006, against Miami to become the all-time leading scorer at Duke, with 2,557 points scored in his career. On February 25, 2006, in a game at Temple University, Redick passed Dickie Hemric's 51-year-old ACC scoring record of 2,587 points with Document [15] (Title: Jerry West) eventually became the team's starting small forward, and he quickly established himself as one of the finest West Virginia high school players of his generation. He was named All-State from 1953–56, then All-American in 1956 when he was West Virginia Player of the Year, becoming the state's first high-school player to score more than 900 points in a season, with an average of 32.2 points per game. West's mid-range jump shot became his trademark and he often used it to score while under pressure from opposing defense. West led East Bank to a state championship on March 24 that year, Document [16] (Title: 2005 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) and five assists. Martell Webster (Portland Trail Blazers) started the game with two consecutive three-point baskets on his way to 16 points for the contest. Small forward Julian Wright (New Orleans Hornets) had a solid performance with 14 points, four assists and three rebounds. The West team was coached by: The East team was coached by: The Powerade JamFest is a skills-competition evening featuring basketball players who demonstrate their skills in three crowd-entertaining ways. The slam dunk contest was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed Document [17] (Title: 1959–60 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team) baskets. In 1960, this kind of offensive play was then the cutting edge of the game, and a big reason while all five starters were later drafted into the NBA. There were only eight NBA teams at this time, so this was not an easy feat. Lucas shot a then-record 63% from the floor that season in an era when some college starters commonly shot 35% from the floor. More than just a great rebounder, he also had a great shooting eye from as far out as 25' ( there was no three-point line then ), and also had a Document [18] (Title: Jodie Meeks) against Tennessee State University. Meeks and teammate Patrick Patterson are among UK's more productive pairs of teammates since the days of Dan Issel and Mike Pratt in the early 1970s. On January 13, 2009, Meeks broke Kentucky's single-game scoring record (formerly held by Dan Issel) by scoring 54 points in a 90–72 win against rival Tennessee. In that game he also broke Tony Delk's single-game record, which he had shared, for three pointers by making 10 of 15 attempts and was 14 of 14 from the free throw line. On February 11, 2009, Meeks made the game-winning three point shot Document [19] (Title: 1987–88 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team) lead the nation. That season Princeton established Ivy League standards for career, single-season and single-game three point field goal shooting. Dave Orlandini (51.3%) and Tim Neff (51.2%) ended their careers with what continue to be the two highest career three point field goal percentages in Ivy League history. Orlandini also posted the current single-season record with 54.5% shooting. In addition, On December 16, 1987, against the , Orlandini made all five of his three-point attempts, which set the Ivy League single-game record for most made without a miss. Scrabis matched this record on March 4, 1988, against . These stood Document [20] (Title: Kobe Bryant) and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games, specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs. This cemented Bryant's reputation as a "clutch player". In the 2002–03 season, Bryant set an NBA record for three-pointers in a game on January 7, 2003, when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics. He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run, posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February. In addition, he averaged 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, all career-highs to that Document [21] (Title: Three-point field goal) three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945, with a 21-foot line, in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. There was another one-game experiment in 1958, this time with a 23-foot line, in a game between St. Francis (N.Y.) and Siena. In 1961, Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius Document [22] (Title: Moscow High School) and another in 1996 for four in five years. The boys team was an A2 state champion in 1980 finishing the season with a losing record! IN THE 1983-1984 SEASON; THE STATE OF IDAHO WAS THE "TEST STATE" FOR THE 3 POINT LINE FOR THE ENTIRE NATION FOR HIGH SCHOOLERS. That season there was tremendous excitement which created large crowds to the games. That same year an unusual requirement from the state was created as there were only 2 teams in the league at that time; Moscow and Orofino. The state required the 2 teams to play a "BEST OF Document [23] (Title: Mark Gottfried) started 98 consecutive games, and Alabama advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in all three seasons he played. He holds the school records for most 3-point shots made in a single game with eight in a 1987 game against Vanderbilt, and for career 3-point field goal percentage (.485, 81–167). Gottfried graduated with a Bachelor of Arts & Sciences in Communications from the University of Alabama in 1987, after winning both the school's Hayden Riley Top Scholar Award and the Bryant Award as the school's top scholar-athlete during his senior year. He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the seventh round Document [24] (Title: Reggie Miller) The Three-point field goal was instituted for the 1986–1987 season; 69 of his 247 field goals were from three point range that year. One of his most memorable performances was in the January 24, 1987 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he hit a clutch shot to put the Bruins ahead 61–59 with 10 seconds left. Another notable game was a win against defending national champion Louisville and Pervis Ellison on February 28, 1987. Miller scored 33 points in the second half, which is still the school record. His final game was a loss in the second round Document [25] (Title: Three-point field goal) Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in March 1987. The NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to , effective with the season, and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12. American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a line nationally Document [26] (Title: Kyle Korver) for fourth place on the career 3-pointers list with 2,143. Two days later, he hit four 3-pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127–99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA's all-time list in 3-pointers made with 2,147. On February 9, 2018, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 123–107 win over the Atlanta Hawks. He made 7 of 13 from 3-point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32. It was his first 30-point game since February 21, 2007. Korver went 794 games between 30-point Document [27] (Title: 1986–87 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team) East Tournament championship in Georgetown men's basketball history. They advanced to the East Region final of the 1987 NCAA Tournament before losing to Providence. Nicknamed "Reggie and the Miracles," the team was ranked No. 4 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and Coaches' Poll. After the adoption of a shot clock the previous season, another major change came to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's basketball this year with the adoption of a three-point shot. The three-point line was set a 19 feet 9 inches (6 meters), where it would remain until it was increased to 20 feet 9 Document [28] (Title: Jobey Thomas) single-season three-pointers made and single-season three-pointers in league games (60), while averaging 13.4 points per game. He took part in ESPN's Three-Point Shooting Contest on 24 March 2002, and on the 2002 NBA Pre-Draft summer camp in Chicago. After not being drafted, he moved to Europe and joined Queluz in the Portuguese Basketball League, playing only 18 games with an average of 24 points per game. He soon joined the Serie A in Italy, and in a five-year period, Thomas average more than 17 points per game in 163 games, representing three different teams. After arriving at Olimpia Milano in Document [29] (Title: Rules of basketball) Edwards is generally recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule. While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is now considered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced. The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play. Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession, and the shot Document [30] (Title: Personal foul (basketball)) Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws. In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws. The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and the offense retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets from one to three shots and the other team tends to get possession afterwards (see Penalties below). Personal contact does not necessarily constitute a personal foul, unless it Document [31] (Title: 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) who demonstrate their skills in three crowd-entertaining ways. The slam dunk contest was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed basketball skills competition was added to the schedule of events. 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game The 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Wednesday, March 26, 2008 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, home of the NBA's Milwaukee Bucks. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2008. The game was the 31st Document [32] (Title: Lou Bender) a student as DeWitt Clinton High School in the late 1920s, Lou Bender connected on a long two-handed set shot during a game, prompting someone in the stands to shout, "Now that was a lulu of a basket." The nickname stuck and followed Bender to college and the pros. At Columbia College from 1930 until 1932, Bender joined teammates George Gregory and Sam Schoenfeld to Ivy League titles in both 1930 and 1931, leading the league with scoring averages of 9.8 and 9.6 points per game those seasons, in an era before the shot clock in which ball control often Document [33] (Title: ABA–NBA merger) the All-Star Game is the 3-point shootout". The ABA originated the idea of the slam dunk contest at the 1976 ABA All Star Game; the NBA subsequently held their first one in 1984. The slam dunk contest has ever since been a major part of the NBA's All Star Weekend (with the exception of 1998 and 1999). Pressing and trapping defenses, not used in the slower-tempo NBA, were common in the ABA, and after the merger began to play a larger role in the NBA. Billy Cunningham, Philadelphia 76ers star: "When the Knicks were pressing and shooting 3-pointers and all Document [34] (Title: Basketball) this is called a "three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point). Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of basketball. During the early years of basketball's evolution, two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. In more recent times specific positions evolved, but the current trend, advocated by many top coaches including Mike Krzyzewski is towards positionless basketball, where big guys are free to shoot from Document [35] (Title: Four-point play) Basketball Association during its inaugural season. The National Basketball Association (NBA) introduced that rule in 1979; FIBA in 1984; the NCAA in 1986 (men only) and 1987 (women); middle and high schools in 1987; and the WNBA in 1997. Sam Smith of the Chicago Bulls completed the first four-point play in NBA history on October 21, 1979, in a game against the Milwaukee Bucks. Dale Ellis was the first player in NBA history to complete two four-point plays in the same game when he did so in a win against the Sacramento Kings on January 26, 1988. On April 29, Document [36] (Title: 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed basketball skills competition was added to the schedule of events. 2007 McDonald's All-American Girls Game 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game The 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Wednesday, March 28, 2007 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky, home of the University of Louisville Cardinals. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2007. The game was the 30th annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game Document [37] (Title: Bronson Koenig) Musketeers, Koenig made a game-tying three-pointer with 11.7 seconds left. Then, after a Xavier offensive foul, he made another three-pointer at the buzzer to give Wisconsin a 66-63 victory. Koenig finished the game with 20 points. After the win, he said, "I like to have the ball in my hands in those kinds of situations because I believe in myself." Koenig set the school record for career three point shots made on February 23, 2017 in a loss at Ohio State, passing former record-holder Ben Brust. After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA Draft, Koenig signed a two-way contract with Document [38] (Title: Basketball court) players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball (usually but not always centers). Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air, each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team. The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point Document [39] (Title: Three-point field goal) Three-point field goal A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer or informally, trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw. The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is from center of the basket; in FIBA and the WNBA the arc is ; and Document [40] (Title: Player efficiency rating) the "three point foul" and "clear path" rules were both introduced in the 1995–96 season with the effect of increasing the number of free throws, hand-checking (the amount of contact a defender may make with an opposing player) was banned in 1994 and the use of elbows was banned in 1997 (both rules had seen various degrees of limitation by earlier rule changes) although neither was fully implemented until 2004. The 2004 rule changes, which also included calling the defensive 3 second rule ("[...] a defensive player may not station himself in the key area longer than three seconds"—a longstanding Document [41] (Title: Kelli Johnson) were the third most in school history. As a junior, she set the record for the most three-point field goals in a game (seven) against the University of North Texas. That season, she also broke the career 3-point school record. By the end of her college career, Kelli had made 207 3-pointers – 81 more than the nearest contender. These records stood for 19 and 17 years, respectively. Johnson graduated in 1998 from Idaho with a degree in Broadcast Journalism. She joined her father in the Idaho Vandals Hall of Fame in 2016. Johnson's first job was as a sports Document [42] (Title: University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point) Game, which benefits the Susan G. Komen Foundation of Central Wisconsin, and the Circle of Friends Foundation, which provides opportunities to kids with cancer. The Pointers play their home games at Goerke Field. The Pointers men's and women's basketball teams have combined for six NCAA Division III titles. The women's basketball team won the national title in 2002, 15 years after its first NCAA Division III title in 1987. The men's basketball team won back-to-back NCAA Division III titles in 2004 and 2005, and won the championship again in 2010 and 2015. The men's basketball team holds the WIAC record Document [43] (Title: Dell Curry) 1985 and 1986, it lost in the first round on both occasions. In his senior season in 1986, Curry was named the player of the year in the Metro Conference. Prior to the 1986–87 season, NCAA basketball did not feature a three-point line; Curry's accurate long-range shooting was not rewarded, as it would be later in his NBA career. (In the early and mid 1980s, the three-point line was introduced in many conferences at varying distances, but it was not recognized by the NCAA.) Curry also played baseball for Virginia Tech. He was selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the Document [44] (Title: Four corners offense) other conferences introduced a shot clock experimentally, along with a three-point line to force the defense to spread out. In 1985, the National Collegiate Athletic Association adopted a shot clock nationally and added the 3-pointer a year later. On February 21, 2015 the Tar Heels, coached by Smith protege Roy Williams, successfully ran the offense on the opening possession against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets as a tribute to the recently deceased Smith. Four corners offense The four corners offense, technically four corner stall, is an offensive strategy for stalling in basketball. Four players stand in the corners of the Document [45] (Title: Stephen Curry) Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference. During his sophomore year, he also set the single-season NCAA record for three-pointers made. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. Curry is currently fifth in all-time made three-pointers in NBA history. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, Document [46] (Title: Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)) the first college players to use the between-the-legs dribble as a cross-over move. Walker led the nation in scoring in his senior year of 1966–67, averaging 30.4 points a game, without the benefit of a three-point line. He caught and passed UCLA's Lew Alcindor in the final weeks of the season. Walker's 2,000-plus career points led Providence for four decades, until his all-time scoring record was broken in 2005 by Ryan Gomes. Walker was able to accomplish this in only three seasons; at the time, freshmen were not allowed to play varsity basketball. Jimmy Walker ended his college career in Document [47] (Title: College basketball) created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891. Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893. The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on Document [48] (Title: Basketball court) scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985. In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women Document [49] (Title: Troy Trojans men's basketball) nation in three-pointers made. Maestri and his Trojan teams never looked back from there. From 1994–2006, the Trojans finished #1 in the nation four times in 3-pointers attempted and 3-pointers made. Troy State also placed in the top five nationally of those same statistical categories eight times from 1994 to 2008. This led some newspaper and media outlets to give the basketball program the moniker "Trey State." Troy currently holds the all-time NCAA record across all divisions for three-pointers attempted in a season, shooting 1,303 three-pointers during the 1991–1992 season. On January 12, 1992, Troy State shattered a plethora of Document [50] (Title: Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship) the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) before being moved to its current home in Peoria. In 1992, the IHSA added a three-point contest and a slam dunk contest (collectively called "The Happening") to coincide with the boys basketball state series. The state level of each contest is held on the Thursday evening before their respective class' state semifinals (quarterfinals before 2008), with each class crowning a champion in each contest on the Saturday of their state championship game. After the Class 3A and 4A champions have been determined, there is a final "King of the Hill" contest among the Document [51] (Title: Rick Mount) establish the idealistic jump shot form before it was ever textbook, influencing a number of future shooters at all levels in the sport. Rick "the Rocket" Mount attended Lebanon High School in Lebanon, Indiana. There, he led his team in scoring, including 33.1 ppg throughout his junior and senior seasons. His game started to attract national attention. In 1965, Lebanon played Crawfordsville High School at Hinkle Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. With 10,000 people in attendance, the team made enough money to buy a bus. He scored 57 points in the game. On February 14, 1966, Mount became the first high Document [52] (Title: Three-point field goal) in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the despite the view of many that it was a gimmick. Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night The sport's international governing body, FIBA, Document [53] (Title: Continental Basketball Association) Johnson, Sherman White and Floyd Lane. The all-black Dayton Rens competed in the 1948-49 National Basketball League. Because the 1961-63 American Basketball League used a three-point scoring line, the Eastern League added a three-point line for its 1964-65 season. That year, Brendan McCann of the Allentown Jets led the league with 31 three-pointers. Although three-point plays during the 1960s were few and far between, the Eastern League developed several scorers who used the three-point shot to their advantage. After Darryl Dawkins shattered two basketball backboards during his 1979–80 NBA season, the CBA implemented a collapsible hinged rim. The design was Document [54] (Title: Defensive three-second violation) penetration. The Philippine Basketball Association used to follow the illegal defense rule until the 2003 PBA season when it was abolished. The high school game does not use this rule, nor does European basketball. The WNBA started using it in 2013. Defensive three-second violation A defensive three-second violation, also known as illegal defense, is a basketball rules infraction in the National Basketball Association (NBA) introduced in the 2001-2002 season. It is assessed when a member of the defending team spends more than three seconds in the free throw lane (also called the key, the 16-foot lane, or "in the paint") Document [55] (Title: Dana Barros) where he tallied 1,821 points, including a record 57 points in a tournament game versus Needham. The 1985 Catholic Conference MVP and Boston Globe All Scholastic averaged over 30 points per game during his senior campaign in an era before the 3-point shot was implemented. He is now in the Xaverian Brothers High School "Hall of Fame". Barros played college basketball for Boston College. On February 25, 2017, Barros' number 3 was retired at Boston College. The 5' 11" (1.80 m), 165 lb (75 kg) point guard, began his professional career in 1989 when he was selected in the first Document [56] (Title: Three-point field goal) of from the baskets, except along the sides. The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season. The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans." During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA; its ninth and final season concluded in the spring Three years later Document [57] (Title: Darrell Floyd) implemented, a common foul only allowed for one point on free throws, and the "one-and-one" rule meant that the free throw shooter did "not" get the ball back if he made his first attempt. Given that Floyd was a small guard, one may reasonably infer that the majority of his shots were from at least a mid-range distance. Additionally, as a 78.3% free throw shooter, his scoring averages would have been higher if players had been rewarded with bonus free throw opportunities as they are under the game's current rules. After graduating in 1956 with a bachelor's degree in health Document [58] (Title: Three-point field goal) in 1987, a year after the NCAA. The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from ( at the corners) to a uniform around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of ( at the corners, with a 3-inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973. In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased Document [59] (Title: Abe Saperstein) served as its commissioner, as well as owner of the league's Chicago Majors team. To differentiate the ABL from the NBA – and to promote the new league – Saperstein introduced a widened free throw lane and the three-point shot, both of which were later adopted by the NBA, although the ABL lasted only a season and a half. The NBA adopted the three-point shot in 1979. In a time of racial segregation and bigotry in professional sports, Saperstein proudly showcased the talents of the nation's best black basketball players. Four years after the all-white National Basketball Association (originally called Document [60] (Title: Six-on-six basketball) the recreational level, such as during physical education classes; in these cases, both boys and girls play the game. Beginning in 1958 the Office of Civil Rights started looking at banning six-on-six high school girls basketball. It would take 37 years to phase it out. April Coleman took the last shot ever for 6 on 6 basketball in the United States for the Pocola Indians in the 2A state title game. The second-ranked Lady Indians avenged their only loss of the season with a 64-58 overtime victory over No. 1 and previously unbeaten Indianola before 6,500 fans of the longtime Document [61] (Title: Archie Dees) Archie Dees Archie William Dees (February 22, 1936 – April 4, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. A 6'8" forward/center born in Ethel, Mississippi, Dees started his basketball career at Mount Carmel High School in Mount Carmel, Illinois, where he was named an All-American his senior year. Afterwards he attended Indiana University, where he received the Big Ten Conference Most Valuable Player award twice, in 1957 and 1958. He is one of just three people (the others being Jerry Lucas and Scott May) to have received multiple Big Ten MVP honors. When he graduated in 1958, Dees was drafted Document [62] (Title: Mike Vreeswyk) finished his Temple career as the 5th leading scorer of all time (still currently in the top 10) with 1650 points. He also left school as the holder of every 3-point record, until suprassed by Lynn Greer in 2003. This is remarkable, as the 3 Point Line was introduced in Mike's sophomore year, making his total the result of three playing years. He was a member and second leading scorer on the 1987-88 team that was ranked #1 in the country for 9 weeks. The Owls entered the NCAA tournament as the overall #1 seed before losing to Duke in Document [63] (Title: Mirza Teletović) win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Teletović set the Suns' single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Danny Ainge's 150 made three-pointers during the 1992–93 season. On April 5, in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Teletović set an NBA single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Chuck Person's 164 made three-pointers during the 1994–95 season with the San Antonio Spurs. His record was broken the following season by Eric Gordon. Teletović finished the season with a 181 three-pointers, with 179 made while coming off the bench. On July 8, 2016, Teletović signed a Document [64] (Title: Three-point field goal) by to , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using the FIBA distance, starting in 2013; by 2017, the line at corners were lengthened to match the NBA. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn. In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979–80 season had an average 0.8 three-point goals per game and 2.8 attempts (29% effectiveness). The 1989–90 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game Document [65] (Title: Three seconds rule) Three seconds rule The three seconds rule (also referred to as the three-second rule or three in the key, with often termed a lane violation) requires that in basketball, a player shall not remain in the opponents' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while their team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running. The three-second rule was introduced in 1936 and was expressed as such: no offensive player, with or without the ball, could remain in the key, for three seconds or more. The three-second rule came about in Document [66] (Title: Ed Steitz) worked for the NCAA Men's Basketball Rules Committee as a secretary, editor and national interpreter from 1965 to 1990. He was involved in most of college basketball's major changes over the years, most notably the advent of the 45-second shot clock in 1986 and the introduction of the 3-point field goal in 1987. He was also a longtime member of the NCAA executive committee. In 1974 he founded and served as a president for Amateur Basketball Association of the United States of America (ABAUSA), now USA Basketball. He was a member of the Technical Commission of FIBA. He was also Document [67] (Title: Basketball court) line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does. The distance to the three-point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league, and has changed several times. These are the current distances, with the league or level using each distance: The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from in the corners to behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased Document [68] (Title: Bob Knight) was adopted by the NCAA in 1986, which was midway through Knight's coaching career. Although he opposed the rule change throughout his life, it did complement his offense well by improving the spacing on the floor. He sardonically said at the time that he supported institution of the three point shot because if a team's offense was functioning efficiently enough to get a layup the team should be rewarded with three points for that basket. Knight's offense also emphasized a two-count. Players in the post are expected to try to post in the paint for two seconds and if they Document [69] (Title: Jeremy Senglin) in 3-pointers made with 345. Set a school and Big Sky single-season record by making 132 3-pointers during his senior year, the most 3-pointers of any player in the country. Finished second in the nation in 3-pointers per game at 3.9, and was sixth in the country in 3-point percentage at 44.7 percent. Led the Wildcats in points, field goals made, 3-pointers made, free throws made, minutes played, assists and steals. He was twice a part of Big Sky regular season and tournament championship teams and twice played in the NCAA Tournament. Following the close of his college career, Senglin Document [70] (Title: Chris Ford) Chris Ford Christopher Joseph Ford (born January 11, 1949) is an American former professional basketball player and head coach. He is known for making the first counted three-point shot on October 1979. A 6-foot-5 (1.96 m) guard, he played high school basketball at Holy Spirit High School in Absecon, New Jersey, before continuing on to Villanova University. He played 10 seasons (1972–1982) in the NBA as a member of the Detroit Pistons and Boston Celtics. Ford is credited with scoring the NBA's first three-point shot for the Boston Celtics on October 12, 1979, in a game against the Houston Rockets Document [71] (Title: Three-point field goal) occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review. If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 Document [72] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) leading scorers for the Magic. In 1995–96 Scott set an NBA single-season three-point field goal tally with 267 (which was broken ten years later by Ray Allen). He also set the NBA record for most three pointers made in a single game with 11 on April 18, 1996. On his record breaking shot the assist came from teammate and the holder of the record, Brian Shaw (he made 10 three pointers on April 8, 1993). This record has also since been broken by Kobe Bryant who made 12 three pointers on January 7, 2003, Donyell Marshall who made 12 three Document [73] (Title: Vernon Maxwell) money from agents and accepting a free round-trip ticket to go to a basketball camp. On June 28, 1988, Maxwell was drafted into the NBA by the Denver Nuggets, who traded him the same day to the San Antonio Spurs for a second-round pick the next year. Two years later, his contract was sold to the Houston Rockets where he would become a key member of the franchise's first championship team. Known for his clutch shooting, Maxwell hit several game-winning shots throughout his career. Maxwell held the NBA's record for most 3-pointers made in a season from 1991 to 1993. Document [74] (Title: Three-point field goal) arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, Document [75] (Title: Leroy Edwards) won the game, 23–22. Edwards is generally recognized as the player responsible for the implementation of the three-second rule. Enacted in 1936, it was originally designed to limit rough play near the basket. The rule limits the time players can remain in the area in front of the basket known as the "paint" or free-throw lane. The rule has been modified and is still used today. In a different game that season, Edwards set another college basketball record, scoring 34 points against Creighton University. After coach Adolph Rupp's retirement in 1972 he was asked who was the best center he Document [76] (Title: Three-point field goal) in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) the arc is . In the NBA and FIBA/WNBA, the three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is from each sideline; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180° around the basket. There are more variations (see main article). In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the same line exists, but shots from behind it are only worth 2 points with all other shots worth 1 point. The Document [77] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) pointers on March 12, 2005, and Stephen Curry who made 12 three pointers on February 27, 2016; Curry now owns the record by himself following 13 baskets from behind the arc against the New Orleans Pelicans on November 7, 2016. Scott was honored by the Magic on March 26, 2006 as part of their "Remember the Past Nights" program, where the Magic remembers past players for their accomplishments. Other players to be honored so far were Nick Anderson and Scott Skiles. In 2008, Jay Bilas ranked his personal top 25 three point shooters in NCAA history and Scott was #1 Document [78] (Title: Tommy Amaker) instituted the three-point field goal. Amaker led Duke in three point shooting that year. He hit a three-point shot with 1:39 remaining in overtime against 17–0 (4–0 ACC) Horace Grant-led Clemson to give Duke the lead for good. A few weeks later, with the score tied in regulation at 60 against and on a two-on-one fast break with 16 seconds left, Amaker took a jump shot. Krzyzewski said Duke lost the game because it did not play as smart as its opponent and Markus described this example in his column. In Amaker's final home game, he made a jump shot Document [79] (Title: Three-point field goal) introduced the three-point line in 1984, and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a line for the 1980–81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as in the Question: when did 3 pointers start in high school basketball Answer: 1987 Long Answer: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule, adopting a 22 - foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980--81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980 . Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986--87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986--87 season, the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987--88 . In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008--09 season . The NCAA women's three - point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011--12 . American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA . The NCAA is experimenting with the FIBA three - point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament. Gold Document ID: 66

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pete Cimino) in a high school basketball game on January 22, 1960. The single-game shooting outburst occurred during a 134–86 win over Palisades High School, in a Lower Bucks County League match. In the game, Cimino made 44 of 79 field goal attempts and 26 of 29 free throw attempts. He scored all 69 of his team's second half points. The 114-point total is still a Pennsylvania state record and is also the fourth highest in any United States boys high school game. The 44 field goals made and 79 attempts were both national single-game records at the time. Afterwards, Cimino said, Document [2] (Title: 3x3 basketball) has been a basketball format long played in streets and gyms across the world, albeit in a less formal way. Starting in the late 1980s, three-on-three began to become standardized throughout the United States, most notably through the Gus Macker and Hoop It Up tournament series, which held large events across the country that invited teams and players from all skill levels. Adidas launched its now-discontinued streetball competition in 1992. Since then, the number of 3×3 events and competitions has been steadily growing all around the world. FIBA took the decision to first test 3x3 at the 2007 Asian Indoor Document [3] (Title: Matt Barnes) the league since joining the team. With struggling forward Mike Dunleavy, Jr. placed on the bench, Barnes was given more playing time by coach Don Nelson. On December 26, 2006, he hit seven three-point field goals to tie a Warriors franchise record. The record was broken later that season by Jason Richardson, who hit 8 three-pointers on March 29, 2007. Barnes, a high-school All-American wide receiver, says that if he had not been signed by the Warriors he would have tried out for the NFL. Before signing with Golden State, Barnes had only made 10 three-pointers in his career. In Document [4] (Title: Mike Edwards (basketball)) no three-point field goal line existed. As a pure jumpshooter, Edwards later claimed that it "would have been interesting" to see how many more points he would have scored if a three-point line had existed. In his first varsity season the Volunteers earned a berth into the 1971 National Invitation Tournament, reaching the quarterfinals before bowing out to Duke, 74–68. They finished in second place in the SEC with a 13–5 conference record. The following year, Edwards helped lead Tennessee to an SEC regular season co-championship with Kentucky behind a 14–4 conference record. They did not qualify for any postseason Document [5] (Title: ABA–NBA merger) Louis were put into a special dispersal draft in 1976. The three-point field goal was used in the ABA; the NBA originally disparaged it, but eventually adopted it in the 1979-80 season. Angelo Drossos, owner of the San Antonio Spurs: "When the leagues merged, the NBA moguls didn't want the 3-point shot. Red Auerbach hated it and said the Celtics would never go along with it. He had everybody up in arms against the play. Of course, a few years later Red drafted Larry Bird and suddenly he was all for it. And suddenly one of the bigger attractions at Document [6] (Title: Point Loma High School) 2018 The Lady Pointers basketball team was a powerhouse at the state level during the late 1980s, capturing the state championship for four straight years, 1984 to 1987. Their victories inspired a graffiti-style mural at the athletic field. Under legendary women's basketball coach Lee Trepanier, known as "Coach T", the Lady Pointers posted an astonishing record of 335 wins and 51 losses between 1977 and 1990. The Point Loma High water polo team had the distinction of making it to the CIF tournament, seeded eighth in 2007. In the 2015 season, water polo won first place in their division. The Document [7] (Title: ACB contests) they weren't organized, and the 2012–13 season, when it was celebrated during the presentation of the league in the headquarters of Endesa, the league's main sponsor. The three-point shootout has the same format as the NBA one. For the 2009–10 and 2010–11 editions, there was the possibility of a "magic three-pointer" from 8-meters distance (26 feet 3 inches), which was worth four points. In some editions, a female player of the Spanish Women's League was invited. For the 2013 and 2014 contests, three-point shooting record-man Josh Ruggles, was invited. ACB contests The ACB contests are the 3-point shootout and slam Document [8] (Title: Three-Point Contest) Three-Point Contest The Three-Point Contest (officially named the JBL Three-Point Contest and previously named the Three-Point Shootout) is a National Basketball Association (NBA) contest held on the Saturday before the annual All-Star Game as part of All-Star Weekend. From its introduction in 1986 to 2002, and again from 2017 onward, eight participants were selected to participate in each season's shootout. Between 2003 and 2016, the contest was open to just six competitors. Devin Booker of the Phoenix Suns is the most recent winner of the event which was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. In this contest, Document [9] (Title: Nik Stauskas) to Stauskas. When he tweeted a Christmas Eve 2012 video of himself making 45 of 50 three-point shots, Dick Vitale replied 14 minutes later. On April 24, 2013, he posted a video of himself making 70 of 76 three-pointers in five minutes, and 8 hours later, Stephen Curry challenged him, via Twitter, to a three-point shooting contest. Curry had set the National Basketball Association single-season three-pointers made record one week earlier. The following morning ESPN retweeted the video and noted that Stauskas made 46 in a row. A few hours later, when Stauskas woke up, he said he would look Document [10] (Title: Rules of basketball) the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958. Free throws were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the free throw line was officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the backboard, prior to which most gymnasiums placed one twenty feet (6.1 m) from the backboard. From 1924, players that received a foul were required to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded to a player who was fouled while making a successful field goal attempt. If the field goal attempt is unsuccessful, two free throw shots are awarded (three Document [11] (Title: Rick Mount) 61 points were scored in the first half alone. Later research found that if the three-point line had existed in 1970 in the NCAA, he would have scored 74 points in that game, credited with 13 three-point field goals. The official school record is eight, held by Cuonzo Martin, Robbie Hummel, and Ryne Smith. Leading Purdue to an 18-6 season, he averaged 35.4 points a game and took second straight First Team All-American and Big Ten Player Of The Year honors. Mount left as the school's all-time leading scorer with 2,323 points throughout only three varsity seasons. At the time, Document [12] (Title: Chris Lofton) Illustrated picked Tennessee 3rd in the country and Lofton as a 1st Team All-American. On December 19, 2007, Lofton passed Allan Houston to become first on Tennessee's list for most three point field goals made. Houston had held the record with 346 three pointers made. On January 22, 2008, Lofton passed Pat Bradley of the University of Arkansas to capture the record for the most career three pointers in the Southeastern Conference with 367.His final three pointer came vs. Louisville in the Sweet 16 of the 2008 NCAA Tournament, a game which Tennessee lost 79-60. Lofton was also selected to Document [13] (Title: Stephen Curry) winning strategy. Analysts have referred to him as "the Michael Jordan of the three-point era," stating that he did for the three-point shot what Jordan did for the dunk. "The Guardian"'s Robert O'Connell cites Curry's February 27, 2013 game against the New York Knicks, in which he made 11 of 13 shots from behind the arc en route for a 54-point performance, as the start of the three-point era. The era has been referred to as "The Steph Effect" and "the NBA's Three-Point Revolution." The increase in three-point shooting is partly due to NBA teams incorporating it in their attempts Document [14] (Title: JJ Redick) in the ACC Tournament and 12 in the NCAA Tournament to finish ahead of Clark. Redick finished his career with an NCAA-record 457 three-point field goals shooting 40.4% from three-point range. His career three-pointers record was broken on February 2, 2014, by Oakland University's Travis Bader. In the game after breaking Staples' record, Redick scored 30 points on February 19, 2006, against Miami to become the all-time leading scorer at Duke, with 2,557 points scored in his career. On February 25, 2006, in a game at Temple University, Redick passed Dickie Hemric's 51-year-old ACC scoring record of 2,587 points with Document [15] (Title: Jerry West) eventually became the team's starting small forward, and he quickly established himself as one of the finest West Virginia high school players of his generation. He was named All-State from 1953–56, then All-American in 1956 when he was West Virginia Player of the Year, becoming the state's first high-school player to score more than 900 points in a season, with an average of 32.2 points per game. West's mid-range jump shot became his trademark and he often used it to score while under pressure from opposing defense. West led East Bank to a state championship on March 24 that year, Document [16] (Title: 2005 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) and five assists. Martell Webster (Portland Trail Blazers) started the game with two consecutive three-point baskets on his way to 16 points for the contest. Small forward Julian Wright (New Orleans Hornets) had a solid performance with 14 points, four assists and three rebounds. The West team was coached by: The East team was coached by: The Powerade JamFest is a skills-competition evening featuring basketball players who demonstrate their skills in three crowd-entertaining ways. The slam dunk contest was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed Document [17] (Title: 1959–60 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team) baskets. In 1960, this kind of offensive play was then the cutting edge of the game, and a big reason while all five starters were later drafted into the NBA. There were only eight NBA teams at this time, so this was not an easy feat. Lucas shot a then-record 63% from the floor that season in an era when some college starters commonly shot 35% from the floor. More than just a great rebounder, he also had a great shooting eye from as far out as 25' ( there was no three-point line then ), and also had a Document [18] (Title: Jodie Meeks) against Tennessee State University. Meeks and teammate Patrick Patterson are among UK's more productive pairs of teammates since the days of Dan Issel and Mike Pratt in the early 1970s. On January 13, 2009, Meeks broke Kentucky's single-game scoring record (formerly held by Dan Issel) by scoring 54 points in a 90–72 win against rival Tennessee. In that game he also broke Tony Delk's single-game record, which he had shared, for three pointers by making 10 of 15 attempts and was 14 of 14 from the free throw line. On February 11, 2009, Meeks made the game-winning three point shot Document [19] (Title: 1987–88 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team) lead the nation. That season Princeton established Ivy League standards for career, single-season and single-game three point field goal shooting. Dave Orlandini (51.3%) and Tim Neff (51.2%) ended their careers with what continue to be the two highest career three point field goal percentages in Ivy League history. Orlandini also posted the current single-season record with 54.5% shooting. In addition, On December 16, 1987, against the , Orlandini made all five of his three-point attempts, which set the Ivy League single-game record for most made without a miss. Scrabis matched this record on March 4, 1988, against . These stood Document [20] (Title: Kobe Bryant) and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games, specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs. This cemented Bryant's reputation as a "clutch player". In the 2002–03 season, Bryant set an NBA record for three-pointers in a game on January 7, 2003, when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics. He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run, posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February. In addition, he averaged 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, all career-highs to that Document [21] (Title: Three-point field goal) three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945, with a 21-foot line, in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. There was another one-game experiment in 1958, this time with a 23-foot line, in a game between St. Francis (N.Y.) and Siena. In 1961, Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius Document [22] (Title: Moscow High School) and another in 1996 for four in five years. The boys team was an A2 state champion in 1980 finishing the season with a losing record! IN THE 1983-1984 SEASON; THE STATE OF IDAHO WAS THE "TEST STATE" FOR THE 3 POINT LINE FOR THE ENTIRE NATION FOR HIGH SCHOOLERS. That season there was tremendous excitement which created large crowds to the games. That same year an unusual requirement from the state was created as there were only 2 teams in the league at that time; Moscow and Orofino. The state required the 2 teams to play a "BEST OF Document [23] (Title: Mark Gottfried) started 98 consecutive games, and Alabama advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in all three seasons he played. He holds the school records for most 3-point shots made in a single game with eight in a 1987 game against Vanderbilt, and for career 3-point field goal percentage (.485, 81–167). Gottfried graduated with a Bachelor of Arts & Sciences in Communications from the University of Alabama in 1987, after winning both the school's Hayden Riley Top Scholar Award and the Bryant Award as the school's top scholar-athlete during his senior year. He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the seventh round Document [24] (Title: Reggie Miller) The Three-point field goal was instituted for the 1986–1987 season; 69 of his 247 field goals were from three point range that year. One of his most memorable performances was in the January 24, 1987 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he hit a clutch shot to put the Bruins ahead 61–59 with 10 seconds left. Another notable game was a win against defending national champion Louisville and Pervis Ellison on February 28, 1987. Miller scored 33 points in the second half, which is still the school record. His final game was a loss in the second round Document [25] (Title: Three-point field goal) Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in March 1987. The NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to , effective with the season, and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12. American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a line nationally Document [26] (Title: Kyle Korver) for fourth place on the career 3-pointers list with 2,143. Two days later, he hit four 3-pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127–99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA's all-time list in 3-pointers made with 2,147. On February 9, 2018, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 123–107 win over the Atlanta Hawks. He made 7 of 13 from 3-point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32. It was his first 30-point game since February 21, 2007. Korver went 794 games between 30-point Document [27] (Title: 1986–87 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team) East Tournament championship in Georgetown men's basketball history. They advanced to the East Region final of the 1987 NCAA Tournament before losing to Providence. Nicknamed "Reggie and the Miracles," the team was ranked No. 4 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and Coaches' Poll. After the adoption of a shot clock the previous season, another major change came to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's basketball this year with the adoption of a three-point shot. The three-point line was set a 19 feet 9 inches (6 meters), where it would remain until it was increased to 20 feet 9 Document [28] (Title: Jobey Thomas) single-season three-pointers made and single-season three-pointers in league games (60), while averaging 13.4 points per game. He took part in ESPN's Three-Point Shooting Contest on 24 March 2002, and on the 2002 NBA Pre-Draft summer camp in Chicago. After not being drafted, he moved to Europe and joined Queluz in the Portuguese Basketball League, playing only 18 games with an average of 24 points per game. He soon joined the Serie A in Italy, and in a five-year period, Thomas average more than 17 points per game in 163 games, representing three different teams. After arriving at Olimpia Milano in Document [29] (Title: Rules of basketball) Edwards is generally recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule. While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is now considered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced. The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play. Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession, and the shot Document [30] (Title: Personal foul (basketball)) Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws. In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws. The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and the offense retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets from one to three shots and the other team tends to get possession afterwards (see Penalties below). Personal contact does not necessarily constitute a personal foul, unless it Document [31] (Title: 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) who demonstrate their skills in three crowd-entertaining ways. The slam dunk contest was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed basketball skills competition was added to the schedule of events. 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game The 2008 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Wednesday, March 26, 2008 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, home of the NBA's Milwaukee Bucks. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2008. The game was the 31st Document [32] (Title: Lou Bender) a student as DeWitt Clinton High School in the late 1920s, Lou Bender connected on a long two-handed set shot during a game, prompting someone in the stands to shout, "Now that was a lulu of a basket." The nickname stuck and followed Bender to college and the pros. At Columbia College from 1930 until 1932, Bender joined teammates George Gregory and Sam Schoenfeld to Ivy League titles in both 1930 and 1931, leading the league with scoring averages of 9.8 and 9.6 points per game those seasons, in an era before the shot clock in which ball control often Document [33] (Title: ABA–NBA merger) the All-Star Game is the 3-point shootout". The ABA originated the idea of the slam dunk contest at the 1976 ABA All Star Game; the NBA subsequently held their first one in 1984. The slam dunk contest has ever since been a major part of the NBA's All Star Weekend (with the exception of 1998 and 1999). Pressing and trapping defenses, not used in the slower-tempo NBA, were common in the ABA, and after the merger began to play a larger role in the NBA. Billy Cunningham, Philadelphia 76ers star: "When the Knicks were pressing and shooting 3-pointers and all Document [34] (Title: Basketball) this is called a "three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point). Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of basketball. During the early years of basketball's evolution, two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. In more recent times specific positions evolved, but the current trend, advocated by many top coaches including Mike Krzyzewski is towards positionless basketball, where big guys are free to shoot from Document [35] (Title: Four-point play) Basketball Association during its inaugural season. The National Basketball Association (NBA) introduced that rule in 1979; FIBA in 1984; the NCAA in 1986 (men only) and 1987 (women); middle and high schools in 1987; and the WNBA in 1997. Sam Smith of the Chicago Bulls completed the first four-point play in NBA history on October 21, 1979, in a game against the Milwaukee Bucks. Dale Ellis was the first player in NBA history to complete two four-point plays in the same game when he did so in a win against the Sacramento Kings on January 26, 1988. On April 29, Document [36] (Title: 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game) was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989. This year, for the first time, a timed basketball skills competition was added to the schedule of events. 2007 McDonald's All-American Girls Game 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game The 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Wednesday, March 28, 2007 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky, home of the University of Louisville Cardinals. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2007. The game was the 30th annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game Document [37] (Title: Bronson Koenig) Musketeers, Koenig made a game-tying three-pointer with 11.7 seconds left. Then, after a Xavier offensive foul, he made another three-pointer at the buzzer to give Wisconsin a 66-63 victory. Koenig finished the game with 20 points. After the win, he said, "I like to have the ball in my hands in those kinds of situations because I believe in myself." Koenig set the school record for career three point shots made on February 23, 2017 in a loss at Ohio State, passing former record-holder Ben Brust. After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA Draft, Koenig signed a two-way contract with Document [38] (Title: Basketball court) players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball (usually but not always centers). Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air, each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team. The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point Document [39] (Title: Three-point field goal) Three-point field goal A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer or informally, trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw. The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is from center of the basket; in FIBA and the WNBA the arc is ; and Document [40] (Title: Player efficiency rating) the "three point foul" and "clear path" rules were both introduced in the 1995–96 season with the effect of increasing the number of free throws, hand-checking (the amount of contact a defender may make with an opposing player) was banned in 1994 and the use of elbows was banned in 1997 (both rules had seen various degrees of limitation by earlier rule changes) although neither was fully implemented until 2004. The 2004 rule changes, which also included calling the defensive 3 second rule ("[...] a defensive player may not station himself in the key area longer than three seconds"—a longstanding Document [41] (Title: Kelli Johnson) were the third most in school history. As a junior, she set the record for the most three-point field goals in a game (seven) against the University of North Texas. That season, she also broke the career 3-point school record. By the end of her college career, Kelli had made 207 3-pointers – 81 more than the nearest contender. These records stood for 19 and 17 years, respectively. Johnson graduated in 1998 from Idaho with a degree in Broadcast Journalism. She joined her father in the Idaho Vandals Hall of Fame in 2016. Johnson's first job was as a sports Document [42] (Title: University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point) Game, which benefits the Susan G. Komen Foundation of Central Wisconsin, and the Circle of Friends Foundation, which provides opportunities to kids with cancer. The Pointers play their home games at Goerke Field. The Pointers men's and women's basketball teams have combined for six NCAA Division III titles. The women's basketball team won the national title in 2002, 15 years after its first NCAA Division III title in 1987. The men's basketball team won back-to-back NCAA Division III titles in 2004 and 2005, and won the championship again in 2010 and 2015. The men's basketball team holds the WIAC record Document [43] (Title: Dell Curry) 1985 and 1986, it lost in the first round on both occasions. In his senior season in 1986, Curry was named the player of the year in the Metro Conference. Prior to the 1986–87 season, NCAA basketball did not feature a three-point line; Curry's accurate long-range shooting was not rewarded, as it would be later in his NBA career. (In the early and mid 1980s, the three-point line was introduced in many conferences at varying distances, but it was not recognized by the NCAA.) Curry also played baseball for Virginia Tech. He was selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the Document [44] (Title: Four corners offense) other conferences introduced a shot clock experimentally, along with a three-point line to force the defense to spread out. In 1985, the National Collegiate Athletic Association adopted a shot clock nationally and added the 3-pointer a year later. On February 21, 2015 the Tar Heels, coached by Smith protege Roy Williams, successfully ran the offense on the opening possession against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets as a tribute to the recently deceased Smith. Four corners offense The four corners offense, technically four corner stall, is an offensive strategy for stalling in basketball. Four players stand in the corners of the Document [45] (Title: Stephen Curry) Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference. During his sophomore year, he also set the single-season NCAA record for three-pointers made. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. Curry is currently fifth in all-time made three-pointers in NBA history. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, Document [46] (Title: Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)) the first college players to use the between-the-legs dribble as a cross-over move. Walker led the nation in scoring in his senior year of 1966–67, averaging 30.4 points a game, without the benefit of a three-point line. He caught and passed UCLA's Lew Alcindor in the final weeks of the season. Walker's 2,000-plus career points led Providence for four decades, until his all-time scoring record was broken in 2005 by Ryan Gomes. Walker was able to accomplish this in only three seasons; at the time, freshmen were not allowed to play varsity basketball. Jimmy Walker ended his college career in Document [47] (Title: College basketball) created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891. Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893. The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on Document [48] (Title: Basketball court) scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985. In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women Document [49] (Title: Troy Trojans men's basketball) nation in three-pointers made. Maestri and his Trojan teams never looked back from there. From 1994–2006, the Trojans finished #1 in the nation four times in 3-pointers attempted and 3-pointers made. Troy State also placed in the top five nationally of those same statistical categories eight times from 1994 to 2008. This led some newspaper and media outlets to give the basketball program the moniker "Trey State." Troy currently holds the all-time NCAA record across all divisions for three-pointers attempted in a season, shooting 1,303 three-pointers during the 1991–1992 season. On January 12, 1992, Troy State shattered a plethora of Document [50] (Title: Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship) the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) before being moved to its current home in Peoria. In 1992, the IHSA added a three-point contest and a slam dunk contest (collectively called "The Happening") to coincide with the boys basketball state series. The state level of each contest is held on the Thursday evening before their respective class' state semifinals (quarterfinals before 2008), with each class crowning a champion in each contest on the Saturday of their state championship game. After the Class 3A and 4A champions have been determined, there is a final "King of the Hill" contest among the Document [51] (Title: Rick Mount) establish the idealistic jump shot form before it was ever textbook, influencing a number of future shooters at all levels in the sport. Rick "the Rocket" Mount attended Lebanon High School in Lebanon, Indiana. There, he led his team in scoring, including 33.1 ppg throughout his junior and senior seasons. His game started to attract national attention. In 1965, Lebanon played Crawfordsville High School at Hinkle Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. With 10,000 people in attendance, the team made enough money to buy a bus. He scored 57 points in the game. On February 14, 1966, Mount became the first high Document [52] (Title: Three-point field goal) in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the despite the view of many that it was a gimmick. Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night The sport's international governing body, FIBA, Document [53] (Title: Continental Basketball Association) Johnson, Sherman White and Floyd Lane. The all-black Dayton Rens competed in the 1948-49 National Basketball League. Because the 1961-63 American Basketball League used a three-point scoring line, the Eastern League added a three-point line for its 1964-65 season. That year, Brendan McCann of the Allentown Jets led the league with 31 three-pointers. Although three-point plays during the 1960s were few and far between, the Eastern League developed several scorers who used the three-point shot to their advantage. After Darryl Dawkins shattered two basketball backboards during his 1979–80 NBA season, the CBA implemented a collapsible hinged rim. The design was Document [54] (Title: Defensive three-second violation) penetration. The Philippine Basketball Association used to follow the illegal defense rule until the 2003 PBA season when it was abolished. The high school game does not use this rule, nor does European basketball. The WNBA started using it in 2013. Defensive three-second violation A defensive three-second violation, also known as illegal defense, is a basketball rules infraction in the National Basketball Association (NBA) introduced in the 2001-2002 season. It is assessed when a member of the defending team spends more than three seconds in the free throw lane (also called the key, the 16-foot lane, or "in the paint") Document [55] (Title: Dana Barros) where he tallied 1,821 points, including a record 57 points in a tournament game versus Needham. The 1985 Catholic Conference MVP and Boston Globe All Scholastic averaged over 30 points per game during his senior campaign in an era before the 3-point shot was implemented. He is now in the Xaverian Brothers High School "Hall of Fame". Barros played college basketball for Boston College. On February 25, 2017, Barros' number 3 was retired at Boston College. The 5' 11" (1.80 m), 165 lb (75 kg) point guard, began his professional career in 1989 when he was selected in the first Document [56] (Title: Three-point field goal) of from the baskets, except along the sides. The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season. The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans." During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA; its ninth and final season concluded in the spring Three years later Document [57] (Title: Darrell Floyd) implemented, a common foul only allowed for one point on free throws, and the "one-and-one" rule meant that the free throw shooter did "not" get the ball back if he made his first attempt. Given that Floyd was a small guard, one may reasonably infer that the majority of his shots were from at least a mid-range distance. Additionally, as a 78.3% free throw shooter, his scoring averages would have been higher if players had been rewarded with bonus free throw opportunities as they are under the game's current rules. After graduating in 1956 with a bachelor's degree in health Document [58] (Title: Three-point field goal) in 1987, a year after the NCAA. The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from ( at the corners) to a uniform around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of ( at the corners, with a 3-inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973. In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased Document [59] (Title: Abe Saperstein) served as its commissioner, as well as owner of the league's Chicago Majors team. To differentiate the ABL from the NBA – and to promote the new league – Saperstein introduced a widened free throw lane and the three-point shot, both of which were later adopted by the NBA, although the ABL lasted only a season and a half. The NBA adopted the three-point shot in 1979. In a time of racial segregation and bigotry in professional sports, Saperstein proudly showcased the talents of the nation's best black basketball players. Four years after the all-white National Basketball Association (originally called Document [60] (Title: Six-on-six basketball) the recreational level, such as during physical education classes; in these cases, both boys and girls play the game. Beginning in 1958 the Office of Civil Rights started looking at banning six-on-six high school girls basketball. It would take 37 years to phase it out. April Coleman took the last shot ever for 6 on 6 basketball in the United States for the Pocola Indians in the 2A state title game. The second-ranked Lady Indians avenged their only loss of the season with a 64-58 overtime victory over No. 1 and previously unbeaten Indianola before 6,500 fans of the longtime Document [61] (Title: Archie Dees) Archie Dees Archie William Dees (February 22, 1936 – April 4, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. A 6'8" forward/center born in Ethel, Mississippi, Dees started his basketball career at Mount Carmel High School in Mount Carmel, Illinois, where he was named an All-American his senior year. Afterwards he attended Indiana University, where he received the Big Ten Conference Most Valuable Player award twice, in 1957 and 1958. He is one of just three people (the others being Jerry Lucas and Scott May) to have received multiple Big Ten MVP honors. When he graduated in 1958, Dees was drafted Document [62] (Title: Mike Vreeswyk) finished his Temple career as the 5th leading scorer of all time (still currently in the top 10) with 1650 points. He also left school as the holder of every 3-point record, until suprassed by Lynn Greer in 2003. This is remarkable, as the 3 Point Line was introduced in Mike's sophomore year, making his total the result of three playing years. He was a member and second leading scorer on the 1987-88 team that was ranked #1 in the country for 9 weeks. The Owls entered the NCAA tournament as the overall #1 seed before losing to Duke in Document [63] (Title: Mirza Teletović) win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Teletović set the Suns' single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Danny Ainge's 150 made three-pointers during the 1992–93 season. On April 5, in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Teletović set an NBA single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Chuck Person's 164 made three-pointers during the 1994–95 season with the San Antonio Spurs. His record was broken the following season by Eric Gordon. Teletović finished the season with a 181 three-pointers, with 179 made while coming off the bench. On July 8, 2016, Teletović signed a Document [64] (Title: Three-point field goal) by to , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using the FIBA distance, starting in 2013; by 2017, the line at corners were lengthened to match the NBA. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn. In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979–80 season had an average 0.8 three-point goals per game and 2.8 attempts (29% effectiveness). The 1989–90 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game Document [65] (Title: Three seconds rule) Three seconds rule The three seconds rule (also referred to as the three-second rule or three in the key, with often termed a lane violation) requires that in basketball, a player shall not remain in the opponents' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while their team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running. The three-second rule was introduced in 1936 and was expressed as such: no offensive player, with or without the ball, could remain in the key, for three seconds or more. The three-second rule came about in Document [66] (Title: Ed Steitz) worked for the NCAA Men's Basketball Rules Committee as a secretary, editor and national interpreter from 1965 to 1990. He was involved in most of college basketball's major changes over the years, most notably the advent of the 45-second shot clock in 1986 and the introduction of the 3-point field goal in 1987. He was also a longtime member of the NCAA executive committee. In 1974 he founded and served as a president for Amateur Basketball Association of the United States of America (ABAUSA), now USA Basketball. He was a member of the Technical Commission of FIBA. He was also Document [67] (Title: Basketball court) line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does. The distance to the three-point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league, and has changed several times. These are the current distances, with the league or level using each distance: The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from in the corners to behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased Document [68] (Title: Bob Knight) was adopted by the NCAA in 1986, which was midway through Knight's coaching career. Although he opposed the rule change throughout his life, it did complement his offense well by improving the spacing on the floor. He sardonically said at the time that he supported institution of the three point shot because if a team's offense was functioning efficiently enough to get a layup the team should be rewarded with three points for that basket. Knight's offense also emphasized a two-count. Players in the post are expected to try to post in the paint for two seconds and if they Document [69] (Title: Jeremy Senglin) in 3-pointers made with 345. Set a school and Big Sky single-season record by making 132 3-pointers during his senior year, the most 3-pointers of any player in the country. Finished second in the nation in 3-pointers per game at 3.9, and was sixth in the country in 3-point percentage at 44.7 percent. Led the Wildcats in points, field goals made, 3-pointers made, free throws made, minutes played, assists and steals. He was twice a part of Big Sky regular season and tournament championship teams and twice played in the NCAA Tournament. Following the close of his college career, Senglin Document [70] (Title: Chris Ford) Chris Ford Christopher Joseph Ford (born January 11, 1949) is an American former professional basketball player and head coach. He is known for making the first counted three-point shot on October 1979. A 6-foot-5 (1.96 m) guard, he played high school basketball at Holy Spirit High School in Absecon, New Jersey, before continuing on to Villanova University. He played 10 seasons (1972–1982) in the NBA as a member of the Detroit Pistons and Boston Celtics. Ford is credited with scoring the NBA's first three-point shot for the Boston Celtics on October 12, 1979, in a game against the Houston Rockets Document [71] (Title: Three-point field goal) occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review. If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 Document [72] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) leading scorers for the Magic. In 1995–96 Scott set an NBA single-season three-point field goal tally with 267 (which was broken ten years later by Ray Allen). He also set the NBA record for most three pointers made in a single game with 11 on April 18, 1996. On his record breaking shot the assist came from teammate and the holder of the record, Brian Shaw (he made 10 three pointers on April 8, 1993). This record has also since been broken by Kobe Bryant who made 12 three pointers on January 7, 2003, Donyell Marshall who made 12 three Document [73] (Title: Vernon Maxwell) money from agents and accepting a free round-trip ticket to go to a basketball camp. On June 28, 1988, Maxwell was drafted into the NBA by the Denver Nuggets, who traded him the same day to the San Antonio Spurs for a second-round pick the next year. Two years later, his contract was sold to the Houston Rockets where he would become a key member of the franchise's first championship team. Known for his clutch shooting, Maxwell hit several game-winning shots throughout his career. Maxwell held the NBA's record for most 3-pointers made in a season from 1991 to 1993. Document [74] (Title: Three-point field goal) arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, Document [75] (Title: Leroy Edwards) won the game, 23–22. Edwards is generally recognized as the player responsible for the implementation of the three-second rule. Enacted in 1936, it was originally designed to limit rough play near the basket. The rule limits the time players can remain in the area in front of the basket known as the "paint" or free-throw lane. The rule has been modified and is still used today. In a different game that season, Edwards set another college basketball record, scoring 34 points against Creighton University. After coach Adolph Rupp's retirement in 1972 he was asked who was the best center he Document [76] (Title: Three-point field goal) in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) the arc is . In the NBA and FIBA/WNBA, the three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is from each sideline; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180° around the basket. There are more variations (see main article). In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the same line exists, but shots from behind it are only worth 2 points with all other shots worth 1 point. The Document [77] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) pointers on March 12, 2005, and Stephen Curry who made 12 three pointers on February 27, 2016; Curry now owns the record by himself following 13 baskets from behind the arc against the New Orleans Pelicans on November 7, 2016. Scott was honored by the Magic on March 26, 2006 as part of their "Remember the Past Nights" program, where the Magic remembers past players for their accomplishments. Other players to be honored so far were Nick Anderson and Scott Skiles. In 2008, Jay Bilas ranked his personal top 25 three point shooters in NCAA history and Scott was #1 Document [78] (Title: Tommy Amaker) instituted the three-point field goal. Amaker led Duke in three point shooting that year. He hit a three-point shot with 1:39 remaining in overtime against 17–0 (4–0 ACC) Horace Grant-led Clemson to give Duke the lead for good. A few weeks later, with the score tied in regulation at 60 against and on a two-on-one fast break with 16 seconds left, Amaker took a jump shot. Krzyzewski said Duke lost the game because it did not play as smart as its opponent and Markus described this example in his column. In Amaker's final home game, he made a jump shot Document [79] (Title: Three-point field goal) introduced the three-point line in 1984, and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a line for the 1980–81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as in the Question: when did 3 pointers start in high school basketball

Answer: 1987 Long Answer: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule, adopting a 22 - foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980--81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980 . Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986--87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986--87 season, the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987--88 . In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008--09 season . The NCAA women's three - point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011--12 . American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA . The NCAA is experimenting with the FIBA three - point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament. Gold Document ID: 66

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) of general application. (2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). There were other sources which though subsumed in Nigerian legislations were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. They are called the "criminal and penal codes" of Nigeria.. Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows. "The colonial era until 1960 , post independence legislation 1960-1966 , the military era 1966-1999". The grant of independence to Nigeria was a milestone in the political history of the country. This period witnessed the consolidation of political gains made during the colonial era. Politicians genuinely focused their Document [2] (Title: Nigeria–United States relations) mechanisms of democratic governance to make elected officials accountable to constituents through free and fair elections, strong government institutions, and well-organized, informed citizens who demand performance. The U.S. advances rule of law in Nigeria by strengthening the capacity and transparency of law enforcement agencies and judiciary. The United States supports democratic local government and decentralization and improves fiscal administration by maximizing revenue collection in credible audits. It strengthens the civil society by promoting existing watchdog groups that have lobbied successfully for more transparency, accountability, and pluralism in Nigeria's fiscal, electoral, conflict management, political, and human rights affairs. Peace and Security: Document [3] (Title: Nigeria) Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroons opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. In 1963, the nation established a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. When elections were held in 1965, the Nigerian National Democratic Party came to Document [4] (Title: National Assembly (Nigeria)) quality academic and professional research, policy analysis, training, documentation and advocacy on democratic governance and legislative practice and procedures. The functions of NILS are similar to the services offered to the US congress by Congressional Research Service, Congressional Budget Office, Library of Congress only on a lesser scale as the institute was just established. National Assembly (Nigeria) The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution. It consists of a Senate with 109 membersand a 360-memberHouse of Representatives The body, modelled after the federal Congress of the United Document [5] (Title: Nigerian traditional rulers) Nigerian traditional rulers Nigerian traditional rulers often derive their titles from the rulers of independent states or communities that existed before the formation of modern Nigeria. Although they do not have formal political power, in many cases they continue to command respect from their people and have considerable influence. Though their bearers usually maintain the monarchical styles and titles of their sovereign ancestors, both their independent activities and their relations with the central and regional governments of Nigeria are closer in substance to those of the high nobility of old Europe than to those of actual reigning monarchs. Modern Nigeria Document [6] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) divided into Local Government Areas (LGAs). There are 774 LGAs in Nigeria. Kano State has the largest number of LGAs at 44, and Bayelsa State has the fewest at 9. The Federal Capital Territory of Abuja has 6 LGAs. LGAs replaced the Districts that were the previous third-tier administrative units under the British government. The military of Nigeria has played a major role in the country's history, often seizing control of the country and ruling it for long periods of time. Its last period of rule ended in 1999, following the death of the leader of the previous military junta Document [7] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) the purchase of equipment after dumping the non-operational vehicles. Nigeria currently has better foreign relations with its neighbors, due to its current state of democracy. It is a member of the African Union and sits on that organization's Peace and Security Council. In 1960, Nigeria joined both the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations; however, they were briefly suspended between 1995 and 1999. Federal government of Nigeria The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the Document [8] (Title: National Assembly (Nigeria)) National Assembly (Nigeria) The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution. It consists of a Senate with 109 membersand a 360-memberHouse of Representatives The body, modelled after the federal Congress of the United States, is supposed to guarantee equal representation of the 36 states irrespective of size in the Senate and proportional representation of population in the House. The National Assembly, like many other organs of the Nigerian government, is based in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The Senate is chaired by the President of the Nigerian Document [9] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) partition from existing provinces. However, while native-born chiefs and clerks were appointed to govern the provinces, the regions were governed by the British-appointed colonial authorities, and such regions were made dependent upon the colonial authorities for martial law, manpower and management of resources. With the approach of independence, power over the regions was given to Nigerian-born citizens, and regional legislatures were established. By the time that Nigeria had declared itself a republic and replaced the post of Governor-General with the post of President, a national bicameral parliament was established and the country was considered a federation of the three regions. Document [10] (Title: Law of Nigeria) These states are Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, and Kebbi. The following is a list of legislation and acts created by the National Assembly: 4th Parliament: 1999 - 2003 5th Parliament: 2003 - 2007 6th Parliament: 2007 - 2011 7th Parliament: 2011 - 2015 8th Parliament: 2015 - 2019 See the following: Law of Nigeria The law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct Document [11] (Title: Eastern Region, Nigeria) first phase was through warrant chiefs many of whom were created by the colonial government. But after the Aba riot of 1929, the system gradually gave way to the Native Authority administration led by older men within the communities. This system was not particularly strong as it was in Northern Nigeria. In the 1950s, local government system following the English model of boroughs county and district councils was introduced. The village school was an important part of the community. Members of the community at home and abroad voluntarily gave money for the erection of school buildings. Wealthy or salaried family Document [12] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) law of Nigeria is based on the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, and British common law (due to the long history of British colonial influence). The common law in the legal system is similar to common-law systems used in England and Wales and other Commonwealth countries. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided by the Constitution of Nigeria. There is a judicial branch, with the Supreme Court regarded as the highest court of the Nation. The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are (1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes Document [13] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) Federal government of Nigeria The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively. Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president. The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system. Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is held Document [14] (Title: Constitution of Nigeria) British order in council so as to come into force immediately upon independence, on 1 October 1960. Under this constitution Nigeria retained Queen Elizabeth II as titular head of state. Independent Nigeria's second constitution established the country as a federal republic. It came into force on 1 October 1963 (Nigeria's third anniversary as an independent nation). The 1963 constitution, which was based on the Westminster system, continued in operation until a military coup in 1966 overthrew Nigeria's democratic institutions. The 1979 constitution, which brought in the Second Republic, abandoned the Westminster system in favour of an American-style presidential system, with Document [15] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) by the real government and the two chambers of the legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Together, the two chambers make up the law-making body in Nigeria, called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government. The highest judiciary arm of government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria which was created after independence and also practices Baron de Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers based on the United States system and also practises checks and balances. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Nigeria as "hybrid regime" in 2016. The Document [16] (Title: Jigawa State) (comprising present Kano and Jigawa states).By the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, the state comprises 27 Local Government Councils, which are divided into 30 State Constituencies, grouped into 11 Federal Constituencies and 3 Senatorial Districts. These 27 Local Government Councils were further subdivided into 77 Development Areas per law No. 5 of 2004 of the State House of Assembly. In line with the democratic setting in the country, the governments at both the State and Local Government levels are elected, and comprise an Executive with a unicameral legislature. The State legislature has 30 elected members each representing one Document [17] (Title: State government) Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head of government. The State resembles the federal system. In the states, the Governor is the head of Executive, but real executive power vests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. The judicial setup of the country is headed by the Chief justice, who presides over one of the largest judicial apparatus dispensing criminal, civil and all other forms of litigation. The government head of its legal wing is the Attorney General of India. In Nigeria, States are constituent political entities, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Document [18] (Title: Yoruba people) differing ratios of power between the kingships and the chiefs' councils. Some, such as Oyo, had powerful, autocratic monarchs with almost total control, while in others such as the Ijebu city-states, the senatorial councils held more influence and the power of the ruler or "Ọba", referred to as the Awujale of Ijebuland, was more limited. Yoruba settlements are often described as primarily one or more of the main social groupings called "generations": Monarchies were a common form of government in Yorubaland, but they were not the only approach to government and social organization. The numerous Ijebu city-states to the west Document [19] (Title: States of Nigeria) States of Nigeria In Nigeria, a state (, , ) is a federated political entity that shares sovereignty with the federal government. There are 36 states bound together by a federal agreement. The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) is not a state and under the direct control of the federal government. The states are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments. The Nigerian traditional states predate all the modern states but have no legal or administrative powers. As sovereign entities, States of Nigeria have the right Document [20] (Title: History of Nigeria) policy. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. The Nigerian People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the Northern Region. The northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. Document [21] (Title: Nigeria) amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The two major political parties are the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress. About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. The then-president, Olusegun Obasanjo, acknowledged fraud and other electoral "lapses" but said the result reflected opinion polls. In a national television address in 2007, he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor, they would have Document [22] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) lapses in the polity. It achieved for herself a republican status by shaking off the last vestiges of colonial authority. However, despite the violent violation of its provisions, the constitution remained the subsequent administrations (military or otherwise). The breakdown of law and order which occurred in the period under review would not be attributed to any defect in the Nigerian legal system. Corrupt practices both in the body politic and all aspects of Nigerian life eroded efficiency and progress. There were 8 coups generally five were successful and 3 were unsuccessful. The president is elected through universal suffrage. He or Document [23] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) as the states of Biafra and Republic of Benin, resulting in the Nigerian Civil War. In 1976, six years after the end of the civil war, the states were further reorganized: State boundaries and names were also reorganized. The demand for the creation of newer states in Nigeria tends to emanate from sub-state groups, often ethnic- or tribal-interest groups, which accuse the current larger state governments of subverting or ignoring the interests and necessities of the more local regions. A much-criticized effect of the current type of federalism, of 36 states from previous pre civil war 3 regions is the Document [24] (Title: Eastern Region, Nigeria) government modeled after the English system. There were three tiers of governance levels within the system, the county and urban districts, the municipalities and the local councils. An African dominated government institution, the Eastern Regional Assembly with the powers to debate but not enact laws was established in 1948. It had fifteen nominated African members and fourteen nominated European officials. In 1951, the regional assembly was given more legislative and financial powers following the enactment of the McPherson Constitution. In addition, the assembly number of members in the assembly was enlarged to eighty elected African members, three special members and Document [25] (Title: Law of Nigeria) Law of Nigeria The law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include English law, Common law, Customary law, and Sharia "(Islamic)" Law. English law in Nigeria is derived from the colonial Nigeria, while common law is a development from its post colonial independence. Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret Document [26] (Title: Elections in Nigeria) Nigeria in 2019. Included is the presidential election. President Muhammadu Buhari will be able to seek re-election. Elections in Nigeria Elections in Nigeria are forms of choosing representatives to the Nigerian federal government and the various states in Nigeria. Nigeria elects on the federal level a head of state (the President of Nigeria) and a legislature (the National Assembly). The president is elected by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 360 members, elected for a four-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 109 members, elected for a four-year term: each of the Document [27] (Title: Colonial Nigeria) from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the Document [28] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) four-year terms in single-seat constituencies. The Senate, which has 109 members, is presided over by the President of the Senate. 108 members are elected for four-year terms in 36 three-seat constituencies, which correspond to the country's 36 states. One member is selected in the single-seat constituency of the federal capital. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Court of Appeals, the High Courts, and other trial courts such as the Magistrates', Customary, Sharia and other "specialised" courts. The National Judicial Council serves as an independent executive body, insulating the judiciary from the executive arm of government. Document [29] (Title: Northern Region, Nigeria) was modelled after the Westminster system. A premier acts as head of government and presides over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a governor acts as head of state and commander-in-chief of the constabulary. The lower house of parliament called the House of Assembly is composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper House of parliament, called the House of Chefs, is similar to the British House of Lords. It is composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nation's provinces. The governor is head of the state of Northern Nigeria. Document [30] (Title: Eluoma) in the villages. Adult males took the most important decisions while women always had their own government. Thus decisions were by universal adult male suffrage. However, in the mid seventies, the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, led by people of Northern extraction began to foist their oligarchic system of administration on the whole country, particularly the East, through the Military Governors whom they appointed. These governors in turn requested for “chiefs” or traditional rulers to be installed. Like all other Igbo societies, the first generation of chiefs were persuaded to accept the position. The first chief or eze Eluoma had Document [31] (Title: Federalism) the Union level. The Federal Republic of Nigeria has various states which have evolved over time due to complex socioeconomic issues as well as the effect of their colonial era. However, in modern Nigeria there are thirty six states and one federal capital territory: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Enugu, Edo, Ekiti, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, and Zamfara, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). There has been significant tension between the southern states and the Document [32] (Title: Yoruba people) 'House of Commons,' 140 principal military ones and 280 secondary ones." He described Abẹokuta and its system of government as "the most extraordinary republic in the world." Gerontocratic leadership councils that guarded against the monopolization of power by a monarch were a trait of the Ẹgba, according to the eminent Ọyọ historian Reverend Samuel Johnson. Such councils were also well-developed among the northern Okun groups, the eastern Ekiti, and other groups falling under the Yoruba ethnic umbrella. In Ọyọ, the most centralized of the precolonial kingdoms, the "Alaafin" consulted on all political decisions with the prime elector or president of Document [33] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Regionalism was introduced to the Nigeria system by the Richards Constitution. Federalism is a system of government in which governmental powers that exists in a country are shared between central government and component region. It is also defined as the system of government in which governmental powers are shared Document [34] (Title: Imota) based on their activeness and held in high esteem that their decisions remain final. In practicing democracy in the town, the Osugbo's owned the judicial power, they check on the excesses of the king, while the king exercises both executive and legislative functions. The creation of Lagos State in 1967 composed basically five main divisions, namely Lagos Colony, Badagry, Epe, Ikeja and Ikorodu. This bring about the delimitation of Ikorodu division into two constituencies with Ikorodu central, Ikorodu north and Ikorodu west as constituency I and Imota, Igbogbo, Ijede communities as constituency II. The Local Government reform of 1976 divided Document [35] (Title: Nigeria) with the number of seats per state is determined by population. Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition Document [36] (Title: Nigeria) government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, Document [37] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) The Mid-Western Region was formed from the Western Region in 1966, and Lagos, the capital, was effectively governed as an unofficial fourth region outside the bounds of the Western Region. After the first coup and under the short-lived military government of Aguiyi-Ironsi, the country was reorganized under a central government. Following the counter-coup which resulted in Aguiyi-Ironsi's deposition and assassination, Nigeria was reorganized as a federal country, with three of the regions being divided into newer entities and all first-level subdivisions being renamed as states: Mid-Western and the states of former Eastern Region made a bid to secede from Nigeria Document [38] (Title: History of Nigeria) the press under Obasanjo. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the Document [39] (Title: Constitution of Nigeria) a direct election,directly-elected. To avoid the pitfalls of the First Republic, the constitution mandated that political parties and Federal Executive Council (Nigeria cabinet) positions reflect the "federal character" of the nation: political parties were required to be registered in at least two-thirds of the States of Nigeria or states, and each state had to have at least one member of the cabinet from it. The 1993 constitution was intended to see the return of democratic rule to Nigeria with the establishment of a Third Republic, but was never fully implemented, and the military resumed power until 1999 The 1999 constitution Document [40] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil servant. The ministries are responsible for various parastatals (government-owned corporations), such as universities, the National Broadcasting Commission, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. However, some parastatals are the responsibility of the Office of the Presidency, such as the Independent National Electoral Commission, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Federal Civil Service Commission. The National Assembly of Nigeria has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is presided over by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. It has 360 members, who are elected for Document [41] (Title: State government) Nigeria. In the Nigerian Constitution all powers not granted to the States are reserved to the Federal Government. In Pakistan, the provincial governments are the level of government below the federal government. Pakistan is a Sovereign Islamic Republic and a unitary Parliamentary Multi-party system form of a National Government. The Provincial ( State ) Government Head by the Elected Chief Minister ( CM ) . South Africa is divided into nine provinces which have their own elected governments. Chapter Six of the Constitution of South Africa describes the division of power between the national government and the provincial governments, listing Document [42] (Title: Politics of Northern Nigeria) Politics of Northern Nigeria The government of Northern Nigeria was modelled after the Westminister system. A premier acts as head of government and presides over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a governor acts as head of state and commander-in-chief of the constabulary. The lower house of parliament, called the House of Assembly, is composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper House of parliament, called the House of Chiefs, is similar to the British house of Lords. it is composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nations provinces. Before Document [43] (Title: Bernard Henry Bourdillon) saying "a benevolent autocracy is the form of government best suited to a people who are educationally backward and whose religion inculcates a blind obedience to authority". This view of the non-political nature of the regional councils helped alleviate concerns that the proposed federal system would cause antagonism between state and federal authorities. Bourdillon raised the question of whether Nigeria should be further subdivided into more than three regions. Some officials thought that the Tiv and Idoma divisions and most of Kabba province should be detached from the north. Some were in favour of more regions, each more homogenous ethnically, Document [44] (Title: Elections in Nigeria) Elections in Nigeria Elections in Nigeria are forms of choosing representatives to the Nigerian federal government and the various states in Nigeria. Nigeria elects on the federal level a head of state (the President of Nigeria) and a legislature (the National Assembly). The president is elected by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 360 members, elected for a four-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 109 members, elected for a four-year term: each of the 36 states are divided into 3 senatorial districts, each of which is represented by one senator; the Document [45] (Title: Law of Nigeria) societies and the Èkpè and Okónkò of Igboland and Ibibioland. Sharia Law "(also known as Islamic Law)" is used only in Northern Nigeria, where Islam is the predominant religion. The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria. The Nigerian constitution recognizes courts as either Federal or State courts. A primary difference between both is that the President appoints Justices/Judges to federal courts, while State Governors appoint Judges to state courts. All appointments (federal or state) are based on the recommendations of the National Judicial Council. The Federal courts are: the Supreme Document [46] (Title: Nigeria) relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. In the March 2015 election, Muhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair. Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest. Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the President. It is influenced by the Westminster System model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal Document [47] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) creation of a political subclass of state bureaucracies, often headed by governors who are accused of and sometimes successfully prosecuted for, monetary corruption. Furthermore, one of the outstanding peculiarities of Nigerian politics emanates from the promulgation of sharia law in the northern states, which is only applicable to Muslim residents, while Nigerian states outside the "sharia zone" operate their legal systems by common and customary law. Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present Document [48] (Title: Nigeria) Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the southeast, and Benin in the west. Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial Document [49] (Title: Anocracy) transition from autocracy to anocracy and anocracy to democracy, electoral conflicts and violence remains prevalent. With a polity score of four in 2014, Nigeria is categorized as an open anocracy, transitioning closer to democracy than autocracy. In recent years, Nigeria has displayed characteristics of anocratic regimes including political corruption and electoral riggings. Following years of military rule after gaining independence in 1960 to 1999 with excluding 1979-83, the 2007 general elections marked the first time in Nigerian history that political leadership could be passed from one civilian to another through the process of election. However, in late 2006, just months Document [50] (Title: States of Nigeria) to organize/structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria. At the State level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislatures it has in the Federal House of Representatives. It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list. At the State level, the Head of the executive is called the Governor, who has the power to appoint people to the State Executive Council, subject to the advice and consent of the State House of Assembly (Legislature). The Head of Document [51] (Title: Nigeria) time were conducted with minimal vote-rigging. In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence. There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria: The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa. One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s. The latter nation sponsored and oversaw Question: what are the types of government in nigeria Answer: a federal republic Long Answer: Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president . The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system . Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is held by the real government and the two chambers of the legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate . Together, the two chambers make up the law - making body in Nigeria, called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government . The highest judiciary arm of government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria which was created after independence and also practices Baron de Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers based on the United States system and also practises checks and balances The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Nigeria as "hybrid regime" in 2016. Gold Document ID: 48

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) of general application. (2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). There were other sources which though subsumed in Nigerian legislations were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. They are called the "criminal and penal codes" of Nigeria.. Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows. "The colonial era until 1960 , post independence legislation 1960-1966 , the military era 1966-1999". The grant of independence to Nigeria was a milestone in the political history of the country. This period witnessed the consolidation of political gains made during the colonial era. Politicians genuinely focused their Document [2] (Title: Nigeria–United States relations) mechanisms of democratic governance to make elected officials accountable to constituents through free and fair elections, strong government institutions, and well-organized, informed citizens who demand performance. The U.S. advances rule of law in Nigeria by strengthening the capacity and transparency of law enforcement agencies and judiciary. The United States supports democratic local government and decentralization and improves fiscal administration by maximizing revenue collection in credible audits. It strengthens the civil society by promoting existing watchdog groups that have lobbied successfully for more transparency, accountability, and pluralism in Nigeria's fiscal, electoral, conflict management, political, and human rights affairs. Peace and Security: Document [3] (Title: Nigeria) Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroons opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. In 1963, the nation established a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. When elections were held in 1965, the Nigerian National Democratic Party came to Document [4] (Title: National Assembly (Nigeria)) quality academic and professional research, policy analysis, training, documentation and advocacy on democratic governance and legislative practice and procedures. The functions of NILS are similar to the services offered to the US congress by Congressional Research Service, Congressional Budget Office, Library of Congress only on a lesser scale as the institute was just established. National Assembly (Nigeria) The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution. It consists of a Senate with 109 membersand a 360-memberHouse of Representatives The body, modelled after the federal Congress of the United Document [5] (Title: Nigerian traditional rulers) Nigerian traditional rulers Nigerian traditional rulers often derive their titles from the rulers of independent states or communities that existed before the formation of modern Nigeria. Although they do not have formal political power, in many cases they continue to command respect from their people and have considerable influence. Though their bearers usually maintain the monarchical styles and titles of their sovereign ancestors, both their independent activities and their relations with the central and regional governments of Nigeria are closer in substance to those of the high nobility of old Europe than to those of actual reigning monarchs. Modern Nigeria Document [6] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) divided into Local Government Areas (LGAs). There are 774 LGAs in Nigeria. Kano State has the largest number of LGAs at 44, and Bayelsa State has the fewest at 9. The Federal Capital Territory of Abuja has 6 LGAs. LGAs replaced the Districts that were the previous third-tier administrative units under the British government. The military of Nigeria has played a major role in the country's history, often seizing control of the country and ruling it for long periods of time. Its last period of rule ended in 1999, following the death of the leader of the previous military junta Document [7] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) the purchase of equipment after dumping the non-operational vehicles. Nigeria currently has better foreign relations with its neighbors, due to its current state of democracy. It is a member of the African Union and sits on that organization's Peace and Security Council. In 1960, Nigeria joined both the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations; however, they were briefly suspended between 1995 and 1999. Federal government of Nigeria The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the Document [8] (Title: National Assembly (Nigeria)) National Assembly (Nigeria) The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution. It consists of a Senate with 109 membersand a 360-memberHouse of Representatives The body, modelled after the federal Congress of the United States, is supposed to guarantee equal representation of the 36 states irrespective of size in the Senate and proportional representation of population in the House. The National Assembly, like many other organs of the Nigerian government, is based in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The Senate is chaired by the President of the Nigerian Document [9] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) partition from existing provinces. However, while native-born chiefs and clerks were appointed to govern the provinces, the regions were governed by the British-appointed colonial authorities, and such regions were made dependent upon the colonial authorities for martial law, manpower and management of resources. With the approach of independence, power over the regions was given to Nigerian-born citizens, and regional legislatures were established. By the time that Nigeria had declared itself a republic and replaced the post of Governor-General with the post of President, a national bicameral parliament was established and the country was considered a federation of the three regions. Document [10] (Title: Law of Nigeria) These states are Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, and Kebbi. The following is a list of legislation and acts created by the National Assembly: 4th Parliament: 1999 - 2003 5th Parliament: 2003 - 2007 6th Parliament: 2007 - 2011 7th Parliament: 2011 - 2015 8th Parliament: 2015 - 2019 See the following: Law of Nigeria The law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct Document [11] (Title: Eastern Region, Nigeria) first phase was through warrant chiefs many of whom were created by the colonial government. But after the Aba riot of 1929, the system gradually gave way to the Native Authority administration led by older men within the communities. This system was not particularly strong as it was in Northern Nigeria. In the 1950s, local government system following the English model of boroughs county and district councils was introduced. The village school was an important part of the community. Members of the community at home and abroad voluntarily gave money for the erection of school buildings. Wealthy or salaried family Document [12] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) law of Nigeria is based on the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, and British common law (due to the long history of British colonial influence). The common law in the legal system is similar to common-law systems used in England and Wales and other Commonwealth countries. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided by the Constitution of Nigeria. There is a judicial branch, with the Supreme Court regarded as the highest court of the Nation. The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are (1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes Document [13] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) Federal government of Nigeria The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively. Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president. The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system. Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is held Document [14] (Title: Constitution of Nigeria) British order in council so as to come into force immediately upon independence, on 1 October 1960. Under this constitution Nigeria retained Queen Elizabeth II as titular head of state. Independent Nigeria's second constitution established the country as a federal republic. It came into force on 1 October 1963 (Nigeria's third anniversary as an independent nation). The 1963 constitution, which was based on the Westminster system, continued in operation until a military coup in 1966 overthrew Nigeria's democratic institutions. The 1979 constitution, which brought in the Second Republic, abandoned the Westminster system in favour of an American-style presidential system, with Document [15] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) by the real government and the two chambers of the legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Together, the two chambers make up the law-making body in Nigeria, called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government. The highest judiciary arm of government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria which was created after independence and also practices Baron de Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers based on the United States system and also practises checks and balances. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Nigeria as "hybrid regime" in 2016. The Document [16] (Title: Jigawa State) (comprising present Kano and Jigawa states).By the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, the state comprises 27 Local Government Councils, which are divided into 30 State Constituencies, grouped into 11 Federal Constituencies and 3 Senatorial Districts. These 27 Local Government Councils were further subdivided into 77 Development Areas per law No. 5 of 2004 of the State House of Assembly. In line with the democratic setting in the country, the governments at both the State and Local Government levels are elected, and comprise an Executive with a unicameral legislature. The State legislature has 30 elected members each representing one Document [17] (Title: State government) Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head of government. The State resembles the federal system. In the states, the Governor is the head of Executive, but real executive power vests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. The judicial setup of the country is headed by the Chief justice, who presides over one of the largest judicial apparatus dispensing criminal, civil and all other forms of litigation. The government head of its legal wing is the Attorney General of India. In Nigeria, States are constituent political entities, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Document [18] (Title: Yoruba people) differing ratios of power between the kingships and the chiefs' councils. Some, such as Oyo, had powerful, autocratic monarchs with almost total control, while in others such as the Ijebu city-states, the senatorial councils held more influence and the power of the ruler or "Ọba", referred to as the Awujale of Ijebuland, was more limited. Yoruba settlements are often described as primarily one or more of the main social groupings called "generations": Monarchies were a common form of government in Yorubaland, but they were not the only approach to government and social organization. The numerous Ijebu city-states to the west Document [19] (Title: States of Nigeria) States of Nigeria In Nigeria, a state (, , ) is a federated political entity that shares sovereignty with the federal government. There are 36 states bound together by a federal agreement. The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) is not a state and under the direct control of the federal government. The states are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments. The Nigerian traditional states predate all the modern states but have no legal or administrative powers. As sovereign entities, States of Nigeria have the right Document [20] (Title: History of Nigeria) policy. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. The Nigerian People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the Northern Region. The northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. Document [21] (Title: Nigeria) amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The two major political parties are the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress. About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. The then-president, Olusegun Obasanjo, acknowledged fraud and other electoral "lapses" but said the result reflected opinion polls. In a national television address in 2007, he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor, they would have Document [22] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) lapses in the polity. It achieved for herself a republican status by shaking off the last vestiges of colonial authority. However, despite the violent violation of its provisions, the constitution remained the subsequent administrations (military or otherwise). The breakdown of law and order which occurred in the period under review would not be attributed to any defect in the Nigerian legal system. Corrupt practices both in the body politic and all aspects of Nigerian life eroded efficiency and progress. There were 8 coups generally five were successful and 3 were unsuccessful. The president is elected through universal suffrage. He or Document [23] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) as the states of Biafra and Republic of Benin, resulting in the Nigerian Civil War. In 1976, six years after the end of the civil war, the states were further reorganized: State boundaries and names were also reorganized. The demand for the creation of newer states in Nigeria tends to emanate from sub-state groups, often ethnic- or tribal-interest groups, which accuse the current larger state governments of subverting or ignoring the interests and necessities of the more local regions. A much-criticized effect of the current type of federalism, of 36 states from previous pre civil war 3 regions is the Document [24] (Title: Eastern Region, Nigeria) government modeled after the English system. There were three tiers of governance levels within the system, the county and urban districts, the municipalities and the local councils. An African dominated government institution, the Eastern Regional Assembly with the powers to debate but not enact laws was established in 1948. It had fifteen nominated African members and fourteen nominated European officials. In 1951, the regional assembly was given more legislative and financial powers following the enactment of the McPherson Constitution. In addition, the assembly number of members in the assembly was enlarged to eighty elected African members, three special members and Document [25] (Title: Law of Nigeria) Law of Nigeria The law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include English law, Common law, Customary law, and Sharia "(Islamic)" Law. English law in Nigeria is derived from the colonial Nigeria, while common law is a development from its post colonial independence. Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret Document [26] (Title: Elections in Nigeria) Nigeria in 2019. Included is the presidential election. President Muhammadu Buhari will be able to seek re-election. Elections in Nigeria Elections in Nigeria are forms of choosing representatives to the Nigerian federal government and the various states in Nigeria. Nigeria elects on the federal level a head of state (the President of Nigeria) and a legislature (the National Assembly). The president is elected by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 360 members, elected for a four-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 109 members, elected for a four-year term: each of the Document [27] (Title: Colonial Nigeria) from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the Document [28] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) four-year terms in single-seat constituencies. The Senate, which has 109 members, is presided over by the President of the Senate. 108 members are elected for four-year terms in 36 three-seat constituencies, which correspond to the country's 36 states. One member is selected in the single-seat constituency of the federal capital. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Court of Appeals, the High Courts, and other trial courts such as the Magistrates', Customary, Sharia and other "specialised" courts. The National Judicial Council serves as an independent executive body, insulating the judiciary from the executive arm of government. Document [29] (Title: Northern Region, Nigeria) was modelled after the Westminster system. A premier acts as head of government and presides over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a governor acts as head of state and commander-in-chief of the constabulary. The lower house of parliament called the House of Assembly is composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper House of parliament, called the House of Chefs, is similar to the British House of Lords. It is composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nation's provinces. The governor is head of the state of Northern Nigeria. Document [30] (Title: Eluoma) in the villages. Adult males took the most important decisions while women always had their own government. Thus decisions were by universal adult male suffrage. However, in the mid seventies, the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, led by people of Northern extraction began to foist their oligarchic system of administration on the whole country, particularly the East, through the Military Governors whom they appointed. These governors in turn requested for “chiefs” or traditional rulers to be installed. Like all other Igbo societies, the first generation of chiefs were persuaded to accept the position. The first chief or eze Eluoma had Document [31] (Title: Federalism) the Union level. The Federal Republic of Nigeria has various states which have evolved over time due to complex socioeconomic issues as well as the effect of their colonial era. However, in modern Nigeria there are thirty six states and one federal capital territory: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Enugu, Edo, Ekiti, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, and Zamfara, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). There has been significant tension between the southern states and the Document [32] (Title: Yoruba people) 'House of Commons,' 140 principal military ones and 280 secondary ones." He described Abẹokuta and its system of government as "the most extraordinary republic in the world." Gerontocratic leadership councils that guarded against the monopolization of power by a monarch were a trait of the Ẹgba, according to the eminent Ọyọ historian Reverend Samuel Johnson. Such councils were also well-developed among the northern Okun groups, the eastern Ekiti, and other groups falling under the Yoruba ethnic umbrella. In Ọyọ, the most centralized of the precolonial kingdoms, the "Alaafin" consulted on all political decisions with the prime elector or president of Document [33] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Regionalism was introduced to the Nigeria system by the Richards Constitution. Federalism is a system of government in which governmental powers that exists in a country are shared between central government and component region. It is also defined as the system of government in which governmental powers are shared Document [34] (Title: Imota) based on their activeness and held in high esteem that their decisions remain final. In practicing democracy in the town, the Osugbo's owned the judicial power, they check on the excesses of the king, while the king exercises both executive and legislative functions. The creation of Lagos State in 1967 composed basically five main divisions, namely Lagos Colony, Badagry, Epe, Ikeja and Ikorodu. This bring about the delimitation of Ikorodu division into two constituencies with Ikorodu central, Ikorodu north and Ikorodu west as constituency I and Imota, Igbogbo, Ijede communities as constituency II. The Local Government reform of 1976 divided Document [35] (Title: Nigeria) with the number of seats per state is determined by population. Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition Document [36] (Title: Nigeria) government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, Document [37] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) The Mid-Western Region was formed from the Western Region in 1966, and Lagos, the capital, was effectively governed as an unofficial fourth region outside the bounds of the Western Region. After the first coup and under the short-lived military government of Aguiyi-Ironsi, the country was reorganized under a central government. Following the counter-coup which resulted in Aguiyi-Ironsi's deposition and assassination, Nigeria was reorganized as a federal country, with three of the regions being divided into newer entities and all first-level subdivisions being renamed as states: Mid-Western and the states of former Eastern Region made a bid to secede from Nigeria Document [38] (Title: History of Nigeria) the press under Obasanjo. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the Document [39] (Title: Constitution of Nigeria) a direct election,directly-elected. To avoid the pitfalls of the First Republic, the constitution mandated that political parties and Federal Executive Council (Nigeria cabinet) positions reflect the "federal character" of the nation: political parties were required to be registered in at least two-thirds of the States of Nigeria or states, and each state had to have at least one member of the cabinet from it. The 1993 constitution was intended to see the return of democratic rule to Nigeria with the establishment of a Third Republic, but was never fully implemented, and the military resumed power until 1999 The 1999 constitution Document [40] (Title: Federal government of Nigeria) a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil servant. The ministries are responsible for various parastatals (government-owned corporations), such as universities, the National Broadcasting Commission, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. However, some parastatals are the responsibility of the Office of the Presidency, such as the Independent National Electoral Commission, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Federal Civil Service Commission. The National Assembly of Nigeria has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is presided over by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. It has 360 members, who are elected for Document [41] (Title: State government) Nigeria. In the Nigerian Constitution all powers not granted to the States are reserved to the Federal Government. In Pakistan, the provincial governments are the level of government below the federal government. Pakistan is a Sovereign Islamic Republic and a unitary Parliamentary Multi-party system form of a National Government. The Provincial ( State ) Government Head by the Elected Chief Minister ( CM ) . South Africa is divided into nine provinces which have their own elected governments. Chapter Six of the Constitution of South Africa describes the division of power between the national government and the provincial governments, listing Document [42] (Title: Politics of Northern Nigeria) Politics of Northern Nigeria The government of Northern Nigeria was modelled after the Westminister system. A premier acts as head of government and presides over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a governor acts as head of state and commander-in-chief of the constabulary. The lower house of parliament, called the House of Assembly, is composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper House of parliament, called the House of Chiefs, is similar to the British house of Lords. it is composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nations provinces. Before Document [43] (Title: Bernard Henry Bourdillon) saying "a benevolent autocracy is the form of government best suited to a people who are educationally backward and whose religion inculcates a blind obedience to authority". This view of the non-political nature of the regional councils helped alleviate concerns that the proposed federal system would cause antagonism between state and federal authorities. Bourdillon raised the question of whether Nigeria should be further subdivided into more than three regions. Some officials thought that the Tiv and Idoma divisions and most of Kabba province should be detached from the north. Some were in favour of more regions, each more homogenous ethnically, Document [44] (Title: Elections in Nigeria) Elections in Nigeria Elections in Nigeria are forms of choosing representatives to the Nigerian federal government and the various states in Nigeria. Nigeria elects on the federal level a head of state (the President of Nigeria) and a legislature (the National Assembly). The president is elected by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 360 members, elected for a four-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 109 members, elected for a four-year term: each of the 36 states are divided into 3 senatorial districts, each of which is represented by one senator; the Document [45] (Title: Law of Nigeria) societies and the Èkpè and Okónkò of Igboland and Ibibioland. Sharia Law "(also known as Islamic Law)" is used only in Northern Nigeria, where Islam is the predominant religion. The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria. The Nigerian constitution recognizes courts as either Federal or State courts. A primary difference between both is that the President appoints Justices/Judges to federal courts, while State Governors appoint Judges to state courts. All appointments (federal or state) are based on the recommendations of the National Judicial Council. The Federal courts are: the Supreme Document [46] (Title: Nigeria) relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. In the March 2015 election, Muhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair. Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest. Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the President. It is influenced by the Westminster System model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal Document [47] (Title: Federalism in Nigeria) creation of a political subclass of state bureaucracies, often headed by governors who are accused of and sometimes successfully prosecuted for, monetary corruption. Furthermore, one of the outstanding peculiarities of Nigerian politics emanates from the promulgation of sharia law in the northern states, which is only applicable to Muslim residents, while Nigerian states outside the "sharia zone" operate their legal systems by common and customary law. Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present Document [48] (Title: Nigeria) Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the southeast, and Benin in the west. Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial Document [49] (Title: Anocracy) transition from autocracy to anocracy and anocracy to democracy, electoral conflicts and violence remains prevalent. With a polity score of four in 2014, Nigeria is categorized as an open anocracy, transitioning closer to democracy than autocracy. In recent years, Nigeria has displayed characteristics of anocratic regimes including political corruption and electoral riggings. Following years of military rule after gaining independence in 1960 to 1999 with excluding 1979-83, the 2007 general elections marked the first time in Nigerian history that political leadership could be passed from one civilian to another through the process of election. However, in late 2006, just months Document [50] (Title: States of Nigeria) to organize/structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria. At the State level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislatures it has in the Federal House of Representatives. It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list. At the State level, the Head of the executive is called the Governor, who has the power to appoint people to the State Executive Council, subject to the advice and consent of the State House of Assembly (Legislature). The Head of Document [51] (Title: Nigeria) time were conducted with minimal vote-rigging. In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence. There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria: The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa. One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s. The latter nation sponsored and oversaw Question: what are the types of government in nigeria

Answer: a federal republic Long Answer: Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president . The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system . Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is held by the real government and the two chambers of the legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate . Together, the two chambers make up the law - making body in Nigeria, called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government . The highest judiciary arm of government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria which was created after independence and also practices Baron de Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers based on the United States system and also practises checks and balances The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Nigeria as "hybrid regime" in 2016. Gold Document ID: 48

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) was also the first time that they had advanced to the Finals in consecutive years. This made it the first time since 1998 NBA Finals that the same two teams faced off in the Finals in consecutive years. With a victory in the second game of the series, Duncan, Ginóbili, and Parker won more playoff games together than any other three players on the same team in NBA history. The Spurs would go on to win the 2014 NBA Championship, 4 games to 1. The Spurs blew out Miami in all of their wins, each of them by 15 or Document [2] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) cause to the Boston Celtics. The rivalry continued in 1995 when the defending champion Rockets led by Hakeem Olajuwon beat the top-seeded Spurs led by MVP David Robinson in the Western Conference Finals, despite only being the sixth seed, with Olajuwon, who had won the previous year's MVP, being widely regarded as having outplayed Robinson. In a regular season game early in the 2005 season, the Spurs were leading the Rockets very late in the fourth quarter by eight points. Houston's Tracy McGrady went on a personal 13–4 run in the final 35 seconds to miraculously steal the game away Document [3] (Title: 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season) since 2007, but came up short of a fifth title, losing to the Miami Heat in a tough seven-game series, who would hand them their very first defeat in the NBA Finals. 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season The 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season was the 46th season of the franchise, 40th in San Antonio and 37th in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs finished the regular season with a 58–24 record as the 2nd seed in the Western Conference. In the playoffs, the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the First Round in four games, defeated the Golden Document [4] (Title: 1985–86 San Antonio Spurs season) 3–0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1983 Western Conference Finals (Los Angeles won 4–2) 1985–86 San Antonio Spurs season The 1985-86 NBA season was the Spurs' tenth season in the NBA, the 13th in San Antonio, and the 19th season as a franchise. It was also their first season without George Gervin, who played with the team since 1974 as he was traded to the Chicago Bulls during the offseason. In his second year, Alvin Robertson led the league in steals and made his first All-Star Game appearance. Robertson earned Defensive Player of the year honors at the end of the season. Document [5] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) professional leagues. The 2014–15 season was an up-and-down season, but finishing strong with a 55–27 regular season record and 6th seed in the West, they qualified for the playoffs. They faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs. The Spurs went up 3–2 heading into Game 6 at San Antonio. However, the Clippers would win that game and go on to win Game 7 at home. The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions since the 2011–12 Dallas Mavericks to be eliminated in the first round of the NBA playoffs. With the acquisitions of four-time Document [6] (Title: 2015 NBA Playoffs) straight year. Game 7 between the Clippers and Spurs ensured a 16th straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played; 1999 was the last postseason to not feature a Game 7. The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions to be eliminated in the first round since the 2011–12 Dallas Mavericks. This was only the second time it had happened since 2000. With the Spurs being eliminated in the first round, none of the eight teams remaining at the beginning of the Conference Semifinals had previously won an NBA championship in the 21st century. After the Document [7] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) three-pointers, but the Spurs lost the series in seven games. The record was later broken by Stephen Curry in 2016. On April 11, 2014, Green scored a career high 33 points in a 112-104 win over the Phoenix Suns. On June 15, 2014, Green won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. In doing so, Green joined Michael Jordan and James Worthy as the third Tar Heel to win both the NCAA and NBA championship. On December 19, 2014, Green scored a season-high 27 points in the Document [8] (Title: 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season) 2011 where the Spurs were eliminated in the first round, where they were eliminated by the 8th-seeded Memphis Grizzlies in a shocking upset. The team hired former WNBA point guard Becky Hammon as an assistant head coach, making her the first full-time female assistant coach in the NBA. 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season The 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season was the 48th season of the franchise, 39th in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 42nd in the San Antonio area. The Spurs were the defending NBA Champions, having defeated the Miami Heat in the 2014 NBA Finals 4 games to Document [9] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs by taking the series to 7 games, but the Spurs prevailed in convincing fashion in the deciding Game 7. In the second round, Tim Duncan surpassed Karl Malone for fifth place in NBA Playoffs all-time points scored while the Spurs cruised past the Portland Trail Blazers in 5 games. San Antonio played the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals, which marked the third straight appearance in the Western Conference Finals for the Spurs, and defeated them in 6 games to advance to the Finals for a second straight year for a rematch with the Miami Heat. It Document [10] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) be named NBA MVP for that season, and would also be named NBA Finals MVP for the 2003 NBA Finals, and the "Twin Towers" were named "Sports Illustrated"s 2003 "Sportsmen of the Year". David Robinson would see his No. 50 be retired by the San Antonio Spurs and would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009. The next era for Duncan began during Robinson's final season, as the Spurs drafted Tony Parker in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft and Manu Ginóbili joined the Spurs in time for the 2002–03 NBA season after Document [11] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the 2005–06 season, the Spurs acquired the two-time All-Star Michael Finley and one-time All Star Nick Van Exel. Not surprisingly, the Spurs would come flying out of the gate, winning 16 of their first 19 games. Once again, the Spurs would get challenged within their own division by the Dallas Mavericks as they held the two best records in the Western Conference all season, battling for first place. In the end, the experience of the Spurs would be the difference as they won the Southwest Division again with a new franchise best record of 63–19. The Spurs met the Mavericks Document [12] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Washington Bullets despite an outstanding series from Gervin who averaged 33.2 ppg. The following season in the 1979 Conference Finals the Spurs led the series 3–1 but the Bullets came back to win the last three games and came from behind to win the 7th game 107–105 handing the Spurs a heartbreaking loss. The Spurs would have to wait another 20 years to make it to their first NBA finals. The Spurs would go on to capture five division titles in their first seven years in the NBA and became a perennial playoff participant. However, in the playoffs, the Spurs Document [13] (Title: 1976–77 San Antonio Spurs season) the prior season were all folded prior to the ABA–NBA merger: the Baltimore Claws, Utah Stars, San Diego Sails and Virginia Squires. The Spurs made their debut on October 22 stunning the 76ers in Philadelphia by a score of 121–118. Afterwards, the Spurs would win just 1 of their next 7 games. In November, the Spurs would win 6 straight. By February the Spurs were 10 games over .500, and were the NBA's highest scoring team at 115 points per game. Despite the offensive flash, the Spurs also had the league's worst defense at 114 points per game as they Document [14] (Title: 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season) 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season The 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season was the franchise's 50th season, its 44th season in the San Antonio area, and its 41st in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This season was the team's first without longtime team cornerstone Tim Duncan since 1996–97; Duncan retired from the NBA on July 11, 2016 as a 5-time champion and the first NBA player ever to win championships in 3 straight decades. With the elimination of the Detroit Red Wings from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs on March 28, 2017, the Spurs--with 20 consecutive NBA Playoffs appearances--held the longest Document [15] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) cap room. The Mavericks were swept in the 2012–13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season, Tim Duncan's rookie season. In their last match up of the season, San Antonio escaped with a 95–94 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3-point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer. With that win, the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for a 16th straight season, currently the longest streak in the NBA. San Antonio also reached 50 wins for a 14th consecutive season, the longest streak in NBA history. In the 2013–14 season, the Spurs once Document [16] (Title: Los Angeles Lakers) historically favored the Lakers. Some contend that the term "rivalry" is inaccurate until the Clippers become more successful. The San Antonio Spurs and the Lakers, developed what some would classify as a rivalry in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 1999, the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs five times, with the clubs combining to appear in seven consecutive NBA Finals (1999–2005). Additionally, the teams combined to win five NBA championships from 1999 to 2003. The Spurs won the NBA championship in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 while the Lakers won the championship in 2000, 2001, 2002, Document [17] (Title: 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season) point), finishing with over 50 victories for the first time in Spurs history. In the 1975 ABA Playoffs, the Spurs once again lost in the first round 4–2 to the Indiana Pacers. Western Division Semifinals 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season The 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season was the second season for the San Antonio Spurs. The Spurs made their debut on October 18, 1974, vs the Indiana Pacers in Indiana, winning 129–121 in double overtime. Afterwards, the Spurs would win the next two games, getting to a quick start. In December they would be 21–18 after finishing 7–10 in the Document [18] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) by double digits 17 points. However, in the fourth quarter, the Spurs made a run and with 9 seconds left, Sean Elliott tip-toed down the sidelines staying barely inbounds to nail a game-winning three-pointer. From there, the Spurs would go on to sweep the Trail Blazers to become the first former American Basketball Association (ABA) team to play in the NBA Finals. In the Finals, they defeated the 8th-seeded New York Knicks in five games. Avery Johnson hit the title-winning basket with 47 seconds left to seal the Spurs' first title in franchise history. Following the season, Will Perdue signed Document [19] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) their first ever NBA Finals appearance. The Spurs would go on to sweep the Cavaliers in four games, winning the their fourth NBA championship, with Tony Parker named Finals MVP, making him the first European-born player to win the award. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Statistics include only games with the Spurs (3) San Antonio Spurs vs. (6) Denver Nuggets Last Playoff Meeting: 2005 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 4–1) (2) Phoenix Suns vs. (3) San Antonio Spurs Last Playoff Meeting: 2005 Western Conference Finals (San Antonio won 4–1) (3) San Antonio Spurs vs. (4) Utah Jazz Last Playoff Meeting: 1998 Western Document [20] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) during the 2000–2001 season with the Spurs winning in five games. Little was made during this series, as the Spurs won their first NBA championship only two years before. The Mavericks, run by a trio of Steve Nash, Michael Finley, and Dirk Nowitzki, had just defeated the Utah Jazz, despite not having home court advantage, and were only starting to meld into a title contender. The rivalry took on a new meaning in 2005 when, near the end of the regular season, Don Nelson resigned as Dallas' head coach, apparently dissatisfied with the state of the team, and handed the Document [21] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs in 1997. With their 50th win in the 2016–17 season, the Spurs extended their record for most consecutive 50-win seasons to 18 (the Spurs did not win 50 games in the strike-shortened 1998–99 season, which lasted only 50 games). Since the 1997–98 season, the Spurs have had 21 consecutive seasons with a winning percentage of .622 or greater during the regular season, which is also an NBA record. The team's success during this period coincides with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich, who had been the team's general manager before replacing Bob Hill as coach in 1996. Document [22] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) a new arena next to the Freeman Coliseum. The Spurs finished with 58–24 records for both the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons but found themselves suffering playoff ousters in both seasons from the eventual NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers, getting swept from the 2001 Conference Finals and losing in five games during the second round in 2002. Entering the 2002–03 season, the team knew it would be memorable for at least two reasons, as David Robinson announced that it would be his last in the NBA and the Spurs would begin play at their new arena, the SBC Center, named after Document [23] (Title: 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season) average point differential (14.0) in Finals history. San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP). 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season The 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season was the 47th season of the franchise, their 41st in San Antonio and the 38th in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs entered the season as runner-ups of the 2013 NBA Finals, where they lost to the Miami Heat in seven games, marking the first time the Spurs lost in the NBA Finals. They also entered the season with an NBA-record ten international players. In the playoffs, the Spurs Document [24] (Title: Tim Duncan) named Finals MVP, bringing San Antonio their first-ever NBA championship. The accolades for the Spurs soon arrived, with "Sports Illustrated" reporting that the San Antonio "monkey has been shed", and that the Spurs were no longer known as the "San Antonio softies". The magazine praised Finals MVP Duncan, who was later quoted: "This is incredible. We kept our focus and we pulled it out." "Sports Illustrated" journalist and retired NBA player Alex English added: "Duncan came up big each time they went to him with that sweet turnaround jumper off the glass. He was the man tonight [in Game 5]." Document [25] (Title: 2000–01 San Antonio Spurs season) (San Antonio won 3-1) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (5) Dallas Mavericks Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Spurs and Mavericks. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (2) Los Angeles Lakers Last Playoff Meeting: 1999 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-0) 2000–01 San Antonio Spurs season The 2000–01 NBA season was the Spurs' 25th season in the National Basketball Association, their 28th season in San Antonio, and their 34th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs signed free agents Derek Anderson and Danny Ferry. The Spurs continued to be among the NBA's elite teams, Document [26] (Title: Matt Bonner) round to knock out Ryan Anderson (18) and Stephen Curry (17) and advanced to the final where he lost 20-23 to Kyrie Irving. Later that year, Bonner and the Spurs reached the NBA Finals where they lost to the Miami Heat in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Bonner won his second NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. On July 21, 2014, Bonner re-signed with the Spurs, On July 15, 2015, Bonner again re-signed with the Spurs. He announced his retirement on January 6, 2017. After retiring from professional basketball, Bonner Document [27] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) in favor of the Spurs. NBA teams are 74-17 all-time at home in Game 7, and 9-0 when leading 3-2 going home. The game, like the previous two games of the series, was closely contested for the first three quarters. But the Spurs took control in the fourth quarter and never looked back as for the second time in three years, the Spurs celebrated a championship on the SBC Center floor. The Spurs won Game Seven 81-74, winning the franchise's third Larry O'Brien Trophy. For the game, Tim Duncan finished with a game high 25 points and 11 rebounds, while Document [28] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) high 18 rebounds. On the game's final play, LeBron James missed a potential game-tying 29-foot 3-pointer (which he contested as a foul on Bruce Bowen). Game 3 was the lowest-scoring Finals game since 1955, with Tim Duncan of the Spurs having his lowest scoring game in his NBA Finals career, with 14 points. San Antonio started out strong through the first three quarters, leading by as many as 11. Cleveland would stage a rally near the end of the third quarter and the first five minutes of the fourth, scoring 14 consecutive points to take its first second-half lead of Document [29] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Heat would alternate wins the first six games in the series. In Game 6, the Spurs were on the verge of winning their fifth NBA title. San Antonio was up five points with 28 seconds to go in regulation. An unlikely and uncharacteristic series of mishaps would doom the Spurs down the stretch, including the benching of Duncan by Popovich at the end of regulation with the Spurs on defense. The Heat missed their field goal attempt, but the undersized Spurs could not grab the defensive rebound. Chris Bosh rebounded the ball and Ray Allen then hit a 3-pointer to Document [30] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) the latter stages of the game as his teammates struggled with nerves that came with the weight of a must-win game on the road against an accomplished adversary. In addition to the game winning three pointer Horry made a spectacular left-handed dunk as the shot clock was winding in one possession, that is one of the highlights of the series. Incidentally, Horry happened to have the most NBA championships of any active player five, and looked to extend that to six. Tim Duncan, despite struggling from the free-throw line, finished with 26 points and 19 rebounds for the Spurs. Chauncey Document [31] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) The Spurs would win 60 games for only the second time in franchise history as they attempted to win a second title in longtime star David Robinson's final season. The season saw Tim Duncan earn his second consecutive NBA MVP award, and appear in the 2003 NBA All-Star Game. Second-year guard Tony Parker showed improvement, averaging 15.5 points per game. Rookie Manu Ginobili was named to the All-Rookie Second Team. This season marked the official beginning of the Big Three era, and the end of the Twin Towers era. The trio of Duncan, Parker, and Ginobili would lead the Spurs Document [32] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers started in the late 1970s and peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 1999, the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs 7 times, with the clubs combining to appear in seven straight NBA Finals from 1999 to 2005. Additionally, the teams won each NBA Title from 1999 to 2003 (the Spurs won in 1999 and 2003, while the Lakers won in 2000, 2001, and 2002). From 1999 to 2004, the rivalry was considered as the NBA's best, as each time the clubs faced each other in the playoffs, the Document [33] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) from San Antonio, including the game winning 3 pointer with one second remaining to the delight of the Toyota Center crowd. The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 playoffs, in which the two teams met in the Western Conference Semifinals. The match-up was the first between the two teams in the playoffs since the 1995 Western Conference Finals. Five of the six games in the series resulted in blowouts. In game 2 of the series, starting point guard Tony Parker suffered a ruptured quadriceps tendon, forcing him to miss the remainder of the playoffs. In game 5, all-star small forward Document [34] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) teammate Manu Ginóbili pitched in with 23 points. Richard Hamilton, with 15 points, was the high scorer for the Pistons, who fell just short of winning back to back championships. Tim Duncan averaged 20.6 PPG on his way to his 3rd NBA Finals MVP award. Manu Ginóbili, Tony Parker, and Bruce Bowen each received their second championship ring, while Robert Horry became only the second player in NBA history (John Salley being the first) to play on championship teams for three different franchises. 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season The 2004–05 NBA season was the Spurs' 29th season in the National Document [35] (Title: Manu Ginóbili) the campaign, managing only 44 regular season games and missing the 2009 NBA Playoffs entirely. San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54–28 record, but with an aging supporting cast (Bowen, Michael Finley and Kurt Thomas were all in their late 30s), the Spurs were only considered fringe contenders for the championship. As it turned out, the strong play of Duncan and Tony Parker were not enough to help the Spurs avoid a 4–1 defeat by Dallas, and the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs for the first time since 2000. Document [36] (Title: Spurs Sports & Entertainment) franchise in all major sports in 2014. It was the third time the Spurs received the ESPN honor, and the franchise has ranked in the Top 10 every year since the survey was introduced in 2003. The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio, Texas. They are part of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were NBA champions in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA–NBA Document [37] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the 1981 and the Los Angeles Lakers in four games 1982 and in six games in the 1983 Western Finals despite getting both wins at the Forum in the 1983 series. They lost every home game in both series in 1982 and 1983 vs the Lakers as Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and co. were too strong. The Spurs did not make the conference finals until 1995. After the 1984–85 season, Gervin, who had been the Spurs' biggest star, was traded to the Chicago Bulls in what effectively signaled the end of Document [38] (Title: 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season) be eliminated before the conference finals. After 19 years, this season marked the end of the Tim Duncan era as he retired from the NBA following this season. Believed by many as the greatest Spur of all time, Duncan led the Spurs to 5 championships, a playoff appearance in every season of his 19 years in the league, and after winning their 5th ring in 2014, became the second player, after John Salley, to win championships in 3 different decades. 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season The 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season was the 49th season of the franchise, 40th in Document [39] (Title: Dallas Mavericks) team in the Finals. The Mavericks were swept in the 2012–13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season, Tim Duncan's rookie season. In their last match up of the season, San Antonio escaped with a 92–91 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3-point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer. With the win the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for the 16th straight season, currently the longest streak in the NBA. San Antonio also reached 50 wins for the 14th straight season, the longest streak in NBA history. In the 2013–14 season, the Document [40] (Title: San Antonio Missions) tackles the giant taco to the ground just before reaching home plate (they start at first base), then poses triumphantly over the downed mascot. Henry has only won the race once, in 1992. In that race, Henry mis-timed his steps and he inadvertently crossed home plate before his 10-year-old opponent. Nearly 20 years later the Missions hosted a rematch and, on June 24, 2010, the kid finally avenged his loss. The team has two unique giveaway nights—Shirt Off Your Back and Used Car Giveaway. In the first, often held on or near the last game of the season, the jerseys Document [41] (Title: NBA Finals) champions in 2013, this time over the San Antonio Spurs, with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in the Finals; with Tim Duncan (1999, 2003, 2005) and Tony Parker (2007) for the Spurs, and Wade (2006) and James (2012) for the Heat. The Spurs went up 3–2 in the series, but the Heat bounced back with a Game 6 victory, notable for a game-tying three-pointer by Ray Allen in the closing seconds of regulation to send the game into overtime. The game is considered one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history. Document [42] (Title: History of the Dallas Mavericks) the San Antonio Spurs in five games, it marked a sense of optimism for Dallas in seriously contending for an NBA title. This was also the last season in the old Reunion Arena before making the move to the modern American Airlines Center. These years also saw Nowitzki win the first two of his five consecutive Euroscar Awards as the top player in Europe, in 2002 and 2003. (Note that this award is presented at the end of a calendar year, as opposed to the end of the season as in the NBA awards.) The 2001–02 season was a great Document [43] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) Conference Semifinals (Utah won 4–1) LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers entered the 2007 Finals as newcomers. Game 1 was the first NBA Finals appearance in franchise history, and the first for each of its players (other than reserve point guard Eric Snow). However, the San Antonio Spurs had been to the Finals in three of the past eight seasons, winning a championship each time. With solid performances by Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, and Manu Ginóbili, the Spurs won the series opener in convincing fashion, limiting LeBron James to 14 points on 4–16 shooting. The Spurs took a stranglehold on Document [44] (Title: Tony Parker) New Orleans Hornets, the Spurs dropped the first two road games before responding with a strong win in the third game. In that game, Parker recorded a double-double with 31 points and 11 assists. The experienced Spurs took seven games to defeat the Hornets, but were unable to get past the Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals, and the Spurs once again failed to win back-to-back NBA championships. San Antonio got off to a rocky start in their 2008–09 NBA season, losing the first three contests. In their fourth game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, however, Parker scored a career-high Document [45] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) seconds to go opened the door for San Antonio. On the Spurs' next possession, Robert Horry inbounded the ball to Ginobili, who then gave it back to Horry, who was left wide open, to sink the game winning basket. Horry had previously already been famous for nailing the winning shot in Game 4 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Lakers and Kings. Horry went 5 for 6 from beyond the arc, including the game-winner, and scored 21 points coming off the bench, after not scoring until the final play of the 3rd quarter. He carried the team in Document [46] (Title: Gregg Popovich) television and that's why the commissioner tossed that tantrum." On March 22, 2013, when the Spurs beat the Utah Jazz, Popovich became the second head coach in NBA history, after the Jazz's own Jerry Sloan, to win 900 regular-season games with one team. Popovich led the Spurs to the 2013 NBA Finals to face the Miami Heat. The series lasted seven games, but the Spurs had their first ever Finals loss. On April 22, 2014, Popovich was awarded the Red Auerbach Trophy as he won the NBA Coach of the Year for the third time. He also won his fifth Document [47] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) biggest one-season turnaround in NBA history, finishing with a record of 56–26. They also jumped all the way to first place in the Midwest Division, their first division title in seven years. Robinson had one of the most successful rookie seasons for a center in NBA history, finishing the season as the unanimous Rookie of the Year while averaging 24.3 points and 12.0 rebounds. The Spurs began the 1990s with great optimism. The team became a perennial playoff presence, although unable to advance further than the second round of the NBA Playoffs under Brown's tutelage. Late in the 1991–92 season, Document [48] (Title: 1999–2000 San Antonio Spurs season) selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. On March 14, the Spurs' playoff spirits would get a lift when Sean Elliott, who had received a kidney transplant prior to the season, returned and played in the final 19 games. However, as the season wound down, Duncan suffered a knee injury. The Spurs finished second in the Midwest Division with a 53–29 record, but without Duncan, they were eliminated in the first of the playoffs by the fifth-seeded Phoenix Suns. Following the season, Mario Elie signed as a free agent with the Phoenix Suns, and Jerome Kersey signed with the Milwaukee Document [49] (Title: 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season) the Lakers. Following the season, Antonio Daniels was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers and Terry Porter retired. (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Seattle SuperSonics Last Playoff Meeting: 1982 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-1) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Los Angeles Lakers Last Playoff Meeting: 2001 Western Conference Finals (Los Angeles won 4-0) 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Spurs' 26th season in the National Basketball Association, the 29th in San Antonio, and 35th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs acquired Steve Smith from the Portland Trail Blazers, Document [50] (Title: Lakers–Spurs rivalry) series at 2, the Lakers beat San Antonio on the road in a memorable Game 5. With the Spurs down 72–71 with 5.4 seconds left, Duncan was almost perfectly defended by Shaq and still made an off-balance fadeaway 20-footer to take a 73–72 lead with 0.4 seconds left. After a few timeouts, Derek Fisher received the inbounds pass from Gary Payton and hit a turn-around 18-footer while falling away. Instant replay showed the ball left Fisher's hands with 0.1 seconds left, thus the Lakers escaped with a 74–73 victory. The NBA denied a Spurs protest stating that the clock did Document [51] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) he was named NBA MVP in 1995 and one of the 50 greatest players in NBA history, and he would lead the Spurs to the playoffs in each of the next six seasons, but he would only lead the Spurs to the Western Conference finals once in that span, where he would go head-to-head against chief rival Hakeem Olajuwon as the Spurs would fall to the Houston Rockets in six games. The 1996–97 season was a particularly frustrating season for the Spurs as Robinson would hurt his back in preseason play and would not return until December, and six games Document [52] (Title: 1999 NBA Finals) the 1985–86 Celtics to not win consecutive championships. They won 53 games that season, but were severely handicapped by Sean Elliott's early season kidney transplant, and Tim Duncan's late-season knee injury. The Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs by the Phoenix Suns. The Spurs would also win four more NBA titles in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 and appear in the 2013 NBA Finals, with Duncan and head coach Gregg Popovich the only members of the team to appear in all of the Spurs' Finals appearances. , the series remains the Knicks' last NBA Document [53] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) got a lift when Sean Elliott, who received a kidney transplant from his brother prior to the season, returned and played in the last 19 games. As the season wound down, Duncan suffered a knee injury and the Spurs finished in second place with a 53–29 record. Without Duncan, the Spurs were knocked out of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns in four games. The long-term viability of the Spurs franchise in San Antonio was, however, achieved during the 1999–2000 season, as Bexar County voters approved increases in car rental and hotel taxes which would allow for the construction of Document [54] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) winning their final game 115-87, to win their fifth championship in franchise history, and the fourth and final championship during the "Big Three" era. During the 2014–15 NBA season, the Spurs finished with a 55–27 record and earned the number six seed in the Western Conference. In their first-round playoff series against the Los Angeles Clippers, Tim Duncan had 20-plus performances in Games 2, 5, and 7 but the Spurs lost the series to the Clippers in seven games. During the 2015–16 NBA season, which ended up being their last season together, the "Big Three" and the Spurs finished with Document [55] (Title: Jun Bernardino Trophy) as "BEERacle", San Miguel became the first team in professional basketball history to win a series coming from a 0–3 deficit. Jun Bernardino Trophy The Jun Bernardino Trophy is a trophy awarded to the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) team that wins the PBA Philippine Cup Finals. Previously known as the "Perpetual Trophy", it was created in 2006 and renamed in March 2007 in honor of former PBA commissioner Emilio "Jun" Bernardino, Jr. who served from 1994 to 2002. Currently, there are three versions of this trophy: the first version, created in 2006, is being kept permanently by the Talk 'N Document [56] (Title: 2013 NBA Finals) series marked the fifth time the Spurs have made the NBA Finals since 1999, second-most for any franchise in that span behind the Los Angeles Lakers. The Spurs had won all of their previous four finals appearances, putting them only behind the six-time champion Chicago Bulls for most titles without ever losing a Finals, making this series the first Finals loss in Spurs history. This series was also the first time San Antonio had played in the NBA Finals without home court advantage, as Miami had home-court advantage based on their league-best regular season record. It was the Heat's third Document [57] (Title: Boris Diaw) reach the 2013 NBA Finals where they faced the Miami Heat. San Antonio lost the series in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Diaw won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. He was inserted into the starting lineup beginning with Game 3, and he led all players in the series in total assists (29) and was second in total rebounds (43) behind teammate Tim Duncan (50). Diaw averaged 35 minutes per game in the Finals, an increase of over 10 minutes from the regular season. On July 15, 2014, Document [58] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the franchise's first NBA Championship in Game 5 at the Knicks' home arena, Madison Square Garden. Duncan was named the NBA Finals MVP. The Spurs became the first former ABA team to reach and to win the NBA Finals. They also won the 1999 McDonald's Championship in the off-season and were the last champions of that tournament as it was disbanded right after. Coming off their first NBA Championship, the Spurs were still among the best teams in the West and battling for first place in the Midwest Division during the 1999–2000 season. On March 14, the Spurs playoff spirits Document [59] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) bump in the road when Tim Duncan suffered an ankle injury. The Spurs struggled the rest of the season, finishing just 59–23. However, by the time the playoffs rolled around, Duncan was ready to return. In the postseason, The Spurs went through the West relatively easily, culminating with a 5-game victory in the Conference Finals over the Phoenix Suns. In the NBA Finals, the Spurs would face the defending champion Detroit Pistons. The first two games in San Antonio were both Spurs victories as Ginóbili led the way with 26 and 27 points, in blow out wins by the Spurs. Document [60] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) case on February 21, 2014, where the Suns blew out the road-weary Spurs, who were ending the Rodeo Road Trip in Phoenix, 106–85. Markieff Morris of the Suns lead all scorers with 26 points. Danny Green lead the Spurs with a low 15 points. On April 11, 2014, the Spurs clinched the league-best record, and at the same time, handing the Suns a loss that would keep them out of the postseason, winning 112–104, with Danny Green setting a career high 33 points. In a pre-season game on October 16, 2014, Suns owner Robert Sarver apologized to the Phoenix crowd Document [61] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Angeles Clippers defeated the Spurs 113–110, handing San Antonio its 33rd loss of the season. This loss ended the Spurs' record streak of eighteen 50-win seasons that had stretched back to 2000, including the 2011–12 season, which was shortened by a lockout (the Spurs finished 50–16). The Spurs eventually finished the season with a record of 47–35 and were defeated 4–1 by the Warriors in the first round of the playoffs. Following the season, LaMarcus Aldridge was named to the All-NBA Second Team and point guard Dejounte Murray was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team. In June 2018, following Document [62] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) in February. However, in March and April, they won 31 of their final 36 games on their way to a league-best record, 37–13. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves in four games of the first round winning three games to one. In the semifinals, the Spurs' "Twin Towers" of David Robinson and Tim Duncan outplayed Shaquille O'Neal as the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers in four straight games. In the Western Conference Finals, the Spurs faced the Portland Trail Blazers. After taking Game 1, the Spurs trailed in Game 2 as the Blazers largest lead was Document [63] (Title: Cory Joseph) In late February 2013, Tony Parker sustained an injury, and Joseph became the Spurs' starting point guard. In his first five starts, Joseph averaged 8.8 points and 2.6 assists while shooting 58.6 percent. Joseph helped the Spurs reach the 2013 NBA Finals against the Miami Heat, but San Antonio lost the series in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Joseph won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. On June 30, 2015, the Spurs extended a qualifying offer to Joseph in order to make him a restricted Document [64] (Title: Sean Elliott) big man duo of Duncan and Robinson, and they first defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3-1 in the first round. San Antonio won a 4-game sweep of the much improved Los Angeles Lakers, led by superstars Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. Next up were the Portland Trail Blazers, another resurgent squad, in the conference finals. The Spurs won game 1 on their home floor, and in game 2 the Trail Blazers held a 2-point lead with 9 seconds left to play in regulation. Elliott received a pass nearly stolen by Blazer Stacey Augmon in the corner, before Elliott caught the ball Document [65] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) celebration in 9 years, following their 3-0 win over the Anaheim Mighty Ducks in Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals. By winning the NBA championship, the Spurs denied New Jersey from having both NBA and NHL championships in the same year. 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season The 2002–03 NBA season was the 36th season of the franchise, 30th in San Antonio, and 27th in the National Basketball Association. This was also the Spurs' first season playing at the SBC Center (now AT&T Center). During the offseason, the team signed free agent Kevin Willis, traded for Speedy Claxton and Steve Document [66] (Title: Memorial Day Miracle) The "Miracle" designation relates to the combination of circumstances involved: The Spurs won the next two in Portland for a four-game sweep, then defeated the New York Knicks in the 1999 NBA Finals 4 games to 1 to win their first NBA Title. Memorial Day Miracle The Memorial Day Miracle is a game-winning three-point field goal by Sean Elliott in Game 2 of the 1999 Western Conference Finals between the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas on May 31, 1999, Memorial Day. Damon Stoudamire of the Blazers was fouled with 12 Document [67] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) NBA title by taking over in the final period. He scored eight points in a decisive 12-2 surge that gave the Spurs a 67-55 lead, then throttled a push by the Pistons with a swooping dunk, 3-pointer and running hook for an 81-67 advantage with less than two minutes to go. Having been idle for a week, the Spurs looked weak. With their defense, however, they were able to overcome adversity. Tim Duncan, who had 24 points and 17 rebounds, also contributed. Although the Pistons tend to suddenly come alive in the fourth quarter, the converse was true this game Document [68] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) The Finals were played using a 2-3-2 site format, where the first two and last two games are held at the team with home court advantage. The NBA, after experimenting in the early years, restored this original format for the Finals in 1985. So far, the other playoff series are still running on a 2-2-1-1-1 site format. 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season The 1998–99 NBA season was the Spurs' 32nd season as a franchise, the 26th in San Antonio, and the 23rd in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Spurs acquired second-year guard Antonio Daniels from the Vancouver Document [69] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) win their 4th overall championship and 3rd championship in the "Big Three" era, but this time Tony Parker took home the NBA Finals MVP award as he averaged 24.5 points throughout the series. During the 2007–08 NBA season, the "Big Three" led the San Antonio Spurs to a 56–26 record which resulted in them getting the number three seed and a first-round matchup with the Phoenix Suns. In Game 1, Duncan scored 40 points and made the game-tying three-pointer in overtime to force double-overtime and Ginóbili had the game-winning drive-to-the-basket with 1.5 seconds left in the second overtime period to Document [70] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) rebounds to close out the series with a 110-82 victory over the Los Angeles Lakers, avenging their last two playoff losses to the Los Angeles Lakers. After the series, Spurs head coach Greg Popovich stated: "I thought in Game 5 and Game 6, he [Duncan] was astounding in his focus. He pulled everyone along these last two games." The Spurs would get by the Mavericks in a six-game series in the Western Conference Finals to advance to the 2003 NBA Finals. In what would be Robinson's final game of his NBA career, the "Twin Towers" would combine for 34 points Document [71] (Title: 1989–90 San Antonio Spurs season) 35-game improvement. They advanced to the second round of the Western Conference playoffs where they lost in seven games to the eventual western conference champions, the Portland Trail Blazers. Following the 1989–90 season, David Robinson was unanimously named the NBA Rookie of the Year, and subsequently SEGA produced a game featuring him entitled "David Robinson's Supreme Court". (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Denver Nuggets: "Spurs win series 3-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1985 Western Conference First Round (Denver won 3-2) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Portland Trail Blazers: "Blazers win series 4-3" Last Playoff Meeting: Not available (first playoff Document [72] (Title: Gregg Popovich) NBA championship with San Antonio that season, beating the Heat 4–1 in the Finals. On February 9, 2015, Popovich became the ninth coach in NBA history to win 1,000 games when the Spurs defeated the Indiana Pacers 95–93. He and Jerry Sloan are the only two coaches in NBA history to win 1,000 games with one franchise. On August 1, 2015, Popovich served as Team Africa's head coach at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game. In the 2015–16 season, Popovich led the Spurs to a franchise high 67 wins, but he and the team lost in the conference semifinals against Document [73] (Title: 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season) place in the Midwest Division with a 58–24 record. The season saw Tim Duncan earn his first NBA MVP award joining David Robinson as the only Spurs to win the award, and was selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game, while first round draft pick Tony Parker made the All-Rookie First Team. The Spurs breezed past the Seattle SuperSonics in five games in the first round, but they were eliminated in the next round by the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers in five games, and for the second year in a row, the Spurs had their playoff run ended by Document [74] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) in the Los Angeles. In Game 5 back in San Antonio, Duncan seemingly delivered the Spurs a 73–72 win as he hit a dramatic shot with just 0.4 seconds remaining. However, the Lakers' Derek Fisher would launch a game-winner as time expired, giving the Lakers a stunning 74–73 win to take a 3–2 series lead. The Spurs would eventually lose the series in six games. After their disappointing second round collapse, the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown. With the acquisition of guard Brent Barry from Seattle, the Spurs would get off to a quick start, posting a 12–3 Document [75] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the era that began when the Spurs first moved to San Antonio. The next four seasons were a dark time in Spurs' history with the team having a combined record of 115–213 from 1985–86 until 1988–89. The losing seasons and dwindling attendance often caused the Spurs to be mentioned as a potential candidate for relocation to another city. The lone bright spot during this period was the Spurs being awarded the top pick in the 1987 NBA draft through NBA Draft Lottery. The Spurs used this selection on United States Naval Academy standout David Robinson. Although Robinson was drafted in Document [76] (Title: 1992–93 San Antonio Spurs season) final year playing at HemisFair Arena. Following the season, Elliott was traded to the Detroit Pistons, and Johnson signed as a free agent with the Golden State Warriors. (4) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (5) San Antonio Spurs: "Spurs win series 3-1" Last Playoff Meeting: 1990 Western Conference Semifinals (Portland won 4-3) (1) Phoenix Suns vs. (5) San Antonio Spurs: "Suns win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: 1992 Western Conference First Round (Phoenix won 3-0) 1992–93 San Antonio Spurs season The 1992–93 NBA season was the Spurs' 17th season in the National Basketball Association, and 26th season as a franchise. During Document [77] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Trip, a nine-game road trip from January 25 to February 16. However, it would be hardly a bump in the road for the charging Spurs, who won eight of the nine and began to climb their way to first place. The Spurs went on to erase their seven-game deficit and finished the season in a tie with the Dallas Mavericks for the best record in the NBA (60–22). Thanks to a tiebreaker, the Spurs won their third straight Division title as Tim Duncan claimed his second straight NBA MVP. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Suns, Lakers and Mavericks Document [78] (Title: Tim Duncan) milestone, although the NBA did not track blocks prior to the 1973–74 season. The Spurs met defending NBA champions Miami Heat in the NBA Finals in a tightly contested series. Miami had home court advantage, but San Antonio took the first game and headed into game 6 with a 3–2 lead. In that game, Duncan scored 25 points in the first half, his biggest haul in a half of an NBA Finals game. However, the Spurs lost the game in overtime, and then lost the deciding seventh game. On December 2, 2013, Duncan became the oldest player to record a Document [79] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) winner advanced to the NBA Finals. The rivalry fell off from 2005 to 2007, with the Lakers missing the playoffs in 2005 and losing in the first round to the Phoenix Suns in 2006 and 2007, but intensified again in 2008 when they met in the Western Conference Finals. Both teams met once again for the 12th time in 2013 in the first round, with the Spurs winning in four games. The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks features two teams with Dallas roots. The Spurs began their life in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals Document [80] (Title: 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season) 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season The 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season was the 48th season of the franchise, 39th in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 42nd in the San Antonio area. The Spurs were the defending NBA Champions, having defeated the Miami Heat in the 2014 NBA Finals 4 games to 1 and winning their fifth NBA championship, and made Tim Duncan the second player in NBA history to win championships in 3 different decades (The first being John Salley). On April 3, 2015 after their victory over the Denver Nuggets they clinched a 50+ win season for the Document [81] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) to win 3 more championships (2005, 2007, and 2014). In the first round of the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Phoenix Suns after losing Game 1 in overtime, then defeated the defending 3x NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in the semifinals in six games. In the Western Conference Finals, they defeated the Dallas Mavericks to advanced to the NBA Finals, where they beat the New Jersey Nets in six games and won their second championship. Following the season, Stephen Jackson signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Hawks, Steve Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets, and Robinson and Document [82] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) The 2-0 lead proved a daunting challenge to Detroit, historically. In the history of the NBA, in the 153 times when a team with home court advantage was up 2-0 in a series, only seven times has the other team rebounded to win the series. Going into this game, the Pistons were looking to rebound from the deficit. In the past, only two teams in NBA history had ever won a Finals series after facing a 2-0 deficit — the Boston Celtics in the 1969 NBA Finals and the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1977 NBA Finals — however, the Document [83] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) They would become the first team since the 2006–07 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and be eliminated before the conference finals. On July 11, 2016, Duncan announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with the Spurs. In the 2016–17 season, despite the retirement of longtime captain Tim Duncan, the Spurs—led by Kawhi Leonard—remained a title contender and finished with a record of 61–21. After defeating the Grizzlies and the Rockets in the first two rounds of the playoffs, the Spurs—who suffered injuries to Leonard, Parker, and David Lee—were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Document [84] (Title: 1995–96 San Antonio Spurs season) to win their second straight Division title with a 59–23 record. Robinson was named to the All-NBA First Team and All-Defensive Second Team. In the playoffs, the Spurs would easily beat the Phoenix Suns in four games in the first round. However, in the semifinals, the Spurs would again stumble in the postseason losing to the 3rd-seeded Utah Jazz in six games, including a 108–81 road loss in Game 6. Following the season, Doc Rivers retired. (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Phoenix Suns Last Playoff Meeting: 1993 Western Conference Semifinals (Phoenix won 4-2) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Document [85] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) Danny Ferry retired. It was also Steve Kerr's last season as an NBA player. A 5-time champion, Kerr won 4-straight titles with the Chicago Bulls and Spurs, and 11 years later, returned to the NBA, as head coach of the Golden State Warriors, and ended their 40-year championship drought and the next season led them to the best-ever regular season record of 73-9, a record previously held by the 1995-96 Chicago Bulls, another team he was part of. For the season, the Spurs changed their logo, which remains in use until 2017. 'Bold' = All-Star Selection Record: 1–1; Home: 0–1; Document [86] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) Shaquille O'Neal. San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was a Finals rematch from the previous NBA season, which Miami had won in seven games, handing the Spurs the franchise's first-ever Finals defeat in 2013. This marked the 12th Finals rematch, but only the fifth since the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The Spurs had home-court advantage, since the team finished the regular season with a better record (62–20) than the Heat (54–28). For the first time since 1984, the Finals were played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format (Games 1 and 2 at home for the Document [87] (Title: 2007 NBA Finals) San Antonio Spurs playing the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers. Because the San Antonio Spurs had a better regular season win-loss record, they had home court advantage. The Cleveland Cavaliers won both games in the regular season series: The previous season saw the San Antonio Spurs drop a heartbreaking seventh game at home to the rival Dallas Mavericks in the second round. As the new season began, the Spurs saw the Mavericks rolling through their regular season, on their way to a franchise best 67 win campaign. Meanwhile, the Spurs struggled through their season through January. With the main focus Document [88] (Title: 1989 NBA Finals) well. Following the series, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar announced his retirement at 42, after 20 years with the NBA. Pistons' guard Joe Dumars was named MVP for the series. Prior to the 2016 NBA Finals, when the Cleveland Cavaliers overcame the Golden State Warriors, and the 2014 NBA Finals when the San Antonio Spurs bested the Miami Heat, the Pistons were the last Finals champion to have been runner-up to the same opponent the previous season as they did in the 1988 Finals. Before the season began, the Pistons moved from the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan to the brand-new The Palace in Document [89] (Title: Tony Parker) to receive the honor since Tim Duncan in April 2002. On May 21, 2013, Parker recorded a career high 18 assists to go with 15 points in the Spurs' Western Conference finals game 2 victory over the Memphis Grizzlies. In game 1 of the 2013 NBA Finals against the defending champion Miami Heat, Parker hit a clutch jump shot off the glass with 5.2 seconds remaining in the game, securing a 92–88 victory for San Antonio. The Spurs eventually lost the series in seven games. In May 2014, Tony Parker alongside Manu Ginóbili and Tim Duncan tied the record for Document [90] (Title: 1999 NBA Finals) won 56 games but were eliminated by the Utah Jazz in the second round of the playoffs. The following year, led by Robinson, Duncan, Sean Elliott, and Avery Johnson, the Spurs recovered from a 6-8 start to the season to win 31 of their last 36 games and qualify as the top seed in the Western Conference, as well as the league's best record. After defeating the Minnesota Timberwolves in four games, San Antonio recorded back-to-back sweeps in the second round and conference finals, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers and Portland Trail Blazers. The victory over Portland gave the Spurs Document [91] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) 1988 Western Conference First Round (Los Angeles won 3-0) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (6) Houston Rockets: "Rockets win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: 1981 Western Conference Semifinals (Houston won 4-2) 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season The 1994–95 NBA season was the Spurs' 19th season in the National Basketball Association, and 28th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs hired Bob Hill as head coach, re-acquired Sean Elliott after playing one year with the Detroit Pistons, re-signed Avery Johnson after one season with the Golden State Warriors, and signed free agents Chuck Person and former All-Star Moses Malone. Document [92] (Title: 2005 NBA Finals) the 2004–05 season, the Spurs and Pistons routinely finished in the top three in Points Allowed: in 2003, Detroit was #1 and San Antonio #3; in 2004, the teams finished in a tie for the #1 spot; in 2005, the Spurs were #1 and the Pistons were #2. The Spurs were considered more capable of playing at a faster pace, as evidenced by their convincing win against the high-scoring Phoenix Suns during the Western Conference Finals. However, both teams performed exceptionally well when scoring over 100 points (Detroit was 22-3, San Antonio was 28-2). Going into the 2005 Finals, the Document [93] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) en route to facing the New Jersey Nets in the NBA Finals. The series against the Nets marked the first time two former ABA teams played each other for the NBA Championship. The Spurs won the series 4–2, giving them their second NBA Championship in franchise history. Duncan, after having been named NBA MVP, was also named Finals MVP. Coming off their second NBA Championship, the retirement of David Robinson left a void in San Antonio's daunting defense, while playoff hero Steve Kerr and veteran forward Danny Ferry also retired. Meanwhile, backup point guard Speedy Claxton was left for the Document [94] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) home team, Game 5 was the close game everyone was waiting for, and it went down as one of the more memorable games in Finals history. The game was closely contested by the two teams throughout the night as the lead changed 12 separate times, and the game was tied on 18 occasions. Regulation was not enough to settle this game, so the game went into overtime. The Pistons streaked out to a quick lead in the first few minutes of overtime, and seemed to have the game in hand. However, a missed opportunity with Detroit up 2 with 9 Document [95] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) Portland Trail Blazers and won 4–1. In their third consecutive Conference Finals, they eliminated the Oklahoma City Thunder and won the series 4–2, despite being swept by Oklahoma City in the regular season, and for the first time, they qualified for back-to-back Finals appearances. The regular season series was evened 1–1, each won at home: The Spurs rebounded from their seven-game loss to the Heat in the 2013 Finals to win the series, 4–1, for the franchise's fifth NBA championship. After winning their first four over nine seasons, this was their first since 2007. San Antonio blew out Miami in Document [96] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) 2003 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 4–2) Manu Ginóbili was widely considered the star of the night, scoring in a virtuoso performance near the end of the game to lead the Spurs to victory. The Pistons were then left 'in the dust', the NBA website reported. Ginobili scored 15 of his 26 points in the fourth quarter to complement a huge game by Tim Duncan. Ginobili, a famous Argentine All-Star, already with championship rings from the NBA and Euroleague and an Olympic gold medal (the only player in history with all three), got to work on his second Document [97] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) unable to close out the series, setting up a deciding Game 7. In Game 7, Duncan had 25 points as the Spurs pulled away late to win their third NBA Title in seven years with an 81–74 win. Duncan was named Finals MVP, becoming the fourth player to win the MVP award three times (joining Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal, and Michael Jordan). Coming off their third NBA Championship in seven years, there was a sense that the Spurs were the class of the NBA, and once again would be the team to beat in the NBA for the Championship. For Document [98] (Title: Tony Parker) most wins in Playoffs History by a trio of players playing together; record held by LA Lakers trio of Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Michael Cooper at 110 wins. The Spurs went on to beat the Thunder in six games and advance to the NBA Finals for the second straight year. San Antonio would once again face the Miami Heat and would win the 2014 NBA Finals in five games. This victory gave Parker his fourth championship and the fifth championship to the Spurs. On 1 August 2014, Parker signed a three-year, $43.3 million contract extension with the Spurs. The Document [99] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) "one of the most beautiful-to-watch teams in the NBA" by "USA Today". This was the San Antonio Spurs's sixth appearance in the NBA Finals, and they headed to the postseason with the best record in the NBA and a franchise record 19-game winning streak, ending with a 22–4 run their last games. In the first round, they faced their Texas rivals, the Dallas Mavericks, who surprised the Spurs by taking the series to seven games despite the Spurs sweeping the Mavericks in the regular season for 2 consecutive years. San Antonio won 4–3. In the Conference Semifinals, they eliminated the Document [100] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) easily dispatched the Utah Jazz in five games to reach the NBA Finals. In the Finals, the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers and captured their fourth title in nine years. Tony Parker, who dominated in the Finals averaging 24.5 ppg on 57% shooting, was named Finals MVP and became the first European-born player to win the award. The 2007–2008 season saw the Spurs go 56–26 and finish 3rd in the Western Conference. The Spurs faced hurdles but would make it to the Western Conference Finals, but lose to the Lakers in five games. The next season would see the Spurs Document [101] (Title: 2007 NBA Finals) New Jersey remains the lowest-rated game of all time in the history of the NBA Finals. The Spurs won 56 games in the succeeding 2007–08 season, but relinquished the Southwest Division title to the New Orleans Hornets due to a tie-breaker. The Spurs had the last laugh, though, defeating the Hornets in seven games. But their chance of defending their title was denied by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games of the conference finals. After that, age and injury took its toll on the Spurs, as they proceeded to win only a single playoff series in three years (2010, Document [102] (Title: 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season) of 50 wins or more (and 20 straight seasons with a record of .600 or better) ended for the Spurs. The streak lasted since the 1997–98 season, which also was the first year of the Tim Duncan era, not counting the shortened lockout season, also the year they won their first championship title. Despite that, the Spurs clinched their 21st consecutive playoff spot on April 9, 2018 with a win over the Sacramento Kings in their last home game of the season. They finished the regular season with 47–35, which clinched the 7th seed. In the playoffs, the Spurs faced Document [103] (Title: Dallas Mavericks) in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals and did not move to San Antonio until 1973. On October 11, 1980, the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103–92. The teams have met numerous times in the playoffs, with the Spurs defeating the Mavericks in 2001, 2003, 2010, and 2014, while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009. The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles, while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles. The Spurs have won 15 division titles, while the Mavericks have won 3. Both the Spurs and Document [104] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) six-game series to reach the 2014 NBA Finals, giving the Spurs consecutive trips to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history. They faced the Miami Heat for the second consecutive year. The "Big Three" shot a combined 62 pouts in Game 1—21 from Duncan, 19 from Parker, and 16 from Ginóbili—along with 10 rebounds from Duncan and 11 assists from Ginóbili and eight from Parker. This helped the Spurs win Game 1 110–95 in a 90 °F (32 °C) AT&T Center to take a 1–0 series lead. The Spurs ended up winning the finals in five games, Document [105] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Finals, to take the series 4–2. During the 2012 off-season, the Spurs re-signed swingman Danny Green, who was a welcome surprise for them from the previous season, and Tim Duncan, both for three years. The Spurs would have a strong 2012–13 season, going 58–24 and earning the #2 seed in the West. The Spurs clinched the playoffs for a 16th consecutive season, as well as extended the NBA record with 50+ games for 14 consecutive seasons. On April 16, the Spurs signed two-time scoring champion, and seven-time All-Star Tracy McGrady to help in the playoffs after waiving Stephen Jackson. The Document [106] (Title: 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season) tied the NBA record for most home wins in a season with 40 (tying the 1985–86 Boston Celtics 40–1 home record). On April 10, the Spurs' home winning streak came to an end with a loss to the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors. In the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs, the Spurs faced the injury depleted Memphis Grizzlies, and swept them in four games. However, in the Conference Semifinals, the team was defeated 2–4 by the Oklahoma City Thunder. They would become the first team to since the 2007 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and Document [107] (Title: 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season) after 16 seasons, all with the Spurs. Ginobili was the second-oldest active player in the league at the time of his retirement, behind only the Atlanta Hawks' Vince Carter. This marked the official end of the Spurs' "Big Three" era. The trio helped the Spurs win 4 championships, their latest being in 2014. 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season The 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season was the 51st season of the franchise, 42nd in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 45th in the San Antonio area. On March 10, 2018, the Spurs finished with a losing season on the road for Document [108] (Title: Tim Duncan) However, arch-rivals Los Angeles Lakers defeated San Antonio in five games in the Conference Finals, and the Spurs once again failed to capture back-to-back NBA championships. Duncan started the 2008–09 season with strong showings in points and rebounds per game. However, by mid-season, his performance declined and he was subsequently diagnosed with chronic knee tendinosis. Despite Duncan having problems with his knee and the team losing the services of shooting guard Ginóbili for most of the season, San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54–28 record. Coupled with an aging supporting cast (Bowen, Michael Finley Document [109] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) Big Three (San Antonio Spurs) The Big Three are the basketball trio of Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, and Manu Ginóbili, who played together from 2002 through 2016 on the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They won four NBA Championships during their time together in San Antonio, in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. The trio is one of the most decorated and successful in NBA history, having won over 1,000 games together. Duncan and Ginóbili retired after the 2015–16 season and 2017–18 season, respectively. Parker, who is currently with the Charlotte Hornets, remains active in the league. Document [110] (Title: PBA Philippine Cup) will receive a smaller replica of the trophy. If a team wins three consecutive tournaments, the franchise gets to keep the trophy and not the replica. The trophy is named after former PBA commissioner Jun Bernardino. In the history of the league, the TNT Tropang Texters (2010-11 to 2012-13) and the San Miguel Beermen (2014-15 to 2016-17) have won the All-Filipino Conference three consecutive times. By achieving this distinction, the TNT and San Miguel were able to have permanent possession of the Bernardino Trophy. TNT keeps the 2006 version while San Miguel keeps the 2013 version. The 1975 and 1976 Document [111] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) until resolution on a new labor agreement was reached in January 1999. Playing a shortened 50-game season, the Spurs earned an NBA-best 37–13 record (.740 win percentage, and only season since Duncan was drafted the Spurs did not win at least 50 games in a season as of 2016). The team was just as dominant in the playoffs, rolling through the Western Conference with a record of 11–1. In the NBA Finals, they faced the New York Knicks, who had made history by becoming the first eighth seed to ever make the NBA Finals. The Spurs won the series and Document [112] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) and conducted other celebratory customs. That was the first time that the Spurs have given up more than 90 points in a Finals game. "Thursday, June 16, 2005, 21:00, at The Palace". In this game also, as was previously observed in Game 3, the Pistons dominated the Spurs. Reporters began to remark about the tendency in this series for the home team to produce a blowout. Thus far, no game had been decided by less than 15 points. Seven Pistons scored in double figures, and big games were collected from Rasheed Wallace, Chauncey Billups, Ben Wallace, and all the other Document [113] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) first time as the Rockets led by Moses Malone and Calvin Murphy beat the Spurs led by George Gervin and James Silas 2–1. The rivalry grew intense as both teams moved from the East to the West. They met again in 1981, this time in the second round. The Spurs had home-court advantage, and were heavily favored, winning the Midwest Division Title and the Rockets only 40–42. The Rockets and Spurs fought to the bitter end before the Rockets held on to win Game 7 capped by Murphy's 42 points. The Rockets would advance to the Finals in a losing Document [114] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Spurs would be near the top in the Western Conference all season battling the Phoenix Suns for the best record in the NBA. Just as it appeared the Spurs would cruise toward the playoffs, their season suddenly hit a bump in the road when Tim Duncan went down in a March 20 loss to the Detroit Pistons with a sprained ankle. The rest of the way, the Spurs would limp home winning 9 of their last 17 as they held on to the Southwest Division by just 1 game with a 59-23 record.The Spurs leading scorer during the season was Document [115] (Title: Kawhi Leonard) – the number one seed in the NBA – and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team for the first time. The Spurs and the Miami Heat met once again in the NBA Finals. On June 10, 2014, in Game 3 of the series, Leonard scored a then career-high 29 points in a 111–92 victory. San Antonio went on to win the series 4–1. Leonard averaged 17.8 points on 61% shooting and was named NBA Finals MVP. He was the third-youngest player to win the award (22 years and 351 days), behind only Magic Johnson—who won in both 1980 Document [116] (Title: Glenn Robinson) for them. Robinson signed with the San Antonio Spurs on April 4, 2005 to establish an additional veteran shooting presence as the team prepared for the playoffs. As a role player in the 2005 playoffs, Robinson helped the Spurs win the championship. The games in the NBA Finals would be Robinson's last in the NBA, capping off his 11-year career with a title. Robinson was forced to retire due to injuries, particularly to his knees. He finished his career with 14,234 career points, averaging 20.7 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.7 assists, and 1.2 steals per game. Robinson was selected for the Document [117] (Title: Anthony C. Nardo Memorial Trophy) however, there are some discrepancies and inconsistencies regarding this trophy's award for years prior to 1950. While sources disagree on the inaugural season for this trophy's award, they agree that the final award was given for the 1969 season. From 1970 to 1995, it was replaced by the Bob Beall Trophy and Tommy Marcos Trophy. Originally conceived as a perpetual award with winners' names inscribed from year to year, the nature of the trophy was changed in 1952 after Bob Ward's multiple receipt of this honor. Ward was given the original trophy "for his permanent possession," after being voted this Document [118] (Title: 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season) 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season The 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season was the 41st season of the franchise, 35th in San Antonio, and 32nd in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs were the defending NBA champions after winning their fourth title, having swept the Cleveland Cavaliers in four games. They would once again win at least 50 games for the 9th straight season, and make the playoffs for the 11th straight season. After beating the Phoenix Suns in 5 games and the New Orleans Hornets in 7, the Spurs were eliminated by the Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Document [119] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) games out of nine, achieved in 2003). When the Spurs have won the NBA title, the team's victory parades have been boat trips on the San Antonio River Walk. The San Antonio Spurs started out as the Dallas Chaparrals of the original version of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Coached by player/coach Cliff Hagan the Dallas Chaparrals were one of 11 teams to take the floor in the inaugural season of the upstart ABA. The Chaps' second season was a bit of a disappointment, as the team finished in 4th place with a mediocre 41–37 record. In the playoffs the Document [120] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) lockout, the Spurs won 50 games and tied the Chicago Bulls for the best record in the league. They extended their streak of 50+ win seasons to 13 since the 1999–2000 season, an NBA record. Popovich won his second Coach of the Year. The Spurs swept the first two rounds of the Playoffs. With those two sweeps, a 10-game win streak to end the season, and wins in Games 1 and 2 of the Western Conference Finals, the Spurs would win 20 straight games. However, the Oklahoma City Thunder would end up winning the next four games in the West Document [121] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Miami Heat would later accomplish this feat against the Dallas Mavericks in the 2006 NBA Finals. Despite the tough challenge, the Pistons pulled through, and came out with several key steals and two scoring runs in the third quarter, then netted many insurance points in the fourth to win a big game which was a "de facto" must-win. Ben Wallace was lauded and commended by many for stepping up to the challenge. When the end of the game came, and the 96-79 final score flashed upon the screens, many Pistons fans, celebrating in jubilation, started filling the air with confetti Document [122] (Title: Manu Ginóbili) Third Team. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Suns 4–1 in the first round, Ginóbili was moved to the starting lineup in the second round against the New Orleans Hornets after the Spurs lost the first two road games. San Antonio eventually prevailed in seven games, the Argentine played another strong series, leading the Spurs in points and assists per game (21.3 and 6.0 respectively). However, San Antonio lost to arch-rivals Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals in five games, and once again failed to capture back-to-back NBA championships. The following season, Ginóbili was injured for most of Document [123] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) a franchise-best 67–15 record and earned the number two seed in the Western Conference. The Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies in the first round but lost a six-game series to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the conference semifinals. On July 11, 2016, Tim Duncan announced that he was retiring from the NBA after a 19-year career, thus ending the "Big Three" era. As of November 2018, the San Antonio Spurs have yet to win an championship since the retirement of Tim Duncan. The Spurs did play in the 2016-17 Western Conference Finals, losing to Golden State 4-0 after leading scorer Document [124] (Title: NBA Finals) next six seasons. The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period. The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this time, in 1999, 2003, 2005, and 2007. In the 1999 NBA Playoffs, the Spurs finished with a 15–2 mark, including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers. With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan, San Antonio's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years. In the Finals that year, the Spurs played against the New York Document [125] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) would never find a break, losing to teams like the Washington Bullets, the Boston Celtics, the Houston Rockets, and the Los Angeles Lakers. As the 1980s progressed, the Spurs would see their shares of highs and lows. For the first few seasons of the decade, the Spurs continued their success of the 1970s with records of 52–30 in 1980–81, 48–34 in 1981–82, and 53–29 in 1982–83 (it was during this period that the Spurs were moved to the Western Conference). Despite their regular season success, the Spurs were unable to win any NBA championships, losing in the Western Conference playoffs Document [126] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) Spurs struggled early in the season with a 7–9 start. However, they would soon go on a 15-game winning streak and win 21 of their final 23 games, finishing with the league's best record of 62–20. It was also their best regular season record in franchise history, surpassing the 56-win 1989–90 season, which would surpassed 12 seasons later by the 2005-06 squad (63-19), then 11 seasons later by the 2015-16 team (67-15). David Robinson was named Most Valuable Player of the Year. He was also selected for the 1995 NBA All-Star Game. In the first round of the playoffs, the Document [127] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs players have won the NBA's Most Valuable Player a total of three times, with David Robinson winning the award in 1995 and Tim Duncan winning it in 2002 and 2003. The Spurs are the city's only team in any of the four major U.S. professional sports leagues and the only major-league team in the city's history to have lasted more than five years. Spurs players are active members of the San Antonio community, and many former Spurs are still active in San Antonio including David Robinson with the Carver Academy and George Gervin with the George Gervin Youth Center. Document [128] (Title: 2018–19 San Antonio Spurs season) of Parker, Danny Green, and Kawhi Leonard, and the retirement of Ginobili, leaves Patty Mills as the longest tenured Spur on the roster, also joining Marco Belenilli as the last remaining players from the 2014 championship season on the roster. The last season the Spurs were without the trio of Duncan, Parker, or Ginobili was 1996–97. After sitting out the majority of last season due to injury, this is also the first season since the 2010–11 season without Kawhi Leonard on the roster as he was traded alongside Danny Green to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for DeMar DeRozan, Jakob Document [129] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) and did not move to San Antonio until 1973. On October 11, 1980, the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103–92. In the playoffs the Spurs defeated the Mavericks in 2001, 2003, 2010, and 2014; while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009. The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles, while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles. The Spurs have won 18 division titles, while the Mavericks have won 3. The Mavericks have three 60-win seasons, while the Spurs have five. The two teams met in the playoffs Document [130] (Title: 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season) Semifinals, and the Oklahoma City Thunder in six games to advance to the NBA Finals for the sixth time in franchise history. This marked the first time that the Spurs have made back-to-back Finals appearances, also against the Miami Heat, whom they lost against in last year's NBA Finals in seven games and suffered their first loss in the NBA Finals. Unlike the previous year, the Spurs avenged their NBA Finals loss and became NBA Champions after defeating Miami in five games, winning their fifth NBA Championship. The Spurs outscored the Heat in the series by the largest per game Document [131] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) Antonio to their then-franchise best win-loss record of 62-20, and they made it to the Western Conference finals. However, his increasingly erratic off-court life, including a brief but heavily-publicized relationship with singer Madonna, and on-court antics, such as dyeing his hair and starting on-court arguments resulted in him being released from his contract after only two years with the Spurs. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (8) Denver Nuggets: "Spurs win series 3-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1990 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 3-0) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (5) Los Angeles Lakers: "Spurs win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: Document [132] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) NBA Titles during their six seasons together—in 1999 and 2003—with Duncan winning NBA Finals MVP both times. Duncan also was named NBA MVP during his final two seasons with David Robinson and was named to the All-NBA First Team in each of his six seasons. The "Twin Towers" were named Sportsman of the Year by "Sports Illustrated" in 2003. Tony Parker played two years with Paris Basket Racing prior to being selected 28th overall by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2001 NBA draft. Parker began his rookie season playing as the backup point guard to Antonio Daniels, eventually become Document [133] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Shawn Marion in five games in the Western Conference Finals. In the Finals, the Spurs would win their third NBA Championship, defeating last year's NBA Champions, the Detroit Pistons, in a tough seven-game series. Following the season, Glenn Robinson retired. The team's season roster is featured in NBA 2K18. After their disappointing second round collapse to the Los Angeles Lakers, the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown. They would get off to a quick start, posting a 12-3 record in November. The Spurs would stay hot through December as they established a 25-6 record entering the New Year. The Document [134] (Title: 2003 NBA Finals) stat sheet, and Duncan was not credited with a quadruple double. The 2002–03 season had already started as a memorable one for the San Antonio Spurs, as it was the team's first season in their new arena, the SBC Center. However, as this season was one of beginnings, it was also one of endings. During the season, Spurs star David Robinson announced that it was his last season. The NBA Finals also marked the end of Steve Kerr's career as well—he was on the Spurs, having already won three titles with the Chicago Bulls. Over the last few seasons, injuries Document [135] (Title: 2005 NBA Finals) The Mavs would go on to lose in the 2006 NBA Finals. The Spurs did win the 2007 NBA Finals (the Mavericks with 67-15 record, were eliminated by the Golden State Warriors in the first round) the following year, their fourth as a franchise, and won again in 2014. , this was the Pistons last appearance in the NBA Finals. Head coach Larry Brown sought and succeeded in buying out his contract as head coach after the season. He eventually ended up coaching for his hometown New York Knicks, but would only win 23 games in the 2006 season. Brown Document [136] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) on a 13-game winning streak and quickly climbed back to the top of the NBA standings. They would battle all year for the top spot in the Western Conference, as they ended the season on another strong note winning their final 11 games. However, they would fall one game short of a division title and the best record in the West, posting a record of 57–25. In the second round of the playoffs, the Spurs found themselves in another showdown with the Los Angeles Lakers. The Spurs would win Games 1 and 2 at home, but drop the next two Document [137] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs finished the regular season second in the Western Conference behind the Oklahoma City Thunder with a record of 58–24, and swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round, 4–0. In the second round of the 2013 playoffs, the Spurs faced Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors. They beat the Warriors four games to two. In the conference finals, the Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies, with Tony Parker having an 18-assist performance in Game 2 and a 37-point performance in Game 4. The Spurs would meet the defending champion Miami Heat in the NBA Finals. The Spurs and Document [138] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) as a free agent with the Chicago Bulls. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (8) Minnesota Timberwolves: "Spurs win series 3-1" Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Spurs and Timberwolves. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (4) Los Angeles Lakers: "Spurs win series 4-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1995 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-2) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (2) Portland Trail Blazers: "Spurs win series 4-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1993 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 3-1) The 1999 NBA Finals saw some firsts for both the Spurs and the opposing New York Knicks. The Document [139] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) more points. Kawhi Leonard had a breakout performance and was named NBA Finals MVP for his big game performance and is the third youngest to win it, behind Magic Johnson and teammate Duncan. In the 2014 NBA draft, they selected Kyle Anderson out of UCLA as the 30th overall pick. During the 2014 off-season, the Spurs made headlines when they announced that they had hired Becky Hammon as an assistant coach, effective with her retirement as a player at the end of the 2014 WNBA season. Hammon became the first full-time female coach in any of the four major U.S. Document [140] (Title: 2013 NBA Finals) This marked the last NBA Finals played during the tenure of NBA commissioner David Stern. In addition, it also marked the last time the Finals used the 2–3–2 format, after which it reverted to the 2–2–1–1–1 format. The Spurs and Heat would both advance to the 2014 NBA Finals, where the Spurs won in five games. LeBron James and Tim Duncan previously faced off in the 2007 NBA Finals, when James was with the Cleveland Cavaliers, which saw the Spurs sweep the Cavaliers in four games, giving San Antonio their fourth NBA title. After the deciding game, Duncan sought out Document [141] (Title: 2003 NBA Finals) Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016. Despite the departures of Robinson, Jackson and Kerr, the Spurs still managed to win 57 games, aided by Tim Duncan's strong play. However, they were ousted in six games by the Los Angeles Lakers, highlighted by Derek Fisher's game winner with 0.4 seconds left in game 5 of the conference semifinals. In the years following Robinson's retirement, Duncan led the Spurs to three more NBA titles in 2005, 2007 and 2014. This NBA Finals was aired on NBA on ABC, after 30 years of absence for ESPN on ABC carrying the NBA. Until 2007, this was Question: when was the last time san antonio spurs won a trophy Answer: 2014 Long Answer: San Antonio Spurs 2018--19 San Antonio Spurs season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History Dallas Chaparrals 1967--1970, 1971--1973 (ABA) Texas Chaparrals 1970--1971 (ABA) San Antonio Spurs 1973--1976 (ABA) 1976--present (NBA) Arena AT&T Center Location San Antonio, Texas Team colors Silver, black President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Ownership Spurs Sports & Entertainment (Julianna Hawn Holt, Chairman and CEO) Affiliation (s) Austin Spurs Championships 5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) Conference titles 6 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2014) Division titles 22 (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) Retired numbers 8 (00, 6, 12, 13, 21, 32, 44, 50) Website www.nba.com/spurs Uniforms Home Away Third Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) was also the first time that they had advanced to the Finals in consecutive years. This made it the first time since 1998 NBA Finals that the same two teams faced off in the Finals in consecutive years. With a victory in the second game of the series, Duncan, Ginóbili, and Parker won more playoff games together than any other three players on the same team in NBA history. The Spurs would go on to win the 2014 NBA Championship, 4 games to 1. The Spurs blew out Miami in all of their wins, each of them by 15 or Document [2] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) cause to the Boston Celtics. The rivalry continued in 1995 when the defending champion Rockets led by Hakeem Olajuwon beat the top-seeded Spurs led by MVP David Robinson in the Western Conference Finals, despite only being the sixth seed, with Olajuwon, who had won the previous year's MVP, being widely regarded as having outplayed Robinson. In a regular season game early in the 2005 season, the Spurs were leading the Rockets very late in the fourth quarter by eight points. Houston's Tracy McGrady went on a personal 13–4 run in the final 35 seconds to miraculously steal the game away Document [3] (Title: 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season) since 2007, but came up short of a fifth title, losing to the Miami Heat in a tough seven-game series, who would hand them their very first defeat in the NBA Finals. 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season The 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season was the 46th season of the franchise, 40th in San Antonio and 37th in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs finished the regular season with a 58–24 record as the 2nd seed in the Western Conference. In the playoffs, the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the First Round in four games, defeated the Golden Document [4] (Title: 1985–86 San Antonio Spurs season) 3–0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1983 Western Conference Finals (Los Angeles won 4–2) 1985–86 San Antonio Spurs season The 1985-86 NBA season was the Spurs' tenth season in the NBA, the 13th in San Antonio, and the 19th season as a franchise. It was also their first season without George Gervin, who played with the team since 1974 as he was traded to the Chicago Bulls during the offseason. In his second year, Alvin Robertson led the league in steals and made his first All-Star Game appearance. Robertson earned Defensive Player of the year honors at the end of the season. Document [5] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) professional leagues. The 2014–15 season was an up-and-down season, but finishing strong with a 55–27 regular season record and 6th seed in the West, they qualified for the playoffs. They faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs. The Spurs went up 3–2 heading into Game 6 at San Antonio. However, the Clippers would win that game and go on to win Game 7 at home. The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions since the 2011–12 Dallas Mavericks to be eliminated in the first round of the NBA playoffs. With the acquisitions of four-time Document [6] (Title: 2015 NBA Playoffs) straight year. Game 7 between the Clippers and Spurs ensured a 16th straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played; 1999 was the last postseason to not feature a Game 7. The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions to be eliminated in the first round since the 2011–12 Dallas Mavericks. This was only the second time it had happened since 2000. With the Spurs being eliminated in the first round, none of the eight teams remaining at the beginning of the Conference Semifinals had previously won an NBA championship in the 21st century. After the Document [7] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) three-pointers, but the Spurs lost the series in seven games. The record was later broken by Stephen Curry in 2016. On April 11, 2014, Green scored a career high 33 points in a 112-104 win over the Phoenix Suns. On June 15, 2014, Green won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. In doing so, Green joined Michael Jordan and James Worthy as the third Tar Heel to win both the NCAA and NBA championship. On December 19, 2014, Green scored a season-high 27 points in the Document [8] (Title: 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season) 2011 where the Spurs were eliminated in the first round, where they were eliminated by the 8th-seeded Memphis Grizzlies in a shocking upset. The team hired former WNBA point guard Becky Hammon as an assistant head coach, making her the first full-time female assistant coach in the NBA. 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season The 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season was the 48th season of the franchise, 39th in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 42nd in the San Antonio area. The Spurs were the defending NBA Champions, having defeated the Miami Heat in the 2014 NBA Finals 4 games to Document [9] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs by taking the series to 7 games, but the Spurs prevailed in convincing fashion in the deciding Game 7. In the second round, Tim Duncan surpassed Karl Malone for fifth place in NBA Playoffs all-time points scored while the Spurs cruised past the Portland Trail Blazers in 5 games. San Antonio played the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals, which marked the third straight appearance in the Western Conference Finals for the Spurs, and defeated them in 6 games to advance to the Finals for a second straight year for a rematch with the Miami Heat. It Document [10] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) be named NBA MVP for that season, and would also be named NBA Finals MVP for the 2003 NBA Finals, and the "Twin Towers" were named "Sports Illustrated"s 2003 "Sportsmen of the Year". David Robinson would see his No. 50 be retired by the San Antonio Spurs and would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009. The next era for Duncan began during Robinson's final season, as the Spurs drafted Tony Parker in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft and Manu Ginóbili joined the Spurs in time for the 2002–03 NBA season after Document [11] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the 2005–06 season, the Spurs acquired the two-time All-Star Michael Finley and one-time All Star Nick Van Exel. Not surprisingly, the Spurs would come flying out of the gate, winning 16 of their first 19 games. Once again, the Spurs would get challenged within their own division by the Dallas Mavericks as they held the two best records in the Western Conference all season, battling for first place. In the end, the experience of the Spurs would be the difference as they won the Southwest Division again with a new franchise best record of 63–19. The Spurs met the Mavericks Document [12] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Washington Bullets despite an outstanding series from Gervin who averaged 33.2 ppg. The following season in the 1979 Conference Finals the Spurs led the series 3–1 but the Bullets came back to win the last three games and came from behind to win the 7th game 107–105 handing the Spurs a heartbreaking loss. The Spurs would have to wait another 20 years to make it to their first NBA finals. The Spurs would go on to capture five division titles in their first seven years in the NBA and became a perennial playoff participant. However, in the playoffs, the Spurs Document [13] (Title: 1976–77 San Antonio Spurs season) the prior season were all folded prior to the ABA–NBA merger: the Baltimore Claws, Utah Stars, San Diego Sails and Virginia Squires. The Spurs made their debut on October 22 stunning the 76ers in Philadelphia by a score of 121–118. Afterwards, the Spurs would win just 1 of their next 7 games. In November, the Spurs would win 6 straight. By February the Spurs were 10 games over .500, and were the NBA's highest scoring team at 115 points per game. Despite the offensive flash, the Spurs also had the league's worst defense at 114 points per game as they Document [14] (Title: 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season) 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season The 2016–17 San Antonio Spurs season was the franchise's 50th season, its 44th season in the San Antonio area, and its 41st in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This season was the team's first without longtime team cornerstone Tim Duncan since 1996–97; Duncan retired from the NBA on July 11, 2016 as a 5-time champion and the first NBA player ever to win championships in 3 straight decades. With the elimination of the Detroit Red Wings from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs on March 28, 2017, the Spurs--with 20 consecutive NBA Playoffs appearances--held the longest Document [15] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) cap room. The Mavericks were swept in the 2012–13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season, Tim Duncan's rookie season. In their last match up of the season, San Antonio escaped with a 95–94 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3-point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer. With that win, the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for a 16th straight season, currently the longest streak in the NBA. San Antonio also reached 50 wins for a 14th consecutive season, the longest streak in NBA history. In the 2013–14 season, the Spurs once Document [16] (Title: Los Angeles Lakers) historically favored the Lakers. Some contend that the term "rivalry" is inaccurate until the Clippers become more successful. The San Antonio Spurs and the Lakers, developed what some would classify as a rivalry in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 1999, the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs five times, with the clubs combining to appear in seven consecutive NBA Finals (1999–2005). Additionally, the teams combined to win five NBA championships from 1999 to 2003. The Spurs won the NBA championship in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 while the Lakers won the championship in 2000, 2001, 2002, Document [17] (Title: 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season) point), finishing with over 50 victories for the first time in Spurs history. In the 1975 ABA Playoffs, the Spurs once again lost in the first round 4–2 to the Indiana Pacers. Western Division Semifinals 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season The 1974–75 San Antonio Spurs season was the second season for the San Antonio Spurs. The Spurs made their debut on October 18, 1974, vs the Indiana Pacers in Indiana, winning 129–121 in double overtime. Afterwards, the Spurs would win the next two games, getting to a quick start. In December they would be 21–18 after finishing 7–10 in the Document [18] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) by double digits 17 points. However, in the fourth quarter, the Spurs made a run and with 9 seconds left, Sean Elliott tip-toed down the sidelines staying barely inbounds to nail a game-winning three-pointer. From there, the Spurs would go on to sweep the Trail Blazers to become the first former American Basketball Association (ABA) team to play in the NBA Finals. In the Finals, they defeated the 8th-seeded New York Knicks in five games. Avery Johnson hit the title-winning basket with 47 seconds left to seal the Spurs' first title in franchise history. Following the season, Will Perdue signed Document [19] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) their first ever NBA Finals appearance. The Spurs would go on to sweep the Cavaliers in four games, winning the their fourth NBA championship, with Tony Parker named Finals MVP, making him the first European-born player to win the award. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Statistics include only games with the Spurs (3) San Antonio Spurs vs. (6) Denver Nuggets Last Playoff Meeting: 2005 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 4–1) (2) Phoenix Suns vs. (3) San Antonio Spurs Last Playoff Meeting: 2005 Western Conference Finals (San Antonio won 4–1) (3) San Antonio Spurs vs. (4) Utah Jazz Last Playoff Meeting: 1998 Western Document [20] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) during the 2000–2001 season with the Spurs winning in five games. Little was made during this series, as the Spurs won their first NBA championship only two years before. The Mavericks, run by a trio of Steve Nash, Michael Finley, and Dirk Nowitzki, had just defeated the Utah Jazz, despite not having home court advantage, and were only starting to meld into a title contender. The rivalry took on a new meaning in 2005 when, near the end of the regular season, Don Nelson resigned as Dallas' head coach, apparently dissatisfied with the state of the team, and handed the Document [21] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs in 1997. With their 50th win in the 2016–17 season, the Spurs extended their record for most consecutive 50-win seasons to 18 (the Spurs did not win 50 games in the strike-shortened 1998–99 season, which lasted only 50 games). Since the 1997–98 season, the Spurs have had 21 consecutive seasons with a winning percentage of .622 or greater during the regular season, which is also an NBA record. The team's success during this period coincides with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich, who had been the team's general manager before replacing Bob Hill as coach in 1996. Document [22] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) a new arena next to the Freeman Coliseum. The Spurs finished with 58–24 records for both the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons but found themselves suffering playoff ousters in both seasons from the eventual NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers, getting swept from the 2001 Conference Finals and losing in five games during the second round in 2002. Entering the 2002–03 season, the team knew it would be memorable for at least two reasons, as David Robinson announced that it would be his last in the NBA and the Spurs would begin play at their new arena, the SBC Center, named after Document [23] (Title: 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season) average point differential (14.0) in Finals history. San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP). 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season The 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season was the 47th season of the franchise, their 41st in San Antonio and the 38th in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs entered the season as runner-ups of the 2013 NBA Finals, where they lost to the Miami Heat in seven games, marking the first time the Spurs lost in the NBA Finals. They also entered the season with an NBA-record ten international players. In the playoffs, the Spurs Document [24] (Title: Tim Duncan) named Finals MVP, bringing San Antonio their first-ever NBA championship. The accolades for the Spurs soon arrived, with "Sports Illustrated" reporting that the San Antonio "monkey has been shed", and that the Spurs were no longer known as the "San Antonio softies". The magazine praised Finals MVP Duncan, who was later quoted: "This is incredible. We kept our focus and we pulled it out." "Sports Illustrated" journalist and retired NBA player Alex English added: "Duncan came up big each time they went to him with that sweet turnaround jumper off the glass. He was the man tonight [in Game 5]." Document [25] (Title: 2000–01 San Antonio Spurs season) (San Antonio won 3-1) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (5) Dallas Mavericks Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Spurs and Mavericks. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (2) Los Angeles Lakers Last Playoff Meeting: 1999 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-0) 2000–01 San Antonio Spurs season The 2000–01 NBA season was the Spurs' 25th season in the National Basketball Association, their 28th season in San Antonio, and their 34th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs signed free agents Derek Anderson and Danny Ferry. The Spurs continued to be among the NBA's elite teams, Document [26] (Title: Matt Bonner) round to knock out Ryan Anderson (18) and Stephen Curry (17) and advanced to the final where he lost 20-23 to Kyrie Irving. Later that year, Bonner and the Spurs reached the NBA Finals where they lost to the Miami Heat in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Bonner won his second NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. On July 21, 2014, Bonner re-signed with the Spurs, On July 15, 2015, Bonner again re-signed with the Spurs. He announced his retirement on January 6, 2017. After retiring from professional basketball, Bonner Document [27] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) in favor of the Spurs. NBA teams are 74-17 all-time at home in Game 7, and 9-0 when leading 3-2 going home. The game, like the previous two games of the series, was closely contested for the first three quarters. But the Spurs took control in the fourth quarter and never looked back as for the second time in three years, the Spurs celebrated a championship on the SBC Center floor. The Spurs won Game Seven 81-74, winning the franchise's third Larry O'Brien Trophy. For the game, Tim Duncan finished with a game high 25 points and 11 rebounds, while Document [28] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) high 18 rebounds. On the game's final play, LeBron James missed a potential game-tying 29-foot 3-pointer (which he contested as a foul on Bruce Bowen). Game 3 was the lowest-scoring Finals game since 1955, with Tim Duncan of the Spurs having his lowest scoring game in his NBA Finals career, with 14 points. San Antonio started out strong through the first three quarters, leading by as many as 11. Cleveland would stage a rally near the end of the third quarter and the first five minutes of the fourth, scoring 14 consecutive points to take its first second-half lead of Document [29] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Heat would alternate wins the first six games in the series. In Game 6, the Spurs were on the verge of winning their fifth NBA title. San Antonio was up five points with 28 seconds to go in regulation. An unlikely and uncharacteristic series of mishaps would doom the Spurs down the stretch, including the benching of Duncan by Popovich at the end of regulation with the Spurs on defense. The Heat missed their field goal attempt, but the undersized Spurs could not grab the defensive rebound. Chris Bosh rebounded the ball and Ray Allen then hit a 3-pointer to Document [30] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) the latter stages of the game as his teammates struggled with nerves that came with the weight of a must-win game on the road against an accomplished adversary. In addition to the game winning three pointer Horry made a spectacular left-handed dunk as the shot clock was winding in one possession, that is one of the highlights of the series. Incidentally, Horry happened to have the most NBA championships of any active player five, and looked to extend that to six. Tim Duncan, despite struggling from the free-throw line, finished with 26 points and 19 rebounds for the Spurs. Chauncey Document [31] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) The Spurs would win 60 games for only the second time in franchise history as they attempted to win a second title in longtime star David Robinson's final season. The season saw Tim Duncan earn his second consecutive NBA MVP award, and appear in the 2003 NBA All-Star Game. Second-year guard Tony Parker showed improvement, averaging 15.5 points per game. Rookie Manu Ginobili was named to the All-Rookie Second Team. This season marked the official beginning of the Big Three era, and the end of the Twin Towers era. The trio of Duncan, Parker, and Ginobili would lead the Spurs Document [32] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers started in the late 1970s and peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 1999, the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs 7 times, with the clubs combining to appear in seven straight NBA Finals from 1999 to 2005. Additionally, the teams won each NBA Title from 1999 to 2003 (the Spurs won in 1999 and 2003, while the Lakers won in 2000, 2001, and 2002). From 1999 to 2004, the rivalry was considered as the NBA's best, as each time the clubs faced each other in the playoffs, the Document [33] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) from San Antonio, including the game winning 3 pointer with one second remaining to the delight of the Toyota Center crowd. The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 playoffs, in which the two teams met in the Western Conference Semifinals. The match-up was the first between the two teams in the playoffs since the 1995 Western Conference Finals. Five of the six games in the series resulted in blowouts. In game 2 of the series, starting point guard Tony Parker suffered a ruptured quadriceps tendon, forcing him to miss the remainder of the playoffs. In game 5, all-star small forward Document [34] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) teammate Manu Ginóbili pitched in with 23 points. Richard Hamilton, with 15 points, was the high scorer for the Pistons, who fell just short of winning back to back championships. Tim Duncan averaged 20.6 PPG on his way to his 3rd NBA Finals MVP award. Manu Ginóbili, Tony Parker, and Bruce Bowen each received their second championship ring, while Robert Horry became only the second player in NBA history (John Salley being the first) to play on championship teams for three different franchises. 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season The 2004–05 NBA season was the Spurs' 29th season in the National Document [35] (Title: Manu Ginóbili) the campaign, managing only 44 regular season games and missing the 2009 NBA Playoffs entirely. San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54–28 record, but with an aging supporting cast (Bowen, Michael Finley and Kurt Thomas were all in their late 30s), the Spurs were only considered fringe contenders for the championship. As it turned out, the strong play of Duncan and Tony Parker were not enough to help the Spurs avoid a 4–1 defeat by Dallas, and the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs for the first time since 2000. Document [36] (Title: Spurs Sports & Entertainment) franchise in all major sports in 2014. It was the third time the Spurs received the ESPN honor, and the franchise has ranked in the Top 10 every year since the survey was introduced in 2003. The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio, Texas. They are part of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were NBA champions in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA–NBA Document [37] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the 1981 and the Los Angeles Lakers in four games 1982 and in six games in the 1983 Western Finals despite getting both wins at the Forum in the 1983 series. They lost every home game in both series in 1982 and 1983 vs the Lakers as Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and co. were too strong. The Spurs did not make the conference finals until 1995. After the 1984–85 season, Gervin, who had been the Spurs' biggest star, was traded to the Chicago Bulls in what effectively signaled the end of Document [38] (Title: 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season) be eliminated before the conference finals. After 19 years, this season marked the end of the Tim Duncan era as he retired from the NBA following this season. Believed by many as the greatest Spur of all time, Duncan led the Spurs to 5 championships, a playoff appearance in every season of his 19 years in the league, and after winning their 5th ring in 2014, became the second player, after John Salley, to win championships in 3 different decades. 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season The 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season was the 49th season of the franchise, 40th in Document [39] (Title: Dallas Mavericks) team in the Finals. The Mavericks were swept in the 2012–13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season, Tim Duncan's rookie season. In their last match up of the season, San Antonio escaped with a 92–91 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3-point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer. With the win the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for the 16th straight season, currently the longest streak in the NBA. San Antonio also reached 50 wins for the 14th straight season, the longest streak in NBA history. In the 2013–14 season, the Document [40] (Title: San Antonio Missions) tackles the giant taco to the ground just before reaching home plate (they start at first base), then poses triumphantly over the downed mascot. Henry has only won the race once, in 1992. In that race, Henry mis-timed his steps and he inadvertently crossed home plate before his 10-year-old opponent. Nearly 20 years later the Missions hosted a rematch and, on June 24, 2010, the kid finally avenged his loss. The team has two unique giveaway nights—Shirt Off Your Back and Used Car Giveaway. In the first, often held on or near the last game of the season, the jerseys Document [41] (Title: NBA Finals) champions in 2013, this time over the San Antonio Spurs, with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in the Finals; with Tim Duncan (1999, 2003, 2005) and Tony Parker (2007) for the Spurs, and Wade (2006) and James (2012) for the Heat. The Spurs went up 3–2 in the series, but the Heat bounced back with a Game 6 victory, notable for a game-tying three-pointer by Ray Allen in the closing seconds of regulation to send the game into overtime. The game is considered one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history. Document [42] (Title: History of the Dallas Mavericks) the San Antonio Spurs in five games, it marked a sense of optimism for Dallas in seriously contending for an NBA title. This was also the last season in the old Reunion Arena before making the move to the modern American Airlines Center. These years also saw Nowitzki win the first two of his five consecutive Euroscar Awards as the top player in Europe, in 2002 and 2003. (Note that this award is presented at the end of a calendar year, as opposed to the end of the season as in the NBA awards.) The 2001–02 season was a great Document [43] (Title: 2006–07 San Antonio Spurs season) Conference Semifinals (Utah won 4–1) LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers entered the 2007 Finals as newcomers. Game 1 was the first NBA Finals appearance in franchise history, and the first for each of its players (other than reserve point guard Eric Snow). However, the San Antonio Spurs had been to the Finals in three of the past eight seasons, winning a championship each time. With solid performances by Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, and Manu Ginóbili, the Spurs won the series opener in convincing fashion, limiting LeBron James to 14 points on 4–16 shooting. The Spurs took a stranglehold on Document [44] (Title: Tony Parker) New Orleans Hornets, the Spurs dropped the first two road games before responding with a strong win in the third game. In that game, Parker recorded a double-double with 31 points and 11 assists. The experienced Spurs took seven games to defeat the Hornets, but were unable to get past the Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals, and the Spurs once again failed to win back-to-back NBA championships. San Antonio got off to a rocky start in their 2008–09 NBA season, losing the first three contests. In their fourth game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, however, Parker scored a career-high Document [45] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) seconds to go opened the door for San Antonio. On the Spurs' next possession, Robert Horry inbounded the ball to Ginobili, who then gave it back to Horry, who was left wide open, to sink the game winning basket. Horry had previously already been famous for nailing the winning shot in Game 4 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Lakers and Kings. Horry went 5 for 6 from beyond the arc, including the game-winner, and scored 21 points coming off the bench, after not scoring until the final play of the 3rd quarter. He carried the team in Document [46] (Title: Gregg Popovich) television and that's why the commissioner tossed that tantrum." On March 22, 2013, when the Spurs beat the Utah Jazz, Popovich became the second head coach in NBA history, after the Jazz's own Jerry Sloan, to win 900 regular-season games with one team. Popovich led the Spurs to the 2013 NBA Finals to face the Miami Heat. The series lasted seven games, but the Spurs had their first ever Finals loss. On April 22, 2014, Popovich was awarded the Red Auerbach Trophy as he won the NBA Coach of the Year for the third time. He also won his fifth Document [47] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) biggest one-season turnaround in NBA history, finishing with a record of 56–26. They also jumped all the way to first place in the Midwest Division, their first division title in seven years. Robinson had one of the most successful rookie seasons for a center in NBA history, finishing the season as the unanimous Rookie of the Year while averaging 24.3 points and 12.0 rebounds. The Spurs began the 1990s with great optimism. The team became a perennial playoff presence, although unable to advance further than the second round of the NBA Playoffs under Brown's tutelage. Late in the 1991–92 season, Document [48] (Title: 1999–2000 San Antonio Spurs season) selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. On March 14, the Spurs' playoff spirits would get a lift when Sean Elliott, who had received a kidney transplant prior to the season, returned and played in the final 19 games. However, as the season wound down, Duncan suffered a knee injury. The Spurs finished second in the Midwest Division with a 53–29 record, but without Duncan, they were eliminated in the first of the playoffs by the fifth-seeded Phoenix Suns. Following the season, Mario Elie signed as a free agent with the Phoenix Suns, and Jerome Kersey signed with the Milwaukee Document [49] (Title: 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season) the Lakers. Following the season, Antonio Daniels was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers and Terry Porter retired. (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Seattle SuperSonics Last Playoff Meeting: 1982 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-1) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Los Angeles Lakers Last Playoff Meeting: 2001 Western Conference Finals (Los Angeles won 4-0) 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Spurs' 26th season in the National Basketball Association, the 29th in San Antonio, and 35th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs acquired Steve Smith from the Portland Trail Blazers, Document [50] (Title: Lakers–Spurs rivalry) series at 2, the Lakers beat San Antonio on the road in a memorable Game 5. With the Spurs down 72–71 with 5.4 seconds left, Duncan was almost perfectly defended by Shaq and still made an off-balance fadeaway 20-footer to take a 73–72 lead with 0.4 seconds left. After a few timeouts, Derek Fisher received the inbounds pass from Gary Payton and hit a turn-around 18-footer while falling away. Instant replay showed the ball left Fisher's hands with 0.1 seconds left, thus the Lakers escaped with a 74–73 victory. The NBA denied a Spurs protest stating that the clock did Document [51] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) he was named NBA MVP in 1995 and one of the 50 greatest players in NBA history, and he would lead the Spurs to the playoffs in each of the next six seasons, but he would only lead the Spurs to the Western Conference finals once in that span, where he would go head-to-head against chief rival Hakeem Olajuwon as the Spurs would fall to the Houston Rockets in six games. The 1996–97 season was a particularly frustrating season for the Spurs as Robinson would hurt his back in preseason play and would not return until December, and six games Document [52] (Title: 1999 NBA Finals) the 1985–86 Celtics to not win consecutive championships. They won 53 games that season, but were severely handicapped by Sean Elliott's early season kidney transplant, and Tim Duncan's late-season knee injury. The Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs by the Phoenix Suns. The Spurs would also win four more NBA titles in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 and appear in the 2013 NBA Finals, with Duncan and head coach Gregg Popovich the only members of the team to appear in all of the Spurs' Finals appearances. , the series remains the Knicks' last NBA Document [53] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) got a lift when Sean Elliott, who received a kidney transplant from his brother prior to the season, returned and played in the last 19 games. As the season wound down, Duncan suffered a knee injury and the Spurs finished in second place with a 53–29 record. Without Duncan, the Spurs were knocked out of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns in four games. The long-term viability of the Spurs franchise in San Antonio was, however, achieved during the 1999–2000 season, as Bexar County voters approved increases in car rental and hotel taxes which would allow for the construction of Document [54] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) winning their final game 115-87, to win their fifth championship in franchise history, and the fourth and final championship during the "Big Three" era. During the 2014–15 NBA season, the Spurs finished with a 55–27 record and earned the number six seed in the Western Conference. In their first-round playoff series against the Los Angeles Clippers, Tim Duncan had 20-plus performances in Games 2, 5, and 7 but the Spurs lost the series to the Clippers in seven games. During the 2015–16 NBA season, which ended up being their last season together, the "Big Three" and the Spurs finished with Document [55] (Title: Jun Bernardino Trophy) as "BEERacle", San Miguel became the first team in professional basketball history to win a series coming from a 0–3 deficit. Jun Bernardino Trophy The Jun Bernardino Trophy is a trophy awarded to the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) team that wins the PBA Philippine Cup Finals. Previously known as the "Perpetual Trophy", it was created in 2006 and renamed in March 2007 in honor of former PBA commissioner Emilio "Jun" Bernardino, Jr. who served from 1994 to 2002. Currently, there are three versions of this trophy: the first version, created in 2006, is being kept permanently by the Talk 'N Document [56] (Title: 2013 NBA Finals) series marked the fifth time the Spurs have made the NBA Finals since 1999, second-most for any franchise in that span behind the Los Angeles Lakers. The Spurs had won all of their previous four finals appearances, putting them only behind the six-time champion Chicago Bulls for most titles without ever losing a Finals, making this series the first Finals loss in Spurs history. This series was also the first time San Antonio had played in the NBA Finals without home court advantage, as Miami had home-court advantage based on their league-best regular season record. It was the Heat's third Document [57] (Title: Boris Diaw) reach the 2013 NBA Finals where they faced the Miami Heat. San Antonio lost the series in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Diaw won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. He was inserted into the starting lineup beginning with Game 3, and he led all players in the series in total assists (29) and was second in total rebounds (43) behind teammate Tim Duncan (50). Diaw averaged 35 minutes per game in the Finals, an increase of over 10 minutes from the regular season. On July 15, 2014, Document [58] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the franchise's first NBA Championship in Game 5 at the Knicks' home arena, Madison Square Garden. Duncan was named the NBA Finals MVP. The Spurs became the first former ABA team to reach and to win the NBA Finals. They also won the 1999 McDonald's Championship in the off-season and were the last champions of that tournament as it was disbanded right after. Coming off their first NBA Championship, the Spurs were still among the best teams in the West and battling for first place in the Midwest Division during the 1999–2000 season. On March 14, the Spurs playoff spirits Document [59] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) bump in the road when Tim Duncan suffered an ankle injury. The Spurs struggled the rest of the season, finishing just 59–23. However, by the time the playoffs rolled around, Duncan was ready to return. In the postseason, The Spurs went through the West relatively easily, culminating with a 5-game victory in the Conference Finals over the Phoenix Suns. In the NBA Finals, the Spurs would face the defending champion Detroit Pistons. The first two games in San Antonio were both Spurs victories as Ginóbili led the way with 26 and 27 points, in blow out wins by the Spurs. Document [60] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) case on February 21, 2014, where the Suns blew out the road-weary Spurs, who were ending the Rodeo Road Trip in Phoenix, 106–85. Markieff Morris of the Suns lead all scorers with 26 points. Danny Green lead the Spurs with a low 15 points. On April 11, 2014, the Spurs clinched the league-best record, and at the same time, handing the Suns a loss that would keep them out of the postseason, winning 112–104, with Danny Green setting a career high 33 points. In a pre-season game on October 16, 2014, Suns owner Robert Sarver apologized to the Phoenix crowd Document [61] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Angeles Clippers defeated the Spurs 113–110, handing San Antonio its 33rd loss of the season. This loss ended the Spurs' record streak of eighteen 50-win seasons that had stretched back to 2000, including the 2011–12 season, which was shortened by a lockout (the Spurs finished 50–16). The Spurs eventually finished the season with a record of 47–35 and were defeated 4–1 by the Warriors in the first round of the playoffs. Following the season, LaMarcus Aldridge was named to the All-NBA Second Team and point guard Dejounte Murray was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team. In June 2018, following Document [62] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) in February. However, in March and April, they won 31 of their final 36 games on their way to a league-best record, 37–13. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves in four games of the first round winning three games to one. In the semifinals, the Spurs' "Twin Towers" of David Robinson and Tim Duncan outplayed Shaquille O'Neal as the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers in four straight games. In the Western Conference Finals, the Spurs faced the Portland Trail Blazers. After taking Game 1, the Spurs trailed in Game 2 as the Blazers largest lead was Document [63] (Title: Cory Joseph) In late February 2013, Tony Parker sustained an injury, and Joseph became the Spurs' starting point guard. In his first five starts, Joseph averaged 8.8 points and 2.6 assists while shooting 58.6 percent. Joseph helped the Spurs reach the 2013 NBA Finals against the Miami Heat, but San Antonio lost the series in seven games. On June 15, 2014, Joseph won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. On June 30, 2015, the Spurs extended a qualifying offer to Joseph in order to make him a restricted Document [64] (Title: Sean Elliott) big man duo of Duncan and Robinson, and they first defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3-1 in the first round. San Antonio won a 4-game sweep of the much improved Los Angeles Lakers, led by superstars Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. Next up were the Portland Trail Blazers, another resurgent squad, in the conference finals. The Spurs won game 1 on their home floor, and in game 2 the Trail Blazers held a 2-point lead with 9 seconds left to play in regulation. Elliott received a pass nearly stolen by Blazer Stacey Augmon in the corner, before Elliott caught the ball Document [65] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) celebration in 9 years, following their 3-0 win over the Anaheim Mighty Ducks in Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals. By winning the NBA championship, the Spurs denied New Jersey from having both NBA and NHL championships in the same year. 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season The 2002–03 NBA season was the 36th season of the franchise, 30th in San Antonio, and 27th in the National Basketball Association. This was also the Spurs' first season playing at the SBC Center (now AT&T Center). During the offseason, the team signed free agent Kevin Willis, traded for Speedy Claxton and Steve Document [66] (Title: Memorial Day Miracle) The "Miracle" designation relates to the combination of circumstances involved: The Spurs won the next two in Portland for a four-game sweep, then defeated the New York Knicks in the 1999 NBA Finals 4 games to 1 to win their first NBA Title. Memorial Day Miracle The Memorial Day Miracle is a game-winning three-point field goal by Sean Elliott in Game 2 of the 1999 Western Conference Finals between the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas on May 31, 1999, Memorial Day. Damon Stoudamire of the Blazers was fouled with 12 Document [67] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) NBA title by taking over in the final period. He scored eight points in a decisive 12-2 surge that gave the Spurs a 67-55 lead, then throttled a push by the Pistons with a swooping dunk, 3-pointer and running hook for an 81-67 advantage with less than two minutes to go. Having been idle for a week, the Spurs looked weak. With their defense, however, they were able to overcome adversity. Tim Duncan, who had 24 points and 17 rebounds, also contributed. Although the Pistons tend to suddenly come alive in the fourth quarter, the converse was true this game Document [68] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) The Finals were played using a 2-3-2 site format, where the first two and last two games are held at the team with home court advantage. The NBA, after experimenting in the early years, restored this original format for the Finals in 1985. So far, the other playoff series are still running on a 2-2-1-1-1 site format. 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season The 1998–99 NBA season was the Spurs' 32nd season as a franchise, the 26th in San Antonio, and the 23rd in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Spurs acquired second-year guard Antonio Daniels from the Vancouver Document [69] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) win their 4th overall championship and 3rd championship in the "Big Three" era, but this time Tony Parker took home the NBA Finals MVP award as he averaged 24.5 points throughout the series. During the 2007–08 NBA season, the "Big Three" led the San Antonio Spurs to a 56–26 record which resulted in them getting the number three seed and a first-round matchup with the Phoenix Suns. In Game 1, Duncan scored 40 points and made the game-tying three-pointer in overtime to force double-overtime and Ginóbili had the game-winning drive-to-the-basket with 1.5 seconds left in the second overtime period to Document [70] (Title: Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs)) rebounds to close out the series with a 110-82 victory over the Los Angeles Lakers, avenging their last two playoff losses to the Los Angeles Lakers. After the series, Spurs head coach Greg Popovich stated: "I thought in Game 5 and Game 6, he [Duncan] was astounding in his focus. He pulled everyone along these last two games." The Spurs would get by the Mavericks in a six-game series in the Western Conference Finals to advance to the 2003 NBA Finals. In what would be Robinson's final game of his NBA career, the "Twin Towers" would combine for 34 points Document [71] (Title: 1989–90 San Antonio Spurs season) 35-game improvement. They advanced to the second round of the Western Conference playoffs where they lost in seven games to the eventual western conference champions, the Portland Trail Blazers. Following the 1989–90 season, David Robinson was unanimously named the NBA Rookie of the Year, and subsequently SEGA produced a game featuring him entitled "David Robinson's Supreme Court". (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Denver Nuggets: "Spurs win series 3-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1985 Western Conference First Round (Denver won 3-2) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Portland Trail Blazers: "Blazers win series 4-3" Last Playoff Meeting: Not available (first playoff Document [72] (Title: Gregg Popovich) NBA championship with San Antonio that season, beating the Heat 4–1 in the Finals. On February 9, 2015, Popovich became the ninth coach in NBA history to win 1,000 games when the Spurs defeated the Indiana Pacers 95–93. He and Jerry Sloan are the only two coaches in NBA history to win 1,000 games with one franchise. On August 1, 2015, Popovich served as Team Africa's head coach at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game. In the 2015–16 season, Popovich led the Spurs to a franchise high 67 wins, but he and the team lost in the conference semifinals against Document [73] (Title: 2001–02 San Antonio Spurs season) place in the Midwest Division with a 58–24 record. The season saw Tim Duncan earn his first NBA MVP award joining David Robinson as the only Spurs to win the award, and was selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game, while first round draft pick Tony Parker made the All-Rookie First Team. The Spurs breezed past the Seattle SuperSonics in five games in the first round, but they were eliminated in the next round by the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers in five games, and for the second year in a row, the Spurs had their playoff run ended by Document [74] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) in the Los Angeles. In Game 5 back in San Antonio, Duncan seemingly delivered the Spurs a 73–72 win as he hit a dramatic shot with just 0.4 seconds remaining. However, the Lakers' Derek Fisher would launch a game-winner as time expired, giving the Lakers a stunning 74–73 win to take a 3–2 series lead. The Spurs would eventually lose the series in six games. After their disappointing second round collapse, the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown. With the acquisition of guard Brent Barry from Seattle, the Spurs would get off to a quick start, posting a 12–3 Document [75] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) the era that began when the Spurs first moved to San Antonio. The next four seasons were a dark time in Spurs' history with the team having a combined record of 115–213 from 1985–86 until 1988–89. The losing seasons and dwindling attendance often caused the Spurs to be mentioned as a potential candidate for relocation to another city. The lone bright spot during this period was the Spurs being awarded the top pick in the 1987 NBA draft through NBA Draft Lottery. The Spurs used this selection on United States Naval Academy standout David Robinson. Although Robinson was drafted in Document [76] (Title: 1992–93 San Antonio Spurs season) final year playing at HemisFair Arena. Following the season, Elliott was traded to the Detroit Pistons, and Johnson signed as a free agent with the Golden State Warriors. (4) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (5) San Antonio Spurs: "Spurs win series 3-1" Last Playoff Meeting: 1990 Western Conference Semifinals (Portland won 4-3) (1) Phoenix Suns vs. (5) San Antonio Spurs: "Suns win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: 1992 Western Conference First Round (Phoenix won 3-0) 1992–93 San Antonio Spurs season The 1992–93 NBA season was the Spurs' 17th season in the National Basketball Association, and 26th season as a franchise. During Document [77] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Trip, a nine-game road trip from January 25 to February 16. However, it would be hardly a bump in the road for the charging Spurs, who won eight of the nine and began to climb their way to first place. The Spurs went on to erase their seven-game deficit and finished the season in a tie with the Dallas Mavericks for the best record in the NBA (60–22). Thanks to a tiebreaker, the Spurs won their third straight Division title as Tim Duncan claimed his second straight NBA MVP. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Suns, Lakers and Mavericks Document [78] (Title: Tim Duncan) milestone, although the NBA did not track blocks prior to the 1973–74 season. The Spurs met defending NBA champions Miami Heat in the NBA Finals in a tightly contested series. Miami had home court advantage, but San Antonio took the first game and headed into game 6 with a 3–2 lead. In that game, Duncan scored 25 points in the first half, his biggest haul in a half of an NBA Finals game. However, the Spurs lost the game in overtime, and then lost the deciding seventh game. On December 2, 2013, Duncan became the oldest player to record a Document [79] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) winner advanced to the NBA Finals. The rivalry fell off from 2005 to 2007, with the Lakers missing the playoffs in 2005 and losing in the first round to the Phoenix Suns in 2006 and 2007, but intensified again in 2008 when they met in the Western Conference Finals. Both teams met once again for the 12th time in 2013 in the first round, with the Spurs winning in four games. The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks features two teams with Dallas roots. The Spurs began their life in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals Document [80] (Title: 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season) 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season The 2014–15 San Antonio Spurs season was the 48th season of the franchise, 39th in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 42nd in the San Antonio area. The Spurs were the defending NBA Champions, having defeated the Miami Heat in the 2014 NBA Finals 4 games to 1 and winning their fifth NBA championship, and made Tim Duncan the second player in NBA history to win championships in 3 different decades (The first being John Salley). On April 3, 2015 after their victory over the Denver Nuggets they clinched a 50+ win season for the Document [81] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) to win 3 more championships (2005, 2007, and 2014). In the first round of the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Phoenix Suns after losing Game 1 in overtime, then defeated the defending 3x NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in the semifinals in six games. In the Western Conference Finals, they defeated the Dallas Mavericks to advanced to the NBA Finals, where they beat the New Jersey Nets in six games and won their second championship. Following the season, Stephen Jackson signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Hawks, Steve Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets, and Robinson and Document [82] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) The 2-0 lead proved a daunting challenge to Detroit, historically. In the history of the NBA, in the 153 times when a team with home court advantage was up 2-0 in a series, only seven times has the other team rebounded to win the series. Going into this game, the Pistons were looking to rebound from the deficit. In the past, only two teams in NBA history had ever won a Finals series after facing a 2-0 deficit — the Boston Celtics in the 1969 NBA Finals and the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1977 NBA Finals — however, the Document [83] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) They would become the first team since the 2006–07 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and be eliminated before the conference finals. On July 11, 2016, Duncan announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with the Spurs. In the 2016–17 season, despite the retirement of longtime captain Tim Duncan, the Spurs—led by Kawhi Leonard—remained a title contender and finished with a record of 61–21. After defeating the Grizzlies and the Rockets in the first two rounds of the playoffs, the Spurs—who suffered injuries to Leonard, Parker, and David Lee—were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Document [84] (Title: 1995–96 San Antonio Spurs season) to win their second straight Division title with a 59–23 record. Robinson was named to the All-NBA First Team and All-Defensive Second Team. In the playoffs, the Spurs would easily beat the Phoenix Suns in four games in the first round. However, in the semifinals, the Spurs would again stumble in the postseason losing to the 3rd-seeded Utah Jazz in six games, including a 108–81 road loss in Game 6. Following the season, Doc Rivers retired. (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Phoenix Suns Last Playoff Meeting: 1993 Western Conference Semifinals (Phoenix won 4-2) (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Document [85] (Title: 2002–03 San Antonio Spurs season) Danny Ferry retired. It was also Steve Kerr's last season as an NBA player. A 5-time champion, Kerr won 4-straight titles with the Chicago Bulls and Spurs, and 11 years later, returned to the NBA, as head coach of the Golden State Warriors, and ended their 40-year championship drought and the next season led them to the best-ever regular season record of 73-9, a record previously held by the 1995-96 Chicago Bulls, another team he was part of. For the season, the Spurs changed their logo, which remains in use until 2017. 'Bold' = All-Star Selection Record: 1–1; Home: 0–1; Document [86] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) Shaquille O'Neal. San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was a Finals rematch from the previous NBA season, which Miami had won in seven games, handing the Spurs the franchise's first-ever Finals defeat in 2013. This marked the 12th Finals rematch, but only the fifth since the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The Spurs had home-court advantage, since the team finished the regular season with a better record (62–20) than the Heat (54–28). For the first time since 1984, the Finals were played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format (Games 1 and 2 at home for the Document [87] (Title: 2007 NBA Finals) San Antonio Spurs playing the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers. Because the San Antonio Spurs had a better regular season win-loss record, they had home court advantage. The Cleveland Cavaliers won both games in the regular season series: The previous season saw the San Antonio Spurs drop a heartbreaking seventh game at home to the rival Dallas Mavericks in the second round. As the new season began, the Spurs saw the Mavericks rolling through their regular season, on their way to a franchise best 67 win campaign. Meanwhile, the Spurs struggled through their season through January. With the main focus Document [88] (Title: 1989 NBA Finals) well. Following the series, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar announced his retirement at 42, after 20 years with the NBA. Pistons' guard Joe Dumars was named MVP for the series. Prior to the 2016 NBA Finals, when the Cleveland Cavaliers overcame the Golden State Warriors, and the 2014 NBA Finals when the San Antonio Spurs bested the Miami Heat, the Pistons were the last Finals champion to have been runner-up to the same opponent the previous season as they did in the 1988 Finals. Before the season began, the Pistons moved from the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan to the brand-new The Palace in Document [89] (Title: Tony Parker) to receive the honor since Tim Duncan in April 2002. On May 21, 2013, Parker recorded a career high 18 assists to go with 15 points in the Spurs' Western Conference finals game 2 victory over the Memphis Grizzlies. In game 1 of the 2013 NBA Finals against the defending champion Miami Heat, Parker hit a clutch jump shot off the glass with 5.2 seconds remaining in the game, securing a 92–88 victory for San Antonio. The Spurs eventually lost the series in seven games. In May 2014, Tony Parker alongside Manu Ginóbili and Tim Duncan tied the record for Document [90] (Title: 1999 NBA Finals) won 56 games but were eliminated by the Utah Jazz in the second round of the playoffs. The following year, led by Robinson, Duncan, Sean Elliott, and Avery Johnson, the Spurs recovered from a 6-8 start to the season to win 31 of their last 36 games and qualify as the top seed in the Western Conference, as well as the league's best record. After defeating the Minnesota Timberwolves in four games, San Antonio recorded back-to-back sweeps in the second round and conference finals, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers and Portland Trail Blazers. The victory over Portland gave the Spurs Document [91] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) 1988 Western Conference First Round (Los Angeles won 3-0) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (6) Houston Rockets: "Rockets win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: 1981 Western Conference Semifinals (Houston won 4-2) 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season The 1994–95 NBA season was the Spurs' 19th season in the National Basketball Association, and 28th season as a franchise. During the offseason, the Spurs hired Bob Hill as head coach, re-acquired Sean Elliott after playing one year with the Detroit Pistons, re-signed Avery Johnson after one season with the Golden State Warriors, and signed free agents Chuck Person and former All-Star Moses Malone. Document [92] (Title: 2005 NBA Finals) the 2004–05 season, the Spurs and Pistons routinely finished in the top three in Points Allowed: in 2003, Detroit was #1 and San Antonio #3; in 2004, the teams finished in a tie for the #1 spot; in 2005, the Spurs were #1 and the Pistons were #2. The Spurs were considered more capable of playing at a faster pace, as evidenced by their convincing win against the high-scoring Phoenix Suns during the Western Conference Finals. However, both teams performed exceptionally well when scoring over 100 points (Detroit was 22-3, San Antonio was 28-2). Going into the 2005 Finals, the Document [93] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) en route to facing the New Jersey Nets in the NBA Finals. The series against the Nets marked the first time two former ABA teams played each other for the NBA Championship. The Spurs won the series 4–2, giving them their second NBA Championship in franchise history. Duncan, after having been named NBA MVP, was also named Finals MVP. Coming off their second NBA Championship, the retirement of David Robinson left a void in San Antonio's daunting defense, while playoff hero Steve Kerr and veteran forward Danny Ferry also retired. Meanwhile, backup point guard Speedy Claxton was left for the Document [94] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) home team, Game 5 was the close game everyone was waiting for, and it went down as one of the more memorable games in Finals history. The game was closely contested by the two teams throughout the night as the lead changed 12 separate times, and the game was tied on 18 occasions. Regulation was not enough to settle this game, so the game went into overtime. The Pistons streaked out to a quick lead in the first few minutes of overtime, and seemed to have the game in hand. However, a missed opportunity with Detroit up 2 with 9 Document [95] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) Portland Trail Blazers and won 4–1. In their third consecutive Conference Finals, they eliminated the Oklahoma City Thunder and won the series 4–2, despite being swept by Oklahoma City in the regular season, and for the first time, they qualified for back-to-back Finals appearances. The regular season series was evened 1–1, each won at home: The Spurs rebounded from their seven-game loss to the Heat in the 2013 Finals to win the series, 4–1, for the franchise's fifth NBA championship. After winning their first four over nine seasons, this was their first since 2007. San Antonio blew out Miami in Document [96] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) 2003 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 4–2) Manu Ginóbili was widely considered the star of the night, scoring in a virtuoso performance near the end of the game to lead the Spurs to victory. The Pistons were then left 'in the dust', the NBA website reported. Ginobili scored 15 of his 26 points in the fourth quarter to complement a huge game by Tim Duncan. Ginobili, a famous Argentine All-Star, already with championship rings from the NBA and Euroleague and an Olympic gold medal (the only player in history with all three), got to work on his second Document [97] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) unable to close out the series, setting up a deciding Game 7. In Game 7, Duncan had 25 points as the Spurs pulled away late to win their third NBA Title in seven years with an 81–74 win. Duncan was named Finals MVP, becoming the fourth player to win the MVP award three times (joining Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal, and Michael Jordan). Coming off their third NBA Championship in seven years, there was a sense that the Spurs were the class of the NBA, and once again would be the team to beat in the NBA for the Championship. For Document [98] (Title: Tony Parker) most wins in Playoffs History by a trio of players playing together; record held by LA Lakers trio of Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Michael Cooper at 110 wins. The Spurs went on to beat the Thunder in six games and advance to the NBA Finals for the second straight year. San Antonio would once again face the Miami Heat and would win the 2014 NBA Finals in five games. This victory gave Parker his fourth championship and the fifth championship to the Spurs. On 1 August 2014, Parker signed a three-year, $43.3 million contract extension with the Spurs. The Document [99] (Title: 2014 NBA Finals) "one of the most beautiful-to-watch teams in the NBA" by "USA Today". This was the San Antonio Spurs's sixth appearance in the NBA Finals, and they headed to the postseason with the best record in the NBA and a franchise record 19-game winning streak, ending with a 22–4 run their last games. In the first round, they faced their Texas rivals, the Dallas Mavericks, who surprised the Spurs by taking the series to seven games despite the Spurs sweeping the Mavericks in the regular season for 2 consecutive years. San Antonio won 4–3. In the Conference Semifinals, they eliminated the Document [100] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) easily dispatched the Utah Jazz in five games to reach the NBA Finals. In the Finals, the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers and captured their fourth title in nine years. Tony Parker, who dominated in the Finals averaging 24.5 ppg on 57% shooting, was named Finals MVP and became the first European-born player to win the award. The 2007–2008 season saw the Spurs go 56–26 and finish 3rd in the Western Conference. The Spurs faced hurdles but would make it to the Western Conference Finals, but lose to the Lakers in five games. The next season would see the Spurs Document [101] (Title: 2007 NBA Finals) New Jersey remains the lowest-rated game of all time in the history of the NBA Finals. The Spurs won 56 games in the succeeding 2007–08 season, but relinquished the Southwest Division title to the New Orleans Hornets due to a tie-breaker. The Spurs had the last laugh, though, defeating the Hornets in seven games. But their chance of defending their title was denied by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games of the conference finals. After that, age and injury took its toll on the Spurs, as they proceeded to win only a single playoff series in three years (2010, Document [102] (Title: 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season) of 50 wins or more (and 20 straight seasons with a record of .600 or better) ended for the Spurs. The streak lasted since the 1997–98 season, which also was the first year of the Tim Duncan era, not counting the shortened lockout season, also the year they won their first championship title. Despite that, the Spurs clinched their 21st consecutive playoff spot on April 9, 2018 with a win over the Sacramento Kings in their last home game of the season. They finished the regular season with 47–35, which clinched the 7th seed. In the playoffs, the Spurs faced Document [103] (Title: Dallas Mavericks) in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals and did not move to San Antonio until 1973. On October 11, 1980, the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103–92. The teams have met numerous times in the playoffs, with the Spurs defeating the Mavericks in 2001, 2003, 2010, and 2014, while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009. The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles, while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles. The Spurs have won 15 division titles, while the Mavericks have won 3. Both the Spurs and Document [104] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) six-game series to reach the 2014 NBA Finals, giving the Spurs consecutive trips to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history. They faced the Miami Heat for the second consecutive year. The "Big Three" shot a combined 62 pouts in Game 1—21 from Duncan, 19 from Parker, and 16 from Ginóbili—along with 10 rebounds from Duncan and 11 assists from Ginóbili and eight from Parker. This helped the Spurs win Game 1 110–95 in a 90 °F (32 °C) AT&T Center to take a 1–0 series lead. The Spurs ended up winning the finals in five games, Document [105] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Finals, to take the series 4–2. During the 2012 off-season, the Spurs re-signed swingman Danny Green, who was a welcome surprise for them from the previous season, and Tim Duncan, both for three years. The Spurs would have a strong 2012–13 season, going 58–24 and earning the #2 seed in the West. The Spurs clinched the playoffs for a 16th consecutive season, as well as extended the NBA record with 50+ games for 14 consecutive seasons. On April 16, the Spurs signed two-time scoring champion, and seven-time All-Star Tracy McGrady to help in the playoffs after waiving Stephen Jackson. The Document [106] (Title: 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs season) tied the NBA record for most home wins in a season with 40 (tying the 1985–86 Boston Celtics 40–1 home record). On April 10, the Spurs' home winning streak came to an end with a loss to the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors. In the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs, the Spurs faced the injury depleted Memphis Grizzlies, and swept them in four games. However, in the Conference Semifinals, the team was defeated 2–4 by the Oklahoma City Thunder. They would become the first team to since the 2007 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and Document [107] (Title: 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season) after 16 seasons, all with the Spurs. Ginobili was the second-oldest active player in the league at the time of his retirement, behind only the Atlanta Hawks' Vince Carter. This marked the official end of the Spurs' "Big Three" era. The trio helped the Spurs win 4 championships, their latest being in 2014. 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season The 2017–18 San Antonio Spurs season was the 51st season of the franchise, 42nd in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 45th in the San Antonio area. On March 10, 2018, the Spurs finished with a losing season on the road for Document [108] (Title: Tim Duncan) However, arch-rivals Los Angeles Lakers defeated San Antonio in five games in the Conference Finals, and the Spurs once again failed to capture back-to-back NBA championships. Duncan started the 2008–09 season with strong showings in points and rebounds per game. However, by mid-season, his performance declined and he was subsequently diagnosed with chronic knee tendinosis. Despite Duncan having problems with his knee and the team losing the services of shooting guard Ginóbili for most of the season, San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54–28 record. Coupled with an aging supporting cast (Bowen, Michael Finley Document [109] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) Big Three (San Antonio Spurs) The Big Three are the basketball trio of Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, and Manu Ginóbili, who played together from 2002 through 2016 on the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They won four NBA Championships during their time together in San Antonio, in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. The trio is one of the most decorated and successful in NBA history, having won over 1,000 games together. Duncan and Ginóbili retired after the 2015–16 season and 2017–18 season, respectively. Parker, who is currently with the Charlotte Hornets, remains active in the league. Document [110] (Title: PBA Philippine Cup) will receive a smaller replica of the trophy. If a team wins three consecutive tournaments, the franchise gets to keep the trophy and not the replica. The trophy is named after former PBA commissioner Jun Bernardino. In the history of the league, the TNT Tropang Texters (2010-11 to 2012-13) and the San Miguel Beermen (2014-15 to 2016-17) have won the All-Filipino Conference three consecutive times. By achieving this distinction, the TNT and San Miguel were able to have permanent possession of the Bernardino Trophy. TNT keeps the 2006 version while San Miguel keeps the 2013 version. The 1975 and 1976 Document [111] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) until resolution on a new labor agreement was reached in January 1999. Playing a shortened 50-game season, the Spurs earned an NBA-best 37–13 record (.740 win percentage, and only season since Duncan was drafted the Spurs did not win at least 50 games in a season as of 2016). The team was just as dominant in the playoffs, rolling through the Western Conference with a record of 11–1. In the NBA Finals, they faced the New York Knicks, who had made history by becoming the first eighth seed to ever make the NBA Finals. The Spurs won the series and Document [112] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) and conducted other celebratory customs. That was the first time that the Spurs have given up more than 90 points in a Finals game. "Thursday, June 16, 2005, 21:00, at The Palace". In this game also, as was previously observed in Game 3, the Pistons dominated the Spurs. Reporters began to remark about the tendency in this series for the home team to produce a blowout. Thus far, no game had been decided by less than 15 points. Seven Pistons scored in double figures, and big games were collected from Rasheed Wallace, Chauncey Billups, Ben Wallace, and all the other Document [113] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) first time as the Rockets led by Moses Malone and Calvin Murphy beat the Spurs led by George Gervin and James Silas 2–1. The rivalry grew intense as both teams moved from the East to the West. They met again in 1981, this time in the second round. The Spurs had home-court advantage, and were heavily favored, winning the Midwest Division Title and the Rockets only 40–42. The Rockets and Spurs fought to the bitter end before the Rockets held on to win Game 7 capped by Murphy's 42 points. The Rockets would advance to the Finals in a losing Document [114] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Spurs would be near the top in the Western Conference all season battling the Phoenix Suns for the best record in the NBA. Just as it appeared the Spurs would cruise toward the playoffs, their season suddenly hit a bump in the road when Tim Duncan went down in a March 20 loss to the Detroit Pistons with a sprained ankle. The rest of the way, the Spurs would limp home winning 9 of their last 17 as they held on to the Southwest Division by just 1 game with a 59-23 record.The Spurs leading scorer during the season was Document [115] (Title: Kawhi Leonard) – the number one seed in the NBA – and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team for the first time. The Spurs and the Miami Heat met once again in the NBA Finals. On June 10, 2014, in Game 3 of the series, Leonard scored a then career-high 29 points in a 111–92 victory. San Antonio went on to win the series 4–1. Leonard averaged 17.8 points on 61% shooting and was named NBA Finals MVP. He was the third-youngest player to win the award (22 years and 351 days), behind only Magic Johnson—who won in both 1980 Document [116] (Title: Glenn Robinson) for them. Robinson signed with the San Antonio Spurs on April 4, 2005 to establish an additional veteran shooting presence as the team prepared for the playoffs. As a role player in the 2005 playoffs, Robinson helped the Spurs win the championship. The games in the NBA Finals would be Robinson's last in the NBA, capping off his 11-year career with a title. Robinson was forced to retire due to injuries, particularly to his knees. He finished his career with 14,234 career points, averaging 20.7 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.7 assists, and 1.2 steals per game. Robinson was selected for the Document [117] (Title: Anthony C. Nardo Memorial Trophy) however, there are some discrepancies and inconsistencies regarding this trophy's award for years prior to 1950. While sources disagree on the inaugural season for this trophy's award, they agree that the final award was given for the 1969 season. From 1970 to 1995, it was replaced by the Bob Beall Trophy and Tommy Marcos Trophy. Originally conceived as a perpetual award with winners' names inscribed from year to year, the nature of the trophy was changed in 1952 after Bob Ward's multiple receipt of this honor. Ward was given the original trophy "for his permanent possession," after being voted this Document [118] (Title: 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season) 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season The 2007–08 San Antonio Spurs season was the 41st season of the franchise, 35th in San Antonio, and 32nd in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Spurs were the defending NBA champions after winning their fourth title, having swept the Cleveland Cavaliers in four games. They would once again win at least 50 games for the 9th straight season, and make the playoffs for the 11th straight season. After beating the Phoenix Suns in 5 games and the New Orleans Hornets in 7, the Spurs were eliminated by the Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Document [119] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) games out of nine, achieved in 2003). When the Spurs have won the NBA title, the team's victory parades have been boat trips on the San Antonio River Walk. The San Antonio Spurs started out as the Dallas Chaparrals of the original version of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Coached by player/coach Cliff Hagan the Dallas Chaparrals were one of 11 teams to take the floor in the inaugural season of the upstart ABA. The Chaps' second season was a bit of a disappointment, as the team finished in 4th place with a mediocre 41–37 record. In the playoffs the Document [120] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) lockout, the Spurs won 50 games and tied the Chicago Bulls for the best record in the league. They extended their streak of 50+ win seasons to 13 since the 1999–2000 season, an NBA record. Popovich won his second Coach of the Year. The Spurs swept the first two rounds of the Playoffs. With those two sweeps, a 10-game win streak to end the season, and wins in Games 1 and 2 of the Western Conference Finals, the Spurs would win 20 straight games. However, the Oklahoma City Thunder would end up winning the next four games in the West Document [121] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Miami Heat would later accomplish this feat against the Dallas Mavericks in the 2006 NBA Finals. Despite the tough challenge, the Pistons pulled through, and came out with several key steals and two scoring runs in the third quarter, then netted many insurance points in the fourth to win a big game which was a "de facto" must-win. Ben Wallace was lauded and commended by many for stepping up to the challenge. When the end of the game came, and the 96-79 final score flashed upon the screens, many Pistons fans, celebrating in jubilation, started filling the air with confetti Document [122] (Title: Manu Ginóbili) Third Team. In the playoffs, the Spurs defeated the Suns 4–1 in the first round, Ginóbili was moved to the starting lineup in the second round against the New Orleans Hornets after the Spurs lost the first two road games. San Antonio eventually prevailed in seven games, the Argentine played another strong series, leading the Spurs in points and assists per game (21.3 and 6.0 respectively). However, San Antonio lost to arch-rivals Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals in five games, and once again failed to capture back-to-back NBA championships. The following season, Ginóbili was injured for most of Document [123] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) a franchise-best 67–15 record and earned the number two seed in the Western Conference. The Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies in the first round but lost a six-game series to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the conference semifinals. On July 11, 2016, Tim Duncan announced that he was retiring from the NBA after a 19-year career, thus ending the "Big Three" era. As of November 2018, the San Antonio Spurs have yet to win an championship since the retirement of Tim Duncan. The Spurs did play in the 2016-17 Western Conference Finals, losing to Golden State 4-0 after leading scorer Document [124] (Title: NBA Finals) next six seasons. The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period. The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this time, in 1999, 2003, 2005, and 2007. In the 1999 NBA Playoffs, the Spurs finished with a 15–2 mark, including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers. With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan, San Antonio's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years. In the Finals that year, the Spurs played against the New York Document [125] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) would never find a break, losing to teams like the Washington Bullets, the Boston Celtics, the Houston Rockets, and the Los Angeles Lakers. As the 1980s progressed, the Spurs would see their shares of highs and lows. For the first few seasons of the decade, the Spurs continued their success of the 1970s with records of 52–30 in 1980–81, 48–34 in 1981–82, and 53–29 in 1982–83 (it was during this period that the Spurs were moved to the Western Conference). Despite their regular season success, the Spurs were unable to win any NBA championships, losing in the Western Conference playoffs Document [126] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) Spurs struggled early in the season with a 7–9 start. However, they would soon go on a 15-game winning streak and win 21 of their final 23 games, finishing with the league's best record of 62–20. It was also their best regular season record in franchise history, surpassing the 56-win 1989–90 season, which would surpassed 12 seasons later by the 2005-06 squad (63-19), then 11 seasons later by the 2015-16 team (67-15). David Robinson was named Most Valuable Player of the Year. He was also selected for the 1995 NBA All-Star Game. In the first round of the playoffs, the Document [127] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs players have won the NBA's Most Valuable Player a total of three times, with David Robinson winning the award in 1995 and Tim Duncan winning it in 2002 and 2003. The Spurs are the city's only team in any of the four major U.S. professional sports leagues and the only major-league team in the city's history to have lasted more than five years. Spurs players are active members of the San Antonio community, and many former Spurs are still active in San Antonio including David Robinson with the Carver Academy and George Gervin with the George Gervin Youth Center. Document [128] (Title: 2018–19 San Antonio Spurs season) of Parker, Danny Green, and Kawhi Leonard, and the retirement of Ginobili, leaves Patty Mills as the longest tenured Spur on the roster, also joining Marco Belenilli as the last remaining players from the 2014 championship season on the roster. The last season the Spurs were without the trio of Duncan, Parker, or Ginobili was 1996–97. After sitting out the majority of last season due to injury, this is also the first season since the 2010–11 season without Kawhi Leonard on the roster as he was traded alongside Danny Green to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for DeMar DeRozan, Jakob Document [129] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) and did not move to San Antonio until 1973. On October 11, 1980, the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103–92. In the playoffs the Spurs defeated the Mavericks in 2001, 2003, 2010, and 2014; while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009. The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles, while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles. The Spurs have won 18 division titles, while the Mavericks have won 3. The Mavericks have three 60-win seasons, while the Spurs have five. The two teams met in the playoffs Document [130] (Title: 2013–14 San Antonio Spurs season) Semifinals, and the Oklahoma City Thunder in six games to advance to the NBA Finals for the sixth time in franchise history. This marked the first time that the Spurs have made back-to-back Finals appearances, also against the Miami Heat, whom they lost against in last year's NBA Finals in seven games and suffered their first loss in the NBA Finals. Unlike the previous year, the Spurs avenged their NBA Finals loss and became NBA Champions after defeating Miami in five games, winning their fifth NBA Championship. The Spurs outscored the Heat in the series by the largest per game Document [131] (Title: 1994–95 San Antonio Spurs season) Antonio to their then-franchise best win-loss record of 62-20, and they made it to the Western Conference finals. However, his increasingly erratic off-court life, including a brief but heavily-publicized relationship with singer Madonna, and on-court antics, such as dyeing his hair and starting on-court arguments resulted in him being released from his contract after only two years with the Spurs. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (8) Denver Nuggets: "Spurs win series 3-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1990 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 3-0) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (5) Los Angeles Lakers: "Spurs win series 4-2" Last Playoff Meeting: Document [132] (Title: Big Three (San Antonio Spurs)) NBA Titles during their six seasons together—in 1999 and 2003—with Duncan winning NBA Finals MVP both times. Duncan also was named NBA MVP during his final two seasons with David Robinson and was named to the All-NBA First Team in each of his six seasons. The "Twin Towers" were named Sportsman of the Year by "Sports Illustrated" in 2003. Tony Parker played two years with Paris Basket Racing prior to being selected 28th overall by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2001 NBA draft. Parker began his rookie season playing as the backup point guard to Antonio Daniels, eventually become Document [133] (Title: 2004–05 San Antonio Spurs season) Shawn Marion in five games in the Western Conference Finals. In the Finals, the Spurs would win their third NBA Championship, defeating last year's NBA Champions, the Detroit Pistons, in a tough seven-game series. Following the season, Glenn Robinson retired. The team's season roster is featured in NBA 2K18. After their disappointing second round collapse to the Los Angeles Lakers, the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown. They would get off to a quick start, posting a 12-3 record in November. The Spurs would stay hot through December as they established a 25-6 record entering the New Year. The Document [134] (Title: 2003 NBA Finals) stat sheet, and Duncan was not credited with a quadruple double. The 2002–03 season had already started as a memorable one for the San Antonio Spurs, as it was the team's first season in their new arena, the SBC Center. However, as this season was one of beginnings, it was also one of endings. During the season, Spurs star David Robinson announced that it was his last season. The NBA Finals also marked the end of Steve Kerr's career as well—he was on the Spurs, having already won three titles with the Chicago Bulls. Over the last few seasons, injuries Document [135] (Title: 2005 NBA Finals) The Mavs would go on to lose in the 2006 NBA Finals. The Spurs did win the 2007 NBA Finals (the Mavericks with 67-15 record, were eliminated by the Golden State Warriors in the first round) the following year, their fourth as a franchise, and won again in 2014. , this was the Pistons last appearance in the NBA Finals. Head coach Larry Brown sought and succeeded in buying out his contract as head coach after the season. He eventually ended up coaching for his hometown New York Knicks, but would only win 23 games in the 2006 season. Brown Document [136] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) on a 13-game winning streak and quickly climbed back to the top of the NBA standings. They would battle all year for the top spot in the Western Conference, as they ended the season on another strong note winning their final 11 games. However, they would fall one game short of a division title and the best record in the West, posting a record of 57–25. In the second round of the playoffs, the Spurs found themselves in another showdown with the Los Angeles Lakers. The Spurs would win Games 1 and 2 at home, but drop the next two Document [137] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) Spurs finished the regular season second in the Western Conference behind the Oklahoma City Thunder with a record of 58–24, and swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round, 4–0. In the second round of the 2013 playoffs, the Spurs faced Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors. They beat the Warriors four games to two. In the conference finals, the Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies, with Tony Parker having an 18-assist performance in Game 2 and a 37-point performance in Game 4. The Spurs would meet the defending champion Miami Heat in the NBA Finals. The Spurs and Document [138] (Title: 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season) as a free agent with the Chicago Bulls. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (8) Minnesota Timberwolves: "Spurs win series 3-1" Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Spurs and Timberwolves. (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (4) Los Angeles Lakers: "Spurs win series 4-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1995 Western Conference Semifinals (San Antonio won 4-2) (1) San Antonio Spurs vs. (2) Portland Trail Blazers: "Spurs win series 4-0" Last Playoff Meeting: 1993 Western Conference First Round (San Antonio won 3-1) The 1999 NBA Finals saw some firsts for both the Spurs and the opposing New York Knicks. The Document [139] (Title: San Antonio Spurs) more points. Kawhi Leonard had a breakout performance and was named NBA Finals MVP for his big game performance and is the third youngest to win it, behind Magic Johnson and teammate Duncan. In the 2014 NBA draft, they selected Kyle Anderson out of UCLA as the 30th overall pick. During the 2014 off-season, the Spurs made headlines when they announced that they had hired Becky Hammon as an assistant coach, effective with her retirement as a player at the end of the 2014 WNBA season. Hammon became the first full-time female coach in any of the four major U.S. Document [140] (Title: 2013 NBA Finals) This marked the last NBA Finals played during the tenure of NBA commissioner David Stern. In addition, it also marked the last time the Finals used the 2–3–2 format, after which it reverted to the 2–2–1–1–1 format. The Spurs and Heat would both advance to the 2014 NBA Finals, where the Spurs won in five games. LeBron James and Tim Duncan previously faced off in the 2007 NBA Finals, when James was with the Cleveland Cavaliers, which saw the Spurs sweep the Cavaliers in four games, giving San Antonio their fourth NBA title. After the deciding game, Duncan sought out Document [141] (Title: 2003 NBA Finals) Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016. Despite the departures of Robinson, Jackson and Kerr, the Spurs still managed to win 57 games, aided by Tim Duncan's strong play. However, they were ousted in six games by the Los Angeles Lakers, highlighted by Derek Fisher's game winner with 0.4 seconds left in game 5 of the conference semifinals. In the years following Robinson's retirement, Duncan led the Spurs to three more NBA titles in 2005, 2007 and 2014. This NBA Finals was aired on NBA on ABC, after 30 years of absence for ESPN on ABC carrying the NBA. Until 2007, this was Question: when was the last time san antonio spurs won a trophy

Answer: 2014 Long Answer: San Antonio Spurs 2018--19 San Antonio Spurs season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History Dallas Chaparrals 1967--1970, 1971--1973 (ABA) Texas Chaparrals 1970--1971 (ABA) San Antonio Spurs 1973--1976 (ABA) 1976--present (NBA) Arena AT&T Center Location San Antonio, Texas Team colors Silver, black President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Ownership Spurs Sports & Entertainment (Julianna Hawn Holt, Chairman and CEO) Affiliation (s) Austin Spurs Championships 5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) Conference titles 6 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2014) Division titles 22 (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) Retired numbers 8 (00, 6, 12, 13, 21, 32, 44, 50) Website www.nba.com/spurs Uniforms Home Away Third Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Ronnie Weiser) Ronnie Weiser Ronny Weiser (born 1946 in Milan, Italy), also known as Rockin' Ronny Weiser, is an American record producer and founder of rockabilly record label Rollin' Rock. In Milan, Ronny discovered American rock'n'roll and rockabilly watching an Elvis Presley film, "Loving You". Upon immigrating to the United States in the 1960s, he published a rockabilly fanzine called Rollin' Rock, which evolved into full-fledged record label Rollin' Rock. In 1970, Rollin' Rock started reissuing 1950s recordings, and eventually recorded and released new recordings by 1950s artists such as Ray Campi, Mac Curtis, Gene Vincent, Alvis Wayne, Charlie Feathers, Johnny Carroll, Document [2] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) Rock and Roll Music "Rock and Roll Music" is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been widely covered and is recognized as one of Berry's most popular and enduring compositions. In the fall of 1957, his recording reached number 6 on "Billboard" magazine's R&B Singles chart and number 8 on its Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded by many well-known artists. The Beatles' 1964 recording topped singles charts in Europe and in Australia, and the Beach Boys had a U.S. top ten hit with the song in Document [3] (Title: Rock & Roll Baby) Rock & Roll Baby Rock & Roll Baby is an EP from American singer/songwriter/guitarist Malina Moye. The first single “K-yotic” featured Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s funk legend Bootsy Collins which Billboard called "explosive" debuted on Billboard Twitter 140 chart at #5, and at #11 on Billboard’s Hot Singles Sales chart. Guitar World stated that “Moye's record is insanely good bringing a certain passion and feel to her guitar playing." Elmore Magazine said “Moye demonstrates once again she can play with the best of them fusing rock, blues, funk and soul…[her] new EP indeed shows the influence of Hendrix, Document [4] (Title: The Dollyrots) with an appearance at South By Southwest where the band played "I Love Rock & Roll" on stage with Jett. A review in the webzine PopMatters noted that "the Dollyrots' sound is the same as it ever was, with clever, catchy lyrics running around a track of straightforward, chugging pop-punk" while the title track was described with the words "A hit song is what separates one band from thousands of others. The Dollyrots gained acclaim with their song "Because I'm Awesome". It's an appropriate tune for the sardonic pop punk band from Los Angeles to gain entry onto music's national Document [5] (Title: The Ronettes) not make the contribution required for induction. While Spector was awaiting trial on a murder charge and out on $1 million bail, the Ronettes were finally inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 12, 2007, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Keith Richards, a longtime fan, inducted the trio. Ronnie Bennett (Spector) and Nedra Talley performed "Baby, I Love You", "Walking in the Rain", and "Be My Baby". Estelle Bennett was present to accept her award, but was not well enough to perform, so Tricia Scotti (a regular backup singer with Ronnie) took her Document [6] (Title: Rocka Rolla (song)) extended into a lengthy jam. The B-side to the single for "Rocka Rolla" was another song from the same album, "Never Satisfied", which was co-written by Al Atkins. Rocka Rolla (song) "Rocka Rolla" is the debut single by British heavy metal band Judas Priest, first released in August 1974, and later released as the title track of their first album the following month. This song was played live on "The Old Grey Whistle Test". The song has several short guitar solos played by guitarist Glenn Tipton, an outro solo by K. K. Downing, as well as a harmonica solo played Document [7] (Title: Rock music in New Zealand) been released a few weeks earlier than Cooper’s song. Singer Johnny Devlin was touted as New Zealand’s Elvis Presley, and his cover of Lawdy, Miss Clawdy remains one of New Zealand’s biggest-selling singles, having sold 100,000 copies in 1959-60, following the first rock and roll record recorded outside the US, Johnny Cooper's recording of "Rock Around The Clock" for HMV in the mid-1950s. In 1959 Mabel Howard, Minister of Social Welfare, went to see Johnny Devlin perform at the Christchurch Town Hall, declaring at half-time, 'There’s nothing much wrong with rock’n’roll'. New Zealand's studios lagged behind their counterparts in the Document [8] (Title: Rock music) record. Contenders include Goree Carter's "" (1949); Jimmy Preston's "Rock the Joint" (1949), which was later covered by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1952; and "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band the Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in 1951. Four years later, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top "Billboard" magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture. It has also been argued that "That's Document [9] (Title: Rock n Roll Jesus (song)) Rock n Roll Jesus (song) "Rock n Roll Jesus" is the fifth single from Kid Rock's album of the same name. It was typical bravado-laced Kid Rock about sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. The song was co-written by former lead guitarist Kenny Tudrick, who replaced Kenny Olson on the 2006 'Live' Trucker tour. The song and album title were attacked by some religious groups for being sacrilegious. The song along with "All Summer Long" and "Son of Detroit" were featured in the guitar game "". A live version was released on the Targer Version of Born Free in 2010. Document [10] (Title: Ringo, I Love You) released on compact disc on small indie record label, although not on Cher releases; these albums are "Bravo! Beatles", "Flabby Road", "Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Rock & Roll (Volume 1)" and "Girls in the Garage (Volume 4)". Ringo, I Love You "Ringo, I Love You" is a rock song performed by American singer-actress Cher released under the pseudonym Bonnie Jo Mason, the name she used at the start of her career when based in Los Angeles. The song was released in 1964 during the height of Beatlemania. It was a tribute to The Beatles. The original vinyl Document [11] (Title: Origins of rock and roll) singer Helen Ward. Other notable recordings using the words, both released in 1938, were "Rock It for Me" by Chick Webb, a swing number with Ella Fitzgerald on vocals featuring the lyrics "... Won't you satisfy my soul, With the rock and roll?"; and "Rock Me" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe, a gospel song originally written by Thomas Dorsey as "Hide Me in Thy Bosom". Tharpe performed the song in the style of a city blues, with secular lyrics, ecstatic vocals and electric guitar. She changed Dorsey's "singing" to "swinging," and the way she rolled the "R" in "rock me" led Document [12] (Title: I Hate Rock 'n' Roll) band's third compilation album, released later in 1995 by American Recordings. A reworked version of the track, retitled "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", was later included on the group's sixth album, "Munki", released in 1998. I Hate Rock 'n' Roll "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was first released as a single on CD and 10" vinyl in mid-1995, and went on to reach #61 in the UK single charts. The 10" format was numbered and limited to 5000 copies, although additional copies are rumored to Document [13] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll Is King) Rock 'n' Roll Is King "Rock 'n' Roll Is King" is a song written and performed by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) released as a single from the 1983 album "Secret Messages". With this song the band returned to their rock roots. It features a violin solo by Mik Kaminski. The song went through many changes during recording and at one point was going to be called "Motor Factory" with a completely different set of lyrics. The single proved to be ELO's last UK top twenty hit single, and reached no. 19 in the US in August 1983. ""I sang on Document [14] (Title: Rock and roll) is considered as classic rockabilly. In July 1954, Elvis Presley recorded the regional hit "That's All Right" at Sam Phillips' Sun Studio in Memphis. Three months earlier, on April 12, 1954, Bill Haley & His Comets recorded "Rock Around the Clock". Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie "Blackboard Jungle" a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion. The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities. "Rock Document [15] (Title: Frank Fafara) of Arizona Republic music columnist Jack Curtis, who set up their first recording session. The original recording included Richard Meyer on lead guitar, Jim Schultz on drums, Frank on rhythm guitar, and Al Casey on bass. Fafara had a string of successful Rock ‘n Roll releases in Arizona from 1959 to 1964. His first recording, “Only in My Dreams” went to #5 on the Phoenix Top Ten radio charts. A series of releases followed including “Miss You Dee”, “Lovemaker, Lovebreaker” and “Golden One”. F rank Fafara recorded at the same studio as Duane Eddy, Waylon Jennings, Sanford Clark, and Wayne Document [16] (Title: Joan Jett) to a studio to jam around a bit with Jett and everything clicked". The first single from the album was a cover of the title track, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", originally written and recorded by Arrows, which in the first half of 1982 was number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row. It is "Billboard"s No. 56 song of all time and has also been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2016. Jett released "Album" (1983) and "Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth" (1984). A string of Top 40 hits followed, as Document [17] (Title: Jake Hooker (musician)) the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" for the Arrows. It was a response to The Rolling Stones' "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)". The song, recorded in 1975 and originally relegated by Most to a b-side, has gone on to become a rock classic. The Arrows broke ground by hosting their own weekly TV series "Arrows" on the UK Granada ITV network, which showcased many top glam rock acts. Hooker married actress/singer Lorna Luft in London on Valentine's Day 1977. Hooker retired as a musician in 1978 when the Arrows disbanded, moving to Los Angeles to Document [18] (Title: Gary Glitter) Gang (I Am)" being his first single to reach the number-one position in the summer of 1973, and "I Love You Love Me Love", its follow-up, his second. Even an atypical ballad, "Remember Me This Way", went to No. 3. He had eleven consecutive Top 10 singles, from "Rock and Roll, Parts 1 and 2" in 1972 to "Doing Alright with the Boys" in the summer of 1975. "Rock and Roll (Part 2)" caught on as a popular sports anthem in North America. Despite his success in the UK, Glitter never made the same impact in America where, at best, Document [19] (Title: I Like to Rock (song)) The Rolling Stones, clearly paying homage to these rock songs and bands due to the fact that the song's narrator is discussing his love of rock music. The lyrics of "I Like to Rock" have the narrator singing about his love of rock music, while the chorus says "I like to rock, some like it hot". The lyrics also refer to partying late at night and singing in front of large crowds at concerts. "I Like to Rock" was used in the films "Flower & Garnet", "Gutterballs", "High Life", and "Drive Angry", as well as S1 E6 of "Being Erica" Document [20] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Love Rock 'n' Roll" is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album "Britney" on 27 May 2002. The song was used in her 2002 movie "Crossroads". Spears's character, Lucy, performs it in a karaoke bar. Spears said of the song, "They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie "Crossroads" and I've actually sung I Love Rock 'n' Roll in a lot of clubs that I've been to." Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites. Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most-produced version just before she recorded Document [21] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) of the first cover versions of the song in 1971. Other artists to cover the song include The Runaways, Jane's Addiction, both of whom changed the lyrics to refer to their own city instead of Reed's New York, and Phish. An adaptation of the song from the album "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans" by Uffie is written by Reed himself, although some controversy surrounds the creation and use of the song itself. Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song) "Rock & Roll" (sometimes spelled Rock 'n' Roll) is a song by the Velvet Underground, originally appearing on their 1970 album Document [22] (Title: Rock Me Baby (song)) You Get" in 1964 and reached number 34 in the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Rock Me Baby" was the first of six B.B. King records to reach the Top 40. In 1997, King re-recorded the song with Eric Clapton for the album "Deuces Wild". Over the years, many blues and other artists have interpreted and recorded "Rock Me Baby" and it has become a blues standard. Although Lil' Son Jackson's 1951 "Rockin' and Rollin'" serves as the basis for many versions, B.B. King's and Muddy Waters' renditions are credited for making it well-known. Footnotes Citations References Rock Me Baby (song) "Rock Document [23] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) and eleven). The single sold a total of 65,000 copies. It was also certified Gold in Australia. Directed by Chris Applebaum, the music video for "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" shows Spears with her own band, a stack of speakers, and flashing lights. The video begins black and white and switches throughout the video. It was shot at The Inn, a bar in Long Beach, New York. The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America's countdown. The Director's Cut version of the video was later leaked; it included previously unseen Document [24] (Title: Rock My Heart) Rock My Heart "Rock My Heart" is a song by Trinidadian-German musician Haddaway. It was released in January 1994 as the fourth single from his debut album "The Album". Like the previous single "I Miss You", the song was a hit in several countries, particularly in UK, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Ireland and Belgium, where it reached the top 10. In Israel it peaked at number 1 for two weeks. "Rock My Heart" shot into the Eurochart Hot 100 at number 17 on April 9, 1994 and peaked at 7 four weeks later. The music video features Haddaway along with backing Document [25] (Title: Freddy Cannon) became increasingly popular in the Boston area, and began to develop a trademark strained singing style. He also became a regular on a local TV dance show, "Boston Ballroom", and, in 1958, signed up to a management contract with Boston disc jockey Jack McDermott. With lyrics written by his mother, he prepared a new song which he called "Rock and Roll Baby", and produced a demo which McDermott took to the writing and production team of Bob Crewe and Frank Slay. They rearranged the song and rewrote the lyrics, and offered to produce a recording in return for two-thirds of Document [26] (Title: Elvis Presley (album)) on November 1, 1966 and Platinum on August 8, 2011 by the Recording Industry Association of America. The original 1956 UK release called "Rock n' Roll" on HMV Catalogue Number: CLP 1093 has some different tracks. By the second half of 1955, singles on Sun Records by Presley began making the national country and western singles chart, "Baby Let's Play House" and "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" going to number 5 and number 1 respectively. Colonel Tom Parker, the new manager of Presley, had extensive dealings with RCA through his previous client, singer Eddy Arnold, especially with the head Document [27] (Title: Loves Me Like a Rock) The gospel version of "Loves Me Like a Rock" by the Dixie Hummingbirds reached number 72 on the "Billboard" R&B chart and won the group a Grammy for Best Soul Gospel performance in 1974. Paul Simon performed the song with the Muppets during his guest appearance on "The Muppet Show". Christopher Wheat released his rendition of "Loves Me Like A Rock" in 2015, recorded in the United Kingdom at the Limehouse Studios in London. Third Day covered "Loves Me Like A Rock" in 2017, recorded in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, at the legendary FAME Studios. The Oak Ridge Boys provided backing Document [28] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song) "Rock & Roll" (sometimes spelled Rock 'n' Roll) is a song by the Velvet Underground, originally appearing on their 1970 album "Loaded". The song was written by the Velvets' then-leader Lou Reed, who continued to incorporate the song into his own live performances years later as a solo artist. The song recounts the advent of rock & roll, telling the story of a girl named Jenny whose "life was saved by rock and roll.” In the liner notes to the Velvet Underground's box set "Peel Slowly and See", Lou Reed wrote, "'Rock and Document [29] (Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as "Reunion". A line from the lyrics of the song is used as the title for Stephen King's short story "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band", set in a town called Rock and Document [30] (Title: Bobby Poe) classic "Let's Have a Party". Bobby, Wanda, Big Al and Vernon are all members of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Bobby Poe and The Poe Kats came to the attention of Sam Phillips of Sun Records with their first recorded track, "Rock and Roll Record Girl". Based on the music of the old standard "Chattanooga Shoe Shine Boy", "Rock and Roll Record Girl" was at first blocked from release by Wesley Rose of Acuff-Rose because of that fact. By the time all of the legal hurdles were cleared, Sam Phillips was no longer interested in releasing the track. Instead, Dallas, Document [31] (Title: I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)) motorcycle. Roy Bittan's piano begins to play along with the guitars. The vocals begin at the 1:50 point. The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals. The song then becomes much louder as the band, predominantly piano, plays the main melody for twenty seconds. An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus, lasting over 45 seconds, with piano playing the title melody, accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren, Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton. The lead vocals recommence with another verse. The phrase "sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll" was changed to "Some days Document [32] (Title: Griva) on compact cassette only. It featured a cover of Joan Jett's version of the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", Griva version titled "I law Myroslaw" (the title referring to folk music singer Miroslav Ilić). After the album release Kazimić left the band, and was replaced by Laslo Pihler, a former member of the punk rock band Pekinška Patka. However, Pihler was soon replaced by Nikola Džunja. The release of "Nisi ni ti anđeo" was not followed by presentation in the media, and after a short Austrian tour, Griva disbanded. In 1986, Karavla and Divlje Jagode frontman Alen Islamović recorded Document [33] (Title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)) Richards, the song was recorded in the wrong key, but they did not realise this until they played it live. Juliana Hatfield covered the song for her 2009 Daytrotter session. The song was covered by hard rock band Twisted Sister. The song was also covered by The 80's UK Rock Band SHY. "Weird Al" Yankovic also did a polka cover of the song as the first and longest of his "Hot Rocks Polka", which consists entirely of The Stones' songs. It was used in the soundtrack for his movie "UHF". Tina Turner performed the song as a duet with Mick Document [34] (Title: Rock Love) Rock Love Rock Love is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Steve Miller Band. The album was released in September 1971, by Capitol Records. All of Miller's previous backing band had left following the recording of the previous album, save bassist Bobby Winkelman. They were replaced by members of Winkelman's previous group, the psychedelic rock band Frumious Bandersnatch for this record, including Ross Valory (a future member of Journey) on bass, and Jack King on drums. Bobby Winkelman was in the band (having moved back to rhythm guitar) during the live recordings on the album's first side, Document [35] (Title: I Hate Rock 'n' Roll) I Hate Rock 'n' Roll "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was first released as a single on CD and 10" vinyl in mid-1995, and went on to reach #61 in the UK single charts. The 10" format was numbered and limited to 5000 copies, although additional copies are rumored to exist. This single was the band's last release on Blanco y Negro Records, for whom they had recorded since 1985. In the US, the four tracks were only available on Hate Rock 'n' Roll, the Document [36] (Title: Rock & Roll (EP)) Rock & Roll (EP) Rock & Roll is an EP by Frank Turner, released on 6 December 2010 on Xtra Mile Recordings. Describing the release as "a taster" for his subsequent studio album, "England Keep My Bones", the EP was preceded by the single, "I Still Believe". Regarding the EP's overall aesthetic, Turner noted, "If the music I make is a spectrum that has acoustic folk stuff at one end, and rock music at the other, with "Poetry of the Deed" the needle was over towards the rock end. That's fine to do on occasion, but I think that as Document [37] (Title: Kay Starr) sing rock and roll, and sometimes as a song poking fun at it, "The Rock and Roll Waltz". She stayed at RCA Victor until 1959, hitting the top ten with "My Heart Reminds Me", then returned to Capitol. Most of Starr's songs had jazz influences. Like those of Frankie Laine and Johnnie Ray, they were sung in a style that anticipated rock and roll songs. These included her hits "Wheel of Fortune" (her biggest hit, No. 1 for 10 weeks), "Side by Side", "The Man Upstairs", and "Rock and Roll Waltz". One of her biggest hits was her version of Document [38] (Title: Kevin Johnson (singer)) later recalled "Because I'd signed with an American company I couldn't record here ... two years writing and bashing my head against a brick wall". In September 1973 he issued "Rock and Roll I Gave You the Best Years of My Life". It peaked at No. 10 in Melbourne, and at No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. The lyrics describe a musician recalling his childhood dream of being a star and follows his life through his musical work, with some close breaks until he is faced with the ultimate realisation that he is not destined to Document [39] (Title: Beverly Kenney) for Johnny Smith" (1956), recorded when she was 24 years old, with a quartet led by jazz guitarist Johnny Smith. She then began a residency at the Birdland jazz club accompanied by the Lester Young Quintet. Her television exposure consisted of one visit to "The Steve Allen Show" on May 18, 1958, performing the song she wrote "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" and one appearance on "Playboy's Penthouse", where Kenney coaxed host Hugh Hefner to sing "Makin' Whoopee" with her. Steve Allen also wrote liner notes for her album "Beverly Kenney Sings for Playboys" (Decca, 1958) in which he commented, Document [40] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, which was first released as the second track from the band's fourth album in 1971. The song includes a guest appearance by the Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart. In 1972 Robert Christgau called it "simply the most dynamic hard-rock song in the music." Befitting its title, the song is based on one of the most popular structures in rock and roll, the three-chord song. It is performed in the key of A at a tempo of 170 beats per minute. Led Document [41] (Title: Origins of rock and roll) well established in blues music but were new to the radio airwaves. After the success of "Good Rocking Tonight", many other R&B artists used similar titles through the late 1940s. At least two different songs with the title "Rock and Roll" were recorded in the late 1940s: by Paul Bascomb in 1947 and Wild Bill Moore in 1948. In May 1948, Savoy Records advertised "Robbie-Dobey Boogie" by Brownie McGhee with the tagline "It jumps, it's made, it rocks, it rolls." Another record where the phrase was repeated throughout the song was "Rock and Roll Blues", recorded in 1949 by Erline Document [42] (Title: Rock On (song)) Damian's version, which he also released from his independent album "Where Do We Go From Here" on the Cypress Records label, which A&M Records distributed, was a harder-edged interpretation that employed none of the vocal or instrumental distortion in the original 1973 David Essex version. "Rock On" became Damian's first hit in eight years, since his 1981 cover of Eric Carmen's song, "She Did It." His rendition became a gold record. It reached the number one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, thus outperforming Essex's original "Billboard" ranking. However, the song did get to number one for Essex in Document [43] (Title: Rock-A-Hula Baby) Rock-A-Hula Baby "Rock-A-Hula Baby " is a song performed by Elvis Presley for the 1961 movie "Blue Hawaii". Written by Ben Weisman, Fred Wise, and Dolores Fuller, it is a genre mix of Hawaiian folk and rock and roll. It was the first song published by Fuller, who would eventually co-write a dozen songs for Presley. A double A-sided release with "Can't Help Falling in Love", it peaked at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1962, and spent four weeks at the chart summit. The song has appeared on several compilation albums due to its chart success. Document [44] (Title: Jesse Stone) was a major hit for the rhythm and blues artist, often cited as one of the first rock and roll records. An even bigger success was a cover version of the song recorded later in 1954 for Decca Records by Bill Haley & His Comets. This version became one of the first rock and roll recordings to sell a million copies and be an international success (predating Haley's better-known "Rock Around the Clock" by nearly a year). Stone also co-wrote "Flip, Flop and Fly" with Turner, which was another hit (Haley was also fond of the song and recorded it Document [45] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) 7 June 2008, Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones joined Foo Fighters front man Dave Grohl and drummer Taylor Hawkins on stage at Wembley Stadium to perform "Rock and Roll," along with "Ramble On". Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, which was first released as the second track from the band's fourth album in 1971. The song includes a guest appearance by the Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart. In 1972 Robert Christgau called it "simply the most dynamic hard-rock song in the music." Befitting its title, the Document [46] (Title: Alan Merrill) sang three chart hit records as the band's lead singer, all produced by Mickie Most, "Touch Too Much" (# 8 UK charts) "Toughen Up" (# 51 UK charts) and "My Last Night With You" (# 25 UK charts). They made one more single that would be an important one. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (1975), a song that started out as a b-side to the 45 rpm Arrows single "Broken Down Heart". The song "I Love Rock 'N Roll" was composed by Alan Merrill and Arrows bandmate Jake Hooker. The record was later flipped to a-side status, and the band Document [47] (Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) popular singer Craig Scott covered the song. In the United States it was Mac Davis who had the primary hit version in 1974, although all of the above versions also became American chart hits. "Rock 'N' Roll" is the first track on his sixth studio album "All The Love In The World". The song was the lead single of two issued from the LP, the other being the title track, and both of which became hit records. Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Document [48] (Title: Mister Rock and Roll) 1975. The album was produced by Gene Summers and the executive producer was Michael Cattin. Recording engineer and mixdown by Dave Garner. Musicians included Joe Cook, Al Struble, Glen Struble, Kenny Hargis, Dan Edwards, Eddie Wayne Hill, Joel Colbert, Joe Donnell, Leonard Walters, David (Dave) Martin, James McClung, Jack Castleberry, Charlie Mendias, Ernest Walker, C.B. Williams, Buddy Stephens and Larry Jannasch. Background vocals were provided by Dan Edwards, Al Struble, Glen Struble and Tom Cunningham. Gene Summers discography from "Rockin' Country Style", US<br> Gene Summers discography from "Rocky Productions", France<br> Gene Summers discography from "Wangdangdula" Finland<br> Gene Summers session data Document [49] (Title: Kevin Johnson (singer)) Kevin Johnson (singer) Kevin Stephen Johnson is an Australian singer-songwriter. Popular in the 1970s, his biggest hit is "Rock 'N' Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)", which peaked at No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in 1973 (as well as reaching the UK Top 40). He also had a top 20 hit with "Bonnie Please Don't Go" (aka "She's Leavin'") in 1971. "Rock and Roll" is one of the most covered songs written by an Australian with 27 different artists recording it in 1975 alone. Covers include fellow Australians, Col Joye and Document [50] (Title: Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song)) It was also certified Gold in New Zealand, selling over 7,500 copies. Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song) "Rock & Roll" is a song by American singer-songwriter Eric Hutchinson, and the first single released from his major-label debut album "Sounds Like This". The song was used in the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2", and was included in the soundtrack. It was also used as the song to end the final episode of 2008 series of "Packed to the Rafters", and was included in the Platinum selling soundtrack. The music video was released in early 2008. The song Document [51] (Title: And I Love Her) edited version of the 22 June stereo mix, repeating the closing guitar riff five times instead of three. This version also appeared on the American "Rarities" album in 1980. It is not known when this edit was made. It has not yet been released on CD. As with many Beatles songs, this has been covered by many artists of varying style from R&B, crooner, pop and even grunge. Notably, Esther Phillips reversed the gender of the song in 1965; her "And I Love Him" reached No. 54 that year on the "Billboard" charts. Diana Krall also recorded "And I Love Document [52] (Title: Rocket 88) bass player Marshall Lytle commented on his playing on this recording. "Before we had drums, I was practically the whole rhythm section. Since we didn't have any amplification, I slapped it so hard the neck had big grooves in it. Bill liked it loud, so he'd scream, 'Play loud!'" Those who subscribe to the definition of rock and roll as the melding of country music with rhythm and blues believe that Haley's version of the song, not the Turner/Brenston original, is the first rock and roll record. No matter which version deserves the accolade, "Rocket 88" is seen as a Document [53] (Title: Rock and Roll Over) not equal the success of "Beth", it did become another top 20 single for Kiss. "Calling Dr. Love" became a concert staple, being played on just about every tour since the album's release. The cover artwork was created by artist Michael Doret, who worked with Kiss again on their 2009 album "Sonic Boom". This is the first Kiss album to not feature a writing credit from Ace Frehley. "Rock and Roll Over" was released by Casablanca Records on November 11, 1976. Included inside the album sleeve were a sticker of the album cover and a glossy photo press release pamphlet. Document [54] (Title: The Vejtables) The Beau Brummels, The Byrds, Paul Revere and the Raiders, and The Rolling Stones. Also in 1965, Autumn label boss Tom Donahue had hired Sly Stone to produce the group along with The Great Society, The Mojo Men and The Beau Brummels. By mid to late August, "Billboard" had predicted that their single "I Still Love You" would reach the Hot 100 chart. It did quite well in Chicago. Debuting on the 10th of September, it spent 3 weeks in the charts, peaking at no 23 on the 24th of that month. By October 1965, "I Still Love You" along Document [55] (Title: The Power of Rock and Roll) except where noted "Heavy Metal Love" was a re-recording originally from "No Rest for the Wicked". All songs written by Gord Prior, Steve Georgakopoulos and Brian Vollmer except "Heavy Metal Love" by Paul Hackman and Brian Vollmer. Produced by Gord Prior<br> Mixed and mastered Dan Brodbeck and Aaron Murray<br> Engineered by Rainer Wiechmann Recorded at Mole Studios, London, Ontario except "Heavy Metal Love" recorded at EMAC Recording Studios, London, Ontario. Brian Vollmer - lead vocals<br> Rick VanDyk - lead guitar<br> Jim Lawson - lead guitar<br> Brent "Ned" Niemi - drums<br> Paul Fonseca - bass guitar Brian Vollmer - vocals<br> Steve Document [56] (Title: Detroit (band)) a hit with their version of the Lou Reed - penned song "Rock & Roll", which Reed liked enough to ask Steve Hunter to join his backing band. Ryder quit the group because of voice problems in 1972, and Detroit vocalist Rusty Day (formerly of the American Amboy Dukes and Cactus) took over his spot; without Ryder, the group floundered, and eventually broke up in 1974. While not as commercially successful, Rusty Day's era of Detroit was a powerhouse to be reckoned with. He used to sing for Ted Nugent & The Amboy Dukes, and was soon to form Cactus. Document [57] (Title: Rock and roll) who recorded cover versions of rhythm & blues songs included Gale Storm [Smiley Lewis' "I Hear You Knockin'"], the Diamonds [The Gladiolas' "Little Darlin'" and Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"], the Crew Cuts [the Chords' "Sh-Boom" and Nappy Brown's "Don't Be Angry"], the Fountain Sisters [The Jewels' "Hearts of Stone"] and the Maguire Sisters [The Moonglows' "Sincerely"]. Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the deaths of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash (February 1959), the Document [58] (Title: School of Rock 'n Roll) School of Rock 'n Roll "School Of Rock 'n Roll" is a song composed by James McClung in 1958 and published by Song Productions, BMI the same year. It was originally recorded by Gene Summers and his Rebels, a rockabilly band from Dallas, Texas and was first released in February 1958 by Jan Records #11-100. It was flipped with "Straight Skirt" a teen novelty 45 which became the group's first big regional hit. "School Of Rock 'n Roll" later became widely known as one of the top 100 rock 'n roll records of the era. In the 1970s, at the Document [59] (Title: Coma White) die just like JFK / I wanna die on a sunny day / I wanna die just like JFK/ I wanna die in the USA"; "Reverence" became a top-ten hit in Britain despite being banned by a British television show. According to "I Love Rock 'n' Roll (Except When I Hate It): Extremely Important Stuff About the Songs and Bands You Love, Hate, Love to Hate, and Hate to Love" by Brian Boone, by the time that the "Coma White" video was shown on MTV, ""Mechanical Animals" was no longer a top album that needed promotion." Matthew Jacobs of "HuffPost", Document [60] (Title: I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)) I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance) "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" was a popular single by Tina Charles, from her debut album, "I Love to Love"; the song was composed by Jack Robinson and James Bolden. The track was an international success both upon its original 1976 release and also when - remixed by The DMC (Disco Mix Club) - it was reissued ten years later (the DMC version features the instrumental "Sunburn" by the Biddu Orchestra as its B-side). Charles had already been recording for seven years and had sung Document [61] (Title: American rock) phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music. There is much debate as to what should be considered the first rock and roll record. One contender is "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in Memphis in 1951. It has been argued that "That's All Right (Mama)" (1954), Elvis Presley's first major single for Sun Records was the first rock and roll record, but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle & Roll", later covered by Bill Haley, Document [62] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) dark bangs and well-applied mascara had nothing to do with rock 'n' roll?" "Sounds" described her look as the classic "tomboy rock girl", and quoted her regarding the record label's initial expectations: "They wanted me to lie on a couch in leopardskin like Pat Benatar or something," she gasps, "You know I couldn't do anything like "that"!" "Creem" gave the album a generally positive review, concluding that Jett "covers more ground than you might expect, and does so with contagious enthusiasm". The Blackhearts Additional musicians Production team I Love Rock 'n Roll (album) I Love Rock 'n Roll is the Document [63] (Title: Ringo, I Love You) Ringo, I Love You "Ringo, I Love You" is a rock song performed by American singer-actress Cher released under the pseudonym Bonnie Jo Mason, the name she used at the start of her career when based in Los Angeles. The song was released in 1964 during the height of Beatlemania. It was a tribute to The Beatles. The original vinyl is now a valuable rarity. In 1999 the song was covered by German electronic duo Stereo Total and released on their studio album "My Melody". "Ringo, I Love You" is the first solo song recorded by Cher. The single was Document [64] (Title: Texas Rock For Country Rollers) of Augie Meyers (keyboards, organ, piano, vocals), Atwood Allen (backing vocals), Harry Hess (steel guitar), Jack Barber (bass) and George Rains (drums). Covers in the album included Allen's penned "I Love the Way You Love (The Way I Love You) ", Merle Kilgore/Claude King's "Wolverton Mountain", and a Gene Thomas-medley of "Cryin' Inside"-"Sometime". The rest of the songs were seven Sahm-written originals. Sahm played the ballad "I'm Missing You" inspired in the style of Buddy Holly, while "You Can't Hide a Redneck (Under That Hippy Hair)" featured an intro based in Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man". Two singles were released Document [65] (Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very Document [66] (Title: Rock n Roll Jesus (song)) Rock n Roll Jesus (song) "Rock n Roll Jesus" is the fifth single from Kid Rock's album of the same name. It was typical bravado-laced Kid Rock about sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. The song was co-written by former lead guitarist Kenny Tudrick, who replaced Kenny Olson on the 2006 'Live' Trucker tour. The song and album title were attacked by some religious groups for being sacrilegious. The song along with "All Summer Long" and "Son of Detroit" were featured in the guitar game "". A live version was released on the Targer Version of Born Free in 2010. Document [67] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) convicted of downloading child pornography in England, and in 2006 of child sexual abuse charges in Vietnam. After the second conviction was upheld in court, the NFL asked teams to stop playing the song. Glitter was dismayed by this result as he is a fan of the San Diego Chargers and had choreographed some of the team's cheerleading cadences in 1989. The NFL allowed a cover version of the song by the Tube Tops 2000 to be played, but in 2012, the NFL instructed teams to "avoid" the song following negative reaction from British media to the New England Patriots' Document [68] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Jerkins' hip-hop blaspheming of Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" doesn't go as far as it should (is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future?), but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ("The Beat Goes On" on "...Baby One More Time") and Stones ("(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" on "Oops!... I Did It Again") songs." Another positive reception came from PopMatters's editor Nikki Tranter, who enjoyed that the song is "different from the average run-of-the-mill pop offering," and praised that "she does strange justice to the tune, vamping up her vocals Document [69] (Title: Nan Vernon) insight into her appreciation for rock music's classic poet/lyricists." More recently Vernon has provided covers of classic songs for the reboot of the "Halloween" series of horror films. A new version of the song, "Mr. Sandman", recorded by Nan Vernon, is featured in "Rob Zombie's Halloween". She also performs "Love Hurts" for the film's sequel. In an interview, Vernon said, "I really like theatrical music, like Brecht and that era. I love Eastern European music, the music of the Twenties and Thirties, Cole Porter. I love Elvis Presley. I love lyrical storytelling...I love Tom Waits and Billie Holiday. Velvet Underground. Document [70] (Title: We Will Rock You (musical)) Bowie's "Rebel Rebel" and "Space Oddity", The Wild Ones' "Wild Thing", Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women", Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man", ABBA's "Dancing Queen" and "Fernando", Oasis' "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?", Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady", Spice Girls' "Wannabe", Elton John's "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road", Black Lace's "Agadoo", The Clash's "Complete Control", "Teletubbies" and songs by Amy Winehouse and Michael Jackson. May often performs with the London production on special occasions such as anniversaries and Freddie Mercury's birthday. Hannah Jane Fox, who originated Scaramouche, was the last original principal cast member to remain with the show. She gave her Document [71] (Title: Rock and Roll Never Forgets) after attending a high school reunion. "I wanted to just write an honest appraisal of where I was at that moment in time," he said. "I was 31 years old and I was damn glad to be here." The song is accompanied by a mid-tempo sound and Seger's signature raspy vocals. The song is about aging and the ongoing power of rock music. The song advices the 31 listener to return to the rock 'n' roll he loved when he was 16. The song also serves as a tribute to Chuck Berry, who is mentioned in the line "Well all Document [72] (Title: Old Time Rock and Roll) gonna like it." I'm not credited on it so I couldn't control the copyright either. Meanwhile it got into a Hardee's commercial because I couldn't control it. Oh my God, it was awful!" However, George Stephenson of Malaco Records claimed:"Old Time Rock and Roll" is truly [George] Jackson's song, and he has the tapes to prove it, despite Seger's claims that he altered it. Bob had pretty much finished his recording at Muscle Shoals and he asked them if they had any other songs he could listen to for the future.." The song was recorded at the Muscle Shoals Sound Document [73] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) There is also a June 1972 live recording of "Rock and Roll" which has been captured on the album "How the West Was Won." In 1985 Page, Plant and Jones reunited and performed the song at the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, as part of the Led Zeppelin set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins. "Rock and Roll" was also performed as the final encore at Led Zeppelin's reunion show at the O2 Arena, London on 10 December 2007, where, due to Robert Plant's ageing voice, it is played down a whole step. On Document [74] (Title: Alan Merrill) 15 2017, Eminem released his album "Revival" including the title "Remind Me" crediting Allan Sachs (professionally known as Alan Merrill) as one of the song's co-writers for use of "I Love Rock N Roll" samples. The Eminem album made its debut at #1 in the Billboard album charts. He currently hosts the television series, Across the Pond, for the MyJam Music Network. He also wrote and recorded the show's theme song "Across the Pond" which was released March 2018. Alan Merrill Alan Merrill (born Allan Preston Sachs; February 19, 1951) is an American vocalist, guitarist, songwriter, actor and model. In Document [75] (Title: Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song)) Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song) "Rock & Roll" is a song by American singer-songwriter Eric Hutchinson, and the first single released from his major-label debut album "Sounds Like This". The song was used in the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2", and was included in the soundtrack. It was also used as the song to end the final episode of 2008 series of "Packed to the Rafters", and was included in the Platinum selling soundtrack. The music video was released in early 2008. The song has since gone Gold in Australia, with sales in excess of 35,000. Document [76] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) and turning out something, that while silly and camp, is actually a fun listen." In contrast, David Browne wrote for "Entertainment Weekly" that "her remake is neither imaginative (it simply xeroxes Joan Jett's arrangement) nor all that believable." "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" charted moderately upon release, reaching the top twenty in most regions. The song was moderately successful in the UK, where it peaked at number thirteen (which, at the time, was her lowest peak for a single released there, until "Radar" only managed to reach number forty-six in 2009, and then "I Wanna Go, which peaked at one-hundred Document [77] (Title: Charly García) the strong support of María Gabriela Epumer in chorus and guitar, Charly showed up in many different concerts, such as two in the Luna Park Stadium, Viña del Mar and Cosquín Rock with correct performances. Finally in October 2003, Charly released "Rock and Roll, Yo" ("Rock and Roll, Me"), dedicated to María Gabriela. The songs weren't as good as those in "Influencia", his voice often sounds out of tune and, once again the LP contained too many versions and translated covers such as "Linda Bailarina" ("Pretty Ballerina", Michael Brown) or "Wonder" ("Love´S in Need of Love Today" by Stevie Wonder). Document [78] (Title: The Mojo Men) the band's earlier British Invasion-influenced garage rock style evolved into pop/folk rock. In 1967, the band released a Baroque cover version of Buffalo Springfield's "Sit Down, I Think I Love You". Written by Stephen Stills and arranged by Van Dyke Parks, the song became the Mojo Men's first and only top 40 single. Metchick left the band in 1968, and the remaining trio shortened their name to The Mojo, and then just Mojo, before they released their lone studio album, "Mojo Magic", on GRT Records. The group disbanded in 1969. "Sit Down, I Think I Love You" was included on Document [79] (Title: Priscilla Bowman) himself as a duo with Dinah Washington in 1960. Bowman recorded again for Abner Records in 1959 and continued to record and make personal appearances, some with McShann, through the mid-1970s. She retired to family life. A compilation album of her recordings, "An Original Rock & Roll Mama", was released in 1986. Bowman died in July 1988 from lung cancer at the age of 60. Priscilla Bowman Priscilla Bowman (born Priscilla I. Mills, May 30, 1928 – July 24, 1988) was an American jazz and rhythm and blues singer who had a No. 1 hit single on the "Billboard" magazine Document [80] (Title: Crazy Little Thing Called Love) band, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 for four weeks. It was knocked out of the top spot on this chart by Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II". The song also topped the Australian ARIA charts for seven consecutive weeks from 1 March to 12 April 1980. The UK release had "We Will Rock You (live)" as the b-side and America, Australia, Canada had "Spread Your Wings (live)". Although Mercury would play an acoustic-electric twelve-string Ovation Pacemaker 1615 guitar and later on an electric six-string Fender Telecaster, both owned by May, in the studio he recorded it with Document [81] (Title: Rocka Rolla (song)) Rocka Rolla (song) "Rocka Rolla" is the debut single by British heavy metal band Judas Priest, first released in August 1974, and later released as the title track of their first album the following month. This song was played live on "The Old Grey Whistle Test". The song has several short guitar solos played by guitarist Glenn Tipton, an outro solo by K. K. Downing, as well as a harmonica solo played by vocalist Rob Halford. During live performances, Tipton's backing vocals were sung significantly higher than Halford's. The song often closed the shows on their early tours, and was Document [82] (Title: Texas Rock and Roll) Texas Rock and Roll Texas Rock And Roll is a 10" vinyl album by American rockabilly singer Gene Summers. It was released by the French Big Beat label in 1981. It is a compilation of early rock 'n roll recordings by Gene Summers covering a time period from 1962 through 1975. Session musicians included: James McClung, Benny Williams, Gary Moon, René Hall, Plas Johnson, Earl Palmer, Red Callender, David (Dave) Martin, Glen Keener, Charlie Mendias, Mel Robinson, Bobby Rambo, Joe Ramirez Combo, Jack Castleberry, C. B. Williams, Ernest Walker, Joe Cook, Al Struble, Larry Jannasch, Kenny Hargis, Dan Edwards, Glen Document [83] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll High School (song)) a long, sustained guitar chord and has a slightly different arrangement. This version was also featured in the music video for the song. In the music video, drummer Marky Ramone, dressed in drag, plays the role of the female teacher. Also three of the band members girlfriends/wives can be seen; Dee Dee's first wife Vera Boldis, Johnny's then-girlfriend Roxy and Joey's then-girlfriend (who later became involved with and married bandmate Johnny), Linda Ramone. The only time the Spector-produced version was played was on "The Sha Na Na Show", where the band mimed the song. The Ramones performed the song on Document [84] (Title: Warren Smith (singer)) 5, 1956. Phillips, playing it safe in case rock and roll did not maintain its popularity, released it with a country crooner, aptly named "I'd Rather Be Safe Than Sorry", on the flip side. By May 26, "Rock 'n' Roll Ruby" had reached number 1 on the local pop chart; this record, his first for Sun, went on to outsell the first Sun releases by Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins. In August 1956, Smith went back to the Sun Records studio to record his second release, "Ubangi Stomp", an infectious rocker with crude lyrics and vocals suggesting an Document [85] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Jett's "I Love Rock 'n Roll" album reaching number two on the "Billboard" 200. Jett's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of "Rolling Stone" and has also been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2016. "I Love Rock 'n Roll"'s black-and-white music video received heavy play from the just-launched MTV network. In it, Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small, dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus. A snippet of Jett's 1981 hit "Bad Reputation" can be heard at the Document [86] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) covers but reference the original's beat in their composition: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter that was released in 1972 as a single and on the album "Glitter". Co-written by Glitter and Mike Leander, the song is in two parts: Part 1 is a vocal track reflecting on the history of the genre, and Part 2 is a mostly instrumental piece. Both parts were popular in Britain, and the single went to No. 2 on the British charts. In concert, Glitter merged both into one performance. "Rock Document [87] (Title: Birth of the Boogie) and Roll" and "Rock Around the Clock". The 1955 recording was included on the 1972 MCA career retrospective compilation album "Golden Hits" and the 1985 "From the Original Master Tapes" CD album. Bill Turner & Blue Smoke performed the song live on "The Frankie Waters Show" in New York in 1997. The song has been performed in concert by Bill Haley's Original Comets featuring Marshall Lytle, Joey Ambrose, Dick Richards, Franny Beecher, and Johnny Grande, since 1989. Marshall Lytle, Joey Ambrose, and Dick Richards performed the song live in Berlin, Germany in 2007. The Peruvian band Eulogio Molina y sus Document [88] (Title: Music of Detroit) with the release of "Rock Around The Clock". In the late 1950s rockabilly guitarist Jack Scott had a string of top 40 hits. First, in 1957 with "Leroy", then in 1958 with the hits "My True Love" and "With Your Love" and then twice again in 1959 with the hits "Goodbye Baby" and "The Way I Walk." Scott was one of the first musicians to marry country music's melodic song craft to the dangerous, raw power of rock and roll. In 1959 Hank Ballard & The Midnighters had a minor hit with their b-side song "The Twist". A cover by Document [89] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) he wrote it as "a knee-jerk response to the Rolling Stones' 'It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)'." This version was first released as a B-side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record. The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young-produced show "45", after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, "Arrows", which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976. Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform "I Love Rock 'n Roll" on their weekly UK television series "Arrows" when she was touring Document [90] (Title: Rock Love) All tracks written by Steve Miller. Album - Billboard (United States) Rock Love Rock Love is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Steve Miller Band. The album was released in September 1971, by Capitol Records. All of Miller's previous backing band had left following the recording of the previous album, save bassist Bobby Winkelman. They were replaced by members of Winkelman's previous group, the psychedelic rock band Frumious Bandersnatch for this record, including Ross Valory (a future member of Journey) on bass, and Jack King on drums. Bobby Winkelman was in the band (having moved back to Document [91] (Title: Sweet Little Sixteen) BBC" in 1994. John Lennon recorded a cover version of "Sweet Little Sixteen" for his 1975 album of cover versions, "Rock 'n' Roll". His version was produced by Phil Spector, and was recorded between 17 October and 14 December 1973. Spector cut the tempo of the song and gave it the full Wall of Sound treatment, and Lennon turned in one of his most passionate vocal performances. While it has a running time of 3:01, it has fewer verses than Chuck's original version, being slower and more bluesy than the original. Sweet Little Sixteen "Sweet Little Sixteen" is a rock Document [92] (Title: Birth of Rock and Roll) which featured Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Roy Orbison. The theme of the song “Birth of Rock and Roll" is about how "Memphis gave birth to rock and roll" in the 1950s at Sun Records. A video of the song was also made featuring Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Ronnie Wood of The Rolling Stones as they drove to the historic Sun studios in Memphis, Tennessee in a white Cadillac convertible. The song was part of the 1985 "Class of '55" sessions that marked the 30th anniversary of the emergence of rock and roll when Elvis Presley, Carl Document [93] (Title: Rock Me (Great White song)) Rock Me (Great White song) "Rock Me" is a single released by the American hard rock band Great White in 1987. It was a breakout hit for the band, and still receives significant airplay on classic rock radio. The original version clocked in at over 7 minutes, with the radio and video versions being trimmed down to between 3 and 5 minutes. Many of the lyrics to the edited versions are different from the original, though the music track remains the same. "Rock Me" was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 14 weeks, peaking at #60 on September 26, Document [94] (Title: Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)) 1955, and peaked at #3 in its Honor Roll of Hits in the week ending March 2, 1955. The version by Perry Como, RCA's first rock 'n' roll release, was the most successful, reaching #2 on the Billboard charts in February 1955, while a version by The Crew-Cuts reached #6 on the Pop charts that same month. Gene and Eunice's versions were on the charts for 7 weeks and reached #6 on the Billboard R&B charts. Forrest Samuel Wilson, Jr. (born September 3, 1931 in San Antonio, Texas; died in July 24, 2003 in Las Vegas, Nevada) (known professionally as Document [95] (Title: Rock-A-Beatin' Boogie) in 1955 for Capitol which was unissued, Boston Rockabilly on the 2005 album "It's About Time" on REG, J. Lawrence Cook on player piano originally issued as QRS 9224 and reissued as part of a 3-song medley entitled "Bill Haley Hits No. 1" on QRS XP-440, and Showaddywaddy in 1991. The Brian Setzer Orchestra recorded the song in 2000 as a bonus track on the album "Vavoom!" released in Japan. Freddie Bell and the Bellboys performed the song on the September 18, 1955 episode of the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis Colgate Comedy Hour show on NBC. Mr. Roll and Document [96] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude." For Sam Lansky of "Idolator", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, "is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree." Lansky also noted that the song has "a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it’s effectively burning holes in your brain." Lyrically, "Rock n Roll" is a "boisterous" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her Document [97] (Title: Malina Moye) the Queen of England's 60-year reign with her rendition of "God Save The Queen" at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in West Sussex, culminating in a Royal flyover by the famed Red Arrows fighter jet squadron. In 2014, Moye released "Rock & Roll Baby". The first single “K-yotic” featured Bootsy Collins which "Billboard" called "explosive" debuted on Billboard Twitter 140 chart at No. 5, and at No. 11 on Billboard’s Hot Singles Sales chart. "Guitar World" stated that “Moye's record is insanely good bringing a certain passion and feel to her guitar playing". "Elmore Magazine" said “Moye demonstrates once again Document [98] (Title: High Society (1956 film)) song "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" gained new significance a half-century later as the title of a global game show franchise. "I Love You, Samantha" has also become a jazz favorite for improvisations. When Bing Crosby sang "Now You Has Jazz", he uttered the Porter lyric "rock and roll", and it very well might have been the first time that phrase was uttered on film. It would have been ironic coming from Crosby since rock and roll would very soon eclipse the jazz and swing of Crosby, Sinatra, and Armstrong. The first rock and roll film came out the Document [99] (Title: Bettye LaVette) album contained the original cover design that was not used when the LP was released. In December 2008 at the Kennedy Center Honors, LaVette sang her version of 1973's "Love, Reign o'er Me" in tribute to Roger Daltrey and Pete Townshend of The Who, who were among the year's honorees. The performance was widely considered one of the event's highlights. On January 18, 2009, at the she performed a duet of Sam Cooke's 1964 song "A Change Is Gonna Come" with Jon Bon Jovi. In April 2009, she shared the stage with Sir Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr at Radio Document [100] (Title: Rockabilly) other songwriter outside the band, except Larry Williams, who also added three songs to their discography. (Curiously, none of these three were sung by the Beatles' regular lead vocalists—"Honey Don't" (sung by Ringo) and "Everybody's Trying to be my Baby" (sung by George) from "Beatles for Sale" (1964) and "Matchbox" (sung by Ringo) on the "Long Tall Sally" EP (1964)). Long after the band broke up, the members continued to show their interest in rockabilly. In 1975, Lennon recorded an album called "Rock 'n' Roll", featuring versions of rockabilly hits and a cover photo showing him in full Gene Vincent Document [101] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) 1976. Other artists who have cover the song include Bill Haley & His Comets, Dickie Rock and the Miami Showband, REO Speedwagon, Mental As Anything, Humble Pie, Manic Street Preachers, and Bryan Adams. Berry performed it on December 16, 1957, on ABC's short-lived variety program "The Guy Mitchell Show". In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked Berry's version number 128 on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The sessions for "Rock and Roll Music" took place on Document [102] (Title: I Love Music (The O'Jays song)) I Love Music (The O'Jays song) "I Love Music" is a song written by Gamble and Huff and recorded by The O'Jays. It appeared on the group's 1975 album "Family Reunion". The single version went to number one on the soul singles chart and reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In the UK, the song peaked at number 13 in the Top 40 singles charts, in March 1976. The single was most successful on the US Disco File Top 20 chart, where it spent eight weeks at number one. In 1993 the Zambian-born singer Rozalla covered "I Love Document [103] (Title: Mitch Ryder) period, a cover version of "What Now, My Love". His last successful ensemble band was Detroit. The only original Wheel in the group was the drummer John Badanjek; other members were guitarists Steve Hunter, Robert Gillespie, and Brett Tuggle, organist Harry Phillips, and bassist W.R. Cooke. A single album was released by this grouping, a 1971 self-titled LP issued on Paramount Records (US #176 in 1972). They had a hit with their version of the Lou Reed-penned song "Rock & Roll", which Reed liked enough to ask Steve Hunter to join his backing band. According to allmusic.com (which calls Ryder Document [104] (Title: Mick Rock) his work in a series of exhibitions. In addition to his work with David Bowie, whom he met in early 1972, Rock is also noted for creating iconic album covers for Syd Barrett’s "The Madcap Laughs", Lou Reed’s "Transformer" and "Coney Island Baby", Iggy and the Stooges' "Raw Power", Queen's "Queen II" (recreated for their classic music video "Bohemian Rhapsody") and "Sheer Heart Attack", Geordie "Don't Be Fooled by the Name", the Ramones "End of the Century" and Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll". He was the chief photographer on the films "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "Hedwig and Document [105] (Title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)) we forgot he was sitting down." Released in July 1974, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" reached number sixteen in the United States and number ten on the UK Singles Chart. The B-side was the ballad "Through the Lonely Nights", which was not featured on any album until the 2005 compilation "Rarities 1971-2003". The Rolling Stones regularly perform the song in concert, although in a different key from the studio recording: on their concert albums "Love You Live" (1977) and "Live Licks" (2004), the number is in B, whereas the studio track is in E. According to Document [106] (Title: Jason Castro discography) their original song "Rock and Roll" on YouTube on May 10, 2015. Jason Castro discography The discography of Jason Castro. iTunes Exclusive "American Idol Live Performances" iTunes Exclusive "American Idol Studio Performances" Demos and live recordings (pre-"Idol" songs) Soundtracks Jason Castro has released covers on iTunes with his two younger siblings, both of whom are also singer-songwriters. He has released covers of other popular songs with them and they have been released as singles; with his younger brother, Michael, he has released three and as a family trio named Castro (Jason, Michael and younger sister Jackie), they have released four Document [107] (Title: Birth of Rock and Roll) Birth of Rock and Roll "Birth of Rock and Roll" is a 1986 song written by Carl Perkins and Greg Perkins. The song was featured on the "Class of '55" album which included performances with Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Jerry Lee Lewis. "Birth of Rock and Roll" was released as a 7" single with a picture sleeve, 885 760-7, on the Smash/America label copyrighted by PolyGram Records produced by Chips Moman. The single reached no. 31 on the "Billboard" country chart and no. 44 on the Canadian country chart in 1986. The B side was "Rock and Roll (Fais-Do-Do)" Document [108] (Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) number four. The lyrics involving Jim Croce and Bobby Darin replaced Climax's lyrics for Buddy Holly ("Peggy Sue") and Ritchie Valens ("Donna"), both of whom died in a plane crash that had already been commemorated by another hit song, Don McLean's "American Pie." Also, in 1981, when the Righteous Brothers appeared for a one song reunion on "American Bandstand", they performed "Rock and Roll Heaven", and made it longer including new lyrics as tributes to Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and Keith Moon. It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), Document [109] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) I Love Rock 'n Roll (album) I Love Rock 'n Roll is the second studio album by Joan Jett and the first with her backing band The Blackhearts. Soon after the first recording sessions at Soundworks Studios, original Blackheart guitarist Eric Ambel was replaced by Ricky Byrd. It is Jett's most commercially successful album to date with over 10 million copies sold, largely due to the success of the title track, which was released as a single soon after the album was released. Joan Jett saw "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" performed on TV in 1976 and was taken away Document [110] (Title: Rock of Love with Bret Michaels (season 1)) Bret and radio personality Richard Blade. The winning team gets a date with Bret. Lacey and Erin choose the ballad. Lacey sings while Erin fearfully plays the tambourine. Heather and Magdalena sing and dance together. Jes and Brandi M. shout-sing a punky version of the rock song using electric guitars as props. Mia and Rodeo's rock song lyrics reflect Rodeo's desire to see her son. Sam and Brandi C. perform their brooding lyrics. The judges confer, and Heather and Magdalena's and Sam and Brandi C.'s team tie. Heather and Magdalena are taken for sushi at The Geisha House, where Bret Document [111] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) was performed as part of a medley, using the same guitar proposed The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is an often-covered song, and has been notably recorded by such artists as: I Love Rock 'n' Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home Document [112] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) Epic Records. Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song) "Rock n Roll" is a song by Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne. It was released as the second single from her self-titled fifth studio album by Sony Music Entertainment on August 23, 2013. The song was written by Lavigne, David Hodges, Chad Kroeger, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Rickard B. Göransson and Peter Svensson and was produced by Peter Svensson. "Rock n Roll" is an upbeat pop punk song, and lyrically it is a declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her "middle finger to the sky" to "let 'em know that Document [113] (Title: Rockabilly) leather. About the same time, Ringo Starr had a hit with a version of Johnny Burnette's "You're Sixteen". In the 1980s, McCartney recorded a duet with Carl Perkins, and George Harrison collaborated with Roy Orbison in the Traveling Wilburys. In 1999, McCartney released "Run Devil Run", his own record of rockabilly covers. The Beatles were not the only British Invasion artists influenced by rockabilly. The Rolling Stones recorded Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away" on an early single and later a rockabilly-style song, "Rip This Joint", on "Exile on Main St.". The Who, despite being mod favourites, covered Eddie Cochran's "Summertime Document [114] (Title: Roddy Radalj) Ones had renamed themselves the Dubrovniks in honour of the fact that both Radalj and Sujdovic had been born in the historical Croatian city of Dubrovnik. The band's clattering yet accessible rock'n'roll appealed on record in the shape on two 1988 singles for the Citadel label, "Fireball of Love" and "My Coo Ca Choo" and contributed to their album "Dubrovnik Blues" before Radalj was involved in fisticuffs onstage at the Greek Theatre in Melbourne and he moved on again. His next sideline project, the Punjabbers, issued one single, "Rock'n'Roll Loveletters", on the original Timberyard label in 1988. With backing from Document [115] (Title: Gary Glitter) glam rock was seen as a curiosity. Glitter had one more entry on the US charts with "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)"; after that, the closest chart success for Glitter was a cover recording of "I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)" by Brownsville Station. After "Doing Alright with the Boys", Glitter won the award for Best Male Artist at the "Saturday Scene" music awards hosted by LWT. His next release was a cover of the Rivingtons' novelty nonsensical doo-wop song "Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow", but it got no higher than No. 38 on Document [116] (Title: Rock On (song)) Rock On (song) "Rock On" is a song written by English singer David Essex. Originally recorded in 1973 and released as a single song by Essex, it became an international hit. In 1989, American actor and singer Michael Damian recorded a cover version that went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded many times including a 2006 version by the English hard rock group Def Leppard. The song, written and recorded by David Essex, was released in August 1973 in the UK, and reached its highest position of number 3 in the UK Document [117] (Title: Bill Haley) A month later it re-entered at number one. Haley soon had another worldwide hit with "Shake, Rattle and Roll", which went on to sell a million copies and was the first rock 'n' roll song to enter the British singles charts in December 1954, becoming a gold record. He retained elements of the original (which was slow blues), but sped it up with some country music aspects into the song (specifically, Western swing) and changed up the lyrics. Haley and his band were important in launching the music known as "Rock and Roll" to a wider audience after a period Document [118] (Title: Terry Knight and the Pack) produced by P.F. Sloan), covers of the Rolling Stones' songs "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" and "Lady Jane", and several Knight originals: "Numbers", "A Change on the Way" and "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love" (later covered by Detroit roots rockers Brownsville Station). The Music Explosion issued an almost identical version of "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love", with the same instrumental backing track but a different vocal track; it's unclear whether The Pack or the Music Explosion recorded the "original". TK&TP were mainstays on Cleveland's TV rock & roll showcase, "Upbeat". In addition, they opened regional gigs for the Rolling Stones, Document [119] (Title: Kid Rock (album)) Love" originally had Sheryl Crow on the song. Country singer Kenny Chesney co-wrote "Cold and Empty". The album's lead single was a cover of Bad Company's "Feel Like Makin' Love". It was released October 2, 2003 to radio and peaked at number 33 on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song was performed on The Tonight Show, Big In 03 Awards and the American Music Awards for its promotional push. The promotional push was capped off by the VH-1 Special A Kid Rock Christmas. He would then go on the Rock N Roll Pain Train Tour. In January 2004 he released Document [120] (Title: High School Confidential (Rough Trade song)) gay you did – and when I wrote love songs, I wanted them to be interpreted however. The thing is, I really, really love men – straight men are very sexy as long as, you know, they don't try – and I think that comes across in my songs. Rock 'n' roll is about desire and passion, and I'm singing to both sexes." At the time of its release, it was one of the most sexually explicit songs ever to reach the Canadian pop charts, and despite the sexual ambiguity, the first with such strong lesbian overtones. Although controversial, the Document [121] (Title: Rock n' Roll Love Letter) Rock n' Roll Love Letter Rock N'Roll Love Letter is an album by the Bay City Rollers. It was a North America-only release, issued in early 1976 by Arista Records, catalogue #4071. Of the record's 11 tracks, two were lifted from the Rollers' 1975's UK release "Once Upon a Star"; seven came from "Wouldn't You Like It?"; and two were newly recorded singles. The cover art features the same photo as "Wouldn't You Like It?". The album reached No. 1 in Canada on 27 March 1976, jumping from No. 25 to the top position in a single week to depose Document [122] (Title: (The) Rock and Roll Waltz) was a joke when the A&R staff at RCA Victor picked it for her; it was so different from what she was used to recording. It was a No. 1 hit, a million seller, and one of the early songs of the rock and roll era. The track also spent one week at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1956. Other artists who recorded this song include Ann-Margret (in 1962), Annette Funicello (in 1961), Lawrence Welk and His Champagne Music with Alice Lon on vocals (in 1956, Coral EC 81128), and George Wright in his 1984 album Document [123] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) short of original material, they decided to record several of their old rock and rhythm and blues favorites to fill out their LP release "Beatles for Sale". Among these was a version of Berry's tune that eventually became as well known as the original. The lead vocal in the Beatles' version was performed by John Lennon. In contrast to Berry's even-toned rendition, Lennon sang it as loudly and dynamically as his voice would permit. In the United States, it was released on the LP "Beatles '65". The song was part of the set list for the group's final tour in Document [124] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song) "Rock n Roll" is a song by Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne. It was released as the second single from her self-titled fifth studio album by Sony Music Entertainment on August 23, 2013. The song was written by Lavigne, David Hodges, Chad Kroeger, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Rickard B. Göransson and Peter Svensson and was produced by Peter Svensson. "Rock n Roll" is an upbeat pop punk song, and lyrically it is a declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her "middle finger to the sky" to "let 'em know that she's still Document [125] (Title: Teresa Brewer) did a number of covers of rhythm and blues songs like "Pledging My Love" and "Tweedle Dee". She covered some country songs like "Jilted", "I Gotta Go Get My Baby", and "Let Me Go, Lover!". In 1956 she co-wrote "I Love Mickey", about New York Yankees center fielder Mickey Mantle, who appeared on the record with Brewer. It was also reported that the two had developed a mutual attraction. Another 1956 hit was Brewer's syncopated rendition of "Mutual Admiration Society". In the same year her hit "A Sweet Old Fashioned Girl" demonstrated in one song her ballad and rock talents. Document [126] (Title: Glitter (Gary Glitter album)) Glitter (Gary Glitter album) (Gary) Glitter is the debut album released in 1972 by British glam rock singer Gary Glitter, produced by Bell Records. Two tracks, "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)" and "Rock and Roll", the latter a song in two parts, achieved success as singles; each spent time amongst the top 40 singles in both the US and UK. The album featured, in addition to including the two singles, other original songs that generated fan support, including "Rock On!", "Shakey Sue" and "The Famous Instigator", as well as Glitter's versions of Document [127] (Title: Calling Dr. Love) of their keyboardist "The Rev. Dr. Luv" who had recently died, which the album was dedicated to. The punk band Hullabaloo covered the song for the Kiss tribute album "". Calling Dr. Love "Calling Dr. Love" is a song by American hard rock band Kiss, originally released on their 1976 album "Rock and Roll Over". It was written by bassist Gene Simmons, who sings lead vocals on the song, at a Holiday Inn in Evansville, Indiana. The song's title came from Simmons' recollection of The Three Stooges film "Men in Black", which contained a hospital intercom announcement, "Calling Doctor Howard, Document [128] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) the song, according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt. The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase, at Hit Factory Miami. When promoting the single's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett. Spears' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews. "NME"s Ted Kessler wrote that Britney "still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich: there's the ace Rodney Jerkins-produced version of Joan Jett's 'I Love Rock'n'Roll', which does exactly what is says on the tin." "Rolling Stone"s Barry Walters wrote that "producer Rodney Document [129] (Title: Arrows (TV series)) of the song "I Love Rock 'N Roll" in 1975, a year before the band had their TV series. The song served the band well. Arrows' performance of the song so impressed television producer Muriel Young when they did her show "45" in 1975 she decided to give the band their own weekly TV series on that day. The song is now an international rock classic, recorded by many well-known artists, including Joan Jett and Britney Spears. Arrows are the only band in pop music history to have a weekly TV series of their own and no records released. Although Document [130] (Title: Rockabilly) They won all three times and guaranteed them a finalist position in the September supershow. Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps' recording of "Be-Bop-A-Lula" was released on June 2, 1956, backed by "Woman Love." Within twenty-one days it sold over two hundred thousand records, stayed at the top of national pop and country charts for twenty weeks, and sold more than a million copies. These same musicians would have two more releases in 1956, followed by another in January 1957. "Queen of Rockabilly" Wanda Jackson's first record came out in July, "I Gotta Know" on the Capitol label; followed by Document [131] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) the only overdub was for double-tracking Lennon's vocal. The Beach Boys' version is notable for the use of backing vocals which repeat the phrase "Rock, roll, rockin' and roll." There is a difference between the LP version and the single version in that the LP version has more synthesizer. Their version reached number 5 on the US chart and number 11 in Canada during the summer of 1976. Rock and Roll Music "Rock and Roll Music" is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been widely covered and is recognized Document [132] (Title: The Boswell Sisters) 1934 song "Rock and Roll" in the film "Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round", bringing with them an early use of the phrase "rock 'n' roll", referring in the song to "the rolling rocking rhythm of the sea". They sang the lively "Shout, Sister, Shout" (1931), written by Clarence Williams, in the 1932 film "The Big Broadcast", which featured Bing Crosby and Cab Calloway. The song, one of the sisters' signature tunes, was described in a November 2011 issue of the music magazine "Mojo" as "by no means as archaic as its age." The Boswell Sisters chalked up 20 hits during the 1930s, including Document [133] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) and the rehearsal version of "You Don't Know What You've Got" that was the original B-side to Boardwalk Records issues of the "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" single. It was possible to acquire "Oh Woe Is Me" without purchasing a replacement album, as it was also released as the B-side of the "Crimson and Clover" single. The album contains several cover songs, including: "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (originally by Arrows), "Nag" (The Halos), "Crimson and Clover" (Tommy James & The Shondells), "Bits and Pieces" (The Dave Clark Five), "You're Too Possessive" (The Runaways), "Little Drummer Boy" (The Harry Simeone Document [134] (Title: Shake, Rattle and Roll) boisterous intercourse, in the same way that the words "rock and roll" were first used by numerous rhythm and blues singers, starting with Trixie Smith's "My Man Rocks Me (With One Steady Roll)" in 1922, and continuing on prominently through the 1940s and 1950s. Stone stated that the line about "a one-eyed cat peepin' in a seafood store" was suggested to him by Atlantic session drummer Sam "Baby" Lovett, which is also a sly sexual reference, the "one-eyed cat" being the male organ and the more traditional "seafood" reference being the female organ. Bill Haley & His Comets' cover version Document [135] (Title: George Motola) CD "Liberty Rock & Roll"; Eddie Cochran may be playing guitar on this track, according to Tapio. The vocal group The Georgettes, which included Page, was named after George Motola. Their record "Love Like A Fool"/ "Oh Tonight" (Ebb 125, both sides Motola-Page compositions) was released in the UK on London HL 8548. Page was also involved in several other groups (sometimes with other female members of her musical family) : The Bermudas (who recorded for Era), Joanne & the Triangles, The Majorettes and Beverly and the Motorscooters. Motola and Page also ran Troy Records, the original 1964 outlet for Document [136] (Title: Linda Thompson (singer)) being invited to join the Bunch, a loose supergroup of folk rock luminaries including former Fairport Convention members Sandy Denny, Richard Thompson, and Ashley Hutchings that recorded an album called "Rock On". This was a set of 1950s rock and roll classics. A single was released from the album: The Everly Brothers' hit "When Will I Be Loved", which was a duet by Linda and Sandy. A second single was released soon afterwards "The Loco-Motion", sung by Linda alone. Two versions exist, one with "Sweet Little Rock 'n' Roller" as the B-side and in a picture sleeve, another with "Don't Document [137] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) England with the Runaways in 1976. She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols: Steve Jones and Paul Cook. This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B-side to "You Don't Own Me". In 1981, Jett re-recorded the song, this time with her band, the Blackhearts. This recording became a U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one single for seven weeks. "Billboard" ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, representing two million units shipped to stores with Document [138] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) either May 6 or May 21, 1957, in Chicago, Illinois. The session was produced by Leonard Chess and Phil Chess. Backing Berry were Lafayette Leake (piano), Willie Dixon (bass), and Fred Below (drums). Sometime after the single was released in September 1957, "Rock and Roll Music" reached #6 on "Billboard" magazine's R&B Singles chart and #8 on the Billboard Top 100 chart before the year's end. The Beatles performed the song in many of their early Hamburg shows, and also played it on the BBC show "Pop Go The Beatles". In late 1964, exhausted from non-stop touring and recording and Document [139] (Title: Rock the Joint) Rock the Joint "Rock the Joint", also known as "We're Gonna Rock This Joint Tonight", is a boogie song recorded by various proto-rock and roll singers, notably Jimmy Preston and early rock and roll singers, most notably Bill Haley. Preston's version has been cited as a contender for being "the first rock and roll record", and Haley's is widely considered the first rockabilly record. The song's authorship is credited to Harry Crafton, Wendell "Don" Keane, and Harry "Doc" Bagby, who were musicians contracted to the Gotham label in New York, owned by Ivin Ballen (although a live version recorded by Document [140] (Title: Bob Seger) that topped "Billboard"'s Country and Adult Contemporary charts.) "Old Time Rock and Roll", a song from George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III that Seger substantially rewrote the lyrics for, was not a big pop hit initially, but achieved substantial album track airplay. Moreover, it would later become one of Seger's most recognizable songs following its memorable Tom Cruise-dancing-in-his-underwear use in the 1983 film "Risky Business". Indeed, it has been ranked the second-most played Jukebox Single of all time, behind Patsy Cline's "Crazy". The recording of "Old Time Rock and Roll" was named one of the Songs of the Century Document [141] (Title: Holiday Records) roll song, although many musical historians say it was the Turner-Brentson original that deserved the appellation. Haley and Miller were encouraged by the success of "Rocket 88" and further experiments were recorded, such as "Green Tree Boogie" and "Sundown Boogie", after which Haley moved to Miller's larger Essex label and continued to have more success with early rock and roll, including his 1952 hit "Rock the Joint" and 1953's "Crazy Man, Crazy", an original song that became the first rock song to make the national American sales charts. Miller disbanded Holiday Records not long after Haley was moved to Essex Document [142] (Title: The Eyeliners) Since they never set out to form an all-girl band, The Eyeliners auditioned both male and female drummers, but couldn’t find anyone who understood the direction they wanted to go in. One day, Gel and Lisa were playing “I Love Rock N Roll” when Laura walked in. They persuaded Laura to try the song on the borrowed drum set they had been using for auditions. She picked up the drumbeat remarkably fast despite having never played the instrument. About halfway through the rendition of the song, she started to sing along. It was then that Laura took on the task Document [143] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)) I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain and the second single from the group's album "Munki". It was the band's last single before they split up. It was released by Creation Records in May 1998 and reached #38 in the UK single charts. The song is a reworked version of a previous song, "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll", which was included in the band's 1995 compilation album, "Hate Rock 'n' Roll". All tracks written by Jim Reid, Document [144] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)) except where noted. I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain and the second single from the group's album "Munki". It was the band's last single before they split up. It was released by Creation Records in May 1998 and reached #38 in the UK single charts. The song is a reworked version of a previous song, "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll", which was included in the band's 1995 compilation album, "Hate Rock 'n' Roll". All tracks written Document [145] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) has appeared in a number of films, including "A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints", "Rock 'n' Roll High School" and "SLC Punk!" A clip of the Velvet Underground performing the song is played on completion of the Rock & Roll wonder in "Civilization IV". In addition, the quote about researching the technology "Radio," read by Leonard Nimoy, is "...then one fine morning she puts on a New York station... You know, her life was saved by rock & roll." The quote is credited to Lou Reed. Mitch Ryder's band, Detroit, which featured Lou Reed's future guitarist Steve Hunter, performed one Document [146] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) beginning of the video. The video was originally in color, but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color. In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the "Wayne's World 2" soundtrack. In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert. It was again released as a single by Warner/Reprise with "Activity Grrrl" as the B-side. Jett's version has received many accolades, including: "I Document [147] (Title: Acid Queen) Who's classic rock opera "Tommy", which had also featured Elton John, Eric Clapton, Jack Nicholson, Ann-Margret, and starred Roger Daltrey. Side A of the original vinyl album consists of rock covers. Besides a re-recorded version of the title track, it also contained the Rolling Stones' "Under My Thumb" and "Let's Spend the Night Together", The Who's "I Can See For Miles" and Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". Side B was written and produced mainly by Ike and Tina Turner and includes what was to be the last moderately successful R&B single for Ike & Tina Turner, the disco-influenced "Baby Get Document [148] (Title: Rock Me (Great White song)) 1987. Rock Me (Great White song) "Rock Me" is a single released by the American hard rock band Great White in 1987. It was a breakout hit for the band, and still receives significant airplay on classic rock radio. The original version clocked in at over 7 minutes, with the radio and video versions being trimmed down to between 3 and 5 minutes. Many of the lyrics to the edited versions are different from the original, though the music track remains the same. "Rock Me" was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 14 weeks, peaking at #60 on September Document [149] (Title: Let's Have a Party) Quartet" original Broadway cast recording. In T. Rex's 1972 concert film "Born to Boogie", Marc Bolan and Ringo Starr attempt to recite one of the lyrics from the song ("some people like to rock, some people like to roll, but movin' and a-groovin's gonna satisfy my soul"). However, they break into laughter each time. Led Zeppelin also played this song live during their live sets of "Whole Lotta Love"; an example of this practice can be found on their live album "How the West Was Won". English glam rock band Mud covered the song for their 1975 album "Mud Rock Document [150] (Title: Joan Jett) guitar and wrote or co-wrote a lot of the band's material along with Ford, West and Currie. The band recorded five albums, with "Live In Japan" becoming one of the biggest-selling imports in US and UK history. The band toured around the world and became an opening act for Cheap Trick, Ramones, Van Halen and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. They found success abroad, especially in Japan. While touring England with the Runaways in 1976, Jett first heard the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" when she saw Arrows perform it on their weekly UK television series "Arrows". In 2010, Document [151] (Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) to British pop singer Cliff Richard, known for his Christianity. The Christian rock band Petra first released a cover version of the song in their 1977 album "Come and Join Us". This version had modified lyrics in the verses from the Argent original, while the chorus remained largely unchanged. Petra then re-recorded and released a somewhat updated version for their 1984 album "Beat the System". In 1989, the British band the Truth released a version. In 1991, the song was notably covered by Kiss under the title "God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II". This version's lyrics and arrangement Document [152] (Title: Tim Moore (singer-songwriter)) U.S., "Rock and Roll Love Letter", a hit for the Bay City Rollers a year later. Moore's guitar playing on this song caught the attention of Keith Richards, guitarist for the Rolling Stones. They became friends and Moore spent two weeks in rehearsals with the Rolling Stones and Peter Tosh at Bearsville Studios in Woodstock. Moore's third album, "White Shadows", was recorded in Los Angeles with more polished production and a group of seasoned musicians, such as Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, Jeff Porcaro of Toto, Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles, and Bill Payne of Little Feat. The Document [153] (Title: Sister Rosetta Tharpe) by Decca, "Rock Me," "That's All," "My Man and I" and "The Lonesome Road" were instant hits, establishing Tharpe as an overnight sensation and one of the first commercially successful gospel recording artists. "Rock Me" influenced many rock-and-roll singers, such as Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Jerry Lee Lewis. In 1942, the music critic Maurie Orodenker, describing Tharpe's "Rock Me", wrote that "It's Sister Rosetta Tharpe for the rock-and roll spiritual singing." She had signed a seven-year contract with Reminder and was managed by Mo Galye. Her records caused an immediate furor: many churchgoers were shocked by the mixture of Document [154] (Title: Bobby Poe) Texas radio personality Jim Lowe stepped in and released the single on his White Rock Records label. "Rock and Roll Record Girl" backed with "Rock and Roll Boogie" became a number 1 single in the state of Texas. After one more single for Jim Lowe's White Rock Records entitled "Piano Nellie", under the name of Bobby Brant and The Rhythm Rockers, Bobby Poe gave up his career as an artist to become an artist manager. His first client was Big Al Downing. In the 1960s, Poe moved to the Washington, D.C. area and expanded his operation. He managed and co-produced Document [155] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter that was released in 1972 as a single and on the album "Glitter". Co-written by Glitter and Mike Leander, the song is in two parts: Part 1 is a vocal track reflecting on the history of the genre, and Part 2 is a mostly instrumental piece. Both parts were popular in Britain, and the single went to No. 2 on the British charts. In concert, Glitter merged both into one performance. "Rock and Roll" is Glitter's only top 10 hit in Document [156] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) 100.) The song was eventually released as a one-sided single in Canada and as a 12-inch single in Australia (accompanied by "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)"). The initial CD release was in 1992 on Blackheart Records and comprised 13 tracks. The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD in 1998 and included two additional bonus tracks. In conjunction with Joan Jett & the Blackhearts being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18, 2015, exactly 33 1/3 years after I Love Rock 'N' Roll was originally released on November 18, 1981, a 2CD/2LP Document [157] (Title: Rock and Roll All Nite) hotel, Stanley came up with the line "I want to rock and roll all night, and party every day." After showing the new line to Simmons, he added parts from an older song, reportedly titled "Drive Me Wild". When the song was issued as a single a few months later, it did not storm up the charts. With record label Casablanca in deep financial trouble, Kiss was thinking of leaving for another label, but decided to issue a live album, "Alive!", later in 1975. The live version of the song was longer than the studio take (including an Ace Frehley Document [158] (Title: The Once and Future King (The Twilight Zone)) of Rock 'n' Roll. Elvis starts playing an easy-listening ballad called "I Love You Because" with his guitar. Gary is disappointed with Elvis' choice of song and attempts to convince him to play "That's All Right" and even moves around and shakes his hips. Elvis is horrified and claims that it's the devil's music and even accuses Gary of deviltry. The two break into an argument that leads to a brawl, and Elvis grabs a guitar to swing at Gary, but he misses and hits the edge of a shelf instead, breaking off the top part of the guitar's neck. Document [159] (Title: Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song)) chart, lasting over three months until MTV invoked the unwritten "Crue Rule", dropping videos from eligibility on their request line after thirty days. The end of the video shows the same tour bus from the beginning with the words "Rockin 'N' Rollin". Country singer Carrie Underwood recorded a cover version in 2009 as the contestant farewell song for the eighth season of "American Idol". Underwood performed the song live on the season finale. The song was included on the deluxe edition of her third studio album "Play On", released exclusively in Australia and New Zealand. United States: 288,000 Justin Moore Document [160] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) titled "I Love Rock 'N' Roll 33 1/3 Anniversary Edition" was released. The rereleased set included the I Love Rock 'N Roll album plus a second disc of previously unreleased live recordings from New York from 1981. The portrait image used for the cover was taken by British photographer Mick Rock. It is widely considered one of the most iconic images in rock music history. Rock has said his vision for the portrait was clear: "I saw her as a female Elvis". The styling played a part in Jett's overall appeal, "Creem" observed and asked rhetorically, "who ever said that Document [161] (Title: I Wanna Rock) I Wanna Rock "I Wanna Rock" is a song written and composed by Dee Snider and performed by his band Twisted Sister. It was released on the 1984 album "Stay Hungry". Like the earlier "We're Not Gonna Take It", the video features actor Mark Metcalf, best known as the abusive ROTC leader Douglas C. Neidermeyer from the movie "National Lampoon's Animal House". Here, he plays a teacher with a similar personality to Neidermeyer, who harasses a student for drawing the Twisted Sister logo on his notebook. He chastises the student by shouting "What kind of a man desecrates a defenseless Document [162] (Title: Another Rock and Roll Christmas) Another Rock and Roll Christmas "Another Rock and Roll Christmas" is a 1984 Christmas song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter, written by Glitter with Mike Leander and Eddie (Edward John) Seago and produced by Leander. It was one of the most played Christmas hits on UK radio from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, but is now very rarely heard publicly following Glitter's convictions for child pornography and child abuse in 1999. Initially released in 1984, the song was later included on Glitter's fifth studio album, "Boys Will Be Boys" (1984) and was reissued many times, both as a Document [163] (Title: Bernard Seigal) 1973 and played in several unknown bands while working as a clerk at a record store and attending community college. In 1979, he joined the Grossmont College student newspaper as a writer and was later promoted to editor. In 1981, Seigal, a singer and guitarist, formed the rockabilly band, the Rockin' Roulettes. In 1983, he quit the Roulettes after he was invited to join the Beat Farmers with Jerry Raney and Country Dick Montana. He took musician Rolle Love with him. The Beat Farmers eventually signed with Rhino records and became known regionally and nationally with their performances of songs Document [164] (Title: John Lennon) with Diamonds", featuring Lennon on guitar and back-up vocals; Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of "Dr. Winston O'Boogie". He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards. Lennon released "Rock 'n' Roll" (1975), an album of cover songs, in February. "Stand by Me", taken from the album and a US and UK hit, became his last single for five years. He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special "A Salute to Lew Grade", recorded on 18 April and televised in June. Playing acoustic guitar and backed by an eight-piece band, Lennon performed two Document [165] (Title: Darlene Love) Beverly Hills. One day while she was cleaning one of these homes, she heard her song "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" on the radio. She took this as a sign that she needed to change her life and go back to singing. In the mid-1980s she portrayed herself in the Tony Award-nominated jukebox musical "Leader of the Pack", which featured the iconic rock and roll songs written by Ellie Greenwich, many of them for the young Love. The showstopping number of that show, "River Deep - Mountain High", had been recorded by Phil Spector with Ike & Tina Turner and Document [166] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll Music (album)) Berry, Little Richard, Carl Perkins and Larry Williams. "Rock 'n' Roll Music" was the first Beatles album to include "I'm Down", which had previously only been available as the B-side of the "Help!" single. Controversy surrounded the album's artwork, which featured an embossed colour portrait of The Beatles against a shiny silver background, with the album's title spelled out in what is presumed to be neon lights. Symbols of the 1950s were used on the inside of the album's gatefold sleeve, including a jukebox, an outdoor movie screen with a picture of Marilyn Monroe, a ice cream, a 1957 Chevrolet, Document [167] (Title: End of the Century) on it, only Joey and some studio musicians. Joey exclaimed that he "hated" the song, despite it obtaining a level of popularity in Europe. The song is a cover version of the original by The Ronettes, and contained a string section arrangement that Leigh deemed "gooey" and that it "sounded right out of Redbone's 'Come and Get Your Love.'" He also confessed that the song "almost made [him] embarrassed." "Rock 'n' Roll High School" originally appeared on the soundtrack to "Rock 'n' Roll High School", a film directed by Allan Arkush. The movie depicts a story line in which the Document [168] (Title: Gary Glitter) glam rock records to do so. "Rock and Roll Part 1" was also a hit: in France it made number-one, and in the UK both sides were listed together on the charts. "Rock and Roll" was followed by other successes over the next three years. Glitter, backed by the Glittermen/the Glitter Band on stage, competed with Sweet, Slade and T. Rex for domination of the charts. To reinforce his image, he reportedly owned 30 glitter suits and fifty pairs of silver platform boots. He also released several singles which became UK Top 10 hits, with "I'm the Leader of the Document [169] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) I Love Rock 'n' Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City. The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said Question: who sang i love rock and roll original Answer: Alan Merrill Long Answer: The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said he wrote it as "a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones' ' It's Only Rock' n Roll (But I Like It)' ." This version was first released as a B - side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45, after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, Arrows, which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976. Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Ronnie Weiser) Ronnie Weiser Ronny Weiser (born 1946 in Milan, Italy), also known as Rockin' Ronny Weiser, is an American record producer and founder of rockabilly record label Rollin' Rock. In Milan, Ronny discovered American rock'n'roll and rockabilly watching an Elvis Presley film, "Loving You". Upon immigrating to the United States in the 1960s, he published a rockabilly fanzine called Rollin' Rock, which evolved into full-fledged record label Rollin' Rock. In 1970, Rollin' Rock started reissuing 1950s recordings, and eventually recorded and released new recordings by 1950s artists such as Ray Campi, Mac Curtis, Gene Vincent, Alvis Wayne, Charlie Feathers, Johnny Carroll, Document [2] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) Rock and Roll Music "Rock and Roll Music" is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been widely covered and is recognized as one of Berry's most popular and enduring compositions. In the fall of 1957, his recording reached number 6 on "Billboard" magazine's R&B Singles chart and number 8 on its Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded by many well-known artists. The Beatles' 1964 recording topped singles charts in Europe and in Australia, and the Beach Boys had a U.S. top ten hit with the song in Document [3] (Title: Rock & Roll Baby) Rock & Roll Baby Rock & Roll Baby is an EP from American singer/songwriter/guitarist Malina Moye. The first single “K-yotic” featured Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s funk legend Bootsy Collins which Billboard called "explosive" debuted on Billboard Twitter 140 chart at #5, and at #11 on Billboard’s Hot Singles Sales chart. Guitar World stated that “Moye's record is insanely good bringing a certain passion and feel to her guitar playing." Elmore Magazine said “Moye demonstrates once again she can play with the best of them fusing rock, blues, funk and soul…[her] new EP indeed shows the influence of Hendrix, Document [4] (Title: The Dollyrots) with an appearance at South By Southwest where the band played "I Love Rock & Roll" on stage with Jett. A review in the webzine PopMatters noted that "the Dollyrots' sound is the same as it ever was, with clever, catchy lyrics running around a track of straightforward, chugging pop-punk" while the title track was described with the words "A hit song is what separates one band from thousands of others. The Dollyrots gained acclaim with their song "Because I'm Awesome". It's an appropriate tune for the sardonic pop punk band from Los Angeles to gain entry onto music's national Document [5] (Title: The Ronettes) not make the contribution required for induction. While Spector was awaiting trial on a murder charge and out on $1 million bail, the Ronettes were finally inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 12, 2007, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Keith Richards, a longtime fan, inducted the trio. Ronnie Bennett (Spector) and Nedra Talley performed "Baby, I Love You", "Walking in the Rain", and "Be My Baby". Estelle Bennett was present to accept her award, but was not well enough to perform, so Tricia Scotti (a regular backup singer with Ronnie) took her Document [6] (Title: Rocka Rolla (song)) extended into a lengthy jam. The B-side to the single for "Rocka Rolla" was another song from the same album, "Never Satisfied", which was co-written by Al Atkins. Rocka Rolla (song) "Rocka Rolla" is the debut single by British heavy metal band Judas Priest, first released in August 1974, and later released as the title track of their first album the following month. This song was played live on "The Old Grey Whistle Test". The song has several short guitar solos played by guitarist Glenn Tipton, an outro solo by K. K. Downing, as well as a harmonica solo played Document [7] (Title: Rock music in New Zealand) been released a few weeks earlier than Cooper’s song. Singer Johnny Devlin was touted as New Zealand’s Elvis Presley, and his cover of Lawdy, Miss Clawdy remains one of New Zealand’s biggest-selling singles, having sold 100,000 copies in 1959-60, following the first rock and roll record recorded outside the US, Johnny Cooper's recording of "Rock Around The Clock" for HMV in the mid-1950s. In 1959 Mabel Howard, Minister of Social Welfare, went to see Johnny Devlin perform at the Christchurch Town Hall, declaring at half-time, 'There’s nothing much wrong with rock’n’roll'. New Zealand's studios lagged behind their counterparts in the Document [8] (Title: Rock music) record. Contenders include Goree Carter's "" (1949); Jimmy Preston's "Rock the Joint" (1949), which was later covered by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1952; and "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band the Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in 1951. Four years later, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top "Billboard" magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture. It has also been argued that "That's Document [9] (Title: Rock n Roll Jesus (song)) Rock n Roll Jesus (song) "Rock n Roll Jesus" is the fifth single from Kid Rock's album of the same name. It was typical bravado-laced Kid Rock about sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. The song was co-written by former lead guitarist Kenny Tudrick, who replaced Kenny Olson on the 2006 'Live' Trucker tour. The song and album title were attacked by some religious groups for being sacrilegious. The song along with "All Summer Long" and "Son of Detroit" were featured in the guitar game "". A live version was released on the Targer Version of Born Free in 2010. Document [10] (Title: Ringo, I Love You) released on compact disc on small indie record label, although not on Cher releases; these albums are "Bravo! Beatles", "Flabby Road", "Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Rock & Roll (Volume 1)" and "Girls in the Garage (Volume 4)". Ringo, I Love You "Ringo, I Love You" is a rock song performed by American singer-actress Cher released under the pseudonym Bonnie Jo Mason, the name she used at the start of her career when based in Los Angeles. The song was released in 1964 during the height of Beatlemania. It was a tribute to The Beatles. The original vinyl Document [11] (Title: Origins of rock and roll) singer Helen Ward. Other notable recordings using the words, both released in 1938, were "Rock It for Me" by Chick Webb, a swing number with Ella Fitzgerald on vocals featuring the lyrics "... Won't you satisfy my soul, With the rock and roll?"; and "Rock Me" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe, a gospel song originally written by Thomas Dorsey as "Hide Me in Thy Bosom". Tharpe performed the song in the style of a city blues, with secular lyrics, ecstatic vocals and electric guitar. She changed Dorsey's "singing" to "swinging," and the way she rolled the "R" in "rock me" led Document [12] (Title: I Hate Rock 'n' Roll) band's third compilation album, released later in 1995 by American Recordings. A reworked version of the track, retitled "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", was later included on the group's sixth album, "Munki", released in 1998. I Hate Rock 'n' Roll "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was first released as a single on CD and 10" vinyl in mid-1995, and went on to reach #61 in the UK single charts. The 10" format was numbered and limited to 5000 copies, although additional copies are rumored to Document [13] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll Is King) Rock 'n' Roll Is King "Rock 'n' Roll Is King" is a song written and performed by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) released as a single from the 1983 album "Secret Messages". With this song the band returned to their rock roots. It features a violin solo by Mik Kaminski. The song went through many changes during recording and at one point was going to be called "Motor Factory" with a completely different set of lyrics. The single proved to be ELO's last UK top twenty hit single, and reached no. 19 in the US in August 1983. ""I sang on Document [14] (Title: Rock and roll) is considered as classic rockabilly. In July 1954, Elvis Presley recorded the regional hit "That's All Right" at Sam Phillips' Sun Studio in Memphis. Three months earlier, on April 12, 1954, Bill Haley & His Comets recorded "Rock Around the Clock". Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie "Blackboard Jungle" a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion. The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities. "Rock Document [15] (Title: Frank Fafara) of Arizona Republic music columnist Jack Curtis, who set up their first recording session. The original recording included Richard Meyer on lead guitar, Jim Schultz on drums, Frank on rhythm guitar, and Al Casey on bass. Fafara had a string of successful Rock ‘n Roll releases in Arizona from 1959 to 1964. His first recording, “Only in My Dreams” went to #5 on the Phoenix Top Ten radio charts. A series of releases followed including “Miss You Dee”, “Lovemaker, Lovebreaker” and “Golden One”. F rank Fafara recorded at the same studio as Duane Eddy, Waylon Jennings, Sanford Clark, and Wayne Document [16] (Title: Joan Jett) to a studio to jam around a bit with Jett and everything clicked". The first single from the album was a cover of the title track, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", originally written and recorded by Arrows, which in the first half of 1982 was number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row. It is "Billboard"s No. 56 song of all time and has also been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2016. Jett released "Album" (1983) and "Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth" (1984). A string of Top 40 hits followed, as Document [17] (Title: Jake Hooker (musician)) the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" for the Arrows. It was a response to The Rolling Stones' "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)". The song, recorded in 1975 and originally relegated by Most to a b-side, has gone on to become a rock classic. The Arrows broke ground by hosting their own weekly TV series "Arrows" on the UK Granada ITV network, which showcased many top glam rock acts. Hooker married actress/singer Lorna Luft in London on Valentine's Day 1977. Hooker retired as a musician in 1978 when the Arrows disbanded, moving to Los Angeles to Document [18] (Title: Gary Glitter) Gang (I Am)" being his first single to reach the number-one position in the summer of 1973, and "I Love You Love Me Love", its follow-up, his second. Even an atypical ballad, "Remember Me This Way", went to No. 3. He had eleven consecutive Top 10 singles, from "Rock and Roll, Parts 1 and 2" in 1972 to "Doing Alright with the Boys" in the summer of 1975. "Rock and Roll (Part 2)" caught on as a popular sports anthem in North America. Despite his success in the UK, Glitter never made the same impact in America where, at best, Document [19] (Title: I Like to Rock (song)) The Rolling Stones, clearly paying homage to these rock songs and bands due to the fact that the song's narrator is discussing his love of rock music. The lyrics of "I Like to Rock" have the narrator singing about his love of rock music, while the chorus says "I like to rock, some like it hot". The lyrics also refer to partying late at night and singing in front of large crowds at concerts. "I Like to Rock" was used in the films "Flower & Garnet", "Gutterballs", "High Life", and "Drive Angry", as well as S1 E6 of "Being Erica" Document [20] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Love Rock 'n' Roll" is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album "Britney" on 27 May 2002. The song was used in her 2002 movie "Crossroads". Spears's character, Lucy, performs it in a karaoke bar. Spears said of the song, "They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie "Crossroads" and I've actually sung I Love Rock 'n' Roll in a lot of clubs that I've been to." Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites. Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most-produced version just before she recorded Document [21] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) of the first cover versions of the song in 1971. Other artists to cover the song include The Runaways, Jane's Addiction, both of whom changed the lyrics to refer to their own city instead of Reed's New York, and Phish. An adaptation of the song from the album "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans" by Uffie is written by Reed himself, although some controversy surrounds the creation and use of the song itself. Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song) "Rock & Roll" (sometimes spelled Rock 'n' Roll) is a song by the Velvet Underground, originally appearing on their 1970 album Document [22] (Title: Rock Me Baby (song)) You Get" in 1964 and reached number 34 in the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Rock Me Baby" was the first of six B.B. King records to reach the Top 40. In 1997, King re-recorded the song with Eric Clapton for the album "Deuces Wild". Over the years, many blues and other artists have interpreted and recorded "Rock Me Baby" and it has become a blues standard. Although Lil' Son Jackson's 1951 "Rockin' and Rollin'" serves as the basis for many versions, B.B. King's and Muddy Waters' renditions are credited for making it well-known. Footnotes Citations References Rock Me Baby (song) "Rock Document [23] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) and eleven). The single sold a total of 65,000 copies. It was also certified Gold in Australia. Directed by Chris Applebaum, the music video for "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" shows Spears with her own band, a stack of speakers, and flashing lights. The video begins black and white and switches throughout the video. It was shot at The Inn, a bar in Long Beach, New York. The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America's countdown. The Director's Cut version of the video was later leaked; it included previously unseen Document [24] (Title: Rock My Heart) Rock My Heart "Rock My Heart" is a song by Trinidadian-German musician Haddaway. It was released in January 1994 as the fourth single from his debut album "The Album". Like the previous single "I Miss You", the song was a hit in several countries, particularly in UK, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Ireland and Belgium, where it reached the top 10. In Israel it peaked at number 1 for two weeks. "Rock My Heart" shot into the Eurochart Hot 100 at number 17 on April 9, 1994 and peaked at 7 four weeks later. The music video features Haddaway along with backing Document [25] (Title: Freddy Cannon) became increasingly popular in the Boston area, and began to develop a trademark strained singing style. He also became a regular on a local TV dance show, "Boston Ballroom", and, in 1958, signed up to a management contract with Boston disc jockey Jack McDermott. With lyrics written by his mother, he prepared a new song which he called "Rock and Roll Baby", and produced a demo which McDermott took to the writing and production team of Bob Crewe and Frank Slay. They rearranged the song and rewrote the lyrics, and offered to produce a recording in return for two-thirds of Document [26] (Title: Elvis Presley (album)) on November 1, 1966 and Platinum on August 8, 2011 by the Recording Industry Association of America. The original 1956 UK release called "Rock n' Roll" on HMV Catalogue Number: CLP 1093 has some different tracks. By the second half of 1955, singles on Sun Records by Presley began making the national country and western singles chart, "Baby Let's Play House" and "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" going to number 5 and number 1 respectively. Colonel Tom Parker, the new manager of Presley, had extensive dealings with RCA through his previous client, singer Eddy Arnold, especially with the head Document [27] (Title: Loves Me Like a Rock) The gospel version of "Loves Me Like a Rock" by the Dixie Hummingbirds reached number 72 on the "Billboard" R&B chart and won the group a Grammy for Best Soul Gospel performance in 1974. Paul Simon performed the song with the Muppets during his guest appearance on "The Muppet Show". Christopher Wheat released his rendition of "Loves Me Like A Rock" in 2015, recorded in the United Kingdom at the Limehouse Studios in London. Third Day covered "Loves Me Like A Rock" in 2017, recorded in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, at the legendary FAME Studios. The Oak Ridge Boys provided backing Document [28] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song) "Rock & Roll" (sometimes spelled Rock 'n' Roll) is a song by the Velvet Underground, originally appearing on their 1970 album "Loaded". The song was written by the Velvets' then-leader Lou Reed, who continued to incorporate the song into his own live performances years later as a solo artist. The song recounts the advent of rock & roll, telling the story of a girl named Jenny whose "life was saved by rock and roll.” In the liner notes to the Velvet Underground's box set "Peel Slowly and See", Lou Reed wrote, "'Rock and Document [29] (Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as "Reunion". A line from the lyrics of the song is used as the title for Stephen King's short story "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band", set in a town called Rock and Document [30] (Title: Bobby Poe) classic "Let's Have a Party". Bobby, Wanda, Big Al and Vernon are all members of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Bobby Poe and The Poe Kats came to the attention of Sam Phillips of Sun Records with their first recorded track, "Rock and Roll Record Girl". Based on the music of the old standard "Chattanooga Shoe Shine Boy", "Rock and Roll Record Girl" was at first blocked from release by Wesley Rose of Acuff-Rose because of that fact. By the time all of the legal hurdles were cleared, Sam Phillips was no longer interested in releasing the track. Instead, Dallas, Document [31] (Title: I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)) motorcycle. Roy Bittan's piano begins to play along with the guitars. The vocals begin at the 1:50 point. The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals. The song then becomes much louder as the band, predominantly piano, plays the main melody for twenty seconds. An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus, lasting over 45 seconds, with piano playing the title melody, accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren, Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton. The lead vocals recommence with another verse. The phrase "sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll" was changed to "Some days Document [32] (Title: Griva) on compact cassette only. It featured a cover of Joan Jett's version of the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", Griva version titled "I law Myroslaw" (the title referring to folk music singer Miroslav Ilić). After the album release Kazimić left the band, and was replaced by Laslo Pihler, a former member of the punk rock band Pekinška Patka. However, Pihler was soon replaced by Nikola Džunja. The release of "Nisi ni ti anđeo" was not followed by presentation in the media, and after a short Austrian tour, Griva disbanded. In 1986, Karavla and Divlje Jagode frontman Alen Islamović recorded Document [33] (Title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)) Richards, the song was recorded in the wrong key, but they did not realise this until they played it live. Juliana Hatfield covered the song for her 2009 Daytrotter session. The song was covered by hard rock band Twisted Sister. The song was also covered by The 80's UK Rock Band SHY. "Weird Al" Yankovic also did a polka cover of the song as the first and longest of his "Hot Rocks Polka", which consists entirely of The Stones' songs. It was used in the soundtrack for his movie "UHF". Tina Turner performed the song as a duet with Mick Document [34] (Title: Rock Love) Rock Love Rock Love is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Steve Miller Band. The album was released in September 1971, by Capitol Records. All of Miller's previous backing band had left following the recording of the previous album, save bassist Bobby Winkelman. They were replaced by members of Winkelman's previous group, the psychedelic rock band Frumious Bandersnatch for this record, including Ross Valory (a future member of Journey) on bass, and Jack King on drums. Bobby Winkelman was in the band (having moved back to rhythm guitar) during the live recordings on the album's first side, Document [35] (Title: I Hate Rock 'n' Roll) I Hate Rock 'n' Roll "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was first released as a single on CD and 10" vinyl in mid-1995, and went on to reach #61 in the UK single charts. The 10" format was numbered and limited to 5000 copies, although additional copies are rumored to exist. This single was the band's last release on Blanco y Negro Records, for whom they had recorded since 1985. In the US, the four tracks were only available on Hate Rock 'n' Roll, the Document [36] (Title: Rock & Roll (EP)) Rock & Roll (EP) Rock & Roll is an EP by Frank Turner, released on 6 December 2010 on Xtra Mile Recordings. Describing the release as "a taster" for his subsequent studio album, "England Keep My Bones", the EP was preceded by the single, "I Still Believe". Regarding the EP's overall aesthetic, Turner noted, "If the music I make is a spectrum that has acoustic folk stuff at one end, and rock music at the other, with "Poetry of the Deed" the needle was over towards the rock end. That's fine to do on occasion, but I think that as Document [37] (Title: Kay Starr) sing rock and roll, and sometimes as a song poking fun at it, "The Rock and Roll Waltz". She stayed at RCA Victor until 1959, hitting the top ten with "My Heart Reminds Me", then returned to Capitol. Most of Starr's songs had jazz influences. Like those of Frankie Laine and Johnnie Ray, they were sung in a style that anticipated rock and roll songs. These included her hits "Wheel of Fortune" (her biggest hit, No. 1 for 10 weeks), "Side by Side", "The Man Upstairs", and "Rock and Roll Waltz". One of her biggest hits was her version of Document [38] (Title: Kevin Johnson (singer)) later recalled "Because I'd signed with an American company I couldn't record here ... two years writing and bashing my head against a brick wall". In September 1973 he issued "Rock and Roll I Gave You the Best Years of My Life". It peaked at No. 10 in Melbourne, and at No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. The lyrics describe a musician recalling his childhood dream of being a star and follows his life through his musical work, with some close breaks until he is faced with the ultimate realisation that he is not destined to Document [39] (Title: Beverly Kenney) for Johnny Smith" (1956), recorded when she was 24 years old, with a quartet led by jazz guitarist Johnny Smith. She then began a residency at the Birdland jazz club accompanied by the Lester Young Quintet. Her television exposure consisted of one visit to "The Steve Allen Show" on May 18, 1958, performing the song she wrote "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll" and one appearance on "Playboy's Penthouse", where Kenney coaxed host Hugh Hefner to sing "Makin' Whoopee" with her. Steve Allen also wrote liner notes for her album "Beverly Kenney Sings for Playboys" (Decca, 1958) in which he commented, Document [40] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, which was first released as the second track from the band's fourth album in 1971. The song includes a guest appearance by the Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart. In 1972 Robert Christgau called it "simply the most dynamic hard-rock song in the music." Befitting its title, the song is based on one of the most popular structures in rock and roll, the three-chord song. It is performed in the key of A at a tempo of 170 beats per minute. Led Document [41] (Title: Origins of rock and roll) well established in blues music but were new to the radio airwaves. After the success of "Good Rocking Tonight", many other R&B artists used similar titles through the late 1940s. At least two different songs with the title "Rock and Roll" were recorded in the late 1940s: by Paul Bascomb in 1947 and Wild Bill Moore in 1948. In May 1948, Savoy Records advertised "Robbie-Dobey Boogie" by Brownie McGhee with the tagline "It jumps, it's made, it rocks, it rolls." Another record where the phrase was repeated throughout the song was "Rock and Roll Blues", recorded in 1949 by Erline Document [42] (Title: Rock On (song)) Damian's version, which he also released from his independent album "Where Do We Go From Here" on the Cypress Records label, which A&M Records distributed, was a harder-edged interpretation that employed none of the vocal or instrumental distortion in the original 1973 David Essex version. "Rock On" became Damian's first hit in eight years, since his 1981 cover of Eric Carmen's song, "She Did It." His rendition became a gold record. It reached the number one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, thus outperforming Essex's original "Billboard" ranking. However, the song did get to number one for Essex in Document [43] (Title: Rock-A-Hula Baby) Rock-A-Hula Baby "Rock-A-Hula Baby " is a song performed by Elvis Presley for the 1961 movie "Blue Hawaii". Written by Ben Weisman, Fred Wise, and Dolores Fuller, it is a genre mix of Hawaiian folk and rock and roll. It was the first song published by Fuller, who would eventually co-write a dozen songs for Presley. A double A-sided release with "Can't Help Falling in Love", it peaked at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1962, and spent four weeks at the chart summit. The song has appeared on several compilation albums due to its chart success. Document [44] (Title: Jesse Stone) was a major hit for the rhythm and blues artist, often cited as one of the first rock and roll records. An even bigger success was a cover version of the song recorded later in 1954 for Decca Records by Bill Haley & His Comets. This version became one of the first rock and roll recordings to sell a million copies and be an international success (predating Haley's better-known "Rock Around the Clock" by nearly a year). Stone also co-wrote "Flip, Flop and Fly" with Turner, which was another hit (Haley was also fond of the song and recorded it Document [45] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) 7 June 2008, Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones joined Foo Fighters front man Dave Grohl and drummer Taylor Hawkins on stage at Wembley Stadium to perform "Rock and Roll," along with "Ramble On". Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, which was first released as the second track from the band's fourth album in 1971. The song includes a guest appearance by the Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart. In 1972 Robert Christgau called it "simply the most dynamic hard-rock song in the music." Befitting its title, the Document [46] (Title: Alan Merrill) sang three chart hit records as the band's lead singer, all produced by Mickie Most, "Touch Too Much" (# 8 UK charts) "Toughen Up" (# 51 UK charts) and "My Last Night With You" (# 25 UK charts). They made one more single that would be an important one. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (1975), a song that started out as a b-side to the 45 rpm Arrows single "Broken Down Heart". The song "I Love Rock 'N Roll" was composed by Alan Merrill and Arrows bandmate Jake Hooker. The record was later flipped to a-side status, and the band Document [47] (Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) popular singer Craig Scott covered the song. In the United States it was Mac Davis who had the primary hit version in 1974, although all of the above versions also became American chart hits. "Rock 'N' Roll" is the first track on his sixth studio album "All The Love In The World". The song was the lead single of two issued from the LP, the other being the title track, and both of which became hit records. Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Document [48] (Title: Mister Rock and Roll) 1975. The album was produced by Gene Summers and the executive producer was Michael Cattin. Recording engineer and mixdown by Dave Garner. Musicians included Joe Cook, Al Struble, Glen Struble, Kenny Hargis, Dan Edwards, Eddie Wayne Hill, Joel Colbert, Joe Donnell, Leonard Walters, David (Dave) Martin, James McClung, Jack Castleberry, Charlie Mendias, Ernest Walker, C.B. Williams, Buddy Stephens and Larry Jannasch. Background vocals were provided by Dan Edwards, Al Struble, Glen Struble and Tom Cunningham. Gene Summers discography from "Rockin' Country Style", US<br> Gene Summers discography from "Rocky Productions", France<br> Gene Summers discography from "Wangdangdula" Finland<br> Gene Summers session data Document [49] (Title: Kevin Johnson (singer)) Kevin Johnson (singer) Kevin Stephen Johnson is an Australian singer-songwriter. Popular in the 1970s, his biggest hit is "Rock 'N' Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)", which peaked at No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in 1973 (as well as reaching the UK Top 40). He also had a top 20 hit with "Bonnie Please Don't Go" (aka "She's Leavin'") in 1971. "Rock and Roll" is one of the most covered songs written by an Australian with 27 different artists recording it in 1975 alone. Covers include fellow Australians, Col Joye and Document [50] (Title: Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song)) It was also certified Gold in New Zealand, selling over 7,500 copies. Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song) "Rock & Roll" is a song by American singer-songwriter Eric Hutchinson, and the first single released from his major-label debut album "Sounds Like This". The song was used in the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2", and was included in the soundtrack. It was also used as the song to end the final episode of 2008 series of "Packed to the Rafters", and was included in the Platinum selling soundtrack. The music video was released in early 2008. The song Document [51] (Title: And I Love Her) edited version of the 22 June stereo mix, repeating the closing guitar riff five times instead of three. This version also appeared on the American "Rarities" album in 1980. It is not known when this edit was made. It has not yet been released on CD. As with many Beatles songs, this has been covered by many artists of varying style from R&B, crooner, pop and even grunge. Notably, Esther Phillips reversed the gender of the song in 1965; her "And I Love Him" reached No. 54 that year on the "Billboard" charts. Diana Krall also recorded "And I Love Document [52] (Title: Rocket 88) bass player Marshall Lytle commented on his playing on this recording. "Before we had drums, I was practically the whole rhythm section. Since we didn't have any amplification, I slapped it so hard the neck had big grooves in it. Bill liked it loud, so he'd scream, 'Play loud!'" Those who subscribe to the definition of rock and roll as the melding of country music with rhythm and blues believe that Haley's version of the song, not the Turner/Brenston original, is the first rock and roll record. No matter which version deserves the accolade, "Rocket 88" is seen as a Document [53] (Title: Rock and Roll Over) not equal the success of "Beth", it did become another top 20 single for Kiss. "Calling Dr. Love" became a concert staple, being played on just about every tour since the album's release. The cover artwork was created by artist Michael Doret, who worked with Kiss again on their 2009 album "Sonic Boom". This is the first Kiss album to not feature a writing credit from Ace Frehley. "Rock and Roll Over" was released by Casablanca Records on November 11, 1976. Included inside the album sleeve were a sticker of the album cover and a glossy photo press release pamphlet. Document [54] (Title: The Vejtables) The Beau Brummels, The Byrds, Paul Revere and the Raiders, and The Rolling Stones. Also in 1965, Autumn label boss Tom Donahue had hired Sly Stone to produce the group along with The Great Society, The Mojo Men and The Beau Brummels. By mid to late August, "Billboard" had predicted that their single "I Still Love You" would reach the Hot 100 chart. It did quite well in Chicago. Debuting on the 10th of September, it spent 3 weeks in the charts, peaking at no 23 on the 24th of that month. By October 1965, "I Still Love You" along Document [55] (Title: The Power of Rock and Roll) except where noted "Heavy Metal Love" was a re-recording originally from "No Rest for the Wicked". All songs written by Gord Prior, Steve Georgakopoulos and Brian Vollmer except "Heavy Metal Love" by Paul Hackman and Brian Vollmer. Produced by Gord Prior<br> Mixed and mastered Dan Brodbeck and Aaron Murray<br> Engineered by Rainer Wiechmann Recorded at Mole Studios, London, Ontario except "Heavy Metal Love" recorded at EMAC Recording Studios, London, Ontario. Brian Vollmer - lead vocals<br> Rick VanDyk - lead guitar<br> Jim Lawson - lead guitar<br> Brent "Ned" Niemi - drums<br> Paul Fonseca - bass guitar Brian Vollmer - vocals<br> Steve Document [56] (Title: Detroit (band)) a hit with their version of the Lou Reed - penned song "Rock & Roll", which Reed liked enough to ask Steve Hunter to join his backing band. Ryder quit the group because of voice problems in 1972, and Detroit vocalist Rusty Day (formerly of the American Amboy Dukes and Cactus) took over his spot; without Ryder, the group floundered, and eventually broke up in 1974. While not as commercially successful, Rusty Day's era of Detroit was a powerhouse to be reckoned with. He used to sing for Ted Nugent & The Amboy Dukes, and was soon to form Cactus. Document [57] (Title: Rock and roll) who recorded cover versions of rhythm & blues songs included Gale Storm [Smiley Lewis' "I Hear You Knockin'"], the Diamonds [The Gladiolas' "Little Darlin'" and Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"], the Crew Cuts [the Chords' "Sh-Boom" and Nappy Brown's "Don't Be Angry"], the Fountain Sisters [The Jewels' "Hearts of Stone"] and the Maguire Sisters [The Moonglows' "Sincerely"]. Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the deaths of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash (February 1959), the Document [58] (Title: School of Rock 'n Roll) School of Rock 'n Roll "School Of Rock 'n Roll" is a song composed by James McClung in 1958 and published by Song Productions, BMI the same year. It was originally recorded by Gene Summers and his Rebels, a rockabilly band from Dallas, Texas and was first released in February 1958 by Jan Records #11-100. It was flipped with "Straight Skirt" a teen novelty 45 which became the group's first big regional hit. "School Of Rock 'n Roll" later became widely known as one of the top 100 rock 'n roll records of the era. In the 1970s, at the Document [59] (Title: Coma White) die just like JFK / I wanna die on a sunny day / I wanna die just like JFK/ I wanna die in the USA"; "Reverence" became a top-ten hit in Britain despite being banned by a British television show. According to "I Love Rock 'n' Roll (Except When I Hate It): Extremely Important Stuff About the Songs and Bands You Love, Hate, Love to Hate, and Hate to Love" by Brian Boone, by the time that the "Coma White" video was shown on MTV, ""Mechanical Animals" was no longer a top album that needed promotion." Matthew Jacobs of "HuffPost", Document [60] (Title: I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)) I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance) "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" was a popular single by Tina Charles, from her debut album, "I Love to Love"; the song was composed by Jack Robinson and James Bolden. The track was an international success both upon its original 1976 release and also when - remixed by The DMC (Disco Mix Club) - it was reissued ten years later (the DMC version features the instrumental "Sunburn" by the Biddu Orchestra as its B-side). Charles had already been recording for seven years and had sung Document [61] (Title: American rock) phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music. There is much debate as to what should be considered the first rock and roll record. One contender is "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in Memphis in 1951. It has been argued that "That's All Right (Mama)" (1954), Elvis Presley's first major single for Sun Records was the first rock and roll record, but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle & Roll", later covered by Bill Haley, Document [62] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) dark bangs and well-applied mascara had nothing to do with rock 'n' roll?" "Sounds" described her look as the classic "tomboy rock girl", and quoted her regarding the record label's initial expectations: "They wanted me to lie on a couch in leopardskin like Pat Benatar or something," she gasps, "You know I couldn't do anything like "that"!" "Creem" gave the album a generally positive review, concluding that Jett "covers more ground than you might expect, and does so with contagious enthusiasm". The Blackhearts Additional musicians Production team I Love Rock 'n Roll (album) I Love Rock 'n Roll is the Document [63] (Title: Ringo, I Love You) Ringo, I Love You "Ringo, I Love You" is a rock song performed by American singer-actress Cher released under the pseudonym Bonnie Jo Mason, the name she used at the start of her career when based in Los Angeles. The song was released in 1964 during the height of Beatlemania. It was a tribute to The Beatles. The original vinyl is now a valuable rarity. In 1999 the song was covered by German electronic duo Stereo Total and released on their studio album "My Melody". "Ringo, I Love You" is the first solo song recorded by Cher. The single was Document [64] (Title: Texas Rock For Country Rollers) of Augie Meyers (keyboards, organ, piano, vocals), Atwood Allen (backing vocals), Harry Hess (steel guitar), Jack Barber (bass) and George Rains (drums). Covers in the album included Allen's penned "I Love the Way You Love (The Way I Love You) ", Merle Kilgore/Claude King's "Wolverton Mountain", and a Gene Thomas-medley of "Cryin' Inside"-"Sometime". The rest of the songs were seven Sahm-written originals. Sahm played the ballad "I'm Missing You" inspired in the style of Buddy Holly, while "You Can't Hide a Redneck (Under That Hippy Hair)" featured an intro based in Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man". Two singles were released Document [65] (Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very Document [66] (Title: Rock n Roll Jesus (song)) Rock n Roll Jesus (song) "Rock n Roll Jesus" is the fifth single from Kid Rock's album of the same name. It was typical bravado-laced Kid Rock about sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. The song was co-written by former lead guitarist Kenny Tudrick, who replaced Kenny Olson on the 2006 'Live' Trucker tour. The song and album title were attacked by some religious groups for being sacrilegious. The song along with "All Summer Long" and "Son of Detroit" were featured in the guitar game "". A live version was released on the Targer Version of Born Free in 2010. Document [67] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) convicted of downloading child pornography in England, and in 2006 of child sexual abuse charges in Vietnam. After the second conviction was upheld in court, the NFL asked teams to stop playing the song. Glitter was dismayed by this result as he is a fan of the San Diego Chargers and had choreographed some of the team's cheerleading cadences in 1989. The NFL allowed a cover version of the song by the Tube Tops 2000 to be played, but in 2012, the NFL instructed teams to "avoid" the song following negative reaction from British media to the New England Patriots' Document [68] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Jerkins' hip-hop blaspheming of Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" doesn't go as far as it should (is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future?), but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ("The Beat Goes On" on "...Baby One More Time") and Stones ("(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" on "Oops!... I Did It Again") songs." Another positive reception came from PopMatters's editor Nikki Tranter, who enjoyed that the song is "different from the average run-of-the-mill pop offering," and praised that "she does strange justice to the tune, vamping up her vocals Document [69] (Title: Nan Vernon) insight into her appreciation for rock music's classic poet/lyricists." More recently Vernon has provided covers of classic songs for the reboot of the "Halloween" series of horror films. A new version of the song, "Mr. Sandman", recorded by Nan Vernon, is featured in "Rob Zombie's Halloween". She also performs "Love Hurts" for the film's sequel. In an interview, Vernon said, "I really like theatrical music, like Brecht and that era. I love Eastern European music, the music of the Twenties and Thirties, Cole Porter. I love Elvis Presley. I love lyrical storytelling...I love Tom Waits and Billie Holiday. Velvet Underground. Document [70] (Title: We Will Rock You (musical)) Bowie's "Rebel Rebel" and "Space Oddity", The Wild Ones' "Wild Thing", Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women", Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man", ABBA's "Dancing Queen" and "Fernando", Oasis' "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?", Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady", Spice Girls' "Wannabe", Elton John's "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road", Black Lace's "Agadoo", The Clash's "Complete Control", "Teletubbies" and songs by Amy Winehouse and Michael Jackson. May often performs with the London production on special occasions such as anniversaries and Freddie Mercury's birthday. Hannah Jane Fox, who originated Scaramouche, was the last original principal cast member to remain with the show. She gave her Document [71] (Title: Rock and Roll Never Forgets) after attending a high school reunion. "I wanted to just write an honest appraisal of where I was at that moment in time," he said. "I was 31 years old and I was damn glad to be here." The song is accompanied by a mid-tempo sound and Seger's signature raspy vocals. The song is about aging and the ongoing power of rock music. The song advices the 31 listener to return to the rock 'n' roll he loved when he was 16. The song also serves as a tribute to Chuck Berry, who is mentioned in the line "Well all Document [72] (Title: Old Time Rock and Roll) gonna like it." I'm not credited on it so I couldn't control the copyright either. Meanwhile it got into a Hardee's commercial because I couldn't control it. Oh my God, it was awful!" However, George Stephenson of Malaco Records claimed:"Old Time Rock and Roll" is truly [George] Jackson's song, and he has the tapes to prove it, despite Seger's claims that he altered it. Bob had pretty much finished his recording at Muscle Shoals and he asked them if they had any other songs he could listen to for the future.." The song was recorded at the Muscle Shoals Sound Document [73] (Title: Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)) There is also a June 1972 live recording of "Rock and Roll" which has been captured on the album "How the West Was Won." In 1985 Page, Plant and Jones reunited and performed the song at the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, as part of the Led Zeppelin set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins. "Rock and Roll" was also performed as the final encore at Led Zeppelin's reunion show at the O2 Arena, London on 10 December 2007, where, due to Robert Plant's ageing voice, it is played down a whole step. On Document [74] (Title: Alan Merrill) 15 2017, Eminem released his album "Revival" including the title "Remind Me" crediting Allan Sachs (professionally known as Alan Merrill) as one of the song's co-writers for use of "I Love Rock N Roll" samples. The Eminem album made its debut at #1 in the Billboard album charts. He currently hosts the television series, Across the Pond, for the MyJam Music Network. He also wrote and recorded the show's theme song "Across the Pond" which was released March 2018. Alan Merrill Alan Merrill (born Allan Preston Sachs; February 19, 1951) is an American vocalist, guitarist, songwriter, actor and model. In Document [75] (Title: Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song)) Rock and Roll (Eric Hutchinson song) "Rock & Roll" is a song by American singer-songwriter Eric Hutchinson, and the first single released from his major-label debut album "Sounds Like This". The song was used in the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2", and was included in the soundtrack. It was also used as the song to end the final episode of 2008 series of "Packed to the Rafters", and was included in the Platinum selling soundtrack. The music video was released in early 2008. The song has since gone Gold in Australia, with sales in excess of 35,000. Document [76] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) and turning out something, that while silly and camp, is actually a fun listen." In contrast, David Browne wrote for "Entertainment Weekly" that "her remake is neither imaginative (it simply xeroxes Joan Jett's arrangement) nor all that believable." "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" charted moderately upon release, reaching the top twenty in most regions. The song was moderately successful in the UK, where it peaked at number thirteen (which, at the time, was her lowest peak for a single released there, until "Radar" only managed to reach number forty-six in 2009, and then "I Wanna Go, which peaked at one-hundred Document [77] (Title: Charly García) the strong support of María Gabriela Epumer in chorus and guitar, Charly showed up in many different concerts, such as two in the Luna Park Stadium, Viña del Mar and Cosquín Rock with correct performances. Finally in October 2003, Charly released "Rock and Roll, Yo" ("Rock and Roll, Me"), dedicated to María Gabriela. The songs weren't as good as those in "Influencia", his voice often sounds out of tune and, once again the LP contained too many versions and translated covers such as "Linda Bailarina" ("Pretty Ballerina", Michael Brown) or "Wonder" ("Love´S in Need of Love Today" by Stevie Wonder). Document [78] (Title: The Mojo Men) the band's earlier British Invasion-influenced garage rock style evolved into pop/folk rock. In 1967, the band released a Baroque cover version of Buffalo Springfield's "Sit Down, I Think I Love You". Written by Stephen Stills and arranged by Van Dyke Parks, the song became the Mojo Men's first and only top 40 single. Metchick left the band in 1968, and the remaining trio shortened their name to The Mojo, and then just Mojo, before they released their lone studio album, "Mojo Magic", on GRT Records. The group disbanded in 1969. "Sit Down, I Think I Love You" was included on Document [79] (Title: Priscilla Bowman) himself as a duo with Dinah Washington in 1960. Bowman recorded again for Abner Records in 1959 and continued to record and make personal appearances, some with McShann, through the mid-1970s. She retired to family life. A compilation album of her recordings, "An Original Rock & Roll Mama", was released in 1986. Bowman died in July 1988 from lung cancer at the age of 60. Priscilla Bowman Priscilla Bowman (born Priscilla I. Mills, May 30, 1928 – July 24, 1988) was an American jazz and rhythm and blues singer who had a No. 1 hit single on the "Billboard" magazine Document [80] (Title: Crazy Little Thing Called Love) band, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 for four weeks. It was knocked out of the top spot on this chart by Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II". The song also topped the Australian ARIA charts for seven consecutive weeks from 1 March to 12 April 1980. The UK release had "We Will Rock You (live)" as the b-side and America, Australia, Canada had "Spread Your Wings (live)". Although Mercury would play an acoustic-electric twelve-string Ovation Pacemaker 1615 guitar and later on an electric six-string Fender Telecaster, both owned by May, in the studio he recorded it with Document [81] (Title: Rocka Rolla (song)) Rocka Rolla (song) "Rocka Rolla" is the debut single by British heavy metal band Judas Priest, first released in August 1974, and later released as the title track of their first album the following month. This song was played live on "The Old Grey Whistle Test". The song has several short guitar solos played by guitarist Glenn Tipton, an outro solo by K. K. Downing, as well as a harmonica solo played by vocalist Rob Halford. During live performances, Tipton's backing vocals were sung significantly higher than Halford's. The song often closed the shows on their early tours, and was Document [82] (Title: Texas Rock and Roll) Texas Rock and Roll Texas Rock And Roll is a 10" vinyl album by American rockabilly singer Gene Summers. It was released by the French Big Beat label in 1981. It is a compilation of early rock 'n roll recordings by Gene Summers covering a time period from 1962 through 1975. Session musicians included: James McClung, Benny Williams, Gary Moon, René Hall, Plas Johnson, Earl Palmer, Red Callender, David (Dave) Martin, Glen Keener, Charlie Mendias, Mel Robinson, Bobby Rambo, Joe Ramirez Combo, Jack Castleberry, C. B. Williams, Ernest Walker, Joe Cook, Al Struble, Larry Jannasch, Kenny Hargis, Dan Edwards, Glen Document [83] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll High School (song)) a long, sustained guitar chord and has a slightly different arrangement. This version was also featured in the music video for the song. In the music video, drummer Marky Ramone, dressed in drag, plays the role of the female teacher. Also three of the band members girlfriends/wives can be seen; Dee Dee's first wife Vera Boldis, Johnny's then-girlfriend Roxy and Joey's then-girlfriend (who later became involved with and married bandmate Johnny), Linda Ramone. The only time the Spector-produced version was played was on "The Sha Na Na Show", where the band mimed the song. The Ramones performed the song on Document [84] (Title: Warren Smith (singer)) 5, 1956. Phillips, playing it safe in case rock and roll did not maintain its popularity, released it with a country crooner, aptly named "I'd Rather Be Safe Than Sorry", on the flip side. By May 26, "Rock 'n' Roll Ruby" had reached number 1 on the local pop chart; this record, his first for Sun, went on to outsell the first Sun releases by Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins. In August 1956, Smith went back to the Sun Records studio to record his second release, "Ubangi Stomp", an infectious rocker with crude lyrics and vocals suggesting an Document [85] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) Jett's "I Love Rock 'n Roll" album reaching number two on the "Billboard" 200. Jett's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of "Rolling Stone" and has also been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2016. "I Love Rock 'n Roll"'s black-and-white music video received heavy play from the just-launched MTV network. In it, Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small, dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus. A snippet of Jett's 1981 hit "Bad Reputation" can be heard at the Document [86] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) covers but reference the original's beat in their composition: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter that was released in 1972 as a single and on the album "Glitter". Co-written by Glitter and Mike Leander, the song is in two parts: Part 1 is a vocal track reflecting on the history of the genre, and Part 2 is a mostly instrumental piece. Both parts were popular in Britain, and the single went to No. 2 on the British charts. In concert, Glitter merged both into one performance. "Rock Document [87] (Title: Birth of the Boogie) and Roll" and "Rock Around the Clock". The 1955 recording was included on the 1972 MCA career retrospective compilation album "Golden Hits" and the 1985 "From the Original Master Tapes" CD album. Bill Turner & Blue Smoke performed the song live on "The Frankie Waters Show" in New York in 1997. The song has been performed in concert by Bill Haley's Original Comets featuring Marshall Lytle, Joey Ambrose, Dick Richards, Franny Beecher, and Johnny Grande, since 1989. Marshall Lytle, Joey Ambrose, and Dick Richards performed the song live in Berlin, Germany in 2007. The Peruvian band Eulogio Molina y sus Document [88] (Title: Music of Detroit) with the release of "Rock Around The Clock". In the late 1950s rockabilly guitarist Jack Scott had a string of top 40 hits. First, in 1957 with "Leroy", then in 1958 with the hits "My True Love" and "With Your Love" and then twice again in 1959 with the hits "Goodbye Baby" and "The Way I Walk." Scott was one of the first musicians to marry country music's melodic song craft to the dangerous, raw power of rock and roll. In 1959 Hank Ballard & The Midnighters had a minor hit with their b-side song "The Twist". A cover by Document [89] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) he wrote it as "a knee-jerk response to the Rolling Stones' 'It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)'." This version was first released as a B-side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record. The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young-produced show "45", after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, "Arrows", which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976. Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform "I Love Rock 'n Roll" on their weekly UK television series "Arrows" when she was touring Document [90] (Title: Rock Love) All tracks written by Steve Miller. Album - Billboard (United States) Rock Love Rock Love is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Steve Miller Band. The album was released in September 1971, by Capitol Records. All of Miller's previous backing band had left following the recording of the previous album, save bassist Bobby Winkelman. They were replaced by members of Winkelman's previous group, the psychedelic rock band Frumious Bandersnatch for this record, including Ross Valory (a future member of Journey) on bass, and Jack King on drums. Bobby Winkelman was in the band (having moved back to Document [91] (Title: Sweet Little Sixteen) BBC" in 1994. John Lennon recorded a cover version of "Sweet Little Sixteen" for his 1975 album of cover versions, "Rock 'n' Roll". His version was produced by Phil Spector, and was recorded between 17 October and 14 December 1973. Spector cut the tempo of the song and gave it the full Wall of Sound treatment, and Lennon turned in one of his most passionate vocal performances. While it has a running time of 3:01, it has fewer verses than Chuck's original version, being slower and more bluesy than the original. Sweet Little Sixteen "Sweet Little Sixteen" is a rock Document [92] (Title: Birth of Rock and Roll) which featured Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Roy Orbison. The theme of the song “Birth of Rock and Roll" is about how "Memphis gave birth to rock and roll" in the 1950s at Sun Records. A video of the song was also made featuring Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Ronnie Wood of The Rolling Stones as they drove to the historic Sun studios in Memphis, Tennessee in a white Cadillac convertible. The song was part of the 1985 "Class of '55" sessions that marked the 30th anniversary of the emergence of rock and roll when Elvis Presley, Carl Document [93] (Title: Rock Me (Great White song)) Rock Me (Great White song) "Rock Me" is a single released by the American hard rock band Great White in 1987. It was a breakout hit for the band, and still receives significant airplay on classic rock radio. The original version clocked in at over 7 minutes, with the radio and video versions being trimmed down to between 3 and 5 minutes. Many of the lyrics to the edited versions are different from the original, though the music track remains the same. "Rock Me" was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 14 weeks, peaking at #60 on September 26, Document [94] (Title: Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)) 1955, and peaked at #3 in its Honor Roll of Hits in the week ending March 2, 1955. The version by Perry Como, RCA's first rock 'n' roll release, was the most successful, reaching #2 on the Billboard charts in February 1955, while a version by The Crew-Cuts reached #6 on the Pop charts that same month. Gene and Eunice's versions were on the charts for 7 weeks and reached #6 on the Billboard R&B charts. Forrest Samuel Wilson, Jr. (born September 3, 1931 in San Antonio, Texas; died in July 24, 2003 in Las Vegas, Nevada) (known professionally as Document [95] (Title: Rock-A-Beatin' Boogie) in 1955 for Capitol which was unissued, Boston Rockabilly on the 2005 album "It's About Time" on REG, J. Lawrence Cook on player piano originally issued as QRS 9224 and reissued as part of a 3-song medley entitled "Bill Haley Hits No. 1" on QRS XP-440, and Showaddywaddy in 1991. The Brian Setzer Orchestra recorded the song in 2000 as a bonus track on the album "Vavoom!" released in Japan. Freddie Bell and the Bellboys performed the song on the September 18, 1955 episode of the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis Colgate Comedy Hour show on NBC. Mr. Roll and Document [96] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude." For Sam Lansky of "Idolator", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, "is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree." Lansky also noted that the song has "a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it’s effectively burning holes in your brain." Lyrically, "Rock n Roll" is a "boisterous" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her Document [97] (Title: Malina Moye) the Queen of England's 60-year reign with her rendition of "God Save The Queen" at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in West Sussex, culminating in a Royal flyover by the famed Red Arrows fighter jet squadron. In 2014, Moye released "Rock & Roll Baby". The first single “K-yotic” featured Bootsy Collins which "Billboard" called "explosive" debuted on Billboard Twitter 140 chart at No. 5, and at No. 11 on Billboard’s Hot Singles Sales chart. "Guitar World" stated that “Moye's record is insanely good bringing a certain passion and feel to her guitar playing". "Elmore Magazine" said “Moye demonstrates once again Document [98] (Title: High Society (1956 film)) song "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" gained new significance a half-century later as the title of a global game show franchise. "I Love You, Samantha" has also become a jazz favorite for improvisations. When Bing Crosby sang "Now You Has Jazz", he uttered the Porter lyric "rock and roll", and it very well might have been the first time that phrase was uttered on film. It would have been ironic coming from Crosby since rock and roll would very soon eclipse the jazz and swing of Crosby, Sinatra, and Armstrong. The first rock and roll film came out the Document [99] (Title: Bettye LaVette) album contained the original cover design that was not used when the LP was released. In December 2008 at the Kennedy Center Honors, LaVette sang her version of 1973's "Love, Reign o'er Me" in tribute to Roger Daltrey and Pete Townshend of The Who, who were among the year's honorees. The performance was widely considered one of the event's highlights. On January 18, 2009, at the she performed a duet of Sam Cooke's 1964 song "A Change Is Gonna Come" with Jon Bon Jovi. In April 2009, she shared the stage with Sir Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr at Radio Document [100] (Title: Rockabilly) other songwriter outside the band, except Larry Williams, who also added three songs to their discography. (Curiously, none of these three were sung by the Beatles' regular lead vocalists—"Honey Don't" (sung by Ringo) and "Everybody's Trying to be my Baby" (sung by George) from "Beatles for Sale" (1964) and "Matchbox" (sung by Ringo) on the "Long Tall Sally" EP (1964)). Long after the band broke up, the members continued to show their interest in rockabilly. In 1975, Lennon recorded an album called "Rock 'n' Roll", featuring versions of rockabilly hits and a cover photo showing him in full Gene Vincent Document [101] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) 1976. Other artists who have cover the song include Bill Haley & His Comets, Dickie Rock and the Miami Showband, REO Speedwagon, Mental As Anything, Humble Pie, Manic Street Preachers, and Bryan Adams. Berry performed it on December 16, 1957, on ABC's short-lived variety program "The Guy Mitchell Show". In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked Berry's version number 128 on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The sessions for "Rock and Roll Music" took place on Document [102] (Title: I Love Music (The O'Jays song)) I Love Music (The O'Jays song) "I Love Music" is a song written by Gamble and Huff and recorded by The O'Jays. It appeared on the group's 1975 album "Family Reunion". The single version went to number one on the soul singles chart and reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In the UK, the song peaked at number 13 in the Top 40 singles charts, in March 1976. The single was most successful on the US Disco File Top 20 chart, where it spent eight weeks at number one. In 1993 the Zambian-born singer Rozalla covered "I Love Document [103] (Title: Mitch Ryder) period, a cover version of "What Now, My Love". His last successful ensemble band was Detroit. The only original Wheel in the group was the drummer John Badanjek; other members were guitarists Steve Hunter, Robert Gillespie, and Brett Tuggle, organist Harry Phillips, and bassist W.R. Cooke. A single album was released by this grouping, a 1971 self-titled LP issued on Paramount Records (US #176 in 1972). They had a hit with their version of the Lou Reed-penned song "Rock & Roll", which Reed liked enough to ask Steve Hunter to join his backing band. According to allmusic.com (which calls Ryder Document [104] (Title: Mick Rock) his work in a series of exhibitions. In addition to his work with David Bowie, whom he met in early 1972, Rock is also noted for creating iconic album covers for Syd Barrett’s "The Madcap Laughs", Lou Reed’s "Transformer" and "Coney Island Baby", Iggy and the Stooges' "Raw Power", Queen's "Queen II" (recreated for their classic music video "Bohemian Rhapsody") and "Sheer Heart Attack", Geordie "Don't Be Fooled by the Name", the Ramones "End of the Century" and Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll". He was the chief photographer on the films "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "Hedwig and Document [105] (Title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)) we forgot he was sitting down." Released in July 1974, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" reached number sixteen in the United States and number ten on the UK Singles Chart. The B-side was the ballad "Through the Lonely Nights", which was not featured on any album until the 2005 compilation "Rarities 1971-2003". The Rolling Stones regularly perform the song in concert, although in a different key from the studio recording: on their concert albums "Love You Live" (1977) and "Live Licks" (2004), the number is in B, whereas the studio track is in E. According to Document [106] (Title: Jason Castro discography) their original song "Rock and Roll" on YouTube on May 10, 2015. Jason Castro discography The discography of Jason Castro. iTunes Exclusive "American Idol Live Performances" iTunes Exclusive "American Idol Studio Performances" Demos and live recordings (pre-"Idol" songs) Soundtracks Jason Castro has released covers on iTunes with his two younger siblings, both of whom are also singer-songwriters. He has released covers of other popular songs with them and they have been released as singles; with his younger brother, Michael, he has released three and as a family trio named Castro (Jason, Michael and younger sister Jackie), they have released four Document [107] (Title: Birth of Rock and Roll) Birth of Rock and Roll "Birth of Rock and Roll" is a 1986 song written by Carl Perkins and Greg Perkins. The song was featured on the "Class of '55" album which included performances with Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Jerry Lee Lewis. "Birth of Rock and Roll" was released as a 7" single with a picture sleeve, 885 760-7, on the Smash/America label copyrighted by PolyGram Records produced by Chips Moman. The single reached no. 31 on the "Billboard" country chart and no. 44 on the Canadian country chart in 1986. The B side was "Rock and Roll (Fais-Do-Do)" Document [108] (Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) number four. The lyrics involving Jim Croce and Bobby Darin replaced Climax's lyrics for Buddy Holly ("Peggy Sue") and Ritchie Valens ("Donna"), both of whom died in a plane crash that had already been commemorated by another hit song, Don McLean's "American Pie." Also, in 1981, when the Righteous Brothers appeared for a one song reunion on "American Bandstand", they performed "Rock and Roll Heaven", and made it longer including new lyrics as tributes to Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and Keith Moon. It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), Document [109] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) I Love Rock 'n Roll (album) I Love Rock 'n Roll is the second studio album by Joan Jett and the first with her backing band The Blackhearts. Soon after the first recording sessions at Soundworks Studios, original Blackheart guitarist Eric Ambel was replaced by Ricky Byrd. It is Jett's most commercially successful album to date with over 10 million copies sold, largely due to the success of the title track, which was released as a single soon after the album was released. Joan Jett saw "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" performed on TV in 1976 and was taken away Document [110] (Title: Rock of Love with Bret Michaels (season 1)) Bret and radio personality Richard Blade. The winning team gets a date with Bret. Lacey and Erin choose the ballad. Lacey sings while Erin fearfully plays the tambourine. Heather and Magdalena sing and dance together. Jes and Brandi M. shout-sing a punky version of the rock song using electric guitars as props. Mia and Rodeo's rock song lyrics reflect Rodeo's desire to see her son. Sam and Brandi C. perform their brooding lyrics. The judges confer, and Heather and Magdalena's and Sam and Brandi C.'s team tie. Heather and Magdalena are taken for sushi at The Geisha House, where Bret Document [111] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) was performed as part of a medley, using the same guitar proposed The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is an often-covered song, and has been notably recorded by such artists as: I Love Rock 'n' Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home Document [112] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) Epic Records. Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song) "Rock n Roll" is a song by Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne. It was released as the second single from her self-titled fifth studio album by Sony Music Entertainment on August 23, 2013. The song was written by Lavigne, David Hodges, Chad Kroeger, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Rickard B. Göransson and Peter Svensson and was produced by Peter Svensson. "Rock n Roll" is an upbeat pop punk song, and lyrically it is a declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her "middle finger to the sky" to "let 'em know that Document [113] (Title: Rockabilly) leather. About the same time, Ringo Starr had a hit with a version of Johnny Burnette's "You're Sixteen". In the 1980s, McCartney recorded a duet with Carl Perkins, and George Harrison collaborated with Roy Orbison in the Traveling Wilburys. In 1999, McCartney released "Run Devil Run", his own record of rockabilly covers. The Beatles were not the only British Invasion artists influenced by rockabilly. The Rolling Stones recorded Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away" on an early single and later a rockabilly-style song, "Rip This Joint", on "Exile on Main St.". The Who, despite being mod favourites, covered Eddie Cochran's "Summertime Document [114] (Title: Roddy Radalj) Ones had renamed themselves the Dubrovniks in honour of the fact that both Radalj and Sujdovic had been born in the historical Croatian city of Dubrovnik. The band's clattering yet accessible rock'n'roll appealed on record in the shape on two 1988 singles for the Citadel label, "Fireball of Love" and "My Coo Ca Choo" and contributed to their album "Dubrovnik Blues" before Radalj was involved in fisticuffs onstage at the Greek Theatre in Melbourne and he moved on again. His next sideline project, the Punjabbers, issued one single, "Rock'n'Roll Loveletters", on the original Timberyard label in 1988. With backing from Document [115] (Title: Gary Glitter) glam rock was seen as a curiosity. Glitter had one more entry on the US charts with "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)"; after that, the closest chart success for Glitter was a cover recording of "I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)" by Brownsville Station. After "Doing Alright with the Boys", Glitter won the award for Best Male Artist at the "Saturday Scene" music awards hosted by LWT. His next release was a cover of the Rivingtons' novelty nonsensical doo-wop song "Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow", but it got no higher than No. 38 on Document [116] (Title: Rock On (song)) Rock On (song) "Rock On" is a song written by English singer David Essex. Originally recorded in 1973 and released as a single song by Essex, it became an international hit. In 1989, American actor and singer Michael Damian recorded a cover version that went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded many times including a 2006 version by the English hard rock group Def Leppard. The song, written and recorded by David Essex, was released in August 1973 in the UK, and reached its highest position of number 3 in the UK Document [117] (Title: Bill Haley) A month later it re-entered at number one. Haley soon had another worldwide hit with "Shake, Rattle and Roll", which went on to sell a million copies and was the first rock 'n' roll song to enter the British singles charts in December 1954, becoming a gold record. He retained elements of the original (which was slow blues), but sped it up with some country music aspects into the song (specifically, Western swing) and changed up the lyrics. Haley and his band were important in launching the music known as "Rock and Roll" to a wider audience after a period Document [118] (Title: Terry Knight and the Pack) produced by P.F. Sloan), covers of the Rolling Stones' songs "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" and "Lady Jane", and several Knight originals: "Numbers", "A Change on the Way" and "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love" (later covered by Detroit roots rockers Brownsville Station). The Music Explosion issued an almost identical version of "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love", with the same instrumental backing track but a different vocal track; it's unclear whether The Pack or the Music Explosion recorded the "original". TK&TP were mainstays on Cleveland's TV rock & roll showcase, "Upbeat". In addition, they opened regional gigs for the Rolling Stones, Document [119] (Title: Kid Rock (album)) Love" originally had Sheryl Crow on the song. Country singer Kenny Chesney co-wrote "Cold and Empty". The album's lead single was a cover of Bad Company's "Feel Like Makin' Love". It was released October 2, 2003 to radio and peaked at number 33 on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song was performed on The Tonight Show, Big In 03 Awards and the American Music Awards for its promotional push. The promotional push was capped off by the VH-1 Special A Kid Rock Christmas. He would then go on the Rock N Roll Pain Train Tour. In January 2004 he released Document [120] (Title: High School Confidential (Rough Trade song)) gay you did – and when I wrote love songs, I wanted them to be interpreted however. The thing is, I really, really love men – straight men are very sexy as long as, you know, they don't try – and I think that comes across in my songs. Rock 'n' roll is about desire and passion, and I'm singing to both sexes." At the time of its release, it was one of the most sexually explicit songs ever to reach the Canadian pop charts, and despite the sexual ambiguity, the first with such strong lesbian overtones. Although controversial, the Document [121] (Title: Rock n' Roll Love Letter) Rock n' Roll Love Letter Rock N'Roll Love Letter is an album by the Bay City Rollers. It was a North America-only release, issued in early 1976 by Arista Records, catalogue #4071. Of the record's 11 tracks, two were lifted from the Rollers' 1975's UK release "Once Upon a Star"; seven came from "Wouldn't You Like It?"; and two were newly recorded singles. The cover art features the same photo as "Wouldn't You Like It?". The album reached No. 1 in Canada on 27 March 1976, jumping from No. 25 to the top position in a single week to depose Document [122] (Title: (The) Rock and Roll Waltz) was a joke when the A&R staff at RCA Victor picked it for her; it was so different from what she was used to recording. It was a No. 1 hit, a million seller, and one of the early songs of the rock and roll era. The track also spent one week at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1956. Other artists who recorded this song include Ann-Margret (in 1962), Annette Funicello (in 1961), Lawrence Welk and His Champagne Music with Alice Lon on vocals (in 1956, Coral EC 81128), and George Wright in his 1984 album Document [123] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) short of original material, they decided to record several of their old rock and rhythm and blues favorites to fill out their LP release "Beatles for Sale". Among these was a version of Berry's tune that eventually became as well known as the original. The lead vocal in the Beatles' version was performed by John Lennon. In contrast to Berry's even-toned rendition, Lennon sang it as loudly and dynamically as his voice would permit. In the United States, it was released on the LP "Beatles '65". The song was part of the set list for the group's final tour in Document [124] (Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song) "Rock n Roll" is a song by Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne. It was released as the second single from her self-titled fifth studio album by Sony Music Entertainment on August 23, 2013. The song was written by Lavigne, David Hodges, Chad Kroeger, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Rickard B. Göransson and Peter Svensson and was produced by Peter Svensson. "Rock n Roll" is an upbeat pop punk song, and lyrically it is a declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her "middle finger to the sky" to "let 'em know that she's still Document [125] (Title: Teresa Brewer) did a number of covers of rhythm and blues songs like "Pledging My Love" and "Tweedle Dee". She covered some country songs like "Jilted", "I Gotta Go Get My Baby", and "Let Me Go, Lover!". In 1956 she co-wrote "I Love Mickey", about New York Yankees center fielder Mickey Mantle, who appeared on the record with Brewer. It was also reported that the two had developed a mutual attraction. Another 1956 hit was Brewer's syncopated rendition of "Mutual Admiration Society". In the same year her hit "A Sweet Old Fashioned Girl" demonstrated in one song her ballad and rock talents. Document [126] (Title: Glitter (Gary Glitter album)) Glitter (Gary Glitter album) (Gary) Glitter is the debut album released in 1972 by British glam rock singer Gary Glitter, produced by Bell Records. Two tracks, "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)" and "Rock and Roll", the latter a song in two parts, achieved success as singles; each spent time amongst the top 40 singles in both the US and UK. The album featured, in addition to including the two singles, other original songs that generated fan support, including "Rock On!", "Shakey Sue" and "The Famous Instigator", as well as Glitter's versions of Document [127] (Title: Calling Dr. Love) of their keyboardist "The Rev. Dr. Luv" who had recently died, which the album was dedicated to. The punk band Hullabaloo covered the song for the Kiss tribute album "". Calling Dr. Love "Calling Dr. Love" is a song by American hard rock band Kiss, originally released on their 1976 album "Rock and Roll Over". It was written by bassist Gene Simmons, who sings lead vocals on the song, at a Holiday Inn in Evansville, Indiana. The song's title came from Simmons' recollection of The Three Stooges film "Men in Black", which contained a hospital intercom announcement, "Calling Doctor Howard, Document [128] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) the song, according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt. The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase, at Hit Factory Miami. When promoting the single's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett. Spears' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews. "NME"s Ted Kessler wrote that Britney "still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich: there's the ace Rodney Jerkins-produced version of Joan Jett's 'I Love Rock'n'Roll', which does exactly what is says on the tin." "Rolling Stone"s Barry Walters wrote that "producer Rodney Document [129] (Title: Arrows (TV series)) of the song "I Love Rock 'N Roll" in 1975, a year before the band had their TV series. The song served the band well. Arrows' performance of the song so impressed television producer Muriel Young when they did her show "45" in 1975 she decided to give the band their own weekly TV series on that day. The song is now an international rock classic, recorded by many well-known artists, including Joan Jett and Britney Spears. Arrows are the only band in pop music history to have a weekly TV series of their own and no records released. Although Document [130] (Title: Rockabilly) They won all three times and guaranteed them a finalist position in the September supershow. Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps' recording of "Be-Bop-A-Lula" was released on June 2, 1956, backed by "Woman Love." Within twenty-one days it sold over two hundred thousand records, stayed at the top of national pop and country charts for twenty weeks, and sold more than a million copies. These same musicians would have two more releases in 1956, followed by another in January 1957. "Queen of Rockabilly" Wanda Jackson's first record came out in July, "I Gotta Know" on the Capitol label; followed by Document [131] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) the only overdub was for double-tracking Lennon's vocal. The Beach Boys' version is notable for the use of backing vocals which repeat the phrase "Rock, roll, rockin' and roll." There is a difference between the LP version and the single version in that the LP version has more synthesizer. Their version reached number 5 on the US chart and number 11 in Canada during the summer of 1976. Rock and Roll Music "Rock and Roll Music" is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been widely covered and is recognized Document [132] (Title: The Boswell Sisters) 1934 song "Rock and Roll" in the film "Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round", bringing with them an early use of the phrase "rock 'n' roll", referring in the song to "the rolling rocking rhythm of the sea". They sang the lively "Shout, Sister, Shout" (1931), written by Clarence Williams, in the 1932 film "The Big Broadcast", which featured Bing Crosby and Cab Calloway. The song, one of the sisters' signature tunes, was described in a November 2011 issue of the music magazine "Mojo" as "by no means as archaic as its age." The Boswell Sisters chalked up 20 hits during the 1930s, including Document [133] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) and the rehearsal version of "You Don't Know What You've Got" that was the original B-side to Boardwalk Records issues of the "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" single. It was possible to acquire "Oh Woe Is Me" without purchasing a replacement album, as it was also released as the B-side of the "Crimson and Clover" single. The album contains several cover songs, including: "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (originally by Arrows), "Nag" (The Halos), "Crimson and Clover" (Tommy James & The Shondells), "Bits and Pieces" (The Dave Clark Five), "You're Too Possessive" (The Runaways), "Little Drummer Boy" (The Harry Simeone Document [134] (Title: Shake, Rattle and Roll) boisterous intercourse, in the same way that the words "rock and roll" were first used by numerous rhythm and blues singers, starting with Trixie Smith's "My Man Rocks Me (With One Steady Roll)" in 1922, and continuing on prominently through the 1940s and 1950s. Stone stated that the line about "a one-eyed cat peepin' in a seafood store" was suggested to him by Atlantic session drummer Sam "Baby" Lovett, which is also a sly sexual reference, the "one-eyed cat" being the male organ and the more traditional "seafood" reference being the female organ. Bill Haley & His Comets' cover version Document [135] (Title: George Motola) CD "Liberty Rock & Roll"; Eddie Cochran may be playing guitar on this track, according to Tapio. The vocal group The Georgettes, which included Page, was named after George Motola. Their record "Love Like A Fool"/ "Oh Tonight" (Ebb 125, both sides Motola-Page compositions) was released in the UK on London HL 8548. Page was also involved in several other groups (sometimes with other female members of her musical family) : The Bermudas (who recorded for Era), Joanne & the Triangles, The Majorettes and Beverly and the Motorscooters. Motola and Page also ran Troy Records, the original 1964 outlet for Document [136] (Title: Linda Thompson (singer)) being invited to join the Bunch, a loose supergroup of folk rock luminaries including former Fairport Convention members Sandy Denny, Richard Thompson, and Ashley Hutchings that recorded an album called "Rock On". This was a set of 1950s rock and roll classics. A single was released from the album: The Everly Brothers' hit "When Will I Be Loved", which was a duet by Linda and Sandy. A second single was released soon afterwards "The Loco-Motion", sung by Linda alone. Two versions exist, one with "Sweet Little Rock 'n' Roller" as the B-side and in a picture sleeve, another with "Don't Document [137] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) England with the Runaways in 1976. She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols: Steve Jones and Paul Cook. This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B-side to "You Don't Own Me". In 1981, Jett re-recorded the song, this time with her band, the Blackhearts. This recording became a U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one single for seven weeks. "Billboard" ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, representing two million units shipped to stores with Document [138] (Title: Rock and Roll Music) either May 6 or May 21, 1957, in Chicago, Illinois. The session was produced by Leonard Chess and Phil Chess. Backing Berry were Lafayette Leake (piano), Willie Dixon (bass), and Fred Below (drums). Sometime after the single was released in September 1957, "Rock and Roll Music" reached #6 on "Billboard" magazine's R&B Singles chart and #8 on the Billboard Top 100 chart before the year's end. The Beatles performed the song in many of their early Hamburg shows, and also played it on the BBC show "Pop Go The Beatles". In late 1964, exhausted from non-stop touring and recording and Document [139] (Title: Rock the Joint) Rock the Joint "Rock the Joint", also known as "We're Gonna Rock This Joint Tonight", is a boogie song recorded by various proto-rock and roll singers, notably Jimmy Preston and early rock and roll singers, most notably Bill Haley. Preston's version has been cited as a contender for being "the first rock and roll record", and Haley's is widely considered the first rockabilly record. The song's authorship is credited to Harry Crafton, Wendell "Don" Keane, and Harry "Doc" Bagby, who were musicians contracted to the Gotham label in New York, owned by Ivin Ballen (although a live version recorded by Document [140] (Title: Bob Seger) that topped "Billboard"'s Country and Adult Contemporary charts.) "Old Time Rock and Roll", a song from George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III that Seger substantially rewrote the lyrics for, was not a big pop hit initially, but achieved substantial album track airplay. Moreover, it would later become one of Seger's most recognizable songs following its memorable Tom Cruise-dancing-in-his-underwear use in the 1983 film "Risky Business". Indeed, it has been ranked the second-most played Jukebox Single of all time, behind Patsy Cline's "Crazy". The recording of "Old Time Rock and Roll" was named one of the Songs of the Century Document [141] (Title: Holiday Records) roll song, although many musical historians say it was the Turner-Brentson original that deserved the appellation. Haley and Miller were encouraged by the success of "Rocket 88" and further experiments were recorded, such as "Green Tree Boogie" and "Sundown Boogie", after which Haley moved to Miller's larger Essex label and continued to have more success with early rock and roll, including his 1952 hit "Rock the Joint" and 1953's "Crazy Man, Crazy", an original song that became the first rock song to make the national American sales charts. Miller disbanded Holiday Records not long after Haley was moved to Essex Document [142] (Title: The Eyeliners) Since they never set out to form an all-girl band, The Eyeliners auditioned both male and female drummers, but couldn’t find anyone who understood the direction they wanted to go in. One day, Gel and Lisa were playing “I Love Rock N Roll” when Laura walked in. They persuaded Laura to try the song on the borrowed drum set they had been using for auditions. She picked up the drumbeat remarkably fast despite having never played the instrument. About halfway through the rendition of the song, she started to sing along. It was then that Laura took on the task Document [143] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)) I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain and the second single from the group's album "Munki". It was the band's last single before they split up. It was released by Creation Records in May 1998 and reached #38 in the UK single charts. The song is a reworked version of a previous song, "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll", which was included in the band's 1995 compilation album, "Hate Rock 'n' Roll". All tracks written by Jim Reid, Document [144] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)) except where noted. I Love Rock 'n' Roll (The Jesus and Mary Chain song) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a song by the Scottish alternative rock group The Jesus and Mary Chain and the second single from the group's album "Munki". It was the band's last single before they split up. It was released by Creation Records in May 1998 and reached #38 in the UK single charts. The song is a reworked version of a previous song, "I Hate Rock 'n' Roll", which was included in the band's 1995 compilation album, "Hate Rock 'n' Roll". All tracks written Document [145] (Title: Rock & Roll (The Velvet Underground song)) has appeared in a number of films, including "A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints", "Rock 'n' Roll High School" and "SLC Punk!" A clip of the Velvet Underground performing the song is played on completion of the Rock & Roll wonder in "Civilization IV". In addition, the quote about researching the technology "Radio," read by Leonard Nimoy, is "...then one fine morning she puts on a New York station... You know, her life was saved by rock & roll." The quote is credited to Lou Reed. Mitch Ryder's band, Detroit, which featured Lou Reed's future guitarist Steve Hunter, performed one Document [146] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) beginning of the video. The video was originally in color, but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color. In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the "Wayne's World 2" soundtrack. In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert. It was again released as a single by Warner/Reprise with "Activity Grrrl" as the B-side. Jett's version has received many accolades, including: "I Document [147] (Title: Acid Queen) Who's classic rock opera "Tommy", which had also featured Elton John, Eric Clapton, Jack Nicholson, Ann-Margret, and starred Roger Daltrey. Side A of the original vinyl album consists of rock covers. Besides a re-recorded version of the title track, it also contained the Rolling Stones' "Under My Thumb" and "Let's Spend the Night Together", The Who's "I Can See For Miles" and Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". Side B was written and produced mainly by Ike and Tina Turner and includes what was to be the last moderately successful R&B single for Ike & Tina Turner, the disco-influenced "Baby Get Document [148] (Title: Rock Me (Great White song)) 1987. Rock Me (Great White song) "Rock Me" is a single released by the American hard rock band Great White in 1987. It was a breakout hit for the band, and still receives significant airplay on classic rock radio. The original version clocked in at over 7 minutes, with the radio and video versions being trimmed down to between 3 and 5 minutes. Many of the lyrics to the edited versions are different from the original, though the music track remains the same. "Rock Me" was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 14 weeks, peaking at #60 on September Document [149] (Title: Let's Have a Party) Quartet" original Broadway cast recording. In T. Rex's 1972 concert film "Born to Boogie", Marc Bolan and Ringo Starr attempt to recite one of the lyrics from the song ("some people like to rock, some people like to roll, but movin' and a-groovin's gonna satisfy my soul"). However, they break into laughter each time. Led Zeppelin also played this song live during their live sets of "Whole Lotta Love"; an example of this practice can be found on their live album "How the West Was Won". English glam rock band Mud covered the song for their 1975 album "Mud Rock Document [150] (Title: Joan Jett) guitar and wrote or co-wrote a lot of the band's material along with Ford, West and Currie. The band recorded five albums, with "Live In Japan" becoming one of the biggest-selling imports in US and UK history. The band toured around the world and became an opening act for Cheap Trick, Ramones, Van Halen and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. They found success abroad, especially in Japan. While touring England with the Runaways in 1976, Jett first heard the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" when she saw Arrows perform it on their weekly UK television series "Arrows". In 2010, Document [151] (Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) to British pop singer Cliff Richard, known for his Christianity. The Christian rock band Petra first released a cover version of the song in their 1977 album "Come and Join Us". This version had modified lyrics in the verses from the Argent original, while the chorus remained largely unchanged. Petra then re-recorded and released a somewhat updated version for their 1984 album "Beat the System". In 1989, the British band the Truth released a version. In 1991, the song was notably covered by Kiss under the title "God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II". This version's lyrics and arrangement Document [152] (Title: Tim Moore (singer-songwriter)) U.S., "Rock and Roll Love Letter", a hit for the Bay City Rollers a year later. Moore's guitar playing on this song caught the attention of Keith Richards, guitarist for the Rolling Stones. They became friends and Moore spent two weeks in rehearsals with the Rolling Stones and Peter Tosh at Bearsville Studios in Woodstock. Moore's third album, "White Shadows", was recorded in Los Angeles with more polished production and a group of seasoned musicians, such as Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, Jeff Porcaro of Toto, Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles, and Bill Payne of Little Feat. The Document [153] (Title: Sister Rosetta Tharpe) by Decca, "Rock Me," "That's All," "My Man and I" and "The Lonesome Road" were instant hits, establishing Tharpe as an overnight sensation and one of the first commercially successful gospel recording artists. "Rock Me" influenced many rock-and-roll singers, such as Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Jerry Lee Lewis. In 1942, the music critic Maurie Orodenker, describing Tharpe's "Rock Me", wrote that "It's Sister Rosetta Tharpe for the rock-and roll spiritual singing." She had signed a seven-year contract with Reminder and was managed by Mo Galye. Her records caused an immediate furor: many churchgoers were shocked by the mixture of Document [154] (Title: Bobby Poe) Texas radio personality Jim Lowe stepped in and released the single on his White Rock Records label. "Rock and Roll Record Girl" backed with "Rock and Roll Boogie" became a number 1 single in the state of Texas. After one more single for Jim Lowe's White Rock Records entitled "Piano Nellie", under the name of Bobby Brant and The Rhythm Rockers, Bobby Poe gave up his career as an artist to become an artist manager. His first client was Big Al Downing. In the 1960s, Poe moved to the Washington, D.C. area and expanded his operation. He managed and co-produced Document [155] (Title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)) Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song) "Rock and Roll" is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter that was released in 1972 as a single and on the album "Glitter". Co-written by Glitter and Mike Leander, the song is in two parts: Part 1 is a vocal track reflecting on the history of the genre, and Part 2 is a mostly instrumental piece. Both parts were popular in Britain, and the single went to No. 2 on the British charts. In concert, Glitter merged both into one performance. "Rock and Roll" is Glitter's only top 10 hit in Document [156] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) 100.) The song was eventually released as a one-sided single in Canada and as a 12-inch single in Australia (accompanied by "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)"). The initial CD release was in 1992 on Blackheart Records and comprised 13 tracks. The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD in 1998 and included two additional bonus tracks. In conjunction with Joan Jett & the Blackhearts being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18, 2015, exactly 33 1/3 years after I Love Rock 'N' Roll was originally released on November 18, 1981, a 2CD/2LP Document [157] (Title: Rock and Roll All Nite) hotel, Stanley came up with the line "I want to rock and roll all night, and party every day." After showing the new line to Simmons, he added parts from an older song, reportedly titled "Drive Me Wild". When the song was issued as a single a few months later, it did not storm up the charts. With record label Casablanca in deep financial trouble, Kiss was thinking of leaving for another label, but decided to issue a live album, "Alive!", later in 1975. The live version of the song was longer than the studio take (including an Ace Frehley Document [158] (Title: The Once and Future King (The Twilight Zone)) of Rock 'n' Roll. Elvis starts playing an easy-listening ballad called "I Love You Because" with his guitar. Gary is disappointed with Elvis' choice of song and attempts to convince him to play "That's All Right" and even moves around and shakes his hips. Elvis is horrified and claims that it's the devil's music and even accuses Gary of deviltry. The two break into an argument that leads to a brawl, and Elvis grabs a guitar to swing at Gary, but he misses and hits the edge of a shelf instead, breaking off the top part of the guitar's neck. Document [159] (Title: Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song)) chart, lasting over three months until MTV invoked the unwritten "Crue Rule", dropping videos from eligibility on their request line after thirty days. The end of the video shows the same tour bus from the beginning with the words "Rockin 'N' Rollin". Country singer Carrie Underwood recorded a cover version in 2009 as the contestant farewell song for the eighth season of "American Idol". Underwood performed the song live on the season finale. The song was included on the deluxe edition of her third studio album "Play On", released exclusively in Australia and New Zealand. United States: 288,000 Justin Moore Document [160] (Title: I Love Rock 'n Roll (album)) titled "I Love Rock 'N' Roll 33 1/3 Anniversary Edition" was released. The rereleased set included the I Love Rock 'N Roll album plus a second disc of previously unreleased live recordings from New York from 1981. The portrait image used for the cover was taken by British photographer Mick Rock. It is widely considered one of the most iconic images in rock music history. Rock has said his vision for the portrait was clear: "I saw her as a female Elvis". The styling played a part in Jett's overall appeal, "Creem" observed and asked rhetorically, "who ever said that Document [161] (Title: I Wanna Rock) I Wanna Rock "I Wanna Rock" is a song written and composed by Dee Snider and performed by his band Twisted Sister. It was released on the 1984 album "Stay Hungry". Like the earlier "We're Not Gonna Take It", the video features actor Mark Metcalf, best known as the abusive ROTC leader Douglas C. Neidermeyer from the movie "National Lampoon's Animal House". Here, he plays a teacher with a similar personality to Neidermeyer, who harasses a student for drawing the Twisted Sister logo on his notebook. He chastises the student by shouting "What kind of a man desecrates a defenseless Document [162] (Title: Another Rock and Roll Christmas) Another Rock and Roll Christmas "Another Rock and Roll Christmas" is a 1984 Christmas song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter, written by Glitter with Mike Leander and Eddie (Edward John) Seago and produced by Leander. It was one of the most played Christmas hits on UK radio from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, but is now very rarely heard publicly following Glitter's convictions for child pornography and child abuse in 1999. Initially released in 1984, the song was later included on Glitter's fifth studio album, "Boys Will Be Boys" (1984) and was reissued many times, both as a Document [163] (Title: Bernard Seigal) 1973 and played in several unknown bands while working as a clerk at a record store and attending community college. In 1979, he joined the Grossmont College student newspaper as a writer and was later promoted to editor. In 1981, Seigal, a singer and guitarist, formed the rockabilly band, the Rockin' Roulettes. In 1983, he quit the Roulettes after he was invited to join the Beat Farmers with Jerry Raney and Country Dick Montana. He took musician Rolle Love with him. The Beat Farmers eventually signed with Rhino records and became known regionally and nationally with their performances of songs Document [164] (Title: John Lennon) with Diamonds", featuring Lennon on guitar and back-up vocals; Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of "Dr. Winston O'Boogie". He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards. Lennon released "Rock 'n' Roll" (1975), an album of cover songs, in February. "Stand by Me", taken from the album and a US and UK hit, became his last single for five years. He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special "A Salute to Lew Grade", recorded on 18 April and televised in June. Playing acoustic guitar and backed by an eight-piece band, Lennon performed two Document [165] (Title: Darlene Love) Beverly Hills. One day while she was cleaning one of these homes, she heard her song "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" on the radio. She took this as a sign that she needed to change her life and go back to singing. In the mid-1980s she portrayed herself in the Tony Award-nominated jukebox musical "Leader of the Pack", which featured the iconic rock and roll songs written by Ellie Greenwich, many of them for the young Love. The showstopping number of that show, "River Deep - Mountain High", had been recorded by Phil Spector with Ike & Tina Turner and Document [166] (Title: Rock 'n' Roll Music (album)) Berry, Little Richard, Carl Perkins and Larry Williams. "Rock 'n' Roll Music" was the first Beatles album to include "I'm Down", which had previously only been available as the B-side of the "Help!" single. Controversy surrounded the album's artwork, which featured an embossed colour portrait of The Beatles against a shiny silver background, with the album's title spelled out in what is presumed to be neon lights. Symbols of the 1950s were used on the inside of the album's gatefold sleeve, including a jukebox, an outdoor movie screen with a picture of Marilyn Monroe, a ice cream, a 1957 Chevrolet, Document [167] (Title: End of the Century) on it, only Joey and some studio musicians. Joey exclaimed that he "hated" the song, despite it obtaining a level of popularity in Europe. The song is a cover version of the original by The Ronettes, and contained a string section arrangement that Leigh deemed "gooey" and that it "sounded right out of Redbone's 'Come and Get Your Love.'" He also confessed that the song "almost made [him] embarrassed." "Rock 'n' Roll High School" originally appeared on the soundtrack to "Rock 'n' Roll High School", a film directed by Allan Arkush. The movie depicts a story line in which the Document [168] (Title: Gary Glitter) glam rock records to do so. "Rock and Roll Part 1" was also a hit: in France it made number-one, and in the UK both sides were listed together on the charts. "Rock and Roll" was followed by other successes over the next three years. Glitter, backed by the Glittermen/the Glitter Band on stage, competed with Sweet, Slade and T. Rex for domination of the charts. To reinforce his image, he reportedly owned 30 glitter suits and fifty pairs of silver platform boots. He also released several singles which became UK Top 10 hits, with "I'm the Leader of the Document [169] (Title: I Love Rock 'n' Roll) I Love Rock 'n' Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City. The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said Question: who sang i love rock and roll original

Answer: Alan Merrill Long Answer: The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said he wrote it as "a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones' ' It's Only Rock' n Roll (But I Like It)' ." This version was first released as a B - side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45, after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, Arrows, which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976. Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) a commercialization of Adobe's in-house font development software and PostScript file format. Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop is primarily geared toward digital photo manipulation and photorealistic styles of computer illustration, while Illustrator provides results in the typesetting and logo graphic areas of design. Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as "Communication Arts") referred to the product as "the Adobe Illustrator". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1.7, was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features. "Byte" in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the "Distinction" winners of Document [2] (Title: Adobe InDesign) to the .inx format. The InDesign Interchange format does not support versions earlier than InDesign CS. With InDesign CS4, Adobe replaced INX with InDesign Markup Language (IDML), another XML-based document representation. Adobe developed InDesign CS3 (and Creative Suite 3) as universal binary software compatible with native Intel and PowerPC Macs in 2007, two years after the announced 2005 schedule, inconveniencing early adopters of Intel-based Macs. Adobe CEO Bruce Chizen had announced that "Adobe will be first with a complete line of universal applications". The CS2 Mac version had code tightly integrated to the PPC architecture, and not natively compatible with Document [3] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) and several bug fixes such as a new user interface, layer panels, RGB codes, and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012. Along with Creative Cloud (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called Creative Suite. As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to the cloud, and integration with Document [4] (Title: Microsoft Office 2007) graphic, and the graphic's shapes and text can be formatted through shape styles and WordArt styles. In addition, SmartArt graphics change their colors, fonts, and effects to match the document's theme. Microsoft Office 2007 introduced a new file format, called Office Open XML, as the default file format. Such files are saved using an extra X letter in their extension (.docx/xlsx/pptx/etc.). However, it can still save documents in the old format, which is compatible with previous versions. Alternatively, Microsoft has made available a free add-on known as the "Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack" that lets Office 2000, XP, and 2003 open, Document [5] (Title: Vector graphics editor) with a pen tablet. Recent versions of bitmap editors such as GIMP and Adobe Photoshop support vector tools (e.g. editable paths), and vector editors such as Adobe Fireworks, Adobe FreeHand, Adobe Illustrator, Affinity Designer, Animatron, Artboard, Autodesk Graphic (formerly iDraw), CorelDRAW, Sketch, Inkscape, sK1 or Xara Photo & Graphic Designer have adopted raster effects that were once limited to bitmap editors (e.g. blurring). Some vector editors support animation, while others (e.g. Adobe Flash, Animatron or Synfig Studio) are specifically geared towards producing animated graphics. Generally, vector graphics are more suitable for animation, though there are raster-based animation tools as well. Document [6] (Title: FreeCAD) format (.FCStd). It is a standard zip file that holds files in a certain structure. Document.xml file has all geometric and parametric objects definitions. GuiDocument.xml then has visual representation details of objects. Other files include brep-files for objects and thumbnail of drawing. Besides FreeCAD's own file format, files can be exported and imported in the following file formats: DXF, SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), STEP, IGES, STL (STereoLithography), OBJ (Wavefront), DAE (Collada), SCAD (OpenSCAD), IV (Inventor) and IFC. FreeCAD's support for the important DWG file format has been problematic due to software license compatibility problems with the GNU LibreDWG library. The Document [7] (Title: Design Web Format) recognized open file format developed by Adobe Systems to allow electronic exchange of any printable document, independent of the source application software, hardware and operating system. PDF/E is a subset of v1.6 of the PDF specification specifically designed for engineering use. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open, XML based file format. It is suitable for use both as a format for creating and editing drawings and as a format for viewing and publication. For instance, Inkscape uses SVG as its native format, and both the Firefox and Opera browsers natively display SVG. Design Web Format Design Web Format (DWF) Document [8] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find-and-replace feature, selective round-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.). Famously, Aldus did a comparison matrix between its own FreeHand, Illustrator and Draw, and Draw's one "win" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas. Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for PageMaker. As part of the transaction, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint of Adobe Systems on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to "remedy the lessening of competition resulting from the acquisition" because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, Macromedia Document [9] (Title: Image file formats) such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos, and cartoon style images, as it uses LZW lossless compression, which is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic or dithered images. Due to GIF's simplicity and age, it achieved almost universal software support. Due to its animation capabilities, it is still widely used to provide image animation effects, despite its low compression ratio compared to modern video formats. The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphic files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their Document [10] (Title: Wavefront .obj file) Wavefront .obj file OBJ (or .OBJ) is a geometry definition file format first developed by Wavefront Technologies for its Advanced Visualizer animation package. The file format is open and has been adopted by other 3D graphics application vendors. The OBJ file format is a simple data-format that represents 3D geometry alone — namely, the position of each vertex, the UV position of each texture coordinate vertex, vertex normals, and the faces that make each polygon defined as a list of vertices, and texture vertices. Vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order by default, making explicit declaration of face normals unnecessary. Document [11] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) acquired FreeHand in 1995 from its original developer, Altsys, and continued its development through 2004. The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, rasterization previewing, PDF, and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics.) Adobe was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin. Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009. Native support for SVG was not complete in Document [12] (Title: Adobe InDesign) (PDF) and has multilingual support. It was the first DTP application to support Unicode for text processing, advanced typography with OpenType fonts, advanced transparency features, layout styles, optical margin alignment, and cross-platform scripting using JavaScript. Later versions of the software introduced new file formats. To support the new features, especially typographic, introduced with InDesign CS, both the program and its document format are not backward-compatible. Instead, InDesign CS2 introduced the INX (.inx) format, an XML-based document representation, to allow backwards compatibility with future versions. InDesign CS versions updated with the 3.1 April 2005 update can read InDesign CS2-saved files exported Document [13] (Title: Vector packs) with Adobe Photoshop because that is a raster program: elements cannot be scaled and it will convert them to bitmap. This is only the case if the format is Illustrator format or Freehand format or EPS. Vector packs with CSH files can be used in Adobe Photoshop and they remain in vector format. The CSH format files can also contain a selection of same theme designs such as floral, wings, insects, dinosaurs etc. With CS6, vector pack CSH files can also be loaded as an extension into Photoshop, adding pre-built installation of the vector designs into the application. Vector packs Document [14] (Title: CorelDRAW) and CMX files. The library has extensive support for shapes and their properties, including support for color management and spot colors, and has a basic support for text. The library provides a built-in converter to SVG, and a converter to OpenDocument is provided by writerperfect package. The libcdr library is used in LibreOffice starting from version 3.6, and thanks to public API it can be freely used by other applications. CDR file format import is partially or fully supported in following applications: CorelDRAW CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also Document [15] (Title: Clip art) not as widely supported by software and are not well-suited for storing pixel-specific data such as scanned photographs. In the early years of electronic clip art, vector illustrations were limited to simple line art representations. However, by the early 2000s, vector illustration tools could produce virtually the same illustrations as bitmap illustration tools, while still providing all of the advantages of vector file formats. The most common vector file format is Adobe's EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) file format. Microsoft has a much simpler, less sophisticated vector file format called WMF (Windows Metafile). The World Wide Web Consortium has developed a new, Document [16] (Title: OpenRaster) OpenRaster OpenRaster is a file format proposed for the common exchange of layered images between raster graphics editors. It is meant as a replacement for later versions of the Adobe PSD format. OpenRaster is still in development and so far is supported by a few programs. The default file extension for OpenRaster files is ".ora". The Adobe Photoshop PSD file format was widely used as a cross-application file format for layered images. Adobe allowed this by releasing the format's specifications publicly. In 2006 Adobe changed this license to only grant access to and use of the specifications and documentation "for Document [17] (Title: Clip art) uses antialiasing. Most common web-based file formats such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG are bitmap file formats. The GIF file format is one of the simplest, low-resolution bitmap file formats, only supporting 256 colors per image. As a result, however, GIF files can be extremely small in file size. Other common bitmap file formats are BMP (Windows bitmap), TGA, and TIFF. Most clip art is provided in a low resolution, bitmap file format which is unsuitable for scaling, transparent backgrounds, or good-quality printed materials. However, bitmap file formats are ideal for photos, especially when combined with lossy data compression algorithms Document [18] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) in tracing smooth curves over bitmap source images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version. The image of Venus was replaced (albeit still accessible via easter egg) in Illustrator CS (11.0) and CS2 (12.0) by a stylized flower to conform to the Creative Suite's nature imagery. In CS3, Adobe changed the suite branding once again, to simple colored blocks with two-letter abbreviations, resembling a periodic table of elements. Illustrator was represented by the letters Ai in white against an orange background (oranges and Document [19] (Title: ANI (file format)) ANI (file format) The ANI file format is a graphics file format used for animated mouse cursors on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The format is based on the Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format, which is used as a container for storing the individual frames (which are standard Windows icons) of the animation. Animated cursors contain the following information: (in order of position in the file) Frame rates are measured in jiffies, with one jiffy equal to 1/60 of a second, or 16.666 ms. "Sequence information" present in the file determines the sequence of frames, and allows frames to be Document [20] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1.1 instead of the Macintosh 3.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package CorelDRAW. (Note that there were no versions 2.0 or 4.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version Document [21] (Title: .dwg) .dwg DWG (from "drawing") is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files. DWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, Document [22] (Title: ANI (file format)) played more than once, or in a different order than that in which they appear in the file. For example, if the animation contains three different images numbered 1, 2 and 3, and the sequence is 1-2-3-2-1, (five frames) then only three icons need to be stored in the file, thereby saving storage space. ANI (file format) The ANI file format is a graphics file format used for animated mouse cursors on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The format is based on the Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format, which is used as a container for storing the individual frames (which Document [23] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Behance (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging. Starting with version 1.0, Adobe chose to license an image of Sandro Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" from the Bettmann Archive and use the portion containing Venus' face as Illustrator's branding image. John Warnock desired a Renaissance image to evoke his vision of PostScript as a new Renaissance in publishing, and Adobe employee Luanne Seymour Cohen, who was responsible for the early marketing material, found Venus' flowing tresses a perfect vehicle for demonstrating Illustrator's strength Document [24] (Title: Adobe Flash) of the Flash API. Flash source files are in the FLA format, and contain graphics and animation, as well as embedded assets such as bitmap images, audio files and FLV video files. The Flash source file format is a proprietary format and Adobe Animate is the only available authoring tool capable of editing such files. Flash source files (.fla) may be compiled into Flash movie files (.swf) using Adobe Animate. Note that FLA files can be edited, but output (.swf) files cannot. Flash movie files are in the "SWF" format, traditionally called "ShockWave Flash" movies, "Flash movies", or "Flash applications", Document [25] (Title: FLIC (file format)) FLIC (file format) The FLIC file formats most known in the extension .FLI and .FLC, used to store animation files. It is similar to animated GIF. The FLIC animation format was originally developed by Autodesk for use with Autodesk Animator (FLI) and Autodesk Animator Pro (FLC). In 1993 Jim Kent had a Dr. Dobbs article with a source code listing, introducing the FLIC format to the public. The format uses pixel-wise differential encoding between frames (like GIF) to reduce file size. In the 1990s video game developers used the format for intros and other animated sequences in their games, for Document [26] (Title: Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.) was the leading format for fonts at the time. A limitation of this format is that different sizes of the font must have different bitmap representations. Having received applications to register copyrights for computer programs that generated typefaces using "typeface in digitized form", the Copyright Office revisited the 1988 Policy Decision in 1992. The Office was concerned that the claims indicated a significant technological advance since the previous policy decision. One advance was scalable font representations (Bézier curves). This format can output a font at any resolution, and stores its data as control points rather than pixels. The Office acknowledged Document [27] (Title: ART image file format) from the Internet Explorer browser in order to help prevent issues where invalid ART data could cause the Internet Explorer software to unexpectedly quit. An ART file that is opened with the AOL picture viewer can be saved as another file type. Software Mfg. Delcam (a subsidiary of Autodesk) has a product called Artcam which uses the ART file extension to create CAD/CAM files. ART image file format ART is a proprietary image file format used mostly by the America Online (AOL) service and client software. The ART format (file extension ".art") holds a single still image that has been Document [28] (Title: ART image file format) ART image file format ART is a proprietary image file format used mostly by the America Online (AOL) service and client software. The ART format (file extension ".art") holds a single still image that has been highly compressed. The format was designed to facilitate the quick downloading of images, among other things. Originally, the compression was developed by the Johnson-Grace Company, which was then acquired by AOL. When an image is converted to the ART format, the image is analyzed and the software decides what compression technique would be best. The ART format has similarities to the progressive JPEG format, Document [29] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in a Macintosh version until 5.0 in 1993. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac-like interface. With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same user interface as Adobe Document [30] (Title: PDF) such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects, but they are not part of the imaging model. PDF files may contain interactive elements such as annotations, form fields, video, 3D and rich media. Rich Media PDF is a PDF file including interactive content that can be embedded or linked within the file. Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in PDF specification: AcroForms were introduced in the PDF Document [31] (Title: The Shapes Project) aside for creative experimentation. These can be used for many different purposes—not only for fine art and design projects, but also for various social practices: as gifts, awards, identity markers, emblems, insignias, logos, toys, souvenirs, educational games, and so forth. So far, only home computers have been used to construct Adobe Illustrator vector graphics files that allow the shapes to be produced in many possible ways. The shapes can be printed graphically as silhouettes or outlines, in any size, color or texture, using all varieties of graphics software; or, the files can be used by rapid prototyping machines and computer-numerically-controlled Document [32] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients. CS5 was released in April 2010. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes". Version CS6 was the sixteenth generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features Document [33] (Title: OpenRAW) "universal" file format. The phrase "(and Adobe has created)" above refers to Adobe's DNG (Digital Negative Format), launched 7 months before OpenRAW. DNG was designed (among other things) as an archival raw image format and has a published specification. From April 2006, OpenRAW's stance was opposed to DNG and language supporting DNG initiative was removed from "The RAW Problem" article. An article "Notes on the future of Open RAW formats, and a look at DNG" said "DNG is not the answer". Opposition was present in the forum. In an interview, a founder of OpenRAW said "No, DNG is unfortunately not Document [34] (Title: Flash Video) AAC which could not be overcome without a redesign of the file format. This is one reason why Adobe Systems is moving away from the traditional FLV file structure. Initial format since 2002 is "Flash Video", file suffix is ".flv" with a MIME derived Internet media type of "video/x-flv". Extended from 2007 to support the "ISO base media file format", Adobe branded file suffix is ".f4v" with the same MIME derived Internet media type of "video/mp4" as the Apple file suffix of ".m4v" and the general file suffix of ".mp4". Adobe branded file suffixes exist for ".f4p" which relates to Document [35] (Title: Adobe Photoshop) files sometimes have the file extension .PSB, which stands for "Photoshop Big" (also known as "large document format"). A PSB file extends the PSD file format, increasing the maximum height and width to 300,000 pixels and the length limit to around 4 Exabytes. The dimension limit was apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints (it is not close to a power of two, as is 30,000) but for ease of software testing. PSD and PSB formats are documented. Because of Photoshop's popularity, PSD files are widely used and supported to some extent by most competing software. Document [36] (Title: PDF) paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and prepress in a process known as rasterisation. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF Print Engine from Adobe Systems and Jaws and the Harlequin RIP from Global Graphics. Adobe Illustrator reads and writes PDF as a semi-native format. With multipage documents, a dialog opens enabling the user to select a single page to edit. Editing paragraphs of text typically disturbs line justification and paragraph wrapping, as multiline text is converted to individual lines. In a multipage document, only the page being edited can be re-saved. Inkscape version Document [37] (Title: JPEG) JPEG data to be embedded in other file types – TIFF encoded files often embed a JPEG image as a thumbnail of the main image; and MP3 files can contain a JPEG of cover art, in the ID3v2 tag. Many JPEG files embed an ICC color profile (color space). Commonly used color profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. Because these color spaces use a non-linear transformation, the dynamic range of an 8-bit JPEG file is about 11 stops; see gamma curve. A JPEG image consists of a sequence of "segments," each beginning with a "marker", each of which begins with Document [38] (Title: Adobe Streamline) Adobe Streamline Adobe Streamline is a discontinued line tracing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Its primary purpose is to convert scanned bitmaps into vector artwork. Streamline is similar in function to competitors, such as Corel Trace, but was advertised as a standalone rather than an additional utility within a full drawing suite. Streamline was discontinued after Adobe Illustrator CS2 introduced a new tracing tool entitled "Live Trace", which provides fast tracing, fine control, as well as a "live link" to the bitmap being traced. A test of the native Illustrator 9 auto-trace function by "Creative Pro" in 2002 Document [39] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) the Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had "pulled ahead" of Aldus FreeHand. Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window to show the work in progress, the other window to show a preview of the work in progress. Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for NeXT, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Solaris platforms, Document [40] (Title: Microsoft PhotoDraw) not good enough to challenge Illustrator, the de facto standard for graphics professionals. For professional purposes Microsoft acquired, introduced and developed Microsoft Expression Studio, a graphics solution suite but it has been also discontinued, leaving MS Office users without any proper illustration tool with capabilities exceeding those of PowerPoint. PhotoDraw's native file format is .MIX. Photodraw can open files in these file formats: Photodraw can save files in these file formats: PhotoDraw's native file format is ".mix", a proprietary format developed by Microsoft. Only PhotoDraw can save and load its MIX files and retain the full ability to modify those Document [41] (Title: Adobe Illustrator Artwork) Adobe Illustrator Artwork Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single-page vector-based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats. The .ai filename extension is used by Adobe Illustrator. The AI file format was originally a native format called PGF. PDF compatibility is achieved by embedding a complete copy of the PGF data within the saved PDF format file. This format is not related to .pgf using the same name "Progressive Graphics Format". The same “dual path” approach as for PGF is used when saving EPS-compatible files in recent versions of Illustrator. Document [42] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter. Adobe now owned FreeHand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the FreeHand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools Document [43] (Title: CorelDRAW) file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings, recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being "WL". Starting with CorelDraw 3, the file format changed to a Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) envelope, recognizable by the first four bytes of the file being "RIFF", and a "CDR*vrsn" in bytes 9 to 15, with the asterisk "*" being in early versions just a blank. Beginning with CorelDraw 4 it included the version number of the writing program in hexadecimal ("4" meaning version 4, "D" meaning version 14). The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format. Document [44] (Title: .dwg) .dwg DWG (from "drawing") is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files. DWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, Document [45] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) can add anchor points to paths and delete from paths. Pencil tools allow the user to draw and edit freehand lines. Adobe Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985. Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to monthly or annual subscription service delivered over the Internet), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2019, was released in October 2018 and is the 23rd generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program Document [46] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Adobe Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985. Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to monthly or annual subscription service delivered over the Internet), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2019, was released in October 2018 and is the 23rd generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program in 2018 by PC Magazine. Development of Adobe Illustrator for the Apple Macintosh began in 1985 (shipping in January 1987) as Document [47] (Title: Image file formats) is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF. The Gerber format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp., now Ucamco, and is a Document [48] (Title: Encapsulated PostScript) the EPS file. Applications can use this information to lay out the page, even if they are unable to directly render the PostScript inside. EPS, together with DSC's Open Structuring Conventions, form the basis of early versions of the Adobe Illustrator Artwork file format. A number of programs will save or convert text and vector art to EPS format, including: Many image converter programs can create EPS files containing the pixels of the image. An EPS file is a stream of generic PostScript printing commands. Thus many PostScript printer drivers have an option to save as EPS, or to add Document [49] (Title: APNG) APNG The Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format is an extension to the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) specification. It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency not available for GIFs. It also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files. The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, so most standard PNG decoders are able to display the first frame of an APNG file. The frame speed data and extra animation frames are stored in extra chunks (as provided for by the Document [50] (Title: Adobe Streamline) 3.0 Features new to Version 4.0 Compatibility Adobe Streamline was integrated with many other Adobe products such as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe PageMaker, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Dimensions, and Adobe PageMill. Adobe Streamline Adobe Streamline is a discontinued line tracing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Its primary purpose is to convert scanned bitmaps into vector artwork. Streamline is similar in function to competitors, such as Corel Trace, but was advertised as a standalone rather than an additional utility within a full drawing suite. Streamline was discontinued after Adobe Illustrator CS2 introduced a new tracing tool entitled "Live Trace", which provides Document [51] (Title: Adobe Illustrator Artwork) Early versions of the AI file format are true EPS files with a restricted, compact syntax, with additional semantics represented by Illustrator-specific DSC comments that conform to DSC's Open Structuring Conventions. These files are identical to their corresponding Illustrator EPS counterparts, but with the EPS procsets (procedure sets) omitted from the file and instead externally referenced using %%Include directives. Aside from Adobe Illustrator, the following applications can edit .ai files: Adobe Illustrator Artwork Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single-page vector-based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats. The .ai Document [52] (Title: Clip art) XML-based vector file format called SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and all major modern web browsers - including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer 9, Google Chrome, Opera, and Safari have at least some degree of support for SVG and can render the markup directly. For those with image-editing experience or interest to work with vector file formats, vector clip art provides the most flexible, highest quality images. All clip art usage is governed by the terms of individual copyrights and usage rights. The copyright and usage rights of a clip art image are important to understand so that the image is used Document [53] (Title: Adobe Streamline) Streamline is advertised as a way to convert images into line art (bitmap into vectors). In the User Guide for Streamline 3.0, Adobe gives many examples of what the program can be used for. Besides creating a line drawing from a photo, Adobe suggests posterizing a photo and editing color, colorizing greyscale images, and using other special line effects. They also show users creating movie posters, business logos, architectural sketches, brochures, legal forms, newsletters, stamp blocks, and illustrations. Users can then export their work from Adobe Streamline and edit it in other ways in Adobe Illustrator. Features new to Version Document [54] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011. Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product Streamline. Illustrator CS was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects. Illustrator CS2 (version 12) was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspaces. Live Trace allows Document [55] (Title: PDF) use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly in an older viewer without warning. The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of "transparency groups", "blending modes", "shape", and "alpha". The model is closely aligned with the features of Adobe Illustrator version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by Adobe Photoshop at the time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published. The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of "group" or "layer" in applications Document [56] (Title: SWF) of the freely-available Flex SDK. Although Adobe Illustrator can generate SWF format files through its "export" function, it cannot open or edit them. Other than using Adobe products, one can build SWFs with open-source Motion-Twin ActionScript 2 Compiler (MTASC), the open-source Ming library and the free-software suite SWFTools. Various other third-party programs can also produce files in this format, such as Multimedia Fusion 2, Captivate and SWiSH Max. The term "SWF" has originated as an abbreviation for ShockWave Flash. This usage was changed to the backronym Small Web Format to eliminate confusion with a different technology, Shockwave, from which SWF Document [57] (Title: PDF) PDF The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF was standardized as an open format, ISO 32000, in 2008, and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation. Today, PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and Document [58] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Inkscape: Inkscape's native format is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), which is supported by Adobe Illustrator, but the two implementations are not 100% compatible. Inkscape also exports to PS, EPS and PDF, formats which Illustrator can recognize. A sidebar that appears at the left of the screen with a variety of tools to select, create, and manipulate objects or artworks in Illustrator. These tools can be selected as following: drawing, typing, painting, reshaping, slicing and cutting, symbolism, moving and zooming, and graph. Some tools have a small triangle at the bottom right of the toolbox icon. A small triangle has the Document [59] (Title: Adobe Animate) Adobe Animate Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator) is a multimedia authoring and computer animation program developed by Adobe Systems. Animate can be used to design vector graphics and animation, and publish the same for television programs, online video, websites, web applications, rich internet applications, and video games. The program also offers support for raster graphics, rich text, audio and video embedding, and ActionScript scripting. Animations may be published for HTML5, WebGL, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) animation and spritesheets, and legacy Flash Player (SWF) and Adobe AIR formats. It was first released in 1996 as Question: what is the file format for adobe illustrator Answer: . ai Long Answer: Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single - page vector - based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats . The . ai filename extension is used by Adobe Illustrator. Gold Document ID: 51

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) a commercialization of Adobe's in-house font development software and PostScript file format. Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop is primarily geared toward digital photo manipulation and photorealistic styles of computer illustration, while Illustrator provides results in the typesetting and logo graphic areas of design. Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as "Communication Arts") referred to the product as "the Adobe Illustrator". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1.7, was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features. "Byte" in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the "Distinction" winners of Document [2] (Title: Adobe InDesign) to the .inx format. The InDesign Interchange format does not support versions earlier than InDesign CS. With InDesign CS4, Adobe replaced INX with InDesign Markup Language (IDML), another XML-based document representation. Adobe developed InDesign CS3 (and Creative Suite 3) as universal binary software compatible with native Intel and PowerPC Macs in 2007, two years after the announced 2005 schedule, inconveniencing early adopters of Intel-based Macs. Adobe CEO Bruce Chizen had announced that "Adobe will be first with a complete line of universal applications". The CS2 Mac version had code tightly integrated to the PPC architecture, and not natively compatible with Document [3] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) and several bug fixes such as a new user interface, layer panels, RGB codes, and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012. Along with Creative Cloud (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called Creative Suite. As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to the cloud, and integration with Document [4] (Title: Microsoft Office 2007) graphic, and the graphic's shapes and text can be formatted through shape styles and WordArt styles. In addition, SmartArt graphics change their colors, fonts, and effects to match the document's theme. Microsoft Office 2007 introduced a new file format, called Office Open XML, as the default file format. Such files are saved using an extra X letter in their extension (.docx/xlsx/pptx/etc.). However, it can still save documents in the old format, which is compatible with previous versions. Alternatively, Microsoft has made available a free add-on known as the "Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack" that lets Office 2000, XP, and 2003 open, Document [5] (Title: Vector graphics editor) with a pen tablet. Recent versions of bitmap editors such as GIMP and Adobe Photoshop support vector tools (e.g. editable paths), and vector editors such as Adobe Fireworks, Adobe FreeHand, Adobe Illustrator, Affinity Designer, Animatron, Artboard, Autodesk Graphic (formerly iDraw), CorelDRAW, Sketch, Inkscape, sK1 or Xara Photo & Graphic Designer have adopted raster effects that were once limited to bitmap editors (e.g. blurring). Some vector editors support animation, while others (e.g. Adobe Flash, Animatron or Synfig Studio) are specifically geared towards producing animated graphics. Generally, vector graphics are more suitable for animation, though there are raster-based animation tools as well. Document [6] (Title: FreeCAD) format (.FCStd). It is a standard zip file that holds files in a certain structure. Document.xml file has all geometric and parametric objects definitions. GuiDocument.xml then has visual representation details of objects. Other files include brep-files for objects and thumbnail of drawing. Besides FreeCAD's own file format, files can be exported and imported in the following file formats: DXF, SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), STEP, IGES, STL (STereoLithography), OBJ (Wavefront), DAE (Collada), SCAD (OpenSCAD), IV (Inventor) and IFC. FreeCAD's support for the important DWG file format has been problematic due to software license compatibility problems with the GNU LibreDWG library. The Document [7] (Title: Design Web Format) recognized open file format developed by Adobe Systems to allow electronic exchange of any printable document, independent of the source application software, hardware and operating system. PDF/E is a subset of v1.6 of the PDF specification specifically designed for engineering use. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open, XML based file format. It is suitable for use both as a format for creating and editing drawings and as a format for viewing and publication. For instance, Inkscape uses SVG as its native format, and both the Firefox and Opera browsers natively display SVG. Design Web Format Design Web Format (DWF) Document [8] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find-and-replace feature, selective round-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.). Famously, Aldus did a comparison matrix between its own FreeHand, Illustrator and Draw, and Draw's one "win" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas. Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for PageMaker. As part of the transaction, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint of Adobe Systems on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to "remedy the lessening of competition resulting from the acquisition" because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, Macromedia Document [9] (Title: Image file formats) such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos, and cartoon style images, as it uses LZW lossless compression, which is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic or dithered images. Due to GIF's simplicity and age, it achieved almost universal software support. Due to its animation capabilities, it is still widely used to provide image animation effects, despite its low compression ratio compared to modern video formats. The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphic files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their Document [10] (Title: Wavefront .obj file) Wavefront .obj file OBJ (or .OBJ) is a geometry definition file format first developed by Wavefront Technologies for its Advanced Visualizer animation package. The file format is open and has been adopted by other 3D graphics application vendors. The OBJ file format is a simple data-format that represents 3D geometry alone — namely, the position of each vertex, the UV position of each texture coordinate vertex, vertex normals, and the faces that make each polygon defined as a list of vertices, and texture vertices. Vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order by default, making explicit declaration of face normals unnecessary. Document [11] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) acquired FreeHand in 1995 from its original developer, Altsys, and continued its development through 2004. The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, rasterization previewing, PDF, and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics.) Adobe was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin. Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009. Native support for SVG was not complete in Document [12] (Title: Adobe InDesign) (PDF) and has multilingual support. It was the first DTP application to support Unicode for text processing, advanced typography with OpenType fonts, advanced transparency features, layout styles, optical margin alignment, and cross-platform scripting using JavaScript. Later versions of the software introduced new file formats. To support the new features, especially typographic, introduced with InDesign CS, both the program and its document format are not backward-compatible. Instead, InDesign CS2 introduced the INX (.inx) format, an XML-based document representation, to allow backwards compatibility with future versions. InDesign CS versions updated with the 3.1 April 2005 update can read InDesign CS2-saved files exported Document [13] (Title: Vector packs) with Adobe Photoshop because that is a raster program: elements cannot be scaled and it will convert them to bitmap. This is only the case if the format is Illustrator format or Freehand format or EPS. Vector packs with CSH files can be used in Adobe Photoshop and they remain in vector format. The CSH format files can also contain a selection of same theme designs such as floral, wings, insects, dinosaurs etc. With CS6, vector pack CSH files can also be loaded as an extension into Photoshop, adding pre-built installation of the vector designs into the application. Vector packs Document [14] (Title: CorelDRAW) and CMX files. The library has extensive support for shapes and their properties, including support for color management and spot colors, and has a basic support for text. The library provides a built-in converter to SVG, and a converter to OpenDocument is provided by writerperfect package. The libcdr library is used in LibreOffice starting from version 3.6, and thanks to public API it can be freely used by other applications. CDR file format import is partially or fully supported in following applications: CorelDRAW CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also Document [15] (Title: Clip art) not as widely supported by software and are not well-suited for storing pixel-specific data such as scanned photographs. In the early years of electronic clip art, vector illustrations were limited to simple line art representations. However, by the early 2000s, vector illustration tools could produce virtually the same illustrations as bitmap illustration tools, while still providing all of the advantages of vector file formats. The most common vector file format is Adobe's EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) file format. Microsoft has a much simpler, less sophisticated vector file format called WMF (Windows Metafile). The World Wide Web Consortium has developed a new, Document [16] (Title: OpenRaster) OpenRaster OpenRaster is a file format proposed for the common exchange of layered images between raster graphics editors. It is meant as a replacement for later versions of the Adobe PSD format. OpenRaster is still in development and so far is supported by a few programs. The default file extension for OpenRaster files is ".ora". The Adobe Photoshop PSD file format was widely used as a cross-application file format for layered images. Adobe allowed this by releasing the format's specifications publicly. In 2006 Adobe changed this license to only grant access to and use of the specifications and documentation "for Document [17] (Title: Clip art) uses antialiasing. Most common web-based file formats such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG are bitmap file formats. The GIF file format is one of the simplest, low-resolution bitmap file formats, only supporting 256 colors per image. As a result, however, GIF files can be extremely small in file size. Other common bitmap file formats are BMP (Windows bitmap), TGA, and TIFF. Most clip art is provided in a low resolution, bitmap file format which is unsuitable for scaling, transparent backgrounds, or good-quality printed materials. However, bitmap file formats are ideal for photos, especially when combined with lossy data compression algorithms Document [18] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) in tracing smooth curves over bitmap source images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version. The image of Venus was replaced (albeit still accessible via easter egg) in Illustrator CS (11.0) and CS2 (12.0) by a stylized flower to conform to the Creative Suite's nature imagery. In CS3, Adobe changed the suite branding once again, to simple colored blocks with two-letter abbreviations, resembling a periodic table of elements. Illustrator was represented by the letters Ai in white against an orange background (oranges and Document [19] (Title: ANI (file format)) ANI (file format) The ANI file format is a graphics file format used for animated mouse cursors on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The format is based on the Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format, which is used as a container for storing the individual frames (which are standard Windows icons) of the animation. Animated cursors contain the following information: (in order of position in the file) Frame rates are measured in jiffies, with one jiffy equal to 1/60 of a second, or 16.666 ms. "Sequence information" present in the file determines the sequence of frames, and allows frames to be Document [20] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1.1 instead of the Macintosh 3.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package CorelDRAW. (Note that there were no versions 2.0 or 4.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version Document [21] (Title: .dwg) .dwg DWG (from "drawing") is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files. DWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, Document [22] (Title: ANI (file format)) played more than once, or in a different order than that in which they appear in the file. For example, if the animation contains three different images numbered 1, 2 and 3, and the sequence is 1-2-3-2-1, (five frames) then only three icons need to be stored in the file, thereby saving storage space. ANI (file format) The ANI file format is a graphics file format used for animated mouse cursors on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The format is based on the Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format, which is used as a container for storing the individual frames (which Document [23] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Behance (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging. Starting with version 1.0, Adobe chose to license an image of Sandro Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" from the Bettmann Archive and use the portion containing Venus' face as Illustrator's branding image. John Warnock desired a Renaissance image to evoke his vision of PostScript as a new Renaissance in publishing, and Adobe employee Luanne Seymour Cohen, who was responsible for the early marketing material, found Venus' flowing tresses a perfect vehicle for demonstrating Illustrator's strength Document [24] (Title: Adobe Flash) of the Flash API. Flash source files are in the FLA format, and contain graphics and animation, as well as embedded assets such as bitmap images, audio files and FLV video files. The Flash source file format is a proprietary format and Adobe Animate is the only available authoring tool capable of editing such files. Flash source files (.fla) may be compiled into Flash movie files (.swf) using Adobe Animate. Note that FLA files can be edited, but output (.swf) files cannot. Flash movie files are in the "SWF" format, traditionally called "ShockWave Flash" movies, "Flash movies", or "Flash applications", Document [25] (Title: FLIC (file format)) FLIC (file format) The FLIC file formats most known in the extension .FLI and .FLC, used to store animation files. It is similar to animated GIF. The FLIC animation format was originally developed by Autodesk for use with Autodesk Animator (FLI) and Autodesk Animator Pro (FLC). In 1993 Jim Kent had a Dr. Dobbs article with a source code listing, introducing the FLIC format to the public. The format uses pixel-wise differential encoding between frames (like GIF) to reduce file size. In the 1990s video game developers used the format for intros and other animated sequences in their games, for Document [26] (Title: Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.) was the leading format for fonts at the time. A limitation of this format is that different sizes of the font must have different bitmap representations. Having received applications to register copyrights for computer programs that generated typefaces using "typeface in digitized form", the Copyright Office revisited the 1988 Policy Decision in 1992. The Office was concerned that the claims indicated a significant technological advance since the previous policy decision. One advance was scalable font representations (Bézier curves). This format can output a font at any resolution, and stores its data as control points rather than pixels. The Office acknowledged Document [27] (Title: ART image file format) from the Internet Explorer browser in order to help prevent issues where invalid ART data could cause the Internet Explorer software to unexpectedly quit. An ART file that is opened with the AOL picture viewer can be saved as another file type. Software Mfg. Delcam (a subsidiary of Autodesk) has a product called Artcam which uses the ART file extension to create CAD/CAM files. ART image file format ART is a proprietary image file format used mostly by the America Online (AOL) service and client software. The ART format (file extension ".art") holds a single still image that has been Document [28] (Title: ART image file format) ART image file format ART is a proprietary image file format used mostly by the America Online (AOL) service and client software. The ART format (file extension ".art") holds a single still image that has been highly compressed. The format was designed to facilitate the quick downloading of images, among other things. Originally, the compression was developed by the Johnson-Grace Company, which was then acquired by AOL. When an image is converted to the ART format, the image is analyzed and the software decides what compression technique would be best. The ART format has similarities to the progressive JPEG format, Document [29] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in a Macintosh version until 5.0 in 1993. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac-like interface. With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same user interface as Adobe Document [30] (Title: PDF) such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects, but they are not part of the imaging model. PDF files may contain interactive elements such as annotations, form fields, video, 3D and rich media. Rich Media PDF is a PDF file including interactive content that can be embedded or linked within the file. Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in PDF specification: AcroForms were introduced in the PDF Document [31] (Title: The Shapes Project) aside for creative experimentation. These can be used for many different purposes—not only for fine art and design projects, but also for various social practices: as gifts, awards, identity markers, emblems, insignias, logos, toys, souvenirs, educational games, and so forth. So far, only home computers have been used to construct Adobe Illustrator vector graphics files that allow the shapes to be produced in many possible ways. The shapes can be printed graphically as silhouettes or outlines, in any size, color or texture, using all varieties of graphics software; or, the files can be used by rapid prototyping machines and computer-numerically-controlled Document [32] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients. CS5 was released in April 2010. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes". Version CS6 was the sixteenth generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features Document [33] (Title: OpenRAW) "universal" file format. The phrase "(and Adobe has created)" above refers to Adobe's DNG (Digital Negative Format), launched 7 months before OpenRAW. DNG was designed (among other things) as an archival raw image format and has a published specification. From April 2006, OpenRAW's stance was opposed to DNG and language supporting DNG initiative was removed from "The RAW Problem" article. An article "Notes on the future of Open RAW formats, and a look at DNG" said "DNG is not the answer". Opposition was present in the forum. In an interview, a founder of OpenRAW said "No, DNG is unfortunately not Document [34] (Title: Flash Video) AAC which could not be overcome without a redesign of the file format. This is one reason why Adobe Systems is moving away from the traditional FLV file structure. Initial format since 2002 is "Flash Video", file suffix is ".flv" with a MIME derived Internet media type of "video/x-flv". Extended from 2007 to support the "ISO base media file format", Adobe branded file suffix is ".f4v" with the same MIME derived Internet media type of "video/mp4" as the Apple file suffix of ".m4v" and the general file suffix of ".mp4". Adobe branded file suffixes exist for ".f4p" which relates to Document [35] (Title: Adobe Photoshop) files sometimes have the file extension .PSB, which stands for "Photoshop Big" (also known as "large document format"). A PSB file extends the PSD file format, increasing the maximum height and width to 300,000 pixels and the length limit to around 4 Exabytes. The dimension limit was apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints (it is not close to a power of two, as is 30,000) but for ease of software testing. PSD and PSB formats are documented. Because of Photoshop's popularity, PSD files are widely used and supported to some extent by most competing software. Document [36] (Title: PDF) paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and prepress in a process known as rasterisation. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF Print Engine from Adobe Systems and Jaws and the Harlequin RIP from Global Graphics. Adobe Illustrator reads and writes PDF as a semi-native format. With multipage documents, a dialog opens enabling the user to select a single page to edit. Editing paragraphs of text typically disturbs line justification and paragraph wrapping, as multiline text is converted to individual lines. In a multipage document, only the page being edited can be re-saved. Inkscape version Document [37] (Title: JPEG) JPEG data to be embedded in other file types – TIFF encoded files often embed a JPEG image as a thumbnail of the main image; and MP3 files can contain a JPEG of cover art, in the ID3v2 tag. Many JPEG files embed an ICC color profile (color space). Commonly used color profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. Because these color spaces use a non-linear transformation, the dynamic range of an 8-bit JPEG file is about 11 stops; see gamma curve. A JPEG image consists of a sequence of "segments," each beginning with a "marker", each of which begins with Document [38] (Title: Adobe Streamline) Adobe Streamline Adobe Streamline is a discontinued line tracing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Its primary purpose is to convert scanned bitmaps into vector artwork. Streamline is similar in function to competitors, such as Corel Trace, but was advertised as a standalone rather than an additional utility within a full drawing suite. Streamline was discontinued after Adobe Illustrator CS2 introduced a new tracing tool entitled "Live Trace", which provides fast tracing, fine control, as well as a "live link" to the bitmap being traced. A test of the native Illustrator 9 auto-trace function by "Creative Pro" in 2002 Document [39] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) the Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had "pulled ahead" of Aldus FreeHand. Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window to show the work in progress, the other window to show a preview of the work in progress. Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for NeXT, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Solaris platforms, Document [40] (Title: Microsoft PhotoDraw) not good enough to challenge Illustrator, the de facto standard for graphics professionals. For professional purposes Microsoft acquired, introduced and developed Microsoft Expression Studio, a graphics solution suite but it has been also discontinued, leaving MS Office users without any proper illustration tool with capabilities exceeding those of PowerPoint. PhotoDraw's native file format is .MIX. Photodraw can open files in these file formats: Photodraw can save files in these file formats: PhotoDraw's native file format is ".mix", a proprietary format developed by Microsoft. Only PhotoDraw can save and load its MIX files and retain the full ability to modify those Document [41] (Title: Adobe Illustrator Artwork) Adobe Illustrator Artwork Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single-page vector-based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats. The .ai filename extension is used by Adobe Illustrator. The AI file format was originally a native format called PGF. PDF compatibility is achieved by embedding a complete copy of the PGF data within the saved PDF format file. This format is not related to .pgf using the same name "Progressive Graphics Format". The same “dual path” approach as for PGF is used when saving EPS-compatible files in recent versions of Illustrator. Document [42] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter. Adobe now owned FreeHand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the FreeHand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools Document [43] (Title: CorelDRAW) file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings, recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being "WL". Starting with CorelDraw 3, the file format changed to a Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) envelope, recognizable by the first four bytes of the file being "RIFF", and a "CDR*vrsn" in bytes 9 to 15, with the asterisk "*" being in early versions just a blank. Beginning with CorelDraw 4 it included the version number of the writing program in hexadecimal ("4" meaning version 4, "D" meaning version 14). The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format. Document [44] (Title: .dwg) .dwg DWG (from "drawing") is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files. DWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, Document [45] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) can add anchor points to paths and delete from paths. Pencil tools allow the user to draw and edit freehand lines. Adobe Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985. Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to monthly or annual subscription service delivered over the Internet), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2019, was released in October 2018 and is the 23rd generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program Document [46] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Adobe Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985. Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to monthly or annual subscription service delivered over the Internet), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2019, was released in October 2018 and is the 23rd generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program in 2018 by PC Magazine. Development of Adobe Illustrator for the Apple Macintosh began in 1985 (shipping in January 1987) as Document [47] (Title: Image file formats) is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF. The Gerber format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp., now Ucamco, and is a Document [48] (Title: Encapsulated PostScript) the EPS file. Applications can use this information to lay out the page, even if they are unable to directly render the PostScript inside. EPS, together with DSC's Open Structuring Conventions, form the basis of early versions of the Adobe Illustrator Artwork file format. A number of programs will save or convert text and vector art to EPS format, including: Many image converter programs can create EPS files containing the pixels of the image. An EPS file is a stream of generic PostScript printing commands. Thus many PostScript printer drivers have an option to save as EPS, or to add Document [49] (Title: APNG) APNG The Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format is an extension to the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) specification. It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency not available for GIFs. It also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files. The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, so most standard PNG decoders are able to display the first frame of an APNG file. The frame speed data and extra animation frames are stored in extra chunks (as provided for by the Document [50] (Title: Adobe Streamline) 3.0 Features new to Version 4.0 Compatibility Adobe Streamline was integrated with many other Adobe products such as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe PageMaker, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Dimensions, and Adobe PageMill. Adobe Streamline Adobe Streamline is a discontinued line tracing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Its primary purpose is to convert scanned bitmaps into vector artwork. Streamline is similar in function to competitors, such as Corel Trace, but was advertised as a standalone rather than an additional utility within a full drawing suite. Streamline was discontinued after Adobe Illustrator CS2 introduced a new tracing tool entitled "Live Trace", which provides Document [51] (Title: Adobe Illustrator Artwork) Early versions of the AI file format are true EPS files with a restricted, compact syntax, with additional semantics represented by Illustrator-specific DSC comments that conform to DSC's Open Structuring Conventions. These files are identical to their corresponding Illustrator EPS counterparts, but with the EPS procsets (procedure sets) omitted from the file and instead externally referenced using %%Include directives. Aside from Adobe Illustrator, the following applications can edit .ai files: Adobe Illustrator Artwork Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single-page vector-based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats. The .ai Document [52] (Title: Clip art) XML-based vector file format called SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and all major modern web browsers - including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer 9, Google Chrome, Opera, and Safari have at least some degree of support for SVG and can render the markup directly. For those with image-editing experience or interest to work with vector file formats, vector clip art provides the most flexible, highest quality images. All clip art usage is governed by the terms of individual copyrights and usage rights. The copyright and usage rights of a clip art image are important to understand so that the image is used Document [53] (Title: Adobe Streamline) Streamline is advertised as a way to convert images into line art (bitmap into vectors). In the User Guide for Streamline 3.0, Adobe gives many examples of what the program can be used for. Besides creating a line drawing from a photo, Adobe suggests posterizing a photo and editing color, colorizing greyscale images, and using other special line effects. They also show users creating movie posters, business logos, architectural sketches, brochures, legal forms, newsletters, stamp blocks, and illustrations. Users can then export their work from Adobe Streamline and edit it in other ways in Adobe Illustrator. Features new to Version Document [54] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011. Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product Streamline. Illustrator CS was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects. Illustrator CS2 (version 12) was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspaces. Live Trace allows Document [55] (Title: PDF) use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly in an older viewer without warning. The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of "transparency groups", "blending modes", "shape", and "alpha". The model is closely aligned with the features of Adobe Illustrator version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by Adobe Photoshop at the time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published. The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of "group" or "layer" in applications Document [56] (Title: SWF) of the freely-available Flex SDK. Although Adobe Illustrator can generate SWF format files through its "export" function, it cannot open or edit them. Other than using Adobe products, one can build SWFs with open-source Motion-Twin ActionScript 2 Compiler (MTASC), the open-source Ming library and the free-software suite SWFTools. Various other third-party programs can also produce files in this format, such as Multimedia Fusion 2, Captivate and SWiSH Max. The term "SWF" has originated as an abbreviation for ShockWave Flash. This usage was changed to the backronym Small Web Format to eliminate confusion with a different technology, Shockwave, from which SWF Document [57] (Title: PDF) PDF The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF was standardized as an open format, ISO 32000, in 2008, and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation. Today, PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and Document [58] (Title: Adobe Illustrator) Inkscape: Inkscape's native format is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), which is supported by Adobe Illustrator, but the two implementations are not 100% compatible. Inkscape also exports to PS, EPS and PDF, formats which Illustrator can recognize. A sidebar that appears at the left of the screen with a variety of tools to select, create, and manipulate objects or artworks in Illustrator. These tools can be selected as following: drawing, typing, painting, reshaping, slicing and cutting, symbolism, moving and zooming, and graph. Some tools have a small triangle at the bottom right of the toolbox icon. A small triangle has the Document [59] (Title: Adobe Animate) Adobe Animate Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator) is a multimedia authoring and computer animation program developed by Adobe Systems. Animate can be used to design vector graphics and animation, and publish the same for television programs, online video, websites, web applications, rich internet applications, and video games. The program also offers support for raster graphics, rich text, audio and video embedding, and ActionScript scripting. Animations may be published for HTML5, WebGL, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) animation and spritesheets, and legacy Flash Player (SWF) and Adobe AIR formats. It was first released in 1996 as Question: what is the file format for adobe illustrator

Answer: . ai Long Answer: Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI) is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single - page vector - based drawings in either the EPS or PDF formats . The . ai filename extension is used by Adobe Illustrator. Gold Document ID: 51

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) to discuss and preview the tournament. Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament. For the first time in the history of the tournament, broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game were available in Spanish. Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means: Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion Document [2] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) with the Harlem Globetrotters. He did not return to Kansas' campus for over 40 years after leaving for the Globetrotters; he finally returned in 1998, the year before his death, when his jersey was retired. 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game The 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game took place on March 23, 1957, between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Kansas Jayhawks at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The matchup was the final one of the nineteenth edition of the single-elimination tournament now known as the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament — commonly referred Document [3] (Title: 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game) go out there and play loose." In a rebuilding year under head coach Tony Bennett, Virginia had entered the season unranked but proceeded to win the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) regular season championship outright by four games over pre-season AP No. 1 Duke, finishing 17–1 in conference play including Bennett's first win at Cameron Indoor Stadium. They then capped an improbable ascendancy by defeating North Carolina in the ACC Tournament championship, finishing the regular season 31–2. Two days before NCAA tournament play, the Cavaliers lost the ACC Sixth Man of the Year, forward De'Andre Hunter, to a season-ending left wrist Document [4] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship in 2016. Villanova defeated Michigan, 79–62. Donte DiVincenzo, a reserve player, scored 31 points for Villanova, and was named the Document [5] (Title: John Beilein) has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set Document [6] (Title: 2017–18 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team) to its third consecutive Final Four in 1957, and also the deepest run by any Division I school without a football team since Seton Hall made the championship game in 1989. With a victory over South Carolina in the national semifinal, the Bulldogs tied the NCAA Division I record for the second-most wins in a season. Their run ended in the NCAA National Championship game, where they lost to North Carolina. Johnathan Williams had entered the NBA draft but did not hire an agent, giving him the option to return to Gonzaga. He withdrew from the draft on May 24, Document [7] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) two seconds to Jenkins, who hit a game-winning, buzzer-beating three-point shot. It was the first buzzer-beating shot to win an NCAA men's national title since Lorenzo Charles' dunk for North Carolina State University in 1983, and the first title game ever to end on a buzzer-beating three-pointer. "Kris Jenkins lives for that moment", remarked his coach Jay Wright. Paige finished with a game-high 21 points and a game-high 6 assists for North Carolina. Berry added 20 points for the Tar Heels and Johnson scored 14 while collecting a game-high 8 rebounds. Booth came off the bench to lead Villanova with Document [8] (Title: 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards) was hosted by Ganiel Krishnan. 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards The 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards was an awarding ceremony organized by the UAAP-NCAA Press Corps, a group of sports journalists who are covering the men's basketball tournaments of the University Athletics Association of the Philippines (UAAP) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). UAAP Press Corps is currently headed by Reuben Terrado of Sports Interactive Network Philippines, while the NCAA Press Corps is headed by Cedelf P. Tupas of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. The awarding will be held at the Montgomery Place Social Hall, E. Rodriguez Avenue, Quezon City on January Document [9] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The game was played on April 3, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona between the Gonzaga Bulldogs and the North Carolina Tar Heels. North Carolina defeated Gonzaga, 71–65, to win its sixth men's basketball national championship. This was the first national championship game to be played in a state in either the Mountain Document [10] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to go, Villanova was up by a game-high 10 points, leading 67–57. However, North Carolina fought back with two straight field goals. With 1:38 remaining, Villanova led 70–64 before Marcus Paige of the Tar Heels hit a three-pointer to cut the lead in half. After a Villanova turnover, Brice Johnson hit a bank shot to cut the Wildcats' lead to one point. Phil Booth of the Wildcats was fouled by Isaiah Hicks with 35.7 seconds left. He hit both free throws to put the lead back to three points. Paige missed a layup attempt on the ensuing possession, but North Document [11] (Title: Villanova Wildcats men's basketball) a team for the game. Their 2016 NCAA Championship, is referred to as "The Perfect Ending" and is the only NCAA Men's Championship game to be won on a buzzer beater, as Kris Jenkins drained a shot as time expired. They made the Final Four in 1939, 1971, 1985, 2009, 2016 and 2018; their six Final Four appearances are 13th most all-time. As of 2018, they have an NCAA Tournament record of 64–36 (). Villanova has defeated six No. 1 seeds in the NCAA tournament (Michigan and Georgetown in 1985, Pittsburgh in 2009, and Kansas and North Carolina in 2016, Document [12] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 2004-05 NCAA Division I men's basketball season The 2005 National Title Game was played on April 4, 2005 at Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis, Missouri, The 2005 National Title Game was played between the 2005 Chicago Regional Champions, #1-seeded Illinois and the 2005 Syracuse Regional Champions, #1-seeded North Carolina. For the 1st time since 1999, the national championship game was played between Document [13] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament) with the championship game on March 23 in Kansas City, Missouri. A total of 27 games were played, including a third place game in each region and a national third place game. North Carolina, coached by Frank McGuire, won the national title with a 54–53 triple-overtime victory in the final game over Kansas, coached by Dick Harp. Wilt Chamberlain of Kansas became the 4th player to be named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player despite not playing for the championship team. North Carolina won two consecutive triple overtime games to win the championship. The North Carolina – Michigan State semi final Document [14] (Title: 2016–17 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) gave the Tar Heels the outright regular season championship. The ACC Tournament was held from March 7–11, 2-17 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Duke defeated Notre Dame to with the tournament championship. As a result, Duke received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. North Carolina forward Justin Jackson was named ACC Player of the Year. Georgia Tech head coach Josh Pastner was named Coach of the Year. Jackson was also named a consensus first-team All-American and Duke guard Luke Kennard was named a second team All-American. Nine ACC schools (Duke, Florida State, Miami, North Carolina, Document [15] (Title: Greg Lee (basketball)) Bruins agan went 30-0, and again won the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87–66 win over Memphis State. Lee's Bruins are the holders of the NCAA men's basketball record of winning 88 games in a row. In Lee's senior year during the 1973–74 season, the school's 88-game winning streak ended with a 71–70 loss to Notre Dame. Later that same year UCLA's stretch of consecutive national titles was stopped at seven when North Carolina State defeated the Bruins 80–77 in double overtime in the semi-finals of the NCAA tournament. After his collegiate career ended, Lee was Document [16] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating Document [17] (Title: Dave Smart) Carleton Ravens for the 2016-2017 season. Led by Coach Smart, the Ravens captured their seventh consecutive national championship in men's basketball, thirteenth overall, and twelfth for Dave Smart, defeating the Ryerson Rams 78-69. The seventh consecutive championship by the Ravens matches the record at the Canadian university sports level, set by the University of Victoria. In the 2003, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2017 seasons, Smart was awarded the Stewart W. Aberdeen Memorial Trophy, as the top men's basketball coach in Canadian university sports. Smart won OUA coach-of-the-year awards nine times, for the 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2009, Document [18] (Title: Joel Berry II) game. During the championship game, Berry scored 20 points and dished out four assists, but North Carolina fell short on a last-second shot to Villanova, 77-74. As a junior, Berry led the Tar Heels to the ACC regular season title. In the NCAA Tournament, despite playing with injuries to both ankles, Berry led the Tar Heels to a 2017 NCAA men's basketball championship. In the national title game against Gonzaga, Berry scored 22 points and had six assists, and was thereafter named Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four, becoming the first player since Bill Walton to score 20 points Document [19] (Title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball) and Johnson but retaining 2016 ACC Tournament MVP Joel Berry II as well as forwards Kennedy Meeks and Isaiah Hicks. After early season losses to Indiana and Kentucky, the Tar Heels won their 31st ACC regular season title. Despite never being ranked #1 in the AP Poll and losing to Duke in the semifinals of the ACC tournament, the Heels earned a #1 seed in the NCAA tournament, where they advanced to their record 20th Final Four and 11th NCAA tournament title game. They beat Gonzaga 71-65 to give Williams his 3rd national championship, surpassing mentor Dean Smith for most Document [20] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and determined the national champion for the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The game was played on Monday, April 4, 2016, at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, between the Villanova Wildcats and the North Carolina Tar Heels. The first half was closely fought, with neither team leading by more than five points in the first 19 minutes. After North Carolina briefly took a seven-point lead in the final Document [21] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Cinderella run, and Michigan State, back in the Final Four for the first time since 2001. North Carolina emerged as the national champions for a fourth time, defeating Illinois in the final 75-70. North Carolina's Sean May was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Roy Williams won his first national championship. For the first time since 1999, when Weber State defeated North Carolina, a #14 seed defeated a #3 seed when Bucknell upset Kansas. A #13 seed, Vermont, advanced by defeating Syracuse in the first round and a #12 seed, Wisconsin-Milwaukee, advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the Chicago Document [22] (Title: 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament) 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament The 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament involved 32 American schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the National Champion of Men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on Saturday, March 12, 1977, and ended with the championship game on Monday, March 28 in Atlanta. A total of 32 games were played, including a national third place game. This was the final tournament in which teams were not seeded. Marquette, coached by Al McGuire, won the national title with a 67–59 victory in the final game over North Carolina, coached by Dean Smith. Document [23] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) score a basket before time ran out, while the second overtime saw zero points scored due to poor offensive execution on both teams parts. The third overtime saw more action take place, with the Tar Heels winning the game 54–53 as Joe Quigg made two free throws in the closing seconds to give the Tar Heels the lead. The Tar Heels won their first NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship and received a large welcome at Raleigh–Durham International Airport when they arrived back in North Carolina. Due to the success of televising the National Championship game in North Carolina, the broadcasting Document [24] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the Final Four to advance to the championship game. Meeks led the Tar Heels with a double-double – a career-high 25 points and 14 rebounds – including an important offensive rebound of a Berry missed free throw with 4.0 seconds left to clinch the victory. The game was televised in the United States by CBS. ESPN International had the media rights outside of the United States. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. Gonzaga led North Carolina at the half, 35–32. North Carolina outscored Gonzaga in the second half, 39–30, to win the championship. Gonzaga was Document [25] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a 68-team single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. During the first round, UMBC became the first 16-seed to defeat a 1-seed in the men's tournament by defeating Virginia 74–54. For the first time in tournament history, none of the four top seeded Document [26] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game took place on April 5, 1993 between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Michigan Wolverines at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The match-up was the final one of the fifty-fifth consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship single-elimination tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and is used to crown a national champion for men's basketball at the Division I level. The Tar Heels won their third NCAA Men's Basketball Document [27] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game The 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game took place on March 23, 1957, between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Kansas Jayhawks at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The matchup was the final one of the nineteenth edition of the single-elimination tournament now known as the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It was used to crown a national champion for men's basketball in the NCAA's University Division, known since 1973 as NCAA Document [28] (Title: Roy Williams (coach)) Heels to a national title on April 6, 2009, against the Michigan State Spartans (see 2009 NCAA championship game). Williams won his third national championship on April 3, 2017 when he led the Tar Heels to victory against the Gonzaga Bulldogs. Williams is one of six NCAA Men's Division I college basketball coaches to have won at least three national championships. In 2006, Williams was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame. The following year, in 2007, Williams was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Marion General Hospital in Marion, North Carolina, and spent Document [29] (Title: Honored North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players) being named the ACC Player of the Year and a first-team All-American. Berry was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 2017 Final Four. North Carolina requires that players must be recognized for excellence for their performance during the regular season, in post-season play, or in the Olympics. Specifically, a player's jersey qualifies for honoring if he receives one or more of the following five awards: first- or second-team All-America on one of the major All-American teams that qualify a player for a consensus All-American designation, an ACC Player of the Year, the Most Valuable Player of a National Championship-winning Document [30] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the No. 6 Houston Cougars, 64–63, on a buzzer beater by Jordan Poole. They made it to the Elite Eight by defeating the Texas A&M Aggies, 99–72. Michigan advanced to the Final Four by defeating the Florida State Seminoles, 58–54, and defeated the "Cinderella story" of the tournament, the Loyola-Chicago Ramblers, in the Final Four by a score of 69–57. The Villanova Wildcats won the NCAA Tournament in 2016. In 2017–18, Villanova set the NCAA record for three-point shots in a season and in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. After completing a 30–4 regular season, including winning the Document [31] (Title: 2017 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship) 2017 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship The 2017 U Sports Men's Final 8 Basketball Tournament was held March 9–12, 2017 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was hosted by Dalhousie University at the Scotiabank Centre, the first time since 1987 that Dalhousie hosted the tournament. The Carleton Ravens won their seventh straight title, their 13th in 15 years, this time over the Ryerson Rams, who came into the tournament ranked number one in the country. The Dalhousie Tigers took their first ever bronze medal by defeating the McGill Redmen. Carleton extended its record number of men's national basketball championships, more than Document [32] (Title: 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a tournament involving 65 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball as a culmination of the 2008–09 basketball season. It began on March 17, 2009, and concluded with the championship game on April 6 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan, where the University of North Carolina defeated Michigan State to become the champion. The 2009 tournament marked the first time for a Final Four having a minimum seating capacity of 70,000 and by Document [33] (Title: St. John's University (New York City)) appearances (28), two John R. Wooden Award winners, 11 consensus All-Americans, 6 members of the College Basketball Hall of Fame, and has sent 59 players to the NBA. Even even as late as 1990 was said to not compare to other basketball powerhouses like Michigan State. However, of the top 5 teams, Kentucky, North Carolina, Kansas, Duke, and St. John's, St. John's is the only team not to win an NCAA championship for basketball, and currently holds the NCAA Division I record for most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship appearances without a championship. St. John's men's basketball has won Document [34] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) up two points with 1:52 remaining, but North Carolina came back and clinched the victory in the closing minutes. North Carolina won despite a poor (4-for-27) conversion rate of 3-point shots, and the Tar Heals made more points from free-throw conversions (15-for-26). The game included a total of 44 fouls. Overall, there were 26 free-throws for each side, leading the "Associated Press" report to deride the game as merely a free-throw contest. In contrast to the positive reaction to the previous year's title game—in which UNC lost to Villanova at the buzzer—many criticized the quality of play in the 2017 Document [35] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) or Pacific time zones since the 1995 game, which was held at the Kingdome in Seattle, Washington. North Carolina was playing in its second consecutive title game (and eleventh overall), after losing to Villanova at the buzzer the previous year. Meanwhile, Gonzaga was playing in its first-ever title game. It was the second national title game in three years – and the eighth overall – to be played between two No. 1 seeds. In his seventeenth year at the helm, Gonzaga head coach Mark Few led the team to its first Final Four and national championship game in school history, Document [36] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) a career-high 20 points. Arcidiacono scored 16, Jenkins added 14, and Hart had 12 points and 8 rebounds. As a team, Villanova finished 28 of 48 from the field (58%) and 8 of 14 from three (57%). North Carolina made 11 of 17 three-point attempts (65%) and was 27 of 63 overall (43%). The Tar Heels won the rebounding battle 33-23, including 14 offensive rebounds to just two for Villanova. The teams combined for just 21 turnovers. It was Villanova's second NCAA championship. Their first championship was in the 1985 Championship Game, when they defeated the Georgetown Hoyas in what Document [37] (Title: 2017–18 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) winner of the Henry Iba Award for national coach of the year. The Cavaliers finished 17–1 in the conference, finishing four games above second-place Duke. Virginia went on to win the tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. Sophomore guard Kyle Guy was named Tournament MVP as well as First-Team All-ACC. Both the Virginia–North Carolina title game and Duke–North Carolina semifinal game set the Barclays Center attendance record for college basketball games, and conference leadership vowed to return the ACC Tournament to New York again in the near future. On February Document [38] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016–17 season. The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14, 2017, and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year. In the Final Document [39] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) under thrown and Quigg tipped the ball away from Chamberlain. Kearns grabbed the ball and got away from a defender before he threw the ball into the air to run out the clock. Time expired as the ball was in the air and the Tar Heels won the National Championship. Source: <br> Despite losing in the championship game, Kansas' Wilt Chamberlain was named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Chamberlain was also named to the Consensus All-Americans squad for the 1956–57 season. North Carolina's Lennie Rosenbluth was named the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year for his performance Document [40] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) championship. North Carolina head coach Roy Williams did so as well, commenting during the trophy presentation ceremony that "neither team played very well." The media generally blamed officiating for the game's low quality. Both teams were in the bonus eight minutes into the second half. The "Associated Press" labeled the game "unwatchable." Mark Tracy of the "New York Times" declared it a "sluggish slog of a national title game." Myron Medcalf, writing for "ESPN", wrote that the game was blighted with "an abundance of foul calls, poor offense and a sleep-inducing rhythm." Chris Chase of "Fox Sports" lamented how the Document [41] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) games of the tournament (not including the First Four games) With 11 national titles, UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles. The University of Kentucky (UK) is second, with eight national titles. The University of North Carolina is third, with six national titles, and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles. The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles. The University of Kansas (KU) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles. Since 1985, Document [42] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) National Championship, after having been victorious in 1957 and 1982 beforehand. Donald Williams was named the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player for his efforts throughout the tournament. Source: <br> 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game took place on April 5, 1993 between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Michigan Wolverines at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The match-up was the final one of the fifty-fifth consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship single-elimination tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the Document [43] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) minute, a field goal by Phil Booth for Villanova cut the lead to 39–34 at the break. Villanova started to gain the upper hand in the second half, taking their largest lead of the game, 67–57, with 4:47 remaining. North Carolina then surged back, setting up a heroic comeback in the final minutes. With just over 1:30 remaining, Marcus Paige hit a three pointer to cut the lead to three points. After Villanova turned over the ball, Brice Johnson cut the lead to one point. Booth was fouled and hit two free throws to retake a three-point lead. With 13 Document [44] (Title: Jalen Brunson) East All-Freshman Team selection. In the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament regional final against Kansas Brunson made the final two free throws that gave the Wildcats a two-possession lead with 3.5 seconds left. The 2015–16 Wildcats won the championship game of the tournament by defeating the North Carolina Tar Heels 77–74, with Brunson as a starter. Brunson was a selection to the 20-man Bob Cousy Award preseason watchlist again as a sophomore. He was a preseason All-Big East honorable mention selection. On December 5, the 2016–17 Wildcats ascended into the top position in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I Document [45] (Title: 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team) consensus status. On April 7, 2017, Malik Monk won the Jerry West Award, which is awarded to the nation's top shooting guard of the year. Monk beat out Duke's Luke Kennard, UCLA's Bryce Alford, and Creighton's Marcus Foster for the award. 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team The 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Kentucky in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Lexington, Kentucky for the 41st consecutive season at Rupp Arena, with a capacity of 23,500. The team, led by John Calipari in his eighth season Document [46] (Title: 1957–58 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 1957–58 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The 1957–58 NCAA Division I men's basketball season was the highest level of competition for men's college basketball. The 1958 NCAA tournament ran from March 11 to March 22 1958, and saw the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team win the national title over the Seattle Redhawks. Elgin Baylor, for Seattle, was named Player of the Year. Beginning in 1957–58, the following rules changes were implemented: The final top 20 from the AP and Coaches Polls. Adolph Rupp's Kentucky Wildcats won their fourth National Championship by defeating the Seattle Chieftains 84–72 on March 22 Document [47] (Title: Sporting News Men's College Basketball Player of the Year) presentations. Of those six repeat winners, only Oscar Robertson of Cincinnati and Bill Walton of UCLA have been named the player of the year three times. Despite not claiming any winners since the 1976–77 season, UCLA still has the most all-time with seven. Duke has the second most with six, while their in-state rival North Carolina has the third most with five winners. Sporting News Men's College Basketball Player of the Year The "Sporting News" Men's College Basketball Player of the Year is an annual basketball award given to the best men's basketball player in NCAA Division I competition. The Document [48] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) referees had "ruined" the contest through a combination of incorrect foul calls, missed calls, and superfluous use of instant replay. Tom Ley of "Deadspin" condemned the game as "memorably disgusting." Multiple prominent current and former basketball players vocalized their distaste for the game's quality of officiating on social media, including LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, James Worthy, and Jay Williams. 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2016–17 NCAA Division I Document [49] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) seconds remaining, the lead was again three points for Villanova. On the ensuing possession, Paige sunk an off-balance three-point field goal to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left. However, Ryan Arcidiacono found Kris Jenkins for a buzzer-beating, championship-winning three-point shot, with Villanova defeating North Carolina by a final score of 77–74. After a 27–4 regular season and winning the 2016 Big East Conference regular season championship, Villanova beat Georgetown and Providence en route to the 2016 Big East Tournament Finals, where they would lose to Seton Hall. They were the #2 seed in the South Regional of the 2016 Document [50] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) top seed in the East Regional of the 2016 NCAA Tournament. North Carolina opened the 2016 NCAA Tournament with an 83–67 win over Florida Gulf Coast, outscoring FGCU 42–27 in the second half. North Carolina would again use a big second half to beat Providence, 85–66, in the second round, outscoring the Friars 51–36 in the second half to advance to the Sweet 16. In the Sweet 16, Marcus Paige would have 21 points and Brice Johnson would have 20 points to power UNC to a 101–86 victory over Indiana. In the Elite Eight, North Carolina beat fellow ACC foe Document [51] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015–16 season. The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15, 2016, and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament; No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No. 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset, just the eighth ever win for Document [52] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) fouled out, and his substitute, senior Jack Ingram, quickly amassed four fouls. May scored 26 points as he took the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) of the Final Four. For North Carolina head coach Roy Williams, it was his first national championship. Illinois was denied a chance to set the NCAA record for most wins in a season, instead tying the 1998–99 national runner-up Duke team with 37 (Kentucky has since won 38 games in two different seasons). For almost the entire 2004–05 season, Illinois and North Carolina were ranked #1 and #2, respectively, in all polls, and both teams were Document [53] (Title: Przemek Karnowski) Following the game with BYU, Karnowski became the active leader in Division I basketball games played with 143, passing Nigel Hayes (Wisconsin), Nate Britt and Isaiah Hicks (both North Carolina). Karnowski would be surpassed later that season by Hayes and Duke's Amile Jefferson, and passed both in a win in Gonzaga's Final Four matchup with South Carolina. After the 2017 West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Karnowski became the NCAA's career leader in wins with 132, passing Shane Battier (131). During his senior season he was nominated to the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Award and Senior CLASS Award. Karnowski graduated with Bachelor Document [54] (Title: 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The top 20 from the AP Poll during the pre-season. Frank McGuire brought the ACC its first National Championship as his undefeated North Carolina Tar Heels defeated Wilt Chamberlain and the Kansas Jayhawks in what is considered one of the best games in NCAA history – a 54–53 triple–overtime thriller. Chamberlain was named tournament Most Outstanding Player. Played at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri Bradley won its first NIT title, defeating Memphis State in a one-point contest. Memphis State's Win Wilfong won the MVP in a losing cause as he poured in Document [55] (Title: Villanova Wildcats) and had 16 points in the game, was named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. On April 4, 2016, the Wildcats won their second NCAA Championship in Men's Basketball, the first time in 31 years. They beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 77-74 off a buzzer-beater shot by Kris Jenkins with 0.5 seconds remaining in regulation. Two years later, on April 2, 2018, Villanova earned its third national championship beating the Michigan Wolverines 79-62. The Villanova Wildcats women's basketball team are coached by Harry Perretta, now serving his 34th year as head coach of the team. For the 2017–18 season, Document [56] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament) 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college basketball. It began March 10, 2017, following the 2016–17 season and concluded with the championship game on March 25, 2017. The eight regional winners met in the Elite Eight for the quarterfinal, semifinal, and championship rounds. For the first time, the Elite Eight was held at the Sanford Pentagon in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 71-61, to win the first national championship in the school's history. Location: Document [57] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) a No. 15 seed over a No. 2. At least one 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 seed won a first-round game for the third time ever and the first time since 2013. Also, every seed except a 16 won at least one game in the First Round. In the Final Four, Villanova defeated Oklahoma, while North Carolina defeated Syracuse. Villanova then defeated North Carolina to win the championship on a three-point buzzer beater by Kris Jenkins. Pundits called the game one of the best in tournament history, going on to say this was one of the most Document [58] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to its second consecutive appearance – and record-setting 20th overall appearance – in the Final Four. Maye's shot is additionally remarkable for its similarities to Duke player Christian Laettner's shot against Kentucky in the 1992 Elite Eight 25 years earlier. Both Maye and Laettner wore the number 32; both games involved a No. 1 seed blue-wearing team from North Carolina playing against No. 2 seed Kentucky in the Elite Eight; and both scored a long two-pointer at or near the buzzer to win the game. Laettner himself noted the similarities in a tweet. Next, North Carolina defeated Oregon 77–76 in Document [59] (Title: Villanova Wildcats men's basketball) who had beaten Villanova by 23 on December 7, 2015, at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii early in the season. In the National Semi-Finals, Villanova beat the Sooners by 44 points (an NCAA Final Four record) to advance to the NCAA Championship for the first time in 31 years. They faced the second-overall #1 seed North Carolina Tar Heels for the championship. On April 4, Villanova defeated UNC on a game-winning three-point shot at the buzzer by Kris Jenkins to win the NCAA Championship by a final score of 77–74, winning their second NCAA championship. UNC had recovered from a 10-point deficit Document [60] (Title: 2008–09 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) The ACC was represented by Boston College's Tyrese Rice, Duke's Gerald Henderson and Kyle Singler, Miami's Jack McClinton, North Carolina's Tyler Hansbrough, Wayne Ellington and Ty Lawson and Wake Forest's James Johnson. In the 2007–08 season, North Carolina's Hansbrough became the 12th ACC Player to earn Wooden National Player of the Year Award. November<br> In November, nine ACC teams participated in eight regular season tournaments across the United States. Four ACC teams claimed championships. On November 11, Duke's Mike Krzyzewski moved into fifth place on the NCAA's all-time win list with his 805th career victory, a 97–54 win over Georgia Document [61] (Title: 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team) to advance to the championship game against undefeated North Carolina, the number one-ranked team in the country. The Tar Heels defeated the Jayhawks 54–53 in triple overtime; North Carolina's Joe Quigg made the tying and go-ahead free throws in the final seconds. 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team The 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team was a Division I college basketball team that represented the University of Kansas. Coached by Dick Harp, the Jayhawks posted a 24–3 win–loss record, winning the then-Big Seven Conference and qualifying for the 1957 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Kansas won three games in Document [62] (Title: 2018 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship) take the championship. It was the first national title for Calgary, and the second consecutive appearance (and loss) in the final game for Ryerson. Carleton took the bronze medal over the McGill Redmen. While the Ravens took some consolation in that, Carleton basketball was buoyed later the same day (March 11), when its women's team claimed its first-ever national crown, in Regina. 2018 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship The 2018 U Sports Men's Final 8 Basketball Tournament was held March 8–11, 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was hosted by Acadia University, which also hosted in 1971 on campus in Document [63] (Title: 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) for a 67-59 victory. 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 2011-12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The 2012 National Title Game was played on April 2, 2012 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, and featured the 2012 South Regional Champions, #1-seeded Kentucky and the 2012 Midwest Regional Champions, #2-seeded Kansas. The two head coaches for this game, Kentucky's John Calipari and Kansas's Bill Self also coached Document [64] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance). North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71–65 to win the national championship. A total of 68 teams entered the 2017 tournament, with all 32 conference tournament winners receiving an automatic bid. The Ivy League, which previously granted its automatic tournament bid to its regular season champion, hosted a postseason tournament to determine a conference champion for the first time. In previous years, had the Ivy League had two schools tied for first in the standings, Document [65] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) third time winning the event after previously doing so in 2008 and 2012. Following their defeated of South Dakota, Gonazaga entered their conference season with an undefeated record and broke the school record for most consecutive wins to start a season with twelve. After a 29–1 regular season and winning the 2017 West Coast Conference regular season championship, Gonzaga beat Pacific and Santa Clara en route to the 2017 West Coast Conference Tournament Finals, where they defeated Saint Mary's. The Bulldogs were the #1 seed in the West Regional of the 2017 NCAA Tournament. In the first round of the Document [66] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) and Steve Smith provided studio commentary. TNT's "Team Stream", focusing on North Carolina, was called by Wes Durham with analyst Brendan Haywood and sideline reporter Dwayne Ballen, while on truTV's "Team Stream", which focused on Villanova, Scott Graham called the game with analyst Brian Finneran and sideline reporter Kacie McDonnell. ESPN International owned the international broadcast rights. Sean McDonough served as the play-by-play announcer for the international audience, with Dick Vitale providing commentary. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One, with Kevin Kugler calling the game. The Championship Game Document [67] (Title: 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season) 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season The 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season concluded in the 64-team 1994 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament whose finals were held at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Arkansas Razorbacks earned their first national championship by defeating the Duke Blue Devils 76–72 on April 4, 1994. They were coached by Nolan Richardson and the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player was Arkansas' Corliss Williamson. In the 32-team 1994 National Invitation Tournament, the Villanova Wildcats defeated the Vanderbilt Commodores at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Following the season, Document [68] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 18, 1993, and ended with the championship game on April 5 in New Orleans, Louisiana. A total of 63 games were played. North Carolina, coached by Dean Smith, won the national title with a 77–71 victory in the final game over Michigan, coached by Steve Fisher. Donald Williams of North Carolina was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. The most memorable play Document [69] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) enabled the Bulldogs to advance to the championship game. After a 26–6 regular season, North Carolina beat Miami (FL) in the ACC Tournament before losing to Duke in the semifinals. Despite the loss, North Carolina was selected as the top seed in the South regional as an at-large. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Justin Jackson broke out of a shooting slump and led North Carolina with 21 points to a 103–64 win over Texas Southern. In the second round against Arkansas, after blowing a 17-point first half lead and trailing 65–60 with under three minutes remaining, Document [70] (Title: 2017 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) was the 9th straight year without a back-to-back winner. Texas Wesleyan became the 16th program to win two or more national titles with its win. Life finished the season earning its second all-time runner-up title. 2017 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament is being held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 80th annual NAIA basketball tournament features 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. The opening game round started on March 15, and the National Championship Game was played on March 21. Texas Wesleyan won Document [71] (Title: 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 89 points in the Tigers' four games, including 31 in the final. Played at Madison Square Garden in New York City <br> 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The top 20 from the AP Poll during the pre-season. Frank McGuire brought the ACC its first National Championship as his undefeated North Carolina Tar Heels defeated Wilt Chamberlain and the Kansas Jayhawks in what is considered one of the best games in NCAA history – a 54–53 triple–overtime thriller. Chamberlain was named tournament Most Outstanding Player. Played at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri Bradley won its first NIT title, Document [72] (Title: 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 13, 1997, and ended with the championship game on March 31 in Indianapolis, Indiana at the RCA Dome. A total of 63 games were played. The Final Four consisted of Kentucky, who entered the tournament as the defending national champions, Minnesota, making their first Final Four appearance, Arizona, making their third Final Four appearance and first since 1994, and North Carolina, making Document [73] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 180 countries. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship Document [74] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Kennedy Meeks led a North Carolina comeback with 16 points and a huge tip-in with 44.2 seconds remaining to put UNC ahead 68–65 as they survived to win 72–65, and advance to the Sweet 16. In the Sweet 16, Joel Berry II and Jackson led North Carolina to a 92–80 win over Butler with 26 and 24 points, respectively, to advance to the Elite Eight for the 26th time in program history. In an Elite Eight showdown between two college basketball blue bloods, North Carolina beat Kentucky 75–73 on a jump shot by Luke Maye with 0.3 seconds left, advancing Document [75] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 65 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 15, 2005, and ended with the championship game on April 4 at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis. The Final Four consisted of Illinois, the overall top seed and in the Final Four for the first time since 1989, Louisville, making their first appearance since winning the national championship in 1986, North Carolina, reaching their first Final Four since their 2000 Document [76] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the Final Four for the first time since 2009. In the 2016 Final Four, Villanova defeated Oklahoma, 95–51, the largest margin of victory in Final Four history, to advance to the National Championship Game for the first time since their 1985 National Championship run. The game also featured the second-best shooting percentage in a Final Four game, behind only Villanova's 1985 Championship Game performance of 78.6% (22-for-28). After a 25–6 regular season and winning the 2016 ACC regular season championship, North Carolina beat Pittsburgh, Notre Dame, and Virginia en route to the ACC Tournament Championship. They were rewarded with the Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team) through the end of the regular season and became the first ACC team to win 17 conference games. The Cavaliers won the ACC Tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. In the process the team broke the school's single-season win record, which had twice been tied by Bennett-led teams in the past five years. ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the "New York Document [78] (Title: Juwan Howard) the finals of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship in 1992 and 1993. Howard won his first NBA championship with Miami in the 2012 NBA Finals and his second NBA championship in the 2013 NBA Finals. Howard was an All-American center and an honors student at Chicago Vocational Career Academy. Michigan was able to sign him early over numerous competing offers and then convince others in his recruiting class to join him. The Fab Five, which included Chris Webber, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson, served as regular starters during their freshman and sophomore years for the 1991–92 Document [79] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Notre Dame, 88–74, to advance to an NCAA Tournament-record 19th Final Four. In the Final Four, North Carolina beat another ACC foe, Syracuse, 83–66, to make their 10th appearance in the National Title game in hopes of winning their sixth national title. UNC became one of only four schools to do so, along with Duke, UCLA, and Kentucky. † = 2016 All-American The first half of the National Championship game was tightly fought, with neither team taking a lead larger than five points in the first 19 minutes. In the last minute of the half, North Carolina briefly went up Document [80] (Title: Thayne McCulloh) date, ultimately facing the University of North Carolina (UNC) in the national championship game. UNC won the game in the closing minutes with a score of 71-65. The current season (2017–18) marks the sixth consecutive West Coast Conference championship and the 20th consecutive appearance in the NCAA Tournament by the Gonzaga Men's basketball team. In the Spring of 2018, Gonzaga University will conclude a major fundraising campaign which, when announced in 2015, had a goal of $250 million, of which $100 million is intended to support scholarships for students. McCulloh currently serves on a number of non-profit boards and has Document [81] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to win 79–73. In Gonzaga's Sweet 16 game against West Virginia, Mathews hit a go-ahead three-pointer with less than a minute remaining to give Gonzaga a 60–58 lead. Gonzaga won the game 61–58 and advanced to the Elite Eight. In the Elite Eight, led by Nigel Williams-Goss' 23-point performance, Gonzaga routed Xavier 83–59 to reach the Final Four for the first time in school history. Gonzaga defeated South Carolina 77–73 in the Final Four led by 23 points from Williams-Goss and 27 points from Gonzaga's big men. A Josh Perkins foul preventing Sindarius Thornwell's game-tying three-pointer with 3.5 seconds left Document [82] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 79th annual tournament to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men's golf. It was contested from May 26 to 31 at the Rich Harvest Farms course in Sugar Grove, Illinois and hosted by Northern Illinois University. Oklahoma defeated defending champions Oregon, 3.5–1.5 and Braden Thornberry of Mississippi won the individual competition. Remaining teams: Arizona State (872), Alabama (873), Iowa State (875), North Carolina (875), Stanford (879), Kent State (881), Duke (888), Mississippi (888), Penn State (891), Lipscomb (891), Jacksonville (892), New Document [83] (Title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball) both key contributors to the 2017 National Championship squad. In 2015-2016, led by seniors Marcus Paige and Brice Johnson, the Tar Heels earned their 30th ACC regular season title, 18th ACC tournament title, and 19th Final Four. They also appeared in their 10th NCAA title game, in which they lost on a buzzer beater to Villanova, despite Marcus Paige's dramatic three-pointer to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left. The Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record. The following year, the Tar Heels were ranked #6 in the AP preseason poll, having lost Paige Document [84] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament) 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament was the 44th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division III college basketball in the United States. Featuring sixty-four teams, it began on March 2, 2018, following the 2017–18 season, and concluded with the championship game on March 17, 2018. Once again, the national semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia. Nebraska Wesleyan defeated Wisconsin–Oshkosh in the final, 78–72, to win their first national title. Cooper Cook was voted the MVP. The following Document [85] (Title: 1982 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) infractions by Ewing. The Hoyas entered halftime ahead by a single point, 32–31. The teams traded the lead multiple times closing minutes of the second half. Following a turnover by Matt Doherty, Georgetown took the lead 62–61 courtesy of a jump shot from Floyd. During the ensuing possession, North Carolina Freshman Michael Jordan hit a go-ahead basket with fifteen seconds remaining to give North Carolina a one-point advantage. The Tar Heels won their second NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship, with their first coming in 1957. Worthy was named the Most Outstanding Player for his efforts throughout the tournament. After losing Document [86] (Title: 2017–18 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team) conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a #2 seed in the South region, they defeated #15 Northern Kentucky and #10 Wichita State to advance to the Sweet 16. There, they defeated #3 UCLA to advance to the Elite Eight where they lost to eventual National Champion, #1 North Carolina. On April 3, 2017, De'Aaron Fox announced that he was leaving the program to enter the 2017 NBA Draft, and would forgo his remaining eligibility. On April 4, 2017, Malik Monk, in a release to the fanbase, stated that he intended to enter the NBA draft and sign with Question: who won the men's ncaa basketball championship 2017 Answer: North Carolina Long Answer: In the Final Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance). North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71--65 to win the national championship. Gold Document ID: 86

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) to discuss and preview the tournament. Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament. For the first time in the history of the tournament, broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game were available in Spanish. Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means: Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion Document [2] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) with the Harlem Globetrotters. He did not return to Kansas' campus for over 40 years after leaving for the Globetrotters; he finally returned in 1998, the year before his death, when his jersey was retired. 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game The 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game took place on March 23, 1957, between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Kansas Jayhawks at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The matchup was the final one of the nineteenth edition of the single-elimination tournament now known as the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament — commonly referred Document [3] (Title: 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game) go out there and play loose." In a rebuilding year under head coach Tony Bennett, Virginia had entered the season unranked but proceeded to win the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) regular season championship outright by four games over pre-season AP No. 1 Duke, finishing 17–1 in conference play including Bennett's first win at Cameron Indoor Stadium. They then capped an improbable ascendancy by defeating North Carolina in the ACC Tournament championship, finishing the regular season 31–2. Two days before NCAA tournament play, the Cavaliers lost the ACC Sixth Man of the Year, forward De'Andre Hunter, to a season-ending left wrist Document [4] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship in 2016. Villanova defeated Michigan, 79–62. Donte DiVincenzo, a reserve player, scored 31 points for Villanova, and was named the Document [5] (Title: John Beilein) has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set Document [6] (Title: 2017–18 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team) to its third consecutive Final Four in 1957, and also the deepest run by any Division I school without a football team since Seton Hall made the championship game in 1989. With a victory over South Carolina in the national semifinal, the Bulldogs tied the NCAA Division I record for the second-most wins in a season. Their run ended in the NCAA National Championship game, where they lost to North Carolina. Johnathan Williams had entered the NBA draft but did not hire an agent, giving him the option to return to Gonzaga. He withdrew from the draft on May 24, Document [7] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) two seconds to Jenkins, who hit a game-winning, buzzer-beating three-point shot. It was the first buzzer-beating shot to win an NCAA men's national title since Lorenzo Charles' dunk for North Carolina State University in 1983, and the first title game ever to end on a buzzer-beating three-pointer. "Kris Jenkins lives for that moment", remarked his coach Jay Wright. Paige finished with a game-high 21 points and a game-high 6 assists for North Carolina. Berry added 20 points for the Tar Heels and Johnson scored 14 while collecting a game-high 8 rebounds. Booth came off the bench to lead Villanova with Document [8] (Title: 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards) was hosted by Ganiel Krishnan. 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards The 2017 Collegiate Basketball Awards was an awarding ceremony organized by the UAAP-NCAA Press Corps, a group of sports journalists who are covering the men's basketball tournaments of the University Athletics Association of the Philippines (UAAP) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). UAAP Press Corps is currently headed by Reuben Terrado of Sports Interactive Network Philippines, while the NCAA Press Corps is headed by Cedelf P. Tupas of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. The awarding will be held at the Montgomery Place Social Hall, E. Rodriguez Avenue, Quezon City on January Document [9] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The game was played on April 3, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona between the Gonzaga Bulldogs and the North Carolina Tar Heels. North Carolina defeated Gonzaga, 71–65, to win its sixth men's basketball national championship. This was the first national championship game to be played in a state in either the Mountain Document [10] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to go, Villanova was up by a game-high 10 points, leading 67–57. However, North Carolina fought back with two straight field goals. With 1:38 remaining, Villanova led 70–64 before Marcus Paige of the Tar Heels hit a three-pointer to cut the lead in half. After a Villanova turnover, Brice Johnson hit a bank shot to cut the Wildcats' lead to one point. Phil Booth of the Wildcats was fouled by Isaiah Hicks with 35.7 seconds left. He hit both free throws to put the lead back to three points. Paige missed a layup attempt on the ensuing possession, but North Document [11] (Title: Villanova Wildcats men's basketball) a team for the game. Their 2016 NCAA Championship, is referred to as "The Perfect Ending" and is the only NCAA Men's Championship game to be won on a buzzer beater, as Kris Jenkins drained a shot as time expired. They made the Final Four in 1939, 1971, 1985, 2009, 2016 and 2018; their six Final Four appearances are 13th most all-time. As of 2018, they have an NCAA Tournament record of 64–36 (). Villanova has defeated six No. 1 seeds in the NCAA tournament (Michigan and Georgetown in 1985, Pittsburgh in 2009, and Kansas and North Carolina in 2016, Document [12] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 2004-05 NCAA Division I men's basketball season The 2005 National Title Game was played on April 4, 2005 at Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis, Missouri, The 2005 National Title Game was played between the 2005 Chicago Regional Champions, #1-seeded Illinois and the 2005 Syracuse Regional Champions, #1-seeded North Carolina. For the 1st time since 1999, the national championship game was played between Document [13] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament) with the championship game on March 23 in Kansas City, Missouri. A total of 27 games were played, including a third place game in each region and a national third place game. North Carolina, coached by Frank McGuire, won the national title with a 54–53 triple-overtime victory in the final game over Kansas, coached by Dick Harp. Wilt Chamberlain of Kansas became the 4th player to be named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player despite not playing for the championship team. North Carolina won two consecutive triple overtime games to win the championship. The North Carolina – Michigan State semi final Document [14] (Title: 2016–17 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) gave the Tar Heels the outright regular season championship. The ACC Tournament was held from March 7–11, 2-17 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Duke defeated Notre Dame to with the tournament championship. As a result, Duke received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. North Carolina forward Justin Jackson was named ACC Player of the Year. Georgia Tech head coach Josh Pastner was named Coach of the Year. Jackson was also named a consensus first-team All-American and Duke guard Luke Kennard was named a second team All-American. Nine ACC schools (Duke, Florida State, Miami, North Carolina, Document [15] (Title: Greg Lee (basketball)) Bruins agan went 30-0, and again won the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87–66 win over Memphis State. Lee's Bruins are the holders of the NCAA men's basketball record of winning 88 games in a row. In Lee's senior year during the 1973–74 season, the school's 88-game winning streak ended with a 71–70 loss to Notre Dame. Later that same year UCLA's stretch of consecutive national titles was stopped at seven when North Carolina State defeated the Bruins 80–77 in double overtime in the semi-finals of the NCAA tournament. After his collegiate career ended, Lee was Document [16] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating Document [17] (Title: Dave Smart) Carleton Ravens for the 2016-2017 season. Led by Coach Smart, the Ravens captured their seventh consecutive national championship in men's basketball, thirteenth overall, and twelfth for Dave Smart, defeating the Ryerson Rams 78-69. The seventh consecutive championship by the Ravens matches the record at the Canadian university sports level, set by the University of Victoria. In the 2003, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2017 seasons, Smart was awarded the Stewart W. Aberdeen Memorial Trophy, as the top men's basketball coach in Canadian university sports. Smart won OUA coach-of-the-year awards nine times, for the 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2009, Document [18] (Title: Joel Berry II) game. During the championship game, Berry scored 20 points and dished out four assists, but North Carolina fell short on a last-second shot to Villanova, 77-74. As a junior, Berry led the Tar Heels to the ACC regular season title. In the NCAA Tournament, despite playing with injuries to both ankles, Berry led the Tar Heels to a 2017 NCAA men's basketball championship. In the national title game against Gonzaga, Berry scored 22 points and had six assists, and was thereafter named Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four, becoming the first player since Bill Walton to score 20 points Document [19] (Title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball) and Johnson but retaining 2016 ACC Tournament MVP Joel Berry II as well as forwards Kennedy Meeks and Isaiah Hicks. After early season losses to Indiana and Kentucky, the Tar Heels won their 31st ACC regular season title. Despite never being ranked #1 in the AP Poll and losing to Duke in the semifinals of the ACC tournament, the Heels earned a #1 seed in the NCAA tournament, where they advanced to their record 20th Final Four and 11th NCAA tournament title game. They beat Gonzaga 71-65 to give Williams his 3rd national championship, surpassing mentor Dean Smith for most Document [20] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and determined the national champion for the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The game was played on Monday, April 4, 2016, at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, between the Villanova Wildcats and the North Carolina Tar Heels. The first half was closely fought, with neither team leading by more than five points in the first 19 minutes. After North Carolina briefly took a seven-point lead in the final Document [21] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Cinderella run, and Michigan State, back in the Final Four for the first time since 2001. North Carolina emerged as the national champions for a fourth time, defeating Illinois in the final 75-70. North Carolina's Sean May was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Roy Williams won his first national championship. For the first time since 1999, when Weber State defeated North Carolina, a #14 seed defeated a #3 seed when Bucknell upset Kansas. A #13 seed, Vermont, advanced by defeating Syracuse in the first round and a #12 seed, Wisconsin-Milwaukee, advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the Chicago Document [22] (Title: 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament) 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament The 1977 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament involved 32 American schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the National Champion of Men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on Saturday, March 12, 1977, and ended with the championship game on Monday, March 28 in Atlanta. A total of 32 games were played, including a national third place game. This was the final tournament in which teams were not seeded. Marquette, coached by Al McGuire, won the national title with a 67–59 victory in the final game over North Carolina, coached by Dean Smith. Document [23] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) score a basket before time ran out, while the second overtime saw zero points scored due to poor offensive execution on both teams parts. The third overtime saw more action take place, with the Tar Heels winning the game 54–53 as Joe Quigg made two free throws in the closing seconds to give the Tar Heels the lead. The Tar Heels won their first NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship and received a large welcome at Raleigh–Durham International Airport when they arrived back in North Carolina. Due to the success of televising the National Championship game in North Carolina, the broadcasting Document [24] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the Final Four to advance to the championship game. Meeks led the Tar Heels with a double-double – a career-high 25 points and 14 rebounds – including an important offensive rebound of a Berry missed free throw with 4.0 seconds left to clinch the victory. The game was televised in the United States by CBS. ESPN International had the media rights outside of the United States. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. Gonzaga led North Carolina at the half, 35–32. North Carolina outscored Gonzaga in the second half, 39–30, to win the championship. Gonzaga was Document [25] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a 68-team single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. During the first round, UMBC became the first 16-seed to defeat a 1-seed in the men's tournament by defeating Virginia 74–54. For the first time in tournament history, none of the four top seeded Document [26] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game took place on April 5, 1993 between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Michigan Wolverines at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The match-up was the final one of the fifty-fifth consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship single-elimination tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and is used to crown a national champion for men's basketball at the Division I level. The Tar Heels won their third NCAA Men's Basketball Document [27] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game The 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game took place on March 23, 1957, between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Kansas Jayhawks at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The matchup was the final one of the nineteenth edition of the single-elimination tournament now known as the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It was used to crown a national champion for men's basketball in the NCAA's University Division, known since 1973 as NCAA Document [28] (Title: Roy Williams (coach)) Heels to a national title on April 6, 2009, against the Michigan State Spartans (see 2009 NCAA championship game). Williams won his third national championship on April 3, 2017 when he led the Tar Heels to victory against the Gonzaga Bulldogs. Williams is one of six NCAA Men's Division I college basketball coaches to have won at least three national championships. In 2006, Williams was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame. The following year, in 2007, Williams was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Marion General Hospital in Marion, North Carolina, and spent Document [29] (Title: Honored North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players) being named the ACC Player of the Year and a first-team All-American. Berry was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 2017 Final Four. North Carolina requires that players must be recognized for excellence for their performance during the regular season, in post-season play, or in the Olympics. Specifically, a player's jersey qualifies for honoring if he receives one or more of the following five awards: first- or second-team All-America on one of the major All-American teams that qualify a player for a consensus All-American designation, an ACC Player of the Year, the Most Valuable Player of a National Championship-winning Document [30] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the No. 6 Houston Cougars, 64–63, on a buzzer beater by Jordan Poole. They made it to the Elite Eight by defeating the Texas A&M Aggies, 99–72. Michigan advanced to the Final Four by defeating the Florida State Seminoles, 58–54, and defeated the "Cinderella story" of the tournament, the Loyola-Chicago Ramblers, in the Final Four by a score of 69–57. The Villanova Wildcats won the NCAA Tournament in 2016. In 2017–18, Villanova set the NCAA record for three-point shots in a season and in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. After completing a 30–4 regular season, including winning the Document [31] (Title: 2017 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship) 2017 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship The 2017 U Sports Men's Final 8 Basketball Tournament was held March 9–12, 2017 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was hosted by Dalhousie University at the Scotiabank Centre, the first time since 1987 that Dalhousie hosted the tournament. The Carleton Ravens won their seventh straight title, their 13th in 15 years, this time over the Ryerson Rams, who came into the tournament ranked number one in the country. The Dalhousie Tigers took their first ever bronze medal by defeating the McGill Redmen. Carleton extended its record number of men's national basketball championships, more than Document [32] (Title: 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a tournament involving 65 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball as a culmination of the 2008–09 basketball season. It began on March 17, 2009, and concluded with the championship game on April 6 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan, where the University of North Carolina defeated Michigan State to become the champion. The 2009 tournament marked the first time for a Final Four having a minimum seating capacity of 70,000 and by Document [33] (Title: St. John's University (New York City)) appearances (28), two John R. Wooden Award winners, 11 consensus All-Americans, 6 members of the College Basketball Hall of Fame, and has sent 59 players to the NBA. Even even as late as 1990 was said to not compare to other basketball powerhouses like Michigan State. However, of the top 5 teams, Kentucky, North Carolina, Kansas, Duke, and St. John's, St. John's is the only team not to win an NCAA championship for basketball, and currently holds the NCAA Division I record for most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship appearances without a championship. St. John's men's basketball has won Document [34] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) up two points with 1:52 remaining, but North Carolina came back and clinched the victory in the closing minutes. North Carolina won despite a poor (4-for-27) conversion rate of 3-point shots, and the Tar Heals made more points from free-throw conversions (15-for-26). The game included a total of 44 fouls. Overall, there were 26 free-throws for each side, leading the "Associated Press" report to deride the game as merely a free-throw contest. In contrast to the positive reaction to the previous year's title game—in which UNC lost to Villanova at the buzzer—many criticized the quality of play in the 2017 Document [35] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) or Pacific time zones since the 1995 game, which was held at the Kingdome in Seattle, Washington. North Carolina was playing in its second consecutive title game (and eleventh overall), after losing to Villanova at the buzzer the previous year. Meanwhile, Gonzaga was playing in its first-ever title game. It was the second national title game in three years – and the eighth overall – to be played between two No. 1 seeds. In his seventeenth year at the helm, Gonzaga head coach Mark Few led the team to its first Final Four and national championship game in school history, Document [36] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) a career-high 20 points. Arcidiacono scored 16, Jenkins added 14, and Hart had 12 points and 8 rebounds. As a team, Villanova finished 28 of 48 from the field (58%) and 8 of 14 from three (57%). North Carolina made 11 of 17 three-point attempts (65%) and was 27 of 63 overall (43%). The Tar Heels won the rebounding battle 33-23, including 14 offensive rebounds to just two for Villanova. The teams combined for just 21 turnovers. It was Villanova's second NCAA championship. Their first championship was in the 1985 Championship Game, when they defeated the Georgetown Hoyas in what Document [37] (Title: 2017–18 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) winner of the Henry Iba Award for national coach of the year. The Cavaliers finished 17–1 in the conference, finishing four games above second-place Duke. Virginia went on to win the tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. Sophomore guard Kyle Guy was named Tournament MVP as well as First-Team All-ACC. Both the Virginia–North Carolina title game and Duke–North Carolina semifinal game set the Barclays Center attendance record for college basketball games, and conference leadership vowed to return the ACC Tournament to New York again in the near future. On February Document [38] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016–17 season. The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14, 2017, and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year. In the Final Document [39] (Title: 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Championship Game) under thrown and Quigg tipped the ball away from Chamberlain. Kearns grabbed the ball and got away from a defender before he threw the ball into the air to run out the clock. Time expired as the ball was in the air and the Tar Heels won the National Championship. Source: <br> Despite losing in the championship game, Kansas' Wilt Chamberlain was named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Chamberlain was also named to the Consensus All-Americans squad for the 1956–57 season. North Carolina's Lennie Rosenbluth was named the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year for his performance Document [40] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) championship. North Carolina head coach Roy Williams did so as well, commenting during the trophy presentation ceremony that "neither team played very well." The media generally blamed officiating for the game's low quality. Both teams were in the bonus eight minutes into the second half. The "Associated Press" labeled the game "unwatchable." Mark Tracy of the "New York Times" declared it a "sluggish slog of a national title game." Myron Medcalf, writing for "ESPN", wrote that the game was blighted with "an abundance of foul calls, poor offense and a sleep-inducing rhythm." Chris Chase of "Fox Sports" lamented how the Document [41] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) games of the tournament (not including the First Four games) With 11 national titles, UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles. The University of Kentucky (UK) is second, with eight national titles. The University of North Carolina is third, with six national titles, and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles. The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles. The University of Kansas (KU) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles. Since 1985, Document [42] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) National Championship, after having been victorious in 1957 and 1982 beforehand. Donald Williams was named the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player for his efforts throughout the tournament. Source: <br> 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game took place on April 5, 1993 between the North Carolina Tar Heels and Michigan Wolverines at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The match-up was the final one of the fifty-fifth consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship single-elimination tournament — commonly referred to as the NCAA Tournament — organized by the Document [43] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) minute, a field goal by Phil Booth for Villanova cut the lead to 39–34 at the break. Villanova started to gain the upper hand in the second half, taking their largest lead of the game, 67–57, with 4:47 remaining. North Carolina then surged back, setting up a heroic comeback in the final minutes. With just over 1:30 remaining, Marcus Paige hit a three pointer to cut the lead to three points. After Villanova turned over the ball, Brice Johnson cut the lead to one point. Booth was fouled and hit two free throws to retake a three-point lead. With 13 Document [44] (Title: Jalen Brunson) East All-Freshman Team selection. In the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament regional final against Kansas Brunson made the final two free throws that gave the Wildcats a two-possession lead with 3.5 seconds left. The 2015–16 Wildcats won the championship game of the tournament by defeating the North Carolina Tar Heels 77–74, with Brunson as a starter. Brunson was a selection to the 20-man Bob Cousy Award preseason watchlist again as a sophomore. He was a preseason All-Big East honorable mention selection. On December 5, the 2016–17 Wildcats ascended into the top position in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I Document [45] (Title: 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team) consensus status. On April 7, 2017, Malik Monk won the Jerry West Award, which is awarded to the nation's top shooting guard of the year. Monk beat out Duke's Luke Kennard, UCLA's Bryce Alford, and Creighton's Marcus Foster for the award. 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team The 2016–17 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Kentucky in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Lexington, Kentucky for the 41st consecutive season at Rupp Arena, with a capacity of 23,500. The team, led by John Calipari in his eighth season Document [46] (Title: 1957–58 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 1957–58 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The 1957–58 NCAA Division I men's basketball season was the highest level of competition for men's college basketball. The 1958 NCAA tournament ran from March 11 to March 22 1958, and saw the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team win the national title over the Seattle Redhawks. Elgin Baylor, for Seattle, was named Player of the Year. Beginning in 1957–58, the following rules changes were implemented: The final top 20 from the AP and Coaches Polls. Adolph Rupp's Kentucky Wildcats won their fourth National Championship by defeating the Seattle Chieftains 84–72 on March 22 Document [47] (Title: Sporting News Men's College Basketball Player of the Year) presentations. Of those six repeat winners, only Oscar Robertson of Cincinnati and Bill Walton of UCLA have been named the player of the year three times. Despite not claiming any winners since the 1976–77 season, UCLA still has the most all-time with seven. Duke has the second most with six, while their in-state rival North Carolina has the third most with five winners. Sporting News Men's College Basketball Player of the Year The "Sporting News" Men's College Basketball Player of the Year is an annual basketball award given to the best men's basketball player in NCAA Division I competition. The Document [48] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) referees had "ruined" the contest through a combination of incorrect foul calls, missed calls, and superfluous use of instant replay. Tom Ley of "Deadspin" condemned the game as "memorably disgusting." Multiple prominent current and former basketball players vocalized their distaste for the game's quality of officiating on social media, including LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, James Worthy, and Jay Williams. 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2016–17 NCAA Division I Document [49] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) seconds remaining, the lead was again three points for Villanova. On the ensuing possession, Paige sunk an off-balance three-point field goal to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left. However, Ryan Arcidiacono found Kris Jenkins for a buzzer-beating, championship-winning three-point shot, with Villanova defeating North Carolina by a final score of 77–74. After a 27–4 regular season and winning the 2016 Big East Conference regular season championship, Villanova beat Georgetown and Providence en route to the 2016 Big East Tournament Finals, where they would lose to Seton Hall. They were the #2 seed in the South Regional of the 2016 Document [50] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) top seed in the East Regional of the 2016 NCAA Tournament. North Carolina opened the 2016 NCAA Tournament with an 83–67 win over Florida Gulf Coast, outscoring FGCU 42–27 in the second half. North Carolina would again use a big second half to beat Providence, 85–66, in the second round, outscoring the Friars 51–36 in the second half to advance to the Sweet 16. In the Sweet 16, Marcus Paige would have 21 points and Brice Johnson would have 20 points to power UNC to a 101–86 victory over Indiana. In the Elite Eight, North Carolina beat fellow ACC foe Document [51] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015–16 season. The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15, 2016, and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament; No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No. 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset, just the eighth ever win for Document [52] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) fouled out, and his substitute, senior Jack Ingram, quickly amassed four fouls. May scored 26 points as he took the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) of the Final Four. For North Carolina head coach Roy Williams, it was his first national championship. Illinois was denied a chance to set the NCAA record for most wins in a season, instead tying the 1998–99 national runner-up Duke team with 37 (Kentucky has since won 38 games in two different seasons). For almost the entire 2004–05 season, Illinois and North Carolina were ranked #1 and #2, respectively, in all polls, and both teams were Document [53] (Title: Przemek Karnowski) Following the game with BYU, Karnowski became the active leader in Division I basketball games played with 143, passing Nigel Hayes (Wisconsin), Nate Britt and Isaiah Hicks (both North Carolina). Karnowski would be surpassed later that season by Hayes and Duke's Amile Jefferson, and passed both in a win in Gonzaga's Final Four matchup with South Carolina. After the 2017 West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Karnowski became the NCAA's career leader in wins with 132, passing Shane Battier (131). During his senior season he was nominated to the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Award and Senior CLASS Award. Karnowski graduated with Bachelor Document [54] (Title: 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The top 20 from the AP Poll during the pre-season. Frank McGuire brought the ACC its first National Championship as his undefeated North Carolina Tar Heels defeated Wilt Chamberlain and the Kansas Jayhawks in what is considered one of the best games in NCAA history – a 54–53 triple–overtime thriller. Chamberlain was named tournament Most Outstanding Player. Played at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri Bradley won its first NIT title, defeating Memphis State in a one-point contest. Memphis State's Win Wilfong won the MVP in a losing cause as he poured in Document [55] (Title: Villanova Wildcats) and had 16 points in the game, was named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. On April 4, 2016, the Wildcats won their second NCAA Championship in Men's Basketball, the first time in 31 years. They beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 77-74 off a buzzer-beater shot by Kris Jenkins with 0.5 seconds remaining in regulation. Two years later, on April 2, 2018, Villanova earned its third national championship beating the Michigan Wolverines 79-62. The Villanova Wildcats women's basketball team are coached by Harry Perretta, now serving his 34th year as head coach of the team. For the 2017–18 season, Document [56] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament) 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college basketball. It began March 10, 2017, following the 2016–17 season and concluded with the championship game on March 25, 2017. The eight regional winners met in the Elite Eight for the quarterfinal, semifinal, and championship rounds. For the first time, the Elite Eight was held at the Sanford Pentagon in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 71-61, to win the first national championship in the school's history. Location: Document [57] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) a No. 15 seed over a No. 2. At least one 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 seed won a first-round game for the third time ever and the first time since 2013. Also, every seed except a 16 won at least one game in the First Round. In the Final Four, Villanova defeated Oklahoma, while North Carolina defeated Syracuse. Villanova then defeated North Carolina to win the championship on a three-point buzzer beater by Kris Jenkins. Pundits called the game one of the best in tournament history, going on to say this was one of the most Document [58] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to its second consecutive appearance – and record-setting 20th overall appearance – in the Final Four. Maye's shot is additionally remarkable for its similarities to Duke player Christian Laettner's shot against Kentucky in the 1992 Elite Eight 25 years earlier. Both Maye and Laettner wore the number 32; both games involved a No. 1 seed blue-wearing team from North Carolina playing against No. 2 seed Kentucky in the Elite Eight; and both scored a long two-pointer at or near the buzzer to win the game. Laettner himself noted the similarities in a tweet. Next, North Carolina defeated Oregon 77–76 in Document [59] (Title: Villanova Wildcats men's basketball) who had beaten Villanova by 23 on December 7, 2015, at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii early in the season. In the National Semi-Finals, Villanova beat the Sooners by 44 points (an NCAA Final Four record) to advance to the NCAA Championship for the first time in 31 years. They faced the second-overall #1 seed North Carolina Tar Heels for the championship. On April 4, Villanova defeated UNC on a game-winning three-point shot at the buzzer by Kris Jenkins to win the NCAA Championship by a final score of 77–74, winning their second NCAA championship. UNC had recovered from a 10-point deficit Document [60] (Title: 2008–09 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season) The ACC was represented by Boston College's Tyrese Rice, Duke's Gerald Henderson and Kyle Singler, Miami's Jack McClinton, North Carolina's Tyler Hansbrough, Wayne Ellington and Ty Lawson and Wake Forest's James Johnson. In the 2007–08 season, North Carolina's Hansbrough became the 12th ACC Player to earn Wooden National Player of the Year Award. November<br> In November, nine ACC teams participated in eight regular season tournaments across the United States. Four ACC teams claimed championships. On November 11, Duke's Mike Krzyzewski moved into fifth place on the NCAA's all-time win list with his 805th career victory, a 97–54 win over Georgia Document [61] (Title: 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team) to advance to the championship game against undefeated North Carolina, the number one-ranked team in the country. The Tar Heels defeated the Jayhawks 54–53 in triple overtime; North Carolina's Joe Quigg made the tying and go-ahead free throws in the final seconds. 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team The 1956–57 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team was a Division I college basketball team that represented the University of Kansas. Coached by Dick Harp, the Jayhawks posted a 24–3 win–loss record, winning the then-Big Seven Conference and qualifying for the 1957 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Kansas won three games in Document [62] (Title: 2018 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship) take the championship. It was the first national title for Calgary, and the second consecutive appearance (and loss) in the final game for Ryerson. Carleton took the bronze medal over the McGill Redmen. While the Ravens took some consolation in that, Carleton basketball was buoyed later the same day (March 11), when its women's team claimed its first-ever national crown, in Regina. 2018 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship The 2018 U Sports Men's Final 8 Basketball Tournament was held March 8–11, 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was hosted by Acadia University, which also hosted in 1971 on campus in Document [63] (Title: 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) for a 67-59 victory. 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 2011-12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The 2012 National Title Game was played on April 2, 2012 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, and featured the 2012 South Regional Champions, #1-seeded Kentucky and the 2012 Midwest Regional Champions, #2-seeded Kansas. The two head coaches for this game, Kentucky's John Calipari and Kansas's Bill Self also coached Document [64] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance). North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71–65 to win the national championship. A total of 68 teams entered the 2017 tournament, with all 32 conference tournament winners receiving an automatic bid. The Ivy League, which previously granted its automatic tournament bid to its regular season champion, hosted a postseason tournament to determine a conference champion for the first time. In previous years, had the Ivy League had two schools tied for first in the standings, Document [65] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) third time winning the event after previously doing so in 2008 and 2012. Following their defeated of South Dakota, Gonazaga entered their conference season with an undefeated record and broke the school record for most consecutive wins to start a season with twelve. After a 29–1 regular season and winning the 2017 West Coast Conference regular season championship, Gonzaga beat Pacific and Santa Clara en route to the 2017 West Coast Conference Tournament Finals, where they defeated Saint Mary's. The Bulldogs were the #1 seed in the West Regional of the 2017 NCAA Tournament. In the first round of the Document [66] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) and Steve Smith provided studio commentary. TNT's "Team Stream", focusing on North Carolina, was called by Wes Durham with analyst Brendan Haywood and sideline reporter Dwayne Ballen, while on truTV's "Team Stream", which focused on Villanova, Scott Graham called the game with analyst Brian Finneran and sideline reporter Kacie McDonnell. ESPN International owned the international broadcast rights. Sean McDonough served as the play-by-play announcer for the international audience, with Dick Vitale providing commentary. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One, with Kevin Kugler calling the game. The Championship Game Document [67] (Title: 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season) 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season The 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season concluded in the 64-team 1994 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament whose finals were held at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Arkansas Razorbacks earned their first national championship by defeating the Duke Blue Devils 76–72 on April 4, 1994. They were coached by Nolan Richardson and the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player was Arkansas' Corliss Williamson. In the 32-team 1994 National Invitation Tournament, the Villanova Wildcats defeated the Vanderbilt Commodores at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Following the season, Document [68] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 18, 1993, and ended with the championship game on April 5 in New Orleans, Louisiana. A total of 63 games were played. North Carolina, coached by Dean Smith, won the national title with a 77–71 victory in the final game over Michigan, coached by Steve Fisher. Donald Williams of North Carolina was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. The most memorable play Document [69] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) enabled the Bulldogs to advance to the championship game. After a 26–6 regular season, North Carolina beat Miami (FL) in the ACC Tournament before losing to Duke in the semifinals. Despite the loss, North Carolina was selected as the top seed in the South regional as an at-large. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Justin Jackson broke out of a shooting slump and led North Carolina with 21 points to a 103–64 win over Texas Southern. In the second round against Arkansas, after blowing a 17-point first half lead and trailing 65–60 with under three minutes remaining, Document [70] (Title: 2017 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) was the 9th straight year without a back-to-back winner. Texas Wesleyan became the 16th program to win two or more national titles with its win. Life finished the season earning its second all-time runner-up title. 2017 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament is being held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 80th annual NAIA basketball tournament features 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. The opening game round started on March 15, and the National Championship Game was played on March 21. Texas Wesleyan won Document [71] (Title: 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season) 89 points in the Tigers' four games, including 31 in the final. Played at Madison Square Garden in New York City <br> 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season The top 20 from the AP Poll during the pre-season. Frank McGuire brought the ACC its first National Championship as his undefeated North Carolina Tar Heels defeated Wilt Chamberlain and the Kansas Jayhawks in what is considered one of the best games in NCAA history – a 54–53 triple–overtime thriller. Chamberlain was named tournament Most Outstanding Player. Played at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri Bradley won its first NIT title, Document [72] (Title: 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 13, 1997, and ended with the championship game on March 31 in Indianapolis, Indiana at the RCA Dome. A total of 63 games were played. The Final Four consisted of Kentucky, who entered the tournament as the defending national champions, Minnesota, making their first Final Four appearance, Arizona, making their third Final Four appearance and first since 1994, and North Carolina, making Document [73] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) 180 countries. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship Document [74] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Kennedy Meeks led a North Carolina comeback with 16 points and a huge tip-in with 44.2 seconds remaining to put UNC ahead 68–65 as they survived to win 72–65, and advance to the Sweet 16. In the Sweet 16, Joel Berry II and Jackson led North Carolina to a 92–80 win over Butler with 26 and 24 points, respectively, to advance to the Elite Eight for the 26th time in program history. In an Elite Eight showdown between two college basketball blue bloods, North Carolina beat Kentucky 75–73 on a jump shot by Luke Maye with 0.3 seconds left, advancing Document [75] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 65 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 15, 2005, and ended with the championship game on April 4 at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis. The Final Four consisted of Illinois, the overall top seed and in the Final Four for the first time since 1989, Louisville, making their first appearance since winning the national championship in 1986, North Carolina, reaching their first Final Four since their 2000 Document [76] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the Final Four for the first time since 2009. In the 2016 Final Four, Villanova defeated Oklahoma, 95–51, the largest margin of victory in Final Four history, to advance to the National Championship Game for the first time since their 1985 National Championship run. The game also featured the second-best shooting percentage in a Final Four game, behind only Villanova's 1985 Championship Game performance of 78.6% (22-for-28). After a 25–6 regular season and winning the 2016 ACC regular season championship, North Carolina beat Pittsburgh, Notre Dame, and Virginia en route to the ACC Tournament Championship. They were rewarded with the Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team) through the end of the regular season and became the first ACC team to win 17 conference games. The Cavaliers won the ACC Tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. In the process the team broke the school's single-season win record, which had twice been tied by Bennett-led teams in the past five years. ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the "New York Document [78] (Title: Juwan Howard) the finals of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship in 1992 and 1993. Howard won his first NBA championship with Miami in the 2012 NBA Finals and his second NBA championship in the 2013 NBA Finals. Howard was an All-American center and an honors student at Chicago Vocational Career Academy. Michigan was able to sign him early over numerous competing offers and then convince others in his recruiting class to join him. The Fab Five, which included Chris Webber, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson, served as regular starters during their freshman and sophomore years for the 1991–92 Document [79] (Title: 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Notre Dame, 88–74, to advance to an NCAA Tournament-record 19th Final Four. In the Final Four, North Carolina beat another ACC foe, Syracuse, 83–66, to make their 10th appearance in the National Title game in hopes of winning their sixth national title. UNC became one of only four schools to do so, along with Duke, UCLA, and Kentucky. † = 2016 All-American The first half of the National Championship game was tightly fought, with neither team taking a lead larger than five points in the first 19 minutes. In the last minute of the half, North Carolina briefly went up Document [80] (Title: Thayne McCulloh) date, ultimately facing the University of North Carolina (UNC) in the national championship game. UNC won the game in the closing minutes with a score of 71-65. The current season (2017–18) marks the sixth consecutive West Coast Conference championship and the 20th consecutive appearance in the NCAA Tournament by the Gonzaga Men's basketball team. In the Spring of 2018, Gonzaga University will conclude a major fundraising campaign which, when announced in 2015, had a goal of $250 million, of which $100 million is intended to support scholarships for students. McCulloh currently serves on a number of non-profit boards and has Document [81] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) to win 79–73. In Gonzaga's Sweet 16 game against West Virginia, Mathews hit a go-ahead three-pointer with less than a minute remaining to give Gonzaga a 60–58 lead. Gonzaga won the game 61–58 and advanced to the Elite Eight. In the Elite Eight, led by Nigel Williams-Goss' 23-point performance, Gonzaga routed Xavier 83–59 to reach the Final Four for the first time in school history. Gonzaga defeated South Carolina 77–73 in the Final Four led by 23 points from Williams-Goss and 27 points from Gonzaga's big men. A Josh Perkins foul preventing Sindarius Thornwell's game-tying three-pointer with 3.5 seconds left Document [82] (Title: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 79th annual tournament to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men's golf. It was contested from May 26 to 31 at the Rich Harvest Farms course in Sugar Grove, Illinois and hosted by Northern Illinois University. Oklahoma defeated defending champions Oregon, 3.5–1.5 and Braden Thornberry of Mississippi won the individual competition. Remaining teams: Arizona State (872), Alabama (873), Iowa State (875), North Carolina (875), Stanford (879), Kent State (881), Duke (888), Mississippi (888), Penn State (891), Lipscomb (891), Jacksonville (892), New Document [83] (Title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball) both key contributors to the 2017 National Championship squad. In 2015-2016, led by seniors Marcus Paige and Brice Johnson, the Tar Heels earned their 30th ACC regular season title, 18th ACC tournament title, and 19th Final Four. They also appeared in their 10th NCAA title game, in which they lost on a buzzer beater to Villanova, despite Marcus Paige's dramatic three-pointer to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left. The Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record. The following year, the Tar Heels were ranked #6 in the AP preseason poll, having lost Paige Document [84] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament) 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament was the 44th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division III college basketball in the United States. Featuring sixty-four teams, it began on March 2, 2018, following the 2017–18 season, and concluded with the championship game on March 17, 2018. Once again, the national semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia. Nebraska Wesleyan defeated Wisconsin–Oshkosh in the final, 78–72, to win their first national title. Cooper Cook was voted the MVP. The following Document [85] (Title: 1982 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) infractions by Ewing. The Hoyas entered halftime ahead by a single point, 32–31. The teams traded the lead multiple times closing minutes of the second half. Following a turnover by Matt Doherty, Georgetown took the lead 62–61 courtesy of a jump shot from Floyd. During the ensuing possession, North Carolina Freshman Michael Jordan hit a go-ahead basket with fifteen seconds remaining to give North Carolina a one-point advantage. The Tar Heels won their second NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship, with their first coming in 1957. Worthy was named the Most Outstanding Player for his efforts throughout the tournament. After losing Document [86] (Title: 2017–18 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team) conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a #2 seed in the South region, they defeated #15 Northern Kentucky and #10 Wichita State to advance to the Sweet 16. There, they defeated #3 UCLA to advance to the Elite Eight where they lost to eventual National Champion, #1 North Carolina. On April 3, 2017, De'Aaron Fox announced that he was leaving the program to enter the 2017 NBA Draft, and would forgo his remaining eligibility. On April 4, 2017, Malik Monk, in a release to the fanbase, stated that he intended to enter the NBA draft and sign with Question: who won the men's ncaa basketball championship 2017

Answer: North Carolina Long Answer: In the Final Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance). North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71--65 to win the national championship. Gold Document ID: 86

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Misty Copeland) and Variations", "Duo Concertant" and "Gaîté Parisienne", featuring Copeland in all three. Siebert praised her work as the lead in Balanchine's choreography of Igor Stravinsky's "Duo Concertant" for violin and piano performed by Benjamin Bowman and Emily Wong. Of her Flower Girl in "Gaîté Parisienne", Apollinaire Scherr of The "Financial Times" wrote that she "tips like a brimming watering can into the bouquets her wooers hold out to her". Copeland was a "flawless" demi-soloist in "Theme and Variations", according to Colleen Boresta of "Critical Dance". In June 2014 at the Met, she danced the Fairy Autumn in the Frederick Ashton Document [2] (Title: Living Out Loud (song)) "wheelies". Sia's persona is represented via backup dancers wearing ivory corsets and her trademark black-and-blond wig. The video has been described as "empowering" and "inclusive". Candy has been noted to show a softer presentation of herself, in comparison to her prior work, as well as resembling of Madonna" in her early career. Digital download KDA Remix The Remixes, Vol. 1 The Remixes, Vol. 2 Taken from digital download liner notes. Living Out Loud (song) "Living Out Loud" is a song by American singer Brooke Candy featuring Australian singer Sia, released on February 3, 2017. The song was set to be Document [3] (Title: Dus Kahaniyaan) him. Zahir however still fall's in love with Diya` One night when Zahir was with his friends and visiting many bars in the town to console himself he sees Sia. She is a dancer in a dance bar. After coming home, he goes to her apartment and confronts her and despite her attempts to explain the truth to him an intoxicated Zahir rapes her despite her pleas to stop him. The next day he wakes up and Sia has already left, however he finds a note from her. In this letter she had written that she has AIDS and that Document [4] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) wig and outfit that simulated the look of Sia's character in the film. She again performed with Sia on a mini-tour of Australasia in November and December 2017, and later in December, she and Sia returned to the "Ellen" show to perform Sia's song "Snowman". Ziegler and her sister conducted another dance workshop tour of Australia and New Zealand in July 2018. Ziegler wrote the foreword to Abby Lee Miller's 2014 memoir, "Everything I Learned about Life, I Learned in Dance Class". Ziegler interviewed her friend Millie Bobby Brown for a cover article in the November 2016 issue of "Interview" Document [5] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) are created in the likeness of Yamaguchi, and are dressed in the same clothing. Further scenes in the video show Yamaguchi together with the mannequins in the room, in activities such as having dinner and drawing portraits. In the final third of the video, a "bewitching" woman played by actress Kumiko Aso comes into the room and kisses one of Yamaguchi's mannequins. As with the band's other music videos, they requested stylist Hisashi "Momo" Kitazawa to find a director, this time using the key words "dance" and "idiot". Yamaguchi wanted to focus on the video being entertaining, rather than artistic. Document [6] (Title: Piya Tu Ab To Aaja) song was performed by Helen, who is known for doing item numbers in Bollywood films of the 1960s and 1970s. It is a highly suggestive song with Asha Bhosle breathing quickly at intervals, giving it an orgasmic sound. In the film, Helen performs the provocative dance in front of a large audience, including Sunita (played by actress Asha Parekh) who has just discovered that Monica (Helen) and her husband are having an affair. The picturisation is typical of the item numbers of the era portraying a "vamp" character who dances seductively for a nightclub audience. The song was later released Document [7] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) "1000 Forms of Fear"; instead, she focused on creating visual art through her videos. During the promotion of the album, Sia recruited Ziegler to be her persona on stage and performed with her back facing to the camera. On 19 May 2014, Sia performed "Chandelier" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", where Maddie Ziegler recreated the choreography in the music video. Sia also performed the song on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on 9 June 2014, with "Girls" star Lena Dunham performing the choreography. On 4 July 2014, Sia made an appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", where she performed "Chandelier", "Big Document [8] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) discuss how to create a dance-related project that was not strictly just dance. Tanaka wanted to create a three-minute story, and tried to stress storytelling in the video over imagery. Tanaka added the "bewitching" woman to the video to introduce jealousy and conflict between Yamaguchi and the mannequins, who had worked together in the previous scenes. The "bar dance" was choreographed by Furitsuke Kagyou Air:Man, a group who had worked together with Sakanaction for the music video for "Native Dancer" (2009). At the 2012 Space Shower Music Video Awards, the music video won the Best Video of the Year award, Document [9] (Title: 10 Minutes (Inna song)) video was also released subsequently on 16 June 2010. The video begins with Inna doing her make-up in front of a mirror and continues with her dancing in a club and performing choreography with fellow background dancers. Jonahan Harmad from French website Pure Charts thought that Inna "does not change a winning recipe: pretty girls, dancing and a club." In 2010, the song was performed at the Romanian Music Awards in a medley with "Amazing", "Señorita" (2010) and "Sun Is Up" (2010) on 10 July, and at Kasho Club in Brașov, Romania on 28 December. Another two performances followed in Document [10] (Title: Shiri Maimon) Of The Year” named after Ella Dan by Habima Theatre. Maimon performed with the musical around 200 times, until it closed in March 2017. In January 2016, Maimon posted in her Facebook account videos asking her fans to help her decide which song she will be covering in the next three shows of her winter show tour. She let her fan choose between “Chandelier” by Sia, “Hello” by Adele, and “I’m Not The Only One” by Sam Smith. Eventually “Chandelier” was chosen, and Maimon was performing the song in her shows. Maimon released the live version of the song which Document [11] (Title: Ain't No Other Man) chorus. At the bridge, she walks through the bar and finds her lover. She pushes him down on a chair and pushes him away across the polished dance-floor. She is then lifted onto the billiard table and continues to sing while the chandelier above her head begins to explode and spark fireworks. At the chorus she appears in a sparkling silver dress and makes the whole club come alive in a riot of dancing. There is a brief funk outro. As the video ends, with the club now empty of customers, Aguilera gently sings "I Got Trouble" again, lying on Document [12] (Title: Never Dance Alone) different lives. Siu-Sze is a housewife, as well as Akina. Yuen Chau works for the Hong Kong Government, while having an affair with a prospective chief executive candidate who is also her boss. Jenny initially worked as an airline hostess, but eventually quit to care for her mother, who suffered a stroke. Julie became obsessed with money, and was set to marry the son of a wealthy New Territories tribal elder until she discovered he is gay. Meanwhile, Cyndi continued with her passion for dancing, and operates a dance studio that is ailing. Through happenstance, Cyndi reunited with Julie and Document [13] (Title: Playing with Fire (Paula Seling and Ovi song)) and black clothes, respectively — leave the piano and move to the front part of the stage, aided by four background vocalists (Andreea Moldovan, Larisa Borza, Andrada Janette Suliman and Elena Bianca Purcărea) placed on the left half of the stage. Further technical enhancements include the lights on the backdrop changing from blue to orange with the words 'boy' and 'girl', as well as fire being displayed on the background and piano. Claire-Marie Allègre of French website L'Express Styles positively called Seling's catsuit extravagant. In his book "Waltz of the Asparagus People: The Further Adventures of Piano Girl", Robin Meloy Document [14] (Title: Harajuku Girls) "Luxurious", "Crash", "Wind It Up", "The Sweet Escape", and "Now That You Got It". Gwen appeared on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross", and introduced the dancers as her "imaginary friends". Three of the dancers would later appear in No Doubt's 2012 video "Settle Down." Maya Chino (stage name "Love") grew up in Tokyo. She started out doing ballet when she was three years old and also tap danced. Before dancing with Gwen Stefani, she was a backup dancer for South Korean singer BoA. She later moved to Los Angeles, California, and teaches hip hop lessons to children at an academy Document [15] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the lyrics in American sign language. In May 2014, Puddles Pity Party, the "sad clown with the golden voice" performed a version with Postmodern Jukebox that by June 2018 has had over 8 million views on YouTube. He also performed the song on the 12th-season premiere of "America's Got Talent", stunning the judges and gaining the four votes needed to move to the next round. In July 2014, Sara Bareilles performed an acoustic version of "Chandelier" during her Little Black Dress Tour. Reut Odinak from the "Seattle Weekly" lauded Bareilles' vocals on the cover. Likewise, MuchMusic's Evan Desouza wrote that Document [16] (Title: Harajuku Girls) Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson and mimicking their moves. At the age of nineteen, she went to Los Angeles to study dance. She later taught dance at a performing arts centers, and joined an all-female dance group "Beat Freaks", which competed and was runner-up in America's Best Dance Crew. She most recently appeared in the new dance multimedia production "Siren Assassins" as Queen Jade. She was formerly married to Lee-J Razalan, the manager of Beat Freaks and a fellow dancer. She is the choreographer for famous Korean boy band SHINee with their debut song, "Noona is so Pretty/Replay" and various Document [17] (Title: Chandelier (song)) verses, Gbmaj–Bbm-Ab in the pre-chorus, and Gbmaj–Ab–Db/F–Gbmaj in the chorus. Lyrically, "Chandelier" has a sad theme talking about "the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life". John Walker from MTV Buzzworthy opined that the song has a dark theme, "toeing the line between celebration and self-destruction as it becomes increasingly more blurred". The song's opening lyrics, "Party girls don't get hurt, can't feel anything ... I push it down", are sung over a reggae-influenced background. Walker noted that during the chorus, Sia sings, "I'm gonna swing from the chandelier, from the chandelier/ I'm gonna live like tomorrow doesn't exist, Document [18] (Title: Muara Hati) is the crystal chandelier that was hanging in both Siti's and Hafiz's scenes. For both Hafiz and Siti, they only wore one single black ensemble respectively throughout all the scenes. Throughout the video, the scenes' shots vary from long shot, medium shot to close-up. After the opening, the music video begins with Hafiz's scenes sitting on a chair before it fades to Siti's scenes who is also shown on the same transparent chair. There were moments when the two scenes are put together side by side or one above the other, but both artists were never in one same scene. Document [19] (Title: Sia (musician)) 2001 album "Simple Things", Sia contributed vocals to two tracks: "Destiny" and "Distractions." The single "Destiny" peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, she provided vocals for Zero 7 on "Somersault" and "Speed Dial No. 2" (from the album "When It Falls"). In 2006, Sia again collaborated with Zero 7 for the group's third album, "The Garden" and hence she is regarded as the "unofficial" lead singer of Zero 7. In 2000, Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music's sub-label Dance Pool and released her first single, "Taken for Granted", which peaked at No. 10 Document [20] (Title: Silya) Silya Silje Haugum Nymoen (born January 3, 1978), known by her stage name Silya (stylised as SiLyA), is a Norwegian singer-songwriter based in New York City. Silya was singing and playing classical piano by age 8. She majored in jazz and contemporary dance at The Oslo National Academy of Art at age 15. Silya first gained success being the lead singer of the Norwegian hip hop/pop group Multicyde. Multicyde signed to Warner Music Group and had three number 1 hits in Norway between 1999 and 2002. While in Multicyde, she performed in musical theater shows like Cabaret, Chicago, and West Document [21] (Title: Sibel Can) a belly dancer. She worked as both a belly dancer and a soloist with her father during their tour's across Turkey. Can who appeared in the clubs such as Galata Tower and Astorya, accepted Nükhet Duru and Fahrettin Arslan's offer to perform at Maksim Casino at the age of 17. Due to Can's minority, the casino became under the threat of closure, and after court proceedings her date of birth was changed to 1964. At Maksim Casino she worked with the likes of Muazzez Abacı, Neşe Karaböcek and Emel Sayın. In 1987 she released her first album "Günah Bize" which Document [22] (Title: The Greatest (Sia song)) a new album called "We Are Your Children". An accompanying music video for the single was filmed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and portrays American dancer Maddie Ziegler among 48 others. Although the singer has not provided an interpretation of the video's plot, numerous media outlets have perceived it as a tribute to the 49 victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting. Commercially, "The Greatest" reached the top five in several countries and was awarded with certifications in various territories. The music video was nominated for a 2017 MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography. "Billboard" editor Gil Kaufman described "The Document [23] (Title: Chandelier (song)) March 2014 through Monkey Puzzle, with distribution by RCA Records. In the United Kingdom, "Chandelier" was released digitally on 29 June 2014. A day later, it was sent by RCA Records to US hot adult contemporary radio. "Chandelier" was written by Sia and Shatkin and was produced by Kurstin and Shatkin. It was described as an electropop ballad, featuring "soaring" synthesisers, "militant" drums, and hip hop beats with electronica, R&B, and reggae influences. The song features Sia's "jaw-dropping" vocal performance. The song is written in the key of B minor and it follows the chord progression of Bbm–Gbmaj–Ab–Fm in the Document [24] (Title: JoJo Siwa) decor, and a doll made in her likeness, and has released several books aimed at young children. JoJo Siwa Joelle Joanie "JoJo" Siwa (born May 19, 2003), is an American dancer, singer, actress, and YouTube personality. She is known for appearing for two seasons on "Dance Moms" along with her mother, Jessalynn Siwa, and for her singles "Boomerang" and "Kid in a Candy Store". Siwa posts daily videos of her day-to-day life on her YouTube channel, "JoJo Siwa Vlogs". Joelle Joanie Siwa was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 2003, the child of Dr. Tom Siwa, a chiropractor from Document [25] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) on his offer until 2011. Instead of being assigned a song, Sunahara personally chose "Light Dance" from the band's discography to remix. On July 22, the band made their first appearance on the TV Asahi television program "Music Station", performing the song. Yamaguchi appeared as a guest at the J-Wave radio program Radipedia on July 26, and on "School of Lock!" on July 20 to promote the song. During the single's release in July, the band were in the middle of recording sessions for their album "Documentaly". On July 23, the band held a special Ustream broadcast to celebrate the Document [26] (Title: Elastic Heart) it out alive, but whether escape is ever really on the table." "New York" magazine's Vulture.com ranked it number 6 on its list of 2015's top 10 music videos. As of November 2018, the video had received more than 970 million views on YouTube. It was the eighth most viewed YouTube video in 2015. The video "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have pedophilic undertones because it features an adult and child dancing together clad only in beige dancewear. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states," but she apologized Document [27] (Title: Sia (musician)) the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Sia released the deluxe edition of "This Is Acting" in October 2016, which includes three new tracks, a remix version of "Move Your Body" and a solo version of "The Greatest". She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards. Sia contributed to the soundtracks for the films "Lion" and "Wonder Woman" with "Never Give Up" and "To Be Human", respectively. She also co-wrote and performed on a platinum-selling single, "Dusk Till Dawn" by Zayn Malik. Sia performed in concert Document [28] (Title: Ryan Heffington) Other Sia videos that Heffington has choreographed include "Elastic Heart", "Big Girls Cry", "Cheap Thrills" and "The Greatest". Sia and Heffington's collaborations have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms." He has also worked with FKA Twigs and Britney Spears, and made several appearances on "RuPaul's Drag Race". Heffington created the choreography for the science fiction series "The OA", which debuted on Netflix in December 2016. He was choreographer for the 2017 film "Baby Driver", choreographing the actors' timing and movements in order to sync them with the Document [29] (Title: Sharon Shore) Shore was among the court of Apollo, a role performed by John Mallozzi. Beverly Sills was in the cast. "Bloomer Girl" came to San Francisco in 1951 with Dick Haymes as its star. Shore was one of the dancers. She was in a production of the musical comedy "The Thousand and Second Night" in December 1955. The show was produced by Jack Yellen and featured actors Jack Cassidy and Eddie Lawrence. It was performed at the Versailles night club, 151 East 50th Street, New York City. Shore was successful in subbing for Neile Adams who was ill at one point. Document [30] (Title: Crying in the Club) star to escape the more generic tropes of top 40," while in "Rolling Stone", Ryan Reed noted Cabello "finds emotional redemption" in the song. Editors from "Rap-Up" wrote "the song blends island flavors with intense pop sounds, making it a dance-ready soundtrack for optimism." Anna Gaca of "Spin" described the song as a "dancehall-inspired beat that bears a passing resemblance to Sia's 'Cheap Thrills'." Idolator writer Mike Wass called the song a "moody, mid-tempo bop", and opined, "the 20-year-old followed Sia's demo a little too closely. She's almost unrecognizable and that's worrying for something trying to establish their independence." Directed Document [31] (Title: Dance (Alexandra Stan song)) Dance (Alexandra Stan song) "Dance" is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her sophomore studio album, "Unlocked" (2014). The track was made available for digital download on 16 July 2014, as the album's third single. "Dance" was written by Stan, Cosmin Basasteanu, Alexandru Cotoi, Lee Anna McCollum, Mika Moupondo and Erik Lidbom, while production was handled by both Cazan and Lidbom. A music video for the song was directed by Khaled Mokhtar and debuted on Stan's YouTube channel on 18 July 2014, where it has since amassed over ten million views. The clip was shot during Document [32] (Title: Chikku Bukku Rayile) who is also a renowned choreographer, makes a cameo for an interlude. Raghava Lawrance another renowned choreographer dances along with Prabhu Deva. Chikku Bukku Rayile's music video tells the story of dance phenomenon Prabhu Deva trying to flirt with a girl (Gouthami), as the girl tries to leave him in all directions. The song is sung mixed with English to give it the Chennai slang feel. This style propelled it to be a hit song. The original song has since been covered by several singers and bands: Chikku Bukku Rayile "Chikku Bukku Rayile" is a song, sung in Tamil, featured Document [33] (Title: Just Dance (song)) a poncho, with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale. She wears a blue, lightning-bolt shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover, which paid tribute to the album cover of David Bowie's "Aladdin Sane", as he is one of her musical idols. O'Donis appears in the video being flanked by several girls during the "When I come through on the dance floor" interlude. Cameo appearances are made by Akon and Space Cowboy. MTV called the video an ode to the "Me Decade". During an interview with Australian Document [34] (Title: Aaron Sillis) Aaron Sillis Aaron Sillis (born August 1983) is an English dancer and choreographer who has worked in many fields of dance, most notably working with leading international pop artists including Rihanna, Katy Perry, FKA twigs, Justin Bieber, Kylie Minogue, Mariah Carey and Leona Lewis. Sillis was born in August 1983, in Drayton, near Norwich in Norfolk, England.[1] He began studying dance at the age of 14 at the Central School of Performing Arts in Norwich[1] and at 16 he continued into professional vocational training in dance and musical theatre at Bird College in Sidcup, Kent.[2] Aaron was a contemporary dance Document [35] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) type of intense, captivating choreography as some of [Sia's] other work. This time, Ziegler is backed by two other dancers, and the trio seems to blend as one". "Teen Vogue" said that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance". The video has been viewed more than 330 million times. Cheap Thrills (song) "Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer Sia from her seventh studio album, "This Is Acting" (2016). It was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, while solely produced by Kurstin. An official remix version of "Cheap Thrills" features vocals by Jamaican performer Sean Paul and was made available for Document [36] (Title: Flames (song)) bit slower tempo, a new pop ballad is just what one could expect from the duo." Mike Nied from Idolator called it "an inspiring anthem complete with a rousing production and another of the 'Chandelier' siren's jaw-dropping vocal lines." Brittany Spanos of "Rolling Stone" described the song as "uplifting": "On the song, Guetta goes for a less clubby sound than usual. The song is more earnest as Sia offers words of encouragement to a loved one weathering a tough time." Flames (song) "Flames" is a song by French DJ and record producer David Guetta and Australian singer-songwriter Sia. The song Document [37] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) site in Fatehabad district in Haryana, shows an image that is evocative of "Dancing Girl". The excavation team leader, L. S. Rao, Superintending Archaeologist, Excavation Branch, ASI, remarked that, “... the delineation [of the lines in the potsherd] is so true to the stance, including the disposition of the hands, of the bronze that it appears that the craftsman of Bhirrana had first-hand knowledge of the former”. Some Pakistani politicians and experts have demanded that the Dancing Girl be "returned" to Pakistan. In 2016 Pakistani barrister, Javed Iqbal Jaffery, petitioned the Lahore High Court for the return of the statue, Document [38] (Title: Dance in the Neon Light) Dance in the Neon Light "Dance in the Neon Light" in an English version of the Swedish language song "Dansa i neon" by Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson. "Dansa i neon" is a Swedish language song, sung by Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson and finishing 5th at the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1987. "Dansa i neon" was written by Tim Norell, Peo Thyrén and Ola Håkansson, and was first meant to have been performed by Lili & Susie. Ola Håkansson proposed that, but Sveriges Television said no. Lena Philipsson released it as a single in 1987, which reached a 9th place as Document [39] (Title: Jane Siberry) Jackson's "Heaven & Hell". Jane Siberry Jane Siberry ( ; ; born October 12, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as "Mimi on the Beach", "I Muse Aloud", "One More Colour" and "Calling All Angels". She performed the theme song to the television series "Maniac Mansion". She has released material under the name Issa ( ) – an identity (as opposed to a simple stagename) which she used formally between 2006 and 2009. On August 30, 2005, Siberry was awarded the 2005 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award in music by the Canada Council for the Arts. Jane Stewart Document [40] (Title: Raja Amari) in Selma's dance class. To find out more, Lilia decides to follow Chokri one day. On her escapade, she follows him into his second workplace: a cabaret club. After overcoming her initial shock, Lilia becomes drawn towards the dancers and drum music. The women are very different from Lilia: they wear colourful clothing, they are showing their midriffs, and they are dancing in a sensual manner to the drumbeat. After befriending the lead dancer, Folla (Monia Hichri), Lilia is convinced to start dancing in the cabaret club. While Lilia begins dancing nightly, she simultaneously begins a romantic relationship with Chokri, Document [41] (Title: Rainbow (Sia song)) resembling Songbird Serenade's mane, and successfully battling and conquering the elements. "Rainbow" received critical acclaim. Bryan Rolli from "Billboard" called the song "uplifting", saying "The Australian pop star eschews the vocal acrobatics of past hits like 'Chandelier' in favor of a restrained hook and hypnotic beat, while still sounding as powerful and inspired as ever. She maintains the evenhanded, optimistic spirit that elevates her best songs, singing, 'I can see a rainbow in your tears as the sun comes out.'" Hilary Hughes from MTV said, "'Rainbow' has all the hallmarks of a stellar Sia single: Empowering message, driving beat, and Document [42] (Title: Kat DeLuna) 16 on the official album's chart. The video for "Party O'Clock" was released on December 15, 2010. "Dancing Tonight" was the next single from the album, and she shot video in New York City on December 21–23, 2010. "Dancing Tonight" debuted as the #1 Breakout on the Billboard Dance Chart. The video for the song premiered on March 23. On July 29 the video for the single "Drop It Low" premiered on her YouTube channel, and the single was released September 27. "Drop it Low" first surfaced on DeLuna's international-only release ‘Inside Out,’ which is being re-worked for the American Document [43] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) of the white performance space ... it was an odd but not unexpected arrangement that put the focus squarely on the visual aspect of the show. Since there was sadly no live band and Sia herself did little besides sing note-perfect if somewhat rote versions of her songs, it wasn’t out of the question to wonder what we needed her for, anyway. After all, there was a magnetic visual assault to focus on, led by 14-year-old dancer Maddie Ziegler, who has starred in five of Sia's music videos since 2014. ... Most of the time, the dancing perfectly complemented the Document [44] (Title: Shindig!) Rini Jarmon and Carol Shelyne, who always wore glasses while she danced. Occasionally, a small group of dancers who sang would get a featured spot; this rotating group was billed as The Shindig Girls. The assistant choreographer was Antonia Basilotta, better known as Toni Basil, who later gained fame with her 1980s hit song "Mickey." Both Garr and Basil were dance students of David Winters at the time and worked with him on most of his choreography projects. The series house band was supposedly known as "The Shin-diggers", but that was actually the name host Jimmy O'Neill used to refer Document [45] (Title: Chandelier (song)) has accumulated more than 9 million views. Derek Hough lip-synced the song while performing a parody of Ziegler's routine on the eighth episode of "Lip Sync Battle". "Chandelier" was played as the background music in the closing scene of the episode "Truth" on the TV show "UnREAL". Jordan Smith covered it in his audition for "The Voice" in September 2015. Trent Harmon covered it in his Top 4 performance for the American Idol in March 2016. Also in March, English close harmony trio The Puppini Sisters covered the song in a mash up with Rappers Delight for their 5th studio Document [46] (Title: On the Floor) one used in the final video. The clip begins with Lopez's arrival at a club in a black BMW, one example of the product placement used throughout the video. As the music begins, she puts on a pair Swarovski crystal earrings before the camera switches to inside the club. where it descends from the ceiling amongst the Las Vegas-style crystal chandeliers. Choreographer Frank Gatson Jr. called the club, "the best dance party in town," where Lopez played several different characters. Both the scenery and artist were styled to pay homage to her background as a professional dancer, she said she Document [47] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) song by Sia to enter the chart as a lead artist. "Big Girls Cry" was released in June 2014. Sia's solo version of "Elastic Heart", which was originally a collaboration with The Weeknd and Diplo, was released in January 2015, and reached the top 20 of the Hot 100. "Fire Meet Gasoline" was released as the fourth and final single in Germany on 19 June 2015. The official music video for "Chandelier" has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.9 billion times, and the video for "Elastic Heart" has been viewed more than 900 million times. To promote the project, Document [48] (Title: Alive (Sia song)) a chord progression of Fm–Cm–D–Fm–Cm–D–B, and Sia's vocals span from F to E. "Alive" is a midtempo pop and synth-pop power ballad. The music video for the song directed by Sia and Daniel Askill was released on 5 November 2015. It was shot by cinematographer Mathieu Plainfosse. It stars child karate star Mahiro Takano. The music video was filmed in Japan. A lyric video has been uploaded on October 20, 2015 on Sia's Vevo channel. The video features a black-and-white background, with female figures without their faces shown. Sia wore a two-toned black and blonde wig and the lyrics of Document [49] (Title: Sia (musician)) her sixth studio album, "1000 Forms of Fear", debuted at No 1 in the U.S. "Billboard" 200 and generated the top-ten single "Chandelier" and a trilogy of music videos starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler. In 2016, she released her seventh studio album "This Is Acting", which spawned her first Hot 100 number one single, "Cheap Thrills". The same year, Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour, which incorporated performance art elements. Among the accolades received by Sia are ARIA Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975 in Adelaide, South Document [50] (Title: Colleen Ballinger) In 2015, Miranda was ranked the 7th "most popular YouTube personality", by "Daily American", and one of the "Top 25 Digital Stars", by "The Hollywood Reporter". The "Los Angeles Times" wrote of her videos, "this footage is a major hoot". Perez Hilton praised Miranda's parody of Sia's song "Chandelier" as "the crowning achievement of music video parodies ... utterly fantastic. ... [Ballinger] really has superb comedic timing." Initially, Miranda Sings enjoyed widespread popularity among musical theatre fans. Later, her fan base expanded particularly among teenagers. "TV Guide" commented: "Ironically, the character ... was created to satirize the very type of Document [51] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) and ownership is disputed by Pakistan. A bronze statuette "DANCING GIRL" is high and about 5,000 years old. It was found in the "HR area" of Mohenjo-daro in 1926 by Ernest Mackay. Although it is in a standing position, it was named ""Dancing Girl"" with an assumption of her profession. This is one of two bronze art works found at Mohenjo-daro that show more flexible features when compared to other more formal poses. The girl is naked, wears a number of bangles and a necklace and is shown in a natural standing position with one hand on her hip. She Document [52] (Title: When You Look at Me) white walls. She is then seen in a blue room, with some jean material on the wall as wallpaper, dancing in with some background dancers. She is wearing blue jeans and a blue shirt. Next, she is shown in an orange room, wearing an orange camisole and orange pants, with a lot of male background dancers in white behind her. After this, she is seen in a small red room, sitting on a couch, wearing a red and black pashmina with her hair long and straight. The music video ends with a reprisal of the chorus, and switching between all Document [53] (Title: Zachary Scot Johnson) for artists such as Shawn Colvin, Keb' Mo', Kevin Costner, Rita Wilson, The Be Good Tanyas, Jane Siberry, Don Williams, Marc Cohn and Juliette Lewis. Starting in 2012, Zach began a YouTube channel entitled Thesongadayproject. On the channel, he records a song every day. The channel hit its 1000th consecutive day on June 2, 2015, with a duet with Jeremy Messersmith on a Sia Furler song called "Chandelier". The channel is still currently running. Johnson records both original compositions and cover songs of favorite artists. The channel has more than 34 million total views over the first 1,350 days. Johnson Document [54] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Wall. A "Huffington Post" reporter called the number "stunning and graceful". In April 2016, six of her pre-taped performances were projected onto the big screens during Sia's Coachella set, and Ziegler appeared live with Sia at YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City. In May 2016, Ziegler appeared on the season finale of "The Voice" with Sia, dancing to "Cheap Thrills". The following month, she starred in another Todrick Hall video, "Taylor in Wonderland", based on "Alice in Wonderland", dancing to a mash-up of Taylor Swift songs. Also in June, Ziegler joined Fox's "", a television competition for dancers, ages Document [55] (Title: Move Your Body (Sia song)) so the music video sets up an excuse for her to be in just socks (despite a dusty studio floor), when she is seen leaving her shoes behind so she can squeeze through a wardrobe. The young girl is also shown wearing a black facemask that obscures all her facial features, which is a typical signature of Sia. The music video itself heavily implies that the young girl is supposed to be Sia as a child, and viewers are witnessing the moment of the stage persona's birth. Move Your Body (Sia song) "Move Your Body" is a song by Australian Document [56] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) "a basket filled with pain." "1000 Forms of Fear" concludes with "Dressed in Black", which Heather Phares of AllMusic described as a ballad "with more depth than the ones she writes for hire." "Chandelier" served as "1000 Forms of Fear"s lead single. It was released for digital download onto the iTunes Stores on 17 March 2014. A music video for the song was released on 6 May 2014 and has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.5 billion times. It features dancer Maddie Ziegler in a blonde wig resembling a Sia hairstyle. The single became a commercial success, peaking at Document [57] (Title: LiLi Roquelin) and Marc DeSisto (Pink Floyd and U2). "Thank You" by LiLi Roquelin is used for a solo dance routine, themed "The Woods" and performed by International Dancing Star Maddie Ziegler, also known as the Dancer for Sia Furler. It won 1st Place/ 1st Overall at the Sheer Talent Dance Competition at Spokane Convention Center in Washington State on 05/16/15 and aired on Dance Moms Season 5 Episode 29 on Lifetime (TV network) on July 28, 2015. Maddie also performed the same number on May 30 at the Abby Lee Dance Company Los Angeles School Grand Opening and on June 20 Document [58] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) at the Hollywood Bowl. By the end of 2015, Ziegler had performed with Sia on the "Ellen DeGeneres Show" three times. She also performed to "Chandelier", alongside Sia and Kristen Wiig, at the 2015 Grammy Awards. The "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart" videos were both selected as part of PopSugar's 2016 list of "25 of the Best Dance Videos of the Last Decade". In 2016, Ziegler starred in a fourth Sia video, "Cheap Thrills", from the album "This Is Acting". A "Teen Vogue" reviewer wrote that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance". This was followed by a fifth Sia video, later that Document [59] (Title: Harajuku Girls) others including "Love Like Oxygen", "Juliette", "Lucifer", and "Hello" as well as choreographing Girls' Generation's "Genie", "Oh!" and "Hoot", Super Junior's "No Other", f(x)'s "Chu~♥", "NU ABO", "Gangsta Boy" and "Hot Summer", and BoA's "Dangerous" and "Copy & Paste". Mayuko Kitayama (stage name "Baby"), born February 14, 1984, grew up in Osaka. She eventually moved to New York, where she practiced in several dancing studios, after dancing in Japan for several years. During 2004, she appeared as one of the back up dancers for Britney Spears's Onyx Hotel Tour. Asian-American entertainer and comedian Margaret Cho criticized Stefani and the group Document [60] (Title: Vandichakkaram) Kakinada Vijayalakshmi. She would go on to become the epitome of item numbers in South Indian cinema and dream girl of young and old alike in 80s and 90s. Smitha, who played a character named "Silk" in this film, or colloquially in Tamil as "Silukku" later became a popular actress. The name "Silk Smitha" was given to the actress by Vinu Chakravarthy. The music composed by Sankar Ganesh. and lyrics were penned by Pulamaipithan. Vandichakkaram Vandichakkaram is a 1980 Tamil film. The film stars Sivakumar and Saritha in the lead roles and both of them won a Filmfare Award in Document [61] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) featuring Ziegler. From May to August, Sia performed nearly a dozen festival and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, establishing the format that she would use on the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, with her dance troupe and video projections, while wearing her "huge white bow hat over a black and white wig covering her face." Ryan Heffington, the choreographer for both the stage performances and the recorded tour visuals, first met Sia in 2013. Their collaborations, beginning with the "Chandelier" video in 2014, for which he won a VMA Award, have "done more to raise Document [62] (Title: Blank Page) and explained what led to her to enjoy working with her: Sia is one of them. She comes in, singer-songwriter, she just writes the most beautiful amazing ballads. Now she is making a name for herself on a more broad commercial scale with a lot of more dance-driven stuff, and she is just an incredible singer. She came in and she just writes such serious songs, I was like 'Oh she is gunna be such a serious person, and I'm nervous to meet her, and I just want her to get me and understand that I'm not a cheesy pop Document [63] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Choice Awards. Maddie Ziegler Madison Nicole Ziegler ( ; born September 30, 2002), is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show "Dance Moms" from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016. From 2014 to 2017, she gained wider fame for starring in a series of music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She Document [64] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the video the 18th best music video of the 21st century. Sia performed "Chandelier" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on 19 May 2014, with Ziegler recreating the choreography in the music video. Sia also performed the song on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on 9 June 2014, with "Girls" star Lena Dunham performing new choreography. In July 2014, Sia performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and Ziegler taught host Jimmy Kimmel and his sidekick Guillermo some of the dance moves from the music video. In July 2014, Sia performed the song on the VH1's show "SoundClash", along with her Document [65] (Title: Chandelier (song)) her voice on the song. In a VH1 article, Emily Exton shared that thought, deeming it the best song Sia had ever written. Writing for "Time" magazine, Jamieson Cox deemed "Chandelier" a "disarming, unforgettable listen that'll make you glad Sia kept this one for herself." In a less enthusiastic review, Melinda Newman from HitFix thought that Sia "can do a lot better than this". "Billboard" listed "Chandelier" as the best song of 2014. The song received nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance, with its video receiving Document [66] (Title: Sia (musician)) with trip hop. When she joined Zero 7, she sang downtempo numbers. With "Colour the Small One" (2004) and "Some People Have Real Problems" (2007) she moved into jazz and folktronica, although the album's biggest hit, "Breathe Me", is described as alternative rock and a power ballad. "Some People Have Real Problems" expanded her connection with indie pop. Sia stated, ""Colour the Small One" ... couldn't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the [tour] bus. I'm very easily influenced." In 2009, after leaving Zero 7, Sia dedicated Document [67] (Title: Chandelier (song)) for other recording artists, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, Flo Rida and David Guetta. In 2013, Sia recorded the track "Elastic Heart" for "" soundtrack. In May 2014, Sia announced her sixth studio album "1000 Forms of Fear" and released "Chandelier" as its lead single. Sia revealed that she initially wrote the track for Rihanna or Beyoncé, but decided to record the song herself. The melody was formed after Sia played the piano, while Greg Kurstin and Jesse Shatkin played the marimba in the studio. In the United States, "Chandelier" was released for digital download onto iTunes Stores on 17 Document [68] (Title: Tiana Brown) Tiana Brown Tiana Chanel Brown (born July 13, 1981) is an American dancer. Brown is known for dancing for Christina Aguilera and for being her good friend, and she can be seen in many of Aguilera's videos. Brown has also toured with Aguilera on her Stripped World Tour and the Back to Basics Tour, and she says her favorite song to dance to is "Dirrty". She has been dancing professionally for seven years and was inspired to pursue a dancing career by the Britney Spears video "(You Drive Me) Crazy" and Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope World Tour. Brown is Document [69] (Title: Chandelier (song)) a nomination for Best Music Video. In the United States, "Chandelier" debuted at number 75 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated 31 May 2014. It peaked at number eight on the chart, becoming the first top ten single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist. The song reached one million units sold in the US in August 2014, and surpassed the 2 million mark in sales in January 2015. The song also reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100. In June 2014, the single was certified platinum by Music Canada. "Chandelier" was successful Document [70] (Title: Music (upcoming film)) "Chandelier" in 2014, Sia decided she was "pretty good" at directing and "felt a little bit braver". The film's screenplay was co-written by Sia and children's book author Dallas Clayton based on a one-page story that she had written in 2007. Sia enjoyed the creative process and noted similarities between directing and writing songs. She said: For me, the process was basically, I work out the movie. I'll act it out, I'll have the dialogue already in my head ... I can't be bothered to learn Final Draft. ... Like, when I sing, I just want to sing the melody Document [71] (Title: Fushizen na Girl/Natural ni Koishite) Fushizen na Girl/Natural ni Koishite A music critic Haruo Chikada points out in his music column "考えるヒット"(Kangaeru Hitto Considering hits) the antonymy of the two titles and compares the sound of Natural ni Koishite to Scritti Politti. "Fushizen na Girl", directed by Seki Kazuaki, is based on the single artwork. The video features an elaborate dance performance with the members of Perfume in red dresses. For the first time, Perfume are joined by back-up dancers wearing identical wigs and 3D glasses. The video is sparse, featuring only a black infinity cove with a white striped floor. The backup dancers create Document [72] (Title: Ryan Heffington) Ryan Heffington Ryan Heffington (born June 7, 1973) is a dancer, choreographer and dance studio owner based in Los Angeles. He was nominated for two Grammy Awards for choreographing the music videos for Arcade Fire's "We Exist" (2013) and Sia's "Chandelier" (2014), winning a VMA Award for the latter. Heffington was born in Yuba City, California. He has danced since he was young, but has never received any formal training. He moved from Yuba City to Los Angeles at the age of 18. In the mid-1990s, Heffington co-created "the Psycho Dance Sho' with Bubba Carr", and in the late 2000s Document [73] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) the album, she wore a wig covering part of her face in an effort to retain some privacy and control over her image. In April 2016, after Sia released her seventh album, "This Is Acting", she performed a live concert for the first time in five years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. The concert featured projected videos above the stage with choreographed vignettes, including several that featured Ziegler, while Sia's small dance troupe duplicated the videos' choreography onstage. The performance was widely praised. In June 2016, Sia gave a similar concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, Document [74] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) read it in the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Leslie Ventura wrote for "Las Vegas Weekly": "Sia engaged us in a conversation on the human condition ... through intense visuals, song and dance. ... [H]er immaculately produced and evocative show ... [commented] on a wide range of situations and emotions – depression, panic, exhaustion, heartache, innocence and strength. ... Ziegler ... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals." According to Josh Klein of the "Chicago Tribune", Sia was "a Document [75] (Title: Sia (musician)) "Chandelier": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video. For live performances of songs from "1000 Forms of Fear", Sia chose not to show her face, either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs. In videos for the singles "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry", choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and in many of the promotional live performances, child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia's familiar hairstyle. The three videos Document [76] (Title: Operator (A Girl Like Me)) Avenue, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was nominated for a MuchMusic Video Award for Best Pop Video but lost to "Private Dancer" by Danny Fernandes. Shiloh made her television debut performing "Operator (A Girl Like Me)" at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 21, 2009. A day after the performance, it was released on iTunes. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Picture Imperfect". Operator (A Girl Like Me) Operator (A Girl Like Me) is a song by Canadian pop/rock singer Shiloh. It was released on September 23, 2008 as the debut single off her debut album "Picture Document [77] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Nottet also released a cover of the song on YouTube in November 2014, later praised by Sia on Twitter. Months later, he danced the song twice (including one in the final) in the French "Dancing with the Stars", winning the competition. On 22 June 2015, Punk Goes Pop 6 was re-released with three new songs, one being a cover of "Chandelier" by PVRIS. In October 2014, the dance moves on the music video for "Chandelier" were parodied on "Saturday Night Live" by Jim Carrey, Kate McKinnon and Iggy Azalea in a sketch. Other parodies include Miranda Sings' parody video, which Document [78] (Title: Crazy Party Night (Pumpkin no Gyakushū)) fact that she's an adult, and had a costume designed in daring red and black. The zombie character who appears shows a unique "pop and kawaii zombie style", and along with the 6 other monster dancers (dog, robot, super hero, cake girl, candy man and pumpkin) emphasize the strange and extraneous world of Halloween. The choreography was specifically created to be danceable by adults and children, following the Halloween theme and giving the image of zombies and skeletons dancing, as well as tap dance per Kyari's special request. The staff for the music video is as follows: Steve Nakamura – Document [79] (Title: Trish Sie) member of Penn Dance Company. After graduating in 1994, she became a professional championship ballroom dancer and a well-known choreographer. She moved to Orlando, Fla., where she opened the Zebra Room Dance Studios and organized an arts collective called the Exchange. Other projects include concepts, directing, and choreography for OK Go, Pilobolus Dance Theatre, Rufus Wainwright, Miranda July, Bobcat Goldthwait, Matt Harding, the Imagination Movers, ESPN, Jason Hill, and various DanceSport champions. Sie is also the creator, composer, and writer of the musical science-based children's show, The Snark-a-Snoops, based in Los Angeles. She directs music videos, commercials, and films. She Document [80] (Title: Beau Sia) in the music video for "Wolf Like Me" by the band "TV on the Radio". Sia plays Norman Sklear, a wedding czar emcee in Rachel Getting Married (2008). In 2015, Sia appeared in yet another Jonathan Demme film, "Ricki and the Flash", followed by a recurring role on the web series "Pretty Dudes" alongside such actors as Dion Basco and Yoshi Sudarso. Sia, in collaboration with former Gearbox Software writer Anthony Burch, created the narrative for the exploration video game "Failsafe". Beau Sia Beau Sia (, born 1976) is an American slam poet. Sia was born in Ohio. He is Document [81] (Title: Dance Dance Dance (E-girls song)) peaked at number three. Additionally, "Dance Dance Dance" reached number three on the Radio Songs chart and number 11 on the Hot Single Sales chart. An accompanying music video was directed by Kanji Suto, which depicts the members in a casino-like club. According to singer Ami, the track focuses primarily on the groups dancing efforts as a result of their experimentation of "disco-funk" music. Furthermore, performing member commented that the atmosphere of the clip was similar to a movie and noticed the amount of consistent "glowing costumes". The visual opens with the girls getting reading to perform on stage, applying Document [82] (Title: Stargirl (novel)) Ocotillo ball—with her friend Dori. Leo watches as Stargirl arrives at the dance on a bike covered in sunflowers. Though initially ignored by the other attendees, something about Stargirl attracts attention and temporary acceptance. She convinces the bandleader to play the "Bunny Hop," and the other students come to join her in the dance until the only people not in line are Hillari Kimble and her boyfriend Wayne Parr. When the dance ends, Hillari confronts Stargirl, tells her that she always ruins everything, and slaps her. Stargirl returns Hillari's attack with a kind kiss on the cheek. No one in Document [83] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) Sia appeared on a number of TV shows, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", where she recruited Maddie Ziegler, who starred in three music videos from the album, as her persona onstage, during 2014 and 2015. "1000 Forms of Fear" earned Sia three ARIA Music Awards in 2014 and was listed as one of the best albums of 2014 by several publications, including "The Boston Globe" and "Rolling Stone". The lead single "Chandelier" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance, and Best Music Video. In 2010, Sia Document [84] (Title: Sia (musician)) at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017, together with her dancers, led by Ziegler. They gave a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, her first stadium tour in Australasia, in late 2017. In 2017, Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records. She released a new album, "Everyday Is Christmas", on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle on 17 November 2017. The album features original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin. She promoted it by releasing the single "Santa's Coming for Us" and by the track "Snowman", which she performed during the finale of the 13th Document [85] (Title: Ragini MMS 2) YouTube receiving great response and went on to be a chartbuster. The song's video is heavily inspired by the track "Dance Again" by Jennifer Lopez from the album "Dance Again... The Hits". The second song "Chaar Botal Vodka" featuring Sunny Leone along with Honey Singh was also a great success receiving more than 5 million views in 5 days. Madhureeta Mukherjee of the Times of India rated the movie 3.5 out 5 and said, "The film provides the usual creepy cliches – creaking windows, ghostly shadows and bedraggled ghosts. There are a few spooky moments, but fewer leap-out-of-your-seat scenes. Sunny Document [86] (Title: Inndia) club. Inna enterers the building and sits down at the bar starting a conversation with the female bartender. Subsequently, the singer is seen pole dancing for a gentleman. Later in the video, she cares for a female stripper named "Inndia" with a scar on her face, who sits in a bathtub next to her. Inna also secretly watches how Inndia is beaten by her boss in another scene. Both manage to escape the respective room after Inna breaks a glass over the man's head. Subsequently, they enter the club where the singer pole dances in front of a huge crowd Document [87] (Title: The Girls (1961 film)) at her head without hesitation. This trait is also exhibited a short time later, when Tosya enters the dance hall (the girls call it the "club"). At first, no one will dance with her (probably because she is so short), but eventually she begins to dance with another very tall girl who is also passed up by several young men. Meanwhile, two groups of loggers engage in a friendly dispute (one has just lost their position as the most productive in the camp, and their portraits are being taken down from a "wall of honor" by an official, who replaces Document [88] (Title: Fire Meet Gasoline) of the video, Klum's character sets their home on fire and together they watch it burn by its end. Sia never appears in the visual, but her blonde wig does. Sia herself wasn't involved with the shooting of the video, which was directed by Francesco Carrozzini. Although it was believed that she would release a new single, the singer said: "Fire Meet Gasoline is not an official music video, nor is it my new single. It's a lingerie commercial to which I licensed a song." Klum said she was "thrilled" to have Sia's song in her video. "Sia is one Document [89] (Title: Donika Nuhiu) She later started posting videos on YouTube, covering songs from the national and international music scene. Her versions of "Refuzoj" (I refuse), originally sung by Alban Skenderaj, and "Chandelier" by Australian singer-songwriter Sia, became instant hits. Prior to the music scene début, Donika sang at various events, but mainly at charity concerts. In February 2014 she held a concert in Kumanovo to help children in need. In December 2013 she had a similar concert in Tirana, Albania. She was the special guest at one of Alban Skenderaj's concert, held in March 2014. On 7 December 2014, she did a duet Document [90] (Title: The Greatest (Sia song)) tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting. The video opens with a low drone and cuts between shots of a fraught Maddie Ziegler smearing rainbow colors on her cheeks. She frees 48 other young people trapped in a cage (49 being the number of people killed in the shooting); their freedom is short-lived, however. Later, a wall is seen riddled with bullet holes as everyone falls to the ground, and tears stream down Ziegler's face. Kornhaber wrote: Absent of any social context, it's all striking and beautiful and ineffably sad. With the knowledge that it was inspired by Document [91] (Title: Alexandra Silber) Alexandra Silber Alexandra Michelle Silber (born July 3, 1983) is an American actress, singer, writer and educator. She has performed roles on Broadway, in London's West End, on television and film, and concert stages. Among other stage roles, in London, she created the role of Laura Fairlie in "The Woman in White" (2005), played Hodel in "Fiddler on the Roof" (2007) and Julie Jordan in "Carousel" (2008). In New York, she appeared in "Hello Again" (2010), "Master Class" (2011), created the role of Sara Jane in "Arlington" (2012–14) and as Tzeitel in the Broadway revival of "Fiddler on the Roof" Document [92] (Title: Take Me on the Floor) the dancefloor. The song is also the first song to feature screams, which are performed by Jessica. Chris Williams of "Billboard" gave the song a positive review, stating "Their second single "Take Me on the Floor" finds the girls collaborating with writer/producer Toby Gad ("Big Girls Don't Cry") for an arresting, festive slice of dance/pop. A subdued vocal and synth intro bursts into the kind of electronica groove currently in favor thanks to Lady GaGa. The Veronicas concoct a club anthem whose lyrics and video may raise an eyebrow, surely with the hope of continued teen pop momentum for their Document [93] (Title: Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)) She and Usher notice each other. They meet on the dance floor and dance intimately. Beyoncé performs an elaborate dance scene with female backing dancers. She swirls around in a champagne glass filled with bubbles. In the final scene, Beyoncé sits atop a piano and after being lifted down by a gentleman, she dances and poses as confetti falls everywhere. Joseph Patel of MTV News described Beyoncé's and Usher's moves in the video as "graceful". Gordon Smart of "The Sun" praised Beyoncé's figure with her "famous" and "real" curves. He further highlighted the scene where she takes off her dress Document [94] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Maddie Ziegler Madison Nicole Ziegler ( ; born September 30, 2002), is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show "Dance Moms" from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016. From 2014 to 2017, she gained wider fame for starring in a series of music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She was included Document [95] (Title: Alive (Sia song)) the song were written on the walls. The Japanese official music video was released on 7 March 2016. It stars Japanese actress Tao Tsuchiya, who studies Buyō at Japan Women's College of Physical Education, dancing uniquely. Due to a big attention to this video from Japan, "Alive" peaked No. 1 on Billboard Japan Hot 100 on 21 March 2016. "Rolling Stone" critic Jon Blistein described Furler's vocals as "devastating, electrifying," and wrote, "while the dramatic build of "Alive" sounds straight out of Adele's wheelhouse, the outsized pop production — courtesy of Jesse Shatkin — and the ragged, throat-cracking, enrapturing vocal Document [96] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) 8 to 14, where she was one of the judges and a guest performer, and danced at Sia's concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado. In September 2016, Ziegler performed with Sia at the launch of Apple's iPhone 7 and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival. She joined Sia on the singer's "Nostalgic for the Present Tour" from September to November 2016. Ziegler and her sister conducted a dance workshop tour of Australia in January 2017. In March 2017, Ziegler performed at the Dubai World Cup with Sia. In September, Ziegler danced to Sia's song "Rainbow", from , dressed in a Document [97] (Title: Sia (musician)) posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 6 billion views, and the channel has more than 10 million subscribers. Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016, featuring Ziegler. As at Coachella and subsequent live performances, Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face, while her dancers performed Heffington's choreography synchronized with prerecorded videos played on big screens. The tour received a warm reaction: "She let her dancers own center stage, carrying out one skit/performance after another as Sia delivered Document [98] (Title: Ballerina Girl) Ballerina Girl "Ballerina Girl" is a 1986 song written and recorded by Lionel Richie. The song is a track from Richie's "Dancing on the Ceiling" album. "Ballerina Girl" peaked at number five on the soul charts. The song was also the last of Richie's eleven number ones on the Adult Contemporary charts. "Ballerina Girl" spent four weeks at number one and went to number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1987. The song was reportedly written for Lionel's adoptive daughter, Nicole. In the music video Richie plays the song on a piano in a ballet school, while young Document [99] (Title: Sia (musician)) Sean Paul, reached No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Sia released two videos for the song, one of which features Ziegler and two male dancers, while the other, featuring Sean Paul, shows a 1950s style teen dance party; it has accumulated more than one billion views. In April 2016, Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online. Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception as "one of the greatest moments in Coachella's 17-year history", and it was consistently noted as one of the best performances of the Document [100] (Title: Dilliwaali Girlfriend) the list of "Best dance numbers of 2013" published by "The Times of India" on 29 July 2014. Bollywood Hungama's Rajiv Vijayakar found the blend of English, Hindi and unadulterated irreverence, a clever work by Kumaar and further stated "Here's where a different Arijit Singh, along with the seasoned Sunidhi Chauhan, keeps the track on a high keel". Mohar Basu from Koimoi criticise the lyrics by Kumaar and felt that Singh was "unceremoniously wasted" in this song and Chauhan's "unsurpassable energy" too fails in this one. Arijit Singh performed the song live in his London debut concert at the Indigo Document [101] (Title: Chandelier (song)) May 2014, featuring then-11-year-old dancer Maddie Ziegler. In the video, Ziegler wears a medium-length blonde wig matching the one that Sia used to promote the album. Throughout the video, Ziegler performs an interpretive dance in a deserted, dirty apartment "while spinning, kicking, leaping, crawling, falling, twirling and hiding herself behind window drapes". An alternative one-take version of the clip was released in June 2014. Sia had seen Ziegler on "Dance Moms" and asked her to appear in the video via Twitter. The video was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and was choreographed by Ryan Document [102] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) you're like, "Point your legs!" But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it." In 2015, Ziegler starred with Shia LaBeouf in "Elastic Heart", another Sia video, which has accumulated more than 900 million YouTube views. Later that year, Ziegler starred in the music video for "Big Girls Cry" to complete her trilogy of videos from Sia's album "1000 Forms of Fear". Ziegler danced to Sia's vocals on several television shows in 2014 and 2015, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Dancing with the Stars", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" and "Saturday Night Live", as well as Document [103] (Title: Who's That Girl World Tour) multiple videos, flashing lights and precision dancing. If the high-tech accoutrements and inferior sound system made it difficult to hear the singer, one hopes that will be refined as the tour continues across the United States. [...] As a dancer, Madonna is supreme on stage. Her trademark skip to a funky beat highlighted the constant acrobatics. One minute she was stage left, another minute stage right. She ran up a wide staircase center stage to party with her three back-up singers, then scooted down to the stage floor, swinging her hips, accompanied by other dancers." Deborah Wilker from "The Day" Document [104] (Title: Sia (musician)) in nearly a dozen festival and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, including Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Lebanon and Israel. In September 2016, she released a single, "The Greatest", with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler – the dancer's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington. The two performed the song with several other dancers, and also performed "Chandelier", live the next day at the Apple annual fall event, drawing media attention. The videos that Sia has Document [105] (Title: Ballroom (musical)) belongings. When her friend Angie urges her to get out of the shop and start living again and suggests that she visit a local dance hall, the Stardust Ballroom, Bea agrees. Outside the hall that night, Bea summons her courage and goes in. The Stardust represents the American ballroom-dancing tradition that thrived in an earlier era; time seems to have flattened out. There are no young people here to carry on the tradition — but the Stardust regulars will keep the flame burning. On the Stardust floor, a foxtrot is in progress featuring the house band and singers. One spectacular Document [106] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) adopt shelter and rescue dogs. In 2018, Ziegler teamed up with Sia and MAC Cosmetics, with an ad, choreographed to Sia's song "Helium", for a lipstick with all proceeds to benefit the company's AIDS Fund. In "Billboard" magazine, music writer Jason Lipshutz, called Ziegler's work in "Chandelier" "a dazzling dance performance". "The Guardian" commented that she "dances with such impressive flexibility". "Rolling Stone" thought that her "crisp moves and theatrical mugging were a great fit for Ryan Heffington's imaginative choreography" and praised her "charisma that makes this video mesmerizing: Her dancing makes your memory tingle". "Dazed" magazine wrote that "Ziegler Document [107] (Title: Cherry Pop) song, while two female performers clutch a hair dryer in their hands. For the refrain, she and ten other female background dancers are performing synchronized dances, with them having wigs on, and dressing white clothing and red accessories. Following this, Stan is presented standing on a yellow plate which is kept in the air by two threads. She wears a silver leotard and a multicolored wig. Next, Stan is shown walking into a tennis field, whereon she plays a tennis match against herself. For the breakdown of "Cherry Pop", the video gets introduced into a dark-lighted room. There, her previously Document [108] (Title: Adassa) record off of her second album "Kamasutra", and alongside Tego Calderón and Roselyn Sánchez. She was also successful in Europe with the song "Bounce" (duet with the Turkish pop star Tarkan). Her 2005 single "De Tra" reached #40 on Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart. Adassa's latest singles "Dancing Alone" & "Little White Lies", held top positions on the German dance charts early 2013. Adassa Adassa (born February 5, 1987) is an American reggaetón, dance, r&b, pop singer-songwriter also known as the "Reggaetón Princess". Adassa was born in Miami, Florida and raised in St. Croix, Virgin Islands by her Afro-Colombian parents. Document [109] (Title: Jane Siberry) Jane Siberry Jane Siberry ( ; ; born October 12, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as "Mimi on the Beach", "I Muse Aloud", "One More Colour" and "Calling All Angels". She performed the theme song to the television series "Maniac Mansion". She has released material under the name Issa ( ) – an identity (as opposed to a simple stagename) which she used formally between 2006 and 2009. On August 30, 2005, Siberry was awarded the 2005 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award in music by the Canada Council for the Arts. Jane Stewart was born in Toronto Document [110] (Title: Alla Sizova) Alla Sizova Alla Sizova (22 September 1939 – 23 November 2014) was a Russian ballet dancer, best known for her work with the Kirov Ballet. She was one of the four superstar ballerinas of the Soviet Union along with Natalia Makarova, Alla Osipenko and Irina Kolpakova, as well as the preferred dance partner of Rudolph Nureyev before his defection. Alla Ivanovna Sizova was born in Moscow on 22 September 1939. Her parents were Ivan and Ekaterina Sizov. The family moved to Leningrad shortly after her birth. During the Second World War, she was evacuated to the Urals with her mother Document [111] (Title: Sexercize) Sheehan. The song was mastered by Geoff Pesche and mixed by Phil Tan and Daniela Rivera. According to Minogue, she said "I actually blushed when I heard the title and thought, 'Oh, that's wrong'. But that's the genius of Sia. She can made it cool and make it hot. And I can probably put the little wink into it, so you know it's going to be more fruity than sleazy." She added that the song was one of those "tongue and cheek songs." Musically, "Sexercize" is a dubstep influence song that incorporates elements of R&B and electronic dance music. Ryan Document [112] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) of "The Austin Chronicle" judged that Sia's performances was "one of the most innovative" at the Frank Erwin Center, and that her lack of movement and avoidance of the usual "pop-glitz vanity show ... magnified her sheer vocal power, ricocheting from gasping-for-air croons on 'Elastic Heart', soaring rasped shrieks in 'Chandelier', and slip-sliding cadences for 'The Greatest'. ... [S]he's running circles around a sexist, ageist industry. Sia's crushing the cookie-cutter stereotypes of what a pop star should be." This set list is Sia's set on October 1, 2016. It appears from the reviews discussed above that her set list was Document [113] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) favorite statuette: "She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world." John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet". He is known to reacted with surprise when he saw this statuette. Document [114] (Title: Midnight Sun (Elena song)) had to go brunette, as confirmed on her Facebook wall. In the 20-hour shooting, Gheorghe wore a pirate costume, a Turkish hat and a black leotard, amongst others. She posted a few photos of her in the outfits below as well as a picture of her bathing in a giant pot of 400 liters of strawberry tea. The video was released on May 14, 2011 online, via YouTube and Facebook. It features various dance scenes and some special effects. Elena said of the video, "It was fun but also hard. This time I have involved ways more than in the Document [115] (Title: Kristen Wiig) a slightly darker register". For singer-songwriter Sia's performance of her 2014 single "Chandelier" at the 2015 Grammy Awards, Wiig danced alongside child dancer Maddie Ziegler. The dramedy "Welcome to Me" was released in selected theaters in May 2015, to a positive critical response; in it, Wiig played a multi-millionaire with borderline personality disorder who uses her newfound wealth to write and star in an autobiographical talk show. Rotten Tomatoes' concensus was: "A transfixing central performance by Kristen Wiig holds "Welcome to Me" together and compensates for its uneven stretches." In her next film, another dramedy titled "The Diary of a Document [116] (Title: Sia (musician)) Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews and announced her relationship with JD Samson; they broke up in 2011. When asked about her sexuality in 2009, she said, "I've always dated boys and girls and anything in between. I don't care what gender you are, it's about people. ... I've always been... well, flexible is the word I would use." Sia has suffered from depression, addictions to painkillers and alcohol, and had contemplated suicide, going as far as to write a suicide note. In 2010, Sia's official website announced that all scheduled promotional events and shows had been cancelled due Document [117] (Title: Dance to This) in front of a "disinterested audience decked out in nylon neon-colored '90s sportswear", with the pair continuing to perform the song until all the others present leave. The video is an homage to the 2003 music video for "Pass This On" by Swedish duo The Knife; Sivan stated the video was also inspired by "High School Musical", "Grease" and a "gif of Cher spinning around". Credits adapted from Tidal. Dance to This "Dance to This" is a song by Australian singer Troye Sivan, featuring guest vocals by American singer Ariana Grande. Written by Sivan, Leland, Noonie Bao and its producer Document [118] (Title: Sweet Lovin') to Sigala's official Vevo channel on 13 November 2015. It features Candice Heiden (of LA Roller Girls Entertainment) rollerskating around the streets and leaving clouds of red smoke in her wake, causing anyone in the path of the smoke to dance to the tropical track's infectious beat. At the end of the video, she is joined by others including Nicole Leonard (also of LA Roller Girls Entertainment). The video has reached 190 million views on YouTube . Sweet Lovin' "Sweet Lovin'" is the second single from British musician Sigala. It features vocals from Bryn Christopher. It was released on 4 Document [119] (Title: Arilena Ara) Altuna Sejdiu in the "Girls" category. In the final, she sang Mary J Blige's "No More Drama" and Rihanna's "Man Down" and "S&M" as a duet with her coach Tuna winning the season. Recently she participated in a TV Show called "Dance With Me" 2. Her partner was Labi (an Albanian journalist from Kosovo best known for "Një kafe me Labin" or "A cup of coffee with Labi"). On 26 February 2014 she released her first video single "Aeroplan", becoming a chart topping hit in Albania. After her success with "Aeroplan" which had 2 million views within 12 hours, her Document [120] (Title: Mirjam Weichselbraun) Mirjam Weichselbraun Mirjam Weichselbraun (born 27 September 1981 in Innsbruck, Austria) is an Austrian television host and actress, best known in Austria for presenting "Dancing Stars", Life Ball and the Vienna Opera Ball. She is best known outside Austria for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest in 2015. Her first experience in broadcasting was with the regional radio station Antenne Tirol in 1999 and she first appeared in front of the camera in 2001 on the culture program "Das Magazin" on the channel TV Tirol. In 2000, she was voted the "BRAVO-Girl" of the year among 25,000 contestants. In January 2002 Document [121] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the first single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist. "Chandelier" also peaked within the top five of record charts in Europe and Oceania countries, including: Flanders and France (number one), Australia and Norway (number two), New Zealand (number three), United Kingdom (number six), and Slovakia (number five). The track was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association and gold by Recorded Music NZ. "Big Girls Cry" was made available for music download on 25 June. On 2 April 2015, a music video was released, Document [122] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the "Glee" episode "We Built This Glee Club" (119th episode overall), in March 2015, Samantha Marie Ware, Becca Tobin, and Laura Dreyfuss perform the song while J.J. Totah does Ziegler's dance routine and Marshall Williams swings on a chandelier. Keegan Joyce sings the song in the third-season episode "Simple Carbohydrates" of the Australian TV series "Please Like Me". In January 2015, Swiss singer Mélanie René performed a slower version of the song at the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, winning the right to represent her country in Vienna. The Belgian representative in the European contest Loïc Document [123] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) a guitar which he eventually ditched to pull off some fluid dance moves, even some knee sliding, during his solid 50-minute set." Sia began her 75-minute set at the center of the stage, which was otherwise empty except for a white square in the middle. She dressed all in white, wearing her signature black and blonde wig that covers the upper half of her face, topped by a giant white bow, and her signature bold red lipstick. Her giant ruffled skirt was revealed to be a huddled group of dancers from whom Ziegler emerged to dance the first number, "Alive". Document [124] (Title: All Night (Icona Pop song)) in depth short cut interview into some of the reasons they take part in "house ballroom" culture. Some of the performers include; Chi Chi, Pony, Jeremy, Marie, Derrick, Javier, Gisele, Mother Leiomy, Princess Lockerooo and Father Jose. At the end of the music video, a performer is left with the final word of the night by saying; "For whatever it is that you're bringing, your outfit, your body, your face, your skills. These people put so much effort and so much energy and so much love into everything that they do. It's a role of creativity and I'll take it. Document [125] (Title: Glitter (Perfume song)) then has members dancing in front of a navy blue backdrop; Kashiyuka and A-Chan are kneeling down, while Nocchi is standing in the middle. As the first verse starts, the girls dance to the song whilst further apart from each other; glitter and sparkles overlap whist the girls dance throughout the song. Close-up shots of each member, in front of a bright light, starts to intercept the dance scenes. As the pre-chorus starts, parts of the girls are distorted and fragmented into small glass pieces. Throughout the chorus and second verse, the girls dance in different directions whilst standing in Document [126] (Title: Chandelier (song)) like it doesn't exist". A few critics compared the song's musical style to works done by Rihanna, including Jeremy Gordon from Pitchfork Media, and Melinda Newman of HitFix. "Chandelier" has received critical acclaim. Andrew Trendall from Gigwise wrote that the song "springboards Sia from a behind-the-scenes genius into a superstar in her own right". Gordon from Pitchfork Media praised Sia's vocal performance on the track and commented that the track "is enough to make you want to swing from a chandelier". Bradley Stern from the website MuuMuse labelled "Chandelier" the best pop single of 2014, complimenting Sia's songwriting credits and Document [127] (Title: Graduation Ball) the Good Girl, and one of her group, Tatiana Leskova, took the featured role of the Pigtail Girl, a tomboyish cut-up sometimes called the Naughty Girl. David Lichine danced the principal male role as the bashful leader of the Junior Cadets in a role sometimes known as the First Cadet or the Shy Cadet. In the "divertissements", Riabouchinska acted as Mistress of Ceremony, introducing the performers of the following numbers: The curtain opens to reveal a formal drawing room. Soon, groups of Junior and Senior Girls enter to inspect the premises and begin excitedly to prepare for the ball. The Document [128] (Title: Elastic Heart) the top half of her face, while Ziegler and Thomsen recreated the dance routine in the music video wearing nude leotards and blonde wigs. Later that month, Sia made a live rendition of the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". She also performed the song on "The Voice UK" on 28 March and "The Voice US" on 7 April 2015. Sia also performed this song on the Nostalgic for the Present Tour in 2016. Elastic Heart "Elastic Heart" is a song by Australian singer Sia, featuring Canadian singer The Weeknd and American record producer Diplo, taken from for the 2013 Document [129] (Title: Sisely Treasure) all the all-girl pop-punk, j-pop-ish group The Holograms, at which time they had a chart buster on Billboard top garage Hits "Are you ready for it". She was among the first original crew of kids that made up the dance troupe Sparkids performing at the Forum during the LA Sparks games and Laker games. In her early teens she was part of one of the premier young dance companies in the world, under the wing of renowned choreographer Marguerite Derricks. She has also danced in various commercials and for several other major choreographers and dancers such as Terry Beeman, Wade Document [130] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Chandelier (song) "Chandelier" is a song by Australian singer Sia from her sixth studio album, "1000 Forms of Fear" (2014). Written by Sia and Jesse Shatkin and produced by Shatkin and Greg Kurstin, the song was released on 17 March 2014 as the lead single from the album. It is an electropop song, featuring electronica, R&B and reggae influences. Lyrically, the song has a melancholic theme, detailing the demoralisation and rationalisation of alcoholism through the typical thought process of a "party girl". The single reached the top 5 on record charts in 20 countries including France, Italy, Poland, Norway, Australia Document [131] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Be Giants sometimes perform part of this song during their song Particle Man. The song is also featured in the television shows "Hit the Floor, Wonderland, Selfie, Unreal, Please Like Me, Transparent, Shades of Blue, American Dad!," and "Dance Moms." A karaoke version was briefly played in the 2016 movie "Sing". The 2017 film "Happy End" written and directed by Michael Haneke includes a karaoke cover of the song that has been described as "the movie's most indelible scene". Credits for "Chandelier" are adapted from CD single liner notes ! colspan="3"| Streaming Chandelier (song) "Chandelier" is a song by Australian Document [132] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) bundle of fascinating, frustrating contradictions." She performed her deeply personal songs "with palpable passion, but ... delegated the real emoting to Ziegler and her other dancers. ... Sia pushed her powerful voice to its limits, but what was really going on behind her veil of hair remained inscrutable", adding "a barrier between singer and audience". Gary Graff, in Michigan's "Daily Tribune", felt that although the concert was "daring and different", it was really designed for a more intimate theatre, rather than an arena. He also noted: "The live dancers were synced so well with their filmed counterparts that it occasionally Document [133] (Title: Chandelier (song)) and New Zealand. In the United States, the single peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Sia's first single as a lead artist to appear on the Hot 100, and has sold over 2 million copies in the country. The song received 4 nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance, with its video receiving a nomination for Best Music Video. A music video for the song, directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and choreographed by Ryan Heffington, features dancer Maddie Ziegler. It has been Document [134] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) in her movement that is somewhat iconic." "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz wrote that Ziegler's live participation in Sia's Nostalgic for the Present Tour "transforms a staged affair into a live one, and a great lineup into an indispensable arena experience" and that Ziegler "possesses an astounding control of her physicality. ... [Her] presence adds a mischievous energy, as if replicated movements can't capture the heart behind those wide eyes and deranged smiles." Leslie Ventura of "Las Vegas Weekly" noted that, on the tour, "Ziegler ... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals." Britt Robson of Document [135] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) Girls Cry" and "Elastic Heart". On 30 July 2014, Sia performed "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry" on the VH1's show "SoundClash". On 17 January 2015, Sia performed "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart" on "Saturday Night Live". On 8 February 2015, Sia and Ziegler together with actress Kristen Wiig performed "Chandelier" in a room reminiscent of the video set on the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast. "1000 Forms of Fear" received generally positive reviews from critics. "The Boston Globe" critic Sarah Rodman described the release as "dynamite," while Heather Phares from AllMusic called the album "the sound of [Sia] owning her Document [136] (Title: Chandelier (song)) "The song sounds almost [unrecognisable] with the stripped, acoustic cover. Of course no one can match Sia's insane voice, but Sara does a decent job. Her vocals sound amazing." Later that month, contestant Emily West from the ninth season of "America's Got Talent" performed the song with an orchestral background to advance past the quarterfinals. The song was covered on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 5 August 2014 by Scottish band Twin Atlantic and again in September 2014 by Irish band The Script; Music and Lyrics praised the latter group's three-man harmonies. Reigan Derry performed the song the third Document [137] (Title: Sija Rose) based on the real life love story of Moideen and Kanchanamala. In 2014, she hosted the reality television show "Let's Dance" on Amrita TV. She participates in reality show "Star Challenge" on Flowers TV. Sija Rose Sija Rose is an Indian actress, who mostly appears in Malayalam and Tamil films. She has also hosted a few shows in Malayalam. Sija completed her schooling from Indian school al wadi al kabir in Muscat, Oman. Sija Rose wanted to follow her father’s footsteps and pursue journalism. She completed her graduation from Mumbai. After completing her graduation, she was in Kerala for holiday. Document [138] (Title: Mermaid Got Married) nearby gardener and starts spraying the new girl, but she doesn't transform into a mermaid, much to their confusion. The grown-ups are then chased off by Kenji and Kiki. The new girl doesn't appear to remember Chi, but when he invites her to eat clams she gets excited and lets slip that she is, indeed, Siu-may. The pair embrace while Kenji and Kiki watch. Faye Wong performed two songs for the film: These songs are released in Faye Wong's 1994 album "Sky". Mermaid Got Married Mermaid Got Married (人魚傳說) is a 1994 Hong Kong romantic comedy fantasy film directed by Document [139] (Title: Dance (Nina Girado song)) only background seen are the black-and-white checkered tiles. Scenes from the club suddenly pop-up, where Nina is seen dancing with her love interest (portrayed by Duncan Ramos). The space ship scenes still alternatively appear throughout the whole song. A ballroom scene later enters the video, where she is seen wearing a diamond glittering top and fitted jean shorts. She performs a Latin dance with her partner throughout the bridge of the song. The scene then shifts into clubhouse with the black-and-white checkered tile flooring, where she is seen performing to the song with back-up dancers behind her. She wears white Document [140] (Title: Ballerina Girl) ballet students dance. 7" Single Ballerina Girl "Ballerina Girl" is a 1986 song written and recorded by Lionel Richie. The song is a track from Richie's "Dancing on the Ceiling" album. "Ballerina Girl" peaked at number five on the soul charts. The song was also the last of Richie's eleven number ones on the Adult Contemporary charts. "Ballerina Girl" spent four weeks at number one and went to number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1987. The song was reportedly written for Lionel's adoptive daughter, Nicole. In the music video Richie plays the song on a piano in Document [141] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) a spin-off program, "Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition". "Dance Moms" helped to make Ziegler "one of the most famous dancers in the entertainment world currently. ... [She inspires] other dancers to pursue their dreams with originality and grace." Ziegler has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall. She gained wide notice, at the age of 11, by starring in the 2014 video for "Chandelier" by Sia, who discovered her on "Dance Moms". The video won the ARIA Music Award for Best Video and received nominations at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video Document [142] (Title: Tharai Thappattai) room where the lady dancers are staying and says to them that he has showed the girls as per their wish . Sooravalli who is short tempered fiercefully hits all the organizers knowing that they had asked for sex with the lady dancers including her. The organizers who were drunk at that time were badly injured and in turn they tore the return tickets to main land India taking revenge on them. That night the group of dancers could not find a shelter and sleep in the road. Not knowing how to get back to main land India, they go Document [143] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) times. Sia and Daniel Askill directed a performance video featuring Maddie Ziegler dancing with two male dancers (Wyatt Rocker and Nick Lanzisera) to Ryan Heffington's choreography, which was released on 21 March 2016. The three dancers wear beige, with black and blonde hairstyles and gloves in the half-and-half style used in most of Sia's videos for "This Is Acting". They dance on a bare stage, with Sia at a rear corner in the background singing into a microphone while wearing a similar bobbed two-toned wig, a large bow and a white dress. "Billboard" wrote that "the video features the same Document [144] (Title: Chandelier (song)) album The High Life (The Puppini Sisters album).The song was covered by Pentatonix on the May 19, 2016 episode of "Bones" entitled "The Strike in the Chord". Kim Yewon from Pledis Entertainment trainee group Pledis Girlz sang a cover of this song. Also in 2016, Finnish singer Saara Aalto covered the song twice during the 13th series of the UK version of "The X Factor", first as her initial audition piece and later in the live semi-final round. In March 2017, Elha Nympha covered it in the season 2 premiere of "Little Big Shots". American alternative rock band They Might Document [145] (Title: Disco Dancer) very popular in countries such as Mongolia and post-Soviet states such as Russia, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan. Baimurat Allaberiyev, an ethnic Uzbek from Tajikistan, became an internet sensation by singing "Goron Ki Na Kalon Ki" and "Jimmy Aaja" in a warehouse. The 2008 video recorded on a mobile phone got over 1 million views on YouTube. He landed an acting role in a Russian comedy film, "Six Degrees of Celebration" (2010). British-Tamil singer/rapper M.I.A. recorded an English version of "Jimmy Aaja", titled as "Jimmy" for her second studio album, "Kala" by keeping the title and chorus of the song unchanged. The Document [146] (Title: Sia (musician)) it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States. The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. By early 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide. "1000 Forms of Fear"s lead single, "Chandelier" was released in March 2014. The song peaked at No. 8 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Sia's first entry on that chart as a lead artist. Elsewhere, the Document [147] (Title: Rose Chan) a slow dance, all by herself. As she removes one piece of clothing after another, the tempo gradually picks up. When she reaches the point of removing her brassiere, she holds back. That is when her stagehands bring in the pythons, and she dances with the snakes wrapped all around her. Next, she removes her brassiere, and dances bare-breasted. After a while, the snakes are removed. She then approaches the people sitting nearest to the stage, who are normally the elderly big "towkays" (Hokkien: business owner). She takes an old man's spectacles, rubs it against her private parts, and then Document [148] (Title: Princess Julia) a successful career as a club DJ. She was a resident DJ at the legendary Kinky Gerlinky club nights. In 2005, pop star Kylie Minogue and her stylist William Baker chose Princess Julia to be part of the stage video for Kylie's successful 'Showgirl—The Greatest Hits' world tour. Julia recreated her Visage video appearance especially for Kylie's live show; "A club section features graphics inspired by "i-D" magazine, a special film of club legend Princess Julia inspired by the Visage video for "Fade to Grey", and clothes inspired by Katharine Hamnett's iconic slogan T-shirts of the 80s". After Kylie Minogue's Document [149] (Title: Sia (musician)) 2014, "1000 Forms of Fear", whose stonking single, "Chandelier", tackled her intoxicated past. "This Is Acting" makes plain the fact of manufacture – a process akin to bespoke tailoring." "This Is Acting" (2016) alternates more reggae and electropop with more introspective themes. In her 2016 live performances, Sia's music is part of performance-art-like shows that involve dance and theatrical effects. For an MTV News writer "Sia's throaty, slurred vocals are her norm", while a "The Fader" contributor noted "In the "Billboard" Hot 100 landscape, Sia's songwriting voice, which deals with depression and addiction, is singular—her actual voice even more so." Document [150] (Title: Chloé Seyrès) representative since 2011. Seyres is the rollerskate girl on a 2004 viral YouTube video entitled "Just a Girl", shot in Bordeaux at the occasion of the second freeskate video contest of RollerFR. Induced to participate in order to add a feminine touch to the contest, she ended up first in the votes. In the summer of 2006 two videos were issued: The first was "The Clopinettes' Gang" with Clochette shot in Montpellier and to the sound of Seyres's electro-rock band Akouphën telling the fairytale of the two protagonists. The second one is Seyres's biggest hit video with Igor Cheremetieff "Catch Document [151] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) Dancing Girl (sculpture) Dancing Girl is a prehistoric bronze sculpture made in approximately 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro (in modern-day Pakistan), which was one of the earliest human cities. The statue is tall, and depicts a naked young woman or girl with stylized proportions standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. "Dancing Girl" is well-regarded as a work of art, and is a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The statuette was discovered by British archaeologist Ernest Mackay in 1926, prior to the Partition of India. It is held by the National Museum, New Delhi, Document [152] (Title: Chandelier (song)) in Oceania and Europe, peaking in the top five on 20 national record charts including: France, and Poland (number one); Australia, Italy and Norway (number two); New Zealand and Slovakia (number three); and Norway and Scotland (number five). The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), and platinum by the Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ). In the United Kingdom, "Chandelier" charted at number six on the UK Singles Chart. In France, the single was the third best-selling single of 2014, according to Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. The music video for "Chandelier" was released on 6 Document [153] (Title: Chandelier (song)) viewed on YouTube more than 1.9 billion times, becoming one of the most viewed YouTube videos ever posted. In support of the single and "1000 Forms of Fear", Sia, often with Ziegler, performed "Chandelier" on a number of American television shows, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Late Night with Seth Meyers", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "Saturday Night Live", "Dancing With the Stars", and at 57th Grammy Awards. In 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album "We Are Born", which ended up at number two on the Australian Albums Chart. Following the release, Sia took a hiatus from performing and co-wrote songs Document [154] (Title: Dance With Me Now!) of a large LED screen, standing upon a large metal infrastructure. A purple eclipse appears, with member Shuuka Fujii noticing this; it zooms into a large fortress, showcasing all 20-members dancing in a neon-lit club with several on-goers supporting the performers. During the second chorus and bridge section, it has the performing members dance in front of the infrastructure with LED lights projecting against them. By the final chorus, it has all members on the dance floor moving to the track, and ends with the girls performing an instrumental solo in front of on-goers. Upon the videos release, it garnered Document [155] (Title: Jas ja imam silata) Radica Lelova are shown. Taneski and Billy Zver are wearing elegant suits, and the girls are clothed in provocative and attractive creations made by Elena Luka. At the end of the video there is a text saying "My name is Love". The video premiered on March 30, 2010 on MRT. The song was the 15th entry performed in Oslo on May 25, 2010. On the stage, together with Taneski, Billy Zver and Pejčin was the young Macedonian singer Deana Nikolovska and two more girls. Deana sang the backing vocals and made the scene dancing with the girls. Jas ja imam Document [156] (Title: T-DJ Milana) a performance on the island of Ibiza in Spain for the first time, where she immediately received the status of a resident of a major boat party "Oceanbeat Ibiza". Also in 2013, Julia starred in the video for the song "Gimme some more" by the Bulgarian singer Valya. Since 2014, she continues to work as a resident at the "Oceanbeat Ibiza", as well as in the clubs "Bora-Bora Ibiza" and "Top 21 Ibiza". T-DJ Milana T-DJ Milana (Julia Igorevna Rysina; born February 12, 1989 in Lugansk) is an Ukrainian DJ, composer, dancer and model, best known for performing naked in Document [157] (Title: Kazaky) "Breakthrough of the Year" award at the 2010 Myway Dance Awards. The video features the four group members dancing in boy clothes at first, and then transitioning into a more androgynous look with their signature stiletto heels. It quickly went viral on YouTube. It was then followed by the video for their second single, "Love," shot in black & white, which furthered their online popularity. In June 2011, the group performed at the DSquared² Men Spring/Summer 2012 runway show. On 16 July 2011, they made their American debut at Club 57 in New York City, and performed their third single Document [158] (Title: Mondai Girl) aired on January 15, 2015. Both KISEKAE and My Room are included as B-side tracks. Also included is a remix version of Kyary's 2012 single Candy Candy. Steve Nakamura – Art Director, Designer Shinji Konishi – Hair & Makeup – Stylist The music video describes the concept of "strong woman" in three different worlds, in accordance with the kanji quadrigram "三者三様”, which translates literally to "three people three styles" and means "everyone's different, to each his own". The first character in the video is Kyary in a completely pink outfit, as a young actress chased by paparazzi. The second one Document [159] (Title: Aaron Sillis) won the "Breakthrough Award" presented by "The Times" newspaper at the 2009 South Bank Show Awards. Aaron Sillis Aaron Sillis (born August 1983) is an English dancer and choreographer who has worked in many fields of dance, most notably working with leading international pop artists including Rihanna, Katy Perry, FKA twigs, Justin Bieber, Kylie Minogue, Mariah Carey and Leona Lewis. Sillis was born in August 1983, in Drayton, near Norwich in Norfolk, England.[1] He began studying dance at the age of 14 at the Central School of Performing Arts in Norwich[1] and at 16 he continued into professional vocational training Document [160] (Title: Midnight Sun (Elena song)) performed "Midnight Sun" in a medley with her previous superhit "Disco Romancing". During the performance, she wore a simple pink dress with eight-inches heels. The song was also performed at the morning show "Neatza cu Răzvan şi Dani" along with her songs "Waiting" and "I'm On Fire" as well as a feature with Dony ("Hot Girls"). Later, Gheorghe went on a concert tour through Romania. One of the most notable concerts where "Midnight Sun" was headlining was the one in "The Heaven Club", Timişoara. The Heaven Club is a notorious and very expansive club; The performance was recorded. Elena performed Document [161] (Title: Sia (musician)) don't have to be under that pressure, and I'd like to be one of them." The video for "Elastic Heart" "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have pedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states", but she nevertheless apologized on Twitter to anyone who was "triggered". Gia Kourlas wrote in "The New York Times" in 2016 that Sia's collaborations with Heffington have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the Document [162] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) 2014 of Slant Magazine (number 13) and "The Daily Telegraph" (number 44). "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 20 on its list of 20 Best Pop Albums of 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, Sia won Album of the Year, Best Female Artist and Best Pop Release for "1000 Forms of Fear". The lead single "Chandelier" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video at the 57th Grammy Awards. "1000 Forms of Fear" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of Document [163] (Title: Pahan Silu) Bass Guitar) Priyan Weerappuli (Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar, Bass Guitar, Keyboard, Percussion, Thammátama, Vocals) Guest Performers (In Alphabetical Order) Umanga deSilva (Acoustic Guitar, Vocals) Jacob Falk (Djembe, Congas) Brian Rishi Fernando (Acoustic Guitar) Shripal Fernando (Vocals) Praveen Fernandopulle (Vocals) Chinthana Herath (Flute, Violin) K. Jayawardene (Tabla) Ruwan Jayaweera (Vocals) Samadhi Liyanage (Vocals) Chandratilaka Liyanarachchi (Vocals) Deepthi Weerappuli (Keyboard) Sujit Weerasinghe (Percussion) Alumni (In Alphabetical Order) Sanjaya Abeysirigunawardena (Vocals) Chinthaka Weerappuli (Tabla) Pahan Silu Pahan Silu (which roughly translates to "dancing candlelight" from its original Sinhala, one of the three primary languages spoken on the island of Sri Lanka) is the Document [164] (Title: Chandelier (song)) live show of the sixth series of "The X Factor Australia" in August 2014, gaining a standing ovation by the judges. In March 2015, British singer-songwriter and 2012 X Factor winner James Arthur recorded a highly acclaimed acoustic version of the song, which he also later performed for MTV International. Also Andrea Faustini performed the song on "The X Factor UK" in November 2014. The tenth episode of "Selfie", "Imperfect Harmony", featured Karen Gillan singing a karaoke version of the song that segued into a cover by The Wind and The Wave and a sequence mimicking the original video. In Document [165] (Title: JoJo Siwa) JoJo Siwa Joelle Joanie "JoJo" Siwa (born May 19, 2003), is an American dancer, singer, actress, and YouTube personality. She is known for appearing for two seasons on "Dance Moms" along with her mother, Jessalynn Siwa, and for her singles "Boomerang" and "Kid in a Candy Store". Siwa posts daily videos of her day-to-day life on her YouTube channel, "JoJo Siwa Vlogs". Joelle Joanie Siwa was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 2003, the child of Dr. Tom Siwa, a chiropractor from Nebraska, and Jessalynn Siwa (née Jessalynn Lombardi), a professional dance instructor from Iowa. She has one sibling, Document [166] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) In November 2017, Sia conducted the second leg of the tour, her first stadium tour in Oceania, accompanied by Ziegler. Sia toured in North America and Europe in 2010, and in Australia and North America in 2011, to promote her album "We Are Born". She then turned to songwriting, retiring from performing for several years. In 2014, she released the album "1000 Forms of Fear", which, together with its singles and videos like "Chandelier" that featured Maddie Ziegler, achieved considerable success, gaining Sia wider public notice. When Sia performed at various award ceremonies, television shows and other events to promote Document [167] (Title: Mj Rodriguez) with the underground ballroom scene. Rodriguez's Blanca is a young woman who forms her own "house"—the House of Evangelista—after receiving a positive diagnosis for HIV. As the head of the House of Evangelista, she becomes a surrogate mother to several abandoned queer youth of color. Described as a "breakout, starring role," her performance has been praised by critics. Among the show's regular cast are Rodriguez's "Saturday Church" co-star Indya Moore, Tony Award-winner Billy Porter, model Dominique Jackson, Evan Peters, Kate Mara, and James Van Der Beek. Rodriguez performed with "Pose" co-stars Dyllón Burnside, Billy Porter and Ryan Jamaal Swain in Document [168] (Title: Pink Champagne (E-girls song)) room with large champagne glasses, a night-club, a room filled with geometric mirrors, a large stage with neon-lights, driving inside the city, a room filled with shadows and lighting, the balcony of a skyscraper, and chained-swings hanging from the sky, over-top the cityscape. During the chorus sections, it has the girls dance in a large multi-colored club room that features LED screens and neon-lit infrastructure similar to the one in "E.G. Summer Rider". In contrast to the group's previous single visual, which emphasized a "fun, summery vibe", a member at Arama Japan noted that the visual "shows the group's more Document [169] (Title: Big Girls Cry) performed "Big Girls Cry" live on Australian television show, "Sunrise" on 21 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, a video for the song was released on Sia's Vevo YouTube channel. The video features Maddie Ziegler in her trademark flesh-coloured leotard and blonde Sia bob facing the camera, in front of a black background, contorting her face and using her hands to express a slew of emotions. At one point a pair of hands come into the frame (shown in behind-the-scenes footage to be Sia's own hands) manipulating Ziegler's face and covering her mouth, they appear to lift Ziegler by the Document [170] (Title: Reigan Derry) table. However, her performance received a mixed response from Keating, who felt "she disconnected from us and the audience". For the Decades Challenge-themed third live show, Derry performed "Chandelier" by Sia and received another standing ovation from all four judges. Her performance of "Chandelier" debuted at number 81 on the ARIA Singles Chart. For the Top 10 Hits-themed fourth live show, Derry sang Sam Smith's "Stay with Me", while playing the piano. Bassingthwaighte said it was her "favourite "X Factor" performance of all time". Derry's performance of "Stay with Me" debuted at number 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart and Document [171] (Title: Manos Arriba) Duda" was released as the EP's second single, and was also selected as the Single of the Week for iTunes Latino. Chana promoted "Icaro" with a music video. In the video, she is seen performing "full body twists and falls of modern dance". Carolina González identified Chana's choreography in the music video as indicative of her past dancing training in a magnet school and as part of the Los Angeles Contemporary Dance Company. Jordan Levin of "PopMatters" also noted that Chana drew upon her experiences at New World School of the Arts and the dance program at Ohio University for Document [172] (Title: Dance (Alexandra Stan song)) three days in Bucharest, Romania and sees Stan and her backup dancers performing choreographed dances, which were choreographed by Romanian performer Emil Rengle. The recording was met with good reviews. Digital Journal praised the song for being "catchy", and Stan for providing "honey-rich" vocals. In an interview, Alexandra Stan explained that "Dance" is a "very sexy club song and club image". The track was performed during Stan's Unlocked Tour (2014). The song became a success in Japan, where it ranked at number 25 on the Japan Hot 100. "Dance" was recorded at Fonogram Studios in Bucharest, Romania. Stan first thought Document [173] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Heffington. Ziegler shared her thoughts about the choreography with "New York" magazine: I like the whole dance. It was really different and weird for me, because I usually don't, you know, be a crazy person every time. It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot, because I'm used to competition dances where you're like, "Point your legs!" But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it. The choreography was praised by media outlets; an editor from "The Guardian" wrote that Ziegler "dances Document [174] (Title: Sibak: Midnight Dancers) car radios with his friends. The youngest Sonny, dropped out of college and has a transsexual lover. Sibak: Midnight Dancers Sibak: Midnight Dancers is a 1994 Philippines film, and the first of a series of three gay-themed movies by Mel Chionglo and Ricky Lee about the lives of macho dancers (strippers) in the gay bars of Manila. The later two are "Burlesk King" and "Twilight Dancers". All three follow in the tradition of Lino Brocka's 1988 film "Macho Dancer." This movie was banned in the Philippines. The story revolves around the lives of three brothers who work as strippers in Document [175] (Title: Josephine Bradley) might have interfered with the clarity of the rhythm. With record sales reaching 75 million, and his orchestra regularly on BBC radio (and later, television), Silvester was the dominant public figure in the dancing world. Bradley became one of the few women to lead a British band between 1920–1950; others included Ivy Benson and Mrs. Jack Hilton. Bradley set up her group in 1935, mainly as a recording band for Decca: "Josephine Bradley and her Ballroom Orchestra". She had already, in 1930, directed the "New Mayfair Dance Orchestra" for HMV. Between March 1937 and October 1945 she recorded over 200 Document [176] (Title: Dancing Dolls) Dolls’ single features a cover of the song Melo Melo Bakkyun sung by Miu and Kanon. Dancing Dolls Dancing Dolls are a Japanese female vocal and dance group. The group originally consisted of five childhood friends from Osaka: Hono (Honoka Kadomoto - 門元穂果), Mii (Misaki Nakajima - 中島弥咲), Misaki (Misaki Sakurada - 桜田美咲), and twins Asuka (Asuka Nagayama - 永山飛鳥) and Kyoka (Kyouka Nagayama - 永山杏佳). The group was formed in Osaka by childhood friends. They started performing in the street in Osaka Castle Park, which is a local haven for street performances. The girls wrote and composed their own Document [177] (Title: Evan Di Unna Pethan) was put up in a studio in Mumbai to go with the theme of the song, with 60 dancers from Mumbai in addition to 30 dancers flown in from London, being background dancers, dancing alongside Silambarasan and his pair in the film Jasmin Bhasin. According to Silambarasan, "the focus of the song was more on style — the lighting and showcasing the pub culture". Noted Hindi choreographer Ahmed Khan directed the video. The track was planned to be released as a single track separately ahead of the complete soundtrack album. Sify called this the first time a Tamil audio was Document [178] (Title: Dancing on the Ceiling) institution established double platinum in 1984. To promote the album Richie went on an Outrageous 40-city concert tour, entitled "Outrageous". The first concert was in Phoenix, Arizona. "Dancing on the Ceiling" peaked at No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 200. The title track was the second biggest single from the album, reaching No. 2 in the US and No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart, falling behind "Say You, Say Me" earlier performance. Other Top 10 singles from the album include "Love Will Conquer All" (US No. 9, UK No. 45) and "Ballerina Girl" (US No. 7, UK No. Document [179] (Title: Dance Dance Dance (E-girls song)) make-up and getting dressed, whilst members Sayaka and Yurino introduce the audience by dancing in a window. As the "E.G." neon logo turns vibrant pink, dancers Anna Suda, Mio Nakajima and Kaede dance in tailored suits while Karen Fujii, Ami, Reina Washio and Shizuka sing in the background. Shuuka Fujii, Harumi Sato and Nozomi Bando appear with pink-and-black feathered dresses to dance, and as the chorus starts, the final members Nonoka Yamaguchi and Anna Ishii move alongside the other girls. From the second verse onwards, it shows the group in various backstage areas getting ready while performing the number. By Document [180] (Title: Ryan Heffington) he was the artistic director for the experimental modern dance company Hysterica. From 2006 to 2009 Heffington lead the dance troupe Fingered, which combined fast-paced Martha Graham-style choreography with genderbending costumes designed by Heffington. He has performed at bars and clubs, as well as MOCA, LACMA, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, "Saturday Night Live", Walt Disney Concert Hall, the UCLA Hammer Museum and Coachella. Heffington is best known for choreographing the music videos for Arcade Fire's "We Exist" (2013) and Sia's "Chandelier" (2014), both of which were nominated for Grammy Awards, and the latter of which won him a VMA Award. Document [181] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms." In November and December 2017 Sia is set to play the second leg of the tour, a stadium mini-tour in Oceania. With these dates, she is expected to become the third female soloist to play Australian stadiums in the past quarter century, after Taylor Swift (2013's Red Tour and 2015's 1989 Tour) and Madonna (1993's Girlie Show Tour). Ziegler is set to accompany Sia. The concerts in the first leg of the tour opened with AlunaGeorge, followed by Miguel, backed by video screens and "playing Document [182] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) the year in the country. It has sold 1.9 million copies in the US as of May 2017. Sia has performed "Cheap Thrills" on various television shows and concerts, with a group of dancers usually led by either Maddie Ziegler or Stephanie Mincone dancing to the same choreography as in the music video, including "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" in January 2016, "American Idol" in March, Coachella in April, and YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City as well as the season finale of "The Voice", both in May. The song is featured on the soundtrack of the movie Document [183] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) to put one more album out. I didn't want to get famous so I kept all the songs I wanted and had a lot of fun making it." "1000 Forms of Fear" is primarily an electropop album, with influences of hip hop and reggae. It opens with "Chandelier", an electropop song that features a reggae-influenced beat. Lyrically, the track talks about "the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life." The follow-up, "Big Girls Cry", was compared to Alanis Morissette's "Hands Clean". On "Burn the Pages", Sia described a friend she wants to cheer up: "You're twisted up like a Document [184] (Title: Sia discography) January 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide. Its lead single, "Chandelier", became Sia's first hit single as lead artist, peaking within the top ten of charts in various countries. "1000 Forms of Fear" was further promoted by the singles "Big Girls Cry", Sia's solo version of "Elastic Heart" and "Fire Meet Gasoline". Sia's seventh album, "This Is Acting", was released in 2016. It became her second consecutive chart-topping album in Australia and peaked within the top ten in various countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Its two top ten singles in her native Document [185] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) Pitch Perfect 3, where it is sung by the Bellas during the USO tour in Europe. A lyric video featuring Sean Paul performing a new verse was released on 10 February 2016. In the video, a faceless couple wearing wigs (the dancers Minn Vo and Stefanie Klausman), which have become part of Sia's signature look, win a dance contest on a retro 1960s black-and-white television show reminiscent of "American Bandstand" or "The Buddy Deane Show", using visual effects to recreate the look of early 1960s TV cameras. The video, directed by Lior Molcho, has been viewed more than 1.2 billion Document [186] (Title: Chandelier (song)) songs "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry" from the album. Sia sang the song on "Dancing with the Stars," with Ziegler dancing a duet with Allison Holker, and at the 2014 We Can Survive Concert at the Hollywood Bowl. In February 2015, Sia sang the song in a cluttered apartment set for the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast. Ziegler danced in a cluttered apartment with actress Kristen Wiig. For all of these performances, Sia sang the track with her back to the camera. She performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" in January 2015, veiled, with a sad-looking mime who performed Document [187] (Title: Sibak: Midnight Dancers) Sibak: Midnight Dancers Sibak: Midnight Dancers is a 1994 Philippines film, and the first of a series of three gay-themed movies by Mel Chionglo and Ricky Lee about the lives of macho dancers (strippers) in the gay bars of Manila. The later two are "Burlesk King" and "Twilight Dancers". All three follow in the tradition of Lino Brocka's 1988 film "Macho Dancer." This movie was banned in the Philippines. The story revolves around the lives of three brothers who work as strippers in a gay bar. The oldest, Joel has a wife and a boyfriend. Dennis, the middle brother, steals Document [188] (Title: You've Changed (Sia song)) You've Changed (Sia song) "You've Changed" is the lead single released from Sia Furler's 2010 album "We Are Born". "You've Changed" was originally co-written and released in 2008 by American DJ/producer Lauren Flax, which was then re-recorded for Sia's 2010 album, "We Are Born". The single was announced through a Twitter update that Sia posted. The song was given away for free and was released on 28 December 2009. On 31 January 2010 the song peaked at number 31 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Sia's highest charting single on that chart until her 2014 hit Chandelier. The song Document [189] (Title: Chanelle: Wannabe Popstar) are going to perform with her on the Video and on stage. Chanelle voices her doubts about her own dancing skills. K-Knight says that she is doing well and all she needs is more confidence in her own ability. Chanelle goes house hunting in outer London to see what she can get for her money, fending off spiders and criticising fireplaces, she decides on a house she is interested in. Having done well in the dance routines/practise, Chanelle then decides upon outfits for the video with the help of her stylist, visiting her home wardrobe and Divas Corsets to find Document [190] (Title: Far East Movement) "Dan de Fleurette". "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series "Lie To Me" and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009. "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube. Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin". In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U.S. Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July Document [191] (Title: Elastic Heart) Kingdom, the single peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart on 5 April 2015 and has since been certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. On 7 January 2015, the music video for the song was released. Directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and choreographed by Ryan Heffington, the video features Maddie Ziegler, who previously appeared in the video for Sia's single "Chandelier" and "Big Girls Cry", and actor Shia LaBeouf. In the video, Ziegler and LaBeouf wear nude and dirt-smeared outfits. Justine Harman from "Elle" likened the concept of the video to Document [192] (Title: Big Girls Cry) throat into the air until only her kicking feet are shown, then Ziegler drops back into the frame to resume her emotive facial contortions. The single shot video with various lighting and a plain black background is comparable to Lorde's Tennis Court. Sia revealed, in a behind-the-scenes video for "Elastic Heart", that she would be making a trilogy of videos with Ziegler. As in the first two videos in the series ("Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart"), the clip for "Big Girls Cry" was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill and choreographed by Ryan Heffington. As of December 2017, the video had Document [193] (Title: Chandelier (song)) with such impressive flexibility". Nolan Feenay from "Time" magazine commented that the dance moves in the video could be the best dance routine of 2014. "Chandelier" received nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography, and ultimately won the latter. It was also nominated for a 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Video. The video went viral on YouTube and became the seventh most-watched video on the video-sharing website of 2014. As of November 2018, it has received over 1.9 billion views and was, at one point, the 13th most viewed YouTube video Document [194] (Title: In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining) always dreamed of but originally involving her mother. In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining (orig. Swedish "I taket lyser stjärnorna", literal translation) is a Swedish novel by Johanna Thydell, published in 2003. The book is about thirteen-year-old Jenna Wilson, who is unpopular at school and whose mother is dying of breast cancer. The book won the prestigious August Prize as the best Swedish children's and youth's book of 2003. A film adaptation, "Glowing Stars", was released in 2009. The film starts off with a girl, Jenna, who is seen doing household activities Document [195] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) the "Star Tribune" added, "The clear-cut star was Ziegler, obviously Sia’s alter ego. ... Ziegler was a riveting whirlwind, contorting her appendages and facial expressions with equal aplomb, topped by forward flips". Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that Ziegler's frenetic moves and flickering expressions ramp up the songs' emotional stakes. Reviewing Sia's concert in 2017, Richard He of "The Guardian" called Ziegler "a physical virtuoso to match Sia's vocal acrobatics, embodying the songs' emotional turmoil." David James Young of "Junkee" felt that Ziegler's performance "cements her status as one of the great dancers of the modern era. Document [196] (Title: This Is Acting) "This Is Acting" is Sia's follow-up to her sixth studio album "1000 Forms of Fear" (2014). In December 2014, Sia told "Spin" that she had "two [more records] completed and ready to go". She revealed details of "This Is Acting" for the first time in an interview published by "NME" in February 2015. In the article, she confirmed once again that work on the album was finished and that its content was "more pop" than her previous material. She also revealed that the success of "1000 Forms of Fear", specifically its lead single "Chandelier", encouraged her to continue releasing new Document [197] (Title: Move Your Body (Sia song)) Mall in 1987, and features a girl (portrayed by Lilliana Ketchman) and her parents in a glamour photo shoot until she runs off set, where she finds Sia's signature black-and-blonde wig in a dressing room and tries it on. She then photobombs strangers' posed pictures until her parents drag her away, but the strangers invite her back for even more photos and dance along with her. It is notable that the girl elects to leave her shoes behind; most of the dance moves expected of her require precise footwork that cannot be done in the sneakers the girl is wearing, Document [198] (Title: Tiana Brown) Tiana Brown Tiana Chanel Brown (born July 13, 1981) is an American dancer. Brown is known for dancing for Christina Aguilera and for being her good friend, and she can be seen in many of Aguilera's videos. Brown has also toured with Aguilera on her Stripped World Tour and the Back to Basics Tour, and she says her favorite song to dance to is "Dirrty". She has been dancing professionally for seven years and was inspired to pursue a dancing career by the Britney Spears video "(You Drive Me) Crazy" and Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope World Tour. Brown is Document [199] (Title: An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight) An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight (2014) is the eighth film in the American Girl series, starring Erin Pitt as Isabelle Palmer, along with Melora Hardin, Grace Davidson as Jade Palmer, Devyn Nekoda as Luisa, Genneya Walton as Renata, Alyssa Trask as Emma, Avery Trask as Hip Hop Dancer, Daniel Fathers, Kolton Stewart, Mathew Edmondson, and Saara Chaudry. The screenplay was written by Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin. The movie was directed by Vince Marcello. The film revolves around Isabelle Palmer, a 9-year-old dancer and aspiring fashion designer from Washington, Question: who is the girl who dances in sia chandelier Answer: Madison Nicole Ziegler Long Answer: Madison Nicole Ziegler (born September 30, 2002), better known as Maddie Ziegler, is an American dancer, actress and model . She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show Dance Moms from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016 . From 2014 to 2016, she gained wider fame for starring in five music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 3.4 billion views on YouTube . Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands . She was included by Time magazine on its list of the "30 most influential teens" in each of 2015 and 2016. Gold Document ID: 94

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Misty Copeland) and Variations", "Duo Concertant" and "Gaîté Parisienne", featuring Copeland in all three. Siebert praised her work as the lead in Balanchine's choreography of Igor Stravinsky's "Duo Concertant" for violin and piano performed by Benjamin Bowman and Emily Wong. Of her Flower Girl in "Gaîté Parisienne", Apollinaire Scherr of The "Financial Times" wrote that she "tips like a brimming watering can into the bouquets her wooers hold out to her". Copeland was a "flawless" demi-soloist in "Theme and Variations", according to Colleen Boresta of "Critical Dance". In June 2014 at the Met, she danced the Fairy Autumn in the Frederick Ashton Document [2] (Title: Living Out Loud (song)) "wheelies". Sia's persona is represented via backup dancers wearing ivory corsets and her trademark black-and-blond wig. The video has been described as "empowering" and "inclusive". Candy has been noted to show a softer presentation of herself, in comparison to her prior work, as well as resembling of Madonna" in her early career. Digital download KDA Remix The Remixes, Vol. 1 The Remixes, Vol. 2 Taken from digital download liner notes. Living Out Loud (song) "Living Out Loud" is a song by American singer Brooke Candy featuring Australian singer Sia, released on February 3, 2017. The song was set to be Document [3] (Title: Dus Kahaniyaan) him. Zahir however still fall's in love with Diya` One night when Zahir was with his friends and visiting many bars in the town to console himself he sees Sia. She is a dancer in a dance bar. After coming home, he goes to her apartment and confronts her and despite her attempts to explain the truth to him an intoxicated Zahir rapes her despite her pleas to stop him. The next day he wakes up and Sia has already left, however he finds a note from her. In this letter she had written that she has AIDS and that Document [4] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) wig and outfit that simulated the look of Sia's character in the film. She again performed with Sia on a mini-tour of Australasia in November and December 2017, and later in December, she and Sia returned to the "Ellen" show to perform Sia's song "Snowman". Ziegler and her sister conducted another dance workshop tour of Australia and New Zealand in July 2018. Ziegler wrote the foreword to Abby Lee Miller's 2014 memoir, "Everything I Learned about Life, I Learned in Dance Class". Ziegler interviewed her friend Millie Bobby Brown for a cover article in the November 2016 issue of "Interview" Document [5] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) are created in the likeness of Yamaguchi, and are dressed in the same clothing. Further scenes in the video show Yamaguchi together with the mannequins in the room, in activities such as having dinner and drawing portraits. In the final third of the video, a "bewitching" woman played by actress Kumiko Aso comes into the room and kisses one of Yamaguchi's mannequins. As with the band's other music videos, they requested stylist Hisashi "Momo" Kitazawa to find a director, this time using the key words "dance" and "idiot". Yamaguchi wanted to focus on the video being entertaining, rather than artistic. Document [6] (Title: Piya Tu Ab To Aaja) song was performed by Helen, who is known for doing item numbers in Bollywood films of the 1960s and 1970s. It is a highly suggestive song with Asha Bhosle breathing quickly at intervals, giving it an orgasmic sound. In the film, Helen performs the provocative dance in front of a large audience, including Sunita (played by actress Asha Parekh) who has just discovered that Monica (Helen) and her husband are having an affair. The picturisation is typical of the item numbers of the era portraying a "vamp" character who dances seductively for a nightclub audience. The song was later released Document [7] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) "1000 Forms of Fear"; instead, she focused on creating visual art through her videos. During the promotion of the album, Sia recruited Ziegler to be her persona on stage and performed with her back facing to the camera. On 19 May 2014, Sia performed "Chandelier" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", where Maddie Ziegler recreated the choreography in the music video. Sia also performed the song on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on 9 June 2014, with "Girls" star Lena Dunham performing the choreography. On 4 July 2014, Sia made an appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", where she performed "Chandelier", "Big Document [8] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) discuss how to create a dance-related project that was not strictly just dance. Tanaka wanted to create a three-minute story, and tried to stress storytelling in the video over imagery. Tanaka added the "bewitching" woman to the video to introduce jealousy and conflict between Yamaguchi and the mannequins, who had worked together in the previous scenes. The "bar dance" was choreographed by Furitsuke Kagyou Air:Man, a group who had worked together with Sakanaction for the music video for "Native Dancer" (2009). At the 2012 Space Shower Music Video Awards, the music video won the Best Video of the Year award, Document [9] (Title: 10 Minutes (Inna song)) video was also released subsequently on 16 June 2010. The video begins with Inna doing her make-up in front of a mirror and continues with her dancing in a club and performing choreography with fellow background dancers. Jonahan Harmad from French website Pure Charts thought that Inna "does not change a winning recipe: pretty girls, dancing and a club." In 2010, the song was performed at the Romanian Music Awards in a medley with "Amazing", "Señorita" (2010) and "Sun Is Up" (2010) on 10 July, and at Kasho Club in Brașov, Romania on 28 December. Another two performances followed in Document [10] (Title: Shiri Maimon) Of The Year” named after Ella Dan by Habima Theatre. Maimon performed with the musical around 200 times, until it closed in March 2017. In January 2016, Maimon posted in her Facebook account videos asking her fans to help her decide which song she will be covering in the next three shows of her winter show tour. She let her fan choose between “Chandelier” by Sia, “Hello” by Adele, and “I’m Not The Only One” by Sam Smith. Eventually “Chandelier” was chosen, and Maimon was performing the song in her shows. Maimon released the live version of the song which Document [11] (Title: Ain't No Other Man) chorus. At the bridge, she walks through the bar and finds her lover. She pushes him down on a chair and pushes him away across the polished dance-floor. She is then lifted onto the billiard table and continues to sing while the chandelier above her head begins to explode and spark fireworks. At the chorus she appears in a sparkling silver dress and makes the whole club come alive in a riot of dancing. There is a brief funk outro. As the video ends, with the club now empty of customers, Aguilera gently sings "I Got Trouble" again, lying on Document [12] (Title: Never Dance Alone) different lives. Siu-Sze is a housewife, as well as Akina. Yuen Chau works for the Hong Kong Government, while having an affair with a prospective chief executive candidate who is also her boss. Jenny initially worked as an airline hostess, but eventually quit to care for her mother, who suffered a stroke. Julie became obsessed with money, and was set to marry the son of a wealthy New Territories tribal elder until she discovered he is gay. Meanwhile, Cyndi continued with her passion for dancing, and operates a dance studio that is ailing. Through happenstance, Cyndi reunited with Julie and Document [13] (Title: Playing with Fire (Paula Seling and Ovi song)) and black clothes, respectively — leave the piano and move to the front part of the stage, aided by four background vocalists (Andreea Moldovan, Larisa Borza, Andrada Janette Suliman and Elena Bianca Purcărea) placed on the left half of the stage. Further technical enhancements include the lights on the backdrop changing from blue to orange with the words 'boy' and 'girl', as well as fire being displayed on the background and piano. Claire-Marie Allègre of French website L'Express Styles positively called Seling's catsuit extravagant. In his book "Waltz of the Asparagus People: The Further Adventures of Piano Girl", Robin Meloy Document [14] (Title: Harajuku Girls) "Luxurious", "Crash", "Wind It Up", "The Sweet Escape", and "Now That You Got It". Gwen appeared on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross", and introduced the dancers as her "imaginary friends". Three of the dancers would later appear in No Doubt's 2012 video "Settle Down." Maya Chino (stage name "Love") grew up in Tokyo. She started out doing ballet when she was three years old and also tap danced. Before dancing with Gwen Stefani, she was a backup dancer for South Korean singer BoA. She later moved to Los Angeles, California, and teaches hip hop lessons to children at an academy Document [15] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the lyrics in American sign language. In May 2014, Puddles Pity Party, the "sad clown with the golden voice" performed a version with Postmodern Jukebox that by June 2018 has had over 8 million views on YouTube. He also performed the song on the 12th-season premiere of "America's Got Talent", stunning the judges and gaining the four votes needed to move to the next round. In July 2014, Sara Bareilles performed an acoustic version of "Chandelier" during her Little Black Dress Tour. Reut Odinak from the "Seattle Weekly" lauded Bareilles' vocals on the cover. Likewise, MuchMusic's Evan Desouza wrote that Document [16] (Title: Harajuku Girls) Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson and mimicking their moves. At the age of nineteen, she went to Los Angeles to study dance. She later taught dance at a performing arts centers, and joined an all-female dance group "Beat Freaks", which competed and was runner-up in America's Best Dance Crew. She most recently appeared in the new dance multimedia production "Siren Assassins" as Queen Jade. She was formerly married to Lee-J Razalan, the manager of Beat Freaks and a fellow dancer. She is the choreographer for famous Korean boy band SHINee with their debut song, "Noona is so Pretty/Replay" and various Document [17] (Title: Chandelier (song)) verses, Gbmaj–Bbm-Ab in the pre-chorus, and Gbmaj–Ab–Db/F–Gbmaj in the chorus. Lyrically, "Chandelier" has a sad theme talking about "the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life". John Walker from MTV Buzzworthy opined that the song has a dark theme, "toeing the line between celebration and self-destruction as it becomes increasingly more blurred". The song's opening lyrics, "Party girls don't get hurt, can't feel anything ... I push it down", are sung over a reggae-influenced background. Walker noted that during the chorus, Sia sings, "I'm gonna swing from the chandelier, from the chandelier/ I'm gonna live like tomorrow doesn't exist, Document [18] (Title: Muara Hati) is the crystal chandelier that was hanging in both Siti's and Hafiz's scenes. For both Hafiz and Siti, they only wore one single black ensemble respectively throughout all the scenes. Throughout the video, the scenes' shots vary from long shot, medium shot to close-up. After the opening, the music video begins with Hafiz's scenes sitting on a chair before it fades to Siti's scenes who is also shown on the same transparent chair. There were moments when the two scenes are put together side by side or one above the other, but both artists were never in one same scene. Document [19] (Title: Sia (musician)) 2001 album "Simple Things", Sia contributed vocals to two tracks: "Destiny" and "Distractions." The single "Destiny" peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, she provided vocals for Zero 7 on "Somersault" and "Speed Dial No. 2" (from the album "When It Falls"). In 2006, Sia again collaborated with Zero 7 for the group's third album, "The Garden" and hence she is regarded as the "unofficial" lead singer of Zero 7. In 2000, Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music's sub-label Dance Pool and released her first single, "Taken for Granted", which peaked at No. 10 Document [20] (Title: Silya) Silya Silje Haugum Nymoen (born January 3, 1978), known by her stage name Silya (stylised as SiLyA), is a Norwegian singer-songwriter based in New York City. Silya was singing and playing classical piano by age 8. She majored in jazz and contemporary dance at The Oslo National Academy of Art at age 15. Silya first gained success being the lead singer of the Norwegian hip hop/pop group Multicyde. Multicyde signed to Warner Music Group and had three number 1 hits in Norway between 1999 and 2002. While in Multicyde, she performed in musical theater shows like Cabaret, Chicago, and West Document [21] (Title: Sibel Can) a belly dancer. She worked as both a belly dancer and a soloist with her father during their tour's across Turkey. Can who appeared in the clubs such as Galata Tower and Astorya, accepted Nükhet Duru and Fahrettin Arslan's offer to perform at Maksim Casino at the age of 17. Due to Can's minority, the casino became under the threat of closure, and after court proceedings her date of birth was changed to 1964. At Maksim Casino she worked with the likes of Muazzez Abacı, Neşe Karaböcek and Emel Sayın. In 1987 she released her first album "Günah Bize" which Document [22] (Title: The Greatest (Sia song)) a new album called "We Are Your Children". An accompanying music video for the single was filmed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and portrays American dancer Maddie Ziegler among 48 others. Although the singer has not provided an interpretation of the video's plot, numerous media outlets have perceived it as a tribute to the 49 victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting. Commercially, "The Greatest" reached the top five in several countries and was awarded with certifications in various territories. The music video was nominated for a 2017 MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography. "Billboard" editor Gil Kaufman described "The Document [23] (Title: Chandelier (song)) March 2014 through Monkey Puzzle, with distribution by RCA Records. In the United Kingdom, "Chandelier" was released digitally on 29 June 2014. A day later, it was sent by RCA Records to US hot adult contemporary radio. "Chandelier" was written by Sia and Shatkin and was produced by Kurstin and Shatkin. It was described as an electropop ballad, featuring "soaring" synthesisers, "militant" drums, and hip hop beats with electronica, R&B, and reggae influences. The song features Sia's "jaw-dropping" vocal performance. The song is written in the key of B minor and it follows the chord progression of Bbm–Gbmaj–Ab–Fm in the Document [24] (Title: JoJo Siwa) decor, and a doll made in her likeness, and has released several books aimed at young children. JoJo Siwa Joelle Joanie "JoJo" Siwa (born May 19, 2003), is an American dancer, singer, actress, and YouTube personality. She is known for appearing for two seasons on "Dance Moms" along with her mother, Jessalynn Siwa, and for her singles "Boomerang" and "Kid in a Candy Store". Siwa posts daily videos of her day-to-day life on her YouTube channel, "JoJo Siwa Vlogs". Joelle Joanie Siwa was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 2003, the child of Dr. Tom Siwa, a chiropractor from Document [25] (Title: Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu) on his offer until 2011. Instead of being assigned a song, Sunahara personally chose "Light Dance" from the band's discography to remix. On July 22, the band made their first appearance on the TV Asahi television program "Music Station", performing the song. Yamaguchi appeared as a guest at the J-Wave radio program Radipedia on July 26, and on "School of Lock!" on July 20 to promote the song. During the single's release in July, the band were in the middle of recording sessions for their album "Documentaly". On July 23, the band held a special Ustream broadcast to celebrate the Document [26] (Title: Elastic Heart) it out alive, but whether escape is ever really on the table." "New York" magazine's Vulture.com ranked it number 6 on its list of 2015's top 10 music videos. As of November 2018, the video had received more than 970 million views on YouTube. It was the eighth most viewed YouTube video in 2015. The video "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have pedophilic undertones because it features an adult and child dancing together clad only in beige dancewear. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states," but she apologized Document [27] (Title: Sia (musician)) the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Sia released the deluxe edition of "This Is Acting" in October 2016, which includes three new tracks, a remix version of "Move Your Body" and a solo version of "The Greatest". She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards. Sia contributed to the soundtracks for the films "Lion" and "Wonder Woman" with "Never Give Up" and "To Be Human", respectively. She also co-wrote and performed on a platinum-selling single, "Dusk Till Dawn" by Zayn Malik. Sia performed in concert Document [28] (Title: Ryan Heffington) Other Sia videos that Heffington has choreographed include "Elastic Heart", "Big Girls Cry", "Cheap Thrills" and "The Greatest". Sia and Heffington's collaborations have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms." He has also worked with FKA Twigs and Britney Spears, and made several appearances on "RuPaul's Drag Race". Heffington created the choreography for the science fiction series "The OA", which debuted on Netflix in December 2016. He was choreographer for the 2017 film "Baby Driver", choreographing the actors' timing and movements in order to sync them with the Document [29] (Title: Sharon Shore) Shore was among the court of Apollo, a role performed by John Mallozzi. Beverly Sills was in the cast. "Bloomer Girl" came to San Francisco in 1951 with Dick Haymes as its star. Shore was one of the dancers. She was in a production of the musical comedy "The Thousand and Second Night" in December 1955. The show was produced by Jack Yellen and featured actors Jack Cassidy and Eddie Lawrence. It was performed at the Versailles night club, 151 East 50th Street, New York City. Shore was successful in subbing for Neile Adams who was ill at one point. Document [30] (Title: Crying in the Club) star to escape the more generic tropes of top 40," while in "Rolling Stone", Ryan Reed noted Cabello "finds emotional redemption" in the song. Editors from "Rap-Up" wrote "the song blends island flavors with intense pop sounds, making it a dance-ready soundtrack for optimism." Anna Gaca of "Spin" described the song as a "dancehall-inspired beat that bears a passing resemblance to Sia's 'Cheap Thrills'." Idolator writer Mike Wass called the song a "moody, mid-tempo bop", and opined, "the 20-year-old followed Sia's demo a little too closely. She's almost unrecognizable and that's worrying for something trying to establish their independence." Directed Document [31] (Title: Dance (Alexandra Stan song)) Dance (Alexandra Stan song) "Dance" is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her sophomore studio album, "Unlocked" (2014). The track was made available for digital download on 16 July 2014, as the album's third single. "Dance" was written by Stan, Cosmin Basasteanu, Alexandru Cotoi, Lee Anna McCollum, Mika Moupondo and Erik Lidbom, while production was handled by both Cazan and Lidbom. A music video for the song was directed by Khaled Mokhtar and debuted on Stan's YouTube channel on 18 July 2014, where it has since amassed over ten million views. The clip was shot during Document [32] (Title: Chikku Bukku Rayile) who is also a renowned choreographer, makes a cameo for an interlude. Raghava Lawrance another renowned choreographer dances along with Prabhu Deva. Chikku Bukku Rayile's music video tells the story of dance phenomenon Prabhu Deva trying to flirt with a girl (Gouthami), as the girl tries to leave him in all directions. The song is sung mixed with English to give it the Chennai slang feel. This style propelled it to be a hit song. The original song has since been covered by several singers and bands: Chikku Bukku Rayile "Chikku Bukku Rayile" is a song, sung in Tamil, featured Document [33] (Title: Just Dance (song)) a poncho, with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale. She wears a blue, lightning-bolt shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover, which paid tribute to the album cover of David Bowie's "Aladdin Sane", as he is one of her musical idols. O'Donis appears in the video being flanked by several girls during the "When I come through on the dance floor" interlude. Cameo appearances are made by Akon and Space Cowboy. MTV called the video an ode to the "Me Decade". During an interview with Australian Document [34] (Title: Aaron Sillis) Aaron Sillis Aaron Sillis (born August 1983) is an English dancer and choreographer who has worked in many fields of dance, most notably working with leading international pop artists including Rihanna, Katy Perry, FKA twigs, Justin Bieber, Kylie Minogue, Mariah Carey and Leona Lewis. Sillis was born in August 1983, in Drayton, near Norwich in Norfolk, England.[1] He began studying dance at the age of 14 at the Central School of Performing Arts in Norwich[1] and at 16 he continued into professional vocational training in dance and musical theatre at Bird College in Sidcup, Kent.[2] Aaron was a contemporary dance Document [35] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) type of intense, captivating choreography as some of [Sia's] other work. This time, Ziegler is backed by two other dancers, and the trio seems to blend as one". "Teen Vogue" said that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance". The video has been viewed more than 330 million times. Cheap Thrills (song) "Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer Sia from her seventh studio album, "This Is Acting" (2016). It was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, while solely produced by Kurstin. An official remix version of "Cheap Thrills" features vocals by Jamaican performer Sean Paul and was made available for Document [36] (Title: Flames (song)) bit slower tempo, a new pop ballad is just what one could expect from the duo." Mike Nied from Idolator called it "an inspiring anthem complete with a rousing production and another of the 'Chandelier' siren's jaw-dropping vocal lines." Brittany Spanos of "Rolling Stone" described the song as "uplifting": "On the song, Guetta goes for a less clubby sound than usual. The song is more earnest as Sia offers words of encouragement to a loved one weathering a tough time." Flames (song) "Flames" is a song by French DJ and record producer David Guetta and Australian singer-songwriter Sia. The song Document [37] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) site in Fatehabad district in Haryana, shows an image that is evocative of "Dancing Girl". The excavation team leader, L. S. Rao, Superintending Archaeologist, Excavation Branch, ASI, remarked that, “... the delineation [of the lines in the potsherd] is so true to the stance, including the disposition of the hands, of the bronze that it appears that the craftsman of Bhirrana had first-hand knowledge of the former”. Some Pakistani politicians and experts have demanded that the Dancing Girl be "returned" to Pakistan. In 2016 Pakistani barrister, Javed Iqbal Jaffery, petitioned the Lahore High Court for the return of the statue, Document [38] (Title: Dance in the Neon Light) Dance in the Neon Light "Dance in the Neon Light" in an English version of the Swedish language song "Dansa i neon" by Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson. "Dansa i neon" is a Swedish language song, sung by Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson and finishing 5th at the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1987. "Dansa i neon" was written by Tim Norell, Peo Thyrén and Ola Håkansson, and was first meant to have been performed by Lili & Susie. Ola Håkansson proposed that, but Sveriges Television said no. Lena Philipsson released it as a single in 1987, which reached a 9th place as Document [39] (Title: Jane Siberry) Jackson's "Heaven & Hell". Jane Siberry Jane Siberry ( ; ; born October 12, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as "Mimi on the Beach", "I Muse Aloud", "One More Colour" and "Calling All Angels". She performed the theme song to the television series "Maniac Mansion". She has released material under the name Issa ( ) – an identity (as opposed to a simple stagename) which she used formally between 2006 and 2009. On August 30, 2005, Siberry was awarded the 2005 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award in music by the Canada Council for the Arts. Jane Stewart Document [40] (Title: Raja Amari) in Selma's dance class. To find out more, Lilia decides to follow Chokri one day. On her escapade, she follows him into his second workplace: a cabaret club. After overcoming her initial shock, Lilia becomes drawn towards the dancers and drum music. The women are very different from Lilia: they wear colourful clothing, they are showing their midriffs, and they are dancing in a sensual manner to the drumbeat. After befriending the lead dancer, Folla (Monia Hichri), Lilia is convinced to start dancing in the cabaret club. While Lilia begins dancing nightly, she simultaneously begins a romantic relationship with Chokri, Document [41] (Title: Rainbow (Sia song)) resembling Songbird Serenade's mane, and successfully battling and conquering the elements. "Rainbow" received critical acclaim. Bryan Rolli from "Billboard" called the song "uplifting", saying "The Australian pop star eschews the vocal acrobatics of past hits like 'Chandelier' in favor of a restrained hook and hypnotic beat, while still sounding as powerful and inspired as ever. She maintains the evenhanded, optimistic spirit that elevates her best songs, singing, 'I can see a rainbow in your tears as the sun comes out.'" Hilary Hughes from MTV said, "'Rainbow' has all the hallmarks of a stellar Sia single: Empowering message, driving beat, and Document [42] (Title: Kat DeLuna) 16 on the official album's chart. The video for "Party O'Clock" was released on December 15, 2010. "Dancing Tonight" was the next single from the album, and she shot video in New York City on December 21–23, 2010. "Dancing Tonight" debuted as the #1 Breakout on the Billboard Dance Chart. The video for the song premiered on March 23. On July 29 the video for the single "Drop It Low" premiered on her YouTube channel, and the single was released September 27. "Drop it Low" first surfaced on DeLuna's international-only release ‘Inside Out,’ which is being re-worked for the American Document [43] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) of the white performance space ... it was an odd but not unexpected arrangement that put the focus squarely on the visual aspect of the show. Since there was sadly no live band and Sia herself did little besides sing note-perfect if somewhat rote versions of her songs, it wasn’t out of the question to wonder what we needed her for, anyway. After all, there was a magnetic visual assault to focus on, led by 14-year-old dancer Maddie Ziegler, who has starred in five of Sia's music videos since 2014. ... Most of the time, the dancing perfectly complemented the Document [44] (Title: Shindig!) Rini Jarmon and Carol Shelyne, who always wore glasses while she danced. Occasionally, a small group of dancers who sang would get a featured spot; this rotating group was billed as The Shindig Girls. The assistant choreographer was Antonia Basilotta, better known as Toni Basil, who later gained fame with her 1980s hit song "Mickey." Both Garr and Basil were dance students of David Winters at the time and worked with him on most of his choreography projects. The series house band was supposedly known as "The Shin-diggers", but that was actually the name host Jimmy O'Neill used to refer Document [45] (Title: Chandelier (song)) has accumulated more than 9 million views. Derek Hough lip-synced the song while performing a parody of Ziegler's routine on the eighth episode of "Lip Sync Battle". "Chandelier" was played as the background music in the closing scene of the episode "Truth" on the TV show "UnREAL". Jordan Smith covered it in his audition for "The Voice" in September 2015. Trent Harmon covered it in his Top 4 performance for the American Idol in March 2016. Also in March, English close harmony trio The Puppini Sisters covered the song in a mash up with Rappers Delight for their 5th studio Document [46] (Title: On the Floor) one used in the final video. The clip begins with Lopez's arrival at a club in a black BMW, one example of the product placement used throughout the video. As the music begins, she puts on a pair Swarovski crystal earrings before the camera switches to inside the club. where it descends from the ceiling amongst the Las Vegas-style crystal chandeliers. Choreographer Frank Gatson Jr. called the club, "the best dance party in town," where Lopez played several different characters. Both the scenery and artist were styled to pay homage to her background as a professional dancer, she said she Document [47] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) song by Sia to enter the chart as a lead artist. "Big Girls Cry" was released in June 2014. Sia's solo version of "Elastic Heart", which was originally a collaboration with The Weeknd and Diplo, was released in January 2015, and reached the top 20 of the Hot 100. "Fire Meet Gasoline" was released as the fourth and final single in Germany on 19 June 2015. The official music video for "Chandelier" has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.9 billion times, and the video for "Elastic Heart" has been viewed more than 900 million times. To promote the project, Document [48] (Title: Alive (Sia song)) a chord progression of Fm–Cm–D–Fm–Cm–D–B, and Sia's vocals span from F to E. "Alive" is a midtempo pop and synth-pop power ballad. The music video for the song directed by Sia and Daniel Askill was released on 5 November 2015. It was shot by cinematographer Mathieu Plainfosse. It stars child karate star Mahiro Takano. The music video was filmed in Japan. A lyric video has been uploaded on October 20, 2015 on Sia's Vevo channel. The video features a black-and-white background, with female figures without their faces shown. Sia wore a two-toned black and blonde wig and the lyrics of Document [49] (Title: Sia (musician)) her sixth studio album, "1000 Forms of Fear", debuted at No 1 in the U.S. "Billboard" 200 and generated the top-ten single "Chandelier" and a trilogy of music videos starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler. In 2016, she released her seventh studio album "This Is Acting", which spawned her first Hot 100 number one single, "Cheap Thrills". The same year, Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour, which incorporated performance art elements. Among the accolades received by Sia are ARIA Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975 in Adelaide, South Document [50] (Title: Colleen Ballinger) In 2015, Miranda was ranked the 7th "most popular YouTube personality", by "Daily American", and one of the "Top 25 Digital Stars", by "The Hollywood Reporter". The "Los Angeles Times" wrote of her videos, "this footage is a major hoot". Perez Hilton praised Miranda's parody of Sia's song "Chandelier" as "the crowning achievement of music video parodies ... utterly fantastic. ... [Ballinger] really has superb comedic timing." Initially, Miranda Sings enjoyed widespread popularity among musical theatre fans. Later, her fan base expanded particularly among teenagers. "TV Guide" commented: "Ironically, the character ... was created to satirize the very type of Document [51] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) and ownership is disputed by Pakistan. A bronze statuette "DANCING GIRL" is high and about 5,000 years old. It was found in the "HR area" of Mohenjo-daro in 1926 by Ernest Mackay. Although it is in a standing position, it was named ""Dancing Girl"" with an assumption of her profession. This is one of two bronze art works found at Mohenjo-daro that show more flexible features when compared to other more formal poses. The girl is naked, wears a number of bangles and a necklace and is shown in a natural standing position with one hand on her hip. She Document [52] (Title: When You Look at Me) white walls. She is then seen in a blue room, with some jean material on the wall as wallpaper, dancing in with some background dancers. She is wearing blue jeans and a blue shirt. Next, she is shown in an orange room, wearing an orange camisole and orange pants, with a lot of male background dancers in white behind her. After this, she is seen in a small red room, sitting on a couch, wearing a red and black pashmina with her hair long and straight. The music video ends with a reprisal of the chorus, and switching between all Document [53] (Title: Zachary Scot Johnson) for artists such as Shawn Colvin, Keb' Mo', Kevin Costner, Rita Wilson, The Be Good Tanyas, Jane Siberry, Don Williams, Marc Cohn and Juliette Lewis. Starting in 2012, Zach began a YouTube channel entitled Thesongadayproject. On the channel, he records a song every day. The channel hit its 1000th consecutive day on June 2, 2015, with a duet with Jeremy Messersmith on a Sia Furler song called "Chandelier". The channel is still currently running. Johnson records both original compositions and cover songs of favorite artists. The channel has more than 34 million total views over the first 1,350 days. Johnson Document [54] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Wall. A "Huffington Post" reporter called the number "stunning and graceful". In April 2016, six of her pre-taped performances were projected onto the big screens during Sia's Coachella set, and Ziegler appeared live with Sia at YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City. In May 2016, Ziegler appeared on the season finale of "The Voice" with Sia, dancing to "Cheap Thrills". The following month, she starred in another Todrick Hall video, "Taylor in Wonderland", based on "Alice in Wonderland", dancing to a mash-up of Taylor Swift songs. Also in June, Ziegler joined Fox's "", a television competition for dancers, ages Document [55] (Title: Move Your Body (Sia song)) so the music video sets up an excuse for her to be in just socks (despite a dusty studio floor), when she is seen leaving her shoes behind so she can squeeze through a wardrobe. The young girl is also shown wearing a black facemask that obscures all her facial features, which is a typical signature of Sia. The music video itself heavily implies that the young girl is supposed to be Sia as a child, and viewers are witnessing the moment of the stage persona's birth. Move Your Body (Sia song) "Move Your Body" is a song by Australian Document [56] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) "a basket filled with pain." "1000 Forms of Fear" concludes with "Dressed in Black", which Heather Phares of AllMusic described as a ballad "with more depth than the ones she writes for hire." "Chandelier" served as "1000 Forms of Fear"s lead single. It was released for digital download onto the iTunes Stores on 17 March 2014. A music video for the song was released on 6 May 2014 and has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.5 billion times. It features dancer Maddie Ziegler in a blonde wig resembling a Sia hairstyle. The single became a commercial success, peaking at Document [57] (Title: LiLi Roquelin) and Marc DeSisto (Pink Floyd and U2). "Thank You" by LiLi Roquelin is used for a solo dance routine, themed "The Woods" and performed by International Dancing Star Maddie Ziegler, also known as the Dancer for Sia Furler. It won 1st Place/ 1st Overall at the Sheer Talent Dance Competition at Spokane Convention Center in Washington State on 05/16/15 and aired on Dance Moms Season 5 Episode 29 on Lifetime (TV network) on July 28, 2015. Maddie also performed the same number on May 30 at the Abby Lee Dance Company Los Angeles School Grand Opening and on June 20 Document [58] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) at the Hollywood Bowl. By the end of 2015, Ziegler had performed with Sia on the "Ellen DeGeneres Show" three times. She also performed to "Chandelier", alongside Sia and Kristen Wiig, at the 2015 Grammy Awards. The "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart" videos were both selected as part of PopSugar's 2016 list of "25 of the Best Dance Videos of the Last Decade". In 2016, Ziegler starred in a fourth Sia video, "Cheap Thrills", from the album "This Is Acting". A "Teen Vogue" reviewer wrote that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance". This was followed by a fifth Sia video, later that Document [59] (Title: Harajuku Girls) others including "Love Like Oxygen", "Juliette", "Lucifer", and "Hello" as well as choreographing Girls' Generation's "Genie", "Oh!" and "Hoot", Super Junior's "No Other", f(x)'s "Chu~♥", "NU ABO", "Gangsta Boy" and "Hot Summer", and BoA's "Dangerous" and "Copy & Paste". Mayuko Kitayama (stage name "Baby"), born February 14, 1984, grew up in Osaka. She eventually moved to New York, where she practiced in several dancing studios, after dancing in Japan for several years. During 2004, she appeared as one of the back up dancers for Britney Spears's Onyx Hotel Tour. Asian-American entertainer and comedian Margaret Cho criticized Stefani and the group Document [60] (Title: Vandichakkaram) Kakinada Vijayalakshmi. She would go on to become the epitome of item numbers in South Indian cinema and dream girl of young and old alike in 80s and 90s. Smitha, who played a character named "Silk" in this film, or colloquially in Tamil as "Silukku" later became a popular actress. The name "Silk Smitha" was given to the actress by Vinu Chakravarthy. The music composed by Sankar Ganesh. and lyrics were penned by Pulamaipithan. Vandichakkaram Vandichakkaram is a 1980 Tamil film. The film stars Sivakumar and Saritha in the lead roles and both of them won a Filmfare Award in Document [61] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) featuring Ziegler. From May to August, Sia performed nearly a dozen festival and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, establishing the format that she would use on the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, with her dance troupe and video projections, while wearing her "huge white bow hat over a black and white wig covering her face." Ryan Heffington, the choreographer for both the stage performances and the recorded tour visuals, first met Sia in 2013. Their collaborations, beginning with the "Chandelier" video in 2014, for which he won a VMA Award, have "done more to raise Document [62] (Title: Blank Page) and explained what led to her to enjoy working with her: Sia is one of them. She comes in, singer-songwriter, she just writes the most beautiful amazing ballads. Now she is making a name for herself on a more broad commercial scale with a lot of more dance-driven stuff, and she is just an incredible singer. She came in and she just writes such serious songs, I was like 'Oh she is gunna be such a serious person, and I'm nervous to meet her, and I just want her to get me and understand that I'm not a cheesy pop Document [63] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Choice Awards. Maddie Ziegler Madison Nicole Ziegler ( ; born September 30, 2002), is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show "Dance Moms" from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016. From 2014 to 2017, she gained wider fame for starring in a series of music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She Document [64] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the video the 18th best music video of the 21st century. Sia performed "Chandelier" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on 19 May 2014, with Ziegler recreating the choreography in the music video. Sia also performed the song on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on 9 June 2014, with "Girls" star Lena Dunham performing new choreography. In July 2014, Sia performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and Ziegler taught host Jimmy Kimmel and his sidekick Guillermo some of the dance moves from the music video. In July 2014, Sia performed the song on the VH1's show "SoundClash", along with her Document [65] (Title: Chandelier (song)) her voice on the song. In a VH1 article, Emily Exton shared that thought, deeming it the best song Sia had ever written. Writing for "Time" magazine, Jamieson Cox deemed "Chandelier" a "disarming, unforgettable listen that'll make you glad Sia kept this one for herself." In a less enthusiastic review, Melinda Newman from HitFix thought that Sia "can do a lot better than this". "Billboard" listed "Chandelier" as the best song of 2014. The song received nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance, with its video receiving Document [66] (Title: Sia (musician)) with trip hop. When she joined Zero 7, she sang downtempo numbers. With "Colour the Small One" (2004) and "Some People Have Real Problems" (2007) she moved into jazz and folktronica, although the album's biggest hit, "Breathe Me", is described as alternative rock and a power ballad. "Some People Have Real Problems" expanded her connection with indie pop. Sia stated, ""Colour the Small One" ... couldn't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the [tour] bus. I'm very easily influenced." In 2009, after leaving Zero 7, Sia dedicated Document [67] (Title: Chandelier (song)) for other recording artists, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, Flo Rida and David Guetta. In 2013, Sia recorded the track "Elastic Heart" for "" soundtrack. In May 2014, Sia announced her sixth studio album "1000 Forms of Fear" and released "Chandelier" as its lead single. Sia revealed that she initially wrote the track for Rihanna or Beyoncé, but decided to record the song herself. The melody was formed after Sia played the piano, while Greg Kurstin and Jesse Shatkin played the marimba in the studio. In the United States, "Chandelier" was released for digital download onto iTunes Stores on 17 Document [68] (Title: Tiana Brown) Tiana Brown Tiana Chanel Brown (born July 13, 1981) is an American dancer. Brown is known for dancing for Christina Aguilera and for being her good friend, and she can be seen in many of Aguilera's videos. Brown has also toured with Aguilera on her Stripped World Tour and the Back to Basics Tour, and she says her favorite song to dance to is "Dirrty". She has been dancing professionally for seven years and was inspired to pursue a dancing career by the Britney Spears video "(You Drive Me) Crazy" and Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope World Tour. Brown is Document [69] (Title: Chandelier (song)) a nomination for Best Music Video. In the United States, "Chandelier" debuted at number 75 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated 31 May 2014. It peaked at number eight on the chart, becoming the first top ten single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist. The song reached one million units sold in the US in August 2014, and surpassed the 2 million mark in sales in January 2015. The song also reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100. In June 2014, the single was certified platinum by Music Canada. "Chandelier" was successful Document [70] (Title: Music (upcoming film)) "Chandelier" in 2014, Sia decided she was "pretty good" at directing and "felt a little bit braver". The film's screenplay was co-written by Sia and children's book author Dallas Clayton based on a one-page story that she had written in 2007. Sia enjoyed the creative process and noted similarities between directing and writing songs. She said: For me, the process was basically, I work out the movie. I'll act it out, I'll have the dialogue already in my head ... I can't be bothered to learn Final Draft. ... Like, when I sing, I just want to sing the melody Document [71] (Title: Fushizen na Girl/Natural ni Koishite) Fushizen na Girl/Natural ni Koishite A music critic Haruo Chikada points out in his music column "考えるヒット"(Kangaeru Hitto Considering hits) the antonymy of the two titles and compares the sound of Natural ni Koishite to Scritti Politti. "Fushizen na Girl", directed by Seki Kazuaki, is based on the single artwork. The video features an elaborate dance performance with the members of Perfume in red dresses. For the first time, Perfume are joined by back-up dancers wearing identical wigs and 3D glasses. The video is sparse, featuring only a black infinity cove with a white striped floor. The backup dancers create Document [72] (Title: Ryan Heffington) Ryan Heffington Ryan Heffington (born June 7, 1973) is a dancer, choreographer and dance studio owner based in Los Angeles. He was nominated for two Grammy Awards for choreographing the music videos for Arcade Fire's "We Exist" (2013) and Sia's "Chandelier" (2014), winning a VMA Award for the latter. Heffington was born in Yuba City, California. He has danced since he was young, but has never received any formal training. He moved from Yuba City to Los Angeles at the age of 18. In the mid-1990s, Heffington co-created "the Psycho Dance Sho' with Bubba Carr", and in the late 2000s Document [73] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) the album, she wore a wig covering part of her face in an effort to retain some privacy and control over her image. In April 2016, after Sia released her seventh album, "This Is Acting", she performed a live concert for the first time in five years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. The concert featured projected videos above the stage with choreographed vignettes, including several that featured Ziegler, while Sia's small dance troupe duplicated the videos' choreography onstage. The performance was widely praised. In June 2016, Sia gave a similar concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, Document [74] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) read it in the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Leslie Ventura wrote for "Las Vegas Weekly": "Sia engaged us in a conversation on the human condition ... through intense visuals, song and dance. ... [H]er immaculately produced and evocative show ... [commented] on a wide range of situations and emotions – depression, panic, exhaustion, heartache, innocence and strength. ... Ziegler ... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals." According to Josh Klein of the "Chicago Tribune", Sia was "a Document [75] (Title: Sia (musician)) "Chandelier": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video. For live performances of songs from "1000 Forms of Fear", Sia chose not to show her face, either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs. In videos for the singles "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry", choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and in many of the promotional live performances, child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia's familiar hairstyle. The three videos Document [76] (Title: Operator (A Girl Like Me)) Avenue, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was nominated for a MuchMusic Video Award for Best Pop Video but lost to "Private Dancer" by Danny Fernandes. Shiloh made her television debut performing "Operator (A Girl Like Me)" at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 21, 2009. A day after the performance, it was released on iTunes. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Picture Imperfect". Operator (A Girl Like Me) Operator (A Girl Like Me) is a song by Canadian pop/rock singer Shiloh. It was released on September 23, 2008 as the debut single off her debut album "Picture Document [77] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Nottet also released a cover of the song on YouTube in November 2014, later praised by Sia on Twitter. Months later, he danced the song twice (including one in the final) in the French "Dancing with the Stars", winning the competition. On 22 June 2015, Punk Goes Pop 6 was re-released with three new songs, one being a cover of "Chandelier" by PVRIS. In October 2014, the dance moves on the music video for "Chandelier" were parodied on "Saturday Night Live" by Jim Carrey, Kate McKinnon and Iggy Azalea in a sketch. Other parodies include Miranda Sings' parody video, which Document [78] (Title: Crazy Party Night (Pumpkin no Gyakushū)) fact that she's an adult, and had a costume designed in daring red and black. The zombie character who appears shows a unique "pop and kawaii zombie style", and along with the 6 other monster dancers (dog, robot, super hero, cake girl, candy man and pumpkin) emphasize the strange and extraneous world of Halloween. The choreography was specifically created to be danceable by adults and children, following the Halloween theme and giving the image of zombies and skeletons dancing, as well as tap dance per Kyari's special request. The staff for the music video is as follows: Steve Nakamura – Document [79] (Title: Trish Sie) member of Penn Dance Company. After graduating in 1994, she became a professional championship ballroom dancer and a well-known choreographer. She moved to Orlando, Fla., where she opened the Zebra Room Dance Studios and organized an arts collective called the Exchange. Other projects include concepts, directing, and choreography for OK Go, Pilobolus Dance Theatre, Rufus Wainwright, Miranda July, Bobcat Goldthwait, Matt Harding, the Imagination Movers, ESPN, Jason Hill, and various DanceSport champions. Sie is also the creator, composer, and writer of the musical science-based children's show, The Snark-a-Snoops, based in Los Angeles. She directs music videos, commercials, and films. She Document [80] (Title: Beau Sia) in the music video for "Wolf Like Me" by the band "TV on the Radio". Sia plays Norman Sklear, a wedding czar emcee in Rachel Getting Married (2008). In 2015, Sia appeared in yet another Jonathan Demme film, "Ricki and the Flash", followed by a recurring role on the web series "Pretty Dudes" alongside such actors as Dion Basco and Yoshi Sudarso. Sia, in collaboration with former Gearbox Software writer Anthony Burch, created the narrative for the exploration video game "Failsafe". Beau Sia Beau Sia (, born 1976) is an American slam poet. Sia was born in Ohio. He is Document [81] (Title: Dance Dance Dance (E-girls song)) peaked at number three. Additionally, "Dance Dance Dance" reached number three on the Radio Songs chart and number 11 on the Hot Single Sales chart. An accompanying music video was directed by Kanji Suto, which depicts the members in a casino-like club. According to singer Ami, the track focuses primarily on the groups dancing efforts as a result of their experimentation of "disco-funk" music. Furthermore, performing member commented that the atmosphere of the clip was similar to a movie and noticed the amount of consistent "glowing costumes". The visual opens with the girls getting reading to perform on stage, applying Document [82] (Title: Stargirl (novel)) Ocotillo ball—with her friend Dori. Leo watches as Stargirl arrives at the dance on a bike covered in sunflowers. Though initially ignored by the other attendees, something about Stargirl attracts attention and temporary acceptance. She convinces the bandleader to play the "Bunny Hop," and the other students come to join her in the dance until the only people not in line are Hillari Kimble and her boyfriend Wayne Parr. When the dance ends, Hillari confronts Stargirl, tells her that she always ruins everything, and slaps her. Stargirl returns Hillari's attack with a kind kiss on the cheek. No one in Document [83] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) Sia appeared on a number of TV shows, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", where she recruited Maddie Ziegler, who starred in three music videos from the album, as her persona onstage, during 2014 and 2015. "1000 Forms of Fear" earned Sia three ARIA Music Awards in 2014 and was listed as one of the best albums of 2014 by several publications, including "The Boston Globe" and "Rolling Stone". The lead single "Chandelier" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance, and Best Music Video. In 2010, Sia Document [84] (Title: Sia (musician)) at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017, together with her dancers, led by Ziegler. They gave a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, her first stadium tour in Australasia, in late 2017. In 2017, Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records. She released a new album, "Everyday Is Christmas", on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle on 17 November 2017. The album features original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin. She promoted it by releasing the single "Santa's Coming for Us" and by the track "Snowman", which she performed during the finale of the 13th Document [85] (Title: Ragini MMS 2) YouTube receiving great response and went on to be a chartbuster. The song's video is heavily inspired by the track "Dance Again" by Jennifer Lopez from the album "Dance Again... The Hits". The second song "Chaar Botal Vodka" featuring Sunny Leone along with Honey Singh was also a great success receiving more than 5 million views in 5 days. Madhureeta Mukherjee of the Times of India rated the movie 3.5 out 5 and said, "The film provides the usual creepy cliches – creaking windows, ghostly shadows and bedraggled ghosts. There are a few spooky moments, but fewer leap-out-of-your-seat scenes. Sunny Document [86] (Title: Inndia) club. Inna enterers the building and sits down at the bar starting a conversation with the female bartender. Subsequently, the singer is seen pole dancing for a gentleman. Later in the video, she cares for a female stripper named "Inndia" with a scar on her face, who sits in a bathtub next to her. Inna also secretly watches how Inndia is beaten by her boss in another scene. Both manage to escape the respective room after Inna breaks a glass over the man's head. Subsequently, they enter the club where the singer pole dances in front of a huge crowd Document [87] (Title: The Girls (1961 film)) at her head without hesitation. This trait is also exhibited a short time later, when Tosya enters the dance hall (the girls call it the "club"). At first, no one will dance with her (probably because she is so short), but eventually she begins to dance with another very tall girl who is also passed up by several young men. Meanwhile, two groups of loggers engage in a friendly dispute (one has just lost their position as the most productive in the camp, and their portraits are being taken down from a "wall of honor" by an official, who replaces Document [88] (Title: Fire Meet Gasoline) of the video, Klum's character sets their home on fire and together they watch it burn by its end. Sia never appears in the visual, but her blonde wig does. Sia herself wasn't involved with the shooting of the video, which was directed by Francesco Carrozzini. Although it was believed that she would release a new single, the singer said: "Fire Meet Gasoline is not an official music video, nor is it my new single. It's a lingerie commercial to which I licensed a song." Klum said she was "thrilled" to have Sia's song in her video. "Sia is one Document [89] (Title: Donika Nuhiu) She later started posting videos on YouTube, covering songs from the national and international music scene. Her versions of "Refuzoj" (I refuse), originally sung by Alban Skenderaj, and "Chandelier" by Australian singer-songwriter Sia, became instant hits. Prior to the music scene début, Donika sang at various events, but mainly at charity concerts. In February 2014 she held a concert in Kumanovo to help children in need. In December 2013 she had a similar concert in Tirana, Albania. She was the special guest at one of Alban Skenderaj's concert, held in March 2014. On 7 December 2014, she did a duet Document [90] (Title: The Greatest (Sia song)) tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting. The video opens with a low drone and cuts between shots of a fraught Maddie Ziegler smearing rainbow colors on her cheeks. She frees 48 other young people trapped in a cage (49 being the number of people killed in the shooting); their freedom is short-lived, however. Later, a wall is seen riddled with bullet holes as everyone falls to the ground, and tears stream down Ziegler's face. Kornhaber wrote: Absent of any social context, it's all striking and beautiful and ineffably sad. With the knowledge that it was inspired by Document [91] (Title: Alexandra Silber) Alexandra Silber Alexandra Michelle Silber (born July 3, 1983) is an American actress, singer, writer and educator. She has performed roles on Broadway, in London's West End, on television and film, and concert stages. Among other stage roles, in London, she created the role of Laura Fairlie in "The Woman in White" (2005), played Hodel in "Fiddler on the Roof" (2007) and Julie Jordan in "Carousel" (2008). In New York, she appeared in "Hello Again" (2010), "Master Class" (2011), created the role of Sara Jane in "Arlington" (2012–14) and as Tzeitel in the Broadway revival of "Fiddler on the Roof" Document [92] (Title: Take Me on the Floor) the dancefloor. The song is also the first song to feature screams, which are performed by Jessica. Chris Williams of "Billboard" gave the song a positive review, stating "Their second single "Take Me on the Floor" finds the girls collaborating with writer/producer Toby Gad ("Big Girls Don't Cry") for an arresting, festive slice of dance/pop. A subdued vocal and synth intro bursts into the kind of electronica groove currently in favor thanks to Lady GaGa. The Veronicas concoct a club anthem whose lyrics and video may raise an eyebrow, surely with the hope of continued teen pop momentum for their Document [93] (Title: Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)) She and Usher notice each other. They meet on the dance floor and dance intimately. Beyoncé performs an elaborate dance scene with female backing dancers. She swirls around in a champagne glass filled with bubbles. In the final scene, Beyoncé sits atop a piano and after being lifted down by a gentleman, she dances and poses as confetti falls everywhere. Joseph Patel of MTV News described Beyoncé's and Usher's moves in the video as "graceful". Gordon Smart of "The Sun" praised Beyoncé's figure with her "famous" and "real" curves. He further highlighted the scene where she takes off her dress Document [94] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) Maddie Ziegler Madison Nicole Ziegler ( ; born September 30, 2002), is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show "Dance Moms" from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016. From 2014 to 2017, she gained wider fame for starring in a series of music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She was included Document [95] (Title: Alive (Sia song)) the song were written on the walls. The Japanese official music video was released on 7 March 2016. It stars Japanese actress Tao Tsuchiya, who studies Buyō at Japan Women's College of Physical Education, dancing uniquely. Due to a big attention to this video from Japan, "Alive" peaked No. 1 on Billboard Japan Hot 100 on 21 March 2016. "Rolling Stone" critic Jon Blistein described Furler's vocals as "devastating, electrifying," and wrote, "while the dramatic build of "Alive" sounds straight out of Adele's wheelhouse, the outsized pop production — courtesy of Jesse Shatkin — and the ragged, throat-cracking, enrapturing vocal Document [96] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) 8 to 14, where she was one of the judges and a guest performer, and danced at Sia's concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado. In September 2016, Ziegler performed with Sia at the launch of Apple's iPhone 7 and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival. She joined Sia on the singer's "Nostalgic for the Present Tour" from September to November 2016. Ziegler and her sister conducted a dance workshop tour of Australia in January 2017. In March 2017, Ziegler performed at the Dubai World Cup with Sia. In September, Ziegler danced to Sia's song "Rainbow", from , dressed in a Document [97] (Title: Sia (musician)) posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 6 billion views, and the channel has more than 10 million subscribers. Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016, featuring Ziegler. As at Coachella and subsequent live performances, Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face, while her dancers performed Heffington's choreography synchronized with prerecorded videos played on big screens. The tour received a warm reaction: "She let her dancers own center stage, carrying out one skit/performance after another as Sia delivered Document [98] (Title: Ballerina Girl) Ballerina Girl "Ballerina Girl" is a 1986 song written and recorded by Lionel Richie. The song is a track from Richie's "Dancing on the Ceiling" album. "Ballerina Girl" peaked at number five on the soul charts. The song was also the last of Richie's eleven number ones on the Adult Contemporary charts. "Ballerina Girl" spent four weeks at number one and went to number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1987. The song was reportedly written for Lionel's adoptive daughter, Nicole. In the music video Richie plays the song on a piano in a ballet school, while young Document [99] (Title: Sia (musician)) Sean Paul, reached No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Sia released two videos for the song, one of which features Ziegler and two male dancers, while the other, featuring Sean Paul, shows a 1950s style teen dance party; it has accumulated more than one billion views. In April 2016, Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online. Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception as "one of the greatest moments in Coachella's 17-year history", and it was consistently noted as one of the best performances of the Document [100] (Title: Dilliwaali Girlfriend) the list of "Best dance numbers of 2013" published by "The Times of India" on 29 July 2014. Bollywood Hungama's Rajiv Vijayakar found the blend of English, Hindi and unadulterated irreverence, a clever work by Kumaar and further stated "Here's where a different Arijit Singh, along with the seasoned Sunidhi Chauhan, keeps the track on a high keel". Mohar Basu from Koimoi criticise the lyrics by Kumaar and felt that Singh was "unceremoniously wasted" in this song and Chauhan's "unsurpassable energy" too fails in this one. Arijit Singh performed the song live in his London debut concert at the Indigo Document [101] (Title: Chandelier (song)) May 2014, featuring then-11-year-old dancer Maddie Ziegler. In the video, Ziegler wears a medium-length blonde wig matching the one that Sia used to promote the album. Throughout the video, Ziegler performs an interpretive dance in a deserted, dirty apartment "while spinning, kicking, leaping, crawling, falling, twirling and hiding herself behind window drapes". An alternative one-take version of the clip was released in June 2014. Sia had seen Ziegler on "Dance Moms" and asked her to appear in the video via Twitter. The video was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and was choreographed by Ryan Document [102] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) you're like, "Point your legs!" But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it." In 2015, Ziegler starred with Shia LaBeouf in "Elastic Heart", another Sia video, which has accumulated more than 900 million YouTube views. Later that year, Ziegler starred in the music video for "Big Girls Cry" to complete her trilogy of videos from Sia's album "1000 Forms of Fear". Ziegler danced to Sia's vocals on several television shows in 2014 and 2015, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Dancing with the Stars", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" and "Saturday Night Live", as well as Document [103] (Title: Who's That Girl World Tour) multiple videos, flashing lights and precision dancing. If the high-tech accoutrements and inferior sound system made it difficult to hear the singer, one hopes that will be refined as the tour continues across the United States. [...] As a dancer, Madonna is supreme on stage. Her trademark skip to a funky beat highlighted the constant acrobatics. One minute she was stage left, another minute stage right. She ran up a wide staircase center stage to party with her three back-up singers, then scooted down to the stage floor, swinging her hips, accompanied by other dancers." Deborah Wilker from "The Day" Document [104] (Title: Sia (musician)) in nearly a dozen festival and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, including Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Lebanon and Israel. In September 2016, she released a single, "The Greatest", with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler – the dancer's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington. The two performed the song with several other dancers, and also performed "Chandelier", live the next day at the Apple annual fall event, drawing media attention. The videos that Sia has Document [105] (Title: Ballroom (musical)) belongings. When her friend Angie urges her to get out of the shop and start living again and suggests that she visit a local dance hall, the Stardust Ballroom, Bea agrees. Outside the hall that night, Bea summons her courage and goes in. The Stardust represents the American ballroom-dancing tradition that thrived in an earlier era; time seems to have flattened out. There are no young people here to carry on the tradition — but the Stardust regulars will keep the flame burning. On the Stardust floor, a foxtrot is in progress featuring the house band and singers. One spectacular Document [106] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) adopt shelter and rescue dogs. In 2018, Ziegler teamed up with Sia and MAC Cosmetics, with an ad, choreographed to Sia's song "Helium", for a lipstick with all proceeds to benefit the company's AIDS Fund. In "Billboard" magazine, music writer Jason Lipshutz, called Ziegler's work in "Chandelier" "a dazzling dance performance". "The Guardian" commented that she "dances with such impressive flexibility". "Rolling Stone" thought that her "crisp moves and theatrical mugging were a great fit for Ryan Heffington's imaginative choreography" and praised her "charisma that makes this video mesmerizing: Her dancing makes your memory tingle". "Dazed" magazine wrote that "Ziegler Document [107] (Title: Cherry Pop) song, while two female performers clutch a hair dryer in their hands. For the refrain, she and ten other female background dancers are performing synchronized dances, with them having wigs on, and dressing white clothing and red accessories. Following this, Stan is presented standing on a yellow plate which is kept in the air by two threads. She wears a silver leotard and a multicolored wig. Next, Stan is shown walking into a tennis field, whereon she plays a tennis match against herself. For the breakdown of "Cherry Pop", the video gets introduced into a dark-lighted room. There, her previously Document [108] (Title: Adassa) record off of her second album "Kamasutra", and alongside Tego Calderón and Roselyn Sánchez. She was also successful in Europe with the song "Bounce" (duet with the Turkish pop star Tarkan). Her 2005 single "De Tra" reached #40 on Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart. Adassa's latest singles "Dancing Alone" & "Little White Lies", held top positions on the German dance charts early 2013. Adassa Adassa (born February 5, 1987) is an American reggaetón, dance, r&b, pop singer-songwriter also known as the "Reggaetón Princess". Adassa was born in Miami, Florida and raised in St. Croix, Virgin Islands by her Afro-Colombian parents. Document [109] (Title: Jane Siberry) Jane Siberry Jane Siberry ( ; ; born October 12, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as "Mimi on the Beach", "I Muse Aloud", "One More Colour" and "Calling All Angels". She performed the theme song to the television series "Maniac Mansion". She has released material under the name Issa ( ) – an identity (as opposed to a simple stagename) which she used formally between 2006 and 2009. On August 30, 2005, Siberry was awarded the 2005 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award in music by the Canada Council for the Arts. Jane Stewart was born in Toronto Document [110] (Title: Alla Sizova) Alla Sizova Alla Sizova (22 September 1939 – 23 November 2014) was a Russian ballet dancer, best known for her work with the Kirov Ballet. She was one of the four superstar ballerinas of the Soviet Union along with Natalia Makarova, Alla Osipenko and Irina Kolpakova, as well as the preferred dance partner of Rudolph Nureyev before his defection. Alla Ivanovna Sizova was born in Moscow on 22 September 1939. Her parents were Ivan and Ekaterina Sizov. The family moved to Leningrad shortly after her birth. During the Second World War, she was evacuated to the Urals with her mother Document [111] (Title: Sexercize) Sheehan. The song was mastered by Geoff Pesche and mixed by Phil Tan and Daniela Rivera. According to Minogue, she said "I actually blushed when I heard the title and thought, 'Oh, that's wrong'. But that's the genius of Sia. She can made it cool and make it hot. And I can probably put the little wink into it, so you know it's going to be more fruity than sleazy." She added that the song was one of those "tongue and cheek songs." Musically, "Sexercize" is a dubstep influence song that incorporates elements of R&B and electronic dance music. Ryan Document [112] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) of "The Austin Chronicle" judged that Sia's performances was "one of the most innovative" at the Frank Erwin Center, and that her lack of movement and avoidance of the usual "pop-glitz vanity show ... magnified her sheer vocal power, ricocheting from gasping-for-air croons on 'Elastic Heart', soaring rasped shrieks in 'Chandelier', and slip-sliding cadences for 'The Greatest'. ... [S]he's running circles around a sexist, ageist industry. Sia's crushing the cookie-cutter stereotypes of what a pop star should be." This set list is Sia's set on October 1, 2016. It appears from the reviews discussed above that her set list was Document [113] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) favorite statuette: "She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world." John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet". He is known to reacted with surprise when he saw this statuette. Document [114] (Title: Midnight Sun (Elena song)) had to go brunette, as confirmed on her Facebook wall. In the 20-hour shooting, Gheorghe wore a pirate costume, a Turkish hat and a black leotard, amongst others. She posted a few photos of her in the outfits below as well as a picture of her bathing in a giant pot of 400 liters of strawberry tea. The video was released on May 14, 2011 online, via YouTube and Facebook. It features various dance scenes and some special effects. Elena said of the video, "It was fun but also hard. This time I have involved ways more than in the Document [115] (Title: Kristen Wiig) a slightly darker register". For singer-songwriter Sia's performance of her 2014 single "Chandelier" at the 2015 Grammy Awards, Wiig danced alongside child dancer Maddie Ziegler. The dramedy "Welcome to Me" was released in selected theaters in May 2015, to a positive critical response; in it, Wiig played a multi-millionaire with borderline personality disorder who uses her newfound wealth to write and star in an autobiographical talk show. Rotten Tomatoes' concensus was: "A transfixing central performance by Kristen Wiig holds "Welcome to Me" together and compensates for its uneven stretches." In her next film, another dramedy titled "The Diary of a Document [116] (Title: Sia (musician)) Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews and announced her relationship with JD Samson; they broke up in 2011. When asked about her sexuality in 2009, she said, "I've always dated boys and girls and anything in between. I don't care what gender you are, it's about people. ... I've always been... well, flexible is the word I would use." Sia has suffered from depression, addictions to painkillers and alcohol, and had contemplated suicide, going as far as to write a suicide note. In 2010, Sia's official website announced that all scheduled promotional events and shows had been cancelled due Document [117] (Title: Dance to This) in front of a "disinterested audience decked out in nylon neon-colored '90s sportswear", with the pair continuing to perform the song until all the others present leave. The video is an homage to the 2003 music video for "Pass This On" by Swedish duo The Knife; Sivan stated the video was also inspired by "High School Musical", "Grease" and a "gif of Cher spinning around". Credits adapted from Tidal. Dance to This "Dance to This" is a song by Australian singer Troye Sivan, featuring guest vocals by American singer Ariana Grande. Written by Sivan, Leland, Noonie Bao and its producer Document [118] (Title: Sweet Lovin') to Sigala's official Vevo channel on 13 November 2015. It features Candice Heiden (of LA Roller Girls Entertainment) rollerskating around the streets and leaving clouds of red smoke in her wake, causing anyone in the path of the smoke to dance to the tropical track's infectious beat. At the end of the video, she is joined by others including Nicole Leonard (also of LA Roller Girls Entertainment). The video has reached 190 million views on YouTube . Sweet Lovin' "Sweet Lovin'" is the second single from British musician Sigala. It features vocals from Bryn Christopher. It was released on 4 Document [119] (Title: Arilena Ara) Altuna Sejdiu in the "Girls" category. In the final, she sang Mary J Blige's "No More Drama" and Rihanna's "Man Down" and "S&M" as a duet with her coach Tuna winning the season. Recently she participated in a TV Show called "Dance With Me" 2. Her partner was Labi (an Albanian journalist from Kosovo best known for "Një kafe me Labin" or "A cup of coffee with Labi"). On 26 February 2014 she released her first video single "Aeroplan", becoming a chart topping hit in Albania. After her success with "Aeroplan" which had 2 million views within 12 hours, her Document [120] (Title: Mirjam Weichselbraun) Mirjam Weichselbraun Mirjam Weichselbraun (born 27 September 1981 in Innsbruck, Austria) is an Austrian television host and actress, best known in Austria for presenting "Dancing Stars", Life Ball and the Vienna Opera Ball. She is best known outside Austria for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest in 2015. Her first experience in broadcasting was with the regional radio station Antenne Tirol in 1999 and she first appeared in front of the camera in 2001 on the culture program "Das Magazin" on the channel TV Tirol. In 2000, she was voted the "BRAVO-Girl" of the year among 25,000 contestants. In January 2002 Document [121] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the first single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist. "Chandelier" also peaked within the top five of record charts in Europe and Oceania countries, including: Flanders and France (number one), Australia and Norway (number two), New Zealand (number three), United Kingdom (number six), and Slovakia (number five). The track was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association and gold by Recorded Music NZ. "Big Girls Cry" was made available for music download on 25 June. On 2 April 2015, a music video was released, Document [122] (Title: Chandelier (song)) the "Glee" episode "We Built This Glee Club" (119th episode overall), in March 2015, Samantha Marie Ware, Becca Tobin, and Laura Dreyfuss perform the song while J.J. Totah does Ziegler's dance routine and Marshall Williams swings on a chandelier. Keegan Joyce sings the song in the third-season episode "Simple Carbohydrates" of the Australian TV series "Please Like Me". In January 2015, Swiss singer Mélanie René performed a slower version of the song at the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, winning the right to represent her country in Vienna. The Belgian representative in the European contest Loïc Document [123] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) a guitar which he eventually ditched to pull off some fluid dance moves, even some knee sliding, during his solid 50-minute set." Sia began her 75-minute set at the center of the stage, which was otherwise empty except for a white square in the middle. She dressed all in white, wearing her signature black and blonde wig that covers the upper half of her face, topped by a giant white bow, and her signature bold red lipstick. Her giant ruffled skirt was revealed to be a huddled group of dancers from whom Ziegler emerged to dance the first number, "Alive". Document [124] (Title: All Night (Icona Pop song)) in depth short cut interview into some of the reasons they take part in "house ballroom" culture. Some of the performers include; Chi Chi, Pony, Jeremy, Marie, Derrick, Javier, Gisele, Mother Leiomy, Princess Lockerooo and Father Jose. At the end of the music video, a performer is left with the final word of the night by saying; "For whatever it is that you're bringing, your outfit, your body, your face, your skills. These people put so much effort and so much energy and so much love into everything that they do. It's a role of creativity and I'll take it. Document [125] (Title: Glitter (Perfume song)) then has members dancing in front of a navy blue backdrop; Kashiyuka and A-Chan are kneeling down, while Nocchi is standing in the middle. As the first verse starts, the girls dance to the song whilst further apart from each other; glitter and sparkles overlap whist the girls dance throughout the song. Close-up shots of each member, in front of a bright light, starts to intercept the dance scenes. As the pre-chorus starts, parts of the girls are distorted and fragmented into small glass pieces. Throughout the chorus and second verse, the girls dance in different directions whilst standing in Document [126] (Title: Chandelier (song)) like it doesn't exist". A few critics compared the song's musical style to works done by Rihanna, including Jeremy Gordon from Pitchfork Media, and Melinda Newman of HitFix. "Chandelier" has received critical acclaim. Andrew Trendall from Gigwise wrote that the song "springboards Sia from a behind-the-scenes genius into a superstar in her own right". Gordon from Pitchfork Media praised Sia's vocal performance on the track and commented that the track "is enough to make you want to swing from a chandelier". Bradley Stern from the website MuuMuse labelled "Chandelier" the best pop single of 2014, complimenting Sia's songwriting credits and Document [127] (Title: Graduation Ball) the Good Girl, and one of her group, Tatiana Leskova, took the featured role of the Pigtail Girl, a tomboyish cut-up sometimes called the Naughty Girl. David Lichine danced the principal male role as the bashful leader of the Junior Cadets in a role sometimes known as the First Cadet or the Shy Cadet. In the "divertissements", Riabouchinska acted as Mistress of Ceremony, introducing the performers of the following numbers: The curtain opens to reveal a formal drawing room. Soon, groups of Junior and Senior Girls enter to inspect the premises and begin excitedly to prepare for the ball. The Document [128] (Title: Elastic Heart) the top half of her face, while Ziegler and Thomsen recreated the dance routine in the music video wearing nude leotards and blonde wigs. Later that month, Sia made a live rendition of the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". She also performed the song on "The Voice UK" on 28 March and "The Voice US" on 7 April 2015. Sia also performed this song on the Nostalgic for the Present Tour in 2016. Elastic Heart "Elastic Heart" is a song by Australian singer Sia, featuring Canadian singer The Weeknd and American record producer Diplo, taken from for the 2013 Document [129] (Title: Sisely Treasure) all the all-girl pop-punk, j-pop-ish group The Holograms, at which time they had a chart buster on Billboard top garage Hits "Are you ready for it". She was among the first original crew of kids that made up the dance troupe Sparkids performing at the Forum during the LA Sparks games and Laker games. In her early teens she was part of one of the premier young dance companies in the world, under the wing of renowned choreographer Marguerite Derricks. She has also danced in various commercials and for several other major choreographers and dancers such as Terry Beeman, Wade Document [130] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Chandelier (song) "Chandelier" is a song by Australian singer Sia from her sixth studio album, "1000 Forms of Fear" (2014). Written by Sia and Jesse Shatkin and produced by Shatkin and Greg Kurstin, the song was released on 17 March 2014 as the lead single from the album. It is an electropop song, featuring electronica, R&B and reggae influences. Lyrically, the song has a melancholic theme, detailing the demoralisation and rationalisation of alcoholism through the typical thought process of a "party girl". The single reached the top 5 on record charts in 20 countries including France, Italy, Poland, Norway, Australia Document [131] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Be Giants sometimes perform part of this song during their song Particle Man. The song is also featured in the television shows "Hit the Floor, Wonderland, Selfie, Unreal, Please Like Me, Transparent, Shades of Blue, American Dad!," and "Dance Moms." A karaoke version was briefly played in the 2016 movie "Sing". The 2017 film "Happy End" written and directed by Michael Haneke includes a karaoke cover of the song that has been described as "the movie's most indelible scene". Credits for "Chandelier" are adapted from CD single liner notes ! colspan="3"| Streaming Chandelier (song) "Chandelier" is a song by Australian Document [132] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) bundle of fascinating, frustrating contradictions." She performed her deeply personal songs "with palpable passion, but ... delegated the real emoting to Ziegler and her other dancers. ... Sia pushed her powerful voice to its limits, but what was really going on behind her veil of hair remained inscrutable", adding "a barrier between singer and audience". Gary Graff, in Michigan's "Daily Tribune", felt that although the concert was "daring and different", it was really designed for a more intimate theatre, rather than an arena. He also noted: "The live dancers were synced so well with their filmed counterparts that it occasionally Document [133] (Title: Chandelier (song)) and New Zealand. In the United States, the single peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Sia's first single as a lead artist to appear on the Hot 100, and has sold over 2 million copies in the country. The song received 4 nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance, with its video receiving a nomination for Best Music Video. A music video for the song, directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and choreographed by Ryan Heffington, features dancer Maddie Ziegler. It has been Document [134] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) in her movement that is somewhat iconic." "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz wrote that Ziegler's live participation in Sia's Nostalgic for the Present Tour "transforms a staged affair into a live one, and a great lineup into an indispensable arena experience" and that Ziegler "possesses an astounding control of her physicality. ... [Her] presence adds a mischievous energy, as if replicated movements can't capture the heart behind those wide eyes and deranged smiles." Leslie Ventura of "Las Vegas Weekly" noted that, on the tour, "Ziegler ... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals." Britt Robson of Document [135] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) Girls Cry" and "Elastic Heart". On 30 July 2014, Sia performed "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry" on the VH1's show "SoundClash". On 17 January 2015, Sia performed "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart" on "Saturday Night Live". On 8 February 2015, Sia and Ziegler together with actress Kristen Wiig performed "Chandelier" in a room reminiscent of the video set on the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast. "1000 Forms of Fear" received generally positive reviews from critics. "The Boston Globe" critic Sarah Rodman described the release as "dynamite," while Heather Phares from AllMusic called the album "the sound of [Sia] owning her Document [136] (Title: Chandelier (song)) "The song sounds almost [unrecognisable] with the stripped, acoustic cover. Of course no one can match Sia's insane voice, but Sara does a decent job. Her vocals sound amazing." Later that month, contestant Emily West from the ninth season of "America's Got Talent" performed the song with an orchestral background to advance past the quarterfinals. The song was covered on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 5 August 2014 by Scottish band Twin Atlantic and again in September 2014 by Irish band The Script; Music and Lyrics praised the latter group's three-man harmonies. Reigan Derry performed the song the third Document [137] (Title: Sija Rose) based on the real life love story of Moideen and Kanchanamala. In 2014, she hosted the reality television show "Let's Dance" on Amrita TV. She participates in reality show "Star Challenge" on Flowers TV. Sija Rose Sija Rose is an Indian actress, who mostly appears in Malayalam and Tamil films. She has also hosted a few shows in Malayalam. Sija completed her schooling from Indian school al wadi al kabir in Muscat, Oman. Sija Rose wanted to follow her father’s footsteps and pursue journalism. She completed her graduation from Mumbai. After completing her graduation, she was in Kerala for holiday. Document [138] (Title: Mermaid Got Married) nearby gardener and starts spraying the new girl, but she doesn't transform into a mermaid, much to their confusion. The grown-ups are then chased off by Kenji and Kiki. The new girl doesn't appear to remember Chi, but when he invites her to eat clams she gets excited and lets slip that she is, indeed, Siu-may. The pair embrace while Kenji and Kiki watch. Faye Wong performed two songs for the film: These songs are released in Faye Wong's 1994 album "Sky". Mermaid Got Married Mermaid Got Married (人魚傳說) is a 1994 Hong Kong romantic comedy fantasy film directed by Document [139] (Title: Dance (Nina Girado song)) only background seen are the black-and-white checkered tiles. Scenes from the club suddenly pop-up, where Nina is seen dancing with her love interest (portrayed by Duncan Ramos). The space ship scenes still alternatively appear throughout the whole song. A ballroom scene later enters the video, where she is seen wearing a diamond glittering top and fitted jean shorts. She performs a Latin dance with her partner throughout the bridge of the song. The scene then shifts into clubhouse with the black-and-white checkered tile flooring, where she is seen performing to the song with back-up dancers behind her. She wears white Document [140] (Title: Ballerina Girl) ballet students dance. 7" Single Ballerina Girl "Ballerina Girl" is a 1986 song written and recorded by Lionel Richie. The song is a track from Richie's "Dancing on the Ceiling" album. "Ballerina Girl" peaked at number five on the soul charts. The song was also the last of Richie's eleven number ones on the Adult Contemporary charts. "Ballerina Girl" spent four weeks at number one and went to number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1987. The song was reportedly written for Lionel's adoptive daughter, Nicole. In the music video Richie plays the song on a piano in Document [141] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) a spin-off program, "Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition". "Dance Moms" helped to make Ziegler "one of the most famous dancers in the entertainment world currently. ... [She inspires] other dancers to pursue their dreams with originality and grace." Ziegler has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall. She gained wide notice, at the age of 11, by starring in the 2014 video for "Chandelier" by Sia, who discovered her on "Dance Moms". The video won the ARIA Music Award for Best Video and received nominations at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video Document [142] (Title: Tharai Thappattai) room where the lady dancers are staying and says to them that he has showed the girls as per their wish . Sooravalli who is short tempered fiercefully hits all the organizers knowing that they had asked for sex with the lady dancers including her. The organizers who were drunk at that time were badly injured and in turn they tore the return tickets to main land India taking revenge on them. That night the group of dancers could not find a shelter and sleep in the road. Not knowing how to get back to main land India, they go Document [143] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) times. Sia and Daniel Askill directed a performance video featuring Maddie Ziegler dancing with two male dancers (Wyatt Rocker and Nick Lanzisera) to Ryan Heffington's choreography, which was released on 21 March 2016. The three dancers wear beige, with black and blonde hairstyles and gloves in the half-and-half style used in most of Sia's videos for "This Is Acting". They dance on a bare stage, with Sia at a rear corner in the background singing into a microphone while wearing a similar bobbed two-toned wig, a large bow and a white dress. "Billboard" wrote that "the video features the same Document [144] (Title: Chandelier (song)) album The High Life (The Puppini Sisters album).The song was covered by Pentatonix on the May 19, 2016 episode of "Bones" entitled "The Strike in the Chord". Kim Yewon from Pledis Entertainment trainee group Pledis Girlz sang a cover of this song. Also in 2016, Finnish singer Saara Aalto covered the song twice during the 13th series of the UK version of "The X Factor", first as her initial audition piece and later in the live semi-final round. In March 2017, Elha Nympha covered it in the season 2 premiere of "Little Big Shots". American alternative rock band They Might Document [145] (Title: Disco Dancer) very popular in countries such as Mongolia and post-Soviet states such as Russia, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan. Baimurat Allaberiyev, an ethnic Uzbek from Tajikistan, became an internet sensation by singing "Goron Ki Na Kalon Ki" and "Jimmy Aaja" in a warehouse. The 2008 video recorded on a mobile phone got over 1 million views on YouTube. He landed an acting role in a Russian comedy film, "Six Degrees of Celebration" (2010). British-Tamil singer/rapper M.I.A. recorded an English version of "Jimmy Aaja", titled as "Jimmy" for her second studio album, "Kala" by keeping the title and chorus of the song unchanged. The Document [146] (Title: Sia (musician)) it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States. The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. By early 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide. "1000 Forms of Fear"s lead single, "Chandelier" was released in March 2014. The song peaked at No. 8 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Sia's first entry on that chart as a lead artist. Elsewhere, the Document [147] (Title: Rose Chan) a slow dance, all by herself. As she removes one piece of clothing after another, the tempo gradually picks up. When she reaches the point of removing her brassiere, she holds back. That is when her stagehands bring in the pythons, and she dances with the snakes wrapped all around her. Next, she removes her brassiere, and dances bare-breasted. After a while, the snakes are removed. She then approaches the people sitting nearest to the stage, who are normally the elderly big "towkays" (Hokkien: business owner). She takes an old man's spectacles, rubs it against her private parts, and then Document [148] (Title: Princess Julia) a successful career as a club DJ. She was a resident DJ at the legendary Kinky Gerlinky club nights. In 2005, pop star Kylie Minogue and her stylist William Baker chose Princess Julia to be part of the stage video for Kylie's successful 'Showgirl—The Greatest Hits' world tour. Julia recreated her Visage video appearance especially for Kylie's live show; "A club section features graphics inspired by "i-D" magazine, a special film of club legend Princess Julia inspired by the Visage video for "Fade to Grey", and clothes inspired by Katharine Hamnett's iconic slogan T-shirts of the 80s". After Kylie Minogue's Document [149] (Title: Sia (musician)) 2014, "1000 Forms of Fear", whose stonking single, "Chandelier", tackled her intoxicated past. "This Is Acting" makes plain the fact of manufacture – a process akin to bespoke tailoring." "This Is Acting" (2016) alternates more reggae and electropop with more introspective themes. In her 2016 live performances, Sia's music is part of performance-art-like shows that involve dance and theatrical effects. For an MTV News writer "Sia's throaty, slurred vocals are her norm", while a "The Fader" contributor noted "In the "Billboard" Hot 100 landscape, Sia's songwriting voice, which deals with depression and addiction, is singular—her actual voice even more so." Document [150] (Title: Chloé Seyrès) representative since 2011. Seyres is the rollerskate girl on a 2004 viral YouTube video entitled "Just a Girl", shot in Bordeaux at the occasion of the second freeskate video contest of RollerFR. Induced to participate in order to add a feminine touch to the contest, she ended up first in the votes. In the summer of 2006 two videos were issued: The first was "The Clopinettes' Gang" with Clochette shot in Montpellier and to the sound of Seyres's electro-rock band Akouphën telling the fairytale of the two protagonists. The second one is Seyres's biggest hit video with Igor Cheremetieff "Catch Document [151] (Title: Dancing Girl (sculpture)) Dancing Girl (sculpture) Dancing Girl is a prehistoric bronze sculpture made in approximately 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro (in modern-day Pakistan), which was one of the earliest human cities. The statue is tall, and depicts a naked young woman or girl with stylized proportions standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. "Dancing Girl" is well-regarded as a work of art, and is a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The statuette was discovered by British archaeologist Ernest Mackay in 1926, prior to the Partition of India. It is held by the National Museum, New Delhi, Document [152] (Title: Chandelier (song)) in Oceania and Europe, peaking in the top five on 20 national record charts including: France, and Poland (number one); Australia, Italy and Norway (number two); New Zealand and Slovakia (number three); and Norway and Scotland (number five). The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), and platinum by the Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ). In the United Kingdom, "Chandelier" charted at number six on the UK Singles Chart. In France, the single was the third best-selling single of 2014, according to Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. The music video for "Chandelier" was released on 6 Document [153] (Title: Chandelier (song)) viewed on YouTube more than 1.9 billion times, becoming one of the most viewed YouTube videos ever posted. In support of the single and "1000 Forms of Fear", Sia, often with Ziegler, performed "Chandelier" on a number of American television shows, including "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Late Night with Seth Meyers", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "Saturday Night Live", "Dancing With the Stars", and at 57th Grammy Awards. In 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album "We Are Born", which ended up at number two on the Australian Albums Chart. Following the release, Sia took a hiatus from performing and co-wrote songs Document [154] (Title: Dance With Me Now!) of a large LED screen, standing upon a large metal infrastructure. A purple eclipse appears, with member Shuuka Fujii noticing this; it zooms into a large fortress, showcasing all 20-members dancing in a neon-lit club with several on-goers supporting the performers. During the second chorus and bridge section, it has the performing members dance in front of the infrastructure with LED lights projecting against them. By the final chorus, it has all members on the dance floor moving to the track, and ends with the girls performing an instrumental solo in front of on-goers. Upon the videos release, it garnered Document [155] (Title: Jas ja imam silata) Radica Lelova are shown. Taneski and Billy Zver are wearing elegant suits, and the girls are clothed in provocative and attractive creations made by Elena Luka. At the end of the video there is a text saying "My name is Love". The video premiered on March 30, 2010 on MRT. The song was the 15th entry performed in Oslo on May 25, 2010. On the stage, together with Taneski, Billy Zver and Pejčin was the young Macedonian singer Deana Nikolovska and two more girls. Deana sang the backing vocals and made the scene dancing with the girls. Jas ja imam Document [156] (Title: T-DJ Milana) a performance on the island of Ibiza in Spain for the first time, where she immediately received the status of a resident of a major boat party "Oceanbeat Ibiza". Also in 2013, Julia starred in the video for the song "Gimme some more" by the Bulgarian singer Valya. Since 2014, she continues to work as a resident at the "Oceanbeat Ibiza", as well as in the clubs "Bora-Bora Ibiza" and "Top 21 Ibiza". T-DJ Milana T-DJ Milana (Julia Igorevna Rysina; born February 12, 1989 in Lugansk) is an Ukrainian DJ, composer, dancer and model, best known for performing naked in Document [157] (Title: Kazaky) "Breakthrough of the Year" award at the 2010 Myway Dance Awards. The video features the four group members dancing in boy clothes at first, and then transitioning into a more androgynous look with their signature stiletto heels. It quickly went viral on YouTube. It was then followed by the video for their second single, "Love," shot in black & white, which furthered their online popularity. In June 2011, the group performed at the DSquared² Men Spring/Summer 2012 runway show. On 16 July 2011, they made their American debut at Club 57 in New York City, and performed their third single Document [158] (Title: Mondai Girl) aired on January 15, 2015. Both KISEKAE and My Room are included as B-side tracks. Also included is a remix version of Kyary's 2012 single Candy Candy. Steve Nakamura – Art Director, Designer Shinji Konishi – Hair & Makeup – Stylist The music video describes the concept of "strong woman" in three different worlds, in accordance with the kanji quadrigram "三者三様”, which translates literally to "three people three styles" and means "everyone's different, to each his own". The first character in the video is Kyary in a completely pink outfit, as a young actress chased by paparazzi. The second one Document [159] (Title: Aaron Sillis) won the "Breakthrough Award" presented by "The Times" newspaper at the 2009 South Bank Show Awards. Aaron Sillis Aaron Sillis (born August 1983) is an English dancer and choreographer who has worked in many fields of dance, most notably working with leading international pop artists including Rihanna, Katy Perry, FKA twigs, Justin Bieber, Kylie Minogue, Mariah Carey and Leona Lewis. Sillis was born in August 1983, in Drayton, near Norwich in Norfolk, England.[1] He began studying dance at the age of 14 at the Central School of Performing Arts in Norwich[1] and at 16 he continued into professional vocational training Document [160] (Title: Midnight Sun (Elena song)) performed "Midnight Sun" in a medley with her previous superhit "Disco Romancing". During the performance, she wore a simple pink dress with eight-inches heels. The song was also performed at the morning show "Neatza cu Răzvan şi Dani" along with her songs "Waiting" and "I'm On Fire" as well as a feature with Dony ("Hot Girls"). Later, Gheorghe went on a concert tour through Romania. One of the most notable concerts where "Midnight Sun" was headlining was the one in "The Heaven Club", Timişoara. The Heaven Club is a notorious and very expansive club; The performance was recorded. Elena performed Document [161] (Title: Sia (musician)) don't have to be under that pressure, and I'd like to be one of them." The video for "Elastic Heart" "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have pedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states", but she nevertheless apologized on Twitter to anyone who was "triggered". Gia Kourlas wrote in "The New York Times" in 2016 that Sia's collaborations with Heffington have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the Document [162] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) 2014 of Slant Magazine (number 13) and "The Daily Telegraph" (number 44). "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 20 on its list of 20 Best Pop Albums of 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, Sia won Album of the Year, Best Female Artist and Best Pop Release for "1000 Forms of Fear". The lead single "Chandelier" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video at the 57th Grammy Awards. "1000 Forms of Fear" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of Document [163] (Title: Pahan Silu) Bass Guitar) Priyan Weerappuli (Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar, Bass Guitar, Keyboard, Percussion, Thammátama, Vocals) Guest Performers (In Alphabetical Order) Umanga deSilva (Acoustic Guitar, Vocals) Jacob Falk (Djembe, Congas) Brian Rishi Fernando (Acoustic Guitar) Shripal Fernando (Vocals) Praveen Fernandopulle (Vocals) Chinthana Herath (Flute, Violin) K. Jayawardene (Tabla) Ruwan Jayaweera (Vocals) Samadhi Liyanage (Vocals) Chandratilaka Liyanarachchi (Vocals) Deepthi Weerappuli (Keyboard) Sujit Weerasinghe (Percussion) Alumni (In Alphabetical Order) Sanjaya Abeysirigunawardena (Vocals) Chinthaka Weerappuli (Tabla) Pahan Silu Pahan Silu (which roughly translates to "dancing candlelight" from its original Sinhala, one of the three primary languages spoken on the island of Sri Lanka) is the Document [164] (Title: Chandelier (song)) live show of the sixth series of "The X Factor Australia" in August 2014, gaining a standing ovation by the judges. In March 2015, British singer-songwriter and 2012 X Factor winner James Arthur recorded a highly acclaimed acoustic version of the song, which he also later performed for MTV International. Also Andrea Faustini performed the song on "The X Factor UK" in November 2014. The tenth episode of "Selfie", "Imperfect Harmony", featured Karen Gillan singing a karaoke version of the song that segued into a cover by The Wind and The Wave and a sequence mimicking the original video. In Document [165] (Title: JoJo Siwa) JoJo Siwa Joelle Joanie "JoJo" Siwa (born May 19, 2003), is an American dancer, singer, actress, and YouTube personality. She is known for appearing for two seasons on "Dance Moms" along with her mother, Jessalynn Siwa, and for her singles "Boomerang" and "Kid in a Candy Store". Siwa posts daily videos of her day-to-day life on her YouTube channel, "JoJo Siwa Vlogs". Joelle Joanie Siwa was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 2003, the child of Dr. Tom Siwa, a chiropractor from Nebraska, and Jessalynn Siwa (née Jessalynn Lombardi), a professional dance instructor from Iowa. She has one sibling, Document [166] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) In November 2017, Sia conducted the second leg of the tour, her first stadium tour in Oceania, accompanied by Ziegler. Sia toured in North America and Europe in 2010, and in Australia and North America in 2011, to promote her album "We Are Born". She then turned to songwriting, retiring from performing for several years. In 2014, she released the album "1000 Forms of Fear", which, together with its singles and videos like "Chandelier" that featured Maddie Ziegler, achieved considerable success, gaining Sia wider public notice. When Sia performed at various award ceremonies, television shows and other events to promote Document [167] (Title: Mj Rodriguez) with the underground ballroom scene. Rodriguez's Blanca is a young woman who forms her own "house"—the House of Evangelista—after receiving a positive diagnosis for HIV. As the head of the House of Evangelista, she becomes a surrogate mother to several abandoned queer youth of color. Described as a "breakout, starring role," her performance has been praised by critics. Among the show's regular cast are Rodriguez's "Saturday Church" co-star Indya Moore, Tony Award-winner Billy Porter, model Dominique Jackson, Evan Peters, Kate Mara, and James Van Der Beek. Rodriguez performed with "Pose" co-stars Dyllón Burnside, Billy Porter and Ryan Jamaal Swain in Document [168] (Title: Pink Champagne (E-girls song)) room with large champagne glasses, a night-club, a room filled with geometric mirrors, a large stage with neon-lights, driving inside the city, a room filled with shadows and lighting, the balcony of a skyscraper, and chained-swings hanging from the sky, over-top the cityscape. During the chorus sections, it has the girls dance in a large multi-colored club room that features LED screens and neon-lit infrastructure similar to the one in "E.G. Summer Rider". In contrast to the group's previous single visual, which emphasized a "fun, summery vibe", a member at Arama Japan noted that the visual "shows the group's more Document [169] (Title: Big Girls Cry) performed "Big Girls Cry" live on Australian television show, "Sunrise" on 21 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, a video for the song was released on Sia's Vevo YouTube channel. The video features Maddie Ziegler in her trademark flesh-coloured leotard and blonde Sia bob facing the camera, in front of a black background, contorting her face and using her hands to express a slew of emotions. At one point a pair of hands come into the frame (shown in behind-the-scenes footage to be Sia's own hands) manipulating Ziegler's face and covering her mouth, they appear to lift Ziegler by the Document [170] (Title: Reigan Derry) table. However, her performance received a mixed response from Keating, who felt "she disconnected from us and the audience". For the Decades Challenge-themed third live show, Derry performed "Chandelier" by Sia and received another standing ovation from all four judges. Her performance of "Chandelier" debuted at number 81 on the ARIA Singles Chart. For the Top 10 Hits-themed fourth live show, Derry sang Sam Smith's "Stay with Me", while playing the piano. Bassingthwaighte said it was her "favourite "X Factor" performance of all time". Derry's performance of "Stay with Me" debuted at number 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart and Document [171] (Title: Manos Arriba) Duda" was released as the EP's second single, and was also selected as the Single of the Week for iTunes Latino. Chana promoted "Icaro" with a music video. In the video, she is seen performing "full body twists and falls of modern dance". Carolina González identified Chana's choreography in the music video as indicative of her past dancing training in a magnet school and as part of the Los Angeles Contemporary Dance Company. Jordan Levin of "PopMatters" also noted that Chana drew upon her experiences at New World School of the Arts and the dance program at Ohio University for Document [172] (Title: Dance (Alexandra Stan song)) three days in Bucharest, Romania and sees Stan and her backup dancers performing choreographed dances, which were choreographed by Romanian performer Emil Rengle. The recording was met with good reviews. Digital Journal praised the song for being "catchy", and Stan for providing "honey-rich" vocals. In an interview, Alexandra Stan explained that "Dance" is a "very sexy club song and club image". The track was performed during Stan's Unlocked Tour (2014). The song became a success in Japan, where it ranked at number 25 on the Japan Hot 100. "Dance" was recorded at Fonogram Studios in Bucharest, Romania. Stan first thought Document [173] (Title: Chandelier (song)) Heffington. Ziegler shared her thoughts about the choreography with "New York" magazine: I like the whole dance. It was really different and weird for me, because I usually don't, you know, be a crazy person every time. It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot, because I'm used to competition dances where you're like, "Point your legs!" But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it. The choreography was praised by media outlets; an editor from "The Guardian" wrote that Ziegler "dances Document [174] (Title: Sibak: Midnight Dancers) car radios with his friends. The youngest Sonny, dropped out of college and has a transsexual lover. Sibak: Midnight Dancers Sibak: Midnight Dancers is a 1994 Philippines film, and the first of a series of three gay-themed movies by Mel Chionglo and Ricky Lee about the lives of macho dancers (strippers) in the gay bars of Manila. The later two are "Burlesk King" and "Twilight Dancers". All three follow in the tradition of Lino Brocka's 1988 film "Macho Dancer." This movie was banned in the Philippines. The story revolves around the lives of three brothers who work as strippers in Document [175] (Title: Josephine Bradley) might have interfered with the clarity of the rhythm. With record sales reaching 75 million, and his orchestra regularly on BBC radio (and later, television), Silvester was the dominant public figure in the dancing world. Bradley became one of the few women to lead a British band between 1920–1950; others included Ivy Benson and Mrs. Jack Hilton. Bradley set up her group in 1935, mainly as a recording band for Decca: "Josephine Bradley and her Ballroom Orchestra". She had already, in 1930, directed the "New Mayfair Dance Orchestra" for HMV. Between March 1937 and October 1945 she recorded over 200 Document [176] (Title: Dancing Dolls) Dolls’ single features a cover of the song Melo Melo Bakkyun sung by Miu and Kanon. Dancing Dolls Dancing Dolls are a Japanese female vocal and dance group. The group originally consisted of five childhood friends from Osaka: Hono (Honoka Kadomoto - 門元穂果), Mii (Misaki Nakajima - 中島弥咲), Misaki (Misaki Sakurada - 桜田美咲), and twins Asuka (Asuka Nagayama - 永山飛鳥) and Kyoka (Kyouka Nagayama - 永山杏佳). The group was formed in Osaka by childhood friends. They started performing in the street in Osaka Castle Park, which is a local haven for street performances. The girls wrote and composed their own Document [177] (Title: Evan Di Unna Pethan) was put up in a studio in Mumbai to go with the theme of the song, with 60 dancers from Mumbai in addition to 30 dancers flown in from London, being background dancers, dancing alongside Silambarasan and his pair in the film Jasmin Bhasin. According to Silambarasan, "the focus of the song was more on style — the lighting and showcasing the pub culture". Noted Hindi choreographer Ahmed Khan directed the video. The track was planned to be released as a single track separately ahead of the complete soundtrack album. Sify called this the first time a Tamil audio was Document [178] (Title: Dancing on the Ceiling) institution established double platinum in 1984. To promote the album Richie went on an Outrageous 40-city concert tour, entitled "Outrageous". The first concert was in Phoenix, Arizona. "Dancing on the Ceiling" peaked at No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 200. The title track was the second biggest single from the album, reaching No. 2 in the US and No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart, falling behind "Say You, Say Me" earlier performance. Other Top 10 singles from the album include "Love Will Conquer All" (US No. 9, UK No. 45) and "Ballerina Girl" (US No. 7, UK No. Document [179] (Title: Dance Dance Dance (E-girls song)) make-up and getting dressed, whilst members Sayaka and Yurino introduce the audience by dancing in a window. As the "E.G." neon logo turns vibrant pink, dancers Anna Suda, Mio Nakajima and Kaede dance in tailored suits while Karen Fujii, Ami, Reina Washio and Shizuka sing in the background. Shuuka Fujii, Harumi Sato and Nozomi Bando appear with pink-and-black feathered dresses to dance, and as the chorus starts, the final members Nonoka Yamaguchi and Anna Ishii move alongside the other girls. From the second verse onwards, it shows the group in various backstage areas getting ready while performing the number. By Document [180] (Title: Ryan Heffington) he was the artistic director for the experimental modern dance company Hysterica. From 2006 to 2009 Heffington lead the dance troupe Fingered, which combined fast-paced Martha Graham-style choreography with genderbending costumes designed by Heffington. He has performed at bars and clubs, as well as MOCA, LACMA, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, "Saturday Night Live", Walt Disney Concert Hall, the UCLA Hammer Museum and Coachella. Heffington is best known for choreographing the music videos for Arcade Fire's "We Exist" (2013) and Sia's "Chandelier" (2014), both of which were nominated for Grammy Awards, and the latter of which won him a VMA Award. Document [181] (Title: Nostalgic for the Present Tour) the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms." In November and December 2017 Sia is set to play the second leg of the tour, a stadium mini-tour in Oceania. With these dates, she is expected to become the third female soloist to play Australian stadiums in the past quarter century, after Taylor Swift (2013's Red Tour and 2015's 1989 Tour) and Madonna (1993's Girlie Show Tour). Ziegler is set to accompany Sia. The concerts in the first leg of the tour opened with AlunaGeorge, followed by Miguel, backed by video screens and "playing Document [182] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) the year in the country. It has sold 1.9 million copies in the US as of May 2017. Sia has performed "Cheap Thrills" on various television shows and concerts, with a group of dancers usually led by either Maddie Ziegler or Stephanie Mincone dancing to the same choreography as in the music video, including "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" in January 2016, "American Idol" in March, Coachella in April, and YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City as well as the season finale of "The Voice", both in May. The song is featured on the soundtrack of the movie Document [183] (Title: 1000 Forms of Fear) to put one more album out. I didn't want to get famous so I kept all the songs I wanted and had a lot of fun making it." "1000 Forms of Fear" is primarily an electropop album, with influences of hip hop and reggae. It opens with "Chandelier", an electropop song that features a reggae-influenced beat. Lyrically, the track talks about "the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life." The follow-up, "Big Girls Cry", was compared to Alanis Morissette's "Hands Clean". On "Burn the Pages", Sia described a friend she wants to cheer up: "You're twisted up like a Document [184] (Title: Sia discography) January 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide. Its lead single, "Chandelier", became Sia's first hit single as lead artist, peaking within the top ten of charts in various countries. "1000 Forms of Fear" was further promoted by the singles "Big Girls Cry", Sia's solo version of "Elastic Heart" and "Fire Meet Gasoline". Sia's seventh album, "This Is Acting", was released in 2016. It became her second consecutive chart-topping album in Australia and peaked within the top ten in various countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Its two top ten singles in her native Document [185] (Title: Cheap Thrills (song)) Pitch Perfect 3, where it is sung by the Bellas during the USO tour in Europe. A lyric video featuring Sean Paul performing a new verse was released on 10 February 2016. In the video, a faceless couple wearing wigs (the dancers Minn Vo and Stefanie Klausman), which have become part of Sia's signature look, win a dance contest on a retro 1960s black-and-white television show reminiscent of "American Bandstand" or "The Buddy Deane Show", using visual effects to recreate the look of early 1960s TV cameras. The video, directed by Lior Molcho, has been viewed more than 1.2 billion Document [186] (Title: Chandelier (song)) songs "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry" from the album. Sia sang the song on "Dancing with the Stars," with Ziegler dancing a duet with Allison Holker, and at the 2014 We Can Survive Concert at the Hollywood Bowl. In February 2015, Sia sang the song in a cluttered apartment set for the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast. Ziegler danced in a cluttered apartment with actress Kristen Wiig. For all of these performances, Sia sang the track with her back to the camera. She performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" in January 2015, veiled, with a sad-looking mime who performed Document [187] (Title: Sibak: Midnight Dancers) Sibak: Midnight Dancers Sibak: Midnight Dancers is a 1994 Philippines film, and the first of a series of three gay-themed movies by Mel Chionglo and Ricky Lee about the lives of macho dancers (strippers) in the gay bars of Manila. The later two are "Burlesk King" and "Twilight Dancers". All three follow in the tradition of Lino Brocka's 1988 film "Macho Dancer." This movie was banned in the Philippines. The story revolves around the lives of three brothers who work as strippers in a gay bar. The oldest, Joel has a wife and a boyfriend. Dennis, the middle brother, steals Document [188] (Title: You've Changed (Sia song)) You've Changed (Sia song) "You've Changed" is the lead single released from Sia Furler's 2010 album "We Are Born". "You've Changed" was originally co-written and released in 2008 by American DJ/producer Lauren Flax, which was then re-recorded for Sia's 2010 album, "We Are Born". The single was announced through a Twitter update that Sia posted. The song was given away for free and was released on 28 December 2009. On 31 January 2010 the song peaked at number 31 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Sia's highest charting single on that chart until her 2014 hit Chandelier. The song Document [189] (Title: Chanelle: Wannabe Popstar) are going to perform with her on the Video and on stage. Chanelle voices her doubts about her own dancing skills. K-Knight says that she is doing well and all she needs is more confidence in her own ability. Chanelle goes house hunting in outer London to see what she can get for her money, fending off spiders and criticising fireplaces, she decides on a house she is interested in. Having done well in the dance routines/practise, Chanelle then decides upon outfits for the video with the help of her stylist, visiting her home wardrobe and Divas Corsets to find Document [190] (Title: Far East Movement) "Dan de Fleurette". "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series "Lie To Me" and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009. "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube. Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin". In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U.S. Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July Document [191] (Title: Elastic Heart) Kingdom, the single peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart on 5 April 2015 and has since been certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. On 7 January 2015, the music video for the song was released. Directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and choreographed by Ryan Heffington, the video features Maddie Ziegler, who previously appeared in the video for Sia's single "Chandelier" and "Big Girls Cry", and actor Shia LaBeouf. In the video, Ziegler and LaBeouf wear nude and dirt-smeared outfits. Justine Harman from "Elle" likened the concept of the video to Document [192] (Title: Big Girls Cry) throat into the air until only her kicking feet are shown, then Ziegler drops back into the frame to resume her emotive facial contortions. The single shot video with various lighting and a plain black background is comparable to Lorde's Tennis Court. Sia revealed, in a behind-the-scenes video for "Elastic Heart", that she would be making a trilogy of videos with Ziegler. As in the first two videos in the series ("Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart"), the clip for "Big Girls Cry" was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill and choreographed by Ryan Heffington. As of December 2017, the video had Document [193] (Title: Chandelier (song)) with such impressive flexibility". Nolan Feenay from "Time" magazine commented that the dance moves in the video could be the best dance routine of 2014. "Chandelier" received nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography, and ultimately won the latter. It was also nominated for a 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Video. The video went viral on YouTube and became the seventh most-watched video on the video-sharing website of 2014. As of November 2018, it has received over 1.9 billion views and was, at one point, the 13th most viewed YouTube video Document [194] (Title: In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining) always dreamed of but originally involving her mother. In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining (orig. Swedish "I taket lyser stjärnorna", literal translation) is a Swedish novel by Johanna Thydell, published in 2003. The book is about thirteen-year-old Jenna Wilson, who is unpopular at school and whose mother is dying of breast cancer. The book won the prestigious August Prize as the best Swedish children's and youth's book of 2003. A film adaptation, "Glowing Stars", was released in 2009. The film starts off with a girl, Jenna, who is seen doing household activities Document [195] (Title: Maddie Ziegler) the "Star Tribune" added, "The clear-cut star was Ziegler, obviously Sia’s alter ego. ... Ziegler was a riveting whirlwind, contorting her appendages and facial expressions with equal aplomb, topped by forward flips". Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that Ziegler's frenetic moves and flickering expressions ramp up the songs' emotional stakes. Reviewing Sia's concert in 2017, Richard He of "The Guardian" called Ziegler "a physical virtuoso to match Sia's vocal acrobatics, embodying the songs' emotional turmoil." David James Young of "Junkee" felt that Ziegler's performance "cements her status as one of the great dancers of the modern era. Document [196] (Title: This Is Acting) "This Is Acting" is Sia's follow-up to her sixth studio album "1000 Forms of Fear" (2014). In December 2014, Sia told "Spin" that she had "two [more records] completed and ready to go". She revealed details of "This Is Acting" for the first time in an interview published by "NME" in February 2015. In the article, she confirmed once again that work on the album was finished and that its content was "more pop" than her previous material. She also revealed that the success of "1000 Forms of Fear", specifically its lead single "Chandelier", encouraged her to continue releasing new Document [197] (Title: Move Your Body (Sia song)) Mall in 1987, and features a girl (portrayed by Lilliana Ketchman) and her parents in a glamour photo shoot until she runs off set, where she finds Sia's signature black-and-blonde wig in a dressing room and tries it on. She then photobombs strangers' posed pictures until her parents drag her away, but the strangers invite her back for even more photos and dance along with her. It is notable that the girl elects to leave her shoes behind; most of the dance moves expected of her require precise footwork that cannot be done in the sneakers the girl is wearing, Document [198] (Title: Tiana Brown) Tiana Brown Tiana Chanel Brown (born July 13, 1981) is an American dancer. Brown is known for dancing for Christina Aguilera and for being her good friend, and she can be seen in many of Aguilera's videos. Brown has also toured with Aguilera on her Stripped World Tour and the Back to Basics Tour, and she says her favorite song to dance to is "Dirrty". She has been dancing professionally for seven years and was inspired to pursue a dancing career by the Britney Spears video "(You Drive Me) Crazy" and Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope World Tour. Brown is Document [199] (Title: An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight) An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight (2014) is the eighth film in the American Girl series, starring Erin Pitt as Isabelle Palmer, along with Melora Hardin, Grace Davidson as Jade Palmer, Devyn Nekoda as Luisa, Genneya Walton as Renata, Alyssa Trask as Emma, Avery Trask as Hip Hop Dancer, Daniel Fathers, Kolton Stewart, Mathew Edmondson, and Saara Chaudry. The screenplay was written by Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin. The movie was directed by Vince Marcello. The film revolves around Isabelle Palmer, a 9-year-old dancer and aspiring fashion designer from Washington, Question: who is the girl who dances in sia chandelier

Answer: Madison Nicole Ziegler Long Answer: Madison Nicole Ziegler (born September 30, 2002), better known as Maddie Ziegler, is an American dancer, actress and model . She first became known for appearing in Lifetime's reality show Dance Moms from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016 . From 2014 to 2016, she gained wider fame for starring in five music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart", which cumulatively have attracted more than 3.4 billion views on YouTube . Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands . She was included by Time magazine on its list of the "30 most influential teens" in each of 2015 and 2016. Gold Document ID: 94

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller) King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller is a compilation of 70 songs in chronological order from the original master recordings, drawn from every label (Mercury/Starday, Decca, RCA, Smash, Columbia, and MCA) for which Nashville legend Roger Miller recorded. Between the 25 chart hits are eight unreleased recordings, all documented by a booklet containing an 8,000-word essay and 24 rare photos. It includes the Top 10 hits "When Two Worlds Collide", "Dang Me", "Chug-A-Lug", "King of the Road", "Engine Engine #9", "One Dyin' & A-Buryin'", "Kansas City Star", "England Document [2] (Title: King of Emotion) King of Emotion "King of Emotion" is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country, released in 1988 as the lead single from their fourth studio album "Peace in Our Time". It was written by Stuart Adamson and produced by Peter Wolf. "King of Emotion" reached No. 16 in the UK, No. 11 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks and No. 20 on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks. A music video was filmed to promote the single, directed by Richard Lowenstein. It received breakout rotation on MTV. Recalling the song in the early 1990s, Adamson commented of the song being Document [3] (Title: Six Days on the Road) Petty's band Mudcrutch. According to Dahl, one of the best versions was a blues-rocking rendition recorded in 1969 by Taj Mahal. Even a French version was made by Claude François : Six jours sûr la route. The Youngbloods performed it during a 1971 concert in San Francisco. Sawyer Brown also Recorded it and it appears on their 1997 album of the same name David Allan Coe also recorded it and it appears on his 1994 compilation "20 Greatest Hits". Adam Brand and the Outlaws covered the song on the 2016 album "Adam Brand and the Outlaws". String Cheese Incident has Document [4] (Title: Mother Fuyer) his album, "King Size", with King this time claiming ownership of the songwriting. It was also on his subsequent compilation albums, "King of the Blues" (1992) and "Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King" (2012). Magic Slim recorded a live cover version of "Mother Fuyer" for his 1987 album, "Live At B.L.U.E.S." Mama's Pride recorded the song for their 2006 live album, "A "Live" and Well". Johnny "Guitar" Watson had a hit in 1977 with "A Real Mother For Ya". Billy Boy Arnold included a song with the title "Dirty Mother Fuyer", as the opening track on his 1979 album, "Checkin' Document [5] (Title: Kings of Rhythm) recorded by them. It was written, and sung by Billy Love. This was the new follow-up. The b-side was a song from the session when they recorded Rocket 88. After two more records, they disbanded, and were done being known as Jackie Brenston and the Delta Cats. In 1955, Turner took a reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm north to St. Louis, including Kizart, Sims, O'Neal, Jessie Knight, Jr. and Turner's third wife Annie Mae Wilson Turner on piano and vocals. It was at this time that Turner moved over to playing guitar to accommodate Annie Mae, taking lessons Document [6] (Title: Highway 61 Revisited (song)) getting rid of particular absurd things: "I got forty red white and blue shoe strings / And a thousand telephones that don't ring". "Louie the King" solves the problem with Highway 61. Verse 4 is about the "fifth daughter" who on the "twelfth night" told the "first father" that her complexion is too pale. Agreeing, the father seeks to tell the "second mother", but she is with the "seventh son", on Highway 61. The inspiration for this verse may be drawn from the enumeration pattern at the beginning of the Old Testament book of Ezekiel. The fifth and last verse Document [7] (Title: Please to See the King) with Ireland, but it has been recently revived in England. All songs appearing on the original album are traditional. "The False Knight on the Road" is one of the Child Ballads (#3), and concerns a boy's contest with the devil in a game of riddles. Tim Hart and Maddy Prior had already recorded a version of the song on their album "Summer Solstice". "The Lark in the Morning", one of their more popular songs, has the same title as a different song about a lusty ploughboy, though there are strong similarities. This version was collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams. "Boys Document [8] (Title: KRLA King of the Wheels) of the Wheels", is a reworking of an earlier Bobby Fuller song, "King of the Beach". "KRLA Top Eliminator" was based on the real-life customized dragster made by KRLA (seen on the cover), and a reworking of a live cover of "El Paso Rock" by Long John Hunter; Fuller's band used to perform in El Paso. In addition, six songs were also taken from his three latest singles (including "Let Her Dance"), and three new songs were recorded ("Fool of Love" and "Saturday Night" were re-recordings of older Bobby Fuller tracks, and "Little Annie Lou" would go on to become Document [9] (Title: King of the Road (song)) King of the Road (song) "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November 1964 by country singer Roger Miller. The lyrics tell of the day-to-day life of a vagabond hobo who, despite being poor (a "man of means by no means"), revels in his freedom, describing himself humorously as the "king of the road". It was Miller's fifth single for Smash Records. The popular crossover record hit No. 1 on the US Country chart, No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Easy Listening surveys. It was also No. 1 in Document [10] (Title: Speed King) a portion of a '50s rock song. After this, Gillan and Morse often have a vocal-guitar battle, while Glover, Paice, and Airey play a background rhythm. At the end of the guitar-vocal battle, Morse plays the original solo lick with Gillan doubling him by singing the second guitar part. From there, they return to the original song and play it like the original recording until the end of the song. In the early days of Deep Purple Mk II, they had an additional set of lyrics in the song, which would eventually become part of a separate song called "Ricochet, Document [11] (Title: Charlie Segar) Charlie Segar Charlie Segar was an American blues pianist and occasional singer, who is best known for the blues standard, "Key to the Highway" in 1940. Originally from Pensacola, Florida, Segar has been dubbed the "Keyboard Wizard Supreme". He relocated to Chicago, where he made recordings with other blues artists, such as Bumble Bee Slim and Memphis Minnie, as well as being the featured artist. "Key to the Highway" is one of eight known songs Segar recorded under his own name between 1934 and 1940 for Decca and Vocalion. Charlie Segar's original "Key to the Highway" was done in the Document [12] (Title: Michael Weston King) until the band disintegrated in 1991. Taking their name from the Nick Cave album, "The Good Son", King formed The Good Sons in 1992 as an authentic British alternative to the burgeoning Alt country movement. In 1995 they signed to the German label Glitterhouse Records and released their debut album, "Singing The Glory Down", which earned a good reception from both critics and the British alt-country scene of the time. The album featured a guest appearance by Townes Van Zandt with whom Michael had toured Europe in 1994 and 1995, singing together "Riding on the Range" as a duet. The Document [13] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) on "Billboard"s "All Time Top 100 Songs". Internationally, "End of the Road" reached number one in Australia, United Kingdom and the Hot 100 Eurochart, among others. "End of the Road" has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over one million units in the United States. The song also won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song at the 1993 Grammy Awards. "End of the Road" was released on June 30, 1992. It was released as a single from the "Boomerang" soundtrack and did not originally appear Document [14] (Title: Six Days on the Road) road. Dudley "strikingly captures the sense of boredom, danger and swaggering masculinity that often accompanies long-distance truck driving. His macho interpretation, with its rock-and-roll overtones, is perfect for the song." Allmusic writer Bill Dahl, called "Six Days" the "ultimate overworked rig driver's lament;" indeed, the song's lyrics bemoan highway patrolmen, scale weigh-ins and loneliness for the narrator's girlfriend, and speak of using "little white pills" to keep him awake. Like Malone, Dahl also cited Dudley's voice as perfect for the song, as "his bottomless pipes were certainly the ultimate vehicle for its delivery, reeking of too much turbid coffee and Document [15] (Title: Greg Quill) "classic" line-up of Quill, Tolhurst, Bird, Bois, Bolton and Blanchflower, Country Radio recorded their second and most successful single, "Gypsy Queen", with producer John French, in Melbourne in April 1972. It was co-written by Quill and Tolhurst, and featured a string arrangement by session musician, Peter Jones (who later worked on Quill's solo album, "The Outlaw's Reply"). Released in August, the single spent 13 weeks in the "Go-Set" National Top 40 and peaked at No. 12. "Gypsy Queen" shared the APRA (Australasian Performing Right Association) Song of the Year award with Mississippi's "Kings of the World". It was featured on Document [16] (Title: Cross Road Blues) Blues" in May 1937 on the then standard 78 rpm record. The single, with its flip side "Ramblin' on My Mind", sold poorly. The song remained out of print after its initial release until "The Complete Recordings" box set in 1990. The second take was released in 1961, when producer Frank Driggs substituted it for the original on Johnson's first long-playing record album compilation "King of the Delta Blues Singers". This take was also included on the 1990 "Complete Recordings" (at 2:29, it is 10 seconds shorter than the original 2:39 single version). American blues singer and guitarist Elmore James, Document [17] (Title: Kyle Petty) as Randy Travis and The Oak Ridge Boys. Due to disagreements with his record company and management, Petty later abandoned the album project. Later, Petty recorded a track entitled "Oh King Richard", a tribute to his father Richard written by Rodney Crowell that was released in 1995 as part of a NASCAR-themed country music compilation album. A music video for the song was produced, featuring Petty playing an acoustic guitar in front of his father's No. 43 racecar, as Richard watched highlights of his career on a screen. Kyle Petty Kyle Eugene Petty (born June 2, 1960) is an American Document [18] (Title: Kings of the Road) actors. Wim Wenders shot of film and the final cut was . The camera used was an ARRI 35 BL. The negative material from Kodak (Plus-X and Four-X) copied to ORWO positive. The songs that are played in Bruno's portable single-disc player are: "The More I See You" by Chris Montez, "Just Like Eddie" by Heinz, and "King of the Road" by Roger Miller. The cost of production was DM 730,800 (then equivalent to US$315,000). The film was financed with a screenplay premium of the Federal Ministry of the Interior of DM 250,000. In his documentary, "White Walls" director Mike Document [19] (Title: Cilla Black) and "Across the Universe" became radio favourites. McCartney said Black's 1972 interpretation of "The Long and Winding Road" was the definitive version of the song. Black's career in the United States, although enthusiastically supported by Epstein and his PR team, was limited to a few television appearances ("The Ed Sullivan Show" among them), a 1965 cabaret season at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, and success with "You're My World", which made it to No. 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was to be her only American Top 30 chart success, and Elvis Presley had a copy Document [20] (Title: Kenneth Carllile) joined the Wade Ray Five, and Ray's Las Vegas band, but left the following year to join Roger Miller's band, where he stayed until 1972. He appeared on Miller's 1966 NBC-TV show, and performed with him five times on NBC's "Tonight Show" during the 1960s. He also appeared at the Grammy Awards when Miller swept the country categories in 1964 with "Dang Me", and in 1965 with "King of the Road" (1965), for which Carllile provided the song's signature finger snaps. Miller helped him sign with Smash Records, where he released two albums, "Roger Miller Presents Thumbs Carllile" and "All Document [21] (Title: The Proclaimers) album "This Is the Story" went gold. The follow-up album "Sunshine on Leith" featured the singles "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", which went to number one in Australia and New Zealand, and "I'm On My Way". They had a hit with their EP "King of the Road", which reached number nine in the UK in 1990. "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" belatedly peaked at number three in the US in 1993, after appearing in the movie "Benny & Joon". After seven low-profile years, they released their comeback album "Persevere" in 2001. In March 2007 they recorded a new version of Document [22] (Title: Huxton Creepers) in 2011, supporting The Sunnyboys in 2015 and The Models in 2016. Their first released recording was the track "King Of The Road" (an original, not the Roger Miller song) on the Au Go Go Records Melbourne compilation "Asleep At The Wheel" in 1984. This and their two tracks on the Triple J compilation "Cooking With George" brought them to the attention of Big Time Records, their label throughout their career. Their first album was "12 Days To Paris" in 1986 and their second was "So This Is Paris" in 1988 (titled "Keep To The Beat" on the U.S. and Document [23] (Title: King of the Road (album)) King of the Road (album) King of the Road is the sixth studio album from California stoner rock band Fu Manchu and was released in 2000. The Japanese and European release features the track "Breathing Fire" in place of "Drive". "Breathing fire" was on the demo version of the record which was sent to radio stations, clubs and fans. Produced, engineered and mixed by Joe Barresi and Fu Manchu All songs written by Bob Balch, Brant Bjork, Brad Davis and Scott Hill, except "Freedom Of Choice": written by Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale<br> All tracks recorded, mixed and engineered at Document [24] (Title: Tom King (musician)) the same name, with brother-in-law Chet Kelley. The song spent 15 weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 5, and selling over a million copies. Iggy Pop redid the song on his album Party in 1981, then The Smithereens also had a hit with the song, remaking it in 1994. King won a BMI award for the song having been played on the radio over four million times. King died at a nursing home in Wickliffe, Ohio on April 23, 2011 at the age of 68. He suffered from congestive heart failure. Tom King (musician) Thomas R. Document [25] (Title: King of Hearts (Roy Orbison album)) pair, peaking at No. 42 on the hot country singles chart, though it was a more substantial hit in the UK in 1992, reaching No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart. "I Drove All Night" was another hit single from the album. Clarence Clemons appeared on saxophone on "We'll Take the Night". King of Hearts (Roy Orbison album) King of Hearts is a posthumous album of Roy Orbison songs put together from master sessions and demos by Jeff Lynne for Virgin Records, and Orbison's 23rd album overall. According to the official Roy Orbison discography by Marcel Riesco, the collection was Document [26] (Title: Riding with the King (B.B. King and Eric Clapton album)) to King, who took the lead on many of the songs with his singing and his solos. The album contains five "vintage" King songs from the 1950s and 1960s: "Ten Long Years", "Three O'Clock Blues", "Help the Poor", "Days of Old" and "When My Heart Beats Like a Hammer". Other standards include the Big Bill Broonzy-penned "Key to the Highway" (which Clapton had recorded in the early 1970s with Derek and the Dominos), Chicago pianist Maceo Merriweather's "Worried Life Blues", a cover of Isaac Hayes's composition "Hold On, I'm Comin' originally a 1966 single for Sam & Dave, and "Come Document [27] (Title: I'm Ready (blues song)) "Land of Fortune" (1977), The Red Devils from "King King" (1992), Paul Rodgers with Brian May from "" (1993), George Thorogood from "Haircut" (1993), Aerosmith from "Honkin' on Bobo" (2004), and Jeff Healey from "Songs from the Road" (2009). Freddie King's brother and bandmate, Benny Turner, also recorded this song and it appears on his 2017 release "My Brother's Blues" - a tribute to Freddie. I'm Ready (blues song) "I'm Ready" is a blues song written by Willie Dixon and first recorded by Muddy Waters in 1954. It was a hit, spending nine weeks on the Billboard R&B chart where Document [28] (Title: That's Life (song)) and then second blues singer O.C. Smith in 1965. The lyrics of "That's Life" were changed for Sinatra's version with the line "I've been a puppet, a pauper, a pirate, a poet, a pawn and a queen" changed to end with "a king" instead. Sinatra first performed the song on his television special "A Man and His Music – Part II" in 1966, where it was played in the fashion of a blues song with the backing music played on an electronic organ. Sinatra covered his popular recording with a vocal arrangement that was nearly identical to Marion Montgomery's original Document [29] (Title: King of the Delta Blues Singers) the 1960s, evidenced by its appearance in the album cover photo to Bob Dylan's "Bringing It All Back Home" amid various emblems of bohemian life. Songs from the album were repeatedly covered throughout the decade by many artists, notably Eric Clapton who recorded "Ramblin' On My Mind" on John Mayall's 1966 classic "Bluesbreakers" album, and "Cross Road Blues" with his own power trio Cream on the 1968 album "Wheels of Fire". Clapton would later record an entire disc of Johnson's songs, "Me and Mr. Johnson". A copy of the album is on permanent display as part of Jimi Hendrix's record Document [30] (Title: Tony Hollins) versions of "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Catfish Blues". Hollins primarily worked as a barber in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He made his first recordings for OKeh Records in Chicago in 1941, including "Crosscut Saw Blues", "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Traveling Man Blues", both songs later performed by Hooker, in the latter case renamed as "When My Wife Quit Me". Hollins failed to maintain a career as a musician and returned to Clarksdale. However, he went back to Chicago in the late 1940s, and recorded for Decca with Sunnyland Slim in 1951. He is believed to have died in Clarksdale early in 1957, Document [31] (Title: Dave Dudley) on the Road" became a hit for Dudley. The song was written by Earl Green and Peanutt Montgomery. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In the original version of the song as recorded by Dudley the lyrics include the words "...I'm taking little white pills and my eyes are open wide..." a reference to the stimulants some truckers used to keep driving (and make their delivery times) when they needed sleep. Some remakes of the song replace these words with a reference to looking at the white lines on the road. Dudley can be Document [32] (Title: The Master Singers) events for several years. In 1963, to celebrate the school's tercentenary, Horrex with three other teachers – George Pratt, Geoff Keating and Barry Montague – made a private recording of the "Highway Code" in several different styles. A copy of the recording reached broadcaster and humourist Fritz Spiegl, who in turn passed it to the BBC where it was played on a radio show hosted by Winston Churchill, the grandson of the former Prime Minister. The group were then contracted to record for Parlophone Records. They first appeared on record in late 1965 with Peter Sellers on his version of Document [33] (Title: Roger Miller) Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits "King of the Road", "Dang Me", and "England Swings", all from the mid-1960s Nashville sound era. After growing up in Oklahoma and serving in the United States Army, Miller began his musical career as a songwriter in the late 1950s, writing such hits as "Billy Bayou" and "Home" for Jim Reeves and "Invitation to the Blues" for Ray Price. He later began a recording career and Document [34] (Title: Tobacco Road (song)) television show "Mad Men" on July 25, 2010. In the 1970s, songwriters Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman claimed to have been inspired by "Tobacco Road" while writing Sweet's "Blockbuster", after accusations of stealing the guitar riff from David Bowie's "Jean Genie". The song became a hit for Edgar Winter on his debut album "Entrance" and he plays a 17-minute live version of the song on the double LP "Roadwork" from 1972. "Tobacco Road" has been performed by a great number of other artists, often with slightly altered lyrics. Notable renderings include a soul one from Lou Rawls, a folk rock Document [35] (Title: I Was the King, I Really Was the King) of Simple Minds, and highlighted "The Longest Road" as one of the album's best tracks, stating that the trumpet playing of Del Crabtree gave the band's sound an integral uniqueness; Crabtree's trumpet once more gives a very specific identity to the songs – it isn't simply added on, but becomes part of it, replacing what might have been in a less inventive group go-nowhere guitar or keyboard soloing... Fine numbers include "The Longest Road," one of Crabtree's best performances featuring on an at once brisk and melancholy song with a wonderful, subtly addicting chorus... John Harris, writing for "Q" magazine Document [36] (Title: King of the Road (album)) Monkey Studios, Palm Desert, CA, except "Hell On Wheels" mixed at Sound City Studios, Van Nuys, CA<br> Assistant engineer: Steve Feldman<br> Mastered by Dave Collins A&M Studios, Los Angeles, CA<br> Live photo: C. Taylor Crothers<br> Band photo: Alex Obleas<br> Art direction: Lane Wurster<br> Graphic design: Christopher Eselgroth King of the Road (album) King of the Road is the sixth studio album from California stoner rock band Fu Manchu and was released in 2000. The Japanese and European release features the track "Breathing Fire" in place of "Drive". "Breathing fire" was on the demo version of the record which was sent Document [37] (Title: The Undisputed Truth) "Heavy Traffic Starring V" (written and produced by Brian and Eddie Holland), which was released by Atlantic Records in 1986, with one single, "Jealousy", released that same year. Tyrone Barkley recorded a cover of The Del Royals' song "Man Of Value" in 1979; it is his only ever solo record and has since become an acclaimed Northern Soul favourite. In 1990, Joe Harris and Brenda Evans revived the group with singer Belita Woods, and recorded for Ian Levine's Motown revival label Motorcity Records. They recorded a new version of their 1973 song "Law of the Land", which was released as Document [38] (Title: Kingsland Road (band)) was announced that Kingsland had been forced to change their name as there was a band in Canada also called Kingsland, so they became Kingsland Road. Kingsland Road lost the flash vote in week 2 and were in the bottom two, but were saved by the judges. They were in the bottom two again in week 4, where they were up against Tamera Foster. This time they were voted out when Scherzinger, Osbourne and Walsh all voted to save Foster. When the voting statistics were revealed at the end of the series, Kingsland Road were shown to have received more Document [39] (Title: Ben E. King) the R&B vocal group the Drifters notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles (and only U.S. #1 hit) "Save the Last Dance for Me". King was born Benjamin Earl Nelson on September 28, 1938, in Henderson, North Carolina, and moved to Harlem, New York, at the age of nine in 1947. King began singing in church choirs, and in high school formed the Four B’s, a doo-wop group that occasionally performed at the Apollo. In 1958, King (still using his birth name) joined a doo-wop group called the Five Crowns. Later that year, the Document [40] (Title: Route 66 (song)) mentioned by the song. Chuck Berry famously mispronounces Barstow to rhyme with "cow" instead of correctly pronouncing it to rhyme with "go". "Route 66" was first recorded in 1946 by Nat King Cole, whose rendition became a hit on both the U.S. R&B and pop record charts. Cole later re-recorded the tune in 1956 (for the album "After Midnight") and 1961 ("The Nat King Cole Story"). The song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists. The version recorded by Perry Como in 1959 (on the album "Como Swings") is more lyrically complete, including the seldom-heard second Document [41] (Title: King Pleasure) King Pleasure King Pleasure (March 24, 1922 – March 21, 1982) was a jazz vocalist and an early master of vocalese, where a singer sings words to a famous instrumental solo. Born as Clarence Beeks in Oakdale, Tennessee, he moved to New York City in the mid-1940s working as a bartender and became a fan of bebop music. King Pleasure first achieved popularity by singing the Eddie Jefferson vocalese classic "Moody's Mood For Love", based on a 1949 James Moody saxophone solo to "I'm In The Mood For Love". Pleasure's 1952 recording, his first after signing a contract with the Document [42] (Title: King of the Road (skateboarding)) King of the Road (skateboarding) The title of King of the Road is given out once a year by "Thrasher" magazine. The tradition was started in 2003 and has been one of the premier skateboarding contests in the USA. In the King of the Road (KOTR) contest, a group of pre-invited teams of professional skaters are each given a book containing a series of challenges. Points are awarded at the completion of each challenge. The teams compete at the same time over a two-week period, in which they travel across the U.S. to complete as many challenges as possible. KOTR Document [43] (Title: The Dark End of the Street) minutes. Soul artist James Carr, as promised, first recorded the song in late 1966, and it became his trademark song, reaching number 10 on "Billboard Magazine's" Black Singles Chart, and crossing over to number 77 on the Pop chart. Six months later fellow soul singer Percy Sledge included his version of the song on his 1967 album "The Percy Sledge Way", but it did not chart as high. Van Morrison's song "Bright Side of the Road" includes the lyrics "From the dark end of the street, to the bright side of the road," which many believe was influenced by Penn's Document [44] (Title: Michael Weston King) band went on to open for the likes of Joe Ely, Blue Rodeo and Joe Henry. In 1996 they released the album "The Kings Highway", and then in 1997 "Wines, Lines and Valentines". The Good Sons had ceased to perform in 1999 and King chose to record his debut solo album, "God Shaped Hole". The album got released in October 1999, on Glitterhouse Records. The album included the Phil Ochs song "No More Songs", and a tribute to the now late Townes Van Zandt "Lay Me Down". Following a series of solo tours around Europe, King reconvened the Good Sons Document [45] (Title: Ben E. King) Drifters' manager George Treadwell fired the members of the original Drifters, and replaced them with the members of the Five Crowns. King had a string of R&B hits with the group on Atlantic Records. He co-wrote and sang lead on the first Atlantic hit by the new version of the Drifters, "There Goes My Baby" (1959). He sang lead on a succession of hits by the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, including "Save the Last Dance for Me", "This Magic Moment", and "I Count the Tears". King recorded only thirteen songs with the two backing other lead singers Document [46] (Title: King of the Slums) was the original name of the group. In 2017 the band announced a brand new album Manco Diablo which was released on 8 June 2017. King of the Slums formed in Manchester, England, by writer Charley Keigher aka Charlie Keighera (vocals, guitar) and Sarah Curtis (electric violin), initially as Slum Cathedral User, Joined by Bassist John Eccles in early 1985 they recorded a demo tape at Crimson Studios in Urmston, Manchester with the help of a drummer who left the band soon after. The band took up its image of Kings of the slums incorporating a plastic dustbin and a Document [47] (Title: King (T.I. album)) at number 11. It featured Port Arthur's own UGK. It had small attention and has helped promote the album. The song is the remake of UGK's 1994 single "Front,Back,Side to Side" from their album "Super Tight". The song was produced by Mannie Fresh. "Ride with Me" was the second official promotional single from the album. The single entered the Hot Ringtones chart at number 21, and it charted at number 78 on the Pop 100 chart. The song was produced by Keith Mack. "Top Back" was the third and final official promotional single from the album. The single entered the Document [48] (Title: Al King) Al King Alvin K. Smith (August 8, 1923 – January 21, 1999), who performed and recorded as Al King, was an American blues singer and songwriter. King was born in Monroe, Louisiana. After moving to Los Angeles he recorded for the Shirley and Sahara labels in the 1950s and 1960s, and had a number 36 R&B chart hit in 1966 with "Think Twice Before You Speak". Many of his records featured guitarist and bandleader Johnny Heartsman. He also wrote songs under his real name, Smith, as in "On My Way", the B-side of his first single covering "Reconsider Baby" in Document [49] (Title: Boyz II Men) Goodbye to Yesterday" were dedicated to him. As a result of this unfortunate experience, the song would prove to help advance their success. While touring during 1992, Boyz II Men returned briefly to the studio to record the single "End of the Road", co-written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, for the soundtrack to Eddie Murphy's film "Boomerang". This song, released as a single on June 30, 1992, would become Boyz II Men's biggest hit. It reached the number one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on August 22, remaining there for a record-setting 13 weeks, until November 14, 1992. Document [50] (Title: From a Jack to a King) version of "From a Jack to a King". Shelton's version became his fifth consecutive Number One on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles charts. Bill Anderson covered the song on his 1963 album "Still", released by Decca Records. Elvis Presley recorded it in 1969 but it did not chart in "Billboard". Jerry Lee Lewis also released a version of the song. Mud recorded the song in 1982. South African singer Ray Dylan covered the song on his album "Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag". Oesch's die Dritten recorded it for their "Unser Regenbogen" CD, released March 16, 2012. Sung by Melanie Document [51] (Title: Ladies of the Road) version of the song. The album is compiled in part from King Crimson Collectors' Club albums - limited release live recordings of concert performances, studio sessions and radio sessions. Ladies of the Road Ladies of the Road is a live album (2-CD set) by the band King Crimson, released in 2002 and reissued in Japan in 2008. It is named after a song on the "Islands" album. The first disc consists of live recordings performed by the band's second active lineup (Robert Fripp, Boz Burrell, Mel Collins, Ian Wallace, Peter Sinfield) recorded in 1971 and 1972. The second disc consists Document [52] (Title: James Brown (Elvis impersonator)) Brown also toured with the Fun Lovin' Criminals and Stereophonics. Due to a management dispute in 2000, he parted ways with his band. Thanks to music producer Zeus B. Held, Brown gained a new set of German backing instrumentalists, mostly from Freiburg. Brown's cover of Roger Miller's 1964 single "King of the Road" was featured in a 2001 Audi commercial on German TV and subsequently released as a single. In 2005 Brown released his third studio album "Any Way You Want Me" via Browman Records – his first with original songs rather than cover versions. In 2009 Brown recorded "When Document [53] (Title: The King and I) "more vibrant". Kenrick enjoys the 1992 Angel studio recording mostly for the Anna of Julie Andrews, who he says is "pure magic" in a role she never performed on stage. Kenrick praises the performance of both stars on the 1996 Broadway revival recording, calling Lou Diamond Phillips "that rarity, a King who can stand free of Brynner's shadow". Hischak finds the soundtrack to the 1999 animated film with Christiane Noll as Anna and Martin Vidnovic as the King, as well as Barbra Streisand singing on one track, more enjoyable than the movie itself, but Kenrick writes that his sole use Document [54] (Title: Ease on Down the Road) Consumer Rapport. Produced by Stephen Y. Scheaffer and "The Wiz" musical arranger Harold Wheeler, the Consumer Rapport version hit the "Billboard" Soul Singles chart, peaking at #19 and the Hot 100, peaking at #42. In 1977, "Ease on Down the Road" was recorded as a duet between Diana Ross and Michael Jackson and released as the theme song of the 1978 film adaptation of "The Wiz". As with the rest of the music in the film, the film version of "Ease on Down the Road" was produced by Quincy Jones. The recording was one of Jackson's first collaborations with Quincy Document [55] (Title: Willie Lofton) as early as 1964, including "Dark Road Blues", "Jackson Blues 1928-1938", "Mississippi Blues, Volume 2", and "Tommy Johnson and Associates". His interpretation of Johnson's "Big Road Blues" is also noted as the only known cover version of the song even though it was a standard among Delta blues musicians who associated with Johnson. Willie Lofton Willie "Poor Boy" Lofton (1905-1962) was an American Delta blues singer-guitarist. He recorded eight sides for Decca Records and Bluebird Records, adopting a style strikingly similar to Tommy Johnson's. Lofton never achieved much commercial success or recognition in his lifetime, but his rendition of Johnson's Document [56] (Title: King Ernest Baker) his new album, and while on his way back to Los Angeles he was killed in a car crash, near to Santa Maria, California on Highway 101. Baker and his band had done a show at Mothers Tavern, in San Luis Obispo, California. The van containing Baker apparently left the road, rolled over and hit a tree. Baker who was apparently sleeping in the back of the van was killed when he was thrown from it. King Ernest Baker "King" Ernest Baker (May 30, 1939 – March 5, 2000) was an American blues and soul singer. He recorded "I Feel Document [57] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) End of the Road (Boyz II Men song) "End of the Road" is a single recorded by American R&B group Boyz II Men for the "Boomerang" soundtrack. It was released in 1992 and written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, L.A. Reid and Daryl Simmons. "End of the Road" achieved overwhelming domestic and international success and is considered one of the most successful songs of all time. In the United States, "End of the Road" spent a then record breaking 13 weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, a record broken later in the year by Whitney Document [58] (Title: Ladies of the Road) Ladies of the Road Ladies of the Road is a live album (2-CD set) by the band King Crimson, released in 2002 and reissued in Japan in 2008. It is named after a song on the "Islands" album. The first disc consists of live recordings performed by the band's second active lineup (Robert Fripp, Boz Burrell, Mel Collins, Ian Wallace, Peter Sinfield) recorded in 1971 and 1972. The second disc consists of excerpts from performances of the song "21st Century Schizoid Man" recorded at the same time - these have been edited together to form a single 46-plus minute extended Document [59] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) on Boyz II Men's debut album, "Cooleyhighharmony". It was released after all singles from their debut had been released, and was their fifth single overall. However, "Cooleyhighharmony" was re-issued in 1992 and 1993 to include "End of the Road" due to the success of the single. "End of the Road" debuted at number 53 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on July 18, 1992. Within 4 weeks, it reached number one, holding the position for 13 consecutive weeks from August 15, 1992 to November 7, 1992. It also spent four weeks atop of the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Europe/UK/Australia CD Document [60] (Title: King of the Delta Blues Singers) available by Johnson not on this record. "King of the Delta Blues Singers" was reissued on September 15, 1998 by the Legacy Records subsidiary label of the Sony Corporation, with a newly discovered alternate version of "Traveling Riverside Blues" appended as a bonus track. The original recording engineer was Vincent Liebler. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote that Johnson's recordings for the albums "revolutionized the Mississippi Delta style that became the foundation of the Chicago blues sound". "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that "when his album "King of the Delta Blues Singers" made its belated way to England in the mid-1960s, Document [61] (Title: Farther Up the Road) Royal Albert Hall". Clapton co-performed the song with Robbie Robertson during his induction at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 and resurrected it for his 2007 and 2011 Asian, European and American world tours. "Farther Up the Road" has been interpreted and recorded by several blues and other artists. Some of these include Levon and the Hawks (released in 1963, Ronnie Hawkins' "Mojo Man"); Lonnie Mack (recorded 1963, released in 1970, "For Collectors Only"); Magic Sam (1966, from "Rockin' Wild in Chicago"); Shakey Jake Harris (1969, "Further On up the Road"); Andrew Odom and Earl Hooker (1969, Document [62] (Title: Dave King (Irish singer)) vocals, as well as a live record. When Fastway was ostensibly disbanded (Eddie carried on the name with all new members), King formed Katmandu with Mandy Meyer (former member of the band Krokus), who released one self-titled album. The band had a couple of minor hits but later disbanded. King retained a record deal with Epic records, who wanted him to sing for Jeff Beck, but he declined. He started working with forming the band Flogging Molly, with new material that had a distinct Irish sound, but still retaining the hard driving, loud and fast musical style. He asked to Document [63] (Title: We Lost the Road) it was dropped from the album, This track was re-recorded with lead vocals by Barry and Robin, and that version was released in 1972. We Lost the Road "We Lost the Road" is a song by the Bee Gees, it was written by Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb and was released on their 1972 album "To Whom It May Concern". It was originally recorded in sessions for "Trafalgar" on January 28, 1971 (and the first song recorded for the album). Lead vocals by Barry, with the lyrics of verse 3 before verse 2, It is likely that many other songs Document [64] (Title: Whole Lotta Love) music for the long-running television programme "Top of the Pops" for much of its history. The first version used was based on a recording by the Collective Consciousness Society (or C.C.S.), a band led by blues guitarist Alexis Korner. The C.C.S. version reached No. 13 on the British charts in autumn 1970. The song returned as the theme in 1998, this time using a reworked version of the original Led Zeppelin guitar riff. A cover of the song by the American band King Curtis and the Kingpins reached number 64 on US pop charts and number 43 on the R&B Document [65] (Title: Cross Road Blues) who popularized Robert Johnson's "Dust My Broom", recorded two variations on "Cross Road Blues". Both titled "Standing at the Crossroads", they feature James' trademark "Dust My Broom" amplified slide-guitar figure and a backing ensemble. James' lyrics focus on the lost-love aspect of the song: James first recorded the song in August 1954 at Modern Records' new studio in Culver City, California. Maxwell Davis supervised the session and a group of professional studio musicians provided the backup. The song was produced in a newer style that Modern used successfully for B.B. King and James' slide guitar was placed further back in Document [66] (Title: Kings of the Road) Kings of the Road Kings of the Road (, "in the course of time") is a 1976 German road movie directed by Wim Wenders. It was the third part of Wenders' "Road Movie trilogy" which included "Alice in the Cities" (1974) and "The Wrong Move" (1975). It was the unanimous winner of the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The film is about a projection-equipment repair mechanic named Bruno Winter (Rüdiger Vogler), who meets the depressed Robert Lander (Hanns Zischler), who has just been through a break-up with his wife, after he drives his car into a river Document [67] (Title: End of the Road (Jerry Lee Lewis song)) in 1999 on the CD collection "Jerry Lee Lewis: Original Golden Hits, Vols. 1-2" and in 2000 on the compilation album "The Very Best of Jerry Lee Lewis". In 2004, Tom Jones and Jools Holland released their recording of the song on the CD album issued by Radar and Warner Strategic Marketing. In 2007, the song was featured on the live album "Last Man Standing Live", recorded in a duet with Tom Jones. End of the Road (Jerry Lee Lewis song) End of the Road is a song written and performed by musician Jerry Lee Lewis. Recorded in 1956, and Document [68] (Title: A Trip in the Country) the better ones. In the beginning, I created heavenly, earthly songs." One of the songs on the album, "Tall, Tall Trees," was later recorded by Alan Jackson. The Jackson version was released as a single and became a No. 1 hit on "Billboard"'s Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1995. Side 1 Side 2 A Trip in the Country A Trip in the Country is the 11th album by American country music singer-songwriter Roger Miller. It reached #23 in the US Country Music chart. For the sleeve notes he wrote: "Before the days of "Dang Me", "King of the Document [69] (Title: The King Brothers) The King Brothers The King Brothers were a British pop vocal trio popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. They are best remembered for their cover versions of "Standing on the Corner" and "A White Sport Coat (And A Pink Carnation)". The group was composed of three brothers who first performed together professionally on the TV show 'Shop Window' in 1952. Initially performing as The King Three, they appeared on the BBC Television early in their career on "Six-Five Special", and by 1957 had been named "top vocal group" in the reader's poll of "NME". Their first hit on Document [70] (Title: Driving Wheel) of artists, including B.B. King (1961 from his "My Kind of Blues" album, and in 2005 with Glenn Frey on ""); Paul Butterfield Blues Band (1967 "The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw"); Junior Wells (recorded a live version 1968 for his "Sings Live at the Golden Bear" album, in 1977 he recorded another live version with Buddy Guy from "Live at Montreux"); Albert King (1970s "Funky London", released in 1994); Luther Allison (1974 "Luther's Blues"); and Etta James (2004 "Blues to the Bone" album). Driving Wheel "Driving Wheel", also called "Drivin' Wheel" or "Driving Wheel Blues", is blues song recorded by Document [71] (Title: Ease on Down the Road) Two versions of the song have been released as charting singles: one associated with the Broadway show by studio group Consumer Rapport in 1975, and a second recorded by Diana Ross and Michael Jackson for the 1978 feature-film adaptation of "The Wiz". The song was performed in the original Broadway production by Stephanie Mills (Dorothy), Hinton Battle (Scarecrow), Tiger Haynes (Tin Man), and Ted Ross (Cowardly Lion), who also perform the song on the original 1975 cast album for "The Wiz". The song was a number-one disco hit for five non-consecutive weeks in a recording by the disco studio group Document [72] (Title: Roger Miller) 7 and No. 9. The songs transformed Miller's career, although the former was penned by Miller in just four minutes. Later that year, he recorded the No. 15 hit "Do-Wacka-Do," and soon after, the biggest hit of his career "King of the Road", which topped Country and Adult Contemporary charts while peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard 100. It also reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in May 1965. The song was inspired by a sign in Chicago that read "Trailers for Sale or Rent" and a hobo who happened upon Miller at an Document [73] (Title: Wackel-Elvis) equipped with, the Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure did not wobble as it had done in the Elvis impersonator's car before it broke down, causing disappointment for the impersonator. In some of the commercials an Elvis Presley sound alike version of the 1965 Roger Miller song "King of the Road" was used as background music. Another set of the series of commercials featured a generic Elvis Presley sound alike title as background song. In some of the spots the Elvis impersonator was offered a ride in a silver colored Audi sedan. In other versions he was picked up by the same fellow Document [74] (Title: Key to the Highway) gauge which version was the most popular, the eight-bar arrangement used by Gillum and Broonzy has become the standard for subsequent recordings. Shortly after Broonzy's death in 1958, Little Walter recorded "Key to the Highway" as an apparent tribute to him. He adapted it as a Chicago blues with a full band. The session took place sometime in August and backing Walter (vocals and harmonica) were Muddy Waters (slide guitar), Luther Tucker (guitar), Otis Spann (piano), Willie Dixon (bass), and George Hunter or Francis Clay (drums). The song was a hit, spending fourteen weeks in the Billboard R&B chart where Document [75] (Title: The Return of Roger Miller) skit. Critics gave the album positive reviews, remarking that "King of the Road" was "perhaps the most perfect country song ever written" and that "it is packed with detail and nuance like a Vincent van Gogh painting." By itself, the track won five Grammy awards for Miller including best Rock and roll single. By comparison, the whole album won only one, for best country album. "Do-Wacka-Do" was lauded in a "Beachwood Reporter" review as the "finest example of Miller's outrageous, ultra-high scat singing" as was "You Can't Roller Skate In a Buffalo Herd," which the reviewer labeled as "wacky." Overall Document [76] (Title: King of the Road (song)) Miller's music while changing the lyrics to describe the day-to-day life of a stay-at-home mom. The words were written by Mary Taylor. Singer Connie Francis later recorded the song on her 1966 album "Live at the Sahara" (1966). The Supremes performed the song in their nightclub act. It can be heard on their "The Supremes at the Copa" (1965) album and "I Hear A Symphony" remastered CD, which includes their September 1966 appearance at the Roostertail in Detroit, on the second disc.. King of the Road (song) "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November Document [77] (Title: King of the Road (song)) of the "Super Dave" TV show. Super Dave Osborne, played by Bob Einstein, gets on top of his tour bus and sits at a piano while playing it and singing the song. The bus goes through a tunnel, prompting the piano and Osborne to fall off. A send-up version by English entertainer Billy Howard was a British chart hit in 1976. A German version by the band Wise Guys exists, the parody referring to speeding on the Autobahn. Country music singer Jody Miller (no relation) answered "King of the Road" with "Queen of the House" (1965). The song used Roger Document [78] (Title: Six Days on the Road) Six Days on the Road "Six Days on the Road" is an American song written by Earl Green and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio songwriter Carl Montgomery, made famous by country music singer Dave Dudley. The song was initially recorded by Paul Davis (not to be confused with singer-songwriter Paul Davis) and was released in 1961 on the Bulletin label. In 1963, the song became a major hit when released by Dave Dudley, peaking at #2 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and cracking the Top 40 (#32) on the Hot 100, leading to it being hailed as the definitive Document [79] (Title: Hit the Road Jack) Charles's sixth number-one on that chart. The song is ranked number 387 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 1976, Canadian band The Stampeders released a version of the song featuring DJ Wolfman Jack. The song reached number 6 in Canada and the top 40 in the US. Hit the Road Jack "Hit the Road Jack" is a song written by the rhythm and blues artist Percy Mayfield and first recorded in 1960 as an "a cappella" demo sent to Art Rupe. It became famous after it was recorded by the singer-songwriter-pianist Ray Document [80] (Title: The Road (song)) Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One" to "Life on the Road" from the album "Sleepwalker". "The Road" was released on the 1988 album, "", where it was the song recorded in the studio (and one of the two songs on the album never before released). However, prior to the release of "", "The Road" saw single release in Britain (but not America.) Backed with a version of "Art Lover" from "", the single failed to chart, being the first of three consecutive singles not to chart in the United Kingdom. It has since appeared on the compilation albums "Lost & Document [81] (Title: Anna King (singer)) number 52 on the pop chart later that year. She also recorded an album, "Back To Soul", produced by James Brown, which included what critic Richie Unterberger describes as King's "gritty and powerful" singing on such tracks as "If You Don't Think". After releasing two more singles, King left the James Brown revue in late 1964, and recorded "Mama's Got a Bag of Her Own", an answer record to Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag". Released on the End label, it was written and produced by Ronald Moseley and Robert Bateman, but was not a hit. She then formed Document [82] (Title: King of the Road (song)) Ray Conniff Singers, The Reverend Horton Heat, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Jim White. James "The King" Brown (an Elvis impersonator) performed the song for a 2001 Audi commercial on German TV. Of R.E.M.'s version, a shambolic, drunken, offhand rendering, guitarist Peter Buck would later comment, "If there was any justice in the world, Roger Miller should be able to sue for what we did to this song." The song was performed live by Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Marty Stuart, Dwight Yoakam and Dolly Parton during Miller's posthumous induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame at the 1995 CMA Awards Document [83] (Title: Don King (musician)) third album, "Whirlwind". Members of King's road band went on to become the country music group Sawyer Brown. By the end of 1981, he had launched the Don King Music Group, a recording studio, with his father. In 1985 they built a 24-track studio to record demos. In 1992, they added a video production company. In late 2007, GMV Nashville released two albums on King, and in 2008 they released two more, many including unreleased tracks. Since 2007 Don King has been performing with The Road Crew 'America's Route 66 Band.' The Road Crew received the first time ever Bobby Document [84] (Title: The Old Man Down the Road) Fogerty, without Fogerty having to show that Zaentz's original suit was frivolous. The Old Man Down the Road "The Old Man Down the Road" is a song by American rock artist John Fogerty. It was released in December 1984 as the lead single from Fogerty's comeback album, "Centerfield". It became a top 10 hit single, peaking at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and spending three weeks at the number-one spot on the "Billboard" Top Rock Tracks chart. The video for the song features what appears to be, through a little trickery, an extended single camera sequence that Document [85] (Title: All in Good Time (Marcus Hummon album)) Road" was originally recorded by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their 1994 album "Acoustic", and Hummon's version features a backing vocal from band member Jeff Hanna. This song was later recorded by Melodie Crittenden (1998), Geoff Moore, Sons of the Desert (both 1999), Rascal Flatts (2004), and Selah (2005); Crittenden, Rascal Flatts, and Selah all released their versions as singles. "One of These Days" was later recorded by Tim McGraw for his 1997 album "Everywhere", from which it was released as a single. Michael McCall, in his review for "New Country" magazine, gave the album three stars out of five. Document [86] (Title: The Crossing (1990 film)) Europe. "King of the Road" was released as the first single, and made the top ten in UK and Germany. A video for "Nature Boy" performed by Kate Ceberano was also created to promote the album. Ranald Allan's script had been around for a number of years before being picked up by producer Sue Seeary, who managed to get the film up at Beyond International Group. It was their first feature film. Beyond's head of production, Al Clark did commission some re-writing. Production took place in an around Junee in November and December 1989. "The Crossing" grossed A$87,392 at the Document [87] (Title: Canned Heat) the Country" and "On the Road Again" became international hits. "Going Up the Country" was a remake of the Henry Thomas song "Bull Doze Blues", recorded in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1927. "On the Road Again" was a remake of the 1953 Floyd Jones song of the same name, which is reportedly based on the Tommy Johnson song "Big Road Blues", recorded in 1928. Since the early 1970s, numerous personnel changes have occurred, although the current lineup includes all three surviving members of the classic lineup: de la Parra (who has remained in the band since first joining in 1967), Mandel, Document [88] (Title: Derekh Hamelekh) Derekh Hamelekh "Derekh Hamelekh" (Hebrew script: דרך המלך, English translation: "The King's Road") was the Israeli entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989, performed in Hebrew by Gili & Galit. The song deals with the singers' joy on traveling down "The King's Road" - a Biblical reference. They sing that this is the only road they will ever travel in their lives. The song was performed second on the night (following Italy's Anna Oxa & Fausto Leali with Avrei voluto and preceding Ireland's Kiev Connolly & The Missing Passengers with The Real Me). At the close of voting, it had Document [89] (Title: Key to the Highway) it reached number six in 1958. After a six-year run of successful singles, Little Walter only had one charting single after "Key to the Highway". The song is included on several Little Walter compilation albums, including "His Best". Eric Clapton recorded "Key to the Highway" for Derek and the Dominos' 1970 landmark album "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs". Lasting over nine minutes, it is essentially an impromptu jam which was recorded by accident. Clapton and Duane Allman heard singer Sam Samudio, better known as "Sam the Sham", performing the song in a neighboring studio and spontaneously started playing it Document [90] (Title: The Crownsmen) a surprise when former lead singer “Rick Gentry” placed a call. In 1996 Rick Gentry moved back down to Southern California and rejoined The Crownsmen and plans were underway for their next album. “The Road” was released in 1998 featuring all brand new material, songs written from Debbie, as well as Brian Beathard and Ted & Penny Hunter. In 2002 The Crownsmen released their final album with Rick Gentry, Debbie Hunter and Zack delaRosa,” the album was simply called "THE CROWNSMEN". The CD featured a new version of “The Coming Of The Lord,” as well as the Heavy Rock N’ Document [91] (Title: King Diamond) appeared on the "Roadrunner United – The All-Star Sessions" album, contributing vocals for his song "In the Fire", which featured multiple Roadrunner Records musicians (past and present) working together to create individual songs. King Diamond also guested on the Cradle of Filth song "Devil Woman" in late 2005. In April 2006, King reunited with Mikkey Dee (Motörhead drummer) at a sold-out gig at Kåren in Gothenburg, Sweden. In 2001 King referred to Dee as "one of the best drummers of all time and that's something that has bothered us since he left." King Diamond released his album "Give Me Your Document [92] (Title: Matthew and Son (album)) to add a staccato and tympani–and–viola arrangement; this was something that had not been done before on pop music songs. Session bassist John Paul Jones played on the first singles two years before becoming a member of Led Zeppelin. The lyrics for the B-side of the first single, "Portobello Road", were written by Kim Fowley, who encouraged Stevens to compose a melody for the song. The single initially reached No. 28 on the UK charts, followed by "Matthew and Son", the next single and title track, which went to No. 2 on the UK charts, making Stevens into a popular Document [93] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) 7" single Cassette single 1993 Grammy Awards End of the Road (Boyz II Men song) "End of the Road" is a single recorded by American R&B group Boyz II Men for the "Boomerang" soundtrack. It was released in 1992 and written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, L.A. Reid and Daryl Simmons. "End of the Road" achieved overwhelming domestic and international success and is considered one of the most successful songs of all time. In the United States, "End of the Road" spent a then record breaking 13 weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, a record Document [94] (Title: I (Who Have Nothing)) Luis Enriquez Bacalov). In the US, the Ben E. King version reached #29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts and #16 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Other versions which reached the Billboard charts were performed by Terry Knight and the Pack in 1966 (#46), Liquid Smoke in 1970 (#82), Warhorse in 1972 and Sylvester in 1979 (#40), with a disco-flavored version. The most popular version in the United States was by Tom Jones, which peaked at #14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #2 on the Easy Listening chart. This version also peaked at #11 in "Cashbox". Shirley Bassey Document [95] (Title: Ned Miller) in the U.K. in the process (making Miller the only American artist to reach the Top Ten best-sellers of the year in the U.K. that year). Miller was not particularly interested in his singing career, and rarely toured owing to stage fright. He gave up recording in the 1970s and soon moved to Prescott, Arizona, and later to Las Vegas, Nevada. Country music artist Ricky Van Shelton covered "From a Jack to a King" in the 1980s; his version reached Number One on the country music chart. Ned Miller Henry Ned Miller (April 12, 1925 – March 18, 2016) was Document [96] (Title: Chip Taylor) "I'm Loving It", and his final recording as Wes Voight on King 5231 "I'm Ready to Go Steady" and "The Wind and the Cold Black Night". the two King 45s were released in both mono and stereo, making them some of the first stereo singles available. Taylor has released recordings on Warner Bros., Columbia, and Capitol. His first chart single was his recording (as Chip Taylor) of "Here I Am" in 1962 on Warner Bros. Records. Taylor restarted his performing and recording career in 1993. At a South by Southwest Music Conference in Austin, Texas in 2001, Chip met singer Document [97] (Title: Jody Miller) Donaggio. Since the Festival was created as a composers' competition, Miller and Donaggio presented differently arranged versions of the entry "Io Che Non Vivo (Senza Te)". The song came in at # 7 and was only a moderate hit until Dusty Springfield recorded an English version in 1966 which was eventually released as "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me". Also in 1965, Jody Miller released an answer record to Roger Miller's (no relation) blockbuster hit "King of the Road", titled "Queen of the House" (which became her signature hit, peaking at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Document [98] (Title: Farther Up the Road) "Billboard" Hot 100 pop chart. Bland enjoyed nearly uninterrupted chart success for the next twenty years. "Farther Up the Road" is included on Bland's first album, "Blues Consolidated", a co-release with Junior Parker in 1958 on Duke Records. The song is included on many official Bland compilations, including "The Best of Bobby Bland" and "I Pity the Fool: The Duke Recordings, Vol. 1". Eric Clapton recorded several versions of "Farther Up the Road" over the years, usually calling it after its opening lyrics "Further On up the Road". Clapton uses the lyrics from the original, but the song is performed Document [99] (Title: Carl King (singer)) second single, King formed a backing band called the Projection with whom he played a series of gigs during February and March 1967, including Liverpool's Cavern Club on 12 February 1967. However, due to managerial disagreements and health problems things failed to work out. In April 1967, King pulled out completely and a third projected single was never recorded. After quitting the music industry in the UK in 1967, King moved to Denmark in 1969. He now lives near Aabenraa, Denmark, and is a member of the local hobby band, Out of Time. The band played its first gig in Document [100] (Title: Kings of Speed) Kings of Speed "Kings of Speed" is a 1975 song by the British space rock group Hawkwind. It was originally released as a single in the UK (UP35808) on 7 March 1975 and was subsequently included on the album "Warrior on the Edge of Time", although its B-side, "Motorhead", was not. Although failing the chart in both the U.S. and the U.K., the track became an underground success, particularly with significant play in dance clubs. The parent album also did well, climbing up the Billboard album chart in the U.S. The lyrics for this song were written by Michael Moorcock, Document [101] (Title: King of the Road (song)) ceremony. The song is featured in Wim Wenders' 1976 film "Im Lauf der Zeit" ("In the Course of Time"; English title "Kings of the Road"). It is also played at the beginning of "", "Brokeback Mountain", "Into the Wild" (2007), "Traveller" (1997), and "Swingers" (1996). Miller performs it in the concert film "The Big T.N.T. Show". The recording by The Proclaimers is included in the film "The Crossing" (1990). Near the end of their official music video, the pair are shown reading a newspaper whose headline is "Roger Miller, King of Plugs". The song is also used in an episode Document [102] (Title: Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes) songs themselves. Their biggest success in Germany was a version of Solomon Burke's "Stupidity", also released on the Decca label in the UK. While in Germany, they also performed regularly in Kiel and Berlin, and acted as backing group for Alex Harvey, before returning to the UK to back Chuck Berry and Carl Perkins on tour in 1964. They also appeared on the British TV show "Ready Steady Go!". The original Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes split up at the end of 1964, with the Dominoes – Frankland, Casey, Thompson and Kemp, with singer Paddy Chambers – remaining in the Document [103] (Title: Six Days on the Road) celebration of the American truck driver. In 1997, more than 30 years after Dudley's original version charted, country music band Sawyer Brown took the song back to #13 on the Hot Country Songs chart. According to country music historian Bill Malone, "Six Days on the Road" was not the first truck driving song; Malone credits "Truck Driver's Blues" by Cliff Bruner, released in 1940, with that distinction. "Nor is it necessarily the best," said Malone, citing songs such as "Truck Drivin' Man" by Terry Fell and "White Line Fever" by Merle Haggard and the Strangers as songs that "would certainly Document [104] (Title: On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)) chart hit and one of their best-known songs. With his record company's encouragement, Chicago blues musician Floyd Jones recorded a song titled "On the Road Again" in 1953. It was a remake of his successful 1951 song "Dark Road". Both songs are based on Mississippi Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson's 1928 song "Big Road Blues" (Canned Heat took their name from Johnson's 1928 song "Canned Heat Blues"). Johnson's lyrics include: "Well I ain't goin' down that big road by myself ... If I don't carry you gonna carry somebody else". Jones "reshaped Tommy Johnson's verses into an eerie evocation of the Document [105] (Title: Farther Up the Road) at a faster tempo as an unembellished shuffle. The song first appeared on his 1975 live album "E. C. Was Here". In 1976, a live version was recorded with Freddie King, which is included on "Freddie King (1934–1976)". Also in 1976, he performed the song with the Band in the concert film "The Last Waltz". Another live version was recorded in Japan in 1979 for Clapton's "Just One Night". In 1981, Clapton recorded it with Jeff Beck during "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball" benefit show. A version with Joe Bonamassa appears on the 2009 video "Joe Bonamassa: Live from the Document [106] (Title: He's the King) He's the King "He's the King" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for her twelfth studio album, "All in One Voice" (1998). It was released in December 1997 by EastWest Records as the lead single of the album. The song was written by German songwriters Harold Faltermeyer and Gernot Rothenbach. "He's the King" charted at number 95 in the German Top 100 Singles Chart, released a year before the album. The song appeared on the 1997 German film "Der König von St. Pauli", where Tyler can be seen performing the song in a nightclub. It was also Document [107] (Title: Don King (musician)) Troup Artistic Achievement Award presented by the International Route 66 Association. The band are the official musical ambassadors of The Mother Road. His Road Crew bandmates are Woody Bomar, Jason Harmon and (songwriting partner) Joe Loesch. Don King was inducted into The Old Time Country Music Hall of Fame by The National Traditional Country Music Association in 2015. This distinction honors his years of advancing traditional country music throughout his touring and recording career. Don King (musician) Donald Alan "Don" King (born May 4, 1954, in Fremont, Nebraska) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and trumpeter. In the 1970s and Document [108] (Title: King of the Road (song)) the UK Singles Chart, and in Norway. Miller recalled that the song was inspired when he was driving and saw a sign on the side of a barn that read, "Trailers for sale or rent". This would become the opening line of the song. The song has been covered by many other artists, including George Jones, Dean Martin, Val Doonican, Jack Jones, James Booker, The Fabulous Echoes, Boney M., R.E.M., Johnny Paycheck, Glen Campbell, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Boxcar Willie, Randy Travis, Rangers, James Kilbane, John Stevens, the Statler Brothers, Rufus Wainwright & Teddy Thompson, Giant Sand, Peligro, The Proclaimers, Document [109] (Title: George Jones (We Can Make It)) for his new wife, Tammy. The song was written by Betty Belew with C. and Earl Montgomery. "The King" was written by Roger D. Ferris in 1970. The next upbeat listing was "Try It, You'll Like It", which was written by Jimmy Peppers and later included as the b-side track to "We Can Make It". Track 10 was "One Of These Days" written by Earl Montgomery, and the last track "Let's Make History" was written by J. Strickland. The back of the original LP album cover contains an intro to Jones by his wife: Allmusic's Chris Woodstra writes: The album Document [110] (Title: The King of Rock 'n' Roll) The King of Rock 'n' Roll "The King of Rock 'n' Roll" is a single by English pop band Prefab Sprout, released by Kitchenware Records in April 1988. It was the second single taken from their album of that year, "From Langley Park to Memphis", and referenced a washed-up 1950s star who is only remembered for his one-hit novelty song, which is sung in the chorus. It remains the band's biggest success in their native UK, reaching No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, where it spent 10 weeks. Producer Thomas Dolby added a synth bass in the verses to Document [111] (Title: The End of Our Road) song peaked at number forty on the pop charts. It was the first song counted down on the first show of the syndicated radio countdown program "American Top 40" on the weekend of July 4, 1970. The End of Our Road "The End of Our Road" is a single written by Roger Penzabene, Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong in 1967. Originally recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips and issued as a single in 1968, the Pips' version of the song, which talked about the demise of a couple's relationship, became another top forty hit for the family group as Document [112] (Title: King's Road) and early 1970s independent record label. The label folded in the mid 1970s, becoming part of Elektra Records. The building has since been demolished but the new building on the same site still houses a record company. The road has been represented in popular culture on various occasions: "King's Road" is the title of a song by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers from the 1981 album "Hard Promises" and is name-checked in the song "Dick a Dum Dum (King's Road)" which was a hit for Des O'Connor in 1969. In Ian Fleming's novels, James Bond lives in a fashionable unnamed Document [113] (Title: Lynyrd Skynyrd) in jail. With his guitar roadie unavailable, King played that night's show with old strings which broke and caused his performance to be substandard, and Van Zant subsequently belittled him in front of his bandmates. King quit and returned home to Los Angeles, believing Van Zant had been responsible for his guitar roadie being in jail in the first place. The band continued for the next several months with two guitarists rather than their usual "three guitar army". In January 1976, backup singers Leslie Hawkins, Cassie Gaines and JoJo Billingsley (collectively known as The Honkettes) were added, although they were Document [114] (Title: Dave King (actor)) The biggest were "Memories Are Made of This (No. 5, 1956) and "You Can't Be True to Two" (No. 11, 1956), both of which featured a backing group called the Keynotes. He also charted with "Christmas and You" (No. 23, 1956) and "The Story of My Life" (No. 20, 1958). He appeared on Decca Records' "All Star Hit Parade" charity record in 1956 along with other major Decca artists Dickie Valentine, Joan Regan, Winifred Atwell, Lita Roza and David Whitfield. That record charted at No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1959, he went to the United States and Document [115] (Title: Dave Dudley) heard and seen singing the correct original lyrics in a 1971 performance currently available at YouTube. In 1963, Dudley moved on to Mercury Records. By the end of 1963, he released his first single from the label, "Last Day in the Mines". Dudley scored more big hits in the 1960s, including "Truck Drivin' Son-of-a-Gun", "Trucker's Prayer" and "Anything Leaving Town Today". "Six Days on the Road" was subsequently recorded by several other artists including George Thorogood and the Destroyers, Steve Earle, The Flying Burrito Brothers and Sawyer Brown. Dudley continued to have success into the 1970s, while continuing to record Document [116] (Title: King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller) Swings", "Husbands & Wives", and more, plus two songs from the Tony Award winning Broadway Musical Big River. CD-1 CD-2 CD-3 King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller is a compilation of 70 songs in chronological order from the original master recordings, drawn from every label (Mercury/Starday, Decca, RCA, Smash, Columbia, and MCA) for which Nashville legend Roger Miller recorded. Between the 25 chart hits are eight unreleased recordings, all documented by a booklet containing an 8,000-word essay and 24 rare photos. It includes the Top 10 hits "When Document [117] (Title: Claude King) George Jones, Tommy Tomlinson, and Lefty Frizzell. King recorded a few songs for Gotham Records though none were successful. In 1961, he became more serious about a musical career and signed with the Nashville division of Columbia Records. He struck immediately, cutting "Big River, Big Man," both a country top 10 and a small pop crossover success. He soon followed with "The Comancheros" inspired by the John Wayne film of the same name It was a top 10 country hit in late 1961 and crossed over into the popular chart. King released his best-known recording in the spring of 1962. Document [118] (Title: Ben E. King) Ben E. King Benjamin Earl King (born Benjamin Earl Nelson, September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015), known as Ben E. King, was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He was perhaps best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Mea US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name), a number one hit in the UK in 1987, and no. 25 on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century—and as one of the principal lead singers of Question: who sang the original king of the road Answer: Roger Miller Long Answer: "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November 1964 by country singer Roger Miller . The lyrics tell of the day - to - day life of a vagabond hobo who, despite being poor (a "man of means by no means"), revels in his freedom, describing himself humorously as the "king of the road". It was Miller's fifth single for Smash Records. Gold Document ID: 116

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller) King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller is a compilation of 70 songs in chronological order from the original master recordings, drawn from every label (Mercury/Starday, Decca, RCA, Smash, Columbia, and MCA) for which Nashville legend Roger Miller recorded. Between the 25 chart hits are eight unreleased recordings, all documented by a booklet containing an 8,000-word essay and 24 rare photos. It includes the Top 10 hits "When Two Worlds Collide", "Dang Me", "Chug-A-Lug", "King of the Road", "Engine Engine #9", "One Dyin' & A-Buryin'", "Kansas City Star", "England Document [2] (Title: King of Emotion) King of Emotion "King of Emotion" is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country, released in 1988 as the lead single from their fourth studio album "Peace in Our Time". It was written by Stuart Adamson and produced by Peter Wolf. "King of Emotion" reached No. 16 in the UK, No. 11 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks and No. 20 on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks. A music video was filmed to promote the single, directed by Richard Lowenstein. It received breakout rotation on MTV. Recalling the song in the early 1990s, Adamson commented of the song being Document [3] (Title: Six Days on the Road) Petty's band Mudcrutch. According to Dahl, one of the best versions was a blues-rocking rendition recorded in 1969 by Taj Mahal. Even a French version was made by Claude François : Six jours sûr la route. The Youngbloods performed it during a 1971 concert in San Francisco. Sawyer Brown also Recorded it and it appears on their 1997 album of the same name David Allan Coe also recorded it and it appears on his 1994 compilation "20 Greatest Hits". Adam Brand and the Outlaws covered the song on the 2016 album "Adam Brand and the Outlaws". String Cheese Incident has Document [4] (Title: Mother Fuyer) his album, "King Size", with King this time claiming ownership of the songwriting. It was also on his subsequent compilation albums, "King of the Blues" (1992) and "Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King" (2012). Magic Slim recorded a live cover version of "Mother Fuyer" for his 1987 album, "Live At B.L.U.E.S." Mama's Pride recorded the song for their 2006 live album, "A "Live" and Well". Johnny "Guitar" Watson had a hit in 1977 with "A Real Mother For Ya". Billy Boy Arnold included a song with the title "Dirty Mother Fuyer", as the opening track on his 1979 album, "Checkin' Document [5] (Title: Kings of Rhythm) recorded by them. It was written, and sung by Billy Love. This was the new follow-up. The b-side was a song from the session when they recorded Rocket 88. After two more records, they disbanded, and were done being known as Jackie Brenston and the Delta Cats. In 1955, Turner took a reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm north to St. Louis, including Kizart, Sims, O'Neal, Jessie Knight, Jr. and Turner's third wife Annie Mae Wilson Turner on piano and vocals. It was at this time that Turner moved over to playing guitar to accommodate Annie Mae, taking lessons Document [6] (Title: Highway 61 Revisited (song)) getting rid of particular absurd things: "I got forty red white and blue shoe strings / And a thousand telephones that don't ring". "Louie the King" solves the problem with Highway 61. Verse 4 is about the "fifth daughter" who on the "twelfth night" told the "first father" that her complexion is too pale. Agreeing, the father seeks to tell the "second mother", but she is with the "seventh son", on Highway 61. The inspiration for this verse may be drawn from the enumeration pattern at the beginning of the Old Testament book of Ezekiel. The fifth and last verse Document [7] (Title: Please to See the King) with Ireland, but it has been recently revived in England. All songs appearing on the original album are traditional. "The False Knight on the Road" is one of the Child Ballads (#3), and concerns a boy's contest with the devil in a game of riddles. Tim Hart and Maddy Prior had already recorded a version of the song on their album "Summer Solstice". "The Lark in the Morning", one of their more popular songs, has the same title as a different song about a lusty ploughboy, though there are strong similarities. This version was collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams. "Boys Document [8] (Title: KRLA King of the Wheels) of the Wheels", is a reworking of an earlier Bobby Fuller song, "King of the Beach". "KRLA Top Eliminator" was based on the real-life customized dragster made by KRLA (seen on the cover), and a reworking of a live cover of "El Paso Rock" by Long John Hunter; Fuller's band used to perform in El Paso. In addition, six songs were also taken from his three latest singles (including "Let Her Dance"), and three new songs were recorded ("Fool of Love" and "Saturday Night" were re-recordings of older Bobby Fuller tracks, and "Little Annie Lou" would go on to become Document [9] (Title: King of the Road (song)) King of the Road (song) "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November 1964 by country singer Roger Miller. The lyrics tell of the day-to-day life of a vagabond hobo who, despite being poor (a "man of means by no means"), revels in his freedom, describing himself humorously as the "king of the road". It was Miller's fifth single for Smash Records. The popular crossover record hit No. 1 on the US Country chart, No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Easy Listening surveys. It was also No. 1 in Document [10] (Title: Speed King) a portion of a '50s rock song. After this, Gillan and Morse often have a vocal-guitar battle, while Glover, Paice, and Airey play a background rhythm. At the end of the guitar-vocal battle, Morse plays the original solo lick with Gillan doubling him by singing the second guitar part. From there, they return to the original song and play it like the original recording until the end of the song. In the early days of Deep Purple Mk II, they had an additional set of lyrics in the song, which would eventually become part of a separate song called "Ricochet, Document [11] (Title: Charlie Segar) Charlie Segar Charlie Segar was an American blues pianist and occasional singer, who is best known for the blues standard, "Key to the Highway" in 1940. Originally from Pensacola, Florida, Segar has been dubbed the "Keyboard Wizard Supreme". He relocated to Chicago, where he made recordings with other blues artists, such as Bumble Bee Slim and Memphis Minnie, as well as being the featured artist. "Key to the Highway" is one of eight known songs Segar recorded under his own name between 1934 and 1940 for Decca and Vocalion. Charlie Segar's original "Key to the Highway" was done in the Document [12] (Title: Michael Weston King) until the band disintegrated in 1991. Taking their name from the Nick Cave album, "The Good Son", King formed The Good Sons in 1992 as an authentic British alternative to the burgeoning Alt country movement. In 1995 they signed to the German label Glitterhouse Records and released their debut album, "Singing The Glory Down", which earned a good reception from both critics and the British alt-country scene of the time. The album featured a guest appearance by Townes Van Zandt with whom Michael had toured Europe in 1994 and 1995, singing together "Riding on the Range" as a duet. The Document [13] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) on "Billboard"s "All Time Top 100 Songs". Internationally, "End of the Road" reached number one in Australia, United Kingdom and the Hot 100 Eurochart, among others. "End of the Road" has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over one million units in the United States. The song also won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song at the 1993 Grammy Awards. "End of the Road" was released on June 30, 1992. It was released as a single from the "Boomerang" soundtrack and did not originally appear Document [14] (Title: Six Days on the Road) road. Dudley "strikingly captures the sense of boredom, danger and swaggering masculinity that often accompanies long-distance truck driving. His macho interpretation, with its rock-and-roll overtones, is perfect for the song." Allmusic writer Bill Dahl, called "Six Days" the "ultimate overworked rig driver's lament;" indeed, the song's lyrics bemoan highway patrolmen, scale weigh-ins and loneliness for the narrator's girlfriend, and speak of using "little white pills" to keep him awake. Like Malone, Dahl also cited Dudley's voice as perfect for the song, as "his bottomless pipes were certainly the ultimate vehicle for its delivery, reeking of too much turbid coffee and Document [15] (Title: Greg Quill) "classic" line-up of Quill, Tolhurst, Bird, Bois, Bolton and Blanchflower, Country Radio recorded their second and most successful single, "Gypsy Queen", with producer John French, in Melbourne in April 1972. It was co-written by Quill and Tolhurst, and featured a string arrangement by session musician, Peter Jones (who later worked on Quill's solo album, "The Outlaw's Reply"). Released in August, the single spent 13 weeks in the "Go-Set" National Top 40 and peaked at No. 12. "Gypsy Queen" shared the APRA (Australasian Performing Right Association) Song of the Year award with Mississippi's "Kings of the World". It was featured on Document [16] (Title: Cross Road Blues) Blues" in May 1937 on the then standard 78 rpm record. The single, with its flip side "Ramblin' on My Mind", sold poorly. The song remained out of print after its initial release until "The Complete Recordings" box set in 1990. The second take was released in 1961, when producer Frank Driggs substituted it for the original on Johnson's first long-playing record album compilation "King of the Delta Blues Singers". This take was also included on the 1990 "Complete Recordings" (at 2:29, it is 10 seconds shorter than the original 2:39 single version). American blues singer and guitarist Elmore James, Document [17] (Title: Kyle Petty) as Randy Travis and The Oak Ridge Boys. Due to disagreements with his record company and management, Petty later abandoned the album project. Later, Petty recorded a track entitled "Oh King Richard", a tribute to his father Richard written by Rodney Crowell that was released in 1995 as part of a NASCAR-themed country music compilation album. A music video for the song was produced, featuring Petty playing an acoustic guitar in front of his father's No. 43 racecar, as Richard watched highlights of his career on a screen. Kyle Petty Kyle Eugene Petty (born June 2, 1960) is an American Document [18] (Title: Kings of the Road) actors. Wim Wenders shot of film and the final cut was . The camera used was an ARRI 35 BL. The negative material from Kodak (Plus-X and Four-X) copied to ORWO positive. The songs that are played in Bruno's portable single-disc player are: "The More I See You" by Chris Montez, "Just Like Eddie" by Heinz, and "King of the Road" by Roger Miller. The cost of production was DM 730,800 (then equivalent to US$315,000). The film was financed with a screenplay premium of the Federal Ministry of the Interior of DM 250,000. In his documentary, "White Walls" director Mike Document [19] (Title: Cilla Black) and "Across the Universe" became radio favourites. McCartney said Black's 1972 interpretation of "The Long and Winding Road" was the definitive version of the song. Black's career in the United States, although enthusiastically supported by Epstein and his PR team, was limited to a few television appearances ("The Ed Sullivan Show" among them), a 1965 cabaret season at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, and success with "You're My World", which made it to No. 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was to be her only American Top 30 chart success, and Elvis Presley had a copy Document [20] (Title: Kenneth Carllile) joined the Wade Ray Five, and Ray's Las Vegas band, but left the following year to join Roger Miller's band, where he stayed until 1972. He appeared on Miller's 1966 NBC-TV show, and performed with him five times on NBC's "Tonight Show" during the 1960s. He also appeared at the Grammy Awards when Miller swept the country categories in 1964 with "Dang Me", and in 1965 with "King of the Road" (1965), for which Carllile provided the song's signature finger snaps. Miller helped him sign with Smash Records, where he released two albums, "Roger Miller Presents Thumbs Carllile" and "All Document [21] (Title: The Proclaimers) album "This Is the Story" went gold. The follow-up album "Sunshine on Leith" featured the singles "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", which went to number one in Australia and New Zealand, and "I'm On My Way". They had a hit with their EP "King of the Road", which reached number nine in the UK in 1990. "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" belatedly peaked at number three in the US in 1993, after appearing in the movie "Benny & Joon". After seven low-profile years, they released their comeback album "Persevere" in 2001. In March 2007 they recorded a new version of Document [22] (Title: Huxton Creepers) in 2011, supporting The Sunnyboys in 2015 and The Models in 2016. Their first released recording was the track "King Of The Road" (an original, not the Roger Miller song) on the Au Go Go Records Melbourne compilation "Asleep At The Wheel" in 1984. This and their two tracks on the Triple J compilation "Cooking With George" brought them to the attention of Big Time Records, their label throughout their career. Their first album was "12 Days To Paris" in 1986 and their second was "So This Is Paris" in 1988 (titled "Keep To The Beat" on the U.S. and Document [23] (Title: King of the Road (album)) King of the Road (album) King of the Road is the sixth studio album from California stoner rock band Fu Manchu and was released in 2000. The Japanese and European release features the track "Breathing Fire" in place of "Drive". "Breathing fire" was on the demo version of the record which was sent to radio stations, clubs and fans. Produced, engineered and mixed by Joe Barresi and Fu Manchu All songs written by Bob Balch, Brant Bjork, Brad Davis and Scott Hill, except "Freedom Of Choice": written by Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale<br> All tracks recorded, mixed and engineered at Document [24] (Title: Tom King (musician)) the same name, with brother-in-law Chet Kelley. The song spent 15 weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 5, and selling over a million copies. Iggy Pop redid the song on his album Party in 1981, then The Smithereens also had a hit with the song, remaking it in 1994. King won a BMI award for the song having been played on the radio over four million times. King died at a nursing home in Wickliffe, Ohio on April 23, 2011 at the age of 68. He suffered from congestive heart failure. Tom King (musician) Thomas R. Document [25] (Title: King of Hearts (Roy Orbison album)) pair, peaking at No. 42 on the hot country singles chart, though it was a more substantial hit in the UK in 1992, reaching No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart. "I Drove All Night" was another hit single from the album. Clarence Clemons appeared on saxophone on "We'll Take the Night". King of Hearts (Roy Orbison album) King of Hearts is a posthumous album of Roy Orbison songs put together from master sessions and demos by Jeff Lynne for Virgin Records, and Orbison's 23rd album overall. According to the official Roy Orbison discography by Marcel Riesco, the collection was Document [26] (Title: Riding with the King (B.B. King and Eric Clapton album)) to King, who took the lead on many of the songs with his singing and his solos. The album contains five "vintage" King songs from the 1950s and 1960s: "Ten Long Years", "Three O'Clock Blues", "Help the Poor", "Days of Old" and "When My Heart Beats Like a Hammer". Other standards include the Big Bill Broonzy-penned "Key to the Highway" (which Clapton had recorded in the early 1970s with Derek and the Dominos), Chicago pianist Maceo Merriweather's "Worried Life Blues", a cover of Isaac Hayes's composition "Hold On, I'm Comin' originally a 1966 single for Sam & Dave, and "Come Document [27] (Title: I'm Ready (blues song)) "Land of Fortune" (1977), The Red Devils from "King King" (1992), Paul Rodgers with Brian May from "" (1993), George Thorogood from "Haircut" (1993), Aerosmith from "Honkin' on Bobo" (2004), and Jeff Healey from "Songs from the Road" (2009). Freddie King's brother and bandmate, Benny Turner, also recorded this song and it appears on his 2017 release "My Brother's Blues" - a tribute to Freddie. I'm Ready (blues song) "I'm Ready" is a blues song written by Willie Dixon and first recorded by Muddy Waters in 1954. It was a hit, spending nine weeks on the Billboard R&B chart where Document [28] (Title: That's Life (song)) and then second blues singer O.C. Smith in 1965. The lyrics of "That's Life" were changed for Sinatra's version with the line "I've been a puppet, a pauper, a pirate, a poet, a pawn and a queen" changed to end with "a king" instead. Sinatra first performed the song on his television special "A Man and His Music – Part II" in 1966, where it was played in the fashion of a blues song with the backing music played on an electronic organ. Sinatra covered his popular recording with a vocal arrangement that was nearly identical to Marion Montgomery's original Document [29] (Title: King of the Delta Blues Singers) the 1960s, evidenced by its appearance in the album cover photo to Bob Dylan's "Bringing It All Back Home" amid various emblems of bohemian life. Songs from the album were repeatedly covered throughout the decade by many artists, notably Eric Clapton who recorded "Ramblin' On My Mind" on John Mayall's 1966 classic "Bluesbreakers" album, and "Cross Road Blues" with his own power trio Cream on the 1968 album "Wheels of Fire". Clapton would later record an entire disc of Johnson's songs, "Me and Mr. Johnson". A copy of the album is on permanent display as part of Jimi Hendrix's record Document [30] (Title: Tony Hollins) versions of "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Catfish Blues". Hollins primarily worked as a barber in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He made his first recordings for OKeh Records in Chicago in 1941, including "Crosscut Saw Blues", "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Traveling Man Blues", both songs later performed by Hooker, in the latter case renamed as "When My Wife Quit Me". Hollins failed to maintain a career as a musician and returned to Clarksdale. However, he went back to Chicago in the late 1940s, and recorded for Decca with Sunnyland Slim in 1951. He is believed to have died in Clarksdale early in 1957, Document [31] (Title: Dave Dudley) on the Road" became a hit for Dudley. The song was written by Earl Green and Peanutt Montgomery. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In the original version of the song as recorded by Dudley the lyrics include the words "...I'm taking little white pills and my eyes are open wide..." a reference to the stimulants some truckers used to keep driving (and make their delivery times) when they needed sleep. Some remakes of the song replace these words with a reference to looking at the white lines on the road. Dudley can be Document [32] (Title: The Master Singers) events for several years. In 1963, to celebrate the school's tercentenary, Horrex with three other teachers – George Pratt, Geoff Keating and Barry Montague – made a private recording of the "Highway Code" in several different styles. A copy of the recording reached broadcaster and humourist Fritz Spiegl, who in turn passed it to the BBC where it was played on a radio show hosted by Winston Churchill, the grandson of the former Prime Minister. The group were then contracted to record for Parlophone Records. They first appeared on record in late 1965 with Peter Sellers on his version of Document [33] (Title: Roger Miller) Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits "King of the Road", "Dang Me", and "England Swings", all from the mid-1960s Nashville sound era. After growing up in Oklahoma and serving in the United States Army, Miller began his musical career as a songwriter in the late 1950s, writing such hits as "Billy Bayou" and "Home" for Jim Reeves and "Invitation to the Blues" for Ray Price. He later began a recording career and Document [34] (Title: Tobacco Road (song)) television show "Mad Men" on July 25, 2010. In the 1970s, songwriters Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman claimed to have been inspired by "Tobacco Road" while writing Sweet's "Blockbuster", after accusations of stealing the guitar riff from David Bowie's "Jean Genie". The song became a hit for Edgar Winter on his debut album "Entrance" and he plays a 17-minute live version of the song on the double LP "Roadwork" from 1972. "Tobacco Road" has been performed by a great number of other artists, often with slightly altered lyrics. Notable renderings include a soul one from Lou Rawls, a folk rock Document [35] (Title: I Was the King, I Really Was the King) of Simple Minds, and highlighted "The Longest Road" as one of the album's best tracks, stating that the trumpet playing of Del Crabtree gave the band's sound an integral uniqueness; Crabtree's trumpet once more gives a very specific identity to the songs – it isn't simply added on, but becomes part of it, replacing what might have been in a less inventive group go-nowhere guitar or keyboard soloing... Fine numbers include "The Longest Road," one of Crabtree's best performances featuring on an at once brisk and melancholy song with a wonderful, subtly addicting chorus... John Harris, writing for "Q" magazine Document [36] (Title: King of the Road (album)) Monkey Studios, Palm Desert, CA, except "Hell On Wheels" mixed at Sound City Studios, Van Nuys, CA<br> Assistant engineer: Steve Feldman<br> Mastered by Dave Collins A&M Studios, Los Angeles, CA<br> Live photo: C. Taylor Crothers<br> Band photo: Alex Obleas<br> Art direction: Lane Wurster<br> Graphic design: Christopher Eselgroth King of the Road (album) King of the Road is the sixth studio album from California stoner rock band Fu Manchu and was released in 2000. The Japanese and European release features the track "Breathing Fire" in place of "Drive". "Breathing fire" was on the demo version of the record which was sent Document [37] (Title: The Undisputed Truth) "Heavy Traffic Starring V" (written and produced by Brian and Eddie Holland), which was released by Atlantic Records in 1986, with one single, "Jealousy", released that same year. Tyrone Barkley recorded a cover of The Del Royals' song "Man Of Value" in 1979; it is his only ever solo record and has since become an acclaimed Northern Soul favourite. In 1990, Joe Harris and Brenda Evans revived the group with singer Belita Woods, and recorded for Ian Levine's Motown revival label Motorcity Records. They recorded a new version of their 1973 song "Law of the Land", which was released as Document [38] (Title: Kingsland Road (band)) was announced that Kingsland had been forced to change their name as there was a band in Canada also called Kingsland, so they became Kingsland Road. Kingsland Road lost the flash vote in week 2 and were in the bottom two, but were saved by the judges. They were in the bottom two again in week 4, where they were up against Tamera Foster. This time they were voted out when Scherzinger, Osbourne and Walsh all voted to save Foster. When the voting statistics were revealed at the end of the series, Kingsland Road were shown to have received more Document [39] (Title: Ben E. King) the R&B vocal group the Drifters notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles (and only U.S. #1 hit) "Save the Last Dance for Me". King was born Benjamin Earl Nelson on September 28, 1938, in Henderson, North Carolina, and moved to Harlem, New York, at the age of nine in 1947. King began singing in church choirs, and in high school formed the Four B’s, a doo-wop group that occasionally performed at the Apollo. In 1958, King (still using his birth name) joined a doo-wop group called the Five Crowns. Later that year, the Document [40] (Title: Route 66 (song)) mentioned by the song. Chuck Berry famously mispronounces Barstow to rhyme with "cow" instead of correctly pronouncing it to rhyme with "go". "Route 66" was first recorded in 1946 by Nat King Cole, whose rendition became a hit on both the U.S. R&B and pop record charts. Cole later re-recorded the tune in 1956 (for the album "After Midnight") and 1961 ("The Nat King Cole Story"). The song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists. The version recorded by Perry Como in 1959 (on the album "Como Swings") is more lyrically complete, including the seldom-heard second Document [41] (Title: King Pleasure) King Pleasure King Pleasure (March 24, 1922 – March 21, 1982) was a jazz vocalist and an early master of vocalese, where a singer sings words to a famous instrumental solo. Born as Clarence Beeks in Oakdale, Tennessee, he moved to New York City in the mid-1940s working as a bartender and became a fan of bebop music. King Pleasure first achieved popularity by singing the Eddie Jefferson vocalese classic "Moody's Mood For Love", based on a 1949 James Moody saxophone solo to "I'm In The Mood For Love". Pleasure's 1952 recording, his first after signing a contract with the Document [42] (Title: King of the Road (skateboarding)) King of the Road (skateboarding) The title of King of the Road is given out once a year by "Thrasher" magazine. The tradition was started in 2003 and has been one of the premier skateboarding contests in the USA. In the King of the Road (KOTR) contest, a group of pre-invited teams of professional skaters are each given a book containing a series of challenges. Points are awarded at the completion of each challenge. The teams compete at the same time over a two-week period, in which they travel across the U.S. to complete as many challenges as possible. KOTR Document [43] (Title: The Dark End of the Street) minutes. Soul artist James Carr, as promised, first recorded the song in late 1966, and it became his trademark song, reaching number 10 on "Billboard Magazine's" Black Singles Chart, and crossing over to number 77 on the Pop chart. Six months later fellow soul singer Percy Sledge included his version of the song on his 1967 album "The Percy Sledge Way", but it did not chart as high. Van Morrison's song "Bright Side of the Road" includes the lyrics "From the dark end of the street, to the bright side of the road," which many believe was influenced by Penn's Document [44] (Title: Michael Weston King) band went on to open for the likes of Joe Ely, Blue Rodeo and Joe Henry. In 1996 they released the album "The Kings Highway", and then in 1997 "Wines, Lines and Valentines". The Good Sons had ceased to perform in 1999 and King chose to record his debut solo album, "God Shaped Hole". The album got released in October 1999, on Glitterhouse Records. The album included the Phil Ochs song "No More Songs", and a tribute to the now late Townes Van Zandt "Lay Me Down". Following a series of solo tours around Europe, King reconvened the Good Sons Document [45] (Title: Ben E. King) Drifters' manager George Treadwell fired the members of the original Drifters, and replaced them with the members of the Five Crowns. King had a string of R&B hits with the group on Atlantic Records. He co-wrote and sang lead on the first Atlantic hit by the new version of the Drifters, "There Goes My Baby" (1959). He sang lead on a succession of hits by the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, including "Save the Last Dance for Me", "This Magic Moment", and "I Count the Tears". King recorded only thirteen songs with the two backing other lead singers Document [46] (Title: King of the Slums) was the original name of the group. In 2017 the band announced a brand new album Manco Diablo which was released on 8 June 2017. King of the Slums formed in Manchester, England, by writer Charley Keigher aka Charlie Keighera (vocals, guitar) and Sarah Curtis (electric violin), initially as Slum Cathedral User, Joined by Bassist John Eccles in early 1985 they recorded a demo tape at Crimson Studios in Urmston, Manchester with the help of a drummer who left the band soon after. The band took up its image of Kings of the slums incorporating a plastic dustbin and a Document [47] (Title: King (T.I. album)) at number 11. It featured Port Arthur's own UGK. It had small attention and has helped promote the album. The song is the remake of UGK's 1994 single "Front,Back,Side to Side" from their album "Super Tight". The song was produced by Mannie Fresh. "Ride with Me" was the second official promotional single from the album. The single entered the Hot Ringtones chart at number 21, and it charted at number 78 on the Pop 100 chart. The song was produced by Keith Mack. "Top Back" was the third and final official promotional single from the album. The single entered the Document [48] (Title: Al King) Al King Alvin K. Smith (August 8, 1923 – January 21, 1999), who performed and recorded as Al King, was an American blues singer and songwriter. King was born in Monroe, Louisiana. After moving to Los Angeles he recorded for the Shirley and Sahara labels in the 1950s and 1960s, and had a number 36 R&B chart hit in 1966 with "Think Twice Before You Speak". Many of his records featured guitarist and bandleader Johnny Heartsman. He also wrote songs under his real name, Smith, as in "On My Way", the B-side of his first single covering "Reconsider Baby" in Document [49] (Title: Boyz II Men) Goodbye to Yesterday" were dedicated to him. As a result of this unfortunate experience, the song would prove to help advance their success. While touring during 1992, Boyz II Men returned briefly to the studio to record the single "End of the Road", co-written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, for the soundtrack to Eddie Murphy's film "Boomerang". This song, released as a single on June 30, 1992, would become Boyz II Men's biggest hit. It reached the number one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on August 22, remaining there for a record-setting 13 weeks, until November 14, 1992. Document [50] (Title: From a Jack to a King) version of "From a Jack to a King". Shelton's version became his fifth consecutive Number One on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles charts. Bill Anderson covered the song on his 1963 album "Still", released by Decca Records. Elvis Presley recorded it in 1969 but it did not chart in "Billboard". Jerry Lee Lewis also released a version of the song. Mud recorded the song in 1982. South African singer Ray Dylan covered the song on his album "Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag". Oesch's die Dritten recorded it for their "Unser Regenbogen" CD, released March 16, 2012. Sung by Melanie Document [51] (Title: Ladies of the Road) version of the song. The album is compiled in part from King Crimson Collectors' Club albums - limited release live recordings of concert performances, studio sessions and radio sessions. Ladies of the Road Ladies of the Road is a live album (2-CD set) by the band King Crimson, released in 2002 and reissued in Japan in 2008. It is named after a song on the "Islands" album. The first disc consists of live recordings performed by the band's second active lineup (Robert Fripp, Boz Burrell, Mel Collins, Ian Wallace, Peter Sinfield) recorded in 1971 and 1972. The second disc consists Document [52] (Title: James Brown (Elvis impersonator)) Brown also toured with the Fun Lovin' Criminals and Stereophonics. Due to a management dispute in 2000, he parted ways with his band. Thanks to music producer Zeus B. Held, Brown gained a new set of German backing instrumentalists, mostly from Freiburg. Brown's cover of Roger Miller's 1964 single "King of the Road" was featured in a 2001 Audi commercial on German TV and subsequently released as a single. In 2005 Brown released his third studio album "Any Way You Want Me" via Browman Records – his first with original songs rather than cover versions. In 2009 Brown recorded "When Document [53] (Title: The King and I) "more vibrant". Kenrick enjoys the 1992 Angel studio recording mostly for the Anna of Julie Andrews, who he says is "pure magic" in a role she never performed on stage. Kenrick praises the performance of both stars on the 1996 Broadway revival recording, calling Lou Diamond Phillips "that rarity, a King who can stand free of Brynner's shadow". Hischak finds the soundtrack to the 1999 animated film with Christiane Noll as Anna and Martin Vidnovic as the King, as well as Barbra Streisand singing on one track, more enjoyable than the movie itself, but Kenrick writes that his sole use Document [54] (Title: Ease on Down the Road) Consumer Rapport. Produced by Stephen Y. Scheaffer and "The Wiz" musical arranger Harold Wheeler, the Consumer Rapport version hit the "Billboard" Soul Singles chart, peaking at #19 and the Hot 100, peaking at #42. In 1977, "Ease on Down the Road" was recorded as a duet between Diana Ross and Michael Jackson and released as the theme song of the 1978 film adaptation of "The Wiz". As with the rest of the music in the film, the film version of "Ease on Down the Road" was produced by Quincy Jones. The recording was one of Jackson's first collaborations with Quincy Document [55] (Title: Willie Lofton) as early as 1964, including "Dark Road Blues", "Jackson Blues 1928-1938", "Mississippi Blues, Volume 2", and "Tommy Johnson and Associates". His interpretation of Johnson's "Big Road Blues" is also noted as the only known cover version of the song even though it was a standard among Delta blues musicians who associated with Johnson. Willie Lofton Willie "Poor Boy" Lofton (1905-1962) was an American Delta blues singer-guitarist. He recorded eight sides for Decca Records and Bluebird Records, adopting a style strikingly similar to Tommy Johnson's. Lofton never achieved much commercial success or recognition in his lifetime, but his rendition of Johnson's Document [56] (Title: King Ernest Baker) his new album, and while on his way back to Los Angeles he was killed in a car crash, near to Santa Maria, California on Highway 101. Baker and his band had done a show at Mothers Tavern, in San Luis Obispo, California. The van containing Baker apparently left the road, rolled over and hit a tree. Baker who was apparently sleeping in the back of the van was killed when he was thrown from it. King Ernest Baker "King" Ernest Baker (May 30, 1939 – March 5, 2000) was an American blues and soul singer. He recorded "I Feel Document [57] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) End of the Road (Boyz II Men song) "End of the Road" is a single recorded by American R&B group Boyz II Men for the "Boomerang" soundtrack. It was released in 1992 and written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, L.A. Reid and Daryl Simmons. "End of the Road" achieved overwhelming domestic and international success and is considered one of the most successful songs of all time. In the United States, "End of the Road" spent a then record breaking 13 weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, a record broken later in the year by Whitney Document [58] (Title: Ladies of the Road) Ladies of the Road Ladies of the Road is a live album (2-CD set) by the band King Crimson, released in 2002 and reissued in Japan in 2008. It is named after a song on the "Islands" album. The first disc consists of live recordings performed by the band's second active lineup (Robert Fripp, Boz Burrell, Mel Collins, Ian Wallace, Peter Sinfield) recorded in 1971 and 1972. The second disc consists of excerpts from performances of the song "21st Century Schizoid Man" recorded at the same time - these have been edited together to form a single 46-plus minute extended Document [59] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) on Boyz II Men's debut album, "Cooleyhighharmony". It was released after all singles from their debut had been released, and was their fifth single overall. However, "Cooleyhighharmony" was re-issued in 1992 and 1993 to include "End of the Road" due to the success of the single. "End of the Road" debuted at number 53 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on July 18, 1992. Within 4 weeks, it reached number one, holding the position for 13 consecutive weeks from August 15, 1992 to November 7, 1992. It also spent four weeks atop of the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Europe/UK/Australia CD Document [60] (Title: King of the Delta Blues Singers) available by Johnson not on this record. "King of the Delta Blues Singers" was reissued on September 15, 1998 by the Legacy Records subsidiary label of the Sony Corporation, with a newly discovered alternate version of "Traveling Riverside Blues" appended as a bonus track. The original recording engineer was Vincent Liebler. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote that Johnson's recordings for the albums "revolutionized the Mississippi Delta style that became the foundation of the Chicago blues sound". "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that "when his album "King of the Delta Blues Singers" made its belated way to England in the mid-1960s, Document [61] (Title: Farther Up the Road) Royal Albert Hall". Clapton co-performed the song with Robbie Robertson during his induction at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 and resurrected it for his 2007 and 2011 Asian, European and American world tours. "Farther Up the Road" has been interpreted and recorded by several blues and other artists. Some of these include Levon and the Hawks (released in 1963, Ronnie Hawkins' "Mojo Man"); Lonnie Mack (recorded 1963, released in 1970, "For Collectors Only"); Magic Sam (1966, from "Rockin' Wild in Chicago"); Shakey Jake Harris (1969, "Further On up the Road"); Andrew Odom and Earl Hooker (1969, Document [62] (Title: Dave King (Irish singer)) vocals, as well as a live record. When Fastway was ostensibly disbanded (Eddie carried on the name with all new members), King formed Katmandu with Mandy Meyer (former member of the band Krokus), who released one self-titled album. The band had a couple of minor hits but later disbanded. King retained a record deal with Epic records, who wanted him to sing for Jeff Beck, but he declined. He started working with forming the band Flogging Molly, with new material that had a distinct Irish sound, but still retaining the hard driving, loud and fast musical style. He asked to Document [63] (Title: We Lost the Road) it was dropped from the album, This track was re-recorded with lead vocals by Barry and Robin, and that version was released in 1972. We Lost the Road "We Lost the Road" is a song by the Bee Gees, it was written by Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb and was released on their 1972 album "To Whom It May Concern". It was originally recorded in sessions for "Trafalgar" on January 28, 1971 (and the first song recorded for the album). Lead vocals by Barry, with the lyrics of verse 3 before verse 2, It is likely that many other songs Document [64] (Title: Whole Lotta Love) music for the long-running television programme "Top of the Pops" for much of its history. The first version used was based on a recording by the Collective Consciousness Society (or C.C.S.), a band led by blues guitarist Alexis Korner. The C.C.S. version reached No. 13 on the British charts in autumn 1970. The song returned as the theme in 1998, this time using a reworked version of the original Led Zeppelin guitar riff. A cover of the song by the American band King Curtis and the Kingpins reached number 64 on US pop charts and number 43 on the R&B Document [65] (Title: Cross Road Blues) who popularized Robert Johnson's "Dust My Broom", recorded two variations on "Cross Road Blues". Both titled "Standing at the Crossroads", they feature James' trademark "Dust My Broom" amplified slide-guitar figure and a backing ensemble. James' lyrics focus on the lost-love aspect of the song: James first recorded the song in August 1954 at Modern Records' new studio in Culver City, California. Maxwell Davis supervised the session and a group of professional studio musicians provided the backup. The song was produced in a newer style that Modern used successfully for B.B. King and James' slide guitar was placed further back in Document [66] (Title: Kings of the Road) Kings of the Road Kings of the Road (, "in the course of time") is a 1976 German road movie directed by Wim Wenders. It was the third part of Wenders' "Road Movie trilogy" which included "Alice in the Cities" (1974) and "The Wrong Move" (1975). It was the unanimous winner of the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The film is about a projection-equipment repair mechanic named Bruno Winter (Rüdiger Vogler), who meets the depressed Robert Lander (Hanns Zischler), who has just been through a break-up with his wife, after he drives his car into a river Document [67] (Title: End of the Road (Jerry Lee Lewis song)) in 1999 on the CD collection "Jerry Lee Lewis: Original Golden Hits, Vols. 1-2" and in 2000 on the compilation album "The Very Best of Jerry Lee Lewis". In 2004, Tom Jones and Jools Holland released their recording of the song on the CD album issued by Radar and Warner Strategic Marketing. In 2007, the song was featured on the live album "Last Man Standing Live", recorded in a duet with Tom Jones. End of the Road (Jerry Lee Lewis song) End of the Road is a song written and performed by musician Jerry Lee Lewis. Recorded in 1956, and Document [68] (Title: A Trip in the Country) the better ones. In the beginning, I created heavenly, earthly songs." One of the songs on the album, "Tall, Tall Trees," was later recorded by Alan Jackson. The Jackson version was released as a single and became a No. 1 hit on "Billboard"'s Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1995. Side 1 Side 2 A Trip in the Country A Trip in the Country is the 11th album by American country music singer-songwriter Roger Miller. It reached #23 in the US Country Music chart. For the sleeve notes he wrote: "Before the days of "Dang Me", "King of the Document [69] (Title: The King Brothers) The King Brothers The King Brothers were a British pop vocal trio popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. They are best remembered for their cover versions of "Standing on the Corner" and "A White Sport Coat (And A Pink Carnation)". The group was composed of three brothers who first performed together professionally on the TV show 'Shop Window' in 1952. Initially performing as The King Three, they appeared on the BBC Television early in their career on "Six-Five Special", and by 1957 had been named "top vocal group" in the reader's poll of "NME". Their first hit on Document [70] (Title: Driving Wheel) of artists, including B.B. King (1961 from his "My Kind of Blues" album, and in 2005 with Glenn Frey on ""); Paul Butterfield Blues Band (1967 "The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw"); Junior Wells (recorded a live version 1968 for his "Sings Live at the Golden Bear" album, in 1977 he recorded another live version with Buddy Guy from "Live at Montreux"); Albert King (1970s "Funky London", released in 1994); Luther Allison (1974 "Luther's Blues"); and Etta James (2004 "Blues to the Bone" album). Driving Wheel "Driving Wheel", also called "Drivin' Wheel" or "Driving Wheel Blues", is blues song recorded by Document [71] (Title: Ease on Down the Road) Two versions of the song have been released as charting singles: one associated with the Broadway show by studio group Consumer Rapport in 1975, and a second recorded by Diana Ross and Michael Jackson for the 1978 feature-film adaptation of "The Wiz". The song was performed in the original Broadway production by Stephanie Mills (Dorothy), Hinton Battle (Scarecrow), Tiger Haynes (Tin Man), and Ted Ross (Cowardly Lion), who also perform the song on the original 1975 cast album for "The Wiz". The song was a number-one disco hit for five non-consecutive weeks in a recording by the disco studio group Document [72] (Title: Roger Miller) 7 and No. 9. The songs transformed Miller's career, although the former was penned by Miller in just four minutes. Later that year, he recorded the No. 15 hit "Do-Wacka-Do," and soon after, the biggest hit of his career "King of the Road", which topped Country and Adult Contemporary charts while peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard 100. It also reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in May 1965. The song was inspired by a sign in Chicago that read "Trailers for Sale or Rent" and a hobo who happened upon Miller at an Document [73] (Title: Wackel-Elvis) equipped with, the Wackel-Elvis dashboard figure did not wobble as it had done in the Elvis impersonator's car before it broke down, causing disappointment for the impersonator. In some of the commercials an Elvis Presley sound alike version of the 1965 Roger Miller song "King of the Road" was used as background music. Another set of the series of commercials featured a generic Elvis Presley sound alike title as background song. In some of the spots the Elvis impersonator was offered a ride in a silver colored Audi sedan. In other versions he was picked up by the same fellow Document [74] (Title: Key to the Highway) gauge which version was the most popular, the eight-bar arrangement used by Gillum and Broonzy has become the standard for subsequent recordings. Shortly after Broonzy's death in 1958, Little Walter recorded "Key to the Highway" as an apparent tribute to him. He adapted it as a Chicago blues with a full band. The session took place sometime in August and backing Walter (vocals and harmonica) were Muddy Waters (slide guitar), Luther Tucker (guitar), Otis Spann (piano), Willie Dixon (bass), and George Hunter or Francis Clay (drums). The song was a hit, spending fourteen weeks in the Billboard R&B chart where Document [75] (Title: The Return of Roger Miller) skit. Critics gave the album positive reviews, remarking that "King of the Road" was "perhaps the most perfect country song ever written" and that "it is packed with detail and nuance like a Vincent van Gogh painting." By itself, the track won five Grammy awards for Miller including best Rock and roll single. By comparison, the whole album won only one, for best country album. "Do-Wacka-Do" was lauded in a "Beachwood Reporter" review as the "finest example of Miller's outrageous, ultra-high scat singing" as was "You Can't Roller Skate In a Buffalo Herd," which the reviewer labeled as "wacky." Overall Document [76] (Title: King of the Road (song)) Miller's music while changing the lyrics to describe the day-to-day life of a stay-at-home mom. The words were written by Mary Taylor. Singer Connie Francis later recorded the song on her 1966 album "Live at the Sahara" (1966). The Supremes performed the song in their nightclub act. It can be heard on their "The Supremes at the Copa" (1965) album and "I Hear A Symphony" remastered CD, which includes their September 1966 appearance at the Roostertail in Detroit, on the second disc.. King of the Road (song) "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November Document [77] (Title: King of the Road (song)) of the "Super Dave" TV show. Super Dave Osborne, played by Bob Einstein, gets on top of his tour bus and sits at a piano while playing it and singing the song. The bus goes through a tunnel, prompting the piano and Osborne to fall off. A send-up version by English entertainer Billy Howard was a British chart hit in 1976. A German version by the band Wise Guys exists, the parody referring to speeding on the Autobahn. Country music singer Jody Miller (no relation) answered "King of the Road" with "Queen of the House" (1965). The song used Roger Document [78] (Title: Six Days on the Road) Six Days on the Road "Six Days on the Road" is an American song written by Earl Green and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio songwriter Carl Montgomery, made famous by country music singer Dave Dudley. The song was initially recorded by Paul Davis (not to be confused with singer-songwriter Paul Davis) and was released in 1961 on the Bulletin label. In 1963, the song became a major hit when released by Dave Dudley, peaking at #2 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and cracking the Top 40 (#32) on the Hot 100, leading to it being hailed as the definitive Document [79] (Title: Hit the Road Jack) Charles's sixth number-one on that chart. The song is ranked number 387 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 1976, Canadian band The Stampeders released a version of the song featuring DJ Wolfman Jack. The song reached number 6 in Canada and the top 40 in the US. Hit the Road Jack "Hit the Road Jack" is a song written by the rhythm and blues artist Percy Mayfield and first recorded in 1960 as an "a cappella" demo sent to Art Rupe. It became famous after it was recorded by the singer-songwriter-pianist Ray Document [80] (Title: The Road (song)) Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One" to "Life on the Road" from the album "Sleepwalker". "The Road" was released on the 1988 album, "", where it was the song recorded in the studio (and one of the two songs on the album never before released). However, prior to the release of "", "The Road" saw single release in Britain (but not America.) Backed with a version of "Art Lover" from "", the single failed to chart, being the first of three consecutive singles not to chart in the United Kingdom. It has since appeared on the compilation albums "Lost & Document [81] (Title: Anna King (singer)) number 52 on the pop chart later that year. She also recorded an album, "Back To Soul", produced by James Brown, which included what critic Richie Unterberger describes as King's "gritty and powerful" singing on such tracks as "If You Don't Think". After releasing two more singles, King left the James Brown revue in late 1964, and recorded "Mama's Got a Bag of Her Own", an answer record to Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag". Released on the End label, it was written and produced by Ronald Moseley and Robert Bateman, but was not a hit. She then formed Document [82] (Title: King of the Road (song)) Ray Conniff Singers, The Reverend Horton Heat, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Jim White. James "The King" Brown (an Elvis impersonator) performed the song for a 2001 Audi commercial on German TV. Of R.E.M.'s version, a shambolic, drunken, offhand rendering, guitarist Peter Buck would later comment, "If there was any justice in the world, Roger Miller should be able to sue for what we did to this song." The song was performed live by Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Marty Stuart, Dwight Yoakam and Dolly Parton during Miller's posthumous induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame at the 1995 CMA Awards Document [83] (Title: Don King (musician)) third album, "Whirlwind". Members of King's road band went on to become the country music group Sawyer Brown. By the end of 1981, he had launched the Don King Music Group, a recording studio, with his father. In 1985 they built a 24-track studio to record demos. In 1992, they added a video production company. In late 2007, GMV Nashville released two albums on King, and in 2008 they released two more, many including unreleased tracks. Since 2007 Don King has been performing with The Road Crew 'America's Route 66 Band.' The Road Crew received the first time ever Bobby Document [84] (Title: The Old Man Down the Road) Fogerty, without Fogerty having to show that Zaentz's original suit was frivolous. The Old Man Down the Road "The Old Man Down the Road" is a song by American rock artist John Fogerty. It was released in December 1984 as the lead single from Fogerty's comeback album, "Centerfield". It became a top 10 hit single, peaking at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and spending three weeks at the number-one spot on the "Billboard" Top Rock Tracks chart. The video for the song features what appears to be, through a little trickery, an extended single camera sequence that Document [85] (Title: All in Good Time (Marcus Hummon album)) Road" was originally recorded by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their 1994 album "Acoustic", and Hummon's version features a backing vocal from band member Jeff Hanna. This song was later recorded by Melodie Crittenden (1998), Geoff Moore, Sons of the Desert (both 1999), Rascal Flatts (2004), and Selah (2005); Crittenden, Rascal Flatts, and Selah all released their versions as singles. "One of These Days" was later recorded by Tim McGraw for his 1997 album "Everywhere", from which it was released as a single. Michael McCall, in his review for "New Country" magazine, gave the album three stars out of five. Document [86] (Title: The Crossing (1990 film)) Europe. "King of the Road" was released as the first single, and made the top ten in UK and Germany. A video for "Nature Boy" performed by Kate Ceberano was also created to promote the album. Ranald Allan's script had been around for a number of years before being picked up by producer Sue Seeary, who managed to get the film up at Beyond International Group. It was their first feature film. Beyond's head of production, Al Clark did commission some re-writing. Production took place in an around Junee in November and December 1989. "The Crossing" grossed A$87,392 at the Document [87] (Title: Canned Heat) the Country" and "On the Road Again" became international hits. "Going Up the Country" was a remake of the Henry Thomas song "Bull Doze Blues", recorded in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1927. "On the Road Again" was a remake of the 1953 Floyd Jones song of the same name, which is reportedly based on the Tommy Johnson song "Big Road Blues", recorded in 1928. Since the early 1970s, numerous personnel changes have occurred, although the current lineup includes all three surviving members of the classic lineup: de la Parra (who has remained in the band since first joining in 1967), Mandel, Document [88] (Title: Derekh Hamelekh) Derekh Hamelekh "Derekh Hamelekh" (Hebrew script: דרך המלך, English translation: "The King's Road") was the Israeli entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989, performed in Hebrew by Gili & Galit. The song deals with the singers' joy on traveling down "The King's Road" - a Biblical reference. They sing that this is the only road they will ever travel in their lives. The song was performed second on the night (following Italy's Anna Oxa & Fausto Leali with Avrei voluto and preceding Ireland's Kiev Connolly & The Missing Passengers with The Real Me). At the close of voting, it had Document [89] (Title: Key to the Highway) it reached number six in 1958. After a six-year run of successful singles, Little Walter only had one charting single after "Key to the Highway". The song is included on several Little Walter compilation albums, including "His Best". Eric Clapton recorded "Key to the Highway" for Derek and the Dominos' 1970 landmark album "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs". Lasting over nine minutes, it is essentially an impromptu jam which was recorded by accident. Clapton and Duane Allman heard singer Sam Samudio, better known as "Sam the Sham", performing the song in a neighboring studio and spontaneously started playing it Document [90] (Title: The Crownsmen) a surprise when former lead singer “Rick Gentry” placed a call. In 1996 Rick Gentry moved back down to Southern California and rejoined The Crownsmen and plans were underway for their next album. “The Road” was released in 1998 featuring all brand new material, songs written from Debbie, as well as Brian Beathard and Ted & Penny Hunter. In 2002 The Crownsmen released their final album with Rick Gentry, Debbie Hunter and Zack delaRosa,” the album was simply called "THE CROWNSMEN". The CD featured a new version of “The Coming Of The Lord,” as well as the Heavy Rock N’ Document [91] (Title: King Diamond) appeared on the "Roadrunner United – The All-Star Sessions" album, contributing vocals for his song "In the Fire", which featured multiple Roadrunner Records musicians (past and present) working together to create individual songs. King Diamond also guested on the Cradle of Filth song "Devil Woman" in late 2005. In April 2006, King reunited with Mikkey Dee (Motörhead drummer) at a sold-out gig at Kåren in Gothenburg, Sweden. In 2001 King referred to Dee as "one of the best drummers of all time and that's something that has bothered us since he left." King Diamond released his album "Give Me Your Document [92] (Title: Matthew and Son (album)) to add a staccato and tympani–and–viola arrangement; this was something that had not been done before on pop music songs. Session bassist John Paul Jones played on the first singles two years before becoming a member of Led Zeppelin. The lyrics for the B-side of the first single, "Portobello Road", were written by Kim Fowley, who encouraged Stevens to compose a melody for the song. The single initially reached No. 28 on the UK charts, followed by "Matthew and Son", the next single and title track, which went to No. 2 on the UK charts, making Stevens into a popular Document [93] (Title: End of the Road (Boyz II Men song)) 7" single Cassette single 1993 Grammy Awards End of the Road (Boyz II Men song) "End of the Road" is a single recorded by American R&B group Boyz II Men for the "Boomerang" soundtrack. It was released in 1992 and written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, L.A. Reid and Daryl Simmons. "End of the Road" achieved overwhelming domestic and international success and is considered one of the most successful songs of all time. In the United States, "End of the Road" spent a then record breaking 13 weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, a record Document [94] (Title: I (Who Have Nothing)) Luis Enriquez Bacalov). In the US, the Ben E. King version reached #29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts and #16 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Other versions which reached the Billboard charts were performed by Terry Knight and the Pack in 1966 (#46), Liquid Smoke in 1970 (#82), Warhorse in 1972 and Sylvester in 1979 (#40), with a disco-flavored version. The most popular version in the United States was by Tom Jones, which peaked at #14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #2 on the Easy Listening chart. This version also peaked at #11 in "Cashbox". Shirley Bassey Document [95] (Title: Ned Miller) in the U.K. in the process (making Miller the only American artist to reach the Top Ten best-sellers of the year in the U.K. that year). Miller was not particularly interested in his singing career, and rarely toured owing to stage fright. He gave up recording in the 1970s and soon moved to Prescott, Arizona, and later to Las Vegas, Nevada. Country music artist Ricky Van Shelton covered "From a Jack to a King" in the 1980s; his version reached Number One on the country music chart. Ned Miller Henry Ned Miller (April 12, 1925 – March 18, 2016) was Document [96] (Title: Chip Taylor) "I'm Loving It", and his final recording as Wes Voight on King 5231 "I'm Ready to Go Steady" and "The Wind and the Cold Black Night". the two King 45s were released in both mono and stereo, making them some of the first stereo singles available. Taylor has released recordings on Warner Bros., Columbia, and Capitol. His first chart single was his recording (as Chip Taylor) of "Here I Am" in 1962 on Warner Bros. Records. Taylor restarted his performing and recording career in 1993. At a South by Southwest Music Conference in Austin, Texas in 2001, Chip met singer Document [97] (Title: Jody Miller) Donaggio. Since the Festival was created as a composers' competition, Miller and Donaggio presented differently arranged versions of the entry "Io Che Non Vivo (Senza Te)". The song came in at # 7 and was only a moderate hit until Dusty Springfield recorded an English version in 1966 which was eventually released as "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me". Also in 1965, Jody Miller released an answer record to Roger Miller's (no relation) blockbuster hit "King of the Road", titled "Queen of the House" (which became her signature hit, peaking at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Document [98] (Title: Farther Up the Road) "Billboard" Hot 100 pop chart. Bland enjoyed nearly uninterrupted chart success for the next twenty years. "Farther Up the Road" is included on Bland's first album, "Blues Consolidated", a co-release with Junior Parker in 1958 on Duke Records. The song is included on many official Bland compilations, including "The Best of Bobby Bland" and "I Pity the Fool: The Duke Recordings, Vol. 1". Eric Clapton recorded several versions of "Farther Up the Road" over the years, usually calling it after its opening lyrics "Further On up the Road". Clapton uses the lyrics from the original, but the song is performed Document [99] (Title: Carl King (singer)) second single, King formed a backing band called the Projection with whom he played a series of gigs during February and March 1967, including Liverpool's Cavern Club on 12 February 1967. However, due to managerial disagreements and health problems things failed to work out. In April 1967, King pulled out completely and a third projected single was never recorded. After quitting the music industry in the UK in 1967, King moved to Denmark in 1969. He now lives near Aabenraa, Denmark, and is a member of the local hobby band, Out of Time. The band played its first gig in Document [100] (Title: Kings of Speed) Kings of Speed "Kings of Speed" is a 1975 song by the British space rock group Hawkwind. It was originally released as a single in the UK (UP35808) on 7 March 1975 and was subsequently included on the album "Warrior on the Edge of Time", although its B-side, "Motorhead", was not. Although failing the chart in both the U.S. and the U.K., the track became an underground success, particularly with significant play in dance clubs. The parent album also did well, climbing up the Billboard album chart in the U.S. The lyrics for this song were written by Michael Moorcock, Document [101] (Title: King of the Road (song)) ceremony. The song is featured in Wim Wenders' 1976 film "Im Lauf der Zeit" ("In the Course of Time"; English title "Kings of the Road"). It is also played at the beginning of "", "Brokeback Mountain", "Into the Wild" (2007), "Traveller" (1997), and "Swingers" (1996). Miller performs it in the concert film "The Big T.N.T. Show". The recording by The Proclaimers is included in the film "The Crossing" (1990). Near the end of their official music video, the pair are shown reading a newspaper whose headline is "Roger Miller, King of Plugs". The song is also used in an episode Document [102] (Title: Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes) songs themselves. Their biggest success in Germany was a version of Solomon Burke's "Stupidity", also released on the Decca label in the UK. While in Germany, they also performed regularly in Kiel and Berlin, and acted as backing group for Alex Harvey, before returning to the UK to back Chuck Berry and Carl Perkins on tour in 1964. They also appeared on the British TV show "Ready Steady Go!". The original Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes split up at the end of 1964, with the Dominoes – Frankland, Casey, Thompson and Kemp, with singer Paddy Chambers – remaining in the Document [103] (Title: Six Days on the Road) celebration of the American truck driver. In 1997, more than 30 years after Dudley's original version charted, country music band Sawyer Brown took the song back to #13 on the Hot Country Songs chart. According to country music historian Bill Malone, "Six Days on the Road" was not the first truck driving song; Malone credits "Truck Driver's Blues" by Cliff Bruner, released in 1940, with that distinction. "Nor is it necessarily the best," said Malone, citing songs such as "Truck Drivin' Man" by Terry Fell and "White Line Fever" by Merle Haggard and the Strangers as songs that "would certainly Document [104] (Title: On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)) chart hit and one of their best-known songs. With his record company's encouragement, Chicago blues musician Floyd Jones recorded a song titled "On the Road Again" in 1953. It was a remake of his successful 1951 song "Dark Road". Both songs are based on Mississippi Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson's 1928 song "Big Road Blues" (Canned Heat took their name from Johnson's 1928 song "Canned Heat Blues"). Johnson's lyrics include: "Well I ain't goin' down that big road by myself ... If I don't carry you gonna carry somebody else". Jones "reshaped Tommy Johnson's verses into an eerie evocation of the Document [105] (Title: Farther Up the Road) at a faster tempo as an unembellished shuffle. The song first appeared on his 1975 live album "E. C. Was Here". In 1976, a live version was recorded with Freddie King, which is included on "Freddie King (1934–1976)". Also in 1976, he performed the song with the Band in the concert film "The Last Waltz". Another live version was recorded in Japan in 1979 for Clapton's "Just One Night". In 1981, Clapton recorded it with Jeff Beck during "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball" benefit show. A version with Joe Bonamassa appears on the 2009 video "Joe Bonamassa: Live from the Document [106] (Title: He's the King) He's the King "He's the King" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for her twelfth studio album, "All in One Voice" (1998). It was released in December 1997 by EastWest Records as the lead single of the album. The song was written by German songwriters Harold Faltermeyer and Gernot Rothenbach. "He's the King" charted at number 95 in the German Top 100 Singles Chart, released a year before the album. The song appeared on the 1997 German film "Der König von St. Pauli", where Tyler can be seen performing the song in a nightclub. It was also Document [107] (Title: Don King (musician)) Troup Artistic Achievement Award presented by the International Route 66 Association. The band are the official musical ambassadors of The Mother Road. His Road Crew bandmates are Woody Bomar, Jason Harmon and (songwriting partner) Joe Loesch. Don King was inducted into The Old Time Country Music Hall of Fame by The National Traditional Country Music Association in 2015. This distinction honors his years of advancing traditional country music throughout his touring and recording career. Don King (musician) Donald Alan "Don" King (born May 4, 1954, in Fremont, Nebraska) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and trumpeter. In the 1970s and Document [108] (Title: King of the Road (song)) the UK Singles Chart, and in Norway. Miller recalled that the song was inspired when he was driving and saw a sign on the side of a barn that read, "Trailers for sale or rent". This would become the opening line of the song. The song has been covered by many other artists, including George Jones, Dean Martin, Val Doonican, Jack Jones, James Booker, The Fabulous Echoes, Boney M., R.E.M., Johnny Paycheck, Glen Campbell, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Boxcar Willie, Randy Travis, Rangers, James Kilbane, John Stevens, the Statler Brothers, Rufus Wainwright & Teddy Thompson, Giant Sand, Peligro, The Proclaimers, Document [109] (Title: George Jones (We Can Make It)) for his new wife, Tammy. The song was written by Betty Belew with C. and Earl Montgomery. "The King" was written by Roger D. Ferris in 1970. The next upbeat listing was "Try It, You'll Like It", which was written by Jimmy Peppers and later included as the b-side track to "We Can Make It". Track 10 was "One Of These Days" written by Earl Montgomery, and the last track "Let's Make History" was written by J. Strickland. The back of the original LP album cover contains an intro to Jones by his wife: Allmusic's Chris Woodstra writes: The album Document [110] (Title: The King of Rock 'n' Roll) The King of Rock 'n' Roll "The King of Rock 'n' Roll" is a single by English pop band Prefab Sprout, released by Kitchenware Records in April 1988. It was the second single taken from their album of that year, "From Langley Park to Memphis", and referenced a washed-up 1950s star who is only remembered for his one-hit novelty song, which is sung in the chorus. It remains the band's biggest success in their native UK, reaching No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, where it spent 10 weeks. Producer Thomas Dolby added a synth bass in the verses to Document [111] (Title: The End of Our Road) song peaked at number forty on the pop charts. It was the first song counted down on the first show of the syndicated radio countdown program "American Top 40" on the weekend of July 4, 1970. The End of Our Road "The End of Our Road" is a single written by Roger Penzabene, Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong in 1967. Originally recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips and issued as a single in 1968, the Pips' version of the song, which talked about the demise of a couple's relationship, became another top forty hit for the family group as Document [112] (Title: King's Road) and early 1970s independent record label. The label folded in the mid 1970s, becoming part of Elektra Records. The building has since been demolished but the new building on the same site still houses a record company. The road has been represented in popular culture on various occasions: "King's Road" is the title of a song by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers from the 1981 album "Hard Promises" and is name-checked in the song "Dick a Dum Dum (King's Road)" which was a hit for Des O'Connor in 1969. In Ian Fleming's novels, James Bond lives in a fashionable unnamed Document [113] (Title: Lynyrd Skynyrd) in jail. With his guitar roadie unavailable, King played that night's show with old strings which broke and caused his performance to be substandard, and Van Zant subsequently belittled him in front of his bandmates. King quit and returned home to Los Angeles, believing Van Zant had been responsible for his guitar roadie being in jail in the first place. The band continued for the next several months with two guitarists rather than their usual "three guitar army". In January 1976, backup singers Leslie Hawkins, Cassie Gaines and JoJo Billingsley (collectively known as The Honkettes) were added, although they were Document [114] (Title: Dave King (actor)) The biggest were "Memories Are Made of This (No. 5, 1956) and "You Can't Be True to Two" (No. 11, 1956), both of which featured a backing group called the Keynotes. He also charted with "Christmas and You" (No. 23, 1956) and "The Story of My Life" (No. 20, 1958). He appeared on Decca Records' "All Star Hit Parade" charity record in 1956 along with other major Decca artists Dickie Valentine, Joan Regan, Winifred Atwell, Lita Roza and David Whitfield. That record charted at No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1959, he went to the United States and Document [115] (Title: Dave Dudley) heard and seen singing the correct original lyrics in a 1971 performance currently available at YouTube. In 1963, Dudley moved on to Mercury Records. By the end of 1963, he released his first single from the label, "Last Day in the Mines". Dudley scored more big hits in the 1960s, including "Truck Drivin' Son-of-a-Gun", "Trucker's Prayer" and "Anything Leaving Town Today". "Six Days on the Road" was subsequently recorded by several other artists including George Thorogood and the Destroyers, Steve Earle, The Flying Burrito Brothers and Sawyer Brown. Dudley continued to have success into the 1970s, while continuing to record Document [116] (Title: King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller) Swings", "Husbands & Wives", and more, plus two songs from the Tony Award winning Broadway Musical Big River. CD-1 CD-2 CD-3 King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller King of the Road: The Genius of Roger Miller is a compilation of 70 songs in chronological order from the original master recordings, drawn from every label (Mercury/Starday, Decca, RCA, Smash, Columbia, and MCA) for which Nashville legend Roger Miller recorded. Between the 25 chart hits are eight unreleased recordings, all documented by a booklet containing an 8,000-word essay and 24 rare photos. It includes the Top 10 hits "When Document [117] (Title: Claude King) George Jones, Tommy Tomlinson, and Lefty Frizzell. King recorded a few songs for Gotham Records though none were successful. In 1961, he became more serious about a musical career and signed with the Nashville division of Columbia Records. He struck immediately, cutting "Big River, Big Man," both a country top 10 and a small pop crossover success. He soon followed with "The Comancheros" inspired by the John Wayne film of the same name It was a top 10 country hit in late 1961 and crossed over into the popular chart. King released his best-known recording in the spring of 1962. Document [118] (Title: Ben E. King) Ben E. King Benjamin Earl King (born Benjamin Earl Nelson, September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015), known as Ben E. King, was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He was perhaps best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Mea US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name), a number one hit in the UK in 1987, and no. 25 on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century—and as one of the principal lead singers of Question: who sang the original king of the road

Answer: Roger Miller Long Answer: "King of the Road" is a song written and originally recorded in November 1964 by country singer Roger Miller . The lyrics tell of the day - to - day life of a vagabond hobo who, despite being poor (a "man of means by no means"), revels in his freedom, describing himself humorously as the "king of the road". It was Miller's fifth single for Smash Records. Gold Document ID: 116

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: IPhone 6) Shenzhen Baili, a Chinese device maker, alleged that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus infringed on its design patent. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold Document [2] (Title: Apple Watch) the company was planning to launch new product categories that year, but did not reveal any specifics. In June 2014, Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October. On September 9, 2014, during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented, the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as "the next chapter in Apple's story" with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers. After the reveal video, the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause Document [3] (Title: IPhone X) the iPhone X was in development for five years, as far back as 2012. Rumors of a drastic iPhone redesign began circulating around the time of iPhone 7 announcement in the third quarter of 2016, and intensified when a HomePod firmware leak in July 2017 suggested that Apple would shortly release a phone with a nearly bezel-less design, lack of physical home button, facial recognition, and other new features. A near-final development version of the iOS 11 operating system was also leaked in September 2017, confirming the new design and features. On August 31, 2017, Apple invited journalists to a Document [4] (Title: IPhone 5S) for preorder on September 13, 2013, the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder. Both devices were released on September 20, 2013. While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID, the 64-bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event. Schiller then showed demos of "Infinity Blade III" to demonstrate the A7's processing power and the device's camera using untouched photographs. The release of iOS 7 on September 18, 2013 was also announced during the keynote. The iPhone 5S was released on September 20, 2013, in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Document [5] (Title: IPhone 4S) upgrades, including an upgrade to the Apple A5 chipset, and an 8-megapixel camera with 1080p video recording. It debuted with iOS 5, the fifth major version of iOS, Apple's mobile operating system, that introduced features including iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders, and Twitter integration. Reception to the was generally favorable. Reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. It was succeeded by the iPhone 5 as Apple's flagship phone on September 12, 2012. The iPhone 4S remained on sale, albeit being sold with reduced storage (from 16/32/64 GB down to 8 GB). Document [6] (Title: History of iPhone) begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4. The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10, 2011. During Apple's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14. Cricket Wireless announced on May 31, 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S, beginning June 22, 2012. A week later, Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S, announcing plans to release Document [7] (Title: Apple Inc.) stainless steel band around the edge of the device, which also serves as the phone's cellular signal and Wi-Fi antenna. The issue was corrected by a "Bumper Case" distributed by Apple for free to all owners for a few months. In June 2011, Apple overtook Nokia to become the world's biggest smartphone maker by volume. On October 4, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPhone 4S, which was first released on October 14, 2011. It features the Apple A5 processor and Siri voice assistant technology, the latter of which Apple had acquired in 2010. It also features an updated 8MP camera with Document [8] (Title: IPhone) featured the removal of the 3.5mm headphone jack from the iPhone. On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near bezel-less design, a facial recognition feature dubbed "Face ID" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR. On September 12, 2018, Apple officially Document [9] (Title: Apple Inc.) 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7 and the iPhone 7 Plus, which feature improved system and graphics performance, add water resistance, a new rear dual-camera system on the 7 Plus model, and, controversially, remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, standing as evolutionary updates to its previous phones with a faster processor, improved display technology, upgraded camera systems and wireless charging. The company also announced iPhone X, which radically changes the hardware of the iPhone lineup, removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring Document [10] (Title: IPhone 6) than screens used by flagship phones from competitors. The iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. Following Apple's loss in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays, reports as early as January 2014 suggested that Apple was preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays. Reports prior to its unveiling also speculated that Apple might use a new iPhone model to introduce a mobile payments platform using near-field communications—a technology that has been incorporated into many Document [11] (Title: IPhone 6) along with AT&T GoPhone. These are not being distributed by Apple on their website or their retail stores. The design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is influenced by that of the iPad Air with a glass front that is curved around the edges of the display, and an aluminum rear that contains two plastic strips for the antenna. Both models come in gold, silver, and "space gray" finishes. The iPhone 6 has a thickness of , while the iPhone 6 Plus is in thickness; both are thinner than the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, with the iPhone Document [12] (Title: IPhone 6) carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were "details which are not ready"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's "frequent locations" function could expose "state secrets." In August 2015, Apple admitted that some iPhone 6 Plus models may have faulty cameras that could be causing photos to Document [13] (Title: IPhone 5S) Hong Kong, and Singapore. It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25, 2013, and in 12 countries on November 1, 2013. Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S, on January 26, 2014. On September 19, 2014, the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price, while the 64GB version was discontinued. The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9, 2015, when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus The Document [14] (Title: IPhone 4S) IPhone 4S The iPhone 4S (retroactively stylized with a lowercase 's' as iPhone 4s as of September 2013) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fifth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4 and preceding the iPhone 5. Announced on October 4, 2011 at Apple's Cupertino campus, its media coverage was accompanied by news of the death of former Apple CEO and co-founder Steve Jobs on the following day. Orders could be placed on October 7, 2011 and mainstream availability in retail stores began on October 14, 2011 in the United States, Document [15] (Title: IPhone 4S) announced iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c. This was unusual for Apple as an upper case 'S' had been used since the introduction of the iPhone 3GS in 2009. On September 9, 2014, the iPhone 4S was officially discontinued following the reveal of the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus. However, 4S production did continue for developing markets until February 17, 2016. On June 13, 2016, following the release of iOS 10, Apple dropped support on the iPhone 4S, making iOS 9.3.5 the last version available for the device. The runs iOS, Apple's mobile operating system. The user interface of Document [16] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined Apple's first widescreen iPod with the world's first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully functional version of Apple's web browser, Safari, on the then-named (later renamed iOS). The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the Document [17] (Title: Steve Jobs) and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. "Time" declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007. The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller. The Document [18] (Title: IOS 6) iOS 6 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012. iOS 6 was officially released on September 19, 2012. iOS 6.0.1 was released on November 1, 2012, as the first update to iOS 6. It included bug fixes. iOS 6.0.2 was released exclusively to the iPhone 5 and iPad Mini on December 18, 2012, to fix Wi-Fi issues. iOS 6.1 was released on January 28, 2013. The update included LTE compatibility for more carriers around the world, Siri and Fandango integration to allow users to purchase movie tickets by voice (U.S. only), and a "Reset Advertising Document [19] (Title: History of iPhone) CDMA version of Apple's iPhone 4 during February 2011. Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3. Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB. The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday, September 19, in the United States; The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months. Today, the iPhone is available in most countries. Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that Document [20] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) Pro. Apple also released a Siri speaker similar to the Amazon Echo called HomePod. On September 12, 2017 at the Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus with better camera features, more improvements in product design, user experience, performance and more, and announced the iPhone X with facial recognition technology and wireless charging. Apple also announced the 4K Apple TV with 4K, HDR and Dolby Vision experience, and the Apple Watch Series 3, supporting a cellular connection, running watchOS 4. On September 12, 2018 at the Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone Document [21] (Title: IPhone 6) the display. To accommodate the larger physical size of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, the power button was moved to the side of the phone instead of the top to improve its accessibility. The iPhone 6 features a 6.91 Wh (1810 mAh) battery, while the iPhone 6 Plus features an 11.1 Wh (2915 mAh) battery. Unlike the previous model, the rear-facing camera is not flush with the rear of the device, but instead protrudes slightly. Both models include an Apple A8 system-on-chip, and an M8 motion co-processor—an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s. The primary Document [22] (Title: IPhone 6S) Award, based largely on the phone's performance and the addition of 3D Touch. On the Monday following the iPhone 6S's launch weekend, Apple announced that they had sold 13 million models, a record-breaking number that exceeded the 10 million launch sales of the iPhone 6 in 2014. In the months following the launch, Apple saw its first-ever quarterly year-over-year decline in iPhone sales, attributed to a saturated smartphone market in Apple's biggest sales countries and consumers in developing countries not buying iPhones. In November 2016, Apple announced that a "very small number" of iPhone 6S devices manufactured between September and Document [23] (Title: IOS 6) IOS 6 iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012, and was released on September 19, 2012. It was succeeded by iOS 7 on September 18, 2013. iOS 6 added a new Apple Maps app, replacing Google Maps as the default mapping service for the operating system; a dedicated Podcasts app, as a central location for podcasts; and a Passbook app, for managing different types of tickets, boarding passes, coupons, and loyalty Document [24] (Title: IPhone 5S) iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21, 2016, and succeeded by the iPhone SE, which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S. This was a break with Apple's product positioning trend (in North America and Western Europe), starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011, which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone, then moving it to midrange for its second year of production, with the third and final year as the entry-level offering before discontinuation. While the iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until Document [25] (Title: IPhone 7) IPhone 7 iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the tenth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Document [26] (Title: IPhone 6S) iPhone 6S and 6S Plus. On March 31, 2017, the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in Indonesia alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, following Apple's research and development investment in the country. The iPhone 6S, iPhone 6S Plus, and iPhone SE were the last iPhone models to feature a standard 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack. The iPhone 6S is nearly identical in design to the iPhone 6. In response to the "bendgate" design flaws of the previous model, changes were made to improve the durability of the chassis: the 6S was constructed from a stronger, 7000 series Document [27] (Title: IPhone 6) 6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as "Retina HD Display" and "ion-strengthened", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed "dual-domain pixels"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of Document [28] (Title: IPhone 5S) IPhone 5S The iPhone 5S (stylized and marketed as iPhone 5s) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the seventh generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5. The device was unveiled on September 10, 2013, at Apple's Cupertino headquarters. It was released on September 20, 2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, the iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor, the iPhone 5, although the 5S received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black; however, the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware. Document [29] (Title: IPhone 4) IPhone 4 The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fourth generation iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted Document [30] (Title: IPhone 5) IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs. The iPhone Document [31] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) $499, the original launch price of the 4 GB model. Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11. The original iPhone was discontinued 4 days later; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units. During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supported Document [32] (Title: IOS 6) adding that devices capable of upgrading to iOS 7 must do so to fix the issue, while devices stuck on iOS 6 would receive an iOS 6.1.6 update. With this release, Apple dropped support for older devices, specifically the third-generation iPod Touch and the first-generation iPad. IOS 6 iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012, and was released on September 19, 2012. It was succeeded by iOS 7 on September 18, Document [33] (Title: IPhone 5S) September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early meant that Apple "just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family was expected to suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016. The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated Document [34] (Title: Apple Inc.) Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week. In May of the same year, Apple's market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989. In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch Document [35] (Title: IPhone 6) Android phones, but has experienced a low adoption rate among users. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749. In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless Document [36] (Title: Apple Inc.) an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod. The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007, for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB) with an AT&T contract. On February 5, 2008, it was updated to have 16 GB of memory, in addition to the 8 GB and 4 GB models. It combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in handheld devices, running scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed iPhone OS, later renamed iOS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such as Document [37] (Title: IPhone 6) IPhone 6 The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5S that were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near field communications-based mobile Document [38] (Title: IPhone 8) displays. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus share most of their internal hardware with the iPhone X. Reception of the phones was mixed, with reviewers praising the addition of wireless charging and the new Apple A11 processor, while significantly criticizing the aging design. On August 31, 2017, Apple sent out press invites for a media event at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus on September 12, 2017. The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus were announced at that event, and released on September 22, 2017. On April 9, 2018, Apple introduced an iPhone 8 with a red Document [39] (Title: IPhone 5) 5 featured major design changes in comparison to its predecessor. These included an aluminum-based body which was thinner and lighter than previous models, a taller screen with a nearly aspect ratio, the Apple A6 system-on-chip, LTE support, and Lightning, a new compact dock connector which replaced the 30-pin design used by previous iPhone models. This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony-made 8 MP camera, which was first introduced on the iPhone 4s. Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14, 2012, and over two million were received within 24 hours. Initial demand for the iPhone 5 exceeded Document [40] (Title: IPhone) 6S was introduced the following year, which featured hardware upgrades and support for pressure-sensitive touch inputs, as well as the SE—which featured hardware from the 6S but the smaller form factor of the 5S. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which add water resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new rear dual-camera setup on the Plus model, and new color options, while removing the 3.5 mm headphone jack found on previous models. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were released in 2017, adding a glass back and an improved screen and camera. The iPhone X Document [41] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) promise, it lacked a clear purpose, similar to many of the devices already on the market. The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-generation Apple TV, along with the fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro. On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an improved camera and a faster processor than the previous generation. The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Document [42] (Title: IPhone) the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G network support, and was followed by the 3GS with improved hardware, the 4 with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced Lightning connector. In 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring displays. The iPhone Document [43] (Title: IPhone 4S) The 4S was officially discontinued on September 9, 2014 following the announcement of the iPhone 6, although production did continue for developing markets until February 17, 2016. During the course of its lifetime, the iPhone 4S was the best-selling iPhone ever produced and it is the first iPhone to support five major versions of iOS: iOS 5, iOS 6, iOS 7, iOS 8, and iOS 9 (the iPad 2 was supported from iOS 4 to iOS 9). The 4S is also the last iPhone to have the original 30 pin connector as the succeeding iPhone 5 replaced it with the Document [44] (Title: IPhone 7) immediate speculation of the iPhone 7's upcoming announcement. The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, and general availability on September 16. The iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016. Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31, 2017, following Apple's research and development investment in the country. On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Document [45] (Title: Apple Inc.) 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6, alongside the iPhone 6 Plus that both have screen sizes over 4-inches. One year later, Apple introduced the iPhone 6S, and iPhone 6S Plus, which introduced a new technology called 3D Touch, including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP, and the FaceTime camera to 5 MP. On March 21, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone SE that has a 4-inch screen size last used with the 5S and has nearly the same internal hardware as the 6S. In July 2016, Apple announced that one billion iPhones had been sold. On September 7, Document [46] (Title: Apple Watch) iPhone is still required to set up the device. Most Apple Watches that are currently produced require an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11; the Series 3 and later LTE models require an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 11 or later. The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015 and quickly became the best-selling wearable device with 4.2 million sold in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year. The second generation of Apple Watches were released in two tiers in September 2016: the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2, while the first generation Document [47] (Title: IPhone 6) payments offering. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also panned, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. Pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record. More than ten million Document [48] (Title: IPhone 5) (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it vertically (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode). The iPhone 5 is shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012. Many of the 's features that work specifically with the included iOS 6.0 operating system only worked in certain territories on release. Apple has said this is a rolling program, which will take longer to implement across more regions. The phone can act as a hotspot, sharing its internet connection over WiFi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also accesses the App Store, an online application Document [49] (Title: IOS 6) Identifier" setting in Settings, allowing users greater control over how apps track their usage. iOS 6.1.1 was released on February 11, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 4S, with fixes for issues that could impact cellular performance and stability. iOS 6.1.2 was released on February 19, 2013, with a fix for an Exchange calendar bug that could impact network activity and battery life. iOS 6.1.3 was released on March 19, 2013, with bug fixes, including patching a potential lock screen bypass method, and various improvements. iOS 6.1.4 was released on May 2, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 5 with an "updated Document [50] (Title: IPhone 6) alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone. In February 2017, the iPhone 6 was quietly relaunched in carrier stores and online, this time the storage has been changed to 32 GB. In India it was sold on Amazon's website in Space Grey. In Taiwan, it was sold through Taiwan Mobile on March 10 in gold colour. In mid-March, it was released in the EU to Belarus via the i-Store web shop. It also makes an appearance in North America with Sprint based US prepaid carriers Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile, Document [51] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) bid. In February 2007, LG Electronics accused Apple of "copying" their LG Prada phone, which was introduced around the same time as iPhone. The iPhone was released in the United States on June 29, 2007 at the price of $499 for the 4 GB model and $599 for the 8 GB model, both requiring a 2-year contract. Thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch; many stores reported stock shortages within an hour of availability. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and Document [52] (Title: History of iPhone) the phones on June 29, 2012. T-Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12, 2013. On November 9, 2007, the iPhone was officially launched As in the case of the previous launch in the US, customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much-anticipated phone. Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets, but they never reached end customers and were used as in-store demo units. Later most of the units were disposed of. The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Document [53] (Title: IPhone 6S) XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR on September 12, 2018. The iPhone 6S has a similar design to the iPhone 6 but includes updated hardware, including a strengthened chassis and upgraded system-on-chip, a 12-megapixel camera, improved fingerprint recognition sensor, LTE Advanced support, and "Hey Siri" capabilities without needing to be plugged in. The iPhone 6S also introduces a new hardware feature known as "3D Touch", which enables pressure-sensitive touch inputs. The iPhone 6S had a mostly positive reception. While performance and camera quality were praised by most reviewers, the addition of 3D Touch was liked by one critic for Document [54] (Title: IPhone) lined up outside the stores nationwide. The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008. On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release Document [55] (Title: Apple Inc.) a near bezel-less design along with wireless charging. On September 12, 2018, Apple introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR. The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max features Super Retina displays, a faster and improved dual camera system that offers breakthrough photo and video features, the first 7-nanometer chip in a smartphone — the A12 Bionic chip with next-generation Neural Engine — faster Face ID, wider stereo sound and introduces Dual SIM to iPhone. The iPhone XR comes in an all-screen glass and aluminium design with the most advanced LCD in a smartphone featuring a 6.1-inch Liquid Document [56] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death. On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was made available on both Verizon Wireless and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Document [57] (Title: IPhone 5) on in the iPhone 5s and iPhone SE, was regarded as "long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general", while the succeeding iPhone 6/6S design was less critically acclaimed as it "felt a little bit wrong, as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap". "Wired" described the iPhone 5 as "elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together. It felt streamlined, yet substantial, which is different from the iPhone 6, which feels substantial in size alone. Plus, unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6, the Document [58] (Title: IPhone 6) iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 GB of storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe, before hitting the US markets in May 2017, and Canada in July 2017. The 32 GB model of the iPhone 6 was discontinued on September 12, 2018, with the announcement of the iPhone XR. From the launch of the original iPhone to the iPhone 4S, iPhones used 3.5-inch displays—which are smaller Document [59] (Title: IPhone 8) IPhone 8 The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eleventh generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 12, 2017, alongside the higher-end iPhone X, at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus, and were released on September 22, 2017, succeeding iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Besides the addition of a glass back, the designs of iPhone 8 and 8 Plus are largely similar to that of their predecessors. Notable changes include the addition of wireless charging, a faster processor, and improved cameras and Document [60] (Title: Apple-designed processors) (SoC) designed by Apple that was introduced on September 12, 2012, at the launch of the iPhone 5, then a year later was inherited by its minor successor the iPhone 5C. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A5. It is 22% smaller and draws less power than the 45 nm A5. The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated Document [61] (Title: IOS 7) "the fastest software upgrade in history." iOS 7 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 10, 2013. A beta release was made available to registered developers after the announcement. iOS 7 was officially released on September 18, 2013. iOS 7.0.1 was released on September 20, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S. The update included bug fixes that allow users to purchase iTunes content with the Touch ID fingerprint recognition scanner rather than with a passcode. iOS 7.0.2 was released on September 26, 2013. The update fixed bugs that could allow someone to bypass the Document [62] (Title: IPhone 7) Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017, but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017. In September 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, alongside the iPhone X. The iPhone 7's exterior is similar in shape and volume to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S. Alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new colors of matte black, glossy "jet black", Document [63] (Title: Apple A6) in iPads or any generation of iPod touch, iPad minis, or Apple TVs. Apple A6 The Apple A6 is a 32-bit package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. that was introduced on September 12, 2012 at the launch of the iPhone 5. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared with its predecessor, the Apple A5. The Apple A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7-A architecture based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like Document [64] (Title: IPhone 5) the supply available at launch on September 21, 2012, and was described by Apple as "extraordinary", with pre-orders having sold twenty times faster than its predecessors. While reception to the iPhone 5 was generally positive, consumers and reviewers noted hardware issues, such as an unintended purple hue in photos taken, and the phone's coating being prone to chipping. Reception was also mixed over Apple's decision to switch to a different dock connector design, as the change affected iPhone 5's compatibility with accessories that were otherwise compatible with previous iterations of the line. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple Document [65] (Title: Apple Inc.) April 24, 2009, the App Store surpassed one billion downloads. On June 8, 2009, Apple announced the iPhone 3GS. It provided an incremental update to the device, including faster internal components, support for faster 3G speeds, video recording capability, and voice control. At the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 7, 2010, Apple announced the redesigned iPhone 4. It featured a 960 × 640 display, the Apple A4 processor, a gyroscope for enhanced gaming, a 5MP camera with LED flash, front-facing VGA camera and FaceTime video calling. Shortly after its release, reception issues were discovered by consumers, due to the Document [66] (Title: IPhone) made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013. On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 and 5.5 inches respectively. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and Document [67] (Title: AT&T Mobility) until February 10, 2011, when the iPhone 4 was launched on the Verizon network. Teething problems with AT&T's billing process emerged soon after the iPhone's release, as early adopters started receiving exceptionally detailed monthly telephone bills with one of the most notable being the 300-page iPhone bill that was featured in an online video by blogger Justine Ezarik. Apple launched the iPhone 3G with AT&T on July 11, 2008. Although specific AT&T sales numbers are unavailable, Apple announced that over 1 million iPhone 3G devices were sold during the first three days — in contrast, according to Steve Jobs, Apple's Document [68] (Title: Apple A6) Apple A6 The Apple A6 is a 32-bit package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. that was introduced on September 12, 2012 at the launch of the iPhone 5. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared with its predecessor, the Apple A5. The Apple A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7-A architecture based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated 266 MHz triple-core PowerVR SGX543MP3 graphics processing Document [69] (Title: IPhone 5) combined total of Android phones in the global market. IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last Document [70] (Title: IPhone) to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G), in exchange for four years of exclusive US sales, until 2011. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The two initial models, a 4 GB model priced at US$499 and an 8 GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers Document [71] (Title: IPhone 4S) set by the iPhone 4. The 16-month wait between the iPhone 4 and 4S may have contributed to overwhelming sales as well. On October 17, 2011, Apple had announced that four million units of the were sold in the first three days of release, and 25 million iOS users had upgraded to the then latest version of iOS, iOS 5, which was released upon the introduction of the phone. Phil Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing, stated that the " is off to a great start with more than four million sold in its first weekend—the most Document [72] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) and interface of the iPhone but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4 GB model. Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release. After receiving "hundreds of emails...upset" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters. A 16 GB model was released on February 5, 2008 for Document [73] (Title: IPod Touch) major release of iOS software, was announced at Apple's WWDC 2011, which added notification, messaging and reminder features. Apple limited some features, most notably the voice control system Siri, to the iPhone. iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012 to the fourth and fifth generation iPod Touch models, contains 200 new features including Passbook, Facebook integration and Apple Maps. The fifth generation iPod Touch gained the ability to take panoramic photos, a feature shared with the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5. On June 8, 2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPod Touch fifth generation would Document [74] (Title: IPhone 7) Plus on September 22, 2017, and the iPhone X on November 3, 2017. The iPhone X was discontinued almost a year later on September 12, 2018. The iPhone 7's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S, but introduces new color options (matte black and jet black), water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home button, and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack. The device's internal hardware also received upgrades, including a heterogeneous quad-core system-on-chip with improved system and graphics performance, and upgraded 12 megapixel rear-facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens Document [75] (Title: IPhone 6) look blurry and initiated a replacement program. On September 9, 2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. The 128 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus was discontinued along with the gold version of both phones, but the 16 GB and 64 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus in silver and space gray remain available for sale at a reduced price. In June 2016, Apple faced a potential sales ban in China, as Document [76] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) added these features. iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008, around the same time as the release of the iPhone 3G, and introduced third-party applications, Microsoft Exchange support, push e-mail, and other enhancements. iPhone OS 3 was released on June 17, 2009, and introduced copy and paste functionality, Spotlight search for the home screen, and new features for the YouTube app. iPhone OS 3 was available for the original iPhone as well as the iPhone 3G. However, not all features of iPhone OS 3 were supported on the original iPhone. iPhone OS 3.1.3 was the last version of Document [77] (Title: IPhone 6S) countries and a lack of iPhone purchases in developing countries. Before the official unveiling, several aspects of the iPhone 6S were rumored, including the base model having 16 gigabytes of storage, the pressure-sensitive display technology known as 3D Touch, and a new rose gold color option. iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus were officially unveiled on September 9, 2015, during a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco. Pre-orders began September 12, with the official release on September 25. On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus as successors to the Document [78] (Title: IPhone 6S) IPhone 6S The iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus (stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus) are smartphones that were designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the ninth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 9, 2015 at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, with pre-orders beginning September 12 and official release on September 25, 2015. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were succeeded by the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus on September 7, 2016 and were discontinued with the announcement of the iPhone Document [79] (Title: IPhone 7) for the phones". IPhone 7 iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the tenth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 Document [80] (Title: IPhone 6S) January 23, had reduced the occurrence of battery shutdowns by "more than 80%" on iPhone 6S devices. On December 28, 2017, Apple decreased the price of an out-of-warranty battery replacement for iPhone 6 or later from $79 to $29 for one year until December 31, 2018, and promised an iOS update that would provide more information about an iPhone's battery health which eventually turned out to be iOS 11.3. IPhone 6S The iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus (stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus) are smartphones that were designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It Document [81] (Title: IPhone 6S) the potential of entirely new interface interactions, but disliked by another critic for not providing users with an expected intuitive response before actually using the feature. The battery life was criticized, and one reviewer asserted that the phone's camera was not significantly better than the rest of the industry. The iPhone 6S set a new first-weekend sales record, selling 13 million models, up from 10 million for the iPhone 6 in the previous year. However, Apple saw its first-ever quarterly year-over-year decline in iPhone sales in the months after the launch, credited to a saturated smartphone market in Apple's biggest Document [82] (Title: IOS 6) audio profile for speakerphone". iOS 6.1.5 was released on November 14, 2013, specifically for the 4th generation iPod Touch with a fix for FaceTime calls failing. iOS 6.1.6 was released on February 21, 2014, specifically for the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone 3GS, with fixes for SSL connection verification. It was also the last version of iOS supported by those devices. Apple's Siri intelligent personal assistant, introduced in iOS 5 with the release of the iPhone 4S, was updated to include the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, read items from Notification Center, dictate Facebook and Twitter updates, Document [83] (Title: IOS 6) prompted an open letter of apology from Apple CEO Tim Cook, and played a contributing role in the dismissal of Scott Forstall from the company, who had supervised iOS development since its inception. While iOS 6 has seen no further updates since March 2014, two subversions of iOS 6 are still 'signed' by Apple Software Update: 6.1.3 for certain models of the iPad 2 and the iPhone 4S, and 6.1.6 for the iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch (4th generation), meaning that it can be verified and installed on the mentioned devices provided the user has the necessary IPSW file. Document [84] (Title: IPhone 6S) captures a short video alongside each photo taken. The iPhone 6S supports iOS 12, which was first released on September 17, 2018. Nilay Patel of "The Verge" described the 6S, in particular the Plus model, as "right now the best phone on the market. ... There just aren't other companies that can roll out a feature like 3D Touch and make it work in a way that suggests the creation of entirely new interface paradigms, and every other phone maker needs to figure out exactly why Apple's cameras are so consistent before they can really compete." Samuel Gibbs of "The Document [85] (Title: IPhone 7) an increase in sales over the release of the previous year's iPhone 6S, AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations, and T-Mobile and Sprint announced "huge increases in sales", with T-Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6. In December 2016, "DigiTimes" reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned. A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year's iPhone model. A new report from "Nikkei" at the end of December included details Document [86] (Title: IPhone 6) iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record. During its lifespan, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus sold 220 million in total, making them the best selling iPhone models, so far, and one of the most successful phones to date. Despite their positive reception, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus have been the subject of several hardware issues, including most prominently, being susceptible to bending under pressure, such as in a pocket. The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus were made with 7000 series aluminum (a design flaw nicknamed "Bendgate"), and as Document [87] (Title: IPhone 6) or Multi-Touch issues after being dropped multiple times on a hard surface and then incurring further stress on the device". Apple Inc. announced that, within 24 hours of availability, over 4 million pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were made, exceeding the supply available. More than 10 million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days. IPhone 6 The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5S that were announced on September 9, 2014, Document [88] (Title: IPhone 5S) which incorporated internal hardware similar to the iPhone 6S while retaining the smaller form factor and design of the 5S. The iPhone 5S is the first iPhone to be supported through six major versions of iOS and the second iOS device to support six major updates behind the iPad 2: from iOS 7 which was released in September 2013 to iOS 12 which was released on September 17, 2018. Before its official unveiling, media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner; including Apple's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec, a developer of mobile security Document [89] (Title: IPhone 5) the 5 albeit having a less expensive polycarbonate exterior. The iPhone 5 supports iOS 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The iPhone 5 is the second iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S. Rumors about the began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4s, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012. On July 30, 2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, along with some accurate predictions of its features. On September 4, 2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Document [90] (Title: IPhone 6) a byproduct of this lack of rigidity, the touchscreen's internal hardware being susceptible to losing its connection to the phone's logic board (nicknamed "Touch Disease"). The iPhone 6 Plus was also the subject of camera issues, including some devices with malfunctioning optical image stabilization or otherwise defects on rear cameras. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most countries on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and Document [91] (Title: IPhone 4) it would be releasing the white iPhone 4 model on April 28, 2011, for both GSM and CDMA. The release of the white iPhone 4 was carried out on April 28. During Apple's official unveiling of the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S in the US on October 14. In September 2013, after the release of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple stopped selling the iPhone 4 in most of their stores as well as on their website. It was replaced by Document [92] (Title: History of iPhone) mobile phone to use iTunes. Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR, feeling that having to compromise with a non-Apple designer (Motorola) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make. In September 2006, Apple discontinued support for the ROKR, and released a version of iTunes that included references to an as-yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video. On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention. Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone was released. On June Document [93] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) IPhone (1st generation) The iPhone (colloquially known as the iPhone 2G after 2008) is the first smartphone model designed and marketed by Apple Inc. After years of rumors and speculation, it was officially announced on January 9, 2007, and was later released in the United States on June 29, 2007. It featured quad-band GSM cellular connectivity with GPRS and EDGE support for data transfer. Development of the iPhone dated back to 2005, when former Apple CEO Steve Jobs conceptualized the idea of a device that users could directly interface with the display. The design was expanded upon over the next Document [94] (Title: IOS 8) 2014. The update introduced Apple Pay for iPhone 6 and 6 Plus in the United States, added iCloud Photo Library in beta status, returned the Camera Roll in Photos, and added Continuity features, which enable iPhone users to read and send SMS and MMS from their iPad and Mac. It also introduced Instant Hotspot, allowing Mac users to remotely activate the "Personal hotspot" feature on a nearby iPhone. iOS 8.1.1 was released on November 17, 2014, with bug fixes and performance improvements for iPhone 4S and iPad 2. iOS 8.1.2 was released on December 9, 2014, with a fix for Question: when did the apple iphone 6 come out Answer: September 19, 2014 Long Answer: The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc . The devices are part of the iPhone series and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014 . The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly serve as successors to the iPhone 5S and were themselves replaced as flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015. Gold Document ID: 37

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: IPhone 6) Shenzhen Baili, a Chinese device maker, alleged that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus infringed on its design patent. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold Document [2] (Title: Apple Watch) the company was planning to launch new product categories that year, but did not reveal any specifics. In June 2014, Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October. On September 9, 2014, during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented, the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as "the next chapter in Apple's story" with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers. After the reveal video, the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause Document [3] (Title: IPhone X) the iPhone X was in development for five years, as far back as 2012. Rumors of a drastic iPhone redesign began circulating around the time of iPhone 7 announcement in the third quarter of 2016, and intensified when a HomePod firmware leak in July 2017 suggested that Apple would shortly release a phone with a nearly bezel-less design, lack of physical home button, facial recognition, and other new features. A near-final development version of the iOS 11 operating system was also leaked in September 2017, confirming the new design and features. On August 31, 2017, Apple invited journalists to a Document [4] (Title: IPhone 5S) for preorder on September 13, 2013, the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder. Both devices were released on September 20, 2013. While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID, the 64-bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event. Schiller then showed demos of "Infinity Blade III" to demonstrate the A7's processing power and the device's camera using untouched photographs. The release of iOS 7 on September 18, 2013 was also announced during the keynote. The iPhone 5S was released on September 20, 2013, in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Document [5] (Title: IPhone 4S) upgrades, including an upgrade to the Apple A5 chipset, and an 8-megapixel camera with 1080p video recording. It debuted with iOS 5, the fifth major version of iOS, Apple's mobile operating system, that introduced features including iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders, and Twitter integration. Reception to the was generally favorable. Reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. It was succeeded by the iPhone 5 as Apple's flagship phone on September 12, 2012. The iPhone 4S remained on sale, albeit being sold with reduced storage (from 16/32/64 GB down to 8 GB). Document [6] (Title: History of iPhone) begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4. The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10, 2011. During Apple's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14. Cricket Wireless announced on May 31, 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S, beginning June 22, 2012. A week later, Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S, announcing plans to release Document [7] (Title: Apple Inc.) stainless steel band around the edge of the device, which also serves as the phone's cellular signal and Wi-Fi antenna. The issue was corrected by a "Bumper Case" distributed by Apple for free to all owners for a few months. In June 2011, Apple overtook Nokia to become the world's biggest smartphone maker by volume. On October 4, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPhone 4S, which was first released on October 14, 2011. It features the Apple A5 processor and Siri voice assistant technology, the latter of which Apple had acquired in 2010. It also features an updated 8MP camera with Document [8] (Title: IPhone) featured the removal of the 3.5mm headphone jack from the iPhone. On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near bezel-less design, a facial recognition feature dubbed "Face ID" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR. On September 12, 2018, Apple officially Document [9] (Title: Apple Inc.) 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7 and the iPhone 7 Plus, which feature improved system and graphics performance, add water resistance, a new rear dual-camera system on the 7 Plus model, and, controversially, remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, standing as evolutionary updates to its previous phones with a faster processor, improved display technology, upgraded camera systems and wireless charging. The company also announced iPhone X, which radically changes the hardware of the iPhone lineup, removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring Document [10] (Title: IPhone 6) than screens used by flagship phones from competitors. The iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. Following Apple's loss in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays, reports as early as January 2014 suggested that Apple was preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays. Reports prior to its unveiling also speculated that Apple might use a new iPhone model to introduce a mobile payments platform using near-field communications—a technology that has been incorporated into many Document [11] (Title: IPhone 6) along with AT&T GoPhone. These are not being distributed by Apple on their website or their retail stores. The design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is influenced by that of the iPad Air with a glass front that is curved around the edges of the display, and an aluminum rear that contains two plastic strips for the antenna. Both models come in gold, silver, and "space gray" finishes. The iPhone 6 has a thickness of , while the iPhone 6 Plus is in thickness; both are thinner than the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, with the iPhone Document [12] (Title: IPhone 6) carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were "details which are not ready"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's "frequent locations" function could expose "state secrets." In August 2015, Apple admitted that some iPhone 6 Plus models may have faulty cameras that could be causing photos to Document [13] (Title: IPhone 5S) Hong Kong, and Singapore. It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25, 2013, and in 12 countries on November 1, 2013. Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S, on January 26, 2014. On September 19, 2014, the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price, while the 64GB version was discontinued. The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9, 2015, when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus The Document [14] (Title: IPhone 4S) IPhone 4S The iPhone 4S (retroactively stylized with a lowercase 's' as iPhone 4s as of September 2013) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fifth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4 and preceding the iPhone 5. Announced on October 4, 2011 at Apple's Cupertino campus, its media coverage was accompanied by news of the death of former Apple CEO and co-founder Steve Jobs on the following day. Orders could be placed on October 7, 2011 and mainstream availability in retail stores began on October 14, 2011 in the United States, Document [15] (Title: IPhone 4S) announced iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c. This was unusual for Apple as an upper case 'S' had been used since the introduction of the iPhone 3GS in 2009. On September 9, 2014, the iPhone 4S was officially discontinued following the reveal of the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus. However, 4S production did continue for developing markets until February 17, 2016. On June 13, 2016, following the release of iOS 10, Apple dropped support on the iPhone 4S, making iOS 9.3.5 the last version available for the device. The runs iOS, Apple's mobile operating system. The user interface of Document [16] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined Apple's first widescreen iPod with the world's first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully functional version of Apple's web browser, Safari, on the then-named (later renamed iOS). The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the Document [17] (Title: Steve Jobs) and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. "Time" declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007. The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller. The Document [18] (Title: IOS 6) iOS 6 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012. iOS 6 was officially released on September 19, 2012. iOS 6.0.1 was released on November 1, 2012, as the first update to iOS 6. It included bug fixes. iOS 6.0.2 was released exclusively to the iPhone 5 and iPad Mini on December 18, 2012, to fix Wi-Fi issues. iOS 6.1 was released on January 28, 2013. The update included LTE compatibility for more carriers around the world, Siri and Fandango integration to allow users to purchase movie tickets by voice (U.S. only), and a "Reset Advertising Document [19] (Title: History of iPhone) CDMA version of Apple's iPhone 4 during February 2011. Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3. Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB. The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday, September 19, in the United States; The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months. Today, the iPhone is available in most countries. Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that Document [20] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) Pro. Apple also released a Siri speaker similar to the Amazon Echo called HomePod. On September 12, 2017 at the Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus with better camera features, more improvements in product design, user experience, performance and more, and announced the iPhone X with facial recognition technology and wireless charging. Apple also announced the 4K Apple TV with 4K, HDR and Dolby Vision experience, and the Apple Watch Series 3, supporting a cellular connection, running watchOS 4. On September 12, 2018 at the Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone Document [21] (Title: IPhone 6) the display. To accommodate the larger physical size of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, the power button was moved to the side of the phone instead of the top to improve its accessibility. The iPhone 6 features a 6.91 Wh (1810 mAh) battery, while the iPhone 6 Plus features an 11.1 Wh (2915 mAh) battery. Unlike the previous model, the rear-facing camera is not flush with the rear of the device, but instead protrudes slightly. Both models include an Apple A8 system-on-chip, and an M8 motion co-processor—an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s. The primary Document [22] (Title: IPhone 6S) Award, based largely on the phone's performance and the addition of 3D Touch. On the Monday following the iPhone 6S's launch weekend, Apple announced that they had sold 13 million models, a record-breaking number that exceeded the 10 million launch sales of the iPhone 6 in 2014. In the months following the launch, Apple saw its first-ever quarterly year-over-year decline in iPhone sales, attributed to a saturated smartphone market in Apple's biggest sales countries and consumers in developing countries not buying iPhones. In November 2016, Apple announced that a "very small number" of iPhone 6S devices manufactured between September and Document [23] (Title: IOS 6) IOS 6 iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012, and was released on September 19, 2012. It was succeeded by iOS 7 on September 18, 2013. iOS 6 added a new Apple Maps app, replacing Google Maps as the default mapping service for the operating system; a dedicated Podcasts app, as a central location for podcasts; and a Passbook app, for managing different types of tickets, boarding passes, coupons, and loyalty Document [24] (Title: IPhone 5S) iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21, 2016, and succeeded by the iPhone SE, which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S. This was a break with Apple's product positioning trend (in North America and Western Europe), starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011, which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone, then moving it to midrange for its second year of production, with the third and final year as the entry-level offering before discontinuation. While the iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until Document [25] (Title: IPhone 7) IPhone 7 iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the tenth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Document [26] (Title: IPhone 6S) iPhone 6S and 6S Plus. On March 31, 2017, the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in Indonesia alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, following Apple's research and development investment in the country. The iPhone 6S, iPhone 6S Plus, and iPhone SE were the last iPhone models to feature a standard 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack. The iPhone 6S is nearly identical in design to the iPhone 6. In response to the "bendgate" design flaws of the previous model, changes were made to improve the durability of the chassis: the 6S was constructed from a stronger, 7000 series Document [27] (Title: IPhone 6) 6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as "Retina HD Display" and "ion-strengthened", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed "dual-domain pixels"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of Document [28] (Title: IPhone 5S) IPhone 5S The iPhone 5S (stylized and marketed as iPhone 5s) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the seventh generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5. The device was unveiled on September 10, 2013, at Apple's Cupertino headquarters. It was released on September 20, 2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, the iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor, the iPhone 5, although the 5S received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black; however, the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware. Document [29] (Title: IPhone 4) IPhone 4 The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fourth generation iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted Document [30] (Title: IPhone 5) IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs. The iPhone Document [31] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) $499, the original launch price of the 4 GB model. Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11. The original iPhone was discontinued 4 days later; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units. During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supported Document [32] (Title: IOS 6) adding that devices capable of upgrading to iOS 7 must do so to fix the issue, while devices stuck on iOS 6 would receive an iOS 6.1.6 update. With this release, Apple dropped support for older devices, specifically the third-generation iPod Touch and the first-generation iPad. IOS 6 iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012, and was released on September 19, 2012. It was succeeded by iOS 7 on September 18, Document [33] (Title: IPhone 5S) September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early meant that Apple "just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family was expected to suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016. The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated Document [34] (Title: Apple Inc.) Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week. In May of the same year, Apple's market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989. In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch Document [35] (Title: IPhone 6) Android phones, but has experienced a low adoption rate among users. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749. In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless Document [36] (Title: Apple Inc.) an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod. The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007, for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB) with an AT&T contract. On February 5, 2008, it was updated to have 16 GB of memory, in addition to the 8 GB and 4 GB models. It combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in handheld devices, running scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed iPhone OS, later renamed iOS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such as Document [37] (Title: IPhone 6) IPhone 6 The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5S that were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near field communications-based mobile Document [38] (Title: IPhone 8) displays. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus share most of their internal hardware with the iPhone X. Reception of the phones was mixed, with reviewers praising the addition of wireless charging and the new Apple A11 processor, while significantly criticizing the aging design. On August 31, 2017, Apple sent out press invites for a media event at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus on September 12, 2017. The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus were announced at that event, and released on September 22, 2017. On April 9, 2018, Apple introduced an iPhone 8 with a red Document [39] (Title: IPhone 5) 5 featured major design changes in comparison to its predecessor. These included an aluminum-based body which was thinner and lighter than previous models, a taller screen with a nearly aspect ratio, the Apple A6 system-on-chip, LTE support, and Lightning, a new compact dock connector which replaced the 30-pin design used by previous iPhone models. This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony-made 8 MP camera, which was first introduced on the iPhone 4s. Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14, 2012, and over two million were received within 24 hours. Initial demand for the iPhone 5 exceeded Document [40] (Title: IPhone) 6S was introduced the following year, which featured hardware upgrades and support for pressure-sensitive touch inputs, as well as the SE—which featured hardware from the 6S but the smaller form factor of the 5S. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which add water resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new rear dual-camera setup on the Plus model, and new color options, while removing the 3.5 mm headphone jack found on previous models. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were released in 2017, adding a glass back and an improved screen and camera. The iPhone X Document [41] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) promise, it lacked a clear purpose, similar to many of the devices already on the market. The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015. On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-generation Apple TV, along with the fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro. On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an improved camera and a faster processor than the previous generation. The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Document [42] (Title: IPhone) the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G network support, and was followed by the 3GS with improved hardware, the 4 with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced Lightning connector. In 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring displays. The iPhone Document [43] (Title: IPhone 4S) The 4S was officially discontinued on September 9, 2014 following the announcement of the iPhone 6, although production did continue for developing markets until February 17, 2016. During the course of its lifetime, the iPhone 4S was the best-selling iPhone ever produced and it is the first iPhone to support five major versions of iOS: iOS 5, iOS 6, iOS 7, iOS 8, and iOS 9 (the iPad 2 was supported from iOS 4 to iOS 9). The 4S is also the last iPhone to have the original 30 pin connector as the succeeding iPhone 5 replaced it with the Document [44] (Title: IPhone 7) immediate speculation of the iPhone 7's upcoming announcement. The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, and general availability on September 16. The iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016. Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31, 2017, following Apple's research and development investment in the country. On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Document [45] (Title: Apple Inc.) 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6, alongside the iPhone 6 Plus that both have screen sizes over 4-inches. One year later, Apple introduced the iPhone 6S, and iPhone 6S Plus, which introduced a new technology called 3D Touch, including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP, and the FaceTime camera to 5 MP. On March 21, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone SE that has a 4-inch screen size last used with the 5S and has nearly the same internal hardware as the 6S. In July 2016, Apple announced that one billion iPhones had been sold. On September 7, Document [46] (Title: Apple Watch) iPhone is still required to set up the device. Most Apple Watches that are currently produced require an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11; the Series 3 and later LTE models require an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 11 or later. The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015 and quickly became the best-selling wearable device with 4.2 million sold in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year. The second generation of Apple Watches were released in two tiers in September 2016: the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2, while the first generation Document [47] (Title: IPhone 6) payments offering. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also panned, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. Pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record. More than ten million Document [48] (Title: IPhone 5) (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it vertically (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode). The iPhone 5 is shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012. Many of the 's features that work specifically with the included iOS 6.0 operating system only worked in certain territories on release. Apple has said this is a rolling program, which will take longer to implement across more regions. The phone can act as a hotspot, sharing its internet connection over WiFi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also accesses the App Store, an online application Document [49] (Title: IOS 6) Identifier" setting in Settings, allowing users greater control over how apps track their usage. iOS 6.1.1 was released on February 11, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 4S, with fixes for issues that could impact cellular performance and stability. iOS 6.1.2 was released on February 19, 2013, with a fix for an Exchange calendar bug that could impact network activity and battery life. iOS 6.1.3 was released on March 19, 2013, with bug fixes, including patching a potential lock screen bypass method, and various improvements. iOS 6.1.4 was released on May 2, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 5 with an "updated Document [50] (Title: IPhone 6) alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone. In February 2017, the iPhone 6 was quietly relaunched in carrier stores and online, this time the storage has been changed to 32 GB. In India it was sold on Amazon's website in Space Grey. In Taiwan, it was sold through Taiwan Mobile on March 10 in gold colour. In mid-March, it was released in the EU to Belarus via the i-Store web shop. It also makes an appearance in North America with Sprint based US prepaid carriers Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile, Document [51] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) bid. In February 2007, LG Electronics accused Apple of "copying" their LG Prada phone, which was introduced around the same time as iPhone. The iPhone was released in the United States on June 29, 2007 at the price of $499 for the 4 GB model and $599 for the 8 GB model, both requiring a 2-year contract. Thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch; many stores reported stock shortages within an hour of availability. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and Document [52] (Title: History of iPhone) the phones on June 29, 2012. T-Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12, 2013. On November 9, 2007, the iPhone was officially launched As in the case of the previous launch in the US, customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much-anticipated phone. Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets, but they never reached end customers and were used as in-store demo units. Later most of the units were disposed of. The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Document [53] (Title: IPhone 6S) XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR on September 12, 2018. The iPhone 6S has a similar design to the iPhone 6 but includes updated hardware, including a strengthened chassis and upgraded system-on-chip, a 12-megapixel camera, improved fingerprint recognition sensor, LTE Advanced support, and "Hey Siri" capabilities without needing to be plugged in. The iPhone 6S also introduces a new hardware feature known as "3D Touch", which enables pressure-sensitive touch inputs. The iPhone 6S had a mostly positive reception. While performance and camera quality were praised by most reviewers, the addition of 3D Touch was liked by one critic for Document [54] (Title: IPhone) lined up outside the stores nationwide. The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008. On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release Document [55] (Title: Apple Inc.) a near bezel-less design along with wireless charging. On September 12, 2018, Apple introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR. The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max features Super Retina displays, a faster and improved dual camera system that offers breakthrough photo and video features, the first 7-nanometer chip in a smartphone — the A12 Bionic chip with next-generation Neural Engine — faster Face ID, wider stereo sound and introduces Dual SIM to iPhone. The iPhone XR comes in an all-screen glass and aluminium design with the most advanced LCD in a smartphone featuring a 6.1-inch Liquid Document [56] (Title: History of Apple Inc.) iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death. On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was made available on both Verizon Wireless and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Document [57] (Title: IPhone 5) on in the iPhone 5s and iPhone SE, was regarded as "long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general", while the succeeding iPhone 6/6S design was less critically acclaimed as it "felt a little bit wrong, as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap". "Wired" described the iPhone 5 as "elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together. It felt streamlined, yet substantial, which is different from the iPhone 6, which feels substantial in size alone. Plus, unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6, the Document [58] (Title: IPhone 6) iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 GB of storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe, before hitting the US markets in May 2017, and Canada in July 2017. The 32 GB model of the iPhone 6 was discontinued on September 12, 2018, with the announcement of the iPhone XR. From the launch of the original iPhone to the iPhone 4S, iPhones used 3.5-inch displays—which are smaller Document [59] (Title: IPhone 8) IPhone 8 The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eleventh generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 12, 2017, alongside the higher-end iPhone X, at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus, and were released on September 22, 2017, succeeding iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Besides the addition of a glass back, the designs of iPhone 8 and 8 Plus are largely similar to that of their predecessors. Notable changes include the addition of wireless charging, a faster processor, and improved cameras and Document [60] (Title: Apple-designed processors) (SoC) designed by Apple that was introduced on September 12, 2012, at the launch of the iPhone 5, then a year later was inherited by its minor successor the iPhone 5C. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A5. It is 22% smaller and draws less power than the 45 nm A5. The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated Document [61] (Title: IOS 7) "the fastest software upgrade in history." iOS 7 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 10, 2013. A beta release was made available to registered developers after the announcement. iOS 7 was officially released on September 18, 2013. iOS 7.0.1 was released on September 20, 2013, specifically for the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S. The update included bug fixes that allow users to purchase iTunes content with the Touch ID fingerprint recognition scanner rather than with a passcode. iOS 7.0.2 was released on September 26, 2013. The update fixed bugs that could allow someone to bypass the Document [62] (Title: IPhone 7) Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017, but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017. In September 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, alongside the iPhone X. The iPhone 7's exterior is similar in shape and volume to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S. Alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new colors of matte black, glossy "jet black", Document [63] (Title: Apple A6) in iPads or any generation of iPod touch, iPad minis, or Apple TVs. Apple A6 The Apple A6 is a 32-bit package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. that was introduced on September 12, 2012 at the launch of the iPhone 5. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared with its predecessor, the Apple A5. The Apple A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7-A architecture based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like Document [64] (Title: IPhone 5) the supply available at launch on September 21, 2012, and was described by Apple as "extraordinary", with pre-orders having sold twenty times faster than its predecessors. While reception to the iPhone 5 was generally positive, consumers and reviewers noted hardware issues, such as an unintended purple hue in photos taken, and the phone's coating being prone to chipping. Reception was also mixed over Apple's decision to switch to a different dock connector design, as the change affected iPhone 5's compatibility with accessories that were otherwise compatible with previous iterations of the line. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple Document [65] (Title: Apple Inc.) April 24, 2009, the App Store surpassed one billion downloads. On June 8, 2009, Apple announced the iPhone 3GS. It provided an incremental update to the device, including faster internal components, support for faster 3G speeds, video recording capability, and voice control. At the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 7, 2010, Apple announced the redesigned iPhone 4. It featured a 960 × 640 display, the Apple A4 processor, a gyroscope for enhanced gaming, a 5MP camera with LED flash, front-facing VGA camera and FaceTime video calling. Shortly after its release, reception issues were discovered by consumers, due to the Document [66] (Title: IPhone) made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013. On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 and 5.5 inches respectively. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and Document [67] (Title: AT&T Mobility) until February 10, 2011, when the iPhone 4 was launched on the Verizon network. Teething problems with AT&T's billing process emerged soon after the iPhone's release, as early adopters started receiving exceptionally detailed monthly telephone bills with one of the most notable being the 300-page iPhone bill that was featured in an online video by blogger Justine Ezarik. Apple launched the iPhone 3G with AT&T on July 11, 2008. Although specific AT&T sales numbers are unavailable, Apple announced that over 1 million iPhone 3G devices were sold during the first three days — in contrast, according to Steve Jobs, Apple's Document [68] (Title: Apple A6) Apple A6 The Apple A6 is a 32-bit package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. that was introduced on September 12, 2012 at the launch of the iPhone 5. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared with its predecessor, the Apple A5. The Apple A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7-A architecture based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated 266 MHz triple-core PowerVR SGX543MP3 graphics processing Document [69] (Title: IPhone 5) combined total of Android phones in the global market. IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last Document [70] (Title: IPhone) to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G), in exchange for four years of exclusive US sales, until 2011. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The two initial models, a 4 GB model priced at US$499 and an 8 GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers Document [71] (Title: IPhone 4S) set by the iPhone 4. The 16-month wait between the iPhone 4 and 4S may have contributed to overwhelming sales as well. On October 17, 2011, Apple had announced that four million units of the were sold in the first three days of release, and 25 million iOS users had upgraded to the then latest version of iOS, iOS 5, which was released upon the introduction of the phone. Phil Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing, stated that the " is off to a great start with more than four million sold in its first weekend—the most Document [72] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) and interface of the iPhone but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4 GB model. Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release. After receiving "hundreds of emails...upset" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters. A 16 GB model was released on February 5, 2008 for Document [73] (Title: IPod Touch) major release of iOS software, was announced at Apple's WWDC 2011, which added notification, messaging and reminder features. Apple limited some features, most notably the voice control system Siri, to the iPhone. iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012 to the fourth and fifth generation iPod Touch models, contains 200 new features including Passbook, Facebook integration and Apple Maps. The fifth generation iPod Touch gained the ability to take panoramic photos, a feature shared with the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5. On June 8, 2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPod Touch fifth generation would Document [74] (Title: IPhone 7) Plus on September 22, 2017, and the iPhone X on November 3, 2017. The iPhone X was discontinued almost a year later on September 12, 2018. The iPhone 7's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S, but introduces new color options (matte black and jet black), water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home button, and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack. The device's internal hardware also received upgrades, including a heterogeneous quad-core system-on-chip with improved system and graphics performance, and upgraded 12 megapixel rear-facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens Document [75] (Title: IPhone 6) look blurry and initiated a replacement program. On September 9, 2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. The 128 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus was discontinued along with the gold version of both phones, but the 16 GB and 64 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus in silver and space gray remain available for sale at a reduced price. In June 2016, Apple faced a potential sales ban in China, as Document [76] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) added these features. iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008, around the same time as the release of the iPhone 3G, and introduced third-party applications, Microsoft Exchange support, push e-mail, and other enhancements. iPhone OS 3 was released on June 17, 2009, and introduced copy and paste functionality, Spotlight search for the home screen, and new features for the YouTube app. iPhone OS 3 was available for the original iPhone as well as the iPhone 3G. However, not all features of iPhone OS 3 were supported on the original iPhone. iPhone OS 3.1.3 was the last version of Document [77] (Title: IPhone 6S) countries and a lack of iPhone purchases in developing countries. Before the official unveiling, several aspects of the iPhone 6S were rumored, including the base model having 16 gigabytes of storage, the pressure-sensitive display technology known as 3D Touch, and a new rose gold color option. iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus were officially unveiled on September 9, 2015, during a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco. Pre-orders began September 12, with the official release on September 25. On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus as successors to the Document [78] (Title: IPhone 6S) IPhone 6S The iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus (stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus) are smartphones that were designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the ninth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 9, 2015 at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, with pre-orders beginning September 12 and official release on September 25, 2015. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were succeeded by the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus on September 7, 2016 and were discontinued with the announcement of the iPhone Document [79] (Title: IPhone 7) for the phones". IPhone 7 iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the tenth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 Document [80] (Title: IPhone 6S) January 23, had reduced the occurrence of battery shutdowns by "more than 80%" on iPhone 6S devices. On December 28, 2017, Apple decreased the price of an out-of-warranty battery replacement for iPhone 6 or later from $79 to $29 for one year until December 31, 2018, and promised an iOS update that would provide more information about an iPhone's battery health which eventually turned out to be iOS 11.3. IPhone 6S The iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus (stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus) are smartphones that were designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It Document [81] (Title: IPhone 6S) the potential of entirely new interface interactions, but disliked by another critic for not providing users with an expected intuitive response before actually using the feature. The battery life was criticized, and one reviewer asserted that the phone's camera was not significantly better than the rest of the industry. The iPhone 6S set a new first-weekend sales record, selling 13 million models, up from 10 million for the iPhone 6 in the previous year. However, Apple saw its first-ever quarterly year-over-year decline in iPhone sales in the months after the launch, credited to a saturated smartphone market in Apple's biggest Document [82] (Title: IOS 6) audio profile for speakerphone". iOS 6.1.5 was released on November 14, 2013, specifically for the 4th generation iPod Touch with a fix for FaceTime calls failing. iOS 6.1.6 was released on February 21, 2014, specifically for the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone 3GS, with fixes for SSL connection verification. It was also the last version of iOS supported by those devices. Apple's Siri intelligent personal assistant, introduced in iOS 5 with the release of the iPhone 4S, was updated to include the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, read items from Notification Center, dictate Facebook and Twitter updates, Document [83] (Title: IOS 6) prompted an open letter of apology from Apple CEO Tim Cook, and played a contributing role in the dismissal of Scott Forstall from the company, who had supervised iOS development since its inception. While iOS 6 has seen no further updates since March 2014, two subversions of iOS 6 are still 'signed' by Apple Software Update: 6.1.3 for certain models of the iPad 2 and the iPhone 4S, and 6.1.6 for the iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch (4th generation), meaning that it can be verified and installed on the mentioned devices provided the user has the necessary IPSW file. Document [84] (Title: IPhone 6S) captures a short video alongside each photo taken. The iPhone 6S supports iOS 12, which was first released on September 17, 2018. Nilay Patel of "The Verge" described the 6S, in particular the Plus model, as "right now the best phone on the market. ... There just aren't other companies that can roll out a feature like 3D Touch and make it work in a way that suggests the creation of entirely new interface paradigms, and every other phone maker needs to figure out exactly why Apple's cameras are so consistent before they can really compete." Samuel Gibbs of "The Document [85] (Title: IPhone 7) an increase in sales over the release of the previous year's iPhone 6S, AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations, and T-Mobile and Sprint announced "huge increases in sales", with T-Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6. In December 2016, "DigiTimes" reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned. A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year's iPhone model. A new report from "Nikkei" at the end of December included details Document [86] (Title: IPhone 6) iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record. During its lifespan, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus sold 220 million in total, making them the best selling iPhone models, so far, and one of the most successful phones to date. Despite their positive reception, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus have been the subject of several hardware issues, including most prominently, being susceptible to bending under pressure, such as in a pocket. The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus were made with 7000 series aluminum (a design flaw nicknamed "Bendgate"), and as Document [87] (Title: IPhone 6) or Multi-Touch issues after being dropped multiple times on a hard surface and then incurring further stress on the device". Apple Inc. announced that, within 24 hours of availability, over 4 million pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were made, exceeding the supply available. More than 10 million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days. IPhone 6 The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5S that were announced on September 9, 2014, Document [88] (Title: IPhone 5S) which incorporated internal hardware similar to the iPhone 6S while retaining the smaller form factor and design of the 5S. The iPhone 5S is the first iPhone to be supported through six major versions of iOS and the second iOS device to support six major updates behind the iPad 2: from iOS 7 which was released in September 2013 to iOS 12 which was released on September 17, 2018. Before its official unveiling, media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner; including Apple's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec, a developer of mobile security Document [89] (Title: IPhone 5) the 5 albeit having a less expensive polycarbonate exterior. The iPhone 5 supports iOS 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The iPhone 5 is the second iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S. Rumors about the began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4s, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012. On July 30, 2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, along with some accurate predictions of its features. On September 4, 2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Document [90] (Title: IPhone 6) a byproduct of this lack of rigidity, the touchscreen's internal hardware being susceptible to losing its connection to the phone's logic board (nicknamed "Touch Disease"). The iPhone 6 Plus was also the subject of camera issues, including some devices with malfunctioning optical image stabilization or otherwise defects on rear cameras. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most countries on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and Document [91] (Title: IPhone 4) it would be releasing the white iPhone 4 model on April 28, 2011, for both GSM and CDMA. The release of the white iPhone 4 was carried out on April 28. During Apple's official unveiling of the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S in the US on October 14. In September 2013, after the release of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple stopped selling the iPhone 4 in most of their stores as well as on their website. It was replaced by Document [92] (Title: History of iPhone) mobile phone to use iTunes. Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR, feeling that having to compromise with a non-Apple designer (Motorola) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make. In September 2006, Apple discontinued support for the ROKR, and released a version of iTunes that included references to an as-yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video. On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention. Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone was released. On June Document [93] (Title: IPhone (1st generation)) IPhone (1st generation) The iPhone (colloquially known as the iPhone 2G after 2008) is the first smartphone model designed and marketed by Apple Inc. After years of rumors and speculation, it was officially announced on January 9, 2007, and was later released in the United States on June 29, 2007. It featured quad-band GSM cellular connectivity with GPRS and EDGE support for data transfer. Development of the iPhone dated back to 2005, when former Apple CEO Steve Jobs conceptualized the idea of a device that users could directly interface with the display. The design was expanded upon over the next Document [94] (Title: IOS 8) 2014. The update introduced Apple Pay for iPhone 6 and 6 Plus in the United States, added iCloud Photo Library in beta status, returned the Camera Roll in Photos, and added Continuity features, which enable iPhone users to read and send SMS and MMS from their iPad and Mac. It also introduced Instant Hotspot, allowing Mac users to remotely activate the "Personal hotspot" feature on a nearby iPhone. iOS 8.1.1 was released on November 17, 2014, with bug fixes and performance improvements for iPhone 4S and iPad 2. iOS 8.1.2 was released on December 9, 2014, with a fix for Question: when did the apple iphone 6 come out

Answer: September 19, 2014 Long Answer: The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc . The devices are part of the iPhone series and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014 . The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly serve as successors to the iPhone 5S and were themselves replaced as flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015. Gold Document ID: 37

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Internet science) Web to the public. 1992: The first audio and video were distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was very popular. 1993: The number of websites reached 600 and the White House and United Nations go online. 1994: Netscape Communications was born. Microsoft created a Web browser for Windows 95. 1995: Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy began to provide Internet access. 1996: The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heated up. 1997: PC makers removed or hid Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows 95. 1998: The Google search engine was born Document [2] (Title: World Wide Web) and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by US Senator Al Gore. Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October Document [3] (Title: Commercialization of the Internet) November 1988 and then actively to the public starting in January 1990, albeit only to the NSFNET backbone with their approval. Barry Shein's The World STD was selling dial-up Internet on a legally questionable basis starting in late 1989 or early 1990, and then on an approved basis by 1992. He claims to be and is generally recognized as the first to ever think of selling dial-up Internet access for money. Although the Internet infrastructure was mostly privately owned by 1993, the lack of security in the protocols made doing business and obtaining capital for commercial projects on the Internet Document [4] (Title: Online service provider) the information superhighway. When Mosaic and Netscape were released in 1994, they had a ready audience of more than 10 million people who were able to download their first web browser through an online service. Though ISPs quickly began offering software packages with setup to their customers, this brief period gave many users their first online experience. Two online services in particular, Prodigy and AOL, are often confused with the Internet, or the origins of the Internet. Prodigy's Chief Technical Officer said in 1999: "Eleven years ago, the Internet was just an intangible dream that Prodigy brought to life. Now Document [5] (Title: Internet) CERN httpd), the first web server, and the first Web pages that described the project itself. In 1991 the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks CERFnet and Alternet. Since 1995 the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating Document [6] (Title: World Wide Web) and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990. The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on a Document [7] (Title: 20th-century events) the Internet into a printing press beyond the geographic boundaries of physical countries; it was termed "cyberspace". Anyone with a computer and an Internet connection could write pages in the simple HTML format and publish their thoughts to the world. The Web's immense success also fueled the commercial use of the Internet. Convenient home shopping had been an element of "visions of the future" since the development of the telephone, but now the race was on to provide convenient, interactive consumerism. Companies trading through websites became known as "dot coms", due to the ".com" suffix of commercial Internet addresses. By Document [8] (Title: Internet science) design of TCP. 1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends her first e-mail. 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups. 1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant in order to demonstrate the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and afterwards to provide networking services to university computer scientists. 1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) arise the protocol for ARPANET. 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) established the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system in order to name websites. 1984: William Gibson was the first person who used the term "cyberspace." 1985: Symbolics.com, the Document [9] (Title: Internet activism) highly contested, with some people arguing that it promoted the voices of marginalized groups while others believe it sends forth the messages of the majority alone, leaving minority groups to have their voices robbed. One of the earliest known uses of the Internet as a medium for activism was that around Lotus MarketPlace. On April 10, 1990, Lotus announced a direct-mail marketing database product that was to contain name, address, and spending habit information on 120 million individual U.S. citizens. While much of the same data was already available, privacy advocates worried about the availability of this data within one Document [10] (Title: Browser wars) These newcomers have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected by their choice of browser. The World Wide Web is an Internet-based hypertext system invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus, and released it for the NeXTstep platform in 1991. By the end of 1992 other browsers had appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included Unix browsers such as Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW, and MacWWW/Samba for the Mac. Even though these Document [11] (Title: History of the Internet) was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers. The term "internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974) as an abbreviation of the term "internetworking" and the two terms were used interchangeably. In general, an internet was any network using TCP/IP. It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s, that the term was used as the name of the network, Internet, being the large and global TCP/IP network. As interest in networking Document [12] (Title: Social web) The web got its start as a large but simple Bulletin Board System (BBS) that allowed users to exchange software, information, news, data, and other messages with one another. Ward Christensen invented the first public BBS in the late 1970s, and another (named "The WELL") in the late 80's and early '90s arose as a popular online community. The Usenet, a global discussion system similar to a BBS that enabled users to post public messages, was conceived in 1979; the system found tremendous popularity in the 1980s as individuals posted news and articles to categories called "newsgroups". By the late Document [13] (Title: 1990) years. 1990 was an important year in the Internet's early history. In the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside CERN the following year. 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine, Archie on September 10. September 14, 1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient. Due to the early 1990s recession that began that year and Document [14] (Title: Internet governance) exchanged between these networks, at major interconnection points, in accordance with established Internet standards and commercial agreements. During 1979 the Internet Configuration Control Board was founded by DARPA to oversee the network's development. During 1984 it was renamed the Internet Advisory Board (IAB), and during 1986 it became the Internet Activities Board. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was formed during 1986 by the U.S. government to develop and promote Internet standards. It consisted initially of researchers, but by the end of the year participation was available to anyone, and its business was performed largely by email. From the early Document [15] (Title: Website) social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services. End users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone. Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These Document [16] (Title: History of the Internet) commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, which opened in 1989. In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act, , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes, thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks. This caused controversy within the research and education community, who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs, and within the community of commercial network providers, who felt that government Document [17] (Title: Media consumption) 1991 the internet and World Wide Web, long in use by computer specialists, became available to the public. This was the start of the commercialized Internet that people use today. In 1999, Friends Reunited, the first social media site, was released to the public. Since then, Myspace, Facebook, Twitter and other social networks have been created. Facebook and Twitter are the top social media sites in terms of usage. Facebook has a total of 1,230,000,000 consumers while Twitter has 645,750,000. Both companies are worth billions of dollars, and continue to grow. Overall media consumption has immensely increased over time, from Document [18] (Title: Internet) was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet. Just months later on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today. In March 1990, Document [19] (Title: Shiva Ayyadurai) the public, and email had for many years been the most popular application on what was soon to become the Internet." David Crocker, a member of the ARPANET research community, writing in the "Washington Post" said "The reports incorrectly credited [EMAIL's] author, a 14-year old in the late 1970s, as the 'inventor' of email, long after it had become an established service on the ARPANET." Another computer historian, Marc Weber, a curator at the Computer History Museum, said that by 1978, "nearly all the features we're familiar with today had appeared on one system or another over the previous dozen Document [20] (Title: Internet service provider) such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web. During the 1980s, online service providers such as CompuServe and America On Line (AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the internet was not readily available to the general public. In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Document [21] (Title: History of the Internet) can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Document [22] (Title: Clifford Cocks) 1989] designing an open internet architecture for CERN, its adaptation and adoption for the Arpanet ... did public key cryptography realise its full potential. -Ralph Benjamin In 1977 the algorithm was independently invented and published by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, who named it after their initials. There is no evidence of a hint or leak, conscious or unconscious, and Cocks has dismissed the idea. The British achievement remained secret until 1997. In 1987, the GCHQ had plans to release the work, but Peter Wright's "Spycatcher" MI5 memoir caused them to delay revealing the research by ten years. 24 years after Document [23] (Title: History of the Internet) for the continent. APNIC sponsors an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT). South Korea's first Internet system, the System Development Network (SDN) began operation on 15 May 1982. SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP (Unixto-Unix-Copy); connected to CSNET in December 1984; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990. In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Document [24] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) a proposal for what would become the World Wide Web (WWW). The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol. Virtual networking services between the UK and the U.S. were being developed in late 1990. BT (British Telecommunications plc) began using the WWW in 1991 during a collaborative project called the Oracle Alliance Program. It was founded in 1990 by Oracle Corporation, based in Redwood Shores CA USA, to provide information for its corporate partners and about those partners. BT became involved in May 1991. File sharing was required as part of the Program and, initially, Document [25] (Title: History of the Internet) the Internet. The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers. As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web Document [26] (Title: History of wikis) client, which he called World Wide Web (it was also a Web editor), and the first hypertext server (info.cern.ch). In 1991 he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, marking the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. Early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories. In May 1992 appeared ViolaWWW, a graphical browser providing features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. However, the turning point for the World Wide Web was the introduction of the Mosaic graphical browser in Document [27] (Title: History of the Internet) was the "first public conference bringing together all of the major industry, government and academic leaders in the field [and] also began the national dialogue about the "Information Superhighway" and its implications." "24 Hours in Cyberspace", "the largest one-day online event" (February 8, 1996) up to that date, took place on the then-active website, "cyber24.com." It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan. A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History on January 23, 1997, featuring 70 photos from the project. Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that attempted to organize Document [28] (Title: History of the Internet) on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer. Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995. The online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser. During the first decade or so of the public internet, the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent. In terms of Document [29] (Title: Media consumption) the television, but Marvin Middlemark invented "rabbit ears" in 1930, which allowed for televisions to be a commercial product. The television has by far been the most influential consumed media, and allowed news to spread on a visual level. In 1976, Apple created the first consumer computer. The computer was the start of mass written communication using email. Apple continues to be a leading company in computer use. In 1998, the first ever social media site SixDegrees.com was created by Andrew Weinreich. It enabled users to upload a profile and make friends with other users. Shortly later in 1999, Friends Document [30] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) mailed floppy disks were used. Then in July 1991 access to the Internet was implemented by the BT network engineer Clive Salmon using the BT packet switching network. A link was established from Ipswich to London for access to the Internet backbone. Access to the Internet for the project leader, Richard Moulding of BT, was established in July 1991 and the first file transfers made via a NeXT-based WWW interface were completed in October 1991. An early attempt to provide access to the Web on television was being developed in 1995. Dial-up Internet access was first introduced in the UK Document [31] (Title: Social media) set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea of Usenet in 1979 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University, and it was established in 1980. Usenet, which arrived in 1979, was beat by a precursor of the electronic bulletin board system (BBS) known as Community Memory in 1973. True electronic bulletin board systems arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which first came online on 16 February 1978. Before long, most major cities had more than one BBS running on TRS-80, Apple II, Document [32] (Title: Sociology of the Internet) Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that "took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it." The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid-1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce. Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998. Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0 Document [33] (Title: United States v. Morris (1991)) first by a U.S. court to refer to "the Internet", which it described simply as "a national computer network." Robert Tappan Morris was a Cornell student, who began work in 1988 on an early Internet worm. He had been given explicit access to a Cornell computer account upon entering the school, and used this access to develop his worm. Morris released the worm from MIT, in an attempt to disguise its source. The worm spread through four mechanisms: The worm was designed so that it would not spread to computers that it had already infected. To prevent computers from defending Document [34] (Title: Internet in South Africa) 1988. On 12 November 1991, the first IP connection was made between Rhodes' computing centre and the home of Randy Bush in Portland, Oregon. By November 1991, South African universities were connected through UNINET to the Internet. Commercial Internet access for businesses and private use began in June 1992 with the registration of the first .co.za subdomain. The African National Congress, South Africa's governing political party, launched its website, , in 1997, making it one of the first African political organizations to establish an Internet presence; around the same time, the Freedom Front Plus () registered . The Internet user Document [35] (Title: Online shopping) systems which also provided voice response and handprint processing pre-date the Internet and the World Wide Web, the IBM PC, and Microsoft MS-DOS, and were installed mainly in the UK by large corporations. The first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991. Thereafter, subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994: online banking, the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut, Netscape's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer, and Intershop's first online shopping system. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Document [36] (Title: Brian Reid (computer scientist)) the Internet became available for commercial use in the 1990s. One of his employees was Anita Borg, who founded the group Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing while at NSL. DEC NSL and WSL developed AltaVista, one of the first web search engines. In 1998, he was invited to give a keynote talk at the Markup Technologies conference, discussing 20 years of history in the technology. In 1999, he left DEC to work at Bell Labs' Silicon Valley site until it was shut down. In February 2001, he taught for one year at the Carnegie Mellon Document [37] (Title: Internet science) website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, was the first registered domain. 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router. 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet. 1990: Tim Berners-Lee develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on ways how humans view and navigate the Internet in present days. 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Document [38] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world. In April 1993 CERN made the World Wide Web available on a royalty-free basis. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online. Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: "Doctor Fun" and "NetBoy". Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users Document [39] (Title: History of the Internet in Sweden) proposed a ban on advertising."" (But it didn't became like that) this service did anyway cost the equivalent of . 1979-1988 The network of Swedish universities (Sunet) used Televerket X.25 but did later leave this inefficient protocol behind permanently in favor of leased direct connections. 1980 The first volunteer-driven electronic discussion forum (BBS) which were available via modem connection was started by the club for ABC-computers. 1983 The exclusive right for the state monopoly Televerket to supply a modems for speeds up to ceased. 1983 linked a VAX 780 computer in Sweden with the UUCP protocol and a as a Document [40] (Title: Usenet) and terms such as "FAQ", "flame", and "spam". Usenet was conceived in 1979 and publicly established in 1980, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University, over a decade before the World Wide Web went online and the general public received access to the Internet, making it one of the oldest computer network communications systems still in widespread use. It was originally built on the "poor man's ARPANET", employing UUCP as its transport protocol to offer mail and file transfers, as well as announcements through the newly developed news software such as A News. The name Document [41] (Title: Usenet) also been developed. Usenet was the first Internet community and the place for many of the most important public developments in the pre-commercial Internet. It was the place where Tim Berners-Lee announced the launch of the World Wide Web, where Linus Torvalds announced the Linux project, and where Marc Andreessen announced the creation of the Mosaic browser and the introduction of the image tag, which revolutionized the World Wide Web by turning it into a graphical medium. Many jargon terms now in common use on the Internet originated or were popularized on Usenet. Likewise, many conflicts which later spread to Document [42] (Title: History of the Internet) by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Document [43] (Title: History of infrastructure) the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardised and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organisations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialised in 1995 when Document [44] (Title: History of telecommunication) on April 7, 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today were specified through this process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) — thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today. A more relaxed transport protocol that, unlike TCP, did not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets called the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was submitted on 28 August Document [45] (Title: Internet) for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The beginning of dedicated transatlantic communication between the NSFNET and networks in Europe Document [46] (Title: History of the Internet) History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Document [47] (Title: Tim Berners-Lee) was ranked number one, with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world". In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily Document [48] (Title: Internet access) consumers in developed nations used faster broadband technology, and by 2014, 41 percent of the world's population had access, broadband was almost ubiquitous worldwide, and global average connection speeds exceeded 1 Mbit/s.. The Internet developed from the ARPANET, which was funded by the US government to support projects within the government and at universities and research laboratories in the US – but grew over time to include most of the world's large universities and the research arms of many technology companies. Use by a wider audience only came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry Document [49] (Title: Online service provider) subparagraph (A). These broad definitions make it possible for a large number of web businesses to benefit from the OCILLA. The first commercial online services went live in 1979. CompuServe (owned in the 1980s and 90s by H&R Block) and The Source (for a time owned by The Reader's Digest) are considered the first major online services created to serve the market of personal computer users. Utilizing text-based interfaces and menus, these services allowed anyone with a modem and communications software to use email, chat, news, financial and stock information, bulletin boards, special interest groups (SIGs), forums and general information. Document [50] (Title: 1988) 1988 In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11). 1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States (NSFNET) and Europe (Nordunet) as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol, Internet Relay Chat. The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988. The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988 and began its Document [51] (Title: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)) that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Another milestone occurred in 1973 when Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf co-invented Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol while working on ARPANET Document [52] (Title: History of the Internet) targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET. The first public dial-in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X.25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols. In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real-time chat with its CB Simulator. Other major dial-in networks were America Document [53] (Title: Privacy-invasive software) visible part of the Internet known as the World Wide Web (WWW) that was introduced in 1990. Commercial interests became well aware of the potential offered by the WWW in terms of electronic commerce especially because the restrictions on the commercial use of the Internet were removed which opened the space for companies to use the web as a platform to advertise and sell their goods. Thus, shortly after, companies selling goods over the Internet emerged, i.e. pioneers such as book dealer Amazon.com and CD retailer CDNOW.com, which both were founded in 1994. During the following years, personal computers and Document [54] (Title: 20th-century events) efforts from Al Gore, the Internet grew beyond its military role when universities and commercial businesses were permitted to connect their networks to it. The main impetus for this was electronic mail, a far faster and convenient form of communication than a conventional letter and memo distribution, and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). However, the Internet remained largely unknown to the general public, who were used to Bulletin Boards and services like Compuserve and America Online. This changed when Tim Berners-Lee devised a simpler form of Vannevar Bush's hypertext, which he dubbed the World Wide Web. "The Web" suddenly changed Document [55] (Title: Information Age) mainframes were common, and special message-sharing systems leading to email were first developed in the 1960s, independent computer-to-computer networking began with ARPANET in 1969. This expanded to become the Internet (coined in 1974), and then the World Wide Web in 1989. Public digital data transmission first utilized existing phone lines using dial-up, starting in the 1950s, and this was the mainstay of the Internet until broadband in the 2000s. The introduction of wireless networking in the 1990s combined with the proliferation of communications satellites in the 2000s allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables. This technology led Document [56] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) "The Information Mine" or "Mine of Information", but settled on "World Wide Web". Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the Document [57] (Title: Social media) Atari, IBM PC, Commodore 64, Sinclair, and similar personal computers. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981, and subsequent models of both Mac computers and PCs were used throughout the 1980s. Multiple modems, followed by specialized telecommunication hardware, allowed many users to be online simultaneously. Compuserve, Prodigy and AOL were three of the largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums (a specific structure of social media) arose with the BBS phenomenon throughout the Document [58] (Title: History of the Internet) the time was primarily text-based, and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet. (Gore's reference to his role in "creating the Internet", however, was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign. See the full article Al Gore and information technology). Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape Navigator, which replaced Mosaic as the world's most popular browser. While it held this title for some time, eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it. Another important event held on January 11, 1994, was "The Superhighway Summit" at UCLA's Royce Hall. This Document [59] (Title: SIGNIS) of the first real digital camera in 1988 changed a lot – even more when photoshop shortly after came into being. A year later the World Wide Web was invented and soon became accessible for the general public. Around 1995, internet and the digital sound and images in all media and communications were introduced. Quickly mass culture became digital. In 1997 the first social networking website SixDegrees.com was launched. Nine years later Facebook entered the world. Social media became definitely part of the digital world and often attracts all the attention of the user day and night. The digital evolution Document [60] (Title: History of the Internet) an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1980), Kermit (1981), and many others. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today. A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer, including the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) in 1991, Gopher in 1991, Archie in 1991, Veronica in 1992, Jughead in 1993, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Document [61] (Title: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)) or arrow keys. The GUI was co-invented at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay and Douglas Engelbart in 1981. 1983 Internet Not to be confused with a separate application known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope Document [62] (Title: History of the Internet) Internet using a web browser and (more recently) web-based applications. It has become known simply as "the Web". As of the 2010s, the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet, and it has changed people's lives immeasurably. Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s (the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades). Following these, Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server, and the first Document [63] (Title: Commercialization of the Internet) Commercialization of the Internet Prior to the disestablishment 1995 commercial traffic on the Internet in the United States was limited by law, and prior to 1988 for the most part strictly forbidden, with the exception of traffic with research and defense aims. The commercialization of the Internet began modestly with gateways between commercial services and the global Internet. Early examples include a relay between Compuserve and the NSFNET in July 1989 at Ohio State University and a commercial Internet e-mail exchange in the UK in 1988. UUNET was the first company to sell commercial TCP/IP, first to government-approved corporations in Document [64] (Title: History of webcomics) on his Commodore 64. In the early 1990s, it was yet unclear which Internet protocol would dominate the market in coming years. Hans Bjohrdal's "Where the Buffalo Roam" was shared through Usenet in 1992. With this technology, Bjohrdal reached an audience at college campuses across a few U.S. states. Tim Berners-Lee's World Wide Web rose in popularity in 1993; usage of the World Wide Web grew by 341,634% in 1993, and competitor protocol Gopher's growth of 997% paled in comparison. Web browser Mosaic, which saw its beta release in 1993, allowed the recent introductions of GIF and JPEG image formats Document [65] (Title: World Wide Web) World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), also called the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to Document [66] (Title: Dot-com bubble) declined in value but recovered quickly. In 1993, the release of the Mosaic web browser made access to the World Wide Web possible (prior Internet services like Usenet, Gopher, FTP, etc existed but HTTP was the new invention which triggered this growth). Internet usage increased as a result of the reduction of the "digital divide" and advances in connectivity, uses of the Internet, and computer education. Between 1990 and 1997, the percentage of households in the United States owning computers increased from 15% to 35% as computer ownership progressed from a luxury to a necessity. This marked the shift to Document [67] (Title: Internet science) and University of Utah. 1972: Ray Tomlinson has introduced a network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address, which afterwards needs to be established for standard protocols. 1973: The term 'Internet' was born. Also a global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway), which connects to ARPANET. 1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) was born with the introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET. This is also known as a 'Telenet'. 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn have published "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the Document [68] (Title: Internet) the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. Six months later Tim Berners-Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later known as Document [69] (Title: Leonard Kleinrock) is known today. Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic, at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive. It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29, 2011. Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet, having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973. At the time, use of the Document [70] (Title: Adrian V. Stokes) Adrian V. Stokes Adrian V Stokes (born 25 June 1945) is one of the founders of the internet including the first implementation of email in the UK. Stokes earned a BSc in Chemistry and a PhD in Theoretical Chemistry at University College London and he then went on to specialise in computer science. In 1973, whilst a research assistant at the Institute of Computer Science, University College London, Adrian was involved with a research team who were working on ARPANET, the experimental computer network of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET became the Internet in the mid-1970s, and one Document [71] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web. On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators. This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on Document [72] (Title: History of the Internet) Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features. Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on-line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators. In 1979, two students at Duke University, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following public release of the software in 1980, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded. Document [73] (Title: Internet science) and changed the way users engage with the Internet. 1999: The Netscape has been bought by AOL. 2000: The dot-com bubble bursted. 2001: A federal judge shouted down Napster. 2003. The SQL Slammer worm has spread worldwide in just 10 minutes. 2004: Facebook went online and the era of social networking began. 2005: YouTube.com has been launched. 2006: AOL changed its business model and offered the most services for free and relyied on advertising in order to generate revenue. 2009: 40th anniversary of the Internet. 2010: 400 million active users have been reached in Facebook. 2011: Twitter and Facebook played Document [74] (Title: Tim Berners-Lee) Despite this being an international organisation hosted by Switzerland, the office that Berners-Lee used was just across the border in France. The website was put online on 6 August 1991 for the first time: It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web Document [75] (Title: United States) IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet. These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use. , 83.8% of American households owned at least one computer, and 73.3% had high-speed Internet service. 91% of Americans also own a mobile phone . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet. In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes Document [76] (Title: History of the Internet) 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities Document [77] (Title: Digital Revolution) was of the 1990 World Cup that June; it was played in 10 theaters in Spain and Italy. However HDTV did not become a standard until the mid-2000s outside Japan. The World Wide Web became publicly accessible in 1991, which had been available only to government and universities. In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina introduced Mosaic, the first web browser capable of displaying inline images and the basis for later browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. The Internet expanded quickly, and by 1996, it was part of mass culture and many businesses listed websites in their ads. Document [78] (Title: History of the Internet in Sweden) electronic discussion forum (BBS) were started in Sweden by Stockholms Datamaskincentral (QZ). 1979-1993 Televerket run their Datavision service that people connected to with a modem and a special software and subscription. It was offered commercially in 1982. Many larger companies embraced the service, but it didn't become widespread elsewhere. Steve Jobs declared in 1984 that the service were "too single minded". It was shutdown later. But even during their active time resistance arose to electronic alternatives: ""The association of newspaper publishers to the government asserted a strong concern about the competition Videotex would entail for the newspapers. An inquiry majority Document [79] (Title: History of the Internet) as PHP, modern Javascript and Java, technologies such as AJAX, HTML 4 (and its emphasis on CSS), and various software frameworks, which enabled and simplified speed of web development, largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption. The Internet was widely used for mailing lists, emails, e-commerce and early popular online shopping (Amazon and eBay for example), online forums and bulletin boards, and personal websites and blogs, and use was growing rapidly, but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement. It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from Document [80] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) funded by the United States. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Donald Davies and his team at the National Physical Laboratory pioneered packet switching, now the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. They developed and implemented the concept in a local area network, the NPL network, which operated from 1969 to 1986, and carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of packet switching networks. Their research and practice was adopted by the ARPANET in the United States, the forerunner of the Internet, and influenced other researchers in the UK and Europe. Peter T. Kirstein's research group at Document [81] (Title: World Wide Web) 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services. Connected by the Document [82] (Title: History of the Internet) invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web. However, in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As popularity increased through ease of use, investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW's popularity gained the upper hand. Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short. One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext. The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush's "Memex" and Document [83] (Title: The Internet Galaxy) characterize all those who participated with "big science" and "military research" in bringing the Internet into being. The history of the Internet is diverse and well documented. Castells makes considerable use of John Naughton's text, "A Brief History of the Future", who noted for example that the Request for Comment Feature (RFC), introduced by Steve Crocker in 1969-04-07, not only gave rise to a de facto documenting of the research ideas at the time of their fermenting but also to the Open Source movement. Castells gives his own take on the subject. Ultimately, for him, the Internet is a cultural Document [84] (Title: Mass media in Canada) 1971, and this innovation was followed by Project Gutenberg and eBooks. Tim Berners-Lee is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web; he implemented the first successful communication between a HyperText Transfer Protocol client and a server. Because the Internet allowed users ease of access to information about practically any topic, the medium has seen immense popularity ever since its inception. There has never been a point in its relatively short history (it has only been around for about 40 years) when it has declined in popularity. Of all mass media discussed, it seems to be the least threatened. There Document [85] (Title: History of the Internet) developed through Ted Nelson's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart's research on NLS. Many small self-contained hypertext systems had been created before, such as Apple Computer's HyperCard (1987). Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way. In 1989, while working at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee invented a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept. By releasing his invention to public use, he ensured the technology would become widespread. For his work in developing the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium technology Question: when was the internet invented for public use Answer: 1979 Long Answer: The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols . In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on - line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Internet science) Web to the public. 1992: The first audio and video were distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was very popular. 1993: The number of websites reached 600 and the White House and United Nations go online. 1994: Netscape Communications was born. Microsoft created a Web browser for Windows 95. 1995: Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy began to provide Internet access. 1996: The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heated up. 1997: PC makers removed or hid Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows 95. 1998: The Google search engine was born Document [2] (Title: World Wide Web) and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by US Senator Al Gore. Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October Document [3] (Title: Commercialization of the Internet) November 1988 and then actively to the public starting in January 1990, albeit only to the NSFNET backbone with their approval. Barry Shein's The World STD was selling dial-up Internet on a legally questionable basis starting in late 1989 or early 1990, and then on an approved basis by 1992. He claims to be and is generally recognized as the first to ever think of selling dial-up Internet access for money. Although the Internet infrastructure was mostly privately owned by 1993, the lack of security in the protocols made doing business and obtaining capital for commercial projects on the Internet Document [4] (Title: Online service provider) the information superhighway. When Mosaic and Netscape were released in 1994, they had a ready audience of more than 10 million people who were able to download their first web browser through an online service. Though ISPs quickly began offering software packages with setup to their customers, this brief period gave many users their first online experience. Two online services in particular, Prodigy and AOL, are often confused with the Internet, or the origins of the Internet. Prodigy's Chief Technical Officer said in 1999: "Eleven years ago, the Internet was just an intangible dream that Prodigy brought to life. Now Document [5] (Title: Internet) CERN httpd), the first web server, and the first Web pages that described the project itself. In 1991 the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks CERFnet and Alternet. Since 1995 the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating Document [6] (Title: World Wide Web) and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990. The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on a Document [7] (Title: 20th-century events) the Internet into a printing press beyond the geographic boundaries of physical countries; it was termed "cyberspace". Anyone with a computer and an Internet connection could write pages in the simple HTML format and publish their thoughts to the world. The Web's immense success also fueled the commercial use of the Internet. Convenient home shopping had been an element of "visions of the future" since the development of the telephone, but now the race was on to provide convenient, interactive consumerism. Companies trading through websites became known as "dot coms", due to the ".com" suffix of commercial Internet addresses. By Document [8] (Title: Internet science) design of TCP. 1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends her first e-mail. 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups. 1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant in order to demonstrate the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and afterwards to provide networking services to university computer scientists. 1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) arise the protocol for ARPANET. 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) established the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system in order to name websites. 1984: William Gibson was the first person who used the term "cyberspace." 1985: Symbolics.com, the Document [9] (Title: Internet activism) highly contested, with some people arguing that it promoted the voices of marginalized groups while others believe it sends forth the messages of the majority alone, leaving minority groups to have their voices robbed. One of the earliest known uses of the Internet as a medium for activism was that around Lotus MarketPlace. On April 10, 1990, Lotus announced a direct-mail marketing database product that was to contain name, address, and spending habit information on 120 million individual U.S. citizens. While much of the same data was already available, privacy advocates worried about the availability of this data within one Document [10] (Title: Browser wars) These newcomers have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected by their choice of browser. The World Wide Web is an Internet-based hypertext system invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus, and released it for the NeXTstep platform in 1991. By the end of 1992 other browsers had appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included Unix browsers such as Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW, and MacWWW/Samba for the Mac. Even though these Document [11] (Title: History of the Internet) was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers. The term "internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974) as an abbreviation of the term "internetworking" and the two terms were used interchangeably. In general, an internet was any network using TCP/IP. It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s, that the term was used as the name of the network, Internet, being the large and global TCP/IP network. As interest in networking Document [12] (Title: Social web) The web got its start as a large but simple Bulletin Board System (BBS) that allowed users to exchange software, information, news, data, and other messages with one another. Ward Christensen invented the first public BBS in the late 1970s, and another (named "The WELL") in the late 80's and early '90s arose as a popular online community. The Usenet, a global discussion system similar to a BBS that enabled users to post public messages, was conceived in 1979; the system found tremendous popularity in the 1980s as individuals posted news and articles to categories called "newsgroups". By the late Document [13] (Title: 1990) years. 1990 was an important year in the Internet's early history. In the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside CERN the following year. 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine, Archie on September 10. September 14, 1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient. Due to the early 1990s recession that began that year and Document [14] (Title: Internet governance) exchanged between these networks, at major interconnection points, in accordance with established Internet standards and commercial agreements. During 1979 the Internet Configuration Control Board was founded by DARPA to oversee the network's development. During 1984 it was renamed the Internet Advisory Board (IAB), and during 1986 it became the Internet Activities Board. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was formed during 1986 by the U.S. government to develop and promote Internet standards. It consisted initially of researchers, but by the end of the year participation was available to anyone, and its business was performed largely by email. From the early Document [15] (Title: Website) social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services. End users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone. Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These Document [16] (Title: History of the Internet) commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, which opened in 1989. In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act, , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes, thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks. This caused controversy within the research and education community, who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs, and within the community of commercial network providers, who felt that government Document [17] (Title: Media consumption) 1991 the internet and World Wide Web, long in use by computer specialists, became available to the public. This was the start of the commercialized Internet that people use today. In 1999, Friends Reunited, the first social media site, was released to the public. Since then, Myspace, Facebook, Twitter and other social networks have been created. Facebook and Twitter are the top social media sites in terms of usage. Facebook has a total of 1,230,000,000 consumers while Twitter has 645,750,000. Both companies are worth billions of dollars, and continue to grow. Overall media consumption has immensely increased over time, from Document [18] (Title: Internet) was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet. Just months later on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today. In March 1990, Document [19] (Title: Shiva Ayyadurai) the public, and email had for many years been the most popular application on what was soon to become the Internet." David Crocker, a member of the ARPANET research community, writing in the "Washington Post" said "The reports incorrectly credited [EMAIL's] author, a 14-year old in the late 1970s, as the 'inventor' of email, long after it had become an established service on the ARPANET." Another computer historian, Marc Weber, a curator at the Computer History Museum, said that by 1978, "nearly all the features we're familiar with today had appeared on one system or another over the previous dozen Document [20] (Title: Internet service provider) such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web. During the 1980s, online service providers such as CompuServe and America On Line (AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the internet was not readily available to the general public. In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Document [21] (Title: History of the Internet) can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Document [22] (Title: Clifford Cocks) 1989] designing an open internet architecture for CERN, its adaptation and adoption for the Arpanet ... did public key cryptography realise its full potential. -Ralph Benjamin In 1977 the algorithm was independently invented and published by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, who named it after their initials. There is no evidence of a hint or leak, conscious or unconscious, and Cocks has dismissed the idea. The British achievement remained secret until 1997. In 1987, the GCHQ had plans to release the work, but Peter Wright's "Spycatcher" MI5 memoir caused them to delay revealing the research by ten years. 24 years after Document [23] (Title: History of the Internet) for the continent. APNIC sponsors an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT). South Korea's first Internet system, the System Development Network (SDN) began operation on 15 May 1982. SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP (Unixto-Unix-Copy); connected to CSNET in December 1984; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990. In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Document [24] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) a proposal for what would become the World Wide Web (WWW). The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol. Virtual networking services between the UK and the U.S. were being developed in late 1990. BT (British Telecommunications plc) began using the WWW in 1991 during a collaborative project called the Oracle Alliance Program. It was founded in 1990 by Oracle Corporation, based in Redwood Shores CA USA, to provide information for its corporate partners and about those partners. BT became involved in May 1991. File sharing was required as part of the Program and, initially, Document [25] (Title: History of the Internet) the Internet. The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers. As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web Document [26] (Title: History of wikis) client, which he called World Wide Web (it was also a Web editor), and the first hypertext server (info.cern.ch). In 1991 he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, marking the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. Early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories. In May 1992 appeared ViolaWWW, a graphical browser providing features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. However, the turning point for the World Wide Web was the introduction of the Mosaic graphical browser in Document [27] (Title: History of the Internet) was the "first public conference bringing together all of the major industry, government and academic leaders in the field [and] also began the national dialogue about the "Information Superhighway" and its implications." "24 Hours in Cyberspace", "the largest one-day online event" (February 8, 1996) up to that date, took place on the then-active website, "cyber24.com." It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan. A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History on January 23, 1997, featuring 70 photos from the project. Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that attempted to organize Document [28] (Title: History of the Internet) on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer. Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995. The online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser. During the first decade or so of the public internet, the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent. In terms of Document [29] (Title: Media consumption) the television, but Marvin Middlemark invented "rabbit ears" in 1930, which allowed for televisions to be a commercial product. The television has by far been the most influential consumed media, and allowed news to spread on a visual level. In 1976, Apple created the first consumer computer. The computer was the start of mass written communication using email. Apple continues to be a leading company in computer use. In 1998, the first ever social media site SixDegrees.com was created by Andrew Weinreich. It enabled users to upload a profile and make friends with other users. Shortly later in 1999, Friends Document [30] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) mailed floppy disks were used. Then in July 1991 access to the Internet was implemented by the BT network engineer Clive Salmon using the BT packet switching network. A link was established from Ipswich to London for access to the Internet backbone. Access to the Internet for the project leader, Richard Moulding of BT, was established in July 1991 and the first file transfers made via a NeXT-based WWW interface were completed in October 1991. An early attempt to provide access to the Web on television was being developed in 1995. Dial-up Internet access was first introduced in the UK Document [31] (Title: Social media) set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea of Usenet in 1979 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University, and it was established in 1980. Usenet, which arrived in 1979, was beat by a precursor of the electronic bulletin board system (BBS) known as Community Memory in 1973. True electronic bulletin board systems arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which first came online on 16 February 1978. Before long, most major cities had more than one BBS running on TRS-80, Apple II, Document [32] (Title: Sociology of the Internet) Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that "took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it." The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid-1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce. Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998. Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0 Document [33] (Title: United States v. Morris (1991)) first by a U.S. court to refer to "the Internet", which it described simply as "a national computer network." Robert Tappan Morris was a Cornell student, who began work in 1988 on an early Internet worm. He had been given explicit access to a Cornell computer account upon entering the school, and used this access to develop his worm. Morris released the worm from MIT, in an attempt to disguise its source. The worm spread through four mechanisms: The worm was designed so that it would not spread to computers that it had already infected. To prevent computers from defending Document [34] (Title: Internet in South Africa) 1988. On 12 November 1991, the first IP connection was made between Rhodes' computing centre and the home of Randy Bush in Portland, Oregon. By November 1991, South African universities were connected through UNINET to the Internet. Commercial Internet access for businesses and private use began in June 1992 with the registration of the first .co.za subdomain. The African National Congress, South Africa's governing political party, launched its website, , in 1997, making it one of the first African political organizations to establish an Internet presence; around the same time, the Freedom Front Plus () registered . The Internet user Document [35] (Title: Online shopping) systems which also provided voice response and handprint processing pre-date the Internet and the World Wide Web, the IBM PC, and Microsoft MS-DOS, and were installed mainly in the UK by large corporations. The first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991. Thereafter, subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994: online banking, the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut, Netscape's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer, and Intershop's first online shopping system. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Document [36] (Title: Brian Reid (computer scientist)) the Internet became available for commercial use in the 1990s. One of his employees was Anita Borg, who founded the group Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing while at NSL. DEC NSL and WSL developed AltaVista, one of the first web search engines. In 1998, he was invited to give a keynote talk at the Markup Technologies conference, discussing 20 years of history in the technology. In 1999, he left DEC to work at Bell Labs' Silicon Valley site until it was shut down. In February 2001, he taught for one year at the Carnegie Mellon Document [37] (Title: Internet science) website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, was the first registered domain. 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router. 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet. 1990: Tim Berners-Lee develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on ways how humans view and navigate the Internet in present days. 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Document [38] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world. In April 1993 CERN made the World Wide Web available on a royalty-free basis. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online. Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: "Doctor Fun" and "NetBoy". Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users Document [39] (Title: History of the Internet in Sweden) proposed a ban on advertising."" (But it didn't became like that) this service did anyway cost the equivalent of . 1979-1988 The network of Swedish universities (Sunet) used Televerket X.25 but did later leave this inefficient protocol behind permanently in favor of leased direct connections. 1980 The first volunteer-driven electronic discussion forum (BBS) which were available via modem connection was started by the club for ABC-computers. 1983 The exclusive right for the state monopoly Televerket to supply a modems for speeds up to ceased. 1983 linked a VAX 780 computer in Sweden with the UUCP protocol and a as a Document [40] (Title: Usenet) and terms such as "FAQ", "flame", and "spam". Usenet was conceived in 1979 and publicly established in 1980, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University, over a decade before the World Wide Web went online and the general public received access to the Internet, making it one of the oldest computer network communications systems still in widespread use. It was originally built on the "poor man's ARPANET", employing UUCP as its transport protocol to offer mail and file transfers, as well as announcements through the newly developed news software such as A News. The name Document [41] (Title: Usenet) also been developed. Usenet was the first Internet community and the place for many of the most important public developments in the pre-commercial Internet. It was the place where Tim Berners-Lee announced the launch of the World Wide Web, where Linus Torvalds announced the Linux project, and where Marc Andreessen announced the creation of the Mosaic browser and the introduction of the image tag, which revolutionized the World Wide Web by turning it into a graphical medium. Many jargon terms now in common use on the Internet originated or were popularized on Usenet. Likewise, many conflicts which later spread to Document [42] (Title: History of the Internet) by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Document [43] (Title: History of infrastructure) the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardised and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organisations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialised in 1995 when Document [44] (Title: History of telecommunication) on April 7, 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today were specified through this process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) — thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today. A more relaxed transport protocol that, unlike TCP, did not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets called the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was submitted on 28 August Document [45] (Title: Internet) for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The beginning of dedicated transatlantic communication between the NSFNET and networks in Europe Document [46] (Title: History of the Internet) History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Document [47] (Title: Tim Berners-Lee) was ranked number one, with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world". In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily Document [48] (Title: Internet access) consumers in developed nations used faster broadband technology, and by 2014, 41 percent of the world's population had access, broadband was almost ubiquitous worldwide, and global average connection speeds exceeded 1 Mbit/s.. The Internet developed from the ARPANET, which was funded by the US government to support projects within the government and at universities and research laboratories in the US – but grew over time to include most of the world's large universities and the research arms of many technology companies. Use by a wider audience only came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry Document [49] (Title: Online service provider) subparagraph (A). These broad definitions make it possible for a large number of web businesses to benefit from the OCILLA. The first commercial online services went live in 1979. CompuServe (owned in the 1980s and 90s by H&R Block) and The Source (for a time owned by The Reader's Digest) are considered the first major online services created to serve the market of personal computer users. Utilizing text-based interfaces and menus, these services allowed anyone with a modem and communications software to use email, chat, news, financial and stock information, bulletin boards, special interest groups (SIGs), forums and general information. Document [50] (Title: 1988) 1988 In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11). 1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States (NSFNET) and Europe (Nordunet) as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol, Internet Relay Chat. The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988. The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988 and began its Document [51] (Title: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)) that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Another milestone occurred in 1973 when Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf co-invented Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol while working on ARPANET Document [52] (Title: History of the Internet) targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET. The first public dial-in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X.25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols. In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real-time chat with its CB Simulator. Other major dial-in networks were America Document [53] (Title: Privacy-invasive software) visible part of the Internet known as the World Wide Web (WWW) that was introduced in 1990. Commercial interests became well aware of the potential offered by the WWW in terms of electronic commerce especially because the restrictions on the commercial use of the Internet were removed which opened the space for companies to use the web as a platform to advertise and sell their goods. Thus, shortly after, companies selling goods over the Internet emerged, i.e. pioneers such as book dealer Amazon.com and CD retailer CDNOW.com, which both were founded in 1994. During the following years, personal computers and Document [54] (Title: 20th-century events) efforts from Al Gore, the Internet grew beyond its military role when universities and commercial businesses were permitted to connect their networks to it. The main impetus for this was electronic mail, a far faster and convenient form of communication than a conventional letter and memo distribution, and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). However, the Internet remained largely unknown to the general public, who were used to Bulletin Boards and services like Compuserve and America Online. This changed when Tim Berners-Lee devised a simpler form of Vannevar Bush's hypertext, which he dubbed the World Wide Web. "The Web" suddenly changed Document [55] (Title: Information Age) mainframes were common, and special message-sharing systems leading to email were first developed in the 1960s, independent computer-to-computer networking began with ARPANET in 1969. This expanded to become the Internet (coined in 1974), and then the World Wide Web in 1989. Public digital data transmission first utilized existing phone lines using dial-up, starting in the 1950s, and this was the mainstay of the Internet until broadband in the 2000s. The introduction of wireless networking in the 1990s combined with the proliferation of communications satellites in the 2000s allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables. This technology led Document [56] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) "The Information Mine" or "Mine of Information", but settled on "World Wide Web". Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the Document [57] (Title: Social media) Atari, IBM PC, Commodore 64, Sinclair, and similar personal computers. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981, and subsequent models of both Mac computers and PCs were used throughout the 1980s. Multiple modems, followed by specialized telecommunication hardware, allowed many users to be online simultaneously. Compuserve, Prodigy and AOL were three of the largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums (a specific structure of social media) arose with the BBS phenomenon throughout the Document [58] (Title: History of the Internet) the time was primarily text-based, and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet. (Gore's reference to his role in "creating the Internet", however, was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign. See the full article Al Gore and information technology). Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape Navigator, which replaced Mosaic as the world's most popular browser. While it held this title for some time, eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it. Another important event held on January 11, 1994, was "The Superhighway Summit" at UCLA's Royce Hall. This Document [59] (Title: SIGNIS) of the first real digital camera in 1988 changed a lot – even more when photoshop shortly after came into being. A year later the World Wide Web was invented and soon became accessible for the general public. Around 1995, internet and the digital sound and images in all media and communications were introduced. Quickly mass culture became digital. In 1997 the first social networking website SixDegrees.com was launched. Nine years later Facebook entered the world. Social media became definitely part of the digital world and often attracts all the attention of the user day and night. The digital evolution Document [60] (Title: History of the Internet) an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1980), Kermit (1981), and many others. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today. A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer, including the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) in 1991, Gopher in 1991, Archie in 1991, Veronica in 1992, Jughead in 1993, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Document [61] (Title: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)) or arrow keys. The GUI was co-invented at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay and Douglas Engelbart in 1981. 1983 Internet Not to be confused with a separate application known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope Document [62] (Title: History of the Internet) Internet using a web browser and (more recently) web-based applications. It has become known simply as "the Web". As of the 2010s, the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet, and it has changed people's lives immeasurably. Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s (the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades). Following these, Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server, and the first Document [63] (Title: Commercialization of the Internet) Commercialization of the Internet Prior to the disestablishment 1995 commercial traffic on the Internet in the United States was limited by law, and prior to 1988 for the most part strictly forbidden, with the exception of traffic with research and defense aims. The commercialization of the Internet began modestly with gateways between commercial services and the global Internet. Early examples include a relay between Compuserve and the NSFNET in July 1989 at Ohio State University and a commercial Internet e-mail exchange in the UK in 1988. UUNET was the first company to sell commercial TCP/IP, first to government-approved corporations in Document [64] (Title: History of webcomics) on his Commodore 64. In the early 1990s, it was yet unclear which Internet protocol would dominate the market in coming years. Hans Bjohrdal's "Where the Buffalo Roam" was shared through Usenet in 1992. With this technology, Bjohrdal reached an audience at college campuses across a few U.S. states. Tim Berners-Lee's World Wide Web rose in popularity in 1993; usage of the World Wide Web grew by 341,634% in 1993, and competitor protocol Gopher's growth of 997% paled in comparison. Web browser Mosaic, which saw its beta release in 1993, allowed the recent introductions of GIF and JPEG image formats Document [65] (Title: World Wide Web) World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), also called the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to Document [66] (Title: Dot-com bubble) declined in value but recovered quickly. In 1993, the release of the Mosaic web browser made access to the World Wide Web possible (prior Internet services like Usenet, Gopher, FTP, etc existed but HTTP was the new invention which triggered this growth). Internet usage increased as a result of the reduction of the "digital divide" and advances in connectivity, uses of the Internet, and computer education. Between 1990 and 1997, the percentage of households in the United States owning computers increased from 15% to 35% as computer ownership progressed from a luxury to a necessity. This marked the shift to Document [67] (Title: Internet science) and University of Utah. 1972: Ray Tomlinson has introduced a network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address, which afterwards needs to be established for standard protocols. 1973: The term 'Internet' was born. Also a global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway), which connects to ARPANET. 1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) was born with the introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET. This is also known as a 'Telenet'. 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn have published "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the Document [68] (Title: Internet) the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. Six months later Tim Berners-Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later known as Document [69] (Title: Leonard Kleinrock) is known today. Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic, at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive. It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29, 2011. Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet, having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973. At the time, use of the Document [70] (Title: Adrian V. Stokes) Adrian V. Stokes Adrian V Stokes (born 25 June 1945) is one of the founders of the internet including the first implementation of email in the UK. Stokes earned a BSc in Chemistry and a PhD in Theoretical Chemistry at University College London and he then went on to specialise in computer science. In 1973, whilst a research assistant at the Institute of Computer Science, University College London, Adrian was involved with a research team who were working on ARPANET, the experimental computer network of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET became the Internet in the mid-1970s, and one Document [71] (Title: History of the World Wide Web) in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web. On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators. This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on Document [72] (Title: History of the Internet) Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features. Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on-line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators. In 1979, two students at Duke University, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following public release of the software in 1980, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded. Document [73] (Title: Internet science) and changed the way users engage with the Internet. 1999: The Netscape has been bought by AOL. 2000: The dot-com bubble bursted. 2001: A federal judge shouted down Napster. 2003. The SQL Slammer worm has spread worldwide in just 10 minutes. 2004: Facebook went online and the era of social networking began. 2005: YouTube.com has been launched. 2006: AOL changed its business model and offered the most services for free and relyied on advertising in order to generate revenue. 2009: 40th anniversary of the Internet. 2010: 400 million active users have been reached in Facebook. 2011: Twitter and Facebook played Document [74] (Title: Tim Berners-Lee) Despite this being an international organisation hosted by Switzerland, the office that Berners-Lee used was just across the border in France. The website was put online on 6 August 1991 for the first time: It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web Document [75] (Title: United States) IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet. These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use. , 83.8% of American households owned at least one computer, and 73.3% had high-speed Internet service. 91% of Americans also own a mobile phone . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet. In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes Document [76] (Title: History of the Internet) 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities Document [77] (Title: Digital Revolution) was of the 1990 World Cup that June; it was played in 10 theaters in Spain and Italy. However HDTV did not become a standard until the mid-2000s outside Japan. The World Wide Web became publicly accessible in 1991, which had been available only to government and universities. In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina introduced Mosaic, the first web browser capable of displaying inline images and the basis for later browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. The Internet expanded quickly, and by 1996, it was part of mass culture and many businesses listed websites in their ads. Document [78] (Title: History of the Internet in Sweden) electronic discussion forum (BBS) were started in Sweden by Stockholms Datamaskincentral (QZ). 1979-1993 Televerket run their Datavision service that people connected to with a modem and a special software and subscription. It was offered commercially in 1982. Many larger companies embraced the service, but it didn't become widespread elsewhere. Steve Jobs declared in 1984 that the service were "too single minded". It was shutdown later. But even during their active time resistance arose to electronic alternatives: ""The association of newspaper publishers to the government asserted a strong concern about the competition Videotex would entail for the newspapers. An inquiry majority Document [79] (Title: History of the Internet) as PHP, modern Javascript and Java, technologies such as AJAX, HTML 4 (and its emphasis on CSS), and various software frameworks, which enabled and simplified speed of web development, largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption. The Internet was widely used for mailing lists, emails, e-commerce and early popular online shopping (Amazon and eBay for example), online forums and bulletin boards, and personal websites and blogs, and use was growing rapidly, but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement. It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from Document [80] (Title: Internet in the United Kingdom) funded by the United States. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Donald Davies and his team at the National Physical Laboratory pioneered packet switching, now the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. They developed and implemented the concept in a local area network, the NPL network, which operated from 1969 to 1986, and carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of packet switching networks. Their research and practice was adopted by the ARPANET in the United States, the forerunner of the Internet, and influenced other researchers in the UK and Europe. Peter T. Kirstein's research group at Document [81] (Title: World Wide Web) 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services. Connected by the Document [82] (Title: History of the Internet) invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web. However, in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As popularity increased through ease of use, investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW's popularity gained the upper hand. Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short. One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext. The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush's "Memex" and Document [83] (Title: The Internet Galaxy) characterize all those who participated with "big science" and "military research" in bringing the Internet into being. The history of the Internet is diverse and well documented. Castells makes considerable use of John Naughton's text, "A Brief History of the Future", who noted for example that the Request for Comment Feature (RFC), introduced by Steve Crocker in 1969-04-07, not only gave rise to a de facto documenting of the research ideas at the time of their fermenting but also to the Open Source movement. Castells gives his own take on the subject. Ultimately, for him, the Internet is a cultural Document [84] (Title: Mass media in Canada) 1971, and this innovation was followed by Project Gutenberg and eBooks. Tim Berners-Lee is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web; he implemented the first successful communication between a HyperText Transfer Protocol client and a server. Because the Internet allowed users ease of access to information about practically any topic, the medium has seen immense popularity ever since its inception. There has never been a point in its relatively short history (it has only been around for about 40 years) when it has declined in popularity. Of all mass media discussed, it seems to be the least threatened. There Document [85] (Title: History of the Internet) developed through Ted Nelson's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart's research on NLS. Many small self-contained hypertext systems had been created before, such as Apple Computer's HyperCard (1987). Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way. In 1989, while working at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee invented a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept. By releasing his invention to public use, he ensured the technology would become widespread. For his work in developing the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium technology Question: when was the internet invented for public use

Answer: 1979 Long Answer: The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols . In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on - line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2013 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season American college football bowl game held on January 4, 2013 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas in the United States. The 77th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic began at 7:00 p.m. CST and aired on Fox Sports. It featured the Texas A&M Aggies from the Southeastern Conference (SEC) against the Big 12 Conference co-champion Oklahoma Sooners and was the final game of the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season for both teams. Both the Aggies and the Sooners accepted their invitations after finishing the regular Document [2] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) the University of Oklahoma Sooners and the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns, also known before 2005 as the Red River Shootout, is played at the Cotton Bowl during the State Fair of Texas, instead of on either school's campus. Ticket sales are equally divided between the two schools, and the fans are split on the 50-yard line. Following the 2018 game, the Longhorns have a record of 62-46-5 against the Sooners. The Cotton Bowl served as the home for the SMU Mustangs football team for two periods in the program's history. SMU played at least a few games at Document [3] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion Western Michigan was selected as an at-large as the highest ranked College Football Playoff (CFP) Group of Five team while Wisconsin was chosen as an at-large out of the Big Ten Conference. Wisconsin was an 8 point favorite to start the game. This was the fifth meeting between the schools, with Wisconsin leading the all-time series 4–1. The most recent meeting was on August 31, 2000, where the Badgers defeated the Broncos by a score of 19–7. This was the first Cotton Bowl for both teams. Document [4] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Bowl in the State Fair Classic. This game often occurs the weekend before the Texas-OU Red River Rivalry game. It is a neutral site for both teams; Grambling State is located in northern Louisiana and Prairie View A&M is located about northwest of Houston. The halftime show, the "Battle of the Bands", is arguably more eagerly anticipated than the game itself. The State Fair Classic is heavily marketed in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, with local hip hop stations encouraging a large turnout among the region's African-American community. The State Fair Classic is currently the largest FCS football game Document [5] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) occasion (most notably the 1979 game). Meanwhile, the Fiesta Bowl, unhindered by conference tie-ins and played in generally warm weather, propelled itself to major-bowl status by attracting national championship contenders, most notably with its January 1987 matchup between two independent teams Penn State and Miami. In the minds of many fans, the Fiesta replaced the Cotton as a major bowl. Despite this, the Cotton Bowl Classic still retained enough prestige that it was included as one of the top bowls in the Bowl Coalition when it was formed in 1992. However, in 1995, the new Bowl Alliance (the predecessor of Document [6] (Title: 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic will be a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2018 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 83rd Cotton Bowl Classic is a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner to compete in the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. It is one of the 2018–19 bowl games that will conclude the 2018 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, the game will officially be known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The game will feature second-ranked Clemson of Document [7] (Title: 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the champions of the ACC, the Duke Blue Devils. Duke defeated Arkansas, 7–6, in front of 70,500 spectators. Arkansas won the SWC in 1960, led by star RB/PR/DB/P Lance Alworth. He led the nation in punt return yardage, and was ninth in the country in kick return yardage. The Hogs defeated #11 Texas and #10 Rice, but lost to #20 Baylor and #2 Ole Miss. Duke won the ACC, and would win it again the next Document [8] (Title: 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic) of 31 passes for 275 yards, drove his team 55 yards late in the fourth quarter to set up kicker Jamie "Money" Christensen’s 45–yard game-winning field goal attempt on the final play. The kick was low, wobbly, and spinning sideways yet somehow managed to find its way through the uprights, giving Alabama the 13-10 victory. The game-winning field goal by Christensen was the first game-ending score in a Cotton Bowl Classic since 1979, when Joe Montana brought Notre Dame from behind to defeat the University of Houston. 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2006 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was held on Document [9] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Triumph, among others. The annual events came to an end in the summer of 1988, when Van Halen headlined the "Monsters Of Rock" Tour. Since then, the stadium has continued to be used as a major concert venue; Eric Clapton held his first three-day Crossroads Guitar Festival there in 2004. The Cotton Bowl was also the site for the 1991 Drum Corps International World Championships. Cotton Bowl (stadium) Cotton Bowl Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Dallas, Texas, United States, opening in 1930 at the site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow Document [10] (Title: Dallas Cowboys) be used for additional spectators. The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game, for which the stadium is named. (Beginning with the January 2010 game, the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington.) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits. The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl. For Document [11] (Title: 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1972 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1973, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas Longhorns, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). Texas won the game by a final score of 17–13. The 1972 Alabama squad finished the regular season with a 10–1 record and as conference champions. Their only loss came against Auburn in the Iron Bowl by a final score of 17–16 in the famous "Punt Bama Punt" game. Document [12] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Dallas Bowl, an annual college football bowl game. The game was tentatively named the "Dallas Football Classic" prior to TicketCity being announced as the bowl game's title sponsor. The game was called the "TicketCity Bowl" for the first two match ups. On October 4, 2012, the name changed again to its current incarnation. The game has had bowl tie-ins with the Big 12 Conference in 2011, Conference USA in 2012, and the Big Ten Conference in both 2011 and 2012. The inaugural game saw the Texas Tech Red Raiders defeat the Northwestern Wildcats, 45–38. The annual college football game between Document [13] (Title: 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2011 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was the 75th edition of the annual post-season college football bowl game that was part of the 2010–11 bowl season of the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The game featured the LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference who defeated the Texas A&M Aggies of the Big 12 Conference by a score of 41-24. The game was scheduled for January 7, 2011 at 7:27 p.m. CST and was held at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This was the second time it was held in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its Document [14] (Title: 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1997 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1997, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and the BYU Cougars from the Western Athletic Conference. The game was televised on CBS. BYU's defense had kept the Cougars in range, limiting Kansas State to 199 yards of offense through three quarters, with 113 of them coming on two plays, a Hail Document [15] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Alzheimer's disease in 2008. Looking for a way to raise funds for The Alzheimer's Association, Abbott organized a powderpuff football game in tribute to her father, a lifelong football fan. The games are currently played in over 20 cities throughout the United States. The increasing popularity of the game in the Dallas area resulted in moving the 2012 game to the Cotton Bowl where it could accommodate a larger crowd. On July 29, 2014, the Cotton Bowl hosted a soccer match between Real Madrid and A.S. Roma which was part of the 2014 International Champions Cup and AS Roma won Document [16] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) State Spartans and the Baylor Bears. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic featured the Michigan State Spartans (10–2, 7–1 Big Ten) against the Big 12 Co-Champion Baylor Bears (11–1, 8–1 Big 12). Michigan State was making its first Cotton Bowl appearance while Baylor was making their third. Michigan State was delegated as the away team and wore their typical white uniform with green helmet. Baylor, being the home team, wore an all green uniform with a gold chrome helmet (previously worn during their thrilling 61–58 win over TCU). Michigan State won the coin toss and elected to receive the opening kickoff. Document [17] (Title: 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1989 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 1989, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. The game was played on January 2, the day after New Year's Day, since New Year's Day fell on a Sunday. The bowl game featured the Arkansas Razorbacks from the Southwest Conference and the UCLA Bruins from the Pacific-10 Conference and was televised in the United States on CBS. Troy Aikman, the UCLA quarterback and LaSalle Harper, an Arkansas linebacker were named the Most Valuable Players of the game. The 1988 Arkansas Razorbacks Document [18] (Title: 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic) season that included a spot atop the AP College Football Rankings and a co-championship in the Big XII North. This feeling was amplified by the fact that the Kansas Jayhawks, Missouri's historical and then-conference rival, had been invited to the BCS Orange Bowl after being beaten by the Tigers at the annual Arrowhead Stadium Border Showdown in Kansas City, Missouri. 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2008 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2008, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 2007 NCAA Division Document [19] (Title: 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1995 Mobil Cotton Bowl was the 59th Cotton Bowl Classic. The USC Trojans defeated the Texas Tech Red Raiders, 55–14. The Trojans took a 21–0 lead less than ten minutes into the game and led 34–0 at halftime. USC wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson, who finished with eight catches for a Cotton Bowl-record 222 yards and three touchdowns, was named offensive MVP. Trojan cornerback John Herpin had two interceptions, one for a touchdown, and was named defensive MVP. The game was televised nationally by NBC for the third consecutive year. The Cotton Bowl Classic would return Document [20] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) the game was sponsored by Mobil Oil and known as the Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic. From 1996 to 2013, the game was sponsored by Southwestern Bell Corporation; however, it went through several name changes, first in 2000 when the firm adopted a standardized "SBC" branding reflecting its name it adopted in 1995, SBC Communications, and since 2006, after their acquisition of AT&T Corporation, and its subsequent name change to AT&T Inc., as the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic. On October 15, 2014, ESPN.com reported that AT&T will no longer sponsor the Cotton Bowl since it already sponsors the stadium in which Document [21] (Title: 2007 Texas Longhorns football team) has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas typically in mid-October with the State Fair of Texas occurring adjacent to the stadium. CBS Sportsline.com listed the game sixth on its list of games to watch during the 2007 season, saying, "The annual Red River Shootout in Dallas will once again feature two top-ten teams with the winner being the front-runner for not only a Big 12 title but a factor in the national title picture. The game will also feature one of the best match-ups of the year with Limas Sweed and Billy Pittman of the Longhorns facing Document [22] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) in a baseball-only stadium among current post-season football contests; the others are the Cactus Bowl, played at Chase Field in Phoenix, home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Pinstripe Bowl in The Bronx, New York at Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees. The Fight Hunger Bowl, was played at San Francisco's AT&T Park, the home of the San Francisco Giants but moved to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California (home of the San Francisco 49ers) in 2014. The Miami Beach Bowl, was played at Miami's Marlins Park, home of the Miami Marlins, but moved to Toyota Stadium (home Document [23] (Title: Jevan Snead) between Ole Miss and Oklahoma State in a Cotton Bowl Classic game. The two teams met in the 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic, which Ole Miss won 31-28 on the arm of quarterback Eli Manning. Ole Miss has the distinction of playing (and winning) in the last ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in the old Cotton Bowl stadium and playing (and winning) in the first ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in its new home at Cowboys AT&T Stadium. In this 2010 edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic, Ole Miss defeated Oklahoma State by a score of 21-7. With the win, Ole Document [24] (Title: 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1,1943 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, TX This was Texas's first bowl game. They were led by Dana X. Bible. This was Georgia Tech's second bowl game of what would be six in the 1940s. Max Minor caught a touchdown pass from Roy McKay and Jackie Field returned a punt 60 yards for a touchdown to give Texas a 14-0 lead into the fourth quarter as Bible replaced his starters. But Georgia Tech drove 56 yards capped by a David Eldredge Document [25] (Title: First Responder Bowl) Cotton Bowl stadium opened in 1932. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Due to the immense crowds that SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s, the stadium became known as "The House That Doak Built." The Cotton Bowl Classic called the stadium home from the bowl's inception in 1937 until the 2009 game, after which it moved to what is now AT&T Stadium. The stadium also served as the original home of Dallas' first, ill-fated National Document [26] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) of the four Heisman Trophy winners from the 1984–87 seasons finished their college career in the Cotton Bowl Classic: Doug Flutie for Boston College in January 1985, Bo Jackson of Auburn in 1986, and Tim Brown of Notre Dame in 1988. Brown and fellow Heisman winner Davey O'Brien, who played in the 1937 Cotton Bowl, both attended nearby Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas) in the Lakewood area. "Woodrow" became the first high school ever to produce two Heisman winners. For 53 years, the champion of the now-defunct Southwest Conference (SWC) played as the home team in the Cotton Bowl Document [27] (Title: 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic featured the TCU Horned Frogs and the Air Force Falcons, played on January 1, 1959, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. This was the first tie in the game in eleven years, also scoreless, and the first Cotton Bowl game broadcast on CBS, which carried 38 of the next 41. Undefeated Air Force had a tie during the 1958 regular season, 13–13 to Iowa; the Hawkeyes went on to win the Big Ten Conference and the Rose Bowl. The Falcons were ranked in the polls for the seventh straight week, Document [28] (Title: 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game with national championship implications between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the champions of the Big Eight Conference, the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Arkansas defeated Nebraska, 10–7, in front of 75,000 spectators, to win their first national title. The Razorbacks stormed into Dallas after going 10-0 and winning the Southwest Conference. The Hogs defeated #1 Texas, 14–13, in Austin to clinch the bowl berth, and the conference championship. Longhorn coach Darrell Royal went for two in the game and failed, giving the game, conference, bowl Document [29] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) 2010. The stadium also hosts the Red River Showdown, the annual college football game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Texas Longhorns, and the Heart of Dallas Bowl. The stadium has been home to many football teams over the years, including: SMU Mustangs (NCAA), Dallas Cowboys (NFL; 1960–1971), Dallas Texans (NFL) (1952), Dallas Texans (AFL; 1960–1962), and soccer teams, the Dallas Tornado (NASL; 1967–1968), and FC Dallas (the Dallas Burn 1996-2004, FC Dallas 2005) (Major League Soccer; 1996–2002, 2004–2005). It was also one of the nine venues used for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. It became known as "The House Document [30] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) between Saint Mary's College of California and Texas Tech, with the Gaels upsetting the undefeated Red Raiders 20–13. In 1940, an underdog Clemson team surprised the Boston College Eagles 6–3, in the first and only appearance at the Cotton Bowl Classic by Tigers coach Frank Howard. Attendance at this game was given as 20,000. Later that year, a group of prominent Dallas citizens took over the staging of the game as the Cotton Bowl Athletic Association. A few months later, the CBAA became an agency of the Southwest Conference. From 1941 to 1994, the SWC's champion hosted the Cotton Bowl Document [31] (Title: 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic) Offensive MVP ... 20 completions on 31 attempts (65%), 216 yards, 2 TD; 7 carries for 18 yards. Arkansas DE Jake Bequette was the Defensive MVP ... 5 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 caused fumble. 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2012 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, the 76th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on January 6, 2012 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 7:00 p.m. CT on FOX, featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big XII Conference versus the Document [32] (Title: 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2001 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2001, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl was part of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Tennessee Volunteers from the SEC and the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and was televised in the United States on Fox. The Kansas State Wildcats became just the second team to win 11 games in four consecutive seasons by defeating The Tennessee Volunteers, 35-21, in the 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic. Document [33] (Title: 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the Penn State Nittany Lions and the Texas Longhorns. The 36th Cotton Bowl Classic, it was played on Saturday, January 1, 1972, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The Texas Longhorns repeated as Southwest Conference champions and were ranked third in the polls in early October, but consecutive losses (to rival Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl and to #15 Arkansas in Little Rock) dropped them to 3–2 and out of national title contention. Texas won its next five games to gain their fourth Document [34] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) school football games. From the early days of the stadium, it was used for playoff and championship games. In 1945 and 1967, the stadium hosted two of the largest audiences to ever see a Texas high school football game. In 2011 and 2012, it played host to the North Texas Football Classic to kick off those seasons. Blondes vs. Brunettes powderpuff football games are played in cities across the United States. Proceeds from the event are donated to The Alzheimer's Association. The annual contests were started by Sara Allen Abbott whose father, Texas State Representative Joseph Hugh Allen, died of Document [35] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) calendar year, joining Auburn, which played in the Gator Bowl on January 1 and December 31, 1954, and Oklahoma, which played in the Sugar Bowl on January 1 and December 31, 1972. The game was a rematch of the 2011 Capital One Bowl, where Alabama easily beat Michigan State 49–7. After Oklahoma lost to Clemson 17–37 in the Orange Bowl Semifinal, Michigan State was throttled by Alabama 38–0. A tight first half saw Alabama take a 10–0 lead into half time. Near the end of the second quarter, Michigan State had its best drive of the night, but all-time winningest Document [36] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) stadium, the 8–4, No. 20 Ole Miss Rebels defeated the 11–1, No. 7 Texas Tech Red Raiders, 47–34. Tech quarterback Graham Harrell broke the NCAA record in this game for most touchdown passes thrown by anyone in Cotton Bowl Classic history. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl Classic moved to the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, as part of a bid by bowl officials to make it part of the BCS in 2011. Although the Cotton Bowl had recently been remodeled, Dallas' cold January weather had been a longstanding concern, and was thought to have hampered any prospect of upgrading the Document [37] (Title: State Fair Classic) fairs and will feature Southern and Texas Southern. The State Fair Classic, held annually at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, began in 1925 featuring the Wiley College Wildcats and Langston University Lions. The first game was played on Monday, October 19, 1925 and resulted in a 0–0 tie with neither team scoring before a crowd of 5,000. Both teams met four consecutive years in Dallas before Prairie View replaced Langston in 1929. The contest always took place on "Negro Day" at the State Fair of Texas and would feature the city's black high school football championship in the afternoon Document [38] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Texas.), gave Arkansas the Grantland Rice Trophy awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), signifying the Razorbacks were the true National Champions of the 1964 season. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, a Sunday. (Note: The other major bowl games that year -the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and Orange Bowl – were played on Monday, January 2.) In 1969, Texas was off and running with its new offensive formation, the Wishbone. After dismantling all opponents of the Document [39] (Title: 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic) that day to clinch the conference's BCS bid. 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the #9 Missouri Tigers of the Southeastern Conference and the #13 Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big 12 Conference. The 78th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic took place on January 3, 2014 at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on FOX. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. AT&T Stadium, formerly known as Cowboys Stadium and located in Arlington, Texas, hosted the game for the sixth straight year. Document [40] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) national championship. In its most recent Cotton Bowl appearance prior to this one, Joe Montana overcame hypothermia and a 34-12 Houston lead to win 35-34 with a touchdown on the game's final play. The game was barely three minutes old when Brown delivered. Having returned the opening kickoff 37 yards, Brown helped Notre Dame gain an early lead when quarterback Terry Andrysiak hit his All-America receiver with a 17-yard scoring pass. Down 7-0, the Aggies countered on Scott Slater’s 26-yard field goal on the final play of the first quarter, but at that point the game belonged clearly to Notre Document [41] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Miss Rebels at the new Cowboys Stadium, the Rebels shut down the high scoring Cowboys offense to win the 74th annual Cotton Bowl Classic 21–7. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl celebrated its 75th Anniversary with a new logo dedicated to the year-long celebration. Texas A&M played Louisiana State University in the 2011 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic on January 7, 2011. LSU would beat Texas A&M 41–24. This was the first Cotton Bowl Classic to be played in prime time, as well as the latest calendar date for the game. In the 2012 Match-up, the Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Kansas State Document [42] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2010 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Oklahoma State Cowboys, representing Oklahoma State University, from the Big 12 Conference and the Ole Miss Rebels, representing the University of Mississippi, from the Southeastern Conference that took place on Saturday, January 2, 2010, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 2010 game was the first game in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its namesake venue and was the concluding game of the season for both teams involved. Ole Miss has the distinction of playing in the last ever Cotton Bowl Document [43] (Title: 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic) feet down. Two plays later, Kavanagh tried a pass to Jimmy Dean on a slant pattern. But BYU's Morgan broke on the ball and tipped it to himself for the game-saving interception. 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1997 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1997, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and the BYU Cougars from the Western Athletic Conference. The game was Document [44] (Title: 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2009, at the self-named stadium in Dallas, Texas, and was televised in the United States on FOX. This was the final Cotton Bowl Classic to be played at the stadium in the home of the State Fair of Texas, Fair Park. Since 2010, the game has been played at Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington. Texas Tech was able to convert a pair of early turnovers into an early lead. The Raiders had the first two scores (both touchdowns) of the game with a 35-yard pass from Graham Harrell at the 6:31 mark of the first quarter and a Darcel McBath Document [45] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) and signaled touchdown therefore making it officially a 95-yard run for a touchdown. 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2010 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Oklahoma State Cowboys, representing Oklahoma State University, from the Big 12 Conference and the Ole Miss Rebels, representing the University of Mississippi, from the Southeastern Conference that took place on Saturday, January 2, 2010, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 2010 game was the first game in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its namesake venue and was the concluding game of the season for both teams involved. Document [46] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) Classic. From 1997 to 2013, the Cotton Bowl Classic pitted Big 12 Conference and Southeastern Conference teams against each other. In 2014, Michigan State was runner-up in the Big Ten Conference's East Division, and Baylor was Big 12 co-champion with TCU. After falling behind by 20 points, Michigan State staged a dramatic comeback in the fourth quarter to beat Baylor by a score of 42–41. This was the highest scoring Cotton Bowl ever, and the fourth bowl game in a row for Michigan State where they won after trailing at halftime. The two participants for the game were the Michigan Document [47] (Title: 2011 TicketCity Bowl) bowl game at the Cotton Bowl after failing the past four times in a drought that had begun in 1939. 2011 TicketCity Bowl The 2011 TicketCity Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The game was played on January 1, 2011, at 12:00 p.m. ET and was telecast on ESPNU. This game replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its long-time home to Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010, and pitted the Northwestern Wildcats from the Big Ten Conference against the Texas Tech Red Raiders from the Big 12 Conference. The Document [48] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) 1993 in preparation for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The elevation of the playing field is approximately above sea level. Construction began on Fair Park Stadium in 1930 on the same site as the wooden football stadium before known as Fair Park Stadium. Completed that year, the first game in the stadium was between Dallas-area high schools in October 1930. Built for a cost of $328,000, it held 45,507 spectators; the name was officially changed to the Cotton Bowl in 1936. In 1948, the stadium was decked on the west side, increasing capacity to 67,000. The east side was decked Document [49] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) to FC Dallas of Major League Soccer) in Frisco, Texas to become the Frisco Bowl in 2017. Between 2000 and 2005, the Insight Bowl was played at the home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona after being moved from Tucson, while the 2001 Seattle Bowl was played at Safeco Field while CenturyLink Field was being built on the site of the Kingdome. Original plans had the Military Bowl in Washington being played at Nationals Park, but the game was played at RFK Stadium during the years that Washington hosted it (the Military Bowl has since moved to Document [50] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) in Texas. In 2016, the Texas State Fair in conjunction with the City of Dallas announced an expansion of games played during the state fair for 2018 and 2019. Following the Red River Rivalry weekend, the Texas Southern University Tigers will play against the Southern University Jaguars. The game will be a neutral site for both teams, Texas Southern University is centrally located in Houston and Southern University is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (South Louisiana). The two schools are long-time SWAC rivals and have nationally recognized marching bands. The Cotton Bowl has a long history of hosting Texas high Document [51] (Title: Fair Park) Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial Document [52] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) the Southwest Conference (SWC) against a team invited from elsewhere in the country, frequently a major independent or a runner-up from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Following the dissolution of the SWC in 1996, the game hosted a runner-up from the Big 12 Conference, facing an SEC team from 1999 to 2014. The Cotton Bowl Classic has served as one of six bowls in the College Football Playoff (CFP) since the 2014 season; it hosted a national semifinal following the 2015 season and will do so again following the 2018 season. In the most recent edition of the Classic, following the Document [53] (Title: 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2000 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game that took place on Jan. 1, 2000 in Dallas, Texas. It was the first college football game to kickoff in the 21st Century. The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Texas Longhorns 27-6. The Texas Longhorns finished their regular season 9-3 and were champions of the Big 12 South. However, a 22-6 loss to #3 Nebraska in the Big 12 Championship Game sent them to the Cotton Bowl Classic. Arkansas, on the other hand, finished the regular season at 7-4, and accepted an at-large Document [54] (Title: 2018–19 NCAA football bowl games) semifinal round, with the winners advancing to the National Championship game. The semifinal games for the 2018–19 season are the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl. Both will be played on December 29 as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the CFP New Year's Six bowl games. The winners will advance to the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on January 7. For the 2018–19 bowl season, the Gasparilla Bowl was re-located from Tropicana Field to Raymond James Stadium (which already hosts the Outback Document [55] (Title: State Fair Classic) point, Prairie View A&M maintained a presence in the Cotton Bowl with match-ups against Bishop, East Texas State University (A&M–Commerce), Southern, and others over the years before moving its annual rivalry game against Grambling to the Cotton Bowl stadium in 1985 (the Panthers' series with Grambling had also previously been hosted by the State Fair of Louisiana before returning to on-campus venues in 1962). With the disbanding of the Prairie View football program in 1990, the State Fair Classic featured Grambling and Elizabeth City State. Even though Prairie View brought football back in 1991, that year Grambling played North Carolina Document [56] (Title: 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic) Longhorn quarterback Alan Lowry from three and 34-yards sealed the 17–13 Texas victory. 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1972 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1973, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas Longhorns, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). Texas won the game by a final score of 17–13. The 1972 Alabama squad finished the regular season with a 10–1 record and as conference champions. Their only loss came against Auburn in the Iron Bowl Document [57] (Title: 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1978 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was the 42nd edition of the college football bowl game, played on Monday, January 2 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champion Texas Longhorns. A record crowd of 76,701 turned up to see the coronation of the Longhorns championship season, but fifth-ranked Notre Dame spoiled everything as they dominated the Longhorns 38–10. Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell gained 116 yards on 29 carries, but was kept out of the end zone. Tied at three after Document [58] (Title: Southwest Conference) in the Orange Bowl. Since its first Cotton Bowl Classic and lasting until 1995, the Southwest Conference Champion automatically received an invitation as the "host" team in the Cotton Bowl Classic game on New Year's Day in Dallas, Texas. Opponents usually were the runners-up from the Big 8 Conference or the Southeastern Conference, although independents Penn State and Notre Dame were also often featured. From the 1940s onward, the Cotton Bowl Classic was counted among the four major bowl games, and often had national championship implications. However, in the 1990s, the game declined in importance, largely because of the decline Document [59] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as Document [60] (Title: 2014 Texas Longhorns football team) where they lost to Arkansas. In 2014, Texas played three non-conference games and nine games against teams from the Big 12 during the regular season. Of these twelve games, six will be played at home, four will be away games, and two will be played at neutral sites, including the Red River Showdown against Oklahoma, which is traditionally and annually played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The other game to be played at a neutral site is against UCLA, which took place at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on September 13. Two of Texas' games were broadcast Document [61] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) Classic held in the old Cotton Bowl stadium and playing in the first ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in its new home at Cowboys Stadium. This was Ole Miss' second consecutive Cotton Bowl Classic appearance as the Rebels also played in the 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic where they defeated Texas Tech 47–34. This was also the second meeting between Ole Miss and Oklahoma State in a Cotton Bowl Classic game. The two teams met in the 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic, which Ole Miss won 31-28 on the arm of quarterback Eli Manning. This was Oklahoma State's third appearance in the Document [62] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the "New Year's Six" bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game kicked off at 12:30 PM EST and was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Document [63] (Title: 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic) to its longtime television home, CBS, the next year. It was also the last year that Mobil served as the game's title sponsor; the following year, the Cotton Bowl organizers began a seventeen-year relationship with what is now AT&T. USC's appearance was only the third in Cotton Bowl history by a team from the Pacific-10 Conference, following that of Oregon in 1949 and UCLA in 1989. Texas Tech's appearance was the last by a team from the Southwest Conference, which disbanded a year later. The Red Raiders finished 1-3 against ranked opponents, beating #19 Texas, but losing to #1 Nebraska, Document [64] (Title: First Responder Bowl) Football League franchise in 1952. Later, and far more successfully, the NFL's Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. The American Football League's Dallas Texans likewise began play at the Cotton Bowl in 1960, but were unable to compete successfully financially with Cowboys and after only three money-losing seasons moved to Kansas City, where they became quite successful on and off the field as the Kansas City Chiefs. The Heart of Dallas Bowl has tie-ins with the Big Ten Conference, the Big Document [65] (Title: 2007–08 NCAA football bowl games) Classic on January 1 after suffering their only two losses for the year to Oklahoma (the latter in the Big 12 Championship Game). Mizzou then blew out their bowl game opponent, the University of Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC, 38–7. The conferences received $3 million apiece. Tigers running back Tony Temple set game records with 281 yards on the ground and four touchdowns while Razorback runner Darren McFadden was limited to 102 yards. This was the second-to-last Cotton Bowl Classic to be played at the namesake stadium in Dallas, Texas; the game will move to nearby Cowboys Stadium in Arlington Document [66] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) game for the Bulldogs, who had 244 more rushing yards than the Mustangs, who could only muster 40. 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 1966 Cotton Bowl (Dec.) was a college football postseason bowl game played by the SMU Mustangs and the Georgia Bulldogs in Dallas. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, the usual day for the Classic. Because January 1 was a Sunday, the Sugar, Orange, and Rose Bowls were played on Monday, January 2. The #10 Mustangs Document [67] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) for the two African-American members of the Penn State team, the Penn State team ended up staying at a Naval Air Station 14 miles from Dallas. This was the first interracial game played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium. The 1953 Cotton Bowl would be a rematch of the 1951 bowl game as Texas and Tennessee played for the second time. Texas defensive stars shut out the Vols 16–0 as the Longhorns avenged the previous meeting when Tennessee beat Texas 20–14. The 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic featured one of the most famous plays in college football history. Rice's Dickey Moegle (last Document [68] (Title: State Fair of Texas) parade rolling through downtown Dallas. Traditionally, the centerpiece of the fair has been the annual college football game between Oklahoma and Texas, nicknamed the Red River Rivalry (historically known as both the "OU-Texas Game" or "Texas-OU Game") and played in the Cotton Bowl at Fair Park. Also, the State Fair Classic, featuring Grambling State University and Prairie View A&M University, is played at the Cotton Bowl during the fair. In 2010, Baylor and Texas Tech played their game during the fair for the first time. During the opening weekend of the 2013 fair, Army and Louisiana Tech played in the Document [69] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. It featured the Western Michigan Broncos from the Mid-American Conference and the Wisconsin Badgers from the Big Ten Conference. The 81st Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the New Years Six bowl games in the College Football Playoff for the 2016–17 bowl games concluding the 2016 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Document [70] (Title: Red River Showdown) and potential high-school recruits of both teams. Since 1932 the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, during the State Fair of Texas. The designated "home" team alternates from year to year: Oklahoma in even-numbered years and Texas in odd-numbered years. Ticket sales for the game are split 50–50 between the two schools, with the stadium divided along the 50-yard line. Historically, the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone, which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field. Beginning in 2007, the teams will have the option to alternate North and South Document [71] (Title: 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the #9 Missouri Tigers of the Southeastern Conference and the #13 Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big 12 Conference. The 78th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic took place on January 3, 2014 at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on FOX. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. AT&T Stadium, formerly known as Cowboys Stadium and located in Arlington, Texas, hosted the game for the sixth straight year. The game was sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, Document [72] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland). Three other bowls, the International Bowl, the Bluebonnet Bowl, and the Chick-fil-A Bowl, were also played in baseball stadiums, but Toronto's Rogers Centre (the home of the defunct International Bowl), Houston's Astrodome (home of the Bluebonnet Bowl) and Atlanta's Fulton County Stadium (home of the then-Peach Bowl) were purposely built to house both baseball and football. In May of 2018, the owners announced the bowl would be moving to Raymond James Stadium in Tampa. Source: Updated through the December 2018 edition (11 games, 22 total appearances). Won: East Carolina, Louisville, Mississippi State, Document [73] (Title: 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic) school history. Despite the loss, Notre Dame climbed four spots in the final AP poll, ending at fifth. 2 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game in the 1969 season, held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, January 1, 1970. The game matched the top-ranked Texas Longhorns and the #9 Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Texas was looking to win its second unanimous national championship in seven seasons, previously won in 1963. The Longhorns, who had already won the national championship of the UPI coaches poll prior to Document [74] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game of the 1965 season with national championship implications between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference. With a scoreless second half at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, LSU defeated Arkansas 14–7 in front of 76,200 spectators on Saturday, January 1, 1966. The top three teams in the polls were all defeated on this New Year's Day. Arkansas and LSU's rivalry had been discontinued since 1956, and Arkansas had not beaten the Bayou Bengals since 1929. This Document [75] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Alabama defeated Michigan State 38–0 and later won the National Championship by defeating Clemson in the National Championship game. The Cotton Bowl acted as one of the two College Football Playoff semifinal games. The two teams selected for the game were No. 2 Alabama and No. 3 Michigan State. Michigan State returned to the Cotton Bowl after defeating Baylor in a non-playoff version of the bowl game on January 1, 2015. Michigan State became just the third school in history to play in the same bowl twice in a Document [76] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Cotton Bowl (stadium) Cotton Bowl Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Dallas, Texas, United States, opening in 1930 at the site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators. The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual college football post-season bowl game known as the Cotton Bowl Classic, for which the stadium is named. Starting on New Year's Day 1937, it hosted the first 73 editions of the game, through January 2009; the game was moved to AT&T Stadium in Arlington in January Document [77] (Title: 2011 TicketCity Bowl) 2011 TicketCity Bowl The 2011 TicketCity Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The game was played on January 1, 2011, at 12:00 p.m. ET and was telecast on ESPNU. This game replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its long-time home to Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010, and pitted the Northwestern Wildcats from the Big Ten Conference against the Texas Tech Red Raiders from the Big 12 Conference. The game was originally labeled "The Dallas Football Classic," but on November 8, 2010, a deal was announced for TicketCity to Document [78] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) Most combined yards: 1,146 yards <br>- Most passing yards: Bryce Petty – 550 yards Source: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the "New Year's Six" bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game kicked off at 12:30 PM EST and was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by Document [79] (Title: Vulcan Bowl) of ten games were played. Vulcan Bowl The Vulcan Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama. The game was played on New Year's Day between 1941 and 1949 and again in 1952, between historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). The game was one of the longer-lasting bowls for HBCUs established in the 1940s. The first game in the series was called the "Steel Bowl," and the bowl game served as an early era black college football national championship game by matching the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference champion against the best team from the Document [80] (Title: 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic) the final time of the game on their ensuing drive via a 34-yard touchdown pass from Manziel to Nwachukwu to make the score 41–13. Oklahoma and Texas A&M then exchanged punts before the final drive of the game by Oklahoma which lasted four plays prior to time running out. Manziel's 229-yard performance set an FBS record for most rushing yards in a bowl game. 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2013 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season American college football bowl game held on January 4, 2013 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas in the United States. The 77th edition Document [81] (Title: 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic, popularly called the Chicken Soup Game, was a football game played between the University of Notre Dame and the University of Houston. The game took place on an unusually cold day in Dallas, Texas, played the day after the city's worst ice storm in thirty years. Quarterback Joe Montana, who had the flu, led Notre Dame to a come-from-behind victory in the second half after eating a bowl of The Irish outscored the Cougars in the fourth quarter. In the first quarter, Notre Dame scored the first 12 points of the Document [82] (Title: 1966 NFL Championship Game) the two conferences; even-numbered years were hosted by the Eastern and odd-numbered by the Western. Starting with the 1975 season, playoff sites were determined by regular season record, rather than a rotational basis. The New Year's college bowl game at the Cotton Bowl for the 1966 season included the SMU Mustangs of Dallas. It was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the natural grass field. The two games were filled to the 75,504 capacity, but both local teams came up short. It was the first NFL title game played after the AFL-NFL Document [83] (Title: 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic) consecutive bowl games under Dye before he resigned after the 1992 season. They would reach the Cotton Bowl 21 years later, beating Nebraska 17–14. 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic was an American college football bowl game played on January 1, 1986 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. It was the 50th Cotton Bowl Classic held. The game featured the Texas A&M Aggies and the Auburn Tigers. Sherill was in his fourth year with A&M, his previous three years finishing with a combined 16–16–1. They won the Southwest Conference championship for the first time since 1976 Document [84] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) 2017 season, Big Ten champion Ohio State defeated Pac-12 champion USC by a score of 24-7. The Cotton Bowl Classic was founded in Dallas in 1937 at the Texas State Fair Grounds, when Texas oil executive J. Curtis Sanford financed the first one out of his own pocket. TCU and star quarterback Sammy Baugh took on Marquette, winning 16–6, but the game lost money even though some 17,000 attended. Nonetheless, Sanford persevered, and in 1938 the game made a profit as Rice of Houston defeated Colorado 28–14 in front of a crowd of 37,000. Some 40,000 attended the 1939 match Document [85] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played at 7:30 pm CST on December 29, 2017 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Conference champion Document [86] (Title: 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic) the Big 12 at the start of the 1996 season). It was also Texas's first New Year's Day bowl win since the . It was also the first Cotton Bowl Classic on Fox. 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1999 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football game played on January 1, 1999. It pitted the Texas Longhorns against the Southeastern Conference (SEC) West champions Mississippi State Bulldogs. This was the first Cotton Bowl Classic broadcast by Fox. This game was the first time Texas had reached the post-season since the 1996 season. It was the first bowl Document [87] (Title: 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic) fumble by Brooks at their own 4-yard line. Two plays later, Texas A&M quarterback Corey Pullig fumbled the ball and Notre Dame recovered. The Aggies scored their only points on a 41-yard field goal in the fourth quarter. The Fighting Irish won the game by a score of 28–3. 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1993 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1993, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champions, Texas A&M. Notre Dame upset the previously undefeated Aggies Document [88] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) it is played in. On November 7, 2014, it was announced that Goodyear would become the new sponsor of the game, now known for sponsorship reasons as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Cotton Bowl Classic The Cotton Bowl Classic, also simply known as the Cotton Bowl, is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex since January 1, 1937. The game was originally played at its namesake stadium in Dallas before moving to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Document [89] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) Football Playoff National Championship. 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Document [90] (Title: 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2 sacks 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2000 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game that took place on Jan. 1, 2000 in Dallas, Texas. It was the first college football game to kickoff in the 21st Century. The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Texas Longhorns 27-6. The Texas Longhorns finished their regular season 9-3 and were champions of the Big 12 South. However, a 22-6 loss to #3 Nebraska in the Big 12 Championship Game sent them to the Cotton Bowl Classic. Arkansas, on the other hand, finished the regular season at 7-4, and accepted Document [91] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) utility and sound upgrades and the replacement of all the stadium's seats. A new record for attendance was set when 96,009 fans attended the 2009 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game. The Cotton Bowl has been used by a number of teams in several sports throughout its history, and has hosted three collegiate bowl games. The Cotton Bowl has also hosted large music concerts, including the inaugural Texxas Jam and other similar events. From 1937 to 2009, the Cotton Bowl hosted the Cotton Bowl Classic, an annual NCAA Division I bowl game. Beginning in 2010, the bowl game has been played Document [92] (Title: 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1993 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1993, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champions, Texas A&M. Notre Dame upset the previously undefeated Aggies in a 28–3 victory. Texas A&M was ranked fourth in the AP Poll entering the game. The Aggies won the Southwest Conference and came into the game with a 12–0 record. The team was led on offense by running back Greg Hill, who rushed for more than 1,300 yards Document [93] (Title: 1969 college football season) bid for the Cotton Bowl Classic against #9 Notre Dame; the Irish were making their first postseason appearance in 45 years. President Nixon presented the plaque to Texas head coach Darrell Royal after the game. In the final regular season poll, it was 1. Texas, 2. Penn State, 3. Arkansas, 4. Ohio State, and 5. USC. "Thursday, January 1, 1970" At the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, the #1 Texas Longhorns were facing the end of their unbeaten streak before a crowd of 73,000 against #9 Notre Dame, playing in its first bowl game in 45 years, since the 1925 Rose Document [94] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) the Cotton Bowl from 1932 to 1947, and moved there permanently in 1948 due to Doak Walker's popularity. The Mustangs played at the Cotton Bowl until 1978, when they moved to Texas Stadium. The Cotton Bowl also served as home to SMU in the 1990s, after the team served the NCAA death penalty and played at Ownby Stadium on campus. Games moved back to campus in 2000 with the completion of Gerald J. Ford Stadium. In addition to the Red River Rivalry, the Grambling State University Tigers and the Prairie View A&M University Panthers play each other at the Cotton Document [95] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. Although not the first established bowl game, the Cotton Bowl is a play on the phrase "cotton boll." Texas is the leading producer of cotton in the United States. AT&T Stadium, formerly Cowboys Stadium, is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington, Texas. After failed negotiations to return the Cowboys to the Cotton Bowl, Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington, Texas funded the stadium at a cost of $1.15 billion. It was completed on May 29, 2009 and seats 80,000, but Document [96] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Classic, a tie-in which continued through the 1994 season. Until the mid-1980s, the contest was universally considered as a major New Year's Day bowl. However, by the late 1980s the Cotton Bowl Classic's prestige had fallen, as many SWC teams served NCAA probations for rule violations, rendering them bowl-ineligible. Also, the conference's quality of play suffered a marked decline. The SWC champion lost the last seven times they hosted the event, and the last national champion to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic was Notre Dame in 1977. Finally, the Cotton Bowl Classic was played outdoors during cold weather on Document [97] (Title: 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic) game for legendary Baylor (and future College and Pro Football Hall of Famer) linebacker Mike Singletary. 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the American football 1980 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1981, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, United States. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Baylor Bears of the Southwestern Conference (SWC). Alabama was victorious by a final score of 30–2. Alabama took a 6–0 lead on a pair of Peter Kim field goals in the first quarter. Baylor responded later Document [98] (Title: First Responder Bowl) First Responder Bowl The First Responder Bowl is an NCAA post-season college football bowl game. The inaugural game was played on January 1, 2011, at the Cotton Bowl in Fair Park in Dallas, Texas. This game physically replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its longtime eponymous home to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. The conferences are scheduled to receive a $1.2 million payout for the teams' participation. Starting in 2018, the game is sponsored by Servpro and officially known as the "Servpro First Responder Bowl". Previously, the bowl was known as the "Heart of Dallas Bowl" Document [99] (Title: 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2008 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2008, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2007–2008 bowl season. The bowl game featured the Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC and the Missouri Tigers from the Big 12 and was televised in the United States on FOX. Senior RB Tony Temple of Mizzou set a single game rushing record for the Cotton Bowl Classic with 281 Document [100] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 1966 Cotton Bowl (Dec.) was a college football postseason bowl game played by the SMU Mustangs and the Georgia Bulldogs in Dallas. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, the usual day for the Classic. Because January 1 was a Sunday, the Sugar, Orange, and Rose Bowls were played on Monday, January 2. The #10 Mustangs (8–2) had won the Southwest Conference (SWC) championship (6–1) for the first time since 1948, led by fifth-year Document [101] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1988, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Texas A&M Aggies. Played in front of 73,006 people, Texas A&M won the game by a final score of 35-10. This was the final Cotton Bowl played without a sponsor for the game. Texas A&M won their third straight Southwest Conference championship and as such was invited to their third straight Cotton Bowl. An added bonus to the 1988 Cotton Bowl was Document [102] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. It featured the Western Michigan Broncos from the Mid-American Conference and the Wisconsin Badgers from the Big Ten Conference. The 81st Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the New Years Six bowl games in the College Football Playoff for the 2016–17 bowl games concluding the 2016 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Document [103] (Title: Camellia Bowl (1948)) beating them soundly 49–12. The bowl was never played again due to the low attendance. Camellia Bowl (1948) The Camellia Bowl was a post-season major college football bowl game played at McNaspy Stadium in Lafayette, Louisiana, on December 30, 1948, between the Hardin–Simmons Cowboys and the Wichita Shockers (now known as Wichita State). The Cowboys were from the Border Conference in their third bowl game of 1948 (a tie to Pacific 35–35 in the Grape Bowl December 11, and a defeat of Ouachita College 40–12 in the Shrine Bowl a week later). Wichita was second place in the Missouri Valley Document [104] (Title: 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic) a 13–0 record (8–0 in conference). Notre Dame received their bid to the Cotton Bowl with the release of final CFP rankings on December 2. The independent Fighting Irish enter the bowl with a 12–0 record. 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic will be a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2018 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 83rd Cotton Bowl Classic is a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner to compete in the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. It is one of the 2018–19 bowl games that will conclude the 2018 Document [105] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Cotton Bowl Classic The Cotton Bowl Classic, also simply known as the Cotton Bowl, is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex since January 1, 1937. The game was originally played at its namesake stadium in Dallas before moving to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and officially known as the "Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic". It has been previously sponsored and Southwestern Bell Corporation/SBC Communications/AT&T (1997–2014) and Mobil (1989–1995) Historically, the game hosted the champion of Document [106] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) first Spanish radio broadcast of the game. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1930 and became known as "The House That Doak Built" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. The Cotton Bowl Classic called its namesake home since the bowl's inception in 1937 until the 2010 game. The NFL's Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, Document [107] (Title: 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game held on January 1, 1964, in Dallas, Texas. The game was a de facto national championship game featuring the Navy Midshipmen and the Texas Longhorns although neither major poll (API or UPI) published polls after bowl games at this time, so Texas would remain the national champion, regardless of the outcome. Texas was the Southwest Conference champion and #1 in the polls. Navy was an Independent and #2 in the polls. It is the second #1 versus #2 bowl game, after the 1963 Rose Document [108] (Title: Safeway Bowl) the series came before the arrival of Doak Walker to SMU, whose play attracted the large crowds that prompted the school to move its home games out of Ownby Stadium to the larger venue in Fair Park. <br> • Of the 37 games played between the two schools, just four of those have taken place in Denton. Ownby Stadium was seen as the far superior venue to the tiny Eagle Field that North Texas played on before 1952, which sat just 5,000 people to Ownby's 23,000. When the series resumed in the 1970s, the Cotton Bowl and Texas Stadium both Document [109] (Title: 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic) Bowl. 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic was the fourth edition of the postseason college football bowl game, between the Clemson Tigers and the Boston College Eagles. It was played on Monday, January 1, 1940, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas A&M, the 1939 SWC Champion, declined to be in this game, instead playing in the Sugar Bowl. Tennessee of the SEC and Oklahoma of the Big Six also declined this game. Fearing for the longevity of the game, J. Curtis Sanford strove to keep the bowl game alive, extending invites to Clemson and BC, who Document [110] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) on funding for a long-planned $50 million renovation, with $30 million of this amount from a city bond. Thus, in April 2007, the schools signed a contract to play at the Cotton Bowl through 2015, coupled with a $57 million fund for upgrades and improvements to the aging stadium. The 2008 game was held on October 11. The 2008 renovations include the expansion of the seating capacity of the stadium from 68,252 to 92,100, mostly through the complete encircling of the second deck, new media and VIP facilities, a new scoreboard and video screen, updated restrooms and concession areas, lighting, Document [111] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) of USC. 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played at 7:30 pm CST on December 29, 2017 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Document [112] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) at AT&T Stadium in Arlington. From 1941 to 1994, the Southwest Conference champion would play in the bowl game; since 1997, the first postseason of the Big 12 Conference, its second-place team has competed against an SEC team in the Cotton Bowl Classic. The Dallas Cowboys also called the Cotton Bowl home for 12 seasons, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971. After playing their first two home games in 1971 at the Cotton Bowl, the Cowboys opened Texas Stadium in Irving on October 24. Since January 2011, the Cotton Bowl has been the home of the Heart of Document [113] (Title: 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game in the 1969 season, held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, January 1, 1970. The game matched the top-ranked Texas Longhorns and the #9 Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Texas was looking to win its second unanimous national championship in seven seasons, previously won in 1963. The Longhorns, who had already won the national championship of the UPI coaches poll prior to the Cotton Bowl, finished with a perfect season and a second straight Southwest Conference championship. The Associated Press would Document [114] (Title: 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1971, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, It featured the undefeated and top-ranked Texas Longhorns of the Southwest Conference and the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Led by head coach Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame's captains were Larry DiNardo and Tim Kelly, and featured Joe Theismann at quarterback and Tom Gatewood as a wide receiver. Texas was coached by Darrell Royal, and the captains for the Longhorns were Scott Henderson, Steve Worster, Bobby Wuensch and Bill Zapalac. The team also featured Jerry Document [115] (Title: 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2012 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, the 76th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on January 6, 2012 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 7:00 p.m. CT on FOX, featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big XII Conference versus the Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC Conference. Arkansas won the game 29–16, which was their first win over Kansas State since 1967. This was only the second time in the BCS era that a non-BCS Document [116] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) That Doak Built", due to the immense crowds that SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. In their seventh season, the Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship at the Cotton Bowl on January 1, 1967. The college bowl game that year included SMU and was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the field. The two games were filled to the 75,504 capacity, but both local teams came up short. Artificial turf was installed in 1970 and removed in Document [117] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) be the Big 12 opponent, and Southwestern Bell (now AT&T) began sponsoring the event. More often than not, the SEC representative came from the West Division. However, Tennessee appeared in 2001 and 2005, and Missouri appeared in 2014. Through 2008, the Cotton Bowl Classic continued to be played on New Year's Day (except in 2004 and 2006, when the game was moved to January 2) and was usually the second game of the day to kick off, generally following the Outback Bowl. This decade was kicked off in grand fashion, as two former Southwest Conference rivals faced off in the Document [118] (Title: 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Ole Miss Rebels and the Oklahoma State Cowboys on January 2, 2004, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. It was the final game of the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season for each team and resulted in a 31-28 Ole Miss victory. Ole Miss represented the Southeastern Conference (SEC) while Oklahome State represented the Big 12 Conference. It was Ole Miss's first January bowl victory since the 1970 Sugar Bowl and first Cotton Bowl Classic appearance since 1962. Ole Miss quarterback Document [119] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) four Cotton Bowls, but lose all four, two (1993 and 1994) to Notre Dame. After two head coaches and two more Cotton Bowl losses, both to future Southeastern Conference rivals, A&M at last won the Cotton Bowl again in 2013 with 2012 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel. The Irish have not played in the Cotton Bowl since their back-to-back victories over the Aggies in the 1990s. 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1988, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Document [120] (Title: 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic, the first Cotton Bowl Classic game and part of the 1936–37 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1937, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Marquette Golden Avalanche, competing as a football independent, and the TCU Horned Frogs, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC) as conference champions. TCU won the inaugural contest, 16–6. The 1936 Marquette squad finished the regular season with a 7–1 record after losing to Duquesne in their regular season finale. On December 9, Marquette accepted an invitation to play in the Document [121] (Title: 2009–10 NCAA football bowl games) Las Vegas Bowl replacing Pioneer Corporation, and the game was rebranded as the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. In another change, the Motor City Bowl thanks to Little Caesars now carries the name of the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl. Advocare became the title sponsor of the Independence Bowl. In a stadium shift, the Cotton Bowl Classic moves from its self-named home for 73 years at the grounds of Fair Park to Jerry Jones's new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington. The St. Petersburg Bowl was initially to be played without a sponsor after being sponsored by MagicJack in 2008, but just a few Document [122] (Title: 2009–10 NCAA football bowl games) weeks before the Bowl, Beef O'Brady's agreed to be the sponsor, so the game became the "St. Petersburg Bowl presented by Beef O'Brady's". The Cotton Bowl in Fair Park will be the site of a new bowl game, the TicketCity Bowl, on New Years Day 2011, with the Big Ten and Conference USA providing opponents, and Yankee Stadium will host a game dubbed the Pinstripe Bowl in December 2010, pitting teams from the Big East and Big 12. This contest would be the first bowl game in the Metropolitan New York area since the now defunct Garden State Bowl, and Document [123] (Title: 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1973, the Coaches Poll released its final edition after the bowl games, starting with the 1974 season. 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1971, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, It featured the undefeated and top-ranked Texas Longhorns of the Southwest Conference and the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Led by head coach Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame's captains were Larry DiNardo and Tim Kelly, and featured Joe Theismann at quarterback and Tom Gatewood as a wide receiver. Texas was coached by Darrell Royal, and the captains for Document [124] (Title: 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic) Bowl, and featured 1963 Heisman Trophy winning quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy). The game was played just weeks after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, a US Navy veteran and avid football fan, in the same city. Two touchdown catches by Phil Harris from Duke Carlisle, a Carlislie touchdown run, and a Harold Philipp touchdown run lead the Longhorns to a devastating win over the Midshipmen, who could only muster a Staubach (who went 22 for 34 for 228 yards) touchdown run after the game was already 28-0. While the two teams had near even passing yards and near even first Document [125] (Title: Dallas Cowboys) In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s "Double Star" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as "The House That Doak Built" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to Question: where is the goodyear cotton bowl played at Answer: Arlington, Texas Long Answer: Cotton Bowl Classic Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic Stadium AT&T Stadium Location Arlington, Texas United States Previous stadiums Cotton Bowl (1937--2009) Previous locations Dallas, Texas Operated 1937--present Conference tie - ins At - large / Group of Five (2015--present) Previous conference tie - ins SWC (1941--95), Big 12 (1997--2014), SEC (1999--2014) Payout US $4,000,000 (non-playoff years) Sponsors Mobil (1989--1995) Southwestern Bell Corporation / SBC Communications / AT&T (1997--2014) Goodyear (2014--present) Former names Cotton Bowl (1937--88) Mobil Cotton Bowl (1989--1995) Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic (1996--2000) SBC Communications Cotton Bowl Classic (2001--2006) AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic (2006--2014) 2017 season matchup USC vs. Ohio State (Ohio State 24--7) 2018 season matchup Gold Document ID: 115

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2013 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season American college football bowl game held on January 4, 2013 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas in the United States. The 77th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic began at 7:00 p.m. CST and aired on Fox Sports. It featured the Texas A&M Aggies from the Southeastern Conference (SEC) against the Big 12 Conference co-champion Oklahoma Sooners and was the final game of the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season for both teams. Both the Aggies and the Sooners accepted their invitations after finishing the regular Document [2] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) the University of Oklahoma Sooners and the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns, also known before 2005 as the Red River Shootout, is played at the Cotton Bowl during the State Fair of Texas, instead of on either school's campus. Ticket sales are equally divided between the two schools, and the fans are split on the 50-yard line. Following the 2018 game, the Longhorns have a record of 62-46-5 against the Sooners. The Cotton Bowl served as the home for the SMU Mustangs football team for two periods in the program's history. SMU played at least a few games at Document [3] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion Western Michigan was selected as an at-large as the highest ranked College Football Playoff (CFP) Group of Five team while Wisconsin was chosen as an at-large out of the Big Ten Conference. Wisconsin was an 8 point favorite to start the game. This was the fifth meeting between the schools, with Wisconsin leading the all-time series 4–1. The most recent meeting was on August 31, 2000, where the Badgers defeated the Broncos by a score of 19–7. This was the first Cotton Bowl for both teams. Document [4] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Bowl in the State Fair Classic. This game often occurs the weekend before the Texas-OU Red River Rivalry game. It is a neutral site for both teams; Grambling State is located in northern Louisiana and Prairie View A&M is located about northwest of Houston. The halftime show, the "Battle of the Bands", is arguably more eagerly anticipated than the game itself. The State Fair Classic is heavily marketed in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, with local hip hop stations encouraging a large turnout among the region's African-American community. The State Fair Classic is currently the largest FCS football game Document [5] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) occasion (most notably the 1979 game). Meanwhile, the Fiesta Bowl, unhindered by conference tie-ins and played in generally warm weather, propelled itself to major-bowl status by attracting national championship contenders, most notably with its January 1987 matchup between two independent teams Penn State and Miami. In the minds of many fans, the Fiesta replaced the Cotton as a major bowl. Despite this, the Cotton Bowl Classic still retained enough prestige that it was included as one of the top bowls in the Bowl Coalition when it was formed in 1992. However, in 1995, the new Bowl Alliance (the predecessor of Document [6] (Title: 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic will be a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2018 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 83rd Cotton Bowl Classic is a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner to compete in the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. It is one of the 2018–19 bowl games that will conclude the 2018 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, the game will officially be known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The game will feature second-ranked Clemson of Document [7] (Title: 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1961 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the champions of the ACC, the Duke Blue Devils. Duke defeated Arkansas, 7–6, in front of 70,500 spectators. Arkansas won the SWC in 1960, led by star RB/PR/DB/P Lance Alworth. He led the nation in punt return yardage, and was ninth in the country in kick return yardage. The Hogs defeated #11 Texas and #10 Rice, but lost to #20 Baylor and #2 Ole Miss. Duke won the ACC, and would win it again the next Document [8] (Title: 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic) of 31 passes for 275 yards, drove his team 55 yards late in the fourth quarter to set up kicker Jamie "Money" Christensen’s 45–yard game-winning field goal attempt on the final play. The kick was low, wobbly, and spinning sideways yet somehow managed to find its way through the uprights, giving Alabama the 13-10 victory. The game-winning field goal by Christensen was the first game-ending score in a Cotton Bowl Classic since 1979, when Joe Montana brought Notre Dame from behind to defeat the University of Houston. 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2006 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was held on Document [9] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Triumph, among others. The annual events came to an end in the summer of 1988, when Van Halen headlined the "Monsters Of Rock" Tour. Since then, the stadium has continued to be used as a major concert venue; Eric Clapton held his first three-day Crossroads Guitar Festival there in 2004. The Cotton Bowl was also the site for the 1991 Drum Corps International World Championships. Cotton Bowl (stadium) Cotton Bowl Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Dallas, Texas, United States, opening in 1930 at the site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow Document [10] (Title: Dallas Cowboys) be used for additional spectators. The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game, for which the stadium is named. (Beginning with the January 2010 game, the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington.) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits. The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl. For Document [11] (Title: 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1972 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1973, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas Longhorns, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). Texas won the game by a final score of 17–13. The 1972 Alabama squad finished the regular season with a 10–1 record and as conference champions. Their only loss came against Auburn in the Iron Bowl by a final score of 17–16 in the famous "Punt Bama Punt" game. Document [12] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Dallas Bowl, an annual college football bowl game. The game was tentatively named the "Dallas Football Classic" prior to TicketCity being announced as the bowl game's title sponsor. The game was called the "TicketCity Bowl" for the first two match ups. On October 4, 2012, the name changed again to its current incarnation. The game has had bowl tie-ins with the Big 12 Conference in 2011, Conference USA in 2012, and the Big Ten Conference in both 2011 and 2012. The inaugural game saw the Texas Tech Red Raiders defeat the Northwestern Wildcats, 45–38. The annual college football game between Document [13] (Title: 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2011 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was the 75th edition of the annual post-season college football bowl game that was part of the 2010–11 bowl season of the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The game featured the LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference who defeated the Texas A&M Aggies of the Big 12 Conference by a score of 41-24. The game was scheduled for January 7, 2011 at 7:27 p.m. CST and was held at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This was the second time it was held in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its Document [14] (Title: 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1997 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1997, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and the BYU Cougars from the Western Athletic Conference. The game was televised on CBS. BYU's defense had kept the Cougars in range, limiting Kansas State to 199 yards of offense through three quarters, with 113 of them coming on two plays, a Hail Document [15] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Alzheimer's disease in 2008. Looking for a way to raise funds for The Alzheimer's Association, Abbott organized a powderpuff football game in tribute to her father, a lifelong football fan. The games are currently played in over 20 cities throughout the United States. The increasing popularity of the game in the Dallas area resulted in moving the 2012 game to the Cotton Bowl where it could accommodate a larger crowd. On July 29, 2014, the Cotton Bowl hosted a soccer match between Real Madrid and A.S. Roma which was part of the 2014 International Champions Cup and AS Roma won Document [16] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) State Spartans and the Baylor Bears. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic featured the Michigan State Spartans (10–2, 7–1 Big Ten) against the Big 12 Co-Champion Baylor Bears (11–1, 8–1 Big 12). Michigan State was making its first Cotton Bowl appearance while Baylor was making their third. Michigan State was delegated as the away team and wore their typical white uniform with green helmet. Baylor, being the home team, wore an all green uniform with a gold chrome helmet (previously worn during their thrilling 61–58 win over TCU). Michigan State won the coin toss and elected to receive the opening kickoff. Document [17] (Title: 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1989 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 1989, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. The game was played on January 2, the day after New Year's Day, since New Year's Day fell on a Sunday. The bowl game featured the Arkansas Razorbacks from the Southwest Conference and the UCLA Bruins from the Pacific-10 Conference and was televised in the United States on CBS. Troy Aikman, the UCLA quarterback and LaSalle Harper, an Arkansas linebacker were named the Most Valuable Players of the game. The 1988 Arkansas Razorbacks Document [18] (Title: 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic) season that included a spot atop the AP College Football Rankings and a co-championship in the Big XII North. This feeling was amplified by the fact that the Kansas Jayhawks, Missouri's historical and then-conference rival, had been invited to the BCS Orange Bowl after being beaten by the Tigers at the annual Arrowhead Stadium Border Showdown in Kansas City, Missouri. 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2008 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2008, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 2007 NCAA Division Document [19] (Title: 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1995 Mobil Cotton Bowl was the 59th Cotton Bowl Classic. The USC Trojans defeated the Texas Tech Red Raiders, 55–14. The Trojans took a 21–0 lead less than ten minutes into the game and led 34–0 at halftime. USC wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson, who finished with eight catches for a Cotton Bowl-record 222 yards and three touchdowns, was named offensive MVP. Trojan cornerback John Herpin had two interceptions, one for a touchdown, and was named defensive MVP. The game was televised nationally by NBC for the third consecutive year. The Cotton Bowl Classic would return Document [20] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) the game was sponsored by Mobil Oil and known as the Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic. From 1996 to 2013, the game was sponsored by Southwestern Bell Corporation; however, it went through several name changes, first in 2000 when the firm adopted a standardized "SBC" branding reflecting its name it adopted in 1995, SBC Communications, and since 2006, after their acquisition of AT&T Corporation, and its subsequent name change to AT&T Inc., as the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic. On October 15, 2014, ESPN.com reported that AT&T will no longer sponsor the Cotton Bowl since it already sponsors the stadium in which Document [21] (Title: 2007 Texas Longhorns football team) has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas typically in mid-October with the State Fair of Texas occurring adjacent to the stadium. CBS Sportsline.com listed the game sixth on its list of games to watch during the 2007 season, saying, "The annual Red River Shootout in Dallas will once again feature two top-ten teams with the winner being the front-runner for not only a Big 12 title but a factor in the national title picture. The game will also feature one of the best match-ups of the year with Limas Sweed and Billy Pittman of the Longhorns facing Document [22] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) in a baseball-only stadium among current post-season football contests; the others are the Cactus Bowl, played at Chase Field in Phoenix, home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Pinstripe Bowl in The Bronx, New York at Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees. The Fight Hunger Bowl, was played at San Francisco's AT&T Park, the home of the San Francisco Giants but moved to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California (home of the San Francisco 49ers) in 2014. The Miami Beach Bowl, was played at Miami's Marlins Park, home of the Miami Marlins, but moved to Toyota Stadium (home Document [23] (Title: Jevan Snead) between Ole Miss and Oklahoma State in a Cotton Bowl Classic game. The two teams met in the 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic, which Ole Miss won 31-28 on the arm of quarterback Eli Manning. Ole Miss has the distinction of playing (and winning) in the last ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in the old Cotton Bowl stadium and playing (and winning) in the first ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in its new home at Cowboys AT&T Stadium. In this 2010 edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic, Ole Miss defeated Oklahoma State by a score of 21-7. With the win, Ole Document [24] (Title: 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1943 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1,1943 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, TX This was Texas's first bowl game. They were led by Dana X. Bible. This was Georgia Tech's second bowl game of what would be six in the 1940s. Max Minor caught a touchdown pass from Roy McKay and Jackie Field returned a punt 60 yards for a touchdown to give Texas a 14-0 lead into the fourth quarter as Bible replaced his starters. But Georgia Tech drove 56 yards capped by a David Eldredge Document [25] (Title: First Responder Bowl) Cotton Bowl stadium opened in 1932. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Due to the immense crowds that SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s, the stadium became known as "The House That Doak Built." The Cotton Bowl Classic called the stadium home from the bowl's inception in 1937 until the 2009 game, after which it moved to what is now AT&T Stadium. The stadium also served as the original home of Dallas' first, ill-fated National Document [26] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) of the four Heisman Trophy winners from the 1984–87 seasons finished their college career in the Cotton Bowl Classic: Doug Flutie for Boston College in January 1985, Bo Jackson of Auburn in 1986, and Tim Brown of Notre Dame in 1988. Brown and fellow Heisman winner Davey O'Brien, who played in the 1937 Cotton Bowl, both attended nearby Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas) in the Lakewood area. "Woodrow" became the first high school ever to produce two Heisman winners. For 53 years, the champion of the now-defunct Southwest Conference (SWC) played as the home team in the Cotton Bowl Document [27] (Title: 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic featured the TCU Horned Frogs and the Air Force Falcons, played on January 1, 1959, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. This was the first tie in the game in eleven years, also scoreless, and the first Cotton Bowl game broadcast on CBS, which carried 38 of the next 41. Undefeated Air Force had a tie during the 1958 regular season, 13–13 to Iowa; the Hawkeyes went on to win the Big Ten Conference and the Rose Bowl. The Falcons were ranked in the polls for the seventh straight week, Document [28] (Title: 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game with national championship implications between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the champions of the Big Eight Conference, the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Arkansas defeated Nebraska, 10–7, in front of 75,000 spectators, to win their first national title. The Razorbacks stormed into Dallas after going 10-0 and winning the Southwest Conference. The Hogs defeated #1 Texas, 14–13, in Austin to clinch the bowl berth, and the conference championship. Longhorn coach Darrell Royal went for two in the game and failed, giving the game, conference, bowl Document [29] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) 2010. The stadium also hosts the Red River Showdown, the annual college football game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Texas Longhorns, and the Heart of Dallas Bowl. The stadium has been home to many football teams over the years, including: SMU Mustangs (NCAA), Dallas Cowboys (NFL; 1960–1971), Dallas Texans (NFL) (1952), Dallas Texans (AFL; 1960–1962), and soccer teams, the Dallas Tornado (NASL; 1967–1968), and FC Dallas (the Dallas Burn 1996-2004, FC Dallas 2005) (Major League Soccer; 1996–2002, 2004–2005). It was also one of the nine venues used for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. It became known as "The House Document [30] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) between Saint Mary's College of California and Texas Tech, with the Gaels upsetting the undefeated Red Raiders 20–13. In 1940, an underdog Clemson team surprised the Boston College Eagles 6–3, in the first and only appearance at the Cotton Bowl Classic by Tigers coach Frank Howard. Attendance at this game was given as 20,000. Later that year, a group of prominent Dallas citizens took over the staging of the game as the Cotton Bowl Athletic Association. A few months later, the CBAA became an agency of the Southwest Conference. From 1941 to 1994, the SWC's champion hosted the Cotton Bowl Document [31] (Title: 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic) Offensive MVP ... 20 completions on 31 attempts (65%), 216 yards, 2 TD; 7 carries for 18 yards. Arkansas DE Jake Bequette was the Defensive MVP ... 5 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 caused fumble. 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2012 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, the 76th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on January 6, 2012 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 7:00 p.m. CT on FOX, featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big XII Conference versus the Document [32] (Title: 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2001 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2001, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl was part of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Tennessee Volunteers from the SEC and the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and was televised in the United States on Fox. The Kansas State Wildcats became just the second team to win 11 games in four consecutive seasons by defeating The Tennessee Volunteers, 35-21, in the 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic. Document [33] (Title: 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the Penn State Nittany Lions and the Texas Longhorns. The 36th Cotton Bowl Classic, it was played on Saturday, January 1, 1972, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The Texas Longhorns repeated as Southwest Conference champions and were ranked third in the polls in early October, but consecutive losses (to rival Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl and to #15 Arkansas in Little Rock) dropped them to 3–2 and out of national title contention. Texas won its next five games to gain their fourth Document [34] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) school football games. From the early days of the stadium, it was used for playoff and championship games. In 1945 and 1967, the stadium hosted two of the largest audiences to ever see a Texas high school football game. In 2011 and 2012, it played host to the North Texas Football Classic to kick off those seasons. Blondes vs. Brunettes powderpuff football games are played in cities across the United States. Proceeds from the event are donated to The Alzheimer's Association. The annual contests were started by Sara Allen Abbott whose father, Texas State Representative Joseph Hugh Allen, died of Document [35] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) calendar year, joining Auburn, which played in the Gator Bowl on January 1 and December 31, 1954, and Oklahoma, which played in the Sugar Bowl on January 1 and December 31, 1972. The game was a rematch of the 2011 Capital One Bowl, where Alabama easily beat Michigan State 49–7. After Oklahoma lost to Clemson 17–37 in the Orange Bowl Semifinal, Michigan State was throttled by Alabama 38–0. A tight first half saw Alabama take a 10–0 lead into half time. Near the end of the second quarter, Michigan State had its best drive of the night, but all-time winningest Document [36] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) stadium, the 8–4, No. 20 Ole Miss Rebels defeated the 11–1, No. 7 Texas Tech Red Raiders, 47–34. Tech quarterback Graham Harrell broke the NCAA record in this game for most touchdown passes thrown by anyone in Cotton Bowl Classic history. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl Classic moved to the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, as part of a bid by bowl officials to make it part of the BCS in 2011. Although the Cotton Bowl had recently been remodeled, Dallas' cold January weather had been a longstanding concern, and was thought to have hampered any prospect of upgrading the Document [37] (Title: State Fair Classic) fairs and will feature Southern and Texas Southern. The State Fair Classic, held annually at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, began in 1925 featuring the Wiley College Wildcats and Langston University Lions. The first game was played on Monday, October 19, 1925 and resulted in a 0–0 tie with neither team scoring before a crowd of 5,000. Both teams met four consecutive years in Dallas before Prairie View replaced Langston in 1929. The contest always took place on "Negro Day" at the State Fair of Texas and would feature the city's black high school football championship in the afternoon Document [38] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Texas.), gave Arkansas the Grantland Rice Trophy awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), signifying the Razorbacks were the true National Champions of the 1964 season. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, a Sunday. (Note: The other major bowl games that year -the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and Orange Bowl – were played on Monday, January 2.) In 1969, Texas was off and running with its new offensive formation, the Wishbone. After dismantling all opponents of the Document [39] (Title: 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic) that day to clinch the conference's BCS bid. 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the #9 Missouri Tigers of the Southeastern Conference and the #13 Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big 12 Conference. The 78th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic took place on January 3, 2014 at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on FOX. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. AT&T Stadium, formerly known as Cowboys Stadium and located in Arlington, Texas, hosted the game for the sixth straight year. Document [40] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) national championship. In its most recent Cotton Bowl appearance prior to this one, Joe Montana overcame hypothermia and a 34-12 Houston lead to win 35-34 with a touchdown on the game's final play. The game was barely three minutes old when Brown delivered. Having returned the opening kickoff 37 yards, Brown helped Notre Dame gain an early lead when quarterback Terry Andrysiak hit his All-America receiver with a 17-yard scoring pass. Down 7-0, the Aggies countered on Scott Slater’s 26-yard field goal on the final play of the first quarter, but at that point the game belonged clearly to Notre Document [41] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Miss Rebels at the new Cowboys Stadium, the Rebels shut down the high scoring Cowboys offense to win the 74th annual Cotton Bowl Classic 21–7. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl celebrated its 75th Anniversary with a new logo dedicated to the year-long celebration. Texas A&M played Louisiana State University in the 2011 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic on January 7, 2011. LSU would beat Texas A&M 41–24. This was the first Cotton Bowl Classic to be played in prime time, as well as the latest calendar date for the game. In the 2012 Match-up, the Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Kansas State Document [42] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2010 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Oklahoma State Cowboys, representing Oklahoma State University, from the Big 12 Conference and the Ole Miss Rebels, representing the University of Mississippi, from the Southeastern Conference that took place on Saturday, January 2, 2010, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 2010 game was the first game in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its namesake venue and was the concluding game of the season for both teams involved. Ole Miss has the distinction of playing in the last ever Cotton Bowl Document [43] (Title: 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic) feet down. Two plays later, Kavanagh tried a pass to Jimmy Dean on a slant pattern. But BYU's Morgan broke on the ball and tipped it to himself for the game-saving interception. 1997 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1997 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1997, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The bowl game featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big 12 and the BYU Cougars from the Western Athletic Conference. The game was Document [44] (Title: 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2009, at the self-named stadium in Dallas, Texas, and was televised in the United States on FOX. This was the final Cotton Bowl Classic to be played at the stadium in the home of the State Fair of Texas, Fair Park. Since 2010, the game has been played at Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington. Texas Tech was able to convert a pair of early turnovers into an early lead. The Raiders had the first two scores (both touchdowns) of the game with a 35-yard pass from Graham Harrell at the 6:31 mark of the first quarter and a Darcel McBath Document [45] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) and signaled touchdown therefore making it officially a 95-yard run for a touchdown. 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2010 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Oklahoma State Cowboys, representing Oklahoma State University, from the Big 12 Conference and the Ole Miss Rebels, representing the University of Mississippi, from the Southeastern Conference that took place on Saturday, January 2, 2010, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 2010 game was the first game in Cowboys Stadium after leaving its namesake venue and was the concluding game of the season for both teams involved. Document [46] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) Classic. From 1997 to 2013, the Cotton Bowl Classic pitted Big 12 Conference and Southeastern Conference teams against each other. In 2014, Michigan State was runner-up in the Big Ten Conference's East Division, and Baylor was Big 12 co-champion with TCU. After falling behind by 20 points, Michigan State staged a dramatic comeback in the fourth quarter to beat Baylor by a score of 42–41. This was the highest scoring Cotton Bowl ever, and the fourth bowl game in a row for Michigan State where they won after trailing at halftime. The two participants for the game were the Michigan Document [47] (Title: 2011 TicketCity Bowl) bowl game at the Cotton Bowl after failing the past four times in a drought that had begun in 1939. 2011 TicketCity Bowl The 2011 TicketCity Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The game was played on January 1, 2011, at 12:00 p.m. ET and was telecast on ESPNU. This game replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its long-time home to Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010, and pitted the Northwestern Wildcats from the Big Ten Conference against the Texas Tech Red Raiders from the Big 12 Conference. The Document [48] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) 1993 in preparation for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The elevation of the playing field is approximately above sea level. Construction began on Fair Park Stadium in 1930 on the same site as the wooden football stadium before known as Fair Park Stadium. Completed that year, the first game in the stadium was between Dallas-area high schools in October 1930. Built for a cost of $328,000, it held 45,507 spectators; the name was officially changed to the Cotton Bowl in 1936. In 1948, the stadium was decked on the west side, increasing capacity to 67,000. The east side was decked Document [49] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) to FC Dallas of Major League Soccer) in Frisco, Texas to become the Frisco Bowl in 2017. Between 2000 and 2005, the Insight Bowl was played at the home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona after being moved from Tucson, while the 2001 Seattle Bowl was played at Safeco Field while CenturyLink Field was being built on the site of the Kingdome. Original plans had the Military Bowl in Washington being played at Nationals Park, but the game was played at RFK Stadium during the years that Washington hosted it (the Military Bowl has since moved to Document [50] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) in Texas. In 2016, the Texas State Fair in conjunction with the City of Dallas announced an expansion of games played during the state fair for 2018 and 2019. Following the Red River Rivalry weekend, the Texas Southern University Tigers will play against the Southern University Jaguars. The game will be a neutral site for both teams, Texas Southern University is centrally located in Houston and Southern University is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (South Louisiana). The two schools are long-time SWAC rivals and have nationally recognized marching bands. The Cotton Bowl has a long history of hosting Texas high Document [51] (Title: Fair Park) Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial Document [52] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) the Southwest Conference (SWC) against a team invited from elsewhere in the country, frequently a major independent or a runner-up from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Following the dissolution of the SWC in 1996, the game hosted a runner-up from the Big 12 Conference, facing an SEC team from 1999 to 2014. The Cotton Bowl Classic has served as one of six bowls in the College Football Playoff (CFP) since the 2014 season; it hosted a national semifinal following the 2015 season and will do so again following the 2018 season. In the most recent edition of the Classic, following the Document [53] (Title: 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2000 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game that took place on Jan. 1, 2000 in Dallas, Texas. It was the first college football game to kickoff in the 21st Century. The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Texas Longhorns 27-6. The Texas Longhorns finished their regular season 9-3 and were champions of the Big 12 South. However, a 22-6 loss to #3 Nebraska in the Big 12 Championship Game sent them to the Cotton Bowl Classic. Arkansas, on the other hand, finished the regular season at 7-4, and accepted an at-large Document [54] (Title: 2018–19 NCAA football bowl games) semifinal round, with the winners advancing to the National Championship game. The semifinal games for the 2018–19 season are the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl. Both will be played on December 29 as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the CFP New Year's Six bowl games. The winners will advance to the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on January 7. For the 2018–19 bowl season, the Gasparilla Bowl was re-located from Tropicana Field to Raymond James Stadium (which already hosts the Outback Document [55] (Title: State Fair Classic) point, Prairie View A&M maintained a presence in the Cotton Bowl with match-ups against Bishop, East Texas State University (A&M–Commerce), Southern, and others over the years before moving its annual rivalry game against Grambling to the Cotton Bowl stadium in 1985 (the Panthers' series with Grambling had also previously been hosted by the State Fair of Louisiana before returning to on-campus venues in 1962). With the disbanding of the Prairie View football program in 1990, the State Fair Classic featured Grambling and Elizabeth City State. Even though Prairie View brought football back in 1991, that year Grambling played North Carolina Document [56] (Title: 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic) Longhorn quarterback Alan Lowry from three and 34-yards sealed the 17–13 Texas victory. 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1972 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1973, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas Longhorns, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). Texas won the game by a final score of 17–13. The 1972 Alabama squad finished the regular season with a 10–1 record and as conference champions. Their only loss came against Auburn in the Iron Bowl Document [57] (Title: 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1978 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was the 42nd edition of the college football bowl game, played on Monday, January 2 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champion Texas Longhorns. A record crowd of 76,701 turned up to see the coronation of the Longhorns championship season, but fifth-ranked Notre Dame spoiled everything as they dominated the Longhorns 38–10. Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell gained 116 yards on 29 carries, but was kept out of the end zone. Tied at three after Document [58] (Title: Southwest Conference) in the Orange Bowl. Since its first Cotton Bowl Classic and lasting until 1995, the Southwest Conference Champion automatically received an invitation as the "host" team in the Cotton Bowl Classic game on New Year's Day in Dallas, Texas. Opponents usually were the runners-up from the Big 8 Conference or the Southeastern Conference, although independents Penn State and Notre Dame were also often featured. From the 1940s onward, the Cotton Bowl Classic was counted among the four major bowl games, and often had national championship implications. However, in the 1990s, the game declined in importance, largely because of the decline Document [59] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as Document [60] (Title: 2014 Texas Longhorns football team) where they lost to Arkansas. In 2014, Texas played three non-conference games and nine games against teams from the Big 12 during the regular season. Of these twelve games, six will be played at home, four will be away games, and two will be played at neutral sites, including the Red River Showdown against Oklahoma, which is traditionally and annually played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The other game to be played at a neutral site is against UCLA, which took place at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on September 13. Two of Texas' games were broadcast Document [61] (Title: 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic) Classic held in the old Cotton Bowl stadium and playing in the first ever Cotton Bowl Classic held in its new home at Cowboys Stadium. This was Ole Miss' second consecutive Cotton Bowl Classic appearance as the Rebels also played in the 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic where they defeated Texas Tech 47–34. This was also the second meeting between Ole Miss and Oklahoma State in a Cotton Bowl Classic game. The two teams met in the 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic, which Ole Miss won 31-28 on the arm of quarterback Eli Manning. This was Oklahoma State's third appearance in the Document [62] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the "New Year's Six" bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game kicked off at 12:30 PM EST and was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Document [63] (Title: 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic) to its longtime television home, CBS, the next year. It was also the last year that Mobil served as the game's title sponsor; the following year, the Cotton Bowl organizers began a seventeen-year relationship with what is now AT&T. USC's appearance was only the third in Cotton Bowl history by a team from the Pacific-10 Conference, following that of Oregon in 1949 and UCLA in 1989. Texas Tech's appearance was the last by a team from the Southwest Conference, which disbanded a year later. The Red Raiders finished 1-3 against ranked opponents, beating #19 Texas, but losing to #1 Nebraska, Document [64] (Title: First Responder Bowl) Football League franchise in 1952. Later, and far more successfully, the NFL's Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. The American Football League's Dallas Texans likewise began play at the Cotton Bowl in 1960, but were unable to compete successfully financially with Cowboys and after only three money-losing seasons moved to Kansas City, where they became quite successful on and off the field as the Kansas City Chiefs. The Heart of Dallas Bowl has tie-ins with the Big Ten Conference, the Big Document [65] (Title: 2007–08 NCAA football bowl games) Classic on January 1 after suffering their only two losses for the year to Oklahoma (the latter in the Big 12 Championship Game). Mizzou then blew out their bowl game opponent, the University of Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC, 38–7. The conferences received $3 million apiece. Tigers running back Tony Temple set game records with 281 yards on the ground and four touchdowns while Razorback runner Darren McFadden was limited to 102 yards. This was the second-to-last Cotton Bowl Classic to be played at the namesake stadium in Dallas, Texas; the game will move to nearby Cowboys Stadium in Arlington Document [66] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) game for the Bulldogs, who had 244 more rushing yards than the Mustangs, who could only muster 40. 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 1966 Cotton Bowl (Dec.) was a college football postseason bowl game played by the SMU Mustangs and the Georgia Bulldogs in Dallas. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, the usual day for the Classic. Because January 1 was a Sunday, the Sugar, Orange, and Rose Bowls were played on Monday, January 2. The #10 Mustangs Document [67] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) for the two African-American members of the Penn State team, the Penn State team ended up staying at a Naval Air Station 14 miles from Dallas. This was the first interracial game played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium. The 1953 Cotton Bowl would be a rematch of the 1951 bowl game as Texas and Tennessee played for the second time. Texas defensive stars shut out the Vols 16–0 as the Longhorns avenged the previous meeting when Tennessee beat Texas 20–14. The 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic featured one of the most famous plays in college football history. Rice's Dickey Moegle (last Document [68] (Title: State Fair of Texas) parade rolling through downtown Dallas. Traditionally, the centerpiece of the fair has been the annual college football game between Oklahoma and Texas, nicknamed the Red River Rivalry (historically known as both the "OU-Texas Game" or "Texas-OU Game") and played in the Cotton Bowl at Fair Park. Also, the State Fair Classic, featuring Grambling State University and Prairie View A&M University, is played at the Cotton Bowl during the fair. In 2010, Baylor and Texas Tech played their game during the fair for the first time. During the opening weekend of the 2013 fair, Army and Louisiana Tech played in the Document [69] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. It featured the Western Michigan Broncos from the Mid-American Conference and the Wisconsin Badgers from the Big Ten Conference. The 81st Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the New Years Six bowl games in the College Football Playoff for the 2016–17 bowl games concluding the 2016 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Document [70] (Title: Red River Showdown) and potential high-school recruits of both teams. Since 1932 the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, during the State Fair of Texas. The designated "home" team alternates from year to year: Oklahoma in even-numbered years and Texas in odd-numbered years. Ticket sales for the game are split 50–50 between the two schools, with the stadium divided along the 50-yard line. Historically, the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone, which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field. Beginning in 2007, the teams will have the option to alternate North and South Document [71] (Title: 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the #9 Missouri Tigers of the Southeastern Conference and the #13 Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big 12 Conference. The 78th edition of the Cotton Bowl Classic took place on January 3, 2014 at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on FOX. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. AT&T Stadium, formerly known as Cowboys Stadium and located in Arlington, Texas, hosted the game for the sixth straight year. The game was sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, Document [72] (Title: Gasparilla Bowl) the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland). Three other bowls, the International Bowl, the Bluebonnet Bowl, and the Chick-fil-A Bowl, were also played in baseball stadiums, but Toronto's Rogers Centre (the home of the defunct International Bowl), Houston's Astrodome (home of the Bluebonnet Bowl) and Atlanta's Fulton County Stadium (home of the then-Peach Bowl) were purposely built to house both baseball and football. In May of 2018, the owners announced the bowl would be moving to Raymond James Stadium in Tampa. Source: Updated through the December 2018 edition (11 games, 22 total appearances). Won: East Carolina, Louisville, Mississippi State, Document [73] (Title: 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic) school history. Despite the loss, Notre Dame climbed four spots in the final AP poll, ending at fifth. 2 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game in the 1969 season, held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, January 1, 1970. The game matched the top-ranked Texas Longhorns and the #9 Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Texas was looking to win its second unanimous national championship in seven seasons, previously won in 1963. The Longhorns, who had already won the national championship of the UPI coaches poll prior to Document [74] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game of the 1965 season with national championship implications between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference. With a scoreless second half at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, LSU defeated Arkansas 14–7 in front of 76,200 spectators on Saturday, January 1, 1966. The top three teams in the polls were all defeated on this New Year's Day. Arkansas and LSU's rivalry had been discontinued since 1956, and Arkansas had not beaten the Bayou Bengals since 1929. This Document [75] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Alabama defeated Michigan State 38–0 and later won the National Championship by defeating Clemson in the National Championship game. The Cotton Bowl acted as one of the two College Football Playoff semifinal games. The two teams selected for the game were No. 2 Alabama and No. 3 Michigan State. Michigan State returned to the Cotton Bowl after defeating Baylor in a non-playoff version of the bowl game on January 1, 2015. Michigan State became just the third school in history to play in the same bowl twice in a Document [76] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) Cotton Bowl (stadium) Cotton Bowl Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Dallas, Texas, United States, opening in 1930 at the site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators. The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual college football post-season bowl game known as the Cotton Bowl Classic, for which the stadium is named. Starting on New Year's Day 1937, it hosted the first 73 editions of the game, through January 2009; the game was moved to AT&T Stadium in Arlington in January Document [77] (Title: 2011 TicketCity Bowl) 2011 TicketCity Bowl The 2011 TicketCity Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The game was played on January 1, 2011, at 12:00 p.m. ET and was telecast on ESPNU. This game replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its long-time home to Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010, and pitted the Northwestern Wildcats from the Big Ten Conference against the Texas Tech Red Raiders from the Big 12 Conference. The game was originally labeled "The Dallas Football Classic," but on November 8, 2010, a deal was announced for TicketCity to Document [78] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) Most combined yards: 1,146 yards <br>- Most passing yards: Bryce Petty – 550 yards Source: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 79th Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the "New Year's Six" bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game kicked off at 12:30 PM EST and was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by Document [79] (Title: Vulcan Bowl) of ten games were played. Vulcan Bowl The Vulcan Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama. The game was played on New Year's Day between 1941 and 1949 and again in 1952, between historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). The game was one of the longer-lasting bowls for HBCUs established in the 1940s. The first game in the series was called the "Steel Bowl," and the bowl game served as an early era black college football national championship game by matching the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference champion against the best team from the Document [80] (Title: 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic) the final time of the game on their ensuing drive via a 34-yard touchdown pass from Manziel to Nwachukwu to make the score 41–13. Oklahoma and Texas A&M then exchanged punts before the final drive of the game by Oklahoma which lasted four plays prior to time running out. Manziel's 229-yard performance set an FBS record for most rushing yards in a bowl game. 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2013 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season American college football bowl game held on January 4, 2013 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas in the United States. The 77th edition Document [81] (Title: 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic, popularly called the Chicken Soup Game, was a football game played between the University of Notre Dame and the University of Houston. The game took place on an unusually cold day in Dallas, Texas, played the day after the city's worst ice storm in thirty years. Quarterback Joe Montana, who had the flu, led Notre Dame to a come-from-behind victory in the second half after eating a bowl of The Irish outscored the Cougars in the fourth quarter. In the first quarter, Notre Dame scored the first 12 points of the Document [82] (Title: 1966 NFL Championship Game) the two conferences; even-numbered years were hosted by the Eastern and odd-numbered by the Western. Starting with the 1975 season, playoff sites were determined by regular season record, rather than a rotational basis. The New Year's college bowl game at the Cotton Bowl for the 1966 season included the SMU Mustangs of Dallas. It was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the natural grass field. The two games were filled to the 75,504 capacity, but both local teams came up short. It was the first NFL title game played after the AFL-NFL Document [83] (Title: 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic) consecutive bowl games under Dye before he resigned after the 1992 season. They would reach the Cotton Bowl 21 years later, beating Nebraska 17–14. 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic was an American college football bowl game played on January 1, 1986 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. It was the 50th Cotton Bowl Classic held. The game featured the Texas A&M Aggies and the Auburn Tigers. Sherill was in his fourth year with A&M, his previous three years finishing with a combined 16–16–1. They won the Southwest Conference championship for the first time since 1976 Document [84] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) 2017 season, Big Ten champion Ohio State defeated Pac-12 champion USC by a score of 24-7. The Cotton Bowl Classic was founded in Dallas in 1937 at the Texas State Fair Grounds, when Texas oil executive J. Curtis Sanford financed the first one out of his own pocket. TCU and star quarterback Sammy Baugh took on Marquette, winning 16–6, but the game lost money even though some 17,000 attended. Nonetheless, Sanford persevered, and in 1938 the game made a profit as Rice of Houston defeated Colorado 28–14 in front of a crowd of 37,000. Some 40,000 attended the 1939 match Document [85] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played at 7:30 pm CST on December 29, 2017 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Conference champion Document [86] (Title: 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic) the Big 12 at the start of the 1996 season). It was also Texas's first New Year's Day bowl win since the . It was also the first Cotton Bowl Classic on Fox. 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1999 Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football game played on January 1, 1999. It pitted the Texas Longhorns against the Southeastern Conference (SEC) West champions Mississippi State Bulldogs. This was the first Cotton Bowl Classic broadcast by Fox. This game was the first time Texas had reached the post-season since the 1996 season. It was the first bowl Document [87] (Title: 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic) fumble by Brooks at their own 4-yard line. Two plays later, Texas A&M quarterback Corey Pullig fumbled the ball and Notre Dame recovered. The Aggies scored their only points on a 41-yard field goal in the fourth quarter. The Fighting Irish won the game by a score of 28–3. 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1993 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1993, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champions, Texas A&M. Notre Dame upset the previously undefeated Aggies Document [88] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) it is played in. On November 7, 2014, it was announced that Goodyear would become the new sponsor of the game, now known for sponsorship reasons as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Cotton Bowl Classic The Cotton Bowl Classic, also simply known as the Cotton Bowl, is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex since January 1, 1937. The game was originally played at its namesake stadium in Dallas before moving to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Document [89] (Title: 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) Football Playoff National Championship. 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Document [90] (Title: 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2 sacks 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2000 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game that took place on Jan. 1, 2000 in Dallas, Texas. It was the first college football game to kickoff in the 21st Century. The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Texas Longhorns 27-6. The Texas Longhorns finished their regular season 9-3 and were champions of the Big 12 South. However, a 22-6 loss to #3 Nebraska in the Big 12 Championship Game sent them to the Cotton Bowl Classic. Arkansas, on the other hand, finished the regular season at 7-4, and accepted Document [91] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) utility and sound upgrades and the replacement of all the stadium's seats. A new record for attendance was set when 96,009 fans attended the 2009 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game. The Cotton Bowl has been used by a number of teams in several sports throughout its history, and has hosted three collegiate bowl games. The Cotton Bowl has also hosted large music concerts, including the inaugural Texxas Jam and other similar events. From 1937 to 2009, the Cotton Bowl hosted the Cotton Bowl Classic, an annual NCAA Division I bowl game. Beginning in 2010, the bowl game has been played Document [92] (Title: 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1993 Mobil Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1993, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Southwest Conference champions, Texas A&M. Notre Dame upset the previously undefeated Aggies in a 28–3 victory. Texas A&M was ranked fourth in the AP Poll entering the game. The Aggies won the Southwest Conference and came into the game with a 12–0 record. The team was led on offense by running back Greg Hill, who rushed for more than 1,300 yards Document [93] (Title: 1969 college football season) bid for the Cotton Bowl Classic against #9 Notre Dame; the Irish were making their first postseason appearance in 45 years. President Nixon presented the plaque to Texas head coach Darrell Royal after the game. In the final regular season poll, it was 1. Texas, 2. Penn State, 3. Arkansas, 4. Ohio State, and 5. USC. "Thursday, January 1, 1970" At the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, the #1 Texas Longhorns were facing the end of their unbeaten streak before a crowd of 73,000 against #9 Notre Dame, playing in its first bowl game in 45 years, since the 1925 Rose Document [94] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) the Cotton Bowl from 1932 to 1947, and moved there permanently in 1948 due to Doak Walker's popularity. The Mustangs played at the Cotton Bowl until 1978, when they moved to Texas Stadium. The Cotton Bowl also served as home to SMU in the 1990s, after the team served the NCAA death penalty and played at Ownby Stadium on campus. Games moved back to campus in 2000 with the completion of Gerald J. Ford Stadium. In addition to the Red River Rivalry, the Grambling State University Tigers and the Prairie View A&M University Panthers play each other at the Cotton Document [95] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971, when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium. Although not the first established bowl game, the Cotton Bowl is a play on the phrase "cotton boll." Texas is the leading producer of cotton in the United States. AT&T Stadium, formerly Cowboys Stadium, is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington, Texas. After failed negotiations to return the Cowboys to the Cotton Bowl, Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington, Texas funded the stadium at a cost of $1.15 billion. It was completed on May 29, 2009 and seats 80,000, but Document [96] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Classic, a tie-in which continued through the 1994 season. Until the mid-1980s, the contest was universally considered as a major New Year's Day bowl. However, by the late 1980s the Cotton Bowl Classic's prestige had fallen, as many SWC teams served NCAA probations for rule violations, rendering them bowl-ineligible. Also, the conference's quality of play suffered a marked decline. The SWC champion lost the last seven times they hosted the event, and the last national champion to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic was Notre Dame in 1977. Finally, the Cotton Bowl Classic was played outdoors during cold weather on Document [97] (Title: 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic) game for legendary Baylor (and future College and Pro Football Hall of Famer) linebacker Mike Singletary. 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the American football 1980 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1981, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, United States. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Baylor Bears of the Southwestern Conference (SWC). Alabama was victorious by a final score of 30–2. Alabama took a 6–0 lead on a pair of Peter Kim field goals in the first quarter. Baylor responded later Document [98] (Title: First Responder Bowl) First Responder Bowl The First Responder Bowl is an NCAA post-season college football bowl game. The inaugural game was played on January 1, 2011, at the Cotton Bowl in Fair Park in Dallas, Texas. This game physically replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its longtime eponymous home to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. The conferences are scheduled to receive a $1.2 million payout for the teams' participation. Starting in 2018, the game is sponsored by Servpro and officially known as the "Servpro First Responder Bowl". Previously, the bowl was known as the "Heart of Dallas Bowl" Document [99] (Title: 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2008 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2008, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, USA. The Cotton Bowl Classic was part of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2007–2008 bowl season. The bowl game featured the Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC and the Missouri Tigers from the Big 12 and was televised in the United States on FOX. Senior RB Tony Temple of Mizzou set a single game rushing record for the Cotton Bowl Classic with 281 Document [100] (Title: 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 1966 Cotton Bowl (Dec.) was a college football postseason bowl game played by the SMU Mustangs and the Georgia Bulldogs in Dallas. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day, the usual day for the Classic. Because January 1 was a Sunday, the Sugar, Orange, and Rose Bowls were played on Monday, January 2. The #10 Mustangs (8–2) had won the Southwest Conference (SWC) championship (6–1) for the first time since 1948, led by fifth-year Document [101] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1988, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish versus the Texas A&M Aggies. Played in front of 73,006 people, Texas A&M won the game by a final score of 35-10. This was the final Cotton Bowl played without a sponsor for the game. Texas A&M won their third straight Southwest Conference championship and as such was invited to their third straight Cotton Bowl. An added bonus to the 1988 Cotton Bowl was Document [102] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January)) 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. It featured the Western Michigan Broncos from the Mid-American Conference and the Wisconsin Badgers from the Big Ten Conference. The 81st Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the New Years Six bowl games in the College Football Playoff for the 2016–17 bowl games concluding the 2016 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Document [103] (Title: Camellia Bowl (1948)) beating them soundly 49–12. The bowl was never played again due to the low attendance. Camellia Bowl (1948) The Camellia Bowl was a post-season major college football bowl game played at McNaspy Stadium in Lafayette, Louisiana, on December 30, 1948, between the Hardin–Simmons Cowboys and the Wichita Shockers (now known as Wichita State). The Cowboys were from the Border Conference in their third bowl game of 1948 (a tie to Pacific 35–35 in the Grape Bowl December 11, and a defeat of Ouachita College 40–12 in the Shrine Bowl a week later). Wichita was second place in the Missouri Valley Document [104] (Title: 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic) a 13–0 record (8–0 in conference). Notre Dame received their bid to the Cotton Bowl with the release of final CFP rankings on December 2. The independent Fighting Irish enter the bowl with a 12–0 record. 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic will be a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2018 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 83rd Cotton Bowl Classic is a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner to compete in the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. It is one of the 2018–19 bowl games that will conclude the 2018 Document [105] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) Cotton Bowl Classic The Cotton Bowl Classic, also simply known as the Cotton Bowl, is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex since January 1, 1937. The game was originally played at its namesake stadium in Dallas before moving to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and officially known as the "Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic". It has been previously sponsored and Southwestern Bell Corporation/SBC Communications/AT&T (1997–2014) and Mobil (1989–1995) Historically, the game hosted the champion of Document [106] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) first Spanish radio broadcast of the game. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1930 and became known as "The House That Doak Built" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. The Cotton Bowl Classic called its namesake home since the bowl's inception in 1937 until the 2010 game. The NFL's Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years, Document [107] (Title: 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game held on January 1, 1964, in Dallas, Texas. The game was a de facto national championship game featuring the Navy Midshipmen and the Texas Longhorns although neither major poll (API or UPI) published polls after bowl games at this time, so Texas would remain the national champion, regardless of the outcome. Texas was the Southwest Conference champion and #1 in the polls. Navy was an Independent and #2 in the polls. It is the second #1 versus #2 bowl game, after the 1963 Rose Document [108] (Title: Safeway Bowl) the series came before the arrival of Doak Walker to SMU, whose play attracted the large crowds that prompted the school to move its home games out of Ownby Stadium to the larger venue in Fair Park. <br> • Of the 37 games played between the two schools, just four of those have taken place in Denton. Ownby Stadium was seen as the far superior venue to the tiny Eagle Field that North Texas played on before 1952, which sat just 5,000 people to Ownby's 23,000. When the series resumed in the 1970s, the Cotton Bowl and Texas Stadium both Document [109] (Title: 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic) Bowl. 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic was the fourth edition of the postseason college football bowl game, between the Clemson Tigers and the Boston College Eagles. It was played on Monday, January 1, 1940, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas A&M, the 1939 SWC Champion, declined to be in this game, instead playing in the Sugar Bowl. Tennessee of the SEC and Oklahoma of the Big Six also declined this game. Fearing for the longevity of the game, J. Curtis Sanford strove to keep the bowl game alive, extending invites to Clemson and BC, who Document [110] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) on funding for a long-planned $50 million renovation, with $30 million of this amount from a city bond. Thus, in April 2007, the schools signed a contract to play at the Cotton Bowl through 2015, coupled with a $57 million fund for upgrades and improvements to the aging stadium. The 2008 game was held on October 11. The 2008 renovations include the expansion of the seating capacity of the stadium from 68,252 to 92,100, mostly through the complete encircling of the second deck, new media and VIP facilities, a new scoreboard and video screen, updated restrooms and concession areas, lighting, Document [111] (Title: 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)) of USC. 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played at 7:30 pm CST on December 29, 2017 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Document [112] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) at AT&T Stadium in Arlington. From 1941 to 1994, the Southwest Conference champion would play in the bowl game; since 1997, the first postseason of the Big 12 Conference, its second-place team has competed against an SEC team in the Cotton Bowl Classic. The Dallas Cowboys also called the Cotton Bowl home for 12 seasons, from the team's formation in 1960 until 1971. After playing their first two home games in 1971 at the Cotton Bowl, the Cowboys opened Texas Stadium in Irving on October 24. Since January 2011, the Cotton Bowl has been the home of the Heart of Document [113] (Title: 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic was a postseason college football bowl game in the 1969 season, held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, January 1, 1970. The game matched the top-ranked Texas Longhorns and the #9 Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Texas was looking to win its second unanimous national championship in seven seasons, previously won in 1963. The Longhorns, who had already won the national championship of the UPI coaches poll prior to the Cotton Bowl, finished with a perfect season and a second straight Southwest Conference championship. The Associated Press would Document [114] (Title: 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1971, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, It featured the undefeated and top-ranked Texas Longhorns of the Southwest Conference and the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Led by head coach Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame's captains were Larry DiNardo and Tim Kelly, and featured Joe Theismann at quarterback and Tom Gatewood as a wide receiver. Texas was coached by Darrell Royal, and the captains for the Longhorns were Scott Henderson, Steve Worster, Bobby Wuensch and Bill Zapalac. The team also featured Jerry Document [115] (Title: 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2012 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, the 76th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on January 6, 2012 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 7:00 p.m. CT on FOX, featured the Kansas State Wildcats from the Big XII Conference versus the Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC Conference. Arkansas won the game 29–16, which was their first win over Kansas State since 1967. This was only the second time in the BCS era that a non-BCS Document [116] (Title: Cotton Bowl (stadium)) That Doak Built", due to the immense crowds that SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. In their seventh season, the Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship at the Cotton Bowl on January 1, 1967. The college bowl game that year included SMU and was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the field. The two games were filled to the 75,504 capacity, but both local teams came up short. Artificial turf was installed in 1970 and removed in Document [117] (Title: Cotton Bowl Classic) be the Big 12 opponent, and Southwestern Bell (now AT&T) began sponsoring the event. More often than not, the SEC representative came from the West Division. However, Tennessee appeared in 2001 and 2005, and Missouri appeared in 2014. Through 2008, the Cotton Bowl Classic continued to be played on New Year's Day (except in 2004 and 2006, when the game was moved to January 2) and was usually the second game of the day to kick off, generally following the Outback Bowl. This decade was kicked off in grand fashion, as two former Southwest Conference rivals faced off in the Document [118] (Title: 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic) 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Ole Miss Rebels and the Oklahoma State Cowboys on January 2, 2004, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. It was the final game of the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season for each team and resulted in a 31-28 Ole Miss victory. Ole Miss represented the Southeastern Conference (SEC) while Oklahome State represented the Big 12 Conference. It was Ole Miss's first January bowl victory since the 1970 Sugar Bowl and first Cotton Bowl Classic appearance since 1962. Ole Miss quarterback Document [119] (Title: 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic) four Cotton Bowls, but lose all four, two (1993 and 1994) to Notre Dame. After two head coaches and two more Cotton Bowl losses, both to future Southeastern Conference rivals, A&M at last won the Cotton Bowl again in 2013 with 2012 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel. The Irish have not played in the Cotton Bowl since their back-to-back victories over the Aggies in the 1990s. 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1988, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The bowl game featured the Notre Dame Document [120] (Title: 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1937 Cotton Bowl Classic, the first Cotton Bowl Classic game and part of the 1936–37 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1937, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Marquette Golden Avalanche, competing as a football independent, and the TCU Horned Frogs, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC) as conference champions. TCU won the inaugural contest, 16–6. The 1936 Marquette squad finished the regular season with a 7–1 record after losing to Duquesne in their regular season finale. On December 9, Marquette accepted an invitation to play in the Document [121] (Title: 2009–10 NCAA football bowl games) Las Vegas Bowl replacing Pioneer Corporation, and the game was rebranded as the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. In another change, the Motor City Bowl thanks to Little Caesars now carries the name of the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl. Advocare became the title sponsor of the Independence Bowl. In a stadium shift, the Cotton Bowl Classic moves from its self-named home for 73 years at the grounds of Fair Park to Jerry Jones's new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington. The St. Petersburg Bowl was initially to be played without a sponsor after being sponsored by MagicJack in 2008, but just a few Document [122] (Title: 2009–10 NCAA football bowl games) weeks before the Bowl, Beef O'Brady's agreed to be the sponsor, so the game became the "St. Petersburg Bowl presented by Beef O'Brady's". The Cotton Bowl in Fair Park will be the site of a new bowl game, the TicketCity Bowl, on New Years Day 2011, with the Big Ten and Conference USA providing opponents, and Yankee Stadium will host a game dubbed the Pinstripe Bowl in December 2010, pitting teams from the Big East and Big 12. This contest would be the first bowl game in the Metropolitan New York area since the now defunct Garden State Bowl, and Document [123] (Title: 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic) 1973, the Coaches Poll released its final edition after the bowl games, starting with the 1974 season. 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 1971, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, It featured the undefeated and top-ranked Texas Longhorns of the Southwest Conference and the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Led by head coach Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame's captains were Larry DiNardo and Tim Kelly, and featured Joe Theismann at quarterback and Tom Gatewood as a wide receiver. Texas was coached by Darrell Royal, and the captains for Document [124] (Title: 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic) Bowl, and featured 1963 Heisman Trophy winning quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy). The game was played just weeks after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, a US Navy veteran and avid football fan, in the same city. Two touchdown catches by Phil Harris from Duke Carlisle, a Carlislie touchdown run, and a Harold Philipp touchdown run lead the Longhorns to a devastating win over the Midshipmen, who could only muster a Staubach (who went 22 for 34 for 228 yards) touchdown run after the game was already 28-0. While the two teams had near even passing yards and near even first Document [125] (Title: Dallas Cowboys) In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s "Double Star" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as "The House That Doak Built" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to Question: where is the goodyear cotton bowl played at

Answer: Arlington, Texas Long Answer: Cotton Bowl Classic Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic Stadium AT&T Stadium Location Arlington, Texas United States Previous stadiums Cotton Bowl (1937--2009) Previous locations Dallas, Texas Operated 1937--present Conference tie - ins At - large / Group of Five (2015--present) Previous conference tie - ins SWC (1941--95), Big 12 (1997--2014), SEC (1999--2014) Payout US $4,000,000 (non-playoff years) Sponsors Mobil (1989--1995) Southwestern Bell Corporation / SBC Communications / AT&T (1997--2014) Goodyear (2014--present) Former names Cotton Bowl (1937--88) Mobil Cotton Bowl (1989--1995) Southwestern Bell Cotton Bowl Classic (1996--2000) SBC Communications Cotton Bowl Classic (2001--2006) AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic (2006--2014) 2017 season matchup USC vs. Ohio State (Ohio State 24--7) 2018 season matchup Gold Document ID: 115

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) critics. David Ansen of "Newsweek" noted that, "the most startling metamorphosis is Curtis' transformation from fading horror-flick queen to dazzling comedienne. She goes on a teenage tear—tormenting Anna's younger brother (who wonders why Mom's acting so weird), getting down and dirty on a TV talk show where Tess is supposed to discuss her book on aging—with fiercely funny conviction." Lisa Schwarzbaum from "Entertainment Weekly" called her performance "glorious," and A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" contended that she "does some of her best work ever [in "Freaky Friday"]." Nick Davis described her as "so frisky and pouty and Document [2] (Title: Runaway Daughters (1956 film)) long term contract by Arkoff for 15 films. Runaway Daughters (1956 film) Runaway Daughters is a 1956 film drama. It was loosely remade in 1994. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with "Shake, Rattle and Rock". Audrey Barton is the teen daughter of rich, irresponsible parents. When school classmate Tommy brings her home from a date, they spy Ruth Barton, her mother, passionately kissing a neighbor. Audrey's girlfriends have troubled home lives, too. Mary Rubach has a strict father who doesn't approve of her boyfriend Bob being 20. Angie Forrest's mother is off honeymooning Document [3] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) more modest clothing, glasses, and an unflattering hairstyle. Ellen (as Annabel) asks Bill for access to his credit card in order to make herself over as her braces were scheduled to be removed that afternoon. Bill approves, and chalks up his secretary's awkward appearance to personal problems at home as her son is ill and her husband was wounded in the Vietnam War, causing Ellen to scold herself for not trusting her husband. The day ends in a comical twist when the mother-daughter pair wishing a new request: to return to themselves. This does happen, although in a different manner Document [4] (Title: Katie Holmes) later played the President's daughter in "First Daughter", which was originally to be released in January 2004 on the same day as "Chasing Liberty", another film about a president's daughter, but was ultimately released in September 2004 to dismal reviews and ticket sales. "First Daughter", directed by Forest Whitaker, also starred Michael Keaton as her father and Marc Blucas as her love interest. "The Hollywood Reporter" critic called her character, Samantha Mackenzie, "a startling example of how a studio film can dumb down and neutralize the comic abilities of a lively young star." In the 2005 film "Batman Begins" she Document [5] (Title: American Horror Story) Florida. Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her "monsters", as well as for her own fame and fortune. Other members of her troupe include Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life, and his mother Ethel (Kathy Bates), a bearded lady who is Elsa's second-in-command by maintaining law and order under the tent. A strongman from Ethel's past and Jimmy's biological father named Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), and his three-breasted wife Desiree Dupree (Angela Document [6] (Title: Jillian Bell) again in another small role in his 2014 film, "Inherent Vice". She had a recurring role as Dixie in the fourth and final season of "Eastbound and Down". In 2014, she appeared in "22 Jump Street" alongside Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum. In 2015, she co-starred in "Goosebumps" and "The Night Before". In January 2016, Comedy Central debuted a new series, "Idiotsitter", in which Bell portrays the constantly misbehaving daughter of wealthy parents; her character, Gene Russell, is serving time under house arrest, and is being mentored by Billie Brown (Charlotte Newhouse), who is hired by Gene's parents. "Idiotsitter" was Document [7] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) Long, Gaby Hoffmann, and Alan Rosenberg (as Ellen's boyfriend Bill), the film features several notable actors in supporting and cameo roles: Eileen Brennan as Annabelle's principal, Carol Kane as twin sister teachers, Drew Carey as a government-paid repo man, Sandra Bernhard as an impatient fashion retailer, Jackie Hoffman as the swim team coach, Andrew Keegan as Annabelle's love interest Luke, and Marla Sokoloff as the school's resident queen bee. Freaky Friday (1995 film) Freaky Friday is a 1995 American made-for-television fantasy-comedy film and a remake of the 1976 film of the same name produced by Walt Disney Television which premiered Document [8] (Title: Freaky Friday) day). Disorganized (perhaps even slovenly), rebellious, and something of a tomboy, 13-year-old Annabel is a fairly typical teen who believes that adults have it easy and quickly finds herself out of her depth when faced with real adult responsibilities and concerns. She wants to be free because of her mother bossing her around and is really serious about doing some things she wants to do, but she can not because of her mother. A typical pre-adolescent younger sibling, 6-year-old Ben delights in creating conflict with Annabel, torturing her and generally driving her crazy, which has led to her nicknaming him Document [9] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) father seems paranoid and dangerously unhinged, drilling the young girl on what to say if someone comes snooping. She has an alias to give, along with an elaborate cover story about her family and interests. The hiding, the lying, it all stinks of something unsavory. But nothing is what it seems in Freaks.” Chloe craves being a normal girl. She can hear the haunting music of an ice cream truck outside, and one day she catches a glimpse of a creepy ice cream truck with a handprinted “Mr. Snowcone” sign. When she eventually builds up the courage to defy her Document [10] (Title: Castle Freak) Castle Freak Castle Freak is a 1995 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon, loosely based upon the short story "The Outsider" by H. P. Lovecraft. It was released direct-to-video on 14 November 1995. The film contains elements of splatter and slasher films. After inheriting a 12th-century castle which belonged to a famed Duchess, John Reilly and his family, including his wife Susan and their blind teenage daughter Rebecca, travel to Italy to live. Susan blames him for the death of their son in a drunk driving accident which killed his five-year-old son and cost their daughter her eyesight. On Document [11] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) Freaks (2018 film) Freaks is a 2018 science fiction thriller film directed, written, and produced by Zach Lipovsky and Adam B. Stein. It stars Emile Hirsch, Bruce Dern, Grace Park, Amanda Crew, and Lexy Kolker, who was seven years old at time of filming. It premiered on September 8, 2018 at the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was picked up for distribution by Well Go USA. The film will have a theatrical release in 2019. The film tells the story of a 7-year-old girl named Chloe (Kolker) who is locked in an abandoned house by her disturbed father (Hirsch). Document [12] (Title: The Young and the Restless characters (2011)) Billy the baby girl after he wired two million dollars for the price of happiness on January 14, 2011. Billy welcomed his new daughter together with Victoria and they name her Lucy Abbott; they did not know that their daughter was the biological daughter of Daniel and Daisy, daughter of psychotic Sheila Carter. Primrose later discovered that Stella, who was really Jana Hawkes in disguise, was faking a pregnancy to gain information about one of her baby deals. After confronting Jana, Primrose left town to avoid a scandal. Caleb Atkinson first appeared in January 2011 as the son of Colin Document [13] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) on the hunt which she agrees and tells him but he says no because he is the list master which causes her to say it's a childish game which makes him upset. To make matters worse Karl and Monica come over and say that she has been acting super weird today and says she is focused on the hourglass which makes them upset. Katherine then takes Fletcher on a walk which she says that parents lie and he will never go to Vegas which makes him upset and to run away. At the rehearsal a lot of things go wrong Document [14] (Title: Chloë Grace Moretz) Chloë Grace Moretz Chloë Grace Moretz (; born February 10, 1997) is an American actress and model. She began acting at age six, with early roles in the supernatural horror film "The Amityville Horror" (2005), the drama series "Desperate Housewives" (2006–07), the supernatural horror film "The Eye" (2008), the drama film "The Poker House" (2008), the drama series "Dirty Sexy Money" (2007–08), the romantic comedy film "500 Days of Summer" (2009) and the children's comedy film "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" (2010). Moretz' breakthrough came in 2010 with her critically acclaimed performances as Hit-Girl in the superhero film "Kick-Ass" and Document [15] (Title: Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen) pic that got boosted to theatrical after Lohan scored a hit opposite Jamie Lee Curtis in the "Freaky Friday" remake. Nonetheless, it should have a lock on the 7- to 12-year-old female demo for a couple of weekends before finding longer tube/tape shelf life." Ultimate Disney reviewed the DVD, saying that it "doesn't garner a recommendation as a film, and its DVD special features are as breezy and shallow as the movie itself. Lindsay Lohan fans and teenage girls are bound to be the most interested, and they might well enjoy it on the surface as light entertainment. But for Document [16] (Title: Michaela Watkins) Michaela Watkins Michaela Suzanne Watkins (born December 14, 1971) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for starring on the Hulu series "Casual" and on the short-lived ABC sitcom "Trophy Wife", as well as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 2008 to 2009. She has also recurred on television series such as "The New Adventures of Old Christine", "Enlightened" and "Transparent", and has had appearances in the films "The Back-up Plan" (2010), "Wanderlust" (2012) and "Enough Said" (2013). Watkins was born in Syracuse, New York, the daughter of former Latin teacher mother Myrna Watkins and Document [17] (Title: Chloë Sevigny) Sevigny played the lead character in the experimental indie-film "Lying" (2006) with Jena Malone and Leelee Sobieski, playing a pathological liar who gathers three female acquaintances for a weekend at her upstate New York country house; the film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006. She also had a leading part in Douglas Buck's 2006 remake of the Brian De Palma horror film "Sisters" (1973). In 2006, Sevigny began her five-season run in the HBO television series "Big Love", about a family of fundamentalist Mormon polygamists. She played Nicolette Grant, the conniving, shopaholic daughter of a cult leader and Document [18] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) goes to the wedding and are supposed to switch but it does not work. Then the wedding starts but she stops it and she says how much she loves Katherine which causes them to switch back and then they reconcile. The film is based on the novel "Freaky Friday" by Mary Rodgers, and Disney's stage adaptation of the novel. Heidi Blickenstaff reprises her role as the mother, Katherine Blake, from the stage version, and Cozi Zuehlsdorff plays the daughter, Ellie Blake. Steve Carr serves as director and executive producer, Bridget Carpenter serves as screenwriter, Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey serve Document [19] (Title: Mother's Day (2016 film)) comedy film "Mother's Day." On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander. Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz. On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script. On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter. On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Document [20] (Title: Ryan Malgarini) Ryan Malgarini Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor and former child actor, best known for his role as Harry Coleman in "Freaky Friday" (2003). Malgarini was born Ryan Timothy Malgarini in Renton, Washington on June 12, 1992. Malgarini became interested in acting as a result of watching his grandmother Gloria Malgarini's involvement in commercials. At age 5, he was delighted to spot her in a commercial for "Senior Dimensions," a Nevada-based healthcare provider, he pointed at the television and said, "I want to do that!". From that point on, Malgarini would appear as an extra Document [21] (Title: Julie Gonzalo) her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in "Freaky Friday". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy "A Cinderella Story", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in "" and "Christmas with the Kranks", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, "Must Love Dogs". Her other credits including 2007 thriller "Cherry Crush" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie "Vamp U". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker Document [22] (Title: Kelly Curtis) were married. The couple were then working together on his play with music, "Shout and Twist", which she was not only appearing in, but producing. Curtis was a regular cast member in the role as Lieutenant Carolyn Plummer during the first season of the crime/action television series "The Sentinel" (1996) opposite co-stars Richard Burgi, Garett Maggart, and Bruce A. Young. Her guest appearances on TV include roles on "The Renegades" (1983), "" (1993), and "Judging Amy" (1999). She has worked as an assistant on such films as "Freaky Friday" (2003), "Christmas with the Kranks" (2004), and "You Again" (2010). As Document [23] (Title: Heidi Blickenstaff) Heidi Blickenstaff Heidi Blickenstaff (born December 28, 1971) is an actress based in New York City best known for playing a version of herself in the musical "[title of show]" during its Off-Broadway and Broadway runs, as well as for originating the role of Bea in the 2015 musical "Something Rotten!". She co-starred with Cozi Zuehlsdorff in the Disney Channel musical version of "Freaky Friday" which was broadcast on August 10, 2018. Blickenstaff grew up in Fresno, California, and got her start in musical theater at the Good Company Players, where her roles included "Annie" in the musical of the Document [24] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) of magical amulets causes the two of them to switch bodies for a day, after which they have reached a better understanding of each other. Among many changes from the original, this version of the story has diving instead of waterskiing as Annabelle's main hobby, which again plays a big role in the film's climax. Also, in the original (and the book), Ellen and Bill are married and Bill is Annabelle's dad, whereas in this adaptation, Ellen is a single mom and Bill is her new beau. It also reveals how they switched bodies. In addition to the leads Shelley Document [25] (Title: Maryedith Burrell) tapped her for the new American Broadcasting Company late-night comedy show. She became a member of the ensemble, which included Larry David, Michael Richards and Melanie Chartoff. Her characterizations of the deadly serious Friday Focus Reporter and Battle Boy's chain-smoking mother were standouts. Shelley Duvall, a former guest host on "Fridays", hired Burrell to write five episodes for her new series, "Faerie Tale Theatre". The award-winning show was unique at the time for its cross-pollination of star talent from stage, television and film. Burrell worked with directors Francis Ford Coppoola, Michael Lindsay-Hogg, Peter Medak, and Tim Burton as well as Document [26] (Title: Daughter of the Mind) the Nobel-winning scientist to defect from the United States. "Daughter of the Mind" was one of the first high-quality offerings of ABC's Movie of the Week series. Daughter of the Mind Daughter of the Mind is a 1969 American made-for-television horror-thriller film starring Don Murray, Ray Milland and Gene Tierney. It was first broadcast on ABC on December 9, 1969 as the ABC Movie of the Week. At the request of a colleague, psychologist and ESP researcher Alex Lauder investigates leading cybernetic expert Dr. Samuel Hale Constable's claim that he has seen and spoken with his young daughter, Mary, who Document [27] (Title: Jamie Bernadette) Girls Weekend". She's up to star in "I Spit on Your Grave: Deja Vu". Jamie Bernadette Jamie Bernadette is an American actress and producer. Her first roles include the thriller "Son of Sam" and the short "Struck" (both 2008), co-starring Kelly Preston and Jenna Elfman. In 2009 she had a bigger role besides David Carradine in "Absolute Evil". Since 2010 she was seen in more popular movies such as "MILF" (2010), "Axeman" (2013), "What Now" (2015), starring Ice-T, "Mortdecai" (2015), starring Johnny Depp, "Jem and the Holograms" (2015), and "The Darkness", (2016), starring Kevin Bacon. She also appeared in an Document [28] (Title: The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series)) blackouts, and that one of the neighbors may be an alien. The anti-alien hysteria is an allegory for the anti-communist paranoia of the time, and the 2003 remake, starring Andrew McCarthy and Titus Welliver, replaces aliens with terrorists. The show also contains "It's Still a Good Life", a sequel to the events of "It's a Good Life", an episode of the original series produced 41 years earlier. Bill Mumy returned to play the adult version of Anthony, the demonic child he had played in the original story, with Mumy's daughter, Liliana, appearing as Anthony's daughter, a more benevolent but even Document [29] (Title: Haley Hudson) Haley Hudson Haley Kaye Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. She began her career at age 16 after being cast in Disney's remake of "Freaky Friday" opposite Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan. Hudson played the role of Peg, a member of the rock band Pink Slip and best friend of the main character, played by Lohan. During her teens and 20s, she portrayed many different characters in films and TV shows including the roles of Debby in Marley & Me, Quinn Hodes in Weeds, Sydney Fields in , and Amanda in both Look and for director Document [30] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) out because she did not want to do a children's movie. She was replaced by Christina Vidal. Principal photography began on October 5, 2002 and Principal photography ended on December 18, 2002 The film was released on DVD and VHS on December 16, 2003, by Walt Disney Home Video. It is now also available on Blu-Ray disc. Special Edition Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D was released on September 11, 2012. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $22.2 million in 2,954 theaters, finishing second at the box office, behind "S.W.A.T." ($37.1 million). The film went on to gross $110.2 million in Document [31] (Title: Amanda Righetti) horror sequel "Return to House on Haunted Hill". The film was released direct-to-video in October 2007. In April 2008, she was cast as the female lead in the slasher film "Friday the 13th" (2009). Production ended in June 2008 and the film was released in theaters on February 13, 2009. Also that spring, Righetti was signed to the CBS series "The Mentalist", in the role of Grace Van Pelt. Her 2012–13 pregnancy was not reflected in her character's storyline, during which she was filmed using selective angles and largely limited to desk duty. In September 2011, Righetti signed with talent Document [32] (Title: Castle Freak) but also embracing the world of Lovecraft." Crampton later announced that the film would feature an "Expanded Lovecraft Universe", with some elements from the first film, while introducing many new characters. Castle Freak Castle Freak is a 1995 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon, loosely based upon the short story "The Outsider" by H. P. Lovecraft. It was released direct-to-video on 14 November 1995. The film contains elements of splatter and slasher films. After inheriting a 12th-century castle which belonged to a famed Duchess, John Reilly and his family, including his wife Susan and their blind teenage daughter Rebecca, Document [33] (Title: Runaway Daughters (1994 film)) Flaherty, and the Cahns played by Picardo and Wendy Schaal, also both late of "Innerspace". Dick Miller plays Roy Farrell, a private detective hired to find the girls. Also in small roles are Dante regular Mark McCraken and the producer of the original version, Samuel Z. Arkoff. Roger Corman, along with his wife, Julie Corman, play the parents of the boyfriend of one of the title characters. The script was written by Charles S. Haas and in many ways is a companion piece to his previous collaboration with Dante, "Matinee". The film originally aired on Showtime on August 12, 1994. Document [34] (Title: Scout Taylor-Compton) is half Mexican American on her mother's side. Taylor-Compton says she "grew up in that whole [horror] genre and visiting my dad at the mortuary. I have no problem with that stuff. Whether it was a coffin or my dad bringing his work home." Andy Biersack from Black Veil Brides, her ex-boyfriend whom she dated for six years, composed the song "The Mortician's Daughter" about her. In 1998, Taylor-Compton began her acting career with an appearance in the film "A.W.O.L." with David Morse, and later in the short film "Thursday Afternoon". She went on to have small roles in both Document [35] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) roster, although Murphy later indicated Brewer may not appear during the season. She was later confirmed to portray the ventriloquist dummy Marjorie after appearing in a promo for the final episodes. Additionally, Michael Chiklis was announced to play the father of Peters' character and ex-husband of Bates' character, the strongman Dell Toledo. Finn Wittrock was the last lead actor joining the cast. He portrayed the psychopathic Dandy Mott. In July 2014, "TVLine" reported that Wes Bentley would appear in the season' two-part Halloween episode as Edward Mordrake. At the Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that John Carroll Lynch would portray Document [36] (Title: Dina Spybey) "Freaky Friday". She also appeared in the ninth season premiere of "Frasier" ("Don Juan in Hell”) in 2001 in the role of Nanette Guzman, Frasier Crane's first wife. She was one of three actresses to play the role over the course of "Cheers" and "Frasier" (the others were Emma Thompson and Laurie Metcalf). Spybey also appeared in theater. In 1993 she appeared in the off-Broadway play "Five Women Wearing the Same Dress" Dina Spybey Dina Spybey (born August 29, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in more than 20 films, including "John Q.", "subUrbia" and "The Haunted Mansion". Document [37] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) intentionally hitting Stacey in the head with a volleyball during gym class after Stacey did it to her multiple times. The Colemans eat out at Pei-Pei's Chinese restaurant, where Anna begs Tess to let her go on an important audition with her band. Tess refuses since the show is on the same Friday as the rehearsal dinner for her wedding. They begin arguing again until Pei-Pei's mother interrupts to give them fortune cookies, which contain a body switching spell. The next morning, they wake up in each other's bodies, but cannot go directly back to the restaurant as Anna (now Document [38] (Title: Heidi Blickenstaff) directed by Roger Rees. From November 2014-January 2015, Blickenstaff played the role of Emily Hobbs in Paper Mill Playhouse's production of "". Blickenstaff returned to Broadway in March 2015, playing the role of Bea in "Something Rotten!", alongside Christian Borle and Brian d'Arcy James. In the fall of 2017, Blickenstaff filmed the new Disney Channel musical version of "Freaky Friday," as the mother whose personality "swaps" with her daughter played by Cozi Zuehlsdorff. The film was broadcast on Disney Channel in August 2018. Blickenstaff can be heard on the cast recordings of "[title of show]", "Now. Here. This.", "Meet John Document [39] (Title: Gaby Hoffmann) "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and "Late Show with David Letterman". After "Someone Like Me", Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film "Freaky Friday", a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. In the same year as "Freaky Friday", Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha (the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore's character) in the coming-of-age feature film, "Now and Then". In 1995, Hoffmann played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film "Whose Daughter Is She?". Between 1996 and 2001, Hoffmann landed roles in several films including Document [40] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) Freaky Friday (1976 film) Freaky Friday is a 1976 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Gary Nelson, with the screenplay written by Mary Rodgers based on her 1972 novel of the same name. The film stars Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster in the lead roles. John Astin, Patsy Kelly, Dick Van Patten, and Sorrell Booke are featured in supporting roles. In the film, a mother and her daughter switch their bodies, and they get a taste of each other's lives. The cause of the switch is left unexplained in this film, but occurs on Friday the 13th, when Ellen and Annabel, Document [41] (Title: Mothers and Daughters (2016 film)) their children. A pregnant photographer (Selma Blair) captures motherhood on film while re-examining her relationship with her estranged mom. On May 8, 2012, Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter Eva Amurri were cast in the film which was to be directed by Paul Duddridge. Sarandon and Amurri had already worked together in the 2002 comedy "The Banger Sisters". On June 4, 2012, Christina Ricci joined the cast, while Danielle James was announced to be producing the film. On July 3, 2012, Sharon Stone was cast, and on September 25, 2014, Paul Wesley joined to play Kevin, a pastry chef and Document [42] (Title: Daughter of Darkness (1990 film)) plans. Daughter of Darkness (1990 film) Daughter of Darkness is a 1990 American made-for-television horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Anthony Perkins, Mia Sara, Dezsõ Garas and Jack Coleman. It originally premiered on CBS on January 26, 1990. Katherine Thatcher (Mia Sara), a young woman trying to learn the identity of her father, is drawn into a Romanian vampire underworld. She is unaware that her father (Perkins) is a vampire. The vampire community is surprised to find that someone has been born from a union between a vampire and a woman and they seek to draw her into Document [43] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) Freaky Friday (2018 film) Freaky Friday is an American musical television film that premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on August 10, 2018. Based on the book "Freaky Friday" by Mary Rodgers and the Disney Theatrical Productions stage adaptation by Bridget Carpenter, the film stars Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Heidi Blickenstaff. It starts off with Ellie and her two friends Karl and Monica are looking at this big thing called the Hunt then her brother Fletcher comes in and does a magic trick which she is unimpressed and tells him to get out but then steals her hourglass that her Document [44] (Title: Daughter (2014 film)) Daughter (2014 film) Daughter () is a 2014 South Korean drama film directed, written, and starring Ku Hye-sun. "Daughter" premiered at the 19th Busan International Film Festival ahead of its theatrical release on November 6, 2014. San experienced a grim childhood and adolescence with her emotionally, verbally and physically abusive mother. Unrelentingly critical and demanding, San's mother was particularly obsessed with preventing her teenage daughter from taking full possession of her sexuality. San's only reprieve was her piano lessons with a kindly next-door neighbor, Jeong-hee. Years later, when the adult San learns that she's pregnant, she visits her estranged, terminally Document [45] (Title: The Son (Friday Night Lights)) The Son (Friday Night Lights) "The Son" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the television drama series "Friday Night Lights". It is the 56th episode overall in the series. The episode first aired on DirecTV's The 101 Network on December 2, 2009. It then re-aired on NBC on June 4, 2010. The episode was hailed by critics and fans as one of the strongest episodes of the series, with unanimous praise for Zach Gilford's performance. The main focus of the episode is on Matt Saracen, who must deal with the death of his father, Henry Saracen, a Document [46] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) film's eventual retirement to the Disney TV series, but it probably salvages things with juvenile audiences by finishing fast." Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for their roles in this film, with Harris also receiving a nomination in the category for the Alfred Hitchcock film "Family Plot". The film also got a nomination for Best Original Song – Motion Picture for the song "I'd Like to Be You for a Day," written by Joel Hirschhorn and Al Kasha. "Freaky Friday" has had three different remakes, Document [47] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) daughter has become a monster, but later accepts her. Alice Evans joined the cast as the original witch Esther, Klaus' mother. She was first seen in a flashback in episode eight. Daniel Gillies will also return first appearing in a flashback during episode eight as Klaus' brother, Elijah. Persia White has been cast as Bonnie's mother, Abby Bennett. On November 10, 2011, it was announced that Paul Wesley's wife Torrey DeVitto was cast as Meredith Fell (based off Meredith Sulez from the source novel), a young doctor who is fascinated by Alaric, when she notices how quickly he recovers from Document [48] (Title: Ryan Malgarini) 2011, Malgarini gave an award-winning performance in the CBS sitcom "Mike & Molly". Ryan Malgarini Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor and former child actor, best known for his role as Harry Coleman in "Freaky Friday" (2003). Malgarini was born Ryan Timothy Malgarini in Renton, Washington on June 12, 1992. Malgarini became interested in acting as a result of watching his grandmother Gloria Malgarini's involvement in commercials. At age 5, he was delighted to spot her in a commercial for "Senior Dimensions," a Nevada-based healthcare provider, he pointed at the television and said, "I want Document [49] (Title: Dakota Fanning) (2007), Lily in "The Secret Life of Bees" (2008), the eponymous character in "Coraline" (2009), Cherie Currie in "The Runaways" (2010) and Jane Volturi in "The Twilight Saga" (2009–12). Throughout the 2010s, she continued appearing in independent productions such as the dramas "Now Is Good" (2012) and "Night Moves" (2013), the comedy-drama "Very Good Girls" (2013), and the biographical film "Effie Gray" (2014). In 2018, she appeared in the heist comedy "Ocean's 8" and had a starring role in the period drama miniseries "The Alienist". She will portray Manson girl Squeaky Fromme in the Quentin Tarantino film "Once Upon a Document [50] (Title: Tom Kitt (musician)) LaChanze and Anthony Rapp. The choreography is by Larry Keigwin, sets are by Mark Wendland, and costumes by Emily Rebholz. Kitt and Yorkey have written the musical adaption of the book (and films) "Freaky Friday", with the book by Bridget Carpenter. The musical, developed by Disney Theatrical, began performances at the Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Directed by Christopher Ashley, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo, the cast featured Emma Hunton, Jason Gotay and Heidi Blickenstaff. The musical begins performances at the La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego on January 31, 2017 to March 12. Directed by Ashley, Hunton Document [51] (Title: The Devil's Daughter (1973 film)) destiny unavoidable. The movie was filmed in Pacific Grove, California and Paramount Studios in Hollywood, California. The Devil's Daughter (1973 film) The Devil's Daughter is a 1973 American made-for-television horror film starring Shelley Winters, Belinda Montgomery and Robert Foxworth. It originally aired as the "ABC Movie of the Week" on January 9, 1973. It was an early screenwriting credit for Colin Higgins. Diane is a young woman (played by Belinda Montgomery) who attends the funeral of her mother; one of her mother’s old friends, a wealthy woman named Lilith (Shelley Winters), introduces her to a satanic cult (her mother was Document [52] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) scheduling conflicts. In September 2014, it was reported that "" alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marks the first time a character appears in multiple seasons of the series. Lily Rabe also reprised her "Asylum" character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans". Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita. Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood. Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband. At Paley Center for Media's 2014 Document [53] (Title: Sarah Glendening) Douglas, and Moby. Other notable appearances in the film include Conan O'Brien, Ashley Judd, Alanis Morissette, Tom Cavanagh, and Mario Lopez's wife Courtney. Glendening was in the 2009 independent comedy romance "The Good Guy", opposite Alexis Bledel, Andrew McCarthy, Anna Chlumsky, Bryan Greenberg, Colin Egglesfield, and Denise Vasi (who was also on "All My Children" with Glendening), which screened at The Tribeca Film Festival. In May 2011, Glendening was cast to star as "nerdy" girl Mandi in the feature-length film "," based on the popular cult web series, and character, of the same name. She starred alongside Jeremy Suarez and Document [54] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Direction was by Christopher Ashley and choreography was by Sergio Trujillo, with the cast that starred Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton. The "Variety" reviewer called the Signature Theatre production a "delightfully spunky musical... Delivered at a lively pace". The production moved to the La Jolla Playhouse, opening in January 2017. Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton starred. The musical was produced at the Cleveland Playhouse from April 15, 2017 to May 20, 2017, with Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton. The musical was produced at the Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas, from June 2 to July 2, Document [55] (Title: The New Daughter) The New Daughter The New Daughter is a 2009 American horror film and the feature directorial debut of Spanish screenwriter Luis Berdejo. It stars Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero and Samantha Mathis. Based on the short story of the same name by John Connolly, it tells the story of a novelist and his two children who encounter a malevolent presence when they move to a house in the country adjacent to a burial mound. John James (Kevin Costner), a recently divorced novelist, moves into an old house in rural South Carolina with his teenage daughter, Louisa (Ivana Baquero), and young son, Document [56] (Title: Freaky Friday) Freaky Friday Freaky Friday is a comedic children's novel written by Mary Rodgers, first published by Harper & Row in 1972. It has been adapted for the screen, as well as the stage. The story features one day that 13-year-old Annabel Andrews and her mother spend in each other's bodies. Thus it may be considered a modern retelling of "", the 1882 novel by F. Anstey in which the protagonists are a father and son. (Evidently its lesson is "to daughters" rather than mothers, however.) A willful, disorganized teenage girl, Annabel Andrews, awakens one Friday morning to find herself in Document [57] (Title: Lucille Soong) in the show. She held a minor role in "The Prisoner" as the flower girl in the episode "A. B. and C.". Soong has also acted in the 2003 remake of "Freaky Friday" as Pei-Pei's mom. Other credits include "Genghis Khan", "The Joy Luck Club", "The Corruptor", "Chasing Destiny" and "Nine Dead". Soong currently is in the main cast as Grandma Huang on ABC's "Fresh Off the Boat". Lucille Soong Lucille Soong (born August 15, 1938) is a Chinese American film and television actress. She has guest starred on several television series which included a recurring role on the ABC Document [58] (Title: Emma Roberts) in the films "Lymelife" (2009), "4.3.2.1." (2010), "Scream 4" (2011), "Adult World" (2013), "We're the Millers" (2013), "Palo Alto" (2013), "The Blackcoat's Daughter" (2015), and "Nerve" (2016). She starred in the lead role of Chanel Oberlin on the Fox horror-comedy series "Scream Queens" (2015–2016), and appeared in four seasons of the FX horror anthology series "American Horror Story". Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, New York, to Kelly Cunningham and actor Eric Roberts. Her parents separated when she was a baby. Through her father's marriage, she is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts and step-granddaughter of David Rayfiel and Lila Garrett. Through Document [59] (Title: Chloë Sevigny) a schizophrenic man. Though it never saw a major theatrical release, it garnered some critical praise; Roger Ebert gave the film his signature thumbs up, referring to it as ""Freaks" shot by the "Blair Witch" crew", and continuing to say, "The odds are good that most people will dislike this film and be offended by it. For others, it will provoke sympathy rather than scorn". Sevigny followed "Julien" with a small part in the drama film "A Map of the World" (1999), opposite Sigourney Weaver. Between 1998 and 2000, Sevigny moved back to Connecticut to live with her mother, and Document [60] (Title: Sarah Hyland) with her cast members and garnering a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Hyland is also known for her roles in the films "Geek Charming" (2011), "Struck by Lightning" (2012), "Scary Movie 5" (2013), "Vampire Academy" (2014), "See You in Valhalla" (2015) and "Dirty Dancing" (2017). Hyland was born in Manhattan, New York, the daughter of actors Melissa Canaday and Edward James Hyland. She is the sister of actor Ian Hyland. She attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan. Hyland has been acting since her first role as Howard Stern's daughter in the Document [61] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Anna's band with more respect. Back at the rehearsal dinner, Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding, so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess' body. Instead, she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess. This is the act of selfless love needed to break the spell, and their bodies are switched back. Tess and Ryan later marry, she and Anna finally make up after so long and Anna and Jake start dating with Tess' approval. Anna's band even plays at the reception. The Document [62] (Title: The Blackcoat's Daughter) The Blackcoat's Daughter The Blackcoat's Daughter (also known as February) is a 2015 American-Canadian supernatural psychological horror film written and directed by Oz Perkins. The film stars Emma Roberts, Lucy Boynton, Kiernan Shipka, James Remar, and Lauren Holly. The plot follows two Catholic schoolgirls who get left behind at their boarding school over winter break, where the nuns are rumored to be satanists. The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival before it was released through video-on-demand on February 16, 2017, by DirecTV Cinema, and was theatrically released on March 31, 2017, by A24. The film received positive Document [63] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) than before. They are physically transferred, with Annabel suddenly sitting now behind the wheel of a car with Ben and Boris, with none of them knowing how to drive and attracting the attention of several squad cars. Ellen in turn finds herself water skiing as she (as Annabel) was scheduled to participate in an aquacade. Bill, who has prospective clients at the aquacade, fears unemployment as he sees Ellen flailing helplessly on skis, but her antics amuse the clients so much that Bill wins the account. With a new understanding of each other's lives, mother and daughter forgive each other. Document [64] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) The mysterious Mr. Snowcone (Dern) convinces her to escape for his own suspicious reasons. According to the Toronto Film Festival’s official description, Chloe "discovers a bizarre, threatening, and mysterious new world beyond her front door after she escapes her father’s protective and paranoid control." Chloe’s father prevents her from leaving her dilapidated house or from even looking outside their boarded-up windows. It’s not clear at first if there are actually dangers outside, as "Dad" believes, or if there is something psychologically wrong with him. As reviewer Kristy Puchko wrote, “Ever caked in sweat, dingy tees, and a hapless beard, Chloe’s Document [65] (Title: Freaky Friday (soundtrack)) of the series "That's So Raven". There are two different music videos for the song. In the first (which appears on film), Lohan sings the song as her character Anna Coleman and her bandmates (played by Christina Vidal and Haley Hudson) at her mother's wedding. In the second version that appeared on Disney Channel, the video begins the same as the first one, at a wedding. Then it transitions to Lohan recording the song in a studio and features clips from the film. Freaky Friday (soundtrack) Freaky Friday: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2003 Disney film of Document [66] (Title: Kristen Stewart) Objects" (2001), as the tomboy daughter of a troubled single mother (Patricia Clarkson). Stewart also played a tomboy, diabetic daughter of a divorced mother (Jodie Foster) in the film "Panic Room" (2002). She was nominated for a Young Artist Award for her performance. After "Panic Room"s success, Stewart was cast in another thriller, "Cold Creek Manor" (2003), playing the daughter of characters played by Dennis Quaid and Sharon Stone. She was nominated again for a Young Artist Award for her performance. About this time in her career, she started homeschooling because of her irregular schedule. Stewart's first starring role was Document [67] (Title: Anna Jordan) July 2014 to 25 August 2014, produced by Theatre 503 and Polly Ingham Productions. The British Theatre Guide reviewer wrote: "With two assured performances and a strong text, 'Freak' proves to be both lively and thoughtful and should prove very popular, especially with younger women." The play then ran at Theatre 503 in London from 2 September 2014 to 27 September 2014. Her play "Yen" premiered at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in February 2015. The play revolves around two teen brothers who live alone, having been abandoned by their mother. "Yen" opened Off-Broadway in a MCC Theater production on 31 Document [68] (Title: DeVon Franklin) Christy Beam. This American Christian drama stars Jennifer Garner, Queen Latifah, Kylie Rogers, Martin Henderson, John Carroll Lynch, and Eugenio Derbez. The movie recounts the true story of Beam’s daughter who had a rare, incurable disease, but after a freak accident is miraculously cured. The movie was made for $13 million, and, although getting mixed reviews from critics, it grossed $73 million at the box office worldwide. It was nominated for Favorite Dramatic Movie in the People’s Choice Awards, Best Actress in the Teen Choice Awards, and won the award for Best Movie for Drama in the Teen Choice Awards Document [69] (Title: American Horror Story) a Hollywood executive, arrives with his young protege Maggie Esmerelda (Emma Roberts), with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit. The wealthy and spoiled Dandy Mott (Finn Wittrock), enabled by his doting mother Gloria (Frances Conroy), develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks, particularly Bette and Dot. Perhaps the most dangerous of them all is a mysterious, deformed killer clown, only known as Twisty (John Carroll Lynch), who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike. Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange Document [70] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) stereotyping that seems at odds with the film’s thematic focus on tolerance and understanding." The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal. List awards to film and actress/actors. Freaky Friday (2003 film) Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on Mary Rodgers’ 1972 novel of the same name. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie. The film was released in theaters on Document [71] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) Friday," playing a mother and daughter who switch bodies and have to take on each other's roles. At Lohan's initiative, her character was rewritten and changed from a Goth style to be more mainstream. Her performance was once again met with significant praise. Critic Roger Ebert wrote that Lohan "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona." "Freaky Friday" earned Lohan the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards and, , it remained her most commercially successful film, earning $160 million worldwide as well as an 88 percent approval rating on Document [72] (Title: Nightmare Weekend) woman only described as "Linda's Mother" (portrayed by Joan Krosche). Linda is one of the three victims. Nightmare Weekend Nightmare Weekend is a 1986 horror B-movie directed by Henry Sala and distributed by Troma Entertainment. It features the first film role of "NYPD Blue" actress Andrea Thompson. A brilliant professor invents a computer machine meant to better society. However, when her beautiful yet psychotic assistant gets a hold of it, she manipulates it to warp people's minds and turn them into crazed mutants. She selects three young college girls as her victims and invites them up to the professor's house Document [73] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) as composers, Susan Cartsonis and Thomas Schumacher serve as executive producers, and John Carrafa serves as choreographer. The film premiered on Disney Channel on August 10, 2018. During its premiere in the 8:00 PM time slot, "Freaky Friday" attracted a total of 1.58 million viewers with a 0.29 rating for people aged 18–49, making it the lowest-rated Disney Channel Original Movie premiere of the last decade. Over the course of seven telecasts during the first three days of airing, the film attracted a total of 7.2 million viewers, including 3.1 million among kids 6–14. Freaky Friday (2018 film) Freaky Friday Document [74] (Title: The Well-Digger's Daughter (2011 film)) The Well-Digger's Daughter (2011 film) The Well-Digger's Daughter () is a 2011 French comedy film. Daniel Auteuil makes his directorial debut as he stars alongside Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey, Kad Merad, Sabine Azéma, Jean-Pierre Darroussin, and Nicolas Duvauchelle. The screenplay by Auteuil is based on the 1940 film "The Well-Digger's Daughter" written and directed by Marcel Pagnol. In the summer of 1939 Jacques Mazel, a 26 year old pilot in the French Air Force and only child of a wealthy shopkeeper, is fishing in a stream near his parents' home. On the bank appears 18 year old Patricia Amoretti, eldest daughter of Document [75] (Title: Mother's Day (2016 film)) daughters and missing her terribly. Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished author who gave up her only child Kristin (Britt Robertson) for adoption at birth; as the adult Kristin has her own daughter and mulls over marrying the father, she contemplates the missing part in her life and her friend Jesse (Kate Hudson) encourages her to search for her birthmother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi never see their own mother, so they're surprised when their parents suddenly show up, and plenty of catching-up is in order. In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's Document [76] (Title: Chalet Girl) that sort of English comedy that I grew up with. It has elements of Richard Curtis and that classic English wit, which is great". Brooke Shields became attached to the project as Caroline, Jonny's mother, about a month before her shooting began. Shields described herself as "honored" to be working with Bill Nighy who was cast as her on–screen husband, Richard. Comedian Bill Bailey plays Bill, the father of Kim. He was approached by director Phil Traill who used to live nearby to Bailey and took him for a drink down the local pub and was "chuffed" to get the Document [77] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) own fame and stardom. She recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson), whose two heads share one body, as new members of her troupe after being identified by the police as fugitives since Bette's recent murder of their overprotective mother during an argument. When the sisters arrive, they were welcomed by their fellow freaks; Elsa's subordinate and confidante Ethel Darling (Kathy Bates) the bearded lady, her lobster-handed son Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), Paul the Illustrated Seal (Mat Fraser), the giantess Amazon Eve (Erika Ervin), the legless Suzi (Rose Siggins), pinheads Salty and Pepper (Christopher Neiman and Naomi Document [78] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) high school student, struggles with marching band, destroys her entire typing class's electric typewriters, exposes her photography class's developing film, and loses a field hockey game. However, Ellen does have one bright point, in a U.S. history class where she accurately recounts the Korean War, having lived through the 1950s as a little girl. In an effort to escape school, Ellen (as Annabel) runs to Bill's office. There, she encounters Bill's new attractive, young, and immodestly dressed secretary. Ellen attempts to intimidate the young woman by sharing how frightening "her mother" is. This effort appeared successful as the secretary adopts Document [79] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 3)) Riggins' fianceé; and Kevin Rankin as Herc. Gaius Charles and Scott Porter were billed as guest stars during their 4-episode run as Brian "Smash" Williams, who left for college, and Jason Street, who left to become a sports agent in New York, so he could be near his baby, Noah, and Noah's mother. The new characters first introduced this season include: The McCoy Family (D.W. Moffett as father Joe, Janine Turner as mother Katie, and Jeremy Sumpter as son J.D., a quarterback for the Panthers) and Shelby Garrett (Kim Dickens), Matt Saracen's estranged mother. The season begins with Coach Taylor's Document [80] (Title: Emily Osment) drama, "Kiss Me", directed by Jeff Probst in which she starred opposite Irish actress Sarah Bolger. In October, Emily filmed a new movie "No Way Jose". In October 2013, the third movie in the Nightmare franchise started filming, called "A Daughter's Nightmare", which premiered on Lifetime in 2014. Osment recorded the song "In Case Of Fire" for the soundtrack of the film. Osment also finished recording the second season of the web series "Cleaners". In 2014, she debuted as the lead role in the new ABC Family TV series "Young & Hungry", produced by Ashley Tisdale. Emily plays Gabi, a Document [81] (Title: Freaky Friday) film), and he is already Annabel's love interest, rather than being an enemy of hers. Like the 1976 film, both of the updated versions of the characters fall in love with Annabel's mother (due to Annabel flirting with him while in her mother's body). Marc McClure, who played Boris in the 1976 film, also has a cameo as a delivery man (who is also named Boris) in the 2003 film. A stage musical has been developed by Disney Theatrical Productions, with the music written by Tom Kitt and lyrics written by Brian Yorkey and the book by Bridget Carpenter. The Document [82] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Jake, there is a woman in the background dancing with an older gentleman, and she looks directly at the camera. That is Lindsay Lohan's mother, Dina Lohan. Ryan Shuck coached Jamie Lee Curtis to play the guitar solo for the concert scene. Lohan trained for one year to learn to play the guitar before production. In the final version of the film, however, both Curtis and Lohan were overdubbed by professional studio musicians. The snapshots in the opening credits are photos of Jamie Lee Curtis and her daughter, Annie Guest. Kelly Osbourne was originally set to play Maddie, but dropped Document [83] (Title: Margaret Anne Florence) 2006's "My Super Ex-Girlfriend", alongside Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson. In 2009, she played the role of 'Alexis Danella' in Kevin Costner's horror-thriller "The New Daughter". Margaret Anne appeared on the NBC show "30 Rock" on February 9, 2012, alongside Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan in the hour-long Valentine's Day episode "Hey Baby, What's Wrong". She appeared in the CBS drama "Blue Bloods" featuring Tom Selleck in the show's 7th episode, "Brothers", on November 5, 2010. She had a recurring, three-episode arc as 'Marlene' during "Guiding Light's" penultimate season in 2007 and 2008. She also had roles in "Law & Document [84] (Title: Jamie Lee Curtis) best leading actress. She won a Golden Globe for her work in 1994's "True Lies". Her film roles also include Disney's "Freaky Friday" (2003), opposite Lindsay Lohan, filmed at Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades, California, near where Curtis and Guest live with their children. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for this film. In October 2006, Curtis told "Access Hollywood" that she had closed the book on her acting career to focus on her family. She returned to acting after being cast in June 2007 in Disney's live-action-animated Document [85] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) ""Billboard" Hot 100," peaking at number 57. Emilio Estefan and his wife, Gloria Estefan, signed Lohan to a five-album production deal in September 2002. Lohan landed the role as the daughter in Disney's remake, "Freaky Friday," also that month, which required her to learn how to play the guitar and to sing. Lohan recorded a song for the film, "Ultimate," which was released to Radio Disney to help promote the film. The song peaked at #18 on Radio Disney's Top 30. Lohan announced that the song was separate from her singing career since many teen idols such as Hilary Duff Document [86] (Title: Freaky Friday) Ape Face. Unknown to Annabel, he and his friends think she is the epitome of cool, and he wears the nickname as a badge of honor. The truth comes out when she slips up and calls him Ape Face while her mind is in Mrs. Andrews' body. After she apologizes, he admits that he likes the namebut desperately wants to keep this secret from Annabel. A childhood playmate of Annabel, he has been somewhat afraid of her since an incident in which she hit him in the face with a shovel. Deciding she played too rough, he and his mother Document [87] (Title: The Blackcoat's Daughter) reviews". The Blackcoat's Daughter The Blackcoat's Daughter (also known as February) is a 2015 American-Canadian supernatural psychological horror film written and directed by Oz Perkins. The film stars Emma Roberts, Lucy Boynton, Kiernan Shipka, James Remar, and Lauren Holly. The plot follows two Catholic schoolgirls who get left behind at their boarding school over winter break, where the nuns are rumored to be satanists. The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival before it was released through video-on-demand on February 16, 2017, by DirecTV Cinema, and was theatrically released on March 31, 2017, by A24. The film received Document [88] (Title: Amanda Crew) at the San Diego International Film Festival on October 7, 2017. In 2018, Crew co-starred with Emile Hirsch and Bruce Dern in the science fiction thriller "Freaks", playing the mother of a young girl with telekinetic abilities. The film had its world premiere in the Discovery section at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, where it was nominated for Best Canadian Film. She co-starred with Adam Brody in the horror film "Isabelle", playing a woman who begins seeing a supernatural entity following the death of her stillborn son. The film had its world premiere in the Midnight Document [89] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) must go to Ellie's school and Ellie must stay at the house. When Katherine arrived at Ellie's school, Savannah, a mean girl, bullies her and says that she will win the hunt which worries her. Ellie's crush Adam comes to Katherine and ask her for her lunch which confuses Katherine but she gives it to him anyway and He tells her if she is going to the hunt which she asks why nobody cares about their grades but then says why the Hunt is a big deal which he says he wants to live up to his brother and wants Document [90] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Tess) has school and Tess (now Anna) has her therapy patients. At school, Tess finds that Anna was right about Stacey and Mr. Bates; she soon recognizes the latter as a former classmate, Elton, whom she turned down when he asked her out to the prom, and he is now taking his frustration over it out on Anna. She threatens to report him to the school board unless he stops abusing Anna. Before Anna goes to Tess' office, she gives Tess' body a makeover, much to her mother's dismay. At the office, Anna has some difficulty handling her patients apart Document [91] (Title: Monica Keena) playing Lilliana "Lilli" Hoffman in the folktale-inspired film "". She has appeared in numerous television and movie projects including the TBS Original Movie "First Daughter" and "Crime and Punishment in Suburbia" which appeared at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival. Monica appeared in the film "While You Were Sleeping", "The Simian Line" and Lynn Redgrave, and "Bad Girls From Valley High" with the film eventually released straight to DVD in 2005. In 2003, she played the heroine Lori Campbell in "Freddy vs. Jason". In 2006, she played Celia in the film "Left in Darkness". Keena had a recurring role as Abby Document [92] (Title: Daughters of Satan) Daughters of Satan Daughters of Satan is a 1972 American horror film directed by Hollingsworth Morse and written by John C. Higgins. The film stars Tom Selleck, Barra Grant, Tani Guthrie, Paraluman, Vic Silayan and Vic Díaz. The film was released on November 1, 1972, by United Artists. It was released as a double feature with "Superbeast". James Robertson (Tom Selleck) buys a painting depicting witches being burned at the stake, one of whom bears an uncanny resemblance to his wife, Chris. She, gradually taken over by the personality of the witch in the painting that she resembles, allies herself Document [93] (Title: Amy Steel) in the "Friday the 13th" franchise, she was cast as the lead character in Fred Walton's mystery film "April Fool's Day" (1986). Subsequently, Steel had supporting roles in Melvin Frank's comedy film "Walk Like a Man" (1987), David Greene's remake "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1991), and the Bart Mastronardi and Alan Rowe Kelly directed anthology horror film "Tales of Poe" (2014). In addition to film, Steel has an extensive television career, starring on the NBC series "The Powers of Matthew Star" (1982-83), followed by guest appearances on shows such as "Family Ties" (1983), "The A-Team" (1983), "Quantum Leap" Document [94] (Title: Family Weekend) her for having attacked her mother's co-worker/faux-boyfriend at her home who had inadvertently interrupted her kidnapping plot. Emily is later seen at a youth correctional camp with her jump-rope keeping her company as her family comes to bring her back home upon her sentence there expiring. Family Weekend Family Weekend is a 2013 American comedy-drama film directed by Benjamin Epps and starring Kristin Chenoweth, Matthew Modine, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Eddie Hassell, and Shirley Jones. Emily (Olesya Rulin) is a speed rope-jumping champion of her school and general overachiever. She is praised by one love-lorn boy at school (though she Document [95] (Title: My Daughter the Flower) My Daughter the Flower My Daughter the Flower (; lit. "My Daughter Kkotnim") is a South Korean television drama series about a mother and daughter who are not blood related. The series aired on SBS from November 14, 2011 to May 18, 2012 on Mondays to Fridays at 19:20 with 131 episodes. It starred Jin Se-yeon, Jo Min-su, Park Sang-won, Choi Jin-hyuk, Lee Ji-hoon and Son Eun-seo. Yang Kkot-nim ("kkotnim" means "flower") is a therapist at a rehabilitation hospital. She is bright and brave, but highly emotional inside. Since her father died, Kkot-nim gets through life with her stepmother Jang Document [96] (Title: Freaky Friday) TV" (1999) and "A Billion for Boris: Also known as ESP TV" (2003), . A thematic sequel by Rodgers and Heather Hach was published by The Bowen Press, HarperCollins, in May 2009: "Freaky Monday", in which 13-year-old schoolgirl Hadley and a teacher she dislikes "switch bodies". (Hach and Leslie Dixon wrote the 2003 screenplay for Disney's third film adaptation, below.) "Freaky Friday" has been adapted four times by The Walt Disney Company into films with similar plots. Additionlly, a television film of the sequel novel "Summer Switch", starring Robert Klein and Scott Schwartz, was made in 1984 as part of Document [97] (Title: Child actor) in films like "Tom Sawyer" (1973) "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" (1974), "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Bugsy Malone" (1976), "The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane" (1976), and "Freaky Friday" (1977). She garnered her first Academy Award nomination at the age of 14 and later took a sabbatical from films to attend Yale University. She made a successful transition to adult roles, winning two Academy Awards for Best Actress before the age of 30, and starring in numerous successful and acclaimed films like; "The Accused" (1988), "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), "Nell" (1994), "Maverick" (1994), "Contact" (1997), and "The Document [98] (Title: The Daughter (2015 film)) The Daughter (2015 film) The Daughter is a 2015 Australian drama film written and directed by Simon Stone, starring an ensemble cast led by Geoffrey Rush. The film was released in Australia on 17 March 2016 to generally favourable reviews. The film is a reworking of Henrik Ibsen's "The Wild Duck". Christian Nielsen, a recovering alcoholic, returns home to Australia from the United States for the wedding of his father, Henry, to his much younger housekeeper, Anna. He finds out that Charlotte, Henry's previous housekeeper, and wife of his childhood friend, Oliver, had an affair with Henry, and that their Document [99] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) Freaky Friday (song) "Freaky Friday" is a song recorded by American rapper Lil Dicky, featuring guest vocals from American singer Chris Brown and uncredited vocals from Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled, and Kendall Jenner. Written by Dicky, Brown, Cashmere Cat, Lewis Hughes, Wilbart McCoy III, Ammo and its producers DJ Mustard, Benny Blanco and Twice as Nice, it was released by Dirty Burd on March 15, 2018, alongside its music video. The song topped the charts in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song has also reached the top ten Document [100] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) of the charts in Australia, Canada and Ireland. "Freaky Friday" is a hip hop and comedy hip hop song featuring a pop-rap production. The music video parodies the 2003 film "Freaky Friday" and features cameos from Jimmy Tatro, Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner. As of December 2018, the video had over 440 million views on YouTube. The video shows Lil Dicky at a Chinese restaurant, similar to the 2003 film, "Freaky Friday", where a character is at a Chinese restaurant and wishes she was somebody else. In the music video, Lil Dicky is approached by a fan, played Document [101] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) tending to laundry, car repair, grocery deliveries, carpet cleaners, dry cleaners, her housemaid, and the family Basset hound, Max. As though Annabel did not have her hands full, Bill Andrews (John Astin) coerces her to cook dinner for twenty-five people as his catered dinner party plans fell through. Annabel enlists Boris, a neighbor whom she has harbored a crush, to look after her younger brother and help make a chocolate mousse but all three manage to mess everything up, then later saving face by making everything into a smorgasbord. Annabel does have a bright spot with her brother, Ben, such Document [102] (Title: Mother Daughter Laser Razor) shouting match between Louise and Linda after they both refuse to cooperate during the mother-daughter role rehearsal, which causes Linda to become fed up with Louise's frequent extortion and refuses to pay her for role rehearsal as result. When Dakota learns that Linda has been paying Louise to attend the seminar due to it being the only way she could get her to attend, Dakota makes Linda a contender for the "Most Valuable Mommy Award" after the seminar is over. Louise and Logan also manage to anger Dakota, who locks them a room with the movie Freaky Friday playing on Document [103] (Title: Pamela Voorhees) Pamela Voorhees Pamela Voorhees is a character from the "Friday the 13th" film series. She first appeared in Sean S. Cunningham's original film as the vengeful mother of Jason Voorhees, simply known as Mrs. Voorhees. The character was created by Victor Miller, and was portrayed by Betsy Palmer in the original film as well as briefly in "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981). She was portrayed by Paula Shaw in "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003). According to Palmer, she was asked to reprise her role as Pamela Voorhees for "Freddy vs. Jason" but she turned the part down after she read Document [104] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) as getting to have personal discussions with him, when she picks him up from school. He tells her which qualities he envies about Annabel, and is able to share her loathing over the housemaid, who is constantly complaining about Annabel's sloppiness, and then confesses when he tried to be messy to connect with Annabel, the housemaid said he didn't know better and cleaned up after him. Plus, between all the talks, they play baseball which adds to their affection. These combined situations lead to Annabel's remorse for misjudging Ben and getting a different outlook on him. Meanwhile Ellen, now a Document [105] (Title: Dana Kimmell) she portrayed a model in the film "Night Angel". In 2001, Kimmell portrayed the murderer, Susan Smith, in the television film "Sins of the Mother". In 2013, Kimmell appeared as herself in the documentary "Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th". Dana Kimmell Dana Kimmell (born October 26, 1959) is an American former actress and model. She is best known for her role as Chris Higgins in Steve Miner's 3D slasher-horror film "Friday the 13th Part III" (1982). Other film roles include "Sweet Sixteen" (1983) and "Lone Wolf McQuade" (1983). Outside of film, Kimmell has guest starred Document [106] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) the rehearsal dinner, Anna's bandmates come to try to convince "Anna" to sneak off to the audition, but they are caught by security. Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving "Anna" permission to go. He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him, and he urges "Tess" to go support the band, finally winning her over. Since Tess cannot play, Anna unplugs her guitar, and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so. Jake watches the performance and realizes that Anna is the one for him. Tess also realizes how fun music is, and promises to treat Document [107] (Title: Freaky Friday) have made a point of him avoiding Annabel since. He is a cheerful, charming and handsome young gentleman, and does his best to help "Mrs. Andrews" (really Annabel) as she struggles through a tough day. He has some occasional breathing trouble, attributed to his adenoids and possibly a psychosomatic reaction to his own mother, which renders his voice nasal, making him unable to pronounce the letters "m" and "n" clearly. Because of this, Annabel has always believed his name to be Boris, when it is in fact Morris. Unfortunately, she suffers the exact opposite misunderstanding when he offers to prepare Document [108] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) third film adaptation of the novel, after the 1976 film "Freaky Friday" starring Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster, and the 1995 television film "Freaky Friday" starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann. It was released on VHS and DVD on December 16, 2003 by Walt Disney Home Video. Anna Coleman is an average teenager with a stressful life due to her stodgy widowed mother, Tess, and annoying younger brother, Harry. Several conflicts are happening in Anna's life: Tess' upcoming second marriage to Ryan, which Anna is not emotionally ready for due to her father's death three years before, Anna's band, Pink Document [109] (Title: Freak the Freak Out) premiered on November 26, 2010 in North America, a few days after the single's release. The scene where the song was performed features Justice, disguised as a very ugly girl Louise Nordoff, who comes up on stage to sing and later reveals her true self as a part of a plan to win a bet with the two main antagonists in the episode, Hayley (Jillian Clare) and Tara (Jamie Snow). They won a previous contest only because Hayley's father owns the karaoke place. Justice continues singing as Elizabeth Gillies and Ariana Grande, playing Jade West and Cat Valentine, come up Document [110] (Title: Freaky Friday) the "ABC Afterschool Special" series. A film of the first sequel called "Billions for Boris" starring Mary Tanner as Annabel, Scott Tiler as Boris, and Seth Green as Ape Face was released in 1984. A major difference between the novel and the films is the presence of an outside influence switching the often-bickering mother and daughter against "both" their wills. Because of this, both serve as protagonists, and the films start shortly before the switch, illustrating the conflict between the two, then follow the trouble both have adjusting to their new circumstances, and the new respect and understanding they both Document [111] (Title: Sabina Gadecki) called "Freaky Deaky" (2012). She has also appeared in TV shows such as "Law & Order", "White Collar", the Showtime series "House of Lies", and "The League" for FX. She played Kevin Connolly's new girlfriend, Melanie, in the film Entourage. She is engaged to singer Tyler Rich. Sabina Gadecki Sabina Gadecki is an American actress and model. She was born on September 28, 1982 in Chicopee, Massachusetts to Polish parents. She studied International Business and Communications at Fordham University, while pursuing a career in modeling and acting in New York. She gained notice as the host of The World Poker Document [112] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) North America and $50.6 million in other territories for a total of $160.8 million. "Freaky Friday" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88%, based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan charm in Mark Waters' nicely pitched -- and Disney's second -- remake of the 1976 hit." On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Jamie Lee Curtis's performance was singled out for praise by many Document [113] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) film: “I was raw with worry, drawing ragged breaths as tears streaked down my cheeks and my heart hammered with hope for her salvation.” In The Hollywood Reporter, Justin Lowe praised the film’s lead performances, stating that Kolker’s “semi-improvised performance couldn’t be any more authentic and she’s well matched with Hirsch, drawing on his own parental experience, as her conflicted and overprotective father. The ever-versatile Dern delivers a slyly subversive turn as Mr. Snowcone, whose hidden agenda involves much more than frozen treats.” Many other reviewers praised the performance of young Lexy Kolker as well. Collider’s Perri Nemiroff called her Document [114] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) wants to but because she is in her body she says she should do it and then she agrees. Cover Magazines, the magazine that was going to put Katherine's wedding on there decides not to but Ellie convinces them to cover the wedding by making seven layer bars which changes their mind and Tori comes back. Ellie then tell Mike that she is not mad at him and loves him and decides to treat Fletcher better. Katherine and the rest go on the hunt and then get the hourglass from a fight from Savannah and wins the hunt. She then Document [115] (Title: Haley Hudson) Adam Rifkin. In 2012, Hudson starred in the IFC horror film The Pact, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to mostly positive reviews. Critics singled her out for her sensitive, visceral portrayal of the blind psychic, Stevie. Haley Hudson Haley Kaye Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. She began her career at age 16 after being cast in Disney's remake of "Freaky Friday" opposite Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan. Hudson played the role of Peg, a member of the rock band Pink Slip and best friend of the main character, played by Lohan. During her Document [116] (Title: Alan Ruck) the feature film, and it now inhabits one of Angela and Henry's daughters. Once again, they must turn to exorcism-practicing priests (Alfonso Herrera, Ben Daniels) for help. Regan/Angela's mother, Chris MacNeil (played by recurring guest star Sharon Gless and Ellen Burstyn in the feature film), is welcomed by the rest of the family but utterly scorned by her own daughter. Ruck married Claudia Stefany in 1984, and had two children with her—a daughter, Emma, and a son, Sam. They divorced in 2005. He married actress Mireille Enos on January 4, 2008. They met in 2005 while co-starring in the Broadway Document [117] (Title: Danielle Panabaker) in a scene or two an episode, and was absent from three episodes in the series run, she was billed second to the star, James Woods. In 2009, Panabaker played Jenna, a main character in 2009's "Friday the 13th" remake along with Jared Padalecki. Panabaker next starred in the films "The Crazies" and "The Ward". In 2011, Panabaker starred as Katie Lapp, the lead character in the Hallmark Movie "The Shunning", based on the novel by Beverly Lewis. She was to reprise her role in the 2013 sequel "The Confession", but a scheduling conflict forced her to drop out. The Document [118] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) go to parent teacher conference the principal tell them that when Ellie gets bored she skips class for eleven days which makes Ellie and Katherine both upset. Katherine starts talking about why that's been happening which is about her dad which makes Ellie upset. Then Katherine reveals the piercing which she tells her that she is grounded. Ellie then goes to the hourglass store with Fletcher but realizes its out of business. Then she realizes that if the hourglass is on the hunt then she can go get it. Ellie then asks Katherine to ask Adam to put the hourglass Document [119] (Title: Minka Kelly) Minka Kelly Minka Kelly (born Minka Dumont Dufay; June 24, 1980) is an American actress. She is most known for her roles in the television shows "Friday Night Lights" (2006–2009), "Parenthood" (2010–2011), "Charlie's Angels" (2011) and "Almost Human" (2013). Kelly currently stars as Dawn Granger / Dove in "Titans" (2018–present). Kelly was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the only child of former Aerosmith guitarist Rick Dufay and the late Maureen Dumont Kelly. Kelly and her mother moved to various communities before settling in Chicago by the time Kelly was in junior high school. She has French, Irish and Document [120] (Title: Kayla Ewell) first appeared on the television series "Freaks and Geeks" in 2000, playing Maureen Sampson in the episode "Carded and Discarded", directed by Judd Apatow. She starred on the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 2004–2005, and has guest-starred on the TV series "The O.C.", "Boston Public", "Veronica Mars", "Close to Home" and "Entourage". She had a role in the film "Just My Luck", starring Lindsay Lohan, and in "Material Girls", starring Hilary and Haylie Duff, in 2006. She had a starring role in the film "Senior Skip Day". Ewell co-starred in The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries" Document [121] (Title: Sarah Hagan) debut came on an episode of the Calista Flockhart series "Ally McBeal" in 1999. Hagan's first major break came when she was cast in a recurring role as Millie Kentner on the short-lived NBC cult TV series "Freaks and Geeks" (1999–2000). Following that show's cancellation, she was cast on the David Alan Grier NBC sitcom "DAG", where she was originally slated to play Camilla Whitman, daughter of the US President; however, the role of Camilla was recast when the pilot episode was revamped before airing. Following the lead of several fellow "Freaks and Geeks" cast members, Hagan then appeared in Document [122] (Title: The New Daughter) trees which were removed after filming. "The New Daughter" was given a limited theatrical released on December 19, 2009 by Anchor Bay. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 18, 2010. "The New Daughter" holds a critic rating of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes, indicating generally unfavourable reviews. The movie has a user rating of 6.0/10 on Metacritic, indicating average reviews. The New Daughter The New Daughter is a 2009 American horror film and the feature directorial debut of Spanish screenwriter Luis Berdejo. It stars Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero and Samantha Mathis. Based on the short story of Document [123] (Title: Odessa Young) played the titular role. Later that year, she was dubbed "Australia's brightest rising star" by "Elle Magazine". For her role in "The Daughter", Young attracted considerable critical acclaim and won Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2016 AACTA Awards. Her performance in "The Daughter" also earned her an award for Best Actress from the Australian Film Critics Association. In 2017, Young starred as Genevieve in the web series "High Life"; for her performance, she won an IAWTV Award for Best Lead Actress – Drama. In 2018, she won Best Actress at the 5th annual Vancouver Web Series Festival Document [124] (Title: Soccer Mom (film)) Missi Pyle and Emily Osment while criticizing some of the comedy beats and the amount of "teenage girl angst", concluding that "ultimately this is a nice flick for families with daughters and kids interested in soccer". Similarly on the website "Bum's Corner", Porfle wrote that "while there are a few moments of awkward melodrama along the way [...], most of "Soccer Mom" is light, fluffy comedy that doesn't come close to the dizzying heights of wackyness we used to get from those old Disney comedies like "Freaky Friday" and "Superdad", but is still harmless fun", while praising Pyle's performance and Document [125] (Title: Catherine Parks) Catherine Parks Catherine LaBelle Parks (born December 10, 1956) is an American actress who has starred in movies and on television. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the 1982 horror movie "Friday the 13th Part III", as Vera Sanchez, and the 1989 comedy "Weekend at Bernie's". Parks was born in Tampa, Florida. She was a runner-up in the Miss America 1978 pageant. She has starred on television shows, her first being "Behind the Screen", and she later starred in the short-lived CBS series "Zorro and Son" in 1983. Parks has made guest appearances on TV shows such Document [126] (Title: Thursday's Child (1983 film)) Thursday's Child (1983 film) Thursday's Child is a 1983 American made-for-television drama film starring Rob Lowe, Gena Rowlands and Don Murray, directed by David Lowell Rich and based on the book by Victoria Poole. Sam Alden is the 17-year-old high school star player in baseball who seems to have it all. However, his family notices that he is often bothered with fits of coughing. Worried, his parents decide to take him to the hospital, where they are shocked to find out that he has a life-threatening heart disease. Sam has trouble dealing with his illness, but he pretends to still Document [127] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) would love to spend one Saturday in his dad's shoes, while Bill says the same about Ben, causing Annabel and Ellen to get nervous and urge Bill and Ben to drop the matter. As they wish to switch their places, the same creepy music is heard when the ladies switched. Ellen nervously throws her cards into the air while Annabel facepalms. Neither Barbara Harris nor Jodie Foster did any actual water skiing in the film. In both cases, these scenes were achieved with the use of professional water skiers in long shot on location, and cutaway shots of the actresses Document [128] (Title: Friday the 13th (2009 film)) the girl would tire and drown. Shannon and Swift felt this was something they had not seen in slasher films, but later decided to make the death quicker and more visceral. A similar incident occurred with Danielle Panabaker's character Jenna. Panabaker said Jenna was scripted to survive longer than she did in the final version of the film; Jenna was supposed to escape Jason's lair and recite a "cute line" about a second date with Clay before an elaborate fight sequence that ends in her death. The writers wanted to strike a balance between finding new and interesting ways to Document [129] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) with Tori quitting Karl and Monica deciding to ditch “Ellie” and she tells Mike she's rethinking this whole wedding thing which makes Katherine upset. Katherine, Ellie, and Mike realize Fletcher has gone missing and go find him. Adam finds Fletcher and convinces him to return home which he does which Katherine and Ellie are happy to see. Adam then says that he might consider putting the hourglass on the list. Karl and Monica come over and Ellie begs them to put “Ellie” back on the team which they agree and Katherine says that Ellie should do the hunt which she Document [130] (Title: Freaky Friday) disappearance of her mother, loss of the children, and the question of how her odd situation came about and when/whether it will be resolved. Finally, it is revealed that Annabel's mother herself caused them to switch bodies through some unspecified means, and the mysterious teen beauty who took Ben was Mrs. Andrews in Annabel's body (to which she is restored) made much more attractive by a makeover Mrs. Andrews gave the body while using it, including the removal of Annabel's braces, an appointment Annabel had forgotten about (and would have missed, had she been the one in her body that Document [131] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) Grossman), the youngest Meep (Ben Woolf), and the dwarf performers: ex-convict Toulouse (Drew Rin Varick) and Elsa's most significant companion Ma Petite (Jyoti Amge) who is the smallest of the group. During the troupe's first performance with the twins, the only spectators in the audience were wealthy socialite widow Gloria Mott (Frances Conroy) and her spoiled, mentally unstable son Dandy (Finn Wittrock), who displayed an unhealthy fascination for the freaks. Other new members of the troupe include Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), a strongman who was Ethel's ex-husband and Jimmy’s biological father; and his three-breasted wife Desiree Dupree (Angela Bassett). Elsa’s Document [132] (Title: Adina Howard) "Freak Like Me". In May 2016, she previewed four new songs ("Love Jones", "Come Over", "Nasty" and "Run It") from "Resurrection" on her Periscope account, in addition to doing a mini-concert for her fans. In June 2016, she announced she'll be playing the role of Candice in the new stage musical "For All My Girls" alongside April Nixon, Monifah and Marlain Angelides premiering in New York on June 27. In July, one of her new promotional photos went viral, in which she released a sneak peek into her album for her fans the following weekend. A year after its release, Document [133] (Title: The Devil's Daughter (1973 film)) The Devil's Daughter (1973 film) The Devil's Daughter is a 1973 American made-for-television horror film starring Shelley Winters, Belinda Montgomery and Robert Foxworth. It originally aired as the "ABC Movie of the Week" on January 9, 1973. It was an early screenwriting credit for Colin Higgins. Diane is a young woman (played by Belinda Montgomery) who attends the funeral of her mother; one of her mother’s old friends, a wealthy woman named Lilith (Shelley Winters), introduces her to a satanic cult (her mother was part of this cult before leaving it while Diane was a baby). The cult members have Document [134] (Title: Sally Ann Howes) rush in some pictures on the recommendation of the agent. The movie, "Thursday's Child", was written by playwright and screenwriter Rodney Ackland, also a close neighbour to the Howes family, and it would become Ackland's directorial debut. "Thursday's Child" (1943) launched her career. A second film, "The Halfway House" (1944), led to her being put under contract by Michael Balcon of Ealing Studios, and this was followed by many other film roles as a child actress, including "Dead of Night" (1945) with Sir Michael Redgrave, "Pink String and Sealing Wax" (1946), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1947), "My Sister and I" (1948) and Document [135] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) Following the events of Freaky Friday, Annabel begins dating Boris. Bill is playing cards with Ellen, still trying to understand what happened. Ellen and Bill are fine with Boris taking Annabel to a pizzeria for a date, and Annabel surprises Ben by letting him tag along with them. Ben complains that he never gets to do fun stuff like his dad, who is getting ready for a business trip the following Saturday dirt biking with a Japanese motorcycle firm looking to enter the U.S. market, while Bill says Ben should be more appreciative of a worry-free childhood. Ben remarks he Document [136] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) all produced by the Walt Disney Company: a made-for-television film in 1995 starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann), a live-action theatrical release in 2003 starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan, and a musical version for television starring Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Heidi Blickenstaff. Freaky Friday (1976 film) Freaky Friday is a 1976 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Gary Nelson, with the screenplay written by Mary Rodgers based on her 1972 novel of the same name. The film stars Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster in the lead roles. John Astin, Patsy Kelly, Dick Van Patten, and Sorrell Booke are featured in Document [137] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Slip, which Tess hates because she thinks that they are "all noise", Anna's claims about her archrival, Stacey Hinkhouse, who does not stop tormenting her and has Tess convinced that she and Anna are still best friends like they used to be, and her sadistic English teacher, Mr. Bates, who gives her an "F" on everything she does no matter how hard she tries, and Tess' disapproval of Anna's crush on older student named Jake. To make matters worse, Anna gets detention twice during one school day: once for talking back to Mr. Bates in the hallway, and again for Document [138] (Title: Freaky Friday) musical began performances at the Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Directed by Christopher Ashley, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo, the cast features Emma Hunton (as the daughter Ellie), Jason Gotay and Heidi Blickenstaff (as the mother Katherine). Ashley explained that the musical is based on the original Rodgers book as well as the films. The musical is set in the present time in Chicago. The musical began performances at the La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego, on January 31, 2017, and ran to March 12. The cast features Emma Hunton and Heidi Blickenstaff. This was followed by runs Document [139] (Title: First Daughter (1999 film)) First Daughter (1999 film) First Daughter is a 1999 American made-for-television action-thriller film starring Mariel Hemingway, Gregory Harrison, Doug Savant and Diamond Dallas Page, with Monica Keena as the title role. It was directed by Armand Mastroianni. A domestic terrorist group make an unsuccessful attempt on the life of US President Jonathan Hayes (Harrison) and the group's leader, Michael Smith (David Wheeler), is subsequently captured. Some members of the group manage to evade capture and continue with terrorist activities. Eight weeks later, believing the threat is past, the President organizes an outdoors activity trip for his teenage daughter, Jess (Monica Document [140] (Title: Daughter of Darkness (1990 film)) Daughter of Darkness (1990 film) Daughter of Darkness is a 1990 American made-for-television horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Anthony Perkins, Mia Sara, Dezsõ Garas and Jack Coleman. It originally premiered on CBS on January 26, 1990. Katherine Thatcher (Mia Sara), a young woman trying to learn the identity of her father, is drawn into a Romanian vampire underworld. She is unaware that her father (Perkins) is a vampire. The vampire community is surprised to find that someone has been born from a union between a vampire and a woman and they seek to draw her into their Document [141] (Title: Linda Blair) Now" (1970), followed by a bit part in the comedy "The Sporting Club" (1971). In 1972, Blair was selected from a field of 600 applicants for her most notable role as Regan, the possessed daughter of a famous actress, in William Friedkin's "The Exorcist" (1973). The role earned her a Golden Globe and People's Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Film critic and historian Mark Clark notes that in her performance, "Blair matches [adult co-star] Ellen Burstyn note-for-note." Despite the film's critical successes, Blair received media scrutiny for her Document [142] (Title: Freaky Friday) the body of her mother, with whom she had argued the previous night. Suddenly in charge of taking care of the New York family's affairs and her younger brother Ben (whom Annabel has not-so-affectionately nicknamed "Ape Face" and said "He's so neat, it's revolting!"), and growing increasingly worried about the disappearance of "Annabel", who appeared to be herself in the morning but has gone missing after leaving the Andrews' home, she enlists the help of her neighbor and childhood friend, Boris, though without telling him about her identity crisis. As the day wears on and Annabel has a series of Document [143] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) and vice versa. The song illustrates the two in each others' bodies. Towards the end, the two are about to fight, and they realize they should not kill each other, and instead love each other. They realize that this will set them back to their original form. The video then ends with cameos from Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner, where Lil Dicky is then in possession in all of their bodies. Credits adapted from Tidal. Freaky Friday (song) "Freaky Friday" is a song recorded by American rapper Lil Dicky, featuring guest vocals from American singer Chris Brown and Document [144] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) Freaky Friday (musical) Freaky Friday is a musical with music and lyrics by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey, and a book by Bridget Carpenter. It is based on the 1972 book of the same name by Mary Rodgers and its 1976 and 2003 film adaptations. In the story, when an overworked mother and her teenage daughter magically swap bodies, they have just one day to put things right again before the mom’s wedding. "Freaky Friday" musical was developed by Disney Theatrical Productions from the book and Disney films for theatres to license. The musical debuted at the Signature Theatre in Document [145] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) father and escape the house, she climbs onto the truck with Mr. Snowcone and into an adventure filled with hope, fear, and violence. "Freaks" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018. Two days later, Well Go USA Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. The film played at the Sitges Film Festival in Spain and the Vancouver International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Emerging Director award. The Vancouver festival programmers wrote “Zach Lipovsky and Adam Stein’s skewed sci-fi thriller ratchets up the go-for-broke audacity as it laces the family drama of "Room" with genre Document [146] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) service, psychotherapy and lockdown rehabilitation. Her probation was also extended until May 2015, when a judge ended it after she completed the community service making it the first time in nearly 8 years that she was probation free. After beginning her acting career as a child actor in the early 1990s, Lohan, at age 11, made her film debut in Disney's successful remake of "The Parent Trap" (1998). "Freaky Friday" (2003) remains her highest-grossing film, while "Mean Girls" (2004), both a critical and commercial success, became a cult classic. Her career faced many interruptions from legal and personal troubles during Document [147] (Title: Amelia Rose) participated in an abundance of theatre as well as commercials and independent films. She was discovered by a former NBC Network Casting Director turned agent and subsequently moved to Los Angeles, California. She has guest starred on the hit show "Hawaii Five-0", as well as "Grimm", "Criminal Minds", "Sullivan & Son", and "". She most notably starred opposite Gary Busey in the film "Freaky Saturday Night Fever", which has been recognized at the Cannes Film Festival, New York International Independent Film and Video Festival, Philadelphia Film Festival, Beverly Hills Film Festival. On October 27, 2012, Rose’s most recent Lifetime film Document [148] (Title: Emma Roberts) 19, 2015, and was released on September 25, in a limited release and through video on demand. Roberts next appeared in the horror film "The Blackcoat's Daughter" (also known by its original title "February") alongside Kiernan Shipka. Directed by Osgood Perkins, the film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Roberts plays the lead character Chanel Oberlin on the first season of Fox's horror comedy series "Scream Queens", alongside Jamie Lee Curtis and Lea Michele. The series was created by "American Horror Story" producers Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with "Glee" producer Ian Brennan. She reprised this role in Document [149] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Unfortunately, he is no longer enamored with "Anna" after Tess sabotages Stacey's test in revenge. Meanwhile, Ryan surprises Anna with a talk show interview to discuss Tess' new psychology book. However, she turns the interview into a wild romp to cover the fact she has not read the book. Tess and Jake catch it on TV and while she is embarrassed, he is impressed. Later, Anna bumps into him at a coffee shop, and they bond over their favorite music. He begins to fall in love with "Tess" and attempts to pursue her, much to the real Tess' horror. At Document [150] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) to bring people together which Katherine thinks is very mature and goes off to class. When Katherine goes to class she tells Karl and Monica that she won’t be going to the hunt which surprises them. Ellie then goes to the Venue. When Ellie and Mike do there dance it goes awry and Ellie destroys the cake which upsets her helper Tori. Back at Ellie's school Savannah keeps bullying Katherine and dumps her tea on her and when Katherine goes to the restroom she realizes Ellie's been keeping a belly piercing from her which upsets Katherine. When Ellie and Katherine Document [151] (Title: Freaky Friday) at Cleveland Play House in April and the Alley Theatre in June 2017. A Disney Channel film adaptation of the stage musical was announced on September 29, 2017. Blickenstaff reprised her role as the mother, Katherine, while Cozi Zuehlsdorff starred as the daughter, Ellie. Carpenter returned to adapt the musical as a teleplay, while Kitt and Yorkey returned to oversee the music and lyrics. The TV adaptation was produced by Susan Cartsonis and Thomas Schumacher. The film premiered in summer 2018. Freaky Friday Freaky Friday is a comedic children's novel written by Mary Rodgers, first published by Harper & Row Document [152] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 2)) Adrianne Palicki played bad girl Tyra Collette. Jesse Plemons played Landry Clarke, Saracen's best friend. Aimee Teegarden played Julie Taylor, daughter of Eric and Tami's. Supporting characters who also returned include: Brad Leland as Lyla's father and head of the Dillon Panther's Booster Club Buddy Garrity, Derek Phillips as Tim's brother Billy Riggins, Louanne Stephens as Saracen's grandmother Lorraine Saracen, Liz Mikel as Smash's mother Corrina Williams, Kevin Rankin as Herc, Blue Deckert as Panther coach Mac MacGill, and Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Tyra's mother Angela Collette. New guest stars this season included: Glenn Morshower as Landry's father and Dillon police Document [153] (Title: Bridget Carpenter) the book for a musical version of the book (and films) "Freaky Friday". The musical premiered in October 2016 at the Signature Theatre, followed by a run from January to March 2017 at the La Jolla Playhouse under the direction of Christopher Ashley. She was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best New Series at the February 2007 ceremony, for her work on the first season of "Friday Night Lights". She was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series the following year at the February 2008 ceremony, for her work on the second season of Document [154] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 3)) Kelly played Lyla Garrity, now girlfriend of Tim Riggins, fullback and resident bad boy, portrayed by Taylor Kitsch. Adrianne Palicki played Tyra Collette. Jesse Plemons played Landry Clarke, Tyra's not-quite boyfriend and Saracen's best friend. Aimee Teegarden played Julie Taylor, Eric and Tami's daughter. Supporting characters include: Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity, Lyla's father and head of the Dillon Panthers Booster Club; Derek Phillips as Billy Riggins, Tim's brother; Louanne Stephens as Lorraine Saracen, Matt Saracen's grandmother; Liz Mikel as Corrina Williams, Smash's mother; Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Angela Collette, Tyra's mother; Stacey Oristano as Mindy Collette, Tyra's sister and Billy Document [155] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) incandescent in "Freaky Friday", she made the whole movie feel like something special." Her performance was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Lohan's performance was also praised. Roger Ebert wrote that she "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona." The film earned her the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards. Some critics, however, objected to the caricatured portrayal of Chinese people in the body switching scene, with Nick Schager of "Slant Magazine" calling it "a strange bit of 'Oriental mysticism' Document [156] (Title: My Daughter the Flower) Soon-ae, who is always there for her. My Daughter the Flower My Daughter the Flower (; lit. "My Daughter Kkotnim") is a South Korean television drama series about a mother and daughter who are not blood related. The series aired on SBS from November 14, 2011 to May 18, 2012 on Mondays to Fridays at 19:20 with 131 episodes. It starred Jin Se-yeon, Jo Min-su, Park Sang-won, Choi Jin-hyuk, Lee Ji-hoon and Son Eun-seo. Yang Kkot-nim ("kkotnim" means "flower") is a therapist at a rehabilitation hospital. She is bright and brave, but highly emotional inside. Since her father died, Kkot-nim Document [157] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) film ends after Pei-Pei's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue, but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time by tackling them to the ground. The film's producer Andrew Gunn said he initially hoped Jodie Foster (who played Annabel in the original 1976 "Freaky Friday" film) would be interested in playing the mother in the remake. She declined in order to spend more time with her family and because of concerns that the stunt casting would overshadow the film's overall merit. Annette Bening was then cast in the role, Document [158] (Title: The Monster (2016 film)) and while she’s more persuasive as a scream queen than as a mother, she and Ms. Ballentine get the job done." The Monster (2016 film) The Monster is a 2016 American horror film written and directed by Bryan Bertino. It stars Zoe Kazan and Ella Ballentine. The film was released through DirecTV Cinema on October 6, 2016, before opening in a limited release on November 11, 2016, via A24. Kathy (Zoe Kazan) is driving her 10-year-old daughter Lizzy (Ella Ballentine) to her father's house as it's his turn for custody. Tired of taking care of her abusive, alcoholic mother, Lizzy Document [159] (Title: The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll) The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll Daughter of Dr. Jekyll is a low-budget black-and-white 1957 American horror film produced by Jack Pollexfen, directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and released by Allied Artists. The film is a variation on the 1886 gothic novella "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Gloria Talbott, John Agar and Arthur Shields. In the film, Janet Smith (Gloria Talbott) learns that she is not only the daughter of the infamous werewolf Dr. Henry Jekyll, but is convinced by her guardian, Dr. Lomas (Arthur Shields), that she has inherited her father's Document [160] (Title: Disney Theatrical Productions) to form his own theater production company partly funded by Disney. His first project was developing and directing the "stage version of Sister Act" with Michael Reno. The musical had its official world premiere on November 3, 2006 at the Pasadena Playhouse, with DTP as an associated presenter during its Broadway run. "Freaky Friday" musical was developed by Disney Theatrical Productions from the book and Disney films for theatres to license. The musical premiered in October 2016 at Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virgina followed by three other threatre productions. Coinciding with the release of the Disney Channel Original Movie adaptation, Document [161] (Title: Jodie Foster) Lane", in which she starred opposite Martin Sheen. The film combined aspects from thriller and horror genres, and showed Foster as a mysterious young girl living on her own in a small town; the performance earned her a Saturn Award. On November 27, she hosted "Saturday Night Live", becoming the youngest person to do so until 1982. Her final film of the year was "Freaky Friday", a Disney comedy commenting on the generation gap, which was "her first true star vehicle". She played a tomboy teen who accidentally changes bodies with her mother; she later stated that her character's desire Document [162] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) in different places, say about each other at the same time, "I wish I could switch places with her for just one day." Rodgers added a water skiing subplot to her screenplay. "Freaky Friday" was released theatrically in the United States on December 17, 1976, by Buena Vista Distribution. The film received positive reviews from critics with major praise drawn towards Foster and Harris’ performances. The film was a commercial success, grossing $26 million on a $5 million budget. The film received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress – Comedy or Musical (both Harris and Foster), and Best Original Song Document [163] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) ("I'd Like to Be You for a Day"). Ellen Andrews (Barbara Harris) and her daughter, Annabel Andrews (Jodie Foster) constantly quarrel. Following a disagreement on Friday the 13th, Annabel leaves to join a friend at a local diner. In sync, Annabel and Ellen (who is in the family home's kitchen) both wish aloud, "I wish I could switch places with her for just one day". Their wish comes true when they switch their bodies. After a brief scene where they are shocked at seeing their new appearances, both ladies proceed as each other normally would. Annabel is now a housewife, Document [164] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) one of the central antagonist during the season, Twisty the Clown. In August 2014, Patti LaBelle joined the cast for a four-episode story arc as the mother of Sidibe's character, named Dora, the Motts' housekeeper. Also in August 2014, it was revealed that Matt Bomer would be guest-starring in one episode as Andy, Dell's secret lover. Murphy took to his Twitter account to announce that the world's smallest woman Jyoti Amge has joined the cast as Ma Petite. Murphy had written a role specifically for "" alum Leslie Jordan, but he was unable to appear on the show due to Document [165] (Title: Ivana Baquero) but the script was altered to accommodate Baquero, who was 11 at the time. Afterward, she worked in various projects while still attending school. In 2009, she played the title role in John Connolly's horror film, "The New Daughter", with Kevin Costner, marking her first American role. In 2015, Baquero was cast in "The Shannara Chronicles", an MTV television adaptation of the Shannara novel series by Terry Brooks, in which she plays the role of Eretria; the show premiered in January 2016. Ivana Baquero Ivana Baquero Macías (born 11 June 1994) is a Spanish actress. At the age of 11, Document [166] (Title: Speak (Lindsay Lohan album)) Lohan a five-album production deal in September 2002. "I am extremely excited to be working with Emilio. I am surrounded by a group of very talented people whom have made me feel like part of their family," Lohan said to the press. Also in September, Lohan landed the role as the daughter in Disney's remake, "Freaky Friday", which required her to learn how to play the guitar and to sing. Lohan recorded a song for the film, "Ultimate", which was released to Radio Disney to help promote the film. The song peaked at #18 on Radio Disney's Top 30. Lohan Document [167] (Title: Freaks and Geeks) her parents and with her own self-image, form one central strand of the show. The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in. Guest stars included: Samaire Armstrong (as "Deadhead" Laurie), Alexandra Breckenridge (as mathlete Shelly Weaver), Jack Conley (as Kim Kelly's stepfather), Kevin Corrigan (as Millie's delinquent cousin), Allen Covert (as a liquor store clerk), Matt Czuchry (as a student from rival Lincoln High), Alexander Gould (as Ronnie, the boy Lindsay babysits while high), Steve Higgins (as the Geeks' A/V teacher), Rashida Jones Document [168] (Title: Friday (Rebecca Black song)) potential accosters. In response to criticism over the song's significant use of Auto-Tune, Black performed an acoustic version during an interview with ABC News, which earned over 180,000 dislikes on YouTube (84% of total ratings) by November 2011. Later in the interview Black's mother, Kelly, stated that she was "angry and upset" after Black was brought to tears by comments, such as "I hope you go cut yourself and die" and "'I hope you cut yourself and get an eating disorder so you'll look pretty." Black said, however, that soon she was able to ignore such comments, and asked Justin Document [169] (Title: Dakota Johnson) Johnson appeared on "Saturday Night Live's" 40th anniversary special and hosted "SNL" on February 28, 2015, making her the second daughter of a former "SNL" host (after Gwyneth Paltrow, whose mother Blythe Danner hosted during the show's seventh season in 1982) to host the show. Also in 2015, she reunited with her "21 Jump Street" cast member Johnny Depp, playing the mother of his character's child in the feature film "Black Mass". In 2015, Johnson starred in Luca Guadagnino's thriller "A Bigger Splash", opposite Tilda Swinton, Matthias Schoenaerts and Ralph Fiennes. She also played a lead in the 2016 comedy Document [170] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) in front of a rear projection effect. Foster did, however, play field hockey in the film. Richard Eder of "The New York Times" wrote, "Toward the end there are some amusing car-chase scenes. Elsewhere the humor is clotted by the feeling that the jokes are chasing the reactions, instead of the other way around." "Variety" wrote that "a promising concept" had been "bungled by a talky, repetitive screenplay and overbroad direction." Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 and wrote, "The problems resulting from the switch of identities are fairly predictable, but fun: This is one of Document [171] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) from a mother who has concerns over her daughter. At lunchtime, they go back to the restaurant to confront Pei-Pei and her mother, but she explains that only showing selfless love to one another will break the spell. In the afternoon, Anna attends Harry's parent-teacher conference, where she reads a composition about how much he actually admires her. She sees him in a different light, and vows to treat him nicer. Meanwhile, Tess attempts to make amends with Stacey, but Stacey frames her for cheating. Jake helps her finish the test, which makes her realize that she has misjudged him. Document [172] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) would be indeed coming back. They portrayed Desiree Dupree and Ethel Darling, respectively. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler. It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members present at the panel would all be returning for the fourth season in some capacity, including Denis O'Hare (Stanley), Emma Roberts (Maggie Esmerelda), Frances Conroy (Gloria Mott), Evan Peters (Jimmy Darling), and Gabourey Sidibe (Regina Ross). Jamie Brewer was also added to the present Document [173] (Title: Freaky Friday) come to have for each other before switching back. Mary Rodgers also added a hobby for Annabel to the story, with an important competition, for which her mother lacks the skill, serving to bring the action to a climax. This addition was kept in subsequent versions, although the original hobby of waterskiing changed to other events, and an important simultaneous event for the mother (her wedding rehearsal dinner) was added to the 2003 film. The latter two also drastically change the character of Morris/Boris. In both films, his name is changed (Luke in the 1995 film, Jake in the 2003 Document [174] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Freaky Friday (2003 film) Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on Mary Rodgers’ 1972 novel of the same name. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie. The film was released in theaters on August 6, 2003, by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures. It received positive reviews from film critics and it earned over $160 million worldwide on a $20 million budget. It was Disney's Document [175] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) Freaky Friday (1995 film) Freaky Friday is a 1995 American made-for-television fantasy-comedy film and a remake of the 1976 film of the same name produced by Walt Disney Television which premiered on May 6, 1995 as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney". It is the fourth in a series of four remakes of Disney films produced for broadcast on ABC during the 1994–95 television season. A mother, Ellen (Shelley Long), and daughter, Annabelle (Gaby Hoffmann), find it difficult to get along with each other, each professing that the other has no idea what her life is like. A pair Document [176] (Title: The Devil and Max Devlin) with Vincent Price as a dead actor who collects children's souls for the Devil, but it went into turnaround when producer Harold Cohen, who produced two TV movies based on Sangster's other novels, couldn't raise money for it. Sangster bought the rights back and sold it to Walt Disney Productions. Studio head Ron W. Miller hired Mary Rodgers to rewrite it based on the fact that 1976's "Freaky Friday", whose screenplay she adapted from her own novel, had been one of the studio's biggest hits of a decade for which profitable and critically well-received new films were few and far Document [177] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) 2017, with Blickenstaff and Hunton. According to "EW", "presently there are no plans to transfer the show to Broadway, but nevertheless the door is now wide open for licensing for professional, regional, and amateur productions around the country." Coinciding with the release of the Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) adaptation, a one-act version of the stage musical (featuring all the songs used in the DCOM adaptation) was made available on August 10, 2018 for licensing. ! Character ! Signature Theatre ! La Jolla ! Disney Channel Movie<ref> Freaky Friday (musical) Freaky Friday is a musical with music and lyrics by Document [178] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) but dropped out because of family obligations. Jamie Lee Curtis was given the role only four days before filming began. Lindsay Lohan's character was originally written as a Goth, but she did not think anyone would relate to that, and decided to dress in a preppy style for her audition. The character ended up being rewritten. Marc McClure, who played Boris Harris, Annabel's love interest in the original film, has a brief cameo as Boris the delivery man. Director Mark Waters also makes a cameo holding a baby at the wedding. In the end scene when Anna is dancing with Document [179] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) it scares her to death. When Fletcher's pet bunny goes missing and Mike says he will help him Ellie snaps at him and says that he is not a dad which Katherine forces Ellie to say sorry but says no. Katherine asks Mike to take Fletcher to school and then Ellie storms to her room. When Katherine follows Ellie to her room they fight over the hourglass and switch bodies which completely frightens them. They realize that Ellie's hourglass switched them and must find the other hourglass but realize that Katherine sold her's and they must find it. So Katherine Document [180] (Title: Carly Rose Sonenclar) television debut as Gilda Flip on PBS, the newest Prankster in season three of "The Electric Company", produced by Sesame Workshop. In 2011, Sonenclar originated the role of Chloe (Alice's daughter) in the short-lived musical "Wonderland" on Broadway and the earlier Tampa workshop. In this role, she garnered good reviews, including one by "The New York Times" theater critic Charles Isherwood, who described Sonenclar as a good actress and an "almost preternaturally skilled singer" and she drew comparisons with Sutton Foster. She is a featured soloist on the cast CD produced by Sony Masterworks and was named the 2011 Best Document [181] (Title: Patsy Kelly) in a Musical for her performance in the show. She matched that success the following year when she starred in "Irene" with Debbie Reynolds, and was again nominated for a Tony. In 1976, she appeared as the housekeeper Mrs. Schmauss in the film "Freaky Friday" starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. Her final movie appearance was in the 1979 Disney comedy "The North Avenue Irregulars", also co-starring Harris, along with Cloris Leachman, Edward Herrmann and Karen Valentine. Kelly's last onscreen appearance was a guest spot in a two-part episode of "The Love Boat" in 1979. Kelly was openly gay. She Document [182] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) dad gave to her when she was little which now he is deceased which is part of the reason why she is so moody. Meanwhile, her mom Katherine Blake is preparing for her second marriage to her fiancé Mike and to make it even busier she is catering her own wedding. When Ellie's friends leave she and Katherine fight and Katherine wishes she take more responsibility for herself and Ellie wishes she would understand what it's like to be her. When they start eating Ellie asks her mother if she can go to the hunt which she says no because Document [183] (Title: Freaky Friday) a "beetloaf" for a dinner party with the limited assortment of culinary ingredients available, and she believes he is going to save dinner by providing a much more sensible meatloaf, but she is won over when she samples the new dish and finds it tasty. Despite setting the events in motion and later ending them deus ex machina-style, Mrs. Andrews remains (along with Annabel's body, which she has taken) an unseen character for much of the book, only revealing herself and what she has done at the end of the day. Mary Rodgers wrote two sequels featuring the Andrews family. Question: who plays the daughter in the new freaky friday Answer: Cozi Zuehlsdorff Long Answer: Cozi Zuehlsdorff as 16 - year - old Eleanor "Ellie" Georgie Blake Gold Document ID: 151

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) critics. David Ansen of "Newsweek" noted that, "the most startling metamorphosis is Curtis' transformation from fading horror-flick queen to dazzling comedienne. She goes on a teenage tear—tormenting Anna's younger brother (who wonders why Mom's acting so weird), getting down and dirty on a TV talk show where Tess is supposed to discuss her book on aging—with fiercely funny conviction." Lisa Schwarzbaum from "Entertainment Weekly" called her performance "glorious," and A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" contended that she "does some of her best work ever [in "Freaky Friday"]." Nick Davis described her as "so frisky and pouty and Document [2] (Title: Runaway Daughters (1956 film)) long term contract by Arkoff for 15 films. Runaway Daughters (1956 film) Runaway Daughters is a 1956 film drama. It was loosely remade in 1994. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with "Shake, Rattle and Rock". Audrey Barton is the teen daughter of rich, irresponsible parents. When school classmate Tommy brings her home from a date, they spy Ruth Barton, her mother, passionately kissing a neighbor. Audrey's girlfriends have troubled home lives, too. Mary Rubach has a strict father who doesn't approve of her boyfriend Bob being 20. Angie Forrest's mother is off honeymooning Document [3] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) more modest clothing, glasses, and an unflattering hairstyle. Ellen (as Annabel) asks Bill for access to his credit card in order to make herself over as her braces were scheduled to be removed that afternoon. Bill approves, and chalks up his secretary's awkward appearance to personal problems at home as her son is ill and her husband was wounded in the Vietnam War, causing Ellen to scold herself for not trusting her husband. The day ends in a comical twist when the mother-daughter pair wishing a new request: to return to themselves. This does happen, although in a different manner Document [4] (Title: Katie Holmes) later played the President's daughter in "First Daughter", which was originally to be released in January 2004 on the same day as "Chasing Liberty", another film about a president's daughter, but was ultimately released in September 2004 to dismal reviews and ticket sales. "First Daughter", directed by Forest Whitaker, also starred Michael Keaton as her father and Marc Blucas as her love interest. "The Hollywood Reporter" critic called her character, Samantha Mackenzie, "a startling example of how a studio film can dumb down and neutralize the comic abilities of a lively young star." In the 2005 film "Batman Begins" she Document [5] (Title: American Horror Story) Florida. Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her "monsters", as well as for her own fame and fortune. Other members of her troupe include Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life, and his mother Ethel (Kathy Bates), a bearded lady who is Elsa's second-in-command by maintaining law and order under the tent. A strongman from Ethel's past and Jimmy's biological father named Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), and his three-breasted wife Desiree Dupree (Angela Document [6] (Title: Jillian Bell) again in another small role in his 2014 film, "Inherent Vice". She had a recurring role as Dixie in the fourth and final season of "Eastbound and Down". In 2014, she appeared in "22 Jump Street" alongside Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum. In 2015, she co-starred in "Goosebumps" and "The Night Before". In January 2016, Comedy Central debuted a new series, "Idiotsitter", in which Bell portrays the constantly misbehaving daughter of wealthy parents; her character, Gene Russell, is serving time under house arrest, and is being mentored by Billie Brown (Charlotte Newhouse), who is hired by Gene's parents. "Idiotsitter" was Document [7] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) Long, Gaby Hoffmann, and Alan Rosenberg (as Ellen's boyfriend Bill), the film features several notable actors in supporting and cameo roles: Eileen Brennan as Annabelle's principal, Carol Kane as twin sister teachers, Drew Carey as a government-paid repo man, Sandra Bernhard as an impatient fashion retailer, Jackie Hoffman as the swim team coach, Andrew Keegan as Annabelle's love interest Luke, and Marla Sokoloff as the school's resident queen bee. Freaky Friday (1995 film) Freaky Friday is a 1995 American made-for-television fantasy-comedy film and a remake of the 1976 film of the same name produced by Walt Disney Television which premiered Document [8] (Title: Freaky Friday) day). Disorganized (perhaps even slovenly), rebellious, and something of a tomboy, 13-year-old Annabel is a fairly typical teen who believes that adults have it easy and quickly finds herself out of her depth when faced with real adult responsibilities and concerns. She wants to be free because of her mother bossing her around and is really serious about doing some things she wants to do, but she can not because of her mother. A typical pre-adolescent younger sibling, 6-year-old Ben delights in creating conflict with Annabel, torturing her and generally driving her crazy, which has led to her nicknaming him Document [9] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) father seems paranoid and dangerously unhinged, drilling the young girl on what to say if someone comes snooping. She has an alias to give, along with an elaborate cover story about her family and interests. The hiding, the lying, it all stinks of something unsavory. But nothing is what it seems in Freaks.” Chloe craves being a normal girl. She can hear the haunting music of an ice cream truck outside, and one day she catches a glimpse of a creepy ice cream truck with a handprinted “Mr. Snowcone” sign. When she eventually builds up the courage to defy her Document [10] (Title: Castle Freak) Castle Freak Castle Freak is a 1995 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon, loosely based upon the short story "The Outsider" by H. P. Lovecraft. It was released direct-to-video on 14 November 1995. The film contains elements of splatter and slasher films. After inheriting a 12th-century castle which belonged to a famed Duchess, John Reilly and his family, including his wife Susan and their blind teenage daughter Rebecca, travel to Italy to live. Susan blames him for the death of their son in a drunk driving accident which killed his five-year-old son and cost their daughter her eyesight. On Document [11] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) Freaks (2018 film) Freaks is a 2018 science fiction thriller film directed, written, and produced by Zach Lipovsky and Adam B. Stein. It stars Emile Hirsch, Bruce Dern, Grace Park, Amanda Crew, and Lexy Kolker, who was seven years old at time of filming. It premiered on September 8, 2018 at the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was picked up for distribution by Well Go USA. The film will have a theatrical release in 2019. The film tells the story of a 7-year-old girl named Chloe (Kolker) who is locked in an abandoned house by her disturbed father (Hirsch). Document [12] (Title: The Young and the Restless characters (2011)) Billy the baby girl after he wired two million dollars for the price of happiness on January 14, 2011. Billy welcomed his new daughter together with Victoria and they name her Lucy Abbott; they did not know that their daughter was the biological daughter of Daniel and Daisy, daughter of psychotic Sheila Carter. Primrose later discovered that Stella, who was really Jana Hawkes in disguise, was faking a pregnancy to gain information about one of her baby deals. After confronting Jana, Primrose left town to avoid a scandal. Caleb Atkinson first appeared in January 2011 as the son of Colin Document [13] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) on the hunt which she agrees and tells him but he says no because he is the list master which causes her to say it's a childish game which makes him upset. To make matters worse Karl and Monica come over and say that she has been acting super weird today and says she is focused on the hourglass which makes them upset. Katherine then takes Fletcher on a walk which she says that parents lie and he will never go to Vegas which makes him upset and to run away. At the rehearsal a lot of things go wrong Document [14] (Title: Chloë Grace Moretz) Chloë Grace Moretz Chloë Grace Moretz (; born February 10, 1997) is an American actress and model. She began acting at age six, with early roles in the supernatural horror film "The Amityville Horror" (2005), the drama series "Desperate Housewives" (2006–07), the supernatural horror film "The Eye" (2008), the drama film "The Poker House" (2008), the drama series "Dirty Sexy Money" (2007–08), the romantic comedy film "500 Days of Summer" (2009) and the children's comedy film "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" (2010). Moretz' breakthrough came in 2010 with her critically acclaimed performances as Hit-Girl in the superhero film "Kick-Ass" and Document [15] (Title: Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen) pic that got boosted to theatrical after Lohan scored a hit opposite Jamie Lee Curtis in the "Freaky Friday" remake. Nonetheless, it should have a lock on the 7- to 12-year-old female demo for a couple of weekends before finding longer tube/tape shelf life." Ultimate Disney reviewed the DVD, saying that it "doesn't garner a recommendation as a film, and its DVD special features are as breezy and shallow as the movie itself. Lindsay Lohan fans and teenage girls are bound to be the most interested, and they might well enjoy it on the surface as light entertainment. But for Document [16] (Title: Michaela Watkins) Michaela Watkins Michaela Suzanne Watkins (born December 14, 1971) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for starring on the Hulu series "Casual" and on the short-lived ABC sitcom "Trophy Wife", as well as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 2008 to 2009. She has also recurred on television series such as "The New Adventures of Old Christine", "Enlightened" and "Transparent", and has had appearances in the films "The Back-up Plan" (2010), "Wanderlust" (2012) and "Enough Said" (2013). Watkins was born in Syracuse, New York, the daughter of former Latin teacher mother Myrna Watkins and Document [17] (Title: Chloë Sevigny) Sevigny played the lead character in the experimental indie-film "Lying" (2006) with Jena Malone and Leelee Sobieski, playing a pathological liar who gathers three female acquaintances for a weekend at her upstate New York country house; the film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006. She also had a leading part in Douglas Buck's 2006 remake of the Brian De Palma horror film "Sisters" (1973). In 2006, Sevigny began her five-season run in the HBO television series "Big Love", about a family of fundamentalist Mormon polygamists. She played Nicolette Grant, the conniving, shopaholic daughter of a cult leader and Document [18] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) goes to the wedding and are supposed to switch but it does not work. Then the wedding starts but she stops it and she says how much she loves Katherine which causes them to switch back and then they reconcile. The film is based on the novel "Freaky Friday" by Mary Rodgers, and Disney's stage adaptation of the novel. Heidi Blickenstaff reprises her role as the mother, Katherine Blake, from the stage version, and Cozi Zuehlsdorff plays the daughter, Ellie Blake. Steve Carr serves as director and executive producer, Bridget Carpenter serves as screenwriter, Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey serve Document [19] (Title: Mother's Day (2016 film)) comedy film "Mother's Day." On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander. Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz. On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script. On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter. On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Document [20] (Title: Ryan Malgarini) Ryan Malgarini Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor and former child actor, best known for his role as Harry Coleman in "Freaky Friday" (2003). Malgarini was born Ryan Timothy Malgarini in Renton, Washington on June 12, 1992. Malgarini became interested in acting as a result of watching his grandmother Gloria Malgarini's involvement in commercials. At age 5, he was delighted to spot her in a commercial for "Senior Dimensions," a Nevada-based healthcare provider, he pointed at the television and said, "I want to do that!". From that point on, Malgarini would appear as an extra Document [21] (Title: Julie Gonzalo) her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in "Freaky Friday". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy "A Cinderella Story", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in "" and "Christmas with the Kranks", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, "Must Love Dogs". Her other credits including 2007 thriller "Cherry Crush" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie "Vamp U". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker Document [22] (Title: Kelly Curtis) were married. The couple were then working together on his play with music, "Shout and Twist", which she was not only appearing in, but producing. Curtis was a regular cast member in the role as Lieutenant Carolyn Plummer during the first season of the crime/action television series "The Sentinel" (1996) opposite co-stars Richard Burgi, Garett Maggart, and Bruce A. Young. Her guest appearances on TV include roles on "The Renegades" (1983), "" (1993), and "Judging Amy" (1999). She has worked as an assistant on such films as "Freaky Friday" (2003), "Christmas with the Kranks" (2004), and "You Again" (2010). As Document [23] (Title: Heidi Blickenstaff) Heidi Blickenstaff Heidi Blickenstaff (born December 28, 1971) is an actress based in New York City best known for playing a version of herself in the musical "[title of show]" during its Off-Broadway and Broadway runs, as well as for originating the role of Bea in the 2015 musical "Something Rotten!". She co-starred with Cozi Zuehlsdorff in the Disney Channel musical version of "Freaky Friday" which was broadcast on August 10, 2018. Blickenstaff grew up in Fresno, California, and got her start in musical theater at the Good Company Players, where her roles included "Annie" in the musical of the Document [24] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) of magical amulets causes the two of them to switch bodies for a day, after which they have reached a better understanding of each other. Among many changes from the original, this version of the story has diving instead of waterskiing as Annabelle's main hobby, which again plays a big role in the film's climax. Also, in the original (and the book), Ellen and Bill are married and Bill is Annabelle's dad, whereas in this adaptation, Ellen is a single mom and Bill is her new beau. It also reveals how they switched bodies. In addition to the leads Shelley Document [25] (Title: Maryedith Burrell) tapped her for the new American Broadcasting Company late-night comedy show. She became a member of the ensemble, which included Larry David, Michael Richards and Melanie Chartoff. Her characterizations of the deadly serious Friday Focus Reporter and Battle Boy's chain-smoking mother were standouts. Shelley Duvall, a former guest host on "Fridays", hired Burrell to write five episodes for her new series, "Faerie Tale Theatre". The award-winning show was unique at the time for its cross-pollination of star talent from stage, television and film. Burrell worked with directors Francis Ford Coppoola, Michael Lindsay-Hogg, Peter Medak, and Tim Burton as well as Document [26] (Title: Daughter of the Mind) the Nobel-winning scientist to defect from the United States. "Daughter of the Mind" was one of the first high-quality offerings of ABC's Movie of the Week series. Daughter of the Mind Daughter of the Mind is a 1969 American made-for-television horror-thriller film starring Don Murray, Ray Milland and Gene Tierney. It was first broadcast on ABC on December 9, 1969 as the ABC Movie of the Week. At the request of a colleague, psychologist and ESP researcher Alex Lauder investigates leading cybernetic expert Dr. Samuel Hale Constable's claim that he has seen and spoken with his young daughter, Mary, who Document [27] (Title: Jamie Bernadette) Girls Weekend". She's up to star in "I Spit on Your Grave: Deja Vu". Jamie Bernadette Jamie Bernadette is an American actress and producer. Her first roles include the thriller "Son of Sam" and the short "Struck" (both 2008), co-starring Kelly Preston and Jenna Elfman. In 2009 she had a bigger role besides David Carradine in "Absolute Evil". Since 2010 she was seen in more popular movies such as "MILF" (2010), "Axeman" (2013), "What Now" (2015), starring Ice-T, "Mortdecai" (2015), starring Johnny Depp, "Jem and the Holograms" (2015), and "The Darkness", (2016), starring Kevin Bacon. She also appeared in an Document [28] (Title: The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series)) blackouts, and that one of the neighbors may be an alien. The anti-alien hysteria is an allegory for the anti-communist paranoia of the time, and the 2003 remake, starring Andrew McCarthy and Titus Welliver, replaces aliens with terrorists. The show also contains "It's Still a Good Life", a sequel to the events of "It's a Good Life", an episode of the original series produced 41 years earlier. Bill Mumy returned to play the adult version of Anthony, the demonic child he had played in the original story, with Mumy's daughter, Liliana, appearing as Anthony's daughter, a more benevolent but even Document [29] (Title: Haley Hudson) Haley Hudson Haley Kaye Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. She began her career at age 16 after being cast in Disney's remake of "Freaky Friday" opposite Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan. Hudson played the role of Peg, a member of the rock band Pink Slip and best friend of the main character, played by Lohan. During her teens and 20s, she portrayed many different characters in films and TV shows including the roles of Debby in Marley & Me, Quinn Hodes in Weeds, Sydney Fields in , and Amanda in both Look and for director Document [30] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) out because she did not want to do a children's movie. She was replaced by Christina Vidal. Principal photography began on October 5, 2002 and Principal photography ended on December 18, 2002 The film was released on DVD and VHS on December 16, 2003, by Walt Disney Home Video. It is now also available on Blu-Ray disc. Special Edition Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D was released on September 11, 2012. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $22.2 million in 2,954 theaters, finishing second at the box office, behind "S.W.A.T." ($37.1 million). The film went on to gross $110.2 million in Document [31] (Title: Amanda Righetti) horror sequel "Return to House on Haunted Hill". The film was released direct-to-video in October 2007. In April 2008, she was cast as the female lead in the slasher film "Friday the 13th" (2009). Production ended in June 2008 and the film was released in theaters on February 13, 2009. Also that spring, Righetti was signed to the CBS series "The Mentalist", in the role of Grace Van Pelt. Her 2012–13 pregnancy was not reflected in her character's storyline, during which she was filmed using selective angles and largely limited to desk duty. In September 2011, Righetti signed with talent Document [32] (Title: Castle Freak) but also embracing the world of Lovecraft." Crampton later announced that the film would feature an "Expanded Lovecraft Universe", with some elements from the first film, while introducing many new characters. Castle Freak Castle Freak is a 1995 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon, loosely based upon the short story "The Outsider" by H. P. Lovecraft. It was released direct-to-video on 14 November 1995. The film contains elements of splatter and slasher films. After inheriting a 12th-century castle which belonged to a famed Duchess, John Reilly and his family, including his wife Susan and their blind teenage daughter Rebecca, Document [33] (Title: Runaway Daughters (1994 film)) Flaherty, and the Cahns played by Picardo and Wendy Schaal, also both late of "Innerspace". Dick Miller plays Roy Farrell, a private detective hired to find the girls. Also in small roles are Dante regular Mark McCraken and the producer of the original version, Samuel Z. Arkoff. Roger Corman, along with his wife, Julie Corman, play the parents of the boyfriend of one of the title characters. The script was written by Charles S. Haas and in many ways is a companion piece to his previous collaboration with Dante, "Matinee". The film originally aired on Showtime on August 12, 1994. Document [34] (Title: Scout Taylor-Compton) is half Mexican American on her mother's side. Taylor-Compton says she "grew up in that whole [horror] genre and visiting my dad at the mortuary. I have no problem with that stuff. Whether it was a coffin or my dad bringing his work home." Andy Biersack from Black Veil Brides, her ex-boyfriend whom she dated for six years, composed the song "The Mortician's Daughter" about her. In 1998, Taylor-Compton began her acting career with an appearance in the film "A.W.O.L." with David Morse, and later in the short film "Thursday Afternoon". She went on to have small roles in both Document [35] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) roster, although Murphy later indicated Brewer may not appear during the season. She was later confirmed to portray the ventriloquist dummy Marjorie after appearing in a promo for the final episodes. Additionally, Michael Chiklis was announced to play the father of Peters' character and ex-husband of Bates' character, the strongman Dell Toledo. Finn Wittrock was the last lead actor joining the cast. He portrayed the psychopathic Dandy Mott. In July 2014, "TVLine" reported that Wes Bentley would appear in the season' two-part Halloween episode as Edward Mordrake. At the Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that John Carroll Lynch would portray Document [36] (Title: Dina Spybey) "Freaky Friday". She also appeared in the ninth season premiere of "Frasier" ("Don Juan in Hell”) in 2001 in the role of Nanette Guzman, Frasier Crane's first wife. She was one of three actresses to play the role over the course of "Cheers" and "Frasier" (the others were Emma Thompson and Laurie Metcalf). Spybey also appeared in theater. In 1993 she appeared in the off-Broadway play "Five Women Wearing the Same Dress" Dina Spybey Dina Spybey (born August 29, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in more than 20 films, including "John Q.", "subUrbia" and "The Haunted Mansion". Document [37] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) intentionally hitting Stacey in the head with a volleyball during gym class after Stacey did it to her multiple times. The Colemans eat out at Pei-Pei's Chinese restaurant, where Anna begs Tess to let her go on an important audition with her band. Tess refuses since the show is on the same Friday as the rehearsal dinner for her wedding. They begin arguing again until Pei-Pei's mother interrupts to give them fortune cookies, which contain a body switching spell. The next morning, they wake up in each other's bodies, but cannot go directly back to the restaurant as Anna (now Document [38] (Title: Heidi Blickenstaff) directed by Roger Rees. From November 2014-January 2015, Blickenstaff played the role of Emily Hobbs in Paper Mill Playhouse's production of "". Blickenstaff returned to Broadway in March 2015, playing the role of Bea in "Something Rotten!", alongside Christian Borle and Brian d'Arcy James. In the fall of 2017, Blickenstaff filmed the new Disney Channel musical version of "Freaky Friday," as the mother whose personality "swaps" with her daughter played by Cozi Zuehlsdorff. The film was broadcast on Disney Channel in August 2018. Blickenstaff can be heard on the cast recordings of "[title of show]", "Now. Here. This.", "Meet John Document [39] (Title: Gaby Hoffmann) "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and "Late Show with David Letterman". After "Someone Like Me", Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film "Freaky Friday", a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. In the same year as "Freaky Friday", Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha (the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore's character) in the coming-of-age feature film, "Now and Then". In 1995, Hoffmann played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film "Whose Daughter Is She?". Between 1996 and 2001, Hoffmann landed roles in several films including Document [40] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) Freaky Friday (1976 film) Freaky Friday is a 1976 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Gary Nelson, with the screenplay written by Mary Rodgers based on her 1972 novel of the same name. The film stars Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster in the lead roles. John Astin, Patsy Kelly, Dick Van Patten, and Sorrell Booke are featured in supporting roles. In the film, a mother and her daughter switch their bodies, and they get a taste of each other's lives. The cause of the switch is left unexplained in this film, but occurs on Friday the 13th, when Ellen and Annabel, Document [41] (Title: Mothers and Daughters (2016 film)) their children. A pregnant photographer (Selma Blair) captures motherhood on film while re-examining her relationship with her estranged mom. On May 8, 2012, Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter Eva Amurri were cast in the film which was to be directed by Paul Duddridge. Sarandon and Amurri had already worked together in the 2002 comedy "The Banger Sisters". On June 4, 2012, Christina Ricci joined the cast, while Danielle James was announced to be producing the film. On July 3, 2012, Sharon Stone was cast, and on September 25, 2014, Paul Wesley joined to play Kevin, a pastry chef and Document [42] (Title: Daughter of Darkness (1990 film)) plans. Daughter of Darkness (1990 film) Daughter of Darkness is a 1990 American made-for-television horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Anthony Perkins, Mia Sara, Dezsõ Garas and Jack Coleman. It originally premiered on CBS on January 26, 1990. Katherine Thatcher (Mia Sara), a young woman trying to learn the identity of her father, is drawn into a Romanian vampire underworld. She is unaware that her father (Perkins) is a vampire. The vampire community is surprised to find that someone has been born from a union between a vampire and a woman and they seek to draw her into Document [43] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) Freaky Friday (2018 film) Freaky Friday is an American musical television film that premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on August 10, 2018. Based on the book "Freaky Friday" by Mary Rodgers and the Disney Theatrical Productions stage adaptation by Bridget Carpenter, the film stars Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Heidi Blickenstaff. It starts off with Ellie and her two friends Karl and Monica are looking at this big thing called the Hunt then her brother Fletcher comes in and does a magic trick which she is unimpressed and tells him to get out but then steals her hourglass that her Document [44] (Title: Daughter (2014 film)) Daughter (2014 film) Daughter () is a 2014 South Korean drama film directed, written, and starring Ku Hye-sun. "Daughter" premiered at the 19th Busan International Film Festival ahead of its theatrical release on November 6, 2014. San experienced a grim childhood and adolescence with her emotionally, verbally and physically abusive mother. Unrelentingly critical and demanding, San's mother was particularly obsessed with preventing her teenage daughter from taking full possession of her sexuality. San's only reprieve was her piano lessons with a kindly next-door neighbor, Jeong-hee. Years later, when the adult San learns that she's pregnant, she visits her estranged, terminally Document [45] (Title: The Son (Friday Night Lights)) The Son (Friday Night Lights) "The Son" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the television drama series "Friday Night Lights". It is the 56th episode overall in the series. The episode first aired on DirecTV's The 101 Network on December 2, 2009. It then re-aired on NBC on June 4, 2010. The episode was hailed by critics and fans as one of the strongest episodes of the series, with unanimous praise for Zach Gilford's performance. The main focus of the episode is on Matt Saracen, who must deal with the death of his father, Henry Saracen, a Document [46] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) film's eventual retirement to the Disney TV series, but it probably salvages things with juvenile audiences by finishing fast." Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for their roles in this film, with Harris also receiving a nomination in the category for the Alfred Hitchcock film "Family Plot". The film also got a nomination for Best Original Song – Motion Picture for the song "I'd Like to Be You for a Day," written by Joel Hirschhorn and Al Kasha. "Freaky Friday" has had three different remakes, Document [47] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) daughter has become a monster, but later accepts her. Alice Evans joined the cast as the original witch Esther, Klaus' mother. She was first seen in a flashback in episode eight. Daniel Gillies will also return first appearing in a flashback during episode eight as Klaus' brother, Elijah. Persia White has been cast as Bonnie's mother, Abby Bennett. On November 10, 2011, it was announced that Paul Wesley's wife Torrey DeVitto was cast as Meredith Fell (based off Meredith Sulez from the source novel), a young doctor who is fascinated by Alaric, when she notices how quickly he recovers from Document [48] (Title: Ryan Malgarini) 2011, Malgarini gave an award-winning performance in the CBS sitcom "Mike & Molly". Ryan Malgarini Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor and former child actor, best known for his role as Harry Coleman in "Freaky Friday" (2003). Malgarini was born Ryan Timothy Malgarini in Renton, Washington on June 12, 1992. Malgarini became interested in acting as a result of watching his grandmother Gloria Malgarini's involvement in commercials. At age 5, he was delighted to spot her in a commercial for "Senior Dimensions," a Nevada-based healthcare provider, he pointed at the television and said, "I want Document [49] (Title: Dakota Fanning) (2007), Lily in "The Secret Life of Bees" (2008), the eponymous character in "Coraline" (2009), Cherie Currie in "The Runaways" (2010) and Jane Volturi in "The Twilight Saga" (2009–12). Throughout the 2010s, she continued appearing in independent productions such as the dramas "Now Is Good" (2012) and "Night Moves" (2013), the comedy-drama "Very Good Girls" (2013), and the biographical film "Effie Gray" (2014). In 2018, she appeared in the heist comedy "Ocean's 8" and had a starring role in the period drama miniseries "The Alienist". She will portray Manson girl Squeaky Fromme in the Quentin Tarantino film "Once Upon a Document [50] (Title: Tom Kitt (musician)) LaChanze and Anthony Rapp. The choreography is by Larry Keigwin, sets are by Mark Wendland, and costumes by Emily Rebholz. Kitt and Yorkey have written the musical adaption of the book (and films) "Freaky Friday", with the book by Bridget Carpenter. The musical, developed by Disney Theatrical, began performances at the Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Directed by Christopher Ashley, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo, the cast featured Emma Hunton, Jason Gotay and Heidi Blickenstaff. The musical begins performances at the La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego on January 31, 2017 to March 12. Directed by Ashley, Hunton Document [51] (Title: The Devil's Daughter (1973 film)) destiny unavoidable. The movie was filmed in Pacific Grove, California and Paramount Studios in Hollywood, California. The Devil's Daughter (1973 film) The Devil's Daughter is a 1973 American made-for-television horror film starring Shelley Winters, Belinda Montgomery and Robert Foxworth. It originally aired as the "ABC Movie of the Week" on January 9, 1973. It was an early screenwriting credit for Colin Higgins. Diane is a young woman (played by Belinda Montgomery) who attends the funeral of her mother; one of her mother’s old friends, a wealthy woman named Lilith (Shelley Winters), introduces her to a satanic cult (her mother was Document [52] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) scheduling conflicts. In September 2014, it was reported that "" alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marks the first time a character appears in multiple seasons of the series. Lily Rabe also reprised her "Asylum" character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans". Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita. Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood. Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband. At Paley Center for Media's 2014 Document [53] (Title: Sarah Glendening) Douglas, and Moby. Other notable appearances in the film include Conan O'Brien, Ashley Judd, Alanis Morissette, Tom Cavanagh, and Mario Lopez's wife Courtney. Glendening was in the 2009 independent comedy romance "The Good Guy", opposite Alexis Bledel, Andrew McCarthy, Anna Chlumsky, Bryan Greenberg, Colin Egglesfield, and Denise Vasi (who was also on "All My Children" with Glendening), which screened at The Tribeca Film Festival. In May 2011, Glendening was cast to star as "nerdy" girl Mandi in the feature-length film "," based on the popular cult web series, and character, of the same name. She starred alongside Jeremy Suarez and Document [54] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Direction was by Christopher Ashley and choreography was by Sergio Trujillo, with the cast that starred Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton. The "Variety" reviewer called the Signature Theatre production a "delightfully spunky musical... Delivered at a lively pace". The production moved to the La Jolla Playhouse, opening in January 2017. Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton starred. The musical was produced at the Cleveland Playhouse from April 15, 2017 to May 20, 2017, with Heidi Blickenstaff and Emma Hunton. The musical was produced at the Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas, from June 2 to July 2, Document [55] (Title: The New Daughter) The New Daughter The New Daughter is a 2009 American horror film and the feature directorial debut of Spanish screenwriter Luis Berdejo. It stars Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero and Samantha Mathis. Based on the short story of the same name by John Connolly, it tells the story of a novelist and his two children who encounter a malevolent presence when they move to a house in the country adjacent to a burial mound. John James (Kevin Costner), a recently divorced novelist, moves into an old house in rural South Carolina with his teenage daughter, Louisa (Ivana Baquero), and young son, Document [56] (Title: Freaky Friday) Freaky Friday Freaky Friday is a comedic children's novel written by Mary Rodgers, first published by Harper & Row in 1972. It has been adapted for the screen, as well as the stage. The story features one day that 13-year-old Annabel Andrews and her mother spend in each other's bodies. Thus it may be considered a modern retelling of "", the 1882 novel by F. Anstey in which the protagonists are a father and son. (Evidently its lesson is "to daughters" rather than mothers, however.) A willful, disorganized teenage girl, Annabel Andrews, awakens one Friday morning to find herself in Document [57] (Title: Lucille Soong) in the show. She held a minor role in "The Prisoner" as the flower girl in the episode "A. B. and C.". Soong has also acted in the 2003 remake of "Freaky Friday" as Pei-Pei's mom. Other credits include "Genghis Khan", "The Joy Luck Club", "The Corruptor", "Chasing Destiny" and "Nine Dead". Soong currently is in the main cast as Grandma Huang on ABC's "Fresh Off the Boat". Lucille Soong Lucille Soong (born August 15, 1938) is a Chinese American film and television actress. She has guest starred on several television series which included a recurring role on the ABC Document [58] (Title: Emma Roberts) in the films "Lymelife" (2009), "4.3.2.1." (2010), "Scream 4" (2011), "Adult World" (2013), "We're the Millers" (2013), "Palo Alto" (2013), "The Blackcoat's Daughter" (2015), and "Nerve" (2016). She starred in the lead role of Chanel Oberlin on the Fox horror-comedy series "Scream Queens" (2015–2016), and appeared in four seasons of the FX horror anthology series "American Horror Story". Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, New York, to Kelly Cunningham and actor Eric Roberts. Her parents separated when she was a baby. Through her father's marriage, she is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts and step-granddaughter of David Rayfiel and Lila Garrett. Through Document [59] (Title: Chloë Sevigny) a schizophrenic man. Though it never saw a major theatrical release, it garnered some critical praise; Roger Ebert gave the film his signature thumbs up, referring to it as ""Freaks" shot by the "Blair Witch" crew", and continuing to say, "The odds are good that most people will dislike this film and be offended by it. For others, it will provoke sympathy rather than scorn". Sevigny followed "Julien" with a small part in the drama film "A Map of the World" (1999), opposite Sigourney Weaver. Between 1998 and 2000, Sevigny moved back to Connecticut to live with her mother, and Document [60] (Title: Sarah Hyland) with her cast members and garnering a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Hyland is also known for her roles in the films "Geek Charming" (2011), "Struck by Lightning" (2012), "Scary Movie 5" (2013), "Vampire Academy" (2014), "See You in Valhalla" (2015) and "Dirty Dancing" (2017). Hyland was born in Manhattan, New York, the daughter of actors Melissa Canaday and Edward James Hyland. She is the sister of actor Ian Hyland. She attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan. Hyland has been acting since her first role as Howard Stern's daughter in the Document [61] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Anna's band with more respect. Back at the rehearsal dinner, Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding, so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess' body. Instead, she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess. This is the act of selfless love needed to break the spell, and their bodies are switched back. Tess and Ryan later marry, she and Anna finally make up after so long and Anna and Jake start dating with Tess' approval. Anna's band even plays at the reception. The Document [62] (Title: The Blackcoat's Daughter) The Blackcoat's Daughter The Blackcoat's Daughter (also known as February) is a 2015 American-Canadian supernatural psychological horror film written and directed by Oz Perkins. The film stars Emma Roberts, Lucy Boynton, Kiernan Shipka, James Remar, and Lauren Holly. The plot follows two Catholic schoolgirls who get left behind at their boarding school over winter break, where the nuns are rumored to be satanists. The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival before it was released through video-on-demand on February 16, 2017, by DirecTV Cinema, and was theatrically released on March 31, 2017, by A24. The film received positive Document [63] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) than before. They are physically transferred, with Annabel suddenly sitting now behind the wheel of a car with Ben and Boris, with none of them knowing how to drive and attracting the attention of several squad cars. Ellen in turn finds herself water skiing as she (as Annabel) was scheduled to participate in an aquacade. Bill, who has prospective clients at the aquacade, fears unemployment as he sees Ellen flailing helplessly on skis, but her antics amuse the clients so much that Bill wins the account. With a new understanding of each other's lives, mother and daughter forgive each other. Document [64] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) The mysterious Mr. Snowcone (Dern) convinces her to escape for his own suspicious reasons. According to the Toronto Film Festival’s official description, Chloe "discovers a bizarre, threatening, and mysterious new world beyond her front door after she escapes her father’s protective and paranoid control." Chloe’s father prevents her from leaving her dilapidated house or from even looking outside their boarded-up windows. It’s not clear at first if there are actually dangers outside, as "Dad" believes, or if there is something psychologically wrong with him. As reviewer Kristy Puchko wrote, “Ever caked in sweat, dingy tees, and a hapless beard, Chloe’s Document [65] (Title: Freaky Friday (soundtrack)) of the series "That's So Raven". There are two different music videos for the song. In the first (which appears on film), Lohan sings the song as her character Anna Coleman and her bandmates (played by Christina Vidal and Haley Hudson) at her mother's wedding. In the second version that appeared on Disney Channel, the video begins the same as the first one, at a wedding. Then it transitions to Lohan recording the song in a studio and features clips from the film. Freaky Friday (soundtrack) Freaky Friday: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2003 Disney film of Document [66] (Title: Kristen Stewart) Objects" (2001), as the tomboy daughter of a troubled single mother (Patricia Clarkson). Stewart also played a tomboy, diabetic daughter of a divorced mother (Jodie Foster) in the film "Panic Room" (2002). She was nominated for a Young Artist Award for her performance. After "Panic Room"s success, Stewart was cast in another thriller, "Cold Creek Manor" (2003), playing the daughter of characters played by Dennis Quaid and Sharon Stone. She was nominated again for a Young Artist Award for her performance. About this time in her career, she started homeschooling because of her irregular schedule. Stewart's first starring role was Document [67] (Title: Anna Jordan) July 2014 to 25 August 2014, produced by Theatre 503 and Polly Ingham Productions. The British Theatre Guide reviewer wrote: "With two assured performances and a strong text, 'Freak' proves to be both lively and thoughtful and should prove very popular, especially with younger women." The play then ran at Theatre 503 in London from 2 September 2014 to 27 September 2014. Her play "Yen" premiered at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in February 2015. The play revolves around two teen brothers who live alone, having been abandoned by their mother. "Yen" opened Off-Broadway in a MCC Theater production on 31 Document [68] (Title: DeVon Franklin) Christy Beam. This American Christian drama stars Jennifer Garner, Queen Latifah, Kylie Rogers, Martin Henderson, John Carroll Lynch, and Eugenio Derbez. The movie recounts the true story of Beam’s daughter who had a rare, incurable disease, but after a freak accident is miraculously cured. The movie was made for $13 million, and, although getting mixed reviews from critics, it grossed $73 million at the box office worldwide. It was nominated for Favorite Dramatic Movie in the People’s Choice Awards, Best Actress in the Teen Choice Awards, and won the award for Best Movie for Drama in the Teen Choice Awards Document [69] (Title: American Horror Story) a Hollywood executive, arrives with his young protege Maggie Esmerelda (Emma Roberts), with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit. The wealthy and spoiled Dandy Mott (Finn Wittrock), enabled by his doting mother Gloria (Frances Conroy), develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks, particularly Bette and Dot. Perhaps the most dangerous of them all is a mysterious, deformed killer clown, only known as Twisty (John Carroll Lynch), who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike. Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange Document [70] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) stereotyping that seems at odds with the film’s thematic focus on tolerance and understanding." The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal. List awards to film and actress/actors. Freaky Friday (2003 film) Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on Mary Rodgers’ 1972 novel of the same name. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie. The film was released in theaters on Document [71] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) Friday," playing a mother and daughter who switch bodies and have to take on each other's roles. At Lohan's initiative, her character was rewritten and changed from a Goth style to be more mainstream. Her performance was once again met with significant praise. Critic Roger Ebert wrote that Lohan "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona." "Freaky Friday" earned Lohan the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards and, , it remained her most commercially successful film, earning $160 million worldwide as well as an 88 percent approval rating on Document [72] (Title: Nightmare Weekend) woman only described as "Linda's Mother" (portrayed by Joan Krosche). Linda is one of the three victims. Nightmare Weekend Nightmare Weekend is a 1986 horror B-movie directed by Henry Sala and distributed by Troma Entertainment. It features the first film role of "NYPD Blue" actress Andrea Thompson. A brilliant professor invents a computer machine meant to better society. However, when her beautiful yet psychotic assistant gets a hold of it, she manipulates it to warp people's minds and turn them into crazed mutants. She selects three young college girls as her victims and invites them up to the professor's house Document [73] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) as composers, Susan Cartsonis and Thomas Schumacher serve as executive producers, and John Carrafa serves as choreographer. The film premiered on Disney Channel on August 10, 2018. During its premiere in the 8:00 PM time slot, "Freaky Friday" attracted a total of 1.58 million viewers with a 0.29 rating for people aged 18–49, making it the lowest-rated Disney Channel Original Movie premiere of the last decade. Over the course of seven telecasts during the first three days of airing, the film attracted a total of 7.2 million viewers, including 3.1 million among kids 6–14. Freaky Friday (2018 film) Freaky Friday Document [74] (Title: The Well-Digger's Daughter (2011 film)) The Well-Digger's Daughter (2011 film) The Well-Digger's Daughter () is a 2011 French comedy film. Daniel Auteuil makes his directorial debut as he stars alongside Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey, Kad Merad, Sabine Azéma, Jean-Pierre Darroussin, and Nicolas Duvauchelle. The screenplay by Auteuil is based on the 1940 film "The Well-Digger's Daughter" written and directed by Marcel Pagnol. In the summer of 1939 Jacques Mazel, a 26 year old pilot in the French Air Force and only child of a wealthy shopkeeper, is fishing in a stream near his parents' home. On the bank appears 18 year old Patricia Amoretti, eldest daughter of Document [75] (Title: Mother's Day (2016 film)) daughters and missing her terribly. Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished author who gave up her only child Kristin (Britt Robertson) for adoption at birth; as the adult Kristin has her own daughter and mulls over marrying the father, she contemplates the missing part in her life and her friend Jesse (Kate Hudson) encourages her to search for her birthmother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi never see their own mother, so they're surprised when their parents suddenly show up, and plenty of catching-up is in order. In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's Document [76] (Title: Chalet Girl) that sort of English comedy that I grew up with. It has elements of Richard Curtis and that classic English wit, which is great". Brooke Shields became attached to the project as Caroline, Jonny's mother, about a month before her shooting began. Shields described herself as "honored" to be working with Bill Nighy who was cast as her on–screen husband, Richard. Comedian Bill Bailey plays Bill, the father of Kim. He was approached by director Phil Traill who used to live nearby to Bailey and took him for a drink down the local pub and was "chuffed" to get the Document [77] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) own fame and stardom. She recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson), whose two heads share one body, as new members of her troupe after being identified by the police as fugitives since Bette's recent murder of their overprotective mother during an argument. When the sisters arrive, they were welcomed by their fellow freaks; Elsa's subordinate and confidante Ethel Darling (Kathy Bates) the bearded lady, her lobster-handed son Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), Paul the Illustrated Seal (Mat Fraser), the giantess Amazon Eve (Erika Ervin), the legless Suzi (Rose Siggins), pinheads Salty and Pepper (Christopher Neiman and Naomi Document [78] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) high school student, struggles with marching band, destroys her entire typing class's electric typewriters, exposes her photography class's developing film, and loses a field hockey game. However, Ellen does have one bright point, in a U.S. history class where she accurately recounts the Korean War, having lived through the 1950s as a little girl. In an effort to escape school, Ellen (as Annabel) runs to Bill's office. There, she encounters Bill's new attractive, young, and immodestly dressed secretary. Ellen attempts to intimidate the young woman by sharing how frightening "her mother" is. This effort appeared successful as the secretary adopts Document [79] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 3)) Riggins' fianceé; and Kevin Rankin as Herc. Gaius Charles and Scott Porter were billed as guest stars during their 4-episode run as Brian "Smash" Williams, who left for college, and Jason Street, who left to become a sports agent in New York, so he could be near his baby, Noah, and Noah's mother. The new characters first introduced this season include: The McCoy Family (D.W. Moffett as father Joe, Janine Turner as mother Katie, and Jeremy Sumpter as son J.D., a quarterback for the Panthers) and Shelby Garrett (Kim Dickens), Matt Saracen's estranged mother. The season begins with Coach Taylor's Document [80] (Title: Emily Osment) drama, "Kiss Me", directed by Jeff Probst in which she starred opposite Irish actress Sarah Bolger. In October, Emily filmed a new movie "No Way Jose". In October 2013, the third movie in the Nightmare franchise started filming, called "A Daughter's Nightmare", which premiered on Lifetime in 2014. Osment recorded the song "In Case Of Fire" for the soundtrack of the film. Osment also finished recording the second season of the web series "Cleaners". In 2014, she debuted as the lead role in the new ABC Family TV series "Young & Hungry", produced by Ashley Tisdale. Emily plays Gabi, a Document [81] (Title: Freaky Friday) film), and he is already Annabel's love interest, rather than being an enemy of hers. Like the 1976 film, both of the updated versions of the characters fall in love with Annabel's mother (due to Annabel flirting with him while in her mother's body). Marc McClure, who played Boris in the 1976 film, also has a cameo as a delivery man (who is also named Boris) in the 2003 film. A stage musical has been developed by Disney Theatrical Productions, with the music written by Tom Kitt and lyrics written by Brian Yorkey and the book by Bridget Carpenter. The Document [82] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Jake, there is a woman in the background dancing with an older gentleman, and she looks directly at the camera. That is Lindsay Lohan's mother, Dina Lohan. Ryan Shuck coached Jamie Lee Curtis to play the guitar solo for the concert scene. Lohan trained for one year to learn to play the guitar before production. In the final version of the film, however, both Curtis and Lohan were overdubbed by professional studio musicians. The snapshots in the opening credits are photos of Jamie Lee Curtis and her daughter, Annie Guest. Kelly Osbourne was originally set to play Maddie, but dropped Document [83] (Title: Margaret Anne Florence) 2006's "My Super Ex-Girlfriend", alongside Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson. In 2009, she played the role of 'Alexis Danella' in Kevin Costner's horror-thriller "The New Daughter". Margaret Anne appeared on the NBC show "30 Rock" on February 9, 2012, alongside Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan in the hour-long Valentine's Day episode "Hey Baby, What's Wrong". She appeared in the CBS drama "Blue Bloods" featuring Tom Selleck in the show's 7th episode, "Brothers", on November 5, 2010. She had a recurring, three-episode arc as 'Marlene' during "Guiding Light's" penultimate season in 2007 and 2008. She also had roles in "Law & Document [84] (Title: Jamie Lee Curtis) best leading actress. She won a Golden Globe for her work in 1994's "True Lies". Her film roles also include Disney's "Freaky Friday" (2003), opposite Lindsay Lohan, filmed at Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades, California, near where Curtis and Guest live with their children. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for this film. In October 2006, Curtis told "Access Hollywood" that she had closed the book on her acting career to focus on her family. She returned to acting after being cast in June 2007 in Disney's live-action-animated Document [85] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) ""Billboard" Hot 100," peaking at number 57. Emilio Estefan and his wife, Gloria Estefan, signed Lohan to a five-album production deal in September 2002. Lohan landed the role as the daughter in Disney's remake, "Freaky Friday," also that month, which required her to learn how to play the guitar and to sing. Lohan recorded a song for the film, "Ultimate," which was released to Radio Disney to help promote the film. The song peaked at #18 on Radio Disney's Top 30. Lohan announced that the song was separate from her singing career since many teen idols such as Hilary Duff Document [86] (Title: Freaky Friday) Ape Face. Unknown to Annabel, he and his friends think she is the epitome of cool, and he wears the nickname as a badge of honor. The truth comes out when she slips up and calls him Ape Face while her mind is in Mrs. Andrews' body. After she apologizes, he admits that he likes the namebut desperately wants to keep this secret from Annabel. A childhood playmate of Annabel, he has been somewhat afraid of her since an incident in which she hit him in the face with a shovel. Deciding she played too rough, he and his mother Document [87] (Title: The Blackcoat's Daughter) reviews". The Blackcoat's Daughter The Blackcoat's Daughter (also known as February) is a 2015 American-Canadian supernatural psychological horror film written and directed by Oz Perkins. The film stars Emma Roberts, Lucy Boynton, Kiernan Shipka, James Remar, and Lauren Holly. The plot follows two Catholic schoolgirls who get left behind at their boarding school over winter break, where the nuns are rumored to be satanists. The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival before it was released through video-on-demand on February 16, 2017, by DirecTV Cinema, and was theatrically released on March 31, 2017, by A24. The film received Document [88] (Title: Amanda Crew) at the San Diego International Film Festival on October 7, 2017. In 2018, Crew co-starred with Emile Hirsch and Bruce Dern in the science fiction thriller "Freaks", playing the mother of a young girl with telekinetic abilities. The film had its world premiere in the Discovery section at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, where it was nominated for Best Canadian Film. She co-starred with Adam Brody in the horror film "Isabelle", playing a woman who begins seeing a supernatural entity following the death of her stillborn son. The film had its world premiere in the Midnight Document [89] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) must go to Ellie's school and Ellie must stay at the house. When Katherine arrived at Ellie's school, Savannah, a mean girl, bullies her and says that she will win the hunt which worries her. Ellie's crush Adam comes to Katherine and ask her for her lunch which confuses Katherine but she gives it to him anyway and He tells her if she is going to the hunt which she asks why nobody cares about their grades but then says why the Hunt is a big deal which he says he wants to live up to his brother and wants Document [90] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Tess) has school and Tess (now Anna) has her therapy patients. At school, Tess finds that Anna was right about Stacey and Mr. Bates; she soon recognizes the latter as a former classmate, Elton, whom she turned down when he asked her out to the prom, and he is now taking his frustration over it out on Anna. She threatens to report him to the school board unless he stops abusing Anna. Before Anna goes to Tess' office, she gives Tess' body a makeover, much to her mother's dismay. At the office, Anna has some difficulty handling her patients apart Document [91] (Title: Monica Keena) playing Lilliana "Lilli" Hoffman in the folktale-inspired film "". She has appeared in numerous television and movie projects including the TBS Original Movie "First Daughter" and "Crime and Punishment in Suburbia" which appeared at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival. Monica appeared in the film "While You Were Sleeping", "The Simian Line" and Lynn Redgrave, and "Bad Girls From Valley High" with the film eventually released straight to DVD in 2005. In 2003, she played the heroine Lori Campbell in "Freddy vs. Jason". In 2006, she played Celia in the film "Left in Darkness". Keena had a recurring role as Abby Document [92] (Title: Daughters of Satan) Daughters of Satan Daughters of Satan is a 1972 American horror film directed by Hollingsworth Morse and written by John C. Higgins. The film stars Tom Selleck, Barra Grant, Tani Guthrie, Paraluman, Vic Silayan and Vic Díaz. The film was released on November 1, 1972, by United Artists. It was released as a double feature with "Superbeast". James Robertson (Tom Selleck) buys a painting depicting witches being burned at the stake, one of whom bears an uncanny resemblance to his wife, Chris. She, gradually taken over by the personality of the witch in the painting that she resembles, allies herself Document [93] (Title: Amy Steel) in the "Friday the 13th" franchise, she was cast as the lead character in Fred Walton's mystery film "April Fool's Day" (1986). Subsequently, Steel had supporting roles in Melvin Frank's comedy film "Walk Like a Man" (1987), David Greene's remake "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1991), and the Bart Mastronardi and Alan Rowe Kelly directed anthology horror film "Tales of Poe" (2014). In addition to film, Steel has an extensive television career, starring on the NBC series "The Powers of Matthew Star" (1982-83), followed by guest appearances on shows such as "Family Ties" (1983), "The A-Team" (1983), "Quantum Leap" Document [94] (Title: Family Weekend) her for having attacked her mother's co-worker/faux-boyfriend at her home who had inadvertently interrupted her kidnapping plot. Emily is later seen at a youth correctional camp with her jump-rope keeping her company as her family comes to bring her back home upon her sentence there expiring. Family Weekend Family Weekend is a 2013 American comedy-drama film directed by Benjamin Epps and starring Kristin Chenoweth, Matthew Modine, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Eddie Hassell, and Shirley Jones. Emily (Olesya Rulin) is a speed rope-jumping champion of her school and general overachiever. She is praised by one love-lorn boy at school (though she Document [95] (Title: My Daughter the Flower) My Daughter the Flower My Daughter the Flower (; lit. "My Daughter Kkotnim") is a South Korean television drama series about a mother and daughter who are not blood related. The series aired on SBS from November 14, 2011 to May 18, 2012 on Mondays to Fridays at 19:20 with 131 episodes. It starred Jin Se-yeon, Jo Min-su, Park Sang-won, Choi Jin-hyuk, Lee Ji-hoon and Son Eun-seo. Yang Kkot-nim ("kkotnim" means "flower") is a therapist at a rehabilitation hospital. She is bright and brave, but highly emotional inside. Since her father died, Kkot-nim gets through life with her stepmother Jang Document [96] (Title: Freaky Friday) TV" (1999) and "A Billion for Boris: Also known as ESP TV" (2003), . A thematic sequel by Rodgers and Heather Hach was published by The Bowen Press, HarperCollins, in May 2009: "Freaky Monday", in which 13-year-old schoolgirl Hadley and a teacher she dislikes "switch bodies". (Hach and Leslie Dixon wrote the 2003 screenplay for Disney's third film adaptation, below.) "Freaky Friday" has been adapted four times by The Walt Disney Company into films with similar plots. Additionlly, a television film of the sequel novel "Summer Switch", starring Robert Klein and Scott Schwartz, was made in 1984 as part of Document [97] (Title: Child actor) in films like "Tom Sawyer" (1973) "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" (1974), "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Bugsy Malone" (1976), "The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane" (1976), and "Freaky Friday" (1977). She garnered her first Academy Award nomination at the age of 14 and later took a sabbatical from films to attend Yale University. She made a successful transition to adult roles, winning two Academy Awards for Best Actress before the age of 30, and starring in numerous successful and acclaimed films like; "The Accused" (1988), "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), "Nell" (1994), "Maverick" (1994), "Contact" (1997), and "The Document [98] (Title: The Daughter (2015 film)) The Daughter (2015 film) The Daughter is a 2015 Australian drama film written and directed by Simon Stone, starring an ensemble cast led by Geoffrey Rush. The film was released in Australia on 17 March 2016 to generally favourable reviews. The film is a reworking of Henrik Ibsen's "The Wild Duck". Christian Nielsen, a recovering alcoholic, returns home to Australia from the United States for the wedding of his father, Henry, to his much younger housekeeper, Anna. He finds out that Charlotte, Henry's previous housekeeper, and wife of his childhood friend, Oliver, had an affair with Henry, and that their Document [99] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) Freaky Friday (song) "Freaky Friday" is a song recorded by American rapper Lil Dicky, featuring guest vocals from American singer Chris Brown and uncredited vocals from Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled, and Kendall Jenner. Written by Dicky, Brown, Cashmere Cat, Lewis Hughes, Wilbart McCoy III, Ammo and its producers DJ Mustard, Benny Blanco and Twice as Nice, it was released by Dirty Burd on March 15, 2018, alongside its music video. The song topped the charts in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song has also reached the top ten Document [100] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) of the charts in Australia, Canada and Ireland. "Freaky Friday" is a hip hop and comedy hip hop song featuring a pop-rap production. The music video parodies the 2003 film "Freaky Friday" and features cameos from Jimmy Tatro, Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner. As of December 2018, the video had over 440 million views on YouTube. The video shows Lil Dicky at a Chinese restaurant, similar to the 2003 film, "Freaky Friday", where a character is at a Chinese restaurant and wishes she was somebody else. In the music video, Lil Dicky is approached by a fan, played Document [101] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) tending to laundry, car repair, grocery deliveries, carpet cleaners, dry cleaners, her housemaid, and the family Basset hound, Max. As though Annabel did not have her hands full, Bill Andrews (John Astin) coerces her to cook dinner for twenty-five people as his catered dinner party plans fell through. Annabel enlists Boris, a neighbor whom she has harbored a crush, to look after her younger brother and help make a chocolate mousse but all three manage to mess everything up, then later saving face by making everything into a smorgasbord. Annabel does have a bright spot with her brother, Ben, such Document [102] (Title: Mother Daughter Laser Razor) shouting match between Louise and Linda after they both refuse to cooperate during the mother-daughter role rehearsal, which causes Linda to become fed up with Louise's frequent extortion and refuses to pay her for role rehearsal as result. When Dakota learns that Linda has been paying Louise to attend the seminar due to it being the only way she could get her to attend, Dakota makes Linda a contender for the "Most Valuable Mommy Award" after the seminar is over. Louise and Logan also manage to anger Dakota, who locks them a room with the movie Freaky Friday playing on Document [103] (Title: Pamela Voorhees) Pamela Voorhees Pamela Voorhees is a character from the "Friday the 13th" film series. She first appeared in Sean S. Cunningham's original film as the vengeful mother of Jason Voorhees, simply known as Mrs. Voorhees. The character was created by Victor Miller, and was portrayed by Betsy Palmer in the original film as well as briefly in "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981). She was portrayed by Paula Shaw in "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003). According to Palmer, she was asked to reprise her role as Pamela Voorhees for "Freddy vs. Jason" but she turned the part down after she read Document [104] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) as getting to have personal discussions with him, when she picks him up from school. He tells her which qualities he envies about Annabel, and is able to share her loathing over the housemaid, who is constantly complaining about Annabel's sloppiness, and then confesses when he tried to be messy to connect with Annabel, the housemaid said he didn't know better and cleaned up after him. Plus, between all the talks, they play baseball which adds to their affection. These combined situations lead to Annabel's remorse for misjudging Ben and getting a different outlook on him. Meanwhile Ellen, now a Document [105] (Title: Dana Kimmell) she portrayed a model in the film "Night Angel". In 2001, Kimmell portrayed the murderer, Susan Smith, in the television film "Sins of the Mother". In 2013, Kimmell appeared as herself in the documentary "Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th". Dana Kimmell Dana Kimmell (born October 26, 1959) is an American former actress and model. She is best known for her role as Chris Higgins in Steve Miner's 3D slasher-horror film "Friday the 13th Part III" (1982). Other film roles include "Sweet Sixteen" (1983) and "Lone Wolf McQuade" (1983). Outside of film, Kimmell has guest starred Document [106] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) the rehearsal dinner, Anna's bandmates come to try to convince "Anna" to sneak off to the audition, but they are caught by security. Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving "Anna" permission to go. He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him, and he urges "Tess" to go support the band, finally winning her over. Since Tess cannot play, Anna unplugs her guitar, and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so. Jake watches the performance and realizes that Anna is the one for him. Tess also realizes how fun music is, and promises to treat Document [107] (Title: Freaky Friday) have made a point of him avoiding Annabel since. He is a cheerful, charming and handsome young gentleman, and does his best to help "Mrs. Andrews" (really Annabel) as she struggles through a tough day. He has some occasional breathing trouble, attributed to his adenoids and possibly a psychosomatic reaction to his own mother, which renders his voice nasal, making him unable to pronounce the letters "m" and "n" clearly. Because of this, Annabel has always believed his name to be Boris, when it is in fact Morris. Unfortunately, she suffers the exact opposite misunderstanding when he offers to prepare Document [108] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) third film adaptation of the novel, after the 1976 film "Freaky Friday" starring Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster, and the 1995 television film "Freaky Friday" starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann. It was released on VHS and DVD on December 16, 2003 by Walt Disney Home Video. Anna Coleman is an average teenager with a stressful life due to her stodgy widowed mother, Tess, and annoying younger brother, Harry. Several conflicts are happening in Anna's life: Tess' upcoming second marriage to Ryan, which Anna is not emotionally ready for due to her father's death three years before, Anna's band, Pink Document [109] (Title: Freak the Freak Out) premiered on November 26, 2010 in North America, a few days after the single's release. The scene where the song was performed features Justice, disguised as a very ugly girl Louise Nordoff, who comes up on stage to sing and later reveals her true self as a part of a plan to win a bet with the two main antagonists in the episode, Hayley (Jillian Clare) and Tara (Jamie Snow). They won a previous contest only because Hayley's father owns the karaoke place. Justice continues singing as Elizabeth Gillies and Ariana Grande, playing Jade West and Cat Valentine, come up Document [110] (Title: Freaky Friday) the "ABC Afterschool Special" series. A film of the first sequel called "Billions for Boris" starring Mary Tanner as Annabel, Scott Tiler as Boris, and Seth Green as Ape Face was released in 1984. A major difference between the novel and the films is the presence of an outside influence switching the often-bickering mother and daughter against "both" their wills. Because of this, both serve as protagonists, and the films start shortly before the switch, illustrating the conflict between the two, then follow the trouble both have adjusting to their new circumstances, and the new respect and understanding they both Document [111] (Title: Sabina Gadecki) called "Freaky Deaky" (2012). She has also appeared in TV shows such as "Law & Order", "White Collar", the Showtime series "House of Lies", and "The League" for FX. She played Kevin Connolly's new girlfriend, Melanie, in the film Entourage. She is engaged to singer Tyler Rich. Sabina Gadecki Sabina Gadecki is an American actress and model. She was born on September 28, 1982 in Chicopee, Massachusetts to Polish parents. She studied International Business and Communications at Fordham University, while pursuing a career in modeling and acting in New York. She gained notice as the host of The World Poker Document [112] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) North America and $50.6 million in other territories for a total of $160.8 million. "Freaky Friday" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88%, based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan charm in Mark Waters' nicely pitched -- and Disney's second -- remake of the 1976 hit." On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Jamie Lee Curtis's performance was singled out for praise by many Document [113] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) film: “I was raw with worry, drawing ragged breaths as tears streaked down my cheeks and my heart hammered with hope for her salvation.” In The Hollywood Reporter, Justin Lowe praised the film’s lead performances, stating that Kolker’s “semi-improvised performance couldn’t be any more authentic and she’s well matched with Hirsch, drawing on his own parental experience, as her conflicted and overprotective father. The ever-versatile Dern delivers a slyly subversive turn as Mr. Snowcone, whose hidden agenda involves much more than frozen treats.” Many other reviewers praised the performance of young Lexy Kolker as well. Collider’s Perri Nemiroff called her Document [114] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) wants to but because she is in her body she says she should do it and then she agrees. Cover Magazines, the magazine that was going to put Katherine's wedding on there decides not to but Ellie convinces them to cover the wedding by making seven layer bars which changes their mind and Tori comes back. Ellie then tell Mike that she is not mad at him and loves him and decides to treat Fletcher better. Katherine and the rest go on the hunt and then get the hourglass from a fight from Savannah and wins the hunt. She then Document [115] (Title: Haley Hudson) Adam Rifkin. In 2012, Hudson starred in the IFC horror film The Pact, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to mostly positive reviews. Critics singled her out for her sensitive, visceral portrayal of the blind psychic, Stevie. Haley Hudson Haley Kaye Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. She began her career at age 16 after being cast in Disney's remake of "Freaky Friday" opposite Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan. Hudson played the role of Peg, a member of the rock band Pink Slip and best friend of the main character, played by Lohan. During her Document [116] (Title: Alan Ruck) the feature film, and it now inhabits one of Angela and Henry's daughters. Once again, they must turn to exorcism-practicing priests (Alfonso Herrera, Ben Daniels) for help. Regan/Angela's mother, Chris MacNeil (played by recurring guest star Sharon Gless and Ellen Burstyn in the feature film), is welcomed by the rest of the family but utterly scorned by her own daughter. Ruck married Claudia Stefany in 1984, and had two children with her—a daughter, Emma, and a son, Sam. They divorced in 2005. He married actress Mireille Enos on January 4, 2008. They met in 2005 while co-starring in the Broadway Document [117] (Title: Danielle Panabaker) in a scene or two an episode, and was absent from three episodes in the series run, she was billed second to the star, James Woods. In 2009, Panabaker played Jenna, a main character in 2009's "Friday the 13th" remake along with Jared Padalecki. Panabaker next starred in the films "The Crazies" and "The Ward". In 2011, Panabaker starred as Katie Lapp, the lead character in the Hallmark Movie "The Shunning", based on the novel by Beverly Lewis. She was to reprise her role in the 2013 sequel "The Confession", but a scheduling conflict forced her to drop out. The Document [118] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) go to parent teacher conference the principal tell them that when Ellie gets bored she skips class for eleven days which makes Ellie and Katherine both upset. Katherine starts talking about why that's been happening which is about her dad which makes Ellie upset. Then Katherine reveals the piercing which she tells her that she is grounded. Ellie then goes to the hourglass store with Fletcher but realizes its out of business. Then she realizes that if the hourglass is on the hunt then she can go get it. Ellie then asks Katherine to ask Adam to put the hourglass Document [119] (Title: Minka Kelly) Minka Kelly Minka Kelly (born Minka Dumont Dufay; June 24, 1980) is an American actress. She is most known for her roles in the television shows "Friday Night Lights" (2006–2009), "Parenthood" (2010–2011), "Charlie's Angels" (2011) and "Almost Human" (2013). Kelly currently stars as Dawn Granger / Dove in "Titans" (2018–present). Kelly was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the only child of former Aerosmith guitarist Rick Dufay and the late Maureen Dumont Kelly. Kelly and her mother moved to various communities before settling in Chicago by the time Kelly was in junior high school. She has French, Irish and Document [120] (Title: Kayla Ewell) first appeared on the television series "Freaks and Geeks" in 2000, playing Maureen Sampson in the episode "Carded and Discarded", directed by Judd Apatow. She starred on the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 2004–2005, and has guest-starred on the TV series "The O.C.", "Boston Public", "Veronica Mars", "Close to Home" and "Entourage". She had a role in the film "Just My Luck", starring Lindsay Lohan, and in "Material Girls", starring Hilary and Haylie Duff, in 2006. She had a starring role in the film "Senior Skip Day". Ewell co-starred in The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries" Document [121] (Title: Sarah Hagan) debut came on an episode of the Calista Flockhart series "Ally McBeal" in 1999. Hagan's first major break came when she was cast in a recurring role as Millie Kentner on the short-lived NBC cult TV series "Freaks and Geeks" (1999–2000). Following that show's cancellation, she was cast on the David Alan Grier NBC sitcom "DAG", where she was originally slated to play Camilla Whitman, daughter of the US President; however, the role of Camilla was recast when the pilot episode was revamped before airing. Following the lead of several fellow "Freaks and Geeks" cast members, Hagan then appeared in Document [122] (Title: The New Daughter) trees which were removed after filming. "The New Daughter" was given a limited theatrical released on December 19, 2009 by Anchor Bay. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 18, 2010. "The New Daughter" holds a critic rating of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes, indicating generally unfavourable reviews. The movie has a user rating of 6.0/10 on Metacritic, indicating average reviews. The New Daughter The New Daughter is a 2009 American horror film and the feature directorial debut of Spanish screenwriter Luis Berdejo. It stars Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero and Samantha Mathis. Based on the short story of Document [123] (Title: Odessa Young) played the titular role. Later that year, she was dubbed "Australia's brightest rising star" by "Elle Magazine". For her role in "The Daughter", Young attracted considerable critical acclaim and won Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2016 AACTA Awards. Her performance in "The Daughter" also earned her an award for Best Actress from the Australian Film Critics Association. In 2017, Young starred as Genevieve in the web series "High Life"; for her performance, she won an IAWTV Award for Best Lead Actress – Drama. In 2018, she won Best Actress at the 5th annual Vancouver Web Series Festival Document [124] (Title: Soccer Mom (film)) Missi Pyle and Emily Osment while criticizing some of the comedy beats and the amount of "teenage girl angst", concluding that "ultimately this is a nice flick for families with daughters and kids interested in soccer". Similarly on the website "Bum's Corner", Porfle wrote that "while there are a few moments of awkward melodrama along the way [...], most of "Soccer Mom" is light, fluffy comedy that doesn't come close to the dizzying heights of wackyness we used to get from those old Disney comedies like "Freaky Friday" and "Superdad", but is still harmless fun", while praising Pyle's performance and Document [125] (Title: Catherine Parks) Catherine Parks Catherine LaBelle Parks (born December 10, 1956) is an American actress who has starred in movies and on television. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the 1982 horror movie "Friday the 13th Part III", as Vera Sanchez, and the 1989 comedy "Weekend at Bernie's". Parks was born in Tampa, Florida. She was a runner-up in the Miss America 1978 pageant. She has starred on television shows, her first being "Behind the Screen", and she later starred in the short-lived CBS series "Zorro and Son" in 1983. Parks has made guest appearances on TV shows such Document [126] (Title: Thursday's Child (1983 film)) Thursday's Child (1983 film) Thursday's Child is a 1983 American made-for-television drama film starring Rob Lowe, Gena Rowlands and Don Murray, directed by David Lowell Rich and based on the book by Victoria Poole. Sam Alden is the 17-year-old high school star player in baseball who seems to have it all. However, his family notices that he is often bothered with fits of coughing. Worried, his parents decide to take him to the hospital, where they are shocked to find out that he has a life-threatening heart disease. Sam has trouble dealing with his illness, but he pretends to still Document [127] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) would love to spend one Saturday in his dad's shoes, while Bill says the same about Ben, causing Annabel and Ellen to get nervous and urge Bill and Ben to drop the matter. As they wish to switch their places, the same creepy music is heard when the ladies switched. Ellen nervously throws her cards into the air while Annabel facepalms. Neither Barbara Harris nor Jodie Foster did any actual water skiing in the film. In both cases, these scenes were achieved with the use of professional water skiers in long shot on location, and cutaway shots of the actresses Document [128] (Title: Friday the 13th (2009 film)) the girl would tire and drown. Shannon and Swift felt this was something they had not seen in slasher films, but later decided to make the death quicker and more visceral. A similar incident occurred with Danielle Panabaker's character Jenna. Panabaker said Jenna was scripted to survive longer than she did in the final version of the film; Jenna was supposed to escape Jason's lair and recite a "cute line" about a second date with Clay before an elaborate fight sequence that ends in her death. The writers wanted to strike a balance between finding new and interesting ways to Document [129] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) with Tori quitting Karl and Monica deciding to ditch “Ellie” and she tells Mike she's rethinking this whole wedding thing which makes Katherine upset. Katherine, Ellie, and Mike realize Fletcher has gone missing and go find him. Adam finds Fletcher and convinces him to return home which he does which Katherine and Ellie are happy to see. Adam then says that he might consider putting the hourglass on the list. Karl and Monica come over and Ellie begs them to put “Ellie” back on the team which they agree and Katherine says that Ellie should do the hunt which she Document [130] (Title: Freaky Friday) disappearance of her mother, loss of the children, and the question of how her odd situation came about and when/whether it will be resolved. Finally, it is revealed that Annabel's mother herself caused them to switch bodies through some unspecified means, and the mysterious teen beauty who took Ben was Mrs. Andrews in Annabel's body (to which she is restored) made much more attractive by a makeover Mrs. Andrews gave the body while using it, including the removal of Annabel's braces, an appointment Annabel had forgotten about (and would have missed, had she been the one in her body that Document [131] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) Grossman), the youngest Meep (Ben Woolf), and the dwarf performers: ex-convict Toulouse (Drew Rin Varick) and Elsa's most significant companion Ma Petite (Jyoti Amge) who is the smallest of the group. During the troupe's first performance with the twins, the only spectators in the audience were wealthy socialite widow Gloria Mott (Frances Conroy) and her spoiled, mentally unstable son Dandy (Finn Wittrock), who displayed an unhealthy fascination for the freaks. Other new members of the troupe include Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), a strongman who was Ethel's ex-husband and Jimmy’s biological father; and his three-breasted wife Desiree Dupree (Angela Bassett). Elsa’s Document [132] (Title: Adina Howard) "Freak Like Me". In May 2016, she previewed four new songs ("Love Jones", "Come Over", "Nasty" and "Run It") from "Resurrection" on her Periscope account, in addition to doing a mini-concert for her fans. In June 2016, she announced she'll be playing the role of Candice in the new stage musical "For All My Girls" alongside April Nixon, Monifah and Marlain Angelides premiering in New York on June 27. In July, one of her new promotional photos went viral, in which she released a sneak peek into her album for her fans the following weekend. A year after its release, Document [133] (Title: The Devil's Daughter (1973 film)) The Devil's Daughter (1973 film) The Devil's Daughter is a 1973 American made-for-television horror film starring Shelley Winters, Belinda Montgomery and Robert Foxworth. It originally aired as the "ABC Movie of the Week" on January 9, 1973. It was an early screenwriting credit for Colin Higgins. Diane is a young woman (played by Belinda Montgomery) who attends the funeral of her mother; one of her mother’s old friends, a wealthy woman named Lilith (Shelley Winters), introduces her to a satanic cult (her mother was part of this cult before leaving it while Diane was a baby). The cult members have Document [134] (Title: Sally Ann Howes) rush in some pictures on the recommendation of the agent. The movie, "Thursday's Child", was written by playwright and screenwriter Rodney Ackland, also a close neighbour to the Howes family, and it would become Ackland's directorial debut. "Thursday's Child" (1943) launched her career. A second film, "The Halfway House" (1944), led to her being put under contract by Michael Balcon of Ealing Studios, and this was followed by many other film roles as a child actress, including "Dead of Night" (1945) with Sir Michael Redgrave, "Pink String and Sealing Wax" (1946), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1947), "My Sister and I" (1948) and Document [135] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) Following the events of Freaky Friday, Annabel begins dating Boris. Bill is playing cards with Ellen, still trying to understand what happened. Ellen and Bill are fine with Boris taking Annabel to a pizzeria for a date, and Annabel surprises Ben by letting him tag along with them. Ben complains that he never gets to do fun stuff like his dad, who is getting ready for a business trip the following Saturday dirt biking with a Japanese motorcycle firm looking to enter the U.S. market, while Bill says Ben should be more appreciative of a worry-free childhood. Ben remarks he Document [136] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) all produced by the Walt Disney Company: a made-for-television film in 1995 starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann), a live-action theatrical release in 2003 starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan, and a musical version for television starring Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Heidi Blickenstaff. Freaky Friday (1976 film) Freaky Friday is a 1976 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Gary Nelson, with the screenplay written by Mary Rodgers based on her 1972 novel of the same name. The film stars Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster in the lead roles. John Astin, Patsy Kelly, Dick Van Patten, and Sorrell Booke are featured in Document [137] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Slip, which Tess hates because she thinks that they are "all noise", Anna's claims about her archrival, Stacey Hinkhouse, who does not stop tormenting her and has Tess convinced that she and Anna are still best friends like they used to be, and her sadistic English teacher, Mr. Bates, who gives her an "F" on everything she does no matter how hard she tries, and Tess' disapproval of Anna's crush on older student named Jake. To make matters worse, Anna gets detention twice during one school day: once for talking back to Mr. Bates in the hallway, and again for Document [138] (Title: Freaky Friday) musical began performances at the Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia on October 4, 2016. Directed by Christopher Ashley, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo, the cast features Emma Hunton (as the daughter Ellie), Jason Gotay and Heidi Blickenstaff (as the mother Katherine). Ashley explained that the musical is based on the original Rodgers book as well as the films. The musical is set in the present time in Chicago. The musical began performances at the La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego, on January 31, 2017, and ran to March 12. The cast features Emma Hunton and Heidi Blickenstaff. This was followed by runs Document [139] (Title: First Daughter (1999 film)) First Daughter (1999 film) First Daughter is a 1999 American made-for-television action-thriller film starring Mariel Hemingway, Gregory Harrison, Doug Savant and Diamond Dallas Page, with Monica Keena as the title role. It was directed by Armand Mastroianni. A domestic terrorist group make an unsuccessful attempt on the life of US President Jonathan Hayes (Harrison) and the group's leader, Michael Smith (David Wheeler), is subsequently captured. Some members of the group manage to evade capture and continue with terrorist activities. Eight weeks later, believing the threat is past, the President organizes an outdoors activity trip for his teenage daughter, Jess (Monica Document [140] (Title: Daughter of Darkness (1990 film)) Daughter of Darkness (1990 film) Daughter of Darkness is a 1990 American made-for-television horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Anthony Perkins, Mia Sara, Dezsõ Garas and Jack Coleman. It originally premiered on CBS on January 26, 1990. Katherine Thatcher (Mia Sara), a young woman trying to learn the identity of her father, is drawn into a Romanian vampire underworld. She is unaware that her father (Perkins) is a vampire. The vampire community is surprised to find that someone has been born from a union between a vampire and a woman and they seek to draw her into their Document [141] (Title: Linda Blair) Now" (1970), followed by a bit part in the comedy "The Sporting Club" (1971). In 1972, Blair was selected from a field of 600 applicants for her most notable role as Regan, the possessed daughter of a famous actress, in William Friedkin's "The Exorcist" (1973). The role earned her a Golden Globe and People's Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Film critic and historian Mark Clark notes that in her performance, "Blair matches [adult co-star] Ellen Burstyn note-for-note." Despite the film's critical successes, Blair received media scrutiny for her Document [142] (Title: Freaky Friday) the body of her mother, with whom she had argued the previous night. Suddenly in charge of taking care of the New York family's affairs and her younger brother Ben (whom Annabel has not-so-affectionately nicknamed "Ape Face" and said "He's so neat, it's revolting!"), and growing increasingly worried about the disappearance of "Annabel", who appeared to be herself in the morning but has gone missing after leaving the Andrews' home, she enlists the help of her neighbor and childhood friend, Boris, though without telling him about her identity crisis. As the day wears on and Annabel has a series of Document [143] (Title: Freaky Friday (song)) and vice versa. The song illustrates the two in each others' bodies. Towards the end, the two are about to fight, and they realize they should not kill each other, and instead love each other. They realize that this will set them back to their original form. The video then ends with cameos from Ed Sheeran, DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner, where Lil Dicky is then in possession in all of their bodies. Credits adapted from Tidal. Freaky Friday (song) "Freaky Friday" is a song recorded by American rapper Lil Dicky, featuring guest vocals from American singer Chris Brown and Document [144] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) Freaky Friday (musical) Freaky Friday is a musical with music and lyrics by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey, and a book by Bridget Carpenter. It is based on the 1972 book of the same name by Mary Rodgers and its 1976 and 2003 film adaptations. In the story, when an overworked mother and her teenage daughter magically swap bodies, they have just one day to put things right again before the mom’s wedding. "Freaky Friday" musical was developed by Disney Theatrical Productions from the book and Disney films for theatres to license. The musical debuted at the Signature Theatre in Document [145] (Title: Freaks (2018 film)) father and escape the house, she climbs onto the truck with Mr. Snowcone and into an adventure filled with hope, fear, and violence. "Freaks" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018. Two days later, Well Go USA Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. The film played at the Sitges Film Festival in Spain and the Vancouver International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Emerging Director award. The Vancouver festival programmers wrote “Zach Lipovsky and Adam Stein’s skewed sci-fi thriller ratchets up the go-for-broke audacity as it laces the family drama of "Room" with genre Document [146] (Title: Lindsay Lohan) service, psychotherapy and lockdown rehabilitation. Her probation was also extended until May 2015, when a judge ended it after she completed the community service making it the first time in nearly 8 years that she was probation free. After beginning her acting career as a child actor in the early 1990s, Lohan, at age 11, made her film debut in Disney's successful remake of "The Parent Trap" (1998). "Freaky Friday" (2003) remains her highest-grossing film, while "Mean Girls" (2004), both a critical and commercial success, became a cult classic. Her career faced many interruptions from legal and personal troubles during Document [147] (Title: Amelia Rose) participated in an abundance of theatre as well as commercials and independent films. She was discovered by a former NBC Network Casting Director turned agent and subsequently moved to Los Angeles, California. She has guest starred on the hit show "Hawaii Five-0", as well as "Grimm", "Criminal Minds", "Sullivan & Son", and "". She most notably starred opposite Gary Busey in the film "Freaky Saturday Night Fever", which has been recognized at the Cannes Film Festival, New York International Independent Film and Video Festival, Philadelphia Film Festival, Beverly Hills Film Festival. On October 27, 2012, Rose’s most recent Lifetime film Document [148] (Title: Emma Roberts) 19, 2015, and was released on September 25, in a limited release and through video on demand. Roberts next appeared in the horror film "The Blackcoat's Daughter" (also known by its original title "February") alongside Kiernan Shipka. Directed by Osgood Perkins, the film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Roberts plays the lead character Chanel Oberlin on the first season of Fox's horror comedy series "Scream Queens", alongside Jamie Lee Curtis and Lea Michele. The series was created by "American Horror Story" producers Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with "Glee" producer Ian Brennan. She reprised this role in Document [149] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Unfortunately, he is no longer enamored with "Anna" after Tess sabotages Stacey's test in revenge. Meanwhile, Ryan surprises Anna with a talk show interview to discuss Tess' new psychology book. However, she turns the interview into a wild romp to cover the fact she has not read the book. Tess and Jake catch it on TV and while she is embarrassed, he is impressed. Later, Anna bumps into him at a coffee shop, and they bond over their favorite music. He begins to fall in love with "Tess" and attempts to pursue her, much to the real Tess' horror. At Document [150] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) to bring people together which Katherine thinks is very mature and goes off to class. When Katherine goes to class she tells Karl and Monica that she won’t be going to the hunt which surprises them. Ellie then goes to the Venue. When Ellie and Mike do there dance it goes awry and Ellie destroys the cake which upsets her helper Tori. Back at Ellie's school Savannah keeps bullying Katherine and dumps her tea on her and when Katherine goes to the restroom she realizes Ellie's been keeping a belly piercing from her which upsets Katherine. When Ellie and Katherine Document [151] (Title: Freaky Friday) at Cleveland Play House in April and the Alley Theatre in June 2017. A Disney Channel film adaptation of the stage musical was announced on September 29, 2017. Blickenstaff reprised her role as the mother, Katherine, while Cozi Zuehlsdorff starred as the daughter, Ellie. Carpenter returned to adapt the musical as a teleplay, while Kitt and Yorkey returned to oversee the music and lyrics. The TV adaptation was produced by Susan Cartsonis and Thomas Schumacher. The film premiered in summer 2018. Freaky Friday Freaky Friday is a comedic children's novel written by Mary Rodgers, first published by Harper & Row Document [152] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 2)) Adrianne Palicki played bad girl Tyra Collette. Jesse Plemons played Landry Clarke, Saracen's best friend. Aimee Teegarden played Julie Taylor, daughter of Eric and Tami's. Supporting characters who also returned include: Brad Leland as Lyla's father and head of the Dillon Panther's Booster Club Buddy Garrity, Derek Phillips as Tim's brother Billy Riggins, Louanne Stephens as Saracen's grandmother Lorraine Saracen, Liz Mikel as Smash's mother Corrina Williams, Kevin Rankin as Herc, Blue Deckert as Panther coach Mac MacGill, and Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Tyra's mother Angela Collette. New guest stars this season included: Glenn Morshower as Landry's father and Dillon police Document [153] (Title: Bridget Carpenter) the book for a musical version of the book (and films) "Freaky Friday". The musical premiered in October 2016 at the Signature Theatre, followed by a run from January to March 2017 at the La Jolla Playhouse under the direction of Christopher Ashley. She was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best New Series at the February 2007 ceremony, for her work on the first season of "Friday Night Lights". She was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series the following year at the February 2008 ceremony, for her work on the second season of Document [154] (Title: Friday Night Lights (season 3)) Kelly played Lyla Garrity, now girlfriend of Tim Riggins, fullback and resident bad boy, portrayed by Taylor Kitsch. Adrianne Palicki played Tyra Collette. Jesse Plemons played Landry Clarke, Tyra's not-quite boyfriend and Saracen's best friend. Aimee Teegarden played Julie Taylor, Eric and Tami's daughter. Supporting characters include: Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity, Lyla's father and head of the Dillon Panthers Booster Club; Derek Phillips as Billy Riggins, Tim's brother; Louanne Stephens as Lorraine Saracen, Matt Saracen's grandmother; Liz Mikel as Corrina Williams, Smash's mother; Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Angela Collette, Tyra's mother; Stacey Oristano as Mindy Collette, Tyra's sister and Billy Document [155] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) incandescent in "Freaky Friday", she made the whole movie feel like something special." Her performance was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Lohan's performance was also praised. Roger Ebert wrote that she "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona." The film earned her the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards. Some critics, however, objected to the caricatured portrayal of Chinese people in the body switching scene, with Nick Schager of "Slant Magazine" calling it "a strange bit of 'Oriental mysticism' Document [156] (Title: My Daughter the Flower) Soon-ae, who is always there for her. My Daughter the Flower My Daughter the Flower (; lit. "My Daughter Kkotnim") is a South Korean television drama series about a mother and daughter who are not blood related. The series aired on SBS from November 14, 2011 to May 18, 2012 on Mondays to Fridays at 19:20 with 131 episodes. It starred Jin Se-yeon, Jo Min-su, Park Sang-won, Choi Jin-hyuk, Lee Ji-hoon and Son Eun-seo. Yang Kkot-nim ("kkotnim" means "flower") is a therapist at a rehabilitation hospital. She is bright and brave, but highly emotional inside. Since her father died, Kkot-nim Document [157] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) film ends after Pei-Pei's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue, but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time by tackling them to the ground. The film's producer Andrew Gunn said he initially hoped Jodie Foster (who played Annabel in the original 1976 "Freaky Friday" film) would be interested in playing the mother in the remake. She declined in order to spend more time with her family and because of concerns that the stunt casting would overshadow the film's overall merit. Annette Bening was then cast in the role, Document [158] (Title: The Monster (2016 film)) and while she’s more persuasive as a scream queen than as a mother, she and Ms. Ballentine get the job done." The Monster (2016 film) The Monster is a 2016 American horror film written and directed by Bryan Bertino. It stars Zoe Kazan and Ella Ballentine. The film was released through DirecTV Cinema on October 6, 2016, before opening in a limited release on November 11, 2016, via A24. Kathy (Zoe Kazan) is driving her 10-year-old daughter Lizzy (Ella Ballentine) to her father's house as it's his turn for custody. Tired of taking care of her abusive, alcoholic mother, Lizzy Document [159] (Title: The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll) The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll Daughter of Dr. Jekyll is a low-budget black-and-white 1957 American horror film produced by Jack Pollexfen, directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and released by Allied Artists. The film is a variation on the 1886 gothic novella "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Gloria Talbott, John Agar and Arthur Shields. In the film, Janet Smith (Gloria Talbott) learns that she is not only the daughter of the infamous werewolf Dr. Henry Jekyll, but is convinced by her guardian, Dr. Lomas (Arthur Shields), that she has inherited her father's Document [160] (Title: Disney Theatrical Productions) to form his own theater production company partly funded by Disney. His first project was developing and directing the "stage version of Sister Act" with Michael Reno. The musical had its official world premiere on November 3, 2006 at the Pasadena Playhouse, with DTP as an associated presenter during its Broadway run. "Freaky Friday" musical was developed by Disney Theatrical Productions from the book and Disney films for theatres to license. The musical premiered in October 2016 at Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virgina followed by three other threatre productions. Coinciding with the release of the Disney Channel Original Movie adaptation, Document [161] (Title: Jodie Foster) Lane", in which she starred opposite Martin Sheen. The film combined aspects from thriller and horror genres, and showed Foster as a mysterious young girl living on her own in a small town; the performance earned her a Saturn Award. On November 27, she hosted "Saturday Night Live", becoming the youngest person to do so until 1982. Her final film of the year was "Freaky Friday", a Disney comedy commenting on the generation gap, which was "her first true star vehicle". She played a tomboy teen who accidentally changes bodies with her mother; she later stated that her character's desire Document [162] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) in different places, say about each other at the same time, "I wish I could switch places with her for just one day." Rodgers added a water skiing subplot to her screenplay. "Freaky Friday" was released theatrically in the United States on December 17, 1976, by Buena Vista Distribution. The film received positive reviews from critics with major praise drawn towards Foster and Harris’ performances. The film was a commercial success, grossing $26 million on a $5 million budget. The film received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress – Comedy or Musical (both Harris and Foster), and Best Original Song Document [163] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) ("I'd Like to Be You for a Day"). Ellen Andrews (Barbara Harris) and her daughter, Annabel Andrews (Jodie Foster) constantly quarrel. Following a disagreement on Friday the 13th, Annabel leaves to join a friend at a local diner. In sync, Annabel and Ellen (who is in the family home's kitchen) both wish aloud, "I wish I could switch places with her for just one day". Their wish comes true when they switch their bodies. After a brief scene where they are shocked at seeing their new appearances, both ladies proceed as each other normally would. Annabel is now a housewife, Document [164] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) one of the central antagonist during the season, Twisty the Clown. In August 2014, Patti LaBelle joined the cast for a four-episode story arc as the mother of Sidibe's character, named Dora, the Motts' housekeeper. Also in August 2014, it was revealed that Matt Bomer would be guest-starring in one episode as Andy, Dell's secret lover. Murphy took to his Twitter account to announce that the world's smallest woman Jyoti Amge has joined the cast as Ma Petite. Murphy had written a role specifically for "" alum Leslie Jordan, but he was unable to appear on the show due to Document [165] (Title: Ivana Baquero) but the script was altered to accommodate Baquero, who was 11 at the time. Afterward, she worked in various projects while still attending school. In 2009, she played the title role in John Connolly's horror film, "The New Daughter", with Kevin Costner, marking her first American role. In 2015, Baquero was cast in "The Shannara Chronicles", an MTV television adaptation of the Shannara novel series by Terry Brooks, in which she plays the role of Eretria; the show premiered in January 2016. Ivana Baquero Ivana Baquero Macías (born 11 June 1994) is a Spanish actress. At the age of 11, Document [166] (Title: Speak (Lindsay Lohan album)) Lohan a five-album production deal in September 2002. "I am extremely excited to be working with Emilio. I am surrounded by a group of very talented people whom have made me feel like part of their family," Lohan said to the press. Also in September, Lohan landed the role as the daughter in Disney's remake, "Freaky Friday", which required her to learn how to play the guitar and to sing. Lohan recorded a song for the film, "Ultimate", which was released to Radio Disney to help promote the film. The song peaked at #18 on Radio Disney's Top 30. Lohan Document [167] (Title: Freaks and Geeks) her parents and with her own self-image, form one central strand of the show. The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in. Guest stars included: Samaire Armstrong (as "Deadhead" Laurie), Alexandra Breckenridge (as mathlete Shelly Weaver), Jack Conley (as Kim Kelly's stepfather), Kevin Corrigan (as Millie's delinquent cousin), Allen Covert (as a liquor store clerk), Matt Czuchry (as a student from rival Lincoln High), Alexander Gould (as Ronnie, the boy Lindsay babysits while high), Steve Higgins (as the Geeks' A/V teacher), Rashida Jones Document [168] (Title: Friday (Rebecca Black song)) potential accosters. In response to criticism over the song's significant use of Auto-Tune, Black performed an acoustic version during an interview with ABC News, which earned over 180,000 dislikes on YouTube (84% of total ratings) by November 2011. Later in the interview Black's mother, Kelly, stated that she was "angry and upset" after Black was brought to tears by comments, such as "I hope you go cut yourself and die" and "'I hope you cut yourself and get an eating disorder so you'll look pretty." Black said, however, that soon she was able to ignore such comments, and asked Justin Document [169] (Title: Dakota Johnson) Johnson appeared on "Saturday Night Live's" 40th anniversary special and hosted "SNL" on February 28, 2015, making her the second daughter of a former "SNL" host (after Gwyneth Paltrow, whose mother Blythe Danner hosted during the show's seventh season in 1982) to host the show. Also in 2015, she reunited with her "21 Jump Street" cast member Johnny Depp, playing the mother of his character's child in the feature film "Black Mass". In 2015, Johnson starred in Luca Guadagnino's thriller "A Bigger Splash", opposite Tilda Swinton, Matthias Schoenaerts and Ralph Fiennes. She also played a lead in the 2016 comedy Document [170] (Title: Freaky Friday (1976 film)) in front of a rear projection effect. Foster did, however, play field hockey in the film. Richard Eder of "The New York Times" wrote, "Toward the end there are some amusing car-chase scenes. Elsewhere the humor is clotted by the feeling that the jokes are chasing the reactions, instead of the other way around." "Variety" wrote that "a promising concept" had been "bungled by a talky, repetitive screenplay and overbroad direction." Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 and wrote, "The problems resulting from the switch of identities are fairly predictable, but fun: This is one of Document [171] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) from a mother who has concerns over her daughter. At lunchtime, they go back to the restaurant to confront Pei-Pei and her mother, but she explains that only showing selfless love to one another will break the spell. In the afternoon, Anna attends Harry's parent-teacher conference, where she reads a composition about how much he actually admires her. She sees him in a different light, and vows to treat him nicer. Meanwhile, Tess attempts to make amends with Stacey, but Stacey frames her for cheating. Jake helps her finish the test, which makes her realize that she has misjudged him. Document [172] (Title: American Horror Story: Freak Show) would be indeed coming back. They portrayed Desiree Dupree and Ethel Darling, respectively. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler. It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members present at the panel would all be returning for the fourth season in some capacity, including Denis O'Hare (Stanley), Emma Roberts (Maggie Esmerelda), Frances Conroy (Gloria Mott), Evan Peters (Jimmy Darling), and Gabourey Sidibe (Regina Ross). Jamie Brewer was also added to the present Document [173] (Title: Freaky Friday) come to have for each other before switching back. Mary Rodgers also added a hobby for Annabel to the story, with an important competition, for which her mother lacks the skill, serving to bring the action to a climax. This addition was kept in subsequent versions, although the original hobby of waterskiing changed to other events, and an important simultaneous event for the mother (her wedding rehearsal dinner) was added to the 2003 film. The latter two also drastically change the character of Morris/Boris. In both films, his name is changed (Luke in the 1995 film, Jake in the 2003 Document [174] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) Freaky Friday (2003 film) Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on Mary Rodgers’ 1972 novel of the same name. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie. The film was released in theaters on August 6, 2003, by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures. It received positive reviews from film critics and it earned over $160 million worldwide on a $20 million budget. It was Disney's Document [175] (Title: Freaky Friday (1995 film)) Freaky Friday (1995 film) Freaky Friday is a 1995 American made-for-television fantasy-comedy film and a remake of the 1976 film of the same name produced by Walt Disney Television which premiered on May 6, 1995 as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney". It is the fourth in a series of four remakes of Disney films produced for broadcast on ABC during the 1994–95 television season. A mother, Ellen (Shelley Long), and daughter, Annabelle (Gaby Hoffmann), find it difficult to get along with each other, each professing that the other has no idea what her life is like. A pair Document [176] (Title: The Devil and Max Devlin) with Vincent Price as a dead actor who collects children's souls for the Devil, but it went into turnaround when producer Harold Cohen, who produced two TV movies based on Sangster's other novels, couldn't raise money for it. Sangster bought the rights back and sold it to Walt Disney Productions. Studio head Ron W. Miller hired Mary Rodgers to rewrite it based on the fact that 1976's "Freaky Friday", whose screenplay she adapted from her own novel, had been one of the studio's biggest hits of a decade for which profitable and critically well-received new films were few and far Document [177] (Title: Freaky Friday (musical)) 2017, with Blickenstaff and Hunton. According to "EW", "presently there are no plans to transfer the show to Broadway, but nevertheless the door is now wide open for licensing for professional, regional, and amateur productions around the country." Coinciding with the release of the Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) adaptation, a one-act version of the stage musical (featuring all the songs used in the DCOM adaptation) was made available on August 10, 2018 for licensing. ! Character ! Signature Theatre ! La Jolla ! Disney Channel Movie<ref> Freaky Friday (musical) Freaky Friday is a musical with music and lyrics by Document [178] (Title: Freaky Friday (2003 film)) but dropped out because of family obligations. Jamie Lee Curtis was given the role only four days before filming began. Lindsay Lohan's character was originally written as a Goth, but she did not think anyone would relate to that, and decided to dress in a preppy style for her audition. The character ended up being rewritten. Marc McClure, who played Boris Harris, Annabel's love interest in the original film, has a brief cameo as Boris the delivery man. Director Mark Waters also makes a cameo holding a baby at the wedding. In the end scene when Anna is dancing with Document [179] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) it scares her to death. When Fletcher's pet bunny goes missing and Mike says he will help him Ellie snaps at him and says that he is not a dad which Katherine forces Ellie to say sorry but says no. Katherine asks Mike to take Fletcher to school and then Ellie storms to her room. When Katherine follows Ellie to her room they fight over the hourglass and switch bodies which completely frightens them. They realize that Ellie's hourglass switched them and must find the other hourglass but realize that Katherine sold her's and they must find it. So Katherine Document [180] (Title: Carly Rose Sonenclar) television debut as Gilda Flip on PBS, the newest Prankster in season three of "The Electric Company", produced by Sesame Workshop. In 2011, Sonenclar originated the role of Chloe (Alice's daughter) in the short-lived musical "Wonderland" on Broadway and the earlier Tampa workshop. In this role, she garnered good reviews, including one by "The New York Times" theater critic Charles Isherwood, who described Sonenclar as a good actress and an "almost preternaturally skilled singer" and she drew comparisons with Sutton Foster. She is a featured soloist on the cast CD produced by Sony Masterworks and was named the 2011 Best Document [181] (Title: Patsy Kelly) in a Musical for her performance in the show. She matched that success the following year when she starred in "Irene" with Debbie Reynolds, and was again nominated for a Tony. In 1976, she appeared as the housekeeper Mrs. Schmauss in the film "Freaky Friday" starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. Her final movie appearance was in the 1979 Disney comedy "The North Avenue Irregulars", also co-starring Harris, along with Cloris Leachman, Edward Herrmann and Karen Valentine. Kelly's last onscreen appearance was a guest spot in a two-part episode of "The Love Boat" in 1979. Kelly was openly gay. She Document [182] (Title: Freaky Friday (2018 film)) dad gave to her when she was little which now he is deceased which is part of the reason why she is so moody. Meanwhile, her mom Katherine Blake is preparing for her second marriage to her fiancé Mike and to make it even busier she is catering her own wedding. When Ellie's friends leave she and Katherine fight and Katherine wishes she take more responsibility for herself and Ellie wishes she would understand what it's like to be her. When they start eating Ellie asks her mother if she can go to the hunt which she says no because Document [183] (Title: Freaky Friday) a "beetloaf" for a dinner party with the limited assortment of culinary ingredients available, and she believes he is going to save dinner by providing a much more sensible meatloaf, but she is won over when she samples the new dish and finds it tasty. Despite setting the events in motion and later ending them deus ex machina-style, Mrs. Andrews remains (along with Annabel's body, which she has taken) an unseen character for much of the book, only revealing herself and what she has done at the end of the day. Mary Rodgers wrote two sequels featuring the Andrews family. Question: who plays the daughter in the new freaky friday

Answer: Cozi Zuehlsdorff Long Answer: Cozi Zuehlsdorff as 16 - year - old Eleanor "Ellie" Georgie Blake Gold Document ID: 151

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) in particular, there is some connection to the Jean Cocteau's 1946 French film, "La Belle et la Bête". George R.R. Martin, who would later write the "A Song of Ice and Fire" book series, was a writer and producer on the show. In 2004 and 2007, "Beauty and the Beast" was ranked #14 and #17, respectively, on "TV Guide"'s Top Cult Shows Ever. Catherine Chandler (played by Linda Hamilton) is abducted, beaten, slashed and left to die in Central Park because she was inadvertently mistaken for somebody else. She is rescued and cared for by Vincent (played by Ron Perlman) Document [2] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) Beauty & the Beast is an American television series filmed in Toronto, Canada, very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name, developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11, 2012, on The CW. Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis, Nina Lisandrello, Nicole Gale Anderson, Sendhil Ramamurthy, Max Brown, Brian J. White, Amber Skye Noyes, and Michael Roark. Catherine Chandler witnessed her mother's murder and was almost killed herself until someone—or something—saved her. After nine years, now working as a Document [3] (Title: Austin Basis) cater-waiter, and a substitute teacher while performing in independent and student films, and Off-Off Broadway plays. He also co-created and performed in an improv & sketch comedy show called "Mmm...Comedy" that ran for seven months. Basis's most prominent television role has been on the recent incarnation of Beauty & the Beast, where he played J.T. Forbes (Vincent Keller's best friend and protector). His television debut was in the Comedy Central film Porn 'n Chicken (2002) (TV). In 2004 he was cast in an episode of "" (2001). He then landed a role in a Warner Brothers TV pilot for FOX Document [4] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) kidnapped by a man named Gabriel (played by Stephen McHattie), the ruthless head of a huge criminal empire she had been investigating, which was trying to corrupt the D.A.'s office. She was killed, but not before giving birth to Vincent's son, who was held hostage by the evil Gabriel. Catherine's boss and close friend Joe Maxwell (Jay Acovone) hired Diana Bennett (Jo Anderson), a criminal profiler with the police department, to track down Catherine's killer. Quite naturally, her investigation ultimately led her to the now darkly obsessed and grieving Vincent. Although still popular with its dedicated fans, the darker, more Document [5] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, who is actually alive. As Catherine comes to know him, she finds out more about her mother's murder and about who—and what—Vincent really is. The CW officially began developing the series in September 2011. The project was described as "a modern-day romantic love story with a procedural twist," unlike the original series which was a romantic drama with mystery and suspense elements. The show is the first project that Mark Pedowitz developed when he joined the network. Document [6] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 3)) starred as Detective Wesley Atchison in the 5th episode of the season when Cat was assigned a new partner. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Beauty & the Beast (season 3) The third season of "Beauty & the Beast" (an American television series developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin and very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS television series of the same name) consisted of 13 episodes. It aired in the United States on The CW starting June 11, 2015. Following the events of the season two finale, Vincent and Catherine can finally expose their relationship to the world. Vincent and Catherine will be Document [7] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 1)) her mother being shot the same night she is saved from her mother's murderers by a supposed beast. Nine years later, and now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to discover that Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, is actually alive. As Catherine gets to know him, she starts finding out more about her mother's murder and about who (and what) Vincent really is. At the same time, they get to know one another and eventually fall in love. This season revolves around Catherine and Vincent trying Document [8] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of Document [9] (Title: Bridget Regan) she joined the series "Beauty & the Beast" for a multi-episode arc as Alex, the ex-fiancée of Vincent Keller (Jay Ryan). Because the existence of Regan's character created a love triangle including Vincent and Catherine Chandler (Kristin Kreuk), this resulted in "rabid" hatred for Alex, and unpleasant Twitter messages for Regan, from fans who would rather Vincent be with Catherine. Regan stated, "I can't look at Twitter anymore! ... I understand why people don't like Alex, I suppose, but I can't really look anymore." In 2014, Regan was cast in a recurring role in "Jane the Virgin", as Rose, a Document [10] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) to hold various fan conventions around the world. CBS Television Studios, which owns the rights to the series, developed a reboot for the series. Ron Koslow, the creator of the original, is executive producing, along with the earlier show's producers, Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas. The reboot has been described as a "modern day romantic love story with a procedural twist." In the United States, it airs on The CW. The television series stars New Zealand actor Jay Ryan as Vincent (the "beast") and Canadian actress Kristin Kreuk as Catherine (the "beauty"). The pilot was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Document [11] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) in some regions and on iTunes. In Greece Alpha TV premiered in March 27, 2018 the series. A series of tie-in novels, written by Nancy Holder, have been published through Titan Books. Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) Beauty & the Beast is an American television series filmed in Toronto, Canada, very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name, developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11, 2012, on The CW. Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis, Nina Lisandrello, Nicole Gale Anderson, Sendhil Ramamurthy, Max Document [12] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 2)) her mother being shot the same night she is saved from her mother's murderers by a supposed beast. Nine years later, and now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to discover that Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, is actually alive. As Catherine gets to know him, she starts finding out more about her mother's murder and about who (and what) Vincent really is. At the same time, they get to know one another and eventually fall in love. Vincent was captured by Muirfield, an underground government Document [13] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Tess Vargas, Catherine's partner and best friend. Anderson signed on to the recurring role of Heather Chandler, Catherine's younger sister. Jay Ryan joined the series in the second lead role, Vincent Keller (the character was originally called Vincent Koslow, though in the original series, Vincent had no last name). Max Brown signed on for the role of Dr. Evan Marks, a medical examiner who has feelings for Catherine. Brian White was the last actor to sign onto the series. White joined in the role of Joe Bishop, Catherine and Tess' commanding officer at the NYPD, who becomes romantically involved with Question: who plays vincent keller on beauty and the beast Answer: Jay Ryan Long Answer: Jay Ryan is an actor . He is best known for his roles as Jack Scully in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Kevin in the New Zealand comedy - drama programme Go Girls, Mark Mitcham in the internationally produced New Zealand television programme Top of the Lake and Vincent Keller in the American television series Beauty & the Beast. Gold Document ID: 13

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) in particular, there is some connection to the Jean Cocteau's 1946 French film, "La Belle et la Bête". George R.R. Martin, who would later write the "A Song of Ice and Fire" book series, was a writer and producer on the show. In 2004 and 2007, "Beauty and the Beast" was ranked #14 and #17, respectively, on "TV Guide"'s Top Cult Shows Ever. Catherine Chandler (played by Linda Hamilton) is abducted, beaten, slashed and left to die in Central Park because she was inadvertently mistaken for somebody else. She is rescued and cared for by Vincent (played by Ron Perlman) Document [2] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) Beauty & the Beast is an American television series filmed in Toronto, Canada, very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name, developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11, 2012, on The CW. Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis, Nina Lisandrello, Nicole Gale Anderson, Sendhil Ramamurthy, Max Brown, Brian J. White, Amber Skye Noyes, and Michael Roark. Catherine Chandler witnessed her mother's murder and was almost killed herself until someone—or something—saved her. After nine years, now working as a Document [3] (Title: Austin Basis) cater-waiter, and a substitute teacher while performing in independent and student films, and Off-Off Broadway plays. He also co-created and performed in an improv & sketch comedy show called "Mmm...Comedy" that ran for seven months. Basis's most prominent television role has been on the recent incarnation of Beauty & the Beast, where he played J.T. Forbes (Vincent Keller's best friend and protector). His television debut was in the Comedy Central film Porn 'n Chicken (2002) (TV). In 2004 he was cast in an episode of "" (2001). He then landed a role in a Warner Brothers TV pilot for FOX Document [4] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) kidnapped by a man named Gabriel (played by Stephen McHattie), the ruthless head of a huge criminal empire she had been investigating, which was trying to corrupt the D.A.'s office. She was killed, but not before giving birth to Vincent's son, who was held hostage by the evil Gabriel. Catherine's boss and close friend Joe Maxwell (Jay Acovone) hired Diana Bennett (Jo Anderson), a criminal profiler with the police department, to track down Catherine's killer. Quite naturally, her investigation ultimately led her to the now darkly obsessed and grieving Vincent. Although still popular with its dedicated fans, the darker, more Document [5] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, who is actually alive. As Catherine comes to know him, she finds out more about her mother's murder and about who—and what—Vincent really is. The CW officially began developing the series in September 2011. The project was described as "a modern-day romantic love story with a procedural twist," unlike the original series which was a romantic drama with mystery and suspense elements. The show is the first project that Mark Pedowitz developed when he joined the network. Document [6] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 3)) starred as Detective Wesley Atchison in the 5th episode of the season when Cat was assigned a new partner. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Beauty & the Beast (season 3) The third season of "Beauty & the Beast" (an American television series developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin and very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS television series of the same name) consisted of 13 episodes. It aired in the United States on The CW starting June 11, 2015. Following the events of the season two finale, Vincent and Catherine can finally expose their relationship to the world. Vincent and Catherine will be Document [7] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 1)) her mother being shot the same night she is saved from her mother's murderers by a supposed beast. Nine years later, and now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to discover that Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, is actually alive. As Catherine gets to know him, she starts finding out more about her mother's murder and about who (and what) Vincent really is. At the same time, they get to know one another and eventually fall in love. This season revolves around Catherine and Vincent trying Document [8] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of Document [9] (Title: Bridget Regan) she joined the series "Beauty & the Beast" for a multi-episode arc as Alex, the ex-fiancée of Vincent Keller (Jay Ryan). Because the existence of Regan's character created a love triangle including Vincent and Catherine Chandler (Kristin Kreuk), this resulted in "rabid" hatred for Alex, and unpleasant Twitter messages for Regan, from fans who would rather Vincent be with Catherine. Regan stated, "I can't look at Twitter anymore! ... I understand why people don't like Alex, I suppose, but I can't really look anymore." In 2014, Regan was cast in a recurring role in "Jane the Virgin", as Rose, a Document [10] (Title: Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)) to hold various fan conventions around the world. CBS Television Studios, which owns the rights to the series, developed a reboot for the series. Ron Koslow, the creator of the original, is executive producing, along with the earlier show's producers, Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas. The reboot has been described as a "modern day romantic love story with a procedural twist." In the United States, it airs on The CW. The television series stars New Zealand actor Jay Ryan as Vincent (the "beast") and Canadian actress Kristin Kreuk as Catherine (the "beauty"). The pilot was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Document [11] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) in some regions and on iTunes. In Greece Alpha TV premiered in March 27, 2018 the series. A series of tie-in novels, written by Nancy Holder, have been published through Titan Books. Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) Beauty & the Beast is an American television series filmed in Toronto, Canada, very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name, developed by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11, 2012, on The CW. Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis, Nina Lisandrello, Nicole Gale Anderson, Sendhil Ramamurthy, Max Document [12] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (season 2)) her mother being shot the same night she is saved from her mother's murderers by a supposed beast. Nine years later, and now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to discover that Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, is actually alive. As Catherine gets to know him, she starts finding out more about her mother's murder and about who (and what) Vincent really is. At the same time, they get to know one another and eventually fall in love. Vincent was captured by Muirfield, an underground government Document [13] (Title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)) Tess Vargas, Catherine's partner and best friend. Anderson signed on to the recurring role of Heather Chandler, Catherine's younger sister. Jay Ryan joined the series in the second lead role, Vincent Keller (the character was originally called Vincent Koslow, though in the original series, Vincent had no last name). Max Brown signed on for the role of Dr. Evan Marks, a medical examiner who has feelings for Catherine. Brian White was the last actor to sign onto the series. White joined in the role of Joe Bishop, Catherine and Tess' commanding officer at the NYPD, who becomes romantically involved with Question: who plays vincent keller on beauty and the beast

Answer: Jay Ryan Long Answer: Jay Ryan is an actor . He is best known for his roles as Jack Scully in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Kevin in the New Zealand comedy - drama programme Go Girls, Mark Mitcham in the internationally produced New Zealand television programme Top of the Lake and Vincent Keller in the American television series Beauty & the Beast. Gold Document ID: 13

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sweet Thursday) local brothel, The Bear Flag Restaurant, is now being run by Dora's older sister Fauna, a former mission worker previously known as Flora. Under Fauna, the girls of the Bear Flag study etiquette and posture with the goal of joining Fauna's list of "gold stars," former employees of the Bear Flag who have married and left their employ there. As Doc tries to rebuild his neglected business, the latest Bear Flag resident Suzy is causing trouble. Fauna knows Suzy isn't cut out to be a working girl, but her soft heart always causes her to fall for a hard luck Document [2] (Title: Red-faced spider monkey) Red-faced spider monkey The red-faced spider monkey ("Ateles paniscus") also known as the Guiana spider monkey or red-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey found in the rain forests in northern South America. The species faces issues with hunting and habitat loss, so is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Redlist. The red-faced spider monkey has long, black hair and a red or pink face that is bare except for a few short, white hairs. Infants are born with dark faces, which lighten as they age. Sexual dimorphism in the species is small; the head-body length of Document [3] (Title: The Monkey's Uncle) The Monkey's Uncle The Monkey's Uncle is a 1965 Walt Disney production starring Tommy Kirk as genius college student Merlin Jones and Annette Funicello (former Mouseketeer from The Mickey Mouse Club) as his girlfriend, Jennifer. The title plays on the idiom "monkey's uncle" and refers to a chimpanzee named Stanley, Merlin's legal "nephew" (a legal arrangement resulting from an experiment to raise Stanley as a human); Stanley otherwise has little relevance to the plot. Jones invents a man-powered airplane and a sleep-learning system. The film is a sequel to the 1964 film "The Misadventures of Merlin Jones." Midvale College is Document [4] (Title: Monkey Trouble) is a pilot and travels a lot. A gypsy kleptomaniac Azro (Harvey Keitel), whose wife and son Mark (Adam LaVorgna) recently left him, is now a vagabond, and lives off the grid with his intelligent Capuchin monkey Fingers (Finster). Azro blames Fingers for his wife and son leaving. He works as a hurdy gurdy-playing busker at Venice Beach, using Fingers' cuteness as a way to lure in tourists. Azro has taught Fingers how to pickpocket the audience members. A pair of Italian mafia members named Drake (Robert Miranda) and Charlie (Victor Argo) show up to Azro's act. They deduce Azro's Document [5] (Title: Central Station (film)) killed in a bus accident just outside the train station, the boy is left homeless. Dora takes him in and traffics him to a corrupt couple, but she is made to feel guilty by her neighbor and friend Irene and later steals him back. Dora is initially reluctant to be responsible for the boy, but ends up deciding to take a trip with him to Northeast Brazil in order to find his father's house and leave him there. Dora tries to leave Josué on the bus, but he follows her, forgetting his backpack containing Dora's money. Penniless, they are picked Document [6] (Title: Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys) Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys is a 1939 children's short story written and illustrated by German-American author H. A. Rey. It is the first story to feature Rey's now-famous character, Curious George. When it was first published in France, Cecily's original name was "Rafi"; "Raffy" when it was first published in the United Kingdom. But when it appeared in the United States, the character was renamed "Cecily". The story follows the exploits of Cecily Giraffe, or simply "Cecily G." for short. She is saddened by the loss of her fellow jungle animals and Document [7] (Title: Dora the Explorer (film)) Dora the Explorer (film) Dora the Explorer is an upcoming American family film directed by James Bobin. It is an adaptation of the Nickelodeon's series of the same name. The film is produced by Paramount Players, Walden Media, and Nickelodeon Movies, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is set to be released on August 2, 2019. Having spent most of her life exploring the jungle with her parents nothing could prepare Dora for the most dangerous adventure ever – High School. Always the explorer, Dora quickly finds herself leading Boots (her best friend, a monkey), Diego, and a rag tag Document [8] (Title: Saki) the downfall of Oscar Wilde (1895), meant "that side of [Munro's] life had to be secret". The pen name "Saki" is most commonly assumed to be a reference to the cupbearer in the "Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam." Both Rothay Reynolds and Ethel Munro confirm this. This reference is stated as fact by Emlyn Williams in his introduction to a Saki anthology published in 1978. However, "Saki" may also or instead be a reference to the South American monkey of that name, which at least two commentators, Tom Sharpe and Will Self, have connected to the "small, long-tailed monkey from the Document [9] (Title: Regan Mizrahi) the humanities and social sciences 2018 National Merit Scholarship Competition 2018 Recipient of the John Sousa Award Regan Mizrahi Regan Mizrahi (born March 30, 2000) is an American child actor from New Jersey, known for his role as the voice of Boots the Monkey in the television series "Dora the Explorer". He began working professionally at the age of three and has appeared in numerous national television commercials and radio ads. He is the great grandson of radio personality Nat Hale and is a member of Mensa. Mizrahi has appeared on "Rescue Me", "Blue Bloods", "White Collar", "Human Giant", and Document [10] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is a 2005 action-adventure video game based on the television series "Dora the Explorer", developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America on February 9, 2006. An Xbox version was planned, but was cancelled. Based on the Document [11] (Title: Monkey (TV series)) weapon; and the ability to conjure monkey warriors by blowing on hairs plucked from his chest. The pilgrims face many perils and antagonists both human, such as and supernatural. Monkey, Sandy, and Pigsy are often called upon to battle demons, monsters, and bandits, despite Tripitaka's constant call for peace. Many episodes also feature some moral lesson, usually based upon Buddhist and/or Taoist philosophies, which are elucidated by the narrator at the end of various scenes. The songs in the series were performed by the five-piece Japanese band Godiego. In Japan, the first series' ending theme , which was named after Document [12] (Title: Frona Eunice Wait) Dorado" is an adventure story about an Atlantis, in a place that will become San Francisco 11,000 years later. She published the book originally in 1897. After seeing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake she made changes to the book. In her reprint of the book, the author called her book "Yermah the Dorado" a "pre-vision of what is to be". Though sold as science fiction, there has been an argument about whether many Victorian era books meet the definition of science fiction. Darko Suvin argues that the book is not science fiction because it lacks a distinct Document [13] (Title: Monkey hanger) In the book, the monkey talks and possesses several other human characteristics. The Hartlepool Monkey also featured prominently in the play "Bestiary", written by Jim Burke and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003. In 2014, a documentary was made about the Hartlepool Monkey and its long-lasting significance to the city and its inhabitants called "Heart of The Pools". Monkey hanger "Monkey hanger" is a colloquial nickname by which people from the town of Hartlepool in north eastern England are sometimes known. According to local folklore, the term originates from an incident in which a monkey was hanged in Hartlepool, Document [14] (Title: Show Me the Monkey) to scheduling conflicts, the writers changed the character's name in order to make it a reference to the band Argent, best known for their song "Hold Your Head Up". The episode references Wikipedia when Veronica looks up the origins of the color manila. The stolen capuchin monkey named Oscar is played by live animal actor Katie, best known for playing Marcel, Ross Geller's pet monkey, on the sitcom "Friends". Near the time of the episode's airing, she had also appeared in "Bruce Almighty" and an episode of "30 Rock". When the episode's editor first received one take of the scene Document [15] (Title: A Monkey in Winter (film)) A Monkey in Winter (film) A Monkey in Winter () is a 1962 French drama film directed by Henri Verneuil. It is based on the novel "A Monkey in Winter" by Antoine Blondin. Set in a Normandy seaside town, it recounts the meeting and parting of two men at odds with life, one an old hotel keeper who dreams of dashing deeds in pre-war China and the other a young advertising executive who imagines he is an incarnation of Hispanic masculinity. With his dutiful but unimaginative wife Suzanne, Albert Quentin runs a small hotel in a little town on the Document [16] (Title: Go, Diego, Go!) from "Dora the Explorer", as revealed in multiple shows, usually without Boots by her side. Diego was first introduced in an episode of "Dora the Explorer" entitled "Meet Diego!" (originally voiced by brothers Andres and Felipe Dieppa). Diego has a jaguar companion named Baby Jaguar (voiced by Thomas Sharkey) who assists him in rescuing the animals. Baby Jaguar also appears in "Dora the Explorer" but inconsistently; on "Go, Diego, Go!" he takes a more active role, which includes being able to speak. Diego is Dora's cousin; Dora appears in some episodes in the series, usually without Boots. Diego's older sister, Document [17] (Title: Crystal the Monkey) a capuchin monkey in Florida. Birds & Animals prefers to begin training younger monkeys, optimally those close to one year old. Audacious two-and-half-year-old Crystal, whose canine teeth had begun showing, was offered. The trainer ultimately decided to buy both Crystal and two younger capuchin monkeys. Three employees received the three monkeys. Crystal was given to Tom Gunderson, an employee who had only been with the company for a few years and had been primarily working at Universal Studios Florida's Animal Actors stage show. Gunderson had let the other two employees select their monkeys first and was left with the oldest, Document [18] (Title: A Monkey in Winter) film "A Monkey in Winter", starring Jean Gabin and Jean-Paul Belmondo. A Monkey in Winter A Monkey in Winter () is a 1959 novel by the French writer Antoine Blondin. It tells the story of a reformed alcohol addict who runs a small hotel in Normandy and has promised his wife to never drink alcohol again. To support a guest, a man who is nervous because he is to meet his daughter for the first time, he tells war stories and begins to drink to infuse courage. An English translation by Robert Baldick was published in 1960. The book received Document [19] (Title: The 5th Monkey) The 5th Monkey The 5th Monkey is a Brazilian-American 1990 drama film directed and written by Eric Rochat and starring Ben Kingsley. The film was based on the novel "Le Cinquieme Singe" by Jacques Zibi. The Cannon Group founder Menahem Golan produced via his 21st Century Film Corporation, following the demise of Cannon. The original music score was composed by Robert O. Ragland. Cunda (Kingsley) lives deep in the Brazilian rainforest and is intent on making enough money so he can marry a widow in his village. However, his trade - capturing snakes for scientists - pays very little money, Document [20] (Title: La Ciudad Blanca) whom it bred, resulting in half-monkey half-human children. He claimed, “The native name for monkey is Urus, which translates literally into ‘sons of the hairy men.’ Their fathers, or fore-fathers, are the Ulaks, half-man and half-spirit, who lived on the ground, walked upright and had the appearance of great hairy ape-men.” According to journalist Wendy Griffin, Nahuat speakers repeated a similar story to anthropologist James Taggart many years later. In Morde's version , the hybrid children were hunted for revenge, while in the Nahuat version the child grew up to be Nahuehue, a Thunderbolt god. Morde and Brown brought back Document [21] (Title: Dora the Explorer) girl, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting. Common rituals may Document [22] (Title: Tarzan: The Lost Adventure) the little monkey, appear. Burroughs' manuscript ends before Ur is reached, but in the novel as completed by Lansdale, Ur turns out to be a society revering a giant and supposedly immortal praying mantis, which is used to slay condemned prisoners in the arena. Tarzan speculates that the creature is originally from the underground world of Pellucidar, to which Ur is connected by a system of caverns and passages. Trapped underground at the end of the story, he seeks escape by seeking out the route to Pellucidar himself. The original Burroughs manuscript was 83 typed pages, divided into 16 untitled Document [23] (Title: Marta DuBois) portrayed Dora in the television western "Lone Rider" (2008) and had a guest role as Maria Cordero in the "" episode "Ballona Creek" (2010). Marta DuBois Marta Estela DuBois (December 15, 1952 in David, Chiriquí, Panama - May 8, 2018 in Los Angeles, California, USA) was a Panamanian actress. DuBois had a steady career on episodes of numerous television series and films. She may be best known as the female lead, as homicide detective Roberta Hansen, in the "McBride" franchise of 10 television films. DuBois co-started in the single season of the television series "Tales of the Gold Monkey", which Document [24] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) a level. When Dora and Boots are looking up at outer space, a flying saucer containing five aliens (“Flinky”, “Inky”, “Plinky”, “Dinky” and “Al”) from the purple planet, lands on Earth. However, the saucer falls apart and Dora and Boots have to get the aliens back to the Purple Planet. Isa has a rocket ship that Dora and Boots can borrow, which is located on top of the tall mountain. To get there, Dora and Boots first need to cross the Turtle River, then get past the Icky Sticky Sand, then swing over Crocodile Lake and finally climb up to Document [25] (Title: Monkey (character)) as well as to ITV Digital going out of business. PG launched a website selling the newly branded "PG Monkey" merchandise with profits being donated to Comic Relief, who still own the intellectual property rights. The online shop has since closed but during promotions PG Tips have given away free mini-Monkeys packaged with their tea. Monkey also appeared in a short advertising film which was shown in cinemas at the beginning of selected showings of "Horton Hears a Who", "The Spiderwick Chronicles", "" and "The Game Plan". The film was released on 21 March 2008. The film is called "A Document [26] (Title: Monkey Thieves) Gang and his pals, Bipin, Yash and Tito. Teejay was Rani's youngest son and last offspring of Tarak with Rani. During a run in with the monkey catchers, Teejay fled and ended up lost, searching the streets for his family which ended up in him finding his way to the Galta Temple, but instead of finding his family he found the temple's new residence, the langur monkeys. Teejay continued his solo forays and ended up receiving an electric shock when he tried to climb the electric wires. He was taken in by an animal charity organisation known as 'Help in Document [27] (Title: The Monkey's Raincoat) of the novel derives from a haiku by the Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō which is quoted at the start of the novel: Cole is hired by Ellen Lang to find her missing husband and son and in the end, with Cole and Pike's help, she kills former matador and crime boss Domingo Garcia Duran, the man responsible for her husband's death and her son's kidnapping. The facts behind the events leading to Ellen's husband's involvement with Duran and his death are revealed and her son Perry is restored to her. Robert Crais' original outline for the novel had Joe Pike Document [28] (Title: Love Monkey (novel)) Love Monkey (novel) Love Monkey is a comic novel by Kyle Smith published in 2004. It is the basis for the 2006 CBS television series of the same name. "Love Monkey" is Kyle Smith's first novel. Smith is currently a film critic for the New York Post. The title, "Love Monkey", is from a song lyric. Tom Farrell is a man in his thirties who resides in New York City in 2001 (before, during and after the September 11 attacks). The novel is a slice of life story, briefly visiting several months of his life as he works as an Document [29] (Title: Tales of the Gold Monkey) princess Koji (Marta DuBois), a Dragon Lady type of character who has eyes for Jake. Koji's devoted bodyguard is Todo (John Fujioka), a fierce practitioner of Bushido and loyal to the princess. (Although Calvin, DuBois, and Fujioka were billed on the opening credits of each episode, they actually only appeared on a semiregular basis in a handful of episodes.) The title is derived from a gigantic mythical golden statue that is the focal point of the pilot episode, seen only by the viewer at the end of the show. The characters end their search for the statue after finding a Document [30] (Title: The Squirt and the Monkey) The Squirt and the Monkey "The Squirt and the Monkey" is a Nero Wolfe mystery novella by Rex Stout, first published as "See No Evil" in the August 1951 issue of "The American Magazine". It first appeared in book form in the short-story collection "Triple Jeopardy", published by the Viking Press in 1952. Archie Goodwin takes an unusual assignment to help cartoonist Harry Koven recover a gun that has been stolen from a desk drawer in his home office. Harry, creator of the popular "Dazzle Dan" comic strip, intends to have Archie place his own gun—the same model as the Document [31] (Title: Brown spider monkey) spider monkeys are also known from other reserves in both Colombia and Venezuela. Brown spider monkey The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey ("Ateles hybridus") is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Its taxonomic history has been confusing, and in the past it has been treated as a subspecies of either the Geoffroy's spider monkey or the white-fronted spider monkey. Like all spider monkeys, it has very long, spindly limbs and a lengthy prehensile tail which can almost be called a fifth limb. The Document [32] (Title: The Monkey Bible) The Monkey Bible The Monkey Bible: A Modern Allegory is a 2010 novel written by author Mark Laxer. The Monkey Bible tells the story of character Emmanuel, a deeply religious man who discovers he may not be completely human. Emmanuel begins a journey around the world to find answers to questions on genetics and religion after fearing he may no longer be accepted into Heaven. A close friend travels with him while working on rewriting Genesis from a biologically inclusive view, hoping to prove that Emmanuel still has a place in Heaven. Each copy is printed on recycled paper using Document [33] (Title: Patasola (monkey)) in habitat that was in contact with the Amazon and Orinoco Basins, and that La Venta itself was probably seasonally dry forest. The authors of the publication about "Patasola" however suggests the presence of rain forest. Patasola (monkey) Patasola is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia. The type species is "Patasola magdalenae". "Patasola magdalenae" is named after the mythological Patasola ("one foot"), a forest spirit of Document [34] (Title: Pygmy marmoset) Pygmy marmoset The pygmy marmoset ("Cebuella pygmaea") is a small species of New World monkey native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. The species is notable for being the smallest monkey and one of the smallest primates in the world, at just over (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur is smaller). It is generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and is a gum-feeding specialist, or a gummivore. About 83% of the pygmy marmoset population lives in stable troops of two to nine individuals, including a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of Document [35] (Title: Dora the Explorer) slated for an August 2, 2019 release. It will be filmed in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia at Village Roadshow Studios directed by James Bobin with the screenplay written by Nick Stoller and Kristin Burr producing. Unlike the TV series, the film is expected to follow the title character as a teenager. Dora's cousin Diego is also confirmed to be a character in the film. On May 2, 2018 Isabela Moner was announced to portray the titular character. Dora the Explorer Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh Valdes and Eric Weiner. Document [36] (Title: Winged monkeys) this brief appearance comes from a scene deleted from the final film. In the script, after the Witch conjures up the poppies that put Dorothy, Toto and the Lion to sleep she orders Nikko to fetch the Golden Cap so she can summon the winged monkeys and they can take the Ruby Slippers from the sleeping girl. However, she never gets a chance as the spell is broken before she can. Why the Witch doesn't use the Golden Cap to summon the monkeys when she sends off into the Winkie Forest to capture Dorothy and Toto is unknown. In the Document [37] (Title: Delhi-6) at every opportunity. In the meantime, the news media is all abuzz with tales of a fearsome terror known only as the "Kala Bandar" (The Black Monkey). This miscreant (never shown clearly in the film) attacks people, steals and has caused the death of a few innocent people. (These deaths are mostly accidental, as in the example of a pregnant housewife who was supposedly startled by a silhouette and fell down a flight of stairs or the unfortunate man who was briefly zapped by a live electric wire.) Nonetheless, the local news picks up on every move by the "kala Document [38] (Title: Spanking the Monkey) Spanking the Monkey Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy film written and directed by David O. Russell. The title is a slang phrase for masturbation and is used in the film by one of the teenage characters. It was filmed in Pawling, New York. Susan Aibelli, a married, lonely woman, suffers a leg injury at home just as her husband is about to leave on his job as a travelling salesman and her son, Raymond, is about to leave for the summer on a medical internship. Raymond is then forced to stay at home to take care Document [39] (Title: Nakoruru) for being immune to the Fatality-like bloody killing moves. In "Samurai Shodown: Edge of Destiny", Mamahaha does not appear in fights except in special moves. The presence of monkeys in Nakoruru's stage in the original "Samurai Shodown" was a mistake of the background designer Tomoki Fukui which confused many fans as there are no monkeys on Hokkaido. (meaning "Wind" in Ainu) is a player character introduced in 2003. Her mannerism was based on Nakoruru's "Bust" form, being a violent and haughty ego of hers. The ruthless Nakoruru suppresses this side of herself as Rera sees "eliminating everyone who stands in Document [40] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Animal Planet) wind. He says that his objective is to meet with the animals. They use the bamboo copter to fly. They finally discovered a little dog at the river with a raft that blown by the wind. Nobita helps it to the city that he told. There many of people waiting for that little dog. Finally, the little dog meets with its father while that finally revealed that the name of that dog was Chippo. Nobita invited for a tea party at Chippo's family house. Chippo asked Nobita's house. He told from Tokyo, but Chippo didn't understand. But, Nobita and Doraemon Document [41] (Title: The Monkey Bible) "The Line" is his fifth musical release. The Monkey Bible The Monkey Bible: A Modern Allegory is a 2010 novel written by author Mark Laxer. The Monkey Bible tells the story of character Emmanuel, a deeply religious man who discovers he may not be completely human. Emmanuel begins a journey around the world to find answers to questions on genetics and religion after fearing he may no longer be accepted into Heaven. A close friend travels with him while working on rewriting Genesis from a biologically inclusive view, hoping to prove that Emmanuel still has a place in Heaven. Each Document [42] (Title: Lahore Zoo) enclosures, are the zoo's family of porcupines, adult spur-thighed tortoises and a pair of smooth-coated otters. Species previously housed in the monkey house include Black-footed grey langurs, Mandrills and Spider monkeys. Home to the zoo's chimpanzees, this building houses a wide array of other species including wolves, swamp cats and rhesus macaques. The zoo's first pair of chimps, male Romeo and female Julie, had been brought in 1994. A male chimp, Tinku was born to the pair in 2000 but died due to pneumonia in September, 2004. In August, 2001, Julie gave birth to two female chimps, named Pinky and Document [43] (Title: The Books of Abarat) is Christopher Carrion's bounty hunter. He pursues Candy and Malingo until the second book, wherein he is killed after Candy releases the beings called "Totemix" from the "Cabinet of Wonders" where they had been kept. Filth, introduced in the second book, is a primate-like creature described as "a monkey... with a distinctly human cast to his crooked face". He is said to have been jester to King Claus of Day until the death of Princess Boa and still lives in the Twilight Palace, where Candy encounters him after her escape from Otto Houlihan on the island of Babilonium. There, Filth Document [44] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita in the Wan-Nyan Spacetime Odyssey) eventually found by a researcher cat. In the present day, Nobita finds a stray dog drowning in a river while playing with Gian and Suneo by the river side. Feeling sorry for the dog, he decides to take it home by hiding it in a "kennel on the wall" and names it Ichi (originated from "One", which is a homophone of the sound of a barking dog in Japanese), and secretly feeds it and plays with Ichi with his kendama to find. Soon after, he also adopts a stray cat named Zubu (or "wet" in Japanese, due to the discovery Document [45] (Title: Cocorí) question. She doesn't know, so she brings him and the squirrel monkey around the jungle, asking some old and wise animals including Don Torcuato the alligator and Talamanca the bocaracá, a snake. After the interrogations of the alligator and the snake, Cocorí finally gets an answer from El Negro Cantor. He returns home to find that Drusila had planted the stem of the wilted rose and so grown a rose bush. When the book was made mandatory reading, the Proyecto Caribe Association, in charge of defending the culture of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, populated almost exclusively by African Document [46] (Title: Dora the Explorer) Lego released four sets based on the TV series' characters. These include "7330 Dora's Treasure Island", "7331 Diego's Rescue Truck", "7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park", and "7333 Dora and Diego's Animal Adventure". In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured "Sesame Street" and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Document [47] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) show, the game is about Dora who has a task to complete or a place to reach with her monkey, Boots. Dora has three, or, in some double-length episodes, four, places to go, with the final place as the destination. The game is about Dora and Boots who find some lost aliens from the Purple Planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys from different planets to open the Space Door, leading to the Purple Planet. To fuel the rocket ship loaned to them, Dora and Boots need to collect 10 space gems in Document [48] (Title: Monkey Shines) him quadriplegic. Allan fails to adjust to his condition, becoming suicidal and despondent. When Geoffrey Fisher, a scientist friend of his (John Pankow), who has been experimenting with the injection of human brain tissue into Capuchin monkeys learns this, he is prompted to supply one of the experimental monkeys, named "Ella" (played by Boo, and voiced by Frank Welker), to Allan as a helper. Their relationship is amicable at first, with Allan's life being made much easier, and the two bond deeply, even sharing poignant moments with romantic music, but soon their interaction takes a decidedly sinister turn. The monkey Document [49] (Title: Dora and Friends: Into the City!) Dora and Friends: Into the City! Dora and Friends: Into the City! (also called Dora and Friends) is an American educational animated television series. A sequel to the original "Dora the Explorer" series, this series premiered on Nickelodeon on August 18, 2014 and ended on February 5, 2017 in the United States, followed by its Canadian premiere on September 6, 2014 on Treehouse TV. Dora, who is now ten-years-old, attends school and lives in the city of Playa Verde. She has five friends: Kate, who loves art, Emma, who loves music, Alana, who is tomboyish and loves animals, Naiya, who Document [50] (Title: Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys) Windus in London. The story's most recent English printing was in 2007 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys is a 1939 children's short story written and illustrated by German-American author H. A. Rey. It is the first story to feature Rey's now-famous character, Curious George. When it was first published in France, Cecily's original name was "Rafi"; "Raffy" when it was first published in the United Kingdom. But when it appeared in the United States, the character was renamed "Cecily". The story follows the exploits of Cecily Giraffe, or simply Document [51] (Title: Winged monkeys) Winged monkeys Winged monkeys (often referred to in adaptations and popular culture as flying monkeys) are fictional characters created by American author L. Frank Baum in his classic children's novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900). The winged monkeys are exactly what the name implies: jungle monkeys with powerful bird-like feathered wings attached to their shoulders which allow them to fly. They are most notable from the famous 1939 musical movie by MGM. Ever since, they have taken their own place in popular culture, regularly referenced in comedic or ironic situations as a source of evil or fear. The winged Document [52] (Title: Dora the Explorer video games) shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS's microphone. Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a side-scrolling game developed by High Voltage Software and published 2K Games. It was released for Wii in North America on November 3, 2009, and in Europe on November 27, 2009. The game was later than released on Computer Platforms and the PlayStation 2 in North America on November 12, 2009. The game is about a King that has hid the Crystals in the Crystal Kingdom, and Dora and boots must find all of the crystals to save the Document [53] (Title: The 5th Monkey) in one of the monkeys disappearing, and Cunda becoming the servant of the local rich woman who has taken it upon herself to take care of the monkeys. Cunda now has to solve these two problems, and deal with the fact of the village woman's attraction to him plus his growing fondness of the monkeys. The 5th Monkey The 5th Monkey is a Brazilian-American 1990 drama film directed and written by Eric Rochat and starring Ben Kingsley. The film was based on the novel "Le Cinquieme Singe" by Jacques Zibi. The Cannon Group founder Menahem Golan produced via his 21st Document [54] (Title: Spider monkey) Spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of which are under threat; the black-headed spider monkey and brown spider monkey are critically endangered. Disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them one of the largest New World monkeys and give rise to their common name. Spider monkeys live in the upper layers of the rainforest, and forage in the high canopy, Document [55] (Title: 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother) mother stop coming after an indication that she is sick, Marco fears the worst for her fate. Since his father is too busy working in his clinic and his older brother Tonio was sent to train as a locomotive driver in Milano, he is the only one free to go search for her. Marco takes his older brother's pet monkey Amedeo and they sneak aboard the Andrea Dora, a ship bound for Brazil. In Brazil Marco boards an immigrant ship and arrives in Buenos Aires, where he meets a puppeteer called Peppino and his family, whom he knew from Genoa. Document [56] (Title: Dora the Explorer) Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America on February 9, 2006. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures Document [57] (Title: Sand Monkeys) In the notation, Max's mother refers to Max and Emma as "...our two little sand monkeys" Sixteen year old Max arrives in a new household inhabited by several families and individuals. Among them there are a six-year-old boy named Mango; and a fifteen-year-old girl, Emma. Emma and her father Ted — an old friend of Max's parents — had arrived in the household some months earlier. Max brings the tree seedlings which he has grown from seeds with him when he moves in. Whilst he develops friendships with the other children, Emma remains distant from him. She does not appear Document [58] (Title: Monkey Shines) Monkey Shines Monkey Shines (also known as Monkey Shines: An Experiment in Fear) is a 1988 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero, based on the novel by Michael Stewart. The film stars Jason Beghe as Allan Mann, an athlete who becomes a paralyzed quadriplegic and develops a bond with an intelligent service monkey named "Ella". The film, which was produced by Peter Grunwald and Charles Evans, was Romero's first studio film, and was distributed by Orion Pictures. Allan Mann (Beghe) is an athlete who is struck by a truck and the surgery to save him renders Document [59] (Title: B. Monkey) Beatrice and begins to pursue her. What Alan doesn't know is that Beatrice is an infamous thief known to the police as "B. Monkey" (named for her ability to break into anything), and the men she was arguing with were Paul (Rupert Everett) and Bruno (Jonathan Rhys Meyers), a homosexual couple who are her partners in crime. When Alan becomes aware of Beatrice's secret, he tries to lead her into a safer and more honest way of life, even as she lures him into the thrilling existence he's been dreaming of. Film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film Document [60] (Title: Monkey Kingdom) Sri Lanka for nearly 50 years. His and Jane Goodall’s study at Gombe are the longest running studies of wild primates. For the film, Dittus helped select the monkey characters and decipher their behavior. The film was scored by British composer Harry Gregson-Williams, and was shot using Sony F65 cameras. "Monkey Kingdom" was released on April 17, 2015. The first official trailer for the film was released on April 18, 2014, featuring the song "Team" by Lorde and attached theatrically with "Bears". "Monkey Kingdom" was released on Blu-Ray + DVD + Digital HD combo pack on September 15, 2015. In Document [61] (Title: Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!) title "monkey" character of the film, being looked down upon by everyone around her; however, those who judge her do not actually know her, thus, in Indrarto's opinion, making them the "monkeys". A review in "Tempo" described the film as "anti-Sjuman" owing to the differences in styles between father and daughter. Sjumandjaja's films tended to fall under social realism, while Ayu's debut had more of a personal, symbolic aspect with a touch of surrealism. The film does not show Adjeng's molestation, instead symbolizing it by showing a leech feeding; in one case, when Adjeng is raped in a bathtub, losing Document [62] (Title: B. Monkey) B. Monkey B. Monkey is a British-American 1998 crime drama film directed by Michael Radford. Originally, Michael Caton-Jones was attached to direct the adaptation of the homonymous book by Andrew Davies, but left over creative differences. Asia Argento was allegedly sexually assaulted by Harvey Weinstein during the production of this film. Alan (Jared Harris) is a schoolteacher in London who also moonlights as a jazz disc jockey for a hospital PA system. One night after work, he goes to a bar and sees Beatrice (Asia Argento), a beautiful woman who is arguing with two men. Alan is immediately captivated by Document [63] (Title: Winged monkeys) 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz", the monkeys are apparently intelligent enough to obey commands, but do not speak, though they do in the book. They abduct Dorothy and dismantle the Scarecrow, but do nothing to the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion, leaving them free to put the Scarecrow back together and rescue Dorothy. There is no mention of any three wishes in the film, suggesting that the monkeys serve the witch unconditionally. Nikko (the head monkey) is shown again after the Witch orders him to throw a basket containing the dog Toto in the river (an order that Document [64] (Title: Monkey) him or Rama. In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness. The "Sanzaru," or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil". The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in Document [65] (Title: Dora the Explorer) and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. "Dora Puppy" is a puppy simulator where players must help Dora take care of her puppy, Perrito, and help train him for doggie competitions. All Document [66] (Title: Dora the Explorer) above, the usual second language is English, but Spanish is used in the original American version in English (broadcast also for Malay speakers), in the Irish, Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions. Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a Document [67] (Title: Monkeys in Japanese culture) then he begins to dance and perform with the Monkey, thus ending on a happy note. (Sebeok 1986:120) The (c. 1596-1607) "Inu makura" or "The Dog Pillow" collection includes the description "red leaves dried out like a monkey's buttocks" (猿の尻木枯らししらぬ紅葉かな). Monkeys are a common theme in Japanese folktales and fairy tales. The monkey is a malicious trickster in "Saru Kani Gassen" ("Battle of the Crab and the Monkey") over a rice-ball and a persimmon seed (Ozaki 1903:205–215). In one widespread version, the monkey takes a rice ball from a crab in exchange for a persimmon seed, explaining to the crab Document [68] (Title: Madidi titi) Madidi titi The Madidi titi, also known as the GoldenPalace.com monkey or the golden palace monkey, is a titi, a kind of New World monkey, discovered in western Bolivia's Madidi National Park in 2004. Its scientific name is Plecturocebus aureipalatii, the specific epithet meaning "of the Golden Palace", in reference to GoldenPalace.com, an online casino which paid US$650,000 to have the species named after them, with benefits going toward the nonprofit organization that maintains the park where the titi was discovered. The species was discovered in low-lying lands of northwestern Bolivia, in the forest at the foot of the Andes. Document [69] (Title: Dora (2017 film)) the same name. Dora (2017 film) Dora () is an Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film directed by Doss Ramasamy and produced by A. Sarkunam. It features Nayanthara in the lead role, with actors Thambi Ramaiah, Harish Uthaman and Sulile Kumar in secondary roles. The film's production began in March 2016 and principal photography commenced in June 2016, with Dinesh Krishnan working as the cinematographer. The film was released on 31 March 2017. The film opens with Pavalakkodi (Nayanthara) in the hospital and her father Vairakannu (Thambi Ramaiah) weeping for her misfortune. Later, the scene cuts to their futures. They live Document [70] (Title: Dora the Explorer video games) song playing game (Simon (game). is an action-adventure game, developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in October 13, 2005. An Xbox version was planned but was cancelled. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots Document [71] (Title: The Monkey Jar) The Monkey Jar The Monkey Jar is a 2008 play written by California playwright Richard Martin Hirsch. The play opened in Beverly Hills on February 2, 2008, and closed on March 8, 2008, in the Reuben Cordova Theatre. The production was directed by Warren Davis and starred Henry Hayashi, Mark Berry, and Sekai Murashige, alternating with Josh Ogner. Set Design by Jeff G. Rack; Lighting Design by Meghan Hong; Costume Design by Holly Victoria; Sound Design by Jonathan Snipes. Produced by Theatre Forty and Storey Productions. Michael Dori, a Japanese American, teaches at Bienvenida Elementary School in Beverly Hills, priding Document [72] (Title: Spider monkey) 260-day calendar, Spider Monkey (Nahua "Ozomatli") serves as the name for the 11th day. In the corresponding Maya calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz) is substituted for Spider Monkey. In present-day Maya religious feasts, spider monkey impersonators serve as a kind of demonic clowns. In Classical Maya art, they are ubiquitous, often shown carrying cacao pods. Spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of Document [73] (Title: Dora (2017 film)) Dora (2017 film) Dora () is an Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film directed by Doss Ramasamy and produced by A. Sarkunam. It features Nayanthara in the lead role, with actors Thambi Ramaiah, Harish Uthaman and Sulile Kumar in secondary roles. The film's production began in March 2016 and principal photography commenced in June 2016, with Dinesh Krishnan working as the cinematographer. The film was released on 31 March 2017. The film opens with Pavalakkodi (Nayanthara) in the hospital and her father Vairakannu (Thambi Ramaiah) weeping for her misfortune. Later, the scene cuts to their futures. They live in a small Document [74] (Title: Ethnoprimatology) stiff, could barely moved, and did not understand and thus did not respect their makers. The gods angrily destroyed them with rains and flood, and those wood people who escaped became spider monkeys. The spider monkeys were morphologically similar to humans but still lacked the ability to speak. In a different part of the Popol Vuh, Hunbatz (which literally means 1 Howler monkey) and Hunchouen (1 Spider monkey) are the older brothers of the Hero Twins. The Hero Twins won the favor of the gods after they defeated the gods of darkness and death. Naturally, Hunbatz and Hunchouen were jealous, Document [75] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016) but Nobita and his pets come in and rescue them just in time. They disable the machine that will destroy subspace and just in time, Time Patrol and Dorami come and arrest Gigazombi. Dorami says that she found out the shape-memory ceramic the shaman was made from is manufactured in the 23rd century, which made her worried and thus called Time Patrol. Nobita and the rest of the group prepare to return to their own time although a tearful farewell is first said to Pega, Draco and Gri - because they are fantastical animals, they cannot accompany Nobita and must Document [76] (Title: Spider monkey) monkeys as ("Lagothrix" and "Oreonax") in the South American lowland forest, to evolve their unique locomotory system. This theory is not supported by fossil evidence. Other theories include "Brachyteles", "Lagothrix" and "Ateles" in an unresolved trichotomy, and two clades, one composed of "Ateles" and "Lagothrix" and the other of "Alouatta" and "Brachyteles". More recent molecular evidence suggests the Atelinae split in the middle to late Miocene (13 Ma), separating spider monkeys from the woolly spider monkeys and the woolly monkeys. The genus name "Ateles" derives from the ancient greek word (), meaning "incomplete, imperfect", in reference to the reduced or Document [77] (Title: Regan Mizrahi) Regan Mizrahi Regan Mizrahi (born March 30, 2000) is an American child actor from New Jersey, known for his role as the voice of Boots the Monkey in the television series "Dora the Explorer". He began working professionally at the age of three and has appeared in numerous national television commercials and radio ads. He is the great grandson of radio personality Nat Hale and is a member of Mensa. Mizrahi has appeared on "Rescue Me", "Blue Bloods", "White Collar", "Human Giant", and "Saturday Night Live". Some of his film work includes "", "Nature Calls", "The Pleasure of Your Company" Document [78] (Title: Three wise monkeys) is often used to refer to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye. Outside Japan the monkeys' names are sometimes given as "Mizaru", "Mikazaru", and "Mazaru", as the last two names were corrupted from the Japanese originals. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Tōshō-gū Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s Document [79] (Title: Hernández-Camacho's night monkey) is possible that it occurs in Tatamá Natural National Park. This range is currently also considered part of the range of the Panamanian night monkey. The Latin name honors the late Colombian biologist Jorge Hernández-Camacho. Hernández-Camacho's night monkey Hernández-Camacho's night monkey ("Aotus jorgehernandezi") is a species of night monkey of the family Aotidae. It was first described in 2007 by Thomas Defler and Marta Bueno. It has a gray neck and a white patch over each eye, separated by a black band. The fur on the chest, belly, lower arms and lower wrists is thick and white. It differs from Document [80] (Title: The Vengeance of the Winged Serpent) that he has been deceived when he sees Laura, Paco and the rest of the group on TV, running away by plane. Having found fake passports hidden behind a mirror, he moves to Mexico, where Laura had said she had met Paco. The monkey and his owner are wanted for the bomb that exploded at the hotel, and also travel with him. Loulou, wanted for the abduction of Lefebure, intends to lay hands on Laura, to the chagrin of Alvaro. After a long discussion, Loulou finally resolves to return to France. That is when they encounter one of the terrorists, Document [81] (Title: Brown spider monkey) Brown spider monkey The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey ("Ateles hybridus") is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Its taxonomic history has been confusing, and in the past it has been treated as a subspecies of either the Geoffroy's spider monkey or the white-fronted spider monkey. Like all spider monkeys, it has very long, spindly limbs and a lengthy prehensile tail which can almost be called a fifth limb. The brown spider monkey has a whitish belly and patch on the forehead, and Document [82] (Title: Monkeys in Japanese culture) "yamazaru" (山猿, "mountain/wild monkey") "country bumpkin; hick; hillbilly". Two are Sino-Japanese loanwords for foreign monkeys: "shōjō" (猩々 "orangutan") "a mythical red-faced, red-haired god of wine, who was always drunk and dancing merrily" or "heavy drinker; drunk" and "hihi" (狒々 "baboon") "satyr; lecher; dirty old man". This Japanese Shōjō legend derives from Chinese traditions that the "xingxing" (猩猩 "orangutan") is fond of wine. Monkeys are a common trope in Japanese idioms: The opaque idiom "tōrō ga ono, enkō ga tsuki" (蟷螂が斧猿猴が月, lit. "axes for a praying mantis, moon for a monkey") means (Ohnuki-Tierney 1987:64), "A praying mantis trying to crush the Document [83] (Title: Monkey-man of Delhi) by a trail of 275 Classic mild cigarette butts on the ground. The appearance of Monkey man in Old Delhi is the centre-point of the 2009 Bollywood Hindi film "Delhi-6" directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra. In the film, the creature, called in Hindi as ""Kala Bandar (Black Monkey)"" is used as an allegory to represent the evil that resides inside every man alongside God (virtue). The monkey man has never actually been caught on tape. In the 2011 graphic novel Munkeeman by Tere Bin Laden director Abhishek Sharma, the creature is interpreted as a misunderstood superhero, who is the result Document [84] (Title: Ape Escape 2) to capture all of the Freaky Monkey Five, except Yellow Monkey. Before his fight with White Monkey, Pipotchi, a baby monkey accompanying Hikaru, is kidnapped, in order to transfer the data in his Monkey Helmet (a re-engineered model which makes Pipotchi friendly) into a device called the Lethargy Laser. Rescuing Pipotchi, Hikaru makes his way through a monkey controlled military base, and confronts Specter, who is waiting for him with a redesigned version of his battle cruiser from the first game. Before the two can battle, Yellow Monkey, now a giant monster thanks to an overdose of Vita-Z bananas attacks Document [85] (Title: Mura's saddleback tamarin) Mura's saddleback tamarin Mura's saddleback tamarin ("Saguinus fuscicollis mura") is a subspecies of monkey that was first seen by scientists in 2007 in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The monkey, which is mostly gray and brown, weighs , is tall, and has a tail. According to the discoverers of this new subspecies, Mura's saddleback tamarin is threatened by several planned development projects in the region, including a proposed gas pipeline, two hydroelectric dams currently in the beginning stages of construction, and, most notably, a major highway cutting through the Amazon that is currently being paved. Conservationists fear the highway could Document [86] (Title: Summer of the Monkeys (film)) their parents forbid her physical activity. The next morning, Jay arrives at his Grandpa Sam Ferrans' general store looking for a job. On the way there, his dog Rowdy goes to explore the forbidden river bottoms. Jay hears monkeys screeching in the distance and after visiting the store, he discovers the monkeys camping on the drunk Bayliss Hatcher's property. Jay tells Daisy his discovery, but she doesn't believe him. Jay returns to his grandfather's store and finds a wanted poster of the monkeys, paired with a bounty of $85. Toby and two other bullies also find the poster and set Document [87] (Title: Monkey Thieves) and almost gets the upper hand over Tarak, until he is attacked by the ferocious and united females of the gang. Facing defeat, he is thrown out of the gang. The chaos results in many gang members left heavily wounded, and the death of a baby macaque. Meanwhile, the exile monkeys are already going along the road, and with their brilliant sense of directions and after a ten-mile long trek, they are finally back in the city. Going through the street mazes, they reach the temple and are welcomed with a bath. Bipin is finally reunited with Yash and Tito, Document [88] (Title: Blood Monkey) quality special effects, and the lack of appearances by the titular monster, the monkeys. They also questioned the appearance of F. Murray Abraham in the film, though note that his performance was its only positive aspect. Anthropological professor Conrad Hamilton attempts to study a new species of primate, possibly the missing link between humanity and the great ape, found in a hidden valley deep within the jungles of Thailand. Hamilton's initial research team tries to capture one of these new (and very large) primates, but fail and are all killed. Hamilton and his assistant Chenne, who survive because they are Document [89] (Title: Monkey Shines) on 14 reviews. The "Malcolm in the Middle" episode "Monkey" parodies the film, as Craig Feldspar (David Anthony Higgins) was in an accident earlier in the series ("Dewey's Dog") and is confined to an electric wheel chair for six weeks. Rather than use his insurance money on a Nurse, He gets a helper monkey, "Oliver", who's later revealed to be deranged and homicidal. Monkey Shines Monkey Shines (also known as Monkey Shines: An Experiment in Fear) is a 1988 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero, based on the novel by Michael Stewart. The film stars Jason Question: what is the name of the monkey in dora Answer: Boots Long Answer: The series centers around Dora, a seven - year - old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting . Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall - breaking interaction with the viewer . To stop Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times . However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items . Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer's help . Known for the constant breaking of the fourth - wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way . The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the "We Did It!" song with Boots in triumph. Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sweet Thursday) local brothel, The Bear Flag Restaurant, is now being run by Dora's older sister Fauna, a former mission worker previously known as Flora. Under Fauna, the girls of the Bear Flag study etiquette and posture with the goal of joining Fauna's list of "gold stars," former employees of the Bear Flag who have married and left their employ there. As Doc tries to rebuild his neglected business, the latest Bear Flag resident Suzy is causing trouble. Fauna knows Suzy isn't cut out to be a working girl, but her soft heart always causes her to fall for a hard luck Document [2] (Title: Red-faced spider monkey) Red-faced spider monkey The red-faced spider monkey ("Ateles paniscus") also known as the Guiana spider monkey or red-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey found in the rain forests in northern South America. The species faces issues with hunting and habitat loss, so is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Redlist. The red-faced spider monkey has long, black hair and a red or pink face that is bare except for a few short, white hairs. Infants are born with dark faces, which lighten as they age. Sexual dimorphism in the species is small; the head-body length of Document [3] (Title: The Monkey's Uncle) The Monkey's Uncle The Monkey's Uncle is a 1965 Walt Disney production starring Tommy Kirk as genius college student Merlin Jones and Annette Funicello (former Mouseketeer from The Mickey Mouse Club) as his girlfriend, Jennifer. The title plays on the idiom "monkey's uncle" and refers to a chimpanzee named Stanley, Merlin's legal "nephew" (a legal arrangement resulting from an experiment to raise Stanley as a human); Stanley otherwise has little relevance to the plot. Jones invents a man-powered airplane and a sleep-learning system. The film is a sequel to the 1964 film "The Misadventures of Merlin Jones." Midvale College is Document [4] (Title: Monkey Trouble) is a pilot and travels a lot. A gypsy kleptomaniac Azro (Harvey Keitel), whose wife and son Mark (Adam LaVorgna) recently left him, is now a vagabond, and lives off the grid with his intelligent Capuchin monkey Fingers (Finster). Azro blames Fingers for his wife and son leaving. He works as a hurdy gurdy-playing busker at Venice Beach, using Fingers' cuteness as a way to lure in tourists. Azro has taught Fingers how to pickpocket the audience members. A pair of Italian mafia members named Drake (Robert Miranda) and Charlie (Victor Argo) show up to Azro's act. They deduce Azro's Document [5] (Title: Central Station (film)) killed in a bus accident just outside the train station, the boy is left homeless. Dora takes him in and traffics him to a corrupt couple, but she is made to feel guilty by her neighbor and friend Irene and later steals him back. Dora is initially reluctant to be responsible for the boy, but ends up deciding to take a trip with him to Northeast Brazil in order to find his father's house and leave him there. Dora tries to leave Josué on the bus, but he follows her, forgetting his backpack containing Dora's money. Penniless, they are picked Document [6] (Title: Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys) Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys is a 1939 children's short story written and illustrated by German-American author H. A. Rey. It is the first story to feature Rey's now-famous character, Curious George. When it was first published in France, Cecily's original name was "Rafi"; "Raffy" when it was first published in the United Kingdom. But when it appeared in the United States, the character was renamed "Cecily". The story follows the exploits of Cecily Giraffe, or simply "Cecily G." for short. She is saddened by the loss of her fellow jungle animals and Document [7] (Title: Dora the Explorer (film)) Dora the Explorer (film) Dora the Explorer is an upcoming American family film directed by James Bobin. It is an adaptation of the Nickelodeon's series of the same name. The film is produced by Paramount Players, Walden Media, and Nickelodeon Movies, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is set to be released on August 2, 2019. Having spent most of her life exploring the jungle with her parents nothing could prepare Dora for the most dangerous adventure ever – High School. Always the explorer, Dora quickly finds herself leading Boots (her best friend, a monkey), Diego, and a rag tag Document [8] (Title: Saki) the downfall of Oscar Wilde (1895), meant "that side of [Munro's] life had to be secret". The pen name "Saki" is most commonly assumed to be a reference to the cupbearer in the "Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam." Both Rothay Reynolds and Ethel Munro confirm this. This reference is stated as fact by Emlyn Williams in his introduction to a Saki anthology published in 1978. However, "Saki" may also or instead be a reference to the South American monkey of that name, which at least two commentators, Tom Sharpe and Will Self, have connected to the "small, long-tailed monkey from the Document [9] (Title: Regan Mizrahi) the humanities and social sciences 2018 National Merit Scholarship Competition 2018 Recipient of the John Sousa Award Regan Mizrahi Regan Mizrahi (born March 30, 2000) is an American child actor from New Jersey, known for his role as the voice of Boots the Monkey in the television series "Dora the Explorer". He began working professionally at the age of three and has appeared in numerous national television commercials and radio ads. He is the great grandson of radio personality Nat Hale and is a member of Mensa. Mizrahi has appeared on "Rescue Me", "Blue Bloods", "White Collar", "Human Giant", and Document [10] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is a 2005 action-adventure video game based on the television series "Dora the Explorer", developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America on February 9, 2006. An Xbox version was planned, but was cancelled. Based on the Document [11] (Title: Monkey (TV series)) weapon; and the ability to conjure monkey warriors by blowing on hairs plucked from his chest. The pilgrims face many perils and antagonists both human, such as and supernatural. Monkey, Sandy, and Pigsy are often called upon to battle demons, monsters, and bandits, despite Tripitaka's constant call for peace. Many episodes also feature some moral lesson, usually based upon Buddhist and/or Taoist philosophies, which are elucidated by the narrator at the end of various scenes. The songs in the series were performed by the five-piece Japanese band Godiego. In Japan, the first series' ending theme , which was named after Document [12] (Title: Frona Eunice Wait) Dorado" is an adventure story about an Atlantis, in a place that will become San Francisco 11,000 years later. She published the book originally in 1897. After seeing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake she made changes to the book. In her reprint of the book, the author called her book "Yermah the Dorado" a "pre-vision of what is to be". Though sold as science fiction, there has been an argument about whether many Victorian era books meet the definition of science fiction. Darko Suvin argues that the book is not science fiction because it lacks a distinct Document [13] (Title: Monkey hanger) In the book, the monkey talks and possesses several other human characteristics. The Hartlepool Monkey also featured prominently in the play "Bestiary", written by Jim Burke and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003. In 2014, a documentary was made about the Hartlepool Monkey and its long-lasting significance to the city and its inhabitants called "Heart of The Pools". Monkey hanger "Monkey hanger" is a colloquial nickname by which people from the town of Hartlepool in north eastern England are sometimes known. According to local folklore, the term originates from an incident in which a monkey was hanged in Hartlepool, Document [14] (Title: Show Me the Monkey) to scheduling conflicts, the writers changed the character's name in order to make it a reference to the band Argent, best known for their song "Hold Your Head Up". The episode references Wikipedia when Veronica looks up the origins of the color manila. The stolen capuchin monkey named Oscar is played by live animal actor Katie, best known for playing Marcel, Ross Geller's pet monkey, on the sitcom "Friends". Near the time of the episode's airing, she had also appeared in "Bruce Almighty" and an episode of "30 Rock". When the episode's editor first received one take of the scene Document [15] (Title: A Monkey in Winter (film)) A Monkey in Winter (film) A Monkey in Winter () is a 1962 French drama film directed by Henri Verneuil. It is based on the novel "A Monkey in Winter" by Antoine Blondin. Set in a Normandy seaside town, it recounts the meeting and parting of two men at odds with life, one an old hotel keeper who dreams of dashing deeds in pre-war China and the other a young advertising executive who imagines he is an incarnation of Hispanic masculinity. With his dutiful but unimaginative wife Suzanne, Albert Quentin runs a small hotel in a little town on the Document [16] (Title: Go, Diego, Go!) from "Dora the Explorer", as revealed in multiple shows, usually without Boots by her side. Diego was first introduced in an episode of "Dora the Explorer" entitled "Meet Diego!" (originally voiced by brothers Andres and Felipe Dieppa). Diego has a jaguar companion named Baby Jaguar (voiced by Thomas Sharkey) who assists him in rescuing the animals. Baby Jaguar also appears in "Dora the Explorer" but inconsistently; on "Go, Diego, Go!" he takes a more active role, which includes being able to speak. Diego is Dora's cousin; Dora appears in some episodes in the series, usually without Boots. Diego's older sister, Document [17] (Title: Crystal the Monkey) a capuchin monkey in Florida. Birds & Animals prefers to begin training younger monkeys, optimally those close to one year old. Audacious two-and-half-year-old Crystal, whose canine teeth had begun showing, was offered. The trainer ultimately decided to buy both Crystal and two younger capuchin monkeys. Three employees received the three monkeys. Crystal was given to Tom Gunderson, an employee who had only been with the company for a few years and had been primarily working at Universal Studios Florida's Animal Actors stage show. Gunderson had let the other two employees select their monkeys first and was left with the oldest, Document [18] (Title: A Monkey in Winter) film "A Monkey in Winter", starring Jean Gabin and Jean-Paul Belmondo. A Monkey in Winter A Monkey in Winter () is a 1959 novel by the French writer Antoine Blondin. It tells the story of a reformed alcohol addict who runs a small hotel in Normandy and has promised his wife to never drink alcohol again. To support a guest, a man who is nervous because he is to meet his daughter for the first time, he tells war stories and begins to drink to infuse courage. An English translation by Robert Baldick was published in 1960. The book received Document [19] (Title: The 5th Monkey) The 5th Monkey The 5th Monkey is a Brazilian-American 1990 drama film directed and written by Eric Rochat and starring Ben Kingsley. The film was based on the novel "Le Cinquieme Singe" by Jacques Zibi. The Cannon Group founder Menahem Golan produced via his 21st Century Film Corporation, following the demise of Cannon. The original music score was composed by Robert O. Ragland. Cunda (Kingsley) lives deep in the Brazilian rainforest and is intent on making enough money so he can marry a widow in his village. However, his trade - capturing snakes for scientists - pays very little money, Document [20] (Title: La Ciudad Blanca) whom it bred, resulting in half-monkey half-human children. He claimed, “The native name for monkey is Urus, which translates literally into ‘sons of the hairy men.’ Their fathers, or fore-fathers, are the Ulaks, half-man and half-spirit, who lived on the ground, walked upright and had the appearance of great hairy ape-men.” According to journalist Wendy Griffin, Nahuat speakers repeated a similar story to anthropologist James Taggart many years later. In Morde's version , the hybrid children were hunted for revenge, while in the Nahuat version the child grew up to be Nahuehue, a Thunderbolt god. Morde and Brown brought back Document [21] (Title: Dora the Explorer) girl, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting. Common rituals may Document [22] (Title: Tarzan: The Lost Adventure) the little monkey, appear. Burroughs' manuscript ends before Ur is reached, but in the novel as completed by Lansdale, Ur turns out to be a society revering a giant and supposedly immortal praying mantis, which is used to slay condemned prisoners in the arena. Tarzan speculates that the creature is originally from the underground world of Pellucidar, to which Ur is connected by a system of caverns and passages. Trapped underground at the end of the story, he seeks escape by seeking out the route to Pellucidar himself. The original Burroughs manuscript was 83 typed pages, divided into 16 untitled Document [23] (Title: Marta DuBois) portrayed Dora in the television western "Lone Rider" (2008) and had a guest role as Maria Cordero in the "" episode "Ballona Creek" (2010). Marta DuBois Marta Estela DuBois (December 15, 1952 in David, Chiriquí, Panama - May 8, 2018 in Los Angeles, California, USA) was a Panamanian actress. DuBois had a steady career on episodes of numerous television series and films. She may be best known as the female lead, as homicide detective Roberta Hansen, in the "McBride" franchise of 10 television films. DuBois co-started in the single season of the television series "Tales of the Gold Monkey", which Document [24] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) a level. When Dora and Boots are looking up at outer space, a flying saucer containing five aliens (“Flinky”, “Inky”, “Plinky”, “Dinky” and “Al”) from the purple planet, lands on Earth. However, the saucer falls apart and Dora and Boots have to get the aliens back to the Purple Planet. Isa has a rocket ship that Dora and Boots can borrow, which is located on top of the tall mountain. To get there, Dora and Boots first need to cross the Turtle River, then get past the Icky Sticky Sand, then swing over Crocodile Lake and finally climb up to Document [25] (Title: Monkey (character)) as well as to ITV Digital going out of business. PG launched a website selling the newly branded "PG Monkey" merchandise with profits being donated to Comic Relief, who still own the intellectual property rights. The online shop has since closed but during promotions PG Tips have given away free mini-Monkeys packaged with their tea. Monkey also appeared in a short advertising film which was shown in cinemas at the beginning of selected showings of "Horton Hears a Who", "The Spiderwick Chronicles", "" and "The Game Plan". The film was released on 21 March 2008. The film is called "A Document [26] (Title: Monkey Thieves) Gang and his pals, Bipin, Yash and Tito. Teejay was Rani's youngest son and last offspring of Tarak with Rani. During a run in with the monkey catchers, Teejay fled and ended up lost, searching the streets for his family which ended up in him finding his way to the Galta Temple, but instead of finding his family he found the temple's new residence, the langur monkeys. Teejay continued his solo forays and ended up receiving an electric shock when he tried to climb the electric wires. He was taken in by an animal charity organisation known as 'Help in Document [27] (Title: The Monkey's Raincoat) of the novel derives from a haiku by the Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō which is quoted at the start of the novel: Cole is hired by Ellen Lang to find her missing husband and son and in the end, with Cole and Pike's help, she kills former matador and crime boss Domingo Garcia Duran, the man responsible for her husband's death and her son's kidnapping. The facts behind the events leading to Ellen's husband's involvement with Duran and his death are revealed and her son Perry is restored to her. Robert Crais' original outline for the novel had Joe Pike Document [28] (Title: Love Monkey (novel)) Love Monkey (novel) Love Monkey is a comic novel by Kyle Smith published in 2004. It is the basis for the 2006 CBS television series of the same name. "Love Monkey" is Kyle Smith's first novel. Smith is currently a film critic for the New York Post. The title, "Love Monkey", is from a song lyric. Tom Farrell is a man in his thirties who resides in New York City in 2001 (before, during and after the September 11 attacks). The novel is a slice of life story, briefly visiting several months of his life as he works as an Document [29] (Title: Tales of the Gold Monkey) princess Koji (Marta DuBois), a Dragon Lady type of character who has eyes for Jake. Koji's devoted bodyguard is Todo (John Fujioka), a fierce practitioner of Bushido and loyal to the princess. (Although Calvin, DuBois, and Fujioka were billed on the opening credits of each episode, they actually only appeared on a semiregular basis in a handful of episodes.) The title is derived from a gigantic mythical golden statue that is the focal point of the pilot episode, seen only by the viewer at the end of the show. The characters end their search for the statue after finding a Document [30] (Title: The Squirt and the Monkey) The Squirt and the Monkey "The Squirt and the Monkey" is a Nero Wolfe mystery novella by Rex Stout, first published as "See No Evil" in the August 1951 issue of "The American Magazine". It first appeared in book form in the short-story collection "Triple Jeopardy", published by the Viking Press in 1952. Archie Goodwin takes an unusual assignment to help cartoonist Harry Koven recover a gun that has been stolen from a desk drawer in his home office. Harry, creator of the popular "Dazzle Dan" comic strip, intends to have Archie place his own gun—the same model as the Document [31] (Title: Brown spider monkey) spider monkeys are also known from other reserves in both Colombia and Venezuela. Brown spider monkey The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey ("Ateles hybridus") is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Its taxonomic history has been confusing, and in the past it has been treated as a subspecies of either the Geoffroy's spider monkey or the white-fronted spider monkey. Like all spider monkeys, it has very long, spindly limbs and a lengthy prehensile tail which can almost be called a fifth limb. The Document [32] (Title: The Monkey Bible) The Monkey Bible The Monkey Bible: A Modern Allegory is a 2010 novel written by author Mark Laxer. The Monkey Bible tells the story of character Emmanuel, a deeply religious man who discovers he may not be completely human. Emmanuel begins a journey around the world to find answers to questions on genetics and religion after fearing he may no longer be accepted into Heaven. A close friend travels with him while working on rewriting Genesis from a biologically inclusive view, hoping to prove that Emmanuel still has a place in Heaven. Each copy is printed on recycled paper using Document [33] (Title: Patasola (monkey)) in habitat that was in contact with the Amazon and Orinoco Basins, and that La Venta itself was probably seasonally dry forest. The authors of the publication about "Patasola" however suggests the presence of rain forest. Patasola (monkey) Patasola is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia. The type species is "Patasola magdalenae". "Patasola magdalenae" is named after the mythological Patasola ("one foot"), a forest spirit of Document [34] (Title: Pygmy marmoset) Pygmy marmoset The pygmy marmoset ("Cebuella pygmaea") is a small species of New World monkey native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. The species is notable for being the smallest monkey and one of the smallest primates in the world, at just over (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur is smaller). It is generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and is a gum-feeding specialist, or a gummivore. About 83% of the pygmy marmoset population lives in stable troops of two to nine individuals, including a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of Document [35] (Title: Dora the Explorer) slated for an August 2, 2019 release. It will be filmed in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia at Village Roadshow Studios directed by James Bobin with the screenplay written by Nick Stoller and Kristin Burr producing. Unlike the TV series, the film is expected to follow the title character as a teenager. Dora's cousin Diego is also confirmed to be a character in the film. On May 2, 2018 Isabela Moner was announced to portray the titular character. Dora the Explorer Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh Valdes and Eric Weiner. Document [36] (Title: Winged monkeys) this brief appearance comes from a scene deleted from the final film. In the script, after the Witch conjures up the poppies that put Dorothy, Toto and the Lion to sleep she orders Nikko to fetch the Golden Cap so she can summon the winged monkeys and they can take the Ruby Slippers from the sleeping girl. However, she never gets a chance as the spell is broken before she can. Why the Witch doesn't use the Golden Cap to summon the monkeys when she sends off into the Winkie Forest to capture Dorothy and Toto is unknown. In the Document [37] (Title: Delhi-6) at every opportunity. In the meantime, the news media is all abuzz with tales of a fearsome terror known only as the "Kala Bandar" (The Black Monkey). This miscreant (never shown clearly in the film) attacks people, steals and has caused the death of a few innocent people. (These deaths are mostly accidental, as in the example of a pregnant housewife who was supposedly startled by a silhouette and fell down a flight of stairs or the unfortunate man who was briefly zapped by a live electric wire.) Nonetheless, the local news picks up on every move by the "kala Document [38] (Title: Spanking the Monkey) Spanking the Monkey Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy film written and directed by David O. Russell. The title is a slang phrase for masturbation and is used in the film by one of the teenage characters. It was filmed in Pawling, New York. Susan Aibelli, a married, lonely woman, suffers a leg injury at home just as her husband is about to leave on his job as a travelling salesman and her son, Raymond, is about to leave for the summer on a medical internship. Raymond is then forced to stay at home to take care Document [39] (Title: Nakoruru) for being immune to the Fatality-like bloody killing moves. In "Samurai Shodown: Edge of Destiny", Mamahaha does not appear in fights except in special moves. The presence of monkeys in Nakoruru's stage in the original "Samurai Shodown" was a mistake of the background designer Tomoki Fukui which confused many fans as there are no monkeys on Hokkaido. (meaning "Wind" in Ainu) is a player character introduced in 2003. Her mannerism was based on Nakoruru's "Bust" form, being a violent and haughty ego of hers. The ruthless Nakoruru suppresses this side of herself as Rera sees "eliminating everyone who stands in Document [40] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Animal Planet) wind. He says that his objective is to meet with the animals. They use the bamboo copter to fly. They finally discovered a little dog at the river with a raft that blown by the wind. Nobita helps it to the city that he told. There many of people waiting for that little dog. Finally, the little dog meets with its father while that finally revealed that the name of that dog was Chippo. Nobita invited for a tea party at Chippo's family house. Chippo asked Nobita's house. He told from Tokyo, but Chippo didn't understand. But, Nobita and Doraemon Document [41] (Title: The Monkey Bible) "The Line" is his fifth musical release. The Monkey Bible The Monkey Bible: A Modern Allegory is a 2010 novel written by author Mark Laxer. The Monkey Bible tells the story of character Emmanuel, a deeply religious man who discovers he may not be completely human. Emmanuel begins a journey around the world to find answers to questions on genetics and religion after fearing he may no longer be accepted into Heaven. A close friend travels with him while working on rewriting Genesis from a biologically inclusive view, hoping to prove that Emmanuel still has a place in Heaven. Each Document [42] (Title: Lahore Zoo) enclosures, are the zoo's family of porcupines, adult spur-thighed tortoises and a pair of smooth-coated otters. Species previously housed in the monkey house include Black-footed grey langurs, Mandrills and Spider monkeys. Home to the zoo's chimpanzees, this building houses a wide array of other species including wolves, swamp cats and rhesus macaques. The zoo's first pair of chimps, male Romeo and female Julie, had been brought in 1994. A male chimp, Tinku was born to the pair in 2000 but died due to pneumonia in September, 2004. In August, 2001, Julie gave birth to two female chimps, named Pinky and Document [43] (Title: The Books of Abarat) is Christopher Carrion's bounty hunter. He pursues Candy and Malingo until the second book, wherein he is killed after Candy releases the beings called "Totemix" from the "Cabinet of Wonders" where they had been kept. Filth, introduced in the second book, is a primate-like creature described as "a monkey... with a distinctly human cast to his crooked face". He is said to have been jester to King Claus of Day until the death of Princess Boa and still lives in the Twilight Palace, where Candy encounters him after her escape from Otto Houlihan on the island of Babilonium. There, Filth Document [44] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita in the Wan-Nyan Spacetime Odyssey) eventually found by a researcher cat. In the present day, Nobita finds a stray dog drowning in a river while playing with Gian and Suneo by the river side. Feeling sorry for the dog, he decides to take it home by hiding it in a "kennel on the wall" and names it Ichi (originated from "One", which is a homophone of the sound of a barking dog in Japanese), and secretly feeds it and plays with Ichi with his kendama to find. Soon after, he also adopts a stray cat named Zubu (or "wet" in Japanese, due to the discovery Document [45] (Title: Cocorí) question. She doesn't know, so she brings him and the squirrel monkey around the jungle, asking some old and wise animals including Don Torcuato the alligator and Talamanca the bocaracá, a snake. After the interrogations of the alligator and the snake, Cocorí finally gets an answer from El Negro Cantor. He returns home to find that Drusila had planted the stem of the wilted rose and so grown a rose bush. When the book was made mandatory reading, the Proyecto Caribe Association, in charge of defending the culture of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, populated almost exclusively by African Document [46] (Title: Dora the Explorer) Lego released four sets based on the TV series' characters. These include "7330 Dora's Treasure Island", "7331 Diego's Rescue Truck", "7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park", and "7333 Dora and Diego's Animal Adventure". In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured "Sesame Street" and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Document [47] (Title: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet) show, the game is about Dora who has a task to complete or a place to reach with her monkey, Boots. Dora has three, or, in some double-length episodes, four, places to go, with the final place as the destination. The game is about Dora and Boots who find some lost aliens from the Purple Planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys from different planets to open the Space Door, leading to the Purple Planet. To fuel the rocket ship loaned to them, Dora and Boots need to collect 10 space gems in Document [48] (Title: Monkey Shines) him quadriplegic. Allan fails to adjust to his condition, becoming suicidal and despondent. When Geoffrey Fisher, a scientist friend of his (John Pankow), who has been experimenting with the injection of human brain tissue into Capuchin monkeys learns this, he is prompted to supply one of the experimental monkeys, named "Ella" (played by Boo, and voiced by Frank Welker), to Allan as a helper. Their relationship is amicable at first, with Allan's life being made much easier, and the two bond deeply, even sharing poignant moments with romantic music, but soon their interaction takes a decidedly sinister turn. The monkey Document [49] (Title: Dora and Friends: Into the City!) Dora and Friends: Into the City! Dora and Friends: Into the City! (also called Dora and Friends) is an American educational animated television series. A sequel to the original "Dora the Explorer" series, this series premiered on Nickelodeon on August 18, 2014 and ended on February 5, 2017 in the United States, followed by its Canadian premiere on September 6, 2014 on Treehouse TV. Dora, who is now ten-years-old, attends school and lives in the city of Playa Verde. She has five friends: Kate, who loves art, Emma, who loves music, Alana, who is tomboyish and loves animals, Naiya, who Document [50] (Title: Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys) Windus in London. The story's most recent English printing was in 2007 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys is a 1939 children's short story written and illustrated by German-American author H. A. Rey. It is the first story to feature Rey's now-famous character, Curious George. When it was first published in France, Cecily's original name was "Rafi"; "Raffy" when it was first published in the United Kingdom. But when it appeared in the United States, the character was renamed "Cecily". The story follows the exploits of Cecily Giraffe, or simply Document [51] (Title: Winged monkeys) Winged monkeys Winged monkeys (often referred to in adaptations and popular culture as flying monkeys) are fictional characters created by American author L. Frank Baum in his classic children's novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900). The winged monkeys are exactly what the name implies: jungle monkeys with powerful bird-like feathered wings attached to their shoulders which allow them to fly. They are most notable from the famous 1939 musical movie by MGM. Ever since, they have taken their own place in popular culture, regularly referenced in comedic or ironic situations as a source of evil or fear. The winged Document [52] (Title: Dora the Explorer video games) shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS's microphone. Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a side-scrolling game developed by High Voltage Software and published 2K Games. It was released for Wii in North America on November 3, 2009, and in Europe on November 27, 2009. The game was later than released on Computer Platforms and the PlayStation 2 in North America on November 12, 2009. The game is about a King that has hid the Crystals in the Crystal Kingdom, and Dora and boots must find all of the crystals to save the Document [53] (Title: The 5th Monkey) in one of the monkeys disappearing, and Cunda becoming the servant of the local rich woman who has taken it upon herself to take care of the monkeys. Cunda now has to solve these two problems, and deal with the fact of the village woman's attraction to him plus his growing fondness of the monkeys. The 5th Monkey The 5th Monkey is a Brazilian-American 1990 drama film directed and written by Eric Rochat and starring Ben Kingsley. The film was based on the novel "Le Cinquieme Singe" by Jacques Zibi. The Cannon Group founder Menahem Golan produced via his 21st Document [54] (Title: Spider monkey) Spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of which are under threat; the black-headed spider monkey and brown spider monkey are critically endangered. Disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them one of the largest New World monkeys and give rise to their common name. Spider monkeys live in the upper layers of the rainforest, and forage in the high canopy, Document [55] (Title: 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother) mother stop coming after an indication that she is sick, Marco fears the worst for her fate. Since his father is too busy working in his clinic and his older brother Tonio was sent to train as a locomotive driver in Milano, he is the only one free to go search for her. Marco takes his older brother's pet monkey Amedeo and they sneak aboard the Andrea Dora, a ship bound for Brazil. In Brazil Marco boards an immigrant ship and arrives in Buenos Aires, where he meets a puppeteer called Peppino and his family, whom he knew from Genoa. Document [56] (Title: Dora the Explorer) Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America on February 9, 2006. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures Document [57] (Title: Sand Monkeys) In the notation, Max's mother refers to Max and Emma as "...our two little sand monkeys" Sixteen year old Max arrives in a new household inhabited by several families and individuals. Among them there are a six-year-old boy named Mango; and a fifteen-year-old girl, Emma. Emma and her father Ted — an old friend of Max's parents — had arrived in the household some months earlier. Max brings the tree seedlings which he has grown from seeds with him when he moves in. Whilst he develops friendships with the other children, Emma remains distant from him. She does not appear Document [58] (Title: Monkey Shines) Monkey Shines Monkey Shines (also known as Monkey Shines: An Experiment in Fear) is a 1988 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero, based on the novel by Michael Stewart. The film stars Jason Beghe as Allan Mann, an athlete who becomes a paralyzed quadriplegic and develops a bond with an intelligent service monkey named "Ella". The film, which was produced by Peter Grunwald and Charles Evans, was Romero's first studio film, and was distributed by Orion Pictures. Allan Mann (Beghe) is an athlete who is struck by a truck and the surgery to save him renders Document [59] (Title: B. Monkey) Beatrice and begins to pursue her. What Alan doesn't know is that Beatrice is an infamous thief known to the police as "B. Monkey" (named for her ability to break into anything), and the men she was arguing with were Paul (Rupert Everett) and Bruno (Jonathan Rhys Meyers), a homosexual couple who are her partners in crime. When Alan becomes aware of Beatrice's secret, he tries to lead her into a safer and more honest way of life, even as she lures him into the thrilling existence he's been dreaming of. Film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film Document [60] (Title: Monkey Kingdom) Sri Lanka for nearly 50 years. His and Jane Goodall’s study at Gombe are the longest running studies of wild primates. For the film, Dittus helped select the monkey characters and decipher their behavior. The film was scored by British composer Harry Gregson-Williams, and was shot using Sony F65 cameras. "Monkey Kingdom" was released on April 17, 2015. The first official trailer for the film was released on April 18, 2014, featuring the song "Team" by Lorde and attached theatrically with "Bears". "Monkey Kingdom" was released on Blu-Ray + DVD + Digital HD combo pack on September 15, 2015. In Document [61] (Title: Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!) title "monkey" character of the film, being looked down upon by everyone around her; however, those who judge her do not actually know her, thus, in Indrarto's opinion, making them the "monkeys". A review in "Tempo" described the film as "anti-Sjuman" owing to the differences in styles between father and daughter. Sjumandjaja's films tended to fall under social realism, while Ayu's debut had more of a personal, symbolic aspect with a touch of surrealism. The film does not show Adjeng's molestation, instead symbolizing it by showing a leech feeding; in one case, when Adjeng is raped in a bathtub, losing Document [62] (Title: B. Monkey) B. Monkey B. Monkey is a British-American 1998 crime drama film directed by Michael Radford. Originally, Michael Caton-Jones was attached to direct the adaptation of the homonymous book by Andrew Davies, but left over creative differences. Asia Argento was allegedly sexually assaulted by Harvey Weinstein during the production of this film. Alan (Jared Harris) is a schoolteacher in London who also moonlights as a jazz disc jockey for a hospital PA system. One night after work, he goes to a bar and sees Beatrice (Asia Argento), a beautiful woman who is arguing with two men. Alan is immediately captivated by Document [63] (Title: Winged monkeys) 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz", the monkeys are apparently intelligent enough to obey commands, but do not speak, though they do in the book. They abduct Dorothy and dismantle the Scarecrow, but do nothing to the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion, leaving them free to put the Scarecrow back together and rescue Dorothy. There is no mention of any three wishes in the film, suggesting that the monkeys serve the witch unconditionally. Nikko (the head monkey) is shown again after the Witch orders him to throw a basket containing the dog Toto in the river (an order that Document [64] (Title: Monkey) him or Rama. In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness. The "Sanzaru," or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil". The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in Document [65] (Title: Dora the Explorer) and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. "Dora Puppy" is a puppy simulator where players must help Dora take care of her puppy, Perrito, and help train him for doggie competitions. All Document [66] (Title: Dora the Explorer) above, the usual second language is English, but Spanish is used in the original American version in English (broadcast also for Malay speakers), in the Irish, Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions. Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a Document [67] (Title: Monkeys in Japanese culture) then he begins to dance and perform with the Monkey, thus ending on a happy note. (Sebeok 1986:120) The (c. 1596-1607) "Inu makura" or "The Dog Pillow" collection includes the description "red leaves dried out like a monkey's buttocks" (猿の尻木枯らししらぬ紅葉かな). Monkeys are a common theme in Japanese folktales and fairy tales. The monkey is a malicious trickster in "Saru Kani Gassen" ("Battle of the Crab and the Monkey") over a rice-ball and a persimmon seed (Ozaki 1903:205–215). In one widespread version, the monkey takes a rice ball from a crab in exchange for a persimmon seed, explaining to the crab Document [68] (Title: Madidi titi) Madidi titi The Madidi titi, also known as the GoldenPalace.com monkey or the golden palace monkey, is a titi, a kind of New World monkey, discovered in western Bolivia's Madidi National Park in 2004. Its scientific name is Plecturocebus aureipalatii, the specific epithet meaning "of the Golden Palace", in reference to GoldenPalace.com, an online casino which paid US$650,000 to have the species named after them, with benefits going toward the nonprofit organization that maintains the park where the titi was discovered. The species was discovered in low-lying lands of northwestern Bolivia, in the forest at the foot of the Andes. Document [69] (Title: Dora (2017 film)) the same name. Dora (2017 film) Dora () is an Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film directed by Doss Ramasamy and produced by A. Sarkunam. It features Nayanthara in the lead role, with actors Thambi Ramaiah, Harish Uthaman and Sulile Kumar in secondary roles. The film's production began in March 2016 and principal photography commenced in June 2016, with Dinesh Krishnan working as the cinematographer. The film was released on 31 March 2017. The film opens with Pavalakkodi (Nayanthara) in the hospital and her father Vairakannu (Thambi Ramaiah) weeping for her misfortune. Later, the scene cuts to their futures. They live Document [70] (Title: Dora the Explorer video games) song playing game (Simon (game). is an action-adventure game, developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in October 13, 2005. An Xbox version was planned but was cancelled. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots Document [71] (Title: The Monkey Jar) The Monkey Jar The Monkey Jar is a 2008 play written by California playwright Richard Martin Hirsch. The play opened in Beverly Hills on February 2, 2008, and closed on March 8, 2008, in the Reuben Cordova Theatre. The production was directed by Warren Davis and starred Henry Hayashi, Mark Berry, and Sekai Murashige, alternating with Josh Ogner. Set Design by Jeff G. Rack; Lighting Design by Meghan Hong; Costume Design by Holly Victoria; Sound Design by Jonathan Snipes. Produced by Theatre Forty and Storey Productions. Michael Dori, a Japanese American, teaches at Bienvenida Elementary School in Beverly Hills, priding Document [72] (Title: Spider monkey) 260-day calendar, Spider Monkey (Nahua "Ozomatli") serves as the name for the 11th day. In the corresponding Maya calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz) is substituted for Spider Monkey. In present-day Maya religious feasts, spider monkey impersonators serve as a kind of demonic clowns. In Classical Maya art, they are ubiquitous, often shown carrying cacao pods. Spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of Document [73] (Title: Dora (2017 film)) Dora (2017 film) Dora () is an Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film directed by Doss Ramasamy and produced by A. Sarkunam. It features Nayanthara in the lead role, with actors Thambi Ramaiah, Harish Uthaman and Sulile Kumar in secondary roles. The film's production began in March 2016 and principal photography commenced in June 2016, with Dinesh Krishnan working as the cinematographer. The film was released on 31 March 2017. The film opens with Pavalakkodi (Nayanthara) in the hospital and her father Vairakannu (Thambi Ramaiah) weeping for her misfortune. Later, the scene cuts to their futures. They live in a small Document [74] (Title: Ethnoprimatology) stiff, could barely moved, and did not understand and thus did not respect their makers. The gods angrily destroyed them with rains and flood, and those wood people who escaped became spider monkeys. The spider monkeys were morphologically similar to humans but still lacked the ability to speak. In a different part of the Popol Vuh, Hunbatz (which literally means 1 Howler monkey) and Hunchouen (1 Spider monkey) are the older brothers of the Hero Twins. The Hero Twins won the favor of the gods after they defeated the gods of darkness and death. Naturally, Hunbatz and Hunchouen were jealous, Document [75] (Title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016) but Nobita and his pets come in and rescue them just in time. They disable the machine that will destroy subspace and just in time, Time Patrol and Dorami come and arrest Gigazombi. Dorami says that she found out the shape-memory ceramic the shaman was made from is manufactured in the 23rd century, which made her worried and thus called Time Patrol. Nobita and the rest of the group prepare to return to their own time although a tearful farewell is first said to Pega, Draco and Gri - because they are fantastical animals, they cannot accompany Nobita and must Document [76] (Title: Spider monkey) monkeys as ("Lagothrix" and "Oreonax") in the South American lowland forest, to evolve their unique locomotory system. This theory is not supported by fossil evidence. Other theories include "Brachyteles", "Lagothrix" and "Ateles" in an unresolved trichotomy, and two clades, one composed of "Ateles" and "Lagothrix" and the other of "Alouatta" and "Brachyteles". More recent molecular evidence suggests the Atelinae split in the middle to late Miocene (13 Ma), separating spider monkeys from the woolly spider monkeys and the woolly monkeys. The genus name "Ateles" derives from the ancient greek word (), meaning "incomplete, imperfect", in reference to the reduced or Document [77] (Title: Regan Mizrahi) Regan Mizrahi Regan Mizrahi (born March 30, 2000) is an American child actor from New Jersey, known for his role as the voice of Boots the Monkey in the television series "Dora the Explorer". He began working professionally at the age of three and has appeared in numerous national television commercials and radio ads. He is the great grandson of radio personality Nat Hale and is a member of Mensa. Mizrahi has appeared on "Rescue Me", "Blue Bloods", "White Collar", "Human Giant", and "Saturday Night Live". Some of his film work includes "", "Nature Calls", "The Pleasure of Your Company" Document [78] (Title: Three wise monkeys) is often used to refer to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye. Outside Japan the monkeys' names are sometimes given as "Mizaru", "Mikazaru", and "Mazaru", as the last two names were corrupted from the Japanese originals. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Tōshō-gū Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s Document [79] (Title: Hernández-Camacho's night monkey) is possible that it occurs in Tatamá Natural National Park. This range is currently also considered part of the range of the Panamanian night monkey. The Latin name honors the late Colombian biologist Jorge Hernández-Camacho. Hernández-Camacho's night monkey Hernández-Camacho's night monkey ("Aotus jorgehernandezi") is a species of night monkey of the family Aotidae. It was first described in 2007 by Thomas Defler and Marta Bueno. It has a gray neck and a white patch over each eye, separated by a black band. The fur on the chest, belly, lower arms and lower wrists is thick and white. It differs from Document [80] (Title: The Vengeance of the Winged Serpent) that he has been deceived when he sees Laura, Paco and the rest of the group on TV, running away by plane. Having found fake passports hidden behind a mirror, he moves to Mexico, where Laura had said she had met Paco. The monkey and his owner are wanted for the bomb that exploded at the hotel, and also travel with him. Loulou, wanted for the abduction of Lefebure, intends to lay hands on Laura, to the chagrin of Alvaro. After a long discussion, Loulou finally resolves to return to France. That is when they encounter one of the terrorists, Document [81] (Title: Brown spider monkey) Brown spider monkey The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey ("Ateles hybridus") is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Its taxonomic history has been confusing, and in the past it has been treated as a subspecies of either the Geoffroy's spider monkey or the white-fronted spider monkey. Like all spider monkeys, it has very long, spindly limbs and a lengthy prehensile tail which can almost be called a fifth limb. The brown spider monkey has a whitish belly and patch on the forehead, and Document [82] (Title: Monkeys in Japanese culture) "yamazaru" (山猿, "mountain/wild monkey") "country bumpkin; hick; hillbilly". Two are Sino-Japanese loanwords for foreign monkeys: "shōjō" (猩々 "orangutan") "a mythical red-faced, red-haired god of wine, who was always drunk and dancing merrily" or "heavy drinker; drunk" and "hihi" (狒々 "baboon") "satyr; lecher; dirty old man". This Japanese Shōjō legend derives from Chinese traditions that the "xingxing" (猩猩 "orangutan") is fond of wine. Monkeys are a common trope in Japanese idioms: The opaque idiom "tōrō ga ono, enkō ga tsuki" (蟷螂が斧猿猴が月, lit. "axes for a praying mantis, moon for a monkey") means (Ohnuki-Tierney 1987:64), "A praying mantis trying to crush the Document [83] (Title: Monkey-man of Delhi) by a trail of 275 Classic mild cigarette butts on the ground. The appearance of Monkey man in Old Delhi is the centre-point of the 2009 Bollywood Hindi film "Delhi-6" directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra. In the film, the creature, called in Hindi as ""Kala Bandar (Black Monkey)"" is used as an allegory to represent the evil that resides inside every man alongside God (virtue). The monkey man has never actually been caught on tape. In the 2011 graphic novel Munkeeman by Tere Bin Laden director Abhishek Sharma, the creature is interpreted as a misunderstood superhero, who is the result Document [84] (Title: Ape Escape 2) to capture all of the Freaky Monkey Five, except Yellow Monkey. Before his fight with White Monkey, Pipotchi, a baby monkey accompanying Hikaru, is kidnapped, in order to transfer the data in his Monkey Helmet (a re-engineered model which makes Pipotchi friendly) into a device called the Lethargy Laser. Rescuing Pipotchi, Hikaru makes his way through a monkey controlled military base, and confronts Specter, who is waiting for him with a redesigned version of his battle cruiser from the first game. Before the two can battle, Yellow Monkey, now a giant monster thanks to an overdose of Vita-Z bananas attacks Document [85] (Title: Mura's saddleback tamarin) Mura's saddleback tamarin Mura's saddleback tamarin ("Saguinus fuscicollis mura") is a subspecies of monkey that was first seen by scientists in 2007 in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The monkey, which is mostly gray and brown, weighs , is tall, and has a tail. According to the discoverers of this new subspecies, Mura's saddleback tamarin is threatened by several planned development projects in the region, including a proposed gas pipeline, two hydroelectric dams currently in the beginning stages of construction, and, most notably, a major highway cutting through the Amazon that is currently being paved. Conservationists fear the highway could Document [86] (Title: Summer of the Monkeys (film)) their parents forbid her physical activity. The next morning, Jay arrives at his Grandpa Sam Ferrans' general store looking for a job. On the way there, his dog Rowdy goes to explore the forbidden river bottoms. Jay hears monkeys screeching in the distance and after visiting the store, he discovers the monkeys camping on the drunk Bayliss Hatcher's property. Jay tells Daisy his discovery, but she doesn't believe him. Jay returns to his grandfather's store and finds a wanted poster of the monkeys, paired with a bounty of $85. Toby and two other bullies also find the poster and set Document [87] (Title: Monkey Thieves) and almost gets the upper hand over Tarak, until he is attacked by the ferocious and united females of the gang. Facing defeat, he is thrown out of the gang. The chaos results in many gang members left heavily wounded, and the death of a baby macaque. Meanwhile, the exile monkeys are already going along the road, and with their brilliant sense of directions and after a ten-mile long trek, they are finally back in the city. Going through the street mazes, they reach the temple and are welcomed with a bath. Bipin is finally reunited with Yash and Tito, Document [88] (Title: Blood Monkey) quality special effects, and the lack of appearances by the titular monster, the monkeys. They also questioned the appearance of F. Murray Abraham in the film, though note that his performance was its only positive aspect. Anthropological professor Conrad Hamilton attempts to study a new species of primate, possibly the missing link between humanity and the great ape, found in a hidden valley deep within the jungles of Thailand. Hamilton's initial research team tries to capture one of these new (and very large) primates, but fail and are all killed. Hamilton and his assistant Chenne, who survive because they are Document [89] (Title: Monkey Shines) on 14 reviews. The "Malcolm in the Middle" episode "Monkey" parodies the film, as Craig Feldspar (David Anthony Higgins) was in an accident earlier in the series ("Dewey's Dog") and is confined to an electric wheel chair for six weeks. Rather than use his insurance money on a Nurse, He gets a helper monkey, "Oliver", who's later revealed to be deranged and homicidal. Monkey Shines Monkey Shines (also known as Monkey Shines: An Experiment in Fear) is a 1988 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero, based on the novel by Michael Stewart. The film stars Jason Question: what is the name of the monkey in dora

Answer: Boots Long Answer: The series centers around Dora, a seven - year - old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting . Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall - breaking interaction with the viewer . To stop Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times . However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items . Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer's help . Known for the constant breaking of the fourth - wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way . The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the "We Did It!" song with Boots in triumph. Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) (Sid's Grandma) (motion captured by Dana Michael Woods, voiced by Julianne Buescher and Donna Kimball) is Sid's paternal grandmother, she likes to tell Sid stories about herself when she was younger while driving home from school. Dr. Rosalinda Cordova (motion captured by Michelan Sisti, voiced by America Ferrera) is a research scientist at the Science Center that the children often visit, and the mother of Gabriela. She helps to explain the various exhibits at the center and how they relate to the school lessons the children are having. On occasion, she will visit the children in their schoolroom and teach Document [2] (Title: Sidney Cooke) outer space to keep him away from children. Prior to the launch, an eight-year-old boy was placed on board by mistake. Sidney Cooke Sidney Cooke (born 18 April 1927) is an English convicted child molester and suspected serial killer serving two life sentences. He was nicknamed Hissing Sid by colleagues, and described by "The Guardian" newspaper in 1999 as "Britain's most notorious paedophile". Cooke was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire. After working as a farm labourer, Cooke found a job as a fairground worker by the 1960s, which allowed him to travel around the UK easily. As part of his system Document [3] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) half-hour episodes of "Sid the Science Kid" having been ordered. The series debuted on PBS Kids along with "Martha Speaks" on September 1, 2008, with a two-year on-air commitment. The original working title for the series was "What's the Big Idea?" and the central character, Sid, was originally named Josh. KOCE, the current primary PBS member for the Los Angeles area, began co-producing the show after KCET disaffiliated with PBS on December 31, 2010. The main character in the show is Sid, an "inquisitive youngster" who uses comedy to tackle questions kids have about basic scientific principles and why things Document [4] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) Scientists in the House!" Sid (motion captured by Misty Rosas, voiced by Drew Massey) wants to be a scientist when he grows up. Sid is the most practical character on the show and is often portrayed as a very supportive friend. His special item is a toy microphone with four different colored buttons. When pressed, the blue button plays the recorded laughter of people, the yellow button plays the recorded applause, the red button makes a cow noise, and the white button records echoes. He wants to know "everything about everything". He enjoys singing and dancing as well. He is Document [5] (Title: Dallas McKennon) "Space Funnies" was the first Los Angeles-based kids show to air reruns of "The Little Rascals" and Laurel & Hardy shorts. He was also the primary voice actor for the 1960 cartoon series "Q.T. Hush". McKennon was also the voice of Hardy Boys sidekick Chet Morton in the 1969 animated mystery series. McKennon also sang, and provided many character voices for Disney. His distinctive voice can be heard in movies such as "Lady and the Tramp", "Sleeping Beauty", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "Mary Poppins", and "Bedknobs and Broomsticks". He also provided the voices for many Disney Attractions such as Document [6] (Title: Roger Rose) Roger Rose Roger Rose (born August 15, 1958) is an American actor, voice actor, and former VH1 VJ, known for such films as "Ski Patrol" and for voice work in animated films and television series such as "Happy Feet", "Rugrats", "Scooby-Doo", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", and "Quack Pack". He is also an occasional announcer. His first live role was in an episode of "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". He auditioned at Rod Roddy's podium in 2004 for the announcing job on television's longest running game show, "The Price Is Right", and was the announcer for the Document [7] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) friends enter a contest and win a trip to a new science museum in town. They are allowed inside the museum before it officially opens to the public. Along the way, they meet some new friends; such as Yang Yang, Niu Niu, and BobbyBot. However, one of the robots malfunctions, causing the museum to be in total chaos and havoc, putting the grand opening of the museum in jeopardy. It's up to Sid and his friends to save the museum before it opens up. "Save the Stump!" won in the Children's Programming category Saturday at the 26th Genesis Awards, presented Document [8] (Title: Butch Patrick) "Daniel Boone", and "Adam-12", as well as a recurring role as Gordon Dearing on the CBS family comedy series "My Three Sons". During this time, Patrick also appeared in several Walt Disney films, including "", "" and "The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band", as well as portraying the role of Milo in the 1970 MGM live-action/animated film "The Phantom Tollbooth". In 1971, Patrick landed the starring role on Sid and Marty Krofft's Saturday morning children's program "Lidsville", broadcast on ABC. In the psychedelic fantasy series, Patrick portrayed Mark, a boy lost in a strange land of walking, talking, Document [9] (Title: Brianne Siddall) Jim Hawking, the kid crew member in "Outlaw Star", which had a run on Cartoon Network's Toonami and Adult Swim programming blocks, She also voiced main character Al Izuruha in the "Mobile Suit Gundam" OAV, "". She provided the voice of the toy Sage of Fijit Friends. Siddall married producer Deven Chierighino in 1987. In 2011, Siddall was involved in an accident on the set of "", where she worked as an assistant location manager. She underwent surgery in 2015 to re-fuse portions of her vertebrae and the pain from the injuries and surgeries has made it difficult for Siddall Document [10] (Title: Lawrence Bayne) Lawrence Bayne Lawrence Bayne (born November 11, 1960) is a Canadian actor, voice actor and singer. Born in Toronto, Ontario, he has appeared in various movies and television series, both live action and animated. Among his live-action characters, he may be best known as Victor Pearson, the apparently nefarious scientist-next-door in the NBC/Discovery Kids television series "Strange Days at Blake Holsey High," also known as "Black Hole High". Victor was the father of the Science Club's Vaughn Pearson and generally functioned as the series' antagonist. Victor used a frictionless Chi ball which he had stolen from the show's protagonist, Josie Document [11] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) most vivid character of the group, often being the life and soul of activities. A running gag is that he is always trying to be funny, but fails miserably. Gabriela Cordova (motion captured by John Munro Cameron, voiced by Alice Dinnean-Vernon) is yet one of the three best friends Sid got. Unlike her friends, Gabriela is the most sensible character and often comes up with the most reasonable jokes during Good Laughternoon. She is the most authoritative figure of the quartet, often being the leader of the group activities. She is usually the one to propose playing Pretend, always opting Document [12] (Title: Jonathan Ashmore) Otolaryngology and The Biophysical Society. Ashmore is Faculty of 1000 section head for Sensory Systems and a trustee for the Hearing Research Trust. He served as President of The Physiological Society from 2012 to 2014. Ashmore is the son of actor Peter Ashmore and actress Rosalie Crutchley. Aged seven, Ashmore played Joe in the 1955 film "A Kid for Two Farthings", adapted from the novel by Wolf Mankowitz. Jonathan Ashmore Jonathan Felix Ashmore (born 1948) is a British physicist and Bernard Katz Professor of Biophysics at University College London. Ashmore was educated at Westminster School as a Queen's Scholar. He Document [13] (Title: Salah Sid) Salah Sid Mohamed Salah Sid (), (born 20 June 1950) is an Algerian-born British radio broadcaster, producer and voice-over artist who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. He began his career at Radio-Télévision Algérienne (RTA) as an actor and presenter in the 1970s, where he presented television and radio shows such as "Good Morning" (صباح الخير) and "Between High Schools" (بين الثانويات,). Sid has been a leading personality in North Africa and the Middle East, where his voice has become a trademark to millions of Arabic-speaking listeners around the world Document [14] (Title: Robin Williams) He also voiced the holographic Dr. Know character in the live-action film "A.I. Artificial Intelligence" (2001). He was the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future. In 2006, he starred in "The Night Listener", a thriller about a radio show host who realizes that a child with whom he has developed a friendship may or may not exist; that year, he starred in five movies, including "Man of the Year", was the Surprise Guest at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Document [15] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) alongside Teacher Susie. She is very proud of her daughter Gabriela. Zeke (motion captured by Alon Williams, voiced by Donna Kimball) is Sid's baby brother, he's 10 months old. Tools and Measurements Changes and Transformations Senses Health Simple Machines Backyard Science The Body Weather Force and Motion Light and Shadow Environmental Systems Technology and Engineering Living Things Season 1-2's Specials (2009–12) Season 1 Season 2 "Sid the Science Kid: The Movie" premiered on March 25, 2013. It featured the original voice cast of the show, with special guest voice Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Bonanodon. In the movie, Sid and his Document [16] (Title: Dr SID) Dr SID Sidney Onoriode Esiri (born 1 May 1980 in Ikeja, Lagos state, Nigeria), known commonly as, Dr SID is a Nigerian singer-songwriter and dentist. He is an Urhobo from Delta state but raised in Lagos. His mother a successful fashion designer and his father the legendary actor Justus Esiri who is a Member of the Order of the Niger (MON), and famous for his role as the Village Headmaster a Nigerian sitcom popular in the 1980s. The second child of 4 children from an early age he had his heart set on becoming an entertainer. However his life took Document [17] (Title: Richard Kind) July 27–29, 2012. His voice credits include Larry the Anaconda in "The Wild", “Clark” in the “Clark & Lewis Expedition” radio commercials for Horizon Air (with Patrick Warburton as “Lewis”), Molt in Disney/Pixar’s "A Bug's Life", Van in Disney/Pixar’s "Cars" and "Cars 2", the narrator for Disney’s "Go Baby", and Tom in "". He has a recurring role on the Disney Channel series "Kim Possible", where he plays Frugal Lucre. He guest stars in "The Penguins of Madagascar" as Roger the Alligator in the episodes "Haunted Habitat", "Roger Dodger", "Gator Watch", "April Fools", "The All Nighter Before Christmas", and "Operation: Document [18] (Title: Sam Lavagnino) character was as the dog "Rolly" in the Disney Junior show "Puppy Dog Pals". Sam Lavagnino Sam Lavagnino (born June 29, 2006) is an American child voice actor known for his roles as Catbug in "Bravest Warriors" and Young Grizz in "We Bare Bears". He also voices the dog "Rolly" in the Disney Junior show "Puppy Dog Pals". Lavagnino is the son of voice actress Hope Levy and screenwriter Tom Lavagnino. At 14 months old, he was on the cover of "TIME" magazine where he was dressed up as Albert Einstein. He was cast for "Bravest Warriors" as the role Document [19] (Title: A Bug's Life) voiced by Richard Kind (from "Spin City"), Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce (from "Frasier") and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett (from "Everybody Loves Raymond"). Joe Ranft, member of Pixar's story team, played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter's wife, Nancy, who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track. The casting of Hopper, the film's villain, proved problematic. Lasseter's top choice was Robert De Niro, who repeatedly turned the part down, as did a succession of other actors. Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey Document [20] (Title: Jim MacGeorge) and the feature film "Teenagers from Outer Space". He also worked as a writer for Jay Ward Productions. MacGeorge has also reprised his role only as Uncle Captain Huffenpuff in "The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil" produced by DiC Entertainment and directed by John Kricfalusi, better known for his work on "The Ren and Stimpy Show". He is also credited as Jim McGeorge and James MacGeorge. Jim MacGeorge James A. "Jim" MacGeorge (born October 15, 1928) is an American actor and voice actor. He is probably best known for his voice roles as Beany Boy, Crowy and Uncle Captain Document [21] (Title: Sid Melton) Continent" and "Radar Secret Service", later featured on "Mystery Science Theater 3000", whose hosts gave Melton the nickname "Monkey Boy" due to his comedy relief antics. He played Captain Midnight's sidekick, Ichabod "Icky" Mudd ("That's Mudd, with two D's"), in "Captain Midnight", an early 1950s Saturday-morning children's show. Until the end of his life, old fans would greet him on the street with his signature introductory gag line, "Mudd with two D's." Melton appeared three times as Harry Cooper in the 1955–56 sitcom "It's Always Jan". In the late 1950s, he played several small roles in the popular Desilu show Document [22] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) She conducts the experiments with her class. She sings to the children during the "Singing With Susie" segment at the end of the school day. Mort (motion captured by John Munro Cameron, voiced by Victor Yerrid) is Sid's father. Mort works in construction and often relates Sid's observations to his work experiences. Alice (motion captured by Sonya Leslie, voiced by Alice Dinnean-Vernon) is Sid's mother who drives him to school each day. Alice is a website designer and children's computer game developer (Episode 58 "The Amazing Computer Science Tool!). Her name is probably an allusion to her voice actress. Rose Document [23] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) to be the mommy. She can allegedly read. Sometimes she comes over to Sid's house to have a play date with him. She has an older brother named Mateo. Susie (motion captured by Sonya Leslie, voiced by Donna Kimball) is the Mexican-accented teacher at Sid's school. She begins the day with "Rug Time," where she summons the children to sit in a circle and asks them if they have anything to share with the class or talk about (usually the topic brought up is what was discussed during "Sid's Survey" and what Sid was thinking about earlier in the day). Document [24] (Title: Matt Sloan (voice actor)) Matt Sloan (voice actor) Matthew Paul Sloan, (born March 24, 1973) is an American director, playwright, voice actor and comedian from Madison, Wisconsin. He and his friend Aaron Yonda are notable as the co-creators of the web series "", in which he voices the title character. Additionally, he appears in season one as the main antagonist, and has a minor appearance in the first few episodes of the second series as said antagonist's father. Since "Chad Vader", he has gone on to voice Darth Vader in various "Star Wars" media. He hosts a movie reviewing and discussion show on YouTube Document [25] (Title: John Leguizamo) version, a question about the movie featured his character and Meredith Vieira mentioned that Leguizamo had played Lautrec and had been on the show. In 2002, he voiced Sid the Sloth for the film "Ice Age", reprising the role for the sequels "", "", "" and "". The game versions of the films also used his voice. In 2003, he voice-acted Globox from "". Leguizamo portrayed Paul in the Brad Anderson thriller film "Vanishing on 7th Street". In 2007, he played Michael Beltran in the movie "The Babysitters". In 2008, he co-starred in the movie "The Happening", written and directed Document [26] (Title: Roger Rose) "Hannah Montana" "NCIS" "Big Bang". He has also done a David Letterman impression on several animated series, such as "Tiny Toons" and "Animaniacs". Most recently in 2009, he voiced Doctor Strange on "The Super Hero Squad Show" and Superman on "". He has narrated documentaries for Animal Planet, (Discovery) and (National Geographic). Rose also announced the 2011 Emmy Awards. He can be heard on WLS-TV in Chicago, (WLNY) in New York City, and KGO-TV in the San Francisco Bay Area. He is the son of Hilly Rose, a radio personality in Los Angeles, and Sondra B. Gair, a pioneer radio Document [27] (Title: Jiří Lábus) moderator called "Jů" in the popular children's TV show "Studio Kamarád". He also gave his voice to Marge Simpson in the Czech adaptation of "The Simpsons", to the narrator of TV series "M.A.S.H.", and to ground sloth Sid in "Ice Age". Together with Oldřich Kaiser, he performed as a comedy duo "Kaiser a Lábus", which, in particular, took part in the TV comedy shows "" ("Russian Roulette", 1994) and "Možná přijde i kouzelník" ("Perhaps a Magician Will Come Too", 1982). Jiří Lábus Jiří Lábus (born January 26, 1950 in Prague) is a Czech actor. His brother is the Czech architect Document [28] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) a single scientific theme or concept. The first week (episodes 1 – 5) focuses on scientific tools and concepts (such as charts, observation, estimation, and measuring). The second week (episodes 6 – 10) focuses on changes and transformation (including decay, growth, freezing and melting, and the effects of heat). The third week (episodes 11 – 15) focuses on the senses (including touch, smell, sight, and hearing). The fourth week (episodes 16 – 20) focuses on health. The fifth week (episodes 21 – 25) focuses on simple machines. The sixth week (episodes 26 – 30) focuses on backyard science. The seventh Document [29] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) She is very polite and is characterized by her charming, courteous ways. May often sympathizes with everyone and everything, appreciating even inanimate things like decayed pumpkins and brown, mushy bananas. May has a cat named Mooshu. While her conduct is quite silly at times, May is exceptionally smart. Gerald (motion captured by Alon Williams, voiced by Victor Yerrid) is Sid's airhead, vivacious best friend. He often stalls at the start of Rug Time, attempting a very appreciated light-humored gig. He has a dog, a Jack Russell terrier called Chester. He is a very valued character of the quartet, perhaps the Document [30] (Title: Lennie Weinrib) lion in the animated sequence of the film "Bedknobs and Broomsticks". Another Disney role Weinrib voiced was an evil sorcerer named Zorlok for an episode of "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears". He also voices the school bully Lenny Warthog on the NBC series "Kissyfur". He also lent his voice to Superman in 1970 for a "Sesame Street" sketch of a lecture about words beginning with "S" which happened to be the character's favorite letter of the Alphabet. Weinrib again voiced the Man of Steel, and his alter-ego Clark Kent, for a 1972 episode of "The Brady Kids", "Cindy's Super Document [31] (Title: Jim MacGeorge) Jim MacGeorge James A. "Jim" MacGeorge (born October 15, 1928) is an American actor and voice actor. He is probably best known for his voice roles as Beany Boy, Crowy and Uncle Captain Horatio K. Huffenpuff in "Beany and Cecil", Oliver Hardy in the "Laurel and Hardy" cartoon series, Crazy Claws in "The Kwicky Koala Show", Bort in "The Mighty Orbots", Wimper in "Clue Club" and as Dr. Wilmer Scarab in "Bionic Six". He also voiced various characters in many other cartoon series. He has even appeared on camera in shows including "Get Smart" as Stan Laurel, "Semi-Tough", "Happy Days" Document [32] (Title: Kid Beyond) Night at the Inventory", making him the first actor to ever portray the character. He portrayed Dio Brando in the 2004 English dub of the "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" OVA. Kid Beyond Kid Beyond (real name Andrew Chaikin) (December 7, 1969) is a voice actor, singer, beatboxer, throat singer, songwriter, and live looper based in the San Francisco area. Chaikin attended Brown University and was a leader in the co-ed fraternity Zeta Delta Xi. He sang in the Jabberwocks, a student a cappella group. He graduated in 1991 and moved to San Francisco to join the House Jacks with Deke Sharon, Document [33] (Title: Noam Zylberman) Noam Zylberman Noam Zylberman (born June 30, 1973 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli-Canadian voice actor best known for the voice of Split Kit from "Garbage Pail Kids" and also the voice of Bentley Raccoon in the popular animated series "The Raccoons" from 1987 to 1990. He also played Chip on "Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater", Billy in "Popples", Bobby in the "" cartoon series, Rusty Wildwood in "Sylvanian Families", Curtis Shumway in "ALF Tales", Fritz in the 1990 animated movie "The Nutcracker Prince", Buddy in "Little Rosey", Stoke in "Iggy Arbuckle", Fidge in the "" cartoon special "The Great Document [34] (Title: Roger Rose) interviewer with Chicago Public Radio. His brother was Judd Rose, of ABC. Roger Rose Roger Rose (born August 15, 1958) is an American actor, voice actor, and former VH1 VJ, known for such films as "Ski Patrol" and for voice work in animated films and television series such as "Happy Feet", "Rugrats", "Scooby-Doo", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", and "Quack Pack". He is also an occasional announcer. His first live role was in an episode of "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". He auditioned at Rod Roddy's podium in 2004 for the announcing job on television's longest running Document [35] (Title: Bob the Vid Tech) role, using his nickname "Bob". While Bob the Vid Tech was played by an adult, he acted like an elementary age child who gets excited about learning and sharing his experiences. Collaborating with creators and producers Jonathan Slade and Susie Shaw, Heck also began portraying the other characters in his Vid Kid world, such as Momma Vid Tech, his brother Biff and Pop Quiz. He also provided the voice for his puppet friend Sid the Vid Fish. Each of these characters was featured at various times in short interstitials and in the open animation that began each longer format special Document [36] (Title: Mike Massimino) and shared them with Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter. Massimino's public updates about his training for the STS-125 mission began April 3, 2009. In the PBS children's program "Sid the Science Kid", Michael Massimino appeared as himself in an episode focused on scientists. Beginning in 2012, Massimino appeared as himself in a recurring role on the CBS TV sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" launching aboard a Russian Soyuz to the International Space Station. He appeared in another episode advising Howard Wolowitz not to go on a second mission to the International Space Station. Document [37] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) work the way they do. He tries to answer questions and solve problems with the help of his classmates (May, Gerald, and Gabriela), Teacher Susie, and his family (his mother Alice, his father Mort, his Grandma Rose and his baby brother Zeke). In "Hello Doggie," Sid's Grandma adopts a dog from the animal shelter (which she names Philbert – voiced by Bruce Lanoil, motion captured by Daisy the dog). The conceptual content of Sid is based in national science learning standards, cognitive learning theory, and on the preschool science curriculum, Preschool Pathways to Science. Each week's episodes are built around Document [38] (Title: James Callis) Neha Callis in December 30, 1998, and they have two sons and a daughter: Joshua Amaan (born 2003), Sacha Ishan (born 2005) and Anika Jahan (born 2009). James Callis James Nicholas Callis (born 4 June 1971) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Gaius Baltar in the re-imagined "Battlestar Galactica" miniseries and television series, and Bridget Jones' best friend Tom in "Bridget Jones's Diary" and "". He later reprised the role in 2016, in "Bridget Jones's Baby". He joined the cast of the TV Series "Eureka", on Syfy, in 2010. In 2017 he voiced the character Document [39] (Title: Jacqueline Pillon) Jacqueline Pillon Jacqueline Patricia Pillon (born December 27, 1977) is a Canadian actress. She is best known as the voice of Matt from "Cyberchase and Cookie Falcone (MacDougall) in Fugget About It". Pillon was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada as the youngest of four children. She was educated and graduated from the renowned Monsignor Feeney Choir school in London. She ultimately graduated with an Hon. B.Sc. in Physical Anthropology from The University of Toronto. At the age of 12, she started her first work in the theater. As a voice artist she first appeared in "Gahan Wilson's The Kid", as Document [40] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) saying, "Now "that's" funny!" along with a pre-recorded laughter from his toy microphone. Other recurring segments include "What's the big idea?", a problem that Sid has with anything that has to do something with the problem; Breakfast Time, when either Alice or Mort teaches Sid something that has anything to do with the problem; The Sid Survey, the segment where Sid asks questions to May, Gerald, and Gabriela; Rug Time, where Sid shows his friends and his teacher something with the problem; The Super Fab Lab, where the scientists do the lab along with a live-action class (in fast-motion) performing Document [41] (Title: Courtland Mead) provided the voices of Gus Griswold in the Disney animated series "Recess" and Ned Needlemeyer in "Nightmare Ned", as well as the title character in Disney's "Lloyd in Space". He has also reprised his role in "The Young and the Restless" as Nina's son, starting as Young Phillip and Phillip Chancellor IV. His last feature performance was in 2010, where he appeared as Tommy Farrell in "Mean Parents Suck". Courtland Mead Courtland Robert Mead (born April 19, 1987) is a former American child actor noted for his performances on-screen during the 1990s. Mead was born in Mission Viejo, California, the Document [42] (Title: Mark Goddard) friends, who could always be counted upon to save him and all of the inhabitants of the "Jupiter II" — The Robot (animated by Bob May, voiced by Dick Tufeld) and Will Robinson (Bill Mumy), the youngest of the three Robinson children. Castmates included Guy Williams, the former star of "Zorro" (1957–59), as Professor John Robinson and the credited star of the series; June Lockhart, the former star of "Lassie" (1959–64), as Dr. Maureen Robinson; Marta Kristen as elder daughter Judy Robinson; and Angela Cartwright (one of the von Trapp children in "The Sound of Music"). On June 14, 1995, Document [43] (Title: Sponk!) series was also broadcast to the on The N, a network targeted at the "tween" demographic of children approximately 9- to 14-years-old. The cast included host Johnathan McClain, and announcer (as the voice of SID) Karen Fowler. The performers were all young actors. Among them were Julia Kay, Tim Dorsch, Scott Irby-Rainnar, Lori Wells, Miles Thompson (who later went on to star in the feature film "Me and You and Everyone We Know" and cameoed in "Return To Sleepaway Camp"), Allie Berdebes, Vanessa Lengies, and Louie Torrellas. It resembled a classic Nickelodeon game show, featuring young actors and a young Document [44] (Title: Richard Steven Horvitz) Richard Steven Horvitz Richard Steven Horvitz (born July 29, 1966), sometimes credited as Richard Wood, is an American actor and voice actor. In the world of animation, he has voiced mentally unstable and neurotic characters. He is known for his work as the voice of the original Alpha 5 in "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", "Power Rangers Zeo", and "Power Rangers Turbo", Razputin "Raz" Aquato in "Psychonauts", Kaos in the "Skylanders" franchise, Billy and his father Harold in "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy", Grey Matter in "Ben 10", Daggett in "The Angry Beavers", Bumble in "Kinectimals", the title character Document [45] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) a well-noted observer, and possibly the brightest of the group. His daily activities consist of playing in his room, coming up with a question, asking people about his question, studying his question in school, going home, and presenting his 'Super-duper-ooper-schmooper Big Idea!' Sid's mother is of African descent and his father grew up Jewish as noted in the Hanukkah/Christmas/Kwanzaa episode. May (motion captured by Dana Michael Woods, voiced by Julianne Buescher) is one of Sid's best friends, marked by her striped stockings and fairness. She is shown to have terrible eyesight. She is the most sentimental character of the group. Document [46] (Title: Scientastic!) around her. In the pilot episode, the character is a 12-year-old girl named “Leah” (played by actress Lili Reinhart), while in the following episode “Are You Sleeping?” she is a 14-year old named “Cassie” (played by actress Gabrielle Phillips). Her younger brother (played by actors Joseph Serafini and Justin Bees) joins along as Cassie researches and finds leads at her local library and then visits different museums, hospitals and institutions to conduct interviews with real-life specialists. The episode is supplemented with 2-D and 3-D animations that render anatomy and biology, as well as short interstitial episodes of music and dance. Document [47] (Title: Steven Bednarski) Steven Bednarski Steven Bednarski (born 1973) is a Canadian historian and actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He has lived in Toronto, Ontario, and now lives in Waterloo, Ontario. His most notable roles were the English voices of Astro Boy (produced by Montreal's Cinelume Studios in 1985), Roobear in "Adventures of the Little Koala", and Chad in "Sailor Moon". At the time "Astro Boy" was dubbed from Japanese into English, Canadian voice-over regulations did not require producers to list voice actors' credits at the end of their productions. As a result, although his voice aired for over a decade Document [48] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) Sid the Science Kid Sid the Science Kid (also known as "Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid") is an American half-hour CGI animated series that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013, with a total of 68 half-hour episodes produced over two seasons. The computer generated show is produced by The Jim Henson Company and then-PBS member KCET in Los Angeles, California using the Henson Digital Puppetry Studio. The show is produced by motion capture which allows puppeteers to voice digitally animated characters in real time. Production began in the fall of 2008 with 42 Document [49] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) week (episodes 31 – 35) focuses on the human body. The eighth week (episodes 36 – 40) focuses on weather. The Friday shows are designed to review, reinforce and summarize the central concept of the week. One recurring segment, "Good Laughternoon", features the kids opening panels in a brightly colored playground structure and telling jokes. The format and set borrow heavily from the closing "joke wall" of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, the Groaning Wall from Square One TV, and "locker jokes" from You Can't Do That on Television, but for a pre-school audience and Sid would end the segment by Document [50] (Title: Bill Mumy) Erasmus Leaf, a child mathematical genius who develops a crush on Brigitte Bardot (played by herself in the film). His parents, played by James Stewart and Glynis Johns, attempt to manage his obsession. While noted for several roles as both a child and adult actor, Mumy is best known for his iconic television role in a classic 60s science fiction series. From 1965 to 1968, Mumy portrayed Will Robinson in "Lost in Space", who was the recipient of numerous warnings, (most famously "Danger, Will Robinson") from the show's robot character, voiced by Dick Tufeld. Mumy was later cast in "Bless Document [51] (Title: Samuel Vincent) Bugs, Baby Tweety and Baby Daffy from "Baby Looney Tunes", Sideswipe from "" and the voices of Aerrow and Dark Ace from "Storm Hawks". He is also known for Sonic's singing voice in "Sonic Underground", and the title character and the alien Billy of "Martin Mystery" and from 2018 onwards is the voice of Lloyd Garmadon in "". Samuel Vincent Samuel Vincent Khouth (born October 5, 1971), professionally known as Samuel "Sam" Vincent, is a Canadian voice actor, based in Vancouver who specialises for voicing characters in animated series, anime dubs and video games. His best-known roles are Edd Double Document [52] (Title: Miko Hughes) Fox animated television series "Life with Louie" (1995). His other voice-over credits include twin babies, Sly and Witt, in the feature film "Baby Geniuses" (1999). After a break in his career, Hughes re-emerged as a teen in the science-fiction series "Roswell". He played a weird kid villain who was part of a renegade group of aliens. As a musician, Hughes released two albums in 1995, at the age of nine. One is self-titled and the other is called "Halloween Haunts". He wrote songs for both albums. They were recorded and released by his own company, Little Chief Inc. In 2013, Document [53] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) by the Humane Society of the United States. Additionally, the series has received a total of six Daytime Emmy Award nominations and a TCA Award nomination. Television Oregon Public Broadcasting Sid the Science Kid Sid the Science Kid (also known as "Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid") is an American half-hour CGI animated series that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013, with a total of 68 half-hour episodes produced over two seasons. The computer generated show is produced by The Jim Henson Company and then-PBS member KCET in Los Angeles, California using the Henson Document [54] (Title: Mario Milita) Flintstone. In Italian dubs of live action films, Milita dubbed actors such as Desmond Llewelyn, Ed Williams and Brian Doyle-Murray. He provided the voice of Amos Tupper (portrayed by Tom Bosley) in a few episodes of "Murder, She Wrote" and Old Man Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) in "Back to the Future". After Milita retired in 2012, he passed on the roles of Grandpa Simpson and Herbert to Mino Caprio and Valerio Ruggeri respectively and he died on 22 August 2017 at the age of 94, of natural causes. Mario Milita Mario Milita (June 26, 1923 – August 22, 2017) Document [55] (Title: Jeff Garlin) with Eddie Murphy in "Daddy Day Care" (2003). In 2005, he had a small role in "Fun with Dick and Jane". In 2008, Garlin appeared in "The Rocker" as Stan, and also played Ed Lawson in "Strange Wilderness". He lent his voice to the Disney/Pixar film "Toy Story 3", as Buttercup. He appeared as Sid, alongside Jennifer Aniston and Gerard Butler, in the 2010 comedy action film "The Bounty Hunter". He played Ed Burch in "Laggies", released in 2014. His feature directorial debut, "I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With" (which he also wrote), premiered to favourable reviews at the Document [56] (Title: Salah Sid) with three children. Salah Sid Mohamed Salah Sid (), (born 20 June 1950) is an Algerian-born British radio broadcaster, producer and voice-over artist who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. He began his career at Radio-Télévision Algérienne (RTA) as an actor and presenter in the 1970s, where he presented television and radio shows such as "Good Morning" (صباح الخير) and "Between High Schools" (بين الثانويات,). Sid has been a leading personality in North Africa and the Middle East, where his voice has become a trademark to millions of Arabic-speaking listeners Document [57] (Title: The One That Got Away (American Dad!)) voice of Roger, also provided the voice of Sidney. MacFarlane is often very busy and does not have time to read the script before the table read. However, before voicing Sidney, the producers asked him if he could read the script the night before, to come up with a voice that sounded like an "old-fashioned Dick Powell." Rachael MacFarlane provided the voice of Judy Panawits. Diane Delano, John DiMaggio and J.K. Simmons guest starred in the episode. In its original broadcast on October 5, 2008, "The One That Got Away" was viewed by 6.85 million viewers, according to the Nielsen Document [58] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) the experiment of the day; Playtime; whenever the class finished an experiment, the kids would either play in the classroom or on the playground. Singing with Susie; where Susie sings a song related to the experiment or theme. Backseat Driving with Grandma; Scientist in the House!, when Sid solves the problem and/or plays with his family after school; and "Sid's Super-Duper-Ooper-Schmooper Big Idea!", where Sid would think about what will he do to solve a problem like the one he had from each episode. Sometimes, Sid would have his play date with Gabriela or May after school making it ""2" Document [59] (Title: Peter Cullen) as a character in a then-popular local television kids show. He acted the role of a French-Canadian astronaut, along with writer and his partner on the show, Ted Ziegler. Both Ziegler and Cullen were in the supporting cast of "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour", as well as other network comedies of the era. He voiced Nintendo's mascot Mario in the "Donkey Kong" segments on "Saturday Supercade", making him the first person to ever provide a voice for the character. Cullen has done voicework on drum and bass DJ Dieselboy's 2004 album, "The Dungeonmaster's Guide", and narration on the 2013 Question: who plays the voice of sid the science kid Answer: Drew Massey Long Answer: Sid (motion captured by Misty Rosas, voiced by Drew Massey) wants to be a scientist when he grows up . Sid is the most practical character on the show and is often portrayed as a very supportive friend . His special item is a toy microphone with four different colored electric buttons . When pressed, the blue button plays the recorded laughter of people, the yellow button plays the recorded applause, the red button makes a cow noise, and the white button records echoes . He wants to know "everything about everything". He enjoys singing and dancing as well . He is a well - noted observer, and possibly the brightest of the group . His daily activities consist of playing in his room, coming up with a question, asking people about his question, studying his question in school, going home, and presenting his' Super-duper - ooper - schmooper Big Idea!' Sid's mother is of African descent and his father grew up Jewish as noted in the Hanukkah / Christmas / Kwanzaa episode. Gold Document ID: 4

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) (Sid's Grandma) (motion captured by Dana Michael Woods, voiced by Julianne Buescher and Donna Kimball) is Sid's paternal grandmother, she likes to tell Sid stories about herself when she was younger while driving home from school. Dr. Rosalinda Cordova (motion captured by Michelan Sisti, voiced by America Ferrera) is a research scientist at the Science Center that the children often visit, and the mother of Gabriela. She helps to explain the various exhibits at the center and how they relate to the school lessons the children are having. On occasion, she will visit the children in their schoolroom and teach Document [2] (Title: Sidney Cooke) outer space to keep him away from children. Prior to the launch, an eight-year-old boy was placed on board by mistake. Sidney Cooke Sidney Cooke (born 18 April 1927) is an English convicted child molester and suspected serial killer serving two life sentences. He was nicknamed Hissing Sid by colleagues, and described by "The Guardian" newspaper in 1999 as "Britain's most notorious paedophile". Cooke was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire. After working as a farm labourer, Cooke found a job as a fairground worker by the 1960s, which allowed him to travel around the UK easily. As part of his system Document [3] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) half-hour episodes of "Sid the Science Kid" having been ordered. The series debuted on PBS Kids along with "Martha Speaks" on September 1, 2008, with a two-year on-air commitment. The original working title for the series was "What's the Big Idea?" and the central character, Sid, was originally named Josh. KOCE, the current primary PBS member for the Los Angeles area, began co-producing the show after KCET disaffiliated with PBS on December 31, 2010. The main character in the show is Sid, an "inquisitive youngster" who uses comedy to tackle questions kids have about basic scientific principles and why things Document [4] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) Scientists in the House!" Sid (motion captured by Misty Rosas, voiced by Drew Massey) wants to be a scientist when he grows up. Sid is the most practical character on the show and is often portrayed as a very supportive friend. His special item is a toy microphone with four different colored buttons. When pressed, the blue button plays the recorded laughter of people, the yellow button plays the recorded applause, the red button makes a cow noise, and the white button records echoes. He wants to know "everything about everything". He enjoys singing and dancing as well. He is Document [5] (Title: Dallas McKennon) "Space Funnies" was the first Los Angeles-based kids show to air reruns of "The Little Rascals" and Laurel & Hardy shorts. He was also the primary voice actor for the 1960 cartoon series "Q.T. Hush". McKennon was also the voice of Hardy Boys sidekick Chet Morton in the 1969 animated mystery series. McKennon also sang, and provided many character voices for Disney. His distinctive voice can be heard in movies such as "Lady and the Tramp", "Sleeping Beauty", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "Mary Poppins", and "Bedknobs and Broomsticks". He also provided the voices for many Disney Attractions such as Document [6] (Title: Roger Rose) Roger Rose Roger Rose (born August 15, 1958) is an American actor, voice actor, and former VH1 VJ, known for such films as "Ski Patrol" and for voice work in animated films and television series such as "Happy Feet", "Rugrats", "Scooby-Doo", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", and "Quack Pack". He is also an occasional announcer. His first live role was in an episode of "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". He auditioned at Rod Roddy's podium in 2004 for the announcing job on television's longest running game show, "The Price Is Right", and was the announcer for the Document [7] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) friends enter a contest and win a trip to a new science museum in town. They are allowed inside the museum before it officially opens to the public. Along the way, they meet some new friends; such as Yang Yang, Niu Niu, and BobbyBot. However, one of the robots malfunctions, causing the museum to be in total chaos and havoc, putting the grand opening of the museum in jeopardy. It's up to Sid and his friends to save the museum before it opens up. "Save the Stump!" won in the Children's Programming category Saturday at the 26th Genesis Awards, presented Document [8] (Title: Butch Patrick) "Daniel Boone", and "Adam-12", as well as a recurring role as Gordon Dearing on the CBS family comedy series "My Three Sons". During this time, Patrick also appeared in several Walt Disney films, including "", "" and "The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band", as well as portraying the role of Milo in the 1970 MGM live-action/animated film "The Phantom Tollbooth". In 1971, Patrick landed the starring role on Sid and Marty Krofft's Saturday morning children's program "Lidsville", broadcast on ABC. In the psychedelic fantasy series, Patrick portrayed Mark, a boy lost in a strange land of walking, talking, Document [9] (Title: Brianne Siddall) Jim Hawking, the kid crew member in "Outlaw Star", which had a run on Cartoon Network's Toonami and Adult Swim programming blocks, She also voiced main character Al Izuruha in the "Mobile Suit Gundam" OAV, "". She provided the voice of the toy Sage of Fijit Friends. Siddall married producer Deven Chierighino in 1987. In 2011, Siddall was involved in an accident on the set of "", where she worked as an assistant location manager. She underwent surgery in 2015 to re-fuse portions of her vertebrae and the pain from the injuries and surgeries has made it difficult for Siddall Document [10] (Title: Lawrence Bayne) Lawrence Bayne Lawrence Bayne (born November 11, 1960) is a Canadian actor, voice actor and singer. Born in Toronto, Ontario, he has appeared in various movies and television series, both live action and animated. Among his live-action characters, he may be best known as Victor Pearson, the apparently nefarious scientist-next-door in the NBC/Discovery Kids television series "Strange Days at Blake Holsey High," also known as "Black Hole High". Victor was the father of the Science Club's Vaughn Pearson and generally functioned as the series' antagonist. Victor used a frictionless Chi ball which he had stolen from the show's protagonist, Josie Document [11] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) most vivid character of the group, often being the life and soul of activities. A running gag is that he is always trying to be funny, but fails miserably. Gabriela Cordova (motion captured by John Munro Cameron, voiced by Alice Dinnean-Vernon) is yet one of the three best friends Sid got. Unlike her friends, Gabriela is the most sensible character and often comes up with the most reasonable jokes during Good Laughternoon. She is the most authoritative figure of the quartet, often being the leader of the group activities. She is usually the one to propose playing Pretend, always opting Document [12] (Title: Jonathan Ashmore) Otolaryngology and The Biophysical Society. Ashmore is Faculty of 1000 section head for Sensory Systems and a trustee for the Hearing Research Trust. He served as President of The Physiological Society from 2012 to 2014. Ashmore is the son of actor Peter Ashmore and actress Rosalie Crutchley. Aged seven, Ashmore played Joe in the 1955 film "A Kid for Two Farthings", adapted from the novel by Wolf Mankowitz. Jonathan Ashmore Jonathan Felix Ashmore (born 1948) is a British physicist and Bernard Katz Professor of Biophysics at University College London. Ashmore was educated at Westminster School as a Queen's Scholar. He Document [13] (Title: Salah Sid) Salah Sid Mohamed Salah Sid (), (born 20 June 1950) is an Algerian-born British radio broadcaster, producer and voice-over artist who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. He began his career at Radio-Télévision Algérienne (RTA) as an actor and presenter in the 1970s, where he presented television and radio shows such as "Good Morning" (صباح الخير) and "Between High Schools" (بين الثانويات,). Sid has been a leading personality in North Africa and the Middle East, where his voice has become a trademark to millions of Arabic-speaking listeners around the world Document [14] (Title: Robin Williams) He also voiced the holographic Dr. Know character in the live-action film "A.I. Artificial Intelligence" (2001). He was the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future. In 2006, he starred in "The Night Listener", a thriller about a radio show host who realizes that a child with whom he has developed a friendship may or may not exist; that year, he starred in five movies, including "Man of the Year", was the Surprise Guest at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Document [15] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) alongside Teacher Susie. She is very proud of her daughter Gabriela. Zeke (motion captured by Alon Williams, voiced by Donna Kimball) is Sid's baby brother, he's 10 months old. Tools and Measurements Changes and Transformations Senses Health Simple Machines Backyard Science The Body Weather Force and Motion Light and Shadow Environmental Systems Technology and Engineering Living Things Season 1-2's Specials (2009–12) Season 1 Season 2 "Sid the Science Kid: The Movie" premiered on March 25, 2013. It featured the original voice cast of the show, with special guest voice Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Bonanodon. In the movie, Sid and his Document [16] (Title: Dr SID) Dr SID Sidney Onoriode Esiri (born 1 May 1980 in Ikeja, Lagos state, Nigeria), known commonly as, Dr SID is a Nigerian singer-songwriter and dentist. He is an Urhobo from Delta state but raised in Lagos. His mother a successful fashion designer and his father the legendary actor Justus Esiri who is a Member of the Order of the Niger (MON), and famous for his role as the Village Headmaster a Nigerian sitcom popular in the 1980s. The second child of 4 children from an early age he had his heart set on becoming an entertainer. However his life took Document [17] (Title: Richard Kind) July 27–29, 2012. His voice credits include Larry the Anaconda in "The Wild", “Clark” in the “Clark & Lewis Expedition” radio commercials for Horizon Air (with Patrick Warburton as “Lewis”), Molt in Disney/Pixar’s "A Bug's Life", Van in Disney/Pixar’s "Cars" and "Cars 2", the narrator for Disney’s "Go Baby", and Tom in "". He has a recurring role on the Disney Channel series "Kim Possible", where he plays Frugal Lucre. He guest stars in "The Penguins of Madagascar" as Roger the Alligator in the episodes "Haunted Habitat", "Roger Dodger", "Gator Watch", "April Fools", "The All Nighter Before Christmas", and "Operation: Document [18] (Title: Sam Lavagnino) character was as the dog "Rolly" in the Disney Junior show "Puppy Dog Pals". Sam Lavagnino Sam Lavagnino (born June 29, 2006) is an American child voice actor known for his roles as Catbug in "Bravest Warriors" and Young Grizz in "We Bare Bears". He also voices the dog "Rolly" in the Disney Junior show "Puppy Dog Pals". Lavagnino is the son of voice actress Hope Levy and screenwriter Tom Lavagnino. At 14 months old, he was on the cover of "TIME" magazine where he was dressed up as Albert Einstein. He was cast for "Bravest Warriors" as the role Document [19] (Title: A Bug's Life) voiced by Richard Kind (from "Spin City"), Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce (from "Frasier") and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett (from "Everybody Loves Raymond"). Joe Ranft, member of Pixar's story team, played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter's wife, Nancy, who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track. The casting of Hopper, the film's villain, proved problematic. Lasseter's top choice was Robert De Niro, who repeatedly turned the part down, as did a succession of other actors. Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey Document [20] (Title: Jim MacGeorge) and the feature film "Teenagers from Outer Space". He also worked as a writer for Jay Ward Productions. MacGeorge has also reprised his role only as Uncle Captain Huffenpuff in "The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil" produced by DiC Entertainment and directed by John Kricfalusi, better known for his work on "The Ren and Stimpy Show". He is also credited as Jim McGeorge and James MacGeorge. Jim MacGeorge James A. "Jim" MacGeorge (born October 15, 1928) is an American actor and voice actor. He is probably best known for his voice roles as Beany Boy, Crowy and Uncle Captain Document [21] (Title: Sid Melton) Continent" and "Radar Secret Service", later featured on "Mystery Science Theater 3000", whose hosts gave Melton the nickname "Monkey Boy" due to his comedy relief antics. He played Captain Midnight's sidekick, Ichabod "Icky" Mudd ("That's Mudd, with two D's"), in "Captain Midnight", an early 1950s Saturday-morning children's show. Until the end of his life, old fans would greet him on the street with his signature introductory gag line, "Mudd with two D's." Melton appeared three times as Harry Cooper in the 1955–56 sitcom "It's Always Jan". In the late 1950s, he played several small roles in the popular Desilu show Document [22] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) She conducts the experiments with her class. She sings to the children during the "Singing With Susie" segment at the end of the school day. Mort (motion captured by John Munro Cameron, voiced by Victor Yerrid) is Sid's father. Mort works in construction and often relates Sid's observations to his work experiences. Alice (motion captured by Sonya Leslie, voiced by Alice Dinnean-Vernon) is Sid's mother who drives him to school each day. Alice is a website designer and children's computer game developer (Episode 58 "The Amazing Computer Science Tool!). Her name is probably an allusion to her voice actress. Rose Document [23] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) to be the mommy. She can allegedly read. Sometimes she comes over to Sid's house to have a play date with him. She has an older brother named Mateo. Susie (motion captured by Sonya Leslie, voiced by Donna Kimball) is the Mexican-accented teacher at Sid's school. She begins the day with "Rug Time," where she summons the children to sit in a circle and asks them if they have anything to share with the class or talk about (usually the topic brought up is what was discussed during "Sid's Survey" and what Sid was thinking about earlier in the day). Document [24] (Title: Matt Sloan (voice actor)) Matt Sloan (voice actor) Matthew Paul Sloan, (born March 24, 1973) is an American director, playwright, voice actor and comedian from Madison, Wisconsin. He and his friend Aaron Yonda are notable as the co-creators of the web series "", in which he voices the title character. Additionally, he appears in season one as the main antagonist, and has a minor appearance in the first few episodes of the second series as said antagonist's father. Since "Chad Vader", he has gone on to voice Darth Vader in various "Star Wars" media. He hosts a movie reviewing and discussion show on YouTube Document [25] (Title: John Leguizamo) version, a question about the movie featured his character and Meredith Vieira mentioned that Leguizamo had played Lautrec and had been on the show. In 2002, he voiced Sid the Sloth for the film "Ice Age", reprising the role for the sequels "", "", "" and "". The game versions of the films also used his voice. In 2003, he voice-acted Globox from "". Leguizamo portrayed Paul in the Brad Anderson thriller film "Vanishing on 7th Street". In 2007, he played Michael Beltran in the movie "The Babysitters". In 2008, he co-starred in the movie "The Happening", written and directed Document [26] (Title: Roger Rose) "Hannah Montana" "NCIS" "Big Bang". He has also done a David Letterman impression on several animated series, such as "Tiny Toons" and "Animaniacs". Most recently in 2009, he voiced Doctor Strange on "The Super Hero Squad Show" and Superman on "". He has narrated documentaries for Animal Planet, (Discovery) and (National Geographic). Rose also announced the 2011 Emmy Awards. He can be heard on WLS-TV in Chicago, (WLNY) in New York City, and KGO-TV in the San Francisco Bay Area. He is the son of Hilly Rose, a radio personality in Los Angeles, and Sondra B. Gair, a pioneer radio Document [27] (Title: Jiří Lábus) moderator called "Jů" in the popular children's TV show "Studio Kamarád". He also gave his voice to Marge Simpson in the Czech adaptation of "The Simpsons", to the narrator of TV series "M.A.S.H.", and to ground sloth Sid in "Ice Age". Together with Oldřich Kaiser, he performed as a comedy duo "Kaiser a Lábus", which, in particular, took part in the TV comedy shows "" ("Russian Roulette", 1994) and "Možná přijde i kouzelník" ("Perhaps a Magician Will Come Too", 1982). Jiří Lábus Jiří Lábus (born January 26, 1950 in Prague) is a Czech actor. His brother is the Czech architect Document [28] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) a single scientific theme or concept. The first week (episodes 1 – 5) focuses on scientific tools and concepts (such as charts, observation, estimation, and measuring). The second week (episodes 6 – 10) focuses on changes and transformation (including decay, growth, freezing and melting, and the effects of heat). The third week (episodes 11 – 15) focuses on the senses (including touch, smell, sight, and hearing). The fourth week (episodes 16 – 20) focuses on health. The fifth week (episodes 21 – 25) focuses on simple machines. The sixth week (episodes 26 – 30) focuses on backyard science. The seventh Document [29] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) She is very polite and is characterized by her charming, courteous ways. May often sympathizes with everyone and everything, appreciating even inanimate things like decayed pumpkins and brown, mushy bananas. May has a cat named Mooshu. While her conduct is quite silly at times, May is exceptionally smart. Gerald (motion captured by Alon Williams, voiced by Victor Yerrid) is Sid's airhead, vivacious best friend. He often stalls at the start of Rug Time, attempting a very appreciated light-humored gig. He has a dog, a Jack Russell terrier called Chester. He is a very valued character of the quartet, perhaps the Document [30] (Title: Lennie Weinrib) lion in the animated sequence of the film "Bedknobs and Broomsticks". Another Disney role Weinrib voiced was an evil sorcerer named Zorlok for an episode of "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears". He also voices the school bully Lenny Warthog on the NBC series "Kissyfur". He also lent his voice to Superman in 1970 for a "Sesame Street" sketch of a lecture about words beginning with "S" which happened to be the character's favorite letter of the Alphabet. Weinrib again voiced the Man of Steel, and his alter-ego Clark Kent, for a 1972 episode of "The Brady Kids", "Cindy's Super Document [31] (Title: Jim MacGeorge) Jim MacGeorge James A. "Jim" MacGeorge (born October 15, 1928) is an American actor and voice actor. He is probably best known for his voice roles as Beany Boy, Crowy and Uncle Captain Horatio K. Huffenpuff in "Beany and Cecil", Oliver Hardy in the "Laurel and Hardy" cartoon series, Crazy Claws in "The Kwicky Koala Show", Bort in "The Mighty Orbots", Wimper in "Clue Club" and as Dr. Wilmer Scarab in "Bionic Six". He also voiced various characters in many other cartoon series. He has even appeared on camera in shows including "Get Smart" as Stan Laurel, "Semi-Tough", "Happy Days" Document [32] (Title: Kid Beyond) Night at the Inventory", making him the first actor to ever portray the character. He portrayed Dio Brando in the 2004 English dub of the "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" OVA. Kid Beyond Kid Beyond (real name Andrew Chaikin) (December 7, 1969) is a voice actor, singer, beatboxer, throat singer, songwriter, and live looper based in the San Francisco area. Chaikin attended Brown University and was a leader in the co-ed fraternity Zeta Delta Xi. He sang in the Jabberwocks, a student a cappella group. He graduated in 1991 and moved to San Francisco to join the House Jacks with Deke Sharon, Document [33] (Title: Noam Zylberman) Noam Zylberman Noam Zylberman (born June 30, 1973 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli-Canadian voice actor best known for the voice of Split Kit from "Garbage Pail Kids" and also the voice of Bentley Raccoon in the popular animated series "The Raccoons" from 1987 to 1990. He also played Chip on "Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater", Billy in "Popples", Bobby in the "" cartoon series, Rusty Wildwood in "Sylvanian Families", Curtis Shumway in "ALF Tales", Fritz in the 1990 animated movie "The Nutcracker Prince", Buddy in "Little Rosey", Stoke in "Iggy Arbuckle", Fidge in the "" cartoon special "The Great Document [34] (Title: Roger Rose) interviewer with Chicago Public Radio. His brother was Judd Rose, of ABC. Roger Rose Roger Rose (born August 15, 1958) is an American actor, voice actor, and former VH1 VJ, known for such films as "Ski Patrol" and for voice work in animated films and television series such as "Happy Feet", "Rugrats", "Scooby-Doo", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", and "Quack Pack". He is also an occasional announcer. His first live role was in an episode of "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". He auditioned at Rod Roddy's podium in 2004 for the announcing job on television's longest running Document [35] (Title: Bob the Vid Tech) role, using his nickname "Bob". While Bob the Vid Tech was played by an adult, he acted like an elementary age child who gets excited about learning and sharing his experiences. Collaborating with creators and producers Jonathan Slade and Susie Shaw, Heck also began portraying the other characters in his Vid Kid world, such as Momma Vid Tech, his brother Biff and Pop Quiz. He also provided the voice for his puppet friend Sid the Vid Fish. Each of these characters was featured at various times in short interstitials and in the open animation that began each longer format special Document [36] (Title: Mike Massimino) and shared them with Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter. Massimino's public updates about his training for the STS-125 mission began April 3, 2009. In the PBS children's program "Sid the Science Kid", Michael Massimino appeared as himself in an episode focused on scientists. Beginning in 2012, Massimino appeared as himself in a recurring role on the CBS TV sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" launching aboard a Russian Soyuz to the International Space Station. He appeared in another episode advising Howard Wolowitz not to go on a second mission to the International Space Station. Document [37] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) work the way they do. He tries to answer questions and solve problems with the help of his classmates (May, Gerald, and Gabriela), Teacher Susie, and his family (his mother Alice, his father Mort, his Grandma Rose and his baby brother Zeke). In "Hello Doggie," Sid's Grandma adopts a dog from the animal shelter (which she names Philbert – voiced by Bruce Lanoil, motion captured by Daisy the dog). The conceptual content of Sid is based in national science learning standards, cognitive learning theory, and on the preschool science curriculum, Preschool Pathways to Science. Each week's episodes are built around Document [38] (Title: James Callis) Neha Callis in December 30, 1998, and they have two sons and a daughter: Joshua Amaan (born 2003), Sacha Ishan (born 2005) and Anika Jahan (born 2009). James Callis James Nicholas Callis (born 4 June 1971) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Gaius Baltar in the re-imagined "Battlestar Galactica" miniseries and television series, and Bridget Jones' best friend Tom in "Bridget Jones's Diary" and "". He later reprised the role in 2016, in "Bridget Jones's Baby". He joined the cast of the TV Series "Eureka", on Syfy, in 2010. In 2017 he voiced the character Document [39] (Title: Jacqueline Pillon) Jacqueline Pillon Jacqueline Patricia Pillon (born December 27, 1977) is a Canadian actress. She is best known as the voice of Matt from "Cyberchase and Cookie Falcone (MacDougall) in Fugget About It". Pillon was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada as the youngest of four children. She was educated and graduated from the renowned Monsignor Feeney Choir school in London. She ultimately graduated with an Hon. B.Sc. in Physical Anthropology from The University of Toronto. At the age of 12, she started her first work in the theater. As a voice artist she first appeared in "Gahan Wilson's The Kid", as Document [40] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) saying, "Now "that's" funny!" along with a pre-recorded laughter from his toy microphone. Other recurring segments include "What's the big idea?", a problem that Sid has with anything that has to do something with the problem; Breakfast Time, when either Alice or Mort teaches Sid something that has anything to do with the problem; The Sid Survey, the segment where Sid asks questions to May, Gerald, and Gabriela; Rug Time, where Sid shows his friends and his teacher something with the problem; The Super Fab Lab, where the scientists do the lab along with a live-action class (in fast-motion) performing Document [41] (Title: Courtland Mead) provided the voices of Gus Griswold in the Disney animated series "Recess" and Ned Needlemeyer in "Nightmare Ned", as well as the title character in Disney's "Lloyd in Space". He has also reprised his role in "The Young and the Restless" as Nina's son, starting as Young Phillip and Phillip Chancellor IV. His last feature performance was in 2010, where he appeared as Tommy Farrell in "Mean Parents Suck". Courtland Mead Courtland Robert Mead (born April 19, 1987) is a former American child actor noted for his performances on-screen during the 1990s. Mead was born in Mission Viejo, California, the Document [42] (Title: Mark Goddard) friends, who could always be counted upon to save him and all of the inhabitants of the "Jupiter II" — The Robot (animated by Bob May, voiced by Dick Tufeld) and Will Robinson (Bill Mumy), the youngest of the three Robinson children. Castmates included Guy Williams, the former star of "Zorro" (1957–59), as Professor John Robinson and the credited star of the series; June Lockhart, the former star of "Lassie" (1959–64), as Dr. Maureen Robinson; Marta Kristen as elder daughter Judy Robinson; and Angela Cartwright (one of the von Trapp children in "The Sound of Music"). On June 14, 1995, Document [43] (Title: Sponk!) series was also broadcast to the on The N, a network targeted at the "tween" demographic of children approximately 9- to 14-years-old. The cast included host Johnathan McClain, and announcer (as the voice of SID) Karen Fowler. The performers were all young actors. Among them were Julia Kay, Tim Dorsch, Scott Irby-Rainnar, Lori Wells, Miles Thompson (who later went on to star in the feature film "Me and You and Everyone We Know" and cameoed in "Return To Sleepaway Camp"), Allie Berdebes, Vanessa Lengies, and Louie Torrellas. It resembled a classic Nickelodeon game show, featuring young actors and a young Document [44] (Title: Richard Steven Horvitz) Richard Steven Horvitz Richard Steven Horvitz (born July 29, 1966), sometimes credited as Richard Wood, is an American actor and voice actor. In the world of animation, he has voiced mentally unstable and neurotic characters. He is known for his work as the voice of the original Alpha 5 in "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", "Power Rangers Zeo", and "Power Rangers Turbo", Razputin "Raz" Aquato in "Psychonauts", Kaos in the "Skylanders" franchise, Billy and his father Harold in "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy", Grey Matter in "Ben 10", Daggett in "The Angry Beavers", Bumble in "Kinectimals", the title character Document [45] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) a well-noted observer, and possibly the brightest of the group. His daily activities consist of playing in his room, coming up with a question, asking people about his question, studying his question in school, going home, and presenting his 'Super-duper-ooper-schmooper Big Idea!' Sid's mother is of African descent and his father grew up Jewish as noted in the Hanukkah/Christmas/Kwanzaa episode. May (motion captured by Dana Michael Woods, voiced by Julianne Buescher) is one of Sid's best friends, marked by her striped stockings and fairness. She is shown to have terrible eyesight. She is the most sentimental character of the group. Document [46] (Title: Scientastic!) around her. In the pilot episode, the character is a 12-year-old girl named “Leah” (played by actress Lili Reinhart), while in the following episode “Are You Sleeping?” she is a 14-year old named “Cassie” (played by actress Gabrielle Phillips). Her younger brother (played by actors Joseph Serafini and Justin Bees) joins along as Cassie researches and finds leads at her local library and then visits different museums, hospitals and institutions to conduct interviews with real-life specialists. The episode is supplemented with 2-D and 3-D animations that render anatomy and biology, as well as short interstitial episodes of music and dance. Document [47] (Title: Steven Bednarski) Steven Bednarski Steven Bednarski (born 1973) is a Canadian historian and actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He has lived in Toronto, Ontario, and now lives in Waterloo, Ontario. His most notable roles were the English voices of Astro Boy (produced by Montreal's Cinelume Studios in 1985), Roobear in "Adventures of the Little Koala", and Chad in "Sailor Moon". At the time "Astro Boy" was dubbed from Japanese into English, Canadian voice-over regulations did not require producers to list voice actors' credits at the end of their productions. As a result, although his voice aired for over a decade Document [48] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) Sid the Science Kid Sid the Science Kid (also known as "Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid") is an American half-hour CGI animated series that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013, with a total of 68 half-hour episodes produced over two seasons. The computer generated show is produced by The Jim Henson Company and then-PBS member KCET in Los Angeles, California using the Henson Digital Puppetry Studio. The show is produced by motion capture which allows puppeteers to voice digitally animated characters in real time. Production began in the fall of 2008 with 42 Document [49] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) week (episodes 31 – 35) focuses on the human body. The eighth week (episodes 36 – 40) focuses on weather. The Friday shows are designed to review, reinforce and summarize the central concept of the week. One recurring segment, "Good Laughternoon", features the kids opening panels in a brightly colored playground structure and telling jokes. The format and set borrow heavily from the closing "joke wall" of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, the Groaning Wall from Square One TV, and "locker jokes" from You Can't Do That on Television, but for a pre-school audience and Sid would end the segment by Document [50] (Title: Bill Mumy) Erasmus Leaf, a child mathematical genius who develops a crush on Brigitte Bardot (played by herself in the film). His parents, played by James Stewart and Glynis Johns, attempt to manage his obsession. While noted for several roles as both a child and adult actor, Mumy is best known for his iconic television role in a classic 60s science fiction series. From 1965 to 1968, Mumy portrayed Will Robinson in "Lost in Space", who was the recipient of numerous warnings, (most famously "Danger, Will Robinson") from the show's robot character, voiced by Dick Tufeld. Mumy was later cast in "Bless Document [51] (Title: Samuel Vincent) Bugs, Baby Tweety and Baby Daffy from "Baby Looney Tunes", Sideswipe from "" and the voices of Aerrow and Dark Ace from "Storm Hawks". He is also known for Sonic's singing voice in "Sonic Underground", and the title character and the alien Billy of "Martin Mystery" and from 2018 onwards is the voice of Lloyd Garmadon in "". Samuel Vincent Samuel Vincent Khouth (born October 5, 1971), professionally known as Samuel "Sam" Vincent, is a Canadian voice actor, based in Vancouver who specialises for voicing characters in animated series, anime dubs and video games. His best-known roles are Edd Double Document [52] (Title: Miko Hughes) Fox animated television series "Life with Louie" (1995). His other voice-over credits include twin babies, Sly and Witt, in the feature film "Baby Geniuses" (1999). After a break in his career, Hughes re-emerged as a teen in the science-fiction series "Roswell". He played a weird kid villain who was part of a renegade group of aliens. As a musician, Hughes released two albums in 1995, at the age of nine. One is self-titled and the other is called "Halloween Haunts". He wrote songs for both albums. They were recorded and released by his own company, Little Chief Inc. In 2013, Document [53] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) by the Humane Society of the United States. Additionally, the series has received a total of six Daytime Emmy Award nominations and a TCA Award nomination. Television Oregon Public Broadcasting Sid the Science Kid Sid the Science Kid (also known as "Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid") is an American half-hour CGI animated series that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013, with a total of 68 half-hour episodes produced over two seasons. The computer generated show is produced by The Jim Henson Company and then-PBS member KCET in Los Angeles, California using the Henson Document [54] (Title: Mario Milita) Flintstone. In Italian dubs of live action films, Milita dubbed actors such as Desmond Llewelyn, Ed Williams and Brian Doyle-Murray. He provided the voice of Amos Tupper (portrayed by Tom Bosley) in a few episodes of "Murder, She Wrote" and Old Man Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) in "Back to the Future". After Milita retired in 2012, he passed on the roles of Grandpa Simpson and Herbert to Mino Caprio and Valerio Ruggeri respectively and he died on 22 August 2017 at the age of 94, of natural causes. Mario Milita Mario Milita (June 26, 1923 – August 22, 2017) Document [55] (Title: Jeff Garlin) with Eddie Murphy in "Daddy Day Care" (2003). In 2005, he had a small role in "Fun with Dick and Jane". In 2008, Garlin appeared in "The Rocker" as Stan, and also played Ed Lawson in "Strange Wilderness". He lent his voice to the Disney/Pixar film "Toy Story 3", as Buttercup. He appeared as Sid, alongside Jennifer Aniston and Gerard Butler, in the 2010 comedy action film "The Bounty Hunter". He played Ed Burch in "Laggies", released in 2014. His feature directorial debut, "I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With" (which he also wrote), premiered to favourable reviews at the Document [56] (Title: Salah Sid) with three children. Salah Sid Mohamed Salah Sid (), (born 20 June 1950) is an Algerian-born British radio broadcaster, producer and voice-over artist who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. He began his career at Radio-Télévision Algérienne (RTA) as an actor and presenter in the 1970s, where he presented television and radio shows such as "Good Morning" (صباح الخير) and "Between High Schools" (بين الثانويات,). Sid has been a leading personality in North Africa and the Middle East, where his voice has become a trademark to millions of Arabic-speaking listeners Document [57] (Title: The One That Got Away (American Dad!)) voice of Roger, also provided the voice of Sidney. MacFarlane is often very busy and does not have time to read the script before the table read. However, before voicing Sidney, the producers asked him if he could read the script the night before, to come up with a voice that sounded like an "old-fashioned Dick Powell." Rachael MacFarlane provided the voice of Judy Panawits. Diane Delano, John DiMaggio and J.K. Simmons guest starred in the episode. In its original broadcast on October 5, 2008, "The One That Got Away" was viewed by 6.85 million viewers, according to the Nielsen Document [58] (Title: Sid the Science Kid) the experiment of the day; Playtime; whenever the class finished an experiment, the kids would either play in the classroom or on the playground. Singing with Susie; where Susie sings a song related to the experiment or theme. Backseat Driving with Grandma; Scientist in the House!, when Sid solves the problem and/or plays with his family after school; and "Sid's Super-Duper-Ooper-Schmooper Big Idea!", where Sid would think about what will he do to solve a problem like the one he had from each episode. Sometimes, Sid would have his play date with Gabriela or May after school making it ""2" Document [59] (Title: Peter Cullen) as a character in a then-popular local television kids show. He acted the role of a French-Canadian astronaut, along with writer and his partner on the show, Ted Ziegler. Both Ziegler and Cullen were in the supporting cast of "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour", as well as other network comedies of the era. He voiced Nintendo's mascot Mario in the "Donkey Kong" segments on "Saturday Supercade", making him the first person to ever provide a voice for the character. Cullen has done voicework on drum and bass DJ Dieselboy's 2004 album, "The Dungeonmaster's Guide", and narration on the 2013 Question: who plays the voice of sid the science kid

Answer: Drew Massey Long Answer: Sid (motion captured by Misty Rosas, voiced by Drew Massey) wants to be a scientist when he grows up . Sid is the most practical character on the show and is often portrayed as a very supportive friend . His special item is a toy microphone with four different colored electric buttons . When pressed, the blue button plays the recorded laughter of people, the yellow button plays the recorded applause, the red button makes a cow noise, and the white button records echoes . He wants to know "everything about everything". He enjoys singing and dancing as well . He is a well - noted observer, and possibly the brightest of the group . His daily activities consist of playing in his room, coming up with a question, asking people about his question, studying his question in school, going home, and presenting his' Super-duper - ooper - schmooper Big Idea!' Sid's mother is of African descent and his father grew up Jewish as noted in the Hanukkah / Christmas / Kwanzaa episode. Gold Document ID: 4

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beer in Canada) the top 100 Beer Advocate Canadian beers brewed in Atlantic Canada are brewed in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Three of these are made by Propeller, and one by Garrison. By 2017, there were at least 41 microbreweries throughout Nova Scotia alone. That year, there were also 25 hop growers in the Maritime Provinces (part of the Atlantic provinces), and they were producing some 25 varieties of hops. 46 of the top 100 beers in Canada are brewed in Quebec, according to Beer Advocate. The ratings are led by Dieu du Ciel of Montreal (with 17), and followed by Unibroue of Chambly Document [2] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) the UK was in the process of opening more locations. The rate of overseas expansion was slower than expected. Many of the press reviewers thought that the food was overpriced for their area. As of 2018 there are 29 locations outside of the United States with 19 locations in Canada (Ottawa, Toronto, Markham, Vaughan, Mississauga, Oakville, Vancouver), 6 locations in The United Kingdom (London), 6 in France (Paris), and 1 in Germany (Frankfurt). In August 2008, Chipotle opened its first location outside of the United States in Toronto. The second location in Toronto–and in all of Canada–was not opened until Document [3] (Title: Chinatowns in Canada) leave in the 1980s and 1990s. Some restaurants and a few Chinese residents remain. Most of them moved to either Montreal or Toronto. Moose Jaw was once home to a Chinatown, which existed on River Street West. Moose Jaw's Chinatown initially had 160 Chinese and then grew to 957 by 1911. By the 1920s and 1930s, Moose Jaw's Chinatown was the largest in Saskatchewan with a population of more than 300. More than half of the restaurants in Moose Jaw were owned by Chinese and all but one laundromat was owned by the Chinese. However, the attitudes of the time Document [4] (Title: Mandarin Restaurant) of their 35th anniversary in 2014, Mandarin held a year-long "Passport to Japan" contest where they gave away 35 trips to Japan. Also, as part of their milestone 35th anniversary, on July 1, 2014, Mandarin invited all Canadian citizens to a free buffet meal at any of their locations. Over 30,000 Canadians took advantage of a free buffet meal on this day. Over the years, Mandarin has involved itself with various health care organizations and charitable groups in the community. Some of these include: 2013 2007 Mandarin Restaurant Mandarin Restaurant Franchise Corporation is a chain of all-you-can-eat Chinese-Canadian buffet restaurants. Document [5] (Title: Kewpee) 1923 in Flint, Michigan, by Samuel V. Blair under the name "Kewpee Hotel" in a stand. In Lansing, Michigan, the Weston family has owned and operated the Kewpee's restaurant since it opened in 1923. The Weston family has had as many as two Kewpee restaurants open at one time in Lansing. The Westons are in their fourth generation of operating Kewpee. Kewpee's early plans under Blair and Adams seemed to stay out of major cities. After Prohibition, some Kewpee restaurants added real beer to their staple of root beer, which was on many Kewpee menus joining the standard coffee offerings Document [6] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) restaurants were located in Ontario (25 outlets), New Brunswick, British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. In 2006, Joe Murano assumed the management of the company as a president. His previous franchise experience is with Kingston local chains Bandito Video (now defunct) and Papa Pete's pizza. The corporate head office was located in Napanee, Ontario and the company listed by OTC Markets Group as over-the-counter stock Dixie Lee International Industries, Inc (Pink Sheets: DLII). In January 2006, as Joe Murrano took corporate ownership, by June 2006, Maria Struik and John Struik became entangled in a legal battle with the new corporate owner. Document [7] (Title: Beer in Canada) by Anheuser-Busch InBev (of Belgium), MolsonCoors (incorporated in the United States), and Sapporo (of Japan). This unique situation has enabled these companies to earn an estimated one billion dollars in profit per year. The other 20% is handled by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO), a Crown corporation. Smaller brewers, which tend to focus on German and English styles, are represented by the Ontario Craft Brewers trade association. The Beer Store's share will decrease over time. In December 2016, some 60 supermarkets were given a license to sell six packs and this is expected to increase to over 150 Document [8] (Title: Pita Pit) Australia, Singapore, and Ireland. Pita Pit Pita Pit is a Canadian quick-service restaurant franchise serving pita sandwiches. Its headquarters are in Kingston, Ontario. Its United States headquarters are in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. The first shop was opened by Nelson Lang and John Sotiriadis in 1995 near Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. In 1997, The Pita Pit started to expand within Canada and in 1999 they began franchising in the United States. There are now over 500 restaurants in a total of 12 countries. Countries other than Canada and the United States include India, France, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the Document [9] (Title: The Keg) Financial and David Aisenstat sharing $105 million plus 3.8 million Cara subordinate voting shares. Aisenstat joined the Board of Directors of Cara, and assumed executive oversight of the higher-end brands within the 19 different restaurant chains then held by Cara. Cara also announced that the acquisition had prompted the company to change its own name, confirming on May 10, 2018, that Cara Operations would be renamed Recipe Unlimited Corporation. The Keg The Keg is a Canadian-owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States. The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Document [10] (Title: Dunn's) fought a ruling to change the name of "smoked meat" to "boeuf mariné" in order to conform to the Quebec Charter of the French language. They won the ruling on appeal by proving that if they did not advertise "smoked meat" by that term they would confuse and anger customers. Due to the work of Aideh Dunn, under the new ruling, enacted in 1987, smoked meat became a word in both official languages of Canada. There are currently ten locations, which are: Dunn's Dunn's Famous Deli and Steakhouse is a Montreal-style smoked meat, Pastrami and Cheesecake restaurant chain founded in Document [11] (Title: Carl's Jr. Canada) Kelowna, British Columbia. Ontario locations became affiliated with Toronto franchisee 6Points Food Services. By May 2015, four locations had opened in the Greater Toronto Area, including two in Toronto that opened in April. The two Toronto restaurants closed in January 2016. They had intended to open 30 locations within six years in the market. On October 30, 2016, Carl's Jr closed down all of its Okanagan locations, with the exception of the original Kelowna location which remained open until November 17, 2016. Carl's Jr. Canada Carl's Jr. Canada is the Canadian expansion of the Carl's Jr. brand, currently operating in Document [12] (Title: Restaurant) There are 86,915 commercial foodservice units in Canada, or 26.4 units per 10,000 Canadians. By segment, there are: Fully 63% of restaurants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restaurants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises. The EU-27 has an estimated 1.6m businesses involved in 'accommodation & food services', more than 75% of which are small and medium enterprises. As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restaurants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restaurants, accounting for $260 billion. Starting in 2016, Document [13] (Title: Beer in Canada) enthusiasts' favourite Canadian beers is a good way to get a sense of the most highly regarded breweries in the country. According to Beer Advocate, a ratings website frequented by beer enthusiasts, as of 2012 46 of Canada's top 100 beers were brewed in Quebec, 25 in British Columbia, 13 in Ontario, 6 in Alberta, 4 in Manitoba, 4 in Nova Scotia, and 2 in Yukon. Moosehead Breweries Limited is Canada's oldest independent brewery, located in Saint John, New Brunswick. The brewery was founded in 1867 and is still privately owned and operated by the Oland family. All four of Document [14] (Title: Beer in Canada) identity, though globalization of the brewing industry has seen the major players in Canada acquired by, or merged with, foreign companies, notably its three largest beer producers, Labatt, Molson and Sleeman. The result is that Moosehead, with an estimated 3.8 percent share of the domestic market in 2016, has become the largest fully Canadian-owned brewer. Beer sales have been sluggish overall in volume and in growth in industry revenue as other beverages have increased in popularity. Growth in revenue for beer makers averaged 1.3 per cent per year during 2011-2016; the estimated annual growth over the subsequent five years is Document [15] (Title: Earls (restaurant chain)) decided to reverse its decision entirely. Company president Mohammad Jessa explained that the decision was a "mistake", and stated that the company planned to work with ranchers in Alberta to encourage humane practices. Earls (restaurant chain) Earls is a family owned premium casual dining chain that operates a total of 68 restaurants in Canada and the United States. Their head office is in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Leroy Earl "Bus" Fuller (b. 1928), the founder of Earls, was a Korean War veteran and an experienced restaurateur with over twenty successful and failed restaurants to his name. His first restaurant was Document [16] (Title: Microbrewery) brewers or microbreweries by most news media; after such a change in ownership, however, they may no longer qualify as members of the Provincial craft brewers associations. Most microbreweries fall within the more commonly used term "craft breweries". In 2006 there were 88 such operations in Canada, increasing to 520 by 2015. The growth is particularly obvious in Ontario, with a 36% increase in sales for this category of brewery. On a Canada-wide basis in 2015, such breweries held about a 10% market share. In 1984, changes to outdated liquor control laws allowed Paul Hadfield, a former architect, to open Document [17] (Title: MasterChef Canada (season 2)) of spring 2018. In the fall of 2015, Jorge signed on a contract with JRG in a partnership that involves working with Ryan Moreno, CEO of the pub/restaurant chain. The first location opened on 200th Street at 84th Avenue in Langley on January 26, 2016. A second location opened on December 23, 2016 at 200–2070 Sumas Way in the Abbotsford Village Shopping Centre. The third location opened up in South Surrey in June 2017. Jorge, who resides on a hobby farm in the Panorama area of Surrey with his wife and two sons, also guest starred in an episode of Document [18] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) are company-owned, rather than franchised. , 1430 restaurants have since opened throughout the United States and Canada, with locations in 43 states, Ontario, British Columbia, and the District of Columbia. The field team are the employees who work closely with but not directly within specific restaurants. The field support system includes apprentice team leaders (step up from restaurateurs), team leaders or area managers, team directors and regional directors (not atypical for them to oversee more than fifty locations). Because Chipotle does not franchise, all restaurants are corporately owned. Thus, whenever Chipotle is in the process of launching a new location, Document [19] (Title: Molson Canadian) Molson Canadian Molson Canadian is a brand of 5% abv lager beer (4% in Ireland) brewed by Molson Brewing , the Canadian division of Molson Coors Brewing Company. The beer was introduced in 1959. Molson Canadian has won several beer industry awards, including: The "Molson Canadian Mega Keg" is the world’s largest monument to a keg of Molson Canadian. The monument measures 11 metres (36.5 feet) by five metres (16.5 feet), or roughly the height of a three-story building. The monument was revealed to winners of a contest themed around the Mega Keg in September 2008. Were it a real Document [20] (Title: Keg) liters. A newer Euro regulation defines 50, 30, 25 and 20 liters where the keg shape is usually thicker but not as tall as the German keg specifications. In some areas it is common to refer to the size not in liters but in beers. In areas such as Germany, where the standard beer size is 0.5 liters, that means a 50-liter keg contains 100 beers. Accepted specifications for a standard keg are: There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs: party pumps and gas taps. Party pumps utilize outside air, thus introducing oxygen and Document [21] (Title: B-52 (cocktail)) bands, albums and songs. This drink was, of course, named after the band of the same name. One of his first customers for a B-52 owned restaurants in various cities in Alberta and liked the drink so much that he put it on the menu. This is why this, the first shooter, is commonly believed to originate at the Keg Steakhouse in Calgary, Alberta in 1977. The B-52 is also rumoured to have been created by Adam Honigman, a bartender at New York City's Maxwell's Plum. The B-52's widespread popularity has resulted in many variations, each earning a slightly different Document [22] (Title: Milestones Grill and Bar) four locations in Ontario and one in Washington state. Cara rapidly expanded Milestones operations into eastern Canadian cities, including Toronto, Ottawa, Niagara Falls, and London. At the end of 2011, Milestones expanded into Kingston, Barrie, Waterloo, and Cambridge.Milestones opened a location in St. John's, Newfoundland in late 2014. Milestones Grill and Bar Milestones Restaurants Inc. (doing business as Milestones Grill and Bar) is a restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. There are currently over 40 locations across British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario. The first Milestones location Document [23] (Title: Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan) close was Sask. Pool C, which opened in 1982 with a capacity of 3,670 metric tonnes, ceased operations in 2001. It is now privately owned. The 1990s also saw the opening of a new restaurant in Willow Bunch. Originally called Willow B's Tavern, the restaurant opened for business on October 31, 1996. It was owned by David and Georgina Brenner. There was a change in ownership in 2004 when it was purchased by Renaud and Robert Bissonnette, who renamed it the Jolly Giant Pub. Renaud would become the sole owner one year later. In 2012 the restaurant changed hands once Document [24] (Title: McCafé) Second Cup, Starbucks, Tim Hortons, and Timothy's in the Canadian coffee market. On June 16, 2012, McDonald's launched the first McCafé Malaysia in Kota Damansara, with a few others subsequently opening in the Bandar Utama, Subang Jaya, Titiwangsa, and Taman Connaught outlets - all currently located in Klang Valley as well as in Greenlane, Birch House, IJM Promenade and Penang International Airport - all in Penang. In Turkey, McCafé operates under the name "McD Café". The first coffee shop opened in July 2012 at Sabiha Gökçen Airport. As of April 2016, there are 8 Mcd Cafés on the Asian side Document [25] (Title: La Belle Province (restaurant)) the second location was opened in Saint-Hubert in 1976. Kivetos' ownership group had 45 locations in 1997. By 1999 there were 125 locations under the name La Belle Province. It is not strictly a franchise operation, in 1999 there were six different ownership groups, mostly relatives of Kivetos. In 2010, two restaurant owners were fined $22,000 for failure to pay the Goods and Services Tax and were charged an additional $45,000 for the amount that they owed. La Belle Province serves breakfast and lunch, including items such as poutine, club sandwiches, hamburgers, Montreal hot dogs, smoked meat sandwiches, and souvlaki. Document [26] (Title: Miller's Ale House) 24 elsewhere. The first Ale House opened in 1988, in Jupiter, Florida. In 2003, Nation's Restaurant News reported on Miller's Ale House's rapid expansion in the early 2000s, as well as on the chain's "high-grossing" revenues. According to the publication, average units of the restaurant grossed $4.1 million annually, and the chain's overall revenue for 2002 exceeded $125 million. Miller's Ale House Miller’s Ale House is a Florida-based American restaurant chain which serves steaks, chicken, burgers, salads, seafood, and similar items. Though most of their locations are located in Florida, there are a small number of restaurants now open in Document [27] (Title: The Old Spaghetti Factory) restaurant with seating inside. The U.S. restaurants are owned by OSF International, based in Portland, Oregon, while the Canadian restaurants are owned by The Old Spaghetti Factory Canada Ltd. The Canadian chain has 15 Old Spaghetti Factories in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario. The number of U.S. restaurants has fluctuated over the years. As of 1993, the U.S. chain had 30 restaurants in the United States and nine in Japan. In 2003, the U.S. company alone had 45 restaurants, in 14 states and Japan. The number of U.S. locations currently stands at 43, in Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, Document [28] (Title: Yuk Yuk's) Foster. The club closed down in 2012. The current Yuk Yuk's are located in the following cities: Abbotsford, Ajax, Edmonton, Halifax, Hamilton, London, Mississauga, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver, Vaughan, and Saint John. Yuk Yuk's Yuk Yuk's is a national comedy club chain in Canada, founded by former stand-up comedian Mark Breslin and established in 1976 by Breslin and long-time friend Joel Axler. The company is currently run by Breslin and his long-time partner and President Jeff Silverman. The head office is located in downtown Toronto. Currently there are 15 Yuk Yuk's Comedy Clubs in six provinces across Canada. Document [29] (Title: Ker's WingHouse Bar & Grill) in fact "Ker's Wing House" When Ker was playing for the Denver Broncos, he purchased part interest in the "Frat House", a restaurant in Gainesville, Florida. The eatery failed, due to numerous underage drinking busts, and Ker lost his entire investment. It was an expensive lesson about absentee ownership. After Clearwater, Florida chicken wing pioneering restaurant chain Hooters rapidly expanding, Florida based, Canadian-born restaurant entrepreneur Ed Burnett saw the opportunity. Burnett secured the rights to a closed restaurant ("Knockers") and opened "The WingHouse" restaurant at 7369 Ulmerton Road, Largo, Florida, a high traffic corridor. He strategically selected the restaurant in Document [30] (Title: Moxie's Grill & Bar) to the province's minimum wage increase. Moxie's Grill & Bar Moxie's Restaurants LP (doing business as Moxie's Grill & Bar; formerly Moxie's Classic Grill and commonly known as Moxie's) is a Canadian restaurant chain operating in eight provinces. US expansion started in 2016 with a Dallas location. Moxie's began as a small deli and diner in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1986, before transforming itself into an upscale premium casual dining restaurant and lounge in 2004. Following recent economic and development booms, Moxie's has begun opening new locations rapidly across Canada with a focus on globally inspired comfort food. Their niche Document [31] (Title: Country Style) franchisees have raised in excess of a quarter of a million dollars for the foundation. Country Style Country Style Food Services, Inc., formerly Country Style Donuts, is a fast/casual chain of coffee shops operating primarily in the Canadian province of Ontario (where it ranks second among coffee chains), which serves oatmeal, soup, sandwiches, salads, and coffee. The chain is based in Richmond Hill, Ontario. In January 2006, there were 120 "traditional" locations in Ontario. There are over 420 "non-traditional" locations embedded in other stores such as gas stations, convenience stores, arenas and movie theatres. Over 70% of customer purchases in Document [32] (Title: Mr. Greek) year, with at least three major initiatives annually. Mr. Greek Mr. Greek is a mediterranean restaurant chain with locations throughout Ontario, Canada. There are two different franchise concepts used by Mr. Greek; Mediterranean Grill and Express. It is one of the largest Greek Cuisine restaurant establishments in North America. Mr. Greek began in 1988 when George Raios purchased a small restaurant on Danforth Avenue, in the heart of Toronto’s Greektown. Following that the restaurant focused on eliminating MSG and trans fats from its ingredients. Helping the franchise grow early on were its below average prices and the fact that its Document [33] (Title: Keg) manufacturer for cleaning and refilling. The disposable kegs, being made of aluminum, may be recycled. In Canada, Molson brewery dubbed the mini keg "Bubba". This name has now been genericized to generally apply to all 5-liter mini kegs in Canada. This might cause confusion, as a company called Bubba Keg is established in the U.S., and appears to not be associated with Molson. Today, mini kegs are widely available in liquor stores worldwide, with Heineken, Grolsch and Bitburger all adopting the design. Recently in Austria, beer is available in mini kegs, either by a one-way type keg made of steel Document [34] (Title: Keg) UK and Ireland is quite different, whilst the couplers for kegs have been largely standardised to sankey, grundy and interbrew, a couple of others exist such as UEC and U-Type; however these are much less common. The kegs themselves are made from stainless steel or aluminium. The standard keg size is 11 imperial gallons (50 litre/88 imperial pints approx) and the vast majority of keg beers are supplied in this keg size. There are also smaller 30 liters (52.76 imperial pints) kegs usually reserved for more specialist and/or premium European beers. A number of manufacturers also produce 18 imperial gallon Document [35] (Title: Tim Hortons) Tim Hortons Tim Hortons Inc. (known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop) is a multinational fast food restaurant known for its coffee and donuts. It is also Canada's largest quick service restaurant chain; as of December 31, 2016, it had a total of 4,613 restaurants in nine countries. The company was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton (1930–1974) and Jim Charade (1934–2009), after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants. In 1967, Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce, who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974. Joyce expanded the chain into Document [36] (Title: Japadog) Japadog Japadog is a small chain of street food stands and restaurants located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (there was also a location in New York City which closed in 2013). The chain, which specializes in hot dogs that include variants of Japanese-style foods like okonomiyaki, yakisoba, teriyaki and tonkatsu, is owned by Noriki Tamura. Tamura and his wife moved to Vancouver in 2005. They opened the first Japadog stand that same year. A second stand opened in Vancouver in the summer of 2009. As of March 2013, the company now has four locations in Vancouver and a fifth one Document [37] (Title: The Keg) The Keg The Keg is a Canadian-owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States. The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Tidball, in 1971, at a location in North Vancouver, British Columbia. By February 2018, The Keg had expanded to 160 locations in Canada and the United States, when Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased the chain for $200 million, from then owners David Aisenstat (49%) and Fairfax Financial (51%). Aisenstat had been the sole owner from 1997 until 2014. It was founded in Document [38] (Title: Max's of Manila) Pancake House, Dencio's, Kabisera, Teriyaki Boy, Sizzlin' Pepper Steak, Le Coeur De France, Maple, Yellow Cab, Krispy Kreme, Jamba Juice, and Singkit. Max's Restaurant currently has over 127 branches in the Philippines. The chain also has branches in the U.S. states of California, Hawaii, New Jersey and a Nevada branch soon to open. It has 4 locations in Canada in Toronto, Ontario, Vancouver, British Columbia, Edmonton, Alberta and Calgary, Alberta. In a September 2014 press event, it was announced that more branches will be opened by 2015 in: Sydney, Australia; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Queens, New York. In 2016 Document [39] (Title: Moxie's Grill & Bar) Moxie's expanded its brand to include CHOP Steakhouse & Bar and opened the first location in Edmonton, Alberta. CHOP has since expanded and has locations in Edmonton, Kelowna, Richmond, Winnipeg, and Calgary. In April 2014, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation did a piece on Moxie's having more health violations that any other large restaurant chain in Canada. They also sent a reporter undercover with hidden cameras as a server at a Moxie's location in Vancouver. A CBC Marketplace investigation in February 2018 found that Moxie's servers in Ontario had to tip out 5.75% of their sales, a rise from 4.75% prior Document [40] (Title: Pie floater) ginger beer directly from the keg. In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace. By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation. By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the G.P.O. In 2007, the Glenelg Tramline was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past the Adelaide Railway Station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close. In 2003, The South Australian National Trust traced the history of Document [41] (Title: Beer in Canada) Over 50 percent of beer in Canada is now sold in cans. Even some craft brewers' products, including those Cameron's Brewing Company in Mississauaga, Ontario and Ottawa's Beyond The Pale Brewing Co., sell the majority of their beer in cans. Stubbies are a type of bottle which is shorter and with a slightly larger diameter than the now predominant longneck bottle. Starting in 1962 almost all beer in Canada was sold in stubbies (with 341ml of content) until the beer companies chose to switch to the American-style longneck bottle, between 1982 and 1986. The last major label to be available Document [42] (Title: Beer in Canada) (1985), Wellington Brewery of Guelph (1985), Big Rock Brewery of Calgary (1985), Upper Canada Brewing Company of Toronto (1985), McAuslan Brewing of Montreal (1989) Muskoka Springs Brewery (1995), Neustadt Springs Brewery (1997) and Steam Whistle Brewing of Toronto (2000). Microbreweries and brewpubs have continued to expand since. Craft beer sales are increasing. In Ontario (the province with the largest population) for example, there was minimal increase in sales volume for the majors' products while craft beer sales increased by nearly 36 percent in 2015. One way the foreign-owned "macrobreweries" have dealt with the threat of this slow but steady growth Document [43] (Title: Shoeless Joe's) large planned. In July 2016, the first location of the chain was opened outside Ontario, in Stonebridge, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Shoeless Joe's Shoeless Joe's is a sports-themed restaurant chain located in Ontario, Canada. The chain founded in Toronto in 1985. They specialize in chicken wings, but also serve a variety of foods on their menu including Mucho Nachos, quesadillas, sandwiches, soups, salads, baby back ribs, angus steaks, and sirloin burgers. The name is a reference to a former Major League Baseball player named Shoeless Joe Jackson. The original location was located on Eglinton Street in Toronto, Ontario as a local community Document [44] (Title: Yuk Yuk's) By 1986 Breslin had successfully opened two more locations in Niagara Falls, Ontario and Mississauga, Ontario. From the late 1980s throughout the late 90's Breslin was able to open two Yuk Yuk's comedy clubs out west in Edmonton and Calgary as well as two in Ontario, Ajax and London. By 1999 Yuk Yuk's had grown to having nine comedy clubs across Canada. In 2000, Yuk Yuk's had created the Search for Canada's Funniest New Comic with Adam West. In 2006 Breslin along with Silverman created a comedy contest called the Yuk Yuk's Great Canadian Laugh Off which aired on the Document [45] (Title: Shoeless Joe's) 2011 until 2014, the franchise changed its image from that of a local sports bar to a "premium sports grill aesthetic." By 2014, there were over 34 locations in Ontario in locations such as Courtney Park, Mississauga, with most franchised. Shoeless Joe's Sports Grill reopened after renovation and a change in ownership on December 12, 2016, located in the Whitby Entertainment Centrum in Durham. Also in July 2016, it was reported that the developer Stonebridge was planning to open a Shoeless Joe's restaurant in Peterborough, Canada. The two former restaurants in the city had closed, with a new building 4,560-square-foot Document [46] (Title: Beer in Canada) styles commonly brewed in the Prairies include approachable and sessionable types/styles such as Lagers, Blondes, Pale Ales and Ambers, IPAs, malt forward beers including Porters and Stouts as well as many filtered and unfiltered, fruited or standard wheat beers. The British Columbia craft beer industry has seen major growth since 2010 when there were 54 small breweries; by 2015 there were 118 such operations. Victoria and Vancouver are the two most dense areas in which breweries can be found with additional breweries opening every year. The over 100 small BC breweries benefitted from a 35% increase in the volume of Document [47] (Title: Beer in Canada) the Horseshoe Bay Brewery in West Vancouver opened, creating one of Canada's first microbreweries. The oldest surviving Canadian brewing enterprise was established by John Molson in Montreal in 1786. Canada's largest brewing companies were traditionally Labatt's and Molson. Labatt's was purchased in 1995 by the Belgian company Interbrew (now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the world's largest brewing company) and Molson merged with US company Coors in 2005 to create Molson Coors, now the world's fifth largest brewing company. With the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewer, in 2006 by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canada's beer Document [48] (Title: Gastown) featured in a scene from the 1991 Chuck Norris action film "The Hitman". Bars (a different licensing category in Vancouver) include 19 Below, The Cambie, 6 Acres, Chill Winston, Columbia Club, Lamplighter Public House, One Lounge, Revel, The Annex, and The Columbia. Mao Mao Bistro, a former club, has since been replaced by The Greedy Pig. The Town Pump, had been a live music venue since the hippie era of the 1960s. The Blarney Stone is one of Vancouver's Irish-style party houses. Gastown Gastown is the original settlement that became the core of the creation of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Document [49] (Title: Public drinking in Ontario) meet BLC guidelines on number of rooms, services provided and quality of structure. For accommodation enterprises that are granted the Standard Hotel license, it was permitted to have extra lucrative services such as selling tobacco or operating restaurants without further fees imposed by the BLC. Despite these regulations, hotels often had two-way taps to switch between light and regular strength beers depending on how well you were known in the community. Brewers would supply these extra-legal supplies to their clientele just to keep prospects for their business. By 1927, Labatt's production in London Ontario was focusing 90% of their production Document [50] (Title: Pickle Barrel) Leslie Street in North York. In 2015, Pickle Barrel launched a program to teach healthy eating in Toronto schools. Pickle Barrel Pickle Barrel is a Canadian restaurant brand owned by Recipe Unlimited. There are twelve locations in Greater Toronto. The Pickle Barrel has twelve locations including some called "Pickle Barrel Grand". These "Pickle Barrel Grands" can be found at Yorkdale Shopping Centre, the intersection of Yonge and Dundas Streets in The Atrium, at Sherway Gardens Mall, Vaughan Mills Shopping Centre, Bramalea City Centre, and Newmarket. Until 2015, the Pickle Barrel Grand was the only restaurant at Sherway Gardens. Most Pickle Document [51] (Title: Canada Dry) ad was also produced. Canada Dry Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks owned since 2008 by the American company Keurig Dr Pepper. For over a century, Canada Dry has been known for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although Canada Dry originated in Canada, it is now produced in many countries around the globe, including the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Japan, & a number of countries of the Middle East & Europe. The "Dry" in the brand's name refers to not being sweet, as in a dry Document [52] (Title: Vapiano) Poland, three in the United Arab Emirates, two in Brazil, two in Denmark, three in Estonia, two in Chile, two in Luxembourg, two in Saudi Arabia, two in Serbia, two in Taiwan and two in Ukraine. Vapiano had a presence of one restaurant each in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Scotland, Qatar, Kuwait, Lithuania, Norway, Colombia and South Korea. In February 2013, the Food, Beverages and Catering Union ("Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten") filed criminal charges with the District Attorney's Office of Bochum, because Vapiano was alleged to have severely obstructed the election of a work council for a Bochum restaurant. Document [53] (Title: Muskoka Cottage Brewery) Muskoka Cottage Brewery Muskoka Brewery (formerly Muskoka Cottage Brewery) is a microbrewery founded in June 1996 as a part-time operation by Gary McMullen and Kirk Evans. By 2016, it had increased to 130 employees in a facility that is over 70,000 square feet in size. The company manufactures a line of beers, including Cream Ale, Mad Tom IPA, Dark, Craft Lager, Detour and the new Muskoka Shinnicked Stout. The products are sold at the brewery at 1964 Muskoka Beach Road, Bracebridge, Ontario, at select pubs and restaurants (in Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and Nova Scotia), and at The Beer Store and Document [54] (Title: Compressed natural gas) quantity from 134 in 1997 to 72 today. There are 22 in British Columbia, 12 in Alberta, 10 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Ontario and two in Québec. There are only 12 private fleet stations. Canadian industry has developed CNG-fueled truck and bus engines, CNG-fueled transit buses, and light trucks and taxis. Fuelmaker Corporation of Toronto, the Honda-owned manufacturer of CNG auto refueling units, was forced into bankruptcy by parent Honda USA for an unspecified reason in 2009. The various assets of Fuelmaker were subsequently acquired by Fuel Systems Corporation of Santa Ana, California. Similar to Canada, the United States has Document [55] (Title: Molson Brewery) six breweries, which included five establishments in Western Canada, giving Molson a nationwide presence. In 1989, the company consolidated market share in Quebec through a merger with Carling O'Keefe (acquiring Carling's Toronto brewery in Etobicoke). As a result, Molson became the largest brewery in Canada and the fifth largest in the world. In 2005, Molson merged with US-based Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company. This was followed in 2007 by the opening of a new brewery in Moncton, New Brunswick. Sixth generation family member Eric Molson retired in 2009; however, his sons Andrew and Geoff Molson continue to be Document [56] (Title: Keg Mansion) Keg Mansion The Keg Mansion and Keg Manor are restaurants under The Keg brand in Canada. These are located in heritage buildings adapted to serve as commercial restaurant establishments. Toronto's Keg Mansion is located in Euclid Hall, a prominent downtown heritage building located at 515 Jarvis Street. The house was originally built in 1867 by Arthur McMaster, nephew of the prominent businessman William McMaster. At the time Jarvis Street was one of the wealthiest parts of Toronto and the street was lined by large manors. The house was set back from the street and surrounded by large gardens. The former Document [57] (Title: Beer in Canada) year 1668. The numerous British soldiers in Canada in the seventeenth and eighteenth century was a benefit to breweries since the troops were each entitled to six pints of beer per day. Most preferred ales and other heavy beers, not lager. During those centuries and into the nineteenth, a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith in Halifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Document [58] (Title: Cuisine in Toronto) Ireland in 1832. O'Keefe was the first to produce lager beer in Canada along with the traditional ale and porter. See also: Canadian beer. The Toronto Beer Festival is an annual event that showcases local craft beers. There are several breweries in the city, many of which are microbreweries: Toronto's surrounding region has many wineries. The Sante Wine Festival is an annual festival which features vintages, noted winemakers and celebrity chefs. Toronto is not known for a diversity of foods from street vendors, however, there are numerous take-out restaurants. There are numerous food trucks around downtown Toronto, including in front Document [59] (Title: Denny's) franchising model. 1,593 of Denny's 1,685 restaurants are located in the 50 U.S. states (including the District of Columbia), 11 in Puerto Rico, two in Guam, one in Chile, 60 in Canada, five in Mexico, three in Costa Rica, two in Honduras, one in El Salvador, one in United Kingdom and eight in New Zealand. There is also a Denny's attached to the Holiday Beach Hotel in Otrabanda, Willemstad, Curaçao. Along with the regular Denny's menu, the Curaçao restaurant offers a selection of local ("kriyoyo") dishes. This is also true of the two locations in Guam, which have a separate Document [60] (Title: Kelseys Original Roadhouse) Kelseys Original Roadhouse Kelseys is a Canadian restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario owned by Recipe Unlimited. Recipe Unlimited also owns other restaurants including Swiss Chalet, Milestones, Montana's and Harvey's. Founded in 1978, there are restaurants across Canada, excluding the province of Quebec (where the chain was withdrawn in 2008). Once a chain of more than 140 locations from Quebec westerly to British Columbia; the company has closed all but 2 locations in British Columbia; shuttered 9 locations in Alberta; closed all locations in Saskatchewan; all locations in Manitoba have also closed. In Ontario, numerous locations across the company have Document [61] (Title: Tav HaYosher) In May 2009 only five New York City restaurants carried Tav HaYosher seal and by January 2010, Tav HaYosher certification had been granted to over 70 dining establishments in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Montreal. However, it didn't went without a controversy that happened on June 15, 2009, at Mike's Italian Kitchen and Mike’s Bistro. Businesses such as Noah's Ark, with locations in Manhattan and Teaneck, New Jersey, were covered by the Tav HaYosher, with owner Noam Sokolow remarking that he wanted his "restaurants to be on a level where everyone feels comfortable" Document [62] (Title: Medieval Faire (Canada's Wonderland)) and mushroom pie, smoked sausage, grilled frankfurter, sauerkraut, mashed potatoes, soft pretzels, pastries, with beer, wine, coffee, tea, milk, and soft drinks." The self–serve restaurant had table service on request, and seated 528; Ginza Gardens in "Grande Exposition of 1890" was the only other restaurant in the park with table service. A review of the restaurant in "The Toronto Star" describes the facility as the park's flagship eatery, but it received mixed reviews. "The $2.50 beef and mushroom pie has a good crust and as much beef as potato. Tiny mushrooms, but big on flavor." Conversely, 50 cent pretzels "are Document [63] (Title: Canada Dry) in 1986. Today, Canada Dry is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper, which was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008. Limited availability flavors are produced in Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, by Pepsi-Cola/National Brand Beverages and are distributed in southern New Jersey, Delaware, southeastern Pennsylvania, and eastern Maryland. At one time, the flavors all had uniquely designed labels; but now all use the standard Canada Dry crest logo. Brands with limited availability in the United States include: North America Nylon Studios produced the song used in the Rabbit's "Jack's Farm" commercial featuring Canada Dry Ginger Ale. A Cantonese version of the Document [64] (Title: A&W (Canada)) A&W (Canada) A&W Food Services of Canada, Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain. The chain was originally part of the U.S.-based A&W Restaurants chain, but was sold to Unilever in 1972, and then bought by its management in 1995. It no longer has any corporate connection to A&W operations outside of Canada. The Canadian operation is owned and operated by the privately held A&W Food Services of Canada Inc., based in North Vancouver, British Columbia. In December 2013, A&W was Canada's second-largest quick service restaurant burger chain with 850 outlets after McDonald's 1,400 outlets. The first Canadian A&W Document [65] (Title: Beer in Canada) as the most common size, while others provide it for a tall-boy can; this can create confusion.) For example, nutrition specifics are readily available for all Sleeman beers in 341ml bottles on the Fat Secret Web site. In this brand's standard Original Draught there are 146 calories, 180 in the Clear Ale and Honey Brown but only 90 calories in their Light beer and 80 calories for Clear 2.0. The average for various brands of Canadian beer in 341ml containers (12-ounce) is roughly 140 to 150 calories for regular beer and approximately 100 calories for light beer. Consumers who are Document [66] (Title: Fast food restaurant) in the United States, but are more prominent in border states such as New York and Michigan. Tim Hortons has started to expand to other countries outside of North America. The Pita Pit franchise originated in Canada and has expanded to the United States and other Countries. The Canadian Extreme Pita franchise sells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger Canadian cities. Other Canadian fast food chains such as Manchu Wok serve North American style Asian foods; this company is located mainly in Canada and the US, with other outlets on US military bases on other Document [67] (Title: McDonald's Canada) Richmond, British Columbia, by western franchise owners. It was also the first McDonald's restaurant outside of the United States. As of 2014, McDonald's Canada had 1,400 stores (including Walmart Canada locations) in Canada, and more than 85,000 Canadian employees. There are McDonald's restaurants in all of the provinces and territories with the exception of Nunavut. The flagship location opened in 2013 near the Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto. As of August 2017: McDonald's Canada faced severe criticism for its use and alleged abuse of the Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP). Several of its franchises are under federal investigation for abuse of Document [68] (Title: Fairwood (restaurant)) food chain in Hong Kong at the time. This was before the public smoking ban in indoor areas in Hong Kong in 2007. In March 2007, Fairwood announced its plans to increase its restaurant count to 100 in Hong Kong and to 30 in Mainland China by 2010. This expansion will be accompanied by a marketing campaign featuring celebrities in order to attract a more youthful crowd. In addition, Fairwood will expand its menu in its Mainland outlets to better cater to local tastes. In 2008, Fairwood opened its first Beijing franchise restaurant at Joy City (西单悦城) located in Xidan. Document [69] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) limited to these areas and can often be found even at the farthest outskirts of the metropolitan areas. Because of the popularity of Canadian Chinese food, even some of the older authentic Chinese restaurants may offer Canadian Chinese dishes to cater to non-Chinese customers. Restaurants in the newer Chinatowns, particularly in Vancouver and Toronto, tend to cater to recent Asian immigrants and offer more varied fare; Szechuan, Hakka, Chiuchow, Taiwanese, and even Buddhist cuisine restaurants can be found there. One of the largest concentration of Chinese restaurants in North America is located in the Golden Village area in Richmond, BC, Document [70] (Title: New Westminster) established the city. Rarely used by Governor Douglas, its first full-time vice-regal resident was Governor Frederick Seymour. Adjacent to the New Westminster SkyTrain Station, the city's former Canadian Pacific Railway station was renovated and converted into a branch of The Keg restaurant chain in 1973. In 2013, The Keg restaurant closed its doors due to structural issues of the building; it has remained dormant ever since. The station is owned by Westminster Station Brewing Co., which signed a 15-year lease with The Keg in 2002. Queensborough was the name originally chosen for the colonial capital by Royal Engineer commander Colonel Document [71] (Title: Montana's BBQ & Bar) as Montana's BBQ & Bar complete with renovations and a slightly modified logo. Montana's began a partnership with Scene in February 2015. Montana's BBQ & Bar Montana's BBQ & Bar (originally and in some cases, still branded as Montana's Cookhouse) is a Canadian restaurant chain that specialises in in-house smoked pork ribs, steaks, and burgers. It is headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario and is a subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. They have 94 restaurants located in all the Canadian provinces except Quebec, and none in the three territories. As of February 2009, Montana's closed their United States locations in Michigan and New Document [72] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) a suburb of Vancouver, BC. The seafood served here is from the British Columbian coast. The old Toronto downtown Chinatown has seen most of the once-famed restaurants on Dundas Street and Spadina Avenue close since the late 1990s, especially the Siu mei barbecue shops on Dundas Street that were located below grade. The 1990s also saw the closure of demise of Hsin Huang (or Hsin Kuang), a three-restaurant chain in the Greater Toronto Area, offering dim sum, Siu mei, and formal Chinese dining. These restaurants, one at Chinese Centre at 888 Dundas Street East in Mississauga, another at Finch Avenue Document [73] (Title: Regional street food) the country to some degree but they remain most popular in Montréal. Falafel and pizza slices are foreign dishes that are popular nationwide, to varying degrees in different cities. Shawarma is quite prevalent in Ottawa, while Halifax offers its own unique version of the Doner kebab called the Donair, which features a sauce, made from condensed milk, sugar, and vinegar. The donair has spread across the country in pizza chains and other fast food restaurants. Also originating in Halifax, and now having spread somewhat are garlic fingers, a pizza-like dish with baked dough, cheese, and garlic but no tomato sauce Document [74] (Title: Tim Hortons) 19 stores in the United Arab Emirates, two in Oman and two in Saudi Arabia. They plan to open up to 120 stores over the next five years in the Persian Gulf area, with a focus on Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. In an effort to expand the company following its 2014 merger with Burger King into Restaurant Brands International, Tim Hortons began expansion in Asia in 2017 citing the increasing demand for coffee and large populations. The first Asian branch was opened in the Philippines on February 28, 2017 at Uptown Mall in Bonifacio Global Document [75] (Title: Cannabis in Canada) would allow private sector retail locations as well. Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan have decided to allow private retail sales with liquor control authorities responsible for regulating private stores. All of the provinces, except Manitoba, had some plan for online sales direct to consumers. Quebec planned to open 20 stores, while Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island will have 24, 20, 12 and 4 retail locations, respectively. Saskatchewan planned to allow 51 and Alberta will allow up to 250 stores. There will be no cap on the number of private retail stores to be Document [76] (Title: Doner kebab) restaurants and imported their traditional food. Kebabs are generally regarded as fast food, often served in late-night restaurants also serving pizza, as well as shopping malls. There are over 1000 currently active restaurants that serve kebab foods in Finland, making one kebab restaurant for every 5000 people in mainland Finland. A typical "kebab" consists of bread stuffed with döner meat shavings, lettuce, sliced tomato and onions, with a choice of sauce including sauce blanche, a mayo-yogurt sauce. Kebabs are usually served with french fries, often stuffed into the bread itself. In Paris, this variation is called "Sandwich grec" ("Greek sandwich"). Document [77] (Title: Beer in Canada) in the stubby was Labatt's Crystal which switched to the longneck in the summer of 1986. Brick Brewery of Waterloo began selling Red Cap Ale in Stubby's as recently as the mid 2000s, although this may no longer be the case. At least a few craft breweries also use this bottle format. Beer in Canada Beer in Canada was introduced by European settlers in the seventeenth century. The first commercial brewery was La Brasseries due Roy [sic] started by New France Intendant Jean Talon, in Québec City in 1668. Many commercial brewers thrived until Prohibition in Canada. The provincial and Document [78] (Title: McDonald's Canada) McDonald's Canada McDonald's Restaurants of Canada, Limited () is the Canadian master franchise of the fast-food restaurant chain McDonald's, owned by the American parent McDonald's Corporation. One of Canada's largest fast-food restaurant chains, the franchise sells food items, including hamburgers, chicken, French fries and soft drinks all across the country. McDonald's is known for its high fat and calorie foods, but it also has alternatives such as salads, juices and milk. McDonald's was previously Canada's largest food service operator before being overtaken by Tim Hortons in 2005. The slogans used in Canada are "i'm lovin' it" (in English) and "c'est Document [79] (Title: International availability of McDonald's products) popular demand. Quebec also saw the release of the limited-time 1967 Burger, commemorating Canada's first McDonald's franchise. Deli Choices were introduced throughout Canada in 2006. Unique to Canadian McDonald's locations is the McMini, miniature sandwiches with grilled or crispy chicken; flavors include Pesto Chicken (later replaced by Zesty Mango) and Spicy Thai. As in the United States, the McRib periodically appears on the menu for limited runs. The crispy chicken patty used in the McChicken sandwich sold in Canada uses both white and dark meat – it is essentially the same size and taste as the original McChicken that first Document [80] (Title: Beer in Canada) ounces). With the allowed margin of error of 0.5 fluid ounces, a "pint" which is less than 554 ml of beer is an offence, though - to the detriment of consumers - this regulation is often violated and rarely enforced. In several provinces, draft beer can also be purchased by individuals in kegs. In Ontario, for example, The Beer Store offers 70 different brands in three keg sizes, 20 liters, 30 liters and 58.6 liters. Prior to 1961, Canadian beer was sold, and served, in two sizes, colloquially known as "quarts" and "pints", or "large" and "small". They were 22 Document [81] (Title: Beer in Canada) by some sources. Their Clear 2.0 product is marketed primarily on the basis of low carbs: 2.0g per bottle. Though not as heavily advertised, Molson Canadian 67 also contains only 2g of carbs, and is even lower in calories at 67 per bottle (vs. 80). Of course, beer connoisseurs usually rate regular beers as preferable to the light, and especially to the ultra light, beers. For example, reviews generally consider Molson Canadian 67 to be too light in taste, without the rich beer flavor of more highly-rated products. Consumers who evaluate beer on Web sites such as Beer Advocate and Document [82] (Title: Gastropub) occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as hamburgers, chips, lasagne and chili con carne are now often served. In August 2012, "gastropub" was added to "Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary". In 1984, Spinnakers Brew Pub opened in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It was the first ever custom-built brewpub in Canada, and was part of a new wave of brewpubs and craft breweries in British Document [83] (Title: Northern Breweries) of a conventional metal beer keg. On August 31, 1971 the company was purchased by Canadian Breweries, although it continued to operate under the name Doran's Northern Breweries. In July 1977, the Doran's employees purchased the company back from Canadian Breweries, and Northern became the first employee-owned brewing cooperative in North America. In 1979, the brewery began marketing its beers in Southern Ontario as well. In 2004, the company was purchased by an investment group led by Leo Schotte. Schotte hired a veteran of the brewery business in Canada, William Sharpe, as president. In 2005, the company announced a major Document [84] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) and Sri Lanka were also targets for Dixie Lee franchises. In 2014, ten Ontario locations remain in operation, primarily in small markets. Six of these are operated by northern Ontario regional chain Roosters Diner, which also operates restaurants under its own name. With the notable exception of Dixie Lee Maritimes (which remains strong with 38 locations extending from Quebec City, Quebec eastward through New Brunswick and as far the Magdalen Islands), the chain has little remaining presence outside Ontario. A Dixie Lee opened in Oakville, Ontario in 2014 marking its entry into Halton Region. The outlets located in Eastern Canada Document [85] (Title: The Keg) and in New Westminster, British Columbia, which was formerly the city's CPR station. The Old Strathcona location, restored and opened in Edmonton, Alberta just three years after Tidball opened the first Keg, was built in 1912 as the Scona Apartments and Scona Garage, one of the earliest automobile sales and service locations in that city. Financial and physical operations have been managed by David Aisenstat for a number of years.. The restaurants operated as Keg Restaurants Ltd. (KRL), with Aisenstat involved in selling to the British firm Whitbread PLC in 1987. In 1997, Aisenstat arranged financing a purchased 100% of Document [86] (Title: Wild Wing Restaurants) and restaurant that had a soft opening in early March 2016. It had previously had a temporary headquarters in Aurora. and has 85 locations, primarily in Ontario. Wild Wing Restaurants Wild Wing Restaurants is a Canadian franchised restaurant chain that specializes in chicken wings, quick serve foods, and other related products. Wild Wing Restaurants Inc., originally known as Wild Wing, was established in Sunderland, Ontario on March 17, 1999 by Rick Smiciklas. Its main business is focused on flavoured chicken wings. By 2008, it had opened 32 franchise restaurants in Ontario, and by March 2016 it had 85 locations throughout Document [87] (Title: Priszm) Priszm Priszm LP was the largest operator of Canadian fast food restaurants. The Priszm Income Fund, an income trust, owns 60.2% of Priszm. Priszm was one of the largest franchisees of Yum! Brands in the world, owning over 746 restaurants of various Yum!-owned chains in Canada, namely KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet. The majority of its locations were KFC restaurants, some of which are co-branded with the Taco Bell and Pizza Hut brands. Priszm was also responsible for KFC's national marketing and promotions within Canada from 2003 to 2009. The close relationship between the two companies extends to Document [88] (Title: Safeway (Canada)) manufacturing facilities. 75 locations: 52 locations: 21 locations: 6 locations: 13 locations: Safeway has gas stations at some stores. Following the acquisition of the chain by Sobeys, ten Safeway gas stations in Winnipeg and Moose Jaw were converted to Shell as a pilot project. Sobeys also owns Shell-branded gas stations in Quebec and Atlantic Canada. Safeway has tried a range of new store formats over the years, most of which have failed. In western Canada in the 1980s, Safeway opened "Food Barn," a store format inherited with the purchase of the "Jack the Slasher" chain in Australia. The store was Document [89] (Title: Kosher restaurant) kosher establishment is limited to serving exclusively either dairy ("milchig") or meat ("fleishig") foods. Some types of establishments, such as delicatessens, frequently serve both, kept in separate areas. Vegetarian ("pareve") kosher restaurants serve only vegetarian fare. Areas with large Jewish populations, such as Jerusalem, New Jersey and Toronto, Ontario, Canada, are described as having many kosher restaurants, while other areas such as Dublin, Ireland may be lacking. In the United States, New York City has the highest number of kosher restaurants, and in Canada, Toronto has the most. As of 2017, there were over 500 kosher restaurants in the New Document [90] (Title: Brotzeit (restaurant)) Raffles City; the third outlet was opened at 313@Somerset in 2010; the fourth outlet at The Star Vista was opened in September 2012, Katong was opened in late September 2013 and Westgate was opened in February 2014. In addition to the directly-operated stores in Singapore, there are a total of 14 franchise restaurants throughout Asia. Currently operating outlets include 2 outlets in Malaysia (Mid-Valley Megamall and Sunway Pyramid, Kuala Lumpur) and 1 outlet in Kumho-Link, Ho-Chi Minh, Vietnam, and Hong Kong, Beijing, Qingdao, China. The company expects to be developing in several additional markets in North Asia, including Japan, Korea, Document [91] (Title: Keg Mansion) Keg Mansion The Keg Mansion and Keg Manor are restaurants under The Keg brand in Canada. These are located in heritage buildings adapted to serve as commercial restaurant establishments. Toronto's Keg Mansion is located in Euclid Hall, a prominent downtown heritage building located at 515 Jarvis Street. The house was originally built in 1867 by Arthur McMaster, nephew of the prominent businessman William McMaster. At the time Jarvis Street was one of the wealthiest parts of Toronto and the street was lined by large manors. The house was set back from the street and surrounded by large gardens. The former Document [92] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) usually be found a Chinese café regardless of the community's size, serving "Canadian and Chinese cuisine" or, once more common, "Chinese and Western Food". In Glendon, Alberta, for example, next to a roadside model of the world's largest perogy (a staple of Ukrainian cuisine), sits the Perogy Café, which serves "Ukrainian and Chinese Perogies" (meaning Pot Stickers). This establishment is actually owned by a Vietnamese family. Canadian Chinese chop suey houses are predominantly situated in non-immigrant neighbourhoods catering to non-Chinese customers. However, they are now most often mixed with those featuring the more traditional cuisines. Canadian Chinese restaurants are not Document [93] (Title: Keurig) launch a K-Cup recycling program for businesses in Canada, using a recycling box purchased by the businesses and shipped to TerraCycle for recycling when full. In February 2015 TerraCycle launched a similar program for residential use in the U.S.: consumers purchase a Zero Waste Box which can hold 600 capsules, and when full the box, which has a pre-paid UPS label, is shipped to TerraCycle for recycling. In early 2014, following the announcement of its Keurig 2.0 machines engineered to lock out unlicensed pods, seven competitors and a number of purchasers filed lawsuits in Canada and in various United States Document [94] (Title: Maplelawn) to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been. Instead, several setbacks (including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec), forced the restaurant into bankruptcy. The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis. The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements. In the late 1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant, to be called Document [95] (Title: Keg) contains approximately 5.2 gallons, and is becoming the choice for many establishments and breweries that wish to use kegs smaller than a half barrel. The sixth barrel kegs are nominally larger in size and volume compared to the Cornelius keg. They are normally fitted with a standard US Type D Sanke coupler on a single downspout; whereas, Corny kegs are normally fitted with a flip-hatch, and a dual connector pin-lock or ball-lock top. Although the sixth barrel torpedo keg is approximately the same height as the standard half barrel, the smaller foot print of the sixth barrel allows retailers have Document [96] (Title: Beer in Canada) beers in Canada are brewed in British Columbia according to Beer Advocate. Driftwood Brewing of Victoria, followed by Central City Brewers & Distillers of Surrey and Phillips Brewing & Malting Co. of Victoria with four each, Howe Sound Brewing of Squamish, and Crannóg Ales of Sorrento, Old Yale Brewing Co. of Chilliwack, Russell Brewing Company of Surrey, Tree Brewing Co. of Kelowna, Lighthouse Brewing Company of Victoria, Spinnaker's Brewpub of Victoria and Parallel 49 Brewing of Vancouver with one apiece. The Great Canadian Beer Festival has, since 1993 (with help from the Victoria chapter of the Campaign for Real Ale Document [97] (Title: Pizza 73) Pizza 73 Pizza 73 is a Canadian restaurant chain that offers a number of different styles of pizza. It has been operated by Pizza Pizza since 2007. Toronto based Pizza Pizza had acquired the restaurant for a total of $CAN70.2 million. There are 89 locations throughout Western Canada, which include the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon. The restaurant's name originates from its original phone number: 473–7373. Founded by David Tougas and Guy Goodwin in 1985, Pizza 73 is headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. It was the first delivery chain in Western Canada that provided a centralized call Document [98] (Title: Krispy Kreme) and Canada, there are also locations in the United Kingdom, Australia, Lebanon, Turkey, India, Dominican Republic, Iceland, Ireland, Kuwait, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Singapore, China, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain Hong Kong (2006–2008), and Ethiopia. In August 2011, Krispy Kreme's Japan operation planned to increase the number of stores from 21 to 94, and its Mexico operation announced the number of stores would increase from 58 to 128 in five years. In the United Kingdom, Krispy Kreme continues its expansion and had plans and funding in place to Document [99] (Title: Beer in Canada) - failed to convince any of the provincial governments to reverse their stance on prohibition. Even after that era, the sale of beverage alcohol products remained heavily controlled by liquor boards and publicly owned stores in each of the provinces. Those restrictions had a similar effect: leaving very few brewers. It was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival in craft brewers and microbreweries. The brewing had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three companies (Molson, Labatt, and Carling O'Keefe). The revival of craft brewing dates from the early Document [100] (Title: Canadian cuisine) sushi establishments. Shawarma is quite prevalent in Ottawa, and Windsor, while Halifax offers its own unique version of the döner kebab called the donair, which features a distinctive sauce made from condensed milk, sugar, garlic and vinegar. Ice cream trucks can be seen (and often heard due to a jingle being broadcast on loudspeakers) nationwide during the summer months. Recently, the city of Toronto has encouraged street vendors from around the world to sell their food. Canadian cuisine Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the regions of the nation. The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations, English, Scottish Document [101] (Title: Recipe Unlimited) operations. On August 31, 2015, Cara announced that it would be acquiring New York Fries. South St. Burger would not be part of the acquisition. On March 31, 2016, Cara Operations announced that it would acquire St-Hubert Chicken in the summer of 2016 for CAD$537 million. In January 2018, Cara Operations announced their intention to acquire the 108-location steakhouse chain, The Keg. The $200M deal closed on February 22, 2018. Beginning October 5, 2015, female employees at all Bier Markt locations were required to wear tight blue mini-dresses, and heels or boots as footwear on the job. The work outfit Document [102] (Title: Chinese Canadians in British Columbia) had 80 Chinese businesses, including boarding houses, a temple, the gambling business Lum Yung Club, two theatres, four restaurants, 24 grocery stores, and four drugstores at its height. The Chinese population waned and then collapsed due to two factors: the closures of the mines in Union in the 1920s and a 1936 fire that destroyed much of the town, with all trace of Chinese commerce or inhabitants gone by 1968. In 2010, siblings May Gee, John Leung, and Joyce Lowe had a pavilion, built of wood from the surrounding area, on the site of the former Chinatown. It was built Document [103] (Title: Manchu Wok) Café de Coral. At the time of the sale in 2000, there were 74 locations in Canada, 119 locations in the United States and 2 in Poland. Although most of the company's business activity is located in North America, the company briefly had franchises in the United Kingdom and Poland in 1992 and 2000 respectively which have since closed. In 2003 and 2004, Manchu Wok expanded its operations to US military bases in Santa Rita, Guam; and Okinawa, Japan, respectively. It also has location on a U.S. Army garrison in Korea, and Ramstein Air Base in Germany. and US Army Document [104] (Title: Priszm) sharing the same Canadian headquarters in Vaughan, Ontario. All stores have been sold to date and Priszm closed its operations in late 2012. Priszm Priszm LP was the largest operator of Canadian fast food restaurants. The Priszm Income Fund, an income trust, owns 60.2% of Priszm. Priszm was one of the largest franchisees of Yum! Brands in the world, owning over 746 restaurants of various Yum!-owned chains in Canada, namely KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet. The majority of its locations were KFC restaurants, some of which are co-branded with the Taco Bell and Pizza Hut brands. Priszm was Document [105] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) just past the wharf. It moved to a new location, following a fire during a winter storm, where is now situated Cinéma Vidéo, not far from what was once the Enfant-Jésus hospital and adjacent to the Petro-Canada gas station. It then moved to a bigger building in the mid-1990s, where the Trio-Éclatant's clothing store used to be. Other restaurants opened in Grande-Anse, Shippagan, Tracadie-Sheila and then in Lamèque. The Tracadie-Sheila location is one of the biggest Dixie Lee restaurants in New-Brunswick, and one of the first to include a drive-through function. In 1974, Alton Scott, built and operated a U.S. Document [106] (Title: Filling station) of the sites. Owned by the provincial government, but leased to private operator Host Kilmer Service Centres, they contain food courts, convenience stores, washrooms, and co-located gas and diesel bars with attached convenience stores. Food providers include Tim Hortons (at all sites), A&W, Wendy's and Pizza Pizza. At most sites fuel is sold by Canadian Tire, with a few older Esso gas bars at earlier renovated locations. In Australia, gasoline is unleaded, and available in 91 (normally with up to 10% ethanol), 95, 98 and 100 octane (names of various petrols differ from brand to brand). Fuel additives for use Document [107] (Title: Hooters) Chanticleer and other investors bought the company. The company's first overseas location was in Singapore, and there are Hooters restaurants in Aruba, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Panama, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Russia, and one in the United Kingdom, following the closure of the remaining UK franchises. The three largest Hooters restaurants are in Singapore, Tokyo, and São Paulo. In 2013, the company announced a plan to remodel every restaurant in the chain. The prototype Document [108] (Title: Islam in Canada) for Muslims in Canada is higher than the rate for other Canadians (an average of 2.4 children per woman for Muslims, compared with 1.6 children per woman for other populations in Canada). There are a plethora of Halal/Zabihah restaurants across Canada, and many are located in the Greater Toronto Area. In Toronto alone, there are more than 400 Halal/Zabihah restaurants Table 1: Muslim Population of Canada in 1991, 2001, and 2011 As the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of religious expression, Canadian Muslims face no official religious discrimination. Under Section 2(a) of the Charter, the wearing of Document [109] (Title: Tim Hortons) logo in these kiosks will feature Inuktitut characters. According to Nick Javor, senior vice-president of corporate affairs at Tim Hortons, "You could say it's overdue. If we can be in Kandahar, why can't we be in Iqaluit?" In December 2011, Tim Hortons opened its 4000th restaurant. In 2012, Tim Hortons Inc. recorded its total revenues at $3.12 billion (CDN). As of 2012 the company had expanded across Canada. As of June 30, 2013, Tim Hortons has 4,304 restaurants, including 3,802 in Canada, 807 in the United States, 29 in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. Document [110] (Title: Timothy Taylor Brewery) Taylor's currently have 19 of their own tied pubs in Bingley, Cononley, Fence near Colne, Haworth, Grassington, Halifax, Keighley, Leeds, Malsis near Cross Hills, Oakworth, Oxenhope, Ripon, Skipton, Thornton and Wadsworth near Hebden Bridge. These are the "Albert Hotel" in Keighley, the "Boltmakers Arms" in Keighley, the "Brown Cow" in Bingley, the "Burlington Arms" in Keighley, the "Crossroads Inn" in Halifax, the "Devonshire Hotel" in Grassington, the "Dog & Gun" in Malsis, the "Dog & Gun" in Oxenhope, the "Fleece Inn" in Haworth, the "Grouse Inn" in Oldfield, the "Hare & Hounds" in Wadsworth, the "Lord Rodney" in Keighley, the Document [111] (Title: Boston Pizza) Mark Pacinda was hired to bring the chain to more eastern areas of Canada. Once an Eastern Office was opened in Mississauga, another restaurant was opened in Ottawa in September 1998. The company later opened a regional office in Laval, Quebec, in April 2004. , there are 348 Boston Pizza restaurants in Canada, and over 40 in the U.S. and Mexico. Boston's was the U.S. and Mexican version of the Boston Pizza franchise. In 1998, a U.S. headquarters was set up in Dallas, Texas. The Boston Pizza name was changed to Boston's The Gourmet Pizza. Boston's had over 30 stores Document [112] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) Sum restaurants to Hakka cuisine restaurants with an Indian flair. Even very small towns in most of Canada have at least one Canadian Chinese restaurant, and many can have two or more proprietors seeking out business, often right next to each other on the main street. Many towns that cannot support a single franchise restaurant still have a thriving Chinese food restaurant. However, many independent restaurants in larger cities have found their business shrinking as delivery chains and buffets squeeze out traditional sit-down restaurants. In many towns and hamlets across the prairie provinces and in northern British Columbia, there can Document [113] (Title: Pita Pit) Pita Pit Pita Pit is a Canadian quick-service restaurant franchise serving pita sandwiches. Its headquarters are in Kingston, Ontario. Its United States headquarters are in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. The first shop was opened by Nelson Lang and John Sotiriadis in 1995 near Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. In 1997, The Pita Pit started to expand within Canada and in 1999 they began franchising in the United States. There are now over 500 restaurants in a total of 12 countries. Countries other than Canada and the United States include India, France, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Document [114] (Title: Country Style) Country Style Country Style Food Services, Inc., formerly Country Style Donuts, is a fast/casual chain of coffee shops operating primarily in the Canadian province of Ontario (where it ranks second among coffee chains), which serves oatmeal, soup, sandwiches, salads, and coffee. The chain is based in Richmond Hill, Ontario. In January 2006, there were 120 "traditional" locations in Ontario. There are over 420 "non-traditional" locations embedded in other stores such as gas stations, convenience stores, arenas and movie theatres. Over 70% of customer purchases in 2001 were coffee. In total, Country Style has over 1000 locations in Ontario, Nova Scotia, Document [115] (Title: Petro-Canada) company based in Essen, Germany. As early as the mid-1990s in some Alberta locations, Petro-Canada started opening a new fast-food deli-oriented branded convenience store called Neighbours. Most of these stores are in the GTA. The kitchen provided freshly made sandwiches as well as breakfast and burgers heated from frozen, and in most cases was open from early morning till 9 or 10 in the evening. As of 2013, many of these Neighbours stores have had their kitchens' afternoon and dinner hours drastically slashed and some have been permanently closed and are being rebranded to A&W. In 2006, Petro-Canada launched a Document [116] (Title: MTY Food Group) involves 51 franchised stores all located in Quebec from Keurig Canada. In December 2014, MTY said it would pay $7.9 million from cash on hand to acquire Manchu Wok, which had 133 stores in its operations, 114 of which were franchised and 19 corporately owned. During its most recent completed fiscal year, the network generated approximately $95 million in system sales. In September 2015, MTY paid $3 million to acquire 60% of Big Smoke Burger. Big Smoke founder and president Mustafa Yusuf retained the remsing 40% of the company. At the time of the acquisition, Big Smoke Burger had a Document [117] (Title: Kelseys Original Roadhouse) The restaurant design is going to be applied to more locations when the franchisees choose to upgrade. A CBC Marketplace investigation in February 2018 found the Kelseys servers in Ontario had to tip out 3% of their sales, a rise from 2% prior to the province's minimum wage increase. Kelseys Original Roadhouse Kelseys is a Canadian restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario owned by Recipe Unlimited. Recipe Unlimited also owns other restaurants including Swiss Chalet, Milestones, Montana's and Harvey's. Founded in 1978, there are restaurants across Canada, excluding the province of Quebec (where the chain was withdrawn in 2008). Once Document [118] (Title: Beer in Canada) majors, there was a 50 percent increase in the number of independents between 2010 and 2015. By that year, there were 640 licensed breweries in Canada. Industry statistics also indicated that in 2015, beer was the country's most popular alcoholic beverage and the products brewed in Canada held an 85 percent share of the domestic market. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead Brewery, controlled about 3.8% of the Canadian market in 2016. According to Agriculture Canada, the three major multinational companies accounted for approximately 90% of retail sales in 2012. While annual exports, primarily to the U.S. are significant, industry analysts Document [119] (Title: Beer in Canada) Springs owned by Molsons, Unibroue owned by Sleeman Brewery (and hence Sapporo), Upper Canada Brewing Company owned by Sleeman (and hence Sapporo). The annual Canadian Brewing Awards recognizes the best beers in Canada using blind taste tests. Most of the winners are craft beers. However, some were made by larger brewers; these included Moosehead's Alpine Lager and Cracked Canoe, and Molson Coors' Rickard's Red Session Lager and Rickard's Radler, Labatt's Bud Light and IPA from Alexander Keith's Brewery. For the 2017 competition, new rules allow for entries only from fully Canadian-owned breweries for the 55 categories of beer. Jason Foster, Document [120] (Title: Rest area) outlet mall. While no additional centres in new locations are planned, most of the original 1960s-era service centres on highways 400 and 401 were demolished in 2010, with new buildings constructed on the original sites and operated by HMSHost subsidiary Host Kilmer under the ONroute banner. The service centres in Ontario have private restaurants and establishments. Most of them used to be independently operated; however during the early 1990s they were taken over by major restaurant and convenience store chains. They also contain gas stations, washrooms, picnic areas, vending machines, and arcade games. Reese's Corner at the intersection of Highway Document [121] (Title: Beer in Canada) (10), Microbrasserie Charlevoix of Baie-Saint-Paul (7), Les Trois Mousquetaires of Brossard (5), McAuslan Brewing of Montreal (3), and Le Trou Du Diable of Shawinigan, L'Amère à Boire of Montreal, Brasseurs Illimités of Saint-Eustache, and Hopfenstark of L'Assomption, with one each. The Mondial de la Bière was founded in 1994 in Montreal and attracts around 80,000 people, while Quebec City held its first beer festival, the Festibière, in 2010. Including the major's production plants, there were roughly 188 breweries in this province in 2016. Of beers brewed in Canada, 13 of the 100 top-ranked beers were brewed in Ontario in 2011, Document [122] (Title: Safeway (Canada)) other companies. Sobeys sold 29 of its locations (18 of them being Safeway locations)—15 to Overwaitea Food Group (particularly in British Columbia and Alberta) and 14 to affiliates of Federated Co-operatives (particularly in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) for $430 million in total. In January 2018, Sobeys announced that they would be closing ten stores in Metro Vancouver, citing that the locations were underperforming. Some of the locations will be reopened under the FreshCo banner. Safeway has 181 full service grocery stores in Western Canada: 173 in-store pharmacies and 62 fuel stations, 10 liquor stores, four primary distribution centres and 12 Document [123] (Title: The Keg) 1971 in North Vancouver, British Columbia as "The Keg 'n Cleaver" by George Tidball at one very small, downstairs location in an old industrial building in the Moodyville area of lower Lonsdale and today operates in nine provinces (excluding only Prince Edward Island) and five American states. The Keg is well known for buying up historic properties, refurbishing them and turning them into restaurants. Examples of this are the Keg Mansion in Toronto, and the Keg Manor at the Maplelawn Estate in Ottawa. Also notable as heritage restorations are the Kegs in Kamloops, British Columbia, which was a CN Station Document [124] (Title: Krispy Kreme operations by country) Quebec and one in British Columbia) as of July 2015. In July 2016, Krispy Kreme has plans to open 50 stores in Ontario and Quebec and the spread to the rest of the country. Many of the doughnuts can also be found at locations such as Petro-Canada and Loblaws. The Canadian operations are managed under the franchisee Krispy K Canada of Toronto, Ontario. On September 25, 2013, Krispy Kreme announced their expansion into Colombia, the first South American country for the company. Krispy Kreme is set to open 25 stores in Colombia's major cities including Bogotá, Medellin, and Barranquilla in Document [125] (Title: Tröegs) first keg was sold to a Harrisburg restaurant in July, 1997. Tröegs began construction of their new brewery in 2010 and moved from Harrisburg to Hershey in Fall 2011. Grand opening celebrations were held during November of that year. At approximately 90,000 square feet the new brewery is about three times the size of the original facility and includes a tap house (tasting room) with a full view of the brewhouse. The tap house bar serves most beer by the glass, although a select few, including "corked-and-caged" beers, are sold by the bottle. Most of Tröegs' beers are available "to Document [126] (Title: Jimmy the Greek (restaurant)) plates, including Chicken and pork Souvlaki, Schnitzel, lamb dishes, Calamari, Moussaka and more. They also offer Pita's stuffed with different items, traditional Greek style. Additionally, they provide catering services for large parties. Jimmy the Greek (restaurant) Jimmy the Greek is a quick service restaurant franchise serving Greek and Mediterranean cuisine. In 1963, Jim Antonopoulos from Nafplio, Greece, arrived in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He started the "Epikourion, Exquisite Greek Restaurant & Bar" in First Canadian Place. The success of the restaurant spun off the current franchise which has 45 locations in Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario, including more than 25 in Document [127] (Title: Beer in Canada) The ten day 2017 event (May 26 to June 4) expects a similar number of breweries, plus four stages with live music and DJs, food trucks, market stalls, brewing demonstrations, a games area and other attractions. The event was the Winner of the 2016 Golden Owl Hospitality Awards Social Event of the Year, the Georgia Straight's 2015 & 2016 Golden Plate Award for Best Beer Festival/Event, and is a six time CAMRA YVR Event of the Year award winner. Draft beer (or "draught" beer) in Canada, when advertised as a "pint", is legally required to be 568 ml (20 fluid Document [128] (Title: Oasis Drive-In) Oasis Drive-In The Oasis Drive-In is a restaurant located in Caledonia, Ontario Canada, at 22 1/2 Argyle Street South. It opened in 1927 and is considered to be Ontario's and "likely" Canada's oldest Drive-In restaurant. The restaurant is open seasonally from April to November on an annual basis. This is how the restaurant has been operating since it opened in 1927. It all started in 1836 when James Little, an Irish immigrant to Canada, bought up vast tracts of land on the south side of the Grand River. Little did so when he heard about the possibility of a plank Document [129] (Title: Beer in Canada) growlers, but the company added a canning system in 2015. "If you are trying to put out a premium product, it's better for the beer to be in cans. It's more convenient, it's better for the environment, it makes a lot of sense," said co-owner Rob McIsaac. Most of their beer is now sold in cans. Cameron's Brewing Company in Mississauaga, Ontario also sell the majority of their beer in cans. Three provinces were providing major support to small brewers in 2015. Ontario invested $1.6 million to assist 20 craft breweries in expanding and in marketing. B.C. announced $10 million Document [130] (Title: Chinese Canadians in British Columbia) 2006, 1.2% of the city's population (1,235 out of 106,707) was Chinese, with that figure dropping to 1% of Kelowna's population by 2010. In 1978 the final remaining traditional Chinese business ceased operations. A rebuilt section of the façade of a store that had been located in Chinatown is now housed at the Kelowna Museum. Penticton previously had a Chinatown called "Shanghai Alley". There were two laundries along with rooming houses and restaurants. Its peak population was 60. Around 1960 the Chinatown was disestablished. As of 2011 a parking lot is in place of that Chinatown. There is a Chinatown Document [131] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) segment, and their main earnings come from hosting weddings or other functions. Observers have noted that dim sum "cart service is a dying breed in Toronto, as more and more restaurants have switched over to a list-based dining experience. There are a few notable places where you can still witness these magical culinary carts being rolled out in front of you; and where you order by using your pointer finger, not a pen and paper". Although most restaurants are independent businesses, there are some chains such as "Hons Wonton House" (Metro Vancouver), "Kirin Chinese Restaurant" (Metro Vancouver), "Congee Wong" (Toronto Document [132] (Title: The Amazing Race Canada 3) pubs among the streets of Downtown Halifax. They were instructed to return two kegs from each location. Once all three beers were delivered and two kegs returned they would get their next clue. Airdate: August 5, 2015 During the Pit Stop teams were moved to Victoria Park to start the leg. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to bury their non-participating partner beneath the sand, with only their head visible, then, using a sample for reference, recreate a sandcastle around them. Once the work is approved, they would receive their next clue. The Detour was a choice between Document [133] (Title: Eugene O'Keefe) of the purchasers of Toronto's Victoria Brewery (founded by George Hart and Charles Hannath c.1840s as Hannath & Hart Brewery), at the corner of Victoria and Gould Streets, with had an annual production of 1,000 barrels. In 1891, he incorporated it as O’Keefe Brewery Company of Toronto Limited. The brewery would expand to a capacity of 500,000 barrels. He sold the business after his son died in 1911. The company would later be part of Carling O'Keefe Breweries. In 1882, he and three Humber Bay hoteliers formed the Humber Steam Ferry Company. The company operated the Annie Craig which carried Document [134] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) 2010. The first Canadian location outside of the Toronto area was opened in Vancouver in December 2012. A second Vancouver-area location was opened in Burnaby in October 2014 followed by a third in Surrey in January 2016 and a fourth in Langley in October 2016. The first location in the nation's capital of Ottawa was opened in February 2017 at the Rideau Centre. Chipotle rapidly expanded in the Greater Toronto area, and is still opening new locations. As of 2018, there are 11 locations in Toronto, 2 in Vaughan, 2 in Mississauga, 1 in Oakville, and 1 location in Markham. Document [135] (Title: McDonald's Canada) fully understands McDonald's Canada's concerns. Following this and other similar controversies, the government halted the TFWP for the entire restaurant industry. McDonald's Canada McDonald's Restaurants of Canada, Limited () is the Canadian master franchise of the fast-food restaurant chain McDonald's, owned by the American parent McDonald's Corporation. One of Canada's largest fast-food restaurant chains, the franchise sells food items, including hamburgers, chicken, French fries and soft drinks all across the country. McDonald's is known for its high fat and calorie foods, but it also has alternatives such as salads, juices and milk. McDonald's was previously Canada's largest food service operator Document [136] (Title: Vietnamese Canadians) they're business owners of a variety of businesses, stores and restaurants throughout the city. Vietnamese Canadians also brought their cuisine and phở has become a popular food throughout the city. Vietnamese Canadians also reside in Central City, Surrey, which is a rapidly growing suburb of Metro Vancouver. In the Toronto area, there are 19 Vietnamese owned supermarkets. In Montreal there are about 40,000 Vietnamese Canadian population among highest median income and education of Vietnamese Canadians in major cities. There are more than 100 Vietnamese restaurants, hundreds of small size manufacturers of different products from clothing to technology, about 80 pharmacies Document [137] (Title: Ker's WingHouse Bar & Grill) attended, and the company participated in, the 2007 National Buffalo Wing Festival and placed first in the "traditional x-hot sauce" category and gained some national recognition. On June 4, 2008 the company announced the launch of its national franchise program. In mid-2008 the chain operated 19 locations in Florida and Texas and expected to add six franchises by the end of 2008, and 48 by 2011. The initial focus was for franchises in the Southeastern US. WingHouses feature several amenities that differ from other wing restaurants, including Hooters. There is a full liquor bar in every store, sports memorabilia line Document [138] (Title: Beer in Canada) 1980s, according to Ian Coutts, in his book "Brew North: How Canadians Made Beer and Beer Made Canada" as a result of disparate and random factors. The factors included an article in May/June 1978 issue of "Harrowsmith" magazine by a former O'Keefe employee decrying the state of the business, the creation of the Campaign for Real Ale in the United Kingdom, the revival of smaller brewers in the United States beginning with Anchor Brewing in 1965, the 1981 deregulation of beer prices in British Columbia by minister Peter Hyndman and the resulting price hikes by the incumbents. In June 1982, Document [139] (Title: Burger King franchises) of 2013. On major move towards this goal was the sale of over 275 stores to corporate franchise group Carrols Corporation of New York and nearly 100 stores to the minority held Magic Burger of Florida. Shortly after the acquisition of the chain by Pillsbury in 1969, Burger King opened its first Canadian restaurant in Windsor, Ontario, in 1969. Other international locations followed soon after: Oceania in 1971 with its Australian franchise Hungry Jack's, and Europe in 1975 with a restaurant in Madrid, Spain. Beginning in 1982, BK and its franchisees began operating stores in several East Asian countries, including Document [140] (Title: Fast food restaurant) chain in the American South, and Jack in the Box is located in the West and South. Canada pizza chains Topper's Pizza and Pizza Pizza are primarily located in Ontario. Coffee chain Country Style operates only in Ontario, and competes with the famous coffee and donut chain Tim Hortons. Maid-Rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the United States. Founded in 1926, their specialty is a loose meat hamburger. Maid-Rites can be found in the midwest - mainly Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri. International brands dominant in North America include McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's, Document [141] (Title: Lay's) Salt & Pepper, and Cheddar & Sour Cream. There are also a number of regional flavors, including Fries & Gravy and Roast Chicken (available in Atlantic Canada), Sour Cream & Onion (available in Ontario, Atlantic Canada, and Western Canada) and Wavy Smoky BBQ and Wavy Old Fashioned Ketchup (available in Western Canada). Other varieties available nationally include Baked Lay's, Lay's Kettle Cooked and Lay's Stax. In 2015, Lay's made Canadian flavor "All Dressed" available in the United States. The flavor combines the potato chip flavors of barbecue, sour cream and onion, ketchup, and salt and vinegar. In 2013, Lay's ran Document [142] (Title: Red Barn (restaurant)) services the new owners ceased advertising for the chain along with allowing the franchise leases to expire with the last of the leases expiring around 1988. At its peak, Red Barn had 300-400 restaurants in 19 states, as well as outlets in southern Ontario, elsewhere in Canada, and Australia. Following the shutdown of operations, most of the Red Barn buildings were converted for other uses. A few of the chain restaurants were renamed "The Farm" in various states and continued serving the same menu items available when they were under their Red Barn franchise. There were two locations under "The Document [143] (Title: Double Down (sandwich)) restaurants in Canada began selling the fried version of the Double Down for a limited time. It was reported that on its launch date, a KFC in Victoria, British Columbia was sold out of the Double Down by as early as 2 p.m. In French Canada, it is known as "Coup Double", roughly translated as "Double Punch". The Double Down was discontinued in Canada on November 14, 2010, but on 25 May 2011, KFC announced it was returning at least temporarily. In 2012 the Double Down returned to Canada, again for a limited time. In August 2015, KFC Canada finally Document [144] (Title: Molson Canadian) keg, the Mega Keg monument would be large enough to hold the equivalent volume of over 500,000 cans of Molson Canadian. Molson Canadian contracted Mississauga, Ontario-based Kubik to design and construct the massive monument. Molson Canadian Sub Zero is Molson Canadian served at temperatures below freezing (0C or 32F). The Molson Canadian Red Leaf Project is an environmental platform that was introduced in 2011, which saw 100,000 trees planted in locations across Canada, in addition to park clean-up efforts in ten cities. In February 2011 Molson entered a partnership with the National Hockey League, however, a series of court rulings Document [145] (Title: Saskatoon Co-op) occupying 10,000 square feet at Blairmore centre. It is one of the biggest liquor stores in the city. Saskatoon Co-op Saskatoon Co-operative Association Limited (commonly referred to as Saskatoon Co-op) is a retail cooperative operating in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatoon Co-op, which achieved sales of 418 million dollars in fiscal 2016, operates six retail food stores, one wine,spirits and beer store, two home centres, one agro centre, 13 gas bars/convenience stores, 7 car washes and one hybrid store in Colonsay. It has operations in Martensville, Warman and Colonsay as well as in Saskatoon. The co-op has 109,000 members and 1,140 Document [146] (Title: Kewpee) of other hamburger chains. In 1928, the Lima, Ohio, location opened under the ownership of Hoyt “Stub” Wilson. About 200 Kewpee locations existed by 1929. In 1936, with a Kewpee already located in Findlay, Ohio, Wilson opened a restaurant there called Wilson's Sandwich Shop. At its peak just before World War II, there were more than 400 Kewpee restaurants in operation. Blair, upon his retirement on April 1, 1944, started renting the original location. Blair died in 1945 and licensees continued to lease their locations and paid royalties for use of the Kewpee name from the estate until the Kewpee Document [147] (Title: Fried chicken restaurant) Canada include Dixie Lee based in Napanee, Ontario and Mary Brown's based in Markham, Ontario. Fried chicken restaurants are commonplace in inner city areas of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has one of the largest, fastest growing and most diverse fried chicken markets in the world, with about 1,000 individual brands and 1,700 outlets. Shop signs are commonly designed in a red, white and blue colour scheme, and include a drawing or cartoon of a chicken, as well as a reference to the Southern United States. Some British chicken outlets serve Halal meat and use a more spicy batter Document [148] (Title: Baton Rouge (restaurant)) / Pizza Delight Corporation Ltd.) based in Moncton. MTY also owns numerous other restaurant chains. The first Bâton Rouge restaurant in Alberta was opened in July 2010 in Quarry Park, Calgary; closed in 2012, it reopened in 2013. There is also a location in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Baton Rouge (restaurant) Bâton Rouge Steakhouse & Bar is a Canadian restaurant chain, famous for their baby back ribs, Sterling Silver steaks, and grilled catch of the day. It was founded in Laval, Quebec in 1992. There are 29 Bâton Rouges in Canada as of 2010 mainly in Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City, Sherbrooke) Document [149] (Title: Beer in Canada) a plethora (now over 20) of brewpubs, microbreweries and smaller craft breweries opened since. Calgary is home to a majority of the breweries in Alberta. It boasts large revenue-generating marketing powerhouses like Big Rock and Minhas Brewery, while also having several enthusiastic mid sized craft breweries like Tool Shed, Village Brewery, and exciting new smaller brewers like Last Best (A member of the Bear Hill Brewing Companies) and Calgary's only nano-brewery: The Dandy Brewing Company. The opening of the Olds College Brewmaster program means that a large number of domestically trained brewers will be added to Canada's brewing industry. Beer Document [150] (Title: Ned Bell) opening Murrietas Grill in Calgary. In 2007 Bell returned home to become the co-owner and chef at the Kelowna lakeside, Cabana Bar and Grill where he soon ranked one of Western Living Magazines "Top 40 Foodies Under 20" Now Bell works at the Four Seasons hotel under YEW Kitchen. The restaurant recently launched a new sustainable seafood concept in 2011 and Bell is on board and a full supporter. With his first year of working at the Four Season Bell became responsible for bringing the hotel into a "New Era". Guest covers, restaurant sales and catering revenue grew by 30 Document [151] (Title: Natural gas vehicle) decline after 1995, eventually reaching today's vehicle population of about 12,000. This figure includes 150 urban transit buses, 45 school buses, 9,450 light-duty cars and trucks, and 2,400 forklifts and ice-resurfacers. The total fuel use in all NGV markets in Canada was 1.9 petajoules (PJs) in 2007 (or 54.6 million litres of gasoline litres equivalent), down from 2.6 PJs in 1997. Public CNG refuelling stations have declined in quantity from 134 in 1997 to 72 today. There are 22 in British Columbia, 12 in Alberta, 10 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Ontario, and 1 in Québec. There are only 12 private Document [152] (Title: Cuisine in Toronto) as kebab, falafel and shawarma. However, by 2010, Toronto a la Cart was deemed a failure by local politicians, due to the expenses to vendors from excessive red tape, and the program was discontinued. Perhaps one of the most iconic and distinct Toronto offerings is the peameal bacon sandwich, normally on a Kaiser. Peameal bacon was originally developed by William Davies at the St. Lawrence Market. Some notable offerings of the sandwich are Paddington's Pump, Sausage King, and Carousel Bakery; coincidentally enough, all are located at St. Lawrence Market. Further east in Leslieville is Rashers, billed as North America's only Document [153] (Title: MTY Food Group) locations at the time it was acquired. In Quebec, the franchises are branded as 'Jus Jugo Juice'. Among the largest acquisitions made by MTY is the 2011 purchase of the Mr. Sub franchise for $23 million; at the time it was a chain of 335 sandwich shops. In November 2011, MTY acquire the 20 unit Koryo Korean BBQ chain for $1.8 million in cash. Except for one corporately owned store, all units were franchised. The chain had locations in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan at the time of the acquisition. The 14 stores were acquired on November 26, Document [154] (Title: Montana's BBQ & Bar) Montana's BBQ & Bar Montana's BBQ & Bar (originally and in some cases, still branded as Montana's Cookhouse) is a Canadian restaurant chain that specialises in in-house smoked pork ribs, steaks, and burgers. It is headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario and is a subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. They have 94 restaurants located in all the Canadian provinces except Quebec, and none in the three territories. As of February 2009, Montana's closed their United States locations in Michigan and New York. It is reported that as of 2010, the busiest restaurant was located in South Common, Edmonton, Alberta, though Fort McMurray and Document [155] (Title: Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area) 614 Chinese restaurants in the Toronto area. The 1991 directory listed 785 restaurants. Fatima Lee wrote that the actual number of restaurants may be larger because the directory listing is "by no means exhaustive". During the late 20th century, the influx of people previously resident in Hong Kong, many of whom were originally transplants from Mainland China, caused an increase in variety of Chinese cuisine available in Toronto. Some Toronto Chinese restaurants cater to Jewish persons by offering Kosher-friendly menus. By 2000 some Indian restaurants operated by ethnic Chinese persons opened in Toronto. The "Sing Wah Daily" (醒華日報, P: "Xǐng Document [156] (Title: Mr. Mike's (restaurant)) popular item on the menu was the Mikeburger, which consisted of a burger patty served on a fresh French loaf with garlic butter and their special Mike's sauce. The restaurant was quite successful and a chain was created. In 1970, the 50th Mr Mikes Steakhouse franchise was opened, and during that year over 250,000 customers were served. By 1980, there were 69 Mr Mikes restaurants in operation. This was the peak of operations. During the early 1980s, the economic downturn which particularly affected British Columbia forced the closing of several of the franchises. Still, by 1985, 49 restaurants were still Document [157] (Title: New York Fries) across Canada and two in Dubai. South St. Burger Co. sells hamburgers, fries and poutine. New York Fries has 156 locations, including 120 in Canada and 36 outside of North America, mostly in the Middle East and China. New York Fries New York Fries is a Canadian quick service restaurant that mainly serves french fries, hot dogs and poutine. There are 120 locations in Canada, as well as locations in Bahrain, China, Egypt, Macao, Oman, Panama, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey & United Arab Emirates. New York Fries was founded in Brantford, Ontario by Jay Gould and his brother. Cara Operations Document [158] (Title: Fast food restaurant) locations. Other smaller sub shops include Blimpie, Jersey Mike's Subs, Mr. Goodcents, Jimmy John's, and Firehouse. A&W Restaurants was originally a United States and Canada fast food brand, but it is currently an International fast food corporation in several countries. In Canada the majority of fast food chains are American owned or were originally American owned but have since set up a Canadian management/headquarters locations such as Panera Bread, Chipotle Mexican Grill, Five Guys, and Carl's Jr.. Although the case is usually American fast food chains expanding into Canada, Canadian chains such as Tim Hortons have expanded into 22 states Document [159] (Title: Arcos Dorados Holdings) has fewer McDonald’s per person. There's one McDonald's for every 22,200 citizens in the United States. In Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama there's one restaurant for every 254,000 citizens; in Brazil there's one for every 310,700 citizens; and in the rest of South America, there's one for every 317,400 citizens. Arcos Dorados operates its McDonald’s-branded restaurants under two structures: Company-operated restaurants and franchised restaurants. Arcos Dorados owns, manages and operates approximately 75 percent of its restaurants. Restaurants operated and managed by franchisees account roughly for the remaining 25% of affiliated locations. They receive technical and operational support from Arcos Dorados, Document [160] (Title: Canadian cuisine) it is far more common in Quebec. Similarly, sausage stands can be found across Canada, but are far more common in Ontario (often sold from mobile canteen trucks, usually referred to as "fry trucks" or "chip trucks" and the sausages "street meat") than in Vancouver or Victoria (where the "Mr. Tube Steak" franchise is notable and the term "smokies" or "smokeys" refers to Ukrainian sausage rather than frankfurters). Montreal offers a number of specialties including shish taouk, the Montreal hot dog, and dollar falafels. Although falafel is widespread in Vancouver, pizza slices are much more popular. Vancouver also has many Document [161] (Title: Loyalty program) May 2013 by Rogers Communications Inc. Almost every gas station chain in Canada offers some sort of loyalty program itself or in partnership. For example, Air Miles at Shell gas stations, PC Plus at Esso and Mobil, Petro Points and More Rewards at Petro-Canada, Canadian Tire money at Canadian Tire gas stations, or a coupon that grants the customer 3.5 cents off per litre of fuel purchased at Sobeys Fast Fuel locations that can be used at a Sobeys banner store. In the US, several major supermarket and fish market chains, and the three major pharmacy chains, require the cards Document [162] (Title: Casual Dining Group) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in partnership with Riyadh-based retail and leisure conglomerate Fawaz Alhokair Group. CDG now has agreements in place that will see more than 50 restaurants open across territories in the Middle East and Asia, with the aim of concluding agreements this year (2017) that will deliver an initial pipeline of 100 restaurants. CDG operates restaurants under the Bella Italia (100+ restaurants in the UK), Café Rouge (70+) and Las Iguanas names. It also operates sites under the Belgo (2, London), Huxleys (1, airport), La Tasca (7) , Oriel Grande Brasserie (1, airport) and La Salle Document [163] (Title: H. Salt Esquire) KFC entered a joint venture with H. Salt in 1969. It sold off the chain in 1980. Currently there are 26 independently owned franchise locations throughout southern California and one in northern California (Sacramento). While there were once 50 or 60 locations in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada, area, all that remains in Canada today are two seasonal outlets that operate for 18 days a year at the Food Building during the Canadian National Exhibition. H. Salt Esquire H. Salt Esquire is a Monterey Park, California-based fast food restaurant chain which specializes in fish and chips. The chain joined with KFC Document [164] (Title: Milestones Grill and Bar) Milestones Grill and Bar Milestones Restaurants Inc. (doing business as Milestones Grill and Bar) is a restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. There are currently over 40 locations across British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario. The first Milestones location opened on Denman Street in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1989. In 2002, Cara (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased a majority stake in the restaurant from the previous parent company, BC-based Spectra Group, Inc. Prior to Cara's acquisition, nearly all Milestones restaurants were located in British Columbia, with Document [165] (Title: Keg Mansion) and was home to an art gallery for several decades until 1960. It then became a restaurant named Julie's Mansion. The grounds were sold off and the greenhouses demolished and replaced with a service station. In 1976 it became home to a The Keg restaurant, and it was renamed the Keg Mansion. Ottawa's Keg Manor is located at the Maplelawn historic garden and residence, a 19th-century stone house along the Ottawa River, just off Richmond Road. At the time of construction, the road was a trail known as the Macadam Road, leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond, Ontario. Document [166] (Title: Canadian cuisine) birth to numerous other unique dishes, such as the schmoo torte, smoked goldeye and "co-op style" rye bread and cream cheese. Much of what are considered "Chinese dishes" in Canada are more likely to be Canadian or North American inventions, with the Chinese restaurants of each region tailoring their traditional cuisine to local tastes. This "Canadian Chinese cuisine" is widespread across the country, with great variation from place to place. The Chinese buffet, although found in the United States and other parts of Canada, had its origins in early Gastown, Vancouver, c.1870. This serving setup came out of the practice Document [167] (Title: Beer in Canada) Refined Fool Brewing Co. in Sarnia, Stack Brewing in Sudbury, OutSpoken Brewing in Sault Ste. Marie and Sleeping Giant Brewing in Thunder Bay. Craft beer sales are increasing in Ontario. In 2015 for example, there was minimal increase in sales volume for the majors' products while craft beer sales increased by nearly 36 percent in that year. The provincial government is helping small breweries to expand. For example, in January 2017, it announced a $562,000 funding programme. The recipientst included Beau's, Bellwoods, Hockley Valley, Haliburton Highlands, Oast House, Toboggan Brewing, StoneHammer, and Wellington. Of the Beer Advocate Top 100 Canadian Document [168] (Title: InBev) Toronto Argonauts football club, and The Sports Network. At the time, Labatt was not much smaller than Interbrew, and since then the company has been considered a multinational with both Canadian and Belgian roots. Some important Interbrew brands are Tennents, Stella Artois, Boddingtons, Beck's, Staropramen, Jupiler, Leffe, Labatt, Hoegaarden and Bass. In December 2001 Interbrew, Danone (former owner of Kronenbourg, and two other smaller brewers) were fined €91m for operating a cartel in Belgium while four Luxembourg companies were fined €448,000 the same month. AmBev is a Brazilian beer company formed by a merger in 1999 between the Brahma and Document [169] (Title: Bar) until the early 1980s, when American-style bars, as we know them today became popular. In the 1990s imitation British- and Irish-style pubs become popular and adopted names like "The Fox and Fiddle" and "The Queen and Beaver" reflect naming trends in Britain. Tavern or pub style mixed food and drink establishment are generally more common than bars in Canada, although both can be found. Legal restrictions on bars are set by the Canadian provinces and territories, which has led to a great deal of variety. While some provinces have been very restrictive with their bar regulation, setting strict closing times Document [170] (Title: Filipino Canadians) bringing in well known franchise chains like Pepper Lunch and Chatime to the city. Qoola, a local frozen yogurt chain with over 20 locations, is also founded by a Manila-born businessman. Big restaurant names like Max's of Manila, and soon, Jollibee, have also set their presence in the city. In addition, Vancouver is home to the only branch of Goldilocks Bakeshop in Canada. Ayala Land, the Philippines' leading Real Estate developer company, recently completed a mix-use residential development with local real estate developer company, Rize, in Vancouver's Mt. Pleasant neighbourhood. Winnipeg is home to 56,400 Filipinos, making them the third Document [171] (Title: The Keg) Royalties Income Fund presented the first opportunity for the public to trade in any portion of The Keg group of companies, which had been fully private until that time. On February 4, 2014, Aisenstat sold 51% of his private holdings in The Keg to Fairfax Financial, a publicly traded Canadian holding company. The transaction also introduced another indirect way for the public to invest in The Keg, by investing in Fairfax Financial. On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations was purchasing KRL for $200 million. The deal closed in February 2018, with Fairfax Document [172] (Title: Olive Garden) online. The Pasta Pass promotion has been offered every year since. As of March 22, 2013, the company operates 891 restaurants globally. There are six locations in Canada, which are Winnipeg, Manitoba (two); Calgary, Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta (two); and Langley, British Columbia near Vancouver. In the 1990s, there had been at various times between 10 and 15 locations in Ontario, but they were all closed in the early 2000s. Newer restaurants are styled after a farmhouse in the town of Castellina in Chianti, Tuscany, on the grounds of the Rocca delle Macie winery. The farmhouse is home to the Riserva Document [173] (Title: Canada Dry) Canada Dry Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks owned since 2008 by the American company Keurig Dr Pepper. For over a century, Canada Dry has been known for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although Canada Dry originated in Canada, it is now produced in many countries around the globe, including the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Japan, & a number of countries of the Middle East & Europe. The "Dry" in the brand's name refers to not being sweet, as in a dry wine. When John J. Document [174] (Title: Ben & Florentine) breakfast and lunch menu. In 2012 the chain expanded into Ontario, and by 2014 there were 31 locations. In 2015 the chain continues to expand with 43 franchised units. In January 2016, Ben & Florentine opened its first restaurant in the province of Manitoba in the city of Winnipeg. During 2016, Ben & Florentine kept growing in the Great-Montréal in opening a franchise inside the tennis club of the nuns' island. Around 50 restaurants will be open by the end of 2016 which includes a location in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Ben & Florentine Ben & Florentine is a Canadian breakfast and Document [175] (Title: Culture of Canada) during the late 1800s also play a significant role to foods in Canada. The Montreal-style bagel and Montreal-style smoked meat are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Montreal. In a 2002 interview with the "Globe and Mail", Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims, described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world". A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country with the most positive influence in the world. 28,000 people in 27 countries were asked to rate 12 countries as Document [176] (Title: Cineplex Entertainment) formerly owned by Famous Players. 12 locations feature Coca-Cola Freestyle. Hot beverages include Starbucks as the incumbent provider with 105 locations, all which offer Pike Place Roast coffee (regular or decaf) and Tazo tea. Select locations also offer premium drinks such as caffè mocha or caramel macchiato. Tim Hortons is available as a full-service restaurant in five locations, with Brossard being the only location to offer both Tim Hortons and Starbucks. The previous incumbent provider was Van Houtte, which is now phased out at all but two locations. Other current partners include Panago and Pizza Pizza (replacing Pizza Hut). Chocolates Document [177] (Title: Taco Bell) and Mirdif City Centre have all closed and Taco Bell has completely pulled out of the UAE market. Taco Bell has been present in Canada since 1981 with the first store opening in Windsor, Ontario. There are currently Taco Bell locations in 8 of the 10 Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. For some time it was possible to order draft beer with one's order. Taco Bell offers free soda refills in its stores. On March 31, 2011, Priszm, owner of Taco Bell (Canada), went into bankruptcy protection in Ontario and British Document [178] (Title: Canadian Breweries) Limited was renamed for its two largest subsidiaries as Carling O'Keefe. In 1987 Rothmans decided to sell its 50 percent share in the Carling O'Keefe brewery in Canada, which was not meeting expectations. Later, the company was controlled by Elders IXL, and then merged with Molson to become part of Molson Coors Brewing Company. In 1969, the company was sold to a South Africa company Rothmans, and is now called Carling O'Keefe. The Brading Breweries (Ottawa) Canadian Breweries Canadian Breweries Limited was an Ontario based holding company in the brewery industry. In 1969, the company was sold to Rothmans inc. Document [179] (Title: Val Belcher) now has over 20 restaurants in Ontario. Many in the Greater Toronto Area as well as the Greater Ottawa Area, as that is where it orginated. Lonestar Texas Grill specializes in fajitas. They are brought out on a sizzling hot pan and have created a family-style dinner in a restaurant setting. There are now 4 locations in Ottawa itself, Nepean, Baseline, Byward Market, and Orleans. The same group later started Big Daddy's Crab Shack & Oyster Bar franchise of restaurants. In 2005, Belcher resigned from the Lone Star Group of Companies. In 2008, he opened a new restaurant, Big Easy’s Document [180] (Title: Firkin Brewery) filled with a stamp from each pub visited, and public transport directions to the nearest pub in the crawl would also be in the "passport". Although there was no stipulation in the rules that the 12 pubs had to be completed on the same day, this was often the goal of participants. Firkin pubs in Canada and the United States operate under the Firkin Group of Pubs franchise, a chain of English theme pubs founded in southern Ontario in 1987. The naming scheme for the pubs is similar to that of the UK chain (for example, "The Crown and Firkin", Document [181] (Title: Beer in Canada) microbrewery industry) has been experiencing rapid growth. In 2006 there were 88 such operations in Canada, but that increased to 520 by 2015. Some of these also brew cider, a fermented fruit drink. That number may be as high as it will go. The trend is that as one microbrewery closes another opens to take its place. Another trend among craft brewers is to package at least some of their products in aluminum cans instead of traditional bottles including the large Growler (jug). For example, Ottawa's Beyond The Pale Brewing Co. once used only bottles, including one and two litre Document [182] (Title: Keg) (approximately 82 liters/144 imperial pints) and 22 imperial gallon (approximately 100 liters/172 imperial pints) kegs, however owing to their size they are not so popular as manual handling is seen by some to be difficult, and as a result they tend to be used only for large-scale events and bars with high throughput. For bars that sell an excessive volume of beer there is the 36 imperial gallon (150 liter/260 imperial pint) keg, however due to its very large size few people can move them making it an impractical choice. In the U.S. as of 2005, there are 21 states Document [183] (Title: Keg River Formation) in the Zama Lake and Rainbow Lake areas of north-western Alberta. The Keg River Formation occurs in the subsurface from northeastern to northwestern Alberta and its southern border is defined by the Peace River Arch. It varies in depth from to . The Keg River Formation is conformably overlain by the Muskeg Formation and unconformably overlays the Chinchaga Formation. It is equivalent to the Pine Point Formation, Hume Formation and Nahanni Formation in north-eastern British Columbia and the Northwest Territories and to the Winnipegosis Formation in Saskatchewan and eastern Alberta. Keg River Formation The Keg River Formation is a stratigraphic Document [184] (Title: Beer in Canada) according to user-submitted ratings on the website Beer Advocate. Barnstormer Brewing and Distiliing Brews three of these, BrewBlack Oak of Etobicoke brews three of these, followed by Denison's of Toronto, Muskoka Cottage Brewery of Bracebridge, and Wellington of Guelph with two apiece. Flying Monkeys of Barrie, Spearhead of Etobicoke, Creemore Springs of Creemore, and Great Lakes of Etobicoke (not to be confused with Great Lakes of Cleveland) brew one top beer apiece. About 80% of Ontario's consumer beer trade is handled by The Beer Store, a government-instituted, privately owned monopoly founded in 1927 as Brewer's Retail. The chain is owned Document [185] (Title: Smoke's Poutinerie) which serves many different kinds of poutine. Smolkin frequents La Banquise whenever he visits Montreal. By 2017, the restaurant had some 150 locations across Canada in Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Oshawa, London, Guelph, Winnipeg, Kingston, Ottawa, Waterloo, Windsor, Mont-Tremblant, Saskatoon, Regina, Fredericton, Halifax, Calgary, Moose Jaw, Kelowna, Vancouver and St. John’s and with new franchises in the works in Kingston, Barrie, Edmonton and Whistler. In December 2014, Smoke's opened a location in Berkeley, California, its first in the United States. In 2015, the franchise's owners stated that they planned to expand the company internationally and would "open 1,300 restaurants around Document [186] (Title: Beer in Canada) in support to their breweries through a 25 per cent reduction in the provincial liquor distribution board's mark-up for local beers. Alberta's new grant program was expected to provide $20 million in assistance to craft brewers. The growth, particularly in sales volume, is particularly noteworthy in Ontario, where craft brewers experienced a 36 per cent increase in sales in 2015. In mid-2016, there were 140 such breweries operating in Ontario. British Columbia's craft beer industry has also experienced major growth, from 54 in 2010 to 118 such operations in 2015. These small BC breweries benefitted from a 35% increase in Document [187] (Title: Restaurant Brands International) Restaurant Brands International Restaurant Brands International Inc. (RBI) is a Canadian multinational fast food holding company. Formed in 2014 by the $12.5 billion merger between American fast food restaurant chain Burger King and Canadian coffee shop and restaurant chain Tim Hortons, and expanded by the 2017 purchase of American fast food chain Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, the company is the fifth-largest operator of fast food restaurants in the world behind Subway, McDonald's, Starbucks and Yum! Brands (KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell). The company is based alongside Tim Hortons in Oakville, Ontario, but the chains retain their existing operations and headquarters in Document [188] (Title: Beer in Canada) beers, four brews each are made by Half Pints of Winnipeg and Alley Kat of Edmonton, and one by Wild Rose of Calgary. Great Western Brewing Company and Paddock Wood are based in Saskatoon. Alberta is the only jurisdiction in Canada which has completely privatized the beer retail, import, and warehousing industries. Alberta has also opened, as of 2013, Olds College Brewery, which hosts the Olds College Brewmaster and Brewery Operations Management course, the second of its kind in Canada. Alberta has been host to several microbreweries, including Big Rock founded 1985, Alley Kat and Wildrose both founded 1996, and Document [189] (Title: Beer in Canada) only 0.4 percent per annum. Nonetheless, the number of licensed breweries in Canada increased from 310 in 2010 to 640 in 2015. Many of these are small operations since there were only 30 large (making over 7.5 million litres per year) breweries in 2015. That is understandable since craft brewing is a very fast-growing segment both in terms of the number of producers and the volume sold. This is probably because of its appeal to a wider demographic than the traditional mass-market beers which primarily target young males. (Men consume an estimated 71.5% of beer in terms of volume.) According Document [190] (Title: Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area) Chinese restaurants. Early Chinese settlers in Toronto established restaurants because there was not very much capital needed to establish them. Many of the earliest Chinese-operated restaurants in Toronto were inexpensive and catered to native-born Canadians; they included hamburger restaurants and cafes, and they were predominantly small in size. There were 32 Chinese-operated restaurants in Toronto in 1918, and this increased to 202 by 1923. Many of these restaurants began serving Canadian Chinese cuisine, including chop suey and chow mein, and the number of Canadian Chinese restaurants increased as the food became more and more popular among the Canadian public. The Document [191] (Title: Vapiano) and vibrates as soon as the order is ready to be picked up at the counter. Guests pay for meals and drinks when leaving the restaurant, after handing in their chip card. According to the consolidated financial statements for the financial year of 2014, there were a total of 152 restaurants worldwide under the "Vapiano" brand. According to the company, there were 62 in Germany, eleven in Austria, nine in the United States, eight in Sweden, six in France, six in Switzerland, five in Australia, five in the Netherlands, four in Hungary, three in England, three in Mexico, three in Document [192] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) and York Region) and "Mandarin Restaurant" (Southern Ontario). The Regal Palace chain of four restaurants, owned by Yuk Yee Ellen Pun and Patsy Lai, went bankrupt and ceased operations in 2013 while owing 60 employees $676,000 in unpaid wages. Josephine Smart, a professor from the University of Calgary, has written on the evolution of Canadian Chinese cuisine. Her papers have examined the dynamics of localization and "authenticization" of Chinese food in Canada, and its implications for ethnic relations and the culture of consumption. Chinese restaurants generally use either one of the romanization systems for Cantonese or an ad hoc romanization Document [193] (Title: Microbrewery) the Spinnakers Gastro Brewpub and Guesthouse in Victoria, British Columbia. Hadfield then expanded into "brew-inspired" jellies, chocolates, baked goods and vinegars. Microbreweries have also increased in number in Asia. China, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Shanghai Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery. By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since 2010. General beer consumption reached in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries Document [194] (Title: Burger King (Alberta)) Burger King (Alberta) Burger King was a fast food restaurant chain in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Also known as Burger King Drive-Inn, it was founded by former Imperial Oil executives William R. Jarvis (1926-21 July 2014) By 1975, when McDonald's opened its first Edmonton restaurant near Capilano Mall, Burger King had 12 outlets. At the time, the company held a franchise for Kentucky Fried Chicken in Edmonton, with its outlets using dual branding. However, as the market became more competitive, the relationship between the two companies deteriorated, with KFC taking legal action to end the partnership. Burger King was ultimately forced Question: how many keg restaurants are there in canada Answer: 160 Long Answer: The Keg is a Canadian - owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States . The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Tidball, in 1971, at a location in North Vancouver, British Columbia . By February 2018, The Keg had expanded to 160 locations in Canada and the United States, when Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased the chain for $200 million, from then owners David Aisenstat (49%) and Fairfax Financial (51%). Aisenstat had been the sole owner from 1997 until 2014. Gold Document ID: 37

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beer in Canada) the top 100 Beer Advocate Canadian beers brewed in Atlantic Canada are brewed in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Three of these are made by Propeller, and one by Garrison. By 2017, there were at least 41 microbreweries throughout Nova Scotia alone. That year, there were also 25 hop growers in the Maritime Provinces (part of the Atlantic provinces), and they were producing some 25 varieties of hops. 46 of the top 100 beers in Canada are brewed in Quebec, according to Beer Advocate. The ratings are led by Dieu du Ciel of Montreal (with 17), and followed by Unibroue of Chambly Document [2] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) the UK was in the process of opening more locations. The rate of overseas expansion was slower than expected. Many of the press reviewers thought that the food was overpriced for their area. As of 2018 there are 29 locations outside of the United States with 19 locations in Canada (Ottawa, Toronto, Markham, Vaughan, Mississauga, Oakville, Vancouver), 6 locations in The United Kingdom (London), 6 in France (Paris), and 1 in Germany (Frankfurt). In August 2008, Chipotle opened its first location outside of the United States in Toronto. The second location in Toronto–and in all of Canada–was not opened until Document [3] (Title: Chinatowns in Canada) leave in the 1980s and 1990s. Some restaurants and a few Chinese residents remain. Most of them moved to either Montreal or Toronto. Moose Jaw was once home to a Chinatown, which existed on River Street West. Moose Jaw's Chinatown initially had 160 Chinese and then grew to 957 by 1911. By the 1920s and 1930s, Moose Jaw's Chinatown was the largest in Saskatchewan with a population of more than 300. More than half of the restaurants in Moose Jaw were owned by Chinese and all but one laundromat was owned by the Chinese. However, the attitudes of the time Document [4] (Title: Mandarin Restaurant) of their 35th anniversary in 2014, Mandarin held a year-long "Passport to Japan" contest where they gave away 35 trips to Japan. Also, as part of their milestone 35th anniversary, on July 1, 2014, Mandarin invited all Canadian citizens to a free buffet meal at any of their locations. Over 30,000 Canadians took advantage of a free buffet meal on this day. Over the years, Mandarin has involved itself with various health care organizations and charitable groups in the community. Some of these include: 2013 2007 Mandarin Restaurant Mandarin Restaurant Franchise Corporation is a chain of all-you-can-eat Chinese-Canadian buffet restaurants. Document [5] (Title: Kewpee) 1923 in Flint, Michigan, by Samuel V. Blair under the name "Kewpee Hotel" in a stand. In Lansing, Michigan, the Weston family has owned and operated the Kewpee's restaurant since it opened in 1923. The Weston family has had as many as two Kewpee restaurants open at one time in Lansing. The Westons are in their fourth generation of operating Kewpee. Kewpee's early plans under Blair and Adams seemed to stay out of major cities. After Prohibition, some Kewpee restaurants added real beer to their staple of root beer, which was on many Kewpee menus joining the standard coffee offerings Document [6] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) restaurants were located in Ontario (25 outlets), New Brunswick, British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. In 2006, Joe Murano assumed the management of the company as a president. His previous franchise experience is with Kingston local chains Bandito Video (now defunct) and Papa Pete's pizza. The corporate head office was located in Napanee, Ontario and the company listed by OTC Markets Group as over-the-counter stock Dixie Lee International Industries, Inc (Pink Sheets: DLII). In January 2006, as Joe Murrano took corporate ownership, by June 2006, Maria Struik and John Struik became entangled in a legal battle with the new corporate owner. Document [7] (Title: Beer in Canada) by Anheuser-Busch InBev (of Belgium), MolsonCoors (incorporated in the United States), and Sapporo (of Japan). This unique situation has enabled these companies to earn an estimated one billion dollars in profit per year. The other 20% is handled by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO), a Crown corporation. Smaller brewers, which tend to focus on German and English styles, are represented by the Ontario Craft Brewers trade association. The Beer Store's share will decrease over time. In December 2016, some 60 supermarkets were given a license to sell six packs and this is expected to increase to over 150 Document [8] (Title: Pita Pit) Australia, Singapore, and Ireland. Pita Pit Pita Pit is a Canadian quick-service restaurant franchise serving pita sandwiches. Its headquarters are in Kingston, Ontario. Its United States headquarters are in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. The first shop was opened by Nelson Lang and John Sotiriadis in 1995 near Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. In 1997, The Pita Pit started to expand within Canada and in 1999 they began franchising in the United States. There are now over 500 restaurants in a total of 12 countries. Countries other than Canada and the United States include India, France, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the Document [9] (Title: The Keg) Financial and David Aisenstat sharing $105 million plus 3.8 million Cara subordinate voting shares. Aisenstat joined the Board of Directors of Cara, and assumed executive oversight of the higher-end brands within the 19 different restaurant chains then held by Cara. Cara also announced that the acquisition had prompted the company to change its own name, confirming on May 10, 2018, that Cara Operations would be renamed Recipe Unlimited Corporation. The Keg The Keg is a Canadian-owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States. The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Document [10] (Title: Dunn's) fought a ruling to change the name of "smoked meat" to "boeuf mariné" in order to conform to the Quebec Charter of the French language. They won the ruling on appeal by proving that if they did not advertise "smoked meat" by that term they would confuse and anger customers. Due to the work of Aideh Dunn, under the new ruling, enacted in 1987, smoked meat became a word in both official languages of Canada. There are currently ten locations, which are: Dunn's Dunn's Famous Deli and Steakhouse is a Montreal-style smoked meat, Pastrami and Cheesecake restaurant chain founded in Document [11] (Title: Carl's Jr. Canada) Kelowna, British Columbia. Ontario locations became affiliated with Toronto franchisee 6Points Food Services. By May 2015, four locations had opened in the Greater Toronto Area, including two in Toronto that opened in April. The two Toronto restaurants closed in January 2016. They had intended to open 30 locations within six years in the market. On October 30, 2016, Carl's Jr closed down all of its Okanagan locations, with the exception of the original Kelowna location which remained open until November 17, 2016. Carl's Jr. Canada Carl's Jr. Canada is the Canadian expansion of the Carl's Jr. brand, currently operating in Document [12] (Title: Restaurant) There are 86,915 commercial foodservice units in Canada, or 26.4 units per 10,000 Canadians. By segment, there are: Fully 63% of restaurants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restaurants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises. The EU-27 has an estimated 1.6m businesses involved in 'accommodation & food services', more than 75% of which are small and medium enterprises. As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restaurants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restaurants, accounting for $260 billion. Starting in 2016, Document [13] (Title: Beer in Canada) enthusiasts' favourite Canadian beers is a good way to get a sense of the most highly regarded breweries in the country. According to Beer Advocate, a ratings website frequented by beer enthusiasts, as of 2012 46 of Canada's top 100 beers were brewed in Quebec, 25 in British Columbia, 13 in Ontario, 6 in Alberta, 4 in Manitoba, 4 in Nova Scotia, and 2 in Yukon. Moosehead Breweries Limited is Canada's oldest independent brewery, located in Saint John, New Brunswick. The brewery was founded in 1867 and is still privately owned and operated by the Oland family. All four of Document [14] (Title: Beer in Canada) identity, though globalization of the brewing industry has seen the major players in Canada acquired by, or merged with, foreign companies, notably its three largest beer producers, Labatt, Molson and Sleeman. The result is that Moosehead, with an estimated 3.8 percent share of the domestic market in 2016, has become the largest fully Canadian-owned brewer. Beer sales have been sluggish overall in volume and in growth in industry revenue as other beverages have increased in popularity. Growth in revenue for beer makers averaged 1.3 per cent per year during 2011-2016; the estimated annual growth over the subsequent five years is Document [15] (Title: Earls (restaurant chain)) decided to reverse its decision entirely. Company president Mohammad Jessa explained that the decision was a "mistake", and stated that the company planned to work with ranchers in Alberta to encourage humane practices. Earls (restaurant chain) Earls is a family owned premium casual dining chain that operates a total of 68 restaurants in Canada and the United States. Their head office is in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Leroy Earl "Bus" Fuller (b. 1928), the founder of Earls, was a Korean War veteran and an experienced restaurateur with over twenty successful and failed restaurants to his name. His first restaurant was Document [16] (Title: Microbrewery) brewers or microbreweries by most news media; after such a change in ownership, however, they may no longer qualify as members of the Provincial craft brewers associations. Most microbreweries fall within the more commonly used term "craft breweries". In 2006 there were 88 such operations in Canada, increasing to 520 by 2015. The growth is particularly obvious in Ontario, with a 36% increase in sales for this category of brewery. On a Canada-wide basis in 2015, such breweries held about a 10% market share. In 1984, changes to outdated liquor control laws allowed Paul Hadfield, a former architect, to open Document [17] (Title: MasterChef Canada (season 2)) of spring 2018. In the fall of 2015, Jorge signed on a contract with JRG in a partnership that involves working with Ryan Moreno, CEO of the pub/restaurant chain. The first location opened on 200th Street at 84th Avenue in Langley on January 26, 2016. A second location opened on December 23, 2016 at 200–2070 Sumas Way in the Abbotsford Village Shopping Centre. The third location opened up in South Surrey in June 2017. Jorge, who resides on a hobby farm in the Panorama area of Surrey with his wife and two sons, also guest starred in an episode of Document [18] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) are company-owned, rather than franchised. , 1430 restaurants have since opened throughout the United States and Canada, with locations in 43 states, Ontario, British Columbia, and the District of Columbia. The field team are the employees who work closely with but not directly within specific restaurants. The field support system includes apprentice team leaders (step up from restaurateurs), team leaders or area managers, team directors and regional directors (not atypical for them to oversee more than fifty locations). Because Chipotle does not franchise, all restaurants are corporately owned. Thus, whenever Chipotle is in the process of launching a new location, Document [19] (Title: Molson Canadian) Molson Canadian Molson Canadian is a brand of 5% abv lager beer (4% in Ireland) brewed by Molson Brewing , the Canadian division of Molson Coors Brewing Company. The beer was introduced in 1959. Molson Canadian has won several beer industry awards, including: The "Molson Canadian Mega Keg" is the world’s largest monument to a keg of Molson Canadian. The monument measures 11 metres (36.5 feet) by five metres (16.5 feet), or roughly the height of a three-story building. The monument was revealed to winners of a contest themed around the Mega Keg in September 2008. Were it a real Document [20] (Title: Keg) liters. A newer Euro regulation defines 50, 30, 25 and 20 liters where the keg shape is usually thicker but not as tall as the German keg specifications. In some areas it is common to refer to the size not in liters but in beers. In areas such as Germany, where the standard beer size is 0.5 liters, that means a 50-liter keg contains 100 beers. Accepted specifications for a standard keg are: There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs: party pumps and gas taps. Party pumps utilize outside air, thus introducing oxygen and Document [21] (Title: B-52 (cocktail)) bands, albums and songs. This drink was, of course, named after the band of the same name. One of his first customers for a B-52 owned restaurants in various cities in Alberta and liked the drink so much that he put it on the menu. This is why this, the first shooter, is commonly believed to originate at the Keg Steakhouse in Calgary, Alberta in 1977. The B-52 is also rumoured to have been created by Adam Honigman, a bartender at New York City's Maxwell's Plum. The B-52's widespread popularity has resulted in many variations, each earning a slightly different Document [22] (Title: Milestones Grill and Bar) four locations in Ontario and one in Washington state. Cara rapidly expanded Milestones operations into eastern Canadian cities, including Toronto, Ottawa, Niagara Falls, and London. At the end of 2011, Milestones expanded into Kingston, Barrie, Waterloo, and Cambridge.Milestones opened a location in St. John's, Newfoundland in late 2014. Milestones Grill and Bar Milestones Restaurants Inc. (doing business as Milestones Grill and Bar) is a restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. There are currently over 40 locations across British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario. The first Milestones location Document [23] (Title: Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan) close was Sask. Pool C, which opened in 1982 with a capacity of 3,670 metric tonnes, ceased operations in 2001. It is now privately owned. The 1990s also saw the opening of a new restaurant in Willow Bunch. Originally called Willow B's Tavern, the restaurant opened for business on October 31, 1996. It was owned by David and Georgina Brenner. There was a change in ownership in 2004 when it was purchased by Renaud and Robert Bissonnette, who renamed it the Jolly Giant Pub. Renaud would become the sole owner one year later. In 2012 the restaurant changed hands once Document [24] (Title: McCafé) Second Cup, Starbucks, Tim Hortons, and Timothy's in the Canadian coffee market. On June 16, 2012, McDonald's launched the first McCafé Malaysia in Kota Damansara, with a few others subsequently opening in the Bandar Utama, Subang Jaya, Titiwangsa, and Taman Connaught outlets - all currently located in Klang Valley as well as in Greenlane, Birch House, IJM Promenade and Penang International Airport - all in Penang. In Turkey, McCafé operates under the name "McD Café". The first coffee shop opened in July 2012 at Sabiha Gökçen Airport. As of April 2016, there are 8 Mcd Cafés on the Asian side Document [25] (Title: La Belle Province (restaurant)) the second location was opened in Saint-Hubert in 1976. Kivetos' ownership group had 45 locations in 1997. By 1999 there were 125 locations under the name La Belle Province. It is not strictly a franchise operation, in 1999 there were six different ownership groups, mostly relatives of Kivetos. In 2010, two restaurant owners were fined $22,000 for failure to pay the Goods and Services Tax and were charged an additional $45,000 for the amount that they owed. La Belle Province serves breakfast and lunch, including items such as poutine, club sandwiches, hamburgers, Montreal hot dogs, smoked meat sandwiches, and souvlaki. Document [26] (Title: Miller's Ale House) 24 elsewhere. The first Ale House opened in 1988, in Jupiter, Florida. In 2003, Nation's Restaurant News reported on Miller's Ale House's rapid expansion in the early 2000s, as well as on the chain's "high-grossing" revenues. According to the publication, average units of the restaurant grossed $4.1 million annually, and the chain's overall revenue for 2002 exceeded $125 million. Miller's Ale House Miller’s Ale House is a Florida-based American restaurant chain which serves steaks, chicken, burgers, salads, seafood, and similar items. Though most of their locations are located in Florida, there are a small number of restaurants now open in Document [27] (Title: The Old Spaghetti Factory) restaurant with seating inside. The U.S. restaurants are owned by OSF International, based in Portland, Oregon, while the Canadian restaurants are owned by The Old Spaghetti Factory Canada Ltd. The Canadian chain has 15 Old Spaghetti Factories in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario. The number of U.S. restaurants has fluctuated over the years. As of 1993, the U.S. chain had 30 restaurants in the United States and nine in Japan. In 2003, the U.S. company alone had 45 restaurants, in 14 states and Japan. The number of U.S. locations currently stands at 43, in Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, Document [28] (Title: Yuk Yuk's) Foster. The club closed down in 2012. The current Yuk Yuk's are located in the following cities: Abbotsford, Ajax, Edmonton, Halifax, Hamilton, London, Mississauga, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver, Vaughan, and Saint John. Yuk Yuk's Yuk Yuk's is a national comedy club chain in Canada, founded by former stand-up comedian Mark Breslin and established in 1976 by Breslin and long-time friend Joel Axler. The company is currently run by Breslin and his long-time partner and President Jeff Silverman. The head office is located in downtown Toronto. Currently there are 15 Yuk Yuk's Comedy Clubs in six provinces across Canada. Document [29] (Title: Ker's WingHouse Bar & Grill) in fact "Ker's Wing House" When Ker was playing for the Denver Broncos, he purchased part interest in the "Frat House", a restaurant in Gainesville, Florida. The eatery failed, due to numerous underage drinking busts, and Ker lost his entire investment. It was an expensive lesson about absentee ownership. After Clearwater, Florida chicken wing pioneering restaurant chain Hooters rapidly expanding, Florida based, Canadian-born restaurant entrepreneur Ed Burnett saw the opportunity. Burnett secured the rights to a closed restaurant ("Knockers") and opened "The WingHouse" restaurant at 7369 Ulmerton Road, Largo, Florida, a high traffic corridor. He strategically selected the restaurant in Document [30] (Title: Moxie's Grill & Bar) to the province's minimum wage increase. Moxie's Grill & Bar Moxie's Restaurants LP (doing business as Moxie's Grill & Bar; formerly Moxie's Classic Grill and commonly known as Moxie's) is a Canadian restaurant chain operating in eight provinces. US expansion started in 2016 with a Dallas location. Moxie's began as a small deli and diner in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1986, before transforming itself into an upscale premium casual dining restaurant and lounge in 2004. Following recent economic and development booms, Moxie's has begun opening new locations rapidly across Canada with a focus on globally inspired comfort food. Their niche Document [31] (Title: Country Style) franchisees have raised in excess of a quarter of a million dollars for the foundation. Country Style Country Style Food Services, Inc., formerly Country Style Donuts, is a fast/casual chain of coffee shops operating primarily in the Canadian province of Ontario (where it ranks second among coffee chains), which serves oatmeal, soup, sandwiches, salads, and coffee. The chain is based in Richmond Hill, Ontario. In January 2006, there were 120 "traditional" locations in Ontario. There are over 420 "non-traditional" locations embedded in other stores such as gas stations, convenience stores, arenas and movie theatres. Over 70% of customer purchases in Document [32] (Title: Mr. Greek) year, with at least three major initiatives annually. Mr. Greek Mr. Greek is a mediterranean restaurant chain with locations throughout Ontario, Canada. There are two different franchise concepts used by Mr. Greek; Mediterranean Grill and Express. It is one of the largest Greek Cuisine restaurant establishments in North America. Mr. Greek began in 1988 when George Raios purchased a small restaurant on Danforth Avenue, in the heart of Toronto’s Greektown. Following that the restaurant focused on eliminating MSG and trans fats from its ingredients. Helping the franchise grow early on were its below average prices and the fact that its Document [33] (Title: Keg) manufacturer for cleaning and refilling. The disposable kegs, being made of aluminum, may be recycled. In Canada, Molson brewery dubbed the mini keg "Bubba". This name has now been genericized to generally apply to all 5-liter mini kegs in Canada. This might cause confusion, as a company called Bubba Keg is established in the U.S., and appears to not be associated with Molson. Today, mini kegs are widely available in liquor stores worldwide, with Heineken, Grolsch and Bitburger all adopting the design. Recently in Austria, beer is available in mini kegs, either by a one-way type keg made of steel Document [34] (Title: Keg) UK and Ireland is quite different, whilst the couplers for kegs have been largely standardised to sankey, grundy and interbrew, a couple of others exist such as UEC and U-Type; however these are much less common. The kegs themselves are made from stainless steel or aluminium. The standard keg size is 11 imperial gallons (50 litre/88 imperial pints approx) and the vast majority of keg beers are supplied in this keg size. There are also smaller 30 liters (52.76 imperial pints) kegs usually reserved for more specialist and/or premium European beers. A number of manufacturers also produce 18 imperial gallon Document [35] (Title: Tim Hortons) Tim Hortons Tim Hortons Inc. (known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop) is a multinational fast food restaurant known for its coffee and donuts. It is also Canada's largest quick service restaurant chain; as of December 31, 2016, it had a total of 4,613 restaurants in nine countries. The company was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton (1930–1974) and Jim Charade (1934–2009), after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants. In 1967, Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce, who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974. Joyce expanded the chain into Document [36] (Title: Japadog) Japadog Japadog is a small chain of street food stands and restaurants located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (there was also a location in New York City which closed in 2013). The chain, which specializes in hot dogs that include variants of Japanese-style foods like okonomiyaki, yakisoba, teriyaki and tonkatsu, is owned by Noriki Tamura. Tamura and his wife moved to Vancouver in 2005. They opened the first Japadog stand that same year. A second stand opened in Vancouver in the summer of 2009. As of March 2013, the company now has four locations in Vancouver and a fifth one Document [37] (Title: The Keg) The Keg The Keg is a Canadian-owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States. The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Tidball, in 1971, at a location in North Vancouver, British Columbia. By February 2018, The Keg had expanded to 160 locations in Canada and the United States, when Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased the chain for $200 million, from then owners David Aisenstat (49%) and Fairfax Financial (51%). Aisenstat had been the sole owner from 1997 until 2014. It was founded in Document [38] (Title: Max's of Manila) Pancake House, Dencio's, Kabisera, Teriyaki Boy, Sizzlin' Pepper Steak, Le Coeur De France, Maple, Yellow Cab, Krispy Kreme, Jamba Juice, and Singkit. Max's Restaurant currently has over 127 branches in the Philippines. The chain also has branches in the U.S. states of California, Hawaii, New Jersey and a Nevada branch soon to open. It has 4 locations in Canada in Toronto, Ontario, Vancouver, British Columbia, Edmonton, Alberta and Calgary, Alberta. In a September 2014 press event, it was announced that more branches will be opened by 2015 in: Sydney, Australia; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Queens, New York. In 2016 Document [39] (Title: Moxie's Grill & Bar) Moxie's expanded its brand to include CHOP Steakhouse & Bar and opened the first location in Edmonton, Alberta. CHOP has since expanded and has locations in Edmonton, Kelowna, Richmond, Winnipeg, and Calgary. In April 2014, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation did a piece on Moxie's having more health violations that any other large restaurant chain in Canada. They also sent a reporter undercover with hidden cameras as a server at a Moxie's location in Vancouver. A CBC Marketplace investigation in February 2018 found that Moxie's servers in Ontario had to tip out 5.75% of their sales, a rise from 4.75% prior Document [40] (Title: Pie floater) ginger beer directly from the keg. In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace. By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation. By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the G.P.O. In 2007, the Glenelg Tramline was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past the Adelaide Railway Station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close. In 2003, The South Australian National Trust traced the history of Document [41] (Title: Beer in Canada) Over 50 percent of beer in Canada is now sold in cans. Even some craft brewers' products, including those Cameron's Brewing Company in Mississauaga, Ontario and Ottawa's Beyond The Pale Brewing Co., sell the majority of their beer in cans. Stubbies are a type of bottle which is shorter and with a slightly larger diameter than the now predominant longneck bottle. Starting in 1962 almost all beer in Canada was sold in stubbies (with 341ml of content) until the beer companies chose to switch to the American-style longneck bottle, between 1982 and 1986. The last major label to be available Document [42] (Title: Beer in Canada) (1985), Wellington Brewery of Guelph (1985), Big Rock Brewery of Calgary (1985), Upper Canada Brewing Company of Toronto (1985), McAuslan Brewing of Montreal (1989) Muskoka Springs Brewery (1995), Neustadt Springs Brewery (1997) and Steam Whistle Brewing of Toronto (2000). Microbreweries and brewpubs have continued to expand since. Craft beer sales are increasing. In Ontario (the province with the largest population) for example, there was minimal increase in sales volume for the majors' products while craft beer sales increased by nearly 36 percent in 2015. One way the foreign-owned "macrobreweries" have dealt with the threat of this slow but steady growth Document [43] (Title: Shoeless Joe's) large planned. In July 2016, the first location of the chain was opened outside Ontario, in Stonebridge, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Shoeless Joe's Shoeless Joe's is a sports-themed restaurant chain located in Ontario, Canada. The chain founded in Toronto in 1985. They specialize in chicken wings, but also serve a variety of foods on their menu including Mucho Nachos, quesadillas, sandwiches, soups, salads, baby back ribs, angus steaks, and sirloin burgers. The name is a reference to a former Major League Baseball player named Shoeless Joe Jackson. The original location was located on Eglinton Street in Toronto, Ontario as a local community Document [44] (Title: Yuk Yuk's) By 1986 Breslin had successfully opened two more locations in Niagara Falls, Ontario and Mississauga, Ontario. From the late 1980s throughout the late 90's Breslin was able to open two Yuk Yuk's comedy clubs out west in Edmonton and Calgary as well as two in Ontario, Ajax and London. By 1999 Yuk Yuk's had grown to having nine comedy clubs across Canada. In 2000, Yuk Yuk's had created the Search for Canada's Funniest New Comic with Adam West. In 2006 Breslin along with Silverman created a comedy contest called the Yuk Yuk's Great Canadian Laugh Off which aired on the Document [45] (Title: Shoeless Joe's) 2011 until 2014, the franchise changed its image from that of a local sports bar to a "premium sports grill aesthetic." By 2014, there were over 34 locations in Ontario in locations such as Courtney Park, Mississauga, with most franchised. Shoeless Joe's Sports Grill reopened after renovation and a change in ownership on December 12, 2016, located in the Whitby Entertainment Centrum in Durham. Also in July 2016, it was reported that the developer Stonebridge was planning to open a Shoeless Joe's restaurant in Peterborough, Canada. The two former restaurants in the city had closed, with a new building 4,560-square-foot Document [46] (Title: Beer in Canada) styles commonly brewed in the Prairies include approachable and sessionable types/styles such as Lagers, Blondes, Pale Ales and Ambers, IPAs, malt forward beers including Porters and Stouts as well as many filtered and unfiltered, fruited or standard wheat beers. The British Columbia craft beer industry has seen major growth since 2010 when there were 54 small breweries; by 2015 there were 118 such operations. Victoria and Vancouver are the two most dense areas in which breweries can be found with additional breweries opening every year. The over 100 small BC breweries benefitted from a 35% increase in the volume of Document [47] (Title: Beer in Canada) the Horseshoe Bay Brewery in West Vancouver opened, creating one of Canada's first microbreweries. The oldest surviving Canadian brewing enterprise was established by John Molson in Montreal in 1786. Canada's largest brewing companies were traditionally Labatt's and Molson. Labatt's was purchased in 1995 by the Belgian company Interbrew (now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the world's largest brewing company) and Molson merged with US company Coors in 2005 to create Molson Coors, now the world's fifth largest brewing company. With the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewer, in 2006 by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canada's beer Document [48] (Title: Gastown) featured in a scene from the 1991 Chuck Norris action film "The Hitman". Bars (a different licensing category in Vancouver) include 19 Below, The Cambie, 6 Acres, Chill Winston, Columbia Club, Lamplighter Public House, One Lounge, Revel, The Annex, and The Columbia. Mao Mao Bistro, a former club, has since been replaced by The Greedy Pig. The Town Pump, had been a live music venue since the hippie era of the 1960s. The Blarney Stone is one of Vancouver's Irish-style party houses. Gastown Gastown is the original settlement that became the core of the creation of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Document [49] (Title: Public drinking in Ontario) meet BLC guidelines on number of rooms, services provided and quality of structure. For accommodation enterprises that are granted the Standard Hotel license, it was permitted to have extra lucrative services such as selling tobacco or operating restaurants without further fees imposed by the BLC. Despite these regulations, hotels often had two-way taps to switch between light and regular strength beers depending on how well you were known in the community. Brewers would supply these extra-legal supplies to their clientele just to keep prospects for their business. By 1927, Labatt's production in London Ontario was focusing 90% of their production Document [50] (Title: Pickle Barrel) Leslie Street in North York. In 2015, Pickle Barrel launched a program to teach healthy eating in Toronto schools. Pickle Barrel Pickle Barrel is a Canadian restaurant brand owned by Recipe Unlimited. There are twelve locations in Greater Toronto. The Pickle Barrel has twelve locations including some called "Pickle Barrel Grand". These "Pickle Barrel Grands" can be found at Yorkdale Shopping Centre, the intersection of Yonge and Dundas Streets in The Atrium, at Sherway Gardens Mall, Vaughan Mills Shopping Centre, Bramalea City Centre, and Newmarket. Until 2015, the Pickle Barrel Grand was the only restaurant at Sherway Gardens. Most Pickle Document [51] (Title: Canada Dry) ad was also produced. Canada Dry Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks owned since 2008 by the American company Keurig Dr Pepper. For over a century, Canada Dry has been known for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although Canada Dry originated in Canada, it is now produced in many countries around the globe, including the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Japan, & a number of countries of the Middle East & Europe. The "Dry" in the brand's name refers to not being sweet, as in a dry Document [52] (Title: Vapiano) Poland, three in the United Arab Emirates, two in Brazil, two in Denmark, three in Estonia, two in Chile, two in Luxembourg, two in Saudi Arabia, two in Serbia, two in Taiwan and two in Ukraine. Vapiano had a presence of one restaurant each in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Scotland, Qatar, Kuwait, Lithuania, Norway, Colombia and South Korea. In February 2013, the Food, Beverages and Catering Union ("Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten") filed criminal charges with the District Attorney's Office of Bochum, because Vapiano was alleged to have severely obstructed the election of a work council for a Bochum restaurant. Document [53] (Title: Muskoka Cottage Brewery) Muskoka Cottage Brewery Muskoka Brewery (formerly Muskoka Cottage Brewery) is a microbrewery founded in June 1996 as a part-time operation by Gary McMullen and Kirk Evans. By 2016, it had increased to 130 employees in a facility that is over 70,000 square feet in size. The company manufactures a line of beers, including Cream Ale, Mad Tom IPA, Dark, Craft Lager, Detour and the new Muskoka Shinnicked Stout. The products are sold at the brewery at 1964 Muskoka Beach Road, Bracebridge, Ontario, at select pubs and restaurants (in Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and Nova Scotia), and at The Beer Store and Document [54] (Title: Compressed natural gas) quantity from 134 in 1997 to 72 today. There are 22 in British Columbia, 12 in Alberta, 10 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Ontario and two in Québec. There are only 12 private fleet stations. Canadian industry has developed CNG-fueled truck and bus engines, CNG-fueled transit buses, and light trucks and taxis. Fuelmaker Corporation of Toronto, the Honda-owned manufacturer of CNG auto refueling units, was forced into bankruptcy by parent Honda USA for an unspecified reason in 2009. The various assets of Fuelmaker were subsequently acquired by Fuel Systems Corporation of Santa Ana, California. Similar to Canada, the United States has Document [55] (Title: Molson Brewery) six breweries, which included five establishments in Western Canada, giving Molson a nationwide presence. In 1989, the company consolidated market share in Quebec through a merger with Carling O'Keefe (acquiring Carling's Toronto brewery in Etobicoke). As a result, Molson became the largest brewery in Canada and the fifth largest in the world. In 2005, Molson merged with US-based Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company. This was followed in 2007 by the opening of a new brewery in Moncton, New Brunswick. Sixth generation family member Eric Molson retired in 2009; however, his sons Andrew and Geoff Molson continue to be Document [56] (Title: Keg Mansion) Keg Mansion The Keg Mansion and Keg Manor are restaurants under The Keg brand in Canada. These are located in heritage buildings adapted to serve as commercial restaurant establishments. Toronto's Keg Mansion is located in Euclid Hall, a prominent downtown heritage building located at 515 Jarvis Street. The house was originally built in 1867 by Arthur McMaster, nephew of the prominent businessman William McMaster. At the time Jarvis Street was one of the wealthiest parts of Toronto and the street was lined by large manors. The house was set back from the street and surrounded by large gardens. The former Document [57] (Title: Beer in Canada) year 1668. The numerous British soldiers in Canada in the seventeenth and eighteenth century was a benefit to breweries since the troops were each entitled to six pints of beer per day. Most preferred ales and other heavy beers, not lager. During those centuries and into the nineteenth, a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith in Halifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Document [58] (Title: Cuisine in Toronto) Ireland in 1832. O'Keefe was the first to produce lager beer in Canada along with the traditional ale and porter. See also: Canadian beer. The Toronto Beer Festival is an annual event that showcases local craft beers. There are several breweries in the city, many of which are microbreweries: Toronto's surrounding region has many wineries. The Sante Wine Festival is an annual festival which features vintages, noted winemakers and celebrity chefs. Toronto is not known for a diversity of foods from street vendors, however, there are numerous take-out restaurants. There are numerous food trucks around downtown Toronto, including in front Document [59] (Title: Denny's) franchising model. 1,593 of Denny's 1,685 restaurants are located in the 50 U.S. states (including the District of Columbia), 11 in Puerto Rico, two in Guam, one in Chile, 60 in Canada, five in Mexico, three in Costa Rica, two in Honduras, one in El Salvador, one in United Kingdom and eight in New Zealand. There is also a Denny's attached to the Holiday Beach Hotel in Otrabanda, Willemstad, Curaçao. Along with the regular Denny's menu, the Curaçao restaurant offers a selection of local ("kriyoyo") dishes. This is also true of the two locations in Guam, which have a separate Document [60] (Title: Kelseys Original Roadhouse) Kelseys Original Roadhouse Kelseys is a Canadian restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario owned by Recipe Unlimited. Recipe Unlimited also owns other restaurants including Swiss Chalet, Milestones, Montana's and Harvey's. Founded in 1978, there are restaurants across Canada, excluding the province of Quebec (where the chain was withdrawn in 2008). Once a chain of more than 140 locations from Quebec westerly to British Columbia; the company has closed all but 2 locations in British Columbia; shuttered 9 locations in Alberta; closed all locations in Saskatchewan; all locations in Manitoba have also closed. In Ontario, numerous locations across the company have Document [61] (Title: Tav HaYosher) In May 2009 only five New York City restaurants carried Tav HaYosher seal and by January 2010, Tav HaYosher certification had been granted to over 70 dining establishments in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Montreal. However, it didn't went without a controversy that happened on June 15, 2009, at Mike's Italian Kitchen and Mike’s Bistro. Businesses such as Noah's Ark, with locations in Manhattan and Teaneck, New Jersey, were covered by the Tav HaYosher, with owner Noam Sokolow remarking that he wanted his "restaurants to be on a level where everyone feels comfortable" Document [62] (Title: Medieval Faire (Canada's Wonderland)) and mushroom pie, smoked sausage, grilled frankfurter, sauerkraut, mashed potatoes, soft pretzels, pastries, with beer, wine, coffee, tea, milk, and soft drinks." The self–serve restaurant had table service on request, and seated 528; Ginza Gardens in "Grande Exposition of 1890" was the only other restaurant in the park with table service. A review of the restaurant in "The Toronto Star" describes the facility as the park's flagship eatery, but it received mixed reviews. "The $2.50 beef and mushroom pie has a good crust and as much beef as potato. Tiny mushrooms, but big on flavor." Conversely, 50 cent pretzels "are Document [63] (Title: Canada Dry) in 1986. Today, Canada Dry is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper, which was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008. Limited availability flavors are produced in Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, by Pepsi-Cola/National Brand Beverages and are distributed in southern New Jersey, Delaware, southeastern Pennsylvania, and eastern Maryland. At one time, the flavors all had uniquely designed labels; but now all use the standard Canada Dry crest logo. Brands with limited availability in the United States include: North America Nylon Studios produced the song used in the Rabbit's "Jack's Farm" commercial featuring Canada Dry Ginger Ale. A Cantonese version of the Document [64] (Title: A&W (Canada)) A&W (Canada) A&W Food Services of Canada, Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain. The chain was originally part of the U.S.-based A&W Restaurants chain, but was sold to Unilever in 1972, and then bought by its management in 1995. It no longer has any corporate connection to A&W operations outside of Canada. The Canadian operation is owned and operated by the privately held A&W Food Services of Canada Inc., based in North Vancouver, British Columbia. In December 2013, A&W was Canada's second-largest quick service restaurant burger chain with 850 outlets after McDonald's 1,400 outlets. The first Canadian A&W Document [65] (Title: Beer in Canada) as the most common size, while others provide it for a tall-boy can; this can create confusion.) For example, nutrition specifics are readily available for all Sleeman beers in 341ml bottles on the Fat Secret Web site. In this brand's standard Original Draught there are 146 calories, 180 in the Clear Ale and Honey Brown but only 90 calories in their Light beer and 80 calories for Clear 2.0. The average for various brands of Canadian beer in 341ml containers (12-ounce) is roughly 140 to 150 calories for regular beer and approximately 100 calories for light beer. Consumers who are Document [66] (Title: Fast food restaurant) in the United States, but are more prominent in border states such as New York and Michigan. Tim Hortons has started to expand to other countries outside of North America. The Pita Pit franchise originated in Canada and has expanded to the United States and other Countries. The Canadian Extreme Pita franchise sells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger Canadian cities. Other Canadian fast food chains such as Manchu Wok serve North American style Asian foods; this company is located mainly in Canada and the US, with other outlets on US military bases on other Document [67] (Title: McDonald's Canada) Richmond, British Columbia, by western franchise owners. It was also the first McDonald's restaurant outside of the United States. As of 2014, McDonald's Canada had 1,400 stores (including Walmart Canada locations) in Canada, and more than 85,000 Canadian employees. There are McDonald's restaurants in all of the provinces and territories with the exception of Nunavut. The flagship location opened in 2013 near the Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto. As of August 2017: McDonald's Canada faced severe criticism for its use and alleged abuse of the Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP). Several of its franchises are under federal investigation for abuse of Document [68] (Title: Fairwood (restaurant)) food chain in Hong Kong at the time. This was before the public smoking ban in indoor areas in Hong Kong in 2007. In March 2007, Fairwood announced its plans to increase its restaurant count to 100 in Hong Kong and to 30 in Mainland China by 2010. This expansion will be accompanied by a marketing campaign featuring celebrities in order to attract a more youthful crowd. In addition, Fairwood will expand its menu in its Mainland outlets to better cater to local tastes. In 2008, Fairwood opened its first Beijing franchise restaurant at Joy City (西单悦城) located in Xidan. Document [69] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) limited to these areas and can often be found even at the farthest outskirts of the metropolitan areas. Because of the popularity of Canadian Chinese food, even some of the older authentic Chinese restaurants may offer Canadian Chinese dishes to cater to non-Chinese customers. Restaurants in the newer Chinatowns, particularly in Vancouver and Toronto, tend to cater to recent Asian immigrants and offer more varied fare; Szechuan, Hakka, Chiuchow, Taiwanese, and even Buddhist cuisine restaurants can be found there. One of the largest concentration of Chinese restaurants in North America is located in the Golden Village area in Richmond, BC, Document [70] (Title: New Westminster) established the city. Rarely used by Governor Douglas, its first full-time vice-regal resident was Governor Frederick Seymour. Adjacent to the New Westminster SkyTrain Station, the city's former Canadian Pacific Railway station was renovated and converted into a branch of The Keg restaurant chain in 1973. In 2013, The Keg restaurant closed its doors due to structural issues of the building; it has remained dormant ever since. The station is owned by Westminster Station Brewing Co., which signed a 15-year lease with The Keg in 2002. Queensborough was the name originally chosen for the colonial capital by Royal Engineer commander Colonel Document [71] (Title: Montana's BBQ & Bar) as Montana's BBQ & Bar complete with renovations and a slightly modified logo. Montana's began a partnership with Scene in February 2015. Montana's BBQ & Bar Montana's BBQ & Bar (originally and in some cases, still branded as Montana's Cookhouse) is a Canadian restaurant chain that specialises in in-house smoked pork ribs, steaks, and burgers. It is headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario and is a subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. They have 94 restaurants located in all the Canadian provinces except Quebec, and none in the three territories. As of February 2009, Montana's closed their United States locations in Michigan and New Document [72] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) a suburb of Vancouver, BC. The seafood served here is from the British Columbian coast. The old Toronto downtown Chinatown has seen most of the once-famed restaurants on Dundas Street and Spadina Avenue close since the late 1990s, especially the Siu mei barbecue shops on Dundas Street that were located below grade. The 1990s also saw the closure of demise of Hsin Huang (or Hsin Kuang), a three-restaurant chain in the Greater Toronto Area, offering dim sum, Siu mei, and formal Chinese dining. These restaurants, one at Chinese Centre at 888 Dundas Street East in Mississauga, another at Finch Avenue Document [73] (Title: Regional street food) the country to some degree but they remain most popular in Montréal. Falafel and pizza slices are foreign dishes that are popular nationwide, to varying degrees in different cities. Shawarma is quite prevalent in Ottawa, while Halifax offers its own unique version of the Doner kebab called the Donair, which features a sauce, made from condensed milk, sugar, and vinegar. The donair has spread across the country in pizza chains and other fast food restaurants. Also originating in Halifax, and now having spread somewhat are garlic fingers, a pizza-like dish with baked dough, cheese, and garlic but no tomato sauce Document [74] (Title: Tim Hortons) 19 stores in the United Arab Emirates, two in Oman and two in Saudi Arabia. They plan to open up to 120 stores over the next five years in the Persian Gulf area, with a focus on Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. In an effort to expand the company following its 2014 merger with Burger King into Restaurant Brands International, Tim Hortons began expansion in Asia in 2017 citing the increasing demand for coffee and large populations. The first Asian branch was opened in the Philippines on February 28, 2017 at Uptown Mall in Bonifacio Global Document [75] (Title: Cannabis in Canada) would allow private sector retail locations as well. Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan have decided to allow private retail sales with liquor control authorities responsible for regulating private stores. All of the provinces, except Manitoba, had some plan for online sales direct to consumers. Quebec planned to open 20 stores, while Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island will have 24, 20, 12 and 4 retail locations, respectively. Saskatchewan planned to allow 51 and Alberta will allow up to 250 stores. There will be no cap on the number of private retail stores to be Document [76] (Title: Doner kebab) restaurants and imported their traditional food. Kebabs are generally regarded as fast food, often served in late-night restaurants also serving pizza, as well as shopping malls. There are over 1000 currently active restaurants that serve kebab foods in Finland, making one kebab restaurant for every 5000 people in mainland Finland. A typical "kebab" consists of bread stuffed with döner meat shavings, lettuce, sliced tomato and onions, with a choice of sauce including sauce blanche, a mayo-yogurt sauce. Kebabs are usually served with french fries, often stuffed into the bread itself. In Paris, this variation is called "Sandwich grec" ("Greek sandwich"). Document [77] (Title: Beer in Canada) in the stubby was Labatt's Crystal which switched to the longneck in the summer of 1986. Brick Brewery of Waterloo began selling Red Cap Ale in Stubby's as recently as the mid 2000s, although this may no longer be the case. At least a few craft breweries also use this bottle format. Beer in Canada Beer in Canada was introduced by European settlers in the seventeenth century. The first commercial brewery was La Brasseries due Roy [sic] started by New France Intendant Jean Talon, in Québec City in 1668. Many commercial brewers thrived until Prohibition in Canada. The provincial and Document [78] (Title: McDonald's Canada) McDonald's Canada McDonald's Restaurants of Canada, Limited () is the Canadian master franchise of the fast-food restaurant chain McDonald's, owned by the American parent McDonald's Corporation. One of Canada's largest fast-food restaurant chains, the franchise sells food items, including hamburgers, chicken, French fries and soft drinks all across the country. McDonald's is known for its high fat and calorie foods, but it also has alternatives such as salads, juices and milk. McDonald's was previously Canada's largest food service operator before being overtaken by Tim Hortons in 2005. The slogans used in Canada are "i'm lovin' it" (in English) and "c'est Document [79] (Title: International availability of McDonald's products) popular demand. Quebec also saw the release of the limited-time 1967 Burger, commemorating Canada's first McDonald's franchise. Deli Choices were introduced throughout Canada in 2006. Unique to Canadian McDonald's locations is the McMini, miniature sandwiches with grilled or crispy chicken; flavors include Pesto Chicken (later replaced by Zesty Mango) and Spicy Thai. As in the United States, the McRib periodically appears on the menu for limited runs. The crispy chicken patty used in the McChicken sandwich sold in Canada uses both white and dark meat – it is essentially the same size and taste as the original McChicken that first Document [80] (Title: Beer in Canada) ounces). With the allowed margin of error of 0.5 fluid ounces, a "pint" which is less than 554 ml of beer is an offence, though - to the detriment of consumers - this regulation is often violated and rarely enforced. In several provinces, draft beer can also be purchased by individuals in kegs. In Ontario, for example, The Beer Store offers 70 different brands in three keg sizes, 20 liters, 30 liters and 58.6 liters. Prior to 1961, Canadian beer was sold, and served, in two sizes, colloquially known as "quarts" and "pints", or "large" and "small". They were 22 Document [81] (Title: Beer in Canada) by some sources. Their Clear 2.0 product is marketed primarily on the basis of low carbs: 2.0g per bottle. Though not as heavily advertised, Molson Canadian 67 also contains only 2g of carbs, and is even lower in calories at 67 per bottle (vs. 80). Of course, beer connoisseurs usually rate regular beers as preferable to the light, and especially to the ultra light, beers. For example, reviews generally consider Molson Canadian 67 to be too light in taste, without the rich beer flavor of more highly-rated products. Consumers who evaluate beer on Web sites such as Beer Advocate and Document [82] (Title: Gastropub) occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as hamburgers, chips, lasagne and chili con carne are now often served. In August 2012, "gastropub" was added to "Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary". In 1984, Spinnakers Brew Pub opened in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It was the first ever custom-built brewpub in Canada, and was part of a new wave of brewpubs and craft breweries in British Document [83] (Title: Northern Breweries) of a conventional metal beer keg. On August 31, 1971 the company was purchased by Canadian Breweries, although it continued to operate under the name Doran's Northern Breweries. In July 1977, the Doran's employees purchased the company back from Canadian Breweries, and Northern became the first employee-owned brewing cooperative in North America. In 1979, the brewery began marketing its beers in Southern Ontario as well. In 2004, the company was purchased by an investment group led by Leo Schotte. Schotte hired a veteran of the brewery business in Canada, William Sharpe, as president. In 2005, the company announced a major Document [84] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) and Sri Lanka were also targets for Dixie Lee franchises. In 2014, ten Ontario locations remain in operation, primarily in small markets. Six of these are operated by northern Ontario regional chain Roosters Diner, which also operates restaurants under its own name. With the notable exception of Dixie Lee Maritimes (which remains strong with 38 locations extending from Quebec City, Quebec eastward through New Brunswick and as far the Magdalen Islands), the chain has little remaining presence outside Ontario. A Dixie Lee opened in Oakville, Ontario in 2014 marking its entry into Halton Region. The outlets located in Eastern Canada Document [85] (Title: The Keg) and in New Westminster, British Columbia, which was formerly the city's CPR station. The Old Strathcona location, restored and opened in Edmonton, Alberta just three years after Tidball opened the first Keg, was built in 1912 as the Scona Apartments and Scona Garage, one of the earliest automobile sales and service locations in that city. Financial and physical operations have been managed by David Aisenstat for a number of years.. The restaurants operated as Keg Restaurants Ltd. (KRL), with Aisenstat involved in selling to the British firm Whitbread PLC in 1987. In 1997, Aisenstat arranged financing a purchased 100% of Document [86] (Title: Wild Wing Restaurants) and restaurant that had a soft opening in early March 2016. It had previously had a temporary headquarters in Aurora. and has 85 locations, primarily in Ontario. Wild Wing Restaurants Wild Wing Restaurants is a Canadian franchised restaurant chain that specializes in chicken wings, quick serve foods, and other related products. Wild Wing Restaurants Inc., originally known as Wild Wing, was established in Sunderland, Ontario on March 17, 1999 by Rick Smiciklas. Its main business is focused on flavoured chicken wings. By 2008, it had opened 32 franchise restaurants in Ontario, and by March 2016 it had 85 locations throughout Document [87] (Title: Priszm) Priszm Priszm LP was the largest operator of Canadian fast food restaurants. The Priszm Income Fund, an income trust, owns 60.2% of Priszm. Priszm was one of the largest franchisees of Yum! Brands in the world, owning over 746 restaurants of various Yum!-owned chains in Canada, namely KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet. The majority of its locations were KFC restaurants, some of which are co-branded with the Taco Bell and Pizza Hut brands. Priszm was also responsible for KFC's national marketing and promotions within Canada from 2003 to 2009. The close relationship between the two companies extends to Document [88] (Title: Safeway (Canada)) manufacturing facilities. 75 locations: 52 locations: 21 locations: 6 locations: 13 locations: Safeway has gas stations at some stores. Following the acquisition of the chain by Sobeys, ten Safeway gas stations in Winnipeg and Moose Jaw were converted to Shell as a pilot project. Sobeys also owns Shell-branded gas stations in Quebec and Atlantic Canada. Safeway has tried a range of new store formats over the years, most of which have failed. In western Canada in the 1980s, Safeway opened "Food Barn," a store format inherited with the purchase of the "Jack the Slasher" chain in Australia. The store was Document [89] (Title: Kosher restaurant) kosher establishment is limited to serving exclusively either dairy ("milchig") or meat ("fleishig") foods. Some types of establishments, such as delicatessens, frequently serve both, kept in separate areas. Vegetarian ("pareve") kosher restaurants serve only vegetarian fare. Areas with large Jewish populations, such as Jerusalem, New Jersey and Toronto, Ontario, Canada, are described as having many kosher restaurants, while other areas such as Dublin, Ireland may be lacking. In the United States, New York City has the highest number of kosher restaurants, and in Canada, Toronto has the most. As of 2017, there were over 500 kosher restaurants in the New Document [90] (Title: Brotzeit (restaurant)) Raffles City; the third outlet was opened at 313@Somerset in 2010; the fourth outlet at The Star Vista was opened in September 2012, Katong was opened in late September 2013 and Westgate was opened in February 2014. In addition to the directly-operated stores in Singapore, there are a total of 14 franchise restaurants throughout Asia. Currently operating outlets include 2 outlets in Malaysia (Mid-Valley Megamall and Sunway Pyramid, Kuala Lumpur) and 1 outlet in Kumho-Link, Ho-Chi Minh, Vietnam, and Hong Kong, Beijing, Qingdao, China. The company expects to be developing in several additional markets in North Asia, including Japan, Korea, Document [91] (Title: Keg Mansion) Keg Mansion The Keg Mansion and Keg Manor are restaurants under The Keg brand in Canada. These are located in heritage buildings adapted to serve as commercial restaurant establishments. Toronto's Keg Mansion is located in Euclid Hall, a prominent downtown heritage building located at 515 Jarvis Street. The house was originally built in 1867 by Arthur McMaster, nephew of the prominent businessman William McMaster. At the time Jarvis Street was one of the wealthiest parts of Toronto and the street was lined by large manors. The house was set back from the street and surrounded by large gardens. The former Document [92] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) usually be found a Chinese café regardless of the community's size, serving "Canadian and Chinese cuisine" or, once more common, "Chinese and Western Food". In Glendon, Alberta, for example, next to a roadside model of the world's largest perogy (a staple of Ukrainian cuisine), sits the Perogy Café, which serves "Ukrainian and Chinese Perogies" (meaning Pot Stickers). This establishment is actually owned by a Vietnamese family. Canadian Chinese chop suey houses are predominantly situated in non-immigrant neighbourhoods catering to non-Chinese customers. However, they are now most often mixed with those featuring the more traditional cuisines. Canadian Chinese restaurants are not Document [93] (Title: Keurig) launch a K-Cup recycling program for businesses in Canada, using a recycling box purchased by the businesses and shipped to TerraCycle for recycling when full. In February 2015 TerraCycle launched a similar program for residential use in the U.S.: consumers purchase a Zero Waste Box which can hold 600 capsules, and when full the box, which has a pre-paid UPS label, is shipped to TerraCycle for recycling. In early 2014, following the announcement of its Keurig 2.0 machines engineered to lock out unlicensed pods, seven competitors and a number of purchasers filed lawsuits in Canada and in various United States Document [94] (Title: Maplelawn) to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been. Instead, several setbacks (including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec), forced the restaurant into bankruptcy. The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis. The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements. In the late 1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant, to be called Document [95] (Title: Keg) contains approximately 5.2 gallons, and is becoming the choice for many establishments and breweries that wish to use kegs smaller than a half barrel. The sixth barrel kegs are nominally larger in size and volume compared to the Cornelius keg. They are normally fitted with a standard US Type D Sanke coupler on a single downspout; whereas, Corny kegs are normally fitted with a flip-hatch, and a dual connector pin-lock or ball-lock top. Although the sixth barrel torpedo keg is approximately the same height as the standard half barrel, the smaller foot print of the sixth barrel allows retailers have Document [96] (Title: Beer in Canada) beers in Canada are brewed in British Columbia according to Beer Advocate. Driftwood Brewing of Victoria, followed by Central City Brewers & Distillers of Surrey and Phillips Brewing & Malting Co. of Victoria with four each, Howe Sound Brewing of Squamish, and Crannóg Ales of Sorrento, Old Yale Brewing Co. of Chilliwack, Russell Brewing Company of Surrey, Tree Brewing Co. of Kelowna, Lighthouse Brewing Company of Victoria, Spinnaker's Brewpub of Victoria and Parallel 49 Brewing of Vancouver with one apiece. The Great Canadian Beer Festival has, since 1993 (with help from the Victoria chapter of the Campaign for Real Ale Document [97] (Title: Pizza 73) Pizza 73 Pizza 73 is a Canadian restaurant chain that offers a number of different styles of pizza. It has been operated by Pizza Pizza since 2007. Toronto based Pizza Pizza had acquired the restaurant for a total of $CAN70.2 million. There are 89 locations throughout Western Canada, which include the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon. The restaurant's name originates from its original phone number: 473–7373. Founded by David Tougas and Guy Goodwin in 1985, Pizza 73 is headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. It was the first delivery chain in Western Canada that provided a centralized call Document [98] (Title: Krispy Kreme) and Canada, there are also locations in the United Kingdom, Australia, Lebanon, Turkey, India, Dominican Republic, Iceland, Ireland, Kuwait, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Singapore, China, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain Hong Kong (2006–2008), and Ethiopia. In August 2011, Krispy Kreme's Japan operation planned to increase the number of stores from 21 to 94, and its Mexico operation announced the number of stores would increase from 58 to 128 in five years. In the United Kingdom, Krispy Kreme continues its expansion and had plans and funding in place to Document [99] (Title: Beer in Canada) - failed to convince any of the provincial governments to reverse their stance on prohibition. Even after that era, the sale of beverage alcohol products remained heavily controlled by liquor boards and publicly owned stores in each of the provinces. Those restrictions had a similar effect: leaving very few brewers. It was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival in craft brewers and microbreweries. The brewing had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three companies (Molson, Labatt, and Carling O'Keefe). The revival of craft brewing dates from the early Document [100] (Title: Canadian cuisine) sushi establishments. Shawarma is quite prevalent in Ottawa, and Windsor, while Halifax offers its own unique version of the döner kebab called the donair, which features a distinctive sauce made from condensed milk, sugar, garlic and vinegar. Ice cream trucks can be seen (and often heard due to a jingle being broadcast on loudspeakers) nationwide during the summer months. Recently, the city of Toronto has encouraged street vendors from around the world to sell their food. Canadian cuisine Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the regions of the nation. The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations, English, Scottish Document [101] (Title: Recipe Unlimited) operations. On August 31, 2015, Cara announced that it would be acquiring New York Fries. South St. Burger would not be part of the acquisition. On March 31, 2016, Cara Operations announced that it would acquire St-Hubert Chicken in the summer of 2016 for CAD$537 million. In January 2018, Cara Operations announced their intention to acquire the 108-location steakhouse chain, The Keg. The $200M deal closed on February 22, 2018. Beginning October 5, 2015, female employees at all Bier Markt locations were required to wear tight blue mini-dresses, and heels or boots as footwear on the job. The work outfit Document [102] (Title: Chinese Canadians in British Columbia) had 80 Chinese businesses, including boarding houses, a temple, the gambling business Lum Yung Club, two theatres, four restaurants, 24 grocery stores, and four drugstores at its height. The Chinese population waned and then collapsed due to two factors: the closures of the mines in Union in the 1920s and a 1936 fire that destroyed much of the town, with all trace of Chinese commerce or inhabitants gone by 1968. In 2010, siblings May Gee, John Leung, and Joyce Lowe had a pavilion, built of wood from the surrounding area, on the site of the former Chinatown. It was built Document [103] (Title: Manchu Wok) Café de Coral. At the time of the sale in 2000, there were 74 locations in Canada, 119 locations in the United States and 2 in Poland. Although most of the company's business activity is located in North America, the company briefly had franchises in the United Kingdom and Poland in 1992 and 2000 respectively which have since closed. In 2003 and 2004, Manchu Wok expanded its operations to US military bases in Santa Rita, Guam; and Okinawa, Japan, respectively. It also has location on a U.S. Army garrison in Korea, and Ramstein Air Base in Germany. and US Army Document [104] (Title: Priszm) sharing the same Canadian headquarters in Vaughan, Ontario. All stores have been sold to date and Priszm closed its operations in late 2012. Priszm Priszm LP was the largest operator of Canadian fast food restaurants. The Priszm Income Fund, an income trust, owns 60.2% of Priszm. Priszm was one of the largest franchisees of Yum! Brands in the world, owning over 746 restaurants of various Yum!-owned chains in Canada, namely KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet. The majority of its locations were KFC restaurants, some of which are co-branded with the Taco Bell and Pizza Hut brands. Priszm was Document [105] (Title: Dixie Lee Fried Chicken) just past the wharf. It moved to a new location, following a fire during a winter storm, where is now situated Cinéma Vidéo, not far from what was once the Enfant-Jésus hospital and adjacent to the Petro-Canada gas station. It then moved to a bigger building in the mid-1990s, where the Trio-Éclatant's clothing store used to be. Other restaurants opened in Grande-Anse, Shippagan, Tracadie-Sheila and then in Lamèque. The Tracadie-Sheila location is one of the biggest Dixie Lee restaurants in New-Brunswick, and one of the first to include a drive-through function. In 1974, Alton Scott, built and operated a U.S. Document [106] (Title: Filling station) of the sites. Owned by the provincial government, but leased to private operator Host Kilmer Service Centres, they contain food courts, convenience stores, washrooms, and co-located gas and diesel bars with attached convenience stores. Food providers include Tim Hortons (at all sites), A&W, Wendy's and Pizza Pizza. At most sites fuel is sold by Canadian Tire, with a few older Esso gas bars at earlier renovated locations. In Australia, gasoline is unleaded, and available in 91 (normally with up to 10% ethanol), 95, 98 and 100 octane (names of various petrols differ from brand to brand). Fuel additives for use Document [107] (Title: Hooters) Chanticleer and other investors bought the company. The company's first overseas location was in Singapore, and there are Hooters restaurants in Aruba, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Panama, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Russia, and one in the United Kingdom, following the closure of the remaining UK franchises. The three largest Hooters restaurants are in Singapore, Tokyo, and São Paulo. In 2013, the company announced a plan to remodel every restaurant in the chain. The prototype Document [108] (Title: Islam in Canada) for Muslims in Canada is higher than the rate for other Canadians (an average of 2.4 children per woman for Muslims, compared with 1.6 children per woman for other populations in Canada). There are a plethora of Halal/Zabihah restaurants across Canada, and many are located in the Greater Toronto Area. In Toronto alone, there are more than 400 Halal/Zabihah restaurants Table 1: Muslim Population of Canada in 1991, 2001, and 2011 As the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of religious expression, Canadian Muslims face no official religious discrimination. Under Section 2(a) of the Charter, the wearing of Document [109] (Title: Tim Hortons) logo in these kiosks will feature Inuktitut characters. According to Nick Javor, senior vice-president of corporate affairs at Tim Hortons, "You could say it's overdue. If we can be in Kandahar, why can't we be in Iqaluit?" In December 2011, Tim Hortons opened its 4000th restaurant. In 2012, Tim Hortons Inc. recorded its total revenues at $3.12 billion (CDN). As of 2012 the company had expanded across Canada. As of June 30, 2013, Tim Hortons has 4,304 restaurants, including 3,802 in Canada, 807 in the United States, 29 in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. Document [110] (Title: Timothy Taylor Brewery) Taylor's currently have 19 of their own tied pubs in Bingley, Cononley, Fence near Colne, Haworth, Grassington, Halifax, Keighley, Leeds, Malsis near Cross Hills, Oakworth, Oxenhope, Ripon, Skipton, Thornton and Wadsworth near Hebden Bridge. These are the "Albert Hotel" in Keighley, the "Boltmakers Arms" in Keighley, the "Brown Cow" in Bingley, the "Burlington Arms" in Keighley, the "Crossroads Inn" in Halifax, the "Devonshire Hotel" in Grassington, the "Dog & Gun" in Malsis, the "Dog & Gun" in Oxenhope, the "Fleece Inn" in Haworth, the "Grouse Inn" in Oldfield, the "Hare & Hounds" in Wadsworth, the "Lord Rodney" in Keighley, the Document [111] (Title: Boston Pizza) Mark Pacinda was hired to bring the chain to more eastern areas of Canada. Once an Eastern Office was opened in Mississauga, another restaurant was opened in Ottawa in September 1998. The company later opened a regional office in Laval, Quebec, in April 2004. , there are 348 Boston Pizza restaurants in Canada, and over 40 in the U.S. and Mexico. Boston's was the U.S. and Mexican version of the Boston Pizza franchise. In 1998, a U.S. headquarters was set up in Dallas, Texas. The Boston Pizza name was changed to Boston's The Gourmet Pizza. Boston's had over 30 stores Document [112] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) Sum restaurants to Hakka cuisine restaurants with an Indian flair. Even very small towns in most of Canada have at least one Canadian Chinese restaurant, and many can have two or more proprietors seeking out business, often right next to each other on the main street. Many towns that cannot support a single franchise restaurant still have a thriving Chinese food restaurant. However, many independent restaurants in larger cities have found their business shrinking as delivery chains and buffets squeeze out traditional sit-down restaurants. In many towns and hamlets across the prairie provinces and in northern British Columbia, there can Document [113] (Title: Pita Pit) Pita Pit Pita Pit is a Canadian quick-service restaurant franchise serving pita sandwiches. Its headquarters are in Kingston, Ontario. Its United States headquarters are in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. The first shop was opened by Nelson Lang and John Sotiriadis in 1995 near Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. In 1997, The Pita Pit started to expand within Canada and in 1999 they began franchising in the United States. There are now over 500 restaurants in a total of 12 countries. Countries other than Canada and the United States include India, France, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Document [114] (Title: Country Style) Country Style Country Style Food Services, Inc., formerly Country Style Donuts, is a fast/casual chain of coffee shops operating primarily in the Canadian province of Ontario (where it ranks second among coffee chains), which serves oatmeal, soup, sandwiches, salads, and coffee. The chain is based in Richmond Hill, Ontario. In January 2006, there were 120 "traditional" locations in Ontario. There are over 420 "non-traditional" locations embedded in other stores such as gas stations, convenience stores, arenas and movie theatres. Over 70% of customer purchases in 2001 were coffee. In total, Country Style has over 1000 locations in Ontario, Nova Scotia, Document [115] (Title: Petro-Canada) company based in Essen, Germany. As early as the mid-1990s in some Alberta locations, Petro-Canada started opening a new fast-food deli-oriented branded convenience store called Neighbours. Most of these stores are in the GTA. The kitchen provided freshly made sandwiches as well as breakfast and burgers heated from frozen, and in most cases was open from early morning till 9 or 10 in the evening. As of 2013, many of these Neighbours stores have had their kitchens' afternoon and dinner hours drastically slashed and some have been permanently closed and are being rebranded to A&W. In 2006, Petro-Canada launched a Document [116] (Title: MTY Food Group) involves 51 franchised stores all located in Quebec from Keurig Canada. In December 2014, MTY said it would pay $7.9 million from cash on hand to acquire Manchu Wok, which had 133 stores in its operations, 114 of which were franchised and 19 corporately owned. During its most recent completed fiscal year, the network generated approximately $95 million in system sales. In September 2015, MTY paid $3 million to acquire 60% of Big Smoke Burger. Big Smoke founder and president Mustafa Yusuf retained the remsing 40% of the company. At the time of the acquisition, Big Smoke Burger had a Document [117] (Title: Kelseys Original Roadhouse) The restaurant design is going to be applied to more locations when the franchisees choose to upgrade. A CBC Marketplace investigation in February 2018 found the Kelseys servers in Ontario had to tip out 3% of their sales, a rise from 2% prior to the province's minimum wage increase. Kelseys Original Roadhouse Kelseys is a Canadian restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario owned by Recipe Unlimited. Recipe Unlimited also owns other restaurants including Swiss Chalet, Milestones, Montana's and Harvey's. Founded in 1978, there are restaurants across Canada, excluding the province of Quebec (where the chain was withdrawn in 2008). Once Document [118] (Title: Beer in Canada) majors, there was a 50 percent increase in the number of independents between 2010 and 2015. By that year, there were 640 licensed breweries in Canada. Industry statistics also indicated that in 2015, beer was the country's most popular alcoholic beverage and the products brewed in Canada held an 85 percent share of the domestic market. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead Brewery, controlled about 3.8% of the Canadian market in 2016. According to Agriculture Canada, the three major multinational companies accounted for approximately 90% of retail sales in 2012. While annual exports, primarily to the U.S. are significant, industry analysts Document [119] (Title: Beer in Canada) Springs owned by Molsons, Unibroue owned by Sleeman Brewery (and hence Sapporo), Upper Canada Brewing Company owned by Sleeman (and hence Sapporo). The annual Canadian Brewing Awards recognizes the best beers in Canada using blind taste tests. Most of the winners are craft beers. However, some were made by larger brewers; these included Moosehead's Alpine Lager and Cracked Canoe, and Molson Coors' Rickard's Red Session Lager and Rickard's Radler, Labatt's Bud Light and IPA from Alexander Keith's Brewery. For the 2017 competition, new rules allow for entries only from fully Canadian-owned breweries for the 55 categories of beer. Jason Foster, Document [120] (Title: Rest area) outlet mall. While no additional centres in new locations are planned, most of the original 1960s-era service centres on highways 400 and 401 were demolished in 2010, with new buildings constructed on the original sites and operated by HMSHost subsidiary Host Kilmer under the ONroute banner. The service centres in Ontario have private restaurants and establishments. Most of them used to be independently operated; however during the early 1990s they were taken over by major restaurant and convenience store chains. They also contain gas stations, washrooms, picnic areas, vending machines, and arcade games. Reese's Corner at the intersection of Highway Document [121] (Title: Beer in Canada) (10), Microbrasserie Charlevoix of Baie-Saint-Paul (7), Les Trois Mousquetaires of Brossard (5), McAuslan Brewing of Montreal (3), and Le Trou Du Diable of Shawinigan, L'Amère à Boire of Montreal, Brasseurs Illimités of Saint-Eustache, and Hopfenstark of L'Assomption, with one each. The Mondial de la Bière was founded in 1994 in Montreal and attracts around 80,000 people, while Quebec City held its first beer festival, the Festibière, in 2010. Including the major's production plants, there were roughly 188 breweries in this province in 2016. Of beers brewed in Canada, 13 of the 100 top-ranked beers were brewed in Ontario in 2011, Document [122] (Title: Safeway (Canada)) other companies. Sobeys sold 29 of its locations (18 of them being Safeway locations)—15 to Overwaitea Food Group (particularly in British Columbia and Alberta) and 14 to affiliates of Federated Co-operatives (particularly in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) for $430 million in total. In January 2018, Sobeys announced that they would be closing ten stores in Metro Vancouver, citing that the locations were underperforming. Some of the locations will be reopened under the FreshCo banner. Safeway has 181 full service grocery stores in Western Canada: 173 in-store pharmacies and 62 fuel stations, 10 liquor stores, four primary distribution centres and 12 Document [123] (Title: The Keg) 1971 in North Vancouver, British Columbia as "The Keg 'n Cleaver" by George Tidball at one very small, downstairs location in an old industrial building in the Moodyville area of lower Lonsdale and today operates in nine provinces (excluding only Prince Edward Island) and five American states. The Keg is well known for buying up historic properties, refurbishing them and turning them into restaurants. Examples of this are the Keg Mansion in Toronto, and the Keg Manor at the Maplelawn Estate in Ottawa. Also notable as heritage restorations are the Kegs in Kamloops, British Columbia, which was a CN Station Document [124] (Title: Krispy Kreme operations by country) Quebec and one in British Columbia) as of July 2015. In July 2016, Krispy Kreme has plans to open 50 stores in Ontario and Quebec and the spread to the rest of the country. Many of the doughnuts can also be found at locations such as Petro-Canada and Loblaws. The Canadian operations are managed under the franchisee Krispy K Canada of Toronto, Ontario. On September 25, 2013, Krispy Kreme announced their expansion into Colombia, the first South American country for the company. Krispy Kreme is set to open 25 stores in Colombia's major cities including Bogotá, Medellin, and Barranquilla in Document [125] (Title: Tröegs) first keg was sold to a Harrisburg restaurant in July, 1997. Tröegs began construction of their new brewery in 2010 and moved from Harrisburg to Hershey in Fall 2011. Grand opening celebrations were held during November of that year. At approximately 90,000 square feet the new brewery is about three times the size of the original facility and includes a tap house (tasting room) with a full view of the brewhouse. The tap house bar serves most beer by the glass, although a select few, including "corked-and-caged" beers, are sold by the bottle. Most of Tröegs' beers are available "to Document [126] (Title: Jimmy the Greek (restaurant)) plates, including Chicken and pork Souvlaki, Schnitzel, lamb dishes, Calamari, Moussaka and more. They also offer Pita's stuffed with different items, traditional Greek style. Additionally, they provide catering services for large parties. Jimmy the Greek (restaurant) Jimmy the Greek is a quick service restaurant franchise serving Greek and Mediterranean cuisine. In 1963, Jim Antonopoulos from Nafplio, Greece, arrived in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He started the "Epikourion, Exquisite Greek Restaurant & Bar" in First Canadian Place. The success of the restaurant spun off the current franchise which has 45 locations in Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario, including more than 25 in Document [127] (Title: Beer in Canada) The ten day 2017 event (May 26 to June 4) expects a similar number of breweries, plus four stages with live music and DJs, food trucks, market stalls, brewing demonstrations, a games area and other attractions. The event was the Winner of the 2016 Golden Owl Hospitality Awards Social Event of the Year, the Georgia Straight's 2015 & 2016 Golden Plate Award for Best Beer Festival/Event, and is a six time CAMRA YVR Event of the Year award winner. Draft beer (or "draught" beer) in Canada, when advertised as a "pint", is legally required to be 568 ml (20 fluid Document [128] (Title: Oasis Drive-In) Oasis Drive-In The Oasis Drive-In is a restaurant located in Caledonia, Ontario Canada, at 22 1/2 Argyle Street South. It opened in 1927 and is considered to be Ontario's and "likely" Canada's oldest Drive-In restaurant. The restaurant is open seasonally from April to November on an annual basis. This is how the restaurant has been operating since it opened in 1927. It all started in 1836 when James Little, an Irish immigrant to Canada, bought up vast tracts of land on the south side of the Grand River. Little did so when he heard about the possibility of a plank Document [129] (Title: Beer in Canada) growlers, but the company added a canning system in 2015. "If you are trying to put out a premium product, it's better for the beer to be in cans. It's more convenient, it's better for the environment, it makes a lot of sense," said co-owner Rob McIsaac. Most of their beer is now sold in cans. Cameron's Brewing Company in Mississauaga, Ontario also sell the majority of their beer in cans. Three provinces were providing major support to small brewers in 2015. Ontario invested $1.6 million to assist 20 craft breweries in expanding and in marketing. B.C. announced $10 million Document [130] (Title: Chinese Canadians in British Columbia) 2006, 1.2% of the city's population (1,235 out of 106,707) was Chinese, with that figure dropping to 1% of Kelowna's population by 2010. In 1978 the final remaining traditional Chinese business ceased operations. A rebuilt section of the façade of a store that had been located in Chinatown is now housed at the Kelowna Museum. Penticton previously had a Chinatown called "Shanghai Alley". There were two laundries along with rooming houses and restaurants. Its peak population was 60. Around 1960 the Chinatown was disestablished. As of 2011 a parking lot is in place of that Chinatown. There is a Chinatown Document [131] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) segment, and their main earnings come from hosting weddings or other functions. Observers have noted that dim sum "cart service is a dying breed in Toronto, as more and more restaurants have switched over to a list-based dining experience. There are a few notable places where you can still witness these magical culinary carts being rolled out in front of you; and where you order by using your pointer finger, not a pen and paper". Although most restaurants are independent businesses, there are some chains such as "Hons Wonton House" (Metro Vancouver), "Kirin Chinese Restaurant" (Metro Vancouver), "Congee Wong" (Toronto Document [132] (Title: The Amazing Race Canada 3) pubs among the streets of Downtown Halifax. They were instructed to return two kegs from each location. Once all three beers were delivered and two kegs returned they would get their next clue. Airdate: August 5, 2015 During the Pit Stop teams were moved to Victoria Park to start the leg. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to bury their non-participating partner beneath the sand, with only their head visible, then, using a sample for reference, recreate a sandcastle around them. Once the work is approved, they would receive their next clue. The Detour was a choice between Document [133] (Title: Eugene O'Keefe) of the purchasers of Toronto's Victoria Brewery (founded by George Hart and Charles Hannath c.1840s as Hannath & Hart Brewery), at the corner of Victoria and Gould Streets, with had an annual production of 1,000 barrels. In 1891, he incorporated it as O’Keefe Brewery Company of Toronto Limited. The brewery would expand to a capacity of 500,000 barrels. He sold the business after his son died in 1911. The company would later be part of Carling O'Keefe Breweries. In 1882, he and three Humber Bay hoteliers formed the Humber Steam Ferry Company. The company operated the Annie Craig which carried Document [134] (Title: Chipotle Mexican Grill) 2010. The first Canadian location outside of the Toronto area was opened in Vancouver in December 2012. A second Vancouver-area location was opened in Burnaby in October 2014 followed by a third in Surrey in January 2016 and a fourth in Langley in October 2016. The first location in the nation's capital of Ottawa was opened in February 2017 at the Rideau Centre. Chipotle rapidly expanded in the Greater Toronto area, and is still opening new locations. As of 2018, there are 11 locations in Toronto, 2 in Vaughan, 2 in Mississauga, 1 in Oakville, and 1 location in Markham. Document [135] (Title: McDonald's Canada) fully understands McDonald's Canada's concerns. Following this and other similar controversies, the government halted the TFWP for the entire restaurant industry. McDonald's Canada McDonald's Restaurants of Canada, Limited () is the Canadian master franchise of the fast-food restaurant chain McDonald's, owned by the American parent McDonald's Corporation. One of Canada's largest fast-food restaurant chains, the franchise sells food items, including hamburgers, chicken, French fries and soft drinks all across the country. McDonald's is known for its high fat and calorie foods, but it also has alternatives such as salads, juices and milk. McDonald's was previously Canada's largest food service operator Document [136] (Title: Vietnamese Canadians) they're business owners of a variety of businesses, stores and restaurants throughout the city. Vietnamese Canadians also brought their cuisine and phở has become a popular food throughout the city. Vietnamese Canadians also reside in Central City, Surrey, which is a rapidly growing suburb of Metro Vancouver. In the Toronto area, there are 19 Vietnamese owned supermarkets. In Montreal there are about 40,000 Vietnamese Canadian population among highest median income and education of Vietnamese Canadians in major cities. There are more than 100 Vietnamese restaurants, hundreds of small size manufacturers of different products from clothing to technology, about 80 pharmacies Document [137] (Title: Ker's WingHouse Bar & Grill) attended, and the company participated in, the 2007 National Buffalo Wing Festival and placed first in the "traditional x-hot sauce" category and gained some national recognition. On June 4, 2008 the company announced the launch of its national franchise program. In mid-2008 the chain operated 19 locations in Florida and Texas and expected to add six franchises by the end of 2008, and 48 by 2011. The initial focus was for franchises in the Southeastern US. WingHouses feature several amenities that differ from other wing restaurants, including Hooters. There is a full liquor bar in every store, sports memorabilia line Document [138] (Title: Beer in Canada) 1980s, according to Ian Coutts, in his book "Brew North: How Canadians Made Beer and Beer Made Canada" as a result of disparate and random factors. The factors included an article in May/June 1978 issue of "Harrowsmith" magazine by a former O'Keefe employee decrying the state of the business, the creation of the Campaign for Real Ale in the United Kingdom, the revival of smaller brewers in the United States beginning with Anchor Brewing in 1965, the 1981 deregulation of beer prices in British Columbia by minister Peter Hyndman and the resulting price hikes by the incumbents. In June 1982, Document [139] (Title: Burger King franchises) of 2013. On major move towards this goal was the sale of over 275 stores to corporate franchise group Carrols Corporation of New York and nearly 100 stores to the minority held Magic Burger of Florida. Shortly after the acquisition of the chain by Pillsbury in 1969, Burger King opened its first Canadian restaurant in Windsor, Ontario, in 1969. Other international locations followed soon after: Oceania in 1971 with its Australian franchise Hungry Jack's, and Europe in 1975 with a restaurant in Madrid, Spain. Beginning in 1982, BK and its franchisees began operating stores in several East Asian countries, including Document [140] (Title: Fast food restaurant) chain in the American South, and Jack in the Box is located in the West and South. Canada pizza chains Topper's Pizza and Pizza Pizza are primarily located in Ontario. Coffee chain Country Style operates only in Ontario, and competes with the famous coffee and donut chain Tim Hortons. Maid-Rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the United States. Founded in 1926, their specialty is a loose meat hamburger. Maid-Rites can be found in the midwest - mainly Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri. International brands dominant in North America include McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's, Document [141] (Title: Lay's) Salt & Pepper, and Cheddar & Sour Cream. There are also a number of regional flavors, including Fries & Gravy and Roast Chicken (available in Atlantic Canada), Sour Cream & Onion (available in Ontario, Atlantic Canada, and Western Canada) and Wavy Smoky BBQ and Wavy Old Fashioned Ketchup (available in Western Canada). Other varieties available nationally include Baked Lay's, Lay's Kettle Cooked and Lay's Stax. In 2015, Lay's made Canadian flavor "All Dressed" available in the United States. The flavor combines the potato chip flavors of barbecue, sour cream and onion, ketchup, and salt and vinegar. In 2013, Lay's ran Document [142] (Title: Red Barn (restaurant)) services the new owners ceased advertising for the chain along with allowing the franchise leases to expire with the last of the leases expiring around 1988. At its peak, Red Barn had 300-400 restaurants in 19 states, as well as outlets in southern Ontario, elsewhere in Canada, and Australia. Following the shutdown of operations, most of the Red Barn buildings were converted for other uses. A few of the chain restaurants were renamed "The Farm" in various states and continued serving the same menu items available when they were under their Red Barn franchise. There were two locations under "The Document [143] (Title: Double Down (sandwich)) restaurants in Canada began selling the fried version of the Double Down for a limited time. It was reported that on its launch date, a KFC in Victoria, British Columbia was sold out of the Double Down by as early as 2 p.m. In French Canada, it is known as "Coup Double", roughly translated as "Double Punch". The Double Down was discontinued in Canada on November 14, 2010, but on 25 May 2011, KFC announced it was returning at least temporarily. In 2012 the Double Down returned to Canada, again for a limited time. In August 2015, KFC Canada finally Document [144] (Title: Molson Canadian) keg, the Mega Keg monument would be large enough to hold the equivalent volume of over 500,000 cans of Molson Canadian. Molson Canadian contracted Mississauga, Ontario-based Kubik to design and construct the massive monument. Molson Canadian Sub Zero is Molson Canadian served at temperatures below freezing (0C or 32F). The Molson Canadian Red Leaf Project is an environmental platform that was introduced in 2011, which saw 100,000 trees planted in locations across Canada, in addition to park clean-up efforts in ten cities. In February 2011 Molson entered a partnership with the National Hockey League, however, a series of court rulings Document [145] (Title: Saskatoon Co-op) occupying 10,000 square feet at Blairmore centre. It is one of the biggest liquor stores in the city. Saskatoon Co-op Saskatoon Co-operative Association Limited (commonly referred to as Saskatoon Co-op) is a retail cooperative operating in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatoon Co-op, which achieved sales of 418 million dollars in fiscal 2016, operates six retail food stores, one wine,spirits and beer store, two home centres, one agro centre, 13 gas bars/convenience stores, 7 car washes and one hybrid store in Colonsay. It has operations in Martensville, Warman and Colonsay as well as in Saskatoon. The co-op has 109,000 members and 1,140 Document [146] (Title: Kewpee) of other hamburger chains. In 1928, the Lima, Ohio, location opened under the ownership of Hoyt “Stub” Wilson. About 200 Kewpee locations existed by 1929. In 1936, with a Kewpee already located in Findlay, Ohio, Wilson opened a restaurant there called Wilson's Sandwich Shop. At its peak just before World War II, there were more than 400 Kewpee restaurants in operation. Blair, upon his retirement on April 1, 1944, started renting the original location. Blair died in 1945 and licensees continued to lease their locations and paid royalties for use of the Kewpee name from the estate until the Kewpee Document [147] (Title: Fried chicken restaurant) Canada include Dixie Lee based in Napanee, Ontario and Mary Brown's based in Markham, Ontario. Fried chicken restaurants are commonplace in inner city areas of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has one of the largest, fastest growing and most diverse fried chicken markets in the world, with about 1,000 individual brands and 1,700 outlets. Shop signs are commonly designed in a red, white and blue colour scheme, and include a drawing or cartoon of a chicken, as well as a reference to the Southern United States. Some British chicken outlets serve Halal meat and use a more spicy batter Document [148] (Title: Baton Rouge (restaurant)) / Pizza Delight Corporation Ltd.) based in Moncton. MTY also owns numerous other restaurant chains. The first Bâton Rouge restaurant in Alberta was opened in July 2010 in Quarry Park, Calgary; closed in 2012, it reopened in 2013. There is also a location in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Baton Rouge (restaurant) Bâton Rouge Steakhouse & Bar is a Canadian restaurant chain, famous for their baby back ribs, Sterling Silver steaks, and grilled catch of the day. It was founded in Laval, Quebec in 1992. There are 29 Bâton Rouges in Canada as of 2010 mainly in Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City, Sherbrooke) Document [149] (Title: Beer in Canada) a plethora (now over 20) of brewpubs, microbreweries and smaller craft breweries opened since. Calgary is home to a majority of the breweries in Alberta. It boasts large revenue-generating marketing powerhouses like Big Rock and Minhas Brewery, while also having several enthusiastic mid sized craft breweries like Tool Shed, Village Brewery, and exciting new smaller brewers like Last Best (A member of the Bear Hill Brewing Companies) and Calgary's only nano-brewery: The Dandy Brewing Company. The opening of the Olds College Brewmaster program means that a large number of domestically trained brewers will be added to Canada's brewing industry. Beer Document [150] (Title: Ned Bell) opening Murrietas Grill in Calgary. In 2007 Bell returned home to become the co-owner and chef at the Kelowna lakeside, Cabana Bar and Grill where he soon ranked one of Western Living Magazines "Top 40 Foodies Under 20" Now Bell works at the Four Seasons hotel under YEW Kitchen. The restaurant recently launched a new sustainable seafood concept in 2011 and Bell is on board and a full supporter. With his first year of working at the Four Season Bell became responsible for bringing the hotel into a "New Era". Guest covers, restaurant sales and catering revenue grew by 30 Document [151] (Title: Natural gas vehicle) decline after 1995, eventually reaching today's vehicle population of about 12,000. This figure includes 150 urban transit buses, 45 school buses, 9,450 light-duty cars and trucks, and 2,400 forklifts and ice-resurfacers. The total fuel use in all NGV markets in Canada was 1.9 petajoules (PJs) in 2007 (or 54.6 million litres of gasoline litres equivalent), down from 2.6 PJs in 1997. Public CNG refuelling stations have declined in quantity from 134 in 1997 to 72 today. There are 22 in British Columbia, 12 in Alberta, 10 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Ontario, and 1 in Québec. There are only 12 private Document [152] (Title: Cuisine in Toronto) as kebab, falafel and shawarma. However, by 2010, Toronto a la Cart was deemed a failure by local politicians, due to the expenses to vendors from excessive red tape, and the program was discontinued. Perhaps one of the most iconic and distinct Toronto offerings is the peameal bacon sandwich, normally on a Kaiser. Peameal bacon was originally developed by William Davies at the St. Lawrence Market. Some notable offerings of the sandwich are Paddington's Pump, Sausage King, and Carousel Bakery; coincidentally enough, all are located at St. Lawrence Market. Further east in Leslieville is Rashers, billed as North America's only Document [153] (Title: MTY Food Group) locations at the time it was acquired. In Quebec, the franchises are branded as 'Jus Jugo Juice'. Among the largest acquisitions made by MTY is the 2011 purchase of the Mr. Sub franchise for $23 million; at the time it was a chain of 335 sandwich shops. In November 2011, MTY acquire the 20 unit Koryo Korean BBQ chain for $1.8 million in cash. Except for one corporately owned store, all units were franchised. The chain had locations in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan at the time of the acquisition. The 14 stores were acquired on November 26, Document [154] (Title: Montana's BBQ & Bar) Montana's BBQ & Bar Montana's BBQ & Bar (originally and in some cases, still branded as Montana's Cookhouse) is a Canadian restaurant chain that specialises in in-house smoked pork ribs, steaks, and burgers. It is headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario and is a subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. They have 94 restaurants located in all the Canadian provinces except Quebec, and none in the three territories. As of February 2009, Montana's closed their United States locations in Michigan and New York. It is reported that as of 2010, the busiest restaurant was located in South Common, Edmonton, Alberta, though Fort McMurray and Document [155] (Title: Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area) 614 Chinese restaurants in the Toronto area. The 1991 directory listed 785 restaurants. Fatima Lee wrote that the actual number of restaurants may be larger because the directory listing is "by no means exhaustive". During the late 20th century, the influx of people previously resident in Hong Kong, many of whom were originally transplants from Mainland China, caused an increase in variety of Chinese cuisine available in Toronto. Some Toronto Chinese restaurants cater to Jewish persons by offering Kosher-friendly menus. By 2000 some Indian restaurants operated by ethnic Chinese persons opened in Toronto. The "Sing Wah Daily" (醒華日報, P: "Xǐng Document [156] (Title: Mr. Mike's (restaurant)) popular item on the menu was the Mikeburger, which consisted of a burger patty served on a fresh French loaf with garlic butter and their special Mike's sauce. The restaurant was quite successful and a chain was created. In 1970, the 50th Mr Mikes Steakhouse franchise was opened, and during that year over 250,000 customers were served. By 1980, there were 69 Mr Mikes restaurants in operation. This was the peak of operations. During the early 1980s, the economic downturn which particularly affected British Columbia forced the closing of several of the franchises. Still, by 1985, 49 restaurants were still Document [157] (Title: New York Fries) across Canada and two in Dubai. South St. Burger Co. sells hamburgers, fries and poutine. New York Fries has 156 locations, including 120 in Canada and 36 outside of North America, mostly in the Middle East and China. New York Fries New York Fries is a Canadian quick service restaurant that mainly serves french fries, hot dogs and poutine. There are 120 locations in Canada, as well as locations in Bahrain, China, Egypt, Macao, Oman, Panama, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey & United Arab Emirates. New York Fries was founded in Brantford, Ontario by Jay Gould and his brother. Cara Operations Document [158] (Title: Fast food restaurant) locations. Other smaller sub shops include Blimpie, Jersey Mike's Subs, Mr. Goodcents, Jimmy John's, and Firehouse. A&W Restaurants was originally a United States and Canada fast food brand, but it is currently an International fast food corporation in several countries. In Canada the majority of fast food chains are American owned or were originally American owned but have since set up a Canadian management/headquarters locations such as Panera Bread, Chipotle Mexican Grill, Five Guys, and Carl's Jr.. Although the case is usually American fast food chains expanding into Canada, Canadian chains such as Tim Hortons have expanded into 22 states Document [159] (Title: Arcos Dorados Holdings) has fewer McDonald’s per person. There's one McDonald's for every 22,200 citizens in the United States. In Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama there's one restaurant for every 254,000 citizens; in Brazil there's one for every 310,700 citizens; and in the rest of South America, there's one for every 317,400 citizens. Arcos Dorados operates its McDonald’s-branded restaurants under two structures: Company-operated restaurants and franchised restaurants. Arcos Dorados owns, manages and operates approximately 75 percent of its restaurants. Restaurants operated and managed by franchisees account roughly for the remaining 25% of affiliated locations. They receive technical and operational support from Arcos Dorados, Document [160] (Title: Canadian cuisine) it is far more common in Quebec. Similarly, sausage stands can be found across Canada, but are far more common in Ontario (often sold from mobile canteen trucks, usually referred to as "fry trucks" or "chip trucks" and the sausages "street meat") than in Vancouver or Victoria (where the "Mr. Tube Steak" franchise is notable and the term "smokies" or "smokeys" refers to Ukrainian sausage rather than frankfurters). Montreal offers a number of specialties including shish taouk, the Montreal hot dog, and dollar falafels. Although falafel is widespread in Vancouver, pizza slices are much more popular. Vancouver also has many Document [161] (Title: Loyalty program) May 2013 by Rogers Communications Inc. Almost every gas station chain in Canada offers some sort of loyalty program itself or in partnership. For example, Air Miles at Shell gas stations, PC Plus at Esso and Mobil, Petro Points and More Rewards at Petro-Canada, Canadian Tire money at Canadian Tire gas stations, or a coupon that grants the customer 3.5 cents off per litre of fuel purchased at Sobeys Fast Fuel locations that can be used at a Sobeys banner store. In the US, several major supermarket and fish market chains, and the three major pharmacy chains, require the cards Document [162] (Title: Casual Dining Group) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in partnership with Riyadh-based retail and leisure conglomerate Fawaz Alhokair Group. CDG now has agreements in place that will see more than 50 restaurants open across territories in the Middle East and Asia, with the aim of concluding agreements this year (2017) that will deliver an initial pipeline of 100 restaurants. CDG operates restaurants under the Bella Italia (100+ restaurants in the UK), Café Rouge (70+) and Las Iguanas names. It also operates sites under the Belgo (2, London), Huxleys (1, airport), La Tasca (7) , Oriel Grande Brasserie (1, airport) and La Salle Document [163] (Title: H. Salt Esquire) KFC entered a joint venture with H. Salt in 1969. It sold off the chain in 1980. Currently there are 26 independently owned franchise locations throughout southern California and one in northern California (Sacramento). While there were once 50 or 60 locations in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada, area, all that remains in Canada today are two seasonal outlets that operate for 18 days a year at the Food Building during the Canadian National Exhibition. H. Salt Esquire H. Salt Esquire is a Monterey Park, California-based fast food restaurant chain which specializes in fish and chips. The chain joined with KFC Document [164] (Title: Milestones Grill and Bar) Milestones Grill and Bar Milestones Restaurants Inc. (doing business as Milestones Grill and Bar) is a restaurant chain headquartered in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Recipe Unlimited. There are currently over 40 locations across British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario. The first Milestones location opened on Denman Street in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1989. In 2002, Cara (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased a majority stake in the restaurant from the previous parent company, BC-based Spectra Group, Inc. Prior to Cara's acquisition, nearly all Milestones restaurants were located in British Columbia, with Document [165] (Title: Keg Mansion) and was home to an art gallery for several decades until 1960. It then became a restaurant named Julie's Mansion. The grounds were sold off and the greenhouses demolished and replaced with a service station. In 1976 it became home to a The Keg restaurant, and it was renamed the Keg Mansion. Ottawa's Keg Manor is located at the Maplelawn historic garden and residence, a 19th-century stone house along the Ottawa River, just off Richmond Road. At the time of construction, the road was a trail known as the Macadam Road, leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond, Ontario. Document [166] (Title: Canadian cuisine) birth to numerous other unique dishes, such as the schmoo torte, smoked goldeye and "co-op style" rye bread and cream cheese. Much of what are considered "Chinese dishes" in Canada are more likely to be Canadian or North American inventions, with the Chinese restaurants of each region tailoring their traditional cuisine to local tastes. This "Canadian Chinese cuisine" is widespread across the country, with great variation from place to place. The Chinese buffet, although found in the United States and other parts of Canada, had its origins in early Gastown, Vancouver, c.1870. This serving setup came out of the practice Document [167] (Title: Beer in Canada) Refined Fool Brewing Co. in Sarnia, Stack Brewing in Sudbury, OutSpoken Brewing in Sault Ste. Marie and Sleeping Giant Brewing in Thunder Bay. Craft beer sales are increasing in Ontario. In 2015 for example, there was minimal increase in sales volume for the majors' products while craft beer sales increased by nearly 36 percent in that year. The provincial government is helping small breweries to expand. For example, in January 2017, it announced a $562,000 funding programme. The recipientst included Beau's, Bellwoods, Hockley Valley, Haliburton Highlands, Oast House, Toboggan Brewing, StoneHammer, and Wellington. Of the Beer Advocate Top 100 Canadian Document [168] (Title: InBev) Toronto Argonauts football club, and The Sports Network. At the time, Labatt was not much smaller than Interbrew, and since then the company has been considered a multinational with both Canadian and Belgian roots. Some important Interbrew brands are Tennents, Stella Artois, Boddingtons, Beck's, Staropramen, Jupiler, Leffe, Labatt, Hoegaarden and Bass. In December 2001 Interbrew, Danone (former owner of Kronenbourg, and two other smaller brewers) were fined €91m for operating a cartel in Belgium while four Luxembourg companies were fined €448,000 the same month. AmBev is a Brazilian beer company formed by a merger in 1999 between the Brahma and Document [169] (Title: Bar) until the early 1980s, when American-style bars, as we know them today became popular. In the 1990s imitation British- and Irish-style pubs become popular and adopted names like "The Fox and Fiddle" and "The Queen and Beaver" reflect naming trends in Britain. Tavern or pub style mixed food and drink establishment are generally more common than bars in Canada, although both can be found. Legal restrictions on bars are set by the Canadian provinces and territories, which has led to a great deal of variety. While some provinces have been very restrictive with their bar regulation, setting strict closing times Document [170] (Title: Filipino Canadians) bringing in well known franchise chains like Pepper Lunch and Chatime to the city. Qoola, a local frozen yogurt chain with over 20 locations, is also founded by a Manila-born businessman. Big restaurant names like Max's of Manila, and soon, Jollibee, have also set their presence in the city. In addition, Vancouver is home to the only branch of Goldilocks Bakeshop in Canada. Ayala Land, the Philippines' leading Real Estate developer company, recently completed a mix-use residential development with local real estate developer company, Rize, in Vancouver's Mt. Pleasant neighbourhood. Winnipeg is home to 56,400 Filipinos, making them the third Document [171] (Title: The Keg) Royalties Income Fund presented the first opportunity for the public to trade in any portion of The Keg group of companies, which had been fully private until that time. On February 4, 2014, Aisenstat sold 51% of his private holdings in The Keg to Fairfax Financial, a publicly traded Canadian holding company. The transaction also introduced another indirect way for the public to invest in The Keg, by investing in Fairfax Financial. On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations was purchasing KRL for $200 million. The deal closed in February 2018, with Fairfax Document [172] (Title: Olive Garden) online. The Pasta Pass promotion has been offered every year since. As of March 22, 2013, the company operates 891 restaurants globally. There are six locations in Canada, which are Winnipeg, Manitoba (two); Calgary, Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta (two); and Langley, British Columbia near Vancouver. In the 1990s, there had been at various times between 10 and 15 locations in Ontario, but they were all closed in the early 2000s. Newer restaurants are styled after a farmhouse in the town of Castellina in Chianti, Tuscany, on the grounds of the Rocca delle Macie winery. The farmhouse is home to the Riserva Document [173] (Title: Canada Dry) Canada Dry Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks owned since 2008 by the American company Keurig Dr Pepper. For over a century, Canada Dry has been known for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although Canada Dry originated in Canada, it is now produced in many countries around the globe, including the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Japan, & a number of countries of the Middle East & Europe. The "Dry" in the brand's name refers to not being sweet, as in a dry wine. When John J. Document [174] (Title: Ben & Florentine) breakfast and lunch menu. In 2012 the chain expanded into Ontario, and by 2014 there were 31 locations. In 2015 the chain continues to expand with 43 franchised units. In January 2016, Ben & Florentine opened its first restaurant in the province of Manitoba in the city of Winnipeg. During 2016, Ben & Florentine kept growing in the Great-Montréal in opening a franchise inside the tennis club of the nuns' island. Around 50 restaurants will be open by the end of 2016 which includes a location in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Ben & Florentine Ben & Florentine is a Canadian breakfast and Document [175] (Title: Culture of Canada) during the late 1800s also play a significant role to foods in Canada. The Montreal-style bagel and Montreal-style smoked meat are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Montreal. In a 2002 interview with the "Globe and Mail", Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims, described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world". A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country with the most positive influence in the world. 28,000 people in 27 countries were asked to rate 12 countries as Document [176] (Title: Cineplex Entertainment) formerly owned by Famous Players. 12 locations feature Coca-Cola Freestyle. Hot beverages include Starbucks as the incumbent provider with 105 locations, all which offer Pike Place Roast coffee (regular or decaf) and Tazo tea. Select locations also offer premium drinks such as caffè mocha or caramel macchiato. Tim Hortons is available as a full-service restaurant in five locations, with Brossard being the only location to offer both Tim Hortons and Starbucks. The previous incumbent provider was Van Houtte, which is now phased out at all but two locations. Other current partners include Panago and Pizza Pizza (replacing Pizza Hut). Chocolates Document [177] (Title: Taco Bell) and Mirdif City Centre have all closed and Taco Bell has completely pulled out of the UAE market. Taco Bell has been present in Canada since 1981 with the first store opening in Windsor, Ontario. There are currently Taco Bell locations in 8 of the 10 Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. For some time it was possible to order draft beer with one's order. Taco Bell offers free soda refills in its stores. On March 31, 2011, Priszm, owner of Taco Bell (Canada), went into bankruptcy protection in Ontario and British Document [178] (Title: Canadian Breweries) Limited was renamed for its two largest subsidiaries as Carling O'Keefe. In 1987 Rothmans decided to sell its 50 percent share in the Carling O'Keefe brewery in Canada, which was not meeting expectations. Later, the company was controlled by Elders IXL, and then merged with Molson to become part of Molson Coors Brewing Company. In 1969, the company was sold to a South Africa company Rothmans, and is now called Carling O'Keefe. The Brading Breweries (Ottawa) Canadian Breweries Canadian Breweries Limited was an Ontario based holding company in the brewery industry. In 1969, the company was sold to Rothmans inc. Document [179] (Title: Val Belcher) now has over 20 restaurants in Ontario. Many in the Greater Toronto Area as well as the Greater Ottawa Area, as that is where it orginated. Lonestar Texas Grill specializes in fajitas. They are brought out on a sizzling hot pan and have created a family-style dinner in a restaurant setting. There are now 4 locations in Ottawa itself, Nepean, Baseline, Byward Market, and Orleans. The same group later started Big Daddy's Crab Shack & Oyster Bar franchise of restaurants. In 2005, Belcher resigned from the Lone Star Group of Companies. In 2008, he opened a new restaurant, Big Easy’s Document [180] (Title: Firkin Brewery) filled with a stamp from each pub visited, and public transport directions to the nearest pub in the crawl would also be in the "passport". Although there was no stipulation in the rules that the 12 pubs had to be completed on the same day, this was often the goal of participants. Firkin pubs in Canada and the United States operate under the Firkin Group of Pubs franchise, a chain of English theme pubs founded in southern Ontario in 1987. The naming scheme for the pubs is similar to that of the UK chain (for example, "The Crown and Firkin", Document [181] (Title: Beer in Canada) microbrewery industry) has been experiencing rapid growth. In 2006 there were 88 such operations in Canada, but that increased to 520 by 2015. Some of these also brew cider, a fermented fruit drink. That number may be as high as it will go. The trend is that as one microbrewery closes another opens to take its place. Another trend among craft brewers is to package at least some of their products in aluminum cans instead of traditional bottles including the large Growler (jug). For example, Ottawa's Beyond The Pale Brewing Co. once used only bottles, including one and two litre Document [182] (Title: Keg) (approximately 82 liters/144 imperial pints) and 22 imperial gallon (approximately 100 liters/172 imperial pints) kegs, however owing to their size they are not so popular as manual handling is seen by some to be difficult, and as a result they tend to be used only for large-scale events and bars with high throughput. For bars that sell an excessive volume of beer there is the 36 imperial gallon (150 liter/260 imperial pint) keg, however due to its very large size few people can move them making it an impractical choice. In the U.S. as of 2005, there are 21 states Document [183] (Title: Keg River Formation) in the Zama Lake and Rainbow Lake areas of north-western Alberta. The Keg River Formation occurs in the subsurface from northeastern to northwestern Alberta and its southern border is defined by the Peace River Arch. It varies in depth from to . The Keg River Formation is conformably overlain by the Muskeg Formation and unconformably overlays the Chinchaga Formation. It is equivalent to the Pine Point Formation, Hume Formation and Nahanni Formation in north-eastern British Columbia and the Northwest Territories and to the Winnipegosis Formation in Saskatchewan and eastern Alberta. Keg River Formation The Keg River Formation is a stratigraphic Document [184] (Title: Beer in Canada) according to user-submitted ratings on the website Beer Advocate. Barnstormer Brewing and Distiliing Brews three of these, BrewBlack Oak of Etobicoke brews three of these, followed by Denison's of Toronto, Muskoka Cottage Brewery of Bracebridge, and Wellington of Guelph with two apiece. Flying Monkeys of Barrie, Spearhead of Etobicoke, Creemore Springs of Creemore, and Great Lakes of Etobicoke (not to be confused with Great Lakes of Cleveland) brew one top beer apiece. About 80% of Ontario's consumer beer trade is handled by The Beer Store, a government-instituted, privately owned monopoly founded in 1927 as Brewer's Retail. The chain is owned Document [185] (Title: Smoke's Poutinerie) which serves many different kinds of poutine. Smolkin frequents La Banquise whenever he visits Montreal. By 2017, the restaurant had some 150 locations across Canada in Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Oshawa, London, Guelph, Winnipeg, Kingston, Ottawa, Waterloo, Windsor, Mont-Tremblant, Saskatoon, Regina, Fredericton, Halifax, Calgary, Moose Jaw, Kelowna, Vancouver and St. John’s and with new franchises in the works in Kingston, Barrie, Edmonton and Whistler. In December 2014, Smoke's opened a location in Berkeley, California, its first in the United States. In 2015, the franchise's owners stated that they planned to expand the company internationally and would "open 1,300 restaurants around Document [186] (Title: Beer in Canada) in support to their breweries through a 25 per cent reduction in the provincial liquor distribution board's mark-up for local beers. Alberta's new grant program was expected to provide $20 million in assistance to craft brewers. The growth, particularly in sales volume, is particularly noteworthy in Ontario, where craft brewers experienced a 36 per cent increase in sales in 2015. In mid-2016, there were 140 such breweries operating in Ontario. British Columbia's craft beer industry has also experienced major growth, from 54 in 2010 to 118 such operations in 2015. These small BC breweries benefitted from a 35% increase in Document [187] (Title: Restaurant Brands International) Restaurant Brands International Restaurant Brands International Inc. (RBI) is a Canadian multinational fast food holding company. Formed in 2014 by the $12.5 billion merger between American fast food restaurant chain Burger King and Canadian coffee shop and restaurant chain Tim Hortons, and expanded by the 2017 purchase of American fast food chain Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, the company is the fifth-largest operator of fast food restaurants in the world behind Subway, McDonald's, Starbucks and Yum! Brands (KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell). The company is based alongside Tim Hortons in Oakville, Ontario, but the chains retain their existing operations and headquarters in Document [188] (Title: Beer in Canada) beers, four brews each are made by Half Pints of Winnipeg and Alley Kat of Edmonton, and one by Wild Rose of Calgary. Great Western Brewing Company and Paddock Wood are based in Saskatoon. Alberta is the only jurisdiction in Canada which has completely privatized the beer retail, import, and warehousing industries. Alberta has also opened, as of 2013, Olds College Brewery, which hosts the Olds College Brewmaster and Brewery Operations Management course, the second of its kind in Canada. Alberta has been host to several microbreweries, including Big Rock founded 1985, Alley Kat and Wildrose both founded 1996, and Document [189] (Title: Beer in Canada) only 0.4 percent per annum. Nonetheless, the number of licensed breweries in Canada increased from 310 in 2010 to 640 in 2015. Many of these are small operations since there were only 30 large (making over 7.5 million litres per year) breweries in 2015. That is understandable since craft brewing is a very fast-growing segment both in terms of the number of producers and the volume sold. This is probably because of its appeal to a wider demographic than the traditional mass-market beers which primarily target young males. (Men consume an estimated 71.5% of beer in terms of volume.) According Document [190] (Title: Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area) Chinese restaurants. Early Chinese settlers in Toronto established restaurants because there was not very much capital needed to establish them. Many of the earliest Chinese-operated restaurants in Toronto were inexpensive and catered to native-born Canadians; they included hamburger restaurants and cafes, and they were predominantly small in size. There were 32 Chinese-operated restaurants in Toronto in 1918, and this increased to 202 by 1923. Many of these restaurants began serving Canadian Chinese cuisine, including chop suey and chow mein, and the number of Canadian Chinese restaurants increased as the food became more and more popular among the Canadian public. The Document [191] (Title: Vapiano) and vibrates as soon as the order is ready to be picked up at the counter. Guests pay for meals and drinks when leaving the restaurant, after handing in their chip card. According to the consolidated financial statements for the financial year of 2014, there were a total of 152 restaurants worldwide under the "Vapiano" brand. According to the company, there were 62 in Germany, eleven in Austria, nine in the United States, eight in Sweden, six in France, six in Switzerland, five in Australia, five in the Netherlands, four in Hungary, three in England, three in Mexico, three in Document [192] (Title: Canadian Chinese cuisine) and York Region) and "Mandarin Restaurant" (Southern Ontario). The Regal Palace chain of four restaurants, owned by Yuk Yee Ellen Pun and Patsy Lai, went bankrupt and ceased operations in 2013 while owing 60 employees $676,000 in unpaid wages. Josephine Smart, a professor from the University of Calgary, has written on the evolution of Canadian Chinese cuisine. Her papers have examined the dynamics of localization and "authenticization" of Chinese food in Canada, and its implications for ethnic relations and the culture of consumption. Chinese restaurants generally use either one of the romanization systems for Cantonese or an ad hoc romanization Document [193] (Title: Microbrewery) the Spinnakers Gastro Brewpub and Guesthouse in Victoria, British Columbia. Hadfield then expanded into "brew-inspired" jellies, chocolates, baked goods and vinegars. Microbreweries have also increased in number in Asia. China, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Shanghai Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery. By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since 2010. General beer consumption reached in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries Document [194] (Title: Burger King (Alberta)) Burger King (Alberta) Burger King was a fast food restaurant chain in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Also known as Burger King Drive-Inn, it was founded by former Imperial Oil executives William R. Jarvis (1926-21 July 2014) By 1975, when McDonald's opened its first Edmonton restaurant near Capilano Mall, Burger King had 12 outlets. At the time, the company held a franchise for Kentucky Fried Chicken in Edmonton, with its outlets using dual branding. However, as the market became more competitive, the relationship between the two companies deteriorated, with KFC taking legal action to end the partnership. Burger King was ultimately forced Question: how many keg restaurants are there in canada

Answer: 160 Long Answer: The Keg is a Canadian - owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars located in Canada and the United States . The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded by George Tidball, in 1971, at a location in North Vancouver, British Columbia . By February 2018, The Keg had expanded to 160 locations in Canada and the United States, when Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased the chain for $200 million, from then owners David Aisenstat (49%) and Fairfax Financial (51%). Aisenstat had been the sole owner from 1997 until 2014. Gold Document ID: 37

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unreliable narrator) the origin of the Wild West legend of the Lone Ranger. Tonto's story vaguely follows an alternative version of the story as told in the popular radio dramas and television series, but with novel disclosures of graphic details. Along with the child, the audience is left to make their own judgments about his reliability. As a framing device on the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", the main character Ted Mosby, in the year 2030, recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meeting their mother. Show creator Craig Thomas explicitly said in a 2008 interview Document [2] (Title: Tonto) asked why he was looking for a new job, Tonto replies, "Him finally find out what Kemo Sabe means!" Tonto has appeared in various media based on "The Lone Ranger". Tonto starred in his own comic book, "The Lone Ranger's Companion Tonto", 31 issues of which were published by Dell Comics during the 1950s. Later depictions beginning in the 1980s have taken efforts to show Tonto as an articulate and proud warrior whom the Ranger treats as an equal partner. In the Topps Comics four-issue miniseries, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto", Tonto is even shown to be a very witty, Document [3] (Title: Robert Livingston (actor)) Caballero" (1936) and the Lone Ranger in the 1939 film serial "The Lone Ranger Rides Again" directed by William Witney and co-starring Chief Thundercloud as Tonto. Livingston also appeared as the title character in "The Lone Rider" series starring alongside sidekicks Al "Fuzzy" St. John and Dennis "Smoky" Moore. The role of the Rider had previously been played by George Houston. On December 18, 1947, he married Margaret M. Roach, daughter of director/producer Hal Roach. They had one son, actor/writer Addison Randall born on August 13, 1949. He was named after Livingston's younger brother, Addison Randall, who had died at Document [4] (Title: James Jewell) that worked out the original concepts for "The Lone Ranger". Jewell is also credited for selecting "The William Tell Overture" as the theme music for the series. "Ke-mo sah-bee", Tonto's greeting to the masked Ranger, was derived from the name of a boys' camp owned by Jewell's father-in-law Charles W. Yeager. Camp Kee-Mo-Sah-Bee operated from 1911 until 1941 on Mullet Lake south of Mackinac, Michigan. After the radio show became popular, Yeager held "Lone Ranger Camps" at his camp. Jewell produced, directed and occasionally wrote many of the early episodes for "The Lone Ranger" and "The Green Hornet". He was Document [5] (Title: Tonto) and the framing. No reason was given in the episode as to why Tonto chose to travel with the Lone Ranger, rather than continue about his business. A different version was given in later episodes of the radio drama and at the beginning of "The Lone Ranger" television series: Tonto rescues the sole surviving Texas Ranger of a party that was tricked into an ambush by the outlaw Butch Cavendish. Tonto recognizes the ranger as someone who had saved him when they were both boys. He refers to him by the title "ke-mo sah-bee", explaining that the phrase means "faithful Document [6] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2003 film)) Tonto's sister Alope. He then devotes his life to avenging the death of his brother and fighting injustice, and in the process becoming a worldwide legend. The show was met with mixed reviews, criticizing the changes to the characters, comedy and soundtrack, and the pilot didn't get picked up for a full series.. The Lone Ranger (2003 film) The Lone Ranger was a 2003 American western action television film. It was an attempt by The WB to revive the "Lone Ranger" franchise for a new generation. The character first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ Document [7] (Title: Jay Silverheels) a condemned criminal about to be executed. He played a substantial role as John Crow in "Santee" (1973), starring Glenn Ford. One of his last roles was a wise white-haired chief in "The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing" (1973). Jay Silverheels achieved his greatest fame as Tonto on "The Lone Ranger". The fictional story line maintains that a small group of Texas Rangers were massacred, with only a "lone" survivor. The Lone Ranger and Tonto then ride throughout the West to assist those challenged by the lawless element. Their expenses and bullets are provided through a silver mine owned by Document [8] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) Chief Thundercloud Victor Daniels (April 12, 1899 – December 1, 1955), known professionally as Chief Thundercloud, was an American character actor in Westerns. He is noted for being the first actor to play the role of Tonto, the Lone Ranger's Native-American companion, on the screen. Information available about Daniels is limited and vague. He repeatedly said he was born in the Oklahoma Territory. But his Social Security Application lists his birth date as April 12, 1899 and his birthplace as Santa Cruz County in the Arizona Territory. He listed his parents as Jesus Daniels and Tomaca Daniels. At various times Document [9] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Stonewall Jackson song "Waterloo" had the following verse: "The Lone Ranger and Tonto rode the trail / catching outlaws and putting them in jail/ But the Ranger shot old Tonto 'cause it seems / he found out what Kemo Sabe means/ (Waterloo refrain follows) The Lone Ranger he did trust / That old Tonto bit the dust." In the old "Lone Ranger" TV series, the Ranger's faithful friend and partner Tonto, played by First Nations actor Jay Silverheels for the entire run of the series, was asked in many scenes what "Kemosabe" meant. His reply was invariably, "It mean Trusty Document [10] (Title: John Todd (actor)) John Todd (actor) John Todd (born John Frederick "Fred" McCarthy; August 14, 1876 – July 14, 1957) was an American actor. Known for Shakespearean roles, Todd soon gained work at Detroit radio station WXYZ, as part of director James Jewell's repertory company, with roles on the various series produced by the station. His most famous work was on "The Lone Ranger". He played a local sheriff in some of the show's earliest episodes, but on the twelfth broadcast, which aired February 25, 1933, Todd first played his most famous role, the masked man's Native American companion Tonto. Todd was a Document [11] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) The Lone Ranger (TV series) The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role. Jay Silverheels, a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada, played The Lone Ranger's Indian companion Tonto. John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1954 due to a contract dispute. Fred Foy, who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending, was the announcer. Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television Document [12] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) $150 million in marketing costs. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. In 1933, a boy named Will who idolizes the legendary Lone Ranger encounters the elderly Comanche Tonto in a sideshow at a San Francisco fair. Tonto proceeds to recount his experiences with that Old West adventurer. In 1869, lawyer John Reid returns home to Colby, Texas, via the uncompleted Transcontinental Railroad, managed by railroad tycoon Latham Cole. Unknown to Reid, the train is also carrying Tonto and outlaw Butch Cavendish, who is being transported for his hanging after being Document [13] (Title: Lone Ranger) ("Hirttämättömät"). They were played by Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen. "The Top Ranger" is a movie parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse (Top Ranger) and Goofy (Tonto-lone), with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic book, "Topolino" #3005 (July 2, 2013). "The Provolone Ranger", an episode of the "Super Mario Bros. Super Show", featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws alongside of a speedy companion named Pronto. In a spoof of the Lone Ranger's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him, the episode ends with Mario returning Document [14] (Title: Earle Graser) who played Tonto, was a close friend. Graser and Todd frequently drove home together and stopped for a cigar and a nip and a hand of cards. Graser and his wife were at a night club when a prize was offered for the person who could shout "Hi-Yo, Silver!" most nearly like the Ranger. Graser entered the contest, but didn't win. Brace Beemer appeared as the Ranger in public appearances because station owner George Trendle felt that Earl Graser did not look right for the part. Beemer was 6 foot three inches tall, had an athletic build, rode horses and Document [15] (Title: Tonto) Arizona. In the Fran Striker books, Tonto is described as a "half-breed". In the 2013 theatrical feature film of "The Lone Ranger", Tonto is depicted as a Comanche tribesman. Tonto first rode a horse named "White Feller" (White Fella/Fellah). When the 1938 Republic movie serial "The Lone Ranger" was being filmed, it was thought that having two white horses would be confusing, so the producers made "White Feller" a pinto horse, presumably on the theory that, being partly white, a pinto could still be named "White Feller". The radio series, noting that the pinto in the film had gone over Document [16] (Title: Clayton Moore) In 1949, Moore's work in the "Ghost of Zorro" serial drew the attention of George Trendle, co-creator and producer of a popular radio series titled "The Lone Ranger". The series' running plot involved the exploits of a mysterious former Texas Ranger, the sole survivor of a six-Ranger posse ambushed by a gang of outlaws, who roamed the West with his Indian companion Tonto to battle evil and help the downtrodden. When Trendle brought the radio program to television, Moore landed the title role. With the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale from Rossini's "William Tell" overture as their theme music, Document [17] (Title: Tonto) met Tonto. In that episode Cactus Pete, a friend of the Lone Ranger's, tells the story of how the masked man and Tonto first met. According to that tale, Tonto had been caught in the explosion when two men dynamited a gold mine they were working. One of the men wanted to kill the wounded Tonto, but the Lone Ranger arrived on the scene and made him administer first aid. The miner subsequently decided to keep Tonto around, intending to make him the fall guy when he would later murder his partner. The Lone Ranger foiled both the attempted murder Document [18] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) series, but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes. "The Lone Ranger" was the highest-rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true "hit". The series finished #7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950-1951 season, #18 for 1951-1952 and #29 for 1952-1953. The fictional story line maintains that a patrol of six Texas Rangers is massacred, with only one member surviving. The "lone" survivor thereafter disguises himself with a black mask and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements. A silver mine supplies The Lone Document [19] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) captured by Dan Reid, John's Texas Ranger brother. Cavendish's gang rescues Butch and derails the train. Tonto is subsequently jailed. Dan deputizes John as a Texas Ranger, and with six others they go after the Cavendish gang. Cavendish's men ambush and kill their pursuers. Cavendish slays Dan with his dagger and devours his heart as revenge for his imprisonment. Tonto, who has escaped from jail, comes across the dead men and buries them. However, a white spirit horse awakens John as a "spirit walker", and Tonto explains John cannot be killed in battle. Tonto also tells him Collins, one of Document [20] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno's Pizza Rolls produced by ad man/satirist Stan Freberg. The commercial was a spoof of a then-current commercial for Lark cigarettes which also used the "William Tell" overture theme music. A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon, "Thank You Mask Man", produced by John Magnuson Associates. This was an adult humor routine, comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto. Parody versions of The Lone Ranger (called Lonely Rider) and Tonto appear as main characters in 1971 Finnish western comedy "The Unhanged" Document [21] (Title: Lone Ranger) 1973. In the 1939 Looney Tune "The Lone Stranger and Porky", supervised by Bob Clampett, the masked man comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress, Porky Pig. In 1940, Hugh Harman made a Lone Ranger parody for MGM Cartoons titled "The Lonesome Stranger". Jay Silverheels appeared as Tonto on "The Tonight Show" starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment. The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP "Here's Johnny! Magic Moments From The Tonight Show", released by Casablanca Records. Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Document [22] (Title: Tonto) the 11th episode of the radio show, which originated on the Detroit, Michigan, radio station WXYZ. Though he became well known as the Lone Ranger's friend, Tonto was originally created just so the Lone Ranger would have someone with whom to talk. Throughout the radio run (which spanned 21 years), with only a few exceptions, Tonto was played by American actor John Todd. Jay Silverheels portrayed the (arguably best-remembered version) in "The Lone Ranger" television series. This was the highest-rated television program on the ABC network in the early 1950s and its first true "hit". Ivan Naranjo, a Blackfoot/Southern Ute Document [23] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) 15-part cliffhanger about murder and double cross. The following year Thundercloud reprised his role as the Lone Ranger’s sidekick in "The Lone Ranger Rides Again". Chief Thundercloud Victor Daniels (April 12, 1899 – December 1, 1955), known professionally as Chief Thundercloud, was an American character actor in Westerns. He is noted for being the first actor to play the role of Tonto, the Lone Ranger's Native-American companion, on the screen. Information available about Daniels is limited and vague. He repeatedly said he was born in the Oklahoma Territory. But his Social Security Application lists his birth date as April 12, Document [24] (Title: Jay Silverheels) began to publish poetry inspired by his youth on the Six Nations Indian Reserve and recited his work on television. In 1966, he guest-starred as John Tallgrass in the short-lived ABC comedy/western series "The Rounders", with Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, and Chill Wills. Despite the typecasting, Silverheels in later years often poked fun at his character. In 1969, he appeared as Tonto without The Lone Ranger in a comedy sketch on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". The sketch was featured on the 1973 record album "Here's Johnny: Magic Moments From The Tonight Show". "My name is Tonto. I hail Document [25] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (Detroit) radio station owner George W. Trendle, or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several movies. The title Document [26] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) The men murdered the tribe to keep the location a secret, leaving Tonto with great guilt which led to him believing the two were wendigos. Tonto and John escape as the cavalry attack the Comanche. At the silver mine, the duo captures Cavendish. Tonto demands John use the silver bullet to kill Cavendish, but John refuses. Upon returning Cavendish to Cole and Fuller's custody, Cole is revealed to be Cavendish's partner and brother. Fuller, fearful of being labeled a war criminal for slaughtering the tribe, sides with Cole. Rebecca is held hostage, and John is returned to the mine to Document [27] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) get a director and Disney greenlights. We don't have a director yet." In September of 2010, Gore Verbinski was hired to direct. Verbinski had suggested giving the role of Tonto to Depp while filming the film. Filming was slated to begin after Depp finished work on "Dark Shadows". Actor Armie Hammer was selected to play the Lone Ranger, a role that Bruckheimer described as being written for "a young Jimmy Stewart character". On August 12, 2011, Disney announced that production on "The Lone Ranger" would be delayed due to budget concerns expressed by CEO Bob Iger and then Walt Disney Document [28] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) Disney then announced in September 2008 that Johnny Depp would be portraying Tonto while the Elliot-Rossio script was rewritten by Justin Haythe. The Elliot and Rossio script reportedly had a supernatural plot element involving coyotes. In May 2009, Mike Newell, who was then directing "" for Bruckheimer and Disney, entered negotiations to direct "Lone Ranger". Bruckheimer explained the following June that he wanted to wait before hiring a director, until Newell completed "Prince of Persia," and until Depp finished filming "." "The priority is most definitely "Pirates 4,"" Bruckheimer commented. "They are going to cast the title role once they Document [29] (Title: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold is a 1958 American Western film in Eastmancolor released by United Artists. The second of two theatrical features specifically based on and continuing the TV show "The Lone Ranger" it stars Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels, reprising their roles from the TV series. The first feature film was 1956's "The Lone Ranger". No further films based on this specific version of the characters were made after this one. Three Indians were brutally murdered by a gang of hooded outlaws. Each one possessed Document [30] (Title: Daredevils of the West) Republic serials released during wartime such as "King of the Mounties" and "The Masked Marvel", a rapid, even frantic pace is evident throughout, which has made the serial a favorite among fans. Both Native American actors who played the Lone Ranger's companion Tonto, Chief Thunder Cloud (of the 1930s "Lone Ranger" movie serials) and Jay Silverheels (of 1950s "Lone Ranger" television program) appear in the sequence in which Kay Aldridge and Eddie Acuff are held hostage by Indians. The serial was long considered to be a partially lost film; for years, copies of only chapters 2, 4, 5, and 12 Document [31] (Title: Johnny Depp) film adaptation, which featured a much more comedic tone than the TV series. Depp starred as Tonto in "The Lone Ranger" (2013), opposite Armie Hammer as the title character. Depp's casting as a Native American in that film brought about whitewashing controversy, and the film was a box office bomb that caused Walt Disney Studios to take a US$190 million loss. The next year, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as The Wolf in film adaptation of the musical "Into the Woods" in 2014. Depp played convicted Boston crime boss Whitey Bulger in director Scott Cooper's "Black Mass" (2015), Document [32] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2003 film)) pilot for a new television series, starred Chad Michael Murray as the Lone Ranger (the name of the Ranger's secret identity was changed from "John Reid" to "Luke Hartman") and Nathaniel Arcand as his Native American companion Tonto. This version takes a look at the character in the years before he became a legend. It all begins with the introduction of Luke Hartman, a 20-year-old Boston law student who witnesses the murder of his brother, a Texas Ranger. He himself is wounded in the midst of the chaos, but is rescued by the Apache Tonto, and subsequently becomes smitten with Document [33] (Title: The Lone Ranger (animated TV series)) elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology included in the story. One of the Lone Ranger's archenemies in the animated series was a dwarf named Tiny Tom; an analogue to "The Wild Wild West"'s Dr. Miguelito Loveless. The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye {r.n. John Michael Riorden Billsbury}, and Shepard Menken provided that of Tonto. The narrator in the opening titles was Marvin Miller, whose narration ran: Other guest voices were provided by Paul Winchell, Agnes Moorehead, and Hans Conried. The animation was limited. But the backgrounds had a dark style, with blocks of color from the line, Document [34] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) the story. Tonto gives him a silver bullet and tells him to decide for himself, and then departs. In March 2002, Columbia Pictures announced their intention to make a "Lone Ranger" film with Classic Media, who owned the film rights at the time. Husband and wife producers Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher joined the project. The tone was to be similar to "The Mask of Zorro", and Columbia suggested that Tonto be re-written as a female love interest. The projected budget was set at $70 million. David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script the following year, which Document [35] (Title: Jay Silverheels) Jay Silverheels Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series "The Lone Ranger". Silverheels was born Harold Preston Smith in Canada, on the Six Nations of the Grand River, near Hagersville, Ontario. He was a grandson of Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith and Mary Wedge, and one of the 11 children of Captain Alexander George Edwin Smith, MC, Cayuga, and his wife Mabel Phoebe Doxtater, also Document [36] (Title: The Legend of the Lone Ranger) Ranger movie that would appeal to a modern audience, including making Tonto an equal partner and mentor to the Lone Ranger. In the movie, Tonto teaches the hero how to shoot and is mainly responsible for training Silver, the hero's horse. Moreover, Tonto speaks whole sentences, while in the radio and TV series he had quite a limited vocabulary. In another change to established canon, Reid is (at first) not an actual Texas Ranger but a civilian observer (and younger brother of the Rangers's captain) who survives Cavendish's massacre. This film was shot in New Mexico, Utah, and California. Two Document [37] (Title: Lone Ranger) have someone to talk to. He was named by James Jewell, who also came up with the term "Kemosabe" based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In the local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild one". The character spoke in broken English that emphasized Tonto had learned it as a second language. Because means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Spanish, the character is renamed "" (Spanish for "bull") or "" in Spanish-speaking countries. The name of Captain Reid's son, the Lone Ranger's nephew, a character introduced in the radio series in 1942, who Document [38] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) be executed. Tonto rescues him and the two flee. Realizing Cole is too powerful to be taken down lawfully and regretful since his arrogance in ignoring Tonto led to the mass slaughter of the Comanches and the kidnapping of his loved ones, John dons the mask again. At Promontory Summit, during the railroad's union ceremony, Cole reveals his true plan: to take control of the railroad company and use the mined silver to gain more power. John and Tonto steal nitroglycerin and use it to destroy a railroad bridge. With Red's help, Tonto steals the train with the silver, and Document [39] (Title: Lone Ranger) character was played on the radio show by George Seaton, Earle Graser, and Brace Beemer. Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute, Moore was replaced temporarily by John Hart, who wore a different style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played by, among others, John Todd and Roland Parker; and in the television series, by Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada. The Lone Ranger was so named because the character is the sole survivor of a group of six Texas Rangers. While details differ, Document [40] (Title: Captain from Castile) broadcast on the "Screen Directors' Playhouse" on May 3, 1951. Captain from Castile Captain from Castile is a historical adventure film released by 20th Century Fox in 1947. Directed by Henry King, the Technicolor film stars Tyrone Power, Jean Peters, and Cesar Romero. Shot on location in Michoacán, Mexico, the film includes scenes of the Parícutin volcano, which was then erupting. "Captain from Castile" was the feature film debut of Jean Peters, who later married industrialist Howard Hughes, and of Mohawk actor Jay Silverheels, who later portrayed Tonto on the television series "The Lone Ranger". The film is an adaptation Document [41] (Title: Lone Ranger) history can one find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again! This was followed by Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come on, Silver! Let's go, big fellow! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!" The Lone Ranger was played by several actors: Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd (although there were a few isolated occasions when he was replaced by Roland Parker, better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series Document [42] (Title: Lone Ranger) set. The name John Reid is used in a scene in the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger", in which the surviving Reid digs an extra grave for himself. The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment's licensed Lone Ranger comic book series that began in 2006 and in the 2013 Disney film "The Lone Ranger". The name "Luke Hartman" was used in the 2003 TV-movie/unsold series pilot. The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would Document [43] (Title: Tonto) actor from Colorado, voiced the character in "The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour". Michael Horse portrayed Tonto in the film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" (1981). Johnny Depp's was the most recent portrayal, in the Disney film "The Lone Ranger" (2013). Tonto made his first appearance on the 11th episode of the radio show "The Lone Ranger". Two conflicting origin stories have been given for the character Tonto and how he came to work with the Lone Ranger. As originally presented, in the December 7, 1938, radio broadcast, Reid had already been well established as the Lone Ranger when he Document [44] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) Danny. Regretting his earlier actions, Collins attempts to help the mother and child escape, but is shot dead by Cole, who rescues them. Claiming the raiders are hostile Comanches, Cole announces the continued construction of the railroad and dispatches US Cavalry Captain Jay Fuller to wipe out the Comanches. A Comanche tribe captures John and Tonto after the pair finds railroad tracks in Native territory. The leader tells John of Tonto's past: As a boy, Tonto had rescued Cavendish and another man from near-death and later showed them a mountain full of silver ore in exchange for a pocket watch. Document [45] (Title: Lone Ranger) an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and would later become part of "The Green Hornet" radio series, first appearing on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection between The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet in the episode "Too Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and being played throughout the series by John Todd, who played "Tonto" on "The Lone Ranger" radio series. According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September 30, 1938), before acquiring Silver, the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Document [46] (Title: Lone Ranger) season was the only one shot in color. A total of 221 episodes were made. At the beginning of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back, then they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silver!" Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out, "Get 'em up, Scout!" At the end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger Document [47] (Title: The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven) one of the collection's stories, which details the experience of a Native American who leaves the reservation to live in Seattle with his white girlfriend and then moves back. The Lone Ranger and Tonto are symbols for white and Native-American identity, respectively. The names are taken from a popular radio show which first aired in 1933, later leading to a series of books and then a television show in the 1950s in which a white man, the Lone Ranger, teams up with an Indian, Tonto, to battle evil in the old west. Alexie, who claims the title came to him Document [48] (Title: John Hart (actor)) met actress Beryl Braithwaite when she played a role in an episode of the series; they married just days later, with "Hawkeye" co-star Lon Chaney, Jr., the best man at the wedding. In 1965 Hart made two brief appearances on the TV series "Perry Mason", including the role of title character and murder victim Jamison Selff in "The Case of the Wrathful Wraith." In the 1970 film "The Phynx", Hart played the Lone Ranger alongside Jay Silverheels as Tonto, spoofing their characters. Hart's last theatrical film appearance was in 1981's "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" in which he appeared Document [49] (Title: Lone Ranger) and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry, "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street. Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as "Kemo sabe", described as meaning either "faithful friend," or "trusty scout". It is more likely the word derives from the Anishnaabe language. Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret." These catchphrases, the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the "William Tell" Overture have become tropes of popular culture. After the series ended, Moore continued to make public appearances as the Lone Ranger. Document [50] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion who becomes Tonto's horse Scout. In an echo of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto frequently says, "Git-um up, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s.) In the Format Films animated cartoon which ran from 1966 to 1968, Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had Document [51] (Title: Johnny Depp) under scrutiny when "Indian Country Today Media Network" stated that Depp had never inquired about his heritage nor was he recognized as a member of the Cherokee Nation. This led to criticism from the Native American community, including of his choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in "The Lone Ranger". Critical response to his claims from the Native community also included satirical portrayals of Depp by Native comedians. On May 22, 2012, Depp was adopted as an honorary son by LaDonna Harris, a member of the Comanche Nation, making him an honorary member of her family but not Document [52] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) tone by pointing out, "[T]he movie is told in flashback from the perspective of a wizened, quite eccentric character—the working definition of the film-school trope 'the unreliable narrator.' ... Whatever really happened out on the frontier, this is the story as Tonto remembers it, animist mysticism and all." Gore Verbinski, Jerry Bruckheimer, Armie Hammer and Johnny Depp openly criticized the American critical reception of the film, arguing that the negative coverage surrounding the project was influenced by reports of production troubles, with Bruckheimer accusing critics of "reviewing the budget," instead of the film itself. Hammer added, "If you go back Document [53] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) was shaky, but adequate." The Lone Ranger (2013 film) The Lone Ranger is a 2013 American western action film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. Based on the radio series of the same name, the film stars Johnny Depp as Tonto, the narrator of the events and Armie Hammer as John Reid, the Lone Ranger. The film is told through Tonto's memories of the duo's earliest efforts to subdue local villainy and bring justice to the American Old West. William Fichtner, Barry Pepper, Ruth Wilson, James Badge Dale, Tom Wilkinson and Helena Document [54] (Title: Lone Ranger) 1962). Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues. Such was the Ranger's popularity at the time that even his horse Silver had a comic book, "The Lone Ranger's Famous Horse Hi-Yo Silver", starting in 1952 and running 34 issues; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his own right. In addition, Dell also published three big "Lone Ranger" annuals, as well as an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical film. The Dell series came to an end in 1962. Later that same year, Western Publishing ended its publishing partnership with Dell Comics Document [55] (Title: Thank You Mask Man) are still annoyed at this and insist on giving the Lone Ranger some sort of gift. The Lone Ranger points to an Indian, Tonto, and also asks for an accompanying horse. A townsperson, bewildered at this request, asks the Lone Ranger why he wants the horse and Tonto; he replies "To perform an unnatural act." Dismayed that the Lone Ranger is a "fag," the Lone Ranger rebuts that he is not a homosexual (or into bestiality) but read an exposé on it in a magazine and wanted to try it once to see how bad it was, noting the punishment Document [56] (Title: The Legend of the Lone Ranger) commercial failure, and Spilsbury has never appeared in any films since. The outlaw Butch Cavendish (Christopher Lloyd) ambushes a party of Texas Rangers, killing all except John Reid (Klinton Spilsbury) who is rescued by his old childhood Comanche friend, Tonto (Michael Horse). When he recovers from his wounds, he dedicates his life to fighting the crime that Cavendish represents. To this end, John becomes the great masked western hero, The Lone Ranger. With the help of Tonto, the pair go to rescue President Grant (Jason Robards) when Cavendish takes him hostage. Many attempts had been made to create a Lone Document [57] (Title: Lone Ranger) at 7:30 pm Eastern Time, the introduction, voiced by Fred Foy, had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed by, "From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hi-yo, Silver! The intro was later changed to: A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of Document [58] (Title: Lone Ranger) Robert Livingston. Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels, billed as Chief Thundercloud. "The Lone Ranger" was a TV show that aired for eight seasons, from 1949 to 1957, and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as Tonto. Only five of the eight seasons had new episodes. It was the ABC television network's first big hit of the early 1950s. Moore's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best-known treatment of the franchise. Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart, but he returned for the final two seasons. The fifth and final Document [59] (Title: Lone Ranger) Ranger" ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS. It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films, Hollywood, and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London, England. The show lasted thirty episodes; however, these were invariably split into three separate shorts, with the middle segment being a solo adventure for Tonto, so that there were actually 90 installments in all. The last episode aired on March 9, 1968. These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's science fiction Western, "The Wild Wild West," in that the plots Document [60] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) survived by his wife, Frances. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, near Los Angeles. His last film role was in the John Wayne film "The Searchers" (1956), which was released after his death. After working for some time as a stuntman and in bit parts, it was Daniels' portrayal of the character Tonto in the serial "The Lone Ranger" (1938) that was to be his legacy. This is perhaps where he gained the most recognition as a character actor." The same year he had a small villain-like role in the first part of "Flaming Frontiers", a Document [61] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) and rescues Kilgore's daughter from captivity. Parts of the film were shot in Kanab Canyon, Barracks Canyon, and Johnson Canyon in Utah. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: The Lone Ranger (1956 film) The Lone Ranger is a 1956 Western film based on "The Lone Ranger" television series, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels. "The Lone Ranger" was the first of two theatrical features based on the popular TV series of the same name; the other one being "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" (1958), which was Bonita Granville's last film appearance. Document [62] (Title: Jay Silverheels) from Toronto and I speak Esperanto." In 1970, he appeared in a commercial for Chevrolet as a Native American chief who rescues two lost hunters who ignored his advice in that year's Chevy Blazer. The William Tell Overture is heard in the background. Silverheels spoofed his Tonto character in a Stan Freberg Jeno's Pizza Rolls TV commercial opposite Clayton Moore, and in "The Phynx", opposite John Hart, both having played The Lone Ranger in the original television series. He appeared in three episodes of NBC's "Daniel Boone", starring Fess Parker as the real life frontiersman. His later appearances included an Document [63] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) who ride with saddles. Wealthy rancher Reese Kilgore (Lyle Bettger) wants to expand his land to include Spirit Mountain, which is sacred to the local tribes. The Lone Ranger realizes the natives wanted to keep settlers away so they would not discover the rich silver deposits on Spirit Mountain, while Kilgore wants to encourage a war between settlers and natives so that he can mine the mountain himself. Working with Chief Red Hawk, the governor, Tonto, a cowboy named Ramirez, and a humorous disguise, the Lone Ranger discovers the true identities of the raiders, prevents war, protects the tribal lands Document [64] (Title: Lone Ranger) According to the television series, Tonto gave Reid a ring and the name Kemo Sabe, which he said means "trusty scout". Among the Rangers killed was the survivor's older brother, Daniel Reid, who was a captain in the Texas Rangers and the leader of the ambushed group. To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, Reid fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing John Reid's name so that Cavendish and his gang will believe that all Document [65] (Title: Chingachgook) Bela Lugosi played Chingachgook in two German silent films, "Lederstrumpf, 1. Teil: Der Wildtöter und Chingachgook" ("Leatherstocking 1: The Deerslayer and Chingachgook") and "Lederstrumpf, 2. Teil: Der Letzte der Mohikaner" ("Leatherstocking 2: The Last of the Mohicans"), both filmed in 1920. Jay Silverheels, best known for his role as Tonto on "The Lone Ranger", played Chingachgook in the 1953 film version of "The Pathfinder". Lon Chaney, Jr. played Chingachgook in the 1957 TV series "Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans". Chingachgook, played by Gojko Mitić, was the main character of an East German western, "Chingachgook the Great Serpent" (1967), Document [66] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) The Lone Ranger (1956 film) The Lone Ranger is a 1956 Western film based on "The Lone Ranger" television series, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels. "The Lone Ranger" was the first of two theatrical features based on the popular TV series of the same name; the other one being "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" (1958), which was Bonita Granville's last film appearance. She retired from the screen to marry Jack Wrather. Set in the American Southwest, the territorial governor enlists the help of the Lone Ranger to investigate mysterious raids on white settlers by Indians Document [67] (Title: Lone Ranger) care for Dan like his own son. Before Grandma Frisby passes away, The Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face. Her last words are "Ride on, Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin, gives him the locket and reveals their true relationship. Dan Reid Jr. would go on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series, riding with The Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor. Eventually, Dan Reid Jr. would be sent East to gain Document [68] (Title: Tonto) Tonto Tonto is a fictional character; he is the Native American (either Comanche or Potawatomi) companion of the Lone Ranger, a popular American Western character created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker. Tonto has appeared in radio and television series and other presentations of the characters' adventures righting wrongs in 19th century western America. In Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, "tonto" translates as "a dumb person", "moron", or "fool". In the Italian version the original name is retained, but in the Spanish dubbed version, the character is called "Toro" (Spanish for "bull") or "Ponto". Tonto made his first appearance on Document [69] (Title: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold) a silver medallion, which were sections cut off from a large silver plaque which served as a treasure map to a secret location where a large amount of gold is reputedly stashed. Two more medallions are unaccounted for, and The Lone Ranger (Clayton Moore) and his friend Tonto (Jay Silverheels) must use all their resources to intercept the gang, prevent further carnage and save the owners of the medallions. The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold is a 1958 American Western film in Eastmancolor released by United Artists. The Document [70] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger. Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (Detroit) radio station owner George W. Trendle, or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several movies. Document [71] (Title: Lone Ranger) the target audience of the network. In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released "The Lone Ranger", starring Armie Hammer as the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto. Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film is an origin story of the two characters and explores the duo's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt, and to bring them to justice, in the American Old West. The film, produced with an estimated budget of $225 million, was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office. The series also inspired numerous comic books, books, Document [72] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) the Rangers, betrayed Dan and is working with Cavendish. As John is thought to be dead, he wears a mask to protect his identity from enemies. Tonto gives John a silver bullet made from the fallen Rangers' badges and tells him to use it on Cavendish, whom he believes to be a mystical beast called a wendigo. At a brothel Collins recently visited, Red Harrington informs the two about Dan and Collins' fight over a cursed silver rock. Meanwhile, Cavendish's men, disguised as Comanches, raid frontier settlements. John and Tonto arrive after raiders abduct Dan's widow and son, Rebecca and Document [73] (Title: Tonto) outspoken, and sarcastic character willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, Kemosabe. Maybe when we talked I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?" In the "Timeless" episode "Murder of Jesse James", Wyatt Logan, one of the main characters, mentions that Native American deputy U.S. marshal Grant Johnson was the inspiration for Tonto. Tonto Tonto is a fictional character; he is the Native American (either Comanche or Potawatomi) companion of the Lone Document [74] (Title: Lone Ranger) were bizarre and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology thrown in. Even the Lone Ranger's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, similar to James T. West's greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced by Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters. The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye, who had portrayed "Jack Armstrong: The All-American Boy" on radio. Shepard Menken played Tonto. The narrator in the opening title was Document [75] (Title: Lone Ranger) January 2012. Written by Ande Parks and drawn by Esteve Polls, it ran for a total of 25 numbers, with the last issue being released in June 2014. Apart from the ongoing series, Dynamite released several miniseries starring the Lone Ranger, such as "The Lone Ranger and Tonto" (4 issues, written by Brett Matthews; John Abrams with art by Mario Guevara) in 2008; "Snake of Iron", a 5-part by Chuck Dixon and Steve Polls published in 2012, and "Vindicated", 4 issues by Justin Gray and Rey Villegas in 2014. In 2016, The Lone Ranger teamed-up with the Green Hornet in Document [76] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Ke-mo sah-bee Ke-mo sah-bee (; often spelled kemo sabe, kemosabe or kimosabe) is the term of endearment used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto in the American television and radio programs "The Lone Ranger". It has become a common catchphrase. Ultimately derived from "gimoozaabi", an Ojibwe and Potawatomi word that may mean "he/she looks out in secret", it is sometimes translated as "trusty scout" or "faithful friend". In the 2013 film "The Lone Ranger", Tonto states that it means "wrong brother" in Comanche, a seemingly tongue-in-cheek translation within the context of the plot. Fran Striker, writer of the original Document [77] (Title: The Lone Ranger (serial)) as one of a group of Texans resisting Smith's rule. Smith, through a henchman, has narrowed the field of suspects down to five specific members of the resistance. One of these five, Allen King, Bob Stuart, Bert Rogers, Dick Forrest, and Jim Clark, actually is the Ranger, but only Tonto, and the other four Texans, know which one it is. Together, they operate as an effective team attempting to end Smith's rule. A contract between Republic and George W. Trendle for a Lone Ranger serial, and the right to release a condensed version, was signed in June 1937. Trendle and Document [78] (Title: Jay Silverheels) appears in the Thrilling Adventure Hour serialized segment "Tales from the Black Lagoon". Notes Bibliography Jay Silverheels Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series "The Lone Ranger". Silverheels was born Harold Preston Smith in Canada, on the Six Nations of the Grand River, near Hagersville, Ontario. He was a grandson of Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith and Mary Wedge, and one of the 11 children Document [79] (Title: Lone Ranger) rights to the character, Wrather Corp., filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from appearing as the Lone Ranger, and then gave a cameo to his TV replacement, John Hart. The film itself was a critical and commercial failure. It starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance. His lines were overdubbed by James Keach. The part of Tonto was played by Michael Horse, a Native American of Yaqui, Mescalero Apache, Zuni, and Latino descent. Moore, who never appeared publicly without his mask, was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and, in protest, Document [80] (Title: Tonto) of writing haiku with missing articles ("the", "a", or "an"), which he claimed made such haiku sound like Tonto's stunted English. Later adaptations of the character, such as "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" and the Filmation animated series, depict him as being articulate in English and speaking it carefully. Silverheels was not above making a little fun of the character, as in a classic sketch on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" with Carson playing a career counselor and Silverheels playing Tonto looking for a new job after working "thirty lousy years" as the Lone Ranger's faithful sidekick. When Document [81] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger saves Silver's life from an enraged buffalo and, in gratitude, Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him. The origin of Tonto's horse, Scout, is less clear. For a long time, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (August 5, 1938), Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as "Paint Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Scout in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Document [82] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering life-style and the raw material for his signature bullets. At the end of most episodes, after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave, someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was. The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger, who is then heard yelling "Hi-Yo Silver, away!" as he and Tonto ride away on their horses. George W. Trendle retained the title of producer, although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for Document [83] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) The Lone Ranger (2013 film) The Lone Ranger is a 2013 American western action film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. Based on the radio series of the same name, the film stars Johnny Depp as Tonto, the narrator of the events and Armie Hammer as John Reid, the Lone Ranger. The film is told through Tonto's memories of the duo's earliest efforts to subdue local villainy and bring justice to the American Old West. William Fichtner, Barry Pepper, Ruth Wilson, James Badge Dale, Tom Wilkinson and Helena Bonham Carter also are Document [84] (Title: North of 60) Gaudreault as Constable James Harper. One of the stars was Michael Horse, as Andrew One Sky, previously best known for his portrayal of Tonto in the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". The series ran weekly until 1998. From 1999 through 2005 it was followed by five made-for-TV films featuring various members of the show's recurring cast. These films include "In The Blue Ground" (1999), "Trial by Fire" (2000), "Dream Storm" (2001), "Another Country" (2003), and "Distant Drumming" (2005). A soundtrack album was produced in 1994, including theme music, background music and songs performed by Tom Jackson and Document [85] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Scout!" The made-for-TV movie "Enter the Lone Ranger" (1949) combined the plots of the first three episodes of the "Lone Ranger" TV series: "Enter the Lone Ranger", "The Lone Ranger Fights On", and "The Lone Ranger Triumphs" into a complete story related to the origins of the Lone Ranger and his fight for justice for all regardless of sex, race, or creed. In both, Tonto finds the forever nameless younger brother of a famous Texas Ranger "Capt. Reid" barely alive. A medallion around the young man's neck helps identify him as the same boy who'd saved Tonto after a renegade Document [86] (Title: Lone Ranger) the basic story of the origin of the Lone Ranger is the same in most versions of the franchise. A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division pursuing a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish is betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins and is ambushed in a canyon named Bryant's Gap. Later, an Indian named Tonto stumbles onto the scene and discovers one ranger is barely alive, and he nurses the man back to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who saved his life when they both were children. Document [87] (Title: Lone Ranger) now shown to be a very witty, outspoken, and sarcastic character, even willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument, and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, "quimo sabe". Maybe when we talk I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, the way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?". The first issue of a new Lone Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment by Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped on September 6, 2006. It was started as a six-issue miniseries; but due to its success, it has become Document [88] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) featured in supporting roles. It is the first theatrical film featuring the Lone Ranger and Tonto characters in the more than 32 years following William A. Fraker's 1981 film, "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". Produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Depp's Infinitum Nihil, filming was plagued with production problems and budgetary concerns which at one point led to the film's premature cancellation. The film was released theatrically in the United States on July 3, 2013 and was a box office bomb, grossing only $260.5 million worldwide against an estimated $225–250 million production budget and an additional Question: who played tonto in the lone ranger series Answer: Jay Silverheels Long Answer: Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912--March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and athlete . He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long - running American western television series The Lone Ranger. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unreliable narrator) the origin of the Wild West legend of the Lone Ranger. Tonto's story vaguely follows an alternative version of the story as told in the popular radio dramas and television series, but with novel disclosures of graphic details. Along with the child, the audience is left to make their own judgments about his reliability. As a framing device on the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", the main character Ted Mosby, in the year 2030, recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meeting their mother. Show creator Craig Thomas explicitly said in a 2008 interview Document [2] (Title: Tonto) asked why he was looking for a new job, Tonto replies, "Him finally find out what Kemo Sabe means!" Tonto has appeared in various media based on "The Lone Ranger". Tonto starred in his own comic book, "The Lone Ranger's Companion Tonto", 31 issues of which were published by Dell Comics during the 1950s. Later depictions beginning in the 1980s have taken efforts to show Tonto as an articulate and proud warrior whom the Ranger treats as an equal partner. In the Topps Comics four-issue miniseries, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto", Tonto is even shown to be a very witty, Document [3] (Title: Robert Livingston (actor)) Caballero" (1936) and the Lone Ranger in the 1939 film serial "The Lone Ranger Rides Again" directed by William Witney and co-starring Chief Thundercloud as Tonto. Livingston also appeared as the title character in "The Lone Rider" series starring alongside sidekicks Al "Fuzzy" St. John and Dennis "Smoky" Moore. The role of the Rider had previously been played by George Houston. On December 18, 1947, he married Margaret M. Roach, daughter of director/producer Hal Roach. They had one son, actor/writer Addison Randall born on August 13, 1949. He was named after Livingston's younger brother, Addison Randall, who had died at Document [4] (Title: James Jewell) that worked out the original concepts for "The Lone Ranger". Jewell is also credited for selecting "The William Tell Overture" as the theme music for the series. "Ke-mo sah-bee", Tonto's greeting to the masked Ranger, was derived from the name of a boys' camp owned by Jewell's father-in-law Charles W. Yeager. Camp Kee-Mo-Sah-Bee operated from 1911 until 1941 on Mullet Lake south of Mackinac, Michigan. After the radio show became popular, Yeager held "Lone Ranger Camps" at his camp. Jewell produced, directed and occasionally wrote many of the early episodes for "The Lone Ranger" and "The Green Hornet". He was Document [5] (Title: Tonto) and the framing. No reason was given in the episode as to why Tonto chose to travel with the Lone Ranger, rather than continue about his business. A different version was given in later episodes of the radio drama and at the beginning of "The Lone Ranger" television series: Tonto rescues the sole surviving Texas Ranger of a party that was tricked into an ambush by the outlaw Butch Cavendish. Tonto recognizes the ranger as someone who had saved him when they were both boys. He refers to him by the title "ke-mo sah-bee", explaining that the phrase means "faithful Document [6] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2003 film)) Tonto's sister Alope. He then devotes his life to avenging the death of his brother and fighting injustice, and in the process becoming a worldwide legend. The show was met with mixed reviews, criticizing the changes to the characters, comedy and soundtrack, and the pilot didn't get picked up for a full series.. The Lone Ranger (2003 film) The Lone Ranger was a 2003 American western action television film. It was an attempt by The WB to revive the "Lone Ranger" franchise for a new generation. The character first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ Document [7] (Title: Jay Silverheels) a condemned criminal about to be executed. He played a substantial role as John Crow in "Santee" (1973), starring Glenn Ford. One of his last roles was a wise white-haired chief in "The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing" (1973). Jay Silverheels achieved his greatest fame as Tonto on "The Lone Ranger". The fictional story line maintains that a small group of Texas Rangers were massacred, with only a "lone" survivor. The Lone Ranger and Tonto then ride throughout the West to assist those challenged by the lawless element. Their expenses and bullets are provided through a silver mine owned by Document [8] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) Chief Thundercloud Victor Daniels (April 12, 1899 – December 1, 1955), known professionally as Chief Thundercloud, was an American character actor in Westerns. He is noted for being the first actor to play the role of Tonto, the Lone Ranger's Native-American companion, on the screen. Information available about Daniels is limited and vague. He repeatedly said he was born in the Oklahoma Territory. But his Social Security Application lists his birth date as April 12, 1899 and his birthplace as Santa Cruz County in the Arizona Territory. He listed his parents as Jesus Daniels and Tomaca Daniels. At various times Document [9] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Stonewall Jackson song "Waterloo" had the following verse: "The Lone Ranger and Tonto rode the trail / catching outlaws and putting them in jail/ But the Ranger shot old Tonto 'cause it seems / he found out what Kemo Sabe means/ (Waterloo refrain follows) The Lone Ranger he did trust / That old Tonto bit the dust." In the old "Lone Ranger" TV series, the Ranger's faithful friend and partner Tonto, played by First Nations actor Jay Silverheels for the entire run of the series, was asked in many scenes what "Kemosabe" meant. His reply was invariably, "It mean Trusty Document [10] (Title: John Todd (actor)) John Todd (actor) John Todd (born John Frederick "Fred" McCarthy; August 14, 1876 – July 14, 1957) was an American actor. Known for Shakespearean roles, Todd soon gained work at Detroit radio station WXYZ, as part of director James Jewell's repertory company, with roles on the various series produced by the station. His most famous work was on "The Lone Ranger". He played a local sheriff in some of the show's earliest episodes, but on the twelfth broadcast, which aired February 25, 1933, Todd first played his most famous role, the masked man's Native American companion Tonto. Todd was a Document [11] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) The Lone Ranger (TV series) The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role. Jay Silverheels, a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada, played The Lone Ranger's Indian companion Tonto. John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1954 due to a contract dispute. Fred Foy, who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending, was the announcer. Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television Document [12] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) $150 million in marketing costs. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. In 1933, a boy named Will who idolizes the legendary Lone Ranger encounters the elderly Comanche Tonto in a sideshow at a San Francisco fair. Tonto proceeds to recount his experiences with that Old West adventurer. In 1869, lawyer John Reid returns home to Colby, Texas, via the uncompleted Transcontinental Railroad, managed by railroad tycoon Latham Cole. Unknown to Reid, the train is also carrying Tonto and outlaw Butch Cavendish, who is being transported for his hanging after being Document [13] (Title: Lone Ranger) ("Hirttämättömät"). They were played by Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen. "The Top Ranger" is a movie parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse (Top Ranger) and Goofy (Tonto-lone), with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic book, "Topolino" #3005 (July 2, 2013). "The Provolone Ranger", an episode of the "Super Mario Bros. Super Show", featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws alongside of a speedy companion named Pronto. In a spoof of the Lone Ranger's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him, the episode ends with Mario returning Document [14] (Title: Earle Graser) who played Tonto, was a close friend. Graser and Todd frequently drove home together and stopped for a cigar and a nip and a hand of cards. Graser and his wife were at a night club when a prize was offered for the person who could shout "Hi-Yo, Silver!" most nearly like the Ranger. Graser entered the contest, but didn't win. Brace Beemer appeared as the Ranger in public appearances because station owner George Trendle felt that Earl Graser did not look right for the part. Beemer was 6 foot three inches tall, had an athletic build, rode horses and Document [15] (Title: Tonto) Arizona. In the Fran Striker books, Tonto is described as a "half-breed". In the 2013 theatrical feature film of "The Lone Ranger", Tonto is depicted as a Comanche tribesman. Tonto first rode a horse named "White Feller" (White Fella/Fellah). When the 1938 Republic movie serial "The Lone Ranger" was being filmed, it was thought that having two white horses would be confusing, so the producers made "White Feller" a pinto horse, presumably on the theory that, being partly white, a pinto could still be named "White Feller". The radio series, noting that the pinto in the film had gone over Document [16] (Title: Clayton Moore) In 1949, Moore's work in the "Ghost of Zorro" serial drew the attention of George Trendle, co-creator and producer of a popular radio series titled "The Lone Ranger". The series' running plot involved the exploits of a mysterious former Texas Ranger, the sole survivor of a six-Ranger posse ambushed by a gang of outlaws, who roamed the West with his Indian companion Tonto to battle evil and help the downtrodden. When Trendle brought the radio program to television, Moore landed the title role. With the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale from Rossini's "William Tell" overture as their theme music, Document [17] (Title: Tonto) met Tonto. In that episode Cactus Pete, a friend of the Lone Ranger's, tells the story of how the masked man and Tonto first met. According to that tale, Tonto had been caught in the explosion when two men dynamited a gold mine they were working. One of the men wanted to kill the wounded Tonto, but the Lone Ranger arrived on the scene and made him administer first aid. The miner subsequently decided to keep Tonto around, intending to make him the fall guy when he would later murder his partner. The Lone Ranger foiled both the attempted murder Document [18] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) series, but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes. "The Lone Ranger" was the highest-rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true "hit". The series finished #7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950-1951 season, #18 for 1951-1952 and #29 for 1952-1953. The fictional story line maintains that a patrol of six Texas Rangers is massacred, with only one member surviving. The "lone" survivor thereafter disguises himself with a black mask and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements. A silver mine supplies The Lone Document [19] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) captured by Dan Reid, John's Texas Ranger brother. Cavendish's gang rescues Butch and derails the train. Tonto is subsequently jailed. Dan deputizes John as a Texas Ranger, and with six others they go after the Cavendish gang. Cavendish's men ambush and kill their pursuers. Cavendish slays Dan with his dagger and devours his heart as revenge for his imprisonment. Tonto, who has escaped from jail, comes across the dead men and buries them. However, a white spirit horse awakens John as a "spirit walker", and Tonto explains John cannot be killed in battle. Tonto also tells him Collins, one of Document [20] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno's Pizza Rolls produced by ad man/satirist Stan Freberg. The commercial was a spoof of a then-current commercial for Lark cigarettes which also used the "William Tell" overture theme music. A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon, "Thank You Mask Man", produced by John Magnuson Associates. This was an adult humor routine, comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto. Parody versions of The Lone Ranger (called Lonely Rider) and Tonto appear as main characters in 1971 Finnish western comedy "The Unhanged" Document [21] (Title: Lone Ranger) 1973. In the 1939 Looney Tune "The Lone Stranger and Porky", supervised by Bob Clampett, the masked man comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress, Porky Pig. In 1940, Hugh Harman made a Lone Ranger parody for MGM Cartoons titled "The Lonesome Stranger". Jay Silverheels appeared as Tonto on "The Tonight Show" starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment. The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP "Here's Johnny! Magic Moments From The Tonight Show", released by Casablanca Records. Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Document [22] (Title: Tonto) the 11th episode of the radio show, which originated on the Detroit, Michigan, radio station WXYZ. Though he became well known as the Lone Ranger's friend, Tonto was originally created just so the Lone Ranger would have someone with whom to talk. Throughout the radio run (which spanned 21 years), with only a few exceptions, Tonto was played by American actor John Todd. Jay Silverheels portrayed the (arguably best-remembered version) in "The Lone Ranger" television series. This was the highest-rated television program on the ABC network in the early 1950s and its first true "hit". Ivan Naranjo, a Blackfoot/Southern Ute Document [23] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) 15-part cliffhanger about murder and double cross. The following year Thundercloud reprised his role as the Lone Ranger’s sidekick in "The Lone Ranger Rides Again". Chief Thundercloud Victor Daniels (April 12, 1899 – December 1, 1955), known professionally as Chief Thundercloud, was an American character actor in Westerns. He is noted for being the first actor to play the role of Tonto, the Lone Ranger's Native-American companion, on the screen. Information available about Daniels is limited and vague. He repeatedly said he was born in the Oklahoma Territory. But his Social Security Application lists his birth date as April 12, Document [24] (Title: Jay Silverheels) began to publish poetry inspired by his youth on the Six Nations Indian Reserve and recited his work on television. In 1966, he guest-starred as John Tallgrass in the short-lived ABC comedy/western series "The Rounders", with Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, and Chill Wills. Despite the typecasting, Silverheels in later years often poked fun at his character. In 1969, he appeared as Tonto without The Lone Ranger in a comedy sketch on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". The sketch was featured on the 1973 record album "Here's Johnny: Magic Moments From The Tonight Show". "My name is Tonto. I hail Document [25] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (Detroit) radio station owner George W. Trendle, or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several movies. The title Document [26] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) The men murdered the tribe to keep the location a secret, leaving Tonto with great guilt which led to him believing the two were wendigos. Tonto and John escape as the cavalry attack the Comanche. At the silver mine, the duo captures Cavendish. Tonto demands John use the silver bullet to kill Cavendish, but John refuses. Upon returning Cavendish to Cole and Fuller's custody, Cole is revealed to be Cavendish's partner and brother. Fuller, fearful of being labeled a war criminal for slaughtering the tribe, sides with Cole. Rebecca is held hostage, and John is returned to the mine to Document [27] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) get a director and Disney greenlights. We don't have a director yet." In September of 2010, Gore Verbinski was hired to direct. Verbinski had suggested giving the role of Tonto to Depp while filming the film. Filming was slated to begin after Depp finished work on "Dark Shadows". Actor Armie Hammer was selected to play the Lone Ranger, a role that Bruckheimer described as being written for "a young Jimmy Stewart character". On August 12, 2011, Disney announced that production on "The Lone Ranger" would be delayed due to budget concerns expressed by CEO Bob Iger and then Walt Disney Document [28] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) Disney then announced in September 2008 that Johnny Depp would be portraying Tonto while the Elliot-Rossio script was rewritten by Justin Haythe. The Elliot and Rossio script reportedly had a supernatural plot element involving coyotes. In May 2009, Mike Newell, who was then directing "" for Bruckheimer and Disney, entered negotiations to direct "Lone Ranger". Bruckheimer explained the following June that he wanted to wait before hiring a director, until Newell completed "Prince of Persia," and until Depp finished filming "." "The priority is most definitely "Pirates 4,"" Bruckheimer commented. "They are going to cast the title role once they Document [29] (Title: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold is a 1958 American Western film in Eastmancolor released by United Artists. The second of two theatrical features specifically based on and continuing the TV show "The Lone Ranger" it stars Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels, reprising their roles from the TV series. The first feature film was 1956's "The Lone Ranger". No further films based on this specific version of the characters were made after this one. Three Indians were brutally murdered by a gang of hooded outlaws. Each one possessed Document [30] (Title: Daredevils of the West) Republic serials released during wartime such as "King of the Mounties" and "The Masked Marvel", a rapid, even frantic pace is evident throughout, which has made the serial a favorite among fans. Both Native American actors who played the Lone Ranger's companion Tonto, Chief Thunder Cloud (of the 1930s "Lone Ranger" movie serials) and Jay Silverheels (of 1950s "Lone Ranger" television program) appear in the sequence in which Kay Aldridge and Eddie Acuff are held hostage by Indians. The serial was long considered to be a partially lost film; for years, copies of only chapters 2, 4, 5, and 12 Document [31] (Title: Johnny Depp) film adaptation, which featured a much more comedic tone than the TV series. Depp starred as Tonto in "The Lone Ranger" (2013), opposite Armie Hammer as the title character. Depp's casting as a Native American in that film brought about whitewashing controversy, and the film was a box office bomb that caused Walt Disney Studios to take a US$190 million loss. The next year, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as The Wolf in film adaptation of the musical "Into the Woods" in 2014. Depp played convicted Boston crime boss Whitey Bulger in director Scott Cooper's "Black Mass" (2015), Document [32] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2003 film)) pilot for a new television series, starred Chad Michael Murray as the Lone Ranger (the name of the Ranger's secret identity was changed from "John Reid" to "Luke Hartman") and Nathaniel Arcand as his Native American companion Tonto. This version takes a look at the character in the years before he became a legend. It all begins with the introduction of Luke Hartman, a 20-year-old Boston law student who witnesses the murder of his brother, a Texas Ranger. He himself is wounded in the midst of the chaos, but is rescued by the Apache Tonto, and subsequently becomes smitten with Document [33] (Title: The Lone Ranger (animated TV series)) elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology included in the story. One of the Lone Ranger's archenemies in the animated series was a dwarf named Tiny Tom; an analogue to "The Wild Wild West"'s Dr. Miguelito Loveless. The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye {r.n. John Michael Riorden Billsbury}, and Shepard Menken provided that of Tonto. The narrator in the opening titles was Marvin Miller, whose narration ran: Other guest voices were provided by Paul Winchell, Agnes Moorehead, and Hans Conried. The animation was limited. But the backgrounds had a dark style, with blocks of color from the line, Document [34] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) the story. Tonto gives him a silver bullet and tells him to decide for himself, and then departs. In March 2002, Columbia Pictures announced their intention to make a "Lone Ranger" film with Classic Media, who owned the film rights at the time. Husband and wife producers Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher joined the project. The tone was to be similar to "The Mask of Zorro", and Columbia suggested that Tonto be re-written as a female love interest. The projected budget was set at $70 million. David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script the following year, which Document [35] (Title: Jay Silverheels) Jay Silverheels Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series "The Lone Ranger". Silverheels was born Harold Preston Smith in Canada, on the Six Nations of the Grand River, near Hagersville, Ontario. He was a grandson of Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith and Mary Wedge, and one of the 11 children of Captain Alexander George Edwin Smith, MC, Cayuga, and his wife Mabel Phoebe Doxtater, also Document [36] (Title: The Legend of the Lone Ranger) Ranger movie that would appeal to a modern audience, including making Tonto an equal partner and mentor to the Lone Ranger. In the movie, Tonto teaches the hero how to shoot and is mainly responsible for training Silver, the hero's horse. Moreover, Tonto speaks whole sentences, while in the radio and TV series he had quite a limited vocabulary. In another change to established canon, Reid is (at first) not an actual Texas Ranger but a civilian observer (and younger brother of the Rangers's captain) who survives Cavendish's massacre. This film was shot in New Mexico, Utah, and California. Two Document [37] (Title: Lone Ranger) have someone to talk to. He was named by James Jewell, who also came up with the term "Kemosabe" based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In the local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild one". The character spoke in broken English that emphasized Tonto had learned it as a second language. Because means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Spanish, the character is renamed "" (Spanish for "bull") or "" in Spanish-speaking countries. The name of Captain Reid's son, the Lone Ranger's nephew, a character introduced in the radio series in 1942, who Document [38] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) be executed. Tonto rescues him and the two flee. Realizing Cole is too powerful to be taken down lawfully and regretful since his arrogance in ignoring Tonto led to the mass slaughter of the Comanches and the kidnapping of his loved ones, John dons the mask again. At Promontory Summit, during the railroad's union ceremony, Cole reveals his true plan: to take control of the railroad company and use the mined silver to gain more power. John and Tonto steal nitroglycerin and use it to destroy a railroad bridge. With Red's help, Tonto steals the train with the silver, and Document [39] (Title: Lone Ranger) character was played on the radio show by George Seaton, Earle Graser, and Brace Beemer. Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute, Moore was replaced temporarily by John Hart, who wore a different style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played by, among others, John Todd and Roland Parker; and in the television series, by Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada. The Lone Ranger was so named because the character is the sole survivor of a group of six Texas Rangers. While details differ, Document [40] (Title: Captain from Castile) broadcast on the "Screen Directors' Playhouse" on May 3, 1951. Captain from Castile Captain from Castile is a historical adventure film released by 20th Century Fox in 1947. Directed by Henry King, the Technicolor film stars Tyrone Power, Jean Peters, and Cesar Romero. Shot on location in Michoacán, Mexico, the film includes scenes of the Parícutin volcano, which was then erupting. "Captain from Castile" was the feature film debut of Jean Peters, who later married industrialist Howard Hughes, and of Mohawk actor Jay Silverheels, who later portrayed Tonto on the television series "The Lone Ranger". The film is an adaptation Document [41] (Title: Lone Ranger) history can one find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again! This was followed by Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come on, Silver! Let's go, big fellow! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!" The Lone Ranger was played by several actors: Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd (although there were a few isolated occasions when he was replaced by Roland Parker, better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series Document [42] (Title: Lone Ranger) set. The name John Reid is used in a scene in the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger", in which the surviving Reid digs an extra grave for himself. The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment's licensed Lone Ranger comic book series that began in 2006 and in the 2013 Disney film "The Lone Ranger". The name "Luke Hartman" was used in the 2003 TV-movie/unsold series pilot. The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would Document [43] (Title: Tonto) actor from Colorado, voiced the character in "The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour". Michael Horse portrayed Tonto in the film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" (1981). Johnny Depp's was the most recent portrayal, in the Disney film "The Lone Ranger" (2013). Tonto made his first appearance on the 11th episode of the radio show "The Lone Ranger". Two conflicting origin stories have been given for the character Tonto and how he came to work with the Lone Ranger. As originally presented, in the December 7, 1938, radio broadcast, Reid had already been well established as the Lone Ranger when he Document [44] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) Danny. Regretting his earlier actions, Collins attempts to help the mother and child escape, but is shot dead by Cole, who rescues them. Claiming the raiders are hostile Comanches, Cole announces the continued construction of the railroad and dispatches US Cavalry Captain Jay Fuller to wipe out the Comanches. A Comanche tribe captures John and Tonto after the pair finds railroad tracks in Native territory. The leader tells John of Tonto's past: As a boy, Tonto had rescued Cavendish and another man from near-death and later showed them a mountain full of silver ore in exchange for a pocket watch. Document [45] (Title: Lone Ranger) an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and would later become part of "The Green Hornet" radio series, first appearing on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection between The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet in the episode "Too Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and being played throughout the series by John Todd, who played "Tonto" on "The Lone Ranger" radio series. According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September 30, 1938), before acquiring Silver, the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Document [46] (Title: Lone Ranger) season was the only one shot in color. A total of 221 episodes were made. At the beginning of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back, then they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silver!" Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out, "Get 'em up, Scout!" At the end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger Document [47] (Title: The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven) one of the collection's stories, which details the experience of a Native American who leaves the reservation to live in Seattle with his white girlfriend and then moves back. The Lone Ranger and Tonto are symbols for white and Native-American identity, respectively. The names are taken from a popular radio show which first aired in 1933, later leading to a series of books and then a television show in the 1950s in which a white man, the Lone Ranger, teams up with an Indian, Tonto, to battle evil in the old west. Alexie, who claims the title came to him Document [48] (Title: John Hart (actor)) met actress Beryl Braithwaite when she played a role in an episode of the series; they married just days later, with "Hawkeye" co-star Lon Chaney, Jr., the best man at the wedding. In 1965 Hart made two brief appearances on the TV series "Perry Mason", including the role of title character and murder victim Jamison Selff in "The Case of the Wrathful Wraith." In the 1970 film "The Phynx", Hart played the Lone Ranger alongside Jay Silverheels as Tonto, spoofing their characters. Hart's last theatrical film appearance was in 1981's "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" in which he appeared Document [49] (Title: Lone Ranger) and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry, "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street. Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as "Kemo sabe", described as meaning either "faithful friend," or "trusty scout". It is more likely the word derives from the Anishnaabe language. Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret." These catchphrases, the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the "William Tell" Overture have become tropes of popular culture. After the series ended, Moore continued to make public appearances as the Lone Ranger. Document [50] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion who becomes Tonto's horse Scout. In an echo of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto frequently says, "Git-um up, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s.) In the Format Films animated cartoon which ran from 1966 to 1968, Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had Document [51] (Title: Johnny Depp) under scrutiny when "Indian Country Today Media Network" stated that Depp had never inquired about his heritage nor was he recognized as a member of the Cherokee Nation. This led to criticism from the Native American community, including of his choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in "The Lone Ranger". Critical response to his claims from the Native community also included satirical portrayals of Depp by Native comedians. On May 22, 2012, Depp was adopted as an honorary son by LaDonna Harris, a member of the Comanche Nation, making him an honorary member of her family but not Document [52] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) tone by pointing out, "[T]he movie is told in flashback from the perspective of a wizened, quite eccentric character—the working definition of the film-school trope 'the unreliable narrator.' ... Whatever really happened out on the frontier, this is the story as Tonto remembers it, animist mysticism and all." Gore Verbinski, Jerry Bruckheimer, Armie Hammer and Johnny Depp openly criticized the American critical reception of the film, arguing that the negative coverage surrounding the project was influenced by reports of production troubles, with Bruckheimer accusing critics of "reviewing the budget," instead of the film itself. Hammer added, "If you go back Document [53] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) was shaky, but adequate." The Lone Ranger (2013 film) The Lone Ranger is a 2013 American western action film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. Based on the radio series of the same name, the film stars Johnny Depp as Tonto, the narrator of the events and Armie Hammer as John Reid, the Lone Ranger. The film is told through Tonto's memories of the duo's earliest efforts to subdue local villainy and bring justice to the American Old West. William Fichtner, Barry Pepper, Ruth Wilson, James Badge Dale, Tom Wilkinson and Helena Document [54] (Title: Lone Ranger) 1962). Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues. Such was the Ranger's popularity at the time that even his horse Silver had a comic book, "The Lone Ranger's Famous Horse Hi-Yo Silver", starting in 1952 and running 34 issues; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his own right. In addition, Dell also published three big "Lone Ranger" annuals, as well as an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical film. The Dell series came to an end in 1962. Later that same year, Western Publishing ended its publishing partnership with Dell Comics Document [55] (Title: Thank You Mask Man) are still annoyed at this and insist on giving the Lone Ranger some sort of gift. The Lone Ranger points to an Indian, Tonto, and also asks for an accompanying horse. A townsperson, bewildered at this request, asks the Lone Ranger why he wants the horse and Tonto; he replies "To perform an unnatural act." Dismayed that the Lone Ranger is a "fag," the Lone Ranger rebuts that he is not a homosexual (or into bestiality) but read an exposé on it in a magazine and wanted to try it once to see how bad it was, noting the punishment Document [56] (Title: The Legend of the Lone Ranger) commercial failure, and Spilsbury has never appeared in any films since. The outlaw Butch Cavendish (Christopher Lloyd) ambushes a party of Texas Rangers, killing all except John Reid (Klinton Spilsbury) who is rescued by his old childhood Comanche friend, Tonto (Michael Horse). When he recovers from his wounds, he dedicates his life to fighting the crime that Cavendish represents. To this end, John becomes the great masked western hero, The Lone Ranger. With the help of Tonto, the pair go to rescue President Grant (Jason Robards) when Cavendish takes him hostage. Many attempts had been made to create a Lone Document [57] (Title: Lone Ranger) at 7:30 pm Eastern Time, the introduction, voiced by Fred Foy, had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed by, "From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hi-yo, Silver! The intro was later changed to: A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of Document [58] (Title: Lone Ranger) Robert Livingston. Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels, billed as Chief Thundercloud. "The Lone Ranger" was a TV show that aired for eight seasons, from 1949 to 1957, and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as Tonto. Only five of the eight seasons had new episodes. It was the ABC television network's first big hit of the early 1950s. Moore's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best-known treatment of the franchise. Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart, but he returned for the final two seasons. The fifth and final Document [59] (Title: Lone Ranger) Ranger" ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS. It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films, Hollywood, and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London, England. The show lasted thirty episodes; however, these were invariably split into three separate shorts, with the middle segment being a solo adventure for Tonto, so that there were actually 90 installments in all. The last episode aired on March 9, 1968. These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's science fiction Western, "The Wild Wild West," in that the plots Document [60] (Title: Chief Thundercloud) survived by his wife, Frances. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, near Los Angeles. His last film role was in the John Wayne film "The Searchers" (1956), which was released after his death. After working for some time as a stuntman and in bit parts, it was Daniels' portrayal of the character Tonto in the serial "The Lone Ranger" (1938) that was to be his legacy. This is perhaps where he gained the most recognition as a character actor." The same year he had a small villain-like role in the first part of "Flaming Frontiers", a Document [61] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) and rescues Kilgore's daughter from captivity. Parts of the film were shot in Kanab Canyon, Barracks Canyon, and Johnson Canyon in Utah. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: The Lone Ranger (1956 film) The Lone Ranger is a 1956 Western film based on "The Lone Ranger" television series, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels. "The Lone Ranger" was the first of two theatrical features based on the popular TV series of the same name; the other one being "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" (1958), which was Bonita Granville's last film appearance. Document [62] (Title: Jay Silverheels) from Toronto and I speak Esperanto." In 1970, he appeared in a commercial for Chevrolet as a Native American chief who rescues two lost hunters who ignored his advice in that year's Chevy Blazer. The William Tell Overture is heard in the background. Silverheels spoofed his Tonto character in a Stan Freberg Jeno's Pizza Rolls TV commercial opposite Clayton Moore, and in "The Phynx", opposite John Hart, both having played The Lone Ranger in the original television series. He appeared in three episodes of NBC's "Daniel Boone", starring Fess Parker as the real life frontiersman. His later appearances included an Document [63] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) who ride with saddles. Wealthy rancher Reese Kilgore (Lyle Bettger) wants to expand his land to include Spirit Mountain, which is sacred to the local tribes. The Lone Ranger realizes the natives wanted to keep settlers away so they would not discover the rich silver deposits on Spirit Mountain, while Kilgore wants to encourage a war between settlers and natives so that he can mine the mountain himself. Working with Chief Red Hawk, the governor, Tonto, a cowboy named Ramirez, and a humorous disguise, the Lone Ranger discovers the true identities of the raiders, prevents war, protects the tribal lands Document [64] (Title: Lone Ranger) According to the television series, Tonto gave Reid a ring and the name Kemo Sabe, which he said means "trusty scout". Among the Rangers killed was the survivor's older brother, Daniel Reid, who was a captain in the Texas Rangers and the leader of the ambushed group. To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, Reid fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing John Reid's name so that Cavendish and his gang will believe that all Document [65] (Title: Chingachgook) Bela Lugosi played Chingachgook in two German silent films, "Lederstrumpf, 1. Teil: Der Wildtöter und Chingachgook" ("Leatherstocking 1: The Deerslayer and Chingachgook") and "Lederstrumpf, 2. Teil: Der Letzte der Mohikaner" ("Leatherstocking 2: The Last of the Mohicans"), both filmed in 1920. Jay Silverheels, best known for his role as Tonto on "The Lone Ranger", played Chingachgook in the 1953 film version of "The Pathfinder". Lon Chaney, Jr. played Chingachgook in the 1957 TV series "Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans". Chingachgook, played by Gojko Mitić, was the main character of an East German western, "Chingachgook the Great Serpent" (1967), Document [66] (Title: The Lone Ranger (1956 film)) The Lone Ranger (1956 film) The Lone Ranger is a 1956 Western film based on "The Lone Ranger" television series, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels. "The Lone Ranger" was the first of two theatrical features based on the popular TV series of the same name; the other one being "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" (1958), which was Bonita Granville's last film appearance. She retired from the screen to marry Jack Wrather. Set in the American Southwest, the territorial governor enlists the help of the Lone Ranger to investigate mysterious raids on white settlers by Indians Document [67] (Title: Lone Ranger) care for Dan like his own son. Before Grandma Frisby passes away, The Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face. Her last words are "Ride on, Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin, gives him the locket and reveals their true relationship. Dan Reid Jr. would go on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series, riding with The Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor. Eventually, Dan Reid Jr. would be sent East to gain Document [68] (Title: Tonto) Tonto Tonto is a fictional character; he is the Native American (either Comanche or Potawatomi) companion of the Lone Ranger, a popular American Western character created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker. Tonto has appeared in radio and television series and other presentations of the characters' adventures righting wrongs in 19th century western America. In Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, "tonto" translates as "a dumb person", "moron", or "fool". In the Italian version the original name is retained, but in the Spanish dubbed version, the character is called "Toro" (Spanish for "bull") or "Ponto". Tonto made his first appearance on Document [69] (Title: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold) a silver medallion, which were sections cut off from a large silver plaque which served as a treasure map to a secret location where a large amount of gold is reputedly stashed. Two more medallions are unaccounted for, and The Lone Ranger (Clayton Moore) and his friend Tonto (Jay Silverheels) must use all their resources to intercept the gang, prevent further carnage and save the owners of the medallions. The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold is a 1958 American Western film in Eastmancolor released by United Artists. The Document [70] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger. Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ (Detroit) radio station owner George W. Trendle, or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several movies. Document [71] (Title: Lone Ranger) the target audience of the network. In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released "The Lone Ranger", starring Armie Hammer as the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto. Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film is an origin story of the two characters and explores the duo's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt, and to bring them to justice, in the American Old West. The film, produced with an estimated budget of $225 million, was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office. The series also inspired numerous comic books, books, Document [72] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) the Rangers, betrayed Dan and is working with Cavendish. As John is thought to be dead, he wears a mask to protect his identity from enemies. Tonto gives John a silver bullet made from the fallen Rangers' badges and tells him to use it on Cavendish, whom he believes to be a mystical beast called a wendigo. At a brothel Collins recently visited, Red Harrington informs the two about Dan and Collins' fight over a cursed silver rock. Meanwhile, Cavendish's men, disguised as Comanches, raid frontier settlements. John and Tonto arrive after raiders abduct Dan's widow and son, Rebecca and Document [73] (Title: Tonto) outspoken, and sarcastic character willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, Kemosabe. Maybe when we talked I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?" In the "Timeless" episode "Murder of Jesse James", Wyatt Logan, one of the main characters, mentions that Native American deputy U.S. marshal Grant Johnson was the inspiration for Tonto. Tonto Tonto is a fictional character; he is the Native American (either Comanche or Potawatomi) companion of the Lone Document [74] (Title: Lone Ranger) were bizarre and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology thrown in. Even the Lone Ranger's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, similar to James T. West's greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced by Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters. The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye, who had portrayed "Jack Armstrong: The All-American Boy" on radio. Shepard Menken played Tonto. The narrator in the opening title was Document [75] (Title: Lone Ranger) January 2012. Written by Ande Parks and drawn by Esteve Polls, it ran for a total of 25 numbers, with the last issue being released in June 2014. Apart from the ongoing series, Dynamite released several miniseries starring the Lone Ranger, such as "The Lone Ranger and Tonto" (4 issues, written by Brett Matthews; John Abrams with art by Mario Guevara) in 2008; "Snake of Iron", a 5-part by Chuck Dixon and Steve Polls published in 2012, and "Vindicated", 4 issues by Justin Gray and Rey Villegas in 2014. In 2016, The Lone Ranger teamed-up with the Green Hornet in Document [76] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Ke-mo sah-bee Ke-mo sah-bee (; often spelled kemo sabe, kemosabe or kimosabe) is the term of endearment used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto in the American television and radio programs "The Lone Ranger". It has become a common catchphrase. Ultimately derived from "gimoozaabi", an Ojibwe and Potawatomi word that may mean "he/she looks out in secret", it is sometimes translated as "trusty scout" or "faithful friend". In the 2013 film "The Lone Ranger", Tonto states that it means "wrong brother" in Comanche, a seemingly tongue-in-cheek translation within the context of the plot. Fran Striker, writer of the original Document [77] (Title: The Lone Ranger (serial)) as one of a group of Texans resisting Smith's rule. Smith, through a henchman, has narrowed the field of suspects down to five specific members of the resistance. One of these five, Allen King, Bob Stuart, Bert Rogers, Dick Forrest, and Jim Clark, actually is the Ranger, but only Tonto, and the other four Texans, know which one it is. Together, they operate as an effective team attempting to end Smith's rule. A contract between Republic and George W. Trendle for a Lone Ranger serial, and the right to release a condensed version, was signed in June 1937. Trendle and Document [78] (Title: Jay Silverheels) appears in the Thrilling Adventure Hour serialized segment "Tales from the Black Lagoon". Notes Bibliography Jay Silverheels Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series "The Lone Ranger". Silverheels was born Harold Preston Smith in Canada, on the Six Nations of the Grand River, near Hagersville, Ontario. He was a grandson of Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith and Mary Wedge, and one of the 11 children Document [79] (Title: Lone Ranger) rights to the character, Wrather Corp., filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from appearing as the Lone Ranger, and then gave a cameo to his TV replacement, John Hart. The film itself was a critical and commercial failure. It starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance. His lines were overdubbed by James Keach. The part of Tonto was played by Michael Horse, a Native American of Yaqui, Mescalero Apache, Zuni, and Latino descent. Moore, who never appeared publicly without his mask, was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and, in protest, Document [80] (Title: Tonto) of writing haiku with missing articles ("the", "a", or "an"), which he claimed made such haiku sound like Tonto's stunted English. Later adaptations of the character, such as "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" and the Filmation animated series, depict him as being articulate in English and speaking it carefully. Silverheels was not above making a little fun of the character, as in a classic sketch on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" with Carson playing a career counselor and Silverheels playing Tonto looking for a new job after working "thirty lousy years" as the Lone Ranger's faithful sidekick. When Document [81] (Title: Lone Ranger) Lone Ranger saves Silver's life from an enraged buffalo and, in gratitude, Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him. The origin of Tonto's horse, Scout, is less clear. For a long time, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (August 5, 1938), Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as "Paint Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Scout in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Document [82] (Title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)) Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering life-style and the raw material for his signature bullets. At the end of most episodes, after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave, someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was. The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger, who is then heard yelling "Hi-Yo Silver, away!" as he and Tonto ride away on their horses. George W. Trendle retained the title of producer, although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for Document [83] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) The Lone Ranger (2013 film) The Lone Ranger is a 2013 American western action film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. Based on the radio series of the same name, the film stars Johnny Depp as Tonto, the narrator of the events and Armie Hammer as John Reid, the Lone Ranger. The film is told through Tonto's memories of the duo's earliest efforts to subdue local villainy and bring justice to the American Old West. William Fichtner, Barry Pepper, Ruth Wilson, James Badge Dale, Tom Wilkinson and Helena Bonham Carter also are Document [84] (Title: North of 60) Gaudreault as Constable James Harper. One of the stars was Michael Horse, as Andrew One Sky, previously best known for his portrayal of Tonto in the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". The series ran weekly until 1998. From 1999 through 2005 it was followed by five made-for-TV films featuring various members of the show's recurring cast. These films include "In The Blue Ground" (1999), "Trial by Fire" (2000), "Dream Storm" (2001), "Another Country" (2003), and "Distant Drumming" (2005). A soundtrack album was produced in 1994, including theme music, background music and songs performed by Tom Jackson and Document [85] (Title: Ke-mo sah-bee) Scout!" The made-for-TV movie "Enter the Lone Ranger" (1949) combined the plots of the first three episodes of the "Lone Ranger" TV series: "Enter the Lone Ranger", "The Lone Ranger Fights On", and "The Lone Ranger Triumphs" into a complete story related to the origins of the Lone Ranger and his fight for justice for all regardless of sex, race, or creed. In both, Tonto finds the forever nameless younger brother of a famous Texas Ranger "Capt. Reid" barely alive. A medallion around the young man's neck helps identify him as the same boy who'd saved Tonto after a renegade Document [86] (Title: Lone Ranger) the basic story of the origin of the Lone Ranger is the same in most versions of the franchise. A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division pursuing a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish is betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins and is ambushed in a canyon named Bryant's Gap. Later, an Indian named Tonto stumbles onto the scene and discovers one ranger is barely alive, and he nurses the man back to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who saved his life when they both were children. Document [87] (Title: Lone Ranger) now shown to be a very witty, outspoken, and sarcastic character, even willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument, and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, "quimo sabe". Maybe when we talk I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, the way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?". The first issue of a new Lone Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment by Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped on September 6, 2006. It was started as a six-issue miniseries; but due to its success, it has become Document [88] (Title: The Lone Ranger (2013 film)) featured in supporting roles. It is the first theatrical film featuring the Lone Ranger and Tonto characters in the more than 32 years following William A. Fraker's 1981 film, "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". Produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Depp's Infinitum Nihil, filming was plagued with production problems and budgetary concerns which at one point led to the film's premature cancellation. The film was released theatrically in the United States on July 3, 2013 and was a box office bomb, grossing only $260.5 million worldwide against an estimated $225–250 million production budget and an additional Question: who played tonto in the lone ranger series

Answer: Jay Silverheels Long Answer: Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912--March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and athlete . He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long - running American western television series The Lone Ranger. Gold Document ID: 78

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei. On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted a second nuclear test, resulting in an explosion estimated to be between 2 and 7 kilotons. The 2009 test, like the 2006 test, is believed to have occurred at Mantapsan, Kilju County, in the north-eastern part of North Korea. This was found by an earthquake occurring at the test site. In February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. This Document [2] (Title: 1993 North Korean missile test) is a primary contributor of North Korea's oil (over 40%). 1993 North Korean missile test A North Korean missile test occurred on May 29 and 30, 1993. North Korea fired a Nodong-1 missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), from a base in Hwadae County near Wonsan, North Korea. The target was a buoy floating in the Sea of Japan. The North Koreans were testing the missile so they could export it to Iran in return for oil. Japanese and United States officials waited a few days before disclosing the launch of the missile. Afterwards, North Korea Document [3] (Title: Ryanggang explosion) possess nuclear weapons on 10 February 2005 gives the nuclear testing or accident hypotheses some credibility. However, no neighboring nations have claimed any detection of radioactive isotopes which would be characteristic of either. North Korea claimed to have tested its first nuclear weapon on 9 October 2006. There have since been multiple nuclear tests by North Korea. Ryanggang explosion The Ryanggang explosion was a large explosion that took place in North Korea on 9 September 2004 in the northern province of Ryanggang. The nature and cause of the suspected explosion is the subject of speculation. No neighboring nations have claimed Document [4] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) us and increases pressure, we will regard it as a declaration of war and will take a series of physical corresponding measures". On October 17 North Korea denounced UN sanctions over its nuclear test as a declaration of war and the United States and other nations suspected that North Korea was seeking to conduct a second nuclear test despite international pressure. On October 20, 2006, Kim Jong-il allegedly said that he was "sorry" over his country's nuclear test, and wished to return to talk with the United Nations. According to a Chinese envoy, Kim Jong-il said, Kim Jong-Il also stated Document [5] (Title: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) the international data centre in Vienna for processing and analysis. The data are sent to states that have signed the Treaty. Three countries have tested nuclear weapons since the CTBT opened for signature in 1996. India and Pakistan both carried out two sets of tests in 1998. North Korea carried out six announced tests, one each in 2006, 2009, 2013, two in 2016 and one in 2017. All six North Korean tests were picked up by the International Monitoring System set up by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission. A North Korean test is believed to have taken place Document [6] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences has registered underground nuclear explosion conducted in North Korea on May 25, 2009. Registration time of this explosion was 0:54 a.m. GMT (4:54 a.m. Moscow time) with magnitude 5.0. In China, tremors were felt in the prefecture of Yanbian, which borders North Korea, and forced students in some local schools to be evacuated. The test is believed to have taken place at Mantapsan in the vicinity of P'unggyeri (Korean: ), which was the site of the nuclear test held in 2006. Analysts have generally agreed that the nuclear test was successful, despite uncertainty Document [7] (Title: 2018 North Korea–United States summit) it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam. North Korea tested what some sources argued may have been its first hydrogen bomb on September 3. The test was internationally condemned, and further economic sanctions were put on North Korea. The United States also added North Korea back to its State Sponsors of Terrorism list after nine years. On November 28, North Korea launched the Hwasong-15, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States. The United Nations responded by placing further sanctions on the country. Document [8] (Title: Korean conflict) North Korea announced that it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam. On August 29, North Korea fired another missile. Days later with tensions still high, North Korea conducted their sixth nuclear test on September 3. The test was met with international condemnation and resulted in further economic sanctions being taken against North Korea. Just over two weeks after their previous test, North Korea launched another missile. On November 28, North Korea launched another missile, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States. The Document [9] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) 2009 North Korean nuclear test The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, May 25, 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. This was its second nuclear test, the first test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons. The test was nearly universally condemned by the international community. Following the test, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1874 condemning the test and tightening sanctions on the country. It was widely Document [10] (Title: Sunshine Policy) three missile tests were carried out before 2008. However, this may also be indicative of the North gaining the technological capabilities to conduct extensive nuclear and missile tests circa 2008. (Refer to List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea, List of North Korean missile tests, Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1.) On October 9, 2006, before the nuclear and missile tests, South Korea suspended aid shipments to the North and put their military on high alert status. There was much concern regarding how South Korea can maintain a cooperative policy towards the North when such provocative acts occurred. Nonetheless, the government of South Document [11] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) other sources suggesting a yield. The same German source which has made estimation of all North Korea's previous nuclear tests suggested an estimation of a 25 kiloton yield. Other nations and the United Nations have responded to North Korea's ongoing missile and nuclear development with a variety of sanctions; on March 2, 2016, the UN Security Council voted to impose additional sanctions against North Korea. In 2017, North Korea test-launched two ICBMs, the second of which had sufficient range to reach the continental United States. In September 2017, the country announced a further "perfect" hydrogen bomb test. The Korean Central Document [12] (Title: North Korea–United States relations) and Japan. North Korea conducted a sixth nuclear test, the first of a thermonuclear weapon, on September 3, 2017. On November 20, 2017, Trump officially announced re-listing North Korea as a State Sponsor of Terrorism. In December 2017, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen said during an interview with Martha Raddatz on ABC's This Week that the United States did not solve diplomatically, and warned that North Korea was closer to a Nuclear War with United States. He said in a statement, "We're actually closer, in my view, to a nuclear war with North Korea and Document [13] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant. North Korea's nuclear weapons program dates back to the 1980s. Focusing on practical uses of nuclear energy and the completion of a nuclear weapon development system, North Korea began to operate facilities for uranium fabrication and conversion, and conducted high-explosive detonation tests. In 1985 North Korea ratified the NPT but did not include the required safeguards agreement with the IAEA until 1992. In early 1993, while verifying North Korea's initial declaration, the IAEA concluded that there was strong evidence this declaration was incomplete. When North Korea refused the requested special Document [14] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) However, the five-stage combat alert level remained at DEFCON 4, the second-lowest level. Russia undertook security measures in case the war of nerves on the Korean peninsula erupted into a nuclear war. North Korea also threatened on 29 May to attack South Korean and US warships near its coast if its sovereignty were infringed. In Japan a policy debate ensued regarding strengthening its military up to and including the possibility of an independent pre-emptive strike capability and even nuclear armaments, subjects hitherto taboo. On 30 May, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence confirmed that a VC10 tanker plane, which is Document [15] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) in January 2016. On January 6, 2016 in Korea, the United States Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance, reported to be a fourth underground nuclear test. North Korea claimed that this test involved a hydrogen bomb. This claim has not been verified. As described below, a "hydrogen bomb" could mean one of several degrees of weapon, ranging from enhanced fission devices to true thermonuclear weapons. Within hours, many nations and organizations had condemned the test. Expert U.S. analysts do not believe that a hydrogen bomb was detonated. Seismic data collected so far suggests a 6–9 kiloton yield and Document [16] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) with the food aid. On February 11, 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance, reported to be a third underground nuclear test. North Korea has officially reported it as a successful nuclear test with a lighter warhead that delivers more force than before, but has not revealed the exact yield. Multiple South Korean sources estimate the yield at 6–9 kilotons, while the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimates the yield at 40 kilotons. However, the German estimate has since been revised to a yield equivalent of 14 kt when they published their estimations Document [17] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) and benefactor, the People's Republic of China. All five veto-wielding permanent members of the United Nations Security Council condemned the nuclear test. On October 10, however, South Korean Prime Minister Han Myeong-sook told Parliament that South Korea will not support any United Nations resolution containing military measures against North Korea in retaliation for its nuclear test. Negative economic effects were seen throughout the region after the test. South Korea's KOSPI index fell 2.4% to 1319.4, forcing the Korea Exchange to suspend trading for five minutes upon receiving the news. The Japanese and Taiwanese stock exchanges were closed for a market Document [18] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) KST (00:50 UTC). The United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude 4.7 earthquake at a depth of zero and put the center of the tremor about northwest of Kimchaek and northeast of Pyongyang, within a few kilometres of the country's 2006 nuclear test site. The Japan Meteorological Agency measured the seismic activity at magnitude 5.3. The Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources reported seismic activity in the same area but far stronger than in 2006. The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed it had detected a nuclear detonation in North Korea and was analysing the data to determine the yield. Geophysical Document [19] (Title: Thermonuclear weapon) magnitude 5.1 seismic event was detected at the time of the test, a similar magnitude to the 2013 test of a 6–9 kt atomic bomb. These seismic recordings cast doubt upon North Korea's claim that a hydrogen bomb was tested and suggest it was a non-fusion nuclear test. On 3 September 2017, the country's state media reported that a hydrogen bomb test was conducted which resulted in "perfect success". According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the blast resulted in an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3, 10 times more powerful than previous nuclear tests conducted by North Korea. U.S. Document [20] (Title: History of the Teller–Ulam design) North Korea claimed to have tested its miniaturised thermonuclear bomb on 6 January 2016. North Korea's first three nuclear tests (2006, 2009 and 2013) were relatively low yield and do not appear to have been of a thermonuclear weapon design. In 2013, the South Korean Defense Ministry has speculated that North Korea may be trying to develop a "hydrogen bomb" and such a device may be North Korea's next weapons test. In January 2016, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb, though only a magnitude 5.1 seismic event was detected at the time of the test, a Document [21] (Title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis) "its largest ever military drill", conducted in Wonsan. The following day, it was reported that the United States and South Korea had begun installing key elements of the THAAD missile defense in South Korea's Seongju County. On July 4 North Korea conducted the first publicly announced flight test of its ICBM Hwasong-14, timed to coincide with the U.S. Independence Day celebrations. This flight had a claimed range of eastwards into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) and reached an altitude of during a 39-minute flight. The U.S. government experts classified the missile launch as a big step in Document [22] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) west of Musadan-ri. The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources reported seismic waves measuring 3.58 on the Richter scale. The United States Geological Survey reported that a seismic event occurred at 01:35:28 UTC (10:35:28 am local time, UTC+9) on October 9, 2006, and measured 4.3 on the Richter scale. It occurred at the geographic coordinates with a horizontal location uncertainty of ±9.6 km (6.0 miles). This is near Mantapsan, north of Kimchaek, southwest of Chongjin, south of Yanji, and northeast of Pyongyang. International condemnation of the tests by governments has been nearly unanimous, including from North Korea's close ally Document [23] (Title: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) the NPT. On 2 October 2006, the North Korean foreign minister announced that his country was planning to conduct a nuclear test "in the future", although it did not state when. On Monday, 9 October 2006 at 01:35:28 (UTC) the United States Geological Survey detected a magnitude 4.3 seismic event north of Kimchaek, North Korea indicating a nuclear test. The North Korean government announced shortly afterward that they had completed a successful underground test of a nuclear fission device. In 2007, reports from Washington suggested that the 2002 CIA reports stating that North Korea was developing an enriched uranium weapons Document [24] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) 2016 nuclear test was revised to 10 kt in the subsequent nuclear test from North Korea. On February 7, 2016, roughly a month after the alleged hydrogen bomb test, North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into orbit around the Earth. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket, and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory, it would be shot down. Nevertheless, North Korea launched the rocket anyway, claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful, scientific purposes. Several nations, including the United States, Japan, and South Korea, have criticized Document [25] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) "act of war". The statement was said to have lacked the usual bitterness of most North Korean statements. 2009 North Korean nuclear test The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, May 25, 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. This was its second nuclear test, the first test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons. The test was nearly universally condemned by the international community. Following the test, the United Document [26] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) Central News Agency (KCNA) further stated that "The H-bomb test conducted by the DPRK was a measure for self-defence to thoroughly protect the sovereignty of the country and vital rights of the nation from the daily-growing nuclear threat and blackmail by the hostile forces and reliably guarantee peace on the Korean Peninsula and security of the region … The Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq and the Gaddafi regime in Libya could not escape the fate of destruction after being deprived of their foundations for nuclear development and giving up nuclear programs of their own accord, yielding to the pressure of Document [27] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) 21 kilotons respectively. On 4 February 2013, a South Korean military official had stated that there was a "chance that the southern tunnel is a decoy, but we are not ruling out that the regime will conduct nuclear tests simultaneously at both tunnels". On 15 February 2013, North Korea had told China that they were preparing for one or two more nuclear tests that year. On 8 April 2013, South Korea had observed activity at Punggye-ri, suggesting that a fourth underground test was being prepared. It was later believed that the tunneling activity that started in April was for a Document [28] (Title: Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) for the missile defense of South Korea include "sea-based, Patriots and THAAD" according to General John E. Hyten, commander of U.S. Strategic Command. On 2 September 2017, the North Korean news agency KCNA released a photograph of an elongated payload, intended to fit in the warhead of one of its missiles. On 3 September 2017 both Japan's Foreign Ministry and the South Korean Joint Chiefs announced the detection of a magnitude 6.3 seismic event, centered near Punggye-ri, which is North Korea's underground nuclear test site. Japan's Foreign Ministry has concluded that the event was the North's sixth nuclear test. Choe Document [29] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) North Korea and weapons of mass destruction North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and also has a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. As of 2003, North Korea is no longer a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The country has come under sanctions after conducting a number of nuclear tests, beginning in 2006. The nuclear program can be traced back to about 1962, when North Korea committed itself to what it called "all-fortressization", which was the beginning of the hyper-militarized North Korea of today. In 1963, North Korea asked the Soviet Document [30] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) not only be in two parts but also be a different shape". Nations across the world, as well as NATO and the UN, spoke out against the tests as destabilizing, as a danger to international security and as a breach of UN Security Council resolutions. China, one of North Korea's allies, also denounced the test. On September 9, 2016, a 5.3 seismic tremor was detected by seismograms in surrounding countries, after which North Korea confirmed it conducted another nuclear test. North Korea stated that this test has enabled them to confirm that its warhead can be mounted to a missile Document [31] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) between January and April 2017 suggested that a sixth nuclear test was being prepared at the site, which was detonated on September 3, 2017. According to sources, people from the Punggye-ri nuclear test site have been banned from entering Pyongyang since the test due to the possibility of being radioactively contaminated. According to the report of defectors, about 80% of trees died and all of the underground wells dried up in the site after the sixth nuclear test. On 3 and 23 September 2017, earthquakes which seem to be collapses of tunnels were detected with magnitude of 4.1 and 3.6 Document [32] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) testing site and a launch pad. The international experts will also be allowed to witness the dismantled of other North Korean nuclear and missile test sites as well. Yongbyon, the main nuclear facility in North Korea, has also been inactive during the past year as well, but has not yet completely closed. North Korea and weapons of mass destruction North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and also has a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. As of 2003, North Korea is no longer a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The country Document [33] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) believed that the test was conducted as a result of a succession crisis in the country. After Kim Jong-Il suffered a stroke in the summer of 2008, arrangements were made for his third son, Kim Jong-un, to take power upon his death. It is believed the North Koreans conducted the nuclear test to show that, even in a time of possible weakness, it did not intend to give up its nuclear weapons program. North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) had threatened to conduct a second nuclear test in protest after the United Nations Security Council Document [34] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) 2013 North Korean nuclear test On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1) was detected by the China Earthquake Networks Center, Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the United States Geological Survey. In response, Japan summoned an emergency United Nations meeting for 12 February and South Korea raised its military alert status. It is not known whether the explosion was nuclear or a conventional explosion designed to Document [35] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) a "complete success" and characterized it as self-defense against the United States. North Korean media claimed that the bomb existed the month before the test was carried out. Official state media from the DPRK announced the test. The Korean Central Television (KCTV) said that "the U.S. has gathered forces hostile to [the] DPRK and raised a slanderous human rights issue to hinder [the] DPRK's improvement. It is [therefore] just to have [an] H-bomb as self-defense against the U.S. having numerous and humongous nuclear weapons. The DPRK's fate must not be protected by any forces but [the] DPRK itself". The Korean Document [36] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site () was the only known nuclear test site of North Korea. Nuclear tests were conducted at the site in October 2006, May 2009, February 2013, January 2016, September 2016, and September 2017. The site has three visible tunnel entrances. Based on satellite imagery, its exact location is in mountainous terrain in Kilju County, North Hamgyong Province. It is south of Mantapsan, west of Hwasong concentration camp and northwest of the Punggye-ri village. The most proximate settlement to the possible nuclear underground test site is Chik-tong, a small populated place located at . Document [37] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) a thermonuclear weapon warhead were released a few hours before the test. Analysts have tended to give credence to North Korea's claim that it was a hydrogen bomb. "38 North" made a revised estimate for the test yield at 250 kT, making it near the maximum-containable yield for the Punggye-ri test site. Tom Plant, director of proliferation and nuclear policy at the Royal United Services Institute said, "The North Koreans do bluff sometimes, but when they make a concrete claim about their nuclear programme, more often than not it turns out to be true. ... I think the balance is Document [38] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) adopted a presidential statement condemning the country after it launched a rocket, which it claimed was carrying the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, on 5 April 2009. The launch was condemned by several nations, describing it as an intercontinental ballistic missile test. The test also came after recent messages stating that North Korea had miniaturized nuclear warheads for medium-range missiles and that the country had been recognized by analysts as a fully fledged nuclear power. In June 2009, after it was announced that Kim Jong-un was to be the intended successor of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, U.S. government analysts speculated that the Document [39] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) told by National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley "shortly after" 10 p.m. (UTC-5) that a test was imminent. North Korea had been suspected of maintaining a clandestine nuclear weapons development program since the early 1980s when it constructed a plutonium-producing Magnox nuclear reactor at Yongbyon, and various diplomatic means had been used by the international community to attempt to limit North Korea's nuclear work to peaceful and scientific means and encouraging North Korea to participate in international treaties. In 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the "Agreed Framework", whereby North Korea agreed to freeze its graphite moderated reactor program Document [40] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) Korea's ruling Democratic Party issued a statement revealing that officials from South Korea's National Intelligence Service had observed several of North Korea's nuclear and missile test sites and that they were now ready for the upcoming international inspections. Kim also stated that the now inactive North Korean Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site and the Sohae Satellite launching ground were included in these observations. The visit by the intelligence officials was in tandem with the September 2018 Pyongyang Agreement, which saw North Korean leader Kim Jung-Un agree to close Sohae and allow international experts to observe the dismantling of the missile engine Document [41] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. President Bush was briefed on the activity around 5:40 pm EDT (21:40 UTC). He spoke in the Oval Office on the tests on July 5, 2006 and stated that the tests only "isolated Korea". Bush has said that America would continue to encourage six-party talks, rather than be drawn into one-on-one negotiations with North Korea. Christopher Hill, the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, is set to head to the region on Wednesday, July 5, 2006. National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley described the tests as "provocative behavior". George Bush met Document [42] (Title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix) for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST). On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC. On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017. On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, Document [43] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) 2006 North Korean nuclear test The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted by North Korea on October 9, 2006. On October 3, 2006, North Korea announced its intention to conduct a nuclear test. The blast is generally estimated to have had an explosive force of less than one kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. United States officials suggested the device may have been a nuclear explosive that misfired. An anonymous official at the North Korean Embassy in Beijing told a South Korean newspaper that the explosive output was smaller than expected. Because Document [44] (Title: Nuclear proliferation) to implement the 2005 joint statement including shutdown and disablement of North Korean nuclear facilities in exchange for energy assistance. Reacting to UN sanctions imposed after missile tests in April 2009, North Korea withdrew from the six-party talks, restarted its nuclear facilities and conducted a second nuclear test on 25 May 2009. On 12 February 2013, North Korea conducted an underground nuclear explosion with an estimated yield of 6 to 7 kilotonnes. The detonation registered a magnitude 4.9 disturbance in the area around the epicenter. "See also: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction and Six-party talks" Security of nuclear Document [45] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) land-based version of the same. On April 16, 2017, hours after the military parade in Pyongyang, North Korea attempted to launch a ballistic missile from a site near the port of Sinpo, on the country's east coast. The missile exploded seconds after launch. Later that month, after a visit to Washington by the top Chinese leader, the US State Department announced that North Korea was likely to face economic sanctions from China if it conducted any further tests. On April 28, 2017, North Korea launched an unidentified ballistic missile over Pukchang airfield, in North Korean territory. It blew up shortly Document [46] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) and to verify the warhead's power. It was previously doubted that North Korea could pair the nuclear warhead and missile together, but South Korean experts started to believe that North Korea can accomplish this goal within a few years after the September 9 nuclear test. On February 18, 2017, China announced that it was suspending all imports of coal from North Korea as part of its effort to enact United Nations Security Council sanctions aimed at stopping the country’s nuclear weapons and ballistic-missile program. On March 6, 2017, North Korea launched four ballistic missiles from the Tongchang-ri region towards the Document [47] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) 2006 North Korean missile test Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) reportedly fired at least seven separate missiles. These included one long-range Taepodong-2 missile and short-range Scud derived missiles including the enlarged Nodong missile. The Taepodong-2 was estimated by United States intelligence agencies as having a potential range reaching as far as Alaska, although this missile failed after about 42 seconds of flight. North Korea made its first public acknowledgement of the tests on July 6, through its foreign ministry, describing them as Document [48] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) mimic a nuclear blast; as of two days after the blast, Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean investigators had failed to detect any radiation. On 12 February 2013, a spokesman for North Korea's army command said it had successfully conducted a third underground nuclear weapons test, according to the Yonhap. North Korea also said the test had used a miniaturized nuclear device with greater explosive power. Before North Korea announced they had conducted the test, seismic activity had already been detected in North Korea by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the seismic network operated by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Document [49] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) Korea. The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1874 in response to the test, imposing further economic sanctions on the country and authorising UN member states to inspect North Korean cargo and destroy any that may be involved in the nuclear weapons program. In response to the sanctions, an unidentified spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry released a statement through the official Korean Central News Agency saying that the country would begin to "weaponize" its plutonium stockpiles. The spokesman also said the country "will start uranium enrichment" and would view any US-led attempts to "blockade" it as an Document [50] (Title: Korean People's Army) believed to possess a stockpile of relatively simple nuclear weapons. The IAEA has met Ri Je Son, The Director General of the General Department of Atomic Energy (GDAE) of the DPRK, to discuss nuclear matters. Ri Je Son was also mentioned in this role in 2002 in a United Nations article. On September 3, 2017, the North Korean leadership announced that it had conducted a nuclear test with what it claimed to be its first hydrogen bomb detonation. The detonation took place at an underground location at the Punggye-Ri nuclear test site in North Hamgyong Province at 12:00 pm local Document [51] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) weapon), resistance to spontaneous fission caused by other warheads and high transparency to X-rays. Jeffrey Lewis, expert at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, said that a boosted fission weapon is "the most likely scenario in my view, with a failed thermonuclear test a close second". The test was condemned by several governments who called on the United Nations to strengthen its sanctions against North Korea. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2270 was subsequently passed to that effect. January 2016 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 . At the Punggye-ri Document [52] (Title: 1993 North Korean missile test) 1993 North Korean missile test A North Korean missile test occurred on May 29 and 30, 1993. North Korea fired a Nodong-1 missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), from a base in Hwadae County near Wonsan, North Korea. The target was a buoy floating in the Sea of Japan. The North Koreans were testing the missile so they could export it to Iran in return for oil. Japanese and United States officials waited a few days before disclosing the launch of the missile. Afterwards, North Korea reaffirmed its commitment to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The missile Document [53] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) invitation was forthcoming. The exercise had implications for other world events as well, including acting as a show of force to possibly deter North Korea from test-firing its new Taepodong-2 missile. The North Korean missile test came after weeks of speculation that North Korea was poised to launch a missile, but neither their quantity nor their launch site were definitively anticipated. The U.S., Japan, and others warned North Korea prior to the incident that such a test would be construed by those nations as a provocative act. North Korea responded to such words by threatening an "annihilating" nuclear strike if Document [54] (Title: 38 North) additional plutonium could be underway. In mid-April, "38 North" reported on activity indicating North Korea was beginning to reprocess plutonium for nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency did not confirm this until June 7, nearly two months later. In September 2016, "38 North" reported new activity near all three portals at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, based on satellite imagery analysis conducted by Joseph Bermudez and Jack Liu. The activity indicated that maintenance and minor excavation operations had resumed. The next day, North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at Punggye-ri. 38 North 38 North is a website devoted Document [55] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) implementation; as a result, the light water reactors were never finished. In late 2002, after fuel aid was suspended, North Korea returned to using its old reactors. In 2006, there were eight sites identified as potential test explosion sites for current (and future) tests according to a statement by the South Korean Parliament. These sites are distinguished from a number of other nuclear materials production facilities in that they are thought to be most closely identified with a military, or potentially military purpose: 1. Hamgyong Bukdo (North Hamgyong) Province – two sites: 2. Chagangdo Province – one site: Kanggyesi – Document [56] (Title: Kilju County) test were reported to have been held at Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in the area of Mantapsan mountain, in the northernmost part of the county. The Musudan-ri missile facility is located in nearby Hwadae county, and a separate Scud facility has been reported in the area. Reports from defectors who lived in the area indicate that residents are suffering from radiation exposure, with high rates of cancers and birth defects being experienced by those living near the Punggye-ri Test Site. The county is divided into one town ("ŭp"), five worker's districts ("rodongjagu"), and 22 villages ("ri"). Kilju County Kilju, sometimes Document [57] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) conducted its first nuclear test. An underground nuclear explosion was detected, its yield was estimated as less than a kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons. On March 17, 2007, North Korea told delegates at international nuclear talks that it was preparing to shut down its main nuclear facility. The agreement was reached following a series of six-party talks, involving North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, Japan, and the United States begun in 2003. According to the agreement, a list of its nuclear programs would Document [58] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) September 2016 North Korean nuclear test The government of North Korea conducted a nuclear detonation on 9 September 2016, the fifth since 2006, at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County. North Korea's previous nuclear test was conducted 8 months earlier in January 2016 and drew sharp international condemnations. Despite calls from China and Russia to return to the six-party talks, North Korea maintained its nuclear and missile ambitions: The nuclear test was conducted on 9 September 2016, which is the 68th anniversary of the founding of [[North Korea]]. According to [[Government of South Document [59] (Title: History of the Teller–Ulam design) similar magnitude to the 2013 test of a 6-9 kt atomic bomb. These seismic recordings have scientists worldwide doubting North Korea's claim that a hydrogen bomb was tested and suggest it was a non-fusion nuclear test. On 9 September 2016, North Korea conducted their fifth nuclear test which yielded between 10 and 30 kilotons. On 3 September 2017, North Korea conducted sixth nuclear test just few hours after photographs of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un inspecting a device resembling a thermonuclear weapon warhead were released. Initial estimates in first few days were between 70 and 160 kilotons and were raised Document [60] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) strength to push the United States into talks. North Korea's plutonium-based nuclear reactors are located at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, about 90 km north of Pyongyang. On March 12, 1993, North Korea said that it planned to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and refused to allow IAEA inspectors access to its nuclear sites. By 1994, the United States believed that North Korea had enough reprocessed plutonium to produce about 10 bombs with the amount of plutonium increasing. Faced with diplomatic pressure after UN Security Council Resolution 825 and the threat of American military air strikes against Document [61] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) the launch, and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes, it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the guise of a peaceful satellite launch. China also criticized the launch, however urged "the relevant parties" to "refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula". A fifth nuclear test occurred on September 9, 2016. This test yield is considered the highest among all five tests thus far, surpassing its previous record in 2013. The South Korean government said that the yield was about 10 kt despite Document [62] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) nuclear test. In December 2015 North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un suggested that the country had the capacity to launch a hydrogen bomb, a device of considerably more power than conventional atomic bombs used in previous tests. The remark was met with skepticism from the White House and South Korean officials. Around this time, the country approached the United States about possible peace talks to end the Korean War. In a New Year's Day speech, Kim Jong-un warned that provocation from "invasive outsiders" would be met with a "holy war of justice". The North Korean government described the test as Document [63] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) debris in air samples collected a few days after the test confirmed that the blast had taken place. The UN Security Council condemned the test and announced the imposition of Resolution 1874. On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons. In February 2007, following the six-party talks disarmament process, Pyongyang agreed to shut down its main nuclear reactor. On October 8, 2008, IAEA inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site. On April 25, 2009, the North Korean government announced the country's nuclear facilities had been Document [64] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) (IAEA) first inspection in North Korea uncovered discrepancies suggesting that the country had reprocessed more plutonium than declared. IAEA requested access to additional information and access to two nuclear waste sites at Yongbyon. North Korea rejected the IAEA request and announced on March 12, 1993, an intention to withdraw from the NPT. In 1994, North Korea pledged, under the Agreed Framework with the United States, to freeze its plutonium programs and dismantle all its nuclear weapons programs in return for the normalization of diplomatic relations and several kinds of assistance, including resources for alternative energy supplies. By 2002, the United Document [65] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) through further sanctions. This statement occurred even as Japan moved to tighten sanctions on the country. South Korea said they were ensuring their troops were prepared for nuclear war. A U.S. Army major, stationed along the border between North and South Korea, said that the overall situation was "calm" but that "Communist troops were more boldly trying to provoke their southern counterparts: spitting across the demarcation line, making throat-slashing hand gestures, flashing their middle fingers and trying to talk to the troops." On the day of the test, the North Korean Foreign Ministry stated that "if the U.S. keeps pestering Document [66] (Title: History of North Korea) In 2016, 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in Pyongyang, the first party congress since 1980. In 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15, an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking anywhere in the United States of America. Estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal at that time ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In February 2018, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation to the Winter Olympics in South Korea, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and President Kim Yong-nam, which passed on an invitation to South Korean President Moon to Document [67] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) factors influence the seismic measurements produced" because North Korea does not publicize the depth of its tests, although the material at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site is thought to be hard granite. The tremors were felt in Changbai, Hunchun and Yanji in Jilin province in China. China Central Television released photos of students being evacuated in the area and stated that the ground at a local high school showed cracks. According to China's Foreign Ministry, Beijing had no advance knowledge of the test. Although North Korea declared that the 2016 test was a "successful" demonstration of a hydrogen bomb, international Document [68] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) traces of the radioactive noble gas xenon in the air. Backtracking calculations by analysts at the CTBTO indicated that the xenon particles originated from North Korea and that the explosion had been nuclear in nature. According to initial reports from South Korean government sources, the test was carried out at a mountain in Musadan-ri in Hwadae-kun, near the city of Kilchu, in North Hamgyŏng province on the northeast coast. However, later reports from the state National Intelligence Service identified the site as being a place in Sangpyong-ri, about 15 km from the coastal city of Kimchaek and about 50 km Document [69] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, near the site of previous nuclear tests at Mantapsan in Kilju County. A large tremor, first estimated at magnitude of 4.9, was detected in North Korea, and governments in the region were trying to determine whether it was a third nuclear test. The USGS upgraded the magnitude of the possibly nuclear tremor from 4.9 to 5.1, located east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, North Korea. The tremor occurred at 11:57am KST (2:57am UTC), and the USGS said the hypocenter of the event was only one kilometer deep. Later, the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences assures the Document [70] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) the device was more likely to have been a fission bomb such as a boosted fission weapon. Such weapons use hydrogen fusion to produce smaller, lighter warheads suitable for arming a delivery device such as a missile, rather than to attain the destructive power of a true hydrogen bomb. North Korea had previously conducted three underground nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, and 2013, drawing sanctions from the United Nations Security Council. The presidents of the United States and South Korea urged North Korea to rejoin the six-party talks in October 2015. The presidents also warned North Korea against a fourth Document [71] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) may have performed two nuclear tests involving fusion. The paper was met with skepticism, as subsequent analysis of seismic data suggested no tests took place. In 2014, a study using seismic data found evidence for nuclear testing but a 2016 study once again dismissed claims of nuclear testing, suggesting that the seismic data was indicative of a minor earthquake. On February 12, monitors in Asia picked up unusual seismic activity at a North Korean facility at 11:57 (02:57 GMT), later determined to be an artificial quake with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1). The Korean Central News Agency Document [72] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) reactivated, and that spent fuel reprocessing for arms-grade plutonium has been restored. On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted its second underground nuclear test. The U.S. Geological Survey calculated its origin in proximity of the site of the first nuclear test. The test was more powerful than the previous test, estimated at 2 to 7 kilotons. The same day, a successful short range missile test was also conducted. In May 2010, the North Korean government claimed to have successfully performed nuclear fusion. Although the claim was largely dismissed at the time, a 2012 analysis of radioisotopes suggested that North Korea Document [73] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) 2017 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on 3 September 2017, stating it had tested a thermonuclear weapon (hydrogen bomb). The United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake of 6.3-magnitude not far from North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site. South Korean authorities said the earthquake seemed to be artificial, consistent with a nuclear test. The USGS, as well as China Earthquake Networks Center, reported that the initial event was followed by a second, smaller, earthquake at the site, several minutes later, which was characterized as a collapse of the cavity. The North Korean government announced Document [74] (Title: History of nuclear weapons) machines from Pakistan to Libya, Iran, and North Korea. North Korea announced in 2003 that it had several nuclear explosives. The first claimed detonation was the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, conducted on October 9, 2006. On May 25, 2009, North Korea continued nuclear testing, violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718. A third test was conducted on , two tests were conducted in 2016 in January and September, followed by test a year later in September 2017. History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Building on scientific Document [75] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) January 2016 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 . At the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County, an underground nuclear test was carried out. The United States Geological Survey reported a 5.1 magnitude earthquake from the location; the China Earthquake Networks Center reported the magnitude as 4.9. North Korean media announced that the country had successfully tested a hydrogen bomb in ″self-defence against US″. However, third-party experts as well as officials and agencies in South Korea questioned North Korea's claims and contend that Document [76] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) reportedly landed in the Sea of Japan, 500–600 kilometers west of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō, in international waters about 100 kilometers south of the Russian cities of Vladivostok and Nakhodka. It was also reported that two missiles landed in Russian territorial waters. Only the Taepodong-2 was launched from Musudan-ri. The Scuds and Nodongs were launched from Gitdaeryung, Anbyun, and Kangwon-do. (Also spelled as Kitdaeryung, as in the table of launch in next section) The United States State Department has said that the Taepodong-2 missile failed in mid-air after about 42 seconds of flight and probably continued for 2 Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis) described as a "direct response to North Korea's intermediate range ballistic missile launch," referring to North Korea's IRBM launch on August 29. On September 3, at 3:31am UTC, the United States Geological Survey reported that it had detected a magnitude 6.3 earthquake in North Korea near the Punggye-ri test site. Given the shallow depth of the quake and its proximity to North Korea's primary nuclear weapons testing facility, experts concluded that the country had conducted a sixth nuclear weapon test since the country first exploded a nuclear device in 2006. North Korea claimed that they had tested a hydrogen bomb Document [78] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) that he had no future plans to test another nuclear device; the U.S. State Department discounted this report. On October 31, 2006, North Korea agreed to rejoin six-nation disarmament talks. The agreement was struck in a day of unpublicized discussions between the senior envoys from the United States, China and North Korea at a government guesthouse in Beijing. The talks resumed on December 18, 2006. The low yield of the test initially raised questions as to whether it was a nuclear explosion but detection of airborne radioactive isotopes by a United States military aircraft confirmed that it was a nuclear Document [79] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) was a successful nuclear test, as North Korea claimed, or an unsuccessful one ("fizzle"), or perhaps not even a nuclear test at all. However 7 years later, after the 2013 nuclear test, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield ranging at minimum of 700 tons to the max of 2 kilotons and the 2009 test ranges from minimum of 5 kilotons to the max of 12 kilotons instead with relevant statistics. By comparison, the first plutonium core nuclear device tested by the United States (Trinity test) had a yield Document [80] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) a "modest" bomb with a yield of between 6 and 10 kilotons, but disagreement between Defense Intelligence Agency, CIA and the United States State Department over whether it could deploy a miniaturized warhead on a missile. Rumours of an impending nuclear test circulated during 2005 and early 2006, though none came to immediate fruition. On October 3, 2006, however, North Korea claimed that it would soon conduct a nuclear test, and on October 9, 2006, the state claimed to have successfully conducted a test. The Korean Central News Agency, the state's news agency, issued the following statement: Later, the North Document [81] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) minutes before veering from its trajectory. However, DoD officials indicated that the stable missile boost phase of 42 seconds and the subsequent tumbling out of control to impact into the Sea of Japan(East Sea) was only airborne for close to two minutes. North Korea conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 2006, and is widely believed to have a substantial arsenal of chemical weapons, deliverable by artillery against South Korea. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003. Recently during "Six-party talks" North Korea agreed in principle to end its nuclear weapons program as part of a comprehensive Document [82] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) to be used for plutonium reprocessing for weapons purposes. As late as the end of 2003, North Korea claimed that it would freeze its nuclear program in exchange for additional American concessions, but a final agreement was not reached. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003. On October 9, 2006, North Korea demonstrated its nuclear capabilities with its first underground nuclear test, detonating a plutonium based device with an estimated yield of 0.2–1 kilotons. The test was conducted at Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in North Hamgyong Province, and U.S. intelligence officials later announced that analysis of radioactive Document [83] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) a new base in Dongchang-ri along its west coast and a launch could take place in one or two weeks, according to Yonhap. The North Korean news agency KCNA confirmed the test as "successful". The agency also said the test was "aimed at strengthening its self-defense nuclear deterrent in every way". South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported citing KCNA that citizens of Pyongyang held a rally to celebrate the country's second successful nuclear test on 26 May. In general the International reactions to the 2009 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative. News of the tests immediately affected Document [84] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) Canada, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States voiced strong criticism of the nuclear test. US President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter: "North Korea has conducted a major nuclear test. Their words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States". Trump was asked whether the U.S. would attack North Korea and replied: "We'll see." Defense Secretary James Mattis warned North Korea that it would be met with a "massive military response" if it threatened the United States or its allies. 2017 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted Document [85] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) force. North Korea later clarified that it did not possess weapons yet, but that it had a right to possess them. In late 2002 and early 2003, North Korea began to take steps to eject International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors while re-routing spent fuel rods for plutonium reprocessing for weapons purposes. Throughout the course of 2003, North Korean and American officials exchanged harsh words and staged military exercises which were interpreted by the other party to be aggressive. As late as the end of 2003, North Korea claimed that it would freeze its nuclear program in exchange for American concessions Document [86] (Title: 2013 North Korean missile tests) in waters off the country's eastern coast. 2013 North Korean missile tests The 2013 North Korean missile tests were a series of North Korean missile tests in 2013. On May 2013, North Korea launched three short-range guided missiles into the Sea of Japan. The first two missiles were shot in the morning, while the third was in the afternoon. The missiles were launched from the same location where two missiles had been displayed, fueled, and then removed weeks before. On 19 May 2013, North Korea launched a fourth missile that landed in the Sea of Japan. On 20 May 2013, Document [87] (Title: Korean People's Army) new missile has a potential range of 10,400 kilometers (6,500 miles) and, if fired on a flatter trajectory, could be capable of reaching mainland U.S. territory. On 9 October 2006, the North Korean government announced that it had unsuccessfully attempted a nuclear test for the first time. Experts at the United States Geological Survey and Japanese seismological authorities detected an earthquake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 4.3 from the site in North Korea, proving the official claims to be true. North Korea also went on to claim that it had developed a nuclear weapon in 2009. It is widely Document [88] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) Sungjibaegam is a settlement located from the tremor of the 2013 test. Punggye-ri railway station is located at . In January 2013, Google Maps was updated to include various locations in North Korea. On 8 April 2013, it was reported that South Korea had observed activity at Punggye-ri, suggesting that a fourth nuclear test was being prepared, but the next test did not occur until January 2016. On 6 January 2016, North Korean state media announced a fourth nuclear test had been carried out successfully at the location using a hydrogen bomb. Satellite imagery captured for monitoring website 38 North Document [89] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) and Russia (the six-party talks) but little concrete change occurred. Because North Korea had not conducted a successful test of a nuclear device, the extent of its nuclear weapons program remained ambiguous through 2005 and much of 2006. Though North Korea conducted numerous missile tests (some of which were branded failures by international experts), the question of whether they had actually mastered all aspects of nuclear weapons technology – ranging from material production to complex nuclear weapon design needed to produce the final detonation – remained unanswered. there was agreement in the U.S. intelligence community that North Korea could build Document [90] (Title: North Korea) nuclear weapons to avoid the fate of Iraq. On 9 October 2006, North Korea announced it had conducted its first nuclear weapons test. U.S. President Barack Obama adopted a policy of "strategic patience", resisting making deals with North Korea for the sake of defusing tension. Tensions with South Korea and the United States increased in 2010 with the sinking of the South Korean warship "Cheonan" and North Korea's shelling of Yeonpyeong Island. On 17 December 2011, the supreme leader of North Korea Kim Jong-il died from a heart attack. His youngest son Kim Jong-un was announced as his successor. In Document [91] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) long-term project, and that a nuclear test wouldn't occur soon. According to a U.S. expert, North Korea has everything in place for a fourth explosion but is hesitating due to the fear that it would anger China. A professor from Georgetown University predicted that test would occur in spring 2014 at latest. On 17 December 2013, a member of South Korea's parliamentary intelligence committee said that a nuclear and missile test would occur soon to draw attention away from the execution of Jang Sung-taek. This was said after North Korea floated propaganda leaflets to South Korea that threatened the annihilation Document [92] (Title: 2009 North Korean missile tests) region to refrain from any action that could escalate tensions. 2009 North Korean missile tests Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted in July 2009. On July 4, 2009, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRK, or North Korea) launched seven short range missiles into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), after previously launching four missiles two days earlier on July 2. The missiles were launched in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874. Missiles have been fired from the launch site at the port of Wonsan on the east coast of the country. Document [93] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) the January 2016 North Korean nuclear test was conducted. On 19 June 2013, the University of Science and Technology of China released a report that claimed that they had found the precise location of the test at latitude 41°17′26.88″, longitude 129°4′34.68″, with an error margin of 94 meters and the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt. In comparison, the fission nuclear bombs dropped by the "Enola Gay" on Hiroshima (Little Boy, a "gun-type" nuclear bomb) and on Nagasaki by "Bockscar" (Fat Man, an "implosion-type" nuclear bomb) had blast yield equivalences of 16 and Document [94] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) out by North Korea in 2006 and 2009. Japan's Kyodo News service reported the Japanese defense ministry had scrambled aircraft to hunt for radiation effects. Japan's government held a national security council meeting in Tokyo according to NHK. The South Korean military also raised its readiness level. In general, international reactions to the 2013 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative. 2013 North Korean nuclear test On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial Document [95] (Title: Nuclear power in North Korea) nuclear weapons, but was refused by both. However, the Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nuclear energy program, including the training of nuclear scientists. Eventually this technology base developed into a clandestine nuclear weapons program, leading to the 2006 and 2009 nuclear tests. In 2009, it was estimated that North Korea had up to ten functional nuclear warheads. After the death of Kim Jong-il in December 2011, the IAEA announced its readiness to return nuclear inspectors to North Korea, from which they were expelled in 2009, as soon as an agreement could be reached on steps Document [96] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) of Baengnyeongdo. On 22 April 2014, South Korea reported that North Korea had stepped up its activity at its main nuclear test site, meaning they may be preparing for their fourth underground nuclear test. The United States urged North Korea to refrain from testing. On January 6th, 2016 North Korea says it has successfully carried out a hydrogen bomb test, which if confirmed, will be a first for the reclusive regime and a significant advancement for its military ambitions. The test took place at 10 a.m. local time, the regime said in a televised statement. The seismic event, which measured Document [97] (Title: Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization) test. The detection was made at the radionuclide station in Takasaki, Japan, located at around 1,000 kilometres, or 620 miles, from the North Korean test site. Lower levels were picked up at another station in Ussuriysk, Russia. Using Atmospheric Transport Modelling, which calculates the three-dimensional travel path of airborne radioactivity on the basis of weather data, the North Korean test site was identified as a possible source for the emission. The huge amount of data collected by the CTBTO can also be used for purposes other than detecting nuclear explosions, particularly in the field of disaster mitigation and early warning. Document [98] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) the event at a magnitude of 5.1, occurred 19 kilometers (12 miles) east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, the United States Geological Survey said. A senior U.S. administration told CNN it could take days to obtain the scientific data to determine whether this was a successful test. In response, Japan's Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, called an urgent security meeting of the United Nations Security Council. The emergency session was to be held 9 AM EST on 12 February 2013. Tibor Toth, executive secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO), confirmed the event's location was "roughly congruent with" nuclear tests carried Document [99] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) from South Korea's National Intelligence Service and that it was now ready for planned international inspection. Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site () was the only known nuclear test site of North Korea. Nuclear tests were conducted at the site in October 2006, May 2009, February 2013, January 2016, September 2016, and September 2017. The site has three visible tunnel entrances. Based on satellite imagery, its exact location is in mountainous terrain in Kilju County, North Hamgyong Province. It is south of Mantapsan, west of Hwasong concentration camp and northwest of the Punggye-ri village. The most proximate settlement Document [100] (Title: Thermonuclear weapon) these boosted fission devices was the thermonuclear weapon design, according to KRL and PAEC. North Korea claimed to have tested its miniaturised thermonuclear bomb on 6 January 2016. North Korea's first three nuclear tests (2006, 2009 and 2013) were relatively low yield and do not appear to have been of a thermonuclear weapon design. In 2013, the South Korean Defense Ministry speculated that North Korea may be trying to develop a "hydrogen bomb" and such a device may be North Korea's next weapons test. In January 2016, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb, although only a Document [101] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) purpose of the nuclear test was to establish North Korea as a nuclear power within Kim Jong-il's lifetime. Without citing a specific time, Pyongyang notified both Washington, D.C. and Beijing of the test about an hour before the actual detonation, which occurred around 10:00 Korea Standard Time (KST) Monday; the U.S. State Department promptly contacted the four other six-party talks members. The state-run Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) released an announcement claiming, in part, that: This was interpreted as referring to the disputes over the low yield of the 2006 test. South Korea and Japan reported seismic activity at 09:50 Document [102] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) – in particular a non-aggression treaty – but a final agreement was not reached and talks continued to be cancelled or fall through. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003 after not receiving light-water reactors promised by the United States which were going to be delivered in exchange for North Korea not developing their own power plants, as understood in the "Agreed Framework". In early 2004 former Los Alamos National Laboratory director Siegfried S. Hecker, as part of an unofficial U.S. delegation, was allowed to inspect North Korea's plutonium production facilities. Hecker later testified before the United Document [103] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) Agency|KCNA]] confirmed that this was the fifth nuclear test and that the "warhead can be mounted to a missile". The test, conducted in defiance of the [[international community]], prompted wide international condemnation. The [[UN Security Council]] condemned the test and said it would formulate a new resolution, with the US, Britain and France pressing for new sanctions. [[United States Secretary of Defense|US Secretary of Defense]] [[Ash Carter]] stated in a press conference that "China has and shares an important responsibility for this development and has an important responsibility to reverse it". China has not confirmed its support for tougher sanctions. Document [104] (Title: 2018 Korean peace process) 2000. Continuing concerns about North Korea's development of nuclear missiles led in 2003 to the six-party talks that included North Korea, South Korea, the US, Russia, China, and Japan. In 2006, however, North Korea resumed testing missiles and on October 9 conducted its first nuclear test. A second inter-Korean summit was held in 2007. By 2017, estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In the opinion of analysts, the Hwasong-15 missile is capable of striking anywhere in the United States. In May 2017 Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea Document [105] (Title: 2017 North Korean missile tests) near Japan’s exclusive economic zone. According to Yonhap News, Korean Air flights KE026 and KE012 witnessed lights presumably from separated portions of the missile. 2017 North Korean missile tests Several missile tests were conducted by North Korea throughout 2017. On April 4, 2017, North Korea launched a Hwasong-12 ballistic missile which reached the Sea of Japan. The test came after a day of celebration for North Korea's Eternal President Kim Il-sung. US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson responded by saying the United States had not changed its stance on North Korea and would not comment further. On April 15, 2017, Document [106] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) of the United Nations Charter so providing a legal justification for future military action, in order to gain full support for the resolution. 2006 North Korean nuclear test The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted by North Korea on October 9, 2006. On October 3, 2006, North Korea announced its intention to conduct a nuclear test. The blast is generally estimated to have had an explosive force of less than one kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. United States officials suggested the device may have been a nuclear explosive that misfired. An Document [107] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) the [[United Nations Security Council]]; in a statement issued on September 9, the Council strongly condemning the test and said that it would take "further significant measures" in response, as it had pledged to do in a previous resolution if a violation occurred again. The statement said that non-military actions such as sanctions would be taken under Article 41 of the [[United Nations Charter]]. [[Category:2016 in North Korea|Nuclear test 2]] [[Category:North Korean nuclear weapons testing|2016-09]] [[Category:September 2016 events in Asia]] [[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]] September 2016 North Korean nuclear test The government of North Korea conducted a nuclear detonation on Question: where did north korea test its nuclear weapons Answer: Punggye - ri Test Site Long Answer: North Korea's nuclear tests series tests and detonations Sequence Date time (UT) Local time zone ​ Location Elevation, depth Delivery Yield Fallout References (1) 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2006 01: 35: 27 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 06" N 129 ° 06 ′ 30" E  /  41.28505 ° N 129.1084 ° E  / 41.28505; 129.1084  ((1)) 001030! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 310 m (1,020 ft) underground 000010000! 0.7 - 2 kt Possibly a fizzle . East Tunnel approximately 1 km NE from the entrance . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 2 kilotons back in 2013 but has since revised to 0.7 kt . (2) 000000002009 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2009 00: 54: 43 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 29" N 129 ° 04 ′ 54" E  /  41.29142 ° N 129.08167 ° E  / 41.29142; 129.08167  ((2)) 000850! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 490 m (1,610 ft) underground 000040000! 2 - 5.4 kt West Tunnel at about 1.2 km NW from the tunnel entrance . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 13 kt back in 2013 but has since revised to 5.4 kt . (3) 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2013 02: 57: 51 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 16 ′ 05" N 129 ° 04 ′ 51" E  /  41.26809 ° N 129.08076 ° E  / 41.26809; 129.08076  ((3)) 000340! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000070000! 6 - 16 kt Likely the test took place in the West Tunnel . South tunnel damaged by flooding in 2012 . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 40 kilotons back in 2013 but has since revised the yield as 14 kT . The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt . Hence the max yield could be 16kT for this test . (4) 000000002016 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2016 01: 30: 01 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 18 ′ 32" N 129 ° 02 ′ 02" E  /  41.30900 ° N 129.03399 ° E  / 41.30900; 129.03399  ((4)) 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000100000! 7 - 16.5 kt Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb . Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has originally estimated the yield as 14kT but has since revised to 10kT . The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 11.3 kt, with a margin of error of 4.2 kt . Hence the max yield could be 16.5 kT for this test . (5) 000000002016 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2016 00: 30: 01 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 53" N 129 ° 00 ′ 54" E  /  41.298 ° N 129.015 ° E  / 41.298; 129.015  ((5)) 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000150000! 15 - 25 kt North Korea announced that this is a successful test of a warhead that can be mounted onto a rocket . Siegfried S. Hecker, former director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, estimated yield at 15 to 25 kt Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has initially estimated the yield as 25 kt The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 17.8 kt, with a margin of error of 5.9 kt . (6) 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2017 03: 30: 01.940 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 20 ′ 35" N 129 ° 02 ′ 10" E  /  41.343 ° N 129.036 ° E  / 41.343; 129.036  ((2)) 000000! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 0 m (0 ft) underground 000100000! 50 - 250 kt Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb (but may only be a boosted fission weapon rather than an actual staged Teller--Ulam thermonuclear weapon). On 3 September, South Korea's weather agency, the Korea Meteorological Administration, estimated that the nuclear blast yield of the presumed test was between 50 and 60 kilotons based on a magnitude 5.6 detection . South Korean Government's initial yield estimate is 100 kt, and it detected a 5.7 magnitude earthquake, NORSAR Seismology Center initial estimate is 120 kt, based on a magnitude 5.8 tremor . On 12 Sept 2017, it has since revised the estimates to 250 kt based on a magnitude 6.1 instead . The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimate is "a few hundred kt", based on a 6.1 detected tremor . The Japan Meteorological Agency also detected a 6.1 magnitude tremor . from USGS: "(Magnitude) 6.3 Explosion...Possible explosion, located near the site where North Korea has detonated nuclear explosions in the past . If this event was an explosion, the USGS National Earthquake Information Center cannot determine its type, whether nuclear or any other possible type ." Depth and lat / lon location approximate . The China Earthquake Administration also detected a 6.3 magnitude earthquake . The University of Science and Technology of China estimated the yield at 108.1 ± 48.1 kt . The Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences registered a 6.4 magnitude earthquake . Paul Richards, nuclear seismic research scientist at Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory said, "The explosion appears to be the largest since China surprised the world with a magnitude 6.5 nuclear test in May 1992...The main point: this was a huge explosion, probably hundreds of kilotons, and larger than any of those conducted by the Soviet Union and the United States since 1976 ." He also said that "Tentatively, I'd put today's test at around 250 kilotons with a factor of uncertainty around 2 until we get better information on the depth at which it was carried out" U.S. intelligence: 140kt with unspecified margin of error . Japanese Government: 160kt Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei. On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted a second nuclear test, resulting in an explosion estimated to be between 2 and 7 kilotons. The 2009 test, like the 2006 test, is believed to have occurred at Mantapsan, Kilju County, in the north-eastern part of North Korea. This was found by an earthquake occurring at the test site. In February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. This Document [2] (Title: 1993 North Korean missile test) is a primary contributor of North Korea's oil (over 40%). 1993 North Korean missile test A North Korean missile test occurred on May 29 and 30, 1993. North Korea fired a Nodong-1 missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), from a base in Hwadae County near Wonsan, North Korea. The target was a buoy floating in the Sea of Japan. The North Koreans were testing the missile so they could export it to Iran in return for oil. Japanese and United States officials waited a few days before disclosing the launch of the missile. Afterwards, North Korea Document [3] (Title: Ryanggang explosion) possess nuclear weapons on 10 February 2005 gives the nuclear testing or accident hypotheses some credibility. However, no neighboring nations have claimed any detection of radioactive isotopes which would be characteristic of either. North Korea claimed to have tested its first nuclear weapon on 9 October 2006. There have since been multiple nuclear tests by North Korea. Ryanggang explosion The Ryanggang explosion was a large explosion that took place in North Korea on 9 September 2004 in the northern province of Ryanggang. The nature and cause of the suspected explosion is the subject of speculation. No neighboring nations have claimed Document [4] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) us and increases pressure, we will regard it as a declaration of war and will take a series of physical corresponding measures". On October 17 North Korea denounced UN sanctions over its nuclear test as a declaration of war and the United States and other nations suspected that North Korea was seeking to conduct a second nuclear test despite international pressure. On October 20, 2006, Kim Jong-il allegedly said that he was "sorry" over his country's nuclear test, and wished to return to talk with the United Nations. According to a Chinese envoy, Kim Jong-il said, Kim Jong-Il also stated Document [5] (Title: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) the international data centre in Vienna for processing and analysis. The data are sent to states that have signed the Treaty. Three countries have tested nuclear weapons since the CTBT opened for signature in 1996. India and Pakistan both carried out two sets of tests in 1998. North Korea carried out six announced tests, one each in 2006, 2009, 2013, two in 2016 and one in 2017. All six North Korean tests were picked up by the International Monitoring System set up by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission. A North Korean test is believed to have taken place Document [6] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences has registered underground nuclear explosion conducted in North Korea on May 25, 2009. Registration time of this explosion was 0:54 a.m. GMT (4:54 a.m. Moscow time) with magnitude 5.0. In China, tremors were felt in the prefecture of Yanbian, which borders North Korea, and forced students in some local schools to be evacuated. The test is believed to have taken place at Mantapsan in the vicinity of P'unggyeri (Korean: ), which was the site of the nuclear test held in 2006. Analysts have generally agreed that the nuclear test was successful, despite uncertainty Document [7] (Title: 2018 North Korea–United States summit) it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam. North Korea tested what some sources argued may have been its first hydrogen bomb on September 3. The test was internationally condemned, and further economic sanctions were put on North Korea. The United States also added North Korea back to its State Sponsors of Terrorism list after nine years. On November 28, North Korea launched the Hwasong-15, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States. The United Nations responded by placing further sanctions on the country. Document [8] (Title: Korean conflict) North Korea announced that it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam. On August 29, North Korea fired another missile. Days later with tensions still high, North Korea conducted their sixth nuclear test on September 3. The test was met with international condemnation and resulted in further economic sanctions being taken against North Korea. Just over two weeks after their previous test, North Korea launched another missile. On November 28, North Korea launched another missile, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States. The Document [9] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) 2009 North Korean nuclear test The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, May 25, 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. This was its second nuclear test, the first test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons. The test was nearly universally condemned by the international community. Following the test, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1874 condemning the test and tightening sanctions on the country. It was widely Document [10] (Title: Sunshine Policy) three missile tests were carried out before 2008. However, this may also be indicative of the North gaining the technological capabilities to conduct extensive nuclear and missile tests circa 2008. (Refer to List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea, List of North Korean missile tests, Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1.) On October 9, 2006, before the nuclear and missile tests, South Korea suspended aid shipments to the North and put their military on high alert status. There was much concern regarding how South Korea can maintain a cooperative policy towards the North when such provocative acts occurred. Nonetheless, the government of South Document [11] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) other sources suggesting a yield. The same German source which has made estimation of all North Korea's previous nuclear tests suggested an estimation of a 25 kiloton yield. Other nations and the United Nations have responded to North Korea's ongoing missile and nuclear development with a variety of sanctions; on March 2, 2016, the UN Security Council voted to impose additional sanctions against North Korea. In 2017, North Korea test-launched two ICBMs, the second of which had sufficient range to reach the continental United States. In September 2017, the country announced a further "perfect" hydrogen bomb test. The Korean Central Document [12] (Title: North Korea–United States relations) and Japan. North Korea conducted a sixth nuclear test, the first of a thermonuclear weapon, on September 3, 2017. On November 20, 2017, Trump officially announced re-listing North Korea as a State Sponsor of Terrorism. In December 2017, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen said during an interview with Martha Raddatz on ABC's This Week that the United States did not solve diplomatically, and warned that North Korea was closer to a Nuclear War with United States. He said in a statement, "We're actually closer, in my view, to a nuclear war with North Korea and Document [13] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant. North Korea's nuclear weapons program dates back to the 1980s. Focusing on practical uses of nuclear energy and the completion of a nuclear weapon development system, North Korea began to operate facilities for uranium fabrication and conversion, and conducted high-explosive detonation tests. In 1985 North Korea ratified the NPT but did not include the required safeguards agreement with the IAEA until 1992. In early 1993, while verifying North Korea's initial declaration, the IAEA concluded that there was strong evidence this declaration was incomplete. When North Korea refused the requested special Document [14] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) However, the five-stage combat alert level remained at DEFCON 4, the second-lowest level. Russia undertook security measures in case the war of nerves on the Korean peninsula erupted into a nuclear war. North Korea also threatened on 29 May to attack South Korean and US warships near its coast if its sovereignty were infringed. In Japan a policy debate ensued regarding strengthening its military up to and including the possibility of an independent pre-emptive strike capability and even nuclear armaments, subjects hitherto taboo. On 30 May, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence confirmed that a VC10 tanker plane, which is Document [15] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) in January 2016. On January 6, 2016 in Korea, the United States Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance, reported to be a fourth underground nuclear test. North Korea claimed that this test involved a hydrogen bomb. This claim has not been verified. As described below, a "hydrogen bomb" could mean one of several degrees of weapon, ranging from enhanced fission devices to true thermonuclear weapons. Within hours, many nations and organizations had condemned the test. Expert U.S. analysts do not believe that a hydrogen bomb was detonated. Seismic data collected so far suggests a 6–9 kiloton yield and Document [16] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) with the food aid. On February 11, 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance, reported to be a third underground nuclear test. North Korea has officially reported it as a successful nuclear test with a lighter warhead that delivers more force than before, but has not revealed the exact yield. Multiple South Korean sources estimate the yield at 6–9 kilotons, while the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimates the yield at 40 kilotons. However, the German estimate has since been revised to a yield equivalent of 14 kt when they published their estimations Document [17] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) and benefactor, the People's Republic of China. All five veto-wielding permanent members of the United Nations Security Council condemned the nuclear test. On October 10, however, South Korean Prime Minister Han Myeong-sook told Parliament that South Korea will not support any United Nations resolution containing military measures against North Korea in retaliation for its nuclear test. Negative economic effects were seen throughout the region after the test. South Korea's KOSPI index fell 2.4% to 1319.4, forcing the Korea Exchange to suspend trading for five minutes upon receiving the news. The Japanese and Taiwanese stock exchanges were closed for a market Document [18] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) KST (00:50 UTC). The United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude 4.7 earthquake at a depth of zero and put the center of the tremor about northwest of Kimchaek and northeast of Pyongyang, within a few kilometres of the country's 2006 nuclear test site. The Japan Meteorological Agency measured the seismic activity at magnitude 5.3. The Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources reported seismic activity in the same area but far stronger than in 2006. The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed it had detected a nuclear detonation in North Korea and was analysing the data to determine the yield. Geophysical Document [19] (Title: Thermonuclear weapon) magnitude 5.1 seismic event was detected at the time of the test, a similar magnitude to the 2013 test of a 6–9 kt atomic bomb. These seismic recordings cast doubt upon North Korea's claim that a hydrogen bomb was tested and suggest it was a non-fusion nuclear test. On 3 September 2017, the country's state media reported that a hydrogen bomb test was conducted which resulted in "perfect success". According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the blast resulted in an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3, 10 times more powerful than previous nuclear tests conducted by North Korea. U.S. Document [20] (Title: History of the Teller–Ulam design) North Korea claimed to have tested its miniaturised thermonuclear bomb on 6 January 2016. North Korea's first three nuclear tests (2006, 2009 and 2013) were relatively low yield and do not appear to have been of a thermonuclear weapon design. In 2013, the South Korean Defense Ministry has speculated that North Korea may be trying to develop a "hydrogen bomb" and such a device may be North Korea's next weapons test. In January 2016, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb, though only a magnitude 5.1 seismic event was detected at the time of the test, a Document [21] (Title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis) "its largest ever military drill", conducted in Wonsan. The following day, it was reported that the United States and South Korea had begun installing key elements of the THAAD missile defense in South Korea's Seongju County. On July 4 North Korea conducted the first publicly announced flight test of its ICBM Hwasong-14, timed to coincide with the U.S. Independence Day celebrations. This flight had a claimed range of eastwards into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) and reached an altitude of during a 39-minute flight. The U.S. government experts classified the missile launch as a big step in Document [22] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) west of Musadan-ri. The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources reported seismic waves measuring 3.58 on the Richter scale. The United States Geological Survey reported that a seismic event occurred at 01:35:28 UTC (10:35:28 am local time, UTC+9) on October 9, 2006, and measured 4.3 on the Richter scale. It occurred at the geographic coordinates with a horizontal location uncertainty of ±9.6 km (6.0 miles). This is near Mantapsan, north of Kimchaek, southwest of Chongjin, south of Yanji, and northeast of Pyongyang. International condemnation of the tests by governments has been nearly unanimous, including from North Korea's close ally Document [23] (Title: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) the NPT. On 2 October 2006, the North Korean foreign minister announced that his country was planning to conduct a nuclear test "in the future", although it did not state when. On Monday, 9 October 2006 at 01:35:28 (UTC) the United States Geological Survey detected a magnitude 4.3 seismic event north of Kimchaek, North Korea indicating a nuclear test. The North Korean government announced shortly afterward that they had completed a successful underground test of a nuclear fission device. In 2007, reports from Washington suggested that the 2002 CIA reports stating that North Korea was developing an enriched uranium weapons Document [24] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) 2016 nuclear test was revised to 10 kt in the subsequent nuclear test from North Korea. On February 7, 2016, roughly a month after the alleged hydrogen bomb test, North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into orbit around the Earth. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket, and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory, it would be shot down. Nevertheless, North Korea launched the rocket anyway, claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful, scientific purposes. Several nations, including the United States, Japan, and South Korea, have criticized Document [25] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) "act of war". The statement was said to have lacked the usual bitterness of most North Korean statements. 2009 North Korean nuclear test The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, May 25, 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. This was its second nuclear test, the first test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons. The test was nearly universally condemned by the international community. Following the test, the United Document [26] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) Central News Agency (KCNA) further stated that "The H-bomb test conducted by the DPRK was a measure for self-defence to thoroughly protect the sovereignty of the country and vital rights of the nation from the daily-growing nuclear threat and blackmail by the hostile forces and reliably guarantee peace on the Korean Peninsula and security of the region … The Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq and the Gaddafi regime in Libya could not escape the fate of destruction after being deprived of their foundations for nuclear development and giving up nuclear programs of their own accord, yielding to the pressure of Document [27] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) 21 kilotons respectively. On 4 February 2013, a South Korean military official had stated that there was a "chance that the southern tunnel is a decoy, but we are not ruling out that the regime will conduct nuclear tests simultaneously at both tunnels". On 15 February 2013, North Korea had told China that they were preparing for one or two more nuclear tests that year. On 8 April 2013, South Korea had observed activity at Punggye-ri, suggesting that a fourth underground test was being prepared. It was later believed that the tunneling activity that started in April was for a Document [28] (Title: Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) for the missile defense of South Korea include "sea-based, Patriots and THAAD" according to General John E. Hyten, commander of U.S. Strategic Command. On 2 September 2017, the North Korean news agency KCNA released a photograph of an elongated payload, intended to fit in the warhead of one of its missiles. On 3 September 2017 both Japan's Foreign Ministry and the South Korean Joint Chiefs announced the detection of a magnitude 6.3 seismic event, centered near Punggye-ri, which is North Korea's underground nuclear test site. Japan's Foreign Ministry has concluded that the event was the North's sixth nuclear test. Choe Document [29] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) North Korea and weapons of mass destruction North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and also has a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. As of 2003, North Korea is no longer a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The country has come under sanctions after conducting a number of nuclear tests, beginning in 2006. The nuclear program can be traced back to about 1962, when North Korea committed itself to what it called "all-fortressization", which was the beginning of the hyper-militarized North Korea of today. In 1963, North Korea asked the Soviet Document [30] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) not only be in two parts but also be a different shape". Nations across the world, as well as NATO and the UN, spoke out against the tests as destabilizing, as a danger to international security and as a breach of UN Security Council resolutions. China, one of North Korea's allies, also denounced the test. On September 9, 2016, a 5.3 seismic tremor was detected by seismograms in surrounding countries, after which North Korea confirmed it conducted another nuclear test. North Korea stated that this test has enabled them to confirm that its warhead can be mounted to a missile Document [31] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) between January and April 2017 suggested that a sixth nuclear test was being prepared at the site, which was detonated on September 3, 2017. According to sources, people from the Punggye-ri nuclear test site have been banned from entering Pyongyang since the test due to the possibility of being radioactively contaminated. According to the report of defectors, about 80% of trees died and all of the underground wells dried up in the site after the sixth nuclear test. On 3 and 23 September 2017, earthquakes which seem to be collapses of tunnels were detected with magnitude of 4.1 and 3.6 Document [32] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) testing site and a launch pad. The international experts will also be allowed to witness the dismantled of other North Korean nuclear and missile test sites as well. Yongbyon, the main nuclear facility in North Korea, has also been inactive during the past year as well, but has not yet completely closed. North Korea and weapons of mass destruction North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and also has a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. As of 2003, North Korea is no longer a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The country Document [33] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) believed that the test was conducted as a result of a succession crisis in the country. After Kim Jong-Il suffered a stroke in the summer of 2008, arrangements were made for his third son, Kim Jong-un, to take power upon his death. It is believed the North Koreans conducted the nuclear test to show that, even in a time of possible weakness, it did not intend to give up its nuclear weapons program. North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) had threatened to conduct a second nuclear test in protest after the United Nations Security Council Document [34] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) 2013 North Korean nuclear test On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1) was detected by the China Earthquake Networks Center, Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the United States Geological Survey. In response, Japan summoned an emergency United Nations meeting for 12 February and South Korea raised its military alert status. It is not known whether the explosion was nuclear or a conventional explosion designed to Document [35] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) a "complete success" and characterized it as self-defense against the United States. North Korean media claimed that the bomb existed the month before the test was carried out. Official state media from the DPRK announced the test. The Korean Central Television (KCTV) said that "the U.S. has gathered forces hostile to [the] DPRK and raised a slanderous human rights issue to hinder [the] DPRK's improvement. It is [therefore] just to have [an] H-bomb as self-defense against the U.S. having numerous and humongous nuclear weapons. The DPRK's fate must not be protected by any forces but [the] DPRK itself". The Korean Document [36] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site () was the only known nuclear test site of North Korea. Nuclear tests were conducted at the site in October 2006, May 2009, February 2013, January 2016, September 2016, and September 2017. The site has three visible tunnel entrances. Based on satellite imagery, its exact location is in mountainous terrain in Kilju County, North Hamgyong Province. It is south of Mantapsan, west of Hwasong concentration camp and northwest of the Punggye-ri village. The most proximate settlement to the possible nuclear underground test site is Chik-tong, a small populated place located at . Document [37] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) a thermonuclear weapon warhead were released a few hours before the test. Analysts have tended to give credence to North Korea's claim that it was a hydrogen bomb. "38 North" made a revised estimate for the test yield at 250 kT, making it near the maximum-containable yield for the Punggye-ri test site. Tom Plant, director of proliferation and nuclear policy at the Royal United Services Institute said, "The North Koreans do bluff sometimes, but when they make a concrete claim about their nuclear programme, more often than not it turns out to be true. ... I think the balance is Document [38] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) adopted a presidential statement condemning the country after it launched a rocket, which it claimed was carrying the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, on 5 April 2009. The launch was condemned by several nations, describing it as an intercontinental ballistic missile test. The test also came after recent messages stating that North Korea had miniaturized nuclear warheads for medium-range missiles and that the country had been recognized by analysts as a fully fledged nuclear power. In June 2009, after it was announced that Kim Jong-un was to be the intended successor of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, U.S. government analysts speculated that the Document [39] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) told by National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley "shortly after" 10 p.m. (UTC-5) that a test was imminent. North Korea had been suspected of maintaining a clandestine nuclear weapons development program since the early 1980s when it constructed a plutonium-producing Magnox nuclear reactor at Yongbyon, and various diplomatic means had been used by the international community to attempt to limit North Korea's nuclear work to peaceful and scientific means and encouraging North Korea to participate in international treaties. In 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the "Agreed Framework", whereby North Korea agreed to freeze its graphite moderated reactor program Document [40] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) Korea's ruling Democratic Party issued a statement revealing that officials from South Korea's National Intelligence Service had observed several of North Korea's nuclear and missile test sites and that they were now ready for the upcoming international inspections. Kim also stated that the now inactive North Korean Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site and the Sohae Satellite launching ground were included in these observations. The visit by the intelligence officials was in tandem with the September 2018 Pyongyang Agreement, which saw North Korean leader Kim Jung-Un agree to close Sohae and allow international experts to observe the dismantling of the missile engine Document [41] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. President Bush was briefed on the activity around 5:40 pm EDT (21:40 UTC). He spoke in the Oval Office on the tests on July 5, 2006 and stated that the tests only "isolated Korea". Bush has said that America would continue to encourage six-party talks, rather than be drawn into one-on-one negotiations with North Korea. Christopher Hill, the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, is set to head to the region on Wednesday, July 5, 2006. National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley described the tests as "provocative behavior". George Bush met Document [42] (Title: Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix) for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST). On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC. On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017. On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, Document [43] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) 2006 North Korean nuclear test The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted by North Korea on October 9, 2006. On October 3, 2006, North Korea announced its intention to conduct a nuclear test. The blast is generally estimated to have had an explosive force of less than one kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. United States officials suggested the device may have been a nuclear explosive that misfired. An anonymous official at the North Korean Embassy in Beijing told a South Korean newspaper that the explosive output was smaller than expected. Because Document [44] (Title: Nuclear proliferation) to implement the 2005 joint statement including shutdown and disablement of North Korean nuclear facilities in exchange for energy assistance. Reacting to UN sanctions imposed after missile tests in April 2009, North Korea withdrew from the six-party talks, restarted its nuclear facilities and conducted a second nuclear test on 25 May 2009. On 12 February 2013, North Korea conducted an underground nuclear explosion with an estimated yield of 6 to 7 kilotonnes. The detonation registered a magnitude 4.9 disturbance in the area around the epicenter. "See also: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction and Six-party talks" Security of nuclear Document [45] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) land-based version of the same. On April 16, 2017, hours after the military parade in Pyongyang, North Korea attempted to launch a ballistic missile from a site near the port of Sinpo, on the country's east coast. The missile exploded seconds after launch. Later that month, after a visit to Washington by the top Chinese leader, the US State Department announced that North Korea was likely to face economic sanctions from China if it conducted any further tests. On April 28, 2017, North Korea launched an unidentified ballistic missile over Pukchang airfield, in North Korean territory. It blew up shortly Document [46] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) and to verify the warhead's power. It was previously doubted that North Korea could pair the nuclear warhead and missile together, but South Korean experts started to believe that North Korea can accomplish this goal within a few years after the September 9 nuclear test. On February 18, 2017, China announced that it was suspending all imports of coal from North Korea as part of its effort to enact United Nations Security Council sanctions aimed at stopping the country’s nuclear weapons and ballistic-missile program. On March 6, 2017, North Korea launched four ballistic missiles from the Tongchang-ri region towards the Document [47] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) 2006 North Korean missile test Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) reportedly fired at least seven separate missiles. These included one long-range Taepodong-2 missile and short-range Scud derived missiles including the enlarged Nodong missile. The Taepodong-2 was estimated by United States intelligence agencies as having a potential range reaching as far as Alaska, although this missile failed after about 42 seconds of flight. North Korea made its first public acknowledgement of the tests on July 6, through its foreign ministry, describing them as Document [48] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) mimic a nuclear blast; as of two days after the blast, Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean investigators had failed to detect any radiation. On 12 February 2013, a spokesman for North Korea's army command said it had successfully conducted a third underground nuclear weapons test, according to the Yonhap. North Korea also said the test had used a miniaturized nuclear device with greater explosive power. Before North Korea announced they had conducted the test, seismic activity had already been detected in North Korea by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the seismic network operated by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Document [49] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) Korea. The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1874 in response to the test, imposing further economic sanctions on the country and authorising UN member states to inspect North Korean cargo and destroy any that may be involved in the nuclear weapons program. In response to the sanctions, an unidentified spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry released a statement through the official Korean Central News Agency saying that the country would begin to "weaponize" its plutonium stockpiles. The spokesman also said the country "will start uranium enrichment" and would view any US-led attempts to "blockade" it as an Document [50] (Title: Korean People's Army) believed to possess a stockpile of relatively simple nuclear weapons. The IAEA has met Ri Je Son, The Director General of the General Department of Atomic Energy (GDAE) of the DPRK, to discuss nuclear matters. Ri Je Son was also mentioned in this role in 2002 in a United Nations article. On September 3, 2017, the North Korean leadership announced that it had conducted a nuclear test with what it claimed to be its first hydrogen bomb detonation. The detonation took place at an underground location at the Punggye-Ri nuclear test site in North Hamgyong Province at 12:00 pm local Document [51] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) weapon), resistance to spontaneous fission caused by other warheads and high transparency to X-rays. Jeffrey Lewis, expert at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, said that a boosted fission weapon is "the most likely scenario in my view, with a failed thermonuclear test a close second". The test was condemned by several governments who called on the United Nations to strengthen its sanctions against North Korea. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2270 was subsequently passed to that effect. January 2016 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 . At the Punggye-ri Document [52] (Title: 1993 North Korean missile test) 1993 North Korean missile test A North Korean missile test occurred on May 29 and 30, 1993. North Korea fired a Nodong-1 missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), from a base in Hwadae County near Wonsan, North Korea. The target was a buoy floating in the Sea of Japan. The North Koreans were testing the missile so they could export it to Iran in return for oil. Japanese and United States officials waited a few days before disclosing the launch of the missile. Afterwards, North Korea reaffirmed its commitment to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The missile Document [53] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) invitation was forthcoming. The exercise had implications for other world events as well, including acting as a show of force to possibly deter North Korea from test-firing its new Taepodong-2 missile. The North Korean missile test came after weeks of speculation that North Korea was poised to launch a missile, but neither their quantity nor their launch site were definitively anticipated. The U.S., Japan, and others warned North Korea prior to the incident that such a test would be construed by those nations as a provocative act. North Korea responded to such words by threatening an "annihilating" nuclear strike if Document [54] (Title: 38 North) additional plutonium could be underway. In mid-April, "38 North" reported on activity indicating North Korea was beginning to reprocess plutonium for nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency did not confirm this until June 7, nearly two months later. In September 2016, "38 North" reported new activity near all three portals at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, based on satellite imagery analysis conducted by Joseph Bermudez and Jack Liu. The activity indicated that maintenance and minor excavation operations had resumed. The next day, North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at Punggye-ri. 38 North 38 North is a website devoted Document [55] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) implementation; as a result, the light water reactors were never finished. In late 2002, after fuel aid was suspended, North Korea returned to using its old reactors. In 2006, there were eight sites identified as potential test explosion sites for current (and future) tests according to a statement by the South Korean Parliament. These sites are distinguished from a number of other nuclear materials production facilities in that they are thought to be most closely identified with a military, or potentially military purpose: 1. Hamgyong Bukdo (North Hamgyong) Province – two sites: 2. Chagangdo Province – one site: Kanggyesi – Document [56] (Title: Kilju County) test were reported to have been held at Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in the area of Mantapsan mountain, in the northernmost part of the county. The Musudan-ri missile facility is located in nearby Hwadae county, and a separate Scud facility has been reported in the area. Reports from defectors who lived in the area indicate that residents are suffering from radiation exposure, with high rates of cancers and birth defects being experienced by those living near the Punggye-ri Test Site. The county is divided into one town ("ŭp"), five worker's districts ("rodongjagu"), and 22 villages ("ri"). Kilju County Kilju, sometimes Document [57] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) conducted its first nuclear test. An underground nuclear explosion was detected, its yield was estimated as less than a kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons. On March 17, 2007, North Korea told delegates at international nuclear talks that it was preparing to shut down its main nuclear facility. The agreement was reached following a series of six-party talks, involving North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, Japan, and the United States begun in 2003. According to the agreement, a list of its nuclear programs would Document [58] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) September 2016 North Korean nuclear test The government of North Korea conducted a nuclear detonation on 9 September 2016, the fifth since 2006, at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County. North Korea's previous nuclear test was conducted 8 months earlier in January 2016 and drew sharp international condemnations. Despite calls from China and Russia to return to the six-party talks, North Korea maintained its nuclear and missile ambitions: The nuclear test was conducted on 9 September 2016, which is the 68th anniversary of the founding of [[North Korea]]. According to [[Government of South Document [59] (Title: History of the Teller–Ulam design) similar magnitude to the 2013 test of a 6-9 kt atomic bomb. These seismic recordings have scientists worldwide doubting North Korea's claim that a hydrogen bomb was tested and suggest it was a non-fusion nuclear test. On 9 September 2016, North Korea conducted their fifth nuclear test which yielded between 10 and 30 kilotons. On 3 September 2017, North Korea conducted sixth nuclear test just few hours after photographs of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un inspecting a device resembling a thermonuclear weapon warhead were released. Initial estimates in first few days were between 70 and 160 kilotons and were raised Document [60] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) strength to push the United States into talks. North Korea's plutonium-based nuclear reactors are located at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, about 90 km north of Pyongyang. On March 12, 1993, North Korea said that it planned to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and refused to allow IAEA inspectors access to its nuclear sites. By 1994, the United States believed that North Korea had enough reprocessed plutonium to produce about 10 bombs with the amount of plutonium increasing. Faced with diplomatic pressure after UN Security Council Resolution 825 and the threat of American military air strikes against Document [61] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) the launch, and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes, it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the guise of a peaceful satellite launch. China also criticized the launch, however urged "the relevant parties" to "refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula". A fifth nuclear test occurred on September 9, 2016. This test yield is considered the highest among all five tests thus far, surpassing its previous record in 2013. The South Korean government said that the yield was about 10 kt despite Document [62] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) nuclear test. In December 2015 North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un suggested that the country had the capacity to launch a hydrogen bomb, a device of considerably more power than conventional atomic bombs used in previous tests. The remark was met with skepticism from the White House and South Korean officials. Around this time, the country approached the United States about possible peace talks to end the Korean War. In a New Year's Day speech, Kim Jong-un warned that provocation from "invasive outsiders" would be met with a "holy war of justice". The North Korean government described the test as Document [63] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) debris in air samples collected a few days after the test confirmed that the blast had taken place. The UN Security Council condemned the test and announced the imposition of Resolution 1874. On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons. In February 2007, following the six-party talks disarmament process, Pyongyang agreed to shut down its main nuclear reactor. On October 8, 2008, IAEA inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site. On April 25, 2009, the North Korean government announced the country's nuclear facilities had been Document [64] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) (IAEA) first inspection in North Korea uncovered discrepancies suggesting that the country had reprocessed more plutonium than declared. IAEA requested access to additional information and access to two nuclear waste sites at Yongbyon. North Korea rejected the IAEA request and announced on March 12, 1993, an intention to withdraw from the NPT. In 1994, North Korea pledged, under the Agreed Framework with the United States, to freeze its plutonium programs and dismantle all its nuclear weapons programs in return for the normalization of diplomatic relations and several kinds of assistance, including resources for alternative energy supplies. By 2002, the United Document [65] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) through further sanctions. This statement occurred even as Japan moved to tighten sanctions on the country. South Korea said they were ensuring their troops were prepared for nuclear war. A U.S. Army major, stationed along the border between North and South Korea, said that the overall situation was "calm" but that "Communist troops were more boldly trying to provoke their southern counterparts: spitting across the demarcation line, making throat-slashing hand gestures, flashing their middle fingers and trying to talk to the troops." On the day of the test, the North Korean Foreign Ministry stated that "if the U.S. keeps pestering Document [66] (Title: History of North Korea) In 2016, 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in Pyongyang, the first party congress since 1980. In 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15, an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking anywhere in the United States of America. Estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal at that time ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In February 2018, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation to the Winter Olympics in South Korea, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and President Kim Yong-nam, which passed on an invitation to South Korean President Moon to Document [67] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) factors influence the seismic measurements produced" because North Korea does not publicize the depth of its tests, although the material at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site is thought to be hard granite. The tremors were felt in Changbai, Hunchun and Yanji in Jilin province in China. China Central Television released photos of students being evacuated in the area and stated that the ground at a local high school showed cracks. According to China's Foreign Ministry, Beijing had no advance knowledge of the test. Although North Korea declared that the 2016 test was a "successful" demonstration of a hydrogen bomb, international Document [68] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) traces of the radioactive noble gas xenon in the air. Backtracking calculations by analysts at the CTBTO indicated that the xenon particles originated from North Korea and that the explosion had been nuclear in nature. According to initial reports from South Korean government sources, the test was carried out at a mountain in Musadan-ri in Hwadae-kun, near the city of Kilchu, in North Hamgyŏng province on the northeast coast. However, later reports from the state National Intelligence Service identified the site as being a place in Sangpyong-ri, about 15 km from the coastal city of Kimchaek and about 50 km Document [69] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, near the site of previous nuclear tests at Mantapsan in Kilju County. A large tremor, first estimated at magnitude of 4.9, was detected in North Korea, and governments in the region were trying to determine whether it was a third nuclear test. The USGS upgraded the magnitude of the possibly nuclear tremor from 4.9 to 5.1, located east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, North Korea. The tremor occurred at 11:57am KST (2:57am UTC), and the USGS said the hypocenter of the event was only one kilometer deep. Later, the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences assures the Document [70] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) the device was more likely to have been a fission bomb such as a boosted fission weapon. Such weapons use hydrogen fusion to produce smaller, lighter warheads suitable for arming a delivery device such as a missile, rather than to attain the destructive power of a true hydrogen bomb. North Korea had previously conducted three underground nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, and 2013, drawing sanctions from the United Nations Security Council. The presidents of the United States and South Korea urged North Korea to rejoin the six-party talks in October 2015. The presidents also warned North Korea against a fourth Document [71] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) may have performed two nuclear tests involving fusion. The paper was met with skepticism, as subsequent analysis of seismic data suggested no tests took place. In 2014, a study using seismic data found evidence for nuclear testing but a 2016 study once again dismissed claims of nuclear testing, suggesting that the seismic data was indicative of a minor earthquake. On February 12, monitors in Asia picked up unusual seismic activity at a North Korean facility at 11:57 (02:57 GMT), later determined to be an artificial quake with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1). The Korean Central News Agency Document [72] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) reactivated, and that spent fuel reprocessing for arms-grade plutonium has been restored. On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted its second underground nuclear test. The U.S. Geological Survey calculated its origin in proximity of the site of the first nuclear test. The test was more powerful than the previous test, estimated at 2 to 7 kilotons. The same day, a successful short range missile test was also conducted. In May 2010, the North Korean government claimed to have successfully performed nuclear fusion. Although the claim was largely dismissed at the time, a 2012 analysis of radioisotopes suggested that North Korea Document [73] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) 2017 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on 3 September 2017, stating it had tested a thermonuclear weapon (hydrogen bomb). The United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake of 6.3-magnitude not far from North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site. South Korean authorities said the earthquake seemed to be artificial, consistent with a nuclear test. The USGS, as well as China Earthquake Networks Center, reported that the initial event was followed by a second, smaller, earthquake at the site, several minutes later, which was characterized as a collapse of the cavity. The North Korean government announced Document [74] (Title: History of nuclear weapons) machines from Pakistan to Libya, Iran, and North Korea. North Korea announced in 2003 that it had several nuclear explosives. The first claimed detonation was the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, conducted on October 9, 2006. On May 25, 2009, North Korea continued nuclear testing, violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718. A third test was conducted on , two tests were conducted in 2016 in January and September, followed by test a year later in September 2017. History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Building on scientific Document [75] (Title: January 2016 North Korean nuclear test) January 2016 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 . At the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County, an underground nuclear test was carried out. The United States Geological Survey reported a 5.1 magnitude earthquake from the location; the China Earthquake Networks Center reported the magnitude as 4.9. North Korean media announced that the country had successfully tested a hydrogen bomb in ″self-defence against US″. However, third-party experts as well as officials and agencies in South Korea questioned North Korea's claims and contend that Document [76] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) reportedly landed in the Sea of Japan, 500–600 kilometers west of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō, in international waters about 100 kilometers south of the Russian cities of Vladivostok and Nakhodka. It was also reported that two missiles landed in Russian territorial waters. Only the Taepodong-2 was launched from Musudan-ri. The Scuds and Nodongs were launched from Gitdaeryung, Anbyun, and Kangwon-do. (Also spelled as Kitdaeryung, as in the table of launch in next section) The United States State Department has said that the Taepodong-2 missile failed in mid-air after about 42 seconds of flight and probably continued for 2 Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis) described as a "direct response to North Korea's intermediate range ballistic missile launch," referring to North Korea's IRBM launch on August 29. On September 3, at 3:31am UTC, the United States Geological Survey reported that it had detected a magnitude 6.3 earthquake in North Korea near the Punggye-ri test site. Given the shallow depth of the quake and its proximity to North Korea's primary nuclear weapons testing facility, experts concluded that the country had conducted a sixth nuclear weapon test since the country first exploded a nuclear device in 2006. North Korea claimed that they had tested a hydrogen bomb Document [78] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) that he had no future plans to test another nuclear device; the U.S. State Department discounted this report. On October 31, 2006, North Korea agreed to rejoin six-nation disarmament talks. The agreement was struck in a day of unpublicized discussions between the senior envoys from the United States, China and North Korea at a government guesthouse in Beijing. The talks resumed on December 18, 2006. The low yield of the test initially raised questions as to whether it was a nuclear explosion but detection of airborne radioactive isotopes by a United States military aircraft confirmed that it was a nuclear Document [79] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) was a successful nuclear test, as North Korea claimed, or an unsuccessful one ("fizzle"), or perhaps not even a nuclear test at all. However 7 years later, after the 2013 nuclear test, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield ranging at minimum of 700 tons to the max of 2 kilotons and the 2009 test ranges from minimum of 5 kilotons to the max of 12 kilotons instead with relevant statistics. By comparison, the first plutonium core nuclear device tested by the United States (Trinity test) had a yield Document [80] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) a "modest" bomb with a yield of between 6 and 10 kilotons, but disagreement between Defense Intelligence Agency, CIA and the United States State Department over whether it could deploy a miniaturized warhead on a missile. Rumours of an impending nuclear test circulated during 2005 and early 2006, though none came to immediate fruition. On October 3, 2006, however, North Korea claimed that it would soon conduct a nuclear test, and on October 9, 2006, the state claimed to have successfully conducted a test. The Korean Central News Agency, the state's news agency, issued the following statement: Later, the North Document [81] (Title: 2006 North Korean missile test) minutes before veering from its trajectory. However, DoD officials indicated that the stable missile boost phase of 42 seconds and the subsequent tumbling out of control to impact into the Sea of Japan(East Sea) was only airborne for close to two minutes. North Korea conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 2006, and is widely believed to have a substantial arsenal of chemical weapons, deliverable by artillery against South Korea. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003. Recently during "Six-party talks" North Korea agreed in principle to end its nuclear weapons program as part of a comprehensive Document [82] (Title: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) to be used for plutonium reprocessing for weapons purposes. As late as the end of 2003, North Korea claimed that it would freeze its nuclear program in exchange for additional American concessions, but a final agreement was not reached. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003. On October 9, 2006, North Korea demonstrated its nuclear capabilities with its first underground nuclear test, detonating a plutonium based device with an estimated yield of 0.2–1 kilotons. The test was conducted at Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in North Hamgyong Province, and U.S. intelligence officials later announced that analysis of radioactive Document [83] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) a new base in Dongchang-ri along its west coast and a launch could take place in one or two weeks, according to Yonhap. The North Korean news agency KCNA confirmed the test as "successful". The agency also said the test was "aimed at strengthening its self-defense nuclear deterrent in every way". South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported citing KCNA that citizens of Pyongyang held a rally to celebrate the country's second successful nuclear test on 26 May. In general the International reactions to the 2009 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative. News of the tests immediately affected Document [84] (Title: 2017 North Korean nuclear test) Canada, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States voiced strong criticism of the nuclear test. US President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter: "North Korea has conducted a major nuclear test. Their words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States". Trump was asked whether the U.S. would attack North Korea and replied: "We'll see." Defense Secretary James Mattis warned North Korea that it would be met with a "massive military response" if it threatened the United States or its allies. 2017 North Korean nuclear test North Korea conducted Document [85] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) force. North Korea later clarified that it did not possess weapons yet, but that it had a right to possess them. In late 2002 and early 2003, North Korea began to take steps to eject International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors while re-routing spent fuel rods for plutonium reprocessing for weapons purposes. Throughout the course of 2003, North Korean and American officials exchanged harsh words and staged military exercises which were interpreted by the other party to be aggressive. As late as the end of 2003, North Korea claimed that it would freeze its nuclear program in exchange for American concessions Document [86] (Title: 2013 North Korean missile tests) in waters off the country's eastern coast. 2013 North Korean missile tests The 2013 North Korean missile tests were a series of North Korean missile tests in 2013. On May 2013, North Korea launched three short-range guided missiles into the Sea of Japan. The first two missiles were shot in the morning, while the third was in the afternoon. The missiles were launched from the same location where two missiles had been displayed, fueled, and then removed weeks before. On 19 May 2013, North Korea launched a fourth missile that landed in the Sea of Japan. On 20 May 2013, Document [87] (Title: Korean People's Army) new missile has a potential range of 10,400 kilometers (6,500 miles) and, if fired on a flatter trajectory, could be capable of reaching mainland U.S. territory. On 9 October 2006, the North Korean government announced that it had unsuccessfully attempted a nuclear test for the first time. Experts at the United States Geological Survey and Japanese seismological authorities detected an earthquake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 4.3 from the site in North Korea, proving the official claims to be true. North Korea also went on to claim that it had developed a nuclear weapon in 2009. It is widely Document [88] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) Sungjibaegam is a settlement located from the tremor of the 2013 test. Punggye-ri railway station is located at . In January 2013, Google Maps was updated to include various locations in North Korea. On 8 April 2013, it was reported that South Korea had observed activity at Punggye-ri, suggesting that a fourth nuclear test was being prepared, but the next test did not occur until January 2016. On 6 January 2016, North Korean state media announced a fourth nuclear test had been carried out successfully at the location using a hydrogen bomb. Satellite imagery captured for monitoring website 38 North Document [89] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) and Russia (the six-party talks) but little concrete change occurred. Because North Korea had not conducted a successful test of a nuclear device, the extent of its nuclear weapons program remained ambiguous through 2005 and much of 2006. Though North Korea conducted numerous missile tests (some of which were branded failures by international experts), the question of whether they had actually mastered all aspects of nuclear weapons technology – ranging from material production to complex nuclear weapon design needed to produce the final detonation – remained unanswered. there was agreement in the U.S. intelligence community that North Korea could build Document [90] (Title: North Korea) nuclear weapons to avoid the fate of Iraq. On 9 October 2006, North Korea announced it had conducted its first nuclear weapons test. U.S. President Barack Obama adopted a policy of "strategic patience", resisting making deals with North Korea for the sake of defusing tension. Tensions with South Korea and the United States increased in 2010 with the sinking of the South Korean warship "Cheonan" and North Korea's shelling of Yeonpyeong Island. On 17 December 2011, the supreme leader of North Korea Kim Jong-il died from a heart attack. His youngest son Kim Jong-un was announced as his successor. In Document [91] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) long-term project, and that a nuclear test wouldn't occur soon. According to a U.S. expert, North Korea has everything in place for a fourth explosion but is hesitating due to the fear that it would anger China. A professor from Georgetown University predicted that test would occur in spring 2014 at latest. On 17 December 2013, a member of South Korea's parliamentary intelligence committee said that a nuclear and missile test would occur soon to draw attention away from the execution of Jang Sung-taek. This was said after North Korea floated propaganda leaflets to South Korea that threatened the annihilation Document [92] (Title: 2009 North Korean missile tests) region to refrain from any action that could escalate tensions. 2009 North Korean missile tests Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted in July 2009. On July 4, 2009, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRK, or North Korea) launched seven short range missiles into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), after previously launching four missiles two days earlier on July 2. The missiles were launched in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874. Missiles have been fired from the launch site at the port of Wonsan on the east coast of the country. Document [93] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) the January 2016 North Korean nuclear test was conducted. On 19 June 2013, the University of Science and Technology of China released a report that claimed that they had found the precise location of the test at latitude 41°17′26.88″, longitude 129°4′34.68″, with an error margin of 94 meters and the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt. In comparison, the fission nuclear bombs dropped by the "Enola Gay" on Hiroshima (Little Boy, a "gun-type" nuclear bomb) and on Nagasaki by "Bockscar" (Fat Man, an "implosion-type" nuclear bomb) had blast yield equivalences of 16 and Document [94] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) out by North Korea in 2006 and 2009. Japan's Kyodo News service reported the Japanese defense ministry had scrambled aircraft to hunt for radiation effects. Japan's government held a national security council meeting in Tokyo according to NHK. The South Korean military also raised its readiness level. In general, international reactions to the 2013 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative. 2013 North Korean nuclear test On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial Document [95] (Title: Nuclear power in North Korea) nuclear weapons, but was refused by both. However, the Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nuclear energy program, including the training of nuclear scientists. Eventually this technology base developed into a clandestine nuclear weapons program, leading to the 2006 and 2009 nuclear tests. In 2009, it was estimated that North Korea had up to ten functional nuclear warheads. After the death of Kim Jong-il in December 2011, the IAEA announced its readiness to return nuclear inspectors to North Korea, from which they were expelled in 2009, as soon as an agreement could be reached on steps Document [96] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) of Baengnyeongdo. On 22 April 2014, South Korea reported that North Korea had stepped up its activity at its main nuclear test site, meaning they may be preparing for their fourth underground nuclear test. The United States urged North Korea to refrain from testing. On January 6th, 2016 North Korea says it has successfully carried out a hydrogen bomb test, which if confirmed, will be a first for the reclusive regime and a significant advancement for its military ambitions. The test took place at 10 a.m. local time, the regime said in a televised statement. The seismic event, which measured Document [97] (Title: Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization) test. The detection was made at the radionuclide station in Takasaki, Japan, located at around 1,000 kilometres, or 620 miles, from the North Korean test site. Lower levels were picked up at another station in Ussuriysk, Russia. Using Atmospheric Transport Modelling, which calculates the three-dimensional travel path of airborne radioactivity on the basis of weather data, the North Korean test site was identified as a possible source for the emission. The huge amount of data collected by the CTBTO can also be used for purposes other than detecting nuclear explosions, particularly in the field of disaster mitigation and early warning. Document [98] (Title: 2013 North Korean nuclear test) the event at a magnitude of 5.1, occurred 19 kilometers (12 miles) east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, the United States Geological Survey said. A senior U.S. administration told CNN it could take days to obtain the scientific data to determine whether this was a successful test. In response, Japan's Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, called an urgent security meeting of the United Nations Security Council. The emergency session was to be held 9 AM EST on 12 February 2013. Tibor Toth, executive secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO), confirmed the event's location was "roughly congruent with" nuclear tests carried Document [99] (Title: Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site) from South Korea's National Intelligence Service and that it was now ready for planned international inspection. Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site () was the only known nuclear test site of North Korea. Nuclear tests were conducted at the site in October 2006, May 2009, February 2013, January 2016, September 2016, and September 2017. The site has three visible tunnel entrances. Based on satellite imagery, its exact location is in mountainous terrain in Kilju County, North Hamgyong Province. It is south of Mantapsan, west of Hwasong concentration camp and northwest of the Punggye-ri village. The most proximate settlement Document [100] (Title: Thermonuclear weapon) these boosted fission devices was the thermonuclear weapon design, according to KRL and PAEC. North Korea claimed to have tested its miniaturised thermonuclear bomb on 6 January 2016. North Korea's first three nuclear tests (2006, 2009 and 2013) were relatively low yield and do not appear to have been of a thermonuclear weapon design. In 2013, the South Korean Defense Ministry speculated that North Korea may be trying to develop a "hydrogen bomb" and such a device may be North Korea's next weapons test. In January 2016, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb, although only a Document [101] (Title: 2009 North Korean nuclear test) purpose of the nuclear test was to establish North Korea as a nuclear power within Kim Jong-il's lifetime. Without citing a specific time, Pyongyang notified both Washington, D.C. and Beijing of the test about an hour before the actual detonation, which occurred around 10:00 Korea Standard Time (KST) Monday; the U.S. State Department promptly contacted the four other six-party talks members. The state-run Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) released an announcement claiming, in part, that: This was interpreted as referring to the disputes over the low yield of the 2006 test. South Korea and Japan reported seismic activity at 09:50 Document [102] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) – in particular a non-aggression treaty – but a final agreement was not reached and talks continued to be cancelled or fall through. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003 after not receiving light-water reactors promised by the United States which were going to be delivered in exchange for North Korea not developing their own power plants, as understood in the "Agreed Framework". In early 2004 former Los Alamos National Laboratory director Siegfried S. Hecker, as part of an unofficial U.S. delegation, was allowed to inspect North Korea's plutonium production facilities. Hecker later testified before the United Document [103] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) Agency|KCNA]] confirmed that this was the fifth nuclear test and that the "warhead can be mounted to a missile". The test, conducted in defiance of the [[international community]], prompted wide international condemnation. The [[UN Security Council]] condemned the test and said it would formulate a new resolution, with the US, Britain and France pressing for new sanctions. [[United States Secretary of Defense|US Secretary of Defense]] [[Ash Carter]] stated in a press conference that "China has and shares an important responsibility for this development and has an important responsibility to reverse it". China has not confirmed its support for tougher sanctions. Document [104] (Title: 2018 Korean peace process) 2000. Continuing concerns about North Korea's development of nuclear missiles led in 2003 to the six-party talks that included North Korea, South Korea, the US, Russia, China, and Japan. In 2006, however, North Korea resumed testing missiles and on October 9 conducted its first nuclear test. A second inter-Korean summit was held in 2007. By 2017, estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In the opinion of analysts, the Hwasong-15 missile is capable of striking anywhere in the United States. In May 2017 Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea Document [105] (Title: 2017 North Korean missile tests) near Japan’s exclusive economic zone. According to Yonhap News, Korean Air flights KE026 and KE012 witnessed lights presumably from separated portions of the missile. 2017 North Korean missile tests Several missile tests were conducted by North Korea throughout 2017. On April 4, 2017, North Korea launched a Hwasong-12 ballistic missile which reached the Sea of Japan. The test came after a day of celebration for North Korea's Eternal President Kim Il-sung. US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson responded by saying the United States had not changed its stance on North Korea and would not comment further. On April 15, 2017, Document [106] (Title: 2006 North Korean nuclear test) of the United Nations Charter so providing a legal justification for future military action, in order to gain full support for the resolution. 2006 North Korean nuclear test The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted by North Korea on October 9, 2006. On October 3, 2006, North Korea announced its intention to conduct a nuclear test. The blast is generally estimated to have had an explosive force of less than one kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected. United States officials suggested the device may have been a nuclear explosive that misfired. An Document [107] (Title: September 2016 North Korean nuclear test) the [[United Nations Security Council]]; in a statement issued on September 9, the Council strongly condemning the test and said that it would take "further significant measures" in response, as it had pledged to do in a previous resolution if a violation occurred again. The statement said that non-military actions such as sanctions would be taken under Article 41 of the [[United Nations Charter]]. [[Category:2016 in North Korea|Nuclear test 2]] [[Category:North Korean nuclear weapons testing|2016-09]] [[Category:September 2016 events in Asia]] [[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]] September 2016 North Korean nuclear test The government of North Korea conducted a nuclear detonation on Question: where did north korea test its nuclear weapons

Answer: Punggye - ri Test Site Long Answer: North Korea's nuclear tests series tests and detonations Sequence Date time (UT) Local time zone ​ Location Elevation, depth Delivery Yield Fallout References (1) 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2006 01: 35: 27 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 06" N 129 ° 06 ′ 30" E  /  41.28505 ° N 129.1084 ° E  / 41.28505; 129.1084  ((1)) 001030! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 310 m (1,020 ft) underground 000010000! 0.7 - 2 kt Possibly a fizzle . East Tunnel approximately 1 km NE from the entrance . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 2 kilotons back in 2013 but has since revised to 0.7 kt . (2) 000000002009 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2009 00: 54: 43 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 29" N 129 ° 04 ′ 54" E  /  41.29142 ° N 129.08167 ° E  / 41.29142; 129.08167  ((2)) 000850! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 490 m (1,610 ft) underground 000040000! 2 - 5.4 kt West Tunnel at about 1.2 km NW from the tunnel entrance . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 13 kt back in 2013 but has since revised to 5.4 kt . (3) 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2013 02: 57: 51 KST (+ 9 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 16 ′ 05" N 129 ° 04 ′ 51" E  /  41.26809 ° N 129.08076 ° E  / 41.26809; 129.08076  ((3)) 000340! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000070000! 6 - 16 kt Likely the test took place in the West Tunnel . South tunnel damaged by flooding in 2012 . The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state - run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 40 kilotons back in 2013 but has since revised the yield as 14 kT . The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt . Hence the max yield could be 16kT for this test . (4) 000000002016 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2016 01: 30: 01 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 18 ′ 32" N 129 ° 02 ′ 02" E  /  41.30900 ° N 129.03399 ° E  / 41.30900; 129.03399  ((4)) 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000100000! 7 - 16.5 kt Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb . Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has originally estimated the yield as 14kT but has since revised to 10kT . The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 11.3 kt, with a margin of error of 4.2 kt . Hence the max yield could be 16.5 kT for this test . (5) 000000002016 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2016 00: 30: 01 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 17 ′ 53" N 129 ° 00 ′ 54" E  /  41.298 ° N 129.015 ° E  / 41.298; 129.015  ((5)) 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000150000! 15 - 25 kt North Korea announced that this is a successful test of a warhead that can be mounted onto a rocket . Siegfried S. Hecker, former director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, estimated yield at 15 to 25 kt Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has initially estimated the yield as 25 kt The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 17.8 kt, with a margin of error of 5.9 kt . (6) 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2017 03: 30: 01.940 PYT (+ 8: 30 hrs) Punggye - ri Test Site, North Korea 41 ° 20 ′ 35" N 129 ° 02 ′ 10" E  /  41.343 ° N 129.036 ° E  / 41.343; 129.036  ((2)) 000000! 1,340 m (4,400 ft), 0 m (0 ft) underground 000100000! 50 - 250 kt Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb (but may only be a boosted fission weapon rather than an actual staged Teller--Ulam thermonuclear weapon). On 3 September, South Korea's weather agency, the Korea Meteorological Administration, estimated that the nuclear blast yield of the presumed test was between 50 and 60 kilotons based on a magnitude 5.6 detection . South Korean Government's initial yield estimate is 100 kt, and it detected a 5.7 magnitude earthquake, NORSAR Seismology Center initial estimate is 120 kt, based on a magnitude 5.8 tremor . On 12 Sept 2017, it has since revised the estimates to 250 kt based on a magnitude 6.1 instead . The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimate is "a few hundred kt", based on a 6.1 detected tremor . The Japan Meteorological Agency also detected a 6.1 magnitude tremor . from USGS: "(Magnitude) 6.3 Explosion...Possible explosion, located near the site where North Korea has detonated nuclear explosions in the past . If this event was an explosion, the USGS National Earthquake Information Center cannot determine its type, whether nuclear or any other possible type ." Depth and lat / lon location approximate . The China Earthquake Administration also detected a 6.3 magnitude earthquake . The University of Science and Technology of China estimated the yield at 108.1 ± 48.1 kt . The Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences registered a 6.4 magnitude earthquake . Paul Richards, nuclear seismic research scientist at Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory said, "The explosion appears to be the largest since China surprised the world with a magnitude 6.5 nuclear test in May 1992...The main point: this was a huge explosion, probably hundreds of kilotons, and larger than any of those conducted by the Soviet Union and the United States since 1976 ." He also said that "Tentatively, I'd put today's test at around 250 kilotons with a factor of uncertainty around 2 until we get better information on the depth at which it was carried out" U.S. intelligence: 140kt with unspecified margin of error . Japanese Government: 160kt Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) judged, the worst performer is declared ineligible to participate in that evening's dinner service, effectively leaving their team short-handed. After dinner service, either or both losing teams must nominate their worst performers and Cracco will decide who was the worst of them all. This individual, as well as the loser of the individual challenge, face off against each other in a Cook For Your Life showdown, with the loser having to leave the competition altogether. In fact, a difference of Hell's Kitchen from most reality show is that the contestants are not judged by an audience, a tele-voting, jury or Document [2] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) send anyone from their teams home. Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017. •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12. In episode 5, contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated, Lacey on Chef Anne's Team and Spencer on Document [3] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) was broadcast from 23 May – 6 June 2004, airing live nightly for two weeks. The premise was head chef Gordon Ramsay teaching ten celebrities how to cook. The celebrities were placed in a specially constructed London restaurant-kitchen with the task of catering for a clientele of famous people. Eliminations were determined by a series of public votes (in the style of "Big Brother"). One notorious moment saw Amanda Barrie repeatedly trying to strike Ramsay when she became irate. Jennifer Ellison was declared the winner. A follow-up programme was made afterwards called "Hell's Kitchen: School Reunion", which saw Ellison and Document [4] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas with a salary of $250,000, where she worked as chef at the Terra Rossa Restaurant. Runner-up Virginia Dalbeck had the Document [5] (Title: Marjorine) chain him up. When he says he is hungry, his father murders a saleswoman with a shovel in front of him and offers up her corpse to feed on, still believing Butters to be hell-spawn. The episode ends with Butters asking for SpaghettiOs instead. On the DVD commentary, Trey Parker and Matt Stone reveal that they find this episode unbearable to watch, mainly because they felt that there were too many ideas packed into one episode. They wished that they split the stories into two episodes and felt that the episode served as a reminder to keep future episodes simple. Document [6] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the team numbers are uneven or if he feels the chef will perform better on the other team. Each episode typically includes a challenge and a dinner service, followed by the elimination of a chef. When only five or six chefs remain, they are brought into a single common team wearing black-panelled jackets. From this point onward, they compete individually to be one of the final two. In challenges, the teams or individual is tasked with a cooking challenge by Ramsay. The type of challenges are varied, including ingredient preparation, meal preparation and taste tests. The first challenge of each Document [7] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9)) one season per year schedule, having run two seasons each in 2009 and 2010 due to the after-effects of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The intro features Ramsay playing pinball with the chefs inside trying to dodge the pinball and the machine's bumpers. 18 chefs competed in season 9. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9) Season 9 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on July 18, 2011, on Fox and concluded on September 19, 2011, with a two-hour season finale. Jr. sous-chef Paul Niedermann won the season and was awarded a "head chef" position Document [8] (Title: Chopped (TV series)) runner up on season 9 of "Hell's Kitchen". Roshni Mansukhani, the winner of the fourth episode of the second season, was eliminated in the eighth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Jackie Baldassari, who was eliminated after the entrée in the tenth episode of the ninth season of Chopped, was eliminated in the ninth episode of the eleventh season of "Hell's Kitchen". Anthony "Anton" Testino, who was eliminated after the appetizer in the tenth episode of the fifth season, was eliminated in the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Robyn Almodovar, the winner of the Document [9] (Title: The Biggest Loser (season 16)) of the ranch: Las Vegas. The Red Team decides to send the White Team to Vegas, seeing as they've been the dominant team all season. That means Damien and Lori are going to have to clean house all week. Before the White Team heads to Sin City, Jen sits down with Vegas-native Woody. She's very concerned about him heading back to the city where he gained all his weight and lost his wife. It will be his first anniversary without his wife of 29 years. Woody is determined to stay on track and make the most of the trip. The Document [10] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1998 film)) Hell's Kitchen (1998 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1998 film starring Rosanna Arquette, William Forsythe, Angelina Jolie, Mekhi Phifer, and Johnny Whitworth. The film was written and directed by Tony Cinciripini. The film had a budget of $6,000,000 but grossed only $4,322 on its opening weekend. When a robbery goes awry, the bandits end up accidentally killing one of their own. Johnny, one of the robbers, goes to jail for five years. His ex-girlfriend, Gloria, holds him responsible for the death of her brother, the one killed during the robbery. Upon Johnny's release, she wants her new boyfriend to kill Document [11] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and was replaced by Marino Monferrato. It also marks the first time since 2010 that two seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" aired in the same year. Kitchen Supervisor La Tasha McCutchen from Winter Haven, Florida Document [12] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18) Hell's Kitchen: Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" and premiered on September 28, 2018, on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef, and Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and British "MasterChef" judge James "Jocky" Petrie return as the red and blue sous chefs, respectively, alongside maitre'd Marino Monferrato. This season features eight new contestants battling eight returning veterans. For the first time, the winner of this season will receive a position as an executive chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Document [13] (Title: Christina Machamer) Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show "Hell's Kitchen". She was awarded the position of "senior sous chef" (not the executive chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary. Machamer, the daughter of Rick and Leasa Machamer, was born and raised in St. Louis, and began working in restaurants at age 16. She graduated from Lafayette High School in 2000 and after some time in college, she dropped out of pre-law and decided Document [14] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) game a rating of 2.5 stars. 'Serious Eats' rated the game C-. 'Metacritic' rated the game 57%. IGN Australia's profile of the game Hell's Kitchen: The Game Hell's Kitchen is a time management cooking video game based on the reality competition show of the same name. It was developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft. It features the host of the show, Gordon Ramsay as the A.I. and places you as a chef under his guidance, while serving customers at the restaurant. It was initially released on September 9 2008, on the Nintendo DS the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Windows, iOS Document [15] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) nomination, she beats Runner-Up of season 2 Virginia Dalbeck with 1 more nomination compared Virginia's 6. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate Document [16] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Angel (album)) was released on June 22, 2016. "Lights Down Low" was released as a promotional single from the album. MAX released the single, "Mug Shot," on February 24, 2014, later included on his second EP, "The Say Max". A remixed version, featuring vocals from American rapper Sirah, is included on "Hell's Kitchen Angel". On March 25, 2015, "Gibberish" featuring American rapper Hoodie Allen, was released as a single from his third EP "Ms. Anonymous", along with the music video. The song is included on "Hell's Kitchen Angel". On December 17, 2015, "Wrong" featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert, was released from Document [17] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) defend themselves, Ramsay selects one to hand over their jacket and "leave Hell's Kitchen." On rarer occasions, Ramsay can overrule nominations or even eliminate a chef who has not been nominated, even a chef on a winning team. The eliminated chef is shown leaving the restaurant, providing some last thoughts on the experience. After dismissing the chefs, Ramsay goes back upstairs to his office. He symbolically hangs the chef's jacket on a sharp hook below their picture in a row with the others, igniting the chef's picture and signaling their departure. During this scene, there is a voiceover of Ramsay Document [18] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef with Andi Van Willigan and James Avery returning as sous-chefs for both their respective kitchens as well as Marino Monferrato as the maître d'. Executive chef Meghan Gill from Roanoke, Virginia, won the competition, thus becoming the fourteenth winner of "Hell's Kitchen". The intro featured the chefs in a kitchen-themed jungle, which was revealed Document [19] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) kitchen facilities and a dormitory where the chefs reside while on the show. They are also given knife sets that they get to keep, regardless of their progress. At the start of each season, Gordon Ramsay breaks the chefs into two teams. With the exception of the first and most recent seasons, this puts women on the red team and men on the blue team; each is given a chef's jacket with panels of that color on the shoulders. The chefs remain on these teams throughout most of the competition; Ramsay may reassign a chef to the other team if Document [20] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series) "Hells Kitchen Suomi" is the Finnish adaption of British reality show Hell's Kitchen which was created by Gordon Ramsay who was also the head chef. Top Chef Sauli Kemppainen is the head chef. The series started airing on the 20 September 2013 on MTV3. This version stays true to the American version with the participants and the customers not being celebrities, broadcast recorded weekly instead of being broadcast live nightly, with no presenter and just a voiceover, a challenge where the winner would win a reward and the loser facing a punishment, after dinner service, Document [21] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is meant to be sent home by Ramsay. On some weeks, there is a variation in the nomination process, depending on the losing team's (or even winning team's) performance. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6) Season 6 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network on July 21, 2009 and concluded on October 13, 2009. Despite suffering a fractured wrist early in Document [22] (Title: Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back) Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back is an American reality television program which premiered on Fox on June 13, 2018. Starring chef Gordon Ramsay, the show features his travels across the United States, visiting failing restaurants in his 70-foot-long "Hell On Wheels" semi-truck that unfolds into a high-tech mobile kitchen, where the chefs are retrained. At first, a team is sent in to secretly survey the restaurant, with Ramsay eventually going undercover inside. He then tries to address the issues and revive each restaurant by retraining staff and refreshing the Document [23] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) addition to the holiday breaks. The remaining episodes of the season were moved to Thursday nights on January 5, 2017 as part of the network's midseason schedule. This is the first season to have episode titles other than the usual "# chefs Compete" and "Winner Chosen". This season was filmed between November to December 2014, shortly after the completion of the previous season, about two years before the season aired. Event Chef Kimberly-Ann "Ryan" Ryan from Traverse City, Michigan won the competition and a head chef position at Yardbird Southern Table & Bar at The Venetian Las Vegas. A slow Document [24] (Title: Seven Minutes in Hell) Seven Minutes in Hell "Seven Minutes in Hell" is the sixth episode of the horror black comedy series "Scream Queens". It first aired on October 20, 2015 on Fox. The episode directed by Michael Uppendahl and written by Ryan Murphy. In this episode, Chanel (Emma Roberts) makes a surprising decision: to protect herself from the Red Devil by leaving Zayday in position of power and win the election as president of Kappa Kappa Tau. When the Kappa girls hold a slumber party, it costs the life of some people and a shocking discovery is made. The episode title refers to Document [25] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) other forms of score any decision about their continuation in the race; it is solely Cracco. Chef Carlo Cracco runs the kitchen with the help of two sous-chefs: Omar Allievi and Entiana Osmenzeza in first edition, in second edition Misha Sukyas and Marion Lichtle, in third edition Sybil Cardone and Mirko Ronzoni, who coordinate the work of two teams of apprentices. Managing the relationship with customers is the maître'd Luca Cinacchi (his nickname is Luchino). In the final episode the sous-chefs and the guest star (In the first edition Bruno Barbieri, in second edition Matteo Grandi, the winner of first Document [26] (Title: Go to Hell (American Horror Story)) Go to Hell (American Horror Story) "Go to Hell" is the twelfth and episode of the of the anthology television series "American Horror Story", which premiered on January 22, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. With Fiona (Jessica Lange)'s deteriorating health, the girls show new powers as Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) searches for Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett). Angela Bassett, Gabourey Sidibe and Danny Huston guest star as Marie Laveau, Queenie, and the Axeman, respectively. This episode is rated TV-MA (LV). Fiona (Jessica Lange) shows Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) a silent Document [27] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) couldn't keep up after they arrived, despite being her best service ever. Gaz and Willie commanded their stations and There was also a final last chance cook-off between Debra and Lincoln to decide the third and final place in the grand final (Dubbed the "Summer Bay cook-off" as both starred in "Home and Away"). The dish that they had to cook was kidneys (served pink), coated with flour, chilli power and English mustard on white bread toast with a devilled sauce in 30 minutes. The components in question are: Type of bread (white, brioche, cob loaf), main offal (pig heart, Document [28] (Title: The Man Who Came to Be Dinner) Grampa Simpson, the family decides to go anywhere else but home. The credits happen over a montage of several images spoofing "Star Trek" TV and film franchise scenes. The episode was originally scheduled to air on May 19, 2013 as the finale of season 24, but was replaced by "Dangers on a Train". As a result, the production code is dated compared to the rest of season 26. Just prior to the broadcast of the episode, Al Jean and David Mirkin took to Twitter to reveal that the episode (which had been produced in 2012 and was originally set to Document [29] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) Hell's Kitchen is an American reality competition television series based on the British series of the same name. Broadcast on Fox, it is hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay. Two teams of chefs compete for a job as head chef at a restaurant. A typical episode begins with a challenge between the teams; the winning team gets some sort of a reward that usually involves some sort of recreational activity outside the Hell's Kitchen, while the losers are given a "punishment" that usually involves some sort of menial task. The second part is a dinner Document [30] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Angel (album)) Hell's Kitchen Angel (album) Hell's Kitchen Angel is the second studio album by American singer MAX, released on April 8, 2016. "Gibberish" (featuring Hoodie Allen) was released as the lead single from the album on March 23, 2015. "Wrong" (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) was released as the second single from the album on December 18, 2015. "Holla" was released as the third single from the album on February 26, 2016. The music video was released the day prior to the song's release. "Basement Party" was released as the fourth single from the album on April 1, 2016. The official video Document [31] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) picking their brigade of chefs first. Ramsay will ensure that all menu items meet his standards for high cuisine prior to service, and he and his sous chefs will oversee the service to make sure that his high quality standards are retained, but does not otherwise get involved, allowing the two remaining chefs to demonstrate their ability to run the line. The finalists are allowed to reassign stations, or even kick their teammates out of the kitchen should they see fit; the latter has happened four times in the show's history. Ramsay uses his own observations and those from the Document [32] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef, sous chefs Scott Leibfried of blue team and Gloria Félix of the red team, and Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic as well. The chefs are shown alongside an elaborate Rube Goldberg machine as it plays out in the kitchen. 16 chefs competed in Season 5, Document [33] (Title: Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan) containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the Lincoln Tunnel, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.- In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers were killed. By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies, an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family. It was not until the early 1980s that Document [34] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) diners and other sources to decide who is the winning chef. He has two doors in his office leading out to the balcony above the Hell's Kitchen seating area. Each chef stands at a door and Ramsay tells them to both turn their handles at the same time. After a commercial break, only the door of the winning chef is unlocked allowing the winner to walk through and be greeted by the crowd below. The winning chef receives two prizes including the opportunity to work as the head chef or executive chef at a restaurant of Ramsay's choosing, as well Document [35] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) celebrities' performances in the kitchen that night. Below is a chart showing the waiters for each night's service: In previous series the viewers have decided who is eliminated from the show. This year, head chef Marco Pierre White decides who is eliminated, until there are four left. The viewers decide who wins out of the top four. Key "—" denotes where information currently unavailable Average: 4.014 million viewers / 17.34% viewer share Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4) Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009 and finished on 27 April 2009. Angus Deayton did Document [36] (Title: Top Chef) Kitchen" returns to compete in the season finale. On June 6, 2007, as part of the buildup for Season 3, Bravo aired a special charity episode called "4-Star All-Stars", which awarded $20,000 to the charity of the winning team's choice. The show brought together Season 1 contestants Harold Dieterle, Tiffani Faison, Dave Martin, and Stephen Asprinio, and Season 2 contestants Ilan Hall, Marcel Vigneron, Sam Talbot, and Elia Aboumrad. The show format was kept the same, with a Quickfire Challenge to start, followed by an Elimination Challenge. The show was filmed in Miami, Florida, the setting for the upcoming season. Document [37] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Season 11 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 12, 2013 on Fox. This is the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to feature 20 contestants. Unlike previous seasons, this was also the first season to open up in Las Vegas, where the chefs presented their signature dishes to Chef Ramsay in front of a live audience of 2,500 at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. This season was also the first season where there wasn't always a challenge per dinner service (with some occasions there being dinner services without there being Document [38] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the fourth season, Hell's Kitchen's venue has been located at 8660 Hayden Place in Culver City. According to Arthur Perkins, the soundstage is only open for audience members when taping is taking place. The studio sits on the former location of the famous RKO Forty Acres backlot, which was used in movies such as "Gone With The Wind" and television series such as "The Andy Griffith Show" and "Adventures of Superman". The studio building sits on the location of the military camp seen in the television series "Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C.". The series has drawn numerous online and editorial accusations of Document [39] (Title: Top Chef (season 7)) in "". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 7) Top Chef: D.C. is the seventh season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". The season was initially filmed in Washington, D.C. before concluding in Singapore, the series' first international venue. It premiered on June 16, 2010, and concluded on September 22, 2010. In the season finale, Kevin Sbraga was declared the Top Chef, defeating Angelo Sosa and Ed Cotton. Tiffany Derry was voted Fan Favorite. 17 chefs were selected to compete in "Top Chef: D.C." Angelo Sosa and Tiffany Derry later returned to compete in "". Amanda Baumgarten also returned to Document [40] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery as sous Document [41] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) service, where each team works in their own kitchen, attempting, under close and hypercritical supervision from Chef Ramsay, to complete the service without getting kicked out before finishing for too many errors. The usual wrap-up involves whichever team is declared the loser of the dinner service choosing two of their own to be up for elimination. There are many possible variations; both teams being kicked out before the end of dinner service is an example that has occurred on several occasions. On September 9, 2016, Fox renewed "Hell's Kitchen" for seasons 17 and 18. The seventeenth season, titled "All-Stars", premiered Document [42] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, 2012. Chef de Cuisine Christina Wilson won the season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Steak at the Paris Las Vegas in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan returned as sous chefs and James Lukanik returned as the maître d'. This season saw an alteration to the show's format, with many episodes now being two-parters, depicting Document [43] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) the show runner-up, James Dreyfus, team up to organise a healthy dinner service for the children at Ramsay's former school, Stratford Upon Avon High School. The celebrities who took part were: Series 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" in the UK was broadcast from 18 April – 2 May 2005. The format was overhauled as the show was turned into a competition between two kitchens run by "celebrity chefs" Gary Rhodes and Jean-Christophe Novelli. The second series featured ten members of the public competing for a prize of £250,000, with which the winner could start his or her own restaurant. They were Document [44] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) sequence is inspired by the tale "Gulliver's Travels" where the chefs are shown tying up a giant Ramsay (who eventually breaks free) while launching various food-related attacks on him. 16 chefs competed in Season 8. Ages shown are at the start of competition. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) The eighth season of "Hell's Kitchen", an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at Document [45] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) the final stage the colors of the two jackets disappear, to make room for the coveted black jackets. Whoever wins these challenges (which can also occur externally) is rewarded with a particularly entertaining or relaxing excursion. The losers, however, remain at" Hell's Kitchen", or in a place outside, to serve a punishment consisting of very tiring, and, in some cases, humiliating, labor. The result of these tests, however, has no influence on what will be the final judgment of the episode. In the second part of the episode, the contestants have to cook the dishes for restaurant customers (about 70), Document [46] (Title: Crème Fraîche (South Park)) attempts to impersonate chef Gordon Ramsay to try and discourage Randy's passion for cooking, but the plan falls apart when various celebrity chefs such as Jamie Oliver and Bobby Flay arrive in the cafeteria to start a new competitive cooking show, entitled "Hell's Kitchen Nightmares Iron Top Chef Cafeteria Throwdown Ultimate Cookoff Challenge". Sharon is increasingly drawn to her Shake Weight and takes a vacation to a beach resort to exercise with it in private. A short time later however, the Shake Weight's incessant demands to workout, including in public, begin to annoy her. Later the cleaning lady in Sharon's Document [47] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) live daily, no presenter and just a voiceover, a challenge with the winner earning a reward and the loser doing a punishment, the customers being mostly from the public instead of celebrities with their loved ones and eliminations made by the head chef and not through viewer voting. In the Australian version, it follows English version, where the contestants are celebrities with no professional culinary backgrounds, many may also be complete novices in cooking in general. Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series) Hell's Kitchen was a British cookery reality show, aired on ITV, which features prospective chefs competing with each other Document [48] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Season 5 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on January 29, 2009. The season concluded on May 14, 2009. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Gloria Felix and maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic. Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant "Fornelletto" at the Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show. This season also featured a high Document [49] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9) Season 9 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on July 18, 2011, on Fox and concluded on September 19, 2011, with a two-hour season finale. Jr. sous-chef Paul Niedermann won the season and was awarded a "head chef" position at BLT Steak in New York City, New York. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, as Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan remained as sous chefs, as did James Lukanik as the maître d'. The entire season took about six weeks to film. It also saw the show return to its original Document [50] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) the team challenge and reward/punishment one night, followed by service and elimination the following night. This season is also the first (and currently only) season in Hell's Kitchen history in which all chefs were eliminated normally. In other words, no chef was eliminated either despite being on the winning team, without being nominated (with the exception of Dana and Barbie during the final selection), during dinner service, had to withdraw for medical reasons, or walked out on their own terms. This is also the first & only season where one challenge produced no winner and both teams faced punishment. The Document [51] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) away over time due to the "best of the worst" sometimes making nominations based on personal bias rather than kitchen performance. Ramsay has also on some occasions declared that nobody would be sent home, but those cases are generally followed by a double-elimination, a team reassignment, or occur after someone has been sent home immediately due to insubordination or an extremely poor performance. Ramsay reassembles the teams in the dining hall and hears out the nominations from the losing team(s). Ramsay may also nominate other chefs for elimination if he believes it appropriate. After giving these nominees the chance to Document [52] (Title: Home (Angel)) sequence barring Angel and Connor toward the end of the episode. Both episodes also precede significant story changers; Buffy with new 14-year-old sister Dawn, and Angel now in charge of the L.A. branch of Wolfram and Hart. Home (Angel) "Home" is episode 22 of season 4 in the television show "Angel". Written and directed by Tim Minear, it was originally broadcast on May 7, 2003 on the WB network. In the Season Four finale, Connor – having defeated Jasmine in the previous episode – plans to blow himself up with a comatose Cordelia and other hostages, while an undead Lilah Document [53] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4) Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009 and finished on 27 April 2009. Angus Deayton did not return to present the show. The reason given for Deayton's dismissal was because he was involved in a series of disputes with head chef Marco Pierre White. Pierre White has discussed the reasons for his disagreements with Deayton, he commented that "His humour was forced, and negative. I would be working hard and he would be making jibes at where I came from and my name". In March 2009 Claudia Winkleman, Document [54] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Park) until December 4, 1979. The West 47th Street Block Association and other residents collaborated to keep the park safe in the 1980s. They did so by holding gatherings, getting lights installed on adjoining buildings, and advocating for a fence, which was built in the late 1980s. In 2005, the park was reconstructed with $1.2 million allocated by Council member for the 3rd District, Christine Quinn. Hell's Kitchen Park Hell's Kitchen Park is small park in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, New York City. In the 1960s, there were very few open spaces in Hell's Kitchen. Residents complained about this, so the Document [55] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17) The seventeenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" (officially known as Hell's Kitchen All Stars) began airing on September 29, 2017 on Fox. This season is the first in "Hell's Kitchen" history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again, and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first-ever Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. All of the returning chefs made it onto the Black Team in their respective seasons. Gordon Document [56] (Title: Kitchen Confidential (TV series)) December 5, 2005, with its fourth episode, but only received 3.38 million viewers. Four days later, Fox announced the cancellation of the series. On May 22, 2007, 20th Century Fox released "Kitchen Confidential: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The 2-disc set contains all 13 episodes of the series as well as audio commentaries on the series premiere by Darren Star, David Hemingson and Bradley Cooper, on the series finale by Karine Rosenthal, David Hemingson, Bradley Cooper and Dean Lopata and two featurettes – "A Tour of the Nolita Restaurant" and "A Recipe for Comedy". Kitchen Confidential (TV Document [57] (Title: Christina Machamer) to the Napa Valley, where she has found a new niche bridging the gap between food and wine at the much celebrated B Cellars, in Calistoga, California. In January 2009, she was featured as a host at the St. Louis Food & Wine Experience. She also appeared in the 11th season of "Hell's Kitchen" (in 2013) as part of a brigade consisting of past "Hell's Kitchen" winners in order to compete against the final 5 contestants. Machamer briefly appeared in the 16th-season premiere (in 2016) as a guest with the Season 12 winner Scott Commings during the red team's challenge Document [58] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the fourth season to feature an all-male final (following seasons 1, 6, and 9). Executive Chef Scott Commings won this season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; the prize Document [59] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) their ingredients. Menus may be customized for a specific dinner service, such as ethnic-themed dishes or plates that resulted from the earlier challenge. Some seasons feature a service allowing for the teams to develop their own menus, which are reviewed by Ramsay for quality and presentation beforehand. Later seasons may feature a private dinner service, where each team must serve a five course meal to 12 guests, with each member leading their teammates to prepare one course. Dinner services may include additional challenges. A chef from each team may be asked to serve a table-side meal for their team, serve Document [60] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) competing in the series to win AU$50,000 for their chosen charity. Before service one, all contestants become the instructors, expeditor and taste-tester, and their family members must recreate a dish under the contestant's orders (risotto, family-sized salad, egg florentine, fillet of skin-on salmon) under more lenient time limits (30 minutes for salmon, 35 for egg florentine, 45 for risotto). Dennis (Debra's husband) made family-sized salmon salad, Jacquiline (Lincoln's mother) made a salmon fillet, Kristine (Sam's sister) made Asian-style salmon with asparagus. Emma, (Gaz's girlfriend) came second with the egg florentine. Willie won with his wife, Claire's saffron risotto. The group Document [61] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) ITV made the decision to take a break from producing "Hell's Kitchen". The network then announced in February 2007 that it had commissioned a new series of the show, to begin in late 2007. The new series began on 3 September 2007 at 9:00 pm. Michelin starred Marco Pierre White was the new head chef. White had two sous chefs, Matthew and Timothy. The series reverted to the original format of having celebrities as contestants. The series ended on 17 September 2007, with Barry McGuigan crowned winner. The contestants who took part were: Series 4 began on 13 April 2009. Document [62] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had concluded on February 2009, 16 months prior Document [63] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 3 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen". Cast during February 2007, the third season started airing on the Fox television network on June 4, 2007 and concluded on August 13, 2007. The Hell's Kitchen set moved from a building at LaBrea and Willoughby, where it was located for seasons one and two, to a Century Studios building on La Cienega Place, off West Jefferson Blvd for season three. During Episode 9 (aired July 30, 2007), a casting call was announced for the Document [64] (Title: Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan) and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11. In addition, on September 11, Engine 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine 34/Ladder 21 and lost many firefighters themselves. Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days", with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Document [65] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) season of the TV show, Hell's Kitchen in 2008. When promoting the game, Tony Key, the vice president of marketing and sales praised the game's development and the involvement of Gordon Ramsey with the game. After release, some players wanted a less tame "Hell's Kitchen" game and in response, Ludia released a limited "Uncensored" version for download and was only available until the finale of the show, in July, 2008. The game was moderately reviewed, with critics and criticizing the poor controls and length of the game, while others praised how fun the game was. The website 'Gamesradar.com' gave the Document [66] (Title: The Chopping Block (U.S. TV series)) one a week. On April 24, 2009, NBC announced the series would return to television in Friday, June 19, despite airing on the internet already. After the fourth episode aired on the 19th, it was pre-empted on June 26 by television coverage surrounding the deaths of Farrah Fawcett and Michael Jackson the day before. The show returned Friday, July 3. It then proceeded to air until Friday, July 24, the day the final episode aired on NBC. On April 27, 2009, British TV began showing the series on ITV2, immediately following the finale of Hell's Kitchen, also hosted by Marco Document [67] (Title: Hotel Hell) Hotel Hell Hotel Hell is an American reality television series created, hosted and narrated by Gordon Ramsay, which ran on the Fox network for three seasons from 2012 to 2016. It aired on Monday nights at 8 pm ET/PT. It was Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network. The series features Ramsay visiting various struggling lodging establishments throughout the United States in an attempt to reverse their misfortunes, following a similar concept established in Ramsay's other programs, "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" and its American counterpart, "Kitchen Nightmares". Originally scheduled to premiere on Fox at 8 pm ET/PT on Friday, April 6, Document [68] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) as a cash prize of $250,000. In a similar manner to the voiceover at each elimination, Ramsay has a voiceover to explain his reasons for choosing that chef as the winner. Gordon Ramsay is the head chef. Jason Thompson is the narrator. Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d'hôtel, comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for Season 11. He left after Season 12 and was replaced by Marino Monferrato for Season 13. Susilovic was also the maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version. James Lukanik Document [69] (Title: Top Chef (season 12)) compete in "". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 12) Top Chef: Boston is the twelfth season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". The season was formally announced on August 20, 2014, and premiered on October 15, 2014. Filming for Season 12 took place from May through June 2014 in locations around Boston, Massachusetts, concluding with a finale in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato and the surrounding area. "" finalist and "" winner Richard Blais debuted as a recurring judge, joining Tom Colicchio, Gail Simmons, Hugh Acheson, and host Padma Lakshmi on the judging panel. "Last Chance Kitchen" also returned Document [70] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) (usually once 5 or 6 are left) they are awarded black jackets and assembled into a single team. Eliminations continue until two are left. In the finale, the final two chefs are each given the opportunity to develop their own menus and lead a brigade of former competitors through a full dinner service on their own. In the first five seasons, this included the opportunity to decorate half of the Hell's Kitchen restaurant to their liking. Prior to the dinner service, the two chefs compete in a challenge to prepare their menus, and the winner will earn the advantage of Document [71] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) amount of unusual eliminations; with two chefs leaving due to medical issues, and two chefs eliminated during service. Also, this season marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team, which would become more prominent in later seasons. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during Document [72] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) fuck they came from." Following his comments, Marine public affairs representative Bryan Nygaard stated Frank's comments regarding female Marines "are not consistent with the Marine Corps' values of honor, courage and commitment," and he would "notify my chain of command as well as Sergeant Cala's chain of command to ensure that corrective action is being taken." Several days later, Frank was removed from his position with the Commandants' staff and transferred to the Enlisted Aide Program. The fifteenth-season premiere of "Hell's Kitchen" premiered to an audience of 3.43 million, 660,000 lower than last season's premiere, and down 10,000 from season Document [73] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) season, Richard Brooker appeared in that episode as a samurai on the team challenge. Brooker died on April 8, 2013. The intro of this season depicts the chefs as they fight off Transformers-style robotic kitchen appliances as Hell's Kitchen turns into a battle zone, which ends with Ramsay morphing from one. Since the second episode, another version of the opening is shown featuring Zach saying "Get 'em Jon" just as Jon's name appears. Twenty chefs competed in season 11. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Season Document [74] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) on September 29, 2017. The eighteenth season, titled "Rookies vs. Veterans", premiered on September 28, 2018. "Hell's Kitchen" is a reality television show that uses a progressive elimination format to narrow down a field of 12 to 20 aspiring chefs to a single winner over the course of one season. The U.S. version of "Hell's Kitchen" follows the format of the UK version though the show is recorded and not performed live, nor is there audience participation in the elimination of chefs. The show is produced at Hell's Kitchen, a modified warehouse in Los Angeles that includes the restaurant, dual Document [75] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) The eighth season of "Hell's Kitchen", an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at L.A. Live in Los Angeles, as well as an opportunity to be a spokesperson for Rosemount Estate Wines. Sabrina Brimhall holds the record for the worst nomination record of any black jacket chef on the show. Being nominated every time she was eligible for Document [76] (Title: Drew Scott) "People" magazine the week of the show's premiere, capping off what HGTV called Drew's "best week ever." Great American Country’s end-of-the-year Top 50 Country Countdown reached out to the brothers to host the annual program on December 22, 2013. Along with Nancy O'Dell, he and Jonathan co-hosted the 2014 Rose Parade, and co-hosted again in 2015 with Josh Temple. The twins appear as chef's table guests in the sixteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" where Drew sat with Melissa Rivers in the blue kitchen while Jonathan sat with Ashley Greene in the red kitchen. They also decorated a house for the Document [77] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) Hesse (seasons 5 and 6), and Zepaltas was the first chef until the All-Star season to present two signature dishes to Ramsay. † Indicates that the contestant died after filming ended <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the fourth season to feature an all-male final (following Document [78] (Title: Chef Goes Nanners) was based on the initial controversy over the display of the Confederate flag at the South Carolina State House. Co-creator Matt Stone has characterized "Chef Goes Nanners" as "kind of half-baked. I remember we wanted to leave the office early. We were like, 'It's July 4... '" Chef Goes Nanners "Chef Goes Nanners" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the animated television series "South Park", and the 55th episode of the series overall. "Chef Goes Nanners" originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on July 5, 2000. In the episode, Chef's passionate protest declaring the Document [79] (Title: Unleashed (Angel)) interrogates Royce for Nina's location as Fred shows the others her discovery, a menu for a banquet hosted by restaurant entrepreneur John Crane, whose employees abducted Nina after Royce informed him of her availability. Crane has rapidly assembled several like-minded gourmets willing to pay top dollar to dine on werewolf meat. At moonrise, in about 15 minutes, Nina, chained to a serving platter, will be the main course. The gang heads to the banquet hall and Angel starts to rescue Nina, who tells him to let her get eaten. She does not think that she can go home and is Document [80] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) Hell's Kitchen Italia Hell's Kitchen is an Italian reality television cooking competition (based on the British series of the same name) and American version broadcast on Fox. The Italian format is broadcast on Sky Uno since 2014. It is hosted by celebrity chef Carlo Cracco. The Italian format reflects the U.S. version. Two teams of aspiring chefs, equally divided between men and women, challenge tests with cooking and table service at the restaurant" Hell's Kitchen", supervised and judged by chef Carlo Cracco. There may be as many as 16 chefs in the first and second edition. A key feature of Document [81] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) liver, kidneys, must pick one from the larder, and cannot change once decisions are made), coating before cooking (flour, chilli power and English mustard; flour, smoked paprika and cayenne; flour, paprika and turmeric)and the agent used to thicken the pre-prepared devil's sauce (butter, oil, cream). The winner of the cook-off was Debra, which saw Lincoln's dismissal from Hell's Kitchen. Willie and Gaz can observe live on the other side of the pass. "Hell's Kitchen Australia" debuted to 817,000 viewers and was second in its timeslot to "The Block" (1,212,000). Colin Vickery, television writer for the "Herald Sun" was critical of Document [82] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18)) Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the first season since season 1 to not begin with men on the blue team and women on the red team. It is also the third of the last four seasons to feature a chef eliminated during service. The introduction for season 18 was recycled from the previous season except for the title card where it instead shows the rookies on the left side and the veterans on the right side. Sixteen chefs competed in season 18. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18) Hell's Kitchen: Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of Document [83] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (painting)) after by the population of hard working inhabitants. In or around 1817 the Devonport born, (now resident in Newcastle) painter, Henry Perlee Parker, painted his now famous picture of many of these characters. It shows 14 people (and a dog), all persons living in the area at the time. The painting is now known in some quarters as “Hells Kitchen". This was the nickname of a room in The Flying Horse (later named the Princess Hotel followed by The Golden Bengal Indian Restaurant) in the Groat Market (off Collingwood Street), Newcastle. which was the setting for the painting. It was Document [84] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) produced by ITV Studios America and Optomen, in association with A. Smith & Co. Productions, with Arthur Smith, Kent Weed and Patricia Llewellyn serving as executive producers. In the UK, the series is broadcast under the name "Kitchen Nightmares USA" and "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA" on Channel 4, which also produced the original UK version. Reruns, along with the British series, are frequently shown on BBC America. The first season focused on restaurants in the southern California and New York City areas. The third season was originally scheduled to premiere on Wednesday, January 27, 2010, but it was postponed to Document [85] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) worst streak of any finalist on the show, being nominated every single time apart from wins and "Best of the Worst" nominations. Taping for the second season was done in the same building where the first season was taped. This was the last season of the show to be aired in standard definition. The second season featured the following 12 contestants, who were initially separated onto blue and red teams by gender: † Indicates that the contestants died after filming ended. Each week, the best member from the losing team during the latest service period ("best" as determined by Ramsay) Document [86] (Title: Episode 6646) spa, Kyle's dog, Bossy, steals his safety glasses and Georgia gives chase. Kyle then decides to watch the eclipse without them, damaging his eyesight. At Lassiter's Lake, Mason Turner (Taylor Glockner) tells his girlfriend Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer) that he loves her for the first time. Before she can reply, Kate spots Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor), her ex-boyfriend, who she believed to be dead. She tries to find him, but Mark disappears. Back at Number 32, Lucas and Vanessa go to check on their infant son, Patrick (Basquait Voevodin-Knack), and discover that he has been taken. "Episode 6646" was written Document [87] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) whom Marco Pierre White has described as "naturally funny", was confirmed as the new host. Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher for the second series running. He particularly stated in the first episode that he was "the only chef to return". The eight celebrities taking part in this year's show were confirmed in April 2009: Unlike in past series, this year there is only one kitchen being used in the show. In another change from previous series, White decides at the end of each night's service who will be a waiter in the next night's service, based on the Document [88] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) replaced Susilovic for Seasons 8–10. Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs. The current sous-chefs are Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and James "Jocky" Petrie. Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, Scott Leibfried, James Avery, Aaron Mitrano and Andi Van Willigan. In Season 15, Wilson filled in for Van Willigan-Cutspec who was getting married at the time of filming but returned for one episode when her reception was one of the themed dinner services for that season. Van-Willigan returned in season 16 but was replaced by Wilson again for Document [89] (Title: Jocky Petrie (chef)) Gordon Ramsay on series 17 of "Hell's Kitchen", first broadcast on Fox in September 2017 and series 18, first broadcast September 2018 Originally from Duror, a village in Scottish Highlands, Petrie began his formative career in Scotland in the hotels of Edinburgh and Kinnaird Estate in Perthshire. He then moved south to one Michelin star Hambleton Hall before leaving the UK for Virginia in the United States, to work at two Michelin Star The Inn at Little Washington. In 2001, Petrie joined The Fat Duck in Bray, Berkshire where he rose to head pastry chef role, during which time the Document [90] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef, blue team sous chef Scott Leibfried, and Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic Document [91] (Title: Gordon Ramsay) ran its fifth series in 2007. "Hell's Kitchen" was a reality show, which aired on ITV1, and saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show. In May 2005, the FOX network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of "Hell's Kitchen" produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise as the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamously short temper. The show completed its 13th season in Document [92] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) staging and dramatic license, mostly due to editing techniques of the producers, who splice together several hours of footage from a dinner service, in order to make certain contestants appear as poor performers, later justifying their elimination. This was most obvious when one episode featured clips showing an already eliminated contestant in the background, still cooking. One of the most controversial accusations of staging on "Hell's Kitchen" relates to an incident with contestant Joseph Tinnelly from Season 6, who, during one elimination round, angrily confronted Ramsay, challenging him to fight, and was then escorted off the set. The incident drew Document [93] (Title: Saturday Kitchen) In light of the changes, the programme was revamped with new host James Martin and new producer Cactus TV. At the same time, a new "Heaven or Hell" feature was introduced, which saw the celebrity guest provide their heaven and hell ingredients for two recipes, with the public phoning in to vote for the choice to be cooked at the end of the show. A sister show to the new Worrall Thompson show, "Sunday Feast", had a similar feature at its launch, a week before the new feature was introduced as part of the revamp to the programme. The idea Document [94] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) "Tic Tac Dough" and "The Joker's Wild". KCOP was acquired by News Corporation in 2001 and its studios were integrated with those of Fox affiliate KTTV in 2003, leaving the La Brea facility vacant. Originally the studio was put up for sale, but in the end they were retooled for the production of "Hell's Kitchen". The dining room area was the location of the former KCOP news studios, and living quarters for the contestants were built behind the restaurant. Before season three, the Hell's Kitchen facility was moved to Century Studios at 3322 La Cienega Place in Los Angeles. Since Document [95] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) season is a signature dish cook-off, giving the chefs an opportunity to show Ramsay their cooking. Each season typically includes one or more challenges that allows teams to construct several dishes either for a banquet to be held the next dinner service or as part of designing their own menus. Other challenges typically include a "taste it, now make it" task, where chefs must attempt to recreate a dish Ramsay has prepared after tasting it only, and a "blind taste-test" where chefs identify ingredients while blindfolded and wearing sound-blocking earcovers. Some challenges have been full breakfast or lunch services, where Document [96] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) opening sequence of Season 10 began with the iconic "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign which morphed into "Welcome to Fabulous Hell's Kitchen". This is followed by a magic show-style opening featuring the chefs doing various stunts and tricks with Ramsay magically appearing at the end. 18 chefs competed in season 10. Full names per official site. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, Document [97] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1939 film)) Hell's Kitchen (1939 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1939 thriller Warner Bros. film starring The Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Buck Caesar (Stanley Fields) is a paroled convict who makes a contribution to a reform school on the advice of his nephew, Jim Donahue (Ronald Reagan), a lawyer. Jim feels that the boys in the reform school, including Tony (Billy Halop), Gyp (Leo Gorcey), Joey (Bobby Jordan), Bongo (Huntz Hall), Ace (Gabriel Dell), and "Ouch" (Bernard Punsly), could benefit from the contribution, and he believes the publicity from it will help his uncle. The superintendent, Krispan (Grant Mitchell), does Document [98] (Title: Take Home Chef) official website. Voice actress Tara Strong appeared on the show in October 2006 with her husband and their two sons. Comedian Randy Sklar was surprised with Beef Wellington by his wife and Stone on an episode that aired May 15, 2007. Canadian-Australian actress Kimberley Joseph appeared in the episode "Kimberly" (sic) that first aired June 15, 2007. Seemingly chosen at random in a grocery store, she and Curtis then recognized each other from TV shows the other had been on back home. The pair surprised three of her friends with a Spanish-themed menu, featuring tapas and a manchego cheese dessert. Document [99] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) again until season 18. The show was taped in Los Angeles at KCOP, in a converted former television broadcast facility that previously hosted shows such as "The Joker's Wild" and "Tic-Tac-Dough" in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. The 12 contestants were initially divided into the Blue team and the Red team, but not based on gender as in all the following seasons. The contestants were: Each week, the best member from the losing team during the latest service period ("least bad" as determined by Ramsay) is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is Document [100] (Title: All's Fair in Oven War) as director. Thomas Pynchon and James Caan guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to songs such as "Separate Ways", "Boplicity", and "Take Five", as well as references to the film "The Godfather" and various fictional food mascots. The episode received positive reviews from critics. Marge and Homer discover the house next to them is up for sale, and marvel at the extensive kitchen inside the house. After realizing the poor quality of her own kitchen, she asks Homer to hire a contractor. Not wanting to pay the price of hiring one, he decides to remodel it himself. Document [101] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) fourth season of the show. This was the first "Hell's Kitchen" season to be filmed in high definition. The season finale was a record high for the show's ratings, drawing 9.8 million viewers. Executive Chef Rahman "Rock" Harper won the season and was awarded a US$250,000 per year head-chef position at a restaurant in the Green Valley Ranch resort and spa in Henderson, Nevada, near Las Vegas. The third season features the following 12 contestants, who were separated by gender into two teams: † Indicates that contestant died after filming ended Each week, the best member (as determined by Ramsay) Document [102] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (novel)) Hell's Kitchen (novel) Hell's Kitchen is a novel published in 2001 by author Jeffery Deaver. It is the third novel that follows location scout John Pellam. The book follows Pellam as he tries to prove the innocence of an old woman, Ettie, whom he had interviewed for a documentary on the area of New York City referred to as Hell's Kitchen. When Ettie's apartment catches fire, she is blamed for the crime and jailed. Pellam believes she is innocent and is determined to prove it and set her free. Along the way he meets several characters who try to interrupt Document [103] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) of nomination; he may eliminate competitors who have not been appointed, even those who belonged to the winning team, by virtue of their poor performance or inappropriate behavior. Similarly, competitors may be directly disposed of during the evening service, while in other cases no one is eliminated. Starting in Season 4 in 2017, a new format was launched as follows: instead of rewards and punishments, the team that loses the challenge must undertake a separate task individually. Cracco will judge each team member's dish in order and anyone who beats a teammate is declared "safe". After all dishes have been Document [104] (Title: Brian Dowling (presenter)) "Hell's Kitchen" during September 2007, in which he competed against other celebrities to impress celebrity chef Marco Pierre White. Dowling finished in third place. Whilst participating, he had numerous clashes with fellow contestant Jim Davidson because of what Dowling interpreted as Davidson's homophobic slurs. Davidson once asked Dowling, "Are you on our side?" when referring to whether or not he would be participating for the boys or girls team. Davidson called him a "shirt-lifter" in front of him, and was constantly asking if Dowling would like to try on one of "John Virgo's lovely waistcoats", which Davidson owns. Davidson was Document [105] (Title: Hotel Hell) 2012, the series was first rescheduled to Monday, June 4, 2012 at 8 pm ET/PT, in order to accommodate the move of "The Finder" to Fridays, then rescheduled to August 13, due to Ramsay's other two series, "Hell's Kitchen" and "MasterChef", being scheduled for Monday nights during the summer. The series' first season, which consisted of six episodes, ended on September 3, 2012. On August 31, 2012, Fox renewed "Hotel Hell" for a second season, which premiered on July 21, 2014. General references Hotel Hell Hotel Hell is an American reality television series created, hosted and narrated by Gordon Ramsay, Document [106] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) make them. Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant. Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to Document [107] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas Document [108] (Title: Momma's Boys) leaves). The chef asked Julie to make his food, and she did. Some of the women elected to prepare their own personal favorite recipes, as Meghan and Amanda cooked a stuffed pepper dish instead; Erica made a chicken casserole. After the women prepared the meals, the sons and chef judged each of the meals. The winners were Amanda, Meghan, Julie, and Erica, who were exempted from having their files opened in this episode. After this round, the mothers opened the files. Lorraine chose Michelle. Esther chose Lauren in order to see how good she was. Khalood chose Brittany. Although they Document [109] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) sent home by Gordon Ramsay. Each episode consisted of a challenge with a reward, a service, and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family Document [110] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) a sociable and friendly person and most of the on-camera drama is played out for the benefit of the audience. "Hell's Kitchen" has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Art Direction for Variety, Music or Nonfiction Programming category in 2007, 2008, and 2009. It has also been nominated for two Art Directors Guild Awards in the Television — Awards Show, Variety, Music or Non-Fiction Program category in 2007 and 2008, winning one in 2008. It has also been nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Series. In 2009, Gordon Ramsay won an Astra Award Document [111] (Title: Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back) menu, culminating in a relaunch of the restaurant with a grand re-opening to the public after extensive renovations—all in just 24 hours. The format is similar to other programs such as "Hotel Hell", "Kitchen Nightmares", and "". On June 27, 2018, Fox renewed "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back" for a second season, which is set to premiere on January 2, 2019. Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back is an American reality television program which premiered on Fox on June 13, 2018. Starring chef Gordon Ramsay, the show Document [112] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) chef for the blue team. Wilson is the second former "Hell's Kitchen" winner to return as one of Ramsay's sous chefs, the first being season 2 winner, Heather West, who was the red kitchen's sous chef for season 6. Jason Thompson also returned as narrator for the first time since season 12. Season 15's opening sequence features the chefs at a base camp. Ramsay is then shown placing the HK flag on top of the mountain. For the first time in "Hell's Kitchen" history, the opening sequence did not play after the recap of the previous episode, but after the Document [113] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) edition) are tasked to sabotage the flow of the finalists, to test their awareness during the service. Hell's Kitchen Italia Hell's Kitchen is an Italian reality television cooking competition (based on the British series of the same name) and American version broadcast on Fox. The Italian format is broadcast on Sky Uno since 2014. It is hosted by celebrity chef Carlo Cracco. The Italian format reflects the U.S. version. Two teams of aspiring chefs, equally divided between men and women, challenge tests with cooking and table service at the restaurant" Hell's Kitchen", supervised and judged by chef Carlo Cracco. There Document [114] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) Friday, January 29, 2010, due to the State of the Union address. In May 2010, the Fox network announced the return of "Kitchen Nightmares" for a fourth season. The fourth season aired from January 21, 2011 to May 20, 2011 on Fox. In March 2011 the producers of the show announced a casting call for a fifth season. The fifth season premiered on Friday, September 23, 2011 and ended on March 30, 2012. In February 2012 the Fox network announced it renewed "Kitchen Nightmares" for a sixth season, which premiered on Friday, October 26, 2012. Season 7 was originally set Document [115] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) Hell's Kitchen: The Game Hell's Kitchen is a time management cooking video game based on the reality competition show of the same name. It was developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft. It features the host of the show, Gordon Ramsay as the A.I. and places you as a chef under his guidance, while serving customers at the restaurant. It was initially released on September 9 2008, on the Nintendo DS the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Windows, iOS and Mac OS. The game was neither a success nor a failure, with it being praised for the enjoyment, but scolded for the Document [116] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) Kitchen Nightmares Kitchen Nightmares is an American reality television series formerly broadcast on the Fox network, in which chef Gordon Ramsay is invited by the owners to spend a week with a failing restaurant in an attempt to revive the business. It is based on the British show "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares". The show premiered Wednesday September 19, 2007. On June 23, 2014, Ramsay announced he was ending the series. In June 2018, "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back", a new series with a premise much like "Kitchen Nightmares" but a shorter timeline, premiered on Fox. The show was Document [117] (Title: Wagon Train) 30, 1959). "The Cathy Eckhardt Story" (fourth season, broadcast November 9, 1960) clearly shows the year is 1870, but in "The Charlene Brenton Story" (late third season, broadcast June 8, 1960) reference is made to Bill Hawks' having read the novel "", which was not published until a decade later in 1880. "The Sam Pulaski Story" (Season 7, episode 8, broadcase November 4, 1963) misplaces Hell's Kitchen as the Brooklyn waterfront instead of the real location on the west side of mid-Manhattan, and dates the story as 1868 although the name "Hell's Kitchen" was not used for that neighborhood until Document [118] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) to seventh season premiere, when the hotel reopened in 2010; however, Ugalde was not given the job. Ramsay stated that the American Ugalde could not work in London due to visa problems, but Ugalde called that explanation an excuse, saying, "I don't know if they even applied for my visa." Ugalde was later awarded an undisclosed amount of money in compensation and retained her title as the winner of season 7. The intro depicts the chefs in a literal hell's kitchen with Ramsay as the devil. 16 chefs competed in season 7. Each episode consists of a challenge with a Document [119] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) will have to complete a challenge from Ramsay and use both Team Red and Team Blue kitchens (It is possible to cook two meals simultaneously). In arcade mode, the player must complete every recipe in time. If the player fails this, Ramsay will become infuriated and close the restaurant. Despite Ramsay's choice of words in real life in-game he does not swear, but still, in-fact, abuses the player if he/she fails a task. Ludia first started development on October 25, 2007, when Granada America, allowed the 'Hell's Kitchen' property to Ludia. The game was estimated to coincide with the fourth Document [120] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series)) Sauli would name a winning team whereas the team who loses nominating two of their teammates for elimination and eliminations being decided by Sauli instead of the viewing public. Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series) "Hells Kitchen Suomi" is the Finnish adaption of British reality show Hell's Kitchen which was created by Gordon Ramsay who was also the head chef. Top Chef Sauli Kemppainen is the head chef. The series started airing on the 20 September 2013 on MTV3. This version stays true to the American version with the participants and the customers not being celebrities, broadcast recorded weekly instead of Document [121] (Title: Westies) taste of the proceeds. Salerno then reached out to Buffalo Crime Family associate and freelance hitman, Joseph Sullivan, to eliminate the three main Spillane supporters in Hell's Kitchen, Tom Devaney, Tom Kapatos, and Edward Cummiskey. Cummiskey had apparently switched sides to the Coonan camp after they both killed and dismembered Patrick "Paddy" Dugan for killing Cummiskey's best friend, but Salerno and Sullivan were not aware of the switch. Devaney and Cummiskey were killed in late 1976, and Kapatos was killed in January 1977. Spillane was out of the picture, and Coonan was the undisputed boss of Hell's Kitchen. It was Document [122] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the team completing the service first is declared the winner. The winner of the challenge is determined by either a scoring system set for that challenge or by Ramsay's and/or guest judges' opinions. The winning team or chef receives a reward (a recreational activity away from Hell's Kitchen and other potential prizes), while the losing team or chefs are forced to do a mundane task, such as cleaning the kitchens, preparing a specific ingredient for the following dinner, having to prepare the food for both kitchens, and sometimes eating something unsavory (such as food waste blended into a smoothie) for Document [123] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6) Season 6 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network on July 21, 2009 and concluded on October 13, 2009. Despite suffering a fractured wrist early in the competition, Executive Chef Dave Levey won the season and was awarded a position under James Walt at the Araxi Restaurant in Whistler, British Columbia, the first time the prize was a position at a Canadian restaurant. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure Document [124] (Title: The Road Trip (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)) the art of cooking for his and Kevin's anniversary while Rosa refuses to go home when she catches a cold. The episode was seen by an estimated 3.11 million household viewers and gained a 1.4/3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received critical acclaim from critics, who praised Jake's and Amy's storyline and character development. Captain Holt (Andre Braugher) assigns Jake (Andy Samberg) and Amy (Melissa Fumero) on a work trip to deal with a criminal. Holt also asks Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) for help to learn how to cook a breakfast for Document [125] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) West Hollywood restaurant opened on May 27, 2008, while the series was still airing. This season was filmed in the warehouse district in Culver City, California. Unlike the previous three seasons, this is the first season to feature a cinematic intro using live-action. It depicts the chefs, all shrunken down as they work about the kitchen. There were 15 chefs (8 men and 7 women) who competed in season 4 and was the only "Hell's Kitchen" season to have an uneven number of chefs compete compared to 12 from the previous three seasons. Each week, the best member (as determined Document [126] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1939 film)) Kids" film, "Crime School" (1938). The film was released as a double feature DVD by Warner Archives with "On Dress Parade" on January 22, 2013. Hell's Kitchen (1939 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1939 thriller Warner Bros. film starring The Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Buck Caesar (Stanley Fields) is a paroled convict who makes a contribution to a reform school on the advice of his nephew, Jim Donahue (Ronald Reagan), a lawyer. Jim feels that the boys in the reform school, including Tony (Billy Halop), Gyp (Leo Gorcey), Joey (Bobby Jordan), Bongo (Huntz Hall), Ace (Gabriel Dell), and Document [127] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8. Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers. Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017. In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to Document [128] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned to the series as the head chef, as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan. James Lukanik served as the maître d', replacing Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who had been serving as a restaurant director at Ramsay's restaurant in London, Petrus. Seasons 7 and 8 were taped a year apart, resulting in other staff changes. "Hell's Kitchen" was planned to air weekly from September to December 2010. However, due to Fox's televising of the Document [129] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) Hell's Kitchen Australia Hell's Kitchen Australia is an Australian cooking reality competition television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 6 August 2017. The series is hosted by British chef Marco Pierre White, who previously hosted two seasons of the British version of the format and appeared on "MasterChef Australia". The series began casting for celebrity contestants in late 2016, and filmed in Sydney for six weeks in March and April 2017. It is produced for the Seven Network by ITV Studios Australia. Program sponsorships include Aldi, Airtasker, Diaego, Lurpak and Sony Pictures. The following ten celebrities have been Document [130] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) chef in the worst team in "Hell's Kitchen" history, became sous chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak under season 10 winner Christina Wilson. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan as the red team's sous chef. Long-time maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic returned for the first time since season 7 due to his work commitments at Ramsay's London restaurant, Pétrus. However, previous blue team sous chef Scott Leibfried did not return due to his work obligation at Fleetwood's restaurant in Maui and was replaced by newcomer James Avery from Wall, New Jersey. During episode 7 of this Document [131] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) from the losing team during the latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is sent home by Ramsay. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 3 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen". Cast during February 2007, the third season started airing on the Fox television network on June 4, 2007 and concluded on August 13, 2007. The Hell's Kitchen set moved from a building at LaBrea and Willoughby, where it was located for seasons one and two, to Document [132] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she got married. This was also the first season since Season 13 to take a hiatus due to Fox's coverage of the 2016 World Series in Document [133] (Title: Dawson's Creek) later seasons include Durham, and Raleigh. The Hell's Kitchen bar featured in the show was a natural food store at 118 Princess Street in Wilmington which was purchased by producers, dressed as a seedy college bar and used for production during the show's last season. When production completed, the building was purchased by a local restaurateur, along with much of the set and decorations and was then converted it into a real restaurant and bar. It retains the name as well. "Dawson's Creek" generated a high amount of publicity before its debut, with several television critics and consumer watchdog groups Document [134] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) scored 7.5 overall. In the second service, which is a lunch service, Willie was praised for his efficiency, despite manning 2 fish stations all by himself with most of the guest ordering the salmon main. He was the only person who survived from the fish station. Lincoln was put into the cookoff because he was supposed to be manning the meat station with Gaz, but was demoted to garnish by Gaz. Debra was put into the cookoff by default as Gaz managed most of the workload on the relay and commanded the pass after Marco left the kitchen, and Debra Document [135] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence. Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs. Twelve chefs competed in the first season of "Worst Cooks in America". Hometowns Document [136] (Title: Christina Machamer) reward (dinner with Ramsay). She gave the women several tips about working under pressure in "Hell's Kitchen". Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show "Hell's Kitchen". She was awarded the position of "senior sous chef" (not the executive chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary. Machamer, the daughter of Rick and Leasa Machamer, was born and raised in St. Louis, and began working in restaurants at age 16. She graduated from Lafayette Document [137] (Title: Jean-Philippe Susilovic) 'break in' to his own apartment. This incident had an eerie similarity to a fatal fall that involved David Dempsey, who had also been employed by Ramsay. Along with his native French, Susilovic speaks English and Dutch. In Hell's Kitchen he often suffers insults from the boss. Susilovic left the American "Hell's Kitchen" show following the seventh season due to his commitment as Restaurant Director at Gordon Ramsay's London restaurant Pétrus. Susilovic returned to the show for seasons 11 and 12 but again left before filming began on season 13. He is a recurrent and popular part of the cast. Document [138] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) celebrities sitting at the kitchen's chef's table, or act as a server for the evening taking and fulfilling orders. After the chefs are on a single black team, Ramsay will use one dinner service to ask each chef to run the pass to test their quality control, including deliberate mistakes made by the sous chefs or Ramsay himself. During a service, Ramsay demands that all orders for each course for a table go out together, and will send back entire orders if one item is improperly prepared, such as being over- or undercooked or not seasoned correctly. While the chefs Document [139] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) by Ramsay) from the losing team during the latest service period was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. In Episode 1, the teams selected captains for service, though Ramsay changed both captains during service. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4) Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Document [140] (Title: Food Network Star (season 12)) the season). <br> <br> <br> This season of "Star Salvation" was hosted by Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli and season 11 winner Eddie Jackson. Food Network Star (season 12) The twelfth season of the American reality television series Food Network Star premiered May 22, 2016 on Food Network. Food Network chefs Bobby Flay and Giada de Laurentiis returned to the series as judges. This season featured thirteen contestants rather than twelve; the thirteenth contestant, Martita Jara (who originally appeared in the series' eighth season), was chosen via a three-week spin-off series called "Comeback Kitchen", where seven former "Food Network Star" contestants Document [141] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) Major League Baseball playoffs and the World Series in October and November, the show was broadcast with double episodes from September 22 until October 13 in addition to double episodes on November 10 and single episodes from November 17 until the finale on December 15. This is the first time that the series took more than a week off while the competition was in progress. Cablevision did not carry Fox during the first sixteen days of the hiatus due to a carriage dispute. Unlike the previous intros, this is the first that doesn't take place in a kitchen. The opening Document [142] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) motion sequence features the chefs causing many accidents in the kitchen, while Ramsay says a bunch of orders. Eighteen chefs compete in season 16. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she Document [143] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Leslie Spit Treeo album)) Jason Sniderman, John Alcorn, Lori Yates, David Ramsden and Cindy Matthews, who later married Nicholsen. The song "Since We Danced Outside" was written for the film "Dance Me Outside", in which the band appeared performing the song in concert. The album was produced by Joe Hardy. All songs written by Hubert/Langner, except "Juke Box Lady" by Tomson Highway. Hell's Kitchen (Leslie Spit Treeo album) Hell's Kitchen was the third album by Canadian folk rock group Leslie Spit Treeo, released in 1994. With original member Jack Nicholsen having left the group after 1992's "Book of Rejection", the band now consisted of Document [144] (Title: Eyvind Hellstrøm) med sølvskje" with Anne-Kat. Hærland, Hellstrøm also hosts the Norwegian TV3 television show "Hellstrøm rydder opp", broadcast in 2008, 2009 and 2010, a Norwegian version of Gordon Ramsay's "Kitchen Nightmares". Though initially criticized for playing the role excessively "nice", the series featured its share of conflicts such as the episode devoted to the Trondheim sea food restaurant Fru Inger. The programme was characterised as a "slaughter" of Fru Inger, and shortly after the broadcast the restaurant was forced to close down. In 2010, Hellstrøm joined Tom Victor Gausdal and Jan Vardøen as judges on the TV3 version of the cooking Document [145] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) won the competition, becoming the first winner since Christina Wilson, Holli Ugalde and Dave Levey to completely avoid nomination for elimination throughout the entire season. This is also the first time that the series had a new narrator. However, the identity of the new narrator was never revealed. The chefs battle against each other in an epic gladiator showdown at the Colosseum while Ramsay watches from the balcony. Eighteen chefs competed in season 13 for the first time since season 10. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Frank would go on Document [146] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher. Claudia Winkleman took over as host, replacing Angus Deayton. Nick Munier returned as Maitre d', as did Sous Chefs Matthew and Timothy. This series there was one kitchen with grey and dark red tiles. The first four sackings were Marco's responsibility, while the other four sackings were down to a public vote (the person with the lowest amount of votes left Hell's Kitchen). Linda Evans won from public voting on 27 April 2009. The celebrities who took part were: Most countries adapt to the American version, airing pre recorded weekly instead of airing Document [147] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) and were initially separated by gender. The chefs were: Each week, the best member (as determined by Ramsay) from the losing team during the latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is meant to be sent home by Ramsay. On some weeks, there is a variation in the nomination process, depending on the losing team's (or even winning team's) performance. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service, nominations for elimination, and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Season 5 of the American competitive reality Document [148] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) immediate fire from critics as an overplayed and possibly faked scene, conducted to cause action and tension on the show in order to spark viewer interest. In a 2013 interview, Ramsay admitted that the vast majority of his anger towards contestants was acting, his on-camera rage being done to force contestants to give their all and that when off-camera he treated all contestants with friendliness and respect. Ramsay further stated he would often meet with eliminated contestants after their departure from the show, offering positive criticism and advice. Staff and production members further affirmed that in real life, Ramsay was Document [149] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (band)) (vocals), Troy Takaki (bass), Mike Branum (drums). Condon was later replaced by Jimi Hayes. Their songs, performed in a mock-speed-metal/punk style, include such topics as beer, satan, chicken and The Grateful Dead. Hell's Kitchen has released two full-length albums as well as appearing on an episode of "HBO's Tales from the Crypt". The band toured Europe twice in 1990, covering most, if not all, of Western Europe as well as parts of Scandinavia, and a few Eastern Block countries as well. Shows were played with German punk bands such as Spermbirds and Militant Mothers. In 2012 Luke Skeels announced that Document [150] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) remaining contestants had made the way up to the dorms and just before the next morning, where they came down to face their new challenge. Eighteen chefs competed in season 15. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Following his exit at the end of episode 12, Frank, an active-duty Marine chef, stated his dislike for female chefs during his plea and claimed he never allowed any to work under him, saying "The blue team never had any drama until the females came aboard and that's when the ship sunk. And that's exactly why I get fucking female Marines and I send them back wherever the Document [151] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) for Favourite International Personality or Actor. At the 2011 People's Choice Awards, "Hell's Kitchen" was nominated for Favorite Reality Show and Gordon Ramsay was nominated for Favorite TV Chef. At the 2014 Reality TV Awards ceremony, "Hell's Kitchen" won an award for best new cast. In 2015, "Hell's Kitchen" won awards for best overall show and guilty pleasure at the 2015 Reality TV Awards. Visual Entertainment has not released the first fourteen seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" in Region 1. Season 14 was released on March 15, 2016, and to the Blu-ray format for the first time. In Region 4, Shock Document [152] (Title: John McCririck) conflict with Ingrid Tarrant in discussing her marriage to Chris Tarrant. He claimed that she was no good in bed and this was a cause for his marital infidelities. Following his comments live on air he was forced off the show by host Alan Titchmarsh. McCririck appeared on an episode of "Hell's Kitchen" (season 3, episode 8) in which Head Chef Marco Pierre White refused to serve him after McCririck told him that his consommé was 'greasy', in spite of being informed that it contained "foie gras" and truffle oil. White commented after the sequence: "I know John. He's awkward, Document [153] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4) Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Culinary student Christina Machamer won the season and was awarded a "senior sous chef" position with a $250,000 salary at Gordon Ramsay at the London West Hollywood – not an executive chef as mentioned in show-related publicity and press releases. The London Document [154] (Title: Chainsaw (Scream Queens)) for the Red Devil. The episode was watched by 3.46 million viewers and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, most of them citing it as an improvement from the two previous episodes. Grace (Skyler Samuels) and Zayday (Keke Palmer) are at the supermarket to buy food for Kappa. Grace sees the Red Devil running towards her and she tazes him and Zayday knocks the shelves to stop him. It is revealed that he is someone from Zayday's class who just tried to scare them. Due to Chanel #2 (Ariana Grande)'s mysterious "absence", Zayday and Grace enter her room and Document [155] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) Ramsay returns as host and head chef, Season 10 winner (and Season 15 sous-chef) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team's sous-chef replacing Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, and British "MasterChef" judge James "Jocky" Petrie makes his "Hell's Kitchen" debut as the Blue Team's sous-chef replacing Aaron Mitrano. Marino Monferrato returns as the maître d'. Season 14's Michelle Tribble, who previously finished in third place, won the competition. Ramsay uses his telekinesis to destroy Hell's Kitchen while leaving the building as the intro ends with the title card featuring him and the all stars. This is the first season that doesn't list Document [156] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) are in two teams, Ramsay is assisted by two trusted sous-chefs, each monitoring one of the kitchens, demanding the same standards and alerting Ramsay to any issues. Ramsay's goal is to complete every dinner service, but exceptionally poor kitchen performance by one or both teams will cause him to close one (or both sides) of the kitchen early and send the team(s) back to the dorms. Ramsay may also evict individual chefs from the kitchen based on repeated poor performances during a service, and on rare occasions (once every two seasons on average), may eliminate a chef on the spot. Document [157] (Title: On Dress Parade) "Hell's Kitchen" on January 22, 2013. On Dress Parade The 'Dead End' Kids "On Dress Parade" is a 1939 Warner Bros. film that marked the first time The Dead End Kids headlined a film without any other well-known actors. A hero of World War I, Colonel William Duncan (Don Douglas), is on his deathbed. He summons his old friend, Colonel Mitchell Reiker (John Litel) to ask him if he will care for his son Slip (Leo Gorcey) when he dies. Reiker agrees, and when Duncan passes, Slip, who does not want to leave the neighborhood he grew up in, is Document [158] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series) Hell's Kitchen was a British cookery reality show, aired on ITV, which features prospective chefs competing with each other for a final prize. Four series aired between 2004 to 2009, three presented by Angus Deayton and the most recent by Claudia Winkleman. The show had different formats and different head chefs for each of the first three seasons. The original chef Gordon Ramsay subsequently signed an exclusive United Kingdom contract with Channel 4, ruling out any possibility of him appearing on future episodes of the ITV-produced show. Series 1 of "Hell's Kitchen" in the UK Document [159] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) as well. Heather West, the winner of Season 2, became the new sous chef for the red team, she replaced Gloria Félix who was the sous-chef for the previous two seasons. The chefs appear in a Hell's Kitchen style carnival. A second version was shown from episode 2 onwards featuring Robert taking the place of Dave who now appears before Tennille. Initially, sixteen chefs began the competition, and were joined by a seventeenth, Robert Hesse from the previous season, in the middle of the first episode. Each week, the best member (determined by Ramsay) from the losing team during the Document [160] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) was retained from the previous season, after Ja'Nel Witt failed her drug test. Scott was nominated seven times for elimination, breaking Christina Machamer's record (season 4) of five nominations, and became the Hell's Kitchen winner with the most nominations. The intro is stylized as a neo-noir comic book with the chefs each trying to claim hold of "The Knife Case of Destiny." Twenty chefs competed in season 12. Jason Zepaltas previously competed in season 9 but left before the first dinner service after falling ill during prep. He is the second chef to have competed in two seasons, after Robert Document [161] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14)) at the end of the sequence that it all took place inside the pot. Eighteen chefs competed for the head chef position in season 14. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fourteenth-season premiere of Hell's Kitchen premiered to an audience of 4.09 million, 0.18 million lower than last season's premiere, but up 0.49 million from season 13's finale. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef Document [162] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) contestants individually in the intro. 16 returning chefs competed in Season 17. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17) The seventeenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" (officially known as Hell's Kitchen All Stars) began airing on September 29, 2017 on Fox. This season is the first in "Hell's Kitchen" history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again, and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first-ever Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. All of the Document [163] (Title: Cutthroat Kitchen) wilderness for an extreme culinary throw down." These episodes were filmed in Santa Clarita, California, at the same movie ranch site as the 2014 FOX reality series "Utopia". Instead of the usual 16 contestants for a tournament, only 12 participated in the 2015 tournament. This meant that each preliminary round featured only three contestants and two rounds. The finale had the usual four contestants and three rounds. Due to there being fewer contestants in the preliminaries, there was potential for more than one mid-round sabotage in the first round in each of the heats. The second and final round of Document [164] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family reasons). This was the first season where the teams were not separated by gender at the start, which wouldn't happen Document [165] (Title: Jerry Springer) 2008, "Saturday Kitchen" on June 21, 2008 along with chef Theresa Griegson and Kristin Dawson, "Verdict with Dan Abrams" in June 2008, two appearances on "Whose Line Is It Anyway?" in 2003 (from the same taping), "The Jason Ellis Show" on June 20, 2008, "Desert Island Discs" on November 1, 2009, and "Hell's Kitchen" on October 13, 2010. He was interviewed by satirist Chris Morris in his surreal radio series "Blue Jam" (Series 2, Episode 6). On January 23, 2004, Springer was featured in an episode of "This American Life" titled "Leaving the Fold". In 1995, Springer recorded the album Document [166] (Title: Marco Pierre White) called "White Slave" (entitled "The Devil in the Kitchen" in North America and in the paperback version), and "Wild Food from Land and Sea". In September 2007, White was the Head Chef in ITV's "Hell's Kitchen" television series. At one point during the series, controversy ensued when White said, "I don't think it was a picnic tonight." The remark prompted criticism from the Commission for Racial Equality. However, the show was defended by an ITV spokesman, who indicated that warnings about its content were given before transmission, and that White's comment had been challenged by one of the contestants, Lee Document [167] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) committing to a stripped primetime format in what is already an over-crowded genre". Hell's Kitchen Australia Hell's Kitchen Australia is an Australian cooking reality competition television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 6 August 2017. The series is hosted by British chef Marco Pierre White, who previously hosted two seasons of the British version of the format and appeared on "MasterChef Australia". The series began casting for celebrity contestants in late 2016, and filmed in Sydney for six weeks in March and April 2017. It is produced for the Seven Network by ITV Studios Australia. Program sponsorships include Document [168] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) challenges or vice versa). This was also the second season to feature two female finalists (the first being season 2's Virginia Dalbeck and Heather West). Executive chef Ja'Nel Witt won the competition and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace at Las Vegas. However, on August 23, 2013, it was announced that Witt was denied the position at the restaurant after testing positive for cocaine, though she retained her salary and her title as the winner of season 11. Jon Scallion, who finished third and was deemed by Ramsay as the only great Document [169] (Title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares) Season 2 was released on 1 September 2009. For the Canadian market, Visual Entertainment has released the first three seasons of "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" on DVD in two volume sets. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2004. In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been Document [170] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1998 film)) him. Only trouble is, the boyfriend knows it wasn't Johnny's fault, and can't bring himself to kill him. Meanwhile, Johnny tries to turn his life around by becoming a boxer and training under a former heavyweight contender. The film received mixed reviews. It holds a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 5 reviews. Hell's Kitchen (1998 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1998 film starring Rosanna Arquette, William Forsythe, Angelina Jolie, Mekhi Phifer, and Johnny Whitworth. The film was written and directed by Tony Cinciripini. The film had a budget of $6,000,000 but grossed only $4,322 on its opening weekend. Document [171] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Once the dinner service is complete, Ramsay gathers everyone in the kitchen, announces which team is the losing team, and directs them to select two chefs from their team as nominees for elimination. Often, both teams are declared losers, or a different number of chefs may be requested for nomination. In some cases, Ramsay has named both teams winners, but still requires both teams to nominate someone for elimination. This is a group consensus, but Ramsay may occasionally name a chef "best of the worst" on their team and instruct them to choose the nominees. This concept, however, has faded Document [172] (Title: America's Test Kitchen) the recipes in each episode as Kimball watches and comments. Yvonne Ruperti and J. Kenji Lopez-Alt departed the company in 2011 and 2009 respectively. Usually only one or two of the chefs will appear in an episode. Collin-Davison, Lancaster and Rentschler appeared as regular cast members on season 1. Since, Rentschler moved to the positions of Culinary Producer and Executive Chef by season 2 and appeared in only one episode that season, before leaving the show by Season 3. Hays joined the permanent cast in season 5, Bruce, Wu, and Ruperti each appear for a single season (seasons 5, 6, Document [173] (Title: Go to Hell (American Horror Story)) The episode received a 1.8 18–49 ratings share and was watched by 3.36 million viewers in its original American broadcast, a decrease from the previous episode. Go to Hell (American Horror Story) "Go to Hell" is the twelfth and episode of the of the anthology television series "American Horror Story", which premiered on January 22, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. With Fiona (Jessica Lange)'s deteriorating health, the girls show new powers as Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) searches for Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett). Angela Bassett, Gabourey Sidibe and Danny Document [174] (Title: Chopped (TV series)) sixth episode of the twenty-fourth season, had previously been eliminated in the sixteenth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" and was later eliminated in thirteenth episode of the seventeenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Finally, Hassan Musselmani, who was eliminated after the dessert in the third episode of the 35th season of Chopped, had previously been eliminated in the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". In addition, Frank Bilotti, who was eliminated after the entrée in the third episode of the 37th season, had previously been eliminated in the tenth episode of the thirteenth season of Document [175] (Title: Cutthroat Kitchen) exception of "Judging Judges" and "Valentine's Day Massacre" (see below), each episode features only one judge who evaluates the dishes in every round. The contestants do not learn the judge's identity until they enter the kitchen at the end of the first round, and the judge is not told in advance about any of the assigned dishes. In the Season 3 episode "Judging Judges," Lofaso, Tila, Majumdar and former guest judge Geoffrey Zakarian competed against each other with their winnings going to a charity of their choice. Lofaso won the competition with $22,000 remaining, but her charity received the full Document [176] (Title: Episode 14 (Twin Peaks)) fit and collapses while grasping at his missing arm. Meanwhile, Deputy Hawk visits the residence of Harold Smith and finds him hanging dead amongst his orchids. Maddy announces to her Uncle Leland (Ray Wise) and Aunt Sarah (Grace Zabriskie) that she is leaving Twin Peaks to return to her home in Missoula, Montana. Cooper, Truman, and a police team arrive at Smith's residence. They discover the torn-up remains of Laura Palmer's secret diary strewn about, and a suicide note that reads, "J'ai une âme solitaire." Cooper translates, "I am a lonely soul." Elsewhere, Bobby Briggs (Dana Ashbrook) and Shelly Johnson Document [177] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Seasons 17 and 18 to spend time with her infant son. The theme song is "Fire" by the Ohio Players. When the U.S. version is broadcast in the U.K., Italy, Portugal and some countries (shown on the table below), it features only the instrumental version. The instrumental version also appeared in the uncensored DVD release for the U.S. version. For the show's first two seasons, the "Hell's Kitchen" restaurant set itself was housed in the former studios of Los Angeles television station KCOP at 915 North La Brea Avenue, in Hollywood, which at one time hosted production of game shows Document [178] (Title: Christina Machamer) that cooking was her calling in life. After an apprenticeship with chef Larry Forgione at An American Place, she began her formal training at Forest Park Community College in 2003. She moved on to The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, in spring 2006 and graduated on February 29, 2008. At the Culinary Institute, she graduated at the top of her class. Machamer decided to apply to "Hell's Kitchen" after watching season 3. She went to the open audition in Manhattan and was called back for a screen test. The casting director thought she was "hilarious". As a culinary Document [179] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) to appear on the Food Network show "Chopped", competing in the thirty-seventh-season episode "A Frog Leg Up." Here, he was chopped (eliminated) in the entrée round after serving undercooked gnocchi to the judges. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and Document [180] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Entertainment has released seasons 1–8 on DVD in Australia. On September 11, 2008, Ubisoft released "" for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, and iOS, which features the likeness of Ramsay, and the many important tasks shown in the U.S. version of the show. On April 2, 2009, Ludia and Social2u released the official Facebook version of the "Hell's Kitchen" video game. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) Hell's Kitchen is an American reality competition television series based on the British series of the same name. Broadcast on Fox, it is hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay. Two teams of chefs Document [181] (Title: The New Yankee Workshop) episode number within that season. So, the fourth episode of the 10th season, having first aired in 1998, would be episode number 9804. Season 20 varied slightly in format from previous seasons in that the first nine episodes were devoted to a single, larger project. This project involved a kitchen remodeling and focused on cabinet construction. The kitchen being remodeled belongs to Morash. Season 20 also represented the last season in which original projects were constructed for the show. Season 21 stood out from other seasons in that it had approximately twice the number of episodes of any previous season. Document [182] (Title: Saturday Kitchen) hell. Formerly, only the viewers who phoned in to the show were able to vote, along with the guest chefs. The selection is also drinks' matched. Among those to have faced "Heaven or Hell" include: The programme attracts many highly acclaimed, award-winning, and popular chefs. These have included: In June 2006, it was revealed that host Antony Worrall Thompson was to defect to ITV to host a similar cooking show in the same slot, "Saturday Cooks!", though later rescheduled to noon. In addition to his defecting, the new show was to be made by the "Saturday Kitchen" producer, Prospect Pictures. Document [183] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the Document [184] (Title: Jake Steinfeld) "Hell's Kitchen" as a guest in episode 12's dinner service. Steinfeld made his film debut in the 1979 film "Americathon". He had the lead role of the killer in the early slasher film "Home Sweet Home" (1981). Other film roles include "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie" (1980), "Into the Night" (1985), "The Money Pit" (1986), and "Coming to America" (1988). He supplied the voice of Git, a lab rat in the Disney animated feature "Ratatouille" and as the Fish Seller in the 2011 English version of "From Up On Poppy Hill". Steinfeld has authored and co-authored books including Body by Document [185] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) split into two teams of six, one red (tutored by Gary Rhodes) and the other blue (led by Jean-Christophe Novelli). A new and much larger restaurant was built to accommodate the fact that there were now two kitchens. The only things that remained the same in the second series were the music, by composer Daniel Pemberton, and the presenter, who was still Angus Deayton. Elimination was still down to voting. The series was won by Terry Miller. The contestants who took part were: Series 3 was due to begin in mid-2006, with Jean-Christophe Novelli as the sole head chef; however, Document [186] (Title: Top Chef (season 15)) addition, four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the "Last Chance Kitchen" for the opportunity to enter the main competition: "" contestant Lee Anne Wong, "" runner-up and "" contestant Marcel Vigneron, "" contestant Kwame Onwuachi, and "" finalist and "All-Stars" contestant Jennifer Carroll. Following the sixth episode of "Last Chance Kitchen", Wong was selected to join the main cast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 15) Top Chef: Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12, 2017. The show was filmed in Document [187] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had Document [188] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) 14's finale. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery Document [189] (Title: The Black Donnellys) out in Ireland. Hell's Kitchen in the series is also a fairly faithful depiction – a traditionally working-class neighborhood with a deeply entrenched ethnic Irish population and an Irish Mob with control over illegal gambling and loansharking, and heavy involvement in the unions. On April 2, 2007, NBC announced that the series would be pulled after the April 16 episode, presumably because of insufficient viewership, and that unaired episodes would be streamed online on NBC.com as well as downloadable from iTunes. The show's NBC TV time slot was filled by the second and third episodes of the US version of Document [190] (Title: Where the Wild Things Were) is the first of a two-parter with the next episode as the second part. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the Zerstörer storyline. Opening quote: "Hell is empty and all the devils are here." Nick (David Giuntoli) arrives at the loft and talks with Adalind (Claire Coffee) about Renard's (Sasha Roiz) knowledge of Diana's (Hannah R. Loyd) danger. Adalind tells him that Diana is responsible for possessing Renard and killing Bonaparte and Rachel and they need to tell Renard about the tunnels. Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell) and Rosalee (Bree Turner) return home and find the Hexenbiest book, Document [191] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) lunch. For dinner services, the chefs are expected to work their station (such as appetizers, meat, fish, or garnish) on the kitchen line to prepare food in coordination with their teammates and to Ramsay's high standards for quality and presentation. Dinner service is for about 100 guests (volunteers for the show), with each diner expecting to receive an appetizer, an entree, and a dessert. The chefs are given menus and recipe books by Ramsay to study and memorize, which include some of Ramsay's more difficult dishes including risotto and Beef Wellington. The chefs spend several hours before each service preparing Question: hell's kitchen season 17 episode 11 who went home Answer: Dana Long Answer: No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 251 "All - Stars Arrive" September 29, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 29) 3.02 Ramsay calls up 16 chefs from previous seasons and invites them back to compete again in Hell's Kitchen . When they arrive, they are welcomed by fans, and their sous - chefs Christina and Jocky are introduced . Ramsay then reveals that the winner of this season will be the head chef of the new Hell's Kitchen restaurant in Las Vegas . Team challenge / signature dish: Unlike previous seasons, Ramsay gives the chefs each different ingredients which they will use to create new signature dishes in 45 minutes, and go head to head on main proteins . The scoring system is the same 1--5 ranking . On the duck dishes, both Ashley and Jared scored a 4, while on the chicken dishes, Barbie scored a 3, while Ben scored 2 . Both Giovanni and Jennifer score 3 on their lamb dishes while on the scallop dishes, Michelle scored 4 over Nick's 3 . In the pork chop dishes, Milly scored 4, while Manda scored 3 . In the filet dishes, Dana scored 4 over Josh's 2, but both Van and Elise scored a perfect 5 on their lobster dishes . Finally, on the salmon dishes, Benjamin also scores a perfect 5, while Robyn scores a measly 1 . The men triumph 28--27 . Rewards / punishment: The men went to Downtown Los Angeles to slide down the Skyslide at the U.S. Bank Tower and to celebrate their win with Marino . Afterwards, they had dinner with Ramsay at WP24 where they had their food cooked and served by Wolfgang Puck . The women, meanwhile, were forced to clean up the risers and confetti outside . While the women were angry at Robyn for costing them the challenge, they were even more annoyed at Elise for not helping out with the risers outside of Hell's Kitchen . Challenge--part 1: Before the first service begins, Ramsay calls on the teams to the bar area . He announces that an individual challenge will take place before service that will have them cook a dish for the new bar menu with immunity on the line as the episode ends in a cliffhanger . 252 "Raising the Bar" October 6, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 06) 2.80 Challenge--part 2: Continuing from the last episode, Chef Ramsay announces this year Hell's Kitchen will offer a special bar menu; they are to create a bar menu item; whoever has the best item will be featured throughout this whole season and the winning chef from this challenge is also safe from tonight's elimination . He wants two plates from each and are given forty minutes to do it in . The sous chefs will sample each dish and then select four from each team . Michelle, Milly, Elise, and Van were in the Top 4, but Milly's hand - cut French fries topped with a lobster cheese sauce won him immunity for tonight's service . Michelle later expressed disappointment at this, as she felt her dish had been more adventurous whereas Milly's had been something he had made numerous times before . After the challenge, Ben starts to feel unwell, and admits to his teammates that he was recently diagnosed with diabetes . With 30 minutes to dinner service, Ben goes to see the medic, who takes his vitals as he continues to worry about his diabetes and at this point needs to decide if he is going to take the chance or if he is "out". Ultimately, he decides to stay . Service: A Hell's Kitchen first featured chef's table on opening night with Jordin Sparks in the red kitchen and Joe Mantegna in the blue kitchen . French Stewart, Keith Sweat and Kirstin Maldonado also attended as guests . Dana and Milly served tableside shrimp and pasta . For the men, Josh served perfect cold appetizers but took too long on them, irritating Ramsay . Jared and Ben served up a raw salmon . Ben took the blame for the blunder and suddenly became unbalanced, forcing Jared to catch him before he fell . They then serve an acceptable salmon . After that, however, the men had an almost perfect service, thanks to Nick and Giovanni serving perfect meat . For the women, Ashley served a soupy carbonara, but quickly served another one . Despite Robyn's strong performance on meat, Elise served up raw New York Strip twice, sending the women to the dining room to apologize . When the women return, Chef Ramsay calls over Giovanni to help Elise with the meat . With Giovanni's help, the women's entrees finally reach the dining room . However, Manda serves up raw salmon, then burns the skin on the refire for the chef's tables, leading to Ramsay kicking the women out of the kitchen with the men finishing opening night on a strong note . Elimination: Manda was quickly agreed on as the women's first nominee, and despite Elise and Barbie trying to persuade the other women that Robyn should be nominated for not doing enough to help Elise on the meat station, Elise herself was named as the second nominee . The women are then asked by Ramsay who they would send home . Ashley, Jennifer, Barbie and Michelle pick Manda while Robyn and Dana choose Elise . To the shock of everyone, Ramsay sent Manda and Elise back in line and called Ben down, revealing that he would be the one eliminated as Ramsay felt his health problems would make him a liability and unable to effectively continue . This made Ben the eighth chef to be eliminated despite being on the winning team . Ramsay's comment: "Big Ben? More like big liability . He clearly wasn't going to be able to keep up, so I had to let him down ." After elimination: After returning to the dorms, the episode ends in another cliffhanger as the argument between Elise and Robyn begins to implode . 253 "Tower of Terror" October 13, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 13) 2.87 After elimination--continued: Robyn and Elise have a heated argument over service which is only stopped when Manda drags Robyn to the other room . Prior to the next challenge, Josh threw up after consuming vitamins and chimichanga earlier . Team challenge: Before the next challenge begins, Ramsay demonstrated how effective a chef's hands are by having a kid over to play speed stacking . Michelle and Jared then competed in a cup stacking competition, with Michelle easily winning in just 18 seconds, and Jared taking over a minute longer . The women gained a 30 second head start for the real challenge . The next challenge was to recreate a seafood tower with four tiers as different pairs of chefs replicated one part of the tower to Ramsay's approval . Despite the disadvantage, the men won the challenge by a matter of seconds, with the women losing their advantage after Michelle and Elise had major problems putting together the second part of the tower . Rewards / punishment: The men were sent to Ocean Club in Malibu where they ate a seafood lunch with Jocky and Marino . They later played soccer with U.S. soccer Olympians Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston . The women in the meantime were forced to take in deliveries of seafood, prep it for service, and forced to eat a disgusting fish dish . Elise tries to weasel out of the dish, but Sous - Chef Christina forces her to eat it . As they were unloading the deliveries, Barbie annoyed her teammates by telling them what to do . Service: Philadelphia Eagles tight end Zach Ertz, professional golfer Jon Rahm, and U.S. World Cup Champions Alyssa Naeher, and Julie Johnston were guests in the dining room . Michelle and Giovanni served a seafood appetizer tableside . The men continued their winning streak with a near perfect service thanks to Milly's leadership with the only problems being Josh briefly getting confused on orders until Jared helped him out, and Van momentarily delaying a ticket by not having the salmon quite ready in time . While the women had a good start on appetizers, they soon fell apart on entrees . Despite Barbie cooking perfect meat, she openly argued with and criticised Robyn, who sent up raw salmon . Ashley was kicked out of the kitchen temporarily for being distracted by her watch, and Manda again struggled on garnishes . When an overcooked lobster wellington comes up the pass, an angry Ramsay threw the women out for the second time in a row and had the men finish service . Elimination: Ramsay called the women's performance even worse than the previous one, and ordered them to nominate two people . Barbie and Robyn were agreed on as the nominees, though Barbie argued that Ashley and Manda should be up as well; Ramsay agreed and brought up the four women . In the end, Ramsay eliminates Ashley for not doing much in service and believing she had no fight back left . Ramsay's comment: "Ashley spent more time staring at her watch than paying attention to her station . And so, her time here on Hell's Kitchen is done ." 254 "Just Letter Cook" October 20, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 20) 2.86 Team challenge: Ramsay brought everyone together for a game of chance . Both teams took turns in picking ingredients which started with a letter . As soon as a member could not think of an ingredient, the other team won the choice of an ingredient that had been said and were allowed to give the other team a bad ingredient . Each team member had to cook an individual dish using all of the ingredients on their team's list . The women chose mushrooms, snap peas, asparagus and rice and were given cantaloupe, peanut butter and blueberries, while the men won cauliflower, portabella mushrooms and bacon and were given maraschino cherries, syrup, artichoke and raisins . Barbie scored 4 (although she was unable to taste her own sauce as she was allergic to peanuts), Manda scored 2, Dana scored a perfect 5 but Robyn again scored a 1 . Elise and Michelle also scored 5 while Jennifer scored 4 . Milly scored 4, Van scored 3, Benjamin scored 5 and Jared scored 1 . Nick scored 5, Josh scored 3 and Giovanni scored 4, giving the women their first challenge victory, 26 - 25 . Rewards / punishment: The women flew in a private plane to Santa Barbara to stay at the Belmond El Encanto resort . The men dealt with a delivery of potatoes and then sifted through garbage to find what was recyclable . During the punishment, the men became infuriated with Josh after he revealed he was a celebrity caterer who only worked three hours a day . Service: Shannon Tweed dined in the red kitchen and Paige VanZant in the blue . Both kitchens had to prepare for a twelve - top table for a guest celebrating his 30th birthday . Ramsay had both kitchens coordinate their dishes in sync with one another for the appetizers and the entrees . Throughout the service, the red team had an almost flawless performance, as Michelle and Jennifer both managed to properly coordinate the kitchens so the twelve - top could be served . Their only real problems came with Michelle adding too much garlic to a risotto and Barbie temporarily struggling on garnishes, though even then, both quickly recovered . The blue team's service was much more rocky; Josh slowed the team on appetizers and then twice sent up far too many orders of risotto, with Ramsay making him eat the leftovers with the VIP guests . Giovanni sent up a burnt order of pork alongside a well - cooked one, and Benjamin and Jared sent up a raw order of duck for the twelve - top table, forcing Jennifer to step in and rescue the table . When Benjamin sent up a cold beef wellington, Ramsay threw the blue team out, having the red team finish their service and asking them to come up with two nominees . Team change: The men voted for Josh to go up as he had consistently been the weakest performer, though Josh denied this, and insisted Benjamin and Giovanni go up . In the end, Josh and Giovanni were selected as the nominees . After they had both pleaded their cases, Benjamin raised his hand to state that the men had considered Josh their weakest member, agreed to by the rest of the team after questioning by Ramsay . Ramsay had Josh take off his jacket and sent him to the women's team, much to their dismay, before asking Robyn to move to the men's team . Ramsay believed Josh's team had given up on him while he himself has not seen either Josh or Robyn perform at their best, giving them both one more chance . 255 5 "Josh Josh Josh" November 3, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 03) 3.10 Team challenge: Bringing everybody outside, Ramsay explains that some chefs use wood planks to cook fish on, which will be their next challenge . Both teams will have three pairs of two and one lone chef cook their fish and produce over a fire pit on top of cedar wood or hickory wood . Ramsay is then joined by Chef Ben Ford (Harrison Ford's son) in the judging . During the challenge, Josh smothered the Red's Team fire causing frustration between him and the team . Both teams tie at 3--3, but Ramsay and Ford deem Robyn and Nick's dish the best of the chefs, giving the blue team the win . Rewards / punishment: The blue team heads down to Apex Farm and enjoys a horseback ride . The red team also go to Apex Farm, but are forced to clean horse manure in a pen . Service: Actor Shaun Brown was in attendance for this service . A tableside appetizer of smoked salmon rillette is served by Van and Barbie . In the blue kitchen, Benjamin uses oil on a non-stick pan for scallops but recovers, though he irritates his teammates by responding to Ramsay in French, though ironically, Ramsay didn't seem to mind . Robyn accidentally drops an order of chicken and serves a raw Beef Wellington, and Milly has trouble communicating with Nick on garnish . Otherwise, the blue team had a decent service . On the red team, Josh was slow on the fish and chips for the bar menu, leading Manda to repeatedly take over his station, frustrating him . After he serves poor spinach and liquid mashed potatoes, Ramsay catches him carrying cold garnishes with his bare hands when the entree it goes with is already at the pass . A frustrated Ramsay kicks Josh out of service, much to the relief of the red team who perform much better afterward, though Elise earned some of the other chefs' ire by standing around and doing nothing . Automatic elimination: After a while, Josh decides to come back to the kitchen and fight his way back in . Ramsay, however, takes him into the back room and tells him that because of his poor performances, stubbornness, and failure to improve upon his past mistakes, he is eliminated from Hell's Kitchen, although he acknowledges Josh's big heart and talent . Josh takes his jacket off and leaves through the front door, making him the eighth person to be eliminated during service . Ramsay doesn't give an explanation for Josh's elimination, and his jacket is not hung up, nor is his picture burned . After service, Ramsay decides to name both teams the winners, and nobody else is eliminated . 256 6 "A Little Slice of Hell" November 10, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 10) 3.11 After Josh's elimination and the post-service meeting, Chef Ramsay told the chefs to all get some rest, as big changes were coming . Everyone was relieved that Josh was gone, with Milly specifically stating that every remaining contestant hated Josh and that he was not at any of their levels, in terms of overall skill . They all sat around drinking and talking about each other's sex lives, making fun of who they thought was "vanilla," and who might be a freak in the bed . Suddenly, Van fell into the hot tub . Team challenge: The challenge was to create and bake a pizza at the DeSano Pizzeria and Bakery . Each pizza would consist of ingredients inspired by a country selected by a random spin of a wheel, and each chef from one team would go head - to - head against a chef from the other team to create the better pizza as judged by Ramsay, Marino, and Chef Steve Samson . Barbie scored the first point for the red team against Robyn with her pizza inspired by India, with all three judges voting in her favor . Milly scored the first point for the blue team against Jennifer with his pizza inspired by Morocco, with Ramsay and Marino voting in favor of him, but Samson voting in favor of Jennifer . Manda scored the second point for the red team against Van with her pizza inspired by Vietnam, with all three judges voting in her favor . Nick scored the second point for the blue team against Dana with his pizza inspired by Greece, with all three judges voting in his favor . Neither Elise nor Jared managed to score a point for their teams with their pizzas inspired by South Korea . But Michelle scored the third and winning point for the red team against Giovanni with her pizza inspired by France . Because the blue team had an extra member, Benjamin's pizza, also inspired by France, was omitted in favor of Giovanni's, although the blue team ultimately regretted this decision due to Giovanni's pizza being burnt . Rewards / punishment: The red team headed to The Magic Castle after a tour of Hollywood on a double - decker bus where they were entertained by Joel Ward . The blue team was forced to prepare the entire dining room for the upcoming Italian Night in Hell's Kitchen . Service: Chef's tables were featured for Italian night as actress Melissa Fumero sat in the red kitchen while the blue team had a pair of VIP guests in their respective kitchen which includes 2012 Miss Universe Olivia Culpo and Victoria's Secret model Devon Windsor . A tableside Italian entrée was served by Nick and Elise . In the blue kitchen, Benjamin caused confusion by not communicating with Robyn in terms of when to drop scallops for their first appetizer . When the entrées rolled around, Van and Giovanni sent up a raw serving of lamb, which made Ramsay force the entire team into the pantry . Worse still, after returning to the kitchen, Van and Giovanni took too long in delivering the lamb, and when Van laughed at Ramsay's admonishment of Giovanni, Ramsay forced him back into the pantry to deride him some more . Later, Jared miscommunicated with his team and eventually lied to them about when his garnish would be ready (due to him being overwhelmed by how many different garnishes he was cooking at once). Unable to take being called out for it by the whole team, he faked a medical emergency by saying he had a cut on his finger that turned out not to be there (although he insisted that it was there), which left him room to leave the kitchen to see the medic (who would later confirm that there was, in fact, no cut). The final straw came when Robyn overcooked two orders of salmon, and Giovanni overcooked two orders of veal . Fed up with their mistakes, Ramsay chastised the blue team for not performing as strongly as they had on opening night, and then kicked them out of the kitchen, giving them the loss . Conversely, on the red team, Manda, due to having Celiac Disease, could not taste any of the pasta for the team's first appetizer and instead had to rely on Michelle to determine whether or not it had been cooked properly . Michelle mistakenly told her that it had been, but Ramsay sent it back when he revealed that it had actually been undercooked . She nearly misinformed Manda a second time, but thanks to Elise taking over tasting duty, Manda was able to deliver a perfectly - cooked pasta . Michelle then suffered a fall while trying to cook an order of lamb for one of the team's entrées (something that Manda considered to be karma for her pasta error), but still managed to cook it properly . Elise also tried much too hard to be a team player and annoyed her teammates in trying to assist them on their stations when they did not need her help . Besides these mishaps, the red team had a strong, solid service and were given the victory . Elimination: After a long, heated debate back in the dorms that put Van, Giovanni, Jared, and Robyn in the crosshairs, the blue team nominated Jared for his "medical emergency" that disrupted the garnish station, and Robyn for her errors with the scallops and the salmon . Jared continued to insist that he truly had cut himself, while Robyn went as far as to plead with Ramsay to send her back to the red team since it had become clear that she was just not bonding with the blue team . In the end, Ramsay shocked everyone on both teams when he eliminated Jared for faking being injured and inconsistent performances . Jared exited while continuing to insist that his cut had been real, despite contradictory testimony from the medic . Ramsay's comment: "Medic? More like, pathetic . While Jared's cut was imaginary, now he knows what it really is like to get cut ." 257 7 "Trimming Fat" November 17, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 17) 3.21 Challenge: For their next challenge, both teams are to cook six of the most popular dishes in Hell's Kitchen (Beef Wellington, Salmon, Halibut, Rack of Lamb, Duck Breast, and Double Bone Pork Chop) in 25 minutes . However, Ramsay asks in different intervals for each team to kick out one team member each which in the end, leaves Nick and Michelle the only ones left on their respective teams until everyone is called back in during the last 3 minutes . In the end, the blue team won 5--3 because the red team served raw lamb and pork . Rewards / punishment: The blue team went to a world class rock climbing gym and ate at the Bourbon Steak at Americana and are joined by Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky . The red team had to work with Marino in cleaning the dining room and kitchen along with polishing Marino's shoes and prepping for next service . Cook For Your Life Challenge: Instead of a service, Ramsay announced that tonight is a Cook For Your Life Challenge and asks Michelle and Nick who they think are the three weakest chefs on their respective teams . Michelle nominated Barbie, Elise, and Manda while Nick nominated Giovanni, Milly, and Robyn . The six chefs were tasked with recreating Ramsay's Champagne and Oysters in 30 minutes . Elimination: Milly was sent to safety first, followed by Manda, Barbie, and Elise, leaving Giovanni and Robyn behind . In the end, Robyn was sent up to safety last, leaving Giovanni to be eliminated, though Ramsay wished him and his family luck . Ramsay's comment: "Giovanni may have age and experience, but his attention to detail in this critical challenge was a big disappointment . Arrivederci, Giovanni ." 258 8 "Welcome to the Jungle" December 1, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 01) 2.80 Team challenge: For their next challenge, Ramsay announced that both teams would be cooking with three of the earliest meat hunted by man; boar, venison, and elk . Both teams had 3 minutes to hunt 5 ingredients for each of their protein and had 45 minutes to cook their dishes . Both teams had two pairs cooking with a similar meat, minus Nick who is the lone blue chef to cook with venison . Ramsay brought in chefs Vinny Dotolo and Jon Shook (who previously helped judge a challenge in Season 14) to help him with the judging . Van scored a point on his boar dish while Elise scored a point on her venison making it a 1--1 tie . In a big surprise, Robyn's elk dish broke the tie in favor of the blue team and they won the challenge 2--1 . Ramsay even welcomed Robyn back after a string of poor performances . Reward / punishment: The blue team went on an exclusive mountain retreat at Hummingbird Nest Ranch, while indulging in caviar provided by Chef Alex Ageneau . The red team had to clean out the dorm rooms and had to clean the waiting staff's aprons . During punishment, Michelle tried to apologize to Elise for putting her up in the Cook For Your Life Challenge, but Elise rudely rejected her apology . Service: A caviar bellini appetizer special was included on the main menu . Later that night, Ramsay received a last - minute VIP booking from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik where he was seated in the red kitchen . The blue team had a perfect service with all five of them communicating well and none of their dishes were cooked incorrectly . Ramsay praised this, but had to lecture Robyn when she kept calling her teammates "baby". For the red team, it was the opposite story . Elise was slow on the caviar appetizer dish and needed Jennifer's help in the preparation . Things soon fell apart on the entree's when Manda didn't hear an order of pork for one table which slowed the momentum, and Barbie served raw duck . Things got worse when Barbie later sent up a raw chicken that Michelle thought was cooked . After Barbie sent up a raw duck and a raw pork, Ramsay called the blue team over and told them he needed them to finish their last ticket as the red team, who Ramsay declared had their worst service yet, was kicked out for the third time this season . The blue team later had the red team's tickets finished . Elimination: After an awful service by the Red Team, Ramsay ordered the Red Team to come up with two nominees for Elimination . After a long discussion, The Red team nominated Manda and Barbie, although Elise suggested that Michelle should have been put up for Elimination . Despite Barbie's horrendous performance on the meat station, Ramsay sent her back in line and eliminated Manda for being the main reason for the red team's defeat, but praised her for her hard work and determination . Ramsay's comment: "Manda said she never heard the ticket that sunk her team . Sadly, she's not going to hear her name being called as the winner of Hell's Kitchen either ." 259 9 "Catch of the Day" December 8, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 08) 2.96 Challenge: The remaining chefs participated in a fishing challenge where the chefs had to waddle through a lake . They must hook lures containing different ingredients to their fish's mouth and then throw it to their teammates . Each ingredient they fish out will go a certain fish--Dover sole, red snapper, grouper, arctic char, or cod . Afterwards, they had 30 minutes to cook their fish with the ingredients they fished out from the lake . Michael Cimarusti served as a guest judge . Jennifer scored over Nick in the battle of the cod, while Robyn scored over Michelle with the grouper . Milly scored over Elise with the red snapper, mainly because Elise was only able to fish three ingredients for her snapper . Benjamin and Dana both scored a point with their arctic char . Finally, Van scored over Barbie in the Dover sole, giving the blue team a 4--2 victory . Reward / punishment: The blue team headed out to Las Vegas in a private plane to stay overnight at Caesars Palace . They also went on the world's tallest Ferris Wheel with Christina . The red team had to bring in several hundreds of pounds of fish, then descale and fillet them . In addition, they were served a disgusting protein shake . Barbie tried to throw away her entire shake, only to get caught . As a result, Jocky forces the rest of the team to finish their serving of shake . This caused Dana, Elise, and Michelle to vomit . Service: This service included an Asian fusion menu . Guests in attendance included Aleks Paunovic and E--40 in addition to the chef's tables, which hosted Cheryl Burke and Dan Bucatinsky in the red and blue kitchen respectively . Barbie and Robyn each spent excessive amounts of time fraternizing with the chef's table guests, earning the ire of Elise and Nick, respectively . Elise and Barbie fought for control over the pass, earning a warning from Chef Christina . Raw chicken sent to the pass prompted Ramsay to send the entire red team into the pantry . Later, Cheryl informed Barbie that the duck was slightly raw and Barbie offered to prepare another, but the guests declined . Despite Elise's objections, Barbie insisted on a fresh serving of duck . When Barbie asked Elise to prepare a duck garnish, Elise refused, an argument ensued, and Ramsay pulled both back into the pantry and demanded they sort out their differences before reentering . This prompted Elise to call Barbie "cuckoo" before exiting the pantry . In the blue kitchen, Milly brought up raw New York strip but recovered . Van failed to respond when Ramsay asked for time on the salmon, and proceeded to bring up an overcooked portion . He was also able to bounce back, but not before Ramsay threatened to throw him out . Even though both teams completed service with no ejections, Ramsay declared both teams losers and asked for two nominees per team for elimination . Elimination: The blue team considered nominating Van for his struggles on fish and Milly for raw steak, but are interrupted by the red team arguing from across the hall . Ramsay first asks the blue team for nominations and Nick replies with Robyn and Milly . Ramsay calls down Van as well and gives all three 30 seconds to plead their cases . After this, he sends Robyn and Milly back in line, and shocks some members of the red team when he eliminates Van for his lack of communication on the fish station, but encourages him to keep his head up . Next, he calls for the red team's nominations and Dana replies with Elise and Barbie . Barbie states that she will not repeat the mistakes from tonight's service and that her team has rejected her attempts to get along with them, while Elise points to her stronger performances on challenges than Barbie (ironically she put herself at a major disadvantage for this week's challenge). But Ramsay simply sends both back in line and warns the remaining chefs to correct their mistakes, or else . Ramsay's comment: "Van's always had one of the loudest voices here . Tonight, not only did he lose his voice but also his dream of becoming my next head chef ." 260 10 "It's All Gravy" December 15, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 15) 3.04 Challenge: Ramsay announced that the annual Blind Taste Test was the next challenge, and for this season, they would be tasting herbs and spices mixed into a mashed potato puree . While one chef tastes the ingredients, a member of their team would be in a chair and would get splattered with mashed potatoes and gravy if the taster got multiple incorrect answers . Robyn scored 3 while Dana failed to score any points (resulting in Michelle getting messy), Nick scored 2 while Jennifer also failed to score any points (resulting in Dana getting messy), and Benjamin scores 3 while Barbie scores 2 . With the final pair of Elise and Milly up, Ramsay warned the red team that if Elise did not catch up to the blue team, the challenge was over . Elise failed to score her three taste tests, and the blue team won the challenge 8--2 . Reward / punishment: The blue team went to Roy Yamaguchi's Hawaiian Fusion Restaurant for lunch and received Vitamix Blenders while at the restaurant . The red team had to clean up the dining room and separate peppercorn while grinding them by hand . During punishment, sous - chef Christina noticed some animosity in the red team and asked them if they could promise a good dinner service, but Dana refused to do so as she did not have faith in Barbie . Service: For one night only, Hell's Kitchen hosted a private dinner service for two charities with the blue team cooking for Shane's Inspiration, and the red team cooking for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . Both charities featured notable guests in attendance which include Mindy Sterling and Tyler Posey in the red table, and David Koechner, Jill Wagner and Shane's Inspiration founder Scott Williams in the blue table . Each team would have one chef lead a section, though Nick from the blue team had to lead both the scallop dishes and the passion fruit souffle dishes as the blue team was a member down . Michelle and Nick were able to get their dishes out with few problems, with Michelle noticing that she was missing three scallops and Milly was overcooking scallops for Nick's dishes . Jennifer had no problems with her Lobster Spaghetti dishes but Robyn was caught serving more pasta than needed . On the Striped Bass dish, Milly led the blue team strongly and got his dishes out with no problems, but in the red kitchen, most of the bass were burnt and Elise accused her team of sabotaging her, despite her not checking them before serving them . For the Beef filet Rossini, it was the same story as Benjamin led his team well while in the red kitchen, Barbie's aggressive leadership had her screaming at Michelle on garnish and their potatoes were burnt . Dana and Nick had no issues with their desserts, but Ramsay called the red team's performance the "worst charity dinner ever in the entire competition" before tasking them to come up with two nominees . Elimination: Barbie and Elise were nominated . To the relief of Dana, Ramsay eliminated Barbie for her aggressive leadership at service along with not bouncing back quicker, but praised her for her heart . He then remarked that the blue team's remaining four members would likely make up for the final four . Ramsay's comment: "Barbie's performance at charity night was a disaster . So, I performed a charity act for her team by sending her home ." 261 11 "Trying to Pasta Test" January 5, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 05) 3.42 Challenge: Before heading off to bed, Ramsay announced a pasta challenge tomorrow where the chefs had to create three portions a gourmet pasta dish with a $20 budget at a local grocery store . Joining Ramsay in the judging is Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson, Chef and Co-Owner of Frasca Food and Wine in Boulder, CO and Bruce Kalman, Chef and Owner of Union in Pasadena, CA . The red team won the challenge $320 to $313 and it was the first time they won a challenge since Episode 6 . Reward / punishment: The red team went go - karting and had an incredible lunch . In addition, Michelle's Asian inspired Tortellini Soup (which was the best dish of the day) was added in tonight's menu . The blue team were tasked in cleaning the kitchen shelves . Service: Tyler Hilton, Sebastian Roche, and Keesha Sharp were in attendance for this service . Both teams got off to strong starts on appetizers, but had struggles on entrees with their respective meat stations . In the red kitchen, Dana scorched her initial wellingtons and sent up raw lamb to the pass . In the blue kitchen, Robyn was slow on one of her wellingtons, mis - remembered a ticket order, and had trouble communicating with Benjamin on the garnish station . Despite that, both teams pushed entrees out, and with three tickets left each, Ramsay told both teams that the first team to finish up was the winner . Despite making it to their last ticket, Dana served overcooked and undercooked wellingtons, and Ramsay threw the red team out for the fourth time this season as the blue team finished their own tickets . Elimination: Despite being told to nominate two people, the red team had a three way tie between Dana, Michelle and Elise due to the alliance between Jennifer and Elise . So Ramsay called all three of them down . Ramsay sent Michelle and Elise back in line, eliminating Dana for her lack of leadership and poor performance on meat . Ramsay's comment: "In two seasons, this was Dana's first time ever being nominated . Unfortunately for her, it was also her last ." 262 12 "Five is the New Black" January 12, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 12) 3.56 Ramsay announced that today was a black jackets challenge where only five of the seven chefs would get black jackets, while two of them would be sent home . Challenge 1: For their first challenge, it was the classic Taste It Now Make It Challenge as Ramsay gave the chefs 45 minutes to taste his dish and recreate it . In the end, Milly with his puree and Nick with his hash were the closest of the chefs and won the first black jackets . They spent the rest of the day at the Black Jackets VIP Lounge . Challenge 2: For their second challenge, Ramsay had 5 domes with limited ingredients, and when he rings the bell, the chefs had to race and grab whatever ingredient they wanted . They then had to cook a dish in 30 minutes using those ingredients . Michelle's veal chops and Benjamin's filet mignon were the best two dishes, and they received their black jackets . They then joined Milly and Nick in the Lounge area . Before their final challenge, Jennifer urged Robyn to beat Elise . Challenge 3: For their final challenge, Ramsay gave the three chefs 30 minutes to cook whatever they wanted and had full range of ingredients in the kitchen . The black jacket chefs watched the challenge on a live video feed, but it cut out after the challenge ended . Robyn made a seared lamb loin with potato and corn hash, Elise made a filet mignon with potato puree and rainbow chard, and Jennifer made scallops and shrimp with corn succotash . Elimination: After tasting the dishes, Ramsay eliminated Elise for having the weakest dish of the three, but told her to keep her jacket and urged her to keep her head up high . To decide between Jennifer and Robyn, who were crying and hugging each other, Ramsay had Jockey and Christina taste the dishes . In the end, Robyn received the final black jacket and Jennifer was sent home due to her scallops being slightly undercooked . Before leaving, Ramsay allowed Jennifer to keep her jacket as well and praised her for improving since the last time she competed . Before leaving Jennifer wished Robyn good luck and was happy that she beat Elise as she had been betrayed by Elise on their season . After Robyn got to the Black Jacket Lounge, Ramsay and the sous chefs brought champagne to the lounge and congratulated the remaining chefs for being in the final five . Ramsay gave no comment on either Elise or Jennifer's elimination, and neither received a burning picture sequence . 263 13 "Stars Heating Up Hell" January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) 3.17 Individual challenge: For their first black jackets challenge, the chefs had to teach sports all stars (Milly cooking with NFL's Ricky Williams, Michelle cooking with the winner of the WNBA championship Candace Parker, Benjamin cooking with NFL "Light's Out" Shawne Merriman, Nick cooking with Olympic gold medalist gymnast Jordyn Wieber, and Robyn cooking with 5 - time NBA All - Star Reggie Miller) how to cook their signature dishes that they originally planned on making at the start of the season in 45 minutes . Once finished, Ramsay will then judge the dishes and have one person on the winners seat, but they could be dethroned if Ramsay found the next dish better . Michelle won the challenge . Reward / punishment: Michelle went on a tour to see all the breath - taking views of Los Angeles from her very own helicopter; after that, she ate at 71 Above and took Nick with her . The remaining chefs had to participate in deep cleaning day . During punishment, Robyn got annoyed when Milly was seen not helping much and eating the leftover food from the challenge . Service: Rapper and Musician Wyclef Jean was seated at the chefs table . Former 2 Broke Girls actors Jonathan Kite and Matthew Moy were in attendance in addition to Janina Gavankar . Milly was disorganized on the appetizers and had a pan caught on fire but recovered . Benjamin was not communicating with the chefs and annoyed everyone with his constant "Oui Chef" comment . Robyn sent up bland couscous and got lectured by Ramsay when she sent up burnt Brussels sprouts and that she said that she did not want to send them up, and Nick sent up a rare New York Strip, but recovered . Despite those problems, the team sent their tickets out with no problems and Ramsay was relatively pleased by it . After service, Ramsay named Michelle the "Best of the Best" as she was the only one not to have any major problems and told her to nominate two people . Elimination: Michelle nominated Robyn and Milly for elimination . Ramsay eliminated Robyn for being the weakest of the black jackets but praised her for improving a lot after her poor start and allowed her to keep her jacket . Ramsay's comment: "I've always admired Robyn's no - nonsense attitude, but tonight she had the wrong attitude and served up a lot of nonsense ." 264 14 "Families Come to Hell" January 26, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 26) 3.43 Before the next challenge, Ramsay revealed that he invited the final four's loved ones (Michelle's sister and nephews, Nick's husband and mom, Benjamin's wife and daughters, and Milly's girlfriend and infant son) for some time together . Individual challenge: Ramsay had the chefs choose a Christmas present under a tree that contained ingredients for them . They then had forty - five minutes to use those ingredients to make a festive inspired dish . Afterwards, Ramsay invited their loved ones for a blind judging, with them voting for their top two dishes . Benjamin and Michelle were tied, but Ramsay broke the tie in favor of Benjamin who won the challenge . Reward / punishment: Benjamin rode with Ramsay in a Ferrari to lunch with his family while the rest of the chefs had to clean the SUV's and clean up the dining room . During punishment, Nick, Michelle, and Milly made a pact to make sure Season 14 all made it to the final three . Service: For this dinner service, each of the final four had a turn on the pass with Ramsay not only testing their leadership skills, but their quality control as Sous Chef Christina and Jocky would be intentionally making mistakes . Benjamin was up first and managed to catch Christina serving a carbonara with spaghetti instead of fettuccine, but did not notice carrots instead of butternut squash in the risotto . Milly missed an intentional ticket mistake from Marino, but became vocal and caught multiple mistakes from Michelle . Michelle did see that Christina did not serve spinach, but failed to identify a ribeye instead of the ordered New york strip . Nick failed to identify a veal chop instead of an ordered pork chop as well, but caught mistakes from Christina, Michelle, and Milly, the latter of which was struggling with a poached egg . After service, Ramsay told them to think of one person they wanted to be with in the finals . Elimination: At elimination, most of the chefs said that they wanted to have Nick in the finale . Afterwards, Ramsay eliminated Milly, but said he was happy to give him a second chance, praised his confidence and told him to keep his jacket . In an unprecedented step, Ramsay offered Milly an opportunity to come to London for a week and stage at his flagship three Michelin Star Restaurant Gordon Ramsay . Milly enthusiastically accepted and left . Afterwards, Ramsay picked Nick as the first finalist and praised him for growing more than any chef in this competition . Benjamin was the second finalist for his calm, collected leadership that night . However, in another unprecedented move, Ramsay selected Michelle as the third finalist of the season, marking the first time in Hell's Kitchen history where Chef Ramsay names three finalists . Ramsay's comment: "Milly has had two fantastic runs in Hell's Kitchen . I'm personally going to make sure that big, kindhearted man with so much culinary passion gets the right training he deserves ." 265 15 "Final Three" February 2, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 02) 3.36 Individual challenge: The finalists were each assigned a sous chef, who would help them prepare a menu in one hour consisting of a hot and cold appetizer, as well as a chicken, beef, and seafood entree . During this process, Nick overcooked the beurre blanc sauce for one of his dishes, but managed to recover with the help of Sous Chef Christina . After sampling all the dishes, Ramsay was unable to decide on a winner . Reward: Michelle, Benjamin, and Nick were all transported to an awards ceremony for the Culinary Association of America, where Ramsay took the stage and announced that they would be cooking their menus again for the executive staff at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas . Individual challenge part 2: One staff member sampled the dishes from each category, and rated each finalist on a scale from 1 to 10 . With only the beef entrees left, all three were tied at 34 points each, so CEO Mark Frissora would effectively decide which two would advance . After sampling the dishes, Frissora named Michelle as the first finalist, and Benjamin as the second, eliminating Nick, who was instructed to get in line with the returning contestants of the season . Michelle was granted first pick out of her fellow competitors, to draft a brigade for the final dinner service . She chose Nick, Dana, and Milly . Benjamin chose Jennifer, Van, and Robyn . The episode ended on a cliffhanger before Michelle decided between Elise and Barbie to round out her team . 266 16 "All - Star Finale" February 2, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 02) 3.36 Continued from the previous episode, Michelle picked Elise, so Benjamin was left with Barbie . Service: Before dinner service, while both teams prepped their menus, Elise continued to give Michelle attitude until Nick told her to shut up or go home . Lamorne Morris and the finalists' families were in attendance for the last dinner service of the season . In the red kitchen, Dana struggled to assemble a cold appetizer, prompting Ramsay to give Michelle a pep talk in the storeroom . Marino returned two risottos to Michelle's kitchen after a minor complaint about the broth . Elise recovered and successfully re-fired the risottos that were then sent back to Lamorne Morris' table, much to the actor's delight . Ramsay then scolded Nick for attempting to call nine entrees in a single sitting . Meanwhile in the blue kitchen, Barbie did well on hot apps for Benjamin, despite not having done it often during the season . But entrees were a different story . First, Jennifer sent up raw fish twice . Robyn sent up raw filets and burned the subsequent refire . Her third attempt on the same ticket was raw again, prompting Ramsay to accuse her of sabotaging Benjamin . When she finally brought up an acceptable portion of beef, it came with a raw lamb . She then refired the lamb in the same pan that had been used to cook the beef, which was a sanitation violation . An irate Ramsay dragged Robyn and Benjamin into the dining room, threw the former out of the kitchen, and berated the latter for not stepping up as a leader . Nevertheless, Robyn continued to fight with Benjamin to be allowed back in, and he finally relented on the last ticket . Winner: As per Hell's Kitchen tradition, Michelle and Benjamin stood in front of two doors . Michelle's door opened, making her the 17th winner and first All - Star winner of Hell's Kitchen; Benjamin took his defeat graciously . Michelle gave a victory speech and hung her picture in the Hall of Fame . Ramsay's comment: "Having the youngest of all - stars step up and win this competition is a testament to Michelle's talent . At a very young age, she has already proven she is driven, creative, and commanding . She will be a great asset to Hell's Kitchen in Las Vegas." Gold Document ID: 176

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) judged, the worst performer is declared ineligible to participate in that evening's dinner service, effectively leaving their team short-handed. After dinner service, either or both losing teams must nominate their worst performers and Cracco will decide who was the worst of them all. This individual, as well as the loser of the individual challenge, face off against each other in a Cook For Your Life showdown, with the loser having to leave the competition altogether. In fact, a difference of Hell's Kitchen from most reality show is that the contestants are not judged by an audience, a tele-voting, jury or Document [2] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) send anyone from their teams home. Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017. •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12. In episode 5, contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated, Lacey on Chef Anne's Team and Spencer on Document [3] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) was broadcast from 23 May – 6 June 2004, airing live nightly for two weeks. The premise was head chef Gordon Ramsay teaching ten celebrities how to cook. The celebrities were placed in a specially constructed London restaurant-kitchen with the task of catering for a clientele of famous people. Eliminations were determined by a series of public votes (in the style of "Big Brother"). One notorious moment saw Amanda Barrie repeatedly trying to strike Ramsay when she became irate. Jennifer Ellison was declared the winner. A follow-up programme was made afterwards called "Hell's Kitchen: School Reunion", which saw Ellison and Document [4] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas with a salary of $250,000, where she worked as chef at the Terra Rossa Restaurant. Runner-up Virginia Dalbeck had the Document [5] (Title: Marjorine) chain him up. When he says he is hungry, his father murders a saleswoman with a shovel in front of him and offers up her corpse to feed on, still believing Butters to be hell-spawn. The episode ends with Butters asking for SpaghettiOs instead. On the DVD commentary, Trey Parker and Matt Stone reveal that they find this episode unbearable to watch, mainly because they felt that there were too many ideas packed into one episode. They wished that they split the stories into two episodes and felt that the episode served as a reminder to keep future episodes simple. Document [6] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the team numbers are uneven or if he feels the chef will perform better on the other team. Each episode typically includes a challenge and a dinner service, followed by the elimination of a chef. When only five or six chefs remain, they are brought into a single common team wearing black-panelled jackets. From this point onward, they compete individually to be one of the final two. In challenges, the teams or individual is tasked with a cooking challenge by Ramsay. The type of challenges are varied, including ingredient preparation, meal preparation and taste tests. The first challenge of each Document [7] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9)) one season per year schedule, having run two seasons each in 2009 and 2010 due to the after-effects of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The intro features Ramsay playing pinball with the chefs inside trying to dodge the pinball and the machine's bumpers. 18 chefs competed in season 9. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9) Season 9 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on July 18, 2011, on Fox and concluded on September 19, 2011, with a two-hour season finale. Jr. sous-chef Paul Niedermann won the season and was awarded a "head chef" position Document [8] (Title: Chopped (TV series)) runner up on season 9 of "Hell's Kitchen". Roshni Mansukhani, the winner of the fourth episode of the second season, was eliminated in the eighth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Jackie Baldassari, who was eliminated after the entrée in the tenth episode of the ninth season of Chopped, was eliminated in the ninth episode of the eleventh season of "Hell's Kitchen". Anthony "Anton" Testino, who was eliminated after the appetizer in the tenth episode of the fifth season, was eliminated in the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Robyn Almodovar, the winner of the Document [9] (Title: The Biggest Loser (season 16)) of the ranch: Las Vegas. The Red Team decides to send the White Team to Vegas, seeing as they've been the dominant team all season. That means Damien and Lori are going to have to clean house all week. Before the White Team heads to Sin City, Jen sits down with Vegas-native Woody. She's very concerned about him heading back to the city where he gained all his weight and lost his wife. It will be his first anniversary without his wife of 29 years. Woody is determined to stay on track and make the most of the trip. The Document [10] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1998 film)) Hell's Kitchen (1998 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1998 film starring Rosanna Arquette, William Forsythe, Angelina Jolie, Mekhi Phifer, and Johnny Whitworth. The film was written and directed by Tony Cinciripini. The film had a budget of $6,000,000 but grossed only $4,322 on its opening weekend. When a robbery goes awry, the bandits end up accidentally killing one of their own. Johnny, one of the robbers, goes to jail for five years. His ex-girlfriend, Gloria, holds him responsible for the death of her brother, the one killed during the robbery. Upon Johnny's release, she wants her new boyfriend to kill Document [11] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and was replaced by Marino Monferrato. It also marks the first time since 2010 that two seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" aired in the same year. Kitchen Supervisor La Tasha McCutchen from Winter Haven, Florida Document [12] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18) Hell's Kitchen: Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" and premiered on September 28, 2018, on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef, and Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and British "MasterChef" judge James "Jocky" Petrie return as the red and blue sous chefs, respectively, alongside maitre'd Marino Monferrato. This season features eight new contestants battling eight returning veterans. For the first time, the winner of this season will receive a position as an executive chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Document [13] (Title: Christina Machamer) Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show "Hell's Kitchen". She was awarded the position of "senior sous chef" (not the executive chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary. Machamer, the daughter of Rick and Leasa Machamer, was born and raised in St. Louis, and began working in restaurants at age 16. She graduated from Lafayette High School in 2000 and after some time in college, she dropped out of pre-law and decided Document [14] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) game a rating of 2.5 stars. 'Serious Eats' rated the game C-. 'Metacritic' rated the game 57%. IGN Australia's profile of the game Hell's Kitchen: The Game Hell's Kitchen is a time management cooking video game based on the reality competition show of the same name. It was developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft. It features the host of the show, Gordon Ramsay as the A.I. and places you as a chef under his guidance, while serving customers at the restaurant. It was initially released on September 9 2008, on the Nintendo DS the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Windows, iOS Document [15] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) nomination, she beats Runner-Up of season 2 Virginia Dalbeck with 1 more nomination compared Virginia's 6. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate Document [16] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Angel (album)) was released on June 22, 2016. "Lights Down Low" was released as a promotional single from the album. MAX released the single, "Mug Shot," on February 24, 2014, later included on his second EP, "The Say Max". A remixed version, featuring vocals from American rapper Sirah, is included on "Hell's Kitchen Angel". On March 25, 2015, "Gibberish" featuring American rapper Hoodie Allen, was released as a single from his third EP "Ms. Anonymous", along with the music video. The song is included on "Hell's Kitchen Angel". On December 17, 2015, "Wrong" featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert, was released from Document [17] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) defend themselves, Ramsay selects one to hand over their jacket and "leave Hell's Kitchen." On rarer occasions, Ramsay can overrule nominations or even eliminate a chef who has not been nominated, even a chef on a winning team. The eliminated chef is shown leaving the restaurant, providing some last thoughts on the experience. After dismissing the chefs, Ramsay goes back upstairs to his office. He symbolically hangs the chef's jacket on a sharp hook below their picture in a row with the others, igniting the chef's picture and signaling their departure. During this scene, there is a voiceover of Ramsay Document [18] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef with Andi Van Willigan and James Avery returning as sous-chefs for both their respective kitchens as well as Marino Monferrato as the maître d'. Executive chef Meghan Gill from Roanoke, Virginia, won the competition, thus becoming the fourteenth winner of "Hell's Kitchen". The intro featured the chefs in a kitchen-themed jungle, which was revealed Document [19] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) kitchen facilities and a dormitory where the chefs reside while on the show. They are also given knife sets that they get to keep, regardless of their progress. At the start of each season, Gordon Ramsay breaks the chefs into two teams. With the exception of the first and most recent seasons, this puts women on the red team and men on the blue team; each is given a chef's jacket with panels of that color on the shoulders. The chefs remain on these teams throughout most of the competition; Ramsay may reassign a chef to the other team if Document [20] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series) "Hells Kitchen Suomi" is the Finnish adaption of British reality show Hell's Kitchen which was created by Gordon Ramsay who was also the head chef. Top Chef Sauli Kemppainen is the head chef. The series started airing on the 20 September 2013 on MTV3. This version stays true to the American version with the participants and the customers not being celebrities, broadcast recorded weekly instead of being broadcast live nightly, with no presenter and just a voiceover, a challenge where the winner would win a reward and the loser facing a punishment, after dinner service, Document [21] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is meant to be sent home by Ramsay. On some weeks, there is a variation in the nomination process, depending on the losing team's (or even winning team's) performance. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6) Season 6 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network on July 21, 2009 and concluded on October 13, 2009. Despite suffering a fractured wrist early in Document [22] (Title: Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back) Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back is an American reality television program which premiered on Fox on June 13, 2018. Starring chef Gordon Ramsay, the show features his travels across the United States, visiting failing restaurants in his 70-foot-long "Hell On Wheels" semi-truck that unfolds into a high-tech mobile kitchen, where the chefs are retrained. At first, a team is sent in to secretly survey the restaurant, with Ramsay eventually going undercover inside. He then tries to address the issues and revive each restaurant by retraining staff and refreshing the Document [23] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) addition to the holiday breaks. The remaining episodes of the season were moved to Thursday nights on January 5, 2017 as part of the network's midseason schedule. This is the first season to have episode titles other than the usual "# chefs Compete" and "Winner Chosen". This season was filmed between November to December 2014, shortly after the completion of the previous season, about two years before the season aired. Event Chef Kimberly-Ann "Ryan" Ryan from Traverse City, Michigan won the competition and a head chef position at Yardbird Southern Table & Bar at The Venetian Las Vegas. A slow Document [24] (Title: Seven Minutes in Hell) Seven Minutes in Hell "Seven Minutes in Hell" is the sixth episode of the horror black comedy series "Scream Queens". It first aired on October 20, 2015 on Fox. The episode directed by Michael Uppendahl and written by Ryan Murphy. In this episode, Chanel (Emma Roberts) makes a surprising decision: to protect herself from the Red Devil by leaving Zayday in position of power and win the election as president of Kappa Kappa Tau. When the Kappa girls hold a slumber party, it costs the life of some people and a shocking discovery is made. The episode title refers to Document [25] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) other forms of score any decision about their continuation in the race; it is solely Cracco. Chef Carlo Cracco runs the kitchen with the help of two sous-chefs: Omar Allievi and Entiana Osmenzeza in first edition, in second edition Misha Sukyas and Marion Lichtle, in third edition Sybil Cardone and Mirko Ronzoni, who coordinate the work of two teams of apprentices. Managing the relationship with customers is the maître'd Luca Cinacchi (his nickname is Luchino). In the final episode the sous-chefs and the guest star (In the first edition Bruno Barbieri, in second edition Matteo Grandi, the winner of first Document [26] (Title: Go to Hell (American Horror Story)) Go to Hell (American Horror Story) "Go to Hell" is the twelfth and episode of the of the anthology television series "American Horror Story", which premiered on January 22, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. With Fiona (Jessica Lange)'s deteriorating health, the girls show new powers as Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) searches for Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett). Angela Bassett, Gabourey Sidibe and Danny Huston guest star as Marie Laveau, Queenie, and the Axeman, respectively. This episode is rated TV-MA (LV). Fiona (Jessica Lange) shows Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) a silent Document [27] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) couldn't keep up after they arrived, despite being her best service ever. Gaz and Willie commanded their stations and There was also a final last chance cook-off between Debra and Lincoln to decide the third and final place in the grand final (Dubbed the "Summer Bay cook-off" as both starred in "Home and Away"). The dish that they had to cook was kidneys (served pink), coated with flour, chilli power and English mustard on white bread toast with a devilled sauce in 30 minutes. The components in question are: Type of bread (white, brioche, cob loaf), main offal (pig heart, Document [28] (Title: The Man Who Came to Be Dinner) Grampa Simpson, the family decides to go anywhere else but home. The credits happen over a montage of several images spoofing "Star Trek" TV and film franchise scenes. The episode was originally scheduled to air on May 19, 2013 as the finale of season 24, but was replaced by "Dangers on a Train". As a result, the production code is dated compared to the rest of season 26. Just prior to the broadcast of the episode, Al Jean and David Mirkin took to Twitter to reveal that the episode (which had been produced in 2012 and was originally set to Document [29] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) Hell's Kitchen is an American reality competition television series based on the British series of the same name. Broadcast on Fox, it is hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay. Two teams of chefs compete for a job as head chef at a restaurant. A typical episode begins with a challenge between the teams; the winning team gets some sort of a reward that usually involves some sort of recreational activity outside the Hell's Kitchen, while the losers are given a "punishment" that usually involves some sort of menial task. The second part is a dinner Document [30] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Angel (album)) Hell's Kitchen Angel (album) Hell's Kitchen Angel is the second studio album by American singer MAX, released on April 8, 2016. "Gibberish" (featuring Hoodie Allen) was released as the lead single from the album on March 23, 2015. "Wrong" (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) was released as the second single from the album on December 18, 2015. "Holla" was released as the third single from the album on February 26, 2016. The music video was released the day prior to the song's release. "Basement Party" was released as the fourth single from the album on April 1, 2016. The official video Document [31] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) picking their brigade of chefs first. Ramsay will ensure that all menu items meet his standards for high cuisine prior to service, and he and his sous chefs will oversee the service to make sure that his high quality standards are retained, but does not otherwise get involved, allowing the two remaining chefs to demonstrate their ability to run the line. The finalists are allowed to reassign stations, or even kick their teammates out of the kitchen should they see fit; the latter has happened four times in the show's history. Ramsay uses his own observations and those from the Document [32] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef, sous chefs Scott Leibfried of blue team and Gloria Félix of the red team, and Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic as well. The chefs are shown alongside an elaborate Rube Goldberg machine as it plays out in the kitchen. 16 chefs competed in Season 5, Document [33] (Title: Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan) containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the Lincoln Tunnel, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.- In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers were killed. By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies, an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family. It was not until the early 1980s that Document [34] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) diners and other sources to decide who is the winning chef. He has two doors in his office leading out to the balcony above the Hell's Kitchen seating area. Each chef stands at a door and Ramsay tells them to both turn their handles at the same time. After a commercial break, only the door of the winning chef is unlocked allowing the winner to walk through and be greeted by the crowd below. The winning chef receives two prizes including the opportunity to work as the head chef or executive chef at a restaurant of Ramsay's choosing, as well Document [35] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) celebrities' performances in the kitchen that night. Below is a chart showing the waiters for each night's service: In previous series the viewers have decided who is eliminated from the show. This year, head chef Marco Pierre White decides who is eliminated, until there are four left. The viewers decide who wins out of the top four. Key "—" denotes where information currently unavailable Average: 4.014 million viewers / 17.34% viewer share Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4) Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009 and finished on 27 April 2009. Angus Deayton did Document [36] (Title: Top Chef) Kitchen" returns to compete in the season finale. On June 6, 2007, as part of the buildup for Season 3, Bravo aired a special charity episode called "4-Star All-Stars", which awarded $20,000 to the charity of the winning team's choice. The show brought together Season 1 contestants Harold Dieterle, Tiffani Faison, Dave Martin, and Stephen Asprinio, and Season 2 contestants Ilan Hall, Marcel Vigneron, Sam Talbot, and Elia Aboumrad. The show format was kept the same, with a Quickfire Challenge to start, followed by an Elimination Challenge. The show was filmed in Miami, Florida, the setting for the upcoming season. Document [37] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Season 11 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 12, 2013 on Fox. This is the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to feature 20 contestants. Unlike previous seasons, this was also the first season to open up in Las Vegas, where the chefs presented their signature dishes to Chef Ramsay in front of a live audience of 2,500 at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. This season was also the first season where there wasn't always a challenge per dinner service (with some occasions there being dinner services without there being Document [38] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the fourth season, Hell's Kitchen's venue has been located at 8660 Hayden Place in Culver City. According to Arthur Perkins, the soundstage is only open for audience members when taping is taking place. The studio sits on the former location of the famous RKO Forty Acres backlot, which was used in movies such as "Gone With The Wind" and television series such as "The Andy Griffith Show" and "Adventures of Superman". The studio building sits on the location of the military camp seen in the television series "Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C.". The series has drawn numerous online and editorial accusations of Document [39] (Title: Top Chef (season 7)) in "". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 7) Top Chef: D.C. is the seventh season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". The season was initially filmed in Washington, D.C. before concluding in Singapore, the series' first international venue. It premiered on June 16, 2010, and concluded on September 22, 2010. In the season finale, Kevin Sbraga was declared the Top Chef, defeating Angelo Sosa and Ed Cotton. Tiffany Derry was voted Fan Favorite. 17 chefs were selected to compete in "Top Chef: D.C." Angelo Sosa and Tiffany Derry later returned to compete in "". Amanda Baumgarten also returned to Document [40] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery as sous Document [41] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) service, where each team works in their own kitchen, attempting, under close and hypercritical supervision from Chef Ramsay, to complete the service without getting kicked out before finishing for too many errors. The usual wrap-up involves whichever team is declared the loser of the dinner service choosing two of their own to be up for elimination. There are many possible variations; both teams being kicked out before the end of dinner service is an example that has occurred on several occasions. On September 9, 2016, Fox renewed "Hell's Kitchen" for seasons 17 and 18. The seventeenth season, titled "All-Stars", premiered Document [42] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, 2012. Chef de Cuisine Christina Wilson won the season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Steak at the Paris Las Vegas in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan returned as sous chefs and James Lukanik returned as the maître d'. This season saw an alteration to the show's format, with many episodes now being two-parters, depicting Document [43] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) the show runner-up, James Dreyfus, team up to organise a healthy dinner service for the children at Ramsay's former school, Stratford Upon Avon High School. The celebrities who took part were: Series 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" in the UK was broadcast from 18 April – 2 May 2005. The format was overhauled as the show was turned into a competition between two kitchens run by "celebrity chefs" Gary Rhodes and Jean-Christophe Novelli. The second series featured ten members of the public competing for a prize of £250,000, with which the winner could start his or her own restaurant. They were Document [44] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) sequence is inspired by the tale "Gulliver's Travels" where the chefs are shown tying up a giant Ramsay (who eventually breaks free) while launching various food-related attacks on him. 16 chefs competed in Season 8. Ages shown are at the start of competition. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) The eighth season of "Hell's Kitchen", an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at Document [45] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) the final stage the colors of the two jackets disappear, to make room for the coveted black jackets. Whoever wins these challenges (which can also occur externally) is rewarded with a particularly entertaining or relaxing excursion. The losers, however, remain at" Hell's Kitchen", or in a place outside, to serve a punishment consisting of very tiring, and, in some cases, humiliating, labor. The result of these tests, however, has no influence on what will be the final judgment of the episode. In the second part of the episode, the contestants have to cook the dishes for restaurant customers (about 70), Document [46] (Title: Crème Fraîche (South Park)) attempts to impersonate chef Gordon Ramsay to try and discourage Randy's passion for cooking, but the plan falls apart when various celebrity chefs such as Jamie Oliver and Bobby Flay arrive in the cafeteria to start a new competitive cooking show, entitled "Hell's Kitchen Nightmares Iron Top Chef Cafeteria Throwdown Ultimate Cookoff Challenge". Sharon is increasingly drawn to her Shake Weight and takes a vacation to a beach resort to exercise with it in private. A short time later however, the Shake Weight's incessant demands to workout, including in public, begin to annoy her. Later the cleaning lady in Sharon's Document [47] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) live daily, no presenter and just a voiceover, a challenge with the winner earning a reward and the loser doing a punishment, the customers being mostly from the public instead of celebrities with their loved ones and eliminations made by the head chef and not through viewer voting. In the Australian version, it follows English version, where the contestants are celebrities with no professional culinary backgrounds, many may also be complete novices in cooking in general. Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series) Hell's Kitchen was a British cookery reality show, aired on ITV, which features prospective chefs competing with each other Document [48] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Season 5 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on January 29, 2009. The season concluded on May 14, 2009. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Gloria Felix and maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic. Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant "Fornelletto" at the Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show. This season also featured a high Document [49] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 9) Season 9 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on July 18, 2011, on Fox and concluded on September 19, 2011, with a two-hour season finale. Jr. sous-chef Paul Niedermann won the season and was awarded a "head chef" position at BLT Steak in New York City, New York. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, as Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan remained as sous chefs, as did James Lukanik as the maître d'. The entire season took about six weeks to film. It also saw the show return to its original Document [50] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) the team challenge and reward/punishment one night, followed by service and elimination the following night. This season is also the first (and currently only) season in Hell's Kitchen history in which all chefs were eliminated normally. In other words, no chef was eliminated either despite being on the winning team, without being nominated (with the exception of Dana and Barbie during the final selection), during dinner service, had to withdraw for medical reasons, or walked out on their own terms. This is also the first & only season where one challenge produced no winner and both teams faced punishment. The Document [51] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) away over time due to the "best of the worst" sometimes making nominations based on personal bias rather than kitchen performance. Ramsay has also on some occasions declared that nobody would be sent home, but those cases are generally followed by a double-elimination, a team reassignment, or occur after someone has been sent home immediately due to insubordination or an extremely poor performance. Ramsay reassembles the teams in the dining hall and hears out the nominations from the losing team(s). Ramsay may also nominate other chefs for elimination if he believes it appropriate. After giving these nominees the chance to Document [52] (Title: Home (Angel)) sequence barring Angel and Connor toward the end of the episode. Both episodes also precede significant story changers; Buffy with new 14-year-old sister Dawn, and Angel now in charge of the L.A. branch of Wolfram and Hart. Home (Angel) "Home" is episode 22 of season 4 in the television show "Angel". Written and directed by Tim Minear, it was originally broadcast on May 7, 2003 on the WB network. In the Season Four finale, Connor – having defeated Jasmine in the previous episode – plans to blow himself up with a comatose Cordelia and other hostages, while an undead Lilah Document [53] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4) Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009 and finished on 27 April 2009. Angus Deayton did not return to present the show. The reason given for Deayton's dismissal was because he was involved in a series of disputes with head chef Marco Pierre White. Pierre White has discussed the reasons for his disagreements with Deayton, he commented that "His humour was forced, and negative. I would be working hard and he would be making jibes at where I came from and my name". In March 2009 Claudia Winkleman, Document [54] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Park) until December 4, 1979. The West 47th Street Block Association and other residents collaborated to keep the park safe in the 1980s. They did so by holding gatherings, getting lights installed on adjoining buildings, and advocating for a fence, which was built in the late 1980s. In 2005, the park was reconstructed with $1.2 million allocated by Council member for the 3rd District, Christine Quinn. Hell's Kitchen Park Hell's Kitchen Park is small park in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, New York City. In the 1960s, there were very few open spaces in Hell's Kitchen. Residents complained about this, so the Document [55] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17) The seventeenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" (officially known as Hell's Kitchen All Stars) began airing on September 29, 2017 on Fox. This season is the first in "Hell's Kitchen" history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again, and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first-ever Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. All of the returning chefs made it onto the Black Team in their respective seasons. Gordon Document [56] (Title: Kitchen Confidential (TV series)) December 5, 2005, with its fourth episode, but only received 3.38 million viewers. Four days later, Fox announced the cancellation of the series. On May 22, 2007, 20th Century Fox released "Kitchen Confidential: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The 2-disc set contains all 13 episodes of the series as well as audio commentaries on the series premiere by Darren Star, David Hemingson and Bradley Cooper, on the series finale by Karine Rosenthal, David Hemingson, Bradley Cooper and Dean Lopata and two featurettes – "A Tour of the Nolita Restaurant" and "A Recipe for Comedy". Kitchen Confidential (TV Document [57] (Title: Christina Machamer) to the Napa Valley, where she has found a new niche bridging the gap between food and wine at the much celebrated B Cellars, in Calistoga, California. In January 2009, she was featured as a host at the St. Louis Food & Wine Experience. She also appeared in the 11th season of "Hell's Kitchen" (in 2013) as part of a brigade consisting of past "Hell's Kitchen" winners in order to compete against the final 5 contestants. Machamer briefly appeared in the 16th-season premiere (in 2016) as a guest with the Season 12 winner Scott Commings during the red team's challenge Document [58] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the fourth season to feature an all-male final (following seasons 1, 6, and 9). Executive Chef Scott Commings won this season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; the prize Document [59] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) their ingredients. Menus may be customized for a specific dinner service, such as ethnic-themed dishes or plates that resulted from the earlier challenge. Some seasons feature a service allowing for the teams to develop their own menus, which are reviewed by Ramsay for quality and presentation beforehand. Later seasons may feature a private dinner service, where each team must serve a five course meal to 12 guests, with each member leading their teammates to prepare one course. Dinner services may include additional challenges. A chef from each team may be asked to serve a table-side meal for their team, serve Document [60] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) competing in the series to win AU$50,000 for their chosen charity. Before service one, all contestants become the instructors, expeditor and taste-tester, and their family members must recreate a dish under the contestant's orders (risotto, family-sized salad, egg florentine, fillet of skin-on salmon) under more lenient time limits (30 minutes for salmon, 35 for egg florentine, 45 for risotto). Dennis (Debra's husband) made family-sized salmon salad, Jacquiline (Lincoln's mother) made a salmon fillet, Kristine (Sam's sister) made Asian-style salmon with asparagus. Emma, (Gaz's girlfriend) came second with the egg florentine. Willie won with his wife, Claire's saffron risotto. The group Document [61] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) ITV made the decision to take a break from producing "Hell's Kitchen". The network then announced in February 2007 that it had commissioned a new series of the show, to begin in late 2007. The new series began on 3 September 2007 at 9:00 pm. Michelin starred Marco Pierre White was the new head chef. White had two sous chefs, Matthew and Timothy. The series reverted to the original format of having celebrities as contestants. The series ended on 17 September 2007, with Barry McGuigan crowned winner. The contestants who took part were: Series 4 began on 13 April 2009. Document [62] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had concluded on February 2009, 16 months prior Document [63] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 3 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen". Cast during February 2007, the third season started airing on the Fox television network on June 4, 2007 and concluded on August 13, 2007. The Hell's Kitchen set moved from a building at LaBrea and Willoughby, where it was located for seasons one and two, to a Century Studios building on La Cienega Place, off West Jefferson Blvd for season three. During Episode 9 (aired July 30, 2007), a casting call was announced for the Document [64] (Title: Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan) and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11. In addition, on September 11, Engine 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine 34/Ladder 21 and lost many firefighters themselves. Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days", with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Document [65] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) season of the TV show, Hell's Kitchen in 2008. When promoting the game, Tony Key, the vice president of marketing and sales praised the game's development and the involvement of Gordon Ramsey with the game. After release, some players wanted a less tame "Hell's Kitchen" game and in response, Ludia released a limited "Uncensored" version for download and was only available until the finale of the show, in July, 2008. The game was moderately reviewed, with critics and criticizing the poor controls and length of the game, while others praised how fun the game was. The website 'Gamesradar.com' gave the Document [66] (Title: The Chopping Block (U.S. TV series)) one a week. On April 24, 2009, NBC announced the series would return to television in Friday, June 19, despite airing on the internet already. After the fourth episode aired on the 19th, it was pre-empted on June 26 by television coverage surrounding the deaths of Farrah Fawcett and Michael Jackson the day before. The show returned Friday, July 3. It then proceeded to air until Friday, July 24, the day the final episode aired on NBC. On April 27, 2009, British TV began showing the series on ITV2, immediately following the finale of Hell's Kitchen, also hosted by Marco Document [67] (Title: Hotel Hell) Hotel Hell Hotel Hell is an American reality television series created, hosted and narrated by Gordon Ramsay, which ran on the Fox network for three seasons from 2012 to 2016. It aired on Monday nights at 8 pm ET/PT. It was Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network. The series features Ramsay visiting various struggling lodging establishments throughout the United States in an attempt to reverse their misfortunes, following a similar concept established in Ramsay's other programs, "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" and its American counterpart, "Kitchen Nightmares". Originally scheduled to premiere on Fox at 8 pm ET/PT on Friday, April 6, Document [68] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) as a cash prize of $250,000. In a similar manner to the voiceover at each elimination, Ramsay has a voiceover to explain his reasons for choosing that chef as the winner. Gordon Ramsay is the head chef. Jason Thompson is the narrator. Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d'hôtel, comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for Season 11. He left after Season 12 and was replaced by Marino Monferrato for Season 13. Susilovic was also the maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version. James Lukanik Document [69] (Title: Top Chef (season 12)) compete in "". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 12) Top Chef: Boston is the twelfth season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". The season was formally announced on August 20, 2014, and premiered on October 15, 2014. Filming for Season 12 took place from May through June 2014 in locations around Boston, Massachusetts, concluding with a finale in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato and the surrounding area. "" finalist and "" winner Richard Blais debuted as a recurring judge, joining Tom Colicchio, Gail Simmons, Hugh Acheson, and host Padma Lakshmi on the judging panel. "Last Chance Kitchen" also returned Document [70] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) (usually once 5 or 6 are left) they are awarded black jackets and assembled into a single team. Eliminations continue until two are left. In the finale, the final two chefs are each given the opportunity to develop their own menus and lead a brigade of former competitors through a full dinner service on their own. In the first five seasons, this included the opportunity to decorate half of the Hell's Kitchen restaurant to their liking. Prior to the dinner service, the two chefs compete in a challenge to prepare their menus, and the winner will earn the advantage of Document [71] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) amount of unusual eliminations; with two chefs leaving due to medical issues, and two chefs eliminated during service. Also, this season marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team, which would become more prominent in later seasons. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during Document [72] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) fuck they came from." Following his comments, Marine public affairs representative Bryan Nygaard stated Frank's comments regarding female Marines "are not consistent with the Marine Corps' values of honor, courage and commitment," and he would "notify my chain of command as well as Sergeant Cala's chain of command to ensure that corrective action is being taken." Several days later, Frank was removed from his position with the Commandants' staff and transferred to the Enlisted Aide Program. The fifteenth-season premiere of "Hell's Kitchen" premiered to an audience of 3.43 million, 660,000 lower than last season's premiere, and down 10,000 from season Document [73] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) season, Richard Brooker appeared in that episode as a samurai on the team challenge. Brooker died on April 8, 2013. The intro of this season depicts the chefs as they fight off Transformers-style robotic kitchen appliances as Hell's Kitchen turns into a battle zone, which ends with Ramsay morphing from one. Since the second episode, another version of the opening is shown featuring Zach saying "Get 'em Jon" just as Jon's name appears. Twenty chefs competed in season 11. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Season Document [74] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) on September 29, 2017. The eighteenth season, titled "Rookies vs. Veterans", premiered on September 28, 2018. "Hell's Kitchen" is a reality television show that uses a progressive elimination format to narrow down a field of 12 to 20 aspiring chefs to a single winner over the course of one season. The U.S. version of "Hell's Kitchen" follows the format of the UK version though the show is recorded and not performed live, nor is there audience participation in the elimination of chefs. The show is produced at Hell's Kitchen, a modified warehouse in Los Angeles that includes the restaurant, dual Document [75] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) The eighth season of "Hell's Kitchen", an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at L.A. Live in Los Angeles, as well as an opportunity to be a spokesperson for Rosemount Estate Wines. Sabrina Brimhall holds the record for the worst nomination record of any black jacket chef on the show. Being nominated every time she was eligible for Document [76] (Title: Drew Scott) "People" magazine the week of the show's premiere, capping off what HGTV called Drew's "best week ever." Great American Country’s end-of-the-year Top 50 Country Countdown reached out to the brothers to host the annual program on December 22, 2013. Along with Nancy O'Dell, he and Jonathan co-hosted the 2014 Rose Parade, and co-hosted again in 2015 with Josh Temple. The twins appear as chef's table guests in the sixteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" where Drew sat with Melissa Rivers in the blue kitchen while Jonathan sat with Ashley Greene in the red kitchen. They also decorated a house for the Document [77] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) Hesse (seasons 5 and 6), and Zepaltas was the first chef until the All-Star season to present two signature dishes to Ramsay. † Indicates that the contestant died after filming ended <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the fourth season to feature an all-male final (following Document [78] (Title: Chef Goes Nanners) was based on the initial controversy over the display of the Confederate flag at the South Carolina State House. Co-creator Matt Stone has characterized "Chef Goes Nanners" as "kind of half-baked. I remember we wanted to leave the office early. We were like, 'It's July 4... '" Chef Goes Nanners "Chef Goes Nanners" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the animated television series "South Park", and the 55th episode of the series overall. "Chef Goes Nanners" originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on July 5, 2000. In the episode, Chef's passionate protest declaring the Document [79] (Title: Unleashed (Angel)) interrogates Royce for Nina's location as Fred shows the others her discovery, a menu for a banquet hosted by restaurant entrepreneur John Crane, whose employees abducted Nina after Royce informed him of her availability. Crane has rapidly assembled several like-minded gourmets willing to pay top dollar to dine on werewolf meat. At moonrise, in about 15 minutes, Nina, chained to a serving platter, will be the main course. The gang heads to the banquet hall and Angel starts to rescue Nina, who tells him to let her get eaten. She does not think that she can go home and is Document [80] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) Hell's Kitchen Italia Hell's Kitchen is an Italian reality television cooking competition (based on the British series of the same name) and American version broadcast on Fox. The Italian format is broadcast on Sky Uno since 2014. It is hosted by celebrity chef Carlo Cracco. The Italian format reflects the U.S. version. Two teams of aspiring chefs, equally divided between men and women, challenge tests with cooking and table service at the restaurant" Hell's Kitchen", supervised and judged by chef Carlo Cracco. There may be as many as 16 chefs in the first and second edition. A key feature of Document [81] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) liver, kidneys, must pick one from the larder, and cannot change once decisions are made), coating before cooking (flour, chilli power and English mustard; flour, smoked paprika and cayenne; flour, paprika and turmeric)and the agent used to thicken the pre-prepared devil's sauce (butter, oil, cream). The winner of the cook-off was Debra, which saw Lincoln's dismissal from Hell's Kitchen. Willie and Gaz can observe live on the other side of the pass. "Hell's Kitchen Australia" debuted to 817,000 viewers and was second in its timeslot to "The Block" (1,212,000). Colin Vickery, television writer for the "Herald Sun" was critical of Document [82] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18)) Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the first season since season 1 to not begin with men on the blue team and women on the red team. It is also the third of the last four seasons to feature a chef eliminated during service. The introduction for season 18 was recycled from the previous season except for the title card where it instead shows the rookies on the left side and the veterans on the right side. Sixteen chefs competed in season 18. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18) Hell's Kitchen: Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of Document [83] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (painting)) after by the population of hard working inhabitants. In or around 1817 the Devonport born, (now resident in Newcastle) painter, Henry Perlee Parker, painted his now famous picture of many of these characters. It shows 14 people (and a dog), all persons living in the area at the time. The painting is now known in some quarters as “Hells Kitchen". This was the nickname of a room in The Flying Horse (later named the Princess Hotel followed by The Golden Bengal Indian Restaurant) in the Groat Market (off Collingwood Street), Newcastle. which was the setting for the painting. It was Document [84] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) produced by ITV Studios America and Optomen, in association with A. Smith & Co. Productions, with Arthur Smith, Kent Weed and Patricia Llewellyn serving as executive producers. In the UK, the series is broadcast under the name "Kitchen Nightmares USA" and "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA" on Channel 4, which also produced the original UK version. Reruns, along with the British series, are frequently shown on BBC America. The first season focused on restaurants in the southern California and New York City areas. The third season was originally scheduled to premiere on Wednesday, January 27, 2010, but it was postponed to Document [85] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) worst streak of any finalist on the show, being nominated every single time apart from wins and "Best of the Worst" nominations. Taping for the second season was done in the same building where the first season was taped. This was the last season of the show to be aired in standard definition. The second season featured the following 12 contestants, who were initially separated onto blue and red teams by gender: † Indicates that the contestants died after filming ended. Each week, the best member from the losing team during the latest service period ("best" as determined by Ramsay) Document [86] (Title: Episode 6646) spa, Kyle's dog, Bossy, steals his safety glasses and Georgia gives chase. Kyle then decides to watch the eclipse without them, damaging his eyesight. At Lassiter's Lake, Mason Turner (Taylor Glockner) tells his girlfriend Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer) that he loves her for the first time. Before she can reply, Kate spots Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor), her ex-boyfriend, who she believed to be dead. She tries to find him, but Mark disappears. Back at Number 32, Lucas and Vanessa go to check on their infant son, Patrick (Basquait Voevodin-Knack), and discover that he has been taken. "Episode 6646" was written Document [87] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK series 4)) whom Marco Pierre White has described as "naturally funny", was confirmed as the new host. Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher for the second series running. He particularly stated in the first episode that he was "the only chef to return". The eight celebrities taking part in this year's show were confirmed in April 2009: Unlike in past series, this year there is only one kitchen being used in the show. In another change from previous series, White decides at the end of each night's service who will be a waiter in the next night's service, based on the Document [88] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) replaced Susilovic for Seasons 8–10. Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs. The current sous-chefs are Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and James "Jocky" Petrie. Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, Scott Leibfried, James Avery, Aaron Mitrano and Andi Van Willigan. In Season 15, Wilson filled in for Van Willigan-Cutspec who was getting married at the time of filming but returned for one episode when her reception was one of the themed dinner services for that season. Van-Willigan returned in season 16 but was replaced by Wilson again for Document [89] (Title: Jocky Petrie (chef)) Gordon Ramsay on series 17 of "Hell's Kitchen", first broadcast on Fox in September 2017 and series 18, first broadcast September 2018 Originally from Duror, a village in Scottish Highlands, Petrie began his formative career in Scotland in the hotels of Edinburgh and Kinnaird Estate in Perthshire. He then moved south to one Michelin star Hambleton Hall before leaving the UK for Virginia in the United States, to work at two Michelin Star The Inn at Little Washington. In 2001, Petrie joined The Fat Duck in Bray, Berkshire where he rose to head pastry chef role, during which time the Document [90] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) activity, while the losing side has to clean up and prepare both kitchens, as well as some activity that is not so pleasant. Afterwards, the teams compete in executing a dinner service, during which Ramsay can impose additional punishments or kick chefs out of the kitchen. The losing team(s) nominates chefs to be considered for elimination. Ramsay can also nominate chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef, blue team sous chef Scott Leibfried, and Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic Document [91] (Title: Gordon Ramsay) ran its fifth series in 2007. "Hell's Kitchen" was a reality show, which aired on ITV1, and saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show. In May 2005, the FOX network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of "Hell's Kitchen" produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise as the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamously short temper. The show completed its 13th season in Document [92] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) staging and dramatic license, mostly due to editing techniques of the producers, who splice together several hours of footage from a dinner service, in order to make certain contestants appear as poor performers, later justifying their elimination. This was most obvious when one episode featured clips showing an already eliminated contestant in the background, still cooking. One of the most controversial accusations of staging on "Hell's Kitchen" relates to an incident with contestant Joseph Tinnelly from Season 6, who, during one elimination round, angrily confronted Ramsay, challenging him to fight, and was then escorted off the set. The incident drew Document [93] (Title: Saturday Kitchen) In light of the changes, the programme was revamped with new host James Martin and new producer Cactus TV. At the same time, a new "Heaven or Hell" feature was introduced, which saw the celebrity guest provide their heaven and hell ingredients for two recipes, with the public phoning in to vote for the choice to be cooked at the end of the show. A sister show to the new Worrall Thompson show, "Sunday Feast", had a similar feature at its launch, a week before the new feature was introduced as part of the revamp to the programme. The idea Document [94] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) "Tic Tac Dough" and "The Joker's Wild". KCOP was acquired by News Corporation in 2001 and its studios were integrated with those of Fox affiliate KTTV in 2003, leaving the La Brea facility vacant. Originally the studio was put up for sale, but in the end they were retooled for the production of "Hell's Kitchen". The dining room area was the location of the former KCOP news studios, and living quarters for the contestants were built behind the restaurant. Before season three, the Hell's Kitchen facility was moved to Century Studios at 3322 La Cienega Place in Los Angeles. Since Document [95] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) season is a signature dish cook-off, giving the chefs an opportunity to show Ramsay their cooking. Each season typically includes one or more challenges that allows teams to construct several dishes either for a banquet to be held the next dinner service or as part of designing their own menus. Other challenges typically include a "taste it, now make it" task, where chefs must attempt to recreate a dish Ramsay has prepared after tasting it only, and a "blind taste-test" where chefs identify ingredients while blindfolded and wearing sound-blocking earcovers. Some challenges have been full breakfast or lunch services, where Document [96] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)) opening sequence of Season 10 began with the iconic "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign which morphed into "Welcome to Fabulous Hell's Kitchen". This is followed by a magic show-style opening featuring the chefs doing various stunts and tricks with Ramsay magically appearing at the end. 18 chefs competed in season 10. Full names per official site. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, Document [97] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1939 film)) Hell's Kitchen (1939 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1939 thriller Warner Bros. film starring The Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Buck Caesar (Stanley Fields) is a paroled convict who makes a contribution to a reform school on the advice of his nephew, Jim Donahue (Ronald Reagan), a lawyer. Jim feels that the boys in the reform school, including Tony (Billy Halop), Gyp (Leo Gorcey), Joey (Bobby Jordan), Bongo (Huntz Hall), Ace (Gabriel Dell), and "Ouch" (Bernard Punsly), could benefit from the contribution, and he believes the publicity from it will help his uncle. The superintendent, Krispan (Grant Mitchell), does Document [98] (Title: Take Home Chef) official website. Voice actress Tara Strong appeared on the show in October 2006 with her husband and their two sons. Comedian Randy Sklar was surprised with Beef Wellington by his wife and Stone on an episode that aired May 15, 2007. Canadian-Australian actress Kimberley Joseph appeared in the episode "Kimberly" (sic) that first aired June 15, 2007. Seemingly chosen at random in a grocery store, she and Curtis then recognized each other from TV shows the other had been on back home. The pair surprised three of her friends with a Spanish-themed menu, featuring tapas and a manchego cheese dessert. Document [99] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) again until season 18. The show was taped in Los Angeles at KCOP, in a converted former television broadcast facility that previously hosted shows such as "The Joker's Wild" and "Tic-Tac-Dough" in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. The 12 contestants were initially divided into the Blue team and the Red team, but not based on gender as in all the following seasons. The contestants were: Each week, the best member from the losing team during the latest service period ("least bad" as determined by Ramsay) is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is Document [100] (Title: All's Fair in Oven War) as director. Thomas Pynchon and James Caan guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to songs such as "Separate Ways", "Boplicity", and "Take Five", as well as references to the film "The Godfather" and various fictional food mascots. The episode received positive reviews from critics. Marge and Homer discover the house next to them is up for sale, and marvel at the extensive kitchen inside the house. After realizing the poor quality of her own kitchen, she asks Homer to hire a contractor. Not wanting to pay the price of hiring one, he decides to remodel it himself. Document [101] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) fourth season of the show. This was the first "Hell's Kitchen" season to be filmed in high definition. The season finale was a record high for the show's ratings, drawing 9.8 million viewers. Executive Chef Rahman "Rock" Harper won the season and was awarded a US$250,000 per year head-chef position at a restaurant in the Green Valley Ranch resort and spa in Henderson, Nevada, near Las Vegas. The third season features the following 12 contestants, who were separated by gender into two teams: † Indicates that contestant died after filming ended Each week, the best member (as determined by Ramsay) Document [102] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (novel)) Hell's Kitchen (novel) Hell's Kitchen is a novel published in 2001 by author Jeffery Deaver. It is the third novel that follows location scout John Pellam. The book follows Pellam as he tries to prove the innocence of an old woman, Ettie, whom he had interviewed for a documentary on the area of New York City referred to as Hell's Kitchen. When Ettie's apartment catches fire, she is blamed for the crime and jailed. Pellam believes she is innocent and is determined to prove it and set her free. Along the way he meets several characters who try to interrupt Document [103] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) of nomination; he may eliminate competitors who have not been appointed, even those who belonged to the winning team, by virtue of their poor performance or inappropriate behavior. Similarly, competitors may be directly disposed of during the evening service, while in other cases no one is eliminated. Starting in Season 4 in 2017, a new format was launched as follows: instead of rewards and punishments, the team that loses the challenge must undertake a separate task individually. Cracco will judge each team member's dish in order and anyone who beats a teammate is declared "safe". After all dishes have been Document [104] (Title: Brian Dowling (presenter)) "Hell's Kitchen" during September 2007, in which he competed against other celebrities to impress celebrity chef Marco Pierre White. Dowling finished in third place. Whilst participating, he had numerous clashes with fellow contestant Jim Davidson because of what Dowling interpreted as Davidson's homophobic slurs. Davidson once asked Dowling, "Are you on our side?" when referring to whether or not he would be participating for the boys or girls team. Davidson called him a "shirt-lifter" in front of him, and was constantly asking if Dowling would like to try on one of "John Virgo's lovely waistcoats", which Davidson owns. Davidson was Document [105] (Title: Hotel Hell) 2012, the series was first rescheduled to Monday, June 4, 2012 at 8 pm ET/PT, in order to accommodate the move of "The Finder" to Fridays, then rescheduled to August 13, due to Ramsay's other two series, "Hell's Kitchen" and "MasterChef", being scheduled for Monday nights during the summer. The series' first season, which consisted of six episodes, ended on September 3, 2012. On August 31, 2012, Fox renewed "Hotel Hell" for a second season, which premiered on July 21, 2014. General references Hotel Hell Hotel Hell is an American reality television series created, hosted and narrated by Gordon Ramsay, Document [106] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) make them. Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant. Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to Document [107] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)) was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas Document [108] (Title: Momma's Boys) leaves). The chef asked Julie to make his food, and she did. Some of the women elected to prepare their own personal favorite recipes, as Meghan and Amanda cooked a stuffed pepper dish instead; Erica made a chicken casserole. After the women prepared the meals, the sons and chef judged each of the meals. The winners were Amanda, Meghan, Julie, and Erica, who were exempted from having their files opened in this episode. After this round, the mothers opened the files. Lorraine chose Michelle. Esther chose Lauren in order to see how good she was. Khalood chose Brittany. Although they Document [109] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) sent home by Gordon Ramsay. Each episode consisted of a challenge with a reward, a service, and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family Document [110] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) a sociable and friendly person and most of the on-camera drama is played out for the benefit of the audience. "Hell's Kitchen" has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Art Direction for Variety, Music or Nonfiction Programming category in 2007, 2008, and 2009. It has also been nominated for two Art Directors Guild Awards in the Television — Awards Show, Variety, Music or Non-Fiction Program category in 2007 and 2008, winning one in 2008. It has also been nominated for a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Series. In 2009, Gordon Ramsay won an Astra Award Document [111] (Title: Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back) menu, culminating in a relaunch of the restaurant with a grand re-opening to the public after extensive renovations—all in just 24 hours. The format is similar to other programs such as "Hotel Hell", "Kitchen Nightmares", and "". On June 27, 2018, Fox renewed "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back" for a second season, which is set to premiere on January 2, 2019. Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back is an American reality television program which premiered on Fox on June 13, 2018. Starring chef Gordon Ramsay, the show Document [112] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) chef for the blue team. Wilson is the second former "Hell's Kitchen" winner to return as one of Ramsay's sous chefs, the first being season 2 winner, Heather West, who was the red kitchen's sous chef for season 6. Jason Thompson also returned as narrator for the first time since season 12. Season 15's opening sequence features the chefs at a base camp. Ramsay is then shown placing the HK flag on top of the mountain. For the first time in "Hell's Kitchen" history, the opening sequence did not play after the recap of the previous episode, but after the Document [113] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Italia) edition) are tasked to sabotage the flow of the finalists, to test their awareness during the service. Hell's Kitchen Italia Hell's Kitchen is an Italian reality television cooking competition (based on the British series of the same name) and American version broadcast on Fox. The Italian format is broadcast on Sky Uno since 2014. It is hosted by celebrity chef Carlo Cracco. The Italian format reflects the U.S. version. Two teams of aspiring chefs, equally divided between men and women, challenge tests with cooking and table service at the restaurant" Hell's Kitchen", supervised and judged by chef Carlo Cracco. There Document [114] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) Friday, January 29, 2010, due to the State of the Union address. In May 2010, the Fox network announced the return of "Kitchen Nightmares" for a fourth season. The fourth season aired from January 21, 2011 to May 20, 2011 on Fox. In March 2011 the producers of the show announced a casting call for a fifth season. The fifth season premiered on Friday, September 23, 2011 and ended on March 30, 2012. In February 2012 the Fox network announced it renewed "Kitchen Nightmares" for a sixth season, which premiered on Friday, October 26, 2012. Season 7 was originally set Document [115] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) Hell's Kitchen: The Game Hell's Kitchen is a time management cooking video game based on the reality competition show of the same name. It was developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft. It features the host of the show, Gordon Ramsay as the A.I. and places you as a chef under his guidance, while serving customers at the restaurant. It was initially released on September 9 2008, on the Nintendo DS the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Windows, iOS and Mac OS. The game was neither a success nor a failure, with it being praised for the enjoyment, but scolded for the Document [116] (Title: Kitchen Nightmares) Kitchen Nightmares Kitchen Nightmares is an American reality television series formerly broadcast on the Fox network, in which chef Gordon Ramsay is invited by the owners to spend a week with a failing restaurant in an attempt to revive the business. It is based on the British show "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares". The show premiered Wednesday September 19, 2007. On June 23, 2014, Ramsay announced he was ending the series. In June 2018, "Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back", a new series with a premise much like "Kitchen Nightmares" but a shorter timeline, premiered on Fox. The show was Document [117] (Title: Wagon Train) 30, 1959). "The Cathy Eckhardt Story" (fourth season, broadcast November 9, 1960) clearly shows the year is 1870, but in "The Charlene Brenton Story" (late third season, broadcast June 8, 1960) reference is made to Bill Hawks' having read the novel "", which was not published until a decade later in 1880. "The Sam Pulaski Story" (Season 7, episode 8, broadcase November 4, 1963) misplaces Hell's Kitchen as the Brooklyn waterfront instead of the real location on the west side of mid-Manhattan, and dates the story as 1868 although the name "Hell's Kitchen" was not used for that neighborhood until Document [118] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) to seventh season premiere, when the hotel reopened in 2010; however, Ugalde was not given the job. Ramsay stated that the American Ugalde could not work in London due to visa problems, but Ugalde called that explanation an excuse, saying, "I don't know if they even applied for my visa." Ugalde was later awarded an undisclosed amount of money in compensation and retained her title as the winner of season 7. The intro depicts the chefs in a literal hell's kitchen with Ramsay as the devil. 16 chefs competed in season 7. Each episode consists of a challenge with a Document [119] (Title: Hell's Kitchen: The Game) will have to complete a challenge from Ramsay and use both Team Red and Team Blue kitchens (It is possible to cook two meals simultaneously). In arcade mode, the player must complete every recipe in time. If the player fails this, Ramsay will become infuriated and close the restaurant. Despite Ramsay's choice of words in real life in-game he does not swear, but still, in-fact, abuses the player if he/she fails a task. Ludia first started development on October 25, 2007, when Granada America, allowed the 'Hell's Kitchen' property to Ludia. The game was estimated to coincide with the fourth Document [120] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series)) Sauli would name a winning team whereas the team who loses nominating two of their teammates for elimination and eliminations being decided by Sauli instead of the viewing public. Hell's Kitchen (Finnish TV series) "Hells Kitchen Suomi" is the Finnish adaption of British reality show Hell's Kitchen which was created by Gordon Ramsay who was also the head chef. Top Chef Sauli Kemppainen is the head chef. The series started airing on the 20 September 2013 on MTV3. This version stays true to the American version with the participants and the customers not being celebrities, broadcast recorded weekly instead of Document [121] (Title: Westies) taste of the proceeds. Salerno then reached out to Buffalo Crime Family associate and freelance hitman, Joseph Sullivan, to eliminate the three main Spillane supporters in Hell's Kitchen, Tom Devaney, Tom Kapatos, and Edward Cummiskey. Cummiskey had apparently switched sides to the Coonan camp after they both killed and dismembered Patrick "Paddy" Dugan for killing Cummiskey's best friend, but Salerno and Sullivan were not aware of the switch. Devaney and Cummiskey were killed in late 1976, and Kapatos was killed in January 1977. Spillane was out of the picture, and Coonan was the undisputed boss of Hell's Kitchen. It was Document [122] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) the team completing the service first is declared the winner. The winner of the challenge is determined by either a scoring system set for that challenge or by Ramsay's and/or guest judges' opinions. The winning team or chef receives a reward (a recreational activity away from Hell's Kitchen and other potential prizes), while the losing team or chefs are forced to do a mundane task, such as cleaning the kitchens, preparing a specific ingredient for the following dinner, having to prepare the food for both kitchens, and sometimes eating something unsavory (such as food waste blended into a smoothie) for Document [123] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6) Season 6 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network on July 21, 2009 and concluded on October 13, 2009. Despite suffering a fractured wrist early in the competition, Executive Chef Dave Levey won the season and was awarded a position under James Walt at the Araxi Restaurant in Whistler, British Columbia, the first time the prize was a position at a Canadian restaurant. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure Document [124] (Title: The Road Trip (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)) the art of cooking for his and Kevin's anniversary while Rosa refuses to go home when she catches a cold. The episode was seen by an estimated 3.11 million household viewers and gained a 1.4/3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received critical acclaim from critics, who praised Jake's and Amy's storyline and character development. Captain Holt (Andre Braugher) assigns Jake (Andy Samberg) and Amy (Melissa Fumero) on a work trip to deal with a criminal. Holt also asks Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) for help to learn how to cook a breakfast for Document [125] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) West Hollywood restaurant opened on May 27, 2008, while the series was still airing. This season was filmed in the warehouse district in Culver City, California. Unlike the previous three seasons, this is the first season to feature a cinematic intro using live-action. It depicts the chefs, all shrunken down as they work about the kitchen. There were 15 chefs (8 men and 7 women) who competed in season 4 and was the only "Hell's Kitchen" season to have an uneven number of chefs compete compared to 12 from the previous three seasons. Each week, the best member (as determined Document [126] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1939 film)) Kids" film, "Crime School" (1938). The film was released as a double feature DVD by Warner Archives with "On Dress Parade" on January 22, 2013. Hell's Kitchen (1939 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1939 thriller Warner Bros. film starring The Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Buck Caesar (Stanley Fields) is a paroled convict who makes a contribution to a reform school on the advice of his nephew, Jim Donahue (Ronald Reagan), a lawyer. Jim feels that the boys in the reform school, including Tony (Billy Halop), Gyp (Leo Gorcey), Joey (Bobby Jordan), Bongo (Huntz Hall), Ace (Gabriel Dell), and Document [127] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated. Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8. Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers. Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017. In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to Document [128] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) chefs, and ultimately sends a chef home. At six chefs left, the teams merge to one, and the chefs compete as individuals. Gordon Ramsay returned to the series as the head chef, as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan. James Lukanik served as the maître d', replacing Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who had been serving as a restaurant director at Ramsay's restaurant in London, Petrus. Seasons 7 and 8 were taped a year apart, resulting in other staff changes. "Hell's Kitchen" was planned to air weekly from September to December 2010. However, due to Fox's televising of the Document [129] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) Hell's Kitchen Australia Hell's Kitchen Australia is an Australian cooking reality competition television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 6 August 2017. The series is hosted by British chef Marco Pierre White, who previously hosted two seasons of the British version of the format and appeared on "MasterChef Australia". The series began casting for celebrity contestants in late 2016, and filmed in Sydney for six weeks in March and April 2017. It is produced for the Seven Network by ITV Studios Australia. Program sponsorships include Aldi, Airtasker, Diaego, Lurpak and Sony Pictures. The following ten celebrities have been Document [130] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) chef in the worst team in "Hell's Kitchen" history, became sous chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak under season 10 winner Christina Wilson. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan as the red team's sous chef. Long-time maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic returned for the first time since season 7 due to his work commitments at Ramsay's London restaurant, Pétrus. However, previous blue team sous chef Scott Leibfried did not return due to his work obligation at Fleetwood's restaurant in Maui and was replaced by newcomer James Avery from Wall, New Jersey. During episode 7 of this Document [131] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3)) from the losing team during the latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is sent home by Ramsay. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 3 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen". Cast during February 2007, the third season started airing on the Fox television network on June 4, 2007 and concluded on August 13, 2007. The Hell's Kitchen set moved from a building at LaBrea and Willoughby, where it was located for seasons one and two, to Document [132] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she got married. This was also the first season since Season 13 to take a hiatus due to Fox's coverage of the 2016 World Series in Document [133] (Title: Dawson's Creek) later seasons include Durham, and Raleigh. The Hell's Kitchen bar featured in the show was a natural food store at 118 Princess Street in Wilmington which was purchased by producers, dressed as a seedy college bar and used for production during the show's last season. When production completed, the building was purchased by a local restaurateur, along with much of the set and decorations and was then converted it into a real restaurant and bar. It retains the name as well. "Dawson's Creek" generated a high amount of publicity before its debut, with several television critics and consumer watchdog groups Document [134] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) scored 7.5 overall. In the second service, which is a lunch service, Willie was praised for his efficiency, despite manning 2 fish stations all by himself with most of the guest ordering the salmon main. He was the only person who survived from the fish station. Lincoln was put into the cookoff because he was supposed to be manning the meat station with Gaz, but was demoted to garnish by Gaz. Debra was put into the cookoff by default as Gaz managed most of the workload on the relay and commanded the pass after Marco left the kitchen, and Debra Document [135] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence. Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs. Twelve chefs competed in the first season of "Worst Cooks in America". Hometowns Document [136] (Title: Christina Machamer) reward (dinner with Ramsay). She gave the women several tips about working under pressure in "Hell's Kitchen". Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show "Hell's Kitchen". She was awarded the position of "senior sous chef" (not the executive chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary. Machamer, the daughter of Rick and Leasa Machamer, was born and raised in St. Louis, and began working in restaurants at age 16. She graduated from Lafayette Document [137] (Title: Jean-Philippe Susilovic) 'break in' to his own apartment. This incident had an eerie similarity to a fatal fall that involved David Dempsey, who had also been employed by Ramsay. Along with his native French, Susilovic speaks English and Dutch. In Hell's Kitchen he often suffers insults from the boss. Susilovic left the American "Hell's Kitchen" show following the seventh season due to his commitment as Restaurant Director at Gordon Ramsay's London restaurant Pétrus. Susilovic returned to the show for seasons 11 and 12 but again left before filming began on season 13. He is a recurrent and popular part of the cast. Document [138] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) celebrities sitting at the kitchen's chef's table, or act as a server for the evening taking and fulfilling orders. After the chefs are on a single black team, Ramsay will use one dinner service to ask each chef to run the pass to test their quality control, including deliberate mistakes made by the sous chefs or Ramsay himself. During a service, Ramsay demands that all orders for each course for a table go out together, and will send back entire orders if one item is improperly prepared, such as being over- or undercooked or not seasoned correctly. While the chefs Document [139] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) by Ramsay) from the losing team during the latest service period was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. In Episode 1, the teams selected captains for service, though Ramsay changed both captains during service. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4) Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Document [140] (Title: Food Network Star (season 12)) the season). <br> <br> <br> This season of "Star Salvation" was hosted by Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli and season 11 winner Eddie Jackson. Food Network Star (season 12) The twelfth season of the American reality television series Food Network Star premiered May 22, 2016 on Food Network. Food Network chefs Bobby Flay and Giada de Laurentiis returned to the series as judges. This season featured thirteen contestants rather than twelve; the thirteenth contestant, Martita Jara (who originally appeared in the series' eighth season), was chosen via a three-week spin-off series called "Comeback Kitchen", where seven former "Food Network Star" contestants Document [141] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)) Major League Baseball playoffs and the World Series in October and November, the show was broadcast with double episodes from September 22 until October 13 in addition to double episodes on November 10 and single episodes from November 17 until the finale on December 15. This is the first time that the series took more than a week off while the competition was in progress. Cablevision did not carry Fox during the first sixteen days of the hiatus due to a carriage dispute. Unlike the previous intros, this is the first that doesn't take place in a kitchen. The opening Document [142] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)) motion sequence features the chefs causing many accidents in the kitchen, while Ramsay says a bunch of orders. Eighteen chefs compete in season 16. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she Document [143] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (Leslie Spit Treeo album)) Jason Sniderman, John Alcorn, Lori Yates, David Ramsden and Cindy Matthews, who later married Nicholsen. The song "Since We Danced Outside" was written for the film "Dance Me Outside", in which the band appeared performing the song in concert. The album was produced by Joe Hardy. All songs written by Hubert/Langner, except "Juke Box Lady" by Tomson Highway. Hell's Kitchen (Leslie Spit Treeo album) Hell's Kitchen was the third album by Canadian folk rock group Leslie Spit Treeo, released in 1994. With original member Jack Nicholsen having left the group after 1992's "Book of Rejection", the band now consisted of Document [144] (Title: Eyvind Hellstrøm) med sølvskje" with Anne-Kat. Hærland, Hellstrøm also hosts the Norwegian TV3 television show "Hellstrøm rydder opp", broadcast in 2008, 2009 and 2010, a Norwegian version of Gordon Ramsay's "Kitchen Nightmares". Though initially criticized for playing the role excessively "nice", the series featured its share of conflicts such as the episode devoted to the Trondheim sea food restaurant Fru Inger. The programme was characterised as a "slaughter" of Fru Inger, and shortly after the broadcast the restaurant was forced to close down. In 2010, Hellstrøm joined Tom Victor Gausdal and Jan Vardøen as judges on the TV3 version of the cooking Document [145] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) won the competition, becoming the first winner since Christina Wilson, Holli Ugalde and Dave Levey to completely avoid nomination for elimination throughout the entire season. This is also the first time that the series had a new narrator. However, the identity of the new narrator was never revealed. The chefs battle against each other in an epic gladiator showdown at the Colosseum while Ramsay watches from the balcony. Eighteen chefs competed in season 13 for the first time since season 10. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Frank would go on Document [146] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher. Claudia Winkleman took over as host, replacing Angus Deayton. Nick Munier returned as Maitre d', as did Sous Chefs Matthew and Timothy. This series there was one kitchen with grey and dark red tiles. The first four sackings were Marco's responsibility, while the other four sackings were down to a public vote (the person with the lowest amount of votes left Hell's Kitchen). Linda Evans won from public voting on 27 April 2009. The celebrities who took part were: Most countries adapt to the American version, airing pre recorded weekly instead of airing Document [147] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)) and were initially separated by gender. The chefs were: Each week, the best member (as determined by Ramsay) from the losing team during the latest service period is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is meant to be sent home by Ramsay. On some weeks, there is a variation in the nomination process, depending on the losing team's (or even winning team's) performance. Each episode consists of a challenge with a reward, a service, nominations for elimination, and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Season 5 of the American competitive reality Document [148] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) immediate fire from critics as an overplayed and possibly faked scene, conducted to cause action and tension on the show in order to spark viewer interest. In a 2013 interview, Ramsay admitted that the vast majority of his anger towards contestants was acting, his on-camera rage being done to force contestants to give their all and that when off-camera he treated all contestants with friendliness and respect. Ramsay further stated he would often meet with eliminated contestants after their departure from the show, offering positive criticism and advice. Staff and production members further affirmed that in real life, Ramsay was Document [149] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (band)) (vocals), Troy Takaki (bass), Mike Branum (drums). Condon was later replaced by Jimi Hayes. Their songs, performed in a mock-speed-metal/punk style, include such topics as beer, satan, chicken and The Grateful Dead. Hell's Kitchen has released two full-length albums as well as appearing on an episode of "HBO's Tales from the Crypt". The band toured Europe twice in 1990, covering most, if not all, of Western Europe as well as parts of Scandinavia, and a few Eastern Block countries as well. Shows were played with German punk bands such as Spermbirds and Militant Mothers. In 2012 Luke Skeels announced that Document [150] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) remaining contestants had made the way up to the dorms and just before the next morning, where they came down to face their new challenge. Eighteen chefs competed in season 15. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Following his exit at the end of episode 12, Frank, an active-duty Marine chef, stated his dislike for female chefs during his plea and claimed he never allowed any to work under him, saying "The blue team never had any drama until the females came aboard and that's when the ship sunk. And that's exactly why I get fucking female Marines and I send them back wherever the Document [151] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) for Favourite International Personality or Actor. At the 2011 People's Choice Awards, "Hell's Kitchen" was nominated for Favorite Reality Show and Gordon Ramsay was nominated for Favorite TV Chef. At the 2014 Reality TV Awards ceremony, "Hell's Kitchen" won an award for best new cast. In 2015, "Hell's Kitchen" won awards for best overall show and guilty pleasure at the 2015 Reality TV Awards. Visual Entertainment has not released the first fourteen seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" in Region 1. Season 14 was released on March 15, 2016, and to the Blu-ray format for the first time. In Region 4, Shock Document [152] (Title: John McCririck) conflict with Ingrid Tarrant in discussing her marriage to Chris Tarrant. He claimed that she was no good in bed and this was a cause for his marital infidelities. Following his comments live on air he was forced off the show by host Alan Titchmarsh. McCririck appeared on an episode of "Hell's Kitchen" (season 3, episode 8) in which Head Chef Marco Pierre White refused to serve him after McCririck told him that his consommé was 'greasy', in spite of being informed that it contained "foie gras" and truffle oil. White commented after the sequence: "I know John. He's awkward, Document [153] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4) Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Culinary student Christina Machamer won the season and was awarded a "senior sous chef" position with a $250,000 salary at Gordon Ramsay at the London West Hollywood – not an executive chef as mentioned in show-related publicity and press releases. The London Document [154] (Title: Chainsaw (Scream Queens)) for the Red Devil. The episode was watched by 3.46 million viewers and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, most of them citing it as an improvement from the two previous episodes. Grace (Skyler Samuels) and Zayday (Keke Palmer) are at the supermarket to buy food for Kappa. Grace sees the Red Devil running towards her and she tazes him and Zayday knocks the shelves to stop him. It is revealed that he is someone from Zayday's class who just tried to scare them. Due to Chanel #2 (Ariana Grande)'s mysterious "absence", Zayday and Grace enter her room and Document [155] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) Ramsay returns as host and head chef, Season 10 winner (and Season 15 sous-chef) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team's sous-chef replacing Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, and British "MasterChef" judge James "Jocky" Petrie makes his "Hell's Kitchen" debut as the Blue Team's sous-chef replacing Aaron Mitrano. Marino Monferrato returns as the maître d'. Season 14's Michelle Tribble, who previously finished in third place, won the competition. Ramsay uses his telekinesis to destroy Hell's Kitchen while leaving the building as the intro ends with the title card featuring him and the all stars. This is the first season that doesn't list Document [156] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) are in two teams, Ramsay is assisted by two trusted sous-chefs, each monitoring one of the kitchens, demanding the same standards and alerting Ramsay to any issues. Ramsay's goal is to complete every dinner service, but exceptionally poor kitchen performance by one or both teams will cause him to close one (or both sides) of the kitchen early and send the team(s) back to the dorms. Ramsay may also evict individual chefs from the kitchen based on repeated poor performances during a service, and on rare occasions (once every two seasons on average), may eliminate a chef on the spot. Document [157] (Title: On Dress Parade) "Hell's Kitchen" on January 22, 2013. On Dress Parade The 'Dead End' Kids "On Dress Parade" is a 1939 Warner Bros. film that marked the first time The Dead End Kids headlined a film without any other well-known actors. A hero of World War I, Colonel William Duncan (Don Douglas), is on his deathbed. He summons his old friend, Colonel Mitchell Reiker (John Litel) to ask him if he will care for his son Slip (Leo Gorcey) when he dies. Reiker agrees, and when Duncan passes, Slip, who does not want to leave the neighborhood he grew up in, is Document [158] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series) Hell's Kitchen was a British cookery reality show, aired on ITV, which features prospective chefs competing with each other for a final prize. Four series aired between 2004 to 2009, three presented by Angus Deayton and the most recent by Claudia Winkleman. The show had different formats and different head chefs for each of the first three seasons. The original chef Gordon Ramsay subsequently signed an exclusive United Kingdom contract with Channel 4, ruling out any possibility of him appearing on future episodes of the ITV-produced show. Series 1 of "Hell's Kitchen" in the UK Document [159] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)) as well. Heather West, the winner of Season 2, became the new sous chef for the red team, she replaced Gloria Félix who was the sous-chef for the previous two seasons. The chefs appear in a Hell's Kitchen style carnival. A second version was shown from episode 2 onwards featuring Robert taking the place of Dave who now appears before Tennille. Initially, sixteen chefs began the competition, and were joined by a seventeenth, Robert Hesse from the previous season, in the middle of the first episode. Each week, the best member (determined by Ramsay) from the losing team during the Document [160] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)) was retained from the previous season, after Ja'Nel Witt failed her drug test. Scott was nominated seven times for elimination, breaking Christina Machamer's record (season 4) of five nominations, and became the Hell's Kitchen winner with the most nominations. The intro is stylized as a neo-noir comic book with the chefs each trying to claim hold of "The Knife Case of Destiny." Twenty chefs competed in season 12. Jason Zepaltas previously competed in season 9 but left before the first dinner service after falling ill during prep. He is the second chef to have competed in two seasons, after Robert Document [161] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14)) at the end of the sequence that it all took place inside the pot. Eighteen chefs competed for the head chef position in season 14. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fourteenth-season premiere of Hell's Kitchen premiered to an audience of 4.09 million, 0.18 million lower than last season's premiere, but up 0.49 million from season 13's finale. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef Document [162] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)) contestants individually in the intro. 16 returning chefs competed in Season 17. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17) The seventeenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" (officially known as Hell's Kitchen All Stars) began airing on September 29, 2017 on Fox. This season is the first in "Hell's Kitchen" history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again, and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first-ever Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. All of the Document [163] (Title: Cutthroat Kitchen) wilderness for an extreme culinary throw down." These episodes were filmed in Santa Clarita, California, at the same movie ranch site as the 2014 FOX reality series "Utopia". Instead of the usual 16 contestants for a tournament, only 12 participated in the 2015 tournament. This meant that each preliminary round featured only three contestants and two rounds. The finale had the usual four contestants and three rounds. Due to there being fewer contestants in the preliminaries, there was potential for more than one mid-round sabotage in the first round in each of the heats. The second and final round of Document [164] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)) Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family reasons). This was the first season where the teams were not separated by gender at the start, which wouldn't happen Document [165] (Title: Jerry Springer) 2008, "Saturday Kitchen" on June 21, 2008 along with chef Theresa Griegson and Kristin Dawson, "Verdict with Dan Abrams" in June 2008, two appearances on "Whose Line Is It Anyway?" in 2003 (from the same taping), "The Jason Ellis Show" on June 20, 2008, "Desert Island Discs" on November 1, 2009, and "Hell's Kitchen" on October 13, 2010. He was interviewed by satirist Chris Morris in his surreal radio series "Blue Jam" (Series 2, Episode 6). On January 23, 2004, Springer was featured in an episode of "This American Life" titled "Leaving the Fold". In 1995, Springer recorded the album Document [166] (Title: Marco Pierre White) called "White Slave" (entitled "The Devil in the Kitchen" in North America and in the paperback version), and "Wild Food from Land and Sea". In September 2007, White was the Head Chef in ITV's "Hell's Kitchen" television series. At one point during the series, controversy ensued when White said, "I don't think it was a picnic tonight." The remark prompted criticism from the Commission for Racial Equality. However, the show was defended by an ITV spokesman, who indicated that warnings about its content were given before transmission, and that White's comment had been challenged by one of the contestants, Lee Document [167] (Title: Hell's Kitchen Australia) committing to a stripped primetime format in what is already an over-crowded genre". Hell's Kitchen Australia Hell's Kitchen Australia is an Australian cooking reality competition television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 6 August 2017. The series is hosted by British chef Marco Pierre White, who previously hosted two seasons of the British version of the format and appeared on "MasterChef Australia". The series began casting for celebrity contestants in late 2016, and filmed in Sydney for six weeks in March and April 2017. It is produced for the Seven Network by ITV Studios Australia. Program sponsorships include Document [168] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)) challenges or vice versa). This was also the second season to feature two female finalists (the first being season 2's Virginia Dalbeck and Heather West). Executive chef Ja'Nel Witt won the competition and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace at Las Vegas. However, on August 23, 2013, it was announced that Witt was denied the position at the restaurant after testing positive for cocaine, though she retained her salary and her title as the winner of season 11. Jon Scallion, who finished third and was deemed by Ramsay as the only great Document [169] (Title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares) Season 2 was released on 1 September 2009. For the Canadian market, Visual Entertainment has released the first three seasons of "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" on DVD in two volume sets. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2004. In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been Document [170] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (1998 film)) him. Only trouble is, the boyfriend knows it wasn't Johnny's fault, and can't bring himself to kill him. Meanwhile, Johnny tries to turn his life around by becoming a boxer and training under a former heavyweight contender. The film received mixed reviews. It holds a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 5 reviews. Hell's Kitchen (1998 film) Hell's Kitchen is a 1998 film starring Rosanna Arquette, William Forsythe, Angelina Jolie, Mekhi Phifer, and Johnny Whitworth. The film was written and directed by Tony Cinciripini. The film had a budget of $6,000,000 but grossed only $4,322 on its opening weekend. Document [171] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Once the dinner service is complete, Ramsay gathers everyone in the kitchen, announces which team is the losing team, and directs them to select two chefs from their team as nominees for elimination. Often, both teams are declared losers, or a different number of chefs may be requested for nomination. In some cases, Ramsay has named both teams winners, but still requires both teams to nominate someone for elimination. This is a group consensus, but Ramsay may occasionally name a chef "best of the worst" on their team and instruct them to choose the nominees. This concept, however, has faded Document [172] (Title: America's Test Kitchen) the recipes in each episode as Kimball watches and comments. Yvonne Ruperti and J. Kenji Lopez-Alt departed the company in 2011 and 2009 respectively. Usually only one or two of the chefs will appear in an episode. Collin-Davison, Lancaster and Rentschler appeared as regular cast members on season 1. Since, Rentschler moved to the positions of Culinary Producer and Executive Chef by season 2 and appeared in only one episode that season, before leaving the show by Season 3. Hays joined the permanent cast in season 5, Bruce, Wu, and Ruperti each appear for a single season (seasons 5, 6, Document [173] (Title: Go to Hell (American Horror Story)) The episode received a 1.8 18–49 ratings share and was watched by 3.36 million viewers in its original American broadcast, a decrease from the previous episode. Go to Hell (American Horror Story) "Go to Hell" is the twelfth and episode of the of the anthology television series "American Horror Story", which premiered on January 22, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. With Fiona (Jessica Lange)'s deteriorating health, the girls show new powers as Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) searches for Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett). Angela Bassett, Gabourey Sidibe and Danny Document [174] (Title: Chopped (TV series)) sixth episode of the twenty-fourth season, had previously been eliminated in the sixteenth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" and was later eliminated in thirteenth episode of the seventeenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Finally, Hassan Musselmani, who was eliminated after the dessert in the third episode of the 35th season of Chopped, had previously been eliminated in the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". In addition, Frank Bilotti, who was eliminated after the entrée in the third episode of the 37th season, had previously been eliminated in the tenth episode of the thirteenth season of Document [175] (Title: Cutthroat Kitchen) exception of "Judging Judges" and "Valentine's Day Massacre" (see below), each episode features only one judge who evaluates the dishes in every round. The contestants do not learn the judge's identity until they enter the kitchen at the end of the first round, and the judge is not told in advance about any of the assigned dishes. In the Season 3 episode "Judging Judges," Lofaso, Tila, Majumdar and former guest judge Geoffrey Zakarian competed against each other with their winnings going to a charity of their choice. Lofaso won the competition with $22,000 remaining, but her charity received the full Document [176] (Title: Episode 14 (Twin Peaks)) fit and collapses while grasping at his missing arm. Meanwhile, Deputy Hawk visits the residence of Harold Smith and finds him hanging dead amongst his orchids. Maddy announces to her Uncle Leland (Ray Wise) and Aunt Sarah (Grace Zabriskie) that she is leaving Twin Peaks to return to her home in Missoula, Montana. Cooper, Truman, and a police team arrive at Smith's residence. They discover the torn-up remains of Laura Palmer's secret diary strewn about, and a suicide note that reads, "J'ai une âme solitaire." Cooper translates, "I am a lonely soul." Elsewhere, Bobby Briggs (Dana Ashbrook) and Shelly Johnson Document [177] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Seasons 17 and 18 to spend time with her infant son. The theme song is "Fire" by the Ohio Players. When the U.S. version is broadcast in the U.K., Italy, Portugal and some countries (shown on the table below), it features only the instrumental version. The instrumental version also appeared in the uncensored DVD release for the U.S. version. For the show's first two seasons, the "Hell's Kitchen" restaurant set itself was housed in the former studios of Los Angeles television station KCOP at 915 North La Brea Avenue, in Hollywood, which at one time hosted production of game shows Document [178] (Title: Christina Machamer) that cooking was her calling in life. After an apprenticeship with chef Larry Forgione at An American Place, she began her formal training at Forest Park Community College in 2003. She moved on to The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, in spring 2006 and graduated on February 29, 2008. At the Culinary Institute, she graduated at the top of her class. Machamer decided to apply to "Hell's Kitchen" after watching season 3. She went to the open audition in Manhattan and was called back for a screen test. The casting director thought she was "hilarious". As a culinary Document [179] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)) to appear on the Food Network show "Chopped", competing in the thirty-seventh-season episode "A Frog Leg Up." Here, he was chopped (eliminated) in the entrée round after serving undercooked gnocchi to the judges. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and Document [180] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) Entertainment has released seasons 1–8 on DVD in Australia. On September 11, 2008, Ubisoft released "" for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, and iOS, which features the likeness of Ramsay, and the many important tasks shown in the U.S. version of the show. On April 2, 2009, Ludia and Social2u released the official Facebook version of the "Hell's Kitchen" video game. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) Hell's Kitchen is an American reality competition television series based on the British series of the same name. Broadcast on Fox, it is hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay. Two teams of chefs Document [181] (Title: The New Yankee Workshop) episode number within that season. So, the fourth episode of the 10th season, having first aired in 1998, would be episode number 9804. Season 20 varied slightly in format from previous seasons in that the first nine episodes were devoted to a single, larger project. This project involved a kitchen remodeling and focused on cabinet construction. The kitchen being remodeled belongs to Morash. Season 20 also represented the last season in which original projects were constructed for the show. Season 21 stood out from other seasons in that it had approximately twice the number of episodes of any previous season. Document [182] (Title: Saturday Kitchen) hell. Formerly, only the viewers who phoned in to the show were able to vote, along with the guest chefs. The selection is also drinks' matched. Among those to have faced "Heaven or Hell" include: The programme attracts many highly acclaimed, award-winning, and popular chefs. These have included: In June 2006, it was revealed that host Antony Worrall Thompson was to defect to ITV to host a similar cooking show in the same slot, "Saturday Cooks!", though later rescheduled to noon. In addition to his defecting, the new show was to be made by the "Saturday Kitchen" producer, Prospect Pictures. Document [183] (Title: Worst Cooks in America) was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the Document [184] (Title: Jake Steinfeld) "Hell's Kitchen" as a guest in episode 12's dinner service. Steinfeld made his film debut in the 1979 film "Americathon". He had the lead role of the killer in the early slasher film "Home Sweet Home" (1981). Other film roles include "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie" (1980), "Into the Night" (1985), "The Money Pit" (1986), and "Coming to America" (1988). He supplied the voice of Git, a lab rat in the Disney animated feature "Ratatouille" and as the Fish Seller in the 2011 English version of "From Up On Poppy Hill". Steinfeld has authored and co-authored books including Body by Document [185] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)) split into two teams of six, one red (tutored by Gary Rhodes) and the other blue (led by Jean-Christophe Novelli). A new and much larger restaurant was built to accommodate the fact that there were now two kitchens. The only things that remained the same in the second series were the music, by composer Daniel Pemberton, and the presenter, who was still Angus Deayton. Elimination was still down to voting. The series was won by Terry Miller. The contestants who took part were: Series 3 was due to begin in mid-2006, with Jean-Christophe Novelli as the sole head chef; however, Document [186] (Title: Top Chef (season 15)) addition, four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the "Last Chance Kitchen" for the opportunity to enter the main competition: "" contestant Lee Anne Wong, "" runner-up and "" contestant Marcel Vigneron, "" contestant Kwame Onwuachi, and "" finalist and "All-Stars" contestant Jennifer Carroll. Following the sixth episode of "Last Chance Kitchen", Wong was selected to join the main cast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Top Chef (season 15) Top Chef: Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12, 2017. The show was filmed in Document [187] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)) reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had Document [188] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)) 14's finale. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery Document [189] (Title: The Black Donnellys) out in Ireland. Hell's Kitchen in the series is also a fairly faithful depiction – a traditionally working-class neighborhood with a deeply entrenched ethnic Irish population and an Irish Mob with control over illegal gambling and loansharking, and heavy involvement in the unions. On April 2, 2007, NBC announced that the series would be pulled after the April 16 episode, presumably because of insufficient viewership, and that unaired episodes would be streamed online on NBC.com as well as downloadable from iTunes. The show's NBC TV time slot was filled by the second and third episodes of the US version of Document [190] (Title: Where the Wild Things Were) is the first of a two-parter with the next episode as the second part. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the Zerstörer storyline. Opening quote: "Hell is empty and all the devils are here." Nick (David Giuntoli) arrives at the loft and talks with Adalind (Claire Coffee) about Renard's (Sasha Roiz) knowledge of Diana's (Hannah R. Loyd) danger. Adalind tells him that Diana is responsible for possessing Renard and killing Bonaparte and Rachel and they need to tell Renard about the tunnels. Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell) and Rosalee (Bree Turner) return home and find the Hexenbiest book, Document [191] (Title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)) lunch. For dinner services, the chefs are expected to work their station (such as appetizers, meat, fish, or garnish) on the kitchen line to prepare food in coordination with their teammates and to Ramsay's high standards for quality and presentation. Dinner service is for about 100 guests (volunteers for the show), with each diner expecting to receive an appetizer, an entree, and a dessert. The chefs are given menus and recipe books by Ramsay to study and memorize, which include some of Ramsay's more difficult dishes including risotto and Beef Wellington. The chefs spend several hours before each service preparing Question: hell's kitchen season 17 episode 11 who went home

Answer: Dana Long Answer: No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 251 "All - Stars Arrive" September 29, 2017 (2017 - 09 - 29) 3.02 Ramsay calls up 16 chefs from previous seasons and invites them back to compete again in Hell's Kitchen . When they arrive, they are welcomed by fans, and their sous - chefs Christina and Jocky are introduced . Ramsay then reveals that the winner of this season will be the head chef of the new Hell's Kitchen restaurant in Las Vegas . Team challenge / signature dish: Unlike previous seasons, Ramsay gives the chefs each different ingredients which they will use to create new signature dishes in 45 minutes, and go head to head on main proteins . The scoring system is the same 1--5 ranking . On the duck dishes, both Ashley and Jared scored a 4, while on the chicken dishes, Barbie scored a 3, while Ben scored 2 . Both Giovanni and Jennifer score 3 on their lamb dishes while on the scallop dishes, Michelle scored 4 over Nick's 3 . In the pork chop dishes, Milly scored 4, while Manda scored 3 . In the filet dishes, Dana scored 4 over Josh's 2, but both Van and Elise scored a perfect 5 on their lobster dishes . Finally, on the salmon dishes, Benjamin also scores a perfect 5, while Robyn scores a measly 1 . The men triumph 28--27 . Rewards / punishment: The men went to Downtown Los Angeles to slide down the Skyslide at the U.S. Bank Tower and to celebrate their win with Marino . Afterwards, they had dinner with Ramsay at WP24 where they had their food cooked and served by Wolfgang Puck . The women, meanwhile, were forced to clean up the risers and confetti outside . While the women were angry at Robyn for costing them the challenge, they were even more annoyed at Elise for not helping out with the risers outside of Hell's Kitchen . Challenge--part 1: Before the first service begins, Ramsay calls on the teams to the bar area . He announces that an individual challenge will take place before service that will have them cook a dish for the new bar menu with immunity on the line as the episode ends in a cliffhanger . 252 "Raising the Bar" October 6, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 06) 2.80 Challenge--part 2: Continuing from the last episode, Chef Ramsay announces this year Hell's Kitchen will offer a special bar menu; they are to create a bar menu item; whoever has the best item will be featured throughout this whole season and the winning chef from this challenge is also safe from tonight's elimination . He wants two plates from each and are given forty minutes to do it in . The sous chefs will sample each dish and then select four from each team . Michelle, Milly, Elise, and Van were in the Top 4, but Milly's hand - cut French fries topped with a lobster cheese sauce won him immunity for tonight's service . Michelle later expressed disappointment at this, as she felt her dish had been more adventurous whereas Milly's had been something he had made numerous times before . After the challenge, Ben starts to feel unwell, and admits to his teammates that he was recently diagnosed with diabetes . With 30 minutes to dinner service, Ben goes to see the medic, who takes his vitals as he continues to worry about his diabetes and at this point needs to decide if he is going to take the chance or if he is "out". Ultimately, he decides to stay . Service: A Hell's Kitchen first featured chef's table on opening night with Jordin Sparks in the red kitchen and Joe Mantegna in the blue kitchen . French Stewart, Keith Sweat and Kirstin Maldonado also attended as guests . Dana and Milly served tableside shrimp and pasta . For the men, Josh served perfect cold appetizers but took too long on them, irritating Ramsay . Jared and Ben served up a raw salmon . Ben took the blame for the blunder and suddenly became unbalanced, forcing Jared to catch him before he fell . They then serve an acceptable salmon . After that, however, the men had an almost perfect service, thanks to Nick and Giovanni serving perfect meat . For the women, Ashley served a soupy carbonara, but quickly served another one . Despite Robyn's strong performance on meat, Elise served up raw New York Strip twice, sending the women to the dining room to apologize . When the women return, Chef Ramsay calls over Giovanni to help Elise with the meat . With Giovanni's help, the women's entrees finally reach the dining room . However, Manda serves up raw salmon, then burns the skin on the refire for the chef's tables, leading to Ramsay kicking the women out of the kitchen with the men finishing opening night on a strong note . Elimination: Manda was quickly agreed on as the women's first nominee, and despite Elise and Barbie trying to persuade the other women that Robyn should be nominated for not doing enough to help Elise on the meat station, Elise herself was named as the second nominee . The women are then asked by Ramsay who they would send home . Ashley, Jennifer, Barbie and Michelle pick Manda while Robyn and Dana choose Elise . To the shock of everyone, Ramsay sent Manda and Elise back in line and called Ben down, revealing that he would be the one eliminated as Ramsay felt his health problems would make him a liability and unable to effectively continue . This made Ben the eighth chef to be eliminated despite being on the winning team . Ramsay's comment: "Big Ben? More like big liability . He clearly wasn't going to be able to keep up, so I had to let him down ." After elimination: After returning to the dorms, the episode ends in another cliffhanger as the argument between Elise and Robyn begins to implode . 253 "Tower of Terror" October 13, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 13) 2.87 After elimination--continued: Robyn and Elise have a heated argument over service which is only stopped when Manda drags Robyn to the other room . Prior to the next challenge, Josh threw up after consuming vitamins and chimichanga earlier . Team challenge: Before the next challenge begins, Ramsay demonstrated how effective a chef's hands are by having a kid over to play speed stacking . Michelle and Jared then competed in a cup stacking competition, with Michelle easily winning in just 18 seconds, and Jared taking over a minute longer . The women gained a 30 second head start for the real challenge . The next challenge was to recreate a seafood tower with four tiers as different pairs of chefs replicated one part of the tower to Ramsay's approval . Despite the disadvantage, the men won the challenge by a matter of seconds, with the women losing their advantage after Michelle and Elise had major problems putting together the second part of the tower . Rewards / punishment: The men were sent to Ocean Club in Malibu where they ate a seafood lunch with Jocky and Marino . They later played soccer with U.S. soccer Olympians Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston . The women in the meantime were forced to take in deliveries of seafood, prep it for service, and forced to eat a disgusting fish dish . Elise tries to weasel out of the dish, but Sous - Chef Christina forces her to eat it . As they were unloading the deliveries, Barbie annoyed her teammates by telling them what to do . Service: Philadelphia Eagles tight end Zach Ertz, professional golfer Jon Rahm, and U.S. World Cup Champions Alyssa Naeher, and Julie Johnston were guests in the dining room . Michelle and Giovanni served a seafood appetizer tableside . The men continued their winning streak with a near perfect service thanks to Milly's leadership with the only problems being Josh briefly getting confused on orders until Jared helped him out, and Van momentarily delaying a ticket by not having the salmon quite ready in time . While the women had a good start on appetizers, they soon fell apart on entrees . Despite Barbie cooking perfect meat, she openly argued with and criticised Robyn, who sent up raw salmon . Ashley was kicked out of the kitchen temporarily for being distracted by her watch, and Manda again struggled on garnishes . When an overcooked lobster wellington comes up the pass, an angry Ramsay threw the women out for the second time in a row and had the men finish service . Elimination: Ramsay called the women's performance even worse than the previous one, and ordered them to nominate two people . Barbie and Robyn were agreed on as the nominees, though Barbie argued that Ashley and Manda should be up as well; Ramsay agreed and brought up the four women . In the end, Ramsay eliminates Ashley for not doing much in service and believing she had no fight back left . Ramsay's comment: "Ashley spent more time staring at her watch than paying attention to her station . And so, her time here on Hell's Kitchen is done ." 254 "Just Letter Cook" October 20, 2017 (2017 - 10 - 20) 2.86 Team challenge: Ramsay brought everyone together for a game of chance . Both teams took turns in picking ingredients which started with a letter . As soon as a member could not think of an ingredient, the other team won the choice of an ingredient that had been said and were allowed to give the other team a bad ingredient . Each team member had to cook an individual dish using all of the ingredients on their team's list . The women chose mushrooms, snap peas, asparagus and rice and were given cantaloupe, peanut butter and blueberries, while the men won cauliflower, portabella mushrooms and bacon and were given maraschino cherries, syrup, artichoke and raisins . Barbie scored 4 (although she was unable to taste her own sauce as she was allergic to peanuts), Manda scored 2, Dana scored a perfect 5 but Robyn again scored a 1 . Elise and Michelle also scored 5 while Jennifer scored 4 . Milly scored 4, Van scored 3, Benjamin scored 5 and Jared scored 1 . Nick scored 5, Josh scored 3 and Giovanni scored 4, giving the women their first challenge victory, 26 - 25 . Rewards / punishment: The women flew in a private plane to Santa Barbara to stay at the Belmond El Encanto resort . The men dealt with a delivery of potatoes and then sifted through garbage to find what was recyclable . During the punishment, the men became infuriated with Josh after he revealed he was a celebrity caterer who only worked three hours a day . Service: Shannon Tweed dined in the red kitchen and Paige VanZant in the blue . Both kitchens had to prepare for a twelve - top table for a guest celebrating his 30th birthday . Ramsay had both kitchens coordinate their dishes in sync with one another for the appetizers and the entrees . Throughout the service, the red team had an almost flawless performance, as Michelle and Jennifer both managed to properly coordinate the kitchens so the twelve - top could be served . Their only real problems came with Michelle adding too much garlic to a risotto and Barbie temporarily struggling on garnishes, though even then, both quickly recovered . The blue team's service was much more rocky; Josh slowed the team on appetizers and then twice sent up far too many orders of risotto, with Ramsay making him eat the leftovers with the VIP guests . Giovanni sent up a burnt order of pork alongside a well - cooked one, and Benjamin and Jared sent up a raw order of duck for the twelve - top table, forcing Jennifer to step in and rescue the table . When Benjamin sent up a cold beef wellington, Ramsay threw the blue team out, having the red team finish their service and asking them to come up with two nominees . Team change: The men voted for Josh to go up as he had consistently been the weakest performer, though Josh denied this, and insisted Benjamin and Giovanni go up . In the end, Josh and Giovanni were selected as the nominees . After they had both pleaded their cases, Benjamin raised his hand to state that the men had considered Josh their weakest member, agreed to by the rest of the team after questioning by Ramsay . Ramsay had Josh take off his jacket and sent him to the women's team, much to their dismay, before asking Robyn to move to the men's team . Ramsay believed Josh's team had given up on him while he himself has not seen either Josh or Robyn perform at their best, giving them both one more chance . 255 5 "Josh Josh Josh" November 3, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 03) 3.10 Team challenge: Bringing everybody outside, Ramsay explains that some chefs use wood planks to cook fish on, which will be their next challenge . Both teams will have three pairs of two and one lone chef cook their fish and produce over a fire pit on top of cedar wood or hickory wood . Ramsay is then joined by Chef Ben Ford (Harrison Ford's son) in the judging . During the challenge, Josh smothered the Red's Team fire causing frustration between him and the team . Both teams tie at 3--3, but Ramsay and Ford deem Robyn and Nick's dish the best of the chefs, giving the blue team the win . Rewards / punishment: The blue team heads down to Apex Farm and enjoys a horseback ride . The red team also go to Apex Farm, but are forced to clean horse manure in a pen . Service: Actor Shaun Brown was in attendance for this service . A tableside appetizer of smoked salmon rillette is served by Van and Barbie . In the blue kitchen, Benjamin uses oil on a non-stick pan for scallops but recovers, though he irritates his teammates by responding to Ramsay in French, though ironically, Ramsay didn't seem to mind . Robyn accidentally drops an order of chicken and serves a raw Beef Wellington, and Milly has trouble communicating with Nick on garnish . Otherwise, the blue team had a decent service . On the red team, Josh was slow on the fish and chips for the bar menu, leading Manda to repeatedly take over his station, frustrating him . After he serves poor spinach and liquid mashed potatoes, Ramsay catches him carrying cold garnishes with his bare hands when the entree it goes with is already at the pass . A frustrated Ramsay kicks Josh out of service, much to the relief of the red team who perform much better afterward, though Elise earned some of the other chefs' ire by standing around and doing nothing . Automatic elimination: After a while, Josh decides to come back to the kitchen and fight his way back in . Ramsay, however, takes him into the back room and tells him that because of his poor performances, stubbornness, and failure to improve upon his past mistakes, he is eliminated from Hell's Kitchen, although he acknowledges Josh's big heart and talent . Josh takes his jacket off and leaves through the front door, making him the eighth person to be eliminated during service . Ramsay doesn't give an explanation for Josh's elimination, and his jacket is not hung up, nor is his picture burned . After service, Ramsay decides to name both teams the winners, and nobody else is eliminated . 256 6 "A Little Slice of Hell" November 10, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 10) 3.11 After Josh's elimination and the post-service meeting, Chef Ramsay told the chefs to all get some rest, as big changes were coming . Everyone was relieved that Josh was gone, with Milly specifically stating that every remaining contestant hated Josh and that he was not at any of their levels, in terms of overall skill . They all sat around drinking and talking about each other's sex lives, making fun of who they thought was "vanilla," and who might be a freak in the bed . Suddenly, Van fell into the hot tub . Team challenge: The challenge was to create and bake a pizza at the DeSano Pizzeria and Bakery . Each pizza would consist of ingredients inspired by a country selected by a random spin of a wheel, and each chef from one team would go head - to - head against a chef from the other team to create the better pizza as judged by Ramsay, Marino, and Chef Steve Samson . Barbie scored the first point for the red team against Robyn with her pizza inspired by India, with all three judges voting in her favor . Milly scored the first point for the blue team against Jennifer with his pizza inspired by Morocco, with Ramsay and Marino voting in favor of him, but Samson voting in favor of Jennifer . Manda scored the second point for the red team against Van with her pizza inspired by Vietnam, with all three judges voting in her favor . Nick scored the second point for the blue team against Dana with his pizza inspired by Greece, with all three judges voting in his favor . Neither Elise nor Jared managed to score a point for their teams with their pizzas inspired by South Korea . But Michelle scored the third and winning point for the red team against Giovanni with her pizza inspired by France . Because the blue team had an extra member, Benjamin's pizza, also inspired by France, was omitted in favor of Giovanni's, although the blue team ultimately regretted this decision due to Giovanni's pizza being burnt . Rewards / punishment: The red team headed to The Magic Castle after a tour of Hollywood on a double - decker bus where they were entertained by Joel Ward . The blue team was forced to prepare the entire dining room for the upcoming Italian Night in Hell's Kitchen . Service: Chef's tables were featured for Italian night as actress Melissa Fumero sat in the red kitchen while the blue team had a pair of VIP guests in their respective kitchen which includes 2012 Miss Universe Olivia Culpo and Victoria's Secret model Devon Windsor . A tableside Italian entrée was served by Nick and Elise . In the blue kitchen, Benjamin caused confusion by not communicating with Robyn in terms of when to drop scallops for their first appetizer . When the entrées rolled around, Van and Giovanni sent up a raw serving of lamb, which made Ramsay force the entire team into the pantry . Worse still, after returning to the kitchen, Van and Giovanni took too long in delivering the lamb, and when Van laughed at Ramsay's admonishment of Giovanni, Ramsay forced him back into the pantry to deride him some more . Later, Jared miscommunicated with his team and eventually lied to them about when his garnish would be ready (due to him being overwhelmed by how many different garnishes he was cooking at once). Unable to take being called out for it by the whole team, he faked a medical emergency by saying he had a cut on his finger that turned out not to be there (although he insisted that it was there), which left him room to leave the kitchen to see the medic (who would later confirm that there was, in fact, no cut). The final straw came when Robyn overcooked two orders of salmon, and Giovanni overcooked two orders of veal . Fed up with their mistakes, Ramsay chastised the blue team for not performing as strongly as they had on opening night, and then kicked them out of the kitchen, giving them the loss . Conversely, on the red team, Manda, due to having Celiac Disease, could not taste any of the pasta for the team's first appetizer and instead had to rely on Michelle to determine whether or not it had been cooked properly . Michelle mistakenly told her that it had been, but Ramsay sent it back when he revealed that it had actually been undercooked . She nearly misinformed Manda a second time, but thanks to Elise taking over tasting duty, Manda was able to deliver a perfectly - cooked pasta . Michelle then suffered a fall while trying to cook an order of lamb for one of the team's entrées (something that Manda considered to be karma for her pasta error), but still managed to cook it properly . Elise also tried much too hard to be a team player and annoyed her teammates in trying to assist them on their stations when they did not need her help . Besides these mishaps, the red team had a strong, solid service and were given the victory . Elimination: After a long, heated debate back in the dorms that put Van, Giovanni, Jared, and Robyn in the crosshairs, the blue team nominated Jared for his "medical emergency" that disrupted the garnish station, and Robyn for her errors with the scallops and the salmon . Jared continued to insist that he truly had cut himself, while Robyn went as far as to plead with Ramsay to send her back to the red team since it had become clear that she was just not bonding with the blue team . In the end, Ramsay shocked everyone on both teams when he eliminated Jared for faking being injured and inconsistent performances . Jared exited while continuing to insist that his cut had been real, despite contradictory testimony from the medic . Ramsay's comment: "Medic? More like, pathetic . While Jared's cut was imaginary, now he knows what it really is like to get cut ." 257 7 "Trimming Fat" November 17, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 17) 3.21 Challenge: For their next challenge, both teams are to cook six of the most popular dishes in Hell's Kitchen (Beef Wellington, Salmon, Halibut, Rack of Lamb, Duck Breast, and Double Bone Pork Chop) in 25 minutes . However, Ramsay asks in different intervals for each team to kick out one team member each which in the end, leaves Nick and Michelle the only ones left on their respective teams until everyone is called back in during the last 3 minutes . In the end, the blue team won 5--3 because the red team served raw lamb and pork . Rewards / punishment: The blue team went to a world class rock climbing gym and ate at the Bourbon Steak at Americana and are joined by Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky . The red team had to work with Marino in cleaning the dining room and kitchen along with polishing Marino's shoes and prepping for next service . Cook For Your Life Challenge: Instead of a service, Ramsay announced that tonight is a Cook For Your Life Challenge and asks Michelle and Nick who they think are the three weakest chefs on their respective teams . Michelle nominated Barbie, Elise, and Manda while Nick nominated Giovanni, Milly, and Robyn . The six chefs were tasked with recreating Ramsay's Champagne and Oysters in 30 minutes . Elimination: Milly was sent to safety first, followed by Manda, Barbie, and Elise, leaving Giovanni and Robyn behind . In the end, Robyn was sent up to safety last, leaving Giovanni to be eliminated, though Ramsay wished him and his family luck . Ramsay's comment: "Giovanni may have age and experience, but his attention to detail in this critical challenge was a big disappointment . Arrivederci, Giovanni ." 258 8 "Welcome to the Jungle" December 1, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 01) 2.80 Team challenge: For their next challenge, Ramsay announced that both teams would be cooking with three of the earliest meat hunted by man; boar, venison, and elk . Both teams had 3 minutes to hunt 5 ingredients for each of their protein and had 45 minutes to cook their dishes . Both teams had two pairs cooking with a similar meat, minus Nick who is the lone blue chef to cook with venison . Ramsay brought in chefs Vinny Dotolo and Jon Shook (who previously helped judge a challenge in Season 14) to help him with the judging . Van scored a point on his boar dish while Elise scored a point on her venison making it a 1--1 tie . In a big surprise, Robyn's elk dish broke the tie in favor of the blue team and they won the challenge 2--1 . Ramsay even welcomed Robyn back after a string of poor performances . Reward / punishment: The blue team went on an exclusive mountain retreat at Hummingbird Nest Ranch, while indulging in caviar provided by Chef Alex Ageneau . The red team had to clean out the dorm rooms and had to clean the waiting staff's aprons . During punishment, Michelle tried to apologize to Elise for putting her up in the Cook For Your Life Challenge, but Elise rudely rejected her apology . Service: A caviar bellini appetizer special was included on the main menu . Later that night, Ramsay received a last - minute VIP booking from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik where he was seated in the red kitchen . The blue team had a perfect service with all five of them communicating well and none of their dishes were cooked incorrectly . Ramsay praised this, but had to lecture Robyn when she kept calling her teammates "baby". For the red team, it was the opposite story . Elise was slow on the caviar appetizer dish and needed Jennifer's help in the preparation . Things soon fell apart on the entree's when Manda didn't hear an order of pork for one table which slowed the momentum, and Barbie served raw duck . Things got worse when Barbie later sent up a raw chicken that Michelle thought was cooked . After Barbie sent up a raw duck and a raw pork, Ramsay called the blue team over and told them he needed them to finish their last ticket as the red team, who Ramsay declared had their worst service yet, was kicked out for the third time this season . The blue team later had the red team's tickets finished . Elimination: After an awful service by the Red Team, Ramsay ordered the Red Team to come up with two nominees for Elimination . After a long discussion, The Red team nominated Manda and Barbie, although Elise suggested that Michelle should have been put up for Elimination . Despite Barbie's horrendous performance on the meat station, Ramsay sent her back in line and eliminated Manda for being the main reason for the red team's defeat, but praised her for her hard work and determination . Ramsay's comment: "Manda said she never heard the ticket that sunk her team . Sadly, she's not going to hear her name being called as the winner of Hell's Kitchen either ." 259 9 "Catch of the Day" December 8, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 08) 2.96 Challenge: The remaining chefs participated in a fishing challenge where the chefs had to waddle through a lake . They must hook lures containing different ingredients to their fish's mouth and then throw it to their teammates . Each ingredient they fish out will go a certain fish--Dover sole, red snapper, grouper, arctic char, or cod . Afterwards, they had 30 minutes to cook their fish with the ingredients they fished out from the lake . Michael Cimarusti served as a guest judge . Jennifer scored over Nick in the battle of the cod, while Robyn scored over Michelle with the grouper . Milly scored over Elise with the red snapper, mainly because Elise was only able to fish three ingredients for her snapper . Benjamin and Dana both scored a point with their arctic char . Finally, Van scored over Barbie in the Dover sole, giving the blue team a 4--2 victory . Reward / punishment: The blue team headed out to Las Vegas in a private plane to stay overnight at Caesars Palace . They also went on the world's tallest Ferris Wheel with Christina . The red team had to bring in several hundreds of pounds of fish, then descale and fillet them . In addition, they were served a disgusting protein shake . Barbie tried to throw away her entire shake, only to get caught . As a result, Jocky forces the rest of the team to finish their serving of shake . This caused Dana, Elise, and Michelle to vomit . Service: This service included an Asian fusion menu . Guests in attendance included Aleks Paunovic and E--40 in addition to the chef's tables, which hosted Cheryl Burke and Dan Bucatinsky in the red and blue kitchen respectively . Barbie and Robyn each spent excessive amounts of time fraternizing with the chef's table guests, earning the ire of Elise and Nick, respectively . Elise and Barbie fought for control over the pass, earning a warning from Chef Christina . Raw chicken sent to the pass prompted Ramsay to send the entire red team into the pantry . Later, Cheryl informed Barbie that the duck was slightly raw and Barbie offered to prepare another, but the guests declined . Despite Elise's objections, Barbie insisted on a fresh serving of duck . When Barbie asked Elise to prepare a duck garnish, Elise refused, an argument ensued, and Ramsay pulled both back into the pantry and demanded they sort out their differences before reentering . This prompted Elise to call Barbie "cuckoo" before exiting the pantry . In the blue kitchen, Milly brought up raw New York strip but recovered . Van failed to respond when Ramsay asked for time on the salmon, and proceeded to bring up an overcooked portion . He was also able to bounce back, but not before Ramsay threatened to throw him out . Even though both teams completed service with no ejections, Ramsay declared both teams losers and asked for two nominees per team for elimination . Elimination: The blue team considered nominating Van for his struggles on fish and Milly for raw steak, but are interrupted by the red team arguing from across the hall . Ramsay first asks the blue team for nominations and Nick replies with Robyn and Milly . Ramsay calls down Van as well and gives all three 30 seconds to plead their cases . After this, he sends Robyn and Milly back in line, and shocks some members of the red team when he eliminates Van for his lack of communication on the fish station, but encourages him to keep his head up . Next, he calls for the red team's nominations and Dana replies with Elise and Barbie . Barbie states that she will not repeat the mistakes from tonight's service and that her team has rejected her attempts to get along with them, while Elise points to her stronger performances on challenges than Barbie (ironically she put herself at a major disadvantage for this week's challenge). But Ramsay simply sends both back in line and warns the remaining chefs to correct their mistakes, or else . Ramsay's comment: "Van's always had one of the loudest voices here . Tonight, not only did he lose his voice but also his dream of becoming my next head chef ." 260 10 "It's All Gravy" December 15, 2017 (2017 - 12 - 15) 3.04 Challenge: Ramsay announced that the annual Blind Taste Test was the next challenge, and for this season, they would be tasting herbs and spices mixed into a mashed potato puree . While one chef tastes the ingredients, a member of their team would be in a chair and would get splattered with mashed potatoes and gravy if the taster got multiple incorrect answers . Robyn scored 3 while Dana failed to score any points (resulting in Michelle getting messy), Nick scored 2 while Jennifer also failed to score any points (resulting in Dana getting messy), and Benjamin scores 3 while Barbie scores 2 . With the final pair of Elise and Milly up, Ramsay warned the red team that if Elise did not catch up to the blue team, the challenge was over . Elise failed to score her three taste tests, and the blue team won the challenge 8--2 . Reward / punishment: The blue team went to Roy Yamaguchi's Hawaiian Fusion Restaurant for lunch and received Vitamix Blenders while at the restaurant . The red team had to clean up the dining room and separate peppercorn while grinding them by hand . During punishment, sous - chef Christina noticed some animosity in the red team and asked them if they could promise a good dinner service, but Dana refused to do so as she did not have faith in Barbie . Service: For one night only, Hell's Kitchen hosted a private dinner service for two charities with the blue team cooking for Shane's Inspiration, and the red team cooking for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . Both charities featured notable guests in attendance which include Mindy Sterling and Tyler Posey in the red table, and David Koechner, Jill Wagner and Shane's Inspiration founder Scott Williams in the blue table . Each team would have one chef lead a section, though Nick from the blue team had to lead both the scallop dishes and the passion fruit souffle dishes as the blue team was a member down . Michelle and Nick were able to get their dishes out with few problems, with Michelle noticing that she was missing three scallops and Milly was overcooking scallops for Nick's dishes . Jennifer had no problems with her Lobster Spaghetti dishes but Robyn was caught serving more pasta than needed . On the Striped Bass dish, Milly led the blue team strongly and got his dishes out with no problems, but in the red kitchen, most of the bass were burnt and Elise accused her team of sabotaging her, despite her not checking them before serving them . For the Beef filet Rossini, it was the same story as Benjamin led his team well while in the red kitchen, Barbie's aggressive leadership had her screaming at Michelle on garnish and their potatoes were burnt . Dana and Nick had no issues with their desserts, but Ramsay called the red team's performance the "worst charity dinner ever in the entire competition" before tasking them to come up with two nominees . Elimination: Barbie and Elise were nominated . To the relief of Dana, Ramsay eliminated Barbie for her aggressive leadership at service along with not bouncing back quicker, but praised her for her heart . He then remarked that the blue team's remaining four members would likely make up for the final four . Ramsay's comment: "Barbie's performance at charity night was a disaster . So, I performed a charity act for her team by sending her home ." 261 11 "Trying to Pasta Test" January 5, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 05) 3.42 Challenge: Before heading off to bed, Ramsay announced a pasta challenge tomorrow where the chefs had to create three portions a gourmet pasta dish with a $20 budget at a local grocery store . Joining Ramsay in the judging is Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson, Chef and Co-Owner of Frasca Food and Wine in Boulder, CO and Bruce Kalman, Chef and Owner of Union in Pasadena, CA . The red team won the challenge $320 to $313 and it was the first time they won a challenge since Episode 6 . Reward / punishment: The red team went go - karting and had an incredible lunch . In addition, Michelle's Asian inspired Tortellini Soup (which was the best dish of the day) was added in tonight's menu . The blue team were tasked in cleaning the kitchen shelves . Service: Tyler Hilton, Sebastian Roche, and Keesha Sharp were in attendance for this service . Both teams got off to strong starts on appetizers, but had struggles on entrees with their respective meat stations . In the red kitchen, Dana scorched her initial wellingtons and sent up raw lamb to the pass . In the blue kitchen, Robyn was slow on one of her wellingtons, mis - remembered a ticket order, and had trouble communicating with Benjamin on the garnish station . Despite that, both teams pushed entrees out, and with three tickets left each, Ramsay told both teams that the first team to finish up was the winner . Despite making it to their last ticket, Dana served overcooked and undercooked wellingtons, and Ramsay threw the red team out for the fourth time this season as the blue team finished their own tickets . Elimination: Despite being told to nominate two people, the red team had a three way tie between Dana, Michelle and Elise due to the alliance between Jennifer and Elise . So Ramsay called all three of them down . Ramsay sent Michelle and Elise back in line, eliminating Dana for her lack of leadership and poor performance on meat . Ramsay's comment: "In two seasons, this was Dana's first time ever being nominated . Unfortunately for her, it was also her last ." 262 12 "Five is the New Black" January 12, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 12) 3.56 Ramsay announced that today was a black jackets challenge where only five of the seven chefs would get black jackets, while two of them would be sent home . Challenge 1: For their first challenge, it was the classic Taste It Now Make It Challenge as Ramsay gave the chefs 45 minutes to taste his dish and recreate it . In the end, Milly with his puree and Nick with his hash were the closest of the chefs and won the first black jackets . They spent the rest of the day at the Black Jackets VIP Lounge . Challenge 2: For their second challenge, Ramsay had 5 domes with limited ingredients, and when he rings the bell, the chefs had to race and grab whatever ingredient they wanted . They then had to cook a dish in 30 minutes using those ingredients . Michelle's veal chops and Benjamin's filet mignon were the best two dishes, and they received their black jackets . They then joined Milly and Nick in the Lounge area . Before their final challenge, Jennifer urged Robyn to beat Elise . Challenge 3: For their final challenge, Ramsay gave the three chefs 30 minutes to cook whatever they wanted and had full range of ingredients in the kitchen . The black jacket chefs watched the challenge on a live video feed, but it cut out after the challenge ended . Robyn made a seared lamb loin with potato and corn hash, Elise made a filet mignon with potato puree and rainbow chard, and Jennifer made scallops and shrimp with corn succotash . Elimination: After tasting the dishes, Ramsay eliminated Elise for having the weakest dish of the three, but told her to keep her jacket and urged her to keep her head up high . To decide between Jennifer and Robyn, who were crying and hugging each other, Ramsay had Jockey and Christina taste the dishes . In the end, Robyn received the final black jacket and Jennifer was sent home due to her scallops being slightly undercooked . Before leaving, Ramsay allowed Jennifer to keep her jacket as well and praised her for improving since the last time she competed . Before leaving Jennifer wished Robyn good luck and was happy that she beat Elise as she had been betrayed by Elise on their season . After Robyn got to the Black Jacket Lounge, Ramsay and the sous chefs brought champagne to the lounge and congratulated the remaining chefs for being in the final five . Ramsay gave no comment on either Elise or Jennifer's elimination, and neither received a burning picture sequence . 263 13 "Stars Heating Up Hell" January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) 3.17 Individual challenge: For their first black jackets challenge, the chefs had to teach sports all stars (Milly cooking with NFL's Ricky Williams, Michelle cooking with the winner of the WNBA championship Candace Parker, Benjamin cooking with NFL "Light's Out" Shawne Merriman, Nick cooking with Olympic gold medalist gymnast Jordyn Wieber, and Robyn cooking with 5 - time NBA All - Star Reggie Miller) how to cook their signature dishes that they originally planned on making at the start of the season in 45 minutes . Once finished, Ramsay will then judge the dishes and have one person on the winners seat, but they could be dethroned if Ramsay found the next dish better . Michelle won the challenge . Reward / punishment: Michelle went on a tour to see all the breath - taking views of Los Angeles from her very own helicopter; after that, she ate at 71 Above and took Nick with her . The remaining chefs had to participate in deep cleaning day . During punishment, Robyn got annoyed when Milly was seen not helping much and eating the leftover food from the challenge . Service: Rapper and Musician Wyclef Jean was seated at the chefs table . Former 2 Broke Girls actors Jonathan Kite and Matthew Moy were in attendance in addition to Janina Gavankar . Milly was disorganized on the appetizers and had a pan caught on fire but recovered . Benjamin was not communicating with the chefs and annoyed everyone with his constant "Oui Chef" comment . Robyn sent up bland couscous and got lectured by Ramsay when she sent up burnt Brussels sprouts and that she said that she did not want to send them up, and Nick sent up a rare New York Strip, but recovered . Despite those problems, the team sent their tickets out with no problems and Ramsay was relatively pleased by it . After service, Ramsay named Michelle the "Best of the Best" as she was the only one not to have any major problems and told her to nominate two people . Elimination: Michelle nominated Robyn and Milly for elimination . Ramsay eliminated Robyn for being the weakest of the black jackets but praised her for improving a lot after her poor start and allowed her to keep her jacket . Ramsay's comment: "I've always admired Robyn's no - nonsense attitude, but tonight she had the wrong attitude and served up a lot of nonsense ." 264 14 "Families Come to Hell" January 26, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 26) 3.43 Before the next challenge, Ramsay revealed that he invited the final four's loved ones (Michelle's sister and nephews, Nick's husband and mom, Benjamin's wife and daughters, and Milly's girlfriend and infant son) for some time together . Individual challenge: Ramsay had the chefs choose a Christmas present under a tree that contained ingredients for them . They then had forty - five minutes to use those ingredients to make a festive inspired dish . Afterwards, Ramsay invited their loved ones for a blind judging, with them voting for their top two dishes . Benjamin and Michelle were tied, but Ramsay broke the tie in favor of Benjamin who won the challenge . Reward / punishment: Benjamin rode with Ramsay in a Ferrari to lunch with his family while the rest of the chefs had to clean the SUV's and clean up the dining room . During punishment, Nick, Michelle, and Milly made a pact to make sure Season 14 all made it to the final three . Service: For this dinner service, each of the final four had a turn on the pass with Ramsay not only testing their leadership skills, but their quality control as Sous Chef Christina and Jocky would be intentionally making mistakes . Benjamin was up first and managed to catch Christina serving a carbonara with spaghetti instead of fettuccine, but did not notice carrots instead of butternut squash in the risotto . Milly missed an intentional ticket mistake from Marino, but became vocal and caught multiple mistakes from Michelle . Michelle did see that Christina did not serve spinach, but failed to identify a ribeye instead of the ordered New york strip . Nick failed to identify a veal chop instead of an ordered pork chop as well, but caught mistakes from Christina, Michelle, and Milly, the latter of which was struggling with a poached egg . After service, Ramsay told them to think of one person they wanted to be with in the finals . Elimination: At elimination, most of the chefs said that they wanted to have Nick in the finale . Afterwards, Ramsay eliminated Milly, but said he was happy to give him a second chance, praised his confidence and told him to keep his jacket . In an unprecedented step, Ramsay offered Milly an opportunity to come to London for a week and stage at his flagship three Michelin Star Restaurant Gordon Ramsay . Milly enthusiastically accepted and left . Afterwards, Ramsay picked Nick as the first finalist and praised him for growing more than any chef in this competition . Benjamin was the second finalist for his calm, collected leadership that night . However, in another unprecedented move, Ramsay selected Michelle as the third finalist of the season, marking the first time in Hell's Kitchen history where Chef Ramsay names three finalists . Ramsay's comment: "Milly has had two fantastic runs in Hell's Kitchen . I'm personally going to make sure that big, kindhearted man with so much culinary passion gets the right training he deserves ." 265 15 "Final Three" February 2, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 02) 3.36 Individual challenge: The finalists were each assigned a sous chef, who would help them prepare a menu in one hour consisting of a hot and cold appetizer, as well as a chicken, beef, and seafood entree . During this process, Nick overcooked the beurre blanc sauce for one of his dishes, but managed to recover with the help of Sous Chef Christina . After sampling all the dishes, Ramsay was unable to decide on a winner . Reward: Michelle, Benjamin, and Nick were all transported to an awards ceremony for the Culinary Association of America, where Ramsay took the stage and announced that they would be cooking their menus again for the executive staff at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas . Individual challenge part 2: One staff member sampled the dishes from each category, and rated each finalist on a scale from 1 to 10 . With only the beef entrees left, all three were tied at 34 points each, so CEO Mark Frissora would effectively decide which two would advance . After sampling the dishes, Frissora named Michelle as the first finalist, and Benjamin as the second, eliminating Nick, who was instructed to get in line with the returning contestants of the season . Michelle was granted first pick out of her fellow competitors, to draft a brigade for the final dinner service . She chose Nick, Dana, and Milly . Benjamin chose Jennifer, Van, and Robyn . The episode ended on a cliffhanger before Michelle decided between Elise and Barbie to round out her team . 266 16 "All - Star Finale" February 2, 2018 (2018 - 02 - 02) 3.36 Continued from the previous episode, Michelle picked Elise, so Benjamin was left with Barbie . Service: Before dinner service, while both teams prepped their menus, Elise continued to give Michelle attitude until Nick told her to shut up or go home . Lamorne Morris and the finalists' families were in attendance for the last dinner service of the season . In the red kitchen, Dana struggled to assemble a cold appetizer, prompting Ramsay to give Michelle a pep talk in the storeroom . Marino returned two risottos to Michelle's kitchen after a minor complaint about the broth . Elise recovered and successfully re-fired the risottos that were then sent back to Lamorne Morris' table, much to the actor's delight . Ramsay then scolded Nick for attempting to call nine entrees in a single sitting . Meanwhile in the blue kitchen, Barbie did well on hot apps for Benjamin, despite not having done it often during the season . But entrees were a different story . First, Jennifer sent up raw fish twice . Robyn sent up raw filets and burned the subsequent refire . Her third attempt on the same ticket was raw again, prompting Ramsay to accuse her of sabotaging Benjamin . When she finally brought up an acceptable portion of beef, it came with a raw lamb . She then refired the lamb in the same pan that had been used to cook the beef, which was a sanitation violation . An irate Ramsay dragged Robyn and Benjamin into the dining room, threw the former out of the kitchen, and berated the latter for not stepping up as a leader . Nevertheless, Robyn continued to fight with Benjamin to be allowed back in, and he finally relented on the last ticket . Winner: As per Hell's Kitchen tradition, Michelle and Benjamin stood in front of two doors . Michelle's door opened, making her the 17th winner and first All - Star winner of Hell's Kitchen; Benjamin took his defeat graciously . Michelle gave a victory speech and hung her picture in the Hall of Fame . Ramsay's comment: "Having the youngest of all - stars step up and win this competition is a testament to Michelle's talent . At a very young age, she has already proven she is driven, creative, and commanding . She will be a great asset to Hell's Kitchen in Las Vegas." Gold Document ID: 176

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Water reuse in California) irrigation, too, recognizing it as a source of water and nutrients in an arid California. Around the same time, the city of San Francisco began using raw sewage for irrigation of Golden Gate Park, an area which was just sand dunes at the time, and is now a lush garden-of-eden-esqe meadow. Similar stories can be found of cities around the state. Concerns were raised about public health risks of using sewage for irrigation eventually leading to the first state law regarding the reuse of municipal wastewater in 1918. After building a treatment plant near Golden Gate Park, artificial lakes and Document [2] (Title: Water reuse in California) reuse, among which are making start-up more economical, questions about water quality standards, long-term effects of pharmaceutical and household chemicals leftover in the water after treatment (constituents of emerging concern), and a lack of infrastructure to carry out water reuse. Although there has been little documentation of adverse effects to humans from water reuse contact or consumption, there remains concern about long-term effects of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals, and personal care products in reused water, including impacts on the natural and beneficial microbiota found on and inside people. Treating water to a degree that would be free of these Document [3] (Title: Eastern Municipal Water District of Southern California) of the District's overall demands are met through groundwater production and another 4 percent are met through groundwater desalination efforts. EMWD currently operates two groundwater desalination facilities in Menifee, which treats brackish groundwater through reverse osmosis. Recycled water makes up nearly 33 percent of EMWD's overall portfolio. This water is used for irrigation of crops, schools, parks, golf courses, streetscapes and industrial uses. EMWD uses 100 percent of its recycled water for beneficial reuse and is one of the nation's leaders in recycled water. EMWD has been recognized by the WateReuse Foundation and other professional organizations for its expansive use Document [4] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) California reused 0.6 and Florida per day respectively. Twenty-five states had regulations regarding the use of reclaimed water in 2002. Planned direct reuse of reclaimed water was initiated in 1932 with the construction of a reclaimed water facility at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Reclaimed water is typically distributed with a color-coded dual piping network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes. The leaders in use of reclaimed water in the U.S. are Florida and California, with Irvine Ranch Water District as one of the leading developers. They were the first district to approve the use Document [5] (Title: Water reuse in California) for irrigation purposes than for potable uses. In fact, in some cases, recycled water can reduce the need for fertilizers, further adding to the viability of water reuse. The future of water reuse in California is expansion. With the population of California expected to nearly double by 2055 and with the anticipated affects of climate change in an already water-strained state, water reuse will continue to be an integral part of California's water story. The State Water Resources Control Board has laid out plans for the increased "use of recycled water over 2002 levels by at least one million acre-feet Document [6] (Title: Water in California) comes from two main sources: surface water, or water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes; and groundwater, which is water that is pumped out from the ground. California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water, water that was once sea water, but has been purified. Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought, groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over of water is stored in California's 450 Document [7] (Title: History of California 1900–present) of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as the largest single consumer of power in the state, its net output in an "average" rainfall year is 5,100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and hydroelectric plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped Document [8] (Title: California State Water Project) California State Water Project The California State Water Project, commonly known as the SWP, is a state water management project in the U.S. state of California under the supervision of the California Department of Water Resources. The SWP is one of the largest public water and power utilities in the world, providing drinking water for more than 23 million people and generating an average of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as it is the largest single consumer of power in the state itself, it has a net usage of 5,100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern Document [9] (Title: Water in California) by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28% of California's water consumption, or . This water irrigates almost , which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year. Alfalfa uses about 18% of California irrigation water and produces 4% of California's farm-gate revenue, most of which is used as livestock feed. In 2015, California exported one-fourth of its total alfalfa production of roughly 2 Document [10] (Title: Water in California) as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date. Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made. Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes, national parks, monuments and forests. Document [11] (Title: Water reuse in California) Montebello Forebay facility spreads water on the surface of the ground to recharge the aquifer. Use of recycled water in industrial settings is increasing as strained freshwater supplies are decreasing. Recycled water is used industrially in pulp and paper plants and in the cooling towers and boilers of power plants. It can also be used for mixing concrete and other applications that do not involve consumption by humans. This is an attractive option for California industries, given the high cost of unrecycled fresh water. Additionally, water need not be treated to very high standards to be use in industrial applications, Document [12] (Title: Water in California) Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield, which typically peak between April and July. Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California. California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by "water year", which runs from October 1 to September 30. In response to water shortages in the state, some water districts are looking to desalination as a way to provide water for residents. Supporters view seawater desalination as a safer water source, since it draws its water from the ocean and thus, is not affected Document [13] (Title: Hydrogeology) are present in nearby aquifers. In 2016, the EPA released a report which states that drinking water can be contaminated by fracking. This was a reversal of their previous policies after a $29 million study into the effects of fracking on local drinking water. California sees some of the largest controversies in groundwater usage due to the dry conditions California faces, high population, and intensive agriculture. Conflicts generally occur over pumping groundwater and shipping it out of the area, unfair use of water by a commercial company, and contamination of groundwater by development projects. In Siskiyou County in northern California, Document [14] (Title: Water reuse in California) suspended matter), and chlorination to kill any remaining harmful bacteria. Reverse osmosis can also remove dissolved solids, color, pesticides, nutrients, and pathogens. Other methods for treating water include UV disinfection, oxidation, and electrodialysis reversal for salinity. Water reuse has been an important part of California's water plan due to efforts to reduce over-drafted ground and surface water supplies, but also as a safe and environmentally responsible means of waste disposal. It also helps to address the unique challenge that California faces in providing water to its densely populated cities and millions of acres of farmland in areas where precipitation scarcely Document [15] (Title: Water conservation) use such as lawn watering and car washing. Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage. Most urban outdoor water use in California is residential, illustrating a reason for outreach to households as well as businesses. One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households, and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001). Although individual water meters have often been Document [16] (Title: Quantification Settlement Agreement) within the larger framework of the California water crisis in 2015. The use of water for agricultural purposes has been discussed and debated, as approximately 80% of all California water use can be attributed to agricultural needs, most notably in the Central Valley and the rural areas of Imperial County. However, there are indications that Californians are aware of this crisis, and Los Angeles Times reporter Jay Famligietti noted that "A recent Field Poll showed that 94% of Californians surveyed believe that the drought is serious, and that one-third support mandatory rationing." Reflecting these concerns, California Governor Jerry Brown announced Document [17] (Title: Water reuse in California) streams were also created with the treated water. In Fresno, in the 1920s, the state's first potable groundwater recharge system using wastewater was established. After World War II, the population of Southern California increased dramatically, and groundwater in the area had been over-exploited to the point of creating saltwater intrusion from the Pacific Ocean, rendering the local groundwater non-potable. In their attempt to develop technology to desalinate ocean water, engineers discovered that their technology was more efficient and cost-effective when applied on brackish water. The advent of plastic allowed for even greater advancements in water reuse, and enabled the invention Document [18] (Title: Water reuse in California) costly new infrastructure, but it will pay for itself via savings in water and health. The general consensus is that new infrastructure will be required regardless moving into the next few decades. People are naturally concerned with water reuse, and the concept of contagions in the water is difficult to overcome. Water after just one use has long been considered waste, but, as water resources decline in the face of increasing populations, this mindset will need to be changed, because water reuse will continue to be implemented on a greater scale. Education will be an important factor in addressing these Document [19] (Title: Reclaimed water) in parks and golf courses in 1929. The first reclaimed water facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California was the first groundwater agency to obtain permitted use of recycled water for groundwater recharge in 1962. Orange County is located in Southern California, USA, and houses a classic example in indirect potable reuse. A large-scale artificial groundwater recharge scheme exists in the area, providing a much-needed freshwater barrier to intruding seawater. Part of the injected water consists of recycled water, starting as of 1976 with Water Factory 21, Document [20] (Title: Water in California) and states as a model for policy planning efforts. The approach involves: interest based dialog and exchange among teams, committees and the public to develop work products; multiple opportunities for review by different audiences; and integration and reconciliation of feedback from a variety of perspectives. Update 2013 is based on the plan laid out by the administration of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. (Jerry Brown). That five-year plan, released in January 2014, outlines a succinct set of actions that together bring reliability, restoration, and resilience to California water resources, even as the state's population is expected to grow from 38 Document [21] (Title: Water in California) The CVP's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate of farmland. The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over of water, or 17 percent of the state's developed water. The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers: the Trinity, the Sacramento, the American, the Stanislaus, and the San Joaquin. Friant Dam, on the San Joaquin, was completed in 1944, forming Millerton Lake. This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP. Shasta Dam, the largest Document [22] (Title: Water in California) systems, the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Tuolumne River/Hetch Hetchy system, and the Mokelumne Aqueduct. The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose, state-built water project in the United States. The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture, and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users. More than two-thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP. The system was designed and contracted to deliver , but in an average year delivers only because many of the original planned features were never built. Twenty-nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water. The contractors pay for Document [23] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) to make recommendations regarding California's water law. In 1913, Californian voters adopted by referendum the Water Commission Act, which created the state Water Commission and set forth an administrative procedure for acquiring an appropriative right. In 1926, the courts held that a riparian water user was entitled to the full flow of a stream, without regard to the reasonableness of the use. In response, in 1928, the California Constitution was amended to require that all water use in California be reasonable and beneficial. (Article X, Section 2). In 1878, William Hammond Hall of the Office of State Engineer conducted a Document [24] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) California Department of Water Resources The California Department of Water Resources (DWR), is part of the California Natural Resources Agency. The Department of Water Resources is responsible for the State of California's management and regulation of water usage. The department was created in 1956 by Governor Goodwin Knight following across Northern California in 1955, combining the Division of Water Resources of the Department of Public Works with the State Engineer's Office, the Water Project Authority, and the State Water Resources Board. It has its headquarters in Sacramento. California recognizes many types of water rights. These rights have developed with the Document [25] (Title: Water in California) of water. The EWA is used to protect fish and other wildlife without reducing water allocations to farms and municipalities. A $7.5 billion water bond was approved in November 2014 with a 2 to 1 ratio. The bond-financing, which has been contentiously debated by the legislature and Governor Jerry Brown for the past few years, was said to improve the water quality, supply and infrastructure, if passed by voters. The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California's water history. Additionally, the collection has digitized materials relating Document [26] (Title: Water in California) often include greater inequity in water access, as private utilities face higher repercussions for delivering unsafe water and often decide to opt-out from serving under-resourced populations. In many cases, bottled water is tested less frequently than public water for pollutants, and in 1999, approximately 33% of bottled water tested by the FDA exceeded allowable limits. The U.S. Geological Survey analyzed the results of a 2002 study of 10 streams in California and discovered that the Sacramento River had the highest traces of acetaminophen, cholesterol and birth control hormones of any water source in the nation. Pharmaceutical discharge polluted by drug Document [27] (Title: History of California 1900–present) in the aquifer(s). In addition they buy Colorado River water that is shipped via the Colorado River Aqueduct, and they accept part of the treated municipal wastewater of the about 4,000,000 people in their district and treat it to additional purity and sanitation levels by using reverse osmosis and advanced filtering. Their largest tertiary water treatment facility is the Leo J. Vander Lans Advanced Water Treatment facility. The water out of this facility is better than the water that comes out of the "average" municipal water treatment facility. To finance their water recycling projects WRD charges $268 per acre-foot of Document [28] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) use surface water. The Water Commission Act became effective on December 19, 1914. Landowners or water users that had established water usage prior to 1914 became senior water rights users in many of the more accessible watersheds in the state. Appropriative water rights were processed by the Division of Water Rights, originally under the State Engineer, and subsequently under the Department of Water Resources, the State Water Rights Board, and finally, the State Water Resources Control Board. In 1919, Col. Robert B. Marshall, Chief Surveyor for the U.S. Geological Survey, proposed a plan for the federal government to build a Document [29] (Title: Water reuse in California) water supply. Groundwater recharge is regulated by the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), California Department of Public Health (DPH), California Public Utilities Commission (PUC), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). There are currently four large-scale groundwater recharge operations in southern California that inject treated wastewater directly into potable water aquifers. They include Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System, West Basin Municipal Water District Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility, Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant, and the Water Replenishment District of Southern California Leo J. Vander Lans Water Treatment Facility. In contrast, the Document [30] (Title: Water in California) natural runoff, requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state. Rivers of the Lahontan watersheds in eastern California are part of the high desert Great Basin and do not drain to the Pacific. Most of the water is used locally in eastern California and western Nevada for irrigation. The Owens River of the South Lahontan region, however, is a principal source of water for Los Angeles. Rain typically falls in California only during the winter and spring months, from October through May, with more rain falling on the northern half of the state than the southern. Approximately Document [31] (Title: Water in California) In addition, all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators. In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water. "And, as between appropriators, the rule of priority is 'first in time, first in right.'" Beginning in 1914, a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board. The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles: Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such Document [32] (Title: Water in California) of EBMUD's water right, but modifications were also negotiated. The intake point was moved downstream, to maintain minimum flows in the American River before it merges with the Sacramento. The North Bay Aqueduct of the California State Water Project delivers an annual average of of water to urban communities and agricultural users in Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties. That water is diverted from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary, a water hub that serves as the junction of south-, west, and north-flowing rivers draining the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay, including Document [33] (Title: California State Water Project) California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and power plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains, with at the Edmonston Pumping Plant alone, the highest single water lift in the world. The SWP shares many facilities with the federal Central Valley Project (CVP), which primarily serves agricultural users. Document [34] (Title: Water reuse in California) cooling systems, and groundwater recharge. As we look to the future, we can expect to see new infrastructure for water reuse to include washing our laundry and cars or watering our lawns and even flushing our toilets, in addition to use in municipal infrastructure for street cleaning, fountains, and commercial use. Water in California is to be used 'reasonably' under the Reasonable Use doctrine, and not reusing water when possible constitutes a violation of this doctrine pursuant to Water Code sections 13550 et seq. according to the State Water Resources Control Board. Water reuse in California has more than tripled Document [35] (Title: Pat Brown) II brought millions of newcomers to the state which, along with the state's cyclical droughts, severely strained California's water resources, especially in dry Southern California. This began the California State Water Project, whose objective was to address the fact that one half of the state's people lived in a region containing one percent of the state's natural supply of water. Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government. These federally controlled areas were under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Reclamation, which was considering the implementation of a "160-acre principle", a policy contained Document [36] (Title: Water reuse in California) of building a wastewater treatment plant can be more expensive than other methods of attaining water (e.g., groundwater or imported water), but it's much less costly than desalination. Once the facility is established, however, recycled water is less expensive than fresh, for use in industry or power generation. Furthermore, as freshwater supplies continue to dwindle, the cost of freshwater will go up, and the price differential will increase. It is also important to note that the cost of treating water goes up as the level of treatment goes up. This means that it is more economically viable to treat water Document [37] (Title: Water in California) Water in California California's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over of farmland. As the world's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over of water per year. Water and water rights are among the state's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources. California's limited water supply Document [38] (Title: Kings River (California)) basin. Only the Fresno Irrigation District is contracted for CVP water, but other Kings River users can also purchase CVP water in times of need, such as droughts. Summer water demand for irrigation is typically in the range of . Groundwater is the other major source of water supply for the basin, providing a large part of the agricultural supply and all of the water used by area cities. The Kings River Conservation District (KRCD), among its other functions, is the primary agency managing groundwater use. The Kings Basin Water Authority also monitors groundwater use, as well as certain water Document [39] (Title: Water in California) show progress towards decreasing its dependency on the excess , or face cuts. The Colorado River Water Use Plan called for Imperial and Coachella Valley agriculture to give up water in order to reallocate within the state. The plan's proposals generated much controversy, and the deadline arrived with no agreement reached. The Department of the Interior reduced MWD's access by . The Los Angeles Aqueduct carries water from the Eastern Sierra Nevada to Los Angeles. The construction of the aqueduct marked the first major water delivery project in California. The city purchased of land in the Owens Valley in order Document [40] (Title: Water in California) was approved by the San Diego Water Authority, is responsible for providing water for about 8% of San Diego County's water by the year 2020. As of December 2015, there are 6 additional seawater desalination plants currently in operation in the state of California. As of May 2016, there are also 9 more proposed desalination plants. Water always gets recycled, via rivers, aquifers, and the atmosphere, but we can also do this directly and intentionally. Water reuse in California is increasingly important, with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation, toilet flushing, and industry (e.g., making concrete, cooling), although Document [41] (Title: Water treatment) citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations. Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water and treating sewage to a high standard. In areas with high quality water sources which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, and where sewage flow and treatment can be undertaken using gravity systems, costs will be much Document [42] (Title: Economy of California) purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide. The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct Document [43] (Title: Water reuse in California) opened Water Factory 21, where they used reverse osmosis to treat wastewater, and then inject it into the ground to be used as a hydraulic saltwater barrier for the area's overdrawn groundwater aquifers. Since the 1970s, water reuse has more than tripled. In 2013, San Diego demonstrated the feasibility of using technology to recycle most of their wastewater for reuse by the year 2035, to decrease costs of importing water. This project, Pure Water San Diego, hopes to build facilities throughout the county to treat wastewater to provide for sustainable, safe potable water for one-third of the population. As of Document [44] (Title: Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program) potential hazards from this resource. Approximately 85% of water used in California by farmers and residents today is from groundwater, with 6 million Californians relying solely on this resource. The Central Valley is a big user of groundwater for agricultural purposes which supplies a large portion of food for not only California, but for the rest of the United States as well. This resource for a long time had been unregulated which helps us understand the groundwater crisis that occurs today in California. This was a highly relied upon resource over the past century, and was especially critical during drought Document [45] (Title: California) the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies. Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water." The state's capital is Sacramento. California is organized into three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor Document [46] (Title: Water reuse in California) blackwater is used for non-potable reuses, as it is more likely to have higher concentrations of the potentially more harmful contaminants, while the treated graywater can be used for more sensitive purposes. For example, the blackwater from toilets can be kept separate, be treated to the point that it no longer has odor, color or pathogens, and be reused to flush the same toilets indefinitely, in a closed-loop system, remembering that no one touches or consumes the water in the toilet bowl. Other closed-loop recycling systems would also be entirely feasible, for example in laundries and car washes. This requires Document [47] (Title: California State Water Project) water for cities and farms in the Inland Empire, Orange County, and other areas south of Los Angeles. Through Lake Perris, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California receives a large portion of its water from the SWP. Water is also supplied to the San Diego Aqueduct through a connection from Perris to Lake Skinner, further south. The original 1957 California Water Plan included provisions for dams on the Klamath, Eel, Mad and Smith Rivers of California's North Coast. Fed by prolific rainfall in the western Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains, these rivers discharge more than to the Pacific each Document [48] (Title: Water in California) California were 101-250 million gallons per day in 2010. Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 11%, or , of total water consumption in an average year. A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was per year or per household per day. The study found that about 53% of total average household water use, or more than per household per day, was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses. Meanwhile, indoor use accounted for more than per household per day. Document [49] (Title: Water reuse in California) kill off any remaining pathogens. Physical treatments include coarse sand, sedimentation, and screening through membranes and filters. Chemical treatments include ion exchange and coagulation. Biological processes include the use of ultraviolet for disinfection, membrane bioreactors, RBC, and SBR. Reverse osmosis is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water. Currently, reverse osmosis is the technology by which water reuse is made possible, in conjunction with filtering methods for larger solids (e.g., screens and settling tanks), other techniques for removing smaller particulates (e.g., aeration to allow bacteria to metabolize the Document [50] (Title: Water in California) million tons. About one-third of that, around 700,000 tons, went to China, Japan took about the same amount and Saudi Arabia bought 5,000 tons. Alfalfa farmers pay about $70 an acre-foot, in Los Angeles that same amount of water is worth $1000 per acre-foot. In 2012, California exported 575,000 tons of alfalfa to China, for $586 million. Other common crop water use, if using all irrigated water: fruits and nuts with 34% of water use and 45% of revenue, field crops with 14% of water and 4% of revenue, pasture forage with 11% of water use and 1% of revenue, Document [51] (Title: Water in California) large tracts of land. A 1982 reform increased CVP area limits to . In 1992, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act made fish and wildlife protection and restoration an authorized purpose of the CVP on an equal footing with other authorized purposes. of annual runoff were dedicated to environmental usage, which generated intense controversy. The Colorado River is the source of per year for California. Six other states along the river's watershed (Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona) and Mexico, share allocated portions of river water. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, or MWD, holds priority water Document [52] (Title: Water in California) water-resource related documents. Water in California California's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over of farmland. As the world's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over of water per year. Water and water rights are among the state's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources. California's Document [53] (Title: Droughts in California) can be expensive. This leads to awareness of water management challenges. In rain-rich states and countries, which are not drought-prone, the water, as elsewhere, is managed by government consent, which assumes ownership and management of all free flowing rivers, lakes, and bodies of water in its parameters. The water being used for commercial purposes, such as Nestle's 72 brands of bottled water, is done so only as permitted and granted by governmental authorities. Lately, locals have been fighting back against the "stealing" of precious resources by opposing and not allowing huge water draw down facilities to be set up. In Document [54] (Title: Water in California) as a result of ignoring changes in water consumption and water renewal. While the volume of groundwater in California is very large, aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished. In 1999, it was estimated that the average, annual overdrafting was around across the state, with in the Central Valley. Since then, overdrafting had significantly increased. Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins, including the Central Valley, overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was of water per year. California has ten major drainage basins defined for convenience Document [55] (Title: Water-energy nexus) The California's State Water Project (SWP) and Central Valley Project (CVP) are together the largest water system in the world with the highest water lift, over 2000 ft. across the Tehachapi mountains, delivering water from the wetter and relatively rural north of the state, to the agriculturally intensive central valley, and finally to the arid and heavily populated south. Consequently, the SWP and CVP are the single largest consumers of electricity in California consuming approximately 5 TWh of electricity each per year. In 2001, 19% of the state’s total electricity use (~48 TWh/year) was used in processing water including end Document [56] (Title: Irvine Ranch Water District) in Riverside County. The aqueduct system includes five pumping plants that lift the water . IRWD produces approximately 21 percent of its supply by treating wastewater and reusing it for irrigation and other non-potable, or non-drinking, uses. The primary uses of recycled water are agricultural and landscape irrigation including parks, school grounds, golf courses, freeway landscaping and irrigation of common areas managed by homeowner associations. Recycled water is also used for front and backyard irrigation in large residential lots, for industrial processes, and for toilet flushing and cooling towers in dozens of dual-plumbed office buildings. The color of recycled water Document [57] (Title: Water in California) Lake, correct air-quality law violations, and rewater portions of the Owens River, Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on Eastern Sierra Nevada water. This has mostly been achieved through water conservation. The city enacted a program offering free low-flow toilets to its customers. The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions. The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley, inside Yosemite National Park. The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power, depending on rainfall, most of which is sent to San Francisco via city-owned power lines. After Document [58] (Title: Water reuse in California) this report clearly states that there is no established and reliable technology to even measure these 'constituents of emerging concern' collectively, as opposed to one by one with expensive techniques, and they cannot be effectively monitored via Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), or Total Organic Carbon (TOC). A better alternative to preemptively highly treating all water in case of contaminants for use in the drinking water supply may be to have a dual piping system, in which gray and black water are kept separate from the initial point of disposal to the treatment phase and the treated Document [59] (Title: Droughts in California) in the temporary evacuation of 200,000 people. The combined inflow to Shasta, Oroville and Folsom Lakes on February 9 was . Two days later, the combined flood control release was . This water would have been worth $370M at Los Angeles County municipal rates. Without changes in water use, it would take about six dry years to deplete the state's reservoirs. Approximately are used in California every year as cattle feed. Also, from 2008–2015, over ( per year) were released into the San Francisco Bay to save 36 Delta smelt. An alternative, salinity barriers, is being installed. Water in California Document [60] (Title: California Water Plan) an independent and comprehensive source of California water news and information, “three related themes distinguish California Water Plan Update 2013.” DWR and other State agencies consider the three themes critical to securing California’s water future. The Santa Margarita Conjunctive Use Project in San Diego County is cited as an example of the three themes in action. This conjunctive use project is designed to provide for enhanced recharge of the groundwater basin beneath the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in northern San Diego County. It also includes a seawater intrusion barrier that uses recycled water, a distribution system, and advanced water Document [61] (Title: Central Valley land subsidence) onto flood land available to them. They reported that some growers also released excess water allotted to them on flood lands to help restore aquifers. This practice mitigates overutilization of surface water. Governor Jerry Brown of California also imposed restrictions on unnecessary water usage during the California drought that began in 2012. Measures included drought-tolerant landscaping, rebate programs for purchasing water efficient appliances, and setting a statewide goal of 25% reduction in water usage. Brown also signed a bill allowing for $500 fines to residents who used water unnecessarily during declared drought emergencies. Unnecessary use includes watering sidewalks and exceeding Document [62] (Title: Water in California) subject to a water rights claim from people/government in the area of origin. That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect. As a result of its pueblo rights, Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River. In the same way, communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights. Area of origin laws were passed in reaction to the controversies related to Los Angeles diverting water from the Owens Valley. Despite being Document [63] (Title: Water in California) Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law. And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative, they may conflict with state law. California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative water rights in limited circumstances. California area of origin laws include The County of Origin Law (1931), The Water Protection Statute (1933), and The Delta Protection Act (1959). Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights. In both cases, water is reserved for future growth of the local community. In other words, appropriations may be Document [64] (Title: Water reuse in California) Water reuse in California As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse in California—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of water in California's story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater that comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower water, and even toilet water; this includes everything dumped down these wastewater drains from laundry soap to bleach to oil to human waste. Wastewater can divided into greywater and blackwater, with the first being defined as water that had been used Document [65] (Title: Water trading) (California Water Code §100) (beneficial use includes aquaculture, domestic use, fire protection, fish and wildlife, crop frost protection, heat control, industrial use, irrigation, mining, municipal, power, recreation, stockwatering, and water quality control) but post-1914 appropriative rights are subject to more scrutiny and regulation by the SWRCB. By law (California Water Code §102), water in California is public property (and therefore a common pool resource); water rights only entitle the holder to use of water, not ownership of water. In fact, §104 and §105 of the California Water Code expressly state the people have a "paramount interest in the use of Document [66] (Title: WateReuse) on educating the public about why reclaimed water should be used, what their benefits are, and reassuring that problems with reclaimed water, such as contamination, will not occur. WateReuse Association's California section states their mission as: ""To promote responsible stewardship of California's water resources by maximizing the safe, practical and beneficial use of recycled water and by supporting the efforts of the WateReuse Association."" WateReuse California worked with Water Education Foundation to create a 16-page booklet that teaches elementary students about what recycled water really is. With the help of the Los Angeles County Chapter, WateReuse California created an irrigation Document [67] (Title: Water in California) river systems and is a critical source of water in the state's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls. Up to 30 percent of California's water supply is from snowpack. Much of California's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a large fresh-water estuary where much of the state's water supply is withdrawn. The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California, as well as a significant chunk of Southern Document [68] (Title: Water reuse in California) 2011, the city has been purifying millions of gallons of water and giving demonstrations to the public upon request. The earliest water reuse comprised simply of trenches dug to transport wastewater outside of urban areas to farms where it was used for fertilizer and water. Pipes were soon built to contain the smell of the wastewater. In the 1930s, San Francisco built McQueen Treatment Plant near Golden Gate Park to treat the wastewater it was using to irrigate the landscape. This technology included aerating the wastewater to allow bacteria to work on the effluent, as well as adding chlorine to Document [69] (Title: Water in California) complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts." An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of "National Audubon Society v. Superior Court". Water rights are divided in multiple ways. Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate. Also, California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law: pueblo, riparian, prior appropriation, and water reserved by the US. A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights. California recognizes water rights granted to pueblos Document [70] (Title: California) Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach. California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects. Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists. The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of Document [71] (Title: California oil and gas industry) electrical power. About 9% of the natural gas is used in facilitating the extraction of more oil and gas. Roughly 21% is used for residential space and water heating, cooking, clothes drying, etc.; about 8.6% is used for commercial building and water heating, 14.5% is used in industrial use and some of the rest has varied uses such as fueling bus fleets and UPS trucks. California imports about 85% of its natural gas using six large gas lines. The majority of its natural gas comes from the American Southwest, the Rocky Mountain states, and Canada. The remaining 15% of California's Document [72] (Title: Water in California) individual. The California water wars, a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley, for water rights is but one example of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies. The city of Los Angeles bought of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them, for a fair price. The diverting of this water from the valley, transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl. The electricity produced by the hydroelectric plants drawing their water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir became the subject of controversy Document [73] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) agriculture. Before the Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) in 1992, the water transported from northern California went primarily to agriculture (90%), with the remaining 10% going to urban users. The CVPIA required that 11% of the water go to environmental uses, with agriculture getting 79% of the water and urban users getting 10%. The State Water Project (SWP) is owned and operated by the state and was conceived and supported in the late 1960s by Governor Edmund Pat Brown. The SWP has 700 miles of canals and can move 5.8 million acre feet of water per year. It uses Document [74] (Title: Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada) Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada Residential water use (also called domestic use, household use, or tap water use) includes all indoor and outdoor uses of drinking quality water at single-family and multifamily dwellings. These uses include a number of defined purposes (or water end uses) such as flushing toilets, washing clothes and dishes, showering and bathing, drinking, food preparation, watering lawns and gardens, and maintaining swimming pools. Some of these end uses are detectable (and measurable) while others are more difficult to gauge. The approximate average quantities of water applied toward specific purposes have to be estimated Document [75] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) help maintain delivery of drinking water in the event of a major earthquake, drought or decline in the snowpack, San Francisco considers the use of alternative locally produced, sustainable water sources such as reclaimed water for irrigation, local groundwater and desalination during drought periods, all as part of its Water Supply Diversification Program. The largest source of water supply for Portland, Oregon, is the Bull Run Watershed. Denver receives its water almost entirely from mountain snowmelt in a number of highly protected watersheds in more than 9 counties. Its water is stored in 14 reservoirs, the largest of which is Document [76] (Title: Water in California) and statewide resource management strategies to reduce water demand, increase water supply, reduce flood risk, improve water quality, and enhance environmental and resource stewardship. The evaluations and assessments performed for the updates help identify effective actions and policies for meeting California's resource management objectives in the near term and for several decades to come. Since 2000, another major goal for each update has been to receive broad input and support from Californians. Preparation of these new millennial Water Plan updates has been widely viewed as exceptionally transparent and collaborative as the consensus seeking process is routinely cited by other agencies Document [77] (Title: History of California 1900–present) natural wetland systems/restoration 4%. The stated goal is the recycling of of treated municipal wastewater. On March 14, 2014, the State Water Board approved $800 million in financial incentives for recycled water projects. These projects typically take years to get approved and built. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of injection wells that inject clean water between their aquifer and the sea. This creates Document [78] (Title: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta) projects is used for agriculture and urban areas, some water is also provided for wildlife refuges and habitat conservation works. The Contra Costa Canal and North Bay Aqueduct also take Delta water, supplying the nearby San Francisco Bay Area. Locally, the Delta provides water for cities and towns in five counties and for over 1,800 agricultural users. The Delta is also a popular site for recreation and is used for sailing, waterskiing, houseboating, fishing, and hunting. The Delta is home to over 100 marinas and 25 yacht clubs. In 2010, over 7 million 'annual visitor boating days' occurred on the Document [79] (Title: Water in California) use started falling steadily. In response to the severe California drought, in April 2015, Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order mandating statewide reductions in water use. The mandate aimed to reduce the amount of water consumed statewide in urban areas by 25% from 2013 levels. The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) proposed regulatory instructions that grouped urban water utilities into nine tiers, with conservation standards ranging from 8% to 36%. There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California: the State Water Project, the Central Valley Project, several Colorado River delivery Document [80] (Title: History of California 1900–present) the 1970s, it was completely drained, but it attempts to resurrect itself during heavy rains. The recycling of treated municipal wastewater has become a significant part of California's water supply. The different water agencies in California were recycling over as of 2009, the date of the last survey. Some of the many uses for recycled water are: golf course irrigation 7%, landscape irrigation 17%, agricultural irrigation 37%, commercial reuse of water 7%, industrial uses 7%, geothermal energy production 1%, seawater intrusion barrier via fresh water injections 7%, groundwater recharge by well injection and flotation ponds 12%, recreational impoundments 4%, and Document [81] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) released in September 2017 revealed that $50 million of the taxpayers' money was funneled into the project. The precipitation in the northern part of the state, vital to the health of watersheds, fisheries, and communities in Northern California and in recent years impacted by severe drought and climate change, has long been desired and diverted<> by the arid southern portion of the state where water demand is met by importing water from distant locations. In the 1960s, Governor Pat Brown supported two large projects that reallocate water from the northern portion of the state to Southern California. In the early Document [82] (Title: Water trading) all water", the State may control surface and underground water for public use or public protection, and that the State should develop water for "the greatest public benefit". Because of these provisions, and the characteristic of water as a common pool resource, California law requires state agencies to review and approve independent market transfers on behalf of the public. California’s Division of Water Rights keep record of water appropriation and use, and the SWRCB reviews and issues permits, adjudicates rights, investigates complaints, and approves temporary transfers (duration is no longer than 1 year) of post-1914 appropriative rights. Injury to other Document [83] (Title: Water reuse in California) falls. In 2012, California reused nearly three quarters of a million acre feet of water, enough for about three million Californians for the year. Irrigation of farms and landscapes accounts for the greatest use of recycled water in California, more than 60%, with agriculture alone accounting for nearly 40%. Given that agriculture uses 80% of developed water supply in California, this greatly reduces strain on natural freshwater supplies. Water must be treated to at least the secondary level in order to be used in agriculture in California. In cases where the recycled water will not have contact with the edible Document [84] (Title: History of California 1900–present) to everyone over age 50. Voters narrowly rejected it in 1938, and the utopians failed to enact any panaceas; however, the movements did spawn a generation of activists on the left. The only way California can support its extensive population and agriculture is to store water in numerous reservoirs and use pipes, tunnels, pumps and canals to distribute it where it is needed when it is needed. Beginning before 1900, California has built extensive water projects costing many billions of dollars to store and move water where it is needed. California water comes primarily from snowfall in the Sierra Nevada Document [85] (Title: Water reuse in California) since the 1970s, growing from less than 200,000 acre-feet per year to nearly 700,000 in 2009. Water is a limiting factor to both economic and population growth in California. As such, Californians have been reusing water for much of its history. As early as the 1800s, California farmers were using municipal wastewater from nearby urban areas for irrigation. In the early 1900s, the city of Pasadena purchased a plot of land outside the city and named it Pasadena Sewer Farm, where walnuts, corn, pumpkins, and hay were grown at a profit. Other cities in the state began using sewage for Document [86] (Title: Politics of California) reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited and available surface sources are extensively developed through dams, canals, and pipelines. The principal water sources are mountain runoff from wet season rains and higher altitude snowpack (70%), wells (limited by salt-water incursion and overuse), and some Colorado River water supplying southern California (strictly limited by treaties with the other western states and Mexico). Waste water reclamation in California is already routine (for irrigation and industrial use). Most water is in the north of the State, while agriculture, the largest user of stored water in California, is most prevalent in the central and Document [87] (Title: Water in California) some apply direct and indirect potable reuse, risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants and other constituents of emerging concern. Treatment should be in accordance with the use and, in many cases, water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use. Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years. Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes Document [88] (Title: Water in California) companies are relatively common in California water, with Southern California water tables especially susceptible to contamination. There have been several documents known as the "California Water Plan", with the most recent being published in 2013. Before the state of California started drafting comprehensive plans for the management of water in the state, the earliest plan for water distribution in California was an 1873 report. This was followed by a 1919 report called "Irrigation of Twelve Million Acres in the Valley of California". The 1919 report is the first comprehensive plan, and is often called the "Marshall Plan", after its author Document [89] (Title: Water Commission Act of 1913) of water rights but was inadequate to supervise the distribution of water and left many unresolved issues. Though much of the state receives ample precipitation, there are several important spatial and temporal issues complicating the distribution of water. Due to the state's predominantly Mediterranean climate regime, precipitation is nearly entirely confined to the months between October and April, meaning that water sources can be intermittent from year to year. Furthermore the extremely fertile agricultural regions of the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California receive relatively little precipitation, while the coastal urban nexuses of Los Angeles and San Francisco receive adequate Document [90] (Title: Water trading) prominent types of rights in the state. Finally, California has observed the doctrine of "reasonable use" for groundwater since 1903. Because of the many water rights California recognizes, its water rights scheme is a considered a "plural system". Bearing on water trading, because California adopted riparian rights before appropriative rights, riparian rights have priority over senior appropriative rights. California’s 1914 Water Commission Act established a permit system for surface water appropriative rights and created an agency (that would eventually become the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)), to administer those permits. All water application must meet beneficial use requirements Document [91] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) claims. In its earliest form, an appropriative water right was created simply by taking water and putting it to beneficial use. However, to "state a claim" miners would often post a notice to others that they were taking and using water. Soon after California became a U.S. state in 1850, the first session of the California State Legislature immediately adopted laws to deal with the state's water. This included the adoption of the English common law system, which also included the doctrine of riparian rights, although this system was better suited to the water-rich eastern United States. Shortly thereafter, Californian Document [92] (Title: Water reuse in California) of reverse osmosis in 1959 by two UCLA students, Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan. In 1961, a wastewater treatment plant was opened in Los Angeles, where reverse osmosis was used to treat sewage and stormwater. The treated water was applied to a sandy basin, where it was further treated by natural means and percolated down into the groundwater, which was in turn pumped back up for use as drinking water. In 1965, San Diego County created man-made lakes using treated sewage for recreational activities, including swimming and fishing. And in 1976, with their groundwater contaminated by saltwater intrusion, Orange County Document [93] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) 1980s, his son and then Governor Jerry Brown attempted a third, the Peripheral Canal, which failed to gain voter support. After his re-election as governor in January 2011 Jerry Brown again proposed a project attempting to support this goal. The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a federally owned and operated project completed in the 1970s. It has of canals and moves up to 13 million acre feet per year and generates electricity—about half of which is used by the system. Overall, depending on the weather and amount of rain, up to 80% of water in the state is used for Document [94] (Title: Water reuse in California) contaminants is expensive, and, for recycled water that is introduced into a groundwater aquifer, it would include the use of multiple barriers and mediums for removal of the microbiological and chemical contaminants. Furthermore, all wastewater that is added to the groundwater supply must be highly treated just in case it has these potentially dangerous contaminants. Monitoring is a critical step in these processes as well. In September 2016, the California State Water Resources Control Board published a report for public comment entitled, "Investigation on the Feasibility of Developing Uniform Water Recycling Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse". Among many other points, Document [95] (Title: Water reuse in California) social challenges. In fact, the City of San Diego Water Purification Demonstration Project spent nearly half of its budget on public outreach and education in 2005. The geographical inequity in the distribution of water and precipitation in California makes it such that water reuse is more economical in the southern half, which receives less than one third of the precipitation of the state. In the face of groundwater overdraft, declining snowpack, changing climate, increased drought and high temperatures, some Southern California cities have found water reuse to be a cost effective way to augment their water supply. The initial costs Document [96] (Title: Keswick Dam) and wildlife, the creation of opportunities for recreation, and the enhancement of water quality. The California legislature enacted laws to deal with the state's water scarcity, and adopted a law establishing riparian water rights. This law had limitations: the owners of land bordering water had a right to a reasonable amount of that water, but owners whose land did not border bodies of water had no rights to any of the water. Due to the usage restrictions arising from the riparian rights law, the government directed state engineers to come up with a plan for the entire state that would Document [97] (Title: Water in California) by the Solano County Water Agency, which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal. Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District. The planning and management of water in California is subject to a vast number of laws, regulations, management plans, and historic water rights. The state agency responsible for water planning is the California Department of Water Resources. Water purity has been an emerging issue in California, especially in communities with low-income residents. Aging infrastructure, coupled with a lack of research on the topic, has exacerbated Document [98] (Title: California State Water Resources Control Board) on such factors as water availability, historical water rights, and flows needed to preserve in-stream uses, such as recreation and fish habitat. California recognizes several different types of rights to take and use surface water. Some water rights can only be held by government. These include pueblo rights, which can only be held by municipalities that were originally Mexican or Spanish pueblos, and federal reserved rights, which can only be held by the federal government. For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes groundwater as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater. Document [99] (Title: Water resource policy) Luis Obispo County. The specific responsibilities for managing the resource must therefore be negotiated. Surface water and groundwater can be studied and managed as separate resources as a single resource in multiple forms. Jurisdictions typically distinguish three recognized groundwater classifications: subterranean streams, underflow of surface waters, and percolating groundwater. Drinking water and water for utilitarian uses such as washing, crop cultivation and manufacture is competed for by various constituencies: Seawater resources are important for ethical-aesthetic reasons, recreation, tourism, maintenance of fisheries. The sea is a venue for shipping and for oil and mineral extraction that creates a need for regulatory Document [100] (Title: Water reuse in California) portion of the plant, like in orchards or vineyards, secondary treatment is deemed sufficient, but in the case of crops with the edible portion of the plant having contact with the recycled water tertiary treatment is regulated. The second largest use of recycled water in California is groundwater recharge. To some extent, water reuse as a seawater intrusion barrier is also groundwater recharge. Treated wastewater is injected into underground aquifers, or in some cases spread over a surface of land and allowed to percolate down into aquifers below, where it can later be extracted to be added to the urban Document [101] (Title: Water in California) California's usage. The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed. It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath, Smith and Eel, and produces over a third of the runoff in the state. With a few exceptions, the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities. The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean. There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California, but these projects were never realized, both due to cost and Document [102] (Title: Water in California) The most in-home water consumption is toilet flushes, using 20% of the water. After toilets, 20% is used for showers and 18% goes to leaks inside homes. In Sacramento, in 2012 before the severe drought started, residents were using a day per-capita. Many homes in Sacramento didn't have water meters until recently. They now are gradually being installed after former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a 2004 law mandating meters statewide by 2025. After Folsom, a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento, installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water, per-capita Document [103] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protection; commercial uses such as vehicle washing; industrial reuse such as cooling water, boiler water and process water; environmental and recreational uses such as the creation or restoration of wetlands; as well as agricultural irrigation. In some cases, such as in Irvine Ranch Water District in Orange County it is also used for flushing toilets. It was estimated that in 2002 a total of per day, or almost 3% of public water supply, were being directly reused. Document [104] (Title: Water in California) by periods of drought like other sources of water are. Another incentive for desalination is the ability for localities to be more self-sufficient with their water supply, thus improving their drought resilience. However, desalination has been the subject of scrutiny by opponents, who believe that the costs and possible environmental effects of desalination are indicators that California should continue to pursue other alternatives. Although the response to desalination has been mixed, some areas of California are moving forward with seawater desalination. In December 2015, Poseidon Water completed the construction of the Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant. This facility, which Document [105] (Title: Water in California) from north of Sacramento, while 80% of the water demand occurs in the southern two-thirds of the state. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40% of California's total precipitation and 50% of its total streamflow. It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay, South Bay, East Bay, and Greater Southern California. In a typical year, about Document [106] (Title: California State Water Project) In 1973, the pumps and the East and West branches of the aqueduct were completed, and the first water was delivered to Southern California. A Peripheral Canal, which would have carried SWP water around the vulnerable and ecologically sensitive Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, was rejected in 1982 due to environmental concerns. The Coastal Branch, which delivers water to coastal central California, was completed in 1997. The Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River, provides the primary watershed for the State Water Project. Runoff from the Feather River headwaters is captured in Antelope, Frenchman, and Davis reservoirs, which impound tributaries Document [107] (Title: California State Water Project) Nevertheless, many farmers used the water to develop new permanent crops, creating a dependency on SWP water that is technically part of Southern California's entitlement, This is now causing tensions as Southern California continues to increase its use of SWP water, decreasing the amount of surplus available to the system, especially in years of drought. In dry years, water pumped from the Delta creates a hazard to spring-run salmon. As the Banks Pumping Plant pulls water from the Sacramento River southward across the Delta, it disrupts the normal flow direction of east to west that salmon smolt follow to the Document [108] (Title: Water in California) rice with 8% of water use and 2% of revenue (despite its lack of water, California grows nearly of rice per year, and is the second largest rice-growing state), and truck farming of vegetables and nursery crops with 4% of water use and 42% of revenue; head of broccoli: 5.4 gallons; one walnut: 4.9 gallons; head of lettuce: 3.5 gallons; one tomato: 3.3 gallons; one almond 1.1 gallon; one pistachio: 0.75 gallon; one strawberry 0.4 gallon; one grape: 0.3 gallon. Horses, based on the amount of alfalfa they eat, use about of water – about 7% of irrigated water in Document [109] (Title: Sustainable Groundwater Management Act) the population, mostly used by the agriculture industry as the main water source for crops. For years, groundwater use has been poorly managed and under-regulated to a point where the state is facing major depletion. Groundwater is particularly crucial in California because the dearth of surface water means that it supplies between one-third and two-thirds of the state's freshwater supply, depending on climatic conditions. It is being pumped in excess of the natural rate of replenishment, which in return is lowering the groundwater table, a phenomenon called "overdraft" that can cause severe land subsidence. In 1980, the Department of Water Document [110] (Title: Water in California) known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed. The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley. The majority of the supply there is in the form of runoff that seeps into the aquifer. The freshwater is usually found in deposits of gravel, silt, and sand. Below these deposits lies a layer of deep sediment, a relic Document [111] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) have provided treated wastewater for landscape irrigation in parks and golf courses since 1929. The first reclaimed water facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California was the first groundwater agency to obtain permitted use of recycled water for groundwater recharge in 1962. The Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) was the first water district in California to receive an unrestricted use permit from the state for its recycled water; such a permit means that water can be used for any purpose except drinking. IRWD maintains one of the Document [112] (Title: Water reuse in California) for laundry, bathing, sink washing, and dishwaters. Blackwater, on the other hand, is defined as sewage that includes feces from toilets. Due to the low amounts of physical pollutants in greywater, most of its contaminants are dissolved organic matter, which can be physically filtered and cleaned through various membranes, as well as through biological treatment methods. The subsequent heterogeneous solution is collected through pipes and the sewer system, and is then treated at a wastewater treatment plant to the standard required according to its intended use. Historically, this recycled water has been used for agriculture, large-scale landscaping, industrial processes like Document [113] (Title: California Green Building Standards Code) constantly increased during the last decades,so using water wisely is crucial in order to provide enough water also for the future generations. During the 20th century, water diverted south through the California Aqueduct was economically essential to Los Angeles. But fisheries, wildlife and water quality in the bay and delta paid a heavy price. Water is becoming an increasingly important resource throughout California and the United States. The largest single use of potable water in California is water used to irrigate for agriculture. The largest remaining segment of water use is that of public water supplies. On average, the energy Document [114] (Title: Water footprint) forests and wild lands, there is also direct environmental use (e.g. of surface water) that may be allocated by governments. For example, in California, where water use issues are sometimes severe because of drought, about 48 percent of “dedicated water use” in an average water year is for the environment (somewhat more than for agriculture). Such environmental water use is for keeping streams flowing, maintaining aquatic and riparian habitats, keeping wetlands wet, etc. According to Dennis Wichelns of the International Water Management Institute: "Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving water security, there is Document [115] (Title: Water reuse in California) and this makes it an even more cost-effective solution. West Basin Municipal Water District's Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility has been providing recycled water to industrial customers since 1995. Treated wastewater is used in California to support aquatic ecosystems, like wetlands, rivers, and lakes. This can be for the purposes of habitat restoration, water flow augmentations, and water quantity and quality maintenance. Lake Elsinore of Lake Elsinore City loses 14,000 acre feet of water a year from evaporation, and in 2002 the city decided to augment the dwindling lake with recycled water. There are some technical challenges in water Document [116] (Title: Water in California) flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system. It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration. Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities." Around 75% of California's water supply comes Document [117] (Title: Water-energy nexus) uses, with the urban sector accounting for 65% of this. In addition to electricity, 30% of California’s natural gas consumption was due to water-related processes, mainly residential water heating, and 88 million gallons of diesel was consumed by groundwater pumps for agriculture. The residential sector alone accounted for 48% of the total combined electricity and natural gas consumed for water-related processes in the state. According to the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Energy Division’s Embedded Energy in Water Studies report:"“'Energy Intensity' refers to the average amount of energy needed to transport or treat water or wastewater on a per unit Document [118] (Title: Droughts in California) months of the year, to protect migrating fish. In water year 2015, of water flowed through the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, but only were recovered into water distribution systems. Most of California's major reservoirs serve important flood control functions. Due to the limited capacity of river channels and dam spillways, reservoirs cannot be quickly drained before major storms. This limits how much of a reservoir's capacity can be used for long-term storage. Reservoirs in California are designed to control either rain floods, snowmelt floods or both. In the coastal and southern parts of the state, and much of the Sacramento Document [119] (Title: Water in California) the state. There are 698,000 horses in California. Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California. Jane Dye Gussow discusses California's agricultural water in her book "This Organic Life". She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that "was never intended to be a garden." The Central Valley, where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation. California is one of the top five states in water use for livestock. Water withdrawals for livestock use in Document [120] (Title: Water in California) are exported from the Delta: 67% is delivered by the Central Valley Project, 26% by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users. Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years. About of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay, including in governmentally mandated environmental flows; is used for other environmental purposes, and supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves. In an average year, about 39% of California's water consumption, or , is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 11%, or is not consumed Document [121] (Title: Water reuse in California) per year (AFY) by 2020 and by at least two million AFY by 2030." The DWR reviews and updates the California Water Plan every 5 years. Currently, priority funding is given to new projects in the state that incorporate water reuse. Water reuse in California As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse in California—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of water in California's story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater that comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower Document [122] (Title: Water trading) state’s Environmental Water Account. Finally, in officially declared emergency situations, the California Department of Water Resources opens a California Drought Water Bank, which buys surplus water allocations from northern California water rights holders and sells and transports those allocations to drought-stricken areas in southern California. Surface water rights in Colorado are administered by the Colorado Division of Water Resources (CDWR) and by the water courts, which are district courts that only hear water matters. To get a surface water right, individuals submit an application to the water courts, and must show intent to divert the water for beneficial use – Question: what are the main uses of water in california Answer: approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses Long Answer: Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years . Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system . It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration . Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities." Gold Document ID: 87

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Water reuse in California) irrigation, too, recognizing it as a source of water and nutrients in an arid California. Around the same time, the city of San Francisco began using raw sewage for irrigation of Golden Gate Park, an area which was just sand dunes at the time, and is now a lush garden-of-eden-esqe meadow. Similar stories can be found of cities around the state. Concerns were raised about public health risks of using sewage for irrigation eventually leading to the first state law regarding the reuse of municipal wastewater in 1918. After building a treatment plant near Golden Gate Park, artificial lakes and Document [2] (Title: Water reuse in California) reuse, among which are making start-up more economical, questions about water quality standards, long-term effects of pharmaceutical and household chemicals leftover in the water after treatment (constituents of emerging concern), and a lack of infrastructure to carry out water reuse. Although there has been little documentation of adverse effects to humans from water reuse contact or consumption, there remains concern about long-term effects of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals, and personal care products in reused water, including impacts on the natural and beneficial microbiota found on and inside people. Treating water to a degree that would be free of these Document [3] (Title: Eastern Municipal Water District of Southern California) of the District's overall demands are met through groundwater production and another 4 percent are met through groundwater desalination efforts. EMWD currently operates two groundwater desalination facilities in Menifee, which treats brackish groundwater through reverse osmosis. Recycled water makes up nearly 33 percent of EMWD's overall portfolio. This water is used for irrigation of crops, schools, parks, golf courses, streetscapes and industrial uses. EMWD uses 100 percent of its recycled water for beneficial reuse and is one of the nation's leaders in recycled water. EMWD has been recognized by the WateReuse Foundation and other professional organizations for its expansive use Document [4] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) California reused 0.6 and Florida per day respectively. Twenty-five states had regulations regarding the use of reclaimed water in 2002. Planned direct reuse of reclaimed water was initiated in 1932 with the construction of a reclaimed water facility at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Reclaimed water is typically distributed with a color-coded dual piping network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes. The leaders in use of reclaimed water in the U.S. are Florida and California, with Irvine Ranch Water District as one of the leading developers. They were the first district to approve the use Document [5] (Title: Water reuse in California) for irrigation purposes than for potable uses. In fact, in some cases, recycled water can reduce the need for fertilizers, further adding to the viability of water reuse. The future of water reuse in California is expansion. With the population of California expected to nearly double by 2055 and with the anticipated affects of climate change in an already water-strained state, water reuse will continue to be an integral part of California's water story. The State Water Resources Control Board has laid out plans for the increased "use of recycled water over 2002 levels by at least one million acre-feet Document [6] (Title: Water in California) comes from two main sources: surface water, or water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes; and groundwater, which is water that is pumped out from the ground. California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water, water that was once sea water, but has been purified. Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought, groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over of water is stored in California's 450 Document [7] (Title: History of California 1900–present) of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as the largest single consumer of power in the state, its net output in an "average" rainfall year is 5,100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and hydroelectric plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped Document [8] (Title: California State Water Project) California State Water Project The California State Water Project, commonly known as the SWP, is a state water management project in the U.S. state of California under the supervision of the California Department of Water Resources. The SWP is one of the largest public water and power utilities in the world, providing drinking water for more than 23 million people and generating an average of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as it is the largest single consumer of power in the state itself, it has a net usage of 5,100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern Document [9] (Title: Water in California) by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28% of California's water consumption, or . This water irrigates almost , which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year. Alfalfa uses about 18% of California irrigation water and produces 4% of California's farm-gate revenue, most of which is used as livestock feed. In 2015, California exported one-fourth of its total alfalfa production of roughly 2 Document [10] (Title: Water in California) as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date. Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made. Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes, national parks, monuments and forests. Document [11] (Title: Water reuse in California) Montebello Forebay facility spreads water on the surface of the ground to recharge the aquifer. Use of recycled water in industrial settings is increasing as strained freshwater supplies are decreasing. Recycled water is used industrially in pulp and paper plants and in the cooling towers and boilers of power plants. It can also be used for mixing concrete and other applications that do not involve consumption by humans. This is an attractive option for California industries, given the high cost of unrecycled fresh water. Additionally, water need not be treated to very high standards to be use in industrial applications, Document [12] (Title: Water in California) Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield, which typically peak between April and July. Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California. California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by "water year", which runs from October 1 to September 30. In response to water shortages in the state, some water districts are looking to desalination as a way to provide water for residents. Supporters view seawater desalination as a safer water source, since it draws its water from the ocean and thus, is not affected Document [13] (Title: Hydrogeology) are present in nearby aquifers. In 2016, the EPA released a report which states that drinking water can be contaminated by fracking. This was a reversal of their previous policies after a $29 million study into the effects of fracking on local drinking water. California sees some of the largest controversies in groundwater usage due to the dry conditions California faces, high population, and intensive agriculture. Conflicts generally occur over pumping groundwater and shipping it out of the area, unfair use of water by a commercial company, and contamination of groundwater by development projects. In Siskiyou County in northern California, Document [14] (Title: Water reuse in California) suspended matter), and chlorination to kill any remaining harmful bacteria. Reverse osmosis can also remove dissolved solids, color, pesticides, nutrients, and pathogens. Other methods for treating water include UV disinfection, oxidation, and electrodialysis reversal for salinity. Water reuse has been an important part of California's water plan due to efforts to reduce over-drafted ground and surface water supplies, but also as a safe and environmentally responsible means of waste disposal. It also helps to address the unique challenge that California faces in providing water to its densely populated cities and millions of acres of farmland in areas where precipitation scarcely Document [15] (Title: Water conservation) use such as lawn watering and car washing. Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage. Most urban outdoor water use in California is residential, illustrating a reason for outreach to households as well as businesses. One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households, and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001). Although individual water meters have often been Document [16] (Title: Quantification Settlement Agreement) within the larger framework of the California water crisis in 2015. The use of water for agricultural purposes has been discussed and debated, as approximately 80% of all California water use can be attributed to agricultural needs, most notably in the Central Valley and the rural areas of Imperial County. However, there are indications that Californians are aware of this crisis, and Los Angeles Times reporter Jay Famligietti noted that "A recent Field Poll showed that 94% of Californians surveyed believe that the drought is serious, and that one-third support mandatory rationing." Reflecting these concerns, California Governor Jerry Brown announced Document [17] (Title: Water reuse in California) streams were also created with the treated water. In Fresno, in the 1920s, the state's first potable groundwater recharge system using wastewater was established. After World War II, the population of Southern California increased dramatically, and groundwater in the area had been over-exploited to the point of creating saltwater intrusion from the Pacific Ocean, rendering the local groundwater non-potable. In their attempt to develop technology to desalinate ocean water, engineers discovered that their technology was more efficient and cost-effective when applied on brackish water. The advent of plastic allowed for even greater advancements in water reuse, and enabled the invention Document [18] (Title: Water reuse in California) costly new infrastructure, but it will pay for itself via savings in water and health. The general consensus is that new infrastructure will be required regardless moving into the next few decades. People are naturally concerned with water reuse, and the concept of contagions in the water is difficult to overcome. Water after just one use has long been considered waste, but, as water resources decline in the face of increasing populations, this mindset will need to be changed, because water reuse will continue to be implemented on a greater scale. Education will be an important factor in addressing these Document [19] (Title: Reclaimed water) in parks and golf courses in 1929. The first reclaimed water facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California was the first groundwater agency to obtain permitted use of recycled water for groundwater recharge in 1962. Orange County is located in Southern California, USA, and houses a classic example in indirect potable reuse. A large-scale artificial groundwater recharge scheme exists in the area, providing a much-needed freshwater barrier to intruding seawater. Part of the injected water consists of recycled water, starting as of 1976 with Water Factory 21, Document [20] (Title: Water in California) and states as a model for policy planning efforts. The approach involves: interest based dialog and exchange among teams, committees and the public to develop work products; multiple opportunities for review by different audiences; and integration and reconciliation of feedback from a variety of perspectives. Update 2013 is based on the plan laid out by the administration of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. (Jerry Brown). That five-year plan, released in January 2014, outlines a succinct set of actions that together bring reliability, restoration, and resilience to California water resources, even as the state's population is expected to grow from 38 Document [21] (Title: Water in California) The CVP's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate of farmland. The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over of water, or 17 percent of the state's developed water. The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers: the Trinity, the Sacramento, the American, the Stanislaus, and the San Joaquin. Friant Dam, on the San Joaquin, was completed in 1944, forming Millerton Lake. This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP. Shasta Dam, the largest Document [22] (Title: Water in California) systems, the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Tuolumne River/Hetch Hetchy system, and the Mokelumne Aqueduct. The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose, state-built water project in the United States. The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture, and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users. More than two-thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP. The system was designed and contracted to deliver , but in an average year delivers only because many of the original planned features were never built. Twenty-nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water. The contractors pay for Document [23] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) to make recommendations regarding California's water law. In 1913, Californian voters adopted by referendum the Water Commission Act, which created the state Water Commission and set forth an administrative procedure for acquiring an appropriative right. In 1926, the courts held that a riparian water user was entitled to the full flow of a stream, without regard to the reasonableness of the use. In response, in 1928, the California Constitution was amended to require that all water use in California be reasonable and beneficial. (Article X, Section 2). In 1878, William Hammond Hall of the Office of State Engineer conducted a Document [24] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) California Department of Water Resources The California Department of Water Resources (DWR), is part of the California Natural Resources Agency. The Department of Water Resources is responsible for the State of California's management and regulation of water usage. The department was created in 1956 by Governor Goodwin Knight following across Northern California in 1955, combining the Division of Water Resources of the Department of Public Works with the State Engineer's Office, the Water Project Authority, and the State Water Resources Board. It has its headquarters in Sacramento. California recognizes many types of water rights. These rights have developed with the Document [25] (Title: Water in California) of water. The EWA is used to protect fish and other wildlife without reducing water allocations to farms and municipalities. A $7.5 billion water bond was approved in November 2014 with a 2 to 1 ratio. The bond-financing, which has been contentiously debated by the legislature and Governor Jerry Brown for the past few years, was said to improve the water quality, supply and infrastructure, if passed by voters. The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California's water history. Additionally, the collection has digitized materials relating Document [26] (Title: Water in California) often include greater inequity in water access, as private utilities face higher repercussions for delivering unsafe water and often decide to opt-out from serving under-resourced populations. In many cases, bottled water is tested less frequently than public water for pollutants, and in 1999, approximately 33% of bottled water tested by the FDA exceeded allowable limits. The U.S. Geological Survey analyzed the results of a 2002 study of 10 streams in California and discovered that the Sacramento River had the highest traces of acetaminophen, cholesterol and birth control hormones of any water source in the nation. Pharmaceutical discharge polluted by drug Document [27] (Title: History of California 1900–present) in the aquifer(s). In addition they buy Colorado River water that is shipped via the Colorado River Aqueduct, and they accept part of the treated municipal wastewater of the about 4,000,000 people in their district and treat it to additional purity and sanitation levels by using reverse osmosis and advanced filtering. Their largest tertiary water treatment facility is the Leo J. Vander Lans Advanced Water Treatment facility. The water out of this facility is better than the water that comes out of the "average" municipal water treatment facility. To finance their water recycling projects WRD charges $268 per acre-foot of Document [28] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) use surface water. The Water Commission Act became effective on December 19, 1914. Landowners or water users that had established water usage prior to 1914 became senior water rights users in many of the more accessible watersheds in the state. Appropriative water rights were processed by the Division of Water Rights, originally under the State Engineer, and subsequently under the Department of Water Resources, the State Water Rights Board, and finally, the State Water Resources Control Board. In 1919, Col. Robert B. Marshall, Chief Surveyor for the U.S. Geological Survey, proposed a plan for the federal government to build a Document [29] (Title: Water reuse in California) water supply. Groundwater recharge is regulated by the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), California Department of Public Health (DPH), California Public Utilities Commission (PUC), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). There are currently four large-scale groundwater recharge operations in southern California that inject treated wastewater directly into potable water aquifers. They include Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System, West Basin Municipal Water District Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility, Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant, and the Water Replenishment District of Southern California Leo J. Vander Lans Water Treatment Facility. In contrast, the Document [30] (Title: Water in California) natural runoff, requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state. Rivers of the Lahontan watersheds in eastern California are part of the high desert Great Basin and do not drain to the Pacific. Most of the water is used locally in eastern California and western Nevada for irrigation. The Owens River of the South Lahontan region, however, is a principal source of water for Los Angeles. Rain typically falls in California only during the winter and spring months, from October through May, with more rain falling on the northern half of the state than the southern. Approximately Document [31] (Title: Water in California) In addition, all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators. In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water. "And, as between appropriators, the rule of priority is 'first in time, first in right.'" Beginning in 1914, a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board. The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles: Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such Document [32] (Title: Water in California) of EBMUD's water right, but modifications were also negotiated. The intake point was moved downstream, to maintain minimum flows in the American River before it merges with the Sacramento. The North Bay Aqueduct of the California State Water Project delivers an annual average of of water to urban communities and agricultural users in Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties. That water is diverted from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary, a water hub that serves as the junction of south-, west, and north-flowing rivers draining the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay, including Document [33] (Title: California State Water Project) California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and power plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains, with at the Edmonston Pumping Plant alone, the highest single water lift in the world. The SWP shares many facilities with the federal Central Valley Project (CVP), which primarily serves agricultural users. Document [34] (Title: Water reuse in California) cooling systems, and groundwater recharge. As we look to the future, we can expect to see new infrastructure for water reuse to include washing our laundry and cars or watering our lawns and even flushing our toilets, in addition to use in municipal infrastructure for street cleaning, fountains, and commercial use. Water in California is to be used 'reasonably' under the Reasonable Use doctrine, and not reusing water when possible constitutes a violation of this doctrine pursuant to Water Code sections 13550 et seq. according to the State Water Resources Control Board. Water reuse in California has more than tripled Document [35] (Title: Pat Brown) II brought millions of newcomers to the state which, along with the state's cyclical droughts, severely strained California's water resources, especially in dry Southern California. This began the California State Water Project, whose objective was to address the fact that one half of the state's people lived in a region containing one percent of the state's natural supply of water. Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government. These federally controlled areas were under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Reclamation, which was considering the implementation of a "160-acre principle", a policy contained Document [36] (Title: Water reuse in California) of building a wastewater treatment plant can be more expensive than other methods of attaining water (e.g., groundwater or imported water), but it's much less costly than desalination. Once the facility is established, however, recycled water is less expensive than fresh, for use in industry or power generation. Furthermore, as freshwater supplies continue to dwindle, the cost of freshwater will go up, and the price differential will increase. It is also important to note that the cost of treating water goes up as the level of treatment goes up. This means that it is more economically viable to treat water Document [37] (Title: Water in California) Water in California California's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over of farmland. As the world's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over of water per year. Water and water rights are among the state's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources. California's limited water supply Document [38] (Title: Kings River (California)) basin. Only the Fresno Irrigation District is contracted for CVP water, but other Kings River users can also purchase CVP water in times of need, such as droughts. Summer water demand for irrigation is typically in the range of . Groundwater is the other major source of water supply for the basin, providing a large part of the agricultural supply and all of the water used by area cities. The Kings River Conservation District (KRCD), among its other functions, is the primary agency managing groundwater use. The Kings Basin Water Authority also monitors groundwater use, as well as certain water Document [39] (Title: Water in California) show progress towards decreasing its dependency on the excess , or face cuts. The Colorado River Water Use Plan called for Imperial and Coachella Valley agriculture to give up water in order to reallocate within the state. The plan's proposals generated much controversy, and the deadline arrived with no agreement reached. The Department of the Interior reduced MWD's access by . The Los Angeles Aqueduct carries water from the Eastern Sierra Nevada to Los Angeles. The construction of the aqueduct marked the first major water delivery project in California. The city purchased of land in the Owens Valley in order Document [40] (Title: Water in California) was approved by the San Diego Water Authority, is responsible for providing water for about 8% of San Diego County's water by the year 2020. As of December 2015, there are 6 additional seawater desalination plants currently in operation in the state of California. As of May 2016, there are also 9 more proposed desalination plants. Water always gets recycled, via rivers, aquifers, and the atmosphere, but we can also do this directly and intentionally. Water reuse in California is increasingly important, with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation, toilet flushing, and industry (e.g., making concrete, cooling), although Document [41] (Title: Water treatment) citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations. Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water and treating sewage to a high standard. In areas with high quality water sources which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, and where sewage flow and treatment can be undertaken using gravity systems, costs will be much Document [42] (Title: Economy of California) purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide. The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct Document [43] (Title: Water reuse in California) opened Water Factory 21, where they used reverse osmosis to treat wastewater, and then inject it into the ground to be used as a hydraulic saltwater barrier for the area's overdrawn groundwater aquifers. Since the 1970s, water reuse has more than tripled. In 2013, San Diego demonstrated the feasibility of using technology to recycle most of their wastewater for reuse by the year 2035, to decrease costs of importing water. This project, Pure Water San Diego, hopes to build facilities throughout the county to treat wastewater to provide for sustainable, safe potable water for one-third of the population. As of Document [44] (Title: Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program) potential hazards from this resource. Approximately 85% of water used in California by farmers and residents today is from groundwater, with 6 million Californians relying solely on this resource. The Central Valley is a big user of groundwater for agricultural purposes which supplies a large portion of food for not only California, but for the rest of the United States as well. This resource for a long time had been unregulated which helps us understand the groundwater crisis that occurs today in California. This was a highly relied upon resource over the past century, and was especially critical during drought Document [45] (Title: California) the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies. Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water." The state's capital is Sacramento. California is organized into three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor Document [46] (Title: Water reuse in California) blackwater is used for non-potable reuses, as it is more likely to have higher concentrations of the potentially more harmful contaminants, while the treated graywater can be used for more sensitive purposes. For example, the blackwater from toilets can be kept separate, be treated to the point that it no longer has odor, color or pathogens, and be reused to flush the same toilets indefinitely, in a closed-loop system, remembering that no one touches or consumes the water in the toilet bowl. Other closed-loop recycling systems would also be entirely feasible, for example in laundries and car washes. This requires Document [47] (Title: California State Water Project) water for cities and farms in the Inland Empire, Orange County, and other areas south of Los Angeles. Through Lake Perris, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California receives a large portion of its water from the SWP. Water is also supplied to the San Diego Aqueduct through a connection from Perris to Lake Skinner, further south. The original 1957 California Water Plan included provisions for dams on the Klamath, Eel, Mad and Smith Rivers of California's North Coast. Fed by prolific rainfall in the western Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains, these rivers discharge more than to the Pacific each Document [48] (Title: Water in California) California were 101-250 million gallons per day in 2010. Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 11%, or , of total water consumption in an average year. A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was per year or per household per day. The study found that about 53% of total average household water use, or more than per household per day, was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses. Meanwhile, indoor use accounted for more than per household per day. Document [49] (Title: Water reuse in California) kill off any remaining pathogens. Physical treatments include coarse sand, sedimentation, and screening through membranes and filters. Chemical treatments include ion exchange and coagulation. Biological processes include the use of ultraviolet for disinfection, membrane bioreactors, RBC, and SBR. Reverse osmosis is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water. Currently, reverse osmosis is the technology by which water reuse is made possible, in conjunction with filtering methods for larger solids (e.g., screens and settling tanks), other techniques for removing smaller particulates (e.g., aeration to allow bacteria to metabolize the Document [50] (Title: Water in California) million tons. About one-third of that, around 700,000 tons, went to China, Japan took about the same amount and Saudi Arabia bought 5,000 tons. Alfalfa farmers pay about $70 an acre-foot, in Los Angeles that same amount of water is worth $1000 per acre-foot. In 2012, California exported 575,000 tons of alfalfa to China, for $586 million. Other common crop water use, if using all irrigated water: fruits and nuts with 34% of water use and 45% of revenue, field crops with 14% of water and 4% of revenue, pasture forage with 11% of water use and 1% of revenue, Document [51] (Title: Water in California) large tracts of land. A 1982 reform increased CVP area limits to . In 1992, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act made fish and wildlife protection and restoration an authorized purpose of the CVP on an equal footing with other authorized purposes. of annual runoff were dedicated to environmental usage, which generated intense controversy. The Colorado River is the source of per year for California. Six other states along the river's watershed (Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona) and Mexico, share allocated portions of river water. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, or MWD, holds priority water Document [52] (Title: Water in California) water-resource related documents. Water in California California's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over of farmland. As the world's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over of water per year. Water and water rights are among the state's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources. California's Document [53] (Title: Droughts in California) can be expensive. This leads to awareness of water management challenges. In rain-rich states and countries, which are not drought-prone, the water, as elsewhere, is managed by government consent, which assumes ownership and management of all free flowing rivers, lakes, and bodies of water in its parameters. The water being used for commercial purposes, such as Nestle's 72 brands of bottled water, is done so only as permitted and granted by governmental authorities. Lately, locals have been fighting back against the "stealing" of precious resources by opposing and not allowing huge water draw down facilities to be set up. In Document [54] (Title: Water in California) as a result of ignoring changes in water consumption and water renewal. While the volume of groundwater in California is very large, aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished. In 1999, it was estimated that the average, annual overdrafting was around across the state, with in the Central Valley. Since then, overdrafting had significantly increased. Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins, including the Central Valley, overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was of water per year. California has ten major drainage basins defined for convenience Document [55] (Title: Water-energy nexus) The California's State Water Project (SWP) and Central Valley Project (CVP) are together the largest water system in the world with the highest water lift, over 2000 ft. across the Tehachapi mountains, delivering water from the wetter and relatively rural north of the state, to the agriculturally intensive central valley, and finally to the arid and heavily populated south. Consequently, the SWP and CVP are the single largest consumers of electricity in California consuming approximately 5 TWh of electricity each per year. In 2001, 19% of the state’s total electricity use (~48 TWh/year) was used in processing water including end Document [56] (Title: Irvine Ranch Water District) in Riverside County. The aqueduct system includes five pumping plants that lift the water . IRWD produces approximately 21 percent of its supply by treating wastewater and reusing it for irrigation and other non-potable, or non-drinking, uses. The primary uses of recycled water are agricultural and landscape irrigation including parks, school grounds, golf courses, freeway landscaping and irrigation of common areas managed by homeowner associations. Recycled water is also used for front and backyard irrigation in large residential lots, for industrial processes, and for toilet flushing and cooling towers in dozens of dual-plumbed office buildings. The color of recycled water Document [57] (Title: Water in California) Lake, correct air-quality law violations, and rewater portions of the Owens River, Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on Eastern Sierra Nevada water. This has mostly been achieved through water conservation. The city enacted a program offering free low-flow toilets to its customers. The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions. The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley, inside Yosemite National Park. The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power, depending on rainfall, most of which is sent to San Francisco via city-owned power lines. After Document [58] (Title: Water reuse in California) this report clearly states that there is no established and reliable technology to even measure these 'constituents of emerging concern' collectively, as opposed to one by one with expensive techniques, and they cannot be effectively monitored via Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), or Total Organic Carbon (TOC). A better alternative to preemptively highly treating all water in case of contaminants for use in the drinking water supply may be to have a dual piping system, in which gray and black water are kept separate from the initial point of disposal to the treatment phase and the treated Document [59] (Title: Droughts in California) in the temporary evacuation of 200,000 people. The combined inflow to Shasta, Oroville and Folsom Lakes on February 9 was . Two days later, the combined flood control release was . This water would have been worth $370M at Los Angeles County municipal rates. Without changes in water use, it would take about six dry years to deplete the state's reservoirs. Approximately are used in California every year as cattle feed. Also, from 2008–2015, over ( per year) were released into the San Francisco Bay to save 36 Delta smelt. An alternative, salinity barriers, is being installed. Water in California Document [60] (Title: California Water Plan) an independent and comprehensive source of California water news and information, “three related themes distinguish California Water Plan Update 2013.” DWR and other State agencies consider the three themes critical to securing California’s water future. The Santa Margarita Conjunctive Use Project in San Diego County is cited as an example of the three themes in action. This conjunctive use project is designed to provide for enhanced recharge of the groundwater basin beneath the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in northern San Diego County. It also includes a seawater intrusion barrier that uses recycled water, a distribution system, and advanced water Document [61] (Title: Central Valley land subsidence) onto flood land available to them. They reported that some growers also released excess water allotted to them on flood lands to help restore aquifers. This practice mitigates overutilization of surface water. Governor Jerry Brown of California also imposed restrictions on unnecessary water usage during the California drought that began in 2012. Measures included drought-tolerant landscaping, rebate programs for purchasing water efficient appliances, and setting a statewide goal of 25% reduction in water usage. Brown also signed a bill allowing for $500 fines to residents who used water unnecessarily during declared drought emergencies. Unnecessary use includes watering sidewalks and exceeding Document [62] (Title: Water in California) subject to a water rights claim from people/government in the area of origin. That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect. As a result of its pueblo rights, Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River. In the same way, communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights. Area of origin laws were passed in reaction to the controversies related to Los Angeles diverting water from the Owens Valley. Despite being Document [63] (Title: Water in California) Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law. And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative, they may conflict with state law. California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative water rights in limited circumstances. California area of origin laws include The County of Origin Law (1931), The Water Protection Statute (1933), and The Delta Protection Act (1959). Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights. In both cases, water is reserved for future growth of the local community. In other words, appropriations may be Document [64] (Title: Water reuse in California) Water reuse in California As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse in California—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of water in California's story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater that comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower water, and even toilet water; this includes everything dumped down these wastewater drains from laundry soap to bleach to oil to human waste. Wastewater can divided into greywater and blackwater, with the first being defined as water that had been used Document [65] (Title: Water trading) (California Water Code §100) (beneficial use includes aquaculture, domestic use, fire protection, fish and wildlife, crop frost protection, heat control, industrial use, irrigation, mining, municipal, power, recreation, stockwatering, and water quality control) but post-1914 appropriative rights are subject to more scrutiny and regulation by the SWRCB. By law (California Water Code §102), water in California is public property (and therefore a common pool resource); water rights only entitle the holder to use of water, not ownership of water. In fact, §104 and §105 of the California Water Code expressly state the people have a "paramount interest in the use of Document [66] (Title: WateReuse) on educating the public about why reclaimed water should be used, what their benefits are, and reassuring that problems with reclaimed water, such as contamination, will not occur. WateReuse Association's California section states their mission as: ""To promote responsible stewardship of California's water resources by maximizing the safe, practical and beneficial use of recycled water and by supporting the efforts of the WateReuse Association."" WateReuse California worked with Water Education Foundation to create a 16-page booklet that teaches elementary students about what recycled water really is. With the help of the Los Angeles County Chapter, WateReuse California created an irrigation Document [67] (Title: Water in California) river systems and is a critical source of water in the state's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls. Up to 30 percent of California's water supply is from snowpack. Much of California's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a large fresh-water estuary where much of the state's water supply is withdrawn. The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California, as well as a significant chunk of Southern Document [68] (Title: Water reuse in California) 2011, the city has been purifying millions of gallons of water and giving demonstrations to the public upon request. The earliest water reuse comprised simply of trenches dug to transport wastewater outside of urban areas to farms where it was used for fertilizer and water. Pipes were soon built to contain the smell of the wastewater. In the 1930s, San Francisco built McQueen Treatment Plant near Golden Gate Park to treat the wastewater it was using to irrigate the landscape. This technology included aerating the wastewater to allow bacteria to work on the effluent, as well as adding chlorine to Document [69] (Title: Water in California) complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts." An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of "National Audubon Society v. Superior Court". Water rights are divided in multiple ways. Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate. Also, California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law: pueblo, riparian, prior appropriation, and water reserved by the US. A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights. California recognizes water rights granted to pueblos Document [70] (Title: California) Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach. California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects. Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists. The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of Document [71] (Title: California oil and gas industry) electrical power. About 9% of the natural gas is used in facilitating the extraction of more oil and gas. Roughly 21% is used for residential space and water heating, cooking, clothes drying, etc.; about 8.6% is used for commercial building and water heating, 14.5% is used in industrial use and some of the rest has varied uses such as fueling bus fleets and UPS trucks. California imports about 85% of its natural gas using six large gas lines. The majority of its natural gas comes from the American Southwest, the Rocky Mountain states, and Canada. The remaining 15% of California's Document [72] (Title: Water in California) individual. The California water wars, a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley, for water rights is but one example of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies. The city of Los Angeles bought of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them, for a fair price. The diverting of this water from the valley, transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl. The electricity produced by the hydroelectric plants drawing their water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir became the subject of controversy Document [73] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) agriculture. Before the Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) in 1992, the water transported from northern California went primarily to agriculture (90%), with the remaining 10% going to urban users. The CVPIA required that 11% of the water go to environmental uses, with agriculture getting 79% of the water and urban users getting 10%. The State Water Project (SWP) is owned and operated by the state and was conceived and supported in the late 1960s by Governor Edmund Pat Brown. The SWP has 700 miles of canals and can move 5.8 million acre feet of water per year. It uses Document [74] (Title: Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada) Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada Residential water use (also called domestic use, household use, or tap water use) includes all indoor and outdoor uses of drinking quality water at single-family and multifamily dwellings. These uses include a number of defined purposes (or water end uses) such as flushing toilets, washing clothes and dishes, showering and bathing, drinking, food preparation, watering lawns and gardens, and maintaining swimming pools. Some of these end uses are detectable (and measurable) while others are more difficult to gauge. The approximate average quantities of water applied toward specific purposes have to be estimated Document [75] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) help maintain delivery of drinking water in the event of a major earthquake, drought or decline in the snowpack, San Francisco considers the use of alternative locally produced, sustainable water sources such as reclaimed water for irrigation, local groundwater and desalination during drought periods, all as part of its Water Supply Diversification Program. The largest source of water supply for Portland, Oregon, is the Bull Run Watershed. Denver receives its water almost entirely from mountain snowmelt in a number of highly protected watersheds in more than 9 counties. Its water is stored in 14 reservoirs, the largest of which is Document [76] (Title: Water in California) and statewide resource management strategies to reduce water demand, increase water supply, reduce flood risk, improve water quality, and enhance environmental and resource stewardship. The evaluations and assessments performed for the updates help identify effective actions and policies for meeting California's resource management objectives in the near term and for several decades to come. Since 2000, another major goal for each update has been to receive broad input and support from Californians. Preparation of these new millennial Water Plan updates has been widely viewed as exceptionally transparent and collaborative as the consensus seeking process is routinely cited by other agencies Document [77] (Title: History of California 1900–present) natural wetland systems/restoration 4%. The stated goal is the recycling of of treated municipal wastewater. On March 14, 2014, the State Water Board approved $800 million in financial incentives for recycled water projects. These projects typically take years to get approved and built. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of injection wells that inject clean water between their aquifer and the sea. This creates Document [78] (Title: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta) projects is used for agriculture and urban areas, some water is also provided for wildlife refuges and habitat conservation works. The Contra Costa Canal and North Bay Aqueduct also take Delta water, supplying the nearby San Francisco Bay Area. Locally, the Delta provides water for cities and towns in five counties and for over 1,800 agricultural users. The Delta is also a popular site for recreation and is used for sailing, waterskiing, houseboating, fishing, and hunting. The Delta is home to over 100 marinas and 25 yacht clubs. In 2010, over 7 million 'annual visitor boating days' occurred on the Document [79] (Title: Water in California) use started falling steadily. In response to the severe California drought, in April 2015, Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order mandating statewide reductions in water use. The mandate aimed to reduce the amount of water consumed statewide in urban areas by 25% from 2013 levels. The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) proposed regulatory instructions that grouped urban water utilities into nine tiers, with conservation standards ranging from 8% to 36%. There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California: the State Water Project, the Central Valley Project, several Colorado River delivery Document [80] (Title: History of California 1900–present) the 1970s, it was completely drained, but it attempts to resurrect itself during heavy rains. The recycling of treated municipal wastewater has become a significant part of California's water supply. The different water agencies in California were recycling over as of 2009, the date of the last survey. Some of the many uses for recycled water are: golf course irrigation 7%, landscape irrigation 17%, agricultural irrigation 37%, commercial reuse of water 7%, industrial uses 7%, geothermal energy production 1%, seawater intrusion barrier via fresh water injections 7%, groundwater recharge by well injection and flotation ponds 12%, recreational impoundments 4%, and Document [81] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) released in September 2017 revealed that $50 million of the taxpayers' money was funneled into the project. The precipitation in the northern part of the state, vital to the health of watersheds, fisheries, and communities in Northern California and in recent years impacted by severe drought and climate change, has long been desired and diverted<> by the arid southern portion of the state where water demand is met by importing water from distant locations. In the 1960s, Governor Pat Brown supported two large projects that reallocate water from the northern portion of the state to Southern California. In the early Document [82] (Title: Water trading) all water", the State may control surface and underground water for public use or public protection, and that the State should develop water for "the greatest public benefit". Because of these provisions, and the characteristic of water as a common pool resource, California law requires state agencies to review and approve independent market transfers on behalf of the public. California’s Division of Water Rights keep record of water appropriation and use, and the SWRCB reviews and issues permits, adjudicates rights, investigates complaints, and approves temporary transfers (duration is no longer than 1 year) of post-1914 appropriative rights. Injury to other Document [83] (Title: Water reuse in California) falls. In 2012, California reused nearly three quarters of a million acre feet of water, enough for about three million Californians for the year. Irrigation of farms and landscapes accounts for the greatest use of recycled water in California, more than 60%, with agriculture alone accounting for nearly 40%. Given that agriculture uses 80% of developed water supply in California, this greatly reduces strain on natural freshwater supplies. Water must be treated to at least the secondary level in order to be used in agriculture in California. In cases where the recycled water will not have contact with the edible Document [84] (Title: History of California 1900–present) to everyone over age 50. Voters narrowly rejected it in 1938, and the utopians failed to enact any panaceas; however, the movements did spawn a generation of activists on the left. The only way California can support its extensive population and agriculture is to store water in numerous reservoirs and use pipes, tunnels, pumps and canals to distribute it where it is needed when it is needed. Beginning before 1900, California has built extensive water projects costing many billions of dollars to store and move water where it is needed. California water comes primarily from snowfall in the Sierra Nevada Document [85] (Title: Water reuse in California) since the 1970s, growing from less than 200,000 acre-feet per year to nearly 700,000 in 2009. Water is a limiting factor to both economic and population growth in California. As such, Californians have been reusing water for much of its history. As early as the 1800s, California farmers were using municipal wastewater from nearby urban areas for irrigation. In the early 1900s, the city of Pasadena purchased a plot of land outside the city and named it Pasadena Sewer Farm, where walnuts, corn, pumpkins, and hay were grown at a profit. Other cities in the state began using sewage for Document [86] (Title: Politics of California) reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited and available surface sources are extensively developed through dams, canals, and pipelines. The principal water sources are mountain runoff from wet season rains and higher altitude snowpack (70%), wells (limited by salt-water incursion and overuse), and some Colorado River water supplying southern California (strictly limited by treaties with the other western states and Mexico). Waste water reclamation in California is already routine (for irrigation and industrial use). Most water is in the north of the State, while agriculture, the largest user of stored water in California, is most prevalent in the central and Document [87] (Title: Water in California) some apply direct and indirect potable reuse, risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants and other constituents of emerging concern. Treatment should be in accordance with the use and, in many cases, water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use. Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years. Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes Document [88] (Title: Water in California) companies are relatively common in California water, with Southern California water tables especially susceptible to contamination. There have been several documents known as the "California Water Plan", with the most recent being published in 2013. Before the state of California started drafting comprehensive plans for the management of water in the state, the earliest plan for water distribution in California was an 1873 report. This was followed by a 1919 report called "Irrigation of Twelve Million Acres in the Valley of California". The 1919 report is the first comprehensive plan, and is often called the "Marshall Plan", after its author Document [89] (Title: Water Commission Act of 1913) of water rights but was inadequate to supervise the distribution of water and left many unresolved issues. Though much of the state receives ample precipitation, there are several important spatial and temporal issues complicating the distribution of water. Due to the state's predominantly Mediterranean climate regime, precipitation is nearly entirely confined to the months between October and April, meaning that water sources can be intermittent from year to year. Furthermore the extremely fertile agricultural regions of the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California receive relatively little precipitation, while the coastal urban nexuses of Los Angeles and San Francisco receive adequate Document [90] (Title: Water trading) prominent types of rights in the state. Finally, California has observed the doctrine of "reasonable use" for groundwater since 1903. Because of the many water rights California recognizes, its water rights scheme is a considered a "plural system". Bearing on water trading, because California adopted riparian rights before appropriative rights, riparian rights have priority over senior appropriative rights. California’s 1914 Water Commission Act established a permit system for surface water appropriative rights and created an agency (that would eventually become the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)), to administer those permits. All water application must meet beneficial use requirements Document [91] (Title: California Department of Water Resources) claims. In its earliest form, an appropriative water right was created simply by taking water and putting it to beneficial use. However, to "state a claim" miners would often post a notice to others that they were taking and using water. Soon after California became a U.S. state in 1850, the first session of the California State Legislature immediately adopted laws to deal with the state's water. This included the adoption of the English common law system, which also included the doctrine of riparian rights, although this system was better suited to the water-rich eastern United States. Shortly thereafter, Californian Document [92] (Title: Water reuse in California) of reverse osmosis in 1959 by two UCLA students, Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan. In 1961, a wastewater treatment plant was opened in Los Angeles, where reverse osmosis was used to treat sewage and stormwater. The treated water was applied to a sandy basin, where it was further treated by natural means and percolated down into the groundwater, which was in turn pumped back up for use as drinking water. In 1965, San Diego County created man-made lakes using treated sewage for recreational activities, including swimming and fishing. And in 1976, with their groundwater contaminated by saltwater intrusion, Orange County Document [93] (Title: California Water Fix and Eco Restore) 1980s, his son and then Governor Jerry Brown attempted a third, the Peripheral Canal, which failed to gain voter support. After his re-election as governor in January 2011 Jerry Brown again proposed a project attempting to support this goal. The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a federally owned and operated project completed in the 1970s. It has of canals and moves up to 13 million acre feet per year and generates electricity—about half of which is used by the system. Overall, depending on the weather and amount of rain, up to 80% of water in the state is used for Document [94] (Title: Water reuse in California) contaminants is expensive, and, for recycled water that is introduced into a groundwater aquifer, it would include the use of multiple barriers and mediums for removal of the microbiological and chemical contaminants. Furthermore, all wastewater that is added to the groundwater supply must be highly treated just in case it has these potentially dangerous contaminants. Monitoring is a critical step in these processes as well. In September 2016, the California State Water Resources Control Board published a report for public comment entitled, "Investigation on the Feasibility of Developing Uniform Water Recycling Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse". Among many other points, Document [95] (Title: Water reuse in California) social challenges. In fact, the City of San Diego Water Purification Demonstration Project spent nearly half of its budget on public outreach and education in 2005. The geographical inequity in the distribution of water and precipitation in California makes it such that water reuse is more economical in the southern half, which receives less than one third of the precipitation of the state. In the face of groundwater overdraft, declining snowpack, changing climate, increased drought and high temperatures, some Southern California cities have found water reuse to be a cost effective way to augment their water supply. The initial costs Document [96] (Title: Keswick Dam) and wildlife, the creation of opportunities for recreation, and the enhancement of water quality. The California legislature enacted laws to deal with the state's water scarcity, and adopted a law establishing riparian water rights. This law had limitations: the owners of land bordering water had a right to a reasonable amount of that water, but owners whose land did not border bodies of water had no rights to any of the water. Due to the usage restrictions arising from the riparian rights law, the government directed state engineers to come up with a plan for the entire state that would Document [97] (Title: Water in California) by the Solano County Water Agency, which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal. Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District. The planning and management of water in California is subject to a vast number of laws, regulations, management plans, and historic water rights. The state agency responsible for water planning is the California Department of Water Resources. Water purity has been an emerging issue in California, especially in communities with low-income residents. Aging infrastructure, coupled with a lack of research on the topic, has exacerbated Document [98] (Title: California State Water Resources Control Board) on such factors as water availability, historical water rights, and flows needed to preserve in-stream uses, such as recreation and fish habitat. California recognizes several different types of rights to take and use surface water. Some water rights can only be held by government. These include pueblo rights, which can only be held by municipalities that were originally Mexican or Spanish pueblos, and federal reserved rights, which can only be held by the federal government. For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes groundwater as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater. Document [99] (Title: Water resource policy) Luis Obispo County. The specific responsibilities for managing the resource must therefore be negotiated. Surface water and groundwater can be studied and managed as separate resources as a single resource in multiple forms. Jurisdictions typically distinguish three recognized groundwater classifications: subterranean streams, underflow of surface waters, and percolating groundwater. Drinking water and water for utilitarian uses such as washing, crop cultivation and manufacture is competed for by various constituencies: Seawater resources are important for ethical-aesthetic reasons, recreation, tourism, maintenance of fisheries. The sea is a venue for shipping and for oil and mineral extraction that creates a need for regulatory Document [100] (Title: Water reuse in California) portion of the plant, like in orchards or vineyards, secondary treatment is deemed sufficient, but in the case of crops with the edible portion of the plant having contact with the recycled water tertiary treatment is regulated. The second largest use of recycled water in California is groundwater recharge. To some extent, water reuse as a seawater intrusion barrier is also groundwater recharge. Treated wastewater is injected into underground aquifers, or in some cases spread over a surface of land and allowed to percolate down into aquifers below, where it can later be extracted to be added to the urban Document [101] (Title: Water in California) California's usage. The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed. It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath, Smith and Eel, and produces over a third of the runoff in the state. With a few exceptions, the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities. The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean. There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California, but these projects were never realized, both due to cost and Document [102] (Title: Water in California) The most in-home water consumption is toilet flushes, using 20% of the water. After toilets, 20% is used for showers and 18% goes to leaks inside homes. In Sacramento, in 2012 before the severe drought started, residents were using a day per-capita. Many homes in Sacramento didn't have water meters until recently. They now are gradually being installed after former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a 2004 law mandating meters statewide by 2025. After Folsom, a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento, installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water, per-capita Document [103] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protection; commercial uses such as vehicle washing; industrial reuse such as cooling water, boiler water and process water; environmental and recreational uses such as the creation or restoration of wetlands; as well as agricultural irrigation. In some cases, such as in Irvine Ranch Water District in Orange County it is also used for flushing toilets. It was estimated that in 2002 a total of per day, or almost 3% of public water supply, were being directly reused. Document [104] (Title: Water in California) by periods of drought like other sources of water are. Another incentive for desalination is the ability for localities to be more self-sufficient with their water supply, thus improving their drought resilience. However, desalination has been the subject of scrutiny by opponents, who believe that the costs and possible environmental effects of desalination are indicators that California should continue to pursue other alternatives. Although the response to desalination has been mixed, some areas of California are moving forward with seawater desalination. In December 2015, Poseidon Water completed the construction of the Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant. This facility, which Document [105] (Title: Water in California) from north of Sacramento, while 80% of the water demand occurs in the southern two-thirds of the state. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40% of California's total precipitation and 50% of its total streamflow. It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay, South Bay, East Bay, and Greater Southern California. In a typical year, about Document [106] (Title: California State Water Project) In 1973, the pumps and the East and West branches of the aqueduct were completed, and the first water was delivered to Southern California. A Peripheral Canal, which would have carried SWP water around the vulnerable and ecologically sensitive Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, was rejected in 1982 due to environmental concerns. The Coastal Branch, which delivers water to coastal central California, was completed in 1997. The Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River, provides the primary watershed for the State Water Project. Runoff from the Feather River headwaters is captured in Antelope, Frenchman, and Davis reservoirs, which impound tributaries Document [107] (Title: California State Water Project) Nevertheless, many farmers used the water to develop new permanent crops, creating a dependency on SWP water that is technically part of Southern California's entitlement, This is now causing tensions as Southern California continues to increase its use of SWP water, decreasing the amount of surplus available to the system, especially in years of drought. In dry years, water pumped from the Delta creates a hazard to spring-run salmon. As the Banks Pumping Plant pulls water from the Sacramento River southward across the Delta, it disrupts the normal flow direction of east to west that salmon smolt follow to the Document [108] (Title: Water in California) rice with 8% of water use and 2% of revenue (despite its lack of water, California grows nearly of rice per year, and is the second largest rice-growing state), and truck farming of vegetables and nursery crops with 4% of water use and 42% of revenue; head of broccoli: 5.4 gallons; one walnut: 4.9 gallons; head of lettuce: 3.5 gallons; one tomato: 3.3 gallons; one almond 1.1 gallon; one pistachio: 0.75 gallon; one strawberry 0.4 gallon; one grape: 0.3 gallon. Horses, based on the amount of alfalfa they eat, use about of water – about 7% of irrigated water in Document [109] (Title: Sustainable Groundwater Management Act) the population, mostly used by the agriculture industry as the main water source for crops. For years, groundwater use has been poorly managed and under-regulated to a point where the state is facing major depletion. Groundwater is particularly crucial in California because the dearth of surface water means that it supplies between one-third and two-thirds of the state's freshwater supply, depending on climatic conditions. It is being pumped in excess of the natural rate of replenishment, which in return is lowering the groundwater table, a phenomenon called "overdraft" that can cause severe land subsidence. In 1980, the Department of Water Document [110] (Title: Water in California) known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed. The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley. The majority of the supply there is in the form of runoff that seeps into the aquifer. The freshwater is usually found in deposits of gravel, silt, and sand. Below these deposits lies a layer of deep sediment, a relic Document [111] (Title: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States) have provided treated wastewater for landscape irrigation in parks and golf courses since 1929. The first reclaimed water facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California was the first groundwater agency to obtain permitted use of recycled water for groundwater recharge in 1962. The Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) was the first water district in California to receive an unrestricted use permit from the state for its recycled water; such a permit means that water can be used for any purpose except drinking. IRWD maintains one of the Document [112] (Title: Water reuse in California) for laundry, bathing, sink washing, and dishwaters. Blackwater, on the other hand, is defined as sewage that includes feces from toilets. Due to the low amounts of physical pollutants in greywater, most of its contaminants are dissolved organic matter, which can be physically filtered and cleaned through various membranes, as well as through biological treatment methods. The subsequent heterogeneous solution is collected through pipes and the sewer system, and is then treated at a wastewater treatment plant to the standard required according to its intended use. Historically, this recycled water has been used for agriculture, large-scale landscaping, industrial processes like Document [113] (Title: California Green Building Standards Code) constantly increased during the last decades,so using water wisely is crucial in order to provide enough water also for the future generations. During the 20th century, water diverted south through the California Aqueduct was economically essential to Los Angeles. But fisheries, wildlife and water quality in the bay and delta paid a heavy price. Water is becoming an increasingly important resource throughout California and the United States. The largest single use of potable water in California is water used to irrigate for agriculture. The largest remaining segment of water use is that of public water supplies. On average, the energy Document [114] (Title: Water footprint) forests and wild lands, there is also direct environmental use (e.g. of surface water) that may be allocated by governments. For example, in California, where water use issues are sometimes severe because of drought, about 48 percent of “dedicated water use” in an average water year is for the environment (somewhat more than for agriculture). Such environmental water use is for keeping streams flowing, maintaining aquatic and riparian habitats, keeping wetlands wet, etc. According to Dennis Wichelns of the International Water Management Institute: "Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving water security, there is Document [115] (Title: Water reuse in California) and this makes it an even more cost-effective solution. West Basin Municipal Water District's Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility has been providing recycled water to industrial customers since 1995. Treated wastewater is used in California to support aquatic ecosystems, like wetlands, rivers, and lakes. This can be for the purposes of habitat restoration, water flow augmentations, and water quantity and quality maintenance. Lake Elsinore of Lake Elsinore City loses 14,000 acre feet of water a year from evaporation, and in 2002 the city decided to augment the dwindling lake with recycled water. There are some technical challenges in water Document [116] (Title: Water in California) flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system. It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration. Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities." Around 75% of California's water supply comes Document [117] (Title: Water-energy nexus) uses, with the urban sector accounting for 65% of this. In addition to electricity, 30% of California’s natural gas consumption was due to water-related processes, mainly residential water heating, and 88 million gallons of diesel was consumed by groundwater pumps for agriculture. The residential sector alone accounted for 48% of the total combined electricity and natural gas consumed for water-related processes in the state. According to the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Energy Division’s Embedded Energy in Water Studies report:"“'Energy Intensity' refers to the average amount of energy needed to transport or treat water or wastewater on a per unit Document [118] (Title: Droughts in California) months of the year, to protect migrating fish. In water year 2015, of water flowed through the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, but only were recovered into water distribution systems. Most of California's major reservoirs serve important flood control functions. Due to the limited capacity of river channels and dam spillways, reservoirs cannot be quickly drained before major storms. This limits how much of a reservoir's capacity can be used for long-term storage. Reservoirs in California are designed to control either rain floods, snowmelt floods or both. In the coastal and southern parts of the state, and much of the Sacramento Document [119] (Title: Water in California) the state. There are 698,000 horses in California. Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California. Jane Dye Gussow discusses California's agricultural water in her book "This Organic Life". She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that "was never intended to be a garden." The Central Valley, where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation. California is one of the top five states in water use for livestock. Water withdrawals for livestock use in Document [120] (Title: Water in California) are exported from the Delta: 67% is delivered by the Central Valley Project, 26% by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users. Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years. About of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay, including in governmentally mandated environmental flows; is used for other environmental purposes, and supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves. In an average year, about 39% of California's water consumption, or , is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 11%, or is not consumed Document [121] (Title: Water reuse in California) per year (AFY) by 2020 and by at least two million AFY by 2030." The DWR reviews and updates the California Water Plan every 5 years. Currently, priority funding is given to new projects in the state that incorporate water reuse. Water reuse in California As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse in California—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of water in California's story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater that comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower Document [122] (Title: Water trading) state’s Environmental Water Account. Finally, in officially declared emergency situations, the California Department of Water Resources opens a California Drought Water Bank, which buys surplus water allocations from northern California water rights holders and sells and transports those allocations to drought-stricken areas in southern California. Surface water rights in Colorado are administered by the Colorado Division of Water Resources (CDWR) and by the water courts, which are district courts that only hear water matters. To get a surface water right, individuals submit an application to the water courts, and must show intent to divert the water for beneficial use – Question: what are the main uses of water in california

Answer: approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses Long Answer: Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years . Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system . It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration . Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities." Gold Document ID: 87

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards) during the promo. During the show, Josh Hutcherson, Amanda Seyfried, and a group of kids appeared in a special green room to advertise the upcoming movie "Epic". They were slimed by Mub and Grub from the movie. During the Show: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 26th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 23, 2013, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Josh Duhamel hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. Voting on the 22 categories began on Thursday, February 14, 2013. Winners are Document [2] (Title: 2007 Kids' Choice Awards) involvement, but no arrests have been made. 2007 Kids' Choice Awards The 20th annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2007, hosted by Justin Timberlake. It was the highest rated show in the history of the Kids Choice Awards. The show was held at Pauley Pavilion at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gwen Stefani (with Akon) and Maroon 5 performed during the show. Online voting began on March 5, 2007. A "Name That Nominee" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired on March 11. Another special called "Deep Inside the KCAs" (hosted by Emma Roberts) aired on Document [3] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Sports Awards) Artists Agency); Tracy Perlman (VP Entertainment Marketing and Promotions, NFL); Jeff Schwartz (President and Founder, Excel Sports Management); Jill Smoller (SVP, William Morris Endeavor); Leah Wilcox (VP, Talent Relations, NBA); Alan Zucker (SVP, IMG Clients Group); Michael Phelps (most decorated Olympian of all time); Tony Hawk (professional skateboarder) and Zane Stoddard (VP, Entertainment Marketing and Content Development, NASCAR). 2014 Kids' Choice Sports Awards Nickelodeon's 1st Annual Kids' Choice Sports Awards was held on July 17, 2014, at the Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. Hall of Fame Athlete/Talk Show host Michael Strahan hosted the ceremony to celebrate kids’ favorites in Document [4] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Awards) on seventeen voting websites in various nations and regions, along with mobile voting depending on region. The "Kids’ Choice Awards Orange Carpet pre-show" was webcast prior to the presentation of the awards. G.E.M. Harry Styles Sam & Cat Kev' Adams in "Soda" Lali Espósito The Fooo Directioners - One Direction Luca Hänni Dawid Kwiatkowski 2014 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 27th Annual Kids' Choice Awards was held on March 29, 2014, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Mark Wahlberg hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Document [5] (Title: 2011 Kids' Choice Awards) March. Nominees were announced on February 10, 2011, for twenty categories. During the show, the Big Green Help Award was presented to Justin Timberlake, an honor given each year. More than 200 million record-breaking votes were cast for this year's 20-category awards. Musical performances during the awards telecast included Big Time Rush, who performed their single "Boyfriend" from their gold certified debut album "B.T.R." with a surprise appearance by Snoop Dogg, who was slimed at the end of the song. (This marked the second time a Nickelodeon act performed during the actual Kids' Choice telecast after The Naked Brothers Band Document [6] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Awards) 2014 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 27th Annual Kids' Choice Awards was held on March 29, 2014, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Mark Wahlberg hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. The show was broadcast on Nickelodeon from 8 p.m. to 9:36 p.m. ET/PT and tape delayed for the West Coast in the United States and Canada, along with the rest of Nickelodeon's international channels, some of which contributed locally based awards and local segments tying into the American broadcast. Voting was available worldwide Document [7] (Title: 2008 Kids' Choice Awards) a fan who destroyed the sculpture as security tackled the Snack Lady. Countdown to Kids' Choice: The Show: 2008 Kids' Choice Awards The 21st annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held at the Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California on March 29, 2008. The show was the first live-action/animated Kids Choice Awards show. The event was hosted by Jack Black. Voting began March 3 on Nick.com and Nicktropolis. A "Bring on the Nominees" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired also. The Naked Brothers Band and Miley Cyrus were musical performances for the show. A sweepstakes was announced to promote the show. Document [8] (Title: 2012 Kids' Choice Awards) video in the audience. During the show: The UK had seven unique categories this year including Favorite UK Band, Favorite UK TV Show and more. 2012 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 25th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2012, at 8 p.m. ET in Los Angeles, California, in the United States, where the winners received an orange-colored blimp trophy. Big Help Award winner Taylor Swift received a special silver-colored blimp from First Lady Michelle Obama. The complete list of nominees for the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards was released on January 11, 2012, leading up to the release of Document [9] (Title: 2007 Kids' Choice Awards) 2007 Kids' Choice Awards The 20th annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2007, hosted by Justin Timberlake. It was the highest rated show in the history of the Kids Choice Awards. The show was held at Pauley Pavilion at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gwen Stefani (with Akon) and Maroon 5 performed during the show. Online voting began on March 5, 2007. A "Name That Nominee" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired on March 11. Another special called "Deep Inside the KCAs" (hosted by Emma Roberts) aired on March 18. Winners are listed first, in Document [10] (Title: 2009 Kids' Choice Awards) record 91.1 million votes were cast on Nickelodeon websites. Prior to the live telecast, Lily Collins, Pick Boy and JJ hosted the "orange carpet", featuring celebrity interviews and a live performance by Miranda Cosgrove outside Pauley Pavilion. Presenters Performers Slime Stunts Announcer Burp Zone Special Appearance Nicktoon Appearances Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order. 2009 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 22nd Annual Kids' Choice Awards (Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009) were held on March 28, 2009 at 8 p.m. on the Nell and John Wooden Court of Pauley Pavilion. Dwayne Johnson hosted this awards show Document [11] (Title: 2011 Kids' Choice Awards) in 2008); The Black Eyed Peas and Willow Smith also performed during the awards telecast, and each sang a medley of some of their 2 latest hit singles. For the third year in a row, the award show was preceded by a "Countdown to Kids' Choice!" pre-show telecast, which aired live from 7 to 8 p.m. ET as wraparound segments during regularly scheduled programming; the pre-show was hosted by "BrainSurge" host Jeff Sutphen, "Victorious" cast member Daniella Monet, "iCarly" cast member Noah Munck, and recording artist Aaron Fresh. Train performed their 2010 hit single "Hey, Soul Sister" during the pre-show; Document [12] (Title: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards) 2013 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 26th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 23, 2013, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Josh Duhamel hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. Voting on the 22 categories began on Thursday, February 14, 2013. Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order. In a pre-show promo, Josh Duhamel was slimed while revealing that he was the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards' host. Duhamel was also seen bathing in a bathtub full of slime Document [13] (Title: 2012 Kids' Choice Awards) 2012 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 25th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2012, at 8 p.m. ET in Los Angeles, California, in the United States, where the winners received an orange-colored blimp trophy. Big Help Award winner Taylor Swift received a special silver-colored blimp from First Lady Michelle Obama. The complete list of nominees for the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards was released on January 11, 2012, leading up to the release of "Men in Black 3" on May 25, 2012. The event was hosted by "MIB 3 star" Will Smith, who with ten KCA blimps has won Document [14] (Title: 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards) awards for Favorite Solo Singer and Slime Star. Winners are listed in bold. 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards The 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards were held on June 13, 2014, at the Jakarta Convention Center in Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, and hosted by Deddy Corbuzier, , and . The ceremony will held the theme for "Slime Banget". Bunga Citra Lestari received the "Wannabe Award" for being an inspiration to children. The Malaysian cartoon "Upin & Ipin" was disqualified because of fraud, and was replaced the Japanese cartoon "Naruto". "Upin & Ipin" was barred from eligibility for nomination in Document [15] (Title: 2010 Kids' Choice Awards) single "Kissin' U". "True Jackson, VP" cast members Ashley Argota and Matt Shively hosted a webcast portion of "Countdown to Kids' Choice!" at 7:00 p.m. ET on Nick.com. 13-year-old Megan Call of Guilford, Connecticut was the winner of the "All Access Sweepstakes with Justin Bieber" contest from the 500,000 entries. Call met Bieber, attended his pre-show rehearsal, walked with him down the orange carpet and attended the awards show in Los Angeles. Note: In addition, promos aired prior to the telecast also announced that Queen Latifah was supposed to be a presenter at the awards, but she did not appear. Document [16] (Title: Barry Lather) Mars in Australia. Lather then creative directed performances on the Kid's Choice Awards for artists American Authors, Aloe Blacc and Todrick Hall...as well as the BET Awards August Alsina and Trey Songz performance. Later in the same year, Lather directed Mariah Carey's The Elusive Chanteuse Tour for Asia and Australia, and John Fogerty's acclaimed 1969 Canadian Tour. The 2014 CMA Awards opening performance with Kenny Chesney and the CMA Christmas TV special were recent works...as well as the Halo Awards for Nickelodeon creative directing performances for artist Echosmith, Nick Jonas, The Vamps, and Meghan Trainor. In 2015, Lather directed Trey Question: who is performing at the kid choice awards 2014 Answer: Todrick Hall Long Answer: Todrick Hall - Kids' Choice Awards medley Austin Mahone - "Mmm Yeah" (pre-show) Aloe Blacc - "Wake Me Up" / "The Man" American Authors - "Best Day of My Life" Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards) during the promo. During the show, Josh Hutcherson, Amanda Seyfried, and a group of kids appeared in a special green room to advertise the upcoming movie "Epic". They were slimed by Mub and Grub from the movie. During the Show: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 26th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 23, 2013, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Josh Duhamel hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. Voting on the 22 categories began on Thursday, February 14, 2013. Winners are Document [2] (Title: 2007 Kids' Choice Awards) involvement, but no arrests have been made. 2007 Kids' Choice Awards The 20th annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2007, hosted by Justin Timberlake. It was the highest rated show in the history of the Kids Choice Awards. The show was held at Pauley Pavilion at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gwen Stefani (with Akon) and Maroon 5 performed during the show. Online voting began on March 5, 2007. A "Name That Nominee" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired on March 11. Another special called "Deep Inside the KCAs" (hosted by Emma Roberts) aired on Document [3] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Sports Awards) Artists Agency); Tracy Perlman (VP Entertainment Marketing and Promotions, NFL); Jeff Schwartz (President and Founder, Excel Sports Management); Jill Smoller (SVP, William Morris Endeavor); Leah Wilcox (VP, Talent Relations, NBA); Alan Zucker (SVP, IMG Clients Group); Michael Phelps (most decorated Olympian of all time); Tony Hawk (professional skateboarder) and Zane Stoddard (VP, Entertainment Marketing and Content Development, NASCAR). 2014 Kids' Choice Sports Awards Nickelodeon's 1st Annual Kids' Choice Sports Awards was held on July 17, 2014, at the Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. Hall of Fame Athlete/Talk Show host Michael Strahan hosted the ceremony to celebrate kids’ favorites in Document [4] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Awards) on seventeen voting websites in various nations and regions, along with mobile voting depending on region. The "Kids’ Choice Awards Orange Carpet pre-show" was webcast prior to the presentation of the awards. G.E.M. Harry Styles Sam & Cat Kev' Adams in "Soda" Lali Espósito The Fooo Directioners - One Direction Luca Hänni Dawid Kwiatkowski 2014 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 27th Annual Kids' Choice Awards was held on March 29, 2014, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Mark Wahlberg hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Document [5] (Title: 2011 Kids' Choice Awards) March. Nominees were announced on February 10, 2011, for twenty categories. During the show, the Big Green Help Award was presented to Justin Timberlake, an honor given each year. More than 200 million record-breaking votes were cast for this year's 20-category awards. Musical performances during the awards telecast included Big Time Rush, who performed their single "Boyfriend" from their gold certified debut album "B.T.R." with a surprise appearance by Snoop Dogg, who was slimed at the end of the song. (This marked the second time a Nickelodeon act performed during the actual Kids' Choice telecast after The Naked Brothers Band Document [6] (Title: 2014 Kids' Choice Awards) 2014 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 27th Annual Kids' Choice Awards was held on March 29, 2014, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Mark Wahlberg hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. The show was broadcast on Nickelodeon from 8 p.m. to 9:36 p.m. ET/PT and tape delayed for the West Coast in the United States and Canada, along with the rest of Nickelodeon's international channels, some of which contributed locally based awards and local segments tying into the American broadcast. Voting was available worldwide Document [7] (Title: 2008 Kids' Choice Awards) a fan who destroyed the sculpture as security tackled the Snack Lady. Countdown to Kids' Choice: The Show: 2008 Kids' Choice Awards The 21st annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held at the Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California on March 29, 2008. The show was the first live-action/animated Kids Choice Awards show. The event was hosted by Jack Black. Voting began March 3 on Nick.com and Nicktropolis. A "Bring on the Nominees" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired also. The Naked Brothers Band and Miley Cyrus were musical performances for the show. A sweepstakes was announced to promote the show. Document [8] (Title: 2012 Kids' Choice Awards) video in the audience. During the show: The UK had seven unique categories this year including Favorite UK Band, Favorite UK TV Show and more. 2012 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 25th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2012, at 8 p.m. ET in Los Angeles, California, in the United States, where the winners received an orange-colored blimp trophy. Big Help Award winner Taylor Swift received a special silver-colored blimp from First Lady Michelle Obama. The complete list of nominees for the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards was released on January 11, 2012, leading up to the release of Document [9] (Title: 2007 Kids' Choice Awards) 2007 Kids' Choice Awards The 20th annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2007, hosted by Justin Timberlake. It was the highest rated show in the history of the Kids Choice Awards. The show was held at Pauley Pavilion at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gwen Stefani (with Akon) and Maroon 5 performed during the show. Online voting began on March 5, 2007. A "Name That Nominee" special hosted by Lil' JJ aired on March 11. Another special called "Deep Inside the KCAs" (hosted by Emma Roberts) aired on March 18. Winners are listed first, in Document [10] (Title: 2009 Kids' Choice Awards) record 91.1 million votes were cast on Nickelodeon websites. Prior to the live telecast, Lily Collins, Pick Boy and JJ hosted the "orange carpet", featuring celebrity interviews and a live performance by Miranda Cosgrove outside Pauley Pavilion. Presenters Performers Slime Stunts Announcer Burp Zone Special Appearance Nicktoon Appearances Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order. 2009 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 22nd Annual Kids' Choice Awards (Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009) were held on March 28, 2009 at 8 p.m. on the Nell and John Wooden Court of Pauley Pavilion. Dwayne Johnson hosted this awards show Document [11] (Title: 2011 Kids' Choice Awards) in 2008); The Black Eyed Peas and Willow Smith also performed during the awards telecast, and each sang a medley of some of their 2 latest hit singles. For the third year in a row, the award show was preceded by a "Countdown to Kids' Choice!" pre-show telecast, which aired live from 7 to 8 p.m. ET as wraparound segments during regularly scheduled programming; the pre-show was hosted by "BrainSurge" host Jeff Sutphen, "Victorious" cast member Daniella Monet, "iCarly" cast member Noah Munck, and recording artist Aaron Fresh. Train performed their 2010 hit single "Hey, Soul Sister" during the pre-show; Document [12] (Title: 2013 Kids' Choice Awards) 2013 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 26th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 23, 2013, at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. Actor Josh Duhamel hosted the ceremony. The "Orange Carpet" was set up in front of Galen Center on the sidewalks of Jefferson Boulevard. Voting on the 22 categories began on Thursday, February 14, 2013. Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order. In a pre-show promo, Josh Duhamel was slimed while revealing that he was the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards' host. Duhamel was also seen bathing in a bathtub full of slime Document [13] (Title: 2012 Kids' Choice Awards) 2012 Kids' Choice Awards Nickelodeon's 25th Annual Kids' Choice Awards were held on March 31, 2012, at 8 p.m. ET in Los Angeles, California, in the United States, where the winners received an orange-colored blimp trophy. Big Help Award winner Taylor Swift received a special silver-colored blimp from First Lady Michelle Obama. The complete list of nominees for the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards was released on January 11, 2012, leading up to the release of "Men in Black 3" on May 25, 2012. The event was hosted by "MIB 3 star" Will Smith, who with ten KCA blimps has won Document [14] (Title: 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards) awards for Favorite Solo Singer and Slime Star. Winners are listed in bold. 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards The 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards were held on June 13, 2014, at the Jakarta Convention Center in Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, and hosted by Deddy Corbuzier, , and . The ceremony will held the theme for "Slime Banget". Bunga Citra Lestari received the "Wannabe Award" for being an inspiration to children. The Malaysian cartoon "Upin & Ipin" was disqualified because of fraud, and was replaced the Japanese cartoon "Naruto". "Upin & Ipin" was barred from eligibility for nomination in Document [15] (Title: 2010 Kids' Choice Awards) single "Kissin' U". "True Jackson, VP" cast members Ashley Argota and Matt Shively hosted a webcast portion of "Countdown to Kids' Choice!" at 7:00 p.m. ET on Nick.com. 13-year-old Megan Call of Guilford, Connecticut was the winner of the "All Access Sweepstakes with Justin Bieber" contest from the 500,000 entries. Call met Bieber, attended his pre-show rehearsal, walked with him down the orange carpet and attended the awards show in Los Angeles. Note: In addition, promos aired prior to the telecast also announced that Queen Latifah was supposed to be a presenter at the awards, but she did not appear. Document [16] (Title: Barry Lather) Mars in Australia. Lather then creative directed performances on the Kid's Choice Awards for artists American Authors, Aloe Blacc and Todrick Hall...as well as the BET Awards August Alsina and Trey Songz performance. Later in the same year, Lather directed Mariah Carey's The Elusive Chanteuse Tour for Asia and Australia, and John Fogerty's acclaimed 1969 Canadian Tour. The 2014 CMA Awards opening performance with Kenny Chesney and the CMA Christmas TV special were recent works...as well as the Halo Awards for Nickelodeon creative directing performances for artist Echosmith, Nick Jonas, The Vamps, and Meghan Trainor. In 2015, Lather directed Trey Question: who is performing at the kid choice awards 2014

Answer: Todrick Hall Long Answer: Todrick Hall - Kids' Choice Awards medley Austin Mahone - "Mmm Yeah" (pre-show) Aloe Blacc - "Wake Me Up" / "The Man" American Authors - "Best Day of My Life" Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lost in Space) Zachary Smith – an agent for an unnamed foreign government – who slips aboard the spaceship and reprograms the robot to destroy the ship and crew. However, Smith is trapped aboard, and his excess weight alters the craft's flight path and places it directly in the path of a massive meteor storm. Smith manages to save himself by prematurely reviving the crew from suspended animation. The ship survives, but the damage caused by Smith's earlier sabotage of the robot leaves the crew lost in space. The "Jupiter 2" crash-lands on an alien world, later identified by Will as Priplanus, where Document [2] (Title: The Cloverfield Paradox) Onah. With J.J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions as the production studio, it was set to be released under Paramount's InSurge label, limiting the film's budget to $5–10 million. At this stage, the film was established to take place on a space station in Earth's orbit and a resulting incident that causes the crew to find Earth has gone missing. Uziel said that his script had been a spec script he wrote about one year after finishing up a similar spec script for "Shimmer Lake". The pick-up of the film occurred around the same time that Paramount and Bad Robot bought Document [3] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) a rating of 2 and a half out of 4. While praising the film's set design, he criticized its "meandering storyline and lifeless protagonists," saying that ""Lost in Space" features a few action sequences that generate adrenaline jolts, but this is not an edge-of-the-seat motion picture." Online aggregators have tracked both contemporary and recent reviews of "Lost in Space". At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 83 appraisals, with an average score of 4.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "Clumsily directed and missing most of the TV series' campy charm, "Lost in Space" sadly lives Document [4] (Title: Ánima Estudios) November 2018, Anima’s "Space Chickens in Space" premiered on Disney Channels in Europe, Middle East and África. The imaginative show centers on the adventures of three chickens — Chuck, Starley and Finley — who are accidentally enrolled in an elite intergalactic former military academy. Ventana Sur, the most important market of audiovisual contents in Latin America which is organized by Marché du Film – Cannes Film Festival and the Argentinean National Institute of Cinema & Audiovisual Arts, will feature Jose C. Garcia de Letona (Anima’s COO and Co-founder) as this year’s keynote speaker. . Ventana Sur will run from Dec Document [5] (Title: Lost in Space) Space" was cancelled. The show may have been cancelled due to the show's high cost. The cost per episode increased from $130,980 during the first season to $164,788 during the third season. The actors' salaries nearly doubled during that time. Further, the interior of the "Jupiter 2" was the most expensive set for a television show at the time, at $350,000. 20th Century Fox had also recently incurred budget overruns for the film "Cleopatra," which are believed to have caused budget cuts. Allen claimed the series could not continue with a reduced budget. During a negotiating conference regarding the series Document [6] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, and Gary Oldman. The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series "Lost in Space". Several actors from the TV show make cameo appearances. The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home. "Lost in Space" met with negative reviews, and grossed $136.2 Document [7] (Title: Final Space) aired as a sneak peek on TBS's sister network TNT on February 17, 2018. The series premiered on TBS on February 26, 2018 and was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2018 with this season having 13 episodes instead of 10. It is scheduled to air sometime in 2019. The show is distributed internationally via Netflix, and in select territories as a Netflix Original. Gary Goodspeed is a boisterous yet inept astronaut who, in the midst of working off the last few days of his five-year sentence aboard the prison spacecraft "Galaxy One", encounters a mysterious planet-destroying alien. Document [8] (Title: Lost in Space discography) Lost in Space discography There have been a number of CDs released featuring soundtracks from the television series Lost in Space. GNP Crescendo released the first album in 1997 as part of "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen", featuring music from "The Reluctant Stowaway" (tracks 2–5), "Island In The Sky" (tracks 6 and 7) and "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 8–10). All music composed by John Williams. GNP Crescendo released the second album in 1997 as part of the abovementioned set, featuring music from "Wild Adventure" (tracks 2–4), "The Haunted Lighthouse" (tracks 5 and 6), and "The Great Vegetable Rebellion" (tracks Document [9] (Title: Lost in Space) are to be cryogenically frozen for the voyage, and they are set to be unfrozen when the spacecraft approaches its destination. Meanwhile, Dr. Zachary Smith (Jonathan Harris), Alpha Control's doctor, is revealed to be a saboteur on behalf of an unnamed nation. After disposing of a guard who catches him on board the spacecraft, Smith reprograms the "Jupiter 2"s B-9 environmental control robot (voiced by Dick Tufeld) to destroy critical systems on the spaceship eight hours after launch. Smith, however, becomes trapped aboard at launch and his extra weight throws the "Jupiter 2" off course, causing it to encounter a Document [10] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) received six Saturn Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for Oldman. The film also received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Remake or Sequel, but lost to the tied "Godzilla", "The Avengers" and "Psycho". VHS, DVD, and later a Blu-ray have been released for the film. Both the DVD and Blu-ray releases contain deleted scenes. The 1998 New Line Cinema film includes numerous homages, cameos and story details related to the original TV-series, including: Additional cameo appearances of actors from the original TV-series were considered, but not included in the film: Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space is Document [11] (Title: Destiny in Space) Destiny in Space Destiny in Space is a 70mm Canadian IMAX documentary film released in 1994. The film was written by Toni Myers, directed by Academy Award-winner Ben Burtt, and narrated by Leonard Nimoy. The film is a showcase of the daily lives of astronauts in space, as they fix instruments and take measurements. The film includes two space shuttle launches and several cargo bay scenes, including an astronaut repairing the Hubble space telescope. CGI recreations of the surface of Venus and Mars based on satellite data from JPL are also featured. The film looks at the future of human Document [12] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) destroying the family itself. Smith awakens the Robinsons and West, who manage to subdue the robot, but the ship is falling uncontrollably into the sun. Forced to use the experimental hyperdrive with an unplotted course, the ship is transported through hyperspace to a remote and uncharted part of the universe, where their known star charts are useless. Going through a strange distortion in space, the crew finds two abandoned ships in orbit, the "Proteus", an Earth ship, and another ship that is clearly not of human origin. They board the "Proteus", with Will controlling the now-modified robot by remote control Document [13] (Title: Jon Jashni) produced content based upon the Irwin Allen estate properties including the feature films Poseidon (2006) and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea as well as the television pilots The Time Tunnel (Fox, 2002) and Lost in Space (The WB Television Network, 2004). In April 2018 Netflix released a 10-episode series of Lost in Space created from the partnership between Synthesis and Legendary. As executive producers of the reboot, Jashni and Burns played a significant role in development and creation of the series, which was renewed for a second season. From 2006-2016, Jashni served as President and Chief Creative Officer Document [14] (Title: The Cloverfield Paradox) to be cast in the film.<ref name="/Film Cast"></ref> In April, "Variety" reported that John Krasinski was in early talks to join the film to play one of the astronauts, but had a possible conflict due to a commitment with a television series. In May, Elizabeth Debicki, Daniel Brühl, Chris O'Dowd, Zhang Ziyi, John Ortiz, and Aksel Hennie were announced as members of the cast. Cinematographer Dan Mindel was confirmed to join the film from his résumé. The film was shot in Los Angeles, California, where it received tax credits under the state's film incentive program. While filming in Los Angeles, Document [15] (Title: Galaxy Quest) after obtaining a lead role in an independent film; Kevin Spacey convinced him otherwise. Scenes on the barren planet where the crew stops to obtain a new beryllium sphere and Captain Nesmith battles a rock monster were filmed at Goblin Valley State Park in Utah. At the time, access to the park was partly by dirt road; fees paid by the production company were used to upgrade the entire access road to asphalt pavement. According to Weaver, Allen hectored her to sign a piece of the Nostromo, the spaceship from "Alien", in which she had starred; she ultimately did, writing Document [16] (Title: Robinsonade) than sue CBS or Irwin Allen, Western decided to reach a settlement which allowed them to use "Lost in Space" for the title of the comic book. Since CBS and Irwin Allen licensed shows to Western, Western didn't want to antagonize them. Also, the TV show title probably helped sales of the comic book. The "Lost in Space" TV series is an adaptation of the novel "The Swiss Family Robinson". The astronaut family of Dr. John Robinson, accompanied by an Air Force pilot and a robot, set out from an overpopulated Earth in the spaceship "Jupiter 2" to visit a Document [17] (Title: Space Milkshake) the London MCM Expo on 26 October 2012. Actors Robin Dunne and Billy Boyd were at the premiere for a question and answer session. The film premiered on Canadian television channel The Movie Network on 8 February 2013 and aired on Movie Central in Canada starting on 22 March 2013. The film also screened at film festivals in February 2013; the film also screened at the Armageddon Expo in Melbourne, Australia on 19 October 2013 and Auckland, New Zealand on 26 October 2013. Space Milkshake Space Milkshake is a 2012 Canadian science fiction comedy film directed and written by Armen Document [18] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) directed "Hector and the Search for Happiness" for Relativity, was hired to direct the film, while Relativity would produce and distribute. Southpaw Entertainment's Richard B. Lewis was attached to produce the film, and also received a "story by" credit. On February 2, 2015, Asa Butterfield was tapped to play the lead character in the film, a teen who was raised on Mars, and who falls in love with a girl on Earth he has been communicating with. Chelsom and Tinker Lindsay rewrote the screenplay. On July 13, 2015, it was announced that Relativity was selling the project to STX Entertainment, Document [19] (Title: Race to Space) Race to Space Race to Space is a 2001 American family drama film. The film was shot on location at Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach and Edwards AFB in cooperation with NASA and the U.S. Air Force. The film takes place during the 1960s space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Dr. Wilhelm von Huber (James Woods), a top NASA scientist, relocates to Cape Canaveral with his 12-year-old son, Billy (Alex D. Linz). Their relationship has become strained in the wake of the recent death of Billy's mother, and the ever-widening gap between father and son has Document [20] (Title: Mark Goddard) the rest of the cast and he paid tribute to producer Irwin Allen, who had died late in 1991. On October 16, 1997, (the same day the show's fictional "Jupiter II" spaceship departed in the original episode), Goddard and the rest of the surviving cast also appeared on the inside cover of "TV Guide" to promote the feature film of "Lost in Space". At the same time, the Sci-Fi Channel had planned to do a "Lost in Space" marathon. Goddard, along with Harris and the rest of his cast, were planning for the movie "Lost in Space: The Journey Home" Document [21] (Title: Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie) Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie Fulfilling their fifteen-year-old childhood dream to venture into space, Geki Jumonji and Toya Okuma join SARD and take a mission to Mars with their childhood friend Itsuki Kawai giving them good luck pendants so she can be with them in spirit. However, the two are labelled MIA when their space shuttle mysteriously disappears. A year later, while remembering her friends, Itsuki finds the SARD complex being attacked by a murderous monster and runs for her life with her pursuer catching up to her. By then, a silver-armored figure named Space Sheriff Gavan appears and battles Document [22] (Title: Lost in Space (Lighthouse Family song)) Lost in Space (Lighthouse Family song) "Lost in Space" is a song by the Lighthouse Family, released as their third pop single for their second album "Postcards from Heaven" (1997). The song was produced by Mike Peden. It was released in May 1998 and reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom and the top 40 in Europe. The "Lost in Space" music video was directed by Andrew Douglas and edited by Tim Thornton-Allan at Marshall Street Editors. It opens with the band in Rio de Janeiro, with prominent images of the Christ the Redeemer statue; at the end, they Document [23] (Title: Space Is the Place) onto the spaceship, leaving his "white parts" behind on Earth. Fey, now acting white, leaves the Overseer, who loses the duel. As Ra's spaceship launches off into the cosmos and music begins playing, a montage implies that Earth is destroyed in its wake. "Space is the Place" emerged from "Dilexi", an "experimental art series" produced by Jim Newman and directed by John Coney. Wishing to build on his forays into filming avant garde music, Newman recruited Coney to film concert footage of Ra and His Arkestra; Coney then hired Seth Hill to act as cinematographer. Filming of Arkestra performance footage Document [24] (Title: Lost in Space) based on unfilmed scripts from the series. The scripts "The Curious Galactics" and "Malice in Wonderland" were written by Carey Wilber. The first script was adapted as issues 1 – 3 of the series, with the adapted script written by Holly Interlandi and drawn by Kostas Pantaulas, with Patrick McEvoy doing coloring and covers. The second script was adapted as issues 4 – 6 of the series, again adapted by Interlandi, with McEvoy providing pencil art, coloring and covers. In 1967, a novel based on the series, with significant changes to the personalities of the characters and the design of Document [25] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) Penelope", Brian Woodford. The artist was John Burns. Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series "Lost in Space". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a "Lost in Space" film for theatres or TV. Document [26] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) navigational data from the "Proteus" to set a potential course for Alpha Prime, the ship blasts off into hyperspace. Filming begun on March 3, 1997 in London's Shepperton Studios, with more than 700 special effects shots planned, done by Industrial Light & Magic and Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The $70 million "Lost in Space" film was New Line's hope to launch a multimedia franchise, followed by animated and live-action television series. Licensing deals were made with Trendmasters for toys and Harper Prism and Scholastic for tie-in novels. TVT Records released a soundtrack album on March 31, 1998, featuring 11 tracks Document [27] (Title: Lost in Space) to take his family to another colony elsewhere in space. The Robinson's ship was attacked and the Robinsons were are forced to escape in the small "Jupiter 2" "Space Pod" of the mothership. The show was not among the network's series pick-ups confirmed later that year. Looking back at the pilot when the 2018 Netflix reboot was aired, Neil Calloway of Flickering Myth said "you’re hardly on the edge of your seat." and "You start to wonder where the $2 million went, and then you question why something directed by John Woo is so pedestrian." The producers of the new Document [28] (Title: Space Chickens in Space) Space Chickens in Space Space Chickens in Space is an animated television series produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico, Studio Moshi in Australia, and distributed by Cake Entertainment, and was co-produced by the recent Dublin-based Gingerbread Animation and Disney EMEA. The series premiered on 9Go! in Australia on September 30, 2018, and had its Disney XD premiere in Europe, Middle-East and Africa on 19 November 2018. Described as a "surreal sci-fi comedy series" by the directors in an Annecy announcement video, the series was created by José C. García de Letona and Rita Street. Jordan Goucher is showrunner for the Document [29] (Title: Lost (season 4)) Cuse served as the season's show runners. The show was primarily filmed in Hawaii with post-production in Los Angeles. Lindelof and Cuse's fellow executive producers were co-creator J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk and Jack Bender. The staff writers were Lindelof, Cuse, co-executive producers Edward Kitsis, Adam Horowitz, and Drew Goddard, supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff, co-producer Brian K. Vaughan and executive story editor Christina M. Kim. The regular directors were Bender and co-executive producer Stephen Williams. The fourth season featured 16 major roles with star billing. The show continues to chronicle the lives of the survivors of the crash of Oceanic Document [30] (Title: Captain Valedor) completed in December 2004 in Old Westbury, Long Island. The 16mm special effects intensive black-and-white "Space" sequences were filmed the following April in a retrofitted NYU classroom. A low-budget short, the film was produced while the filmmakers attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. The fairly extensive special effects animations required for the "space" sequences were completed by Steven Turnwall using World War II-era craft as inspiration for the look of the models. Backgrounds were replaced via greenscreen, and then turned to black and white. The award-winning score, written and composed by Gavin Keese, was recorded by local Document [31] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) bubble. Smith tricks Will into handing over his weapon, but he is foiled by a future version of Smith, who had been protecting Will ever since the rest of the family was killed, and was transformed by an infection from the spider injury into a kind of anthropomorphic spider creature. Will and West return to the "Jupiter II" with an injured Smith and the robot in tow while the future Smith reveals his true actions: He had killed the Robinsons, but kept Will alive to build the time machine, so he could go back in time to populate Earth with Document [32] (Title: Space-Men) Margheriti's best, the narrative line is unclear and jerky" while also noting that "its visual splendours are ample compensation". Space-Men Space-Men (a.k.a. Assignment: Outer Space in the United States) is a 1960 Italian science fiction film directed by Antonio Margheriti. The film stars Rik Van Nutter and co-stars Gabriella Farinon, David Montresor, Archie Savage, and Alain Dijon. The film was released in the United States in 1961 by American International Pictures. "Space-Men"s storyline recounts a mission in the 22nd century aboard an orbiting space station. The mission involves a risky effort by its crew to redirect a malfunctioning spaceship that Document [33] (Title: Lost in the Pacific) the ground. As the helicopter flies far away from the carrier, a huge mushroom cloud arises from the horizon, the carrier, experiment, and creatures have been destroyed. In mid-credit scenes, a mutated cat is shown to be hiding on the helicopter. Lost in the Pacific Lost in the Pacific () is a 2016 Chinese action film starring Brandon Routh and Zhang Yuqi. Filming took place in Spring 2015 at Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios in Malaysia. It was released on January 29, 2016. The year is 2020, two armed soldiers pass through the dark forest of Fortune Island, a seemingly deserted Document [34] (Title: Space Buddies) field, Yuri crashes and is rescued by a military group. Pi awards the Buddies titles of "Space Buddies", wings of heroism, and the Buddies reflect on the lessons they learned. Once at home, Buddha gives Sam a moon rock taken from his journey, which fulfills Sam's wish. The film ends as Spudnick returns to his old owner, Sasha. The film was shot in these locations: - Abbotsford Airport, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada - Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada - Fort Langley, Langley Township, British Columbia, Canada - Langley, British Columbia, Canada - Vancouver Film Studios, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The film Document [35] (Title: Return from Orbit) Kuznetsov prepares to connect the air hose as soon as possible, but at this time his oxygen is running out. Mukhin switches the supply of oxygen from his spacesuit to his friend's, thereby condemning himself to death ... Shooting in space was made on the Soviet space station Salyut 7 and the spacecraft Soyuz T-9 by cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Aleksandr Aleksandrov. Shooting was also conducted in the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center and in the RKA Mission Control Center. The film received a special prize and a diploma in 1984 at the 17th All-Union Film Festival (Kiev): in the Document [36] (Title: STS-125) has made a number of movies centered around space, including "Destiny in Space", "The Dream Is Alive", "Mission to Mir", "Blue Planet", "", and "Space Station 3D", made in 2001 on the first trip of IMAX to the ISS. The movie was released in March 2010, with the name "IMAX: Hubble 3D". Astronaut Michael J. Massimino used Twitter to document the training and preparations for the mission. He mentioned that he would like to try sending Twitter updates from space during his off-duty time. Massimino's first update read, "From orbit: Launch was awesome!! I am feeling great, working hard, & Document [37] (Title: Lost (Stargate Universe)) Lost (Stargate Universe) "Lost" is the fifteenth episode of military science fiction television series "Stargate Universe". The episode originally aired on April 30, 2010 on Syfy in the United States, and on SPACE in Canada. The episode was directed by, Rohn Schmidt who previously acted as the director of photography in Air. It was written by Martin Gero, a co-executive producer of "Stargate Atlantis". In this episode, the off-world team continues its search for a way out of the tunnels. However a collapse traps Sgt. Greer under the rubble. Fearing his death the team leaves him behind trying to catch Document [38] (Title: Chris Elley) space missions titled "In the Shadow of the Moon: People of the American Space Program" and a documentary film on the Texas Theatre in Seguin, Texas titled "A Projection of History". In 2007, Elley's Electro-Fish Media released a documentary film about people who live in an abandoned ghost town in the West Texas desert, titled "Ghost Town: 24 Hours in Terlingua". That film received an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Documentary – Cultural" and was Emmy-nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Editing." In 2009, Electro-Fish Media received an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Program Achievement – Heritage" for their series on Document [39] (Title: Lost in Space) a number of homages to the original television series. These include cameos and story details from the original TV-series, including: Additional cameo appearances of actors from the original TV-series were considered, but not included in the film: The film used a number of ideas familiar to viewers from the original show: Smith reprogramming the robot and its subsequent rampage ("Reluctant Stowaway"), near miss with the sun ("Wild Adventure"), the derelict spaceship ("The Derelict"), discovery of the Blawp and the crash ("Island in the Sky") and an attempt to change history by returning to the beginning ("The Time Merchant"). Also a Document [40] (Title: Mystery Train (film)) boyfriend (Johnny from the final story) and plans to leave the city in the morning. Luisa is kept awake by Dee Dee's constant talking. After Dee Dee finally goes to sleep, Luisa is visited by an apparition of Elvis Presley. The final story, "Lost in Space", introduces Johnny (Joe Strummer). Upset after losing his job and his girlfriend (Dee Dee), Johnny – called Elvis, much to his chagrin – drunkenly brandishes a gun in a bar before leaving with his friend Will Robinson (Rick Aviles) and his ex-girlfriend's brother, Charlie (Steve Buscemi), who believes Johnny to be his brother-in-law. They Document [41] (Title: Lost in Space) in Space. To compete, "Lost in Space" Season 2 imitated "Batman"'s campy humor to compete against that show's enormous success. Bright outfits, over-the-top action, outrageous villains came to the fore, in outlandish stories. Stories giving all characters focus were sacrificed, in favor of a growing emphasis on Smith, Will, and the Robot. According to Billy Mumy, Mark Goddard and Guy Williams both disliked the shift away from serious science fiction. The third season had more straight adventure, with the "Jupiter 2" now functional and hopping from planet to planet, but the episodes still tended to be whimsical and to emphasize Document [42] (Title: Lost in Space) Harris as an older Will Robinson and Zachary Smith. They attempt one more time to return to Earth but find that they are "Lost in Space ... Forever!" Lost in Space showcased a variety of transportation methods of transportation in the series. The "Jupiter 2" is a two-deck, nuclear powered flying saucer spacecraft. The version seen in the series was depicted with a lower level and landing legs. On the lower level were the atomic motors, which use a fictional substance called "deutronium" for fuel. The ship's living quarters feature Murphy beds, a galley, a laboratory, and the robot's "magnetic Document [43] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) million worldwide. In 2058, Earth will be uninhabitable within twenty years due to the irreversible effects of pollution and ozone depletion. In an effort to save humanity, the United Global Space Force (UGSF) elects to send Professor John Robinson and his family—wife Maureen, daughters Judy and Penny, and young prodigy son Will—on a mission on the spaceship "Jupiter II" to complete the construction of a hypergate over the planet Alpha Prime, allowing for the population of Earth to be instantly transported to and populate it as a new home. Penny is resistant to leaving, rebelling by breaking curfew, while Will's Document [44] (Title: Jonathan Harris) tribute to Harris, writer/director John Wardlaw wrote an additional scene for the film "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas", which included Harris's final performance before his death. Wardlaw asked "Lost in Space" co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, and Marta Kristen to contribute their voices to the film. The three actors reunited in the recording studio on June 14, 2006. "This was the first time they had all been together in something unrelated to "Lost in Space" and it was a blast. They listened to what Harris had recorded and there were laughs and some tears," Wardlaw stated. Harris was married to Document [45] (Title: Lost in Translation (film)) Red Car office. The scenes with Bob and Charlotte together were largely shot in order. Many of the interior scenes were shot overnight, because the hotel did not allow the crew to shoot in much of its public space until after 1 a.m. Various locations were used during production; in particular, the bar featured prominently in the film is the New York Bar, which is situated on the 52nd floor of the Shinjuku Park Tower and part of the Park Hyatt in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Other locations include the Heian Jingu shrine in Kyoto and the steps of the San-mon gate Document [46] (Title: Mystery Train (film)) stop at a liquor store, which Johnny robs, shooting its clerk (Rockets Redglare) in the process. Fearing the consequences, Johnny, Will and Charlie retire to the hotel to hide out for the night; there, they all become increasingly drunk. Charlie realizes that Will shares the same name as the character Will Robinson from the television show "Lost in Space", which Johnny has never heard of. Charlie and Johnny proceed to tell him about the show, and Will comments that the title describes how he feels then with Charlie and Johnny: lost in space. The next morning, Charlie discovers that Johnny Document [47] (Title: Lost in America (2017 film)) system and the lack of acceptance of LGBTQ kids. "Lost in America" began production in 2013. Funding for the film was raised via crowdfunding site Indiegogo. Lost in America (2017 film) Lost in America is a documentary feature film by director Rotimi Rainwater. The film aims to shine a light on the issue of homeless youth in the United States. It investigates the reasons youth become homeless, the challenges they face while on the streets and the possible ways to help them find homes and get off the street for good. The film includes appearances by singers Jon Bon Jovi Document [48] (Title: International Space Station) saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive. Nespoli, during Expedition 26/27, filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film, and as a result is credited as its director of photography. The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011, under a free license. In May 2013, commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" on board the station; the film was released on YouTube. It was the first Document [49] (Title: Mars and April) and Schuiten is available as the audio commentary on the DVD. The film was almost entirely shot on green screen, in 25 days, using the RED digital camera. The Martian backgrounds were taken by photographer Denis McCready in the Mojave Desert using a panoramic film camera. The exact location is near Trona Pinnacles where several sci-fi movies and TV series were filmed including "Battlestar Galactica", "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier", "The Gate II", "Lost in Space" and "Planet of the Apes". The scene where Jacob and Arthur are leaving for Mars is inspired by one of Villeneuve's childhood memories: Document [50] (Title: Lost in Space discography) Sky" (tracks 8–15), "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 16–19) and "My Friend Mr. Nobody" (tracks 20–21); all music by John Williams. Although all four episodes were represented on the previous albums, not all of the music is replicated here. "Disc 2" "Space-A-Delic" was previously released as part of the bonus CD in the box set "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen". In 2015 La-La Land Records issued a 12-disc boxed set of music from the series, featuring all the episode scores and the tracked-in music for the unaired pilot "No Place To Hide" (which used music by Bernard Herrmann, Leigh Harline Document [51] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) was reused, finding its way into the first five episodes of the weekly series. Although there were obvious inconsistencies, the incorporation was nevertheless creatively carried out. The 1965 pilot was not broadcast until 1997, which was also the year of the fictional mission's liftoff. The pilot was released as part of a VHS box set, "Lost in Space: The Collector's Edition", in February 1995. No Place to Hide (Lost in Space) "No Place to Hide" is the unaired 1965 pilot episode produced for CBS to promote the television series "Lost in Space". The episode was directed by series creator Irwin Document [52] (Title: Lost in Space) new world in each episode, as the family attempts to return to Earth or to reach their original destination in the Alpha Centauri system. A newly built "Space Pod", provided a means of transportation between the ship and passing planets, and allows for various escapades. This season has a different set of opening credits and a new theme tune, which was composed by John Williams as part of the show's new direction. During its three-season run, a number of actors made guest appearances. Among those are: Kevin Hagen, Alan Hewitt, Sherry Jackson, Werner Klemperer, Warren Oates, Don Matheson, Kurt Russell, Document [53] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) prize-winning science experiment involving time travel goes largely unnoticed by John. Global Sedition, a terrorist group against the mission, assassinates the "Jupiter II"'s pilot, and hotshot fighter pilot Major Don West is instead recruited to fly their ship—much to his chagrin. Dr. Zachary Smith, the family's physician, turns out to be a spy for the Sedition, who sabotages the ship's on-board robot before launch, but he is betrayed by his cohorts, and left unconscious as the ship launches and the family enters cryosleep. The robot activates soon after and begins to destroy the navigation and guidance systems, en route to Document [54] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) down to its title." The film holds a score of 42 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on the opinions of 19 journalists, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On its opening weekend, "Lost in Space" grossed $20,154,919 and debuted at number one at the box office, ending "Titanic"s 15-week-long hold on the first-place position. It opened in 3,306 theaters and grossed an average of $6,096 per screening. "Lost in Space" grossed $69,117,629 in the United States, and $67,041,794 outside of America, bringing its worldwide total to $136,159,423. Those results were deemed insufficient to justify a planned sequel. "Lost in Space" Document [55] (Title: Lost in Space discography) and Lionel Newman). Lost in Space discography There have been a number of CDs released featuring soundtracks from the television series Lost in Space. GNP Crescendo released the first album in 1997 as part of "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen", featuring music from "The Reluctant Stowaway" (tracks 2–5), "Island In The Sky" (tracks 6 and 7) and "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 8–10). All music composed by John Williams. GNP Crescendo released the second album in 1997 as part of the abovementioned set, featuring music from "Wild Adventure" (tracks 2–4), "The Haunted Lighthouse" (tracks 5 and 6), and "The Great Document [56] (Title: Manhunt in Space) Manhunt in Space Manhunt in Space is a 75-minute 1954 American science fiction film, consisting of three consecutive episodes of the TV series "Rocky Jones, Space Ranger", which told a continuous story. It was released only on 16mm for home movie rental and television syndication. It was directed by Hollingsworth Morse. The film is now in the public domain. It appeared as an episode of the American television comedy series "Mystery Science Theater 3000" in 1992. Space Rangers Rocky Jones (Richard Crane) and co-pilot Winky (Scotty Beckett) of the United Planets are assigned to investigate the disappearance of several space Document [57] (Title: Return to the Lost Planet) on the development of this genre in Israel. The plot follows on precisely from "The Lost Planet". A previous expedition to Hesikos, the wandering 'lost planet' which is now within a few days flight of Earth, has crash-landed, and Dr Lachlan McKinnon (its organiser), Professor Hermanoff and American engineer Spike Stranahan are marooned. McKinnon's colleagues must build and launch a spaceship from their Scottish base to travel to Hesikos, but to construct the ship they must obtain the expert assistance of Dr Andrieff, a scientist and engineer, who risks exile from his Eastern European country by so doing. The crew, Document [58] (Title: Irwin Allen) non-fiction and documentary production unit. That same year, he met Jon Jashni, a Fox film executive who shared Burns' interest in Allen's works. In 1998, the two collaborated on a TV retrospective special, "Lost in Space Forever". Hosted by John Laroquette, it chronicled the series' creation and run on TV in the 1960s and beyond, and featured appearances by Bill Mumy, Jonathan Harris, June Lockhart, Angela Cartwright, Mark Goddard and Marta Kristen, as well as film footage of vintage interviews with Guy Williams. Also appearing were Bob May, who donned the Robot suit, and Dick Tufeld, who supplied the character's Document [59] (Title: The Lost Future) The Lost Future The Lost Future is a 2010 South African-German post-apocalyptic film from Syfy, directed by Mikael Salomon and written by Jonas Bauer. The film stars Sean Bean, Corey Sevier and Sam Claflin. It was released on DVD on 27 September 2011. In post-apocalyptic Colombia, a group of survivors are organised as a tribe, a primitive society without technology. They form a small village in the Grey Rock National Park surrounded by beasts that transmit a disease that transforms the victims into mutants. The tribal leader is Uri, whose son Savan is the best hunter of the tribe and Document [60] (Title: Lost in Space) bonus features including interviews, episodic promos, video stills and the original un-aired pilot episode. All episodes of "Lost in Space" were remastered and released on a Blu-ray disc set on September 15, 2015 (the 50th anniversary of the premiere on the CBS TV Network). The Blu-ray disc set includes a cast table reading of the final episode, written by Bill Mumy, which brings the series to a close by having the characters return to earth. Lost in Space Lost in Space was an American science fiction television series, created and produced by Irwin Allen, which originally aired between 1965 and Document [61] (Title: Lost in Translation (film)) at Nanzen-ji, as well as the club Air in the Daikanyama district of Tokyo. All of the locations mentioned in the film are the names of actual places that existed in Tokyo at the time of filming. Murray described the first few weeks of the shoot as like "being held prisoner", since he was affected by jet lag, and Johansson said the shoot made her "busy, vulnerable and tired". Coppola spoke of the challenges of directing the movie with a Japanese crew, since she had to rely on her assistant director to make translations. Much of the performances were improvised, Document [62] (Title: Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning) world, where the "Trek"-inspired P-fleet ships would have a huge battle with "Babylon 5"-inspired ships. Airisto was to direct, and the production started in the way "Lost Contact" was made: without proper planning, but learning as they went. After Airisto moved to the UK to study, Torssonen called Timo Vuorensola and appointed him as director. The first years of production were a period of learning and recruiting. No footage shot during that time survived to the released film. In 2000 the production crew released an intermediate film, "Star Wreck IV½: Weak Performance", a short live-action piece. For the next several Document [63] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) to the Limit, One More Time". In "Lost in Space," Jeff endeavors to prove to slave-owning aliens the legitimacy of his love for wife Hayley Smith in order to escape the spaceship. "Lost in Space" is unconventional in that Jeff is, for the most part, the only main character from the show to appear, although Roger and Hayley have brief cameo appearances, and the rest of the family makes a brief appearance together in the beginning recap. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with praise directed to the visual style and humor. Jeff is unconscious, hanging from a Document [64] (Title: Beyond the Stars) Paul discovered something during his excursion on the moon that he keeps as a secret. The movie was filmed in and around Huntsville, Alabama and the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, and outside of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Beyond the Stars Beyond the Stars is a 1989 American drama film written and directed by David Saperstein and starred Martin Sheen, Christian Slater, Sharon Stone, Olivia d'Abo, and F. Murray Abraham. This science fiction drama centers on Eric, teenage son of a computer scientist who worked for the Apollo program which sent the first humans to the moon. Eric, determined to Document [65] (Title: Lost in Space) challenges appeared in 1995, when Prelude Pictures announced their intention to turn "Lost in Space" into a motion picture. The show was conceptualized in 1965, with the filming of an unaired pilot episode titled "No Place to Hide". The plot of the pilot episode followed the mission of a ship called "Gemini 12," which was to take a single family on a 98-year journey to an Earthlike planet orbiting star Alpha Centauri. The "Gemini 12" was pushed off course due to an encounter with an asteroid, and the story was centered on the adventures of the Robinson family, depicting them Document [66] (Title: Space: 1999) small section of the Main Mission set and utilising the original prop of Koenig's Command Center desk and Sandra Benes's original Year Two Alpha uniform, the short film was first shown at the "Space: 1999 Breakaway Convention" in Los Angeles, California on 13 September 1999—the day the events in episode 1 of the series were supposed to take place. With the permission of (then) copyright owners Carlton Media International, the film included brief clips from seven episodes to illustrate the deserted and the Alphans' exodus to planet Terra Alpha. Previously unused footage shot for the Year Two title sequence and Document [67] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) Lost in Space (2018 TV series) Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 series of the same name (itself a reimagining of the 1812 novel "The Swiss Family Robinson"), following the adventures of a family of space colonists whose spaceship veers off course. Produced by Legendary Television, Synthesis Entertainment, Clickety-Clack Productions, and Applebox Entertainment, the show is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless, with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner. Netflix released the series on April 13, 2018, renewing it the following month for a second season. In the aftermath Document [68] (Title: Lost in Space) the music for Lost in Space included Alexander Courage, who contributed six scores to the series. There have been a number of "Lost in Space" soundtrack CDs released. "Lost in Space" was picked up for syndication in most major U.S. markets. By 1969, the show was declared to be the #1 syndicated program in markets such as Houston, Milwaukee, Miami and even New York City, where it was said that the only competition to "Lost in Space" was "I Love Lucy". The program didn't have the staying power throughout the 1970s of its supposed rival, "Star Trek". Part of the Document [69] (Title: Lost in Space) during its original network television run. The more cerebral "Star Trek" never averaged higher than 52nd in the ratings during its three seasons, while "Lost in Space" finished season one with a rating of 32nd, season two in 35th place, and the third and final season in 33rd place. "Lost in Space" also ranked third as one of the top five favorite new shows for the 1965–1966 season in a viewer TVQ poll. The other top contenders were "The Big Valley", "Get Smart", "I Dream of Jeannie" and "F Troop". "Lost in Space" was the favorite show of John F. Document [70] (Title: James S. Voss) the Soyuz TM-32 taxi mission, as well as two Space Shuttles (STS-100 and STS-104). Voss was also on board to witness the arrival of the Quest Airlock. He was one of the cinematographers and featured astronauts of the first 3D film shot in space, Space Station 3D. The film was released in theaters in 2002 and on DVD in 2005. Voss returned home from his fifth spaceflight as a Mission Specialist on board the Space Shuttle "Discovery" on August 20, 2001 (STS-105). The mission saw a crew rotation, two spacewalks, and another flight of the MPLM. After retiring from NASA Document [71] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) in order to reach an agreement with its creditors and avoid having to file for bankruptcy. STX produced and distributed the film. On July 31, 2015, Gary Oldman, Carla Gugino, and Britt Robertson joined the cast of the then-untitled film. Robertson would play the female lead, a teen girl from Colorado. On September 8, 2015, it was announced that the title of the film would be "The Space Between Us", and B. D. Wong and Janet Montgomery were added to the cast. On September 30, 2015, Trey Tucker joined the film to play an astronaut, and on October 23, 2015, Document [72] (Title: Mina Sundwall) Robinson in the first season of the Netflix series "Lost in Space", which aired in April 2018. Mina Sundwall Mina Sundwall (born October 23, 2001) is an American actress who is known for her roles in "Maggie's Plan", "Freeheld", and "#Horror". She plays Penny Robinson in "Lost in Space", a 2018 remake of the 1965 series of the same name. Sundwall was born on October 23, 2001, in New York City. In 2012, she made her first appearance in television on the documentary series "Celebrity Ghost Stories". She appeared in "" in 2014. In 2015, she acted in the romantic Document [73] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) space. The disabled ship crashed on a habitable planet. After the crash, controlled regeneration awoke the crew from three years in suspended animation. After six months on the planet, the ship's captain and family patriarch, Dr. John Robinson, remained hopeful of making repairs and resuming the flight; however, the crew then began to encounter serious weather problems, requiring them to abandon the spacecraft and hurry south to avoid freezing. After encountering a giant Cyclops, discovering an abandoned castle in a cave, and undertaking the perilous crossing of an inland sea, they reached a tropical sanctuary where they were observed by Document [74] (Title: Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone) Washington, who is driving the plow machine with Nova, Reena and Meagan driving another commandeered vehicle. They all race out of the fortress in the nick of time as it explodes behind them. As the complex explodes, the three heroes, and the three rescued women, manage to get away. In the ending, Wolff invites Niki to stay with him and she agrees since they made good partners. Parts of the film were shot in Kane Creek, Bull Canyon, Colorado River, Potash, Lower Shafer Trail, Potash Settling Ponds, Grey Hills, U.S. Highway 91, and the area south of Canyonlands Airport. The Document [75] (Title: Christopher Riley) film on the Hubble Space Telescope for National Geographic Channels. The resulting documentary 'Hubble's Cosmic Journey' included contributions from cosmologist Stephen Hawking, astrophysicist Ed Weiler and Charlie Pellerin, US Senator Barbara Mikulski and astronauts Story Musgrave, Charlie Bolden and John Grunsfeld. It was premiered at National Geographic's Washington headquarters on the 14th April 2015 and received its network premiere in 171 countries the following week. The film is narrated by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, and was nominated for an Emmy in 2015. In October 2015 Riley's long-awaited feature documentary "The Fear of 13" received its world premiere at the BFI Document [76] (Title: Paradise Lost (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)) Paradise Lost (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) "Paradise Lost" is the 84th episode of the television series "", the 12th episode of the . This mostly takes place on Star Trek's version of future Earth, in the 2370s rather than Deep Space Nine. An Excelsior class starship is also seen, which had been introduced to the franchise in the film (1984) and this type also has a significant role in (1991) and (1994) Earth has been placed under martial law due to a seemingly imminent Dominion invasion, but Benjamin Sisko believes that there is more going on than meets the Document [77] (Title: Beyond the Sky (film)) film. Filming was completed in Los Angeles, California and various locations in Arizona and New Mexico. Beyond the Sky (film) Beyond the Sky is a 2018 American science fiction film written and directed by Fulvio Sestito in his directorial debut. The film stars Ryan Carnes, Jordan Hinson, Claude Duhamel, Martin Sensmeier, Don Stark, Peter Stormare, and Dee Wallace. It was acquired by RLJE Films in 2018 and was released on September 21, 2018. The film follows a documentary filmmaker and his crew as they seek to expose the lies of alien abductees and their encounter with a young woman whose Document [78] (Title: ARQ (film)) remained in development hell for years. After the rights reverted to Elliott, Netflix contacted his producer and offered to produce it. In January 2016, it was announced that Netflix would produce and distribute the film. Mason Novick, John Finemore, Kyle Franke, and Nick Spicer produced the film under their Lost City and XYZ Films banner. That same month, it was announced that Robbie Amell and Rachael Taylor had been cast in the film. Shooting took place in Toronto over 19 days. Elliott quoted the budget at "under $2 million". The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Document [79] (Title: Lost in Space) Harris) was the only character from the original program to appear in the special, along with the Robot (who was named Robon and employed in flight control rather than a support activity). The spacecraft was launched vertically by rocket, and Smith was a passenger rather than a saboteur. The pilot for the animated "Lost in Space" series was not picked up as a series, and only this episode was produced. This cartoon was included in the Blu-ray release on September 15, 2015. 20th Century Fox has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. Several of the releases contain Document [80] (Title: Lost in Space) as a happy crew without internal conflicts. While many storylines in the later series focused primarily on Dr. Zachary Smith, a stowaway and saboteur played by Jonathan Harris, he was absent from the unaired pilot. His character was added after the series was commissioned for production. The pilot episode was first aired on television during a 1997 retrospective. CBS bought the series, turning down "Star Trek" in favor of "Lost in Space". Before the first episode was filmed, the characters Smith and the Robot were added, and the spaceship, originally named "Gemini 12", was renamed the "Jupiter 2" and redesigned. Document [81] (Title: Lost in Space) syndication for many years, appearing on the USA Network in the mid-to-late 1980s, and on FX (TV channel), Syfy, ALN (TV network) and Hulu. In early 1968, while the final third-season episode "Junkyard in Space" was in production, the cast and crew were informally made to believe the series would return for a fourth season. Allen had ordered new scripts for the coming season. A few weeks later, however, CBS announced a list of television series they were renewing for the 1968–69 season, and "Lost in Space" was not included. CBS executives failed to offer any reasons why "Lost in Document [82] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10, calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities. In contrast, Jen Chaney of "Vulture" characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches". Lost in Space (2018 TV series) Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 Document [83] (Title: Lost (TV series)) warehouse, which had been empty since an employee mass shooting took place there in 1999. In 2006, the sound-stage and production offices moved to the Hawaii Film Office-operated Hawaii Film Studio, where the sets depicting Season 2's "Swan Station" and Season 3's "Hydra Station" interiors were built. Various urban areas in and around Honolulu are used as stand-ins for locations around the world, including California, New York, Iowa, Miami, South Korea, Iraq, Nigeria, United Kingdom, Paris, Thailand, Berlin, Maldives, and Australia. For example, scenes set in a Sydney Airport were filmed at the Hawaii Convention Center, while a World War Document [84] (Title: Stranded (2001 film)) and have realised that there must be an air leak somewhere. Sanchez urges them to join her, as there is enough oxygen and water in the valley for them to survive until the rescue ship arrives. The scenes set on the surface of Mars were filmed on Lanzarote, and the interior scenes were filmed at Panavision Studios in Hollywood. To save costs, they used the Space Shuttle interior set previously used for "Space Cowboys". Stranded (2001 film) Stranded is a 2001 English-language Spanish science fiction film about a fictional first manned mission to Mars. It stars Vincent Gallo and Maria Document [85] (Title: Lost in Space) reason for the shows' obsolescence was the fact that the first season of "Lost in Space" is in black-and-white, while a majority of American households at the time had a color television receiver. By 1975, many markets began removing "Lost in Space" from daily schedules or moving it to less desirable time slots. The series experienced a revival when Ted Turner acquired it for his growing TBS "superstation" in 1979. Viewer response was highly positive, and it became a TBS mainstay for the next five years. Notes: In 1998, New Line Cinema produced a film adaptation. The 1998 film includes Document [86] (Title: RocketMan) Center, in Houston, Texas, shooting at the famous Rocket Park (the gargantuan Building 9 that houses all of the spacecraft mock-ups for the ongoing shuttle missions) and Building 32, which houses the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber and simulates all conditions of outer space (except zero gravity). For the surface of Mars, the filmmakers shot in Moab, Utah, where they found giant cliffs, red rocks, a lack of vegetation, and the overall scale of what could be a distant planet. To prepare for their roles as astronauts, the three stars attended the U.S. Space Camp at the U.S. Space & Document [87] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) in September 2018, in Iceland, and is set to conclude in January 2019. The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix. On March 31, 2018, the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C.. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.21/10, based on 65 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Lost in Space"s production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a Document [88] (Title: Land of the Lost (film)) ("uncredited"), Dylan Sprayberry, and Sierra McCormick appeared in a cameo as Tar Pit Kids and Raymond Ochoa as an uncredited boy in a museum. Production for the film began on March 4, 2008. Only one week's worth of filming was shot using a large-scale soundstage with green screen technology. The rest of filming took place on location in places such as the Dumont Dunes in the Mojave Desert, the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park, and Trona, California. The first trailer was shown during Super Bowl XLIII. Subway Restaurants, which paid to appear in the film and had cross Document [89] (Title: Lost in Space) 1997, the United States is gearing up to colonize space. The "Jupiter 2", a futuristic saucer-shaped spacecraft, stands on its launch pad undergoing final preparations. Its mission is to take a single family on a five-and-a-half-year journey to an Earthlike planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri. The Robinson family, consisted of Professor John Robinson (Guy Williams), his wife Maureen (June Lockhart) and their three children, Judy (Marta Kristen), Penny (Angela Cartwright), and Will (Billy Mumy). The family is accompanied by U.S. Space Corps Major Donald West (Mark Goddard), who is trained to land the ship. The Robinsons and Major West Document [90] (Title: Space (The X-Files)) episode were filmed at a Canadian Airlines operations center in Richmond, British Columbia. The crew were given permission by the airline to use their flight simulators, leading to the production being delayed while everyone had a turn simulating flights over Canada. The problematic command center set was constructed and filmed at an amphitheater in Vancouver, whose sloping surfaces helped to suggest computer terminals without needing much construction, although false computer monitors were added for shots when they would be in view. Guest star Ed Lauter had previously worked with the episode's director, William A. Graham, on the film "". On Document [91] (Title: Lost Universe) budgets for anime series across all studios. A "Lost Universe" film was rumored in 1998, but was cancelled in favor of more "Slayers" films. "Lost Universe" is distributed in North America by Enoki Films, and was originally licensed for American distribution by ADV Films who released the series onto both dubbed and subtitled VHS tapes and bilingual DVD. The rights have since transferred to Nozomi Entertainment who re-released the complete series in a new bilingual DVD box set. The 4th episode entitled , which aired on April 24, 1998, was initially worked on by a South Korean animation company, San Document [92] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) are his science experiment's predicted results. John, however, frustrates Will by ignoring his input. He and West head off to explore the time bubble, and encounter a future version of Will and a rebuilt robot he crafted with parts and the saved intelligence, who explains that some spiders had survived and attacked after his father and West had left them, and that Maureen, Penny, and Judy were all killed. Constructing a time machine, Will intends to go back to Earth to prevent "Jupiter II" from launching. Meanwhile, young Will and Smith head out on their own to investigate the time Document [93] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) of Bruce Broughton's original score (which makes no reference to either of the TV themes composed by John Williams) and eight tracks of techno music (most of which is heard only over the film's end credits). A European version of the soundtrack album was released that omits the tracks "Spider Attack", "Jupiter Crashes", and "Spider Smith" in favor of three new songs unused in the film by Aah-Yah, Asphalt Ostrich, and Anarchy. Intrada Records released a score album for the film the following year, and the complete score in 2016. The track "Thru the Planet" on the TVT album is Document [94] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) he is not fit for life on Earth. Upset, he stages a daring escape and hitches a ride to find Tulsa. Upon seeing him, Tulsa hits him as she is upset at Gardner for "ghosting" her for 7 months. However, she forgives him and he convinces her to help him find his father. They stop by her house to get supplies for the journey, but are found by Nathaniel and Kendra. While trying to convince him to return to NASA, Gardner angrily confronts Kendra with her own admission of not wanting children and escapes with Tulsa on an old plane Document [95] (Title: Islands in the Sky) a movie studio that intends to shoot the first movie filmed in space. As his stay in space is coming to an end Roy gets to ride the "Morning Star" as she makes an emergency run to the Space Hospital with a seriously ill man. As Roy and his friends return to the Inner Station on a different ship they become so engrossed in Commander Doyle’s story of his participation in the first expedition to Mercury that they fail to notice that their ship is off course: it’s heading away from Earth rather than toward it. As they swing around Document [96] (Title: Ijon Tichy: Space Pilot) founded a production company, Kosmische Kollegen [Cosmic Colleagues]. Together with Karsten Aurich of Sabotage Films and dffb they were contracted by the ZDF network to realise the television series. The set utilises numerous retro style items like household tools from the 1980s and 90s. Tichy's spacecraft is a giant French press that looks like an old Berlin apartment inside. Alien characters have been created with deliberately simple means. The first season was shot in Oliver Jahn's former apartment and since he moved house between the two seasons his original home was recreated in a studio for the filming of the Document [97] (Title: Anne Hathaway) astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity. With a budget of $165 million, the high-profile production, co-starring Matthew McConaughey and Jessica Chastain, was filmed mostly using IMAX cameras. Hathaway was drawn to her character's growth from an arrogant to a humbler person. While filming a water scene in Iceland, Hathaway almost suffered hypothermia because the dry suit she was wearing had not been properly secured. Critics for "The Independent" and "Empire" wrote that she was "affecting" as a scientist unable to decide between her professional responsibilities and her feelings and played it with Document [98] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) to send John back to his family, he himself is unable to go along, with only enough power available for one person. Saying goodbye to his family, the future Will is killed by falling debris, and John reunites with his living family. Realizing that they do not have enough power to escape the planet's gravitational pull, John suggests that they drive the ship down through the planet, and use the gravity well to slingshot them back into space. They are successful, but the planet turns into a black hole, and they once again activate the hyperdrive to escape. Using the Document [99] (Title: Gravity (2013 film)) orbit about away, Kowalski estimating that they have 90 minutes before the debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again. On their way to the International Space Station (ISS), the two discuss Stone's home life and her daughter, who died young in an accident. As they approach the station, they see that the ISS's crew has evacuated into one of its two Soyuz spacecraft, and the remaining Soyuz's parachute has been prematurely deployed, rendering it unable to return to Earth. Kowalski suggests using it to travel to the nearby Chinese space station "Tiangong", away, in order to board its Document [100] (Title: The Lost Future) perilous attempt, Savan is killed by an enraged Gagen, who is later killed by Kaleb. "The Lost Future" was filmed in and around Cape Town, South Africa. "The Lost Future" premiered on Syfy 13 November 2010 and was released on DVD on 27 September 2011 by Entertainment One. It includes a making-of featurette and cast and crew interviews. There was controversy over the rating of the film; it had been intended as a 12A, but due to an explicit sex scene, was rated as a 15. Scott Foy of Dread Central rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote that "this Document [101] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series "Lost in Space". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a "Lost in Space" film for theatres or TV. In 1991, a fledgling publisher called Innovation Comics Document [102] (Title: Bill Mumy) pioneered them. In 1996, Mumy and his "Lost in Space" costar Jonathan Harris were reunited at a Walt Disney convention in Orlando, Florida. Mumy worked again with Harris on the retrospective special "Lost In Space: Forever" (1998), where they reprised their roles in a scene written by Mumy (Harris rewrote his own lines). This occurred the year after the rest of the cast (including both Mumy and Harris) stated in a "TV Guide" article that the Sci Fi Channel planned to do a "Lost in Space" marathon while promoting a new movie. Harris was to appear in the planned TV Document [103] (Title: The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas) film was completed making it his final performance. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former "Lost In Space" co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 Document [104] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) No Place to Hide (Lost in Space) "No Place to Hide" is the unaired 1965 pilot episode produced for CBS to promote the television series "Lost in Space". The episode was directed by series creator Irwin Allen. The spacecraft "Gemini 12" was intended to undertake a century-long flight to Alpha Centauri, with its crew in suspended animation. The six-person crew consisted of a family of five (the Robinsons) and one geologist (Don West). The ship was damaged by a meteor storm shortly after liftoff. The resulting damage sent the "Gemini 12" out of control, and it was presumed lost in Document [105] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) Jeff to work at a shawarma food stand, where Jeff encounters Sinbad (the only other human on the spaceship), who had been abducted two months prior. After the emperor of the ship, Zing, walks by, Jeff protests that he misses his wife but is ignored. After work, Sinbad shows Jeff around the ship and eventually takes him to a bar. Jeff eventually finds out that the only way Emperor Zing will allow any of his captives to escape is to prove that they are truly in love with another. Despite reports that many of the slaves on the ship had Document [106] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) The Space Between Us (film) The Space Between Us is a 2017 American romantic science fiction film directed by Peter Chelsom and written by Allan Loeb, from a story by Stewart Schill, Richard Barton Lewis and Loeb. The film stars Gary Oldman, Asa Butterfield, Britt Robertson, and Carla Gugino, and follows a teenage boy, born on Mars, who travels to Earth. Principal photography began on September 14, 2015, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The film was released on February 3, 2017 by STXfilms. It received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $14.8 million against its $30 Document [107] (Title: Lost in Space) who had been depicted as a preteen in the original series was depicted as an infant in the 2003 remake. The pilot was titled "The Robinsons: Lost in Space" and was commissioned by The WB Television Network. The pilot was directed by John Woo and produced by Synthesis Entertainment, Irwin Allen Productions, Twentieth Century Fox Television and Regency Television. The "Jupiter 2" interstellar flying-saucer spacecraft of the original series was depicted as a planet-landing craft, deployed from a larger inter-stellar mothership. The plot of the series followed John Robinson, a retiring war hero of an alien invasion who had decided Document [108] (Title: Christopher Lennertz) the Netflix sci-fi series "Lost in Space". Lennertz was born in Methuen, Massachusetts. He attended Easton Area High School in Easton, Pennsylvania and then the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California, where he studied with Academy Award-winner Elmer Bernstein. Lennertz has written music for a variety of comedies such as "Horrible Bosses", "Ride Along", as well as "Identity Thief", and "Think Like A Man". He has also worked on hit family films including "Hop", and "Alvin and the Chipmunks" and critically acclaimed dramas "Adam" and "Thanks For Sharing". He has worked with artists including Basil Poledouris, Document [109] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of "Lost in Space" and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes. In November 2015, Netflix landed the project. On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of "Lost in Space", with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers. Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017. Season 2 began production Document [110] (Title: Huntsville, Alabama) Moles, Like Rats"), "Air Band" (2005), and "Constellation" (2005). Portions of the film "SpaceCamp" (1986) were filmed at Huntsville's U.S. Space and Rocket Center at the eponymous facility. The U.S. Space and Rocket Center stood in for NASA in the 1989 movie "Beyond the Stars" starring Martin Sheen, Christian Slater, and Sharon Stone. Following in the motif of the "Rocket City", Columbia Pictures filmed "Ravagers" (1979) in The Land Trust's Historic Three Caves Quarry, at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, and on location at an antebellum home located next door to Lee High School. This cult classic starred Richard Document [111] (Title: Space Truckers) as the suitcase lands on his limousine's roof, killing him. With Saggs dead and Earth safe, Mike, Cindy, John and Cindy's mother blast off in their brand new rig. "Space Truckers" was poorly received by critics, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rating the film at 8%, based on 12 reviews. Space Truckers Space Truckers is a 1996 American-British-Irish comic science fiction film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Dennis Hopper, Stephen Dorff, Debi Mazar and Charles Dance. It was filmed at Ardmore Studios, County Wicklow, Ireland. The story concerns John Canyon, one of the last independent space transport entrepreneurs. Document [112] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) a race of space spiders. John remembers that the spiders eat their wounded, rips open Smith's egg sac with a trophy Will had turned into a weapon, and while Smith's own army devours him, he is thrown into the time portal, which rips him apart. The increasing instability of the planet caused by the portal forces the "Jupiter II" to take off, but they are unable to reach escape velocity, and are destroyed by the planet's debris. Will realizes that his father never actually abandoned them, and that he really does love him after all. Setting the time machine's controls Document [113] (Title: Destiny in Space) trailer and general IMAX trailer. Destiny in Space Destiny in Space is a 70mm Canadian IMAX documentary film released in 1994. The film was written by Toni Myers, directed by Academy Award-winner Ben Burtt, and narrated by Leonard Nimoy. The film is a showcase of the daily lives of astronauts in space, as they fix instruments and take measurements. The film includes two space shuttle launches and several cargo bay scenes, including an astronaut repairing the Hubble space telescope. CGI recreations of the surface of Venus and Mars based on satellite data from JPL are also featured. The film looks Document [114] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) He quickly becomes discouraged when he learns there are over 47,000 planets named Earth, and that it will take a long time to reach his destination. In the post-credits, Sinbad returns, this time as a Jedi-like ghost, to aid Jeff on his journey home. Series co-creator Mike Barker wrote: "Lost in Space". The setting does not reveal Roger's birth planet but a spaceship owned by his alien species. Barker once stated that he did not want to show Roger's birth planet or species. At the time, he feared that viewers might grow more interested in a plot line involving his Document [115] (Title: Elia Petridis) Squibb. The film was awarded a production grant from Panavision, enabling Petridis to shoot on 35mm film, and was financed by multiple investors. The crew on the film included score writer Ruy Folguera, production designer Curt Beech, editor Terel Gibson, and cinematographer Eric Beech. The film premiered at the Newport Beach International Film Festival in 2012 and went on to receive positive critical acclaim. It was acquired by Indican Pictures in North America. In 2016, Petridis directed the music video "The Lost Sky" for American singer-songwriter Jesca Hoop which received over 125,000 views on YouTube. He has directed music videos Document [116] (Title: 2001: A Space Odyssey (film)) That's what he wanted." In December 2010, Douglas Trumbull announced that Warner Bros. had found 17 minutes of lost footage from the post-premiere cuts, "perfectly preserved", in a Kansas salt mine vault used by Warner for storage. No plans have been announced for the rediscovered footage. From very early in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. About half the music in the film appears either before the first Document [117] (Title: Space Truckers) Space Truckers Space Truckers is a 1996 American-British-Irish comic science fiction film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Dennis Hopper, Stephen Dorff, Debi Mazar and Charles Dance. It was filmed at Ardmore Studios, County Wicklow, Ireland. The story concerns John Canyon, one of the last independent space transport entrepreneurs. Bad times have forced him to carry suspicious cargo to Earth without asking questions. During the flight, the cargo turns out to be a multitude of virtually unstoppable killer robots. At a corporation's base on the Neptunian moon Triton, mercenaries are setting up a defense perimeter to try to hold off Document [118] (Title: Land of the Giants) other 1950s and 1960s sci-fi/fantasy and adventure series (e.g. "Star Trek", "The Twilight Zone", "Gilligan's Island", "Lost in Space", "I Dream of Jeannie"). These popular, well-known character actors included Jack Albertson, Chris Alcaide, Michael Ansara, John Carradine, Yvonne Craig, Charles Drake, Alan Hale, Jr, Jonathan Harris, David Opatoshu, Larry Pennell and Warren Stevens. Like Allen's previous series "Lost in Space" and "The Time Tunnel", the theme music was composed by John Williams. As with "Lost in Space", Williams composed two different themes (in this case one for each season). Williams also scored the pilot episode "The Crash," and was the Document [119] (Title: Lost in Space) scene-stealing 'Goodnight' homage to the Waltons was included. Something fans of the original always wanted to see happen was finally realized when Don knocks out an annoyingly complaining Smith at the end of the movie, saying "That felt good!" In 2004, a television series titled "The Robinsons: Lost in Space" was developed in the U.S. A pilot for the series was filmed, however, the series was ultimately never produced. The series was originally was intended to emulate Lost in Space's unaired pilot. The 2004 show did, however feature the unnamed robot, and an additional older Robinson child named David. Penny, Document [120] (Title: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series)) The hand animated "computer graphics" of "The Hitchhiker's Guide" itself won a BAFTA, a Design and Art Direction Silver award, and a London Film Fest award. The spaceman, suspended from a wire, in the titles sequence was Alan Harris. Locations for filming included a clay pit and the former Par—Fowey railway tunnel in Cornwall, the Edmonds Farm and Red Lion pub in Haywards Heath, Sussex, the Budgemoor Golf & Country Club near Henley-on-Thames, and at Dovestones in the Peak District National Park. Episode 3 was originally scripted to have a "pre-credits sequence" where Trillian announces their arrival at "the most Document [121] (Title: Space Mountain) neon earth-tone colored planets along with star patterns decorate the area. Lining the walls of the station are colored neon light bars that are used for lighting and decoration. Screenwriter Max Landis wrote a feature film based on the Space Mountain attraction, which was developed for a short time at Disney. The film was based in a 1950s retro-future. This idea of the future wouldn't contain the internet or cell phones but be powered by many large contraptions and robots. One key plot point of the film integrated the idea of people getting sent into hyperspace but when returning they Document [122] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) Lost in Space (American Dad!) "Lost in Space" is the eighteenth episode of the ninth season of "American Dad!". The episode aired on May 5, 2013, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup. The episode was written by series co-creator Mike Barker and directed by series regular Chris Bennett. "Lost in Space" was incorrectly promoted as episode 150 by Fox and numerous mainstream media reports; it is actually episode 151, while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" is episode 150. "Lost in Space" continues a plot line established in the episode "Naked to the Document [123] (Title: Europa Report) of the camera. Filming took place in Brooklyn, New York. The first image from the film was revealed on February 11, 2012. A viral website to promote the film was launched shortly afterward. The screenplay was written by Philip Gelatt and the production design was done by Eugenio Caballero. It was scored by Bear McCreary. The movie is a found footage film and follows a nonlinear progression. The crew used as inspiration real footage from the International Space Station and space walks from the space shuttle. The space ship was designed through computer graphics, giving high detail to the camera Document [124] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) to aid them. They find navigational data that can be used to get to Alpha Prime along with a camouflaging creature whom Penny calls "Blarp", and evidence suggesting the ship is from the future. They are attacked by spider-like creatures; in their escape, Smith is scratched by one, and the robot's body is damaged beyond repair, but Will saves its computerized intelligence. West destroys the vessel to eradicate the spiders, and, as a result, the ship crash-lands on the nearby planet, where a distortion like the one from before appears. Will theorizes they are distortions in time; in fact, they Document [125] (Title: Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone) rescue three women stranded on a brutal planet and meets a vagrant teenage girl along the way. Set in the early 22nd century, the film opens with the destruction of a space cruise liner by a bolt of nebular lightning. The only apparent survivors are three beautiful women – Nova (Cali Timmins), Reena (Aleisa Shirley), and Meagan (Deborah Pratt) – who get away in an escape pod and land on the nearest habitable planet. There, they are quickly accosted by the hostile natives and taken aboard a sail-driven vehicle resembling a pirate ship on rails. In space, an alert goes Document [126] (Title: Irwin Allen) voice. The flight deck set of the Jupiter 2 spacecraft from the series was recreated as the backdrop for parts of the special. It also was used as a vehicle to promote the 1998 "Lost in Space" film version of the original television series, starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, Gary Oldman, Lacey Chabert, Mimi Rogers and Heather Graham. Burns and Jashni later formed Synthesis Entertainment and began developing and producing remakes of, and sequels to, several Allen properties, including a 2002 Fox Television pilot for an updated version of "The Time Tunnel", which did not sell, and remakes of films Document [127] (Title: Lost in Space) Kennedy, Jr. while growing up in the 1960s. "Lost in Space" received a 1966 Emmy Award nomination for Cinematography-Special Photographic Effects but did not win, and again in 1968 for Achievement in Visual Arts & Makeup but did not win. In 2005, it was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Retro Television Release, but did not win. In 2008, TVLand nominated and awarded the series for Awesomest Robot. The open and closing theme music was written by John Williams, a composer notable for creating the music for the film "Star Wars." Williams "was" listed in the credits as Document [128] (Title: Area 51 (film)) and Jelena find themselves in a white chamber. While Reid examines a series of alien symbols, Jelena is suddenly dragged away by an unseen force. He finds her in an entranced and unresponsive state. The chamber suddenly loses gravity and it is revealed that the chamber is in fact the interior of a flying silver alien spacecraft. Reid's camera falls from the spacecraft and plummets to the ground. Darrin successfully escapes the complex and discovers all personnel are being evacuated from Area 51. He ventures back into the desert where he encounters Ben, who has been waiting for the three Document [129] (Title: Lost in Space) Lost in Space Lost in Space was an American science fiction television series, created and produced by Irwin Allen, which originally aired between 1965 and 1968. The series is loosely based on the 1812 novel "The Swiss Family Robinson", and on a comic book published by Gold Key Comics titled "The Space Family Robinson." The series follows the adventures of the Robinsons, a pioneering family of space colonists who struggle to survive in the depths of space. The show ran for 83 episodes over three seasons, the first year of which was filmed in black and white. On October 16, Document [130] (Title: 10 Cloverfield Lane) bunker with two men who insist that an event has left the surface of Earth uninhabitable. The film is presented in a third-person narrative, in contrast to its predecessor's found-footage style. It was released in the United States on March 11, 2016, in conventional and IMAX format. The film received positive reviews, with many praising the performances of the cast, as well as the film's tense and suspenseful atmosphere; it grossed $110 million worldwide. After breaking up with her boyfriend Ben, Michelle drives away from New Orleans. While in rural Louisiana, she hears news reports of blackouts in several major Document [131] (Title: Hannes M. Schalle) David Coulthard, Mark Webber, Nico Rosberg, Lewis Hamilton, Bernd Mayländer, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Jochen Mass, James Hunt and many more. It premiered in Cannes in 2014 and was released in July 2015 by Bulldog Film Distribution in Great Britain. It was No. 1 bestseller on iTunes and Amazon. In December 2014 Premiere Picture released Schalle's Feature Documentary "In Space" showing the 50 years of collaboration between ESA and NASA, the projects of the famous protagonists of private space travel – Elon Musk and Richard Branson, the German astronaut Alexander Gerst and his time on the ISS and first and foremost the Document [132] (Title: Lost in Space) "Battlestar Galactica" show bought the show's sets. They were redesigned the next year and used for scenes on the Battlestar "Pegasus". Dick Tufeld reprised his role as voice of the robot for the third time. On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Legendary TV was developing a new reboot of "Lost in Space" for Netflix with "Dracula Untold" screenwriters Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless attached to write. On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered the series with 10 episodes. The series debuted on Netflix on April 13, 2018. It was renewed for a second season on May 13, 2018. The Document [133] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) were prodigies, and Don West was identified as a doctor of geology. The pilot did not include later series regulars Dr. Zachary Smith or the Robot, and featured no scary monsters. It was instead about the adventures of the Robinsons, a happy family. The cooperative, friendly family depicted in the pilot were somewhat less so in the series, and still more different from the dysfunctional space family depicted in the 1998 spin-off motion picture. The theme music for this pilot was taken from the 1951 film "The Day the Earth Stood Still". Nearly all of the footage from the pilot Document [134] (Title: Spaceship Zero) props on location in the sand dunes of Richmond BC and a space ship set left over from the TV show "Defying Gravity". The footage was cut into a video for their song "20 Minutes of Oxygen" and as a trailer for the film, and premiered at the event Cthulhupalooza II: Son of Cthulhupalooza in February 2011 in Vancouver. To enhance the ideas of the setting, the developers have based the game on a number of false documents, namely by referencing the game to television shows, radio plays, and films which did not and do not exist. As the book Document [135] (Title: Space Cowboys) lasted three months. Scenes were filmed on location at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Interior shots of the flight simulator, shuttle, and mission control were filmed on sets at Warner Bros. The 1958 portrayals of the characters are filmed with younger actors dubbed by their older counterparts. The original music score was composed by longtime Eastwood collaborator Lennie Niehaus. The film grossed over $90 million in its United States release. "Space Cowboys" was well received by critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 78% Document [136] (Title: The Lost Planet (novel)) Fire" (1962), and "Space Agent and the Ancient Peril" (1964). It was the first science fiction series ever translated to Hebrew and had considerable impact on the development of this genre in Israel. The narrator, 16-year-old Jeremy Grant, who has been recently orphaned, travels from Australia to Scotland to stay with his scientist uncle, Dr Lachlan McKinnon, at his estate, Inverard. He discovers that the irascible McKinnon and his colleagues, including Swedish Professor Lars Bergman, American engineer Spike Stranahan, science student Janet Campbell, Cockney housekeeper Madge Smith and engineer Kurt Oppenheim, are building an atomic-powered spaceship to travel to Hesikos, Document [137] (Title: The Lost Future) was a classier piece of cinema than the typical schlock Syfy produces", but it is too rushed, has too many characters and dangling storylines, and the action sequences can not make up for the shortcomings. Rod Lott of the "Oklahoma Gazette" wrote that the film "should be 'Lost' forever" and concluded, "Yeah, I hated it." "The Daily Sun" wrote that the acting, writing, and special effects were good, but the cast were too clean and pretty to be convincing. The Lost Future The Lost Future is a 2010 South African-German post-apocalyptic film from Syfy, directed by Mikael Salomon and written Document [138] (Title: Dream of the Rarebit Fiend) where they are chased off by the Man in the Moon with a flyswatter. The film self-consciously directs the viewers to notice the quality and accuracy of the animation when the house takes off into space, calling attention to the "remarkable piece of animation which follows", accurately showing the revolutions of the Earth and Moon and the "beautiful constellation of Orion". The woman becomes anxious that they will become "lost in the sky". In the end, the house is struck by a military rocket, bringing the nightmare to an end as the woman awakens in her bed. The film was Document [139] (Title: Space Odyssey (TV series)) roles, the actors undertook basic cosmonaut training at Star City with the Russian space program. Many scenes were shot in simulated zero-gravity aboard a Russian Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft. Backgrounds of the spacecraft interior were later digitally composited in. The series DVD describes the selection of locations in the Atacama Desert, Chile to represent both Venus and Mars. Weather conditions troubled production, needing to be overcast for Venus, but cloudless for Mars. The fate of the Titan probe was deliberately ambiguous to prevent any conflicts with the findings of the then imminent landing of the Huygens probe. The film's score was Document [140] (Title: Prisoners of the Lost Universe) to Carrie and seems to be unusually well-supplied with Earth technology... "Prisoners of the Lost Universe" is registered as copyright to Samuel Goldwyn Company in the United States Copyright Office database. Prisoners of the Lost Universe Prisoners of the Lost Universe is a low budget 1983 film set in a parallel universe and filmed in South Africa. Three people are transported to another world when an earthquake occurs just as the scientist is experimenting with his "matter" transmitter. The trio must escape the strange world of Vonya while dealing with a number of villains. TV personality Carrie Madison goes to Document [141] (Title: Jonathan Harris) the reunion TV movie "Lost in Space: The Journey Home" was set to film, Harris was taken to the hospital with what he thought was a back problem. On November 3, 2002, Harris died of a blood clot to the heart. He was 87 years old, just three days shy of his 88th birthday. Harris was interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, in Westwood Village, in Los Angeles. Eulogists at his funeral included long time friends: director Arthur Hiller; former 20th Century Fox television executive and producer Kevin Burns; and fellow "Lost in Space" castmate Bill Mumy. As a Document [142] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) alien planet as opposed to the usual setting of the show. Not to be confused with a two-part episode, the storyline of Jeff being trapped in space is more of a story arc, beginning with "Naked to the Limit, One More Time" and continuing through several episodes before "Lost in Space." Among the series of episodes broadcasts in between and that touch on the plot in question includes "Spelling Bee My Baby," "The Missing Kink," etc. Regular composers Walter Murphy and Joel McNeely did not score the episode; instead, American rock band Wax Fang provided the music. Barker was a Document [143] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity, the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the "Resolute" (24th Colonist Group), an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the "Resolute"s hull. Forced to evacuate the mothership in short-range "Jupiter" spacecraft, scores of colonists, among them the Robinsons, crash on a nearby habitable planet. There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the "Resolute". In October 2014, it Document [144] (Title: The American Astronaut) from the interiors of Curtis’ spaceship to the grand auditorium where the workers on all-male Jupiter rally – was shot in an old ballroom in Maspeth, Queens. While providing a great "Art Deco gone wrong" space for such operatic moments as the song by the Boy Who Actually Saw a Woman's Breast, the Maspeth location was a challenging place to shoot. Freezing cold, filthy with (noisy) nesting pigeons and located adjacent to a (noisier) major truck route, the production nonetheless had the run of their own soundstage for as long as they needed it, as well as an atmosphere that Document [145] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) lived in "Space Station One", a spacious moving craft with hydroponic gardens, observatory, and 2 small shuttle crafts ("Spacemobiles"). In the second issue, a cosmic storm deposited them far from Earth and they have adventures while they try to work their way home. That comic book is not a spinoff of the TV series but was in print prior to the conception of the show. "Space Family Robinson" was published by Whitman and distributed by Western Publishing and sold for 60 cents each. They featured captions on their front covers such as #58's: "An Emergency Landing on a War-Torn Planet Document [146] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) not the same as "Through the Planet" on the Intrada release, but is a shortened version of Broughton's unused end-title music heard on the score album as "Lost in Space." "Lost in Space" was panned by critics on release. Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half out of four, calling it a "dim-witted shoot-'em-up". Wade Major of "BoxOffice" rated the film at 1 and a half out of 5, calling it "the dumbest and least imaginative adaptation of a television series yet translated to the screen." James Berardinelli was slightly more favorable, giving the film Question: where did they film lost in space netflix Answer: Vancouver, British Columbia Long Answer: Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017. Gold Document ID: 109

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lost in Space) Zachary Smith – an agent for an unnamed foreign government – who slips aboard the spaceship and reprograms the robot to destroy the ship and crew. However, Smith is trapped aboard, and his excess weight alters the craft's flight path and places it directly in the path of a massive meteor storm. Smith manages to save himself by prematurely reviving the crew from suspended animation. The ship survives, but the damage caused by Smith's earlier sabotage of the robot leaves the crew lost in space. The "Jupiter 2" crash-lands on an alien world, later identified by Will as Priplanus, where Document [2] (Title: The Cloverfield Paradox) Onah. With J.J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions as the production studio, it was set to be released under Paramount's InSurge label, limiting the film's budget to $5–10 million. At this stage, the film was established to take place on a space station in Earth's orbit and a resulting incident that causes the crew to find Earth has gone missing. Uziel said that his script had been a spec script he wrote about one year after finishing up a similar spec script for "Shimmer Lake". The pick-up of the film occurred around the same time that Paramount and Bad Robot bought Document [3] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) a rating of 2 and a half out of 4. While praising the film's set design, he criticized its "meandering storyline and lifeless protagonists," saying that ""Lost in Space" features a few action sequences that generate adrenaline jolts, but this is not an edge-of-the-seat motion picture." Online aggregators have tracked both contemporary and recent reviews of "Lost in Space". At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 83 appraisals, with an average score of 4.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "Clumsily directed and missing most of the TV series' campy charm, "Lost in Space" sadly lives Document [4] (Title: Ánima Estudios) November 2018, Anima’s "Space Chickens in Space" premiered on Disney Channels in Europe, Middle East and África. The imaginative show centers on the adventures of three chickens — Chuck, Starley and Finley — who are accidentally enrolled in an elite intergalactic former military academy. Ventana Sur, the most important market of audiovisual contents in Latin America which is organized by Marché du Film – Cannes Film Festival and the Argentinean National Institute of Cinema & Audiovisual Arts, will feature Jose C. Garcia de Letona (Anima’s COO and Co-founder) as this year’s keynote speaker. . Ventana Sur will run from Dec Document [5] (Title: Lost in Space) Space" was cancelled. The show may have been cancelled due to the show's high cost. The cost per episode increased from $130,980 during the first season to $164,788 during the third season. The actors' salaries nearly doubled during that time. Further, the interior of the "Jupiter 2" was the most expensive set for a television show at the time, at $350,000. 20th Century Fox had also recently incurred budget overruns for the film "Cleopatra," which are believed to have caused budget cuts. Allen claimed the series could not continue with a reduced budget. During a negotiating conference regarding the series Document [6] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, and Gary Oldman. The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series "Lost in Space". Several actors from the TV show make cameo appearances. The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home. "Lost in Space" met with negative reviews, and grossed $136.2 Document [7] (Title: Final Space) aired as a sneak peek on TBS's sister network TNT on February 17, 2018. The series premiered on TBS on February 26, 2018 and was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2018 with this season having 13 episodes instead of 10. It is scheduled to air sometime in 2019. The show is distributed internationally via Netflix, and in select territories as a Netflix Original. Gary Goodspeed is a boisterous yet inept astronaut who, in the midst of working off the last few days of his five-year sentence aboard the prison spacecraft "Galaxy One", encounters a mysterious planet-destroying alien. Document [8] (Title: Lost in Space discography) Lost in Space discography There have been a number of CDs released featuring soundtracks from the television series Lost in Space. GNP Crescendo released the first album in 1997 as part of "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen", featuring music from "The Reluctant Stowaway" (tracks 2–5), "Island In The Sky" (tracks 6 and 7) and "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 8–10). All music composed by John Williams. GNP Crescendo released the second album in 1997 as part of the abovementioned set, featuring music from "Wild Adventure" (tracks 2–4), "The Haunted Lighthouse" (tracks 5 and 6), and "The Great Vegetable Rebellion" (tracks Document [9] (Title: Lost in Space) are to be cryogenically frozen for the voyage, and they are set to be unfrozen when the spacecraft approaches its destination. Meanwhile, Dr. Zachary Smith (Jonathan Harris), Alpha Control's doctor, is revealed to be a saboteur on behalf of an unnamed nation. After disposing of a guard who catches him on board the spacecraft, Smith reprograms the "Jupiter 2"s B-9 environmental control robot (voiced by Dick Tufeld) to destroy critical systems on the spaceship eight hours after launch. Smith, however, becomes trapped aboard at launch and his extra weight throws the "Jupiter 2" off course, causing it to encounter a Document [10] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) received six Saturn Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for Oldman. The film also received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Remake or Sequel, but lost to the tied "Godzilla", "The Avengers" and "Psycho". VHS, DVD, and later a Blu-ray have been released for the film. Both the DVD and Blu-ray releases contain deleted scenes. The 1998 New Line Cinema film includes numerous homages, cameos and story details related to the original TV-series, including: Additional cameo appearances of actors from the original TV-series were considered, but not included in the film: Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space is Document [11] (Title: Destiny in Space) Destiny in Space Destiny in Space is a 70mm Canadian IMAX documentary film released in 1994. The film was written by Toni Myers, directed by Academy Award-winner Ben Burtt, and narrated by Leonard Nimoy. The film is a showcase of the daily lives of astronauts in space, as they fix instruments and take measurements. The film includes two space shuttle launches and several cargo bay scenes, including an astronaut repairing the Hubble space telescope. CGI recreations of the surface of Venus and Mars based on satellite data from JPL are also featured. The film looks at the future of human Document [12] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) destroying the family itself. Smith awakens the Robinsons and West, who manage to subdue the robot, but the ship is falling uncontrollably into the sun. Forced to use the experimental hyperdrive with an unplotted course, the ship is transported through hyperspace to a remote and uncharted part of the universe, where their known star charts are useless. Going through a strange distortion in space, the crew finds two abandoned ships in orbit, the "Proteus", an Earth ship, and another ship that is clearly not of human origin. They board the "Proteus", with Will controlling the now-modified robot by remote control Document [13] (Title: Jon Jashni) produced content based upon the Irwin Allen estate properties including the feature films Poseidon (2006) and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea as well as the television pilots The Time Tunnel (Fox, 2002) and Lost in Space (The WB Television Network, 2004). In April 2018 Netflix released a 10-episode series of Lost in Space created from the partnership between Synthesis and Legendary. As executive producers of the reboot, Jashni and Burns played a significant role in development and creation of the series, which was renewed for a second season. From 2006-2016, Jashni served as President and Chief Creative Officer Document [14] (Title: The Cloverfield Paradox) to be cast in the film.<ref name="/Film Cast"></ref> In April, "Variety" reported that John Krasinski was in early talks to join the film to play one of the astronauts, but had a possible conflict due to a commitment with a television series. In May, Elizabeth Debicki, Daniel Brühl, Chris O'Dowd, Zhang Ziyi, John Ortiz, and Aksel Hennie were announced as members of the cast. Cinematographer Dan Mindel was confirmed to join the film from his résumé. The film was shot in Los Angeles, California, where it received tax credits under the state's film incentive program. While filming in Los Angeles, Document [15] (Title: Galaxy Quest) after obtaining a lead role in an independent film; Kevin Spacey convinced him otherwise. Scenes on the barren planet where the crew stops to obtain a new beryllium sphere and Captain Nesmith battles a rock monster were filmed at Goblin Valley State Park in Utah. At the time, access to the park was partly by dirt road; fees paid by the production company were used to upgrade the entire access road to asphalt pavement. According to Weaver, Allen hectored her to sign a piece of the Nostromo, the spaceship from "Alien", in which she had starred; she ultimately did, writing Document [16] (Title: Robinsonade) than sue CBS or Irwin Allen, Western decided to reach a settlement which allowed them to use "Lost in Space" for the title of the comic book. Since CBS and Irwin Allen licensed shows to Western, Western didn't want to antagonize them. Also, the TV show title probably helped sales of the comic book. The "Lost in Space" TV series is an adaptation of the novel "The Swiss Family Robinson". The astronaut family of Dr. John Robinson, accompanied by an Air Force pilot and a robot, set out from an overpopulated Earth in the spaceship "Jupiter 2" to visit a Document [17] (Title: Space Milkshake) the London MCM Expo on 26 October 2012. Actors Robin Dunne and Billy Boyd were at the premiere for a question and answer session. The film premiered on Canadian television channel The Movie Network on 8 February 2013 and aired on Movie Central in Canada starting on 22 March 2013. The film also screened at film festivals in February 2013; the film also screened at the Armageddon Expo in Melbourne, Australia on 19 October 2013 and Auckland, New Zealand on 26 October 2013. Space Milkshake Space Milkshake is a 2012 Canadian science fiction comedy film directed and written by Armen Document [18] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) directed "Hector and the Search for Happiness" for Relativity, was hired to direct the film, while Relativity would produce and distribute. Southpaw Entertainment's Richard B. Lewis was attached to produce the film, and also received a "story by" credit. On February 2, 2015, Asa Butterfield was tapped to play the lead character in the film, a teen who was raised on Mars, and who falls in love with a girl on Earth he has been communicating with. Chelsom and Tinker Lindsay rewrote the screenplay. On July 13, 2015, it was announced that Relativity was selling the project to STX Entertainment, Document [19] (Title: Race to Space) Race to Space Race to Space is a 2001 American family drama film. The film was shot on location at Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach and Edwards AFB in cooperation with NASA and the U.S. Air Force. The film takes place during the 1960s space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Dr. Wilhelm von Huber (James Woods), a top NASA scientist, relocates to Cape Canaveral with his 12-year-old son, Billy (Alex D. Linz). Their relationship has become strained in the wake of the recent death of Billy's mother, and the ever-widening gap between father and son has Document [20] (Title: Mark Goddard) the rest of the cast and he paid tribute to producer Irwin Allen, who had died late in 1991. On October 16, 1997, (the same day the show's fictional "Jupiter II" spaceship departed in the original episode), Goddard and the rest of the surviving cast also appeared on the inside cover of "TV Guide" to promote the feature film of "Lost in Space". At the same time, the Sci-Fi Channel had planned to do a "Lost in Space" marathon. Goddard, along with Harris and the rest of his cast, were planning for the movie "Lost in Space: The Journey Home" Document [21] (Title: Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie) Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie Fulfilling their fifteen-year-old childhood dream to venture into space, Geki Jumonji and Toya Okuma join SARD and take a mission to Mars with their childhood friend Itsuki Kawai giving them good luck pendants so she can be with them in spirit. However, the two are labelled MIA when their space shuttle mysteriously disappears. A year later, while remembering her friends, Itsuki finds the SARD complex being attacked by a murderous monster and runs for her life with her pursuer catching up to her. By then, a silver-armored figure named Space Sheriff Gavan appears and battles Document [22] (Title: Lost in Space (Lighthouse Family song)) Lost in Space (Lighthouse Family song) "Lost in Space" is a song by the Lighthouse Family, released as their third pop single for their second album "Postcards from Heaven" (1997). The song was produced by Mike Peden. It was released in May 1998 and reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom and the top 40 in Europe. The "Lost in Space" music video was directed by Andrew Douglas and edited by Tim Thornton-Allan at Marshall Street Editors. It opens with the band in Rio de Janeiro, with prominent images of the Christ the Redeemer statue; at the end, they Document [23] (Title: Space Is the Place) onto the spaceship, leaving his "white parts" behind on Earth. Fey, now acting white, leaves the Overseer, who loses the duel. As Ra's spaceship launches off into the cosmos and music begins playing, a montage implies that Earth is destroyed in its wake. "Space is the Place" emerged from "Dilexi", an "experimental art series" produced by Jim Newman and directed by John Coney. Wishing to build on his forays into filming avant garde music, Newman recruited Coney to film concert footage of Ra and His Arkestra; Coney then hired Seth Hill to act as cinematographer. Filming of Arkestra performance footage Document [24] (Title: Lost in Space) based on unfilmed scripts from the series. The scripts "The Curious Galactics" and "Malice in Wonderland" were written by Carey Wilber. The first script was adapted as issues 1 – 3 of the series, with the adapted script written by Holly Interlandi and drawn by Kostas Pantaulas, with Patrick McEvoy doing coloring and covers. The second script was adapted as issues 4 – 6 of the series, again adapted by Interlandi, with McEvoy providing pencil art, coloring and covers. In 1967, a novel based on the series, with significant changes to the personalities of the characters and the design of Document [25] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) Penelope", Brian Woodford. The artist was John Burns. Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series "Lost in Space". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a "Lost in Space" film for theatres or TV. Document [26] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) navigational data from the "Proteus" to set a potential course for Alpha Prime, the ship blasts off into hyperspace. Filming begun on March 3, 1997 in London's Shepperton Studios, with more than 700 special effects shots planned, done by Industrial Light & Magic and Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The $70 million "Lost in Space" film was New Line's hope to launch a multimedia franchise, followed by animated and live-action television series. Licensing deals were made with Trendmasters for toys and Harper Prism and Scholastic for tie-in novels. TVT Records released a soundtrack album on March 31, 1998, featuring 11 tracks Document [27] (Title: Lost in Space) to take his family to another colony elsewhere in space. The Robinson's ship was attacked and the Robinsons were are forced to escape in the small "Jupiter 2" "Space Pod" of the mothership. The show was not among the network's series pick-ups confirmed later that year. Looking back at the pilot when the 2018 Netflix reboot was aired, Neil Calloway of Flickering Myth said "you’re hardly on the edge of your seat." and "You start to wonder where the $2 million went, and then you question why something directed by John Woo is so pedestrian." The producers of the new Document [28] (Title: Space Chickens in Space) Space Chickens in Space Space Chickens in Space is an animated television series produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico, Studio Moshi in Australia, and distributed by Cake Entertainment, and was co-produced by the recent Dublin-based Gingerbread Animation and Disney EMEA. The series premiered on 9Go! in Australia on September 30, 2018, and had its Disney XD premiere in Europe, Middle-East and Africa on 19 November 2018. Described as a "surreal sci-fi comedy series" by the directors in an Annecy announcement video, the series was created by José C. García de Letona and Rita Street. Jordan Goucher is showrunner for the Document [29] (Title: Lost (season 4)) Cuse served as the season's show runners. The show was primarily filmed in Hawaii with post-production in Los Angeles. Lindelof and Cuse's fellow executive producers were co-creator J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk and Jack Bender. The staff writers were Lindelof, Cuse, co-executive producers Edward Kitsis, Adam Horowitz, and Drew Goddard, supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff, co-producer Brian K. Vaughan and executive story editor Christina M. Kim. The regular directors were Bender and co-executive producer Stephen Williams. The fourth season featured 16 major roles with star billing. The show continues to chronicle the lives of the survivors of the crash of Oceanic Document [30] (Title: Captain Valedor) completed in December 2004 in Old Westbury, Long Island. The 16mm special effects intensive black-and-white "Space" sequences were filmed the following April in a retrofitted NYU classroom. A low-budget short, the film was produced while the filmmakers attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. The fairly extensive special effects animations required for the "space" sequences were completed by Steven Turnwall using World War II-era craft as inspiration for the look of the models. Backgrounds were replaced via greenscreen, and then turned to black and white. The award-winning score, written and composed by Gavin Keese, was recorded by local Document [31] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) bubble. Smith tricks Will into handing over his weapon, but he is foiled by a future version of Smith, who had been protecting Will ever since the rest of the family was killed, and was transformed by an infection from the spider injury into a kind of anthropomorphic spider creature. Will and West return to the "Jupiter II" with an injured Smith and the robot in tow while the future Smith reveals his true actions: He had killed the Robinsons, but kept Will alive to build the time machine, so he could go back in time to populate Earth with Document [32] (Title: Space-Men) Margheriti's best, the narrative line is unclear and jerky" while also noting that "its visual splendours are ample compensation". Space-Men Space-Men (a.k.a. Assignment: Outer Space in the United States) is a 1960 Italian science fiction film directed by Antonio Margheriti. The film stars Rik Van Nutter and co-stars Gabriella Farinon, David Montresor, Archie Savage, and Alain Dijon. The film was released in the United States in 1961 by American International Pictures. "Space-Men"s storyline recounts a mission in the 22nd century aboard an orbiting space station. The mission involves a risky effort by its crew to redirect a malfunctioning spaceship that Document [33] (Title: Lost in the Pacific) the ground. As the helicopter flies far away from the carrier, a huge mushroom cloud arises from the horizon, the carrier, experiment, and creatures have been destroyed. In mid-credit scenes, a mutated cat is shown to be hiding on the helicopter. Lost in the Pacific Lost in the Pacific () is a 2016 Chinese action film starring Brandon Routh and Zhang Yuqi. Filming took place in Spring 2015 at Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios in Malaysia. It was released on January 29, 2016. The year is 2020, two armed soldiers pass through the dark forest of Fortune Island, a seemingly deserted Document [34] (Title: Space Buddies) field, Yuri crashes and is rescued by a military group. Pi awards the Buddies titles of "Space Buddies", wings of heroism, and the Buddies reflect on the lessons they learned. Once at home, Buddha gives Sam a moon rock taken from his journey, which fulfills Sam's wish. The film ends as Spudnick returns to his old owner, Sasha. The film was shot in these locations: - Abbotsford Airport, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada - Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada - Fort Langley, Langley Township, British Columbia, Canada - Langley, British Columbia, Canada - Vancouver Film Studios, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The film Document [35] (Title: Return from Orbit) Kuznetsov prepares to connect the air hose as soon as possible, but at this time his oxygen is running out. Mukhin switches the supply of oxygen from his spacesuit to his friend's, thereby condemning himself to death ... Shooting in space was made on the Soviet space station Salyut 7 and the spacecraft Soyuz T-9 by cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Aleksandr Aleksandrov. Shooting was also conducted in the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center and in the RKA Mission Control Center. The film received a special prize and a diploma in 1984 at the 17th All-Union Film Festival (Kiev): in the Document [36] (Title: STS-125) has made a number of movies centered around space, including "Destiny in Space", "The Dream Is Alive", "Mission to Mir", "Blue Planet", "", and "Space Station 3D", made in 2001 on the first trip of IMAX to the ISS. The movie was released in March 2010, with the name "IMAX: Hubble 3D". Astronaut Michael J. Massimino used Twitter to document the training and preparations for the mission. He mentioned that he would like to try sending Twitter updates from space during his off-duty time. Massimino's first update read, "From orbit: Launch was awesome!! I am feeling great, working hard, & Document [37] (Title: Lost (Stargate Universe)) Lost (Stargate Universe) "Lost" is the fifteenth episode of military science fiction television series "Stargate Universe". The episode originally aired on April 30, 2010 on Syfy in the United States, and on SPACE in Canada. The episode was directed by, Rohn Schmidt who previously acted as the director of photography in Air. It was written by Martin Gero, a co-executive producer of "Stargate Atlantis". In this episode, the off-world team continues its search for a way out of the tunnels. However a collapse traps Sgt. Greer under the rubble. Fearing his death the team leaves him behind trying to catch Document [38] (Title: Chris Elley) space missions titled "In the Shadow of the Moon: People of the American Space Program" and a documentary film on the Texas Theatre in Seguin, Texas titled "A Projection of History". In 2007, Elley's Electro-Fish Media released a documentary film about people who live in an abandoned ghost town in the West Texas desert, titled "Ghost Town: 24 Hours in Terlingua". That film received an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Documentary – Cultural" and was Emmy-nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Editing." In 2009, Electro-Fish Media received an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Program Achievement – Heritage" for their series on Document [39] (Title: Lost in Space) a number of homages to the original television series. These include cameos and story details from the original TV-series, including: Additional cameo appearances of actors from the original TV-series were considered, but not included in the film: The film used a number of ideas familiar to viewers from the original show: Smith reprogramming the robot and its subsequent rampage ("Reluctant Stowaway"), near miss with the sun ("Wild Adventure"), the derelict spaceship ("The Derelict"), discovery of the Blawp and the crash ("Island in the Sky") and an attempt to change history by returning to the beginning ("The Time Merchant"). Also a Document [40] (Title: Mystery Train (film)) boyfriend (Johnny from the final story) and plans to leave the city in the morning. Luisa is kept awake by Dee Dee's constant talking. After Dee Dee finally goes to sleep, Luisa is visited by an apparition of Elvis Presley. The final story, "Lost in Space", introduces Johnny (Joe Strummer). Upset after losing his job and his girlfriend (Dee Dee), Johnny – called Elvis, much to his chagrin – drunkenly brandishes a gun in a bar before leaving with his friend Will Robinson (Rick Aviles) and his ex-girlfriend's brother, Charlie (Steve Buscemi), who believes Johnny to be his brother-in-law. They Document [41] (Title: Lost in Space) in Space. To compete, "Lost in Space" Season 2 imitated "Batman"'s campy humor to compete against that show's enormous success. Bright outfits, over-the-top action, outrageous villains came to the fore, in outlandish stories. Stories giving all characters focus were sacrificed, in favor of a growing emphasis on Smith, Will, and the Robot. According to Billy Mumy, Mark Goddard and Guy Williams both disliked the shift away from serious science fiction. The third season had more straight adventure, with the "Jupiter 2" now functional and hopping from planet to planet, but the episodes still tended to be whimsical and to emphasize Document [42] (Title: Lost in Space) Harris as an older Will Robinson and Zachary Smith. They attempt one more time to return to Earth but find that they are "Lost in Space ... Forever!" Lost in Space showcased a variety of transportation methods of transportation in the series. The "Jupiter 2" is a two-deck, nuclear powered flying saucer spacecraft. The version seen in the series was depicted with a lower level and landing legs. On the lower level were the atomic motors, which use a fictional substance called "deutronium" for fuel. The ship's living quarters feature Murphy beds, a galley, a laboratory, and the robot's "magnetic Document [43] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) million worldwide. In 2058, Earth will be uninhabitable within twenty years due to the irreversible effects of pollution and ozone depletion. In an effort to save humanity, the United Global Space Force (UGSF) elects to send Professor John Robinson and his family—wife Maureen, daughters Judy and Penny, and young prodigy son Will—on a mission on the spaceship "Jupiter II" to complete the construction of a hypergate over the planet Alpha Prime, allowing for the population of Earth to be instantly transported to and populate it as a new home. Penny is resistant to leaving, rebelling by breaking curfew, while Will's Document [44] (Title: Jonathan Harris) tribute to Harris, writer/director John Wardlaw wrote an additional scene for the film "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas", which included Harris's final performance before his death. Wardlaw asked "Lost in Space" co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, and Marta Kristen to contribute their voices to the film. The three actors reunited in the recording studio on June 14, 2006. "This was the first time they had all been together in something unrelated to "Lost in Space" and it was a blast. They listened to what Harris had recorded and there were laughs and some tears," Wardlaw stated. Harris was married to Document [45] (Title: Lost in Translation (film)) Red Car office. The scenes with Bob and Charlotte together were largely shot in order. Many of the interior scenes were shot overnight, because the hotel did not allow the crew to shoot in much of its public space until after 1 a.m. Various locations were used during production; in particular, the bar featured prominently in the film is the New York Bar, which is situated on the 52nd floor of the Shinjuku Park Tower and part of the Park Hyatt in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Other locations include the Heian Jingu shrine in Kyoto and the steps of the San-mon gate Document [46] (Title: Mystery Train (film)) stop at a liquor store, which Johnny robs, shooting its clerk (Rockets Redglare) in the process. Fearing the consequences, Johnny, Will and Charlie retire to the hotel to hide out for the night; there, they all become increasingly drunk. Charlie realizes that Will shares the same name as the character Will Robinson from the television show "Lost in Space", which Johnny has never heard of. Charlie and Johnny proceed to tell him about the show, and Will comments that the title describes how he feels then with Charlie and Johnny: lost in space. The next morning, Charlie discovers that Johnny Document [47] (Title: Lost in America (2017 film)) system and the lack of acceptance of LGBTQ kids. "Lost in America" began production in 2013. Funding for the film was raised via crowdfunding site Indiegogo. Lost in America (2017 film) Lost in America is a documentary feature film by director Rotimi Rainwater. The film aims to shine a light on the issue of homeless youth in the United States. It investigates the reasons youth become homeless, the challenges they face while on the streets and the possible ways to help them find homes and get off the street for good. The film includes appearances by singers Jon Bon Jovi Document [48] (Title: International Space Station) saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive. Nespoli, during Expedition 26/27, filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film, and as a result is credited as its director of photography. The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011, under a free license. In May 2013, commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" on board the station; the film was released on YouTube. It was the first Document [49] (Title: Mars and April) and Schuiten is available as the audio commentary on the DVD. The film was almost entirely shot on green screen, in 25 days, using the RED digital camera. The Martian backgrounds were taken by photographer Denis McCready in the Mojave Desert using a panoramic film camera. The exact location is near Trona Pinnacles where several sci-fi movies and TV series were filmed including "Battlestar Galactica", "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier", "The Gate II", "Lost in Space" and "Planet of the Apes". The scene where Jacob and Arthur are leaving for Mars is inspired by one of Villeneuve's childhood memories: Document [50] (Title: Lost in Space discography) Sky" (tracks 8–15), "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 16–19) and "My Friend Mr. Nobody" (tracks 20–21); all music by John Williams. Although all four episodes were represented on the previous albums, not all of the music is replicated here. "Disc 2" "Space-A-Delic" was previously released as part of the bonus CD in the box set "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen". In 2015 La-La Land Records issued a 12-disc boxed set of music from the series, featuring all the episode scores and the tracked-in music for the unaired pilot "No Place To Hide" (which used music by Bernard Herrmann, Leigh Harline Document [51] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) was reused, finding its way into the first five episodes of the weekly series. Although there were obvious inconsistencies, the incorporation was nevertheless creatively carried out. The 1965 pilot was not broadcast until 1997, which was also the year of the fictional mission's liftoff. The pilot was released as part of a VHS box set, "Lost in Space: The Collector's Edition", in February 1995. No Place to Hide (Lost in Space) "No Place to Hide" is the unaired 1965 pilot episode produced for CBS to promote the television series "Lost in Space". The episode was directed by series creator Irwin Document [52] (Title: Lost in Space) new world in each episode, as the family attempts to return to Earth or to reach their original destination in the Alpha Centauri system. A newly built "Space Pod", provided a means of transportation between the ship and passing planets, and allows for various escapades. This season has a different set of opening credits and a new theme tune, which was composed by John Williams as part of the show's new direction. During its three-season run, a number of actors made guest appearances. Among those are: Kevin Hagen, Alan Hewitt, Sherry Jackson, Werner Klemperer, Warren Oates, Don Matheson, Kurt Russell, Document [53] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) prize-winning science experiment involving time travel goes largely unnoticed by John. Global Sedition, a terrorist group against the mission, assassinates the "Jupiter II"'s pilot, and hotshot fighter pilot Major Don West is instead recruited to fly their ship—much to his chagrin. Dr. Zachary Smith, the family's physician, turns out to be a spy for the Sedition, who sabotages the ship's on-board robot before launch, but he is betrayed by his cohorts, and left unconscious as the ship launches and the family enters cryosleep. The robot activates soon after and begins to destroy the navigation and guidance systems, en route to Document [54] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) down to its title." The film holds a score of 42 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on the opinions of 19 journalists, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On its opening weekend, "Lost in Space" grossed $20,154,919 and debuted at number one at the box office, ending "Titanic"s 15-week-long hold on the first-place position. It opened in 3,306 theaters and grossed an average of $6,096 per screening. "Lost in Space" grossed $69,117,629 in the United States, and $67,041,794 outside of America, bringing its worldwide total to $136,159,423. Those results were deemed insufficient to justify a planned sequel. "Lost in Space" Document [55] (Title: Lost in Space discography) and Lionel Newman). Lost in Space discography There have been a number of CDs released featuring soundtracks from the television series Lost in Space. GNP Crescendo released the first album in 1997 as part of "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen", featuring music from "The Reluctant Stowaway" (tracks 2–5), "Island In The Sky" (tracks 6 and 7) and "The Hungry Sea" (tracks 8–10). All music composed by John Williams. GNP Crescendo released the second album in 1997 as part of the abovementioned set, featuring music from "Wild Adventure" (tracks 2–4), "The Haunted Lighthouse" (tracks 5 and 6), and "The Great Document [56] (Title: Manhunt in Space) Manhunt in Space Manhunt in Space is a 75-minute 1954 American science fiction film, consisting of three consecutive episodes of the TV series "Rocky Jones, Space Ranger", which told a continuous story. It was released only on 16mm for home movie rental and television syndication. It was directed by Hollingsworth Morse. The film is now in the public domain. It appeared as an episode of the American television comedy series "Mystery Science Theater 3000" in 1992. Space Rangers Rocky Jones (Richard Crane) and co-pilot Winky (Scotty Beckett) of the United Planets are assigned to investigate the disappearance of several space Document [57] (Title: Return to the Lost Planet) on the development of this genre in Israel. The plot follows on precisely from "The Lost Planet". A previous expedition to Hesikos, the wandering 'lost planet' which is now within a few days flight of Earth, has crash-landed, and Dr Lachlan McKinnon (its organiser), Professor Hermanoff and American engineer Spike Stranahan are marooned. McKinnon's colleagues must build and launch a spaceship from their Scottish base to travel to Hesikos, but to construct the ship they must obtain the expert assistance of Dr Andrieff, a scientist and engineer, who risks exile from his Eastern European country by so doing. The crew, Document [58] (Title: Irwin Allen) non-fiction and documentary production unit. That same year, he met Jon Jashni, a Fox film executive who shared Burns' interest in Allen's works. In 1998, the two collaborated on a TV retrospective special, "Lost in Space Forever". Hosted by John Laroquette, it chronicled the series' creation and run on TV in the 1960s and beyond, and featured appearances by Bill Mumy, Jonathan Harris, June Lockhart, Angela Cartwright, Mark Goddard and Marta Kristen, as well as film footage of vintage interviews with Guy Williams. Also appearing were Bob May, who donned the Robot suit, and Dick Tufeld, who supplied the character's Document [59] (Title: The Lost Future) The Lost Future The Lost Future is a 2010 South African-German post-apocalyptic film from Syfy, directed by Mikael Salomon and written by Jonas Bauer. The film stars Sean Bean, Corey Sevier and Sam Claflin. It was released on DVD on 27 September 2011. In post-apocalyptic Colombia, a group of survivors are organised as a tribe, a primitive society without technology. They form a small village in the Grey Rock National Park surrounded by beasts that transmit a disease that transforms the victims into mutants. The tribal leader is Uri, whose son Savan is the best hunter of the tribe and Document [60] (Title: Lost in Space) bonus features including interviews, episodic promos, video stills and the original un-aired pilot episode. All episodes of "Lost in Space" were remastered and released on a Blu-ray disc set on September 15, 2015 (the 50th anniversary of the premiere on the CBS TV Network). The Blu-ray disc set includes a cast table reading of the final episode, written by Bill Mumy, which brings the series to a close by having the characters return to earth. Lost in Space Lost in Space was an American science fiction television series, created and produced by Irwin Allen, which originally aired between 1965 and Document [61] (Title: Lost in Translation (film)) at Nanzen-ji, as well as the club Air in the Daikanyama district of Tokyo. All of the locations mentioned in the film are the names of actual places that existed in Tokyo at the time of filming. Murray described the first few weeks of the shoot as like "being held prisoner", since he was affected by jet lag, and Johansson said the shoot made her "busy, vulnerable and tired". Coppola spoke of the challenges of directing the movie with a Japanese crew, since she had to rely on her assistant director to make translations. Much of the performances were improvised, Document [62] (Title: Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning) world, where the "Trek"-inspired P-fleet ships would have a huge battle with "Babylon 5"-inspired ships. Airisto was to direct, and the production started in the way "Lost Contact" was made: without proper planning, but learning as they went. After Airisto moved to the UK to study, Torssonen called Timo Vuorensola and appointed him as director. The first years of production were a period of learning and recruiting. No footage shot during that time survived to the released film. In 2000 the production crew released an intermediate film, "Star Wreck IV½: Weak Performance", a short live-action piece. For the next several Document [63] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) to the Limit, One More Time". In "Lost in Space," Jeff endeavors to prove to slave-owning aliens the legitimacy of his love for wife Hayley Smith in order to escape the spaceship. "Lost in Space" is unconventional in that Jeff is, for the most part, the only main character from the show to appear, although Roger and Hayley have brief cameo appearances, and the rest of the family makes a brief appearance together in the beginning recap. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with praise directed to the visual style and humor. Jeff is unconscious, hanging from a Document [64] (Title: Beyond the Stars) Paul discovered something during his excursion on the moon that he keeps as a secret. The movie was filmed in and around Huntsville, Alabama and the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, and outside of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Beyond the Stars Beyond the Stars is a 1989 American drama film written and directed by David Saperstein and starred Martin Sheen, Christian Slater, Sharon Stone, Olivia d'Abo, and F. Murray Abraham. This science fiction drama centers on Eric, teenage son of a computer scientist who worked for the Apollo program which sent the first humans to the moon. Eric, determined to Document [65] (Title: Lost in Space) challenges appeared in 1995, when Prelude Pictures announced their intention to turn "Lost in Space" into a motion picture. The show was conceptualized in 1965, with the filming of an unaired pilot episode titled "No Place to Hide". The plot of the pilot episode followed the mission of a ship called "Gemini 12," which was to take a single family on a 98-year journey to an Earthlike planet orbiting star Alpha Centauri. The "Gemini 12" was pushed off course due to an encounter with an asteroid, and the story was centered on the adventures of the Robinson family, depicting them Document [66] (Title: Space: 1999) small section of the Main Mission set and utilising the original prop of Koenig's Command Center desk and Sandra Benes's original Year Two Alpha uniform, the short film was first shown at the "Space: 1999 Breakaway Convention" in Los Angeles, California on 13 September 1999—the day the events in episode 1 of the series were supposed to take place. With the permission of (then) copyright owners Carlton Media International, the film included brief clips from seven episodes to illustrate the deserted and the Alphans' exodus to planet Terra Alpha. Previously unused footage shot for the Year Two title sequence and Document [67] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) Lost in Space (2018 TV series) Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 series of the same name (itself a reimagining of the 1812 novel "The Swiss Family Robinson"), following the adventures of a family of space colonists whose spaceship veers off course. Produced by Legendary Television, Synthesis Entertainment, Clickety-Clack Productions, and Applebox Entertainment, the show is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless, with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner. Netflix released the series on April 13, 2018, renewing it the following month for a second season. In the aftermath Document [68] (Title: Lost in Space) the music for Lost in Space included Alexander Courage, who contributed six scores to the series. There have been a number of "Lost in Space" soundtrack CDs released. "Lost in Space" was picked up for syndication in most major U.S. markets. By 1969, the show was declared to be the #1 syndicated program in markets such as Houston, Milwaukee, Miami and even New York City, where it was said that the only competition to "Lost in Space" was "I Love Lucy". The program didn't have the staying power throughout the 1970s of its supposed rival, "Star Trek". Part of the Document [69] (Title: Lost in Space) during its original network television run. The more cerebral "Star Trek" never averaged higher than 52nd in the ratings during its three seasons, while "Lost in Space" finished season one with a rating of 32nd, season two in 35th place, and the third and final season in 33rd place. "Lost in Space" also ranked third as one of the top five favorite new shows for the 1965–1966 season in a viewer TVQ poll. The other top contenders were "The Big Valley", "Get Smart", "I Dream of Jeannie" and "F Troop". "Lost in Space" was the favorite show of John F. Document [70] (Title: James S. Voss) the Soyuz TM-32 taxi mission, as well as two Space Shuttles (STS-100 and STS-104). Voss was also on board to witness the arrival of the Quest Airlock. He was one of the cinematographers and featured astronauts of the first 3D film shot in space, Space Station 3D. The film was released in theaters in 2002 and on DVD in 2005. Voss returned home from his fifth spaceflight as a Mission Specialist on board the Space Shuttle "Discovery" on August 20, 2001 (STS-105). The mission saw a crew rotation, two spacewalks, and another flight of the MPLM. After retiring from NASA Document [71] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) in order to reach an agreement with its creditors and avoid having to file for bankruptcy. STX produced and distributed the film. On July 31, 2015, Gary Oldman, Carla Gugino, and Britt Robertson joined the cast of the then-untitled film. Robertson would play the female lead, a teen girl from Colorado. On September 8, 2015, it was announced that the title of the film would be "The Space Between Us", and B. D. Wong and Janet Montgomery were added to the cast. On September 30, 2015, Trey Tucker joined the film to play an astronaut, and on October 23, 2015, Document [72] (Title: Mina Sundwall) Robinson in the first season of the Netflix series "Lost in Space", which aired in April 2018. Mina Sundwall Mina Sundwall (born October 23, 2001) is an American actress who is known for her roles in "Maggie's Plan", "Freeheld", and "#Horror". She plays Penny Robinson in "Lost in Space", a 2018 remake of the 1965 series of the same name. Sundwall was born on October 23, 2001, in New York City. In 2012, she made her first appearance in television on the documentary series "Celebrity Ghost Stories". She appeared in "" in 2014. In 2015, she acted in the romantic Document [73] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) space. The disabled ship crashed on a habitable planet. After the crash, controlled regeneration awoke the crew from three years in suspended animation. After six months on the planet, the ship's captain and family patriarch, Dr. John Robinson, remained hopeful of making repairs and resuming the flight; however, the crew then began to encounter serious weather problems, requiring them to abandon the spacecraft and hurry south to avoid freezing. After encountering a giant Cyclops, discovering an abandoned castle in a cave, and undertaking the perilous crossing of an inland sea, they reached a tropical sanctuary where they were observed by Document [74] (Title: Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone) Washington, who is driving the plow machine with Nova, Reena and Meagan driving another commandeered vehicle. They all race out of the fortress in the nick of time as it explodes behind them. As the complex explodes, the three heroes, and the three rescued women, manage to get away. In the ending, Wolff invites Niki to stay with him and she agrees since they made good partners. Parts of the film were shot in Kane Creek, Bull Canyon, Colorado River, Potash, Lower Shafer Trail, Potash Settling Ponds, Grey Hills, U.S. Highway 91, and the area south of Canyonlands Airport. The Document [75] (Title: Christopher Riley) film on the Hubble Space Telescope for National Geographic Channels. The resulting documentary 'Hubble's Cosmic Journey' included contributions from cosmologist Stephen Hawking, astrophysicist Ed Weiler and Charlie Pellerin, US Senator Barbara Mikulski and astronauts Story Musgrave, Charlie Bolden and John Grunsfeld. It was premiered at National Geographic's Washington headquarters on the 14th April 2015 and received its network premiere in 171 countries the following week. The film is narrated by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, and was nominated for an Emmy in 2015. In October 2015 Riley's long-awaited feature documentary "The Fear of 13" received its world premiere at the BFI Document [76] (Title: Paradise Lost (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)) Paradise Lost (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) "Paradise Lost" is the 84th episode of the television series "", the 12th episode of the . This mostly takes place on Star Trek's version of future Earth, in the 2370s rather than Deep Space Nine. An Excelsior class starship is also seen, which had been introduced to the franchise in the film (1984) and this type also has a significant role in (1991) and (1994) Earth has been placed under martial law due to a seemingly imminent Dominion invasion, but Benjamin Sisko believes that there is more going on than meets the Document [77] (Title: Beyond the Sky (film)) film. Filming was completed in Los Angeles, California and various locations in Arizona and New Mexico. Beyond the Sky (film) Beyond the Sky is a 2018 American science fiction film written and directed by Fulvio Sestito in his directorial debut. The film stars Ryan Carnes, Jordan Hinson, Claude Duhamel, Martin Sensmeier, Don Stark, Peter Stormare, and Dee Wallace. It was acquired by RLJE Films in 2018 and was released on September 21, 2018. The film follows a documentary filmmaker and his crew as they seek to expose the lies of alien abductees and their encounter with a young woman whose Document [78] (Title: ARQ (film)) remained in development hell for years. After the rights reverted to Elliott, Netflix contacted his producer and offered to produce it. In January 2016, it was announced that Netflix would produce and distribute the film. Mason Novick, John Finemore, Kyle Franke, and Nick Spicer produced the film under their Lost City and XYZ Films banner. That same month, it was announced that Robbie Amell and Rachael Taylor had been cast in the film. Shooting took place in Toronto over 19 days. Elliott quoted the budget at "under $2 million". The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Document [79] (Title: Lost in Space) Harris) was the only character from the original program to appear in the special, along with the Robot (who was named Robon and employed in flight control rather than a support activity). The spacecraft was launched vertically by rocket, and Smith was a passenger rather than a saboteur. The pilot for the animated "Lost in Space" series was not picked up as a series, and only this episode was produced. This cartoon was included in the Blu-ray release on September 15, 2015. 20th Century Fox has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. Several of the releases contain Document [80] (Title: Lost in Space) as a happy crew without internal conflicts. While many storylines in the later series focused primarily on Dr. Zachary Smith, a stowaway and saboteur played by Jonathan Harris, he was absent from the unaired pilot. His character was added after the series was commissioned for production. The pilot episode was first aired on television during a 1997 retrospective. CBS bought the series, turning down "Star Trek" in favor of "Lost in Space". Before the first episode was filmed, the characters Smith and the Robot were added, and the spaceship, originally named "Gemini 12", was renamed the "Jupiter 2" and redesigned. Document [81] (Title: Lost in Space) syndication for many years, appearing on the USA Network in the mid-to-late 1980s, and on FX (TV channel), Syfy, ALN (TV network) and Hulu. In early 1968, while the final third-season episode "Junkyard in Space" was in production, the cast and crew were informally made to believe the series would return for a fourth season. Allen had ordered new scripts for the coming season. A few weeks later, however, CBS announced a list of television series they were renewing for the 1968–69 season, and "Lost in Space" was not included. CBS executives failed to offer any reasons why "Lost in Document [82] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10, calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities. In contrast, Jen Chaney of "Vulture" characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches". Lost in Space (2018 TV series) Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 Document [83] (Title: Lost (TV series)) warehouse, which had been empty since an employee mass shooting took place there in 1999. In 2006, the sound-stage and production offices moved to the Hawaii Film Office-operated Hawaii Film Studio, where the sets depicting Season 2's "Swan Station" and Season 3's "Hydra Station" interiors were built. Various urban areas in and around Honolulu are used as stand-ins for locations around the world, including California, New York, Iowa, Miami, South Korea, Iraq, Nigeria, United Kingdom, Paris, Thailand, Berlin, Maldives, and Australia. For example, scenes set in a Sydney Airport were filmed at the Hawaii Convention Center, while a World War Document [84] (Title: Stranded (2001 film)) and have realised that there must be an air leak somewhere. Sanchez urges them to join her, as there is enough oxygen and water in the valley for them to survive until the rescue ship arrives. The scenes set on the surface of Mars were filmed on Lanzarote, and the interior scenes were filmed at Panavision Studios in Hollywood. To save costs, they used the Space Shuttle interior set previously used for "Space Cowboys". Stranded (2001 film) Stranded is a 2001 English-language Spanish science fiction film about a fictional first manned mission to Mars. It stars Vincent Gallo and Maria Document [85] (Title: Lost in Space) reason for the shows' obsolescence was the fact that the first season of "Lost in Space" is in black-and-white, while a majority of American households at the time had a color television receiver. By 1975, many markets began removing "Lost in Space" from daily schedules or moving it to less desirable time slots. The series experienced a revival when Ted Turner acquired it for his growing TBS "superstation" in 1979. Viewer response was highly positive, and it became a TBS mainstay for the next five years. Notes: In 1998, New Line Cinema produced a film adaptation. The 1998 film includes Document [86] (Title: RocketMan) Center, in Houston, Texas, shooting at the famous Rocket Park (the gargantuan Building 9 that houses all of the spacecraft mock-ups for the ongoing shuttle missions) and Building 32, which houses the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber and simulates all conditions of outer space (except zero gravity). For the surface of Mars, the filmmakers shot in Moab, Utah, where they found giant cliffs, red rocks, a lack of vegetation, and the overall scale of what could be a distant planet. To prepare for their roles as astronauts, the three stars attended the U.S. Space Camp at the U.S. Space & Document [87] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) in September 2018, in Iceland, and is set to conclude in January 2019. The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix. On March 31, 2018, the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C.. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.21/10, based on 65 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Lost in Space"s production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a Document [88] (Title: Land of the Lost (film)) ("uncredited"), Dylan Sprayberry, and Sierra McCormick appeared in a cameo as Tar Pit Kids and Raymond Ochoa as an uncredited boy in a museum. Production for the film began on March 4, 2008. Only one week's worth of filming was shot using a large-scale soundstage with green screen technology. The rest of filming took place on location in places such as the Dumont Dunes in the Mojave Desert, the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park, and Trona, California. The first trailer was shown during Super Bowl XLIII. Subway Restaurants, which paid to appear in the film and had cross Document [89] (Title: Lost in Space) 1997, the United States is gearing up to colonize space. The "Jupiter 2", a futuristic saucer-shaped spacecraft, stands on its launch pad undergoing final preparations. Its mission is to take a single family on a five-and-a-half-year journey to an Earthlike planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri. The Robinson family, consisted of Professor John Robinson (Guy Williams), his wife Maureen (June Lockhart) and their three children, Judy (Marta Kristen), Penny (Angela Cartwright), and Will (Billy Mumy). The family is accompanied by U.S. Space Corps Major Donald West (Mark Goddard), who is trained to land the ship. The Robinsons and Major West Document [90] (Title: Space (The X-Files)) episode were filmed at a Canadian Airlines operations center in Richmond, British Columbia. The crew were given permission by the airline to use their flight simulators, leading to the production being delayed while everyone had a turn simulating flights over Canada. The problematic command center set was constructed and filmed at an amphitheater in Vancouver, whose sloping surfaces helped to suggest computer terminals without needing much construction, although false computer monitors were added for shots when they would be in view. Guest star Ed Lauter had previously worked with the episode's director, William A. Graham, on the film "". On Document [91] (Title: Lost Universe) budgets for anime series across all studios. A "Lost Universe" film was rumored in 1998, but was cancelled in favor of more "Slayers" films. "Lost Universe" is distributed in North America by Enoki Films, and was originally licensed for American distribution by ADV Films who released the series onto both dubbed and subtitled VHS tapes and bilingual DVD. The rights have since transferred to Nozomi Entertainment who re-released the complete series in a new bilingual DVD box set. The 4th episode entitled , which aired on April 24, 1998, was initially worked on by a South Korean animation company, San Document [92] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) are his science experiment's predicted results. John, however, frustrates Will by ignoring his input. He and West head off to explore the time bubble, and encounter a future version of Will and a rebuilt robot he crafted with parts and the saved intelligence, who explains that some spiders had survived and attacked after his father and West had left them, and that Maureen, Penny, and Judy were all killed. Constructing a time machine, Will intends to go back to Earth to prevent "Jupiter II" from launching. Meanwhile, young Will and Smith head out on their own to investigate the time Document [93] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) of Bruce Broughton's original score (which makes no reference to either of the TV themes composed by John Williams) and eight tracks of techno music (most of which is heard only over the film's end credits). A European version of the soundtrack album was released that omits the tracks "Spider Attack", "Jupiter Crashes", and "Spider Smith" in favor of three new songs unused in the film by Aah-Yah, Asphalt Ostrich, and Anarchy. Intrada Records released a score album for the film the following year, and the complete score in 2016. The track "Thru the Planet" on the TVT album is Document [94] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) he is not fit for life on Earth. Upset, he stages a daring escape and hitches a ride to find Tulsa. Upon seeing him, Tulsa hits him as she is upset at Gardner for "ghosting" her for 7 months. However, she forgives him and he convinces her to help him find his father. They stop by her house to get supplies for the journey, but are found by Nathaniel and Kendra. While trying to convince him to return to NASA, Gardner angrily confronts Kendra with her own admission of not wanting children and escapes with Tulsa on an old plane Document [95] (Title: Islands in the Sky) a movie studio that intends to shoot the first movie filmed in space. As his stay in space is coming to an end Roy gets to ride the "Morning Star" as she makes an emergency run to the Space Hospital with a seriously ill man. As Roy and his friends return to the Inner Station on a different ship they become so engrossed in Commander Doyle’s story of his participation in the first expedition to Mercury that they fail to notice that their ship is off course: it’s heading away from Earth rather than toward it. As they swing around Document [96] (Title: Ijon Tichy: Space Pilot) founded a production company, Kosmische Kollegen [Cosmic Colleagues]. Together with Karsten Aurich of Sabotage Films and dffb they were contracted by the ZDF network to realise the television series. The set utilises numerous retro style items like household tools from the 1980s and 90s. Tichy's spacecraft is a giant French press that looks like an old Berlin apartment inside. Alien characters have been created with deliberately simple means. The first season was shot in Oliver Jahn's former apartment and since he moved house between the two seasons his original home was recreated in a studio for the filming of the Document [97] (Title: Anne Hathaway) astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity. With a budget of $165 million, the high-profile production, co-starring Matthew McConaughey and Jessica Chastain, was filmed mostly using IMAX cameras. Hathaway was drawn to her character's growth from an arrogant to a humbler person. While filming a water scene in Iceland, Hathaway almost suffered hypothermia because the dry suit she was wearing had not been properly secured. Critics for "The Independent" and "Empire" wrote that she was "affecting" as a scientist unable to decide between her professional responsibilities and her feelings and played it with Document [98] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) to send John back to his family, he himself is unable to go along, with only enough power available for one person. Saying goodbye to his family, the future Will is killed by falling debris, and John reunites with his living family. Realizing that they do not have enough power to escape the planet's gravitational pull, John suggests that they drive the ship down through the planet, and use the gravity well to slingshot them back into space. They are successful, but the planet turns into a black hole, and they once again activate the hyperdrive to escape. Using the Document [99] (Title: Gravity (2013 film)) orbit about away, Kowalski estimating that they have 90 minutes before the debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again. On their way to the International Space Station (ISS), the two discuss Stone's home life and her daughter, who died young in an accident. As they approach the station, they see that the ISS's crew has evacuated into one of its two Soyuz spacecraft, and the remaining Soyuz's parachute has been prematurely deployed, rendering it unable to return to Earth. Kowalski suggests using it to travel to the nearby Chinese space station "Tiangong", away, in order to board its Document [100] (Title: The Lost Future) perilous attempt, Savan is killed by an enraged Gagen, who is later killed by Kaleb. "The Lost Future" was filmed in and around Cape Town, South Africa. "The Lost Future" premiered on Syfy 13 November 2010 and was released on DVD on 27 September 2011 by Entertainment One. It includes a making-of featurette and cast and crew interviews. There was controversy over the rating of the film; it had been intended as a 12A, but due to an explicit sex scene, was rated as a 15. Scott Foy of Dread Central rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote that "this Document [101] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series "Lost in Space". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a "Lost in Space" film for theatres or TV. In 1991, a fledgling publisher called Innovation Comics Document [102] (Title: Bill Mumy) pioneered them. In 1996, Mumy and his "Lost in Space" costar Jonathan Harris were reunited at a Walt Disney convention in Orlando, Florida. Mumy worked again with Harris on the retrospective special "Lost In Space: Forever" (1998), where they reprised their roles in a scene written by Mumy (Harris rewrote his own lines). This occurred the year after the rest of the cast (including both Mumy and Harris) stated in a "TV Guide" article that the Sci Fi Channel planned to do a "Lost in Space" marathon while promoting a new movie. Harris was to appear in the planned TV Document [103] (Title: The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas) film was completed making it his final performance. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former "Lost In Space" co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 Document [104] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) No Place to Hide (Lost in Space) "No Place to Hide" is the unaired 1965 pilot episode produced for CBS to promote the television series "Lost in Space". The episode was directed by series creator Irwin Allen. The spacecraft "Gemini 12" was intended to undertake a century-long flight to Alpha Centauri, with its crew in suspended animation. The six-person crew consisted of a family of five (the Robinsons) and one geologist (Don West). The ship was damaged by a meteor storm shortly after liftoff. The resulting damage sent the "Gemini 12" out of control, and it was presumed lost in Document [105] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) Jeff to work at a shawarma food stand, where Jeff encounters Sinbad (the only other human on the spaceship), who had been abducted two months prior. After the emperor of the ship, Zing, walks by, Jeff protests that he misses his wife but is ignored. After work, Sinbad shows Jeff around the ship and eventually takes him to a bar. Jeff eventually finds out that the only way Emperor Zing will allow any of his captives to escape is to prove that they are truly in love with another. Despite reports that many of the slaves on the ship had Document [106] (Title: The Space Between Us (film)) The Space Between Us (film) The Space Between Us is a 2017 American romantic science fiction film directed by Peter Chelsom and written by Allan Loeb, from a story by Stewart Schill, Richard Barton Lewis and Loeb. The film stars Gary Oldman, Asa Butterfield, Britt Robertson, and Carla Gugino, and follows a teenage boy, born on Mars, who travels to Earth. Principal photography began on September 14, 2015, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The film was released on February 3, 2017 by STXfilms. It received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $14.8 million against its $30 Document [107] (Title: Lost in Space) who had been depicted as a preteen in the original series was depicted as an infant in the 2003 remake. The pilot was titled "The Robinsons: Lost in Space" and was commissioned by The WB Television Network. The pilot was directed by John Woo and produced by Synthesis Entertainment, Irwin Allen Productions, Twentieth Century Fox Television and Regency Television. The "Jupiter 2" interstellar flying-saucer spacecraft of the original series was depicted as a planet-landing craft, deployed from a larger inter-stellar mothership. The plot of the series followed John Robinson, a retiring war hero of an alien invasion who had decided Document [108] (Title: Christopher Lennertz) the Netflix sci-fi series "Lost in Space". Lennertz was born in Methuen, Massachusetts. He attended Easton Area High School in Easton, Pennsylvania and then the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California, where he studied with Academy Award-winner Elmer Bernstein. Lennertz has written music for a variety of comedies such as "Horrible Bosses", "Ride Along", as well as "Identity Thief", and "Think Like A Man". He has also worked on hit family films including "Hop", and "Alvin and the Chipmunks" and critically acclaimed dramas "Adam" and "Thanks For Sharing". He has worked with artists including Basil Poledouris, Document [109] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of "Lost in Space" and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes. In November 2015, Netflix landed the project. On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of "Lost in Space", with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers. Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017. Season 2 began production Document [110] (Title: Huntsville, Alabama) Moles, Like Rats"), "Air Band" (2005), and "Constellation" (2005). Portions of the film "SpaceCamp" (1986) were filmed at Huntsville's U.S. Space and Rocket Center at the eponymous facility. The U.S. Space and Rocket Center stood in for NASA in the 1989 movie "Beyond the Stars" starring Martin Sheen, Christian Slater, and Sharon Stone. Following in the motif of the "Rocket City", Columbia Pictures filmed "Ravagers" (1979) in The Land Trust's Historic Three Caves Quarry, at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, and on location at an antebellum home located next door to Lee High School. This cult classic starred Richard Document [111] (Title: Space Truckers) as the suitcase lands on his limousine's roof, killing him. With Saggs dead and Earth safe, Mike, Cindy, John and Cindy's mother blast off in their brand new rig. "Space Truckers" was poorly received by critics, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rating the film at 8%, based on 12 reviews. Space Truckers Space Truckers is a 1996 American-British-Irish comic science fiction film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Dennis Hopper, Stephen Dorff, Debi Mazar and Charles Dance. It was filmed at Ardmore Studios, County Wicklow, Ireland. The story concerns John Canyon, one of the last independent space transport entrepreneurs. Document [112] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) a race of space spiders. John remembers that the spiders eat their wounded, rips open Smith's egg sac with a trophy Will had turned into a weapon, and while Smith's own army devours him, he is thrown into the time portal, which rips him apart. The increasing instability of the planet caused by the portal forces the "Jupiter II" to take off, but they are unable to reach escape velocity, and are destroyed by the planet's debris. Will realizes that his father never actually abandoned them, and that he really does love him after all. Setting the time machine's controls Document [113] (Title: Destiny in Space) trailer and general IMAX trailer. Destiny in Space Destiny in Space is a 70mm Canadian IMAX documentary film released in 1994. The film was written by Toni Myers, directed by Academy Award-winner Ben Burtt, and narrated by Leonard Nimoy. The film is a showcase of the daily lives of astronauts in space, as they fix instruments and take measurements. The film includes two space shuttle launches and several cargo bay scenes, including an astronaut repairing the Hubble space telescope. CGI recreations of the surface of Venus and Mars based on satellite data from JPL are also featured. The film looks Document [114] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) He quickly becomes discouraged when he learns there are over 47,000 planets named Earth, and that it will take a long time to reach his destination. In the post-credits, Sinbad returns, this time as a Jedi-like ghost, to aid Jeff on his journey home. Series co-creator Mike Barker wrote: "Lost in Space". The setting does not reveal Roger's birth planet but a spaceship owned by his alien species. Barker once stated that he did not want to show Roger's birth planet or species. At the time, he feared that viewers might grow more interested in a plot line involving his Document [115] (Title: Elia Petridis) Squibb. The film was awarded a production grant from Panavision, enabling Petridis to shoot on 35mm film, and was financed by multiple investors. The crew on the film included score writer Ruy Folguera, production designer Curt Beech, editor Terel Gibson, and cinematographer Eric Beech. The film premiered at the Newport Beach International Film Festival in 2012 and went on to receive positive critical acclaim. It was acquired by Indican Pictures in North America. In 2016, Petridis directed the music video "The Lost Sky" for American singer-songwriter Jesca Hoop which received over 125,000 views on YouTube. He has directed music videos Document [116] (Title: 2001: A Space Odyssey (film)) That's what he wanted." In December 2010, Douglas Trumbull announced that Warner Bros. had found 17 minutes of lost footage from the post-premiere cuts, "perfectly preserved", in a Kansas salt mine vault used by Warner for storage. No plans have been announced for the rediscovered footage. From very early in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. About half the music in the film appears either before the first Document [117] (Title: Space Truckers) Space Truckers Space Truckers is a 1996 American-British-Irish comic science fiction film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring Dennis Hopper, Stephen Dorff, Debi Mazar and Charles Dance. It was filmed at Ardmore Studios, County Wicklow, Ireland. The story concerns John Canyon, one of the last independent space transport entrepreneurs. Bad times have forced him to carry suspicious cargo to Earth without asking questions. During the flight, the cargo turns out to be a multitude of virtually unstoppable killer robots. At a corporation's base on the Neptunian moon Triton, mercenaries are setting up a defense perimeter to try to hold off Document [118] (Title: Land of the Giants) other 1950s and 1960s sci-fi/fantasy and adventure series (e.g. "Star Trek", "The Twilight Zone", "Gilligan's Island", "Lost in Space", "I Dream of Jeannie"). These popular, well-known character actors included Jack Albertson, Chris Alcaide, Michael Ansara, John Carradine, Yvonne Craig, Charles Drake, Alan Hale, Jr, Jonathan Harris, David Opatoshu, Larry Pennell and Warren Stevens. Like Allen's previous series "Lost in Space" and "The Time Tunnel", the theme music was composed by John Williams. As with "Lost in Space", Williams composed two different themes (in this case one for each season). Williams also scored the pilot episode "The Crash," and was the Document [119] (Title: Lost in Space) scene-stealing 'Goodnight' homage to the Waltons was included. Something fans of the original always wanted to see happen was finally realized when Don knocks out an annoyingly complaining Smith at the end of the movie, saying "That felt good!" In 2004, a television series titled "The Robinsons: Lost in Space" was developed in the U.S. A pilot for the series was filmed, however, the series was ultimately never produced. The series was originally was intended to emulate Lost in Space's unaired pilot. The 2004 show did, however feature the unnamed robot, and an additional older Robinson child named David. Penny, Document [120] (Title: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series)) The hand animated "computer graphics" of "The Hitchhiker's Guide" itself won a BAFTA, a Design and Art Direction Silver award, and a London Film Fest award. The spaceman, suspended from a wire, in the titles sequence was Alan Harris. Locations for filming included a clay pit and the former Par—Fowey railway tunnel in Cornwall, the Edmonds Farm and Red Lion pub in Haywards Heath, Sussex, the Budgemoor Golf & Country Club near Henley-on-Thames, and at Dovestones in the Peak District National Park. Episode 3 was originally scripted to have a "pre-credits sequence" where Trillian announces their arrival at "the most Document [121] (Title: Space Mountain) neon earth-tone colored planets along with star patterns decorate the area. Lining the walls of the station are colored neon light bars that are used for lighting and decoration. Screenwriter Max Landis wrote a feature film based on the Space Mountain attraction, which was developed for a short time at Disney. The film was based in a 1950s retro-future. This idea of the future wouldn't contain the internet or cell phones but be powered by many large contraptions and robots. One key plot point of the film integrated the idea of people getting sent into hyperspace but when returning they Document [122] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) Lost in Space (American Dad!) "Lost in Space" is the eighteenth episode of the ninth season of "American Dad!". The episode aired on May 5, 2013, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup. The episode was written by series co-creator Mike Barker and directed by series regular Chris Bennett. "Lost in Space" was incorrectly promoted as episode 150 by Fox and numerous mainstream media reports; it is actually episode 151, while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" is episode 150. "Lost in Space" continues a plot line established in the episode "Naked to the Document [123] (Title: Europa Report) of the camera. Filming took place in Brooklyn, New York. The first image from the film was revealed on February 11, 2012. A viral website to promote the film was launched shortly afterward. The screenplay was written by Philip Gelatt and the production design was done by Eugenio Caballero. It was scored by Bear McCreary. The movie is a found footage film and follows a nonlinear progression. The crew used as inspiration real footage from the International Space Station and space walks from the space shuttle. The space ship was designed through computer graphics, giving high detail to the camera Document [124] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) to aid them. They find navigational data that can be used to get to Alpha Prime along with a camouflaging creature whom Penny calls "Blarp", and evidence suggesting the ship is from the future. They are attacked by spider-like creatures; in their escape, Smith is scratched by one, and the robot's body is damaged beyond repair, but Will saves its computerized intelligence. West destroys the vessel to eradicate the spiders, and, as a result, the ship crash-lands on the nearby planet, where a distortion like the one from before appears. Will theorizes they are distortions in time; in fact, they Document [125] (Title: Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone) rescue three women stranded on a brutal planet and meets a vagrant teenage girl along the way. Set in the early 22nd century, the film opens with the destruction of a space cruise liner by a bolt of nebular lightning. The only apparent survivors are three beautiful women – Nova (Cali Timmins), Reena (Aleisa Shirley), and Meagan (Deborah Pratt) – who get away in an escape pod and land on the nearest habitable planet. There, they are quickly accosted by the hostile natives and taken aboard a sail-driven vehicle resembling a pirate ship on rails. In space, an alert goes Document [126] (Title: Irwin Allen) voice. The flight deck set of the Jupiter 2 spacecraft from the series was recreated as the backdrop for parts of the special. It also was used as a vehicle to promote the 1998 "Lost in Space" film version of the original television series, starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, Gary Oldman, Lacey Chabert, Mimi Rogers and Heather Graham. Burns and Jashni later formed Synthesis Entertainment and began developing and producing remakes of, and sequels to, several Allen properties, including a 2002 Fox Television pilot for an updated version of "The Time Tunnel", which did not sell, and remakes of films Document [127] (Title: Lost in Space) Kennedy, Jr. while growing up in the 1960s. "Lost in Space" received a 1966 Emmy Award nomination for Cinematography-Special Photographic Effects but did not win, and again in 1968 for Achievement in Visual Arts & Makeup but did not win. In 2005, it was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Retro Television Release, but did not win. In 2008, TVLand nominated and awarded the series for Awesomest Robot. The open and closing theme music was written by John Williams, a composer notable for creating the music for the film "Star Wars." Williams "was" listed in the credits as Document [128] (Title: Area 51 (film)) and Jelena find themselves in a white chamber. While Reid examines a series of alien symbols, Jelena is suddenly dragged away by an unseen force. He finds her in an entranced and unresponsive state. The chamber suddenly loses gravity and it is revealed that the chamber is in fact the interior of a flying silver alien spacecraft. Reid's camera falls from the spacecraft and plummets to the ground. Darrin successfully escapes the complex and discovers all personnel are being evacuated from Area 51. He ventures back into the desert where he encounters Ben, who has been waiting for the three Document [129] (Title: Lost in Space) Lost in Space Lost in Space was an American science fiction television series, created and produced by Irwin Allen, which originally aired between 1965 and 1968. The series is loosely based on the 1812 novel "The Swiss Family Robinson", and on a comic book published by Gold Key Comics titled "The Space Family Robinson." The series follows the adventures of the Robinsons, a pioneering family of space colonists who struggle to survive in the depths of space. The show ran for 83 episodes over three seasons, the first year of which was filmed in black and white. On October 16, Document [130] (Title: 10 Cloverfield Lane) bunker with two men who insist that an event has left the surface of Earth uninhabitable. The film is presented in a third-person narrative, in contrast to its predecessor's found-footage style. It was released in the United States on March 11, 2016, in conventional and IMAX format. The film received positive reviews, with many praising the performances of the cast, as well as the film's tense and suspenseful atmosphere; it grossed $110 million worldwide. After breaking up with her boyfriend Ben, Michelle drives away from New Orleans. While in rural Louisiana, she hears news reports of blackouts in several major Document [131] (Title: Hannes M. Schalle) David Coulthard, Mark Webber, Nico Rosberg, Lewis Hamilton, Bernd Mayländer, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Jochen Mass, James Hunt and many more. It premiered in Cannes in 2014 and was released in July 2015 by Bulldog Film Distribution in Great Britain. It was No. 1 bestseller on iTunes and Amazon. In December 2014 Premiere Picture released Schalle's Feature Documentary "In Space" showing the 50 years of collaboration between ESA and NASA, the projects of the famous protagonists of private space travel – Elon Musk and Richard Branson, the German astronaut Alexander Gerst and his time on the ISS and first and foremost the Document [132] (Title: Lost in Space) "Battlestar Galactica" show bought the show's sets. They were redesigned the next year and used for scenes on the Battlestar "Pegasus". Dick Tufeld reprised his role as voice of the robot for the third time. On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Legendary TV was developing a new reboot of "Lost in Space" for Netflix with "Dracula Untold" screenwriters Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless attached to write. On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered the series with 10 episodes. The series debuted on Netflix on April 13, 2018. It was renewed for a second season on May 13, 2018. The Document [133] (Title: No Place to Hide (Lost in Space)) were prodigies, and Don West was identified as a doctor of geology. The pilot did not include later series regulars Dr. Zachary Smith or the Robot, and featured no scary monsters. It was instead about the adventures of the Robinsons, a happy family. The cooperative, friendly family depicted in the pilot were somewhat less so in the series, and still more different from the dysfunctional space family depicted in the 1998 spin-off motion picture. The theme music for this pilot was taken from the 1951 film "The Day the Earth Stood Still". Nearly all of the footage from the pilot Document [134] (Title: Spaceship Zero) props on location in the sand dunes of Richmond BC and a space ship set left over from the TV show "Defying Gravity". The footage was cut into a video for their song "20 Minutes of Oxygen" and as a trailer for the film, and premiered at the event Cthulhupalooza II: Son of Cthulhupalooza in February 2011 in Vancouver. To enhance the ideas of the setting, the developers have based the game on a number of false documents, namely by referencing the game to television shows, radio plays, and films which did not and do not exist. As the book Document [135] (Title: Space Cowboys) lasted three months. Scenes were filmed on location at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Interior shots of the flight simulator, shuttle, and mission control were filmed on sets at Warner Bros. The 1958 portrayals of the characters are filmed with younger actors dubbed by their older counterparts. The original music score was composed by longtime Eastwood collaborator Lennie Niehaus. The film grossed over $90 million in its United States release. "Space Cowboys" was well received by critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 78% Document [136] (Title: The Lost Planet (novel)) Fire" (1962), and "Space Agent and the Ancient Peril" (1964). It was the first science fiction series ever translated to Hebrew and had considerable impact on the development of this genre in Israel. The narrator, 16-year-old Jeremy Grant, who has been recently orphaned, travels from Australia to Scotland to stay with his scientist uncle, Dr Lachlan McKinnon, at his estate, Inverard. He discovers that the irascible McKinnon and his colleagues, including Swedish Professor Lars Bergman, American engineer Spike Stranahan, science student Janet Campbell, Cockney housekeeper Madge Smith and engineer Kurt Oppenheim, are building an atomic-powered spaceship to travel to Hesikos, Document [137] (Title: The Lost Future) was a classier piece of cinema than the typical schlock Syfy produces", but it is too rushed, has too many characters and dangling storylines, and the action sequences can not make up for the shortcomings. Rod Lott of the "Oklahoma Gazette" wrote that the film "should be 'Lost' forever" and concluded, "Yeah, I hated it." "The Daily Sun" wrote that the acting, writing, and special effects were good, but the cast were too clean and pretty to be convincing. The Lost Future The Lost Future is a 2010 South African-German post-apocalyptic film from Syfy, directed by Mikael Salomon and written Document [138] (Title: Dream of the Rarebit Fiend) where they are chased off by the Man in the Moon with a flyswatter. The film self-consciously directs the viewers to notice the quality and accuracy of the animation when the house takes off into space, calling attention to the "remarkable piece of animation which follows", accurately showing the revolutions of the Earth and Moon and the "beautiful constellation of Orion". The woman becomes anxious that they will become "lost in the sky". In the end, the house is struck by a military rocket, bringing the nightmare to an end as the woman awakens in her bed. The film was Document [139] (Title: Space Odyssey (TV series)) roles, the actors undertook basic cosmonaut training at Star City with the Russian space program. Many scenes were shot in simulated zero-gravity aboard a Russian Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft. Backgrounds of the spacecraft interior were later digitally composited in. The series DVD describes the selection of locations in the Atacama Desert, Chile to represent both Venus and Mars. Weather conditions troubled production, needing to be overcast for Venus, but cloudless for Mars. The fate of the Titan probe was deliberately ambiguous to prevent any conflicts with the findings of the then imminent landing of the Huygens probe. The film's score was Document [140] (Title: Prisoners of the Lost Universe) to Carrie and seems to be unusually well-supplied with Earth technology... "Prisoners of the Lost Universe" is registered as copyright to Samuel Goldwyn Company in the United States Copyright Office database. Prisoners of the Lost Universe Prisoners of the Lost Universe is a low budget 1983 film set in a parallel universe and filmed in South Africa. Three people are transported to another world when an earthquake occurs just as the scientist is experimenting with his "matter" transmitter. The trio must escape the strange world of Vonya while dealing with a number of villains. TV personality Carrie Madison goes to Document [141] (Title: Jonathan Harris) the reunion TV movie "Lost in Space: The Journey Home" was set to film, Harris was taken to the hospital with what he thought was a back problem. On November 3, 2002, Harris died of a blood clot to the heart. He was 87 years old, just three days shy of his 88th birthday. Harris was interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, in Westwood Village, in Los Angeles. Eulogists at his funeral included long time friends: director Arthur Hiller; former 20th Century Fox television executive and producer Kevin Burns; and fellow "Lost in Space" castmate Bill Mumy. As a Document [142] (Title: Lost in Space (American Dad!)) alien planet as opposed to the usual setting of the show. Not to be confused with a two-part episode, the storyline of Jeff being trapped in space is more of a story arc, beginning with "Naked to the Limit, One More Time" and continuing through several episodes before "Lost in Space." Among the series of episodes broadcasts in between and that touch on the plot in question includes "Spelling Bee My Baby," "The Missing Kink," etc. Regular composers Walter Murphy and Joel McNeely did not score the episode; instead, American rock band Wax Fang provided the music. Barker was a Document [143] (Title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)) of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity, the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the "Resolute" (24th Colonist Group), an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the "Resolute"s hull. Forced to evacuate the mothership in short-range "Jupiter" spacecraft, scores of colonists, among them the Robinsons, crash on a nearby habitable planet. There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the "Resolute". In October 2014, it Document [144] (Title: The American Astronaut) from the interiors of Curtis’ spaceship to the grand auditorium where the workers on all-male Jupiter rally – was shot in an old ballroom in Maspeth, Queens. While providing a great "Art Deco gone wrong" space for such operatic moments as the song by the Boy Who Actually Saw a Woman's Breast, the Maspeth location was a challenging place to shoot. Freezing cold, filthy with (noisy) nesting pigeons and located adjacent to a (noisier) major truck route, the production nonetheless had the run of their own soundstage for as long as they needed it, as well as an atmosphere that Document [145] (Title: Lost in Space (comics)) lived in "Space Station One", a spacious moving craft with hydroponic gardens, observatory, and 2 small shuttle crafts ("Spacemobiles"). In the second issue, a cosmic storm deposited them far from Earth and they have adventures while they try to work their way home. That comic book is not a spinoff of the TV series but was in print prior to the conception of the show. "Space Family Robinson" was published by Whitman and distributed by Western Publishing and sold for 60 cents each. They featured captions on their front covers such as #58's: "An Emergency Landing on a War-Torn Planet Document [146] (Title: Lost in Space (film)) not the same as "Through the Planet" on the Intrada release, but is a shortened version of Broughton's unused end-title music heard on the score album as "Lost in Space." "Lost in Space" was panned by critics on release. Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half out of four, calling it a "dim-witted shoot-'em-up". Wade Major of "BoxOffice" rated the film at 1 and a half out of 5, calling it "the dumbest and least imaginative adaptation of a television series yet translated to the screen." James Berardinelli was slightly more favorable, giving the film Question: where did they film lost in space netflix

Answer: Vancouver, British Columbia Long Answer: Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017. Gold Document ID: 109

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pulmonary valve) sound (S2). The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation. Pulmonary valve The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above Document [2] (Title: Fourth heart sound) the atria contract to force blood into the ventricle. S is sometimes audible in the elderly due to a more rigid ventricle. When loud, it is a sign of a pathologic state, usually a failing left ventricle. If the problem lies with the left ventricle, the gallop rhythm will be heard best at the cardiac apex. It will become more apparent with exercise, with the patient lying on the left-hand side, or with the patient holding expiration. If the problem is in the right ventricle, the abnormal sound will be most evident on the lower left hand side of the Document [3] (Title: Korotkoff sounds) the fifth Korotkov sound (i.e. silence) as the diastolic blood pressure, as this has been felt to be more reproducible. For pediatrics auscultation of the fourth Korotkov sound is the guiding indicator of diastolic pressure. The time average of the first Korotkov sound represents a reliable pressure marker of systole of the heart. The time average of the fourth Korotkov sound represents a reliable pressure marker of diastole of the heart. Korotkoff sounds Korotkov sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkov, Document [4] (Title: Heart sounds) blood within the ventricle. An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell-side of the stethoscope (used for lower frequency sounds). A left-sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart, which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. A right-sided S3 is best heard at the lower-left sternal border. The way to distinguish between a left and right-sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation. A right-sided S3 will increase on inhalation, while a left-sided S3 will Document [5] (Title: Computer-aided auscultation) their ability to detect the difference between normal and abnormal heart sounds. Heart murmurs (or cardiac murmurs) are audible noises through a stethoscope, generated by a turbulent flow of blood. Heart murmurs need to be distinguished from heart sounds which are primarily generated by the beating heart and the heart valves snapping open and shut. Generally, heart murmurs are classified as innocent (also called physiological or functional) or pathological (abnormal). Innocent murmurs are usually harmless, often caused by physiological conditions outside the heart, and the result of certain benign structural defects. Pathological murmurs are most often associated with heart valve Document [6] (Title: Aortic stenosis) et tardus". There may also be a noticeable delay between the first heart sound (on auscultation) and the corresponding pulse in the carotid artery (so-called 'apical-carotid delay'). In a similar manner, there may be a delay between the appearance of each pulse in the brachial artery (in the arm) and the radial artery (in the wrist). The first heart sound may be followed by a sharp ejection sound ("ejection click") best heard at the lower left sternal border and the apex, and, thus, appear to be "split". The ejection sound, caused by the impact of left ventricular outflow against the Document [7] (Title: Venous hum) listening to the heart, which will abolish or change the noise. A true heart murmur will be unaffected by this manoever. The murmur also disappears when the patient is in the supine position or may disappear if the subject turns their head to one side. It is also known by the names "nun's murmur" and "bruit de diable" (the Devil's noise). While a venous hum may provoke consultation with a health care professional, it is entirely harmless. Venous hum Venous hum is a benign phenomenon. At rest, 20% of the cardiac output flows to the brain via the internal carotid Document [8] (Title: Heart Plymouth) Heart Plymouth Heart Plymouth (formerly Plymouth Sound) was an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to Plymouth in Devon, England. The heritage name Plymouth Sound was a pun on the popular meaning of "sound" (in the audio sense) and the bay of Plymouth Sound between Penlee Point and Wembury Point in Devon. In November 2005 it was announced that GCap's local radio stations in the South West, including Plymouth Sound, were to be sold as they were outside of the company's primary target area. Four months later GCap decided that the sale would not go ahead, essentially because the offers made Document [9] (Title: The Heart Beats) minor hit, "Cryin' Inside" (cowritten by the legendary Texas singer-songwriter Ronnie (Mouse) Weiss.) The Heart Beats The Heart Beats were an American all-female garage rock band, based in Lubbock, Texas, and founded around 1966. They were led by drummer and lead vocalist Linda Sanders, along with younger sister Debbie Sanders (guitar), Debbie McMellan (bass guitar), and Jeannie Foster (guitar and keyboards). The Sanders sisters met McMellan and Foster in a music class when Debbie Sanders was about ten years old and the other girls were about 12 or 13. The Sanders' mother Jeanne Sanders became the band's manager, supervising them Document [10] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) in common time to a "moderately fast" tempo of approximately 122 BPM. The vocals span two octaves from C through C. "Sound of Your Heart" entered the "Billboard" Canadian Hot 100 at number 100 on the chart dated April 11, 2015. It reached a peak position of 23 on the chart dated June 6, 2015. The song reached number 11 on the Canadian all-genre iTunes chart in May 2015 and peaked at number 12 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs component chart in June 2015. On the US Dance Club Songs chart, "Sound of Your Heart" went to number one. Document [11] (Title: Third heart sound) Third heart sound The third heart sound or S is a rare extra heart sound that occurs soon after the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). S3 is associated with heart failure. It occurs at the beginning of the middle third of diastole, approximately 0.12 to 0.18 seconds after S. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Kentucky" with the final syllable (""-CKY"") representing S. One may also use the phrase "Slosh’-ing-IN" to help with the cadence (Slosh S, -ing S, -in S), as well as the pathology of the S sound, or Document [12] (Title: Heart) A person's pulse is taken, usually at the radial artery near the wrist, in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse. The blood pressure is taken, using either a manual or automatic sphygmomanometer or using a more invasive measurement from within the artery. Any elevation of the jugular venous pulse is noted. A person's chest is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart, and then listened to with a stethoscope. Typically, healthy hearts have only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing Document [13] (Title: Fourth heart sound) sternum and will get louder with exercise and quick, deep inspiration. S has also been termed an atrial gallop or a presystolic gallop because of its occurrence late in the heart cycle. It is a type of gallop rhythm by virtue of having an extra sound; the other gallop rhythm is called S. The two are quite different, but they may sometimes occur together forming a quadruple gallop. If the heart rate is also very fast (tachycardia), it can become difficult to distinguish between S and S thus producing a single sound called a summation gallop. The S4 heart sound Document [14] (Title: Stubborn Heart) Stubborn Heart Stubborn Heart is a British electronic soul music duo consisting of Luca Santucci and Ben Fitzgerald. The pair actually claim to be part of a longer lineage than the garage-dubstep continuum, calling what they do "electronic soul from the heart" and citing influences from the '60s (Stubborn Heart is an old northern soul track) and '80s synth-pop, as well as '90s techno, house and garage. Comparisons have been drawn with The XX, SBTRKT, My Computer, Mount Kimbie, James Blake & Four Tet. In a recent review by the BBC, elements of Stubborn Heart's musical style were likened to Document [15] (Title: Jet Black Heart) make this video. We wanted to hear your stories. We were overwhelmed with the response. This video goes out to you. Jet Black Heart." Jet Black Heart "Jet Black Heart" is a single by Australian rock band 5 Seconds of Summer from their second studio album, "Sounds Good Feels Good". It was written by Calum Hood, Michael Clifford, David Hodges and Jon Green, and produced by David Hodges. It was released on 17 December 2015 as the album’s third and final single. It charted in six countries and won a Verano MTV Award and a Teen Choice Award. The music Document [16] (Title: Heart) sound S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign, and there are several kinds. There are normally two heart sounds, and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds, or "murmurs" related to the flow of blood between the sounds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1 (the quietest), to 6 (the loudest), and evaluated by their relationship to the Document [17] (Title: Heartbeat (Carrie Underwood song)) compliments her vocals perfectly, with the pairing of their vocals and the echoing effect it creates adding a deeper element to the song, both in terms of sound and aesthetic. At its core, "Heartbeat" is nothing new; it covers a familiar topic with a familiar sound behind it. However, the sentimental and thematic vocals bring the song to a whole other level." Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal reviewed the song positively by calling it "absolutely beautiful". He concluded his review by saying, "Carrie Underwood tackles the subject matter in "Heartbeat" with much delicacy and sentimentalism. It garners an A rating, Document [18] (Title: Levine scale) from pathological murmurs. Louder murmurs (grade ≥3) are more likely believed to represent cardiac defects that tend to have hemodynamic consequences. The Levine scale is usually written down as a fraction of 6 and in Roman numerals, as in a scale of II/VI. Levine scale In cardiac physiology, the Levine grading scale is a numeric scoring system to characterize the intensity or the loudness of a heart murmur. The eponym is from researcher Samuel A. Levine who studied the significance of systolic heart murmurs. The grading gives a number to the intensity from 1 to 6:. The palpable murmur is Document [19] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) is synchronous with the pulse of the foetus, usually heard during the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). It is heard because of the rush of blood through the umbilical arteries of the foetus, and is therefore synchronous with the foetal pulse. The funic souffle is not heard consistently. On auscultation, funic souffle may often be confused with uterine souffle, which is a soft, blowing sound synchronous with the maternal pulse. Therefore, the maternal pulse must be palpated simultaneously in order to differentiate uterine souffle from funic souffle. A mammary souffle is a maternal cardiac murmur heard over the breasts. Document [20] (Title: Fourth heart sound) Fourth heart sound The fourth heart sound or S is an extra heart sound that occurs during late diastole, immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). It occurs just after atrial contraction and immediately before the systolic S and is caused by the atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Tennessee." One can also use the phrase "A-stiff-wall" to help with the cadence (a S, stiff S, wall S), as well as the pathology of the S Document [21] (Title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)) series has more than 40 million views in South Korea as of February 2017. It is also now airing on Netflix. Stories about Cho Seok's (Lee Kwang-soo) adventures with his family and his wife Aebong (Jung So-min). First script reading took place March 24, 2016 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido, South Korea. The filming took 52 days, it began in March and ended in May. The Sound of Your Heart (TV series) The Sound Of Your Heart (Hangul: 마음의 소리 / RR: Maeumui Sori) is a South Korean television series starring Lee Kwang-soo and Jung So-min. The sitcom Document [22] (Title: Third heart sound) any other number of local variants. S may be normal in people under 40 years of age and some trained athletes but should disappear before middle age. Re-emergence of this sound late in life is abnormal and may indicate serious problems like heart failure. The sound of S is lower in pitch than the normal sounds, usually faint, and best heard with the bell of the stethoscope. It has also been termed a ventricular gallop or a protodiastolic gallop because of its place in early diastole. It is a type of gallop rhythm by virtue of having an extra sound; Document [23] (Title: Heart sounds) patient's condition. Heart sounds Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a "lub" and a "dub" (or "dup"), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound Document [24] (Title: Third heart sound) a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. It is associated with heart failure, caused by conditions which have: S3 can also be due to tricuspid regurgitation, and could indicate hypertensive heart disease. In conditions affecting the pericardium or diseases that primarily affect the heart muscle (restrictive cardiomyopathies) a similar sound can be heard, but is usually more high-pitched and is called a 'pericardial knock'. The S3 can also be confused with a widely split S2, or a mitral opening snap, but these sounds are typically of much higher pitch and occur Document [25] (Title: The Sound of Heart) The Sound of Heart, and Noblesse. KBS had been planning a TV series involving "The Sound of Heart" since 2015. Lee Kwang-soo was cast to portray Jo Seok, and Jung So-min is cast to portray Lee Ae-bong. The series has also been picked up by Netflix and is planned to be broadcast on both channels simultaneously on February 24, 2017. Korean mobile game company Neowiz Games produced a mobile video game adaption of "The Sound of Heart", launched on Google Play in April 2016. The Sound of Heart The Sound of Your Heart (; also known as The Sound of Document [26] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) man's room, on the very spot where the body is concealed, and suspect nothing, as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner. The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in their ears. As the ringing grows louder, the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. The sound increases steadily, though the officers seem to pay no attention to it. Terrified by the violent beating of the heart, and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat but also of the narrator's Document [27] (Title: Third heart sound) when heard in a middle-aged or older adult, an S is often a sign of disease, indicating increased ventricular filling due to congestive heart failure or severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. S is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by the inflow of blood from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that, during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be Document [28] (Title: Venous hum) Venous hum Venous hum is a benign phenomenon. At rest, 20% of the cardiac output flows to the brain via the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. This drains via the internal jugular veins. The flow of blood can cause the vein walls to vibrate creating a humming noise which can be heard by the subject. Typically, a peculiar humming sound is heard in the upper chest near the clavicle. This may be confused with a heart murmur. The venous hum is heard throughout the cardiac cycle. The difference is easily detected by placing a finger on the jugular vein when Document [29] (Title: Heart) heart sounds, position in the cardiac cycle, and additional features such as their radiation to other sites, changes with a person's position, the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the stethoscope by which they are heard, and site at which they are heard loudest. Murmurs may be caused by damaged heart valves, congenital heart disease such as ventricular septal defects, or may be heard in normal hearts. A different type of sound, a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. Blood tests play an important role Document [30] (Title: Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat) Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat" is a 1973 single by the Canadian group The DeFranco Family. It was the title track of their first album and was the group's debut single. The song was a success in the United States and Canada. It reached number three in both nations, as well as reaching number six in Australia. It was their highest ranking song, and it became a gold record in the US. "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat" was performed multiple times on various television programs, including Dinah!, The Mike Douglas Show, The Sonny & Cher Document [31] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) Sound of Your Heart "Sound of Your Heart" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Shawn Hook for his third studio album, "Analog Love" (2015). It was released through Kreative Soul Entertainment under license to Universal Music Canada on February 17, 2015 as the album's second single. Reaching the top 25 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Platinum by Music Canada, it is Hook's most successful single to date. The song was re-released internationally in early 2016 through Hollywood Records following Hook signing to the label and has since entered the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40 chart and reached Document [32] (Title: Heart valve) from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness. The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2). The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets Document [33] (Title: Still's murmur) the structures of the heart. The location of the Still's murmur on examination suggests resonation of blood in the left ventricular outflow tract and aorta, and this is supported by studies that have shown that the murmur is more intense over the aortic valve than the pulmonary valve. There has been conjecture that the vibratory or musical quality of the murmur is caused by vibration of “false chordae” of the left ventricle, which are a common finding in normal individuals, but no relationship between the two has been proven. There is some evidence that a smaller aorta with higher peak Document [34] (Title: Pericardial friction rub) Pericardial friction rub A pericardial friction rub, also pericardial rub, is an audible medical sign used in the diagnosis of pericarditis. Upon auscultation, this sign is an extra heart sound of to-and-fro character, typically with three components, ONE systolic and TWO diastolic. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and often is described as grating, scratching, or rasping. The sound seems very close to the ear and may seem louder than or may even mask the other heart sounds. The sound usually is best heard between the apex and sternum but may be widespread. The pericardium is a double-walled sac Document [35] (Title: Heart) of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart Document [36] (Title: Heart sounds) rhythms in which atrial contraction does not precede ventricular contraction. Heart murmurs are produced as a result of turbulent flow of blood strong enough to produce audible noise. They are usually heard as a whooshing sound. The term murmur only refers to a sound believed to originate within blood flow through or near the heart; rapid blood velocity is necessary to produce a murmur. Most heart problems do not produce any murmur and most valve problems also do not produce an audible murmur. Murmurs can be heard in many situations in adults without major congenital heart abnormalities: Though several different Document [37] (Title: Heart failure) enlarged) and a gallop rhythm (additional heart sounds) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow or increased intra-cardiac pressure. Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease, either as a cause (e.g. aortic stenosis) or as a result (e.g. mitral regurgitation) of the heart failure. "Backward" failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs' blood vessels, and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature. Backward failure can be subdivided into the failure of the left atrium, the left ventricle or both within the left circuit. The patient will have dyspnea (shortness of Document [38] (Title: Heart sounds) P especially during inspiration where a split of S can be heard. It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta. Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle, catching the pocket-like cusps of the aortic valve, and is stopped by aortic valve closure. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve closes. The Document [39] (Title: Levine scale) Levine scale In cardiac physiology, the Levine grading scale is a numeric scoring system to characterize the intensity or the loudness of a heart murmur. The eponym is from researcher Samuel A. Levine who studied the significance of systolic heart murmurs. The grading gives a number to the intensity from 1 to 6:. The palpable murmur is known as thrill, which can be felt on grade 4 or higher. The Levine scaling system persists as the gold standard for grading heart murmur intensity. It provides accuracy, consistency, and interrater agreement which are essential for diagnostic purposes, particularly to distinguish innocent Document [40] (Title: Presystolic murmur) the presystolic murmur is heard before the mitral valve produces the S1 heart sound. Less often, a presystolic murmur can be heard when a right atrial myxoma causes a tricuspid valve obstruction to blood flow. Presystolic murmur A presystolic murmur, also called presystolic accentuation, is a type of diastolic heart murmur typically associated with the opening snap in mitral valve stenosis. It is heard following the middiastolic rumble of the stenotic valve, during the diastasis phase, making it a "late diastolic" murmur. The murmur is heard due to antegrade flow of blood through a progressively narrowing mitral opening during the Document [41] (Title: If I Had a Heart) "Apocalypse Now" (1979). Their review went on to describe the song as "dark and hypnotic", and "[taking] an echo of a Native American cry, but still [...] maintaining the song's dark undertone." Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork Media reviewed it as "a shivering, timely meditation on greed, immorality, and lust for power that dovetails nicely with AIG and Madoff." Anthony Balderrama from Consequence of Sound positively opined that "the most notable quality of 'If I Had a Heart' is its similarity to some of the quieter tracks on "Silent Shout", particularly 'From Off to On'", whilst describing it as "a four-minute Document [42] (Title: Korotkoff sounds) Korotkoff sounds Korotkov sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkov, a Russian physician who discovered them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empire. The sounds heard during measurement of blood pressure are not the same as the heart sounds 'lub' and 'dub' that are due to vibrations inside the ventricles that are associated with the snapping shut of the valves. If a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the Document [43] (Title: Aortic stenosis) maneuver, which helps distinguish it from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The murmur is louder during expiration but is also easily heard during inspiration. The more severe the degree of the stenosis, the later the peak occurs in the crescendo-decrescendo of the murmur. The second heart sound (A) tends to become decreased and softer as the aortic stenosis becomes more severe. This is a result of the increasing calcification of the valve preventing it from "snapping" shut and producing a sharp, loud sound. Due to increases in left ventricular pressure from the stenotic aortic valve, over time the ventricle may hypertrophy, Document [44] (Title: Mitral insufficiency) a normal exercise tolerance and no evidence of heart failure. Over time, however, there may be decompensation and patients can develop volume overload (congestive heart failure). Symptoms of entry into a decompensated phase may include fatigue, shortness of breath particularly on exertion, and leg swelling. Also there may be development of an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation. Findings on clinical examination depend on the severity and duration of MI. The mitral component of the first heart sound is usually soft and with a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave. The first heart sound is followed by a Document [45] (Title: Heart sounds) intrathoracic pressure which allows more venous blood to return to the right heart (pulling blood into the right side of the heart via a vacuum-like effect). Therefore, right-sided heart murmurs generally increase in intensity with inhalation. The decreased (more negative) intrathoracic pressure has an opposite effect on the left side of the heart, making it harder for the blood to exit into circulation. Therefore, left-sided murmurs generally decrease in intensity during inhalation. Increasing venous blood return to the right side of the heart by raising a patient's legs to a 45-degree while lying supine produces similar effect which occurs during Document [46] (Title: Gallop rhythm) produce a summation gallop where S and S occur so close as to be indistinguishable. Gallop rhythms may be heard in young or athletic people, but may also be a sign of serious cardiac problems like heart failure as well as pulmonary edema. Gallop rhythms may be associated with the following: The atrium has to contract strongly to push the blood through the stiffened ventricle. Gallop rhythm A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation. It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop. The normal heart rhythm contains two Document [47] (Title: Still's murmur) should like to draw attention to a particular bruit which has somewhat of a musical character, but is neither of sinister omen nor does it indicate endocarditis of any sort. …its characteristic feature is a twangy sound, very like that made by twanging a piece of tense string... Whenever may be its origin, I think it is clearly functional, that is to say, not due to any organic disease of the heart either congenital or acquired.”" Still's murmur is detected via auscultation with a stethoscope. It has a peculiar "musical", "resonant" or "vibratory" quality that is quite unique. It is Document [48] (Title: Tricuspid insufficiency) Such a murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard low on the lower left sternal border. As with most right-sided phenomena, it tends to increase with inspiration, and decrease with expiration. This is known as Carvallo's sign. However, the murmur may be inaudible indicating the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A third heart sound may also be present, also heard with inspiration at the lower sternal border. In addition to the possible ausculatory findings above, there are other signs indicating the presence of tricuspid regurgitation. There may be giant C-V waves in the Document [49] (Title: Heart murmur) isometric handgrip. A right to left shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome) may develop with uncorrected VSDs due to worsening pulmonary hypertension, which will increase the murmur intensity and be associated with cyanosis. Flow murmur may be heard at the right upper sternal border in certain conditions, such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, fever, and pregnancy. Diastolic Aortic valve regurgitation will present as a diastolic decrescendo murmur heard at the left lower sternal border or right lower sternal border (when associated with a dilated aorta). This may be associated with bounding carotid and peripheral pulses (Corrigan's pulse, Watson's water hammer pulse), and a widened pulse Document [50] (Title: The Sound of Drums (album)) The album is the first release from the band with new lead singer Mindi Jackson who replaced Natalie Bassingthwaighte after the latter departed the band in 2009. The album also features a new drummer Peter Marin and the return of guitarist Tim Henwood, who left the band during 2008. On October 24, 2011, the band posted on Facebook that the album would be released as the second disc of a double-disc titled "The Sound of Drums". The first disc is a greatest hits compilation. "I'll Be Your Stalker" and "Hearts Beat as One", although being recorded for the album, did Document [51] (Title: Cardiac physiology) during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart sound S4 is referred Document [52] (Title: Heart sounds) Heart sounds Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a "lub" and a "dub" (or "dup"), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound (S), produced Document [53] (Title: Subvalvular aortic stenosis (non-human)) are innocent, with no cardiac pathology. Tests such as chest X-rays, echocardiography, and electrocardiography can be performed to evaluate the severity of the situation The condition is usually detected during puppy visits to the veterinarian by hearing a heart murmur during physical examination. A heart murmur is the abnormal sound of blood rushing through one of the heart valves. Instead of just the heartbeat, a whistle of blood flow through a narrowed opening is heard. The puppy will most likely appear normal in all other respects. There is a possibility that the murmur may come and go, or it may Document [54] (Title: Freitag aus Licht) instruments. All 12 couples watch in fascination. In the middle of their duet, Lufa looks at all 12 couples and asks, "Do you repent?" All 12 couples shout together "Yes, we repent!" After Elu and Lufa have exited, the six hybrid couples from the sound scenes (see below) with their candles assemble into a towering candle form. As they sing "Choir Spiral", the large flame they have created ascends in a slow spiral pattern and disappears into Heaven. Duration: 78.5 minutes The electronic music from the opera is played in the lobby as the audience exits the theater. The lobby Document [55] (Title: I Hear Your Heart) I Hear Your Heart "I Hear Your Heart" was the Latvian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, performed in English by Vocal Group Cosmos. The song is entirely a cappella, in line with the group's usual musical style. Lyrically, the group sings about the sound of their lovers' hearts, which can cut through the chaotic sounds of modern life. Many of these sounds are impersonated by members of the band. The performance featured the band wearing white suits and largely remaining static onstage. Near the end of the song, however, two members (Jānis Ozols and Reinis Sējāns) set up Document [56] (Title: Heart sounds) of flow reversal by the valves closing. Because of this, auscultation to determine function of a valve is usually not performed at the position of the valve, but at the position to where the sound waves reverberate. Using electronic stethoscopes, it is possible to record heart sounds via direct output to an external recording device, such as a laptop or MP3 recorder. The same connection can be used to listen to the previously recorded auscultation through the stethoscope headphones, allowing for more detailed study of murmurs and other heart sounds, for general research as well as evaluation of a particular Document [57] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) Souffle (heart sound) A souffle () is a vascular or cardiac murmur with a blowing quality when heard on auscultation. It is particularly used to describe vascular murmurs or transmitter heart sounds which occur during pregnancy, either from the uterus and breasts of the mother, or from the fetus. Uterine souffle or placental souffle is a soft, blowing sound heard using a stethoscope, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). This sound is heard most clearly in the lower part of the uterus and is synchronous with the pulse of the mother. The uterine souffle is produced by Document [58] (Title: Heart (The City Harmonic album)) noted that "The lyrics are standard fair for the genre." At CM Addict, Brianne Bellomy wrote that the band "are known for their beautiful piano sounds, strong drum beats, and rousing gang lyrics. Their new album, Heart, has the same well known sounds but the lyrics... well they hit straight to the Heart." "Heart" garnered critical acclaim from music critics. At "CCM Magazine", Grace S. Aspinwall affirmed that "The project is relevant and delightful, albeit safe ground for the band." Joanna Costin for Cross Rhythms noted how "'Heart' is a rich listening experience" that "also adds a greater depth of Document [59] (Title: Cardiac Kidz) guitarist,eventually organizing the band The Cardiac Kidz. In 1979 and 1980, the band recorded and toured to increasing interest. The Lub-Dub record label, was created by Jim Ryan the drummer and lead vocalist of the band in early 1976. The Cardiac Kidz ’s debut single, "Get Out / Find Yourself A Way", was released in February 1979 on the Lub-Dub label, seven months after the release of the single the group released a 4 song 45 vinyl EP "Playground" also on the Lub-Dub record label, The songs were taken from a live recorded show at the Spirit Night club located Document [60] (Title: Heart sounds) pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. This is a characteristic scratching, creaking, high-pitched sound emanating from the rubbing of both layers of inflamed pericardium. It is the loudest in systole, but can often be heard at the beginning and at the end of diastole. It is very dependent on body position and breathing, and changes from hour to hour. The aortic area, pulmonic area, tricuspid area and mitral area are areas on the surface of the chest where the heart is auscultated. Heart sounds result from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block Document [61] (Title: Beat of My Heart) An "angry guitar" and a "goth piano" interrupts the song in its bridge. Duff sings that she is only listening to herself from now on. According to Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" magazine, the line "beat of my heart" is repeated forty-four times in the song. "Beat of My Heart" received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics wrote that Duff sounds like she is bored and "going through the motions" on the song. She further stated that Duff has "lost her sauciness and ironically, her spunk" in the song. Avoledo concluded her review by calling "the Document [62] (Title: Heart sounds) inhalation. Inhalation can also produce a non-pathological split S2 which will be heard upon auscultation. With exhalation, the opposite haemodynamic changes occur: left-sided murmurs generally increase in intensity with exhalation. There are a number of interventions that can be performed that alter the intensity and characteristics of abnormal heart sounds. These interventions can differentiate the different heart sounds to more effectively obtain a diagnosis of the cardiac anomaly that causes the heart sound. Clicks – Heart clicks are short, high-pitched sounds that can be appreciated with modern non-invasive imaging techniques. Rubs – The pericardial friction rub can be heard in Document [63] (Title: The Heart Beats) The Heart Beats The Heart Beats were an American all-female garage rock band, based in Lubbock, Texas, and founded around 1966. They were led by drummer and lead vocalist Linda Sanders, along with younger sister Debbie Sanders (guitar), Debbie McMellan (bass guitar), and Jeannie Foster (guitar and keyboards). The Sanders sisters met McMellan and Foster in a music class when Debbie Sanders was about ten years old and the other girls were about 12 or 13. The Sanders' mother Jeanne Sanders became the band's manager, supervising them closely to "maintain in appearance and reality a group of decent, wholesome girls." Document [64] (Title: Cardiac physiology) to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either pathological or benign and there are numerous kinds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1) the quietest, to 6) the loudest, and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds and position in the cardiac cycle. Phonocardiograms can record these sounds. Murmurs can result from narrowing (stenosis), regurgitation or insufficiency of any of the main heart valves but they can Document [65] (Title: Fix a Heart) Lovato said, "Fix a Heart" is a pop piano ballad with a length of three minutes and thirteen seconds. According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, it is composed in the key of C major and has a tempo of 54 beats per minute. Lovato's vocals span from the low note of A to the high note of E. The singer performs the verses in a low register, while the chorus is sang in a higher note. Sputnikmusic's Raul Stanciu noted that the singer's voice "never go[es] full power, only for the chorus". Similarly, Rick Document [66] (Title: Acute pericarditis) or scratching sound, resembling the sound of leather rubbing against each other. This sound should be distinguished from the sound of a murmur, which is similar but sounds more like a "swish" sound than a scratching sound. The pericardial rub is said to be generated from the friction generated by the two inflamed layers of the pericardium; however, even a large pericardial effusion does not necessarily present a rub. The rub is best heard during the maximal movement of the heart within the pericardial sac, namely, during atrial systole, ventricular systole, and the filling phase of early ventricular diastole. Fever Document [67] (Title: Heart sounds) protodiastolic gallop, ventricular gallop, or informally the "Kentucky" gallop as an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythm and stress of S1 followed by S2 and S3 together (S1=Ken; S2=tuck; S3=y). "lub-dub-ta" or "slosh-ing-in" If new, indicates heart failure or volume overload. It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems, such as a failing left ventricle as in Document [68] (Title: Heart sounds) the ventricles against closed semilunar valves, sends blood rushing back toward the atria, and the parachute-like valves catch the rush of blood in their leaflets causing the valve to snap shut. The S1 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves. The delay of T1 even more than normally causes the split S1 which is heard in a right bundle branch blockage. The second heart sound, or S, forms the "dub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components A (aortic valve closure) and P (pulmonary valve closure). Normally A precedes Document [69] (Title: Sound of Our Hearts) situation is just going down. And it is not so good, so ... our message is that we should look after each other. We should be more close to each other. We should take care of the relationship because if it is not working than everything is just going in a really bad way." - Eurovision interview with the group. Ref Sound of Our Hearts Sound of Our Hearts is a song by Hungarian group Compact Disco. The song represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. It qualified from the first semi-final into the grand final Document [70] (Title: Sound of Our Hearts) Sound of Our Hearts Sound of Our Hearts is a song by Hungarian group Compact Disco. The song represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. It qualified from the first semi-final into the grand final where it finished 24th of 26 entrants. "Back in our previous years we just made song about love and relation and some easy things, you know. Now, these days we just feel that maybe we just have to make something more serious. ... If you look around what is going on in the world - not just in Hungary - the Document [71] (Title: Harvey mannequin) heart sounds and heart murmurs. As years have passed, Harvey has been upgraded with the addition of more advanced cardiac functions, with the intention of creating a general and also in-depth program in cardiology. Harvey is used to teach all levels of medical education. For beginners, the simulator is used to teach blood pressure measurement techniques and help students recognize a heart murmur. For more senior level medical students, Harvey can mimic heart sound variation with respiration, along with a variety of cardiac issues, such as carotid or jugular venous pulsations. Medical students and cardiologists are not the only people Document [72] (Title: Heart of Glass (song)) combining these elements, the sound of the drum machine was first recorded on an individual track. To synchronize the actual drum play with the drum machine, the drums were also recorded on separate tracks, with the bass drum recorded separately from the rest of the drums. Having combined the drums with the drum machine, another important feature of the CR-78 was that it could be used to send a trigger pulse to the early polyphonic synthesizers. This trigger pulse feature was also used on "Heart of Glass". The trigger pulse created by the CR-78 became a distinctive electronic/synth element of Document [73] (Title: Third heart sound) the other gallop rhythm is called S. The two are quite different, but they may sometimes occur together forming a quadruple gallop. If the heart rate is also very fast (tachycardia), it can become difficult to distinguish between S and S thus producing a single sound called a summation gallop. S is a dull, low-pitched sound best heard with the bell placed over the cardiac apex with the patient lying in the left lateral decubitus position. This heart sound when present in a child or young adult implies the presence of a supple ventricle that can undergo rapid filling. Conversely, Document [74] (Title: Heart sounds) occur inside or outside the heart; if it occurs outside the heart then the turbulence is called Bruit. Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve, resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it. Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency (regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness. Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle, depending on the cause of the murmur. Normal heart sounds are associated with heart valves closing: The first Document [75] (Title: Heart sounds) heart sound, or S, forms the "lub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components M (mitral valve closure) and T (tricuspid valve closure). Normally M precedes T slightly. It is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, i.e. tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid), at the beginning of ventricular contraction, or systole. When the ventricles begin to contract, so do the papillary muscles in each ventricle. The papillary muscles are attached to the cusps or leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves via chordae tendineae (heart strings). When the papillary muscles contract, the chordae tendineae become tense and thereby prevent the Document [76] (Title: Mitral valve stenosis) class III or IV symptoms. Once an individual develops NYHA class III or IV symptoms, the progression of the disease accelerates and the patient's condition deteriorates. Upon auscultation of an individual with mitral stenosis, the first heart sound is usually loud and may be palpable (tapping apex beat) because of increased force in closing the mitral valve. The first heart sound is made by the mitral and tricuspid heart valves closing. These are normally synchronous, and the sounds are termed M1 and T1, respectively. M1 becomes louder in mitral stenosis. It may be the most prominent sign. If pulmonary hypertension Document [77] (Title: Heart sounds) by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S and S. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood and a murmur to be heard as turbulent flow must require pressure difference of at least 30 mm of hg between the chambers and the pressure dominant chamber will out flow the blood to non dominant chamber in diseased condition which leads to Left-to-right shunt or Right-to-left shunt based on the pressure dominance. Turbulence may Document [78] (Title: Fourth heart sound) sound. The normal heart sounds, S and S, are produced during the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. The closing of these valves produces a brief period of turbulent flow, which produces sound. The S sound occurs, by definition, immediately before S, while the atria of the heart are vigorously contracting. It is manifest as a vibration of 20 to 30 Hz within the ventricle. While the mechanism is not absolutely certain, it is generally accepted that S is caused by stiffening of the walls of the ventricles (usually the left), which produces abnormally turbulent flow as Document [79] (Title: Heart sounds) S sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal. Splitting of S2, also known as physiological split, normally occurs during inhalation because the decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases the time needed for pulmonary pressure to exceed that of the right ventricular pressure. A widely split S2 can be associated with several different cardiovascular conditions, including left bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defect. The rarer extra heart sounds form gallop rhythms and are heard in both normal and abnormal situations. Rarely, there may be a third heart sound also called a Document [80] (Title: Mitral valve) severe form known as caseous calcification of the mitral valve that can be mistaken for intracardiac mass or thrombus. The closing of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve constitutes the first heart sound (S1), which can be heard with a stethoscope. It is not the valve closure itself which produces the sound but the sudden cessation of blood flow, when the mitral and tricuspid valves close.. Abnormalities associated with the mitral valve can often be heard when listening with a stethoscope. The mitral valve is often also investigated using an ultrasound scan, which can reveal the size and flow Document [81] (Title: Gallop rhythm) Gallop rhythm A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation. It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop. The normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S and S that give the well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; they are caused by the closing of valves in the heart. A gallop rhythm contains another sound, called S or S, dependent upon where in the cycle this added sound comes. It can also contain both of these sounds forming a quadruple gallop, and in situations of very fast heart rate can Document [82] (Title: Fourth heart sound) itself does not require treatment; rather plans should be laid to stop the progression of whatever causes the underlying ventricular dysfunction. The S4 heart sound is a secondary manifestation of a primary disease process and treatment should be focused on treating the underlying, primary disease. Fourth heart sound The fourth heart sound or S is an extra heart sound that occurs during late diastole, immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). It occurs just after atrial contraction and immediately before the systolic S and is caused by the atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome Document [83] (Title: Heart sounds) increase on exhalation. S3 can be a normal finding in young patients but is generally pathologic over the age of 40. The most common cause of pathologic S3 is congestive heart failure. S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop. This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. "ta-lub-dub" or "a-stiff-wall" It is a sign of a pathologic state, usually a failing or hypertrophic left ventricle, as in systemic hypertension, severe valvular aortic stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The sound occurs just after atrial contraction at Document [84] (Title: Heartbeat (Carrie Underwood song)) Hunt). "Heartbeat" is a country pop and R&B song written by Carrie Underwood, Ashley Gorley, and Zach Crowell. It is a sentimental ballad composed in the key of B minor and the sheet music designates a "slow" tempo of 140 BPM. The song alternates between "smooth" verses with a relatively low-key musical accompaniment and a "bombastic" chorus. Country singer Sam Hunt, who is a frequent collaborator of Crowell's, sings backing vocals on the track, leading some publications to label the song a duet. Hunt provides background vocals on the chorus and bridge, with Underwood's vocals layered over top of his Document [85] (Title: Cardiac physiology) also result from a number of other disorders, including atrial and ventricular septal defects. One example of a murmur is Still's murmur, which presents a musical sound in children, has no symptoms and disappears in adolescence. A different type of sound, a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 120 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity and then gradually increases again with age. The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm. Exercise and fitness levels, age Document [86] (Title: Heart murmur) quality (high pitched - hence the name) and is associated with aortic valve regurgitation (or mitral regurgitation before rupture of chordae). It is a diastolic murmur which can be heard over the mid-precordium. Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope. There are two types of murmurs. A functional murmur or "physiologic murmur" is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself. Functional Document [87] (Title: Athletic heart syndrome) heard through a stethoscope. This sound can be heard as the diastolic pressure of the irregularly shaped heart creates a disordered blood flow. However, if an S4 gallop is heard, the patient should be given immediate attention. An S4 gallop is a stronger and louder sound created by the heart, if diseased in any way, and is typically a sign of a serious medical condition. Athlete's heart is a result of dynamic physical activity, such as aerobic training more than 5 hours a week rather than static training such as weightlifting. During intensive prolonged endurance or strength training, the body Document [88] (Title: Beat of My Heart) the sound of a beating heart. In the pre-chorus, Duff's vocals are made distant by the song's use of guitars and synth keyboards. She sings that she is going to follow her own interests: "To the beat of my / To the beat of my / To the beat of my heart". In the first verse, a disinterested Duff sings that she is eager to speak her mind and "yield to her every desire". In the chorus, she sings that her confidence has strained her relationships with her friends. In the second verse, she sings of being over her depression. Document [89] (Title: Heart sounds) dilated congestive heart failure (CHF). S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. In other words, an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of Document [90] (Title: Rhythm of My Heart) Rhythm of My Heart "Rhythm of My Heart" is a rock song written by Marc Jordan and John Capek which Dutch rock and roll artist included on his 1986 debut album "René Shuman". In 1991 Rod Stewart recorded the song for his album "Vagabond Heart". The song was produced by Trevor Horn. It is the album's opening track, and was released as its first single. The single reached No. 3 on the UK chart and No. 5 on the US chart. The melody is an adaptation of "Loch Lomond". The meter, stanzas and lyrics are also based on the poem, Document [91] (Title: Arch Oboler) effects, and the insistent beating heart creates much of the terror in the broadcast. The story made such an impression on a young Bill Cosby that he created a memorable comic routine (featured on the "Wonderfulness" album) around his childhood memories of "Chicken Heart"; Stephen King also singles out "Chicken Heart" as a memorable episode in his discussion of horror radio in the book "Danse Macabre". Another well remembered story is "The Dark", about a malevolent fog that turns people inside out. This story also features memorable sound effects. Like "Chicken Heart", "The Dark" was also parodied, this time by Document [92] (Title: Heart murmur) Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope. There are two types of murmurs. A functional murmur or "physiologic murmur" is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself. Functional murmurs are benign (an "innocent murmur"). Murmurs may also be the result of various problems, such as narrowing or leaking of valves, or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in Document [93] (Title: The Sound of Heart) The Sound of Heart The Sound of Your Heart (; also known as The Sound of Your heart, Sound of Heart) is a South Korean webtoon series written and illustrated by Jo Seok. The webtoon was first released on the Naver Webtoon internet portal in 2006. In 2007, the first print volume was released and "The Sound of Your Heart" was adapted into a TV series of the same name in 2015. On December 17, 2015, the 1,000th episode of "The Sound of Heart" was posted on Naver. Since Jo started posting his webcomic on Naver, views averaged 5 million Document [94] (Title: Computer-aided auscultation) problems but may also be caused by a wide array of structural heart defects. Various characteristics constitute a qualitative description of heart murmurs, including timing (systolic murmur and diastolic murmur), shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch and quality. CAA systems typically categorize heart sounds and murmurs as Class I and Class III according to the American Heart Association: More sophisticated CAA systems provide additional descriptive murmur information like murmur timing, grading, or the ability to identify the positions of the S1/S2 heart sounds. The detection of heart murmurs in CAA systems is based on the analysis of digitally recorded heart sounds. Document [95] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) Souffle (heart sound) A souffle () is a vascular or cardiac murmur with a blowing quality when heard on auscultation. It is particularly used to describe vascular murmurs or transmitter heart sounds which occur during pregnancy, either from the uterus and breasts of the mother, or from the fetus. Uterine souffle or placental souffle is a soft, blowing sound heard using a stethoscope, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). This sound is heard most clearly in the lower part of the uterus and is synchronous with the pulse of the mother. The uterine souffle is produced by Document [96] (Title: Heartbeat (Annie song)) an Italian movie based on the writer's first novel. "Heartbeat" is a pop song composed in F-sharp minor. It is written in common time and moves at 128 beats per minute. The song uses a i-VI-iv-v chord progression. There is a key change in the chorus that puts the song in B minor before going back to F-sharp minor for the subsequent verse. Its lyrics narrate a night of going to clubs with friends. "Heartbeat" uses a drum beat which symbolizes a heartbeat and doubles its tempo when Annie's persona catches the attention of her romantic interest on the dancefloor. Document [97] (Title: Third heart sound) closer to the onset of S2. The condition itself does not need to be treated, but rather the underlying cause requires correction. Depending on the etiology the gallop rhythm may resolve spontaneously. Third heart sound The third heart sound or S is a rare extra heart sound that occurs soon after the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). S3 is associated with heart failure. It occurs at the beginning of the middle third of diastole, approximately 0.12 to 0.18 seconds after S. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Kentucky" with the final Document [98] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) the top of the magazine's Dance Club Songs chart. "Sound of Your Heart" is a pop and pop rock song written by Todd Clark, Shawn Hook, and Stephen Kozmeniuk about the pain of missing someone you love. It is described by many as very similar to the tune of "La La La", a 2013 song released by Naughty Boy. The song's sound has been described as "dark" and "lush". Hook plays the piano on the track. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com through EMI Music Publishing, the song is composed in the key of F minor and set Document [99] (Title: Still's murmur) generally most easily heard at the left middle or lower sternal border and the right upper sternal border, often with radiation to the carotid arteries, although other locations are common. The murmur is usually louder in the supine position and may only be audible in the supine position. The Still’s murmur can be differentiated from pathological murmurs by this musical quality and lack of extra snaps or clicks in the heart sounds. Because the Still's murmur has never been associated with any sort of cardiac disorder, it has no associated symptoms. Heart murmurs are sounds generated by blood flowing through Document [100] (Title: Sound of My Heart) Sound of My Heart Sound of My Heart is the fourth studio album by the German synthpop band Hubert Kah, and their second English language album, released in 1989. It was produced by Michael Cretu. Three singles were released from the album: "Welcome, Machine Gun", "So Many People" and "It's Me, Cathy (Follow My Heart)". The band's 1987 single "Military Drums" was also included as a track on the Japanese edition of "Sound of My Heart". Shortly after the album's release, Hubert Kah split up due to Hubert Kemmler suffering from depression and health issues. Upon release, "Billboard" commented: "Early Document [101] (Title: Heart murmur) or near the heart. Such murmurs, known as pathologic murmurs, should be evaluated by an expert. Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing, into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs, differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard. However, continuous murmurs cannot be directly placed into either category. Murmurs can be classified by seven different characteristics: timing, shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch and quality. A mnemonic to remember what characteristics to look for when listening to murmurs is SCRIPT: Site, Configuration (shape), Radiation, Intensity, Pitch and quality, and Timing in the cardiac cycle. Document [102] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) The accompanying music video was directed by Alon Isocianu and premiered March 23, 2015. Sound of Your Heart "Sound of Your Heart" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Shawn Hook for his third studio album, "Analog Love" (2015). It was released through Kreative Soul Entertainment under license to Universal Music Canada on February 17, 2015 as the album's second single. Reaching the top 25 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Platinum by Music Canada, it is Hook's most successful single to date. The song was re-released internationally in early 2016 through Hollywood Records following Hook signing to Document [103] (Title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)) The Sound of Your Heart (TV series) The Sound Of Your Heart (Hangul: 마음의 소리 / RR: Maeumui Sori) is a South Korean television series starring Lee Kwang-soo and Jung So-min. The sitcom is based on the Webtoon "The Sound of Heart." The first 10 episodes were aired as a web series on November 7, 2016 through Naver TV Cast on Mondays at 6:00 (KST), and the remaining 10 episodes aired from December 2016. The web series hit 100 million views on Sohu TV and ranked No. 1 among Korean dramas on the site. On Naver TV Cast, the web Document [104] (Title: Heart sounds) the end of diastole and immediately before S1, producing a rhythm sometimes referred to as the "Tennessee" gallop where S4 represents the "Ten-" syllable. It is best heard at the cardiac apex with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and holding his breath. The combined presence of S3 and S4 is a quadruple gallop, also known as the "Hello-Goodbye" gallop. At rapid heart rates, S3 and S4 may merge to produce a summation gallop, sometimes referred to as S7. Atrial contraction must be present for production of an S4. It is absent in atrial fibrillation and in other Question: what is the lub sound of the heart Answer: first heart sound (S) Long Answer: In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat . These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound (S), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively . In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S and S. Gold Document ID: 52

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pulmonary valve) sound (S2). The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation. Pulmonary valve The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above Document [2] (Title: Fourth heart sound) the atria contract to force blood into the ventricle. S is sometimes audible in the elderly due to a more rigid ventricle. When loud, it is a sign of a pathologic state, usually a failing left ventricle. If the problem lies with the left ventricle, the gallop rhythm will be heard best at the cardiac apex. It will become more apparent with exercise, with the patient lying on the left-hand side, or with the patient holding expiration. If the problem is in the right ventricle, the abnormal sound will be most evident on the lower left hand side of the Document [3] (Title: Korotkoff sounds) the fifth Korotkov sound (i.e. silence) as the diastolic blood pressure, as this has been felt to be more reproducible. For pediatrics auscultation of the fourth Korotkov sound is the guiding indicator of diastolic pressure. The time average of the first Korotkov sound represents a reliable pressure marker of systole of the heart. The time average of the fourth Korotkov sound represents a reliable pressure marker of diastole of the heart. Korotkoff sounds Korotkov sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkov, Document [4] (Title: Heart sounds) blood within the ventricle. An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell-side of the stethoscope (used for lower frequency sounds). A left-sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart, which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. A right-sided S3 is best heard at the lower-left sternal border. The way to distinguish between a left and right-sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation. A right-sided S3 will increase on inhalation, while a left-sided S3 will Document [5] (Title: Computer-aided auscultation) their ability to detect the difference between normal and abnormal heart sounds. Heart murmurs (or cardiac murmurs) are audible noises through a stethoscope, generated by a turbulent flow of blood. Heart murmurs need to be distinguished from heart sounds which are primarily generated by the beating heart and the heart valves snapping open and shut. Generally, heart murmurs are classified as innocent (also called physiological or functional) or pathological (abnormal). Innocent murmurs are usually harmless, often caused by physiological conditions outside the heart, and the result of certain benign structural defects. Pathological murmurs are most often associated with heart valve Document [6] (Title: Aortic stenosis) et tardus". There may also be a noticeable delay between the first heart sound (on auscultation) and the corresponding pulse in the carotid artery (so-called 'apical-carotid delay'). In a similar manner, there may be a delay between the appearance of each pulse in the brachial artery (in the arm) and the radial artery (in the wrist). The first heart sound may be followed by a sharp ejection sound ("ejection click") best heard at the lower left sternal border and the apex, and, thus, appear to be "split". The ejection sound, caused by the impact of left ventricular outflow against the Document [7] (Title: Venous hum) listening to the heart, which will abolish or change the noise. A true heart murmur will be unaffected by this manoever. The murmur also disappears when the patient is in the supine position or may disappear if the subject turns their head to one side. It is also known by the names "nun's murmur" and "bruit de diable" (the Devil's noise). While a venous hum may provoke consultation with a health care professional, it is entirely harmless. Venous hum Venous hum is a benign phenomenon. At rest, 20% of the cardiac output flows to the brain via the internal carotid Document [8] (Title: Heart Plymouth) Heart Plymouth Heart Plymouth (formerly Plymouth Sound) was an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to Plymouth in Devon, England. The heritage name Plymouth Sound was a pun on the popular meaning of "sound" (in the audio sense) and the bay of Plymouth Sound between Penlee Point and Wembury Point in Devon. In November 2005 it was announced that GCap's local radio stations in the South West, including Plymouth Sound, were to be sold as they were outside of the company's primary target area. Four months later GCap decided that the sale would not go ahead, essentially because the offers made Document [9] (Title: The Heart Beats) minor hit, "Cryin' Inside" (cowritten by the legendary Texas singer-songwriter Ronnie (Mouse) Weiss.) The Heart Beats The Heart Beats were an American all-female garage rock band, based in Lubbock, Texas, and founded around 1966. They were led by drummer and lead vocalist Linda Sanders, along with younger sister Debbie Sanders (guitar), Debbie McMellan (bass guitar), and Jeannie Foster (guitar and keyboards). The Sanders sisters met McMellan and Foster in a music class when Debbie Sanders was about ten years old and the other girls were about 12 or 13. The Sanders' mother Jeanne Sanders became the band's manager, supervising them Document [10] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) in common time to a "moderately fast" tempo of approximately 122 BPM. The vocals span two octaves from C through C. "Sound of Your Heart" entered the "Billboard" Canadian Hot 100 at number 100 on the chart dated April 11, 2015. It reached a peak position of 23 on the chart dated June 6, 2015. The song reached number 11 on the Canadian all-genre iTunes chart in May 2015 and peaked at number 12 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs component chart in June 2015. On the US Dance Club Songs chart, "Sound of Your Heart" went to number one. Document [11] (Title: Third heart sound) Third heart sound The third heart sound or S is a rare extra heart sound that occurs soon after the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). S3 is associated with heart failure. It occurs at the beginning of the middle third of diastole, approximately 0.12 to 0.18 seconds after S. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Kentucky" with the final syllable (""-CKY"") representing S. One may also use the phrase "Slosh’-ing-IN" to help with the cadence (Slosh S, -ing S, -in S), as well as the pathology of the S sound, or Document [12] (Title: Heart) A person's pulse is taken, usually at the radial artery near the wrist, in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse. The blood pressure is taken, using either a manual or automatic sphygmomanometer or using a more invasive measurement from within the artery. Any elevation of the jugular venous pulse is noted. A person's chest is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart, and then listened to with a stethoscope. Typically, healthy hearts have only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing Document [13] (Title: Fourth heart sound) sternum and will get louder with exercise and quick, deep inspiration. S has also been termed an atrial gallop or a presystolic gallop because of its occurrence late in the heart cycle. It is a type of gallop rhythm by virtue of having an extra sound; the other gallop rhythm is called S. The two are quite different, but they may sometimes occur together forming a quadruple gallop. If the heart rate is also very fast (tachycardia), it can become difficult to distinguish between S and S thus producing a single sound called a summation gallop. The S4 heart sound Document [14] (Title: Stubborn Heart) Stubborn Heart Stubborn Heart is a British electronic soul music duo consisting of Luca Santucci and Ben Fitzgerald. The pair actually claim to be part of a longer lineage than the garage-dubstep continuum, calling what they do "electronic soul from the heart" and citing influences from the '60s (Stubborn Heart is an old northern soul track) and '80s synth-pop, as well as '90s techno, house and garage. Comparisons have been drawn with The XX, SBTRKT, My Computer, Mount Kimbie, James Blake & Four Tet. In a recent review by the BBC, elements of Stubborn Heart's musical style were likened to Document [15] (Title: Jet Black Heart) make this video. We wanted to hear your stories. We were overwhelmed with the response. This video goes out to you. Jet Black Heart." Jet Black Heart "Jet Black Heart" is a single by Australian rock band 5 Seconds of Summer from their second studio album, "Sounds Good Feels Good". It was written by Calum Hood, Michael Clifford, David Hodges and Jon Green, and produced by David Hodges. It was released on 17 December 2015 as the album’s third and final single. It charted in six countries and won a Verano MTV Award and a Teen Choice Award. The music Document [16] (Title: Heart) sound S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign, and there are several kinds. There are normally two heart sounds, and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds, or "murmurs" related to the flow of blood between the sounds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1 (the quietest), to 6 (the loudest), and evaluated by their relationship to the Document [17] (Title: Heartbeat (Carrie Underwood song)) compliments her vocals perfectly, with the pairing of their vocals and the echoing effect it creates adding a deeper element to the song, both in terms of sound and aesthetic. At its core, "Heartbeat" is nothing new; it covers a familiar topic with a familiar sound behind it. However, the sentimental and thematic vocals bring the song to a whole other level." Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal reviewed the song positively by calling it "absolutely beautiful". He concluded his review by saying, "Carrie Underwood tackles the subject matter in "Heartbeat" with much delicacy and sentimentalism. It garners an A rating, Document [18] (Title: Levine scale) from pathological murmurs. Louder murmurs (grade ≥3) are more likely believed to represent cardiac defects that tend to have hemodynamic consequences. The Levine scale is usually written down as a fraction of 6 and in Roman numerals, as in a scale of II/VI. Levine scale In cardiac physiology, the Levine grading scale is a numeric scoring system to characterize the intensity or the loudness of a heart murmur. The eponym is from researcher Samuel A. Levine who studied the significance of systolic heart murmurs. The grading gives a number to the intensity from 1 to 6:. The palpable murmur is Document [19] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) is synchronous with the pulse of the foetus, usually heard during the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). It is heard because of the rush of blood through the umbilical arteries of the foetus, and is therefore synchronous with the foetal pulse. The funic souffle is not heard consistently. On auscultation, funic souffle may often be confused with uterine souffle, which is a soft, blowing sound synchronous with the maternal pulse. Therefore, the maternal pulse must be palpated simultaneously in order to differentiate uterine souffle from funic souffle. A mammary souffle is a maternal cardiac murmur heard over the breasts. Document [20] (Title: Fourth heart sound) Fourth heart sound The fourth heart sound or S is an extra heart sound that occurs during late diastole, immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). It occurs just after atrial contraction and immediately before the systolic S and is caused by the atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Tennessee." One can also use the phrase "A-stiff-wall" to help with the cadence (a S, stiff S, wall S), as well as the pathology of the S Document [21] (Title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)) series has more than 40 million views in South Korea as of February 2017. It is also now airing on Netflix. Stories about Cho Seok's (Lee Kwang-soo) adventures with his family and his wife Aebong (Jung So-min). First script reading took place March 24, 2016 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido, South Korea. The filming took 52 days, it began in March and ended in May. The Sound of Your Heart (TV series) The Sound Of Your Heart (Hangul: 마음의 소리 / RR: Maeumui Sori) is a South Korean television series starring Lee Kwang-soo and Jung So-min. The sitcom Document [22] (Title: Third heart sound) any other number of local variants. S may be normal in people under 40 years of age and some trained athletes but should disappear before middle age. Re-emergence of this sound late in life is abnormal and may indicate serious problems like heart failure. The sound of S is lower in pitch than the normal sounds, usually faint, and best heard with the bell of the stethoscope. It has also been termed a ventricular gallop or a protodiastolic gallop because of its place in early diastole. It is a type of gallop rhythm by virtue of having an extra sound; Document [23] (Title: Heart sounds) patient's condition. Heart sounds Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a "lub" and a "dub" (or "dup"), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound Document [24] (Title: Third heart sound) a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. It is associated with heart failure, caused by conditions which have: S3 can also be due to tricuspid regurgitation, and could indicate hypertensive heart disease. In conditions affecting the pericardium or diseases that primarily affect the heart muscle (restrictive cardiomyopathies) a similar sound can be heard, but is usually more high-pitched and is called a 'pericardial knock'. The S3 can also be confused with a widely split S2, or a mitral opening snap, but these sounds are typically of much higher pitch and occur Document [25] (Title: The Sound of Heart) The Sound of Heart, and Noblesse. KBS had been planning a TV series involving "The Sound of Heart" since 2015. Lee Kwang-soo was cast to portray Jo Seok, and Jung So-min is cast to portray Lee Ae-bong. The series has also been picked up by Netflix and is planned to be broadcast on both channels simultaneously on February 24, 2017. Korean mobile game company Neowiz Games produced a mobile video game adaption of "The Sound of Heart", launched on Google Play in April 2016. The Sound of Heart The Sound of Your Heart (; also known as The Sound of Document [26] (Title: The Tell-Tale Heart) man's room, on the very spot where the body is concealed, and suspect nothing, as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner. The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in their ears. As the ringing grows louder, the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. The sound increases steadily, though the officers seem to pay no attention to it. Terrified by the violent beating of the heart, and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat but also of the narrator's Document [27] (Title: Third heart sound) when heard in a middle-aged or older adult, an S is often a sign of disease, indicating increased ventricular filling due to congestive heart failure or severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. S is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by the inflow of blood from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that, during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be Document [28] (Title: Venous hum) Venous hum Venous hum is a benign phenomenon. At rest, 20% of the cardiac output flows to the brain via the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. This drains via the internal jugular veins. The flow of blood can cause the vein walls to vibrate creating a humming noise which can be heard by the subject. Typically, a peculiar humming sound is heard in the upper chest near the clavicle. This may be confused with a heart murmur. The venous hum is heard throughout the cardiac cycle. The difference is easily detected by placing a finger on the jugular vein when Document [29] (Title: Heart) heart sounds, position in the cardiac cycle, and additional features such as their radiation to other sites, changes with a person's position, the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the stethoscope by which they are heard, and site at which they are heard loudest. Murmurs may be caused by damaged heart valves, congenital heart disease such as ventricular septal defects, or may be heard in normal hearts. A different type of sound, a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. Blood tests play an important role Document [30] (Title: Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat) Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat" is a 1973 single by the Canadian group The DeFranco Family. It was the title track of their first album and was the group's debut single. The song was a success in the United States and Canada. It reached number three in both nations, as well as reaching number six in Australia. It was their highest ranking song, and it became a gold record in the US. "Heartbeat - It's a Lovebeat" was performed multiple times on various television programs, including Dinah!, The Mike Douglas Show, The Sonny & Cher Document [31] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) Sound of Your Heart "Sound of Your Heart" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Shawn Hook for his third studio album, "Analog Love" (2015). It was released through Kreative Soul Entertainment under license to Universal Music Canada on February 17, 2015 as the album's second single. Reaching the top 25 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Platinum by Music Canada, it is Hook's most successful single to date. The song was re-released internationally in early 2016 through Hollywood Records following Hook signing to the label and has since entered the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40 chart and reached Document [32] (Title: Heart valve) from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness. The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2). The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets Document [33] (Title: Still's murmur) the structures of the heart. The location of the Still's murmur on examination suggests resonation of blood in the left ventricular outflow tract and aorta, and this is supported by studies that have shown that the murmur is more intense over the aortic valve than the pulmonary valve. There has been conjecture that the vibratory or musical quality of the murmur is caused by vibration of “false chordae” of the left ventricle, which are a common finding in normal individuals, but no relationship between the two has been proven. There is some evidence that a smaller aorta with higher peak Document [34] (Title: Pericardial friction rub) Pericardial friction rub A pericardial friction rub, also pericardial rub, is an audible medical sign used in the diagnosis of pericarditis. Upon auscultation, this sign is an extra heart sound of to-and-fro character, typically with three components, ONE systolic and TWO diastolic. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and often is described as grating, scratching, or rasping. The sound seems very close to the ear and may seem louder than or may even mask the other heart sounds. The sound usually is best heard between the apex and sternum but may be widespread. The pericardium is a double-walled sac Document [35] (Title: Heart) of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart Document [36] (Title: Heart sounds) rhythms in which atrial contraction does not precede ventricular contraction. Heart murmurs are produced as a result of turbulent flow of blood strong enough to produce audible noise. They are usually heard as a whooshing sound. The term murmur only refers to a sound believed to originate within blood flow through or near the heart; rapid blood velocity is necessary to produce a murmur. Most heart problems do not produce any murmur and most valve problems also do not produce an audible murmur. Murmurs can be heard in many situations in adults without major congenital heart abnormalities: Though several different Document [37] (Title: Heart failure) enlarged) and a gallop rhythm (additional heart sounds) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow or increased intra-cardiac pressure. Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease, either as a cause (e.g. aortic stenosis) or as a result (e.g. mitral regurgitation) of the heart failure. "Backward" failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs' blood vessels, and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature. Backward failure can be subdivided into the failure of the left atrium, the left ventricle or both within the left circuit. The patient will have dyspnea (shortness of Document [38] (Title: Heart sounds) P especially during inspiration where a split of S can be heard. It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta. Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle, catching the pocket-like cusps of the aortic valve, and is stopped by aortic valve closure. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve closes. The Document [39] (Title: Levine scale) Levine scale In cardiac physiology, the Levine grading scale is a numeric scoring system to characterize the intensity or the loudness of a heart murmur. The eponym is from researcher Samuel A. Levine who studied the significance of systolic heart murmurs. The grading gives a number to the intensity from 1 to 6:. The palpable murmur is known as thrill, which can be felt on grade 4 or higher. The Levine scaling system persists as the gold standard for grading heart murmur intensity. It provides accuracy, consistency, and interrater agreement which are essential for diagnostic purposes, particularly to distinguish innocent Document [40] (Title: Presystolic murmur) the presystolic murmur is heard before the mitral valve produces the S1 heart sound. Less often, a presystolic murmur can be heard when a right atrial myxoma causes a tricuspid valve obstruction to blood flow. Presystolic murmur A presystolic murmur, also called presystolic accentuation, is a type of diastolic heart murmur typically associated with the opening snap in mitral valve stenosis. It is heard following the middiastolic rumble of the stenotic valve, during the diastasis phase, making it a "late diastolic" murmur. The murmur is heard due to antegrade flow of blood through a progressively narrowing mitral opening during the Document [41] (Title: If I Had a Heart) "Apocalypse Now" (1979). Their review went on to describe the song as "dark and hypnotic", and "[taking] an echo of a Native American cry, but still [...] maintaining the song's dark undertone." Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork Media reviewed it as "a shivering, timely meditation on greed, immorality, and lust for power that dovetails nicely with AIG and Madoff." Anthony Balderrama from Consequence of Sound positively opined that "the most notable quality of 'If I Had a Heart' is its similarity to some of the quieter tracks on "Silent Shout", particularly 'From Off to On'", whilst describing it as "a four-minute Document [42] (Title: Korotkoff sounds) Korotkoff sounds Korotkov sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkov, a Russian physician who discovered them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empire. The sounds heard during measurement of blood pressure are not the same as the heart sounds 'lub' and 'dub' that are due to vibrations inside the ventricles that are associated with the snapping shut of the valves. If a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the Document [43] (Title: Aortic stenosis) maneuver, which helps distinguish it from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The murmur is louder during expiration but is also easily heard during inspiration. The more severe the degree of the stenosis, the later the peak occurs in the crescendo-decrescendo of the murmur. The second heart sound (A) tends to become decreased and softer as the aortic stenosis becomes more severe. This is a result of the increasing calcification of the valve preventing it from "snapping" shut and producing a sharp, loud sound. Due to increases in left ventricular pressure from the stenotic aortic valve, over time the ventricle may hypertrophy, Document [44] (Title: Mitral insufficiency) a normal exercise tolerance and no evidence of heart failure. Over time, however, there may be decompensation and patients can develop volume overload (congestive heart failure). Symptoms of entry into a decompensated phase may include fatigue, shortness of breath particularly on exertion, and leg swelling. Also there may be development of an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation. Findings on clinical examination depend on the severity and duration of MI. The mitral component of the first heart sound is usually soft and with a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave. The first heart sound is followed by a Document [45] (Title: Heart sounds) intrathoracic pressure which allows more venous blood to return to the right heart (pulling blood into the right side of the heart via a vacuum-like effect). Therefore, right-sided heart murmurs generally increase in intensity with inhalation. The decreased (more negative) intrathoracic pressure has an opposite effect on the left side of the heart, making it harder for the blood to exit into circulation. Therefore, left-sided murmurs generally decrease in intensity during inhalation. Increasing venous blood return to the right side of the heart by raising a patient's legs to a 45-degree while lying supine produces similar effect which occurs during Document [46] (Title: Gallop rhythm) produce a summation gallop where S and S occur so close as to be indistinguishable. Gallop rhythms may be heard in young or athletic people, but may also be a sign of serious cardiac problems like heart failure as well as pulmonary edema. Gallop rhythms may be associated with the following: The atrium has to contract strongly to push the blood through the stiffened ventricle. Gallop rhythm A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation. It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop. The normal heart rhythm contains two Document [47] (Title: Still's murmur) should like to draw attention to a particular bruit which has somewhat of a musical character, but is neither of sinister omen nor does it indicate endocarditis of any sort. …its characteristic feature is a twangy sound, very like that made by twanging a piece of tense string... Whenever may be its origin, I think it is clearly functional, that is to say, not due to any organic disease of the heart either congenital or acquired.”" Still's murmur is detected via auscultation with a stethoscope. It has a peculiar "musical", "resonant" or "vibratory" quality that is quite unique. It is Document [48] (Title: Tricuspid insufficiency) Such a murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard low on the lower left sternal border. As with most right-sided phenomena, it tends to increase with inspiration, and decrease with expiration. This is known as Carvallo's sign. However, the murmur may be inaudible indicating the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A third heart sound may also be present, also heard with inspiration at the lower sternal border. In addition to the possible ausculatory findings above, there are other signs indicating the presence of tricuspid regurgitation. There may be giant C-V waves in the Document [49] (Title: Heart murmur) isometric handgrip. A right to left shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome) may develop with uncorrected VSDs due to worsening pulmonary hypertension, which will increase the murmur intensity and be associated with cyanosis. Flow murmur may be heard at the right upper sternal border in certain conditions, such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, fever, and pregnancy. Diastolic Aortic valve regurgitation will present as a diastolic decrescendo murmur heard at the left lower sternal border or right lower sternal border (when associated with a dilated aorta). This may be associated with bounding carotid and peripheral pulses (Corrigan's pulse, Watson's water hammer pulse), and a widened pulse Document [50] (Title: The Sound of Drums (album)) The album is the first release from the band with new lead singer Mindi Jackson who replaced Natalie Bassingthwaighte after the latter departed the band in 2009. The album also features a new drummer Peter Marin and the return of guitarist Tim Henwood, who left the band during 2008. On October 24, 2011, the band posted on Facebook that the album would be released as the second disc of a double-disc titled "The Sound of Drums". The first disc is a greatest hits compilation. "I'll Be Your Stalker" and "Hearts Beat as One", although being recorded for the album, did Document [51] (Title: Cardiac physiology) during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart sound S4 is referred Document [52] (Title: Heart sounds) Heart sounds Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a "lub" and a "dub" (or "dup"), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound (S), produced Document [53] (Title: Subvalvular aortic stenosis (non-human)) are innocent, with no cardiac pathology. Tests such as chest X-rays, echocardiography, and electrocardiography can be performed to evaluate the severity of the situation The condition is usually detected during puppy visits to the veterinarian by hearing a heart murmur during physical examination. A heart murmur is the abnormal sound of blood rushing through one of the heart valves. Instead of just the heartbeat, a whistle of blood flow through a narrowed opening is heard. The puppy will most likely appear normal in all other respects. There is a possibility that the murmur may come and go, or it may Document [54] (Title: Freitag aus Licht) instruments. All 12 couples watch in fascination. In the middle of their duet, Lufa looks at all 12 couples and asks, "Do you repent?" All 12 couples shout together "Yes, we repent!" After Elu and Lufa have exited, the six hybrid couples from the sound scenes (see below) with their candles assemble into a towering candle form. As they sing "Choir Spiral", the large flame they have created ascends in a slow spiral pattern and disappears into Heaven. Duration: 78.5 minutes The electronic music from the opera is played in the lobby as the audience exits the theater. The lobby Document [55] (Title: I Hear Your Heart) I Hear Your Heart "I Hear Your Heart" was the Latvian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, performed in English by Vocal Group Cosmos. The song is entirely a cappella, in line with the group's usual musical style. Lyrically, the group sings about the sound of their lovers' hearts, which can cut through the chaotic sounds of modern life. Many of these sounds are impersonated by members of the band. The performance featured the band wearing white suits and largely remaining static onstage. Near the end of the song, however, two members (Jānis Ozols and Reinis Sējāns) set up Document [56] (Title: Heart sounds) of flow reversal by the valves closing. Because of this, auscultation to determine function of a valve is usually not performed at the position of the valve, but at the position to where the sound waves reverberate. Using electronic stethoscopes, it is possible to record heart sounds via direct output to an external recording device, such as a laptop or MP3 recorder. The same connection can be used to listen to the previously recorded auscultation through the stethoscope headphones, allowing for more detailed study of murmurs and other heart sounds, for general research as well as evaluation of a particular Document [57] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) Souffle (heart sound) A souffle () is a vascular or cardiac murmur with a blowing quality when heard on auscultation. It is particularly used to describe vascular murmurs or transmitter heart sounds which occur during pregnancy, either from the uterus and breasts of the mother, or from the fetus. Uterine souffle or placental souffle is a soft, blowing sound heard using a stethoscope, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). This sound is heard most clearly in the lower part of the uterus and is synchronous with the pulse of the mother. The uterine souffle is produced by Document [58] (Title: Heart (The City Harmonic album)) noted that "The lyrics are standard fair for the genre." At CM Addict, Brianne Bellomy wrote that the band "are known for their beautiful piano sounds, strong drum beats, and rousing gang lyrics. Their new album, Heart, has the same well known sounds but the lyrics... well they hit straight to the Heart." "Heart" garnered critical acclaim from music critics. At "CCM Magazine", Grace S. Aspinwall affirmed that "The project is relevant and delightful, albeit safe ground for the band." Joanna Costin for Cross Rhythms noted how "'Heart' is a rich listening experience" that "also adds a greater depth of Document [59] (Title: Cardiac Kidz) guitarist,eventually organizing the band The Cardiac Kidz. In 1979 and 1980, the band recorded and toured to increasing interest. The Lub-Dub record label, was created by Jim Ryan the drummer and lead vocalist of the band in early 1976. The Cardiac Kidz ’s debut single, "Get Out / Find Yourself A Way", was released in February 1979 on the Lub-Dub label, seven months after the release of the single the group released a 4 song 45 vinyl EP "Playground" also on the Lub-Dub record label, The songs were taken from a live recorded show at the Spirit Night club located Document [60] (Title: Heart sounds) pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. This is a characteristic scratching, creaking, high-pitched sound emanating from the rubbing of both layers of inflamed pericardium. It is the loudest in systole, but can often be heard at the beginning and at the end of diastole. It is very dependent on body position and breathing, and changes from hour to hour. The aortic area, pulmonic area, tricuspid area and mitral area are areas on the surface of the chest where the heart is auscultated. Heart sounds result from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block Document [61] (Title: Beat of My Heart) An "angry guitar" and a "goth piano" interrupts the song in its bridge. Duff sings that she is only listening to herself from now on. According to Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" magazine, the line "beat of my heart" is repeated forty-four times in the song. "Beat of My Heart" received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics wrote that Duff sounds like she is bored and "going through the motions" on the song. She further stated that Duff has "lost her sauciness and ironically, her spunk" in the song. Avoledo concluded her review by calling "the Document [62] (Title: Heart sounds) inhalation. Inhalation can also produce a non-pathological split S2 which will be heard upon auscultation. With exhalation, the opposite haemodynamic changes occur: left-sided murmurs generally increase in intensity with exhalation. There are a number of interventions that can be performed that alter the intensity and characteristics of abnormal heart sounds. These interventions can differentiate the different heart sounds to more effectively obtain a diagnosis of the cardiac anomaly that causes the heart sound. Clicks – Heart clicks are short, high-pitched sounds that can be appreciated with modern non-invasive imaging techniques. Rubs – The pericardial friction rub can be heard in Document [63] (Title: The Heart Beats) The Heart Beats The Heart Beats were an American all-female garage rock band, based in Lubbock, Texas, and founded around 1966. They were led by drummer and lead vocalist Linda Sanders, along with younger sister Debbie Sanders (guitar), Debbie McMellan (bass guitar), and Jeannie Foster (guitar and keyboards). The Sanders sisters met McMellan and Foster in a music class when Debbie Sanders was about ten years old and the other girls were about 12 or 13. The Sanders' mother Jeanne Sanders became the band's manager, supervising them closely to "maintain in appearance and reality a group of decent, wholesome girls." Document [64] (Title: Cardiac physiology) to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either pathological or benign and there are numerous kinds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1) the quietest, to 6) the loudest, and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds and position in the cardiac cycle. Phonocardiograms can record these sounds. Murmurs can result from narrowing (stenosis), regurgitation or insufficiency of any of the main heart valves but they can Document [65] (Title: Fix a Heart) Lovato said, "Fix a Heart" is a pop piano ballad with a length of three minutes and thirteen seconds. According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, it is composed in the key of C major and has a tempo of 54 beats per minute. Lovato's vocals span from the low note of A to the high note of E. The singer performs the verses in a low register, while the chorus is sang in a higher note. Sputnikmusic's Raul Stanciu noted that the singer's voice "never go[es] full power, only for the chorus". Similarly, Rick Document [66] (Title: Acute pericarditis) or scratching sound, resembling the sound of leather rubbing against each other. This sound should be distinguished from the sound of a murmur, which is similar but sounds more like a "swish" sound than a scratching sound. The pericardial rub is said to be generated from the friction generated by the two inflamed layers of the pericardium; however, even a large pericardial effusion does not necessarily present a rub. The rub is best heard during the maximal movement of the heart within the pericardial sac, namely, during atrial systole, ventricular systole, and the filling phase of early ventricular diastole. Fever Document [67] (Title: Heart sounds) protodiastolic gallop, ventricular gallop, or informally the "Kentucky" gallop as an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythm and stress of S1 followed by S2 and S3 together (S1=Ken; S2=tuck; S3=y). "lub-dub-ta" or "slosh-ing-in" If new, indicates heart failure or volume overload. It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems, such as a failing left ventricle as in Document [68] (Title: Heart sounds) the ventricles against closed semilunar valves, sends blood rushing back toward the atria, and the parachute-like valves catch the rush of blood in their leaflets causing the valve to snap shut. The S1 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves. The delay of T1 even more than normally causes the split S1 which is heard in a right bundle branch blockage. The second heart sound, or S, forms the "dub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components A (aortic valve closure) and P (pulmonary valve closure). Normally A precedes Document [69] (Title: Sound of Our Hearts) situation is just going down. And it is not so good, so ... our message is that we should look after each other. We should be more close to each other. We should take care of the relationship because if it is not working than everything is just going in a really bad way." - Eurovision interview with the group. Ref Sound of Our Hearts Sound of Our Hearts is a song by Hungarian group Compact Disco. The song represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. It qualified from the first semi-final into the grand final Document [70] (Title: Sound of Our Hearts) Sound of Our Hearts Sound of Our Hearts is a song by Hungarian group Compact Disco. The song represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. It qualified from the first semi-final into the grand final where it finished 24th of 26 entrants. "Back in our previous years we just made song about love and relation and some easy things, you know. Now, these days we just feel that maybe we just have to make something more serious. ... If you look around what is going on in the world - not just in Hungary - the Document [71] (Title: Harvey mannequin) heart sounds and heart murmurs. As years have passed, Harvey has been upgraded with the addition of more advanced cardiac functions, with the intention of creating a general and also in-depth program in cardiology. Harvey is used to teach all levels of medical education. For beginners, the simulator is used to teach blood pressure measurement techniques and help students recognize a heart murmur. For more senior level medical students, Harvey can mimic heart sound variation with respiration, along with a variety of cardiac issues, such as carotid or jugular venous pulsations. Medical students and cardiologists are not the only people Document [72] (Title: Heart of Glass (song)) combining these elements, the sound of the drum machine was first recorded on an individual track. To synchronize the actual drum play with the drum machine, the drums were also recorded on separate tracks, with the bass drum recorded separately from the rest of the drums. Having combined the drums with the drum machine, another important feature of the CR-78 was that it could be used to send a trigger pulse to the early polyphonic synthesizers. This trigger pulse feature was also used on "Heart of Glass". The trigger pulse created by the CR-78 became a distinctive electronic/synth element of Document [73] (Title: Third heart sound) the other gallop rhythm is called S. The two are quite different, but they may sometimes occur together forming a quadruple gallop. If the heart rate is also very fast (tachycardia), it can become difficult to distinguish between S and S thus producing a single sound called a summation gallop. S is a dull, low-pitched sound best heard with the bell placed over the cardiac apex with the patient lying in the left lateral decubitus position. This heart sound when present in a child or young adult implies the presence of a supple ventricle that can undergo rapid filling. Conversely, Document [74] (Title: Heart sounds) occur inside or outside the heart; if it occurs outside the heart then the turbulence is called Bruit. Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve, resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it. Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency (regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness. Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle, depending on the cause of the murmur. Normal heart sounds are associated with heart valves closing: The first Document [75] (Title: Heart sounds) heart sound, or S, forms the "lub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components M (mitral valve closure) and T (tricuspid valve closure). Normally M precedes T slightly. It is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, i.e. tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid), at the beginning of ventricular contraction, or systole. When the ventricles begin to contract, so do the papillary muscles in each ventricle. The papillary muscles are attached to the cusps or leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves via chordae tendineae (heart strings). When the papillary muscles contract, the chordae tendineae become tense and thereby prevent the Document [76] (Title: Mitral valve stenosis) class III or IV symptoms. Once an individual develops NYHA class III or IV symptoms, the progression of the disease accelerates and the patient's condition deteriorates. Upon auscultation of an individual with mitral stenosis, the first heart sound is usually loud and may be palpable (tapping apex beat) because of increased force in closing the mitral valve. The first heart sound is made by the mitral and tricuspid heart valves closing. These are normally synchronous, and the sounds are termed M1 and T1, respectively. M1 becomes louder in mitral stenosis. It may be the most prominent sign. If pulmonary hypertension Document [77] (Title: Heart sounds) by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S and S. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood and a murmur to be heard as turbulent flow must require pressure difference of at least 30 mm of hg between the chambers and the pressure dominant chamber will out flow the blood to non dominant chamber in diseased condition which leads to Left-to-right shunt or Right-to-left shunt based on the pressure dominance. Turbulence may Document [78] (Title: Fourth heart sound) sound. The normal heart sounds, S and S, are produced during the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. The closing of these valves produces a brief period of turbulent flow, which produces sound. The S sound occurs, by definition, immediately before S, while the atria of the heart are vigorously contracting. It is manifest as a vibration of 20 to 30 Hz within the ventricle. While the mechanism is not absolutely certain, it is generally accepted that S is caused by stiffening of the walls of the ventricles (usually the left), which produces abnormally turbulent flow as Document [79] (Title: Heart sounds) S sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal. Splitting of S2, also known as physiological split, normally occurs during inhalation because the decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases the time needed for pulmonary pressure to exceed that of the right ventricular pressure. A widely split S2 can be associated with several different cardiovascular conditions, including left bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defect. The rarer extra heart sounds form gallop rhythms and are heard in both normal and abnormal situations. Rarely, there may be a third heart sound also called a Document [80] (Title: Mitral valve) severe form known as caseous calcification of the mitral valve that can be mistaken for intracardiac mass or thrombus. The closing of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve constitutes the first heart sound (S1), which can be heard with a stethoscope. It is not the valve closure itself which produces the sound but the sudden cessation of blood flow, when the mitral and tricuspid valves close.. Abnormalities associated with the mitral valve can often be heard when listening with a stethoscope. The mitral valve is often also investigated using an ultrasound scan, which can reveal the size and flow Document [81] (Title: Gallop rhythm) Gallop rhythm A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation. It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop. The normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S and S that give the well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; they are caused by the closing of valves in the heart. A gallop rhythm contains another sound, called S or S, dependent upon where in the cycle this added sound comes. It can also contain both of these sounds forming a quadruple gallop, and in situations of very fast heart rate can Document [82] (Title: Fourth heart sound) itself does not require treatment; rather plans should be laid to stop the progression of whatever causes the underlying ventricular dysfunction. The S4 heart sound is a secondary manifestation of a primary disease process and treatment should be focused on treating the underlying, primary disease. Fourth heart sound The fourth heart sound or S is an extra heart sound that occurs during late diastole, immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). It occurs just after atrial contraction and immediately before the systolic S and is caused by the atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome Document [83] (Title: Heart sounds) increase on exhalation. S3 can be a normal finding in young patients but is generally pathologic over the age of 40. The most common cause of pathologic S3 is congestive heart failure. S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop. This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. "ta-lub-dub" or "a-stiff-wall" It is a sign of a pathologic state, usually a failing or hypertrophic left ventricle, as in systemic hypertension, severe valvular aortic stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The sound occurs just after atrial contraction at Document [84] (Title: Heartbeat (Carrie Underwood song)) Hunt). "Heartbeat" is a country pop and R&B song written by Carrie Underwood, Ashley Gorley, and Zach Crowell. It is a sentimental ballad composed in the key of B minor and the sheet music designates a "slow" tempo of 140 BPM. The song alternates between "smooth" verses with a relatively low-key musical accompaniment and a "bombastic" chorus. Country singer Sam Hunt, who is a frequent collaborator of Crowell's, sings backing vocals on the track, leading some publications to label the song a duet. Hunt provides background vocals on the chorus and bridge, with Underwood's vocals layered over top of his Document [85] (Title: Cardiac physiology) also result from a number of other disorders, including atrial and ventricular septal defects. One example of a murmur is Still's murmur, which presents a musical sound in children, has no symptoms and disappears in adolescence. A different type of sound, a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 120 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity and then gradually increases again with age. The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm. Exercise and fitness levels, age Document [86] (Title: Heart murmur) quality (high pitched - hence the name) and is associated with aortic valve regurgitation (or mitral regurgitation before rupture of chordae). It is a diastolic murmur which can be heard over the mid-precordium. Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope. There are two types of murmurs. A functional murmur or "physiologic murmur" is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself. Functional Document [87] (Title: Athletic heart syndrome) heard through a stethoscope. This sound can be heard as the diastolic pressure of the irregularly shaped heart creates a disordered blood flow. However, if an S4 gallop is heard, the patient should be given immediate attention. An S4 gallop is a stronger and louder sound created by the heart, if diseased in any way, and is typically a sign of a serious medical condition. Athlete's heart is a result of dynamic physical activity, such as aerobic training more than 5 hours a week rather than static training such as weightlifting. During intensive prolonged endurance or strength training, the body Document [88] (Title: Beat of My Heart) the sound of a beating heart. In the pre-chorus, Duff's vocals are made distant by the song's use of guitars and synth keyboards. She sings that she is going to follow her own interests: "To the beat of my / To the beat of my / To the beat of my heart". In the first verse, a disinterested Duff sings that she is eager to speak her mind and "yield to her every desire". In the chorus, she sings that her confidence has strained her relationships with her friends. In the second verse, she sings of being over her depression. Document [89] (Title: Heart sounds) dilated congestive heart failure (CHF). S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. In other words, an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of Document [90] (Title: Rhythm of My Heart) Rhythm of My Heart "Rhythm of My Heart" is a rock song written by Marc Jordan and John Capek which Dutch rock and roll artist included on his 1986 debut album "René Shuman". In 1991 Rod Stewart recorded the song for his album "Vagabond Heart". The song was produced by Trevor Horn. It is the album's opening track, and was released as its first single. The single reached No. 3 on the UK chart and No. 5 on the US chart. The melody is an adaptation of "Loch Lomond". The meter, stanzas and lyrics are also based on the poem, Document [91] (Title: Arch Oboler) effects, and the insistent beating heart creates much of the terror in the broadcast. The story made such an impression on a young Bill Cosby that he created a memorable comic routine (featured on the "Wonderfulness" album) around his childhood memories of "Chicken Heart"; Stephen King also singles out "Chicken Heart" as a memorable episode in his discussion of horror radio in the book "Danse Macabre". Another well remembered story is "The Dark", about a malevolent fog that turns people inside out. This story also features memorable sound effects. Like "Chicken Heart", "The Dark" was also parodied, this time by Document [92] (Title: Heart murmur) Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope. There are two types of murmurs. A functional murmur or "physiologic murmur" is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself. Functional murmurs are benign (an "innocent murmur"). Murmurs may also be the result of various problems, such as narrowing or leaking of valves, or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in Document [93] (Title: The Sound of Heart) The Sound of Heart The Sound of Your Heart (; also known as The Sound of Your heart, Sound of Heart) is a South Korean webtoon series written and illustrated by Jo Seok. The webtoon was first released on the Naver Webtoon internet portal in 2006. In 2007, the first print volume was released and "The Sound of Your Heart" was adapted into a TV series of the same name in 2015. On December 17, 2015, the 1,000th episode of "The Sound of Heart" was posted on Naver. Since Jo started posting his webcomic on Naver, views averaged 5 million Document [94] (Title: Computer-aided auscultation) problems but may also be caused by a wide array of structural heart defects. Various characteristics constitute a qualitative description of heart murmurs, including timing (systolic murmur and diastolic murmur), shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch and quality. CAA systems typically categorize heart sounds and murmurs as Class I and Class III according to the American Heart Association: More sophisticated CAA systems provide additional descriptive murmur information like murmur timing, grading, or the ability to identify the positions of the S1/S2 heart sounds. The detection of heart murmurs in CAA systems is based on the analysis of digitally recorded heart sounds. Document [95] (Title: Souffle (heart sound)) Souffle (heart sound) A souffle () is a vascular or cardiac murmur with a blowing quality when heard on auscultation. It is particularly used to describe vascular murmurs or transmitter heart sounds which occur during pregnancy, either from the uterus and breasts of the mother, or from the fetus. Uterine souffle or placental souffle is a soft, blowing sound heard using a stethoscope, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy (13–28 weeks). This sound is heard most clearly in the lower part of the uterus and is synchronous with the pulse of the mother. The uterine souffle is produced by Document [96] (Title: Heartbeat (Annie song)) an Italian movie based on the writer's first novel. "Heartbeat" is a pop song composed in F-sharp minor. It is written in common time and moves at 128 beats per minute. The song uses a i-VI-iv-v chord progression. There is a key change in the chorus that puts the song in B minor before going back to F-sharp minor for the subsequent verse. Its lyrics narrate a night of going to clubs with friends. "Heartbeat" uses a drum beat which symbolizes a heartbeat and doubles its tempo when Annie's persona catches the attention of her romantic interest on the dancefloor. Document [97] (Title: Third heart sound) closer to the onset of S2. The condition itself does not need to be treated, but rather the underlying cause requires correction. Depending on the etiology the gallop rhythm may resolve spontaneously. Third heart sound The third heart sound or S is a rare extra heart sound that occurs soon after the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S and S). S3 is associated with heart failure. It occurs at the beginning of the middle third of diastole, approximately 0.12 to 0.18 seconds after S. This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Kentucky" with the final Document [98] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) the top of the magazine's Dance Club Songs chart. "Sound of Your Heart" is a pop and pop rock song written by Todd Clark, Shawn Hook, and Stephen Kozmeniuk about the pain of missing someone you love. It is described by many as very similar to the tune of "La La La", a 2013 song released by Naughty Boy. The song's sound has been described as "dark" and "lush". Hook plays the piano on the track. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com through EMI Music Publishing, the song is composed in the key of F minor and set Document [99] (Title: Still's murmur) generally most easily heard at the left middle or lower sternal border and the right upper sternal border, often with radiation to the carotid arteries, although other locations are common. The murmur is usually louder in the supine position and may only be audible in the supine position. The Still’s murmur can be differentiated from pathological murmurs by this musical quality and lack of extra snaps or clicks in the heart sounds. Because the Still's murmur has never been associated with any sort of cardiac disorder, it has no associated symptoms. Heart murmurs are sounds generated by blood flowing through Document [100] (Title: Sound of My Heart) Sound of My Heart Sound of My Heart is the fourth studio album by the German synthpop band Hubert Kah, and their second English language album, released in 1989. It was produced by Michael Cretu. Three singles were released from the album: "Welcome, Machine Gun", "So Many People" and "It's Me, Cathy (Follow My Heart)". The band's 1987 single "Military Drums" was also included as a track on the Japanese edition of "Sound of My Heart". Shortly after the album's release, Hubert Kah split up due to Hubert Kemmler suffering from depression and health issues. Upon release, "Billboard" commented: "Early Document [101] (Title: Heart murmur) or near the heart. Such murmurs, known as pathologic murmurs, should be evaluated by an expert. Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing, into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs, differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard. However, continuous murmurs cannot be directly placed into either category. Murmurs can be classified by seven different characteristics: timing, shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch and quality. A mnemonic to remember what characteristics to look for when listening to murmurs is SCRIPT: Site, Configuration (shape), Radiation, Intensity, Pitch and quality, and Timing in the cardiac cycle. Document [102] (Title: Sound of Your Heart) The accompanying music video was directed by Alon Isocianu and premiered March 23, 2015. Sound of Your Heart "Sound of Your Heart" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Shawn Hook for his third studio album, "Analog Love" (2015). It was released through Kreative Soul Entertainment under license to Universal Music Canada on February 17, 2015 as the album's second single. Reaching the top 25 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Platinum by Music Canada, it is Hook's most successful single to date. The song was re-released internationally in early 2016 through Hollywood Records following Hook signing to Document [103] (Title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)) The Sound of Your Heart (TV series) The Sound Of Your Heart (Hangul: 마음의 소리 / RR: Maeumui Sori) is a South Korean television series starring Lee Kwang-soo and Jung So-min. The sitcom is based on the Webtoon "The Sound of Heart." The first 10 episodes were aired as a web series on November 7, 2016 through Naver TV Cast on Mondays at 6:00 (KST), and the remaining 10 episodes aired from December 2016. The web series hit 100 million views on Sohu TV and ranked No. 1 among Korean dramas on the site. On Naver TV Cast, the web Document [104] (Title: Heart sounds) the end of diastole and immediately before S1, producing a rhythm sometimes referred to as the "Tennessee" gallop where S4 represents the "Ten-" syllable. It is best heard at the cardiac apex with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and holding his breath. The combined presence of S3 and S4 is a quadruple gallop, also known as the "Hello-Goodbye" gallop. At rapid heart rates, S3 and S4 may merge to produce a summation gallop, sometimes referred to as S7. Atrial contraction must be present for production of an S4. It is absent in atrial fibrillation and in other Question: what is the lub sound of the heart

Answer: first heart sound (S) Long Answer: In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat . These are the first heart sound (S) and second heart sound (S), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively . In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S and S. Gold Document ID: 52

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sandeep Kulkarni) Manager with a reputed shipping company in Singapore. Sandeep has received the Nigerian International Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his role in "Ek Daav Sansaracha". Sandeep Kulkarni Sandeep Kulkarni (born Sandeep Shrikant Kulkarni on 16 November) is an actor from India who is also a painter. An actor from theatre, television, and films, his work is popular among Hindi and Marathi audiences. He has acted in three National Award-winning films: "Shwaas" (2004), India's official entry to the Oscars; "Dombivali Fast" (2006); and "Traffic Signal" (2007). He won three Maharashtra State awards in the Best Actor category for "Shwaas" Document [2] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) single year. Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated thrice in 1979 and 1983 and Shah Rukh Khan in 2005. Dilip Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan are the most awarded actors in the overall acting categories, with eight awards each: Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan are the winners of eight "Best Actor" awards, and Amitabh Bachchan is the winner of five "Best Actor" awards and three "Best Supporting Actor" awards. Amitabh Bachchan is the most nominated actor in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall. Amitabh Bachchan holds a unique record of receiving nominations in this Document [3] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) category in 5 different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s ) and getting award in 4 different decades. Hrithik Roshan, Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan are the only actors to be nominated twice for the same role. Hrithik Roshan achieved this feat twice in the "Krrish" franchise; he was nominated for his role as Krishna Mehra in 2007 and 2014, and for his role as Rohit Mehra in 2004 and 2014 (he won in 2004). Shah Rukh Khan was nominated in 2007 and 2012 for his portrayal of the titular character in "Don" and Salman Khan was nominated Document [4] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema. This is given by "Filmfare" as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, with eight wins, have more Best Actor awards than any other actor. Amitabh Bachchan has five wins, Hrithik Document [5] (Title: Jackson Anthony) in the film, "Sooriya Arana" in which he brought to life the role of an egocentric hunter who is compelled to vainly battle with the subtlety of Buddhist tradition both socially and spiritually. This bagged him awards at many of the local Award ceremonies. During his acting career he has garnered more than 20 Best Actor Awards at local award ceremonies such as Sarasavi Awards, Presidential Awards and OCIC Awards. He won award for the Best Actor in Derana Film Awards 2015 for his film Address Na, which was directed by him. Jackson Anthony was the Winner of the Peoples’ Document [6] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) in the media as the "Baadshah of Bollywood", "King of Bollywood", "King Khan", "King of Romance". He is a self-made Superstar who entered Bollywood without any background and became successful. He is the most successful actor in Bollywood. He has appeared in several successful romantic love stories including "Darr", "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", "Dil to Pagal Hai", "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" and "Veer Zaara" among others. He is also a recipient of 8 Filmfare for 'Best Actor in a leading role awards' (tied with legendary Dilip Kumar) and won a total of 14 Filmfare awards. He has appeared in more Document [7] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) 1983 having total 15 nominations and winning the award twice in 1978 and 1979. Dilip Kumar achieved supremacy in 1950s with four wins and continued domination in 1960s with three wins. Rajesh Khanna took over in the 1970s with three wins. Naseeruddin Shah emerged successful in the 1980s with three wins. Shah Rukh Khan garnered triumph with four wins in the 1990s. Hrithik Roshan had four wins in 2000s. Ranbir Kapoor are leading the 2010s with two wins to their credit. Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan hold the record for the highest number of "Best Actor" nominations in a Document [8] (Title: Rajendra Prasad (actor)) Rajendra Prasad (actor) Gadde Rajendra Prasad (born 19 July 1954) is an Indian film actor who predominantly works in Telugu cinema. In 1991, he received Andhra Pradesh state's Nandi Award for Best Actor for "Erra Mandaram" and after almost 25 years, he received his second Nandi Award for Best Actor for Aa Naluguru, additionally, he has also received Honorary doctorate from Andhra University. In 2012, he starred in the medical thriller Dream, for which he won the Royal Reel Award along with director K. Bhavani Shankar at the Canada International Film Festival He has been honoured with the title "Hasya Document [9] (Title: Uttam Kumar) "The government of India" release 19 June 2015 "UTTAM" AWARD for Best acting. Uttam Kumar Uttam Kumar (born as Arun Kumar Chatterjee; 3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) was an Indian film actor, director, producer and singer who predominantly worked in Indian Cinema. Kumar is widely regarded as one of the most popular and beloved actors ever in India. Through his career he earned commercial as well as critical success, and he remains as an Indian cultural icon. Considered as the most popular film star of Bengali cinema, popularly known as ""Mahanayak"", Kumar managed to have a huge fan Document [10] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) the "Best Actor" award in both the "Popular" and "Critics" categories; in chronological order they are; Anupam Kher, Shah Rukh Khan, Anil Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Hrithik Roshan, Aamir Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Shahid Kapoor and Irrfan Khan. Actors who won both these "Best Actor" awards ("Popular" and "Critics") in the same year are Shah Rukh Khan (1994), Hrithik Roshan (2004), Amitabh Bachchan (2006) and Ranbir Kapoor (2012). Three actors have won the award for their debut performances: Rishi Kapoor for "Bobby" (1974), Anupam Kher for "Saaransh" (1985) and Hrithik Roshan for "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai" (2001). Other actors who Document [11] (Title: Dilip Kumar) acting." Some of the talent identified by him who later on became big stars of their own include: Dilip Kumar is widely considered one of the greatest actors in the history of Hindi cinema. He holds the Guinness World Record for winning the maximum number of awards by an Indian actor. He has received many awards throughout his career, including 10 Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and One Lifetime Achievement for Filmfare Also for Special Recognition FilmFare Award for recognising him as one first recipients to receive a Filmfare Award along with the nightingale of India Lata Mangeshkar and one Document [12] (Title: Movie star) their box office appeal. Male Indian actors who are among the most popular movie stars in India and Southern Asia include Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Naseeruddin Shah, Raj Babbar, Mohanlal, Amol Palekar,Aamir Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar, Hrithik Roshan, Arjun Rampal, Govinda, Shahid Kapoor and Anil Kapoor. Actresses include Sridevi, Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil, Kajol, Madhuri Dixit, Aishwarya Rai, Katrina Kaif, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Tabu, Priyanka Chopra, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukerji, Deepika Padukone, Hema Malini, Madhubala, Meena Kumari, Zeenat Aman, Reena Roy, Vyjayanthimala, and Rekha. Some mainstream Indian movie Document [13] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) "Devdas" (2002), "Swades" (2004), "Chak De! India" (2007) and "My Name Is Khan" (2010). At times, he has garnered as many as three of the five total Filmfare Best Actor nominations. Although he has never won a National Film Award, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2005. The Government of France has awarded him both the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2007), and its highest civilian honour, the Légion d'honneur (2014). Shah Rukh Khan Shah Rukh Khan (born Shahrukh Khan; 2 November 1965), also known by the initialism SRK, is an Indian film Document [14] (Title: Rajendra Kumar) nominated thrice as Best Actor and once as Best Supporting Actor, as shown below. Rajendra Kumar Rajendra Kumar Tuli (20 July 1929 – 12 July 1999) was an Indian film actor who starred in Bollywood films. Starting his career in 1950, he appeared in more than 80 films in a career spanning over four decades. He was considered one of the most successful Indian Bollywood actors in the 1960s. He also produced several films starring his son Kumar Gaurav. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1969. He was born in a Punjabi Hindu family in Document [15] (Title: M. K. Raina) Kashmir in 1996 for his contribution to Indian Theater. He was also awarded one of India's highest theatre awards, the B. V. Karanth award for lifetime achievement in 2007. Raina is married to a doctor and has two children, a son and a daughter. M. K. Raina Maharaj Krishna Raina, popularly known as M. K. Raina, is one of India's best-known theatre actors and directors. M. K. Raina graduated from National School of Drama in 1970 with Best actor award. Since 1972, he has been freelance theater worker and film person, working all over India in many languages and with Document [16] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) of India for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema. In 2014, he received the introductory Filmfare Awards East for Best Male Actor (Critics) for his role in "Rupkatha Noy". & also he won Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1994) Actor Soumitra Chatterjee, 82, will be honoured with France’s highest civilian award, Legion of Honor. The award will be presented to the Kolkata-based actor by the Ambassador of France to India Alexandre Ziegler. Talking about the honour, Chatterjee said, “At this age, awards do not hold a great attraction. But I should say this award is slightly special as it comes Document [17] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) in 2011 and 2013 for his role as Chulbul Pandey in "Dabangg" and "Dabangg 2" respectively. Multiple nominees Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema. This is given by "Filmfare" as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, Document [18] (Title: Kamal Haasan) of the 24th edition of the "Limca Book of Records" in 2013. Recently honoured with S. S. Vasan Award for his lifetime achievement in film industry by Ananda Vikatan. Mani Ratnam, who directed Kamal in "Nayakan", has said that there are many things he can do that no other actor can. Veteran Tamil actor Nagesh called Kamal the best actor he had ever seen. Kamal's contributions to film have been praised by his peers in the Indian film industry, including Sridevi, Meena, Amitabh Bachchan, Mohanlal, Venkatesh, Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan. Younger actors (Suriya and Madhavan) and filmmakers (Bala, Document [19] (Title: Uttam Kumar) Soumitra chatterjee), When the Indian government instituted the National Film Awards for National Film Award for Best Actor and National Film Award for Best Actress in 1967, Uttam Kumar was the first-ever recipient of the Best Actor Award for his performances in "Antony Firingee" and "Chiriyakhana" in 1967. He explored new avenues of film-making by trying his hand at production, singing, composing music, screenplay writing and directing. The success of his Indian films as producer — "Harano Sur", "Saptapadi", "Bhrantibilash", "Jotugriha" (1964), "Grihadah" — won greatest acclaim.On producing Chhoti Si Mulaqat in 1967, which was a Hindi film starring Uttam Document [20] (Title: H. G. Dattatreya) National Film Awards. He was also awarded the Best Actor at the International Film Festival in Fiji in 2013. H. G. Dattatreya Harihar Gundurao Dattatreya (born 1942), popularly known as Dattanna, is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 80 films and several plays. Alongside his career as an actor, he served in the Indian Air Force for over 25 years and also occupied academic positions with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). He is best known for his work in Kannada cinema, in which he appears in mostly supporting roles. In a film career of almost three decades, he has Document [21] (Title: Mithun Chakraborty) the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Krishnan Iyer Nariyal Paniwala in the film "Agneepath". He later won two more National Film Awards for his performances in "Tahader Katha" (1992) and "Swami Vivekananda" (1998). Chakraborty has appeared in more than 350 films, including Bengali, Hindi, Odia, Bhojpuri, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Punjabi pictures. Chakraborty owns the "Monarch Group", which has interests in the hospitality sector. and educational sector. He has also started the production house "Paparatzy Productions". In 1992, he, along with Dilip Kumar and Sunil Dutt, set up a trust to help needy actors called Document [22] (Title: ETC Bollywood Business Awards) film "Ra.One" was declared Best Marketed Film Of The Year. The film also won the Best Marketed Movie of the Year and the Highest Single-Day Collections awards. Eros International earned the award for Excellence in International Distribution. Salman Khan won his third consecutive award for Most Profitable Actor (Male) while Katrina Kaif garnered the Most Profitable Actor (Female) honour. The film "Ek Tha Tiger" was declared as Top Grossing Film of the Year. Akshay Kumar went on to win for Highest Grossing Actor. Sonakshi Sinha won the Highest Grossing Actress award. Shah Rukh Khan won his second consecutive award for Document [23] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Roshan has four wins, Rajesh Khanna , Naseeruddin Shah and Aamir Khan have three wins each. Seven actors have won the award twice in chronological order they are Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Dev Anand, Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Anil Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor. Dilip Kumar also holds the record for most consecutive wins, having won the award for three years in a row from 1956 to 1958. Six other actors have won the award in consecutive years; in chronological order, they are Rajesh Khanna (1971–72), Sanjeev Kumar (1976–77), Amitabh Bachchan (1978–79), Naseeruddin Shah (1981–82), Shah Rukh Khan (1998–99), and Ranbir Document [24] (Title: Rajkumar (actor)) he received the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his outstanding contributions to the Kannada film industry. In 2011, during the 83rd birth anniversary of Rajkumar, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced that the state government is "recommending Rajkumar" for a Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country for his outstanding contribution to the film industry. Rajkumar holds the record of winning Eight South Filmfare Awards in the Best Actor category in Kannada cinema. Below is the films for which he received the Best Actor awards include: Total of 8 Filmfare awards for best actor category. On July 2005, Document [25] (Title: G. V. Iyer) Film Award for Best Feature Film and was nominated for Best Film at the Bogotá Film Festival and Swami Vivekananda (1998), for which Mithun Chakraborty won the national award for Best Supporting Actor. He started his career at the age of eight when he joined the Gubbi Veeranna theatre group. His first role as an actor in cinema was in the film "Radha Ramana". Besides this he acted in a number of other movies such as "Mahakavi Kalidasa", "Sodhari", "Hemavati", "Hari Bhaktha" and "Bedara Kannapa". He is credited with providing breaks to two of the greatest Kannada actors, Dr Raj Document [26] (Title: Sudeep) Sudeep Sudeep Sanjeev (born 2 September 1973), known by his screen name as Kichcha Sudeep, is an Indian actor, filmmaker and television presenter, known primarily for his work in Kannada cinema, in addition to appearances in a handful of Telugu, Hindi and Tamil films. Sudeep is known for his performances in the Kannada films "Sparsha" (2000), "Huchcha" (2001), "Nandhi" (2002), "Kiccha" (2003), "Swathi Muthu" (2003), "My Autograph" (2006), "Mussanjemaatu" (2008), "Veera Madakari" (2009), "Just Maath Maathalli" (2010), "Kempe Gowda" (2011) and the Telugu-Tamil bilingual "Eega" (2012). He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada for three consecutive years Document [27] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2004. In 2012, he received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema given by the government of India for lifetime achievement. He has won two National Film Awards as an actor, and as an actor in Bengali theatre, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1998, given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. In 2013, IBN LIVE named him as one of "The men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema". In 2014, he received the introductory Filmfare Document [28] (Title: Kharaj Mukherjee) Inspector Chatterjee. Mukherjee won Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award in 2004 for the film "Patalghar". Kharaj Mukherjee Kharaj Mukherjee or Kharaj Mukhopadhyay (born 7 July 1963) is an Indian actor. He made his debut in Bengali film with the film "Hulusthul" in 1980. In last 32 years he has worked in many films like "Patalghar", "Bye Bye Bangkok", "Kahani", "Namesake", "Accident", "Muktodhara", "Special 26", "Lafangey Parindey", "Yuva", "Parineeta", "Laga Chunari Mein Daag", Chha-e Chhuti, "Jaatishwar" etc. He is a student of the drama maestro Mr. Ramaprasad Banik. One of the finest actors in India, he is Document [29] (Title: Nana Patekar) Best Villain Award for his role in "Apaharan" (2005). In 2017 he won the Filmfare Marathi award for best actor for his performance in "Natsamrat". He is the only actor ever to win Filmfare Award for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor and Best Villain categories. He was bestowed with the fourth highest civilian honour of India, the Padma Shri award for his dedication in the field of Films and Arts. Patekar was born as Vishwanath Patekar on 1 January 1951 in Murud-Janjira in Raigad District, Maharashtra. He is an alumnus of the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai. He Document [30] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) received a privileged degree from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2018, Khan was honoured by the World Economic Forum with their annual Crystal Award for his leadership in championing children’s and women’s rights in India. Khan is one of the most decorated Bollywood actors. He has received 14 Filmfare Awards from 30 nominations and special awards, including eight for Best Actor; he is tied for the most in the category with Dilip Kumar. Khan has won the Filmfare Best Actor award for "Baazigar" (1993), "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995), "Dil To Pagal Hai" (1997), "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" (1998), Document [31] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) and stated "Now (after Padma Bhushan) I feel I don't have the right to hurt my viewers by rejecting an award." A few years later, on 9 June 2008, he was awarded the 2007 National Film Award for Best Actor for "Podokkhep" (Footsteps) (2006), which he accepted though stating "after decades of acting, I do not attach too much value to it". In 2010, he won Best Supporting Actor at 54th Asia-Pacific Film Festival for his role in Angshumaner Chhobi (2009). In 2012, he was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema given annually by the Government Document [32] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Kapoor (2012–13). Actors who have won both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor awards include Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Shammi Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Anupam Kher, Sunny Deol, Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar, Farhan Akhtar, Rishi Kapoor and Irrfan Khan. Three actors were nominated for both these awards, "Best Actor" and "Best Supporting Actor", for the same performance: Raaj Kumar for "Kaajal" (1967), Ashok Kumar for "Aashirwad" (1970) and Kamal Haasan for "Saagar" (1986). On both occasions, Ashok Kumar and Kamal Haasan won the "Best Actor" award and Raaj Kumar won the "Best Supporting Actor" award. Nine actors have won Document [33] (Title: National Film Award for Best Actor) Tamil (seven awards), Bengali (five awards), Marathi (three awards), Kannada (three awards) and English (two awards). The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in "Anthony Firingee" and "Chiriyakhana". As of 2017, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor with four awards followed by Kamal Haasan and Mammootty with three awards, while six actors—Sanjeev Kumar, Mithun Chakraborty, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohanlal, and Ajay Devgn—have won the award two times. Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languagesMithun Chakraborty (Hindi and Bengali) Document [34] (Title: Cinema of India) late 1980s, and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s. Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s; according to "Forbes", Aamir Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China. Other Hindi stars include Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit and Kajol. "Haider" (2014, Vishal Bhardwaj), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after "Maqbool" (2003) and "Omkara" (2006), won the "People's Choice Award" at the 9th Rome Film Document [35] (Title: Anupam Kher) Anupam Kher Anupam Kher (born 7 March 1955) is an Indian actor and the former Chairman of Film and Television Institute of India. He is the recipient of two National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards. He has appeared in over 500 films in several languages and many plays. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Saaransh" (1984). He holds the record for winning the Filmfare Award for Best Comedian five times in total for: "Ram Lakhan" (1989), "Lamhe" (1991), "Khel" (1992), "Darr" (1993) and "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge" (1995). He won the National Film Document [36] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) as the "First Khan" of Bollywood. He debuted in the 1940s, and became one of the biggest Indian movie stars of the 1950s and 1960s. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting in the Indian subcontinent, and is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors of all time. He has been described as "the ultimate method actor" (natural actor) by Satyajit Ray. Kumar was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar inspired future generations of Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Document [37] (Title: National Film Award for Best Actor) and Mammootty (Malayalam and English). The most recent recipient is Riddhi Sen, who was honoured at the 65th National Film Awards for his performance in the Bengali film "Nagarkirtan".Riddhi Sen is the youngest reciepient of this prestigious award.He won it at the age of 19. National Film Award for Best Actor The National Film Award for Best Actor, officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor (), is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India instituted since 1967 to actors who have delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian Document [38] (Title: Manoj Kumar) Manoj Kumar Manoj Kumar (born Harikishan Giri Goswami on 24 July 1937) is an Indian actor and director in Bollywood. He is remembered for his films "Hariyali Aur Raasta", "Woh Kaun Thi?", "Himalaya Ki God Mein", "Do Badan", "Upkar", "Patthar Ke Sanam", "Neel Kamal", "Purab Aur Paschim", "Roti Kapda Aur Makaan", and "Kranti". He is known for acting in and directing films with patriotic themes, and has been given the nickname Bharat Kumar. In 1992, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India. India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed upon him Document [39] (Title: Anup Kumar (actor)) Bhaduri. He started acting quite early in life. He got his first break as a child artist in Dhiren Ganguly’s film "Haalkatha" (1938). "Nimontron" and "Palatak" were the movies which exposed his versatility as an actor. He was also involved with live theatre, yatras, and film directing. In 1964, he was awarded the BFJA Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film "Palatak". He received a silver medal from the Star Theatre. In 1988, he won the "West Bengal Natya Academy Award". In 1989, he was awarded with "Siromoni Prize" and in 1991, he was awarded Best Director Document [40] (Title: Sriimurali) for Best Actor in Filmfare Awards South and SIIMA Awards. Following the massive success of the film, it was reported that he was flooded with offers for film totaling to 67, all of which he rejected. Sriimurali Sriimurali (born 17 December 1981), also known by names Murali, is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Kannada cinema. After making his debut in 2003 in "Chandra Chakori", he appeared in "Kanti" as the eponymous lead, a performance that won him the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. He has since appeared in over 10 Kannada films and a film each Document [41] (Title: R. Madhavan) the actor stating it "justified his decision" to pursue a degree in electronics. Among Madhavan's film awards are four Filmfare Awards—Best Male Debut for "Alaipayuthey", Best Supporting Actor for "Aaytha Ezhuthu", Best Actor for "Irudhi Suttru" and Critics' Best Actor for "Vikram Vedha". R. Madhavan R. Madhavan (born 1 June 1970) is an Indian actor, writer and film producer. He has received four Filmfare Awards and an award from the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards along with recognition and nominations from other organisations. He has been described as one of the few actors in India who is able to achieve Document [42] (Title: FIE Foundation) Artist and Local talents. The highest award conferred is Rashtrabhushan Award. The awards are given every year in a grand ceremony held in Ichalkaranji in January/February at the hands of eminent dignitaries. A few of Chief guests who have graced the occasion are hon'ble Ex. Prime minister of India Chandrashekhar, hon'ble Ex. Chief Minister of Maharashtra Manohar Joshi, Dilip Kumar( well-known Cine actor), Rahul Bajaj, (well-known industrialist). Sumant Moolgaokar (Architect of Tata Motor), Jayant Narlikar, S. L. Kirloskar, Krishnaswami Kasturirangan, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Russy Modi, Navalmal Firodiya, Aditya Birla, Ratan Tata, Rahul Bajaj, H. P. Nanda, Jayaprakash Narayan, Baba Amte, Document [43] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time outside India, and earned Khan his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor, equalling the record for the most wins in the category with actor Dilip Kumar. Jay Wesissberg from "Variety" noted how Khan portrayed the Asperger's sufferer with "averted eyes, springy steps, [and] stuttered repetitions of memorized texts", believing it to have been a "standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval". In 2011, Khan starred alongside Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in Anubhav Sinha's science fiction superhero film "Ra.One", his first work in this genre, as a Document [44] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) earnings of over , and he has starred in the highest-grossing Bollywood films of nine separate years which is a Bollywood record. For his contributions to film, the Government of India honored him with the 2008 - Rajiv Gandhi Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment. Salman Khan was ranked 7th in Forbes's first global list of the highest-paid actor in the world with USD 33.5 million, earning more than Hollywood actors like Dwayne The Rock Johnson, Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio. Shah Rukh Khan (born Shahrukh Khan, 2 November 1965), popularly called as SRK, is sometimes referred to Document [45] (Title: Amrish Puri) in "Mr. India", "Jagavar" in "Vidhaata", "Thakral" in "Meri Jung", "Bhujang" in "Tridev", "Balwant Rai" in "Ghayal", Barrister Chadda in "Damini" and "Thakur Durjan Singh" in "Karan Arjun". His comic role in "Chachi 420", that he acted alongside "Kamal Haasan" was highly appreciated. Since the 1990s until his death in 2005, Puri also featured in positive supporting roles in many movies. Some of his notable positive roles are "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge", "Phool Aur Kaante", "Gardish", "Pardes", "Virasat", "" and "China Gate". He received the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor award for "Meri Jung" and "Virasat". Amrish Puri was suffering from Document [46] (Title: Dilip Kumar) Award in 2009. The Government of India honoured him with: "Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow" as narrated to Udayatara Nayar was published in 2014 by Hay House Publishers (India) Pvt. ltd. Films that garnered Dilip the most recognition or awards include: Dilip Kumar Dilip Kumar (born Muhammad Yusuf Khan, on December 11, 1922 ,is an Indian film actor, producer, screenwriter and activist, known for his work in Hindi cinema. Popularly known as "The Tragedy King" and "The First Khan", he has been credited with bringing realism to film acting since his first film which was released in 1944. Document [47] (Title: Kota Srinivasa Rao) 2012, he has garnered the South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA), for his work in "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum". In 2015, he received India's fourth highest civilian honor Padma Shri for his contribution to Indian cinema. He received wide critical acclaim for his diverse roles in hits such as "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013), "Dookudu" (2011), "Rakta Charitra" (2010), "Leader" (2010), "Ready" (2008), "Sarkar" (2006), "Bommarillu" (2006), "Pournami" (2006), "Athadu" (2005), "Malliswari" (2004), "Tagore" (2003), "Idiot" (2002), "Student No. 1 "(2001), "Ganesh" (1998), "Anaganaga Oka Roju" (1997), "Aha Naa Pellanta" (1987), "Aame" (1994), "Hello Brother" (1994), "Govindha Govindha" (1993), "Gaayam" (1993), "Money" (1993), Document [48] (Title: Salman Khan) "Most Googled Indian of 2015" and first among Bollywood actors. On April 24, 2016 the Indian Olympic Association appointed the actor as the Indian Olympic contingent's goodwill ambassador for the 2016 Summer Olympics. As of August 2017, he is the ninth highest-paid actor in the world, and the second highest-paid in India after Shah Rukh Khan, according to "Forbes". On 28 September 2002, Khan was arrested for rash and negligent driving after his car ran into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the accident. Document [49] (Title: Chiranjeevi) of Indian Cinema" at the 3rd South Indian International Movie Awards from Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor. He was the first actor from South India to be invited to the Oscars ceremony in 1987. A selected filmography of Chiranjeevi's major films:- Chiranjeevi Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad (born 22 August 1955), better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi, is an Indian film actor and politician. He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Prior to politics, Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition Document [50] (Title: Anupam Kher) Award for Special Mention twice for his performances in "Daddy" (1989) and "Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara" (2005). For his performance in the film "Vijay" (1988), he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. Besides working in Hindi films, he has also appeared in many acclaimed international films such as the Golden Globe nominated "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002), Ang Lee's Golden Lion–winning "Lust, Caution" (2007), and David O. Russell's Oscar-winning "Silver Linings Playbook" (2013). He received a BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in the British television sitcom "The Boy with the Topknot" (2018). He has held the Document [51] (Title: Upendra Limaye) Upendra Limaye Upendra Limaye (born 8 November 1969) is an Indian film actor, who won the National Film Award for his role in the Marathi film "Jogwa". On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, "Forbes" included Limaye's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Films by Upendra Limaye Natya Gaurav Award Year : 1996 Play Jallai Tuzi Preet Kalnirnaya Award Year : 1996 Play Jallai Tuzi Preet Maharashtra Times Award Year : 2005 Film Page 3 Hamlog Award Year : 2005 Film Page3 Rashtriya Ratna Award Year : 2006 Film Page Document [52] (Title: CNN-IBN Indian of the Year) was introduced in the ninth edition, where one awardee was chosen from the 35 nominees across categories basis the votes received from public through Facebook. 1. "2007" Lifetime Achievement - R K Laxman "Cartoonist"<br> 2. "2008" Lifetime Achievement - Dilip Kumar "Actor" 3. "2009" Lifetime Achievement - Pandit Ravi Shankar 4. "2010" Lifetime Achievement - M. S. Swaminathan<br> 5. "2011" Lifetime Achievement - Verghese Kurien 6. "2013" Lifetime Achievement - Heroes of Rezang La, 1962 7. "2013" Outstanding Achievement - Leander Paes 8. 2014 Winners 8. 2015 Winners 10. 2017 Winners NDTV Indian of the Year CNN-IBN Indian of the Document [53] (Title: Uday Kiran) Uday Kiran Uday Kiran (born Vajpeyajula Uday kiran, 26 June 1980 – 5 January 2014) was a Filmfare Award winning Indian film actor, who primarily worked in the Telugu cinema. His first three films, "Chitram", "Nuvvu Nenu" and "Manasantha Nuvve", were successful hits, earning him the title "Hat-trick Hero". "Nee Sneham" film was the last hit in his career. In 2001, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu for the film Nuvvu Nenu, and became the youngest winner of the Filmfare best actor award after Kamal Haasan. He is the only Telugu actor to have his first Document [54] (Title: Ranbir Kapoor) Award for Best Actor for "Wake Up Sid" (2009), "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani" (2009), and "Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year" (2009) (jointly for the three films), and "Rockstar" (2011), and Best Actor awards for "Rockstar" (2011) and "Barfi!" (2012). Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor (; born 28 September 1982) is an Indian actor and film producer. He is one of the highest-paid actors of Hindi cinema and has featured in "Forbes India"s Celebrity 100 list since 2012. Kapoor is the recipient of several awards, including five Filmfare Awards. The son of actors Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh, and the Document [55] (Title: Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)) he received awards. "Gangato Rambabu" - Zee Telugu as Kameshwara Shastri Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor) Chandra Mohan (born Mallampalli Chandrasekhara Rao) is an Indian film actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema and a few Tamil films. He has garnered two Filmfare Awards and seven Nandi Awards. He received critical reception for his performance in box office hits such as "Rangula Ratnam", for which he received the state Nandi Award for Best Actor, "Padaharella Vayasu" (1978), alongside Sridevi, for which he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu) and "Siri Siri Muvva" (1978). His first Tamil film was Document [56] (Title: Dilip Kumar) won nine Filmfare Awards and is the first recipient of the Filmfare Best Actor Award (1954). Critics have acclaimed him as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema. Dilip Kumar had a long relationship with actress Madhubala but never married her. He married actress Saira Bano, who is 22 years younger than him. He and his wife currently live in Bandra, Mumbai. Kumar was born Mohammad Yusuf Khan to Ayesha Begum & Lala Ghulam Sarwar Ali Khan in a Muslim Hindko-speaking Awan family of 12 children on 11 December 1922 at home in the Qissa Khawani Document [57] (Title: British Asian) few actors to have won all four major motion picture acting awards, receiving Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild awards throughout his career, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Gandhi" (1982). The actress Parminder Nagra has a prominent role in the US TV series "ER", and played the lead role in the successful British film "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002). The actor Naveen Andrews plays the role of Sayid Jarrah in the popular US TV series "Lost", and also had a prominent role in the award-winning film "The English Patient" (1996). The actor Question: who is the most award winning actor in india Answer: Dilip Kumar Long Answer: The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema . The is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films . The award was first given in 1954 . As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Gold Document ID: 56

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sandeep Kulkarni) Manager with a reputed shipping company in Singapore. Sandeep has received the Nigerian International Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his role in "Ek Daav Sansaracha". Sandeep Kulkarni Sandeep Kulkarni (born Sandeep Shrikant Kulkarni on 16 November) is an actor from India who is also a painter. An actor from theatre, television, and films, his work is popular among Hindi and Marathi audiences. He has acted in three National Award-winning films: "Shwaas" (2004), India's official entry to the Oscars; "Dombivali Fast" (2006); and "Traffic Signal" (2007). He won three Maharashtra State awards in the Best Actor category for "Shwaas" Document [2] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) single year. Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated thrice in 1979 and 1983 and Shah Rukh Khan in 2005. Dilip Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan are the most awarded actors in the overall acting categories, with eight awards each: Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan are the winners of eight "Best Actor" awards, and Amitabh Bachchan is the winner of five "Best Actor" awards and three "Best Supporting Actor" awards. Amitabh Bachchan is the most nominated actor in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall. Amitabh Bachchan holds a unique record of receiving nominations in this Document [3] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) category in 5 different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s ) and getting award in 4 different decades. Hrithik Roshan, Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan are the only actors to be nominated twice for the same role. Hrithik Roshan achieved this feat twice in the "Krrish" franchise; he was nominated for his role as Krishna Mehra in 2007 and 2014, and for his role as Rohit Mehra in 2004 and 2014 (he won in 2004). Shah Rukh Khan was nominated in 2007 and 2012 for his portrayal of the titular character in "Don" and Salman Khan was nominated Document [4] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema. This is given by "Filmfare" as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, with eight wins, have more Best Actor awards than any other actor. Amitabh Bachchan has five wins, Hrithik Document [5] (Title: Jackson Anthony) in the film, "Sooriya Arana" in which he brought to life the role of an egocentric hunter who is compelled to vainly battle with the subtlety of Buddhist tradition both socially and spiritually. This bagged him awards at many of the local Award ceremonies. During his acting career he has garnered more than 20 Best Actor Awards at local award ceremonies such as Sarasavi Awards, Presidential Awards and OCIC Awards. He won award for the Best Actor in Derana Film Awards 2015 for his film Address Na, which was directed by him. Jackson Anthony was the Winner of the Peoples’ Document [6] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) in the media as the "Baadshah of Bollywood", "King of Bollywood", "King Khan", "King of Romance". He is a self-made Superstar who entered Bollywood without any background and became successful. He is the most successful actor in Bollywood. He has appeared in several successful romantic love stories including "Darr", "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", "Dil to Pagal Hai", "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" and "Veer Zaara" among others. He is also a recipient of 8 Filmfare for 'Best Actor in a leading role awards' (tied with legendary Dilip Kumar) and won a total of 14 Filmfare awards. He has appeared in more Document [7] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) 1983 having total 15 nominations and winning the award twice in 1978 and 1979. Dilip Kumar achieved supremacy in 1950s with four wins and continued domination in 1960s with three wins. Rajesh Khanna took over in the 1970s with three wins. Naseeruddin Shah emerged successful in the 1980s with three wins. Shah Rukh Khan garnered triumph with four wins in the 1990s. Hrithik Roshan had four wins in 2000s. Ranbir Kapoor are leading the 2010s with two wins to their credit. Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan hold the record for the highest number of "Best Actor" nominations in a Document [8] (Title: Rajendra Prasad (actor)) Rajendra Prasad (actor) Gadde Rajendra Prasad (born 19 July 1954) is an Indian film actor who predominantly works in Telugu cinema. In 1991, he received Andhra Pradesh state's Nandi Award for Best Actor for "Erra Mandaram" and after almost 25 years, he received his second Nandi Award for Best Actor for Aa Naluguru, additionally, he has also received Honorary doctorate from Andhra University. In 2012, he starred in the medical thriller Dream, for which he won the Royal Reel Award along with director K. Bhavani Shankar at the Canada International Film Festival He has been honoured with the title "Hasya Document [9] (Title: Uttam Kumar) "The government of India" release 19 June 2015 "UTTAM" AWARD for Best acting. Uttam Kumar Uttam Kumar (born as Arun Kumar Chatterjee; 3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) was an Indian film actor, director, producer and singer who predominantly worked in Indian Cinema. Kumar is widely regarded as one of the most popular and beloved actors ever in India. Through his career he earned commercial as well as critical success, and he remains as an Indian cultural icon. Considered as the most popular film star of Bengali cinema, popularly known as ""Mahanayak"", Kumar managed to have a huge fan Document [10] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) the "Best Actor" award in both the "Popular" and "Critics" categories; in chronological order they are; Anupam Kher, Shah Rukh Khan, Anil Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Hrithik Roshan, Aamir Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Shahid Kapoor and Irrfan Khan. Actors who won both these "Best Actor" awards ("Popular" and "Critics") in the same year are Shah Rukh Khan (1994), Hrithik Roshan (2004), Amitabh Bachchan (2006) and Ranbir Kapoor (2012). Three actors have won the award for their debut performances: Rishi Kapoor for "Bobby" (1974), Anupam Kher for "Saaransh" (1985) and Hrithik Roshan for "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai" (2001). Other actors who Document [11] (Title: Dilip Kumar) acting." Some of the talent identified by him who later on became big stars of their own include: Dilip Kumar is widely considered one of the greatest actors in the history of Hindi cinema. He holds the Guinness World Record for winning the maximum number of awards by an Indian actor. He has received many awards throughout his career, including 10 Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and One Lifetime Achievement for Filmfare Also for Special Recognition FilmFare Award for recognising him as one first recipients to receive a Filmfare Award along with the nightingale of India Lata Mangeshkar and one Document [12] (Title: Movie star) their box office appeal. Male Indian actors who are among the most popular movie stars in India and Southern Asia include Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Naseeruddin Shah, Raj Babbar, Mohanlal, Amol Palekar,Aamir Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar, Hrithik Roshan, Arjun Rampal, Govinda, Shahid Kapoor and Anil Kapoor. Actresses include Sridevi, Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil, Kajol, Madhuri Dixit, Aishwarya Rai, Katrina Kaif, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Tabu, Priyanka Chopra, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukerji, Deepika Padukone, Hema Malini, Madhubala, Meena Kumari, Zeenat Aman, Reena Roy, Vyjayanthimala, and Rekha. Some mainstream Indian movie Document [13] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) "Devdas" (2002), "Swades" (2004), "Chak De! India" (2007) and "My Name Is Khan" (2010). At times, he has garnered as many as three of the five total Filmfare Best Actor nominations. Although he has never won a National Film Award, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2005. The Government of France has awarded him both the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2007), and its highest civilian honour, the Légion d'honneur (2014). Shah Rukh Khan Shah Rukh Khan (born Shahrukh Khan; 2 November 1965), also known by the initialism SRK, is an Indian film Document [14] (Title: Rajendra Kumar) nominated thrice as Best Actor and once as Best Supporting Actor, as shown below. Rajendra Kumar Rajendra Kumar Tuli (20 July 1929 – 12 July 1999) was an Indian film actor who starred in Bollywood films. Starting his career in 1950, he appeared in more than 80 films in a career spanning over four decades. He was considered one of the most successful Indian Bollywood actors in the 1960s. He also produced several films starring his son Kumar Gaurav. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1969. He was born in a Punjabi Hindu family in Document [15] (Title: M. K. Raina) Kashmir in 1996 for his contribution to Indian Theater. He was also awarded one of India's highest theatre awards, the B. V. Karanth award for lifetime achievement in 2007. Raina is married to a doctor and has two children, a son and a daughter. M. K. Raina Maharaj Krishna Raina, popularly known as M. K. Raina, is one of India's best-known theatre actors and directors. M. K. Raina graduated from National School of Drama in 1970 with Best actor award. Since 1972, he has been freelance theater worker and film person, working all over India in many languages and with Document [16] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) of India for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema. In 2014, he received the introductory Filmfare Awards East for Best Male Actor (Critics) for his role in "Rupkatha Noy". & also he won Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1994) Actor Soumitra Chatterjee, 82, will be honoured with France’s highest civilian award, Legion of Honor. The award will be presented to the Kolkata-based actor by the Ambassador of France to India Alexandre Ziegler. Talking about the honour, Chatterjee said, “At this age, awards do not hold a great attraction. But I should say this award is slightly special as it comes Document [17] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) in 2011 and 2013 for his role as Chulbul Pandey in "Dabangg" and "Dabangg 2" respectively. Multiple nominees Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema. This is given by "Filmfare" as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, Document [18] (Title: Kamal Haasan) of the 24th edition of the "Limca Book of Records" in 2013. Recently honoured with S. S. Vasan Award for his lifetime achievement in film industry by Ananda Vikatan. Mani Ratnam, who directed Kamal in "Nayakan", has said that there are many things he can do that no other actor can. Veteran Tamil actor Nagesh called Kamal the best actor he had ever seen. Kamal's contributions to film have been praised by his peers in the Indian film industry, including Sridevi, Meena, Amitabh Bachchan, Mohanlal, Venkatesh, Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan. Younger actors (Suriya and Madhavan) and filmmakers (Bala, Document [19] (Title: Uttam Kumar) Soumitra chatterjee), When the Indian government instituted the National Film Awards for National Film Award for Best Actor and National Film Award for Best Actress in 1967, Uttam Kumar was the first-ever recipient of the Best Actor Award for his performances in "Antony Firingee" and "Chiriyakhana" in 1967. He explored new avenues of film-making by trying his hand at production, singing, composing music, screenplay writing and directing. The success of his Indian films as producer — "Harano Sur", "Saptapadi", "Bhrantibilash", "Jotugriha" (1964), "Grihadah" — won greatest acclaim.On producing Chhoti Si Mulaqat in 1967, which was a Hindi film starring Uttam Document [20] (Title: H. G. Dattatreya) National Film Awards. He was also awarded the Best Actor at the International Film Festival in Fiji in 2013. H. G. Dattatreya Harihar Gundurao Dattatreya (born 1942), popularly known as Dattanna, is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 80 films and several plays. Alongside his career as an actor, he served in the Indian Air Force for over 25 years and also occupied academic positions with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). He is best known for his work in Kannada cinema, in which he appears in mostly supporting roles. In a film career of almost three decades, he has Document [21] (Title: Mithun Chakraborty) the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Krishnan Iyer Nariyal Paniwala in the film "Agneepath". He later won two more National Film Awards for his performances in "Tahader Katha" (1992) and "Swami Vivekananda" (1998). Chakraborty has appeared in more than 350 films, including Bengali, Hindi, Odia, Bhojpuri, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Punjabi pictures. Chakraborty owns the "Monarch Group", which has interests in the hospitality sector. and educational sector. He has also started the production house "Paparatzy Productions". In 1992, he, along with Dilip Kumar and Sunil Dutt, set up a trust to help needy actors called Document [22] (Title: ETC Bollywood Business Awards) film "Ra.One" was declared Best Marketed Film Of The Year. The film also won the Best Marketed Movie of the Year and the Highest Single-Day Collections awards. Eros International earned the award for Excellence in International Distribution. Salman Khan won his third consecutive award for Most Profitable Actor (Male) while Katrina Kaif garnered the Most Profitable Actor (Female) honour. The film "Ek Tha Tiger" was declared as Top Grossing Film of the Year. Akshay Kumar went on to win for Highest Grossing Actor. Sonakshi Sinha won the Highest Grossing Actress award. Shah Rukh Khan won his second consecutive award for Document [23] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Roshan has four wins, Rajesh Khanna , Naseeruddin Shah and Aamir Khan have three wins each. Seven actors have won the award twice in chronological order they are Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Dev Anand, Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Anil Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor. Dilip Kumar also holds the record for most consecutive wins, having won the award for three years in a row from 1956 to 1958. Six other actors have won the award in consecutive years; in chronological order, they are Rajesh Khanna (1971–72), Sanjeev Kumar (1976–77), Amitabh Bachchan (1978–79), Naseeruddin Shah (1981–82), Shah Rukh Khan (1998–99), and Ranbir Document [24] (Title: Rajkumar (actor)) he received the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his outstanding contributions to the Kannada film industry. In 2011, during the 83rd birth anniversary of Rajkumar, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced that the state government is "recommending Rajkumar" for a Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country for his outstanding contribution to the film industry. Rajkumar holds the record of winning Eight South Filmfare Awards in the Best Actor category in Kannada cinema. Below is the films for which he received the Best Actor awards include: Total of 8 Filmfare awards for best actor category. On July 2005, Document [25] (Title: G. V. Iyer) Film Award for Best Feature Film and was nominated for Best Film at the Bogotá Film Festival and Swami Vivekananda (1998), for which Mithun Chakraborty won the national award for Best Supporting Actor. He started his career at the age of eight when he joined the Gubbi Veeranna theatre group. His first role as an actor in cinema was in the film "Radha Ramana". Besides this he acted in a number of other movies such as "Mahakavi Kalidasa", "Sodhari", "Hemavati", "Hari Bhaktha" and "Bedara Kannapa". He is credited with providing breaks to two of the greatest Kannada actors, Dr Raj Document [26] (Title: Sudeep) Sudeep Sudeep Sanjeev (born 2 September 1973), known by his screen name as Kichcha Sudeep, is an Indian actor, filmmaker and television presenter, known primarily for his work in Kannada cinema, in addition to appearances in a handful of Telugu, Hindi and Tamil films. Sudeep is known for his performances in the Kannada films "Sparsha" (2000), "Huchcha" (2001), "Nandhi" (2002), "Kiccha" (2003), "Swathi Muthu" (2003), "My Autograph" (2006), "Mussanjemaatu" (2008), "Veera Madakari" (2009), "Just Maath Maathalli" (2010), "Kempe Gowda" (2011) and the Telugu-Tamil bilingual "Eega" (2012). He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada for three consecutive years Document [27] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2004. In 2012, he received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema given by the government of India for lifetime achievement. He has won two National Film Awards as an actor, and as an actor in Bengali theatre, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1998, given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. In 2013, IBN LIVE named him as one of "The men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema". In 2014, he received the introductory Filmfare Document [28] (Title: Kharaj Mukherjee) Inspector Chatterjee. Mukherjee won Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award in 2004 for the film "Patalghar". Kharaj Mukherjee Kharaj Mukherjee or Kharaj Mukhopadhyay (born 7 July 1963) is an Indian actor. He made his debut in Bengali film with the film "Hulusthul" in 1980. In last 32 years he has worked in many films like "Patalghar", "Bye Bye Bangkok", "Kahani", "Namesake", "Accident", "Muktodhara", "Special 26", "Lafangey Parindey", "Yuva", "Parineeta", "Laga Chunari Mein Daag", Chha-e Chhuti, "Jaatishwar" etc. He is a student of the drama maestro Mr. Ramaprasad Banik. One of the finest actors in India, he is Document [29] (Title: Nana Patekar) Best Villain Award for his role in "Apaharan" (2005). In 2017 he won the Filmfare Marathi award for best actor for his performance in "Natsamrat". He is the only actor ever to win Filmfare Award for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor and Best Villain categories. He was bestowed with the fourth highest civilian honour of India, the Padma Shri award for his dedication in the field of Films and Arts. Patekar was born as Vishwanath Patekar on 1 January 1951 in Murud-Janjira in Raigad District, Maharashtra. He is an alumnus of the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai. He Document [30] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) received a privileged degree from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2018, Khan was honoured by the World Economic Forum with their annual Crystal Award for his leadership in championing children’s and women’s rights in India. Khan is one of the most decorated Bollywood actors. He has received 14 Filmfare Awards from 30 nominations and special awards, including eight for Best Actor; he is tied for the most in the category with Dilip Kumar. Khan has won the Filmfare Best Actor award for "Baazigar" (1993), "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995), "Dil To Pagal Hai" (1997), "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" (1998), Document [31] (Title: Soumitra Chatterjee) and stated "Now (after Padma Bhushan) I feel I don't have the right to hurt my viewers by rejecting an award." A few years later, on 9 June 2008, he was awarded the 2007 National Film Award for Best Actor for "Podokkhep" (Footsteps) (2006), which he accepted though stating "after decades of acting, I do not attach too much value to it". In 2010, he won Best Supporting Actor at 54th Asia-Pacific Film Festival for his role in Angshumaner Chhobi (2009). In 2012, he was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema given annually by the Government Document [32] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Actor) Kapoor (2012–13). Actors who have won both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor awards include Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Shammi Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Anupam Kher, Sunny Deol, Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar, Farhan Akhtar, Rishi Kapoor and Irrfan Khan. Three actors were nominated for both these awards, "Best Actor" and "Best Supporting Actor", for the same performance: Raaj Kumar for "Kaajal" (1967), Ashok Kumar for "Aashirwad" (1970) and Kamal Haasan for "Saagar" (1986). On both occasions, Ashok Kumar and Kamal Haasan won the "Best Actor" award and Raaj Kumar won the "Best Supporting Actor" award. Nine actors have won Document [33] (Title: National Film Award for Best Actor) Tamil (seven awards), Bengali (five awards), Marathi (three awards), Kannada (three awards) and English (two awards). The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in "Anthony Firingee" and "Chiriyakhana". As of 2017, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor with four awards followed by Kamal Haasan and Mammootty with three awards, while six actors—Sanjeev Kumar, Mithun Chakraborty, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohanlal, and Ajay Devgn—have won the award two times. Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languagesMithun Chakraborty (Hindi and Bengali) Document [34] (Title: Cinema of India) late 1980s, and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s. Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s; according to "Forbes", Aamir Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China. Other Hindi stars include Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit and Kajol. "Haider" (2014, Vishal Bhardwaj), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after "Maqbool" (2003) and "Omkara" (2006), won the "People's Choice Award" at the 9th Rome Film Document [35] (Title: Anupam Kher) Anupam Kher Anupam Kher (born 7 March 1955) is an Indian actor and the former Chairman of Film and Television Institute of India. He is the recipient of two National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards. He has appeared in over 500 films in several languages and many plays. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Saaransh" (1984). He holds the record for winning the Filmfare Award for Best Comedian five times in total for: "Ram Lakhan" (1989), "Lamhe" (1991), "Khel" (1992), "Darr" (1993) and "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge" (1995). He won the National Film Document [36] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) as the "First Khan" of Bollywood. He debuted in the 1940s, and became one of the biggest Indian movie stars of the 1950s and 1960s. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting in the Indian subcontinent, and is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors of all time. He has been described as "the ultimate method actor" (natural actor) by Satyajit Ray. Kumar was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar inspired future generations of Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Document [37] (Title: National Film Award for Best Actor) and Mammootty (Malayalam and English). The most recent recipient is Riddhi Sen, who was honoured at the 65th National Film Awards for his performance in the Bengali film "Nagarkirtan".Riddhi Sen is the youngest reciepient of this prestigious award.He won it at the age of 19. National Film Award for Best Actor The National Film Award for Best Actor, officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor (), is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India instituted since 1967 to actors who have delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian Document [38] (Title: Manoj Kumar) Manoj Kumar Manoj Kumar (born Harikishan Giri Goswami on 24 July 1937) is an Indian actor and director in Bollywood. He is remembered for his films "Hariyali Aur Raasta", "Woh Kaun Thi?", "Himalaya Ki God Mein", "Do Badan", "Upkar", "Patthar Ke Sanam", "Neel Kamal", "Purab Aur Paschim", "Roti Kapda Aur Makaan", and "Kranti". He is known for acting in and directing films with patriotic themes, and has been given the nickname Bharat Kumar. In 1992, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India. India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed upon him Document [39] (Title: Anup Kumar (actor)) Bhaduri. He started acting quite early in life. He got his first break as a child artist in Dhiren Ganguly’s film "Haalkatha" (1938). "Nimontron" and "Palatak" were the movies which exposed his versatility as an actor. He was also involved with live theatre, yatras, and film directing. In 1964, he was awarded the BFJA Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film "Palatak". He received a silver medal from the Star Theatre. In 1988, he won the "West Bengal Natya Academy Award". In 1989, he was awarded with "Siromoni Prize" and in 1991, he was awarded Best Director Document [40] (Title: Sriimurali) for Best Actor in Filmfare Awards South and SIIMA Awards. Following the massive success of the film, it was reported that he was flooded with offers for film totaling to 67, all of which he rejected. Sriimurali Sriimurali (born 17 December 1981), also known by names Murali, is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Kannada cinema. After making his debut in 2003 in "Chandra Chakori", he appeared in "Kanti" as the eponymous lead, a performance that won him the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. He has since appeared in over 10 Kannada films and a film each Document [41] (Title: R. Madhavan) the actor stating it "justified his decision" to pursue a degree in electronics. Among Madhavan's film awards are four Filmfare Awards—Best Male Debut for "Alaipayuthey", Best Supporting Actor for "Aaytha Ezhuthu", Best Actor for "Irudhi Suttru" and Critics' Best Actor for "Vikram Vedha". R. Madhavan R. Madhavan (born 1 June 1970) is an Indian actor, writer and film producer. He has received four Filmfare Awards and an award from the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards along with recognition and nominations from other organisations. He has been described as one of the few actors in India who is able to achieve Document [42] (Title: FIE Foundation) Artist and Local talents. The highest award conferred is Rashtrabhushan Award. The awards are given every year in a grand ceremony held in Ichalkaranji in January/February at the hands of eminent dignitaries. A few of Chief guests who have graced the occasion are hon'ble Ex. Prime minister of India Chandrashekhar, hon'ble Ex. Chief Minister of Maharashtra Manohar Joshi, Dilip Kumar( well-known Cine actor), Rahul Bajaj, (well-known industrialist). Sumant Moolgaokar (Architect of Tata Motor), Jayant Narlikar, S. L. Kirloskar, Krishnaswami Kasturirangan, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Russy Modi, Navalmal Firodiya, Aditya Birla, Ratan Tata, Rahul Bajaj, H. P. Nanda, Jayaprakash Narayan, Baba Amte, Document [43] (Title: Shah Rukh Khan) the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time outside India, and earned Khan his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor, equalling the record for the most wins in the category with actor Dilip Kumar. Jay Wesissberg from "Variety" noted how Khan portrayed the Asperger's sufferer with "averted eyes, springy steps, [and] stuttered repetitions of memorized texts", believing it to have been a "standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval". In 2011, Khan starred alongside Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in Anubhav Sinha's science fiction superhero film "Ra.One", his first work in this genre, as a Document [44] (Title: Khans of Bollywood) earnings of over , and he has starred in the highest-grossing Bollywood films of nine separate years which is a Bollywood record. For his contributions to film, the Government of India honored him with the 2008 - Rajiv Gandhi Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment. Salman Khan was ranked 7th in Forbes's first global list of the highest-paid actor in the world with USD 33.5 million, earning more than Hollywood actors like Dwayne The Rock Johnson, Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio. Shah Rukh Khan (born Shahrukh Khan, 2 November 1965), popularly called as SRK, is sometimes referred to Document [45] (Title: Amrish Puri) in "Mr. India", "Jagavar" in "Vidhaata", "Thakral" in "Meri Jung", "Bhujang" in "Tridev", "Balwant Rai" in "Ghayal", Barrister Chadda in "Damini" and "Thakur Durjan Singh" in "Karan Arjun". His comic role in "Chachi 420", that he acted alongside "Kamal Haasan" was highly appreciated. Since the 1990s until his death in 2005, Puri also featured in positive supporting roles in many movies. Some of his notable positive roles are "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge", "Phool Aur Kaante", "Gardish", "Pardes", "Virasat", "" and "China Gate". He received the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor award for "Meri Jung" and "Virasat". Amrish Puri was suffering from Document [46] (Title: Dilip Kumar) Award in 2009. The Government of India honoured him with: "Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow" as narrated to Udayatara Nayar was published in 2014 by Hay House Publishers (India) Pvt. ltd. Films that garnered Dilip the most recognition or awards include: Dilip Kumar Dilip Kumar (born Muhammad Yusuf Khan, on December 11, 1922 ,is an Indian film actor, producer, screenwriter and activist, known for his work in Hindi cinema. Popularly known as "The Tragedy King" and "The First Khan", he has been credited with bringing realism to film acting since his first film which was released in 1944. Document [47] (Title: Kota Srinivasa Rao) 2012, he has garnered the South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA), for his work in "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum". In 2015, he received India's fourth highest civilian honor Padma Shri for his contribution to Indian cinema. He received wide critical acclaim for his diverse roles in hits such as "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013), "Dookudu" (2011), "Rakta Charitra" (2010), "Leader" (2010), "Ready" (2008), "Sarkar" (2006), "Bommarillu" (2006), "Pournami" (2006), "Athadu" (2005), "Malliswari" (2004), "Tagore" (2003), "Idiot" (2002), "Student No. 1 "(2001), "Ganesh" (1998), "Anaganaga Oka Roju" (1997), "Aha Naa Pellanta" (1987), "Aame" (1994), "Hello Brother" (1994), "Govindha Govindha" (1993), "Gaayam" (1993), "Money" (1993), Document [48] (Title: Salman Khan) "Most Googled Indian of 2015" and first among Bollywood actors. On April 24, 2016 the Indian Olympic Association appointed the actor as the Indian Olympic contingent's goodwill ambassador for the 2016 Summer Olympics. As of August 2017, he is the ninth highest-paid actor in the world, and the second highest-paid in India after Shah Rukh Khan, according to "Forbes". On 28 September 2002, Khan was arrested for rash and negligent driving after his car ran into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the accident. Document [49] (Title: Chiranjeevi) of Indian Cinema" at the 3rd South Indian International Movie Awards from Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor. He was the first actor from South India to be invited to the Oscars ceremony in 1987. A selected filmography of Chiranjeevi's major films:- Chiranjeevi Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad (born 22 August 1955), better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi, is an Indian film actor and politician. He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Prior to politics, Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition Document [50] (Title: Anupam Kher) Award for Special Mention twice for his performances in "Daddy" (1989) and "Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara" (2005). For his performance in the film "Vijay" (1988), he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. Besides working in Hindi films, he has also appeared in many acclaimed international films such as the Golden Globe nominated "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002), Ang Lee's Golden Lion–winning "Lust, Caution" (2007), and David O. Russell's Oscar-winning "Silver Linings Playbook" (2013). He received a BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in the British television sitcom "The Boy with the Topknot" (2018). He has held the Document [51] (Title: Upendra Limaye) Upendra Limaye Upendra Limaye (born 8 November 1969) is an Indian film actor, who won the National Film Award for his role in the Marathi film "Jogwa". On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, "Forbes" included Limaye's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Films by Upendra Limaye Natya Gaurav Award Year : 1996 Play Jallai Tuzi Preet Kalnirnaya Award Year : 1996 Play Jallai Tuzi Preet Maharashtra Times Award Year : 2005 Film Page 3 Hamlog Award Year : 2005 Film Page3 Rashtriya Ratna Award Year : 2006 Film Page Document [52] (Title: CNN-IBN Indian of the Year) was introduced in the ninth edition, where one awardee was chosen from the 35 nominees across categories basis the votes received from public through Facebook. 1. "2007" Lifetime Achievement - R K Laxman "Cartoonist"<br> 2. "2008" Lifetime Achievement - Dilip Kumar "Actor" 3. "2009" Lifetime Achievement - Pandit Ravi Shankar 4. "2010" Lifetime Achievement - M. S. Swaminathan<br> 5. "2011" Lifetime Achievement - Verghese Kurien 6. "2013" Lifetime Achievement - Heroes of Rezang La, 1962 7. "2013" Outstanding Achievement - Leander Paes 8. 2014 Winners 8. 2015 Winners 10. 2017 Winners NDTV Indian of the Year CNN-IBN Indian of the Document [53] (Title: Uday Kiran) Uday Kiran Uday Kiran (born Vajpeyajula Uday kiran, 26 June 1980 – 5 January 2014) was a Filmfare Award winning Indian film actor, who primarily worked in the Telugu cinema. His first three films, "Chitram", "Nuvvu Nenu" and "Manasantha Nuvve", were successful hits, earning him the title "Hat-trick Hero". "Nee Sneham" film was the last hit in his career. In 2001, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu for the film Nuvvu Nenu, and became the youngest winner of the Filmfare best actor award after Kamal Haasan. He is the only Telugu actor to have his first Document [54] (Title: Ranbir Kapoor) Award for Best Actor for "Wake Up Sid" (2009), "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani" (2009), and "Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year" (2009) (jointly for the three films), and "Rockstar" (2011), and Best Actor awards for "Rockstar" (2011) and "Barfi!" (2012). Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor (; born 28 September 1982) is an Indian actor and film producer. He is one of the highest-paid actors of Hindi cinema and has featured in "Forbes India"s Celebrity 100 list since 2012. Kapoor is the recipient of several awards, including five Filmfare Awards. The son of actors Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh, and the Document [55] (Title: Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)) he received awards. "Gangato Rambabu" - Zee Telugu as Kameshwara Shastri Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor) Chandra Mohan (born Mallampalli Chandrasekhara Rao) is an Indian film actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema and a few Tamil films. He has garnered two Filmfare Awards and seven Nandi Awards. He received critical reception for his performance in box office hits such as "Rangula Ratnam", for which he received the state Nandi Award for Best Actor, "Padaharella Vayasu" (1978), alongside Sridevi, for which he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu) and "Siri Siri Muvva" (1978). His first Tamil film was Document [56] (Title: Dilip Kumar) won nine Filmfare Awards and is the first recipient of the Filmfare Best Actor Award (1954). Critics have acclaimed him as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema. Dilip Kumar had a long relationship with actress Madhubala but never married her. He married actress Saira Bano, who is 22 years younger than him. He and his wife currently live in Bandra, Mumbai. Kumar was born Mohammad Yusuf Khan to Ayesha Begum & Lala Ghulam Sarwar Ali Khan in a Muslim Hindko-speaking Awan family of 12 children on 11 December 1922 at home in the Qissa Khawani Document [57] (Title: British Asian) few actors to have won all four major motion picture acting awards, receiving Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild awards throughout his career, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Gandhi" (1982). The actress Parminder Nagra has a prominent role in the US TV series "ER", and played the lead role in the successful British film "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002). The actor Naveen Andrews plays the role of Sayid Jarrah in the popular US TV series "Lost", and also had a prominent role in the award-winning film "The English Patient" (1996). The actor Question: who is the most award winning actor in india

Answer: Dilip Kumar Long Answer: The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, begun in 1954, presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in Hindi cinema . The is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films . The award was first given in 1954 . As of 2018, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. Gold Document ID: 56

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Davidiad) God communicates through Nathan, announcing the Davidic covenant. Blessed by the Lord, David soon wins a number of major battles and subdues his enemies. In Book IX, David finds Jonathan's son, Mephibosheth, restored Saul's inheritance to him, and permits him to live within the royal palace in Jerusalem. David then tells Ziba that he will serve Mephibosheth. Meanwhile, Hanun of Ammon embarrasses some of David's men and allies himself with the Syrian king Hadadezer against Israel; however, he is defeated and deposed. Soon thereafter, David commits adultery with Bathsheba and impregnates her. He therefore plots the death of her husband, Document [2] (Title: Societal attitudes toward homosexuality) as an “abomination” (Leviticus 18:22, 22:13), and required the death penalty for those men who "lie with a man as with a woman". No other authors in the Hebrew Bible condemn homosexuality. The relationship described between David and Jonathan in 1 Samuel 18 - 2 Samuel 1 has often been interpreted as a romantic one, with no sense of condemnation. Many contend that from its earliest days, Christianity followed the Hebrew tradition of condemnation of male sexual intercourse and certain forms of sexual relations between men and women, labeling both as "sodomy". Some contemporary Christian scholars dispute this however. The Document [3] (Title: David and Jonathan) reconcile their faith with their sexuality have also adopted the name - Davide e Gionata (Italy), and David et Jonathan (France). The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Hebrew Bible Book of Samuel. The episodes belong to the story of David's ascent to power, which is commonly regarded as one of the sources of the Deuteronomistic history, and to its later additions. David, the youngest son of Jesse, slays Goliath at the Valley of Elah where the Philistine army is in a standoff with the army of King Saul (Jonathan's father). David's victory begins a rout Document [4] (Title: David and Jonathan) of Liverpool, drew particular attention to the "emotional, spiritual, and even physical" friendship between David and Jonathan: In 1993 a member of the Knesset in Israel, Yael Dayan, provoked controversy when she referred to David and Jonathan in a parliamentary debate in support of whether gay men and women could serve in the Israeli military. In Tim Winton's 2018 novel "The Shepherd's Hut" (published by Hamish Hamilton) the old hermit, Fintan, a defrocked priest, alludes to this biblical couple, at page 181: "Fintan reckoned we was the original odd couple, a veritable David and Jonathan he said, like they was Document [5] (Title: Books of Samuel) words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob (see Jacob's Blessing, Genesis 49) and Moses (see Blessing of Moses, Deuteronomy 33). Its editors note that "the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural". Books of Samuel The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of Document [6] (Title: Books of Samuel) Books of Samuel The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 Document [7] (Title: Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible) as upheld. (; ) Such theologians have said that this abrogation does not extend to homosexuality, which remains in their interpretation as one of the few sins unconditionally condemned. They believe there is no evident provision of marriage being given in the Bible to sanctify it. The account of the friendship between David and Jonathan was recorded favourably in the Books of Samuel (1 Samuel 18; 20; 2 Samuel 1) and although most scholars have always interpreted it as referring to platonic, some have argued that it refers to romantic or sexual love. Two significant passages are (TNIV): And 2 Document [8] (Title: David) that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 "almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period". The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the "history of Document [9] (Title: David and Jonathan) to power, money, or sexual relations; when these ends are not attainable, the friendship ceases…love that is not dependent on selfish ends is true love of the other person since there is no intended end.” (Magen Avot – abridged and adapted translation) A platonic interpretation for the relationship between David and Jonathan has been the mainstream view found in biblical exegesis, as led by Christian writers. This argues that the relationship between the two, although strong and close, is ultimately a platonic friendship. The covenant that is made is political, and not erotic; while any intimacy is a case of Document [10] (Title: David) David David is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah after Saul and Ish-bosheth. In the biblical narrative, David is a young shepherd who first gains fame as a musician and later by killing Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing Document [11] (Title: David and Jonathan) occurrence where the phrase is used of lovers is a wife no longer finding grace in the eyes of her husband, not because he no longer finds her physically attractive but because he has “found some indecency in her” (Deuteronomy 24:1). In platonic respects, such as in sacrificial loyalty and zeal for the kingdom, Jonathan's love is seen as surpassing that of romantic or erotic affection, especially that of the women David had known up until that time. The grammatical and social difficulties are pointed out in respect to 1 Samuel 18:21, as well as the marked difference in the Document [12] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) David’s physical strength." In a similar vein the Bible is quoted: "I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women" (King James, 2 Samuel I, 26). Jonathan (1 Samuel) Jonathan (Hebrew: "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan"; or "Yonatan") is a heroic figure in 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. A prince of the United Kingdom of Israel, he was the eldest son of King Saul as well as a close friend of David, who eventually succeeded Saul as king. Like his father, he was a Document [13] (Title: André Djaoui) Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken). This is a work inspired by the Bible, especially the books of Samuel, the Book of Chronicles and the Book of Psalms. King David was designed as part of the celebration of the 3000 years of the foundation of Jerusalem. André Djaoui is also writing for the theater. After meeting with Philippe Grimbert, they write a play named Back. In 2008, he decided to start a new life in Israel as an artist. His paintings were exhibited in Tel-Aviv in 2009. His artworks are also present in Miami since 2015. André Djaoui André Document [14] (Title: Large Stone Structure) as recorded in the Books of Samuel. The archaeological dig was funded privately by Roger Hertog, an American banker. In 1997, Eilat Mazar, seeking to find the Palace of David, used a reference in the Books of Samuel that refers to David going "down to the stronghold" after having been anointed (2 Samuel 5:17), to estimate where the site might be. Since the only area of higher elevation than Ophel, the oldest part of Jerusalem, is just to its north, she started digging there in February 2005. About two metres underneath the surface she discovered fourth to sixth century Byzantine Document [15] (Title: David et Jonathas) David et Jonathas David et Jonathas ("David and Jonathan"), H. 490, is an opera in five acts and a prologue by the French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier, first performed at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, on 28 February 1688. The libretto, by Father François Bretonneau, is based on the Old Testament story of the friendship between David and Jonathan. Although the opera takes the form of a typical French "tragédie en musique" it has also been referred to as a "tragédie biblique" because of its Biblical subject matter. "David et Jonathas" was first performed at a Jesuit college in combination with a Document [16] (Title: David and Jonathan (Rembrandt)) but when Jonathan learned of his father's intention, he warned David of the danger. Jonathan advised him to run away, though David took shelter by the stone Ezel, where their last meeting took place. Rembrandt portrays David holding Jonathan to his chest and weeping uncontrollably: "And Jonathan made David swear again by his love for him, for he loved him as he loved his own soul." (2 Samuel 7:14) The young David cannot contain his grief. Jonathan, more mature in years, keeps back the tears, although his face expresses deep sorrow. Themes of love and suffering lie at the heart Document [17] (Title: LGBT themes in mythology) evil power" and results in the birth of a host of evil minions and demons. Ahriman has also been regarded as the patron of men who partake of homosexual sex. However, this negative portrayal of homosexuality in Zoroastrianism is not found in the Gathas, their original holy book which is said to be the direct sayings of the prophet Zoroaster. The story of David and Jonathan has been described as "biblical Judeo-Christianity's most influential justification of homoerotic love". The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Old Testament First Book of Samuel, as part of the story Document [18] (Title: David and Jonathan) of the Philistines who are driven back to Gath and the gates of Ekron. Abner brings David to Saul while David is still holding Goliath's severed head. Jonathan, the eldest son of Saul, has also been fighting the Philistines. Jonathan takes an immediate liking to David and the two form a covenant: Now it came about when he had finished speaking to Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit to the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as himself. Saul took him that day and did not let him return to his father's house. Then Jonathan made a Document [19] (Title: Christianity and sexual orientation) David's ascent to power. The mainstream view found in modern biblical exegesis argues that the relationship between the two is merely a close platonic friendship. However, a few have interpreted the love between David and Jonathan as romantic or sexual. Although David was married (to many women), he articulates a distinction between his relationship with Jonathan and the bonds he shares with women. Another biblical hero, Noah, best known for his building an ark to save animals and worthy people from a divinely caused flood, later became a wine-maker. One day he drank too much wine, and fell asleep naked Document [20] (Title: David's Tomb) faith. Recent years have seen rising tensions between Jewish activists and Christian worshippers at the site. The tomb is located in a corner of a room situated on the ground floor remains of the former "Hagia Zion" an ancient house of worship; the upper floor of the same building has traditionally been viewed as the "Cenacle of Jesus." The site of David's burial is unknown, though the Tanakh locates it southwards, in the Ir David near Siloam. In the 4th century CE, he and his father Jesse were believed to be buried in Bethlehem. The idea he was entombed on Document [21] (Title: David and Jonathan) two earlier mentions of “love” (ahava) between David and Jonathan where it is described not as love for a romantic partner but love for self (“he loved him as his own soul,” 1 Sam 18:3; 20:17). Furthermore, the phrase “David has found grace in Jonathan's eyes,” mentioned above, is not normally a reference to romantic or physical attraction, since in 45 of the 46 other occurrences it refers to finding grace either in the eyes of God, of a ruler or wealthy landowner, of a close relative, of the father of a potential bride, or of a nation. The only Document [22] (Title: Mephibosheth) Mephibosheth According to the Books of Samuel of the Tanakh, Mephibosheth was the son of Jonathan, grandson of King Saul and father of Mica or Micha. According to the biblical narrative (), Mephibosheth was five years old when both his father and grandfather died at the Battle of Mount Gilboa. After the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, Mephibosheth's nurse took him and fled in panic. In her haste, the child fell, or was dropped while fleeing. After that, he was unable to walk. Some years later, after his accession to the kingship of the United Monarchy, King David sought out Document [23] (Title: David and Jonathan) Bible between sensual kissing (as in "Song of Songs") and the cultural kiss of Near Eastern culture whether in greeting or as expression of deep affection between friends and family (as found throughout the Old and New Testaments). The strong emotive language expressed by David towards Jonathan is also argued to be akin to that of platonic expressions in more expressive or pre-urban cultures. Orly Keren additionally posits that the relationship between Jonathan and David was not without enlightened self-interest on both sides: Jonathan in obtaining guarantees for his own future and that of his family, and David in creating Document [24] (Title: David's Mighty Warriors) a Jonathan significant enough to need no further qualification, thus probably referring to the Jonathan that elsewhere is described as a son of Saul—which Jonathan being a son of Shammah would contradict. According to textual scholars Jonathan is distinctly associated by other parts of the Books of Samuel with the Hebrews, while Saul is distinctly associated with the Israelites (who the text consistently treats as a distinct group from the Hebrews), and his being Saul's son is considered by some textual scholars as more ethnological than necessarily literal. As the list is proceeded with "...David put him in command of Document [25] (Title: David and Jonathan) covenant with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, with his armor, including his sword and his bow and his belt. So David went out wherever Saul sent him, and prospered; and Saul set him over the men of war. (NASB) As Saul continues to pursue David, the pair renew their covenant, after which they do not meet again. Eventually Saul and David are reconciled. Jonathan, however, is slain on Mt. Gilboa along with his two brothers Abinadab and Malchi-shua, and there Saul commits suicide. Document [26] (Title: The Book of Lost Things) is an hourglass with a little sand in the top bulb and a glass jar with the ghost of the little girl, Anna. She tells David of how Jonathan led her to the garden and through the hole in the wall, where the Crooked Man was waiting for them. He took her back to his home where he tore out her heart, ate it, and stored her soul in the jar. She also tells David that the Crooked Man is looking for another child to take Jonathan's place before the sand in the hourglass runs out. David takes the jar Document [27] (Title: David and Jonathan) faithful and passionate, but without unseemly allusions to forbidden practices ... Emotional and even physical closeness of two males did not seem to concern the editors of the story, nor was such a relationship prohibited by Leviticus." Homosociality is not seen as being part of the sexual taboo in the biblical world. Medieval literature occasionally drew upon the biblical relationship between David and Jonathan to underline strong personal and intimate friendships between men. The story has also frequently been used as a coded reference to homoerotic relations when the mention was socially discouraged or even punished. The anonymous "Vita Edwardi Document [28] (Title: David) as described in the Bible existed. David is richly represented in post-biblical Jewish written and oral tradition, and is discussed in the New Testament. Early Christians interpreted the life of Jesus in light of the references to the Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being descended from David. David is discussed in the Quran and figures in Islamic oral and written tradition as well. The biblical character of David has inspired many interpretations in fictional literature over centuries. The first book of Samuel portrays David as the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse of Bethlehem. His mother Document [29] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) Jonathan (1 Samuel) Jonathan (Hebrew: "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan"; or "Yonatan") is a heroic figure in 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. A prince of the United Kingdom of Israel, he was the eldest son of King Saul as well as a close friend of David, who eventually succeeded Saul as king. Like his father, he was a man of great strength and swiftness (2 Samuel 1:23), and he excelled in archery (, 2 Samuel 1:22) and slinging (1 Chronicles 12:2). Jonathan first appears in the biblical narrative as the victor of Geba, a Philistine stronghold (1 Samuel 13), while in Document [30] (Title: David and Jonathan) some chilled dudes." David and Jonathan David (Hebrew: ; "Dāwīḏ" or "David") and Jonathan (Hebrew: ; "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan") were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal Document [31] (Title: David and Jonathan) male bonding and homosociality. David and Jonathan's love is understood as the intimate camaraderie between two young soldiers with no sexual involvement. The books of Samuel do not actually document physical intimacy between the two characters aside from "kissing," while the euphemisms the Bible uses for sexual relations are missing, and nothing indicates that David and Jonathan slept together. Neither of the men is described as having problems in their heterosexual married life. David had an abundance of wives and concubines as well as an adulterous affair with Bathsheba, and apparently suffered impotence only as an old man, while Jonathan Document [32] (Title: David and Jonathan) eradicating the former king Saul's line. The biblical text does not explicitly depict the nature of the relationship between David and Jonathan. The traditional and mainstream religious interpretation of the relationship has been one of platonic love and an example of homosociality. Some later Medieval and Renaissance literature drew upon the story to underline strong personal friendships between men, some of which involved romantic love and could be described as romantic relationships. In modern times, some scholars, writers, and activists have emphasized elements of homoeroticism in the story. A number of groups made up of gay Roman Catholics trying to Document [33] (Title: David and Jonathan (Rembrandt)) David and Jonathan (Rembrandt) David and Jonathan is a painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, made in 1642, now in the collection of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Painted on oak, It is one of the works, together with the Hellenistic sculpture acquired in 1850, "The Venus de Taurida", with which the Hermitage began their collection in 1882. The subject is taken from the First Book of Samuel (20: 35-42). David was a close friend of Jonathan, the son of King Saul. Saul suspected David of aspiring to the throne of Israel. Saul thus planned to kill David, Document [34] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) His bones were buried first at Jabesh-gilead, (1 Samuel 31:13) but were later removed with those of his father and moved to Zelah. Jonathan was the father of Mephibosheth, to whom David showed special kindness for Jonathan's sake (2 Samuel 9). Jonathan has typically been portrayed as a "model of loyalty to truth and friendship", in the words of T. H. Jones. A homoerotic, chaste or otherwise, interpretation of the story of David and Jonathan has been adopted by some writers. André Gide's play "Saul" portrays Jonathan as "a beautiful, fainting, effeminate creature, in a state of hysterical rapture over Document [35] (Title: LGBT themes in mythology) of David's ascent to power. The mainstream view found in modern biblical exegesis argues that the relationship between the two is merely a close platonic friendship. However, there has recently been a tradition of interpreting the love between David and Jonathan as romantic or sexual. Another biblical hero, Noah, best known for his building an ark to save animals and worthy people from a divinely caused flood, later became a wine-maker. One day he drinks too much wine, and fell asleep naked in his tent. When his son Ham enters the tent, he sees his father naked, and Canaan, One Document [36] (Title: David et Jonathas) do all he can to save him and his father. The battle is fought and Saul loses. Jonathan is mortally wounded and dies in David's arms. Saul falls on his own sword to evade capture. Achis tells David he is the new king of the Israelites but this is little consolation in his grief for Jonathan. David et Jonathas David et Jonathas ("David and Jonathan"), H. 490, is an opera in five acts and a prologue by the French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier, first performed at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, on 28 February 1688. The libretto, by Father François Bretonneau, is Document [37] (Title: David and Jonathan) Bible in regards to the relationship of David and Jonathan. The six sections she mentions are 1) David and Jonathan's first meeting in 1 Sam. 18:1-18:4 2) the most important description of David and Jonathan's first few meetings in 1 Sam 19:1-19:7. 3) the incident of Saul berating Jonathan for his friendship with David in 1 Sam 20:30-20:34 4) David fleeing from the court of King Saul in 1 Sam. 20:1-20:42 5) the description of David and Jonathan's final meeting in 1 Sam. 23:15-23:18 and 6) David's lament (the Song of the Bow) for Saul and Jonathan. Of these six Document [38] (Title: David and Jonathan) David and Jonathan David (Hebrew: ; "Dāwīḏ" or "David") and Jonathan (Hebrew: ; "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan") were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal table instead of Document [39] (Title: The Bible and homosexuality) – c. 100) were the first to assert unambiguously that homosexuality was among the sins of Sodom. By the end of the 1st century Jews commonly identified the sin of Sodom with homosexual practices. The account of the friendship between David and Jonathan in the Books of Samuel has been interpreted by traditional and mainstream Christians as a relationship only of affectionate regard, but has been interpreted by some authors as of a sexual nature. One relevant Bible passage on this issue is 1 Samuel 18:1: Another relevant passage is 2 Samuel 1:26, where David says: The story of Ruth Document [40] (Title: Saul) (). Later on, David takes the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of his father (). The account in 1 Chronicles summarises by stating that: There are several textual or narrative issues in the text, including the aforementioned conflicting accounts of Saul's rise to kingship and his death, as well as plays on words, that biblical scholars have discussed. The birth-narrative of the prophet Samuel is found at 1 Samuel 1–28. It describes how Samuel's mother Hannah requests a son from Yahweh, and dedicates the child to God at the Document [41] (Title: Christianity and sexual orientation) that a number of early Christians (such as Saints Sergius and Bacchus) entered into homosexual relationships, and that certain Biblical figures had homosexual relationships, despite Biblical injunctions against sexual relationships between members of the same sex. Examples cited are Ruth and her mother-in-law Naomi, Daniel and the court official Ashpenaz, and, most famously, David and King Saul's son Jonathan. The story of David and Jonathan has been described as "biblical Judeo-Christianity's most influential justification of homoerotic love". The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Old Testament First Book of Samuel, as part of the story of Document [42] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) the following chapter he carries out a lone and secret attack on another Philistine garrison, demonstrating his "prowess and courage as a warrior." However, he eats honey without knowing that his father had said, "Cursed be any man who eats food before evening comes" (1 Samuel 14:24). Saul decides to put Jonathan to death because of this, but relents when the soldiers protest (). The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in chapter 18, where it says that "Jonathan became one in spirit with David, and he loved him as himself" (verse 1). Jonathan helps David escape from Saul, Document [43] (Title: David's Tomb) a somewhat fanciful tale of workmen accidentally discovering the tomb of David on Mount Zion. Epiphanius' 4th-century account in his "Weights and Measures" is one of the first to associate the location with the original meeting place of the Christian faith, writing that there stood "the church of God, which was small, where the disciples, when they had returned after the Savior had ascended from the Mount of Olives, went to the upper room". Archaeologists, doubting the Mount Zion location and favouring the biblical account, have since the early 20th century sought the actual tomb in the City of David Document [44] (Title: David) David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2). The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source. The authors and editors of Samuel and Chronicles did not aim to record history, but to promote David's reign as inevitable and desirable, and for this reason there is little about David that is concrete and undisputed. The archaeological evidence indicates that in the 10th century BCE, the time of David, Judah was sparsely Document [45] (Title: David and Jonathan) modern homosexual people's experience of themselves than those texts that explicitly speak of homosexual acts that are aggressive, violent expressions of domination and subjection. Other interpreters point out that neither the books of Samuel nor Jewish tradition documents sanctioned romantic or erotic physical intimacy between the two characters, which the Bible elsewhere makes evident when between heterosexuals, most supremely in the Song of Solomon. It is also known that covenants were common, and that marriage was a public event and included customs not seen in this story. The platonic interpretation of David and Jonathan's relationship is advocated by the religious Document [46] (Title: Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible) Samuel 1:26 (TNIV): Jonathan's gifts to David, David's comparison of Jonathan's love to the love of women, the "covenant" the two made, and Saul's reaction have led some scholars to suggest that their relationship was a romantic or possibly sexual one. Biblical scholars have widely and traditionally interpreted this as a very close but non-sexual relationship (cf. "Issues in human sexuality", para. 2.17). Some opponents of the theory that David and Jonathan's relationship was romantic believe that the stripping of Jonathan has a clear Biblical precedent, that of the stripping of Aaron of his garments to put them upon Eleazar Document [47] (Title: David and Jonathan) David confides that he has "found grace in Jonathan's eyes", a phrase proponents say normally refers to romantic or physical attraction. Throughout the passages, David and Jonathan consistently affirm and reaffirm their love and devotion to one another, and Jonathan is willing to betray his father, family, wealth, and traditions for David. That there is more than mere homosociality in the dealings of David and Jonathan is asserted by two recent studies: the biblical scholar Susan Ackerman, and the Orientalist Jean-Fabrice Nardelli. Ackerman and Nardelli argue that the narrators of the books of Samuel encrypted same-sex allusions in the texts Question: where is the story of david and jonathan found in the bible Answer: the books of Samuel Long Answer: David (Hebrew: דָּוִד ‬; Dāwīḏ or David) and Jonathan (Hebrew: יְהוֹנָתָן ‬; Yəhōnāṯān or Yehonatan) were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Gold Document ID: 47

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Davidiad) God communicates through Nathan, announcing the Davidic covenant. Blessed by the Lord, David soon wins a number of major battles and subdues his enemies. In Book IX, David finds Jonathan's son, Mephibosheth, restored Saul's inheritance to him, and permits him to live within the royal palace in Jerusalem. David then tells Ziba that he will serve Mephibosheth. Meanwhile, Hanun of Ammon embarrasses some of David's men and allies himself with the Syrian king Hadadezer against Israel; however, he is defeated and deposed. Soon thereafter, David commits adultery with Bathsheba and impregnates her. He therefore plots the death of her husband, Document [2] (Title: Societal attitudes toward homosexuality) as an “abomination” (Leviticus 18:22, 22:13), and required the death penalty for those men who "lie with a man as with a woman". No other authors in the Hebrew Bible condemn homosexuality. The relationship described between David and Jonathan in 1 Samuel 18 - 2 Samuel 1 has often been interpreted as a romantic one, with no sense of condemnation. Many contend that from its earliest days, Christianity followed the Hebrew tradition of condemnation of male sexual intercourse and certain forms of sexual relations between men and women, labeling both as "sodomy". Some contemporary Christian scholars dispute this however. The Document [3] (Title: David and Jonathan) reconcile their faith with their sexuality have also adopted the name - Davide e Gionata (Italy), and David et Jonathan (France). The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Hebrew Bible Book of Samuel. The episodes belong to the story of David's ascent to power, which is commonly regarded as one of the sources of the Deuteronomistic history, and to its later additions. David, the youngest son of Jesse, slays Goliath at the Valley of Elah where the Philistine army is in a standoff with the army of King Saul (Jonathan's father). David's victory begins a rout Document [4] (Title: David and Jonathan) of Liverpool, drew particular attention to the "emotional, spiritual, and even physical" friendship between David and Jonathan: In 1993 a member of the Knesset in Israel, Yael Dayan, provoked controversy when she referred to David and Jonathan in a parliamentary debate in support of whether gay men and women could serve in the Israeli military. In Tim Winton's 2018 novel "The Shepherd's Hut" (published by Hamish Hamilton) the old hermit, Fintan, a defrocked priest, alludes to this biblical couple, at page 181: "Fintan reckoned we was the original odd couple, a veritable David and Jonathan he said, like they was Document [5] (Title: Books of Samuel) words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob (see Jacob's Blessing, Genesis 49) and Moses (see Blessing of Moses, Deuteronomy 33). Its editors note that "the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural". Books of Samuel The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of Document [6] (Title: Books of Samuel) Books of Samuel The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 Document [7] (Title: Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible) as upheld. (; ) Such theologians have said that this abrogation does not extend to homosexuality, which remains in their interpretation as one of the few sins unconditionally condemned. They believe there is no evident provision of marriage being given in the Bible to sanctify it. The account of the friendship between David and Jonathan was recorded favourably in the Books of Samuel (1 Samuel 18; 20; 2 Samuel 1) and although most scholars have always interpreted it as referring to platonic, some have argued that it refers to romantic or sexual love. Two significant passages are (TNIV): And 2 Document [8] (Title: David) that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 "almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period". The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the "history of Document [9] (Title: David and Jonathan) to power, money, or sexual relations; when these ends are not attainable, the friendship ceases…love that is not dependent on selfish ends is true love of the other person since there is no intended end.” (Magen Avot – abridged and adapted translation) A platonic interpretation for the relationship between David and Jonathan has been the mainstream view found in biblical exegesis, as led by Christian writers. This argues that the relationship between the two, although strong and close, is ultimately a platonic friendship. The covenant that is made is political, and not erotic; while any intimacy is a case of Document [10] (Title: David) David David is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah after Saul and Ish-bosheth. In the biblical narrative, David is a young shepherd who first gains fame as a musician and later by killing Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing Document [11] (Title: David and Jonathan) occurrence where the phrase is used of lovers is a wife no longer finding grace in the eyes of her husband, not because he no longer finds her physically attractive but because he has “found some indecency in her” (Deuteronomy 24:1). In platonic respects, such as in sacrificial loyalty and zeal for the kingdom, Jonathan's love is seen as surpassing that of romantic or erotic affection, especially that of the women David had known up until that time. The grammatical and social difficulties are pointed out in respect to 1 Samuel 18:21, as well as the marked difference in the Document [12] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) David’s physical strength." In a similar vein the Bible is quoted: "I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women" (King James, 2 Samuel I, 26). Jonathan (1 Samuel) Jonathan (Hebrew: "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan"; or "Yonatan") is a heroic figure in 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. A prince of the United Kingdom of Israel, he was the eldest son of King Saul as well as a close friend of David, who eventually succeeded Saul as king. Like his father, he was a Document [13] (Title: André Djaoui) Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken). This is a work inspired by the Bible, especially the books of Samuel, the Book of Chronicles and the Book of Psalms. King David was designed as part of the celebration of the 3000 years of the foundation of Jerusalem. André Djaoui is also writing for the theater. After meeting with Philippe Grimbert, they write a play named Back. In 2008, he decided to start a new life in Israel as an artist. His paintings were exhibited in Tel-Aviv in 2009. His artworks are also present in Miami since 2015. André Djaoui André Document [14] (Title: Large Stone Structure) as recorded in the Books of Samuel. The archaeological dig was funded privately by Roger Hertog, an American banker. In 1997, Eilat Mazar, seeking to find the Palace of David, used a reference in the Books of Samuel that refers to David going "down to the stronghold" after having been anointed (2 Samuel 5:17), to estimate where the site might be. Since the only area of higher elevation than Ophel, the oldest part of Jerusalem, is just to its north, she started digging there in February 2005. About two metres underneath the surface she discovered fourth to sixth century Byzantine Document [15] (Title: David et Jonathas) David et Jonathas David et Jonathas ("David and Jonathan"), H. 490, is an opera in five acts and a prologue by the French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier, first performed at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, on 28 February 1688. The libretto, by Father François Bretonneau, is based on the Old Testament story of the friendship between David and Jonathan. Although the opera takes the form of a typical French "tragédie en musique" it has also been referred to as a "tragédie biblique" because of its Biblical subject matter. "David et Jonathas" was first performed at a Jesuit college in combination with a Document [16] (Title: David and Jonathan (Rembrandt)) but when Jonathan learned of his father's intention, he warned David of the danger. Jonathan advised him to run away, though David took shelter by the stone Ezel, where their last meeting took place. Rembrandt portrays David holding Jonathan to his chest and weeping uncontrollably: "And Jonathan made David swear again by his love for him, for he loved him as he loved his own soul." (2 Samuel 7:14) The young David cannot contain his grief. Jonathan, more mature in years, keeps back the tears, although his face expresses deep sorrow. Themes of love and suffering lie at the heart Document [17] (Title: LGBT themes in mythology) evil power" and results in the birth of a host of evil minions and demons. Ahriman has also been regarded as the patron of men who partake of homosexual sex. However, this negative portrayal of homosexuality in Zoroastrianism is not found in the Gathas, their original holy book which is said to be the direct sayings of the prophet Zoroaster. The story of David and Jonathan has been described as "biblical Judeo-Christianity's most influential justification of homoerotic love". The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Old Testament First Book of Samuel, as part of the story Document [18] (Title: David and Jonathan) of the Philistines who are driven back to Gath and the gates of Ekron. Abner brings David to Saul while David is still holding Goliath's severed head. Jonathan, the eldest son of Saul, has also been fighting the Philistines. Jonathan takes an immediate liking to David and the two form a covenant: Now it came about when he had finished speaking to Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit to the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as himself. Saul took him that day and did not let him return to his father's house. Then Jonathan made a Document [19] (Title: Christianity and sexual orientation) David's ascent to power. The mainstream view found in modern biblical exegesis argues that the relationship between the two is merely a close platonic friendship. However, a few have interpreted the love between David and Jonathan as romantic or sexual. Although David was married (to many women), he articulates a distinction between his relationship with Jonathan and the bonds he shares with women. Another biblical hero, Noah, best known for his building an ark to save animals and worthy people from a divinely caused flood, later became a wine-maker. One day he drank too much wine, and fell asleep naked Document [20] (Title: David's Tomb) faith. Recent years have seen rising tensions between Jewish activists and Christian worshippers at the site. The tomb is located in a corner of a room situated on the ground floor remains of the former "Hagia Zion" an ancient house of worship; the upper floor of the same building has traditionally been viewed as the "Cenacle of Jesus." The site of David's burial is unknown, though the Tanakh locates it southwards, in the Ir David near Siloam. In the 4th century CE, he and his father Jesse were believed to be buried in Bethlehem. The idea he was entombed on Document [21] (Title: David and Jonathan) two earlier mentions of “love” (ahava) between David and Jonathan where it is described not as love for a romantic partner but love for self (“he loved him as his own soul,” 1 Sam 18:3; 20:17). Furthermore, the phrase “David has found grace in Jonathan's eyes,” mentioned above, is not normally a reference to romantic or physical attraction, since in 45 of the 46 other occurrences it refers to finding grace either in the eyes of God, of a ruler or wealthy landowner, of a close relative, of the father of a potential bride, or of a nation. The only Document [22] (Title: Mephibosheth) Mephibosheth According to the Books of Samuel of the Tanakh, Mephibosheth was the son of Jonathan, grandson of King Saul and father of Mica or Micha. According to the biblical narrative (), Mephibosheth was five years old when both his father and grandfather died at the Battle of Mount Gilboa. After the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, Mephibosheth's nurse took him and fled in panic. In her haste, the child fell, or was dropped while fleeing. After that, he was unable to walk. Some years later, after his accession to the kingship of the United Monarchy, King David sought out Document [23] (Title: David and Jonathan) Bible between sensual kissing (as in "Song of Songs") and the cultural kiss of Near Eastern culture whether in greeting or as expression of deep affection between friends and family (as found throughout the Old and New Testaments). The strong emotive language expressed by David towards Jonathan is also argued to be akin to that of platonic expressions in more expressive or pre-urban cultures. Orly Keren additionally posits that the relationship between Jonathan and David was not without enlightened self-interest on both sides: Jonathan in obtaining guarantees for his own future and that of his family, and David in creating Document [24] (Title: David's Mighty Warriors) a Jonathan significant enough to need no further qualification, thus probably referring to the Jonathan that elsewhere is described as a son of Saul—which Jonathan being a son of Shammah would contradict. According to textual scholars Jonathan is distinctly associated by other parts of the Books of Samuel with the Hebrews, while Saul is distinctly associated with the Israelites (who the text consistently treats as a distinct group from the Hebrews), and his being Saul's son is considered by some textual scholars as more ethnological than necessarily literal. As the list is proceeded with "...David put him in command of Document [25] (Title: David and Jonathan) covenant with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, with his armor, including his sword and his bow and his belt. So David went out wherever Saul sent him, and prospered; and Saul set him over the men of war. (NASB) As Saul continues to pursue David, the pair renew their covenant, after which they do not meet again. Eventually Saul and David are reconciled. Jonathan, however, is slain on Mt. Gilboa along with his two brothers Abinadab and Malchi-shua, and there Saul commits suicide. Document [26] (Title: The Book of Lost Things) is an hourglass with a little sand in the top bulb and a glass jar with the ghost of the little girl, Anna. She tells David of how Jonathan led her to the garden and through the hole in the wall, where the Crooked Man was waiting for them. He took her back to his home where he tore out her heart, ate it, and stored her soul in the jar. She also tells David that the Crooked Man is looking for another child to take Jonathan's place before the sand in the hourglass runs out. David takes the jar Document [27] (Title: David and Jonathan) faithful and passionate, but without unseemly allusions to forbidden practices ... Emotional and even physical closeness of two males did not seem to concern the editors of the story, nor was such a relationship prohibited by Leviticus." Homosociality is not seen as being part of the sexual taboo in the biblical world. Medieval literature occasionally drew upon the biblical relationship between David and Jonathan to underline strong personal and intimate friendships between men. The story has also frequently been used as a coded reference to homoerotic relations when the mention was socially discouraged or even punished. The anonymous "Vita Edwardi Document [28] (Title: David) as described in the Bible existed. David is richly represented in post-biblical Jewish written and oral tradition, and is discussed in the New Testament. Early Christians interpreted the life of Jesus in light of the references to the Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being descended from David. David is discussed in the Quran and figures in Islamic oral and written tradition as well. The biblical character of David has inspired many interpretations in fictional literature over centuries. The first book of Samuel portrays David as the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse of Bethlehem. His mother Document [29] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) Jonathan (1 Samuel) Jonathan (Hebrew: "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan"; or "Yonatan") is a heroic figure in 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. A prince of the United Kingdom of Israel, he was the eldest son of King Saul as well as a close friend of David, who eventually succeeded Saul as king. Like his father, he was a man of great strength and swiftness (2 Samuel 1:23), and he excelled in archery (, 2 Samuel 1:22) and slinging (1 Chronicles 12:2). Jonathan first appears in the biblical narrative as the victor of Geba, a Philistine stronghold (1 Samuel 13), while in Document [30] (Title: David and Jonathan) some chilled dudes." David and Jonathan David (Hebrew: ; "Dāwīḏ" or "David") and Jonathan (Hebrew: ; "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan") were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal Document [31] (Title: David and Jonathan) male bonding and homosociality. David and Jonathan's love is understood as the intimate camaraderie between two young soldiers with no sexual involvement. The books of Samuel do not actually document physical intimacy between the two characters aside from "kissing," while the euphemisms the Bible uses for sexual relations are missing, and nothing indicates that David and Jonathan slept together. Neither of the men is described as having problems in their heterosexual married life. David had an abundance of wives and concubines as well as an adulterous affair with Bathsheba, and apparently suffered impotence only as an old man, while Jonathan Document [32] (Title: David and Jonathan) eradicating the former king Saul's line. The biblical text does not explicitly depict the nature of the relationship between David and Jonathan. The traditional and mainstream religious interpretation of the relationship has been one of platonic love and an example of homosociality. Some later Medieval and Renaissance literature drew upon the story to underline strong personal friendships between men, some of which involved romantic love and could be described as romantic relationships. In modern times, some scholars, writers, and activists have emphasized elements of homoeroticism in the story. A number of groups made up of gay Roman Catholics trying to Document [33] (Title: David and Jonathan (Rembrandt)) David and Jonathan (Rembrandt) David and Jonathan is a painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, made in 1642, now in the collection of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Painted on oak, It is one of the works, together with the Hellenistic sculpture acquired in 1850, "The Venus de Taurida", with which the Hermitage began their collection in 1882. The subject is taken from the First Book of Samuel (20: 35-42). David was a close friend of Jonathan, the son of King Saul. Saul suspected David of aspiring to the throne of Israel. Saul thus planned to kill David, Document [34] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) His bones were buried first at Jabesh-gilead, (1 Samuel 31:13) but were later removed with those of his father and moved to Zelah. Jonathan was the father of Mephibosheth, to whom David showed special kindness for Jonathan's sake (2 Samuel 9). Jonathan has typically been portrayed as a "model of loyalty to truth and friendship", in the words of T. H. Jones. A homoerotic, chaste or otherwise, interpretation of the story of David and Jonathan has been adopted by some writers. André Gide's play "Saul" portrays Jonathan as "a beautiful, fainting, effeminate creature, in a state of hysterical rapture over Document [35] (Title: LGBT themes in mythology) of David's ascent to power. The mainstream view found in modern biblical exegesis argues that the relationship between the two is merely a close platonic friendship. However, there has recently been a tradition of interpreting the love between David and Jonathan as romantic or sexual. Another biblical hero, Noah, best known for his building an ark to save animals and worthy people from a divinely caused flood, later became a wine-maker. One day he drinks too much wine, and fell asleep naked in his tent. When his son Ham enters the tent, he sees his father naked, and Canaan, One Document [36] (Title: David et Jonathas) do all he can to save him and his father. The battle is fought and Saul loses. Jonathan is mortally wounded and dies in David's arms. Saul falls on his own sword to evade capture. Achis tells David he is the new king of the Israelites but this is little consolation in his grief for Jonathan. David et Jonathas David et Jonathas ("David and Jonathan"), H. 490, is an opera in five acts and a prologue by the French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier, first performed at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, on 28 February 1688. The libretto, by Father François Bretonneau, is Document [37] (Title: David and Jonathan) Bible in regards to the relationship of David and Jonathan. The six sections she mentions are 1) David and Jonathan's first meeting in 1 Sam. 18:1-18:4 2) the most important description of David and Jonathan's first few meetings in 1 Sam 19:1-19:7. 3) the incident of Saul berating Jonathan for his friendship with David in 1 Sam 20:30-20:34 4) David fleeing from the court of King Saul in 1 Sam. 20:1-20:42 5) the description of David and Jonathan's final meeting in 1 Sam. 23:15-23:18 and 6) David's lament (the Song of the Bow) for Saul and Jonathan. Of these six Document [38] (Title: David and Jonathan) David and Jonathan David (Hebrew: ; "Dāwīḏ" or "David") and Jonathan (Hebrew: ; "Yəhōnāṯān" or "Yehonatan") were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal table instead of Document [39] (Title: The Bible and homosexuality) – c. 100) were the first to assert unambiguously that homosexuality was among the sins of Sodom. By the end of the 1st century Jews commonly identified the sin of Sodom with homosexual practices. The account of the friendship between David and Jonathan in the Books of Samuel has been interpreted by traditional and mainstream Christians as a relationship only of affectionate regard, but has been interpreted by some authors as of a sexual nature. One relevant Bible passage on this issue is 1 Samuel 18:1: Another relevant passage is 2 Samuel 1:26, where David says: The story of Ruth Document [40] (Title: Saul) (). Later on, David takes the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of his father (). The account in 1 Chronicles summarises by stating that: There are several textual or narrative issues in the text, including the aforementioned conflicting accounts of Saul's rise to kingship and his death, as well as plays on words, that biblical scholars have discussed. The birth-narrative of the prophet Samuel is found at 1 Samuel 1–28. It describes how Samuel's mother Hannah requests a son from Yahweh, and dedicates the child to God at the Document [41] (Title: Christianity and sexual orientation) that a number of early Christians (such as Saints Sergius and Bacchus) entered into homosexual relationships, and that certain Biblical figures had homosexual relationships, despite Biblical injunctions against sexual relationships between members of the same sex. Examples cited are Ruth and her mother-in-law Naomi, Daniel and the court official Ashpenaz, and, most famously, David and King Saul's son Jonathan. The story of David and Jonathan has been described as "biblical Judeo-Christianity's most influential justification of homoerotic love". The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Old Testament First Book of Samuel, as part of the story of Document [42] (Title: Jonathan (1 Samuel)) the following chapter he carries out a lone and secret attack on another Philistine garrison, demonstrating his "prowess and courage as a warrior." However, he eats honey without knowing that his father had said, "Cursed be any man who eats food before evening comes" (1 Samuel 14:24). Saul decides to put Jonathan to death because of this, but relents when the soldiers protest (). The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in chapter 18, where it says that "Jonathan became one in spirit with David, and he loved him as himself" (verse 1). Jonathan helps David escape from Saul, Document [43] (Title: David's Tomb) a somewhat fanciful tale of workmen accidentally discovering the tomb of David on Mount Zion. Epiphanius' 4th-century account in his "Weights and Measures" is one of the first to associate the location with the original meeting place of the Christian faith, writing that there stood "the church of God, which was small, where the disciples, when they had returned after the Savior had ascended from the Mount of Olives, went to the upper room". Archaeologists, doubting the Mount Zion location and favouring the biblical account, have since the early 20th century sought the actual tomb in the City of David Document [44] (Title: David) David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2). The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source. The authors and editors of Samuel and Chronicles did not aim to record history, but to promote David's reign as inevitable and desirable, and for this reason there is little about David that is concrete and undisputed. The archaeological evidence indicates that in the 10th century BCE, the time of David, Judah was sparsely Document [45] (Title: David and Jonathan) modern homosexual people's experience of themselves than those texts that explicitly speak of homosexual acts that are aggressive, violent expressions of domination and subjection. Other interpreters point out that neither the books of Samuel nor Jewish tradition documents sanctioned romantic or erotic physical intimacy between the two characters, which the Bible elsewhere makes evident when between heterosexuals, most supremely in the Song of Solomon. It is also known that covenants were common, and that marriage was a public event and included customs not seen in this story. The platonic interpretation of David and Jonathan's relationship is advocated by the religious Document [46] (Title: Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible) Samuel 1:26 (TNIV): Jonathan's gifts to David, David's comparison of Jonathan's love to the love of women, the "covenant" the two made, and Saul's reaction have led some scholars to suggest that their relationship was a romantic or possibly sexual one. Biblical scholars have widely and traditionally interpreted this as a very close but non-sexual relationship (cf. "Issues in human sexuality", para. 2.17). Some opponents of the theory that David and Jonathan's relationship was romantic believe that the stripping of Jonathan has a clear Biblical precedent, that of the stripping of Aaron of his garments to put them upon Eleazar Document [47] (Title: David and Jonathan) David confides that he has "found grace in Jonathan's eyes", a phrase proponents say normally refers to romantic or physical attraction. Throughout the passages, David and Jonathan consistently affirm and reaffirm their love and devotion to one another, and Jonathan is willing to betray his father, family, wealth, and traditions for David. That there is more than mere homosociality in the dealings of David and Jonathan is asserted by two recent studies: the biblical scholar Susan Ackerman, and the Orientalist Jean-Fabrice Nardelli. Ackerman and Nardelli argue that the narrators of the books of Samuel encrypted same-sex allusions in the texts Question: where is the story of david and jonathan found in the bible

Answer: the books of Samuel Long Answer: David (Hebrew: דָּוִד ‬; Dāwīḏ or David) and Jonathan (Hebrew: יְהוֹנָתָן ‬; Yəhōnāṯān or Yehonatan) were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel. Gold Document ID: 47

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Feast (2014 film)) so that he can be shown being promoted to a chair at the table and demoted back to the floor. Because of the flat style of the film, a breed with distinct markings like the Boston Terrier helps cue the audience to subtle movements. "Feast" made its home media debut on the Blu-ray and DVD releases of "Big Hero 6" on February 24, 2015. "Feast" is also included with the digital iTunes release of "Big Hero 6". "Feast" was released on the "Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection" Blu-ray on August 18, 2015. Writing for "Variety", critic Peter Debruge Document [2] (Title: Sharknado 2: The Second One) was released on July 20, 2014 to mostly negative reviews. A comedic survival guide entitled "How to Survive a Sharknado and Other Unnatural Disasters" (the book that Tara Reid's character was to promote in the film) was released through Three Rivers Press on July 8, 2014. July 2014 SyFy announced that there would be a "" premiering 22 July 2015 taking place in Washington, D.C. & Orlando, FL. Archie Comics also released a story about Archie Andrews encountering a Sharknado leading up to the third film. It aired on the promised date, followed by "Lavalantula", which debuted July 25, 2015, Document [3] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) animation" and a smart and "sharp story and script", it is "one of the rare family films that can fairly boast of having it all: humor, heart and huggability". Rafer Guzmán from "Newsday" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "Marvel plus Disney plus John Lasseter equals an enjoyable jumble of kid-approved action", with "rich, vivid colors and filled with clever details". Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their "Big Hero 6" Funko. The POP Vinyl series collection features Hiro Hamada, GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Fred, and a 6-inch Document [4] (Title: Stan Lee's Mighty 7) Comics joint venture. In August, Super7, a toy manufacturer, sued POW! and partners over Stan Lee Comics' "Super Seven". The second title announced for the imprint was "The Governator" on March 30, 2011 with the comic book title coming out first in 2012 as part of larger set of releases. The title was soon place on hold with the rest of the franchise in May 2011. In March 2012, Stan Lee Comics' first issue of the renamed "Stan Lee's Mighty 7" six issue miniseries was published. Also in 2012, A took over Archies' ownership stake in Stan Lee Comics. In Document [5] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Yandroth. As part of a plan to gain power via superhero battles, Yandroth sends a team of "Living Erasers" into their building. The Living Erasers are capable of transporting beings out of reality. The entire battle takes place off panel and is only mentioned in conjunction with attacks upon other superhero teams. Later, the members of Big Hero 6 fall victim to a mind-control device implanted within Baymax. Traveling to Canada, the mind-controlled superheroes attack a new incarnation of Alpha Flight at a national park. After a brief battle, the mind-control device is short-circuited and the two teams part as Document [6] (Title: Tekken 6) game had a limited arcade release in Japan on February 18, 2015, followed by a full release on March 18, 2015. Tekken 6 While the game retains elements from the previous games, the game introduces a new rage system that increases the strength of the playable characters when they are weakened. It also stars a hack and slash mode focused on a soldier named Lars Alexandersson. Losing his memories on an attack against Jin Kazama's forces, Lars goes on a journey to learn his identity so that he will be able to recover the subject of his mission. The game Document [7] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) game was unveiled on April 30, 2014. A trailer focusing on the Avengers Playset was released on May 22, 2014. A second trailer this time based on the Spider-Man Playset was released on June 10, 2014. Disney revealed Stitch and Tinker Bell with a preview of the game, on July 16, 2014. Another trailer focusing on the Guardians of the Galaxy Playset was released on July 23, 2014 A trailer centering on super villains (Loki, Ronan and Green Goblin) was shown at San Diego Comic-Con 2014 on July 26, 2014, and was released to the public on July 28, 2014. Document [8] (Title: The Bigs 2) All-Star first baseman Prince Fielder was announced as the cover athlete chosen by 2K Sports. For the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii editions of the game, play-by-play is announced in English by Damon Bruce and in Japanese by Kasey Ryne Mazak. It was released on July 7, 2009. "The BIGS 2" features an over-the-top playing style, like the first game established. Unlike the first game, The BIGS 2 allows players to play through the full 162 game season and will allow the player to act both as general manager and as the players on the field by allowing the Document [9] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) Disney was formed. The "Collector's Edition" is exclusive to EB Games in Australia and New Zealand. This bundle was released on September 23, 2014 in North America, September 19, 2014 in the United Kingdom, and on September 18, 2014 in Australasia and the rest of Europe. The game was bundled with a 12 GB PlayStation 3 console. An "Disney Infinity 2.0 Marvel Premium Value Pack" bundle exclusive to Amazon.com includes the "Marvel Super Heroes" Starter Pack, Captain America, Venom and Rocket Raccoon playable characters, a Power Disc blind pack and the "Spider-Man" Playset. For those who purchased the first game, Document [10] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) to the shock of Hiro, but Baymax convinces him to do it, saying he will always be with him. Hiro agrees, and Baymax fires his rocket fist, propelling Hiro and Abigail back through the portal before it closes. Callaghan is forcibly arrested while Abigail is taken to the hospital. Some time later, Hiro discovers Baymax's health care chip clenched in the rocket fist. He rebuilds Baymax's body, and the six friends continue their exploits throughout the city. During the end credits, a series of newspaper headlines reveals that the university has awarded Hiro a grant and dedicated a building in Document [11] (Title: Hero Academy) stating, "there's enough depth to make each quick round surprisingly satisfying." Webster also noted that the game was best played with friends rather than anonymous players since this would ensure turns would finish without delay. Hero Academy 2 was soft launched in Canada on October 23, 2017. The official launch was January 16, 2018. The sequel was nominated for "Best Multiplayer/Competitive Game" at the 2018 Webby Awards. Hero Academy Hero Academy is a two-player turn-based tactics video game created by the developer Robot Entertainment, known for their previous series "Orcs Must Die!". The game was first released for the iPhone Document [12] (Title: Captain America: Civil War) film is that ... it's a two-parter. There's a journey that the Winter Soldier goes on that isn't complete yet." That month, Marvel announced a release date of May 6, 2016, and Trent Opaloch, who was the cinematographer on "The Winter Soldier", said he would return for the sequel. In July, Markus and McFeely stated that they were midway through a first draft for the film, on which principal photography was expected to begin in April 2015. The following month, they stated that they were looking to make the tone of the film "an amalgam" of "The First Avenger" and Document [13] (Title: Super Mega Baseball) 2" is set to release in 2018 as it was delayed, and will include updated art, online multiplayer, and full customization. On April 20, 2018, Metalhead Software announced that the game would be released on May 1, 2018. It released into Xbox One's Games with Gold for the month of May, 2018. Super Mega Baseball 2 earned an 81 Metacritic score for Xbox One based on 21 reviews. Forbes gave it an 8.6/10 saying "While it's not a full-fledged AAA title, SMB 2 blurs the lines with its fantastic gameplay and mode depth." Gaming Age gave it an A-, saying Document [14] (Title: Code Hero) Indie Open House in San Francisco. The project experienced staff turnover, and by October 2012, ran out of money. After failing to deliver the backing rewards by the original date, and not updating the website or Twitter accounts for months at a time, backers began to demand refunds and became concerned that the project was not sufficiently funded. The original release date of August 31, 2012, at PAX Prime, was missed, with an update a few days later saying it would be released within days, a date which was also missed. When supporter Dustin Deckard began organising to seek legal Document [15] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) 2018. The film premiered in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne on September 15, 2018, with Madman Entertainment screening a wider release on September 27, 2018 in Australia, and October 17, 2018 in New Zealand. The film premiered in the United Kingdom at Scotland Loves Anime in Glasgow on October 13, 2018, with Manga Entertainment providing a wider theatrical release in the UK and Ireland from December 4, 2018. The film was also distributed theatrically in Singapore and Indonesia through Odex, with limited screenings on October 6 and October 13, 2018 respectively; and wide releases beginning from October 11 and Document [16] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) 2017. The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7, 2016, where an episode was shown at the "Voltron" panel. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes. The fourth season premiered on October 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consisted of 6 episodes. The sixth season premiered Document [17] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel III) mid-2016. The game was officially revealed as a PlayStation 4 exclusive in December 2016, at Falcom's 2016 shareholder's meeting. Unlike the prior two entries, no Vita or PlayStation 3 versions will be developed. The game was initially scheduled for a release window of Q3 2017 in Japan, later narrowed down to September 28, 2017. While no official plans have been announced for an English language release, some websites reported that it was mentioned in the 2016 shareholder's meeting that a deciding factor in developing the game for the PS4 was to help ensure higher international sales for the game, with Document [18] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2) Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017, and by Feral Interactive for macOS on 2 August 2018. It is the sequel to 2013's "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" and the third installment of the "Lego Marvel" franchise. With the core gameplay following the same style of past "Lego" titles, the game features the ability to manipulate time and a four-player competitive Super Hero battle mode. "Lego Marvel Document [19] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game)) by two weeks. Gameloft also released a mobile version on April 17 for iOS and Android devices as a paid game. The game was also localized in Japan as a Sony-exclusive title. Morality is used in a system known as "Hero or Menace", where players will be rewarded for stopping crimes or punished for not consistently doing so or not responding. If the player responds to crimes and successfully stops them, their hero rating will go up, failing to do so will result in Spider Man's rating to decrease. The player is able to upgrade Spider-Man's web shooters. During certain Document [20] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) meet Hiro much earlier. The entire film became much stronger by establishing the relationship between Hiro and Baymax early on, but the filmmakers ended up having to reconstruct "a fair amount of the first act" in order to make that idea work. About ninety animators worked on the film at one point or another; some worked on the project for as long as two years. In terms of the film's animation style and settings, the film combines Eastern world culture (predominantly Japanese) with Western world culture (predominantly California). In May 2013, Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Document [21] (Title: Walt Disney Animation Studios) the studio continued to use on all subsequent films. "Big Hero 6" received critical acclaim and was the highest-grossing animated film of 2014, also winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. The film was accompanied in theaters by the animated short "Feast", which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. In March 2016, the studio released "Zootopia", a CGI buddy-comedy film set in a modern world inhabited by anthropomorphic animals. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $1 billion worldwide, and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. "Moana", a CGI fantasy-adventure film, Document [22] (Title: Fredzilla) Hearts III". Fredzilla Fred (nicknamed Fredzilla) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a member of the superhero team Big Hero 6. The character appears in the 2014 animated film "Big Hero 6", voiced by T. J. Miller, and in the subsequent animated series by Brooks Wheelan. The character was created by Chris Claremont and David Nakayama and first appeared in "Big Hero 6" #1 (September 2008). He along with Wasabi-No-Ginger were meant to serve as replacements for then current members Sunpyre and Ebon Samurai. Nicknamed Fredzilla, it is revealed that he Document [23] (Title: The Bigs) The Bigs The Bigs (stylized as The BIGS) is an arcade-style baseball video game for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, Wii and PlayStation Portable. It was released in June 2007 in North America, and in October in Europe. A sequel, "The Bigs 2", was released on July 7, 2009. It features "outrageous visuals and intuitive gameplay mechanics," focusing on stylistic rather than realistic design, and gameplay featuring power-ups and turbo. It has also given the game of baseball a more "street" feel to it. The game features online play capability for up to four players on most of Document [24] (Title: Marvel Heroes (video game)) 2015" on June 4, 2014. The game was renamed "Marvel Heroes 2016" in January 2016. On April 5, 2017, a console version was announced to be in production at the time for both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One that was branded as a free-to-play game under the title "Marvel Heroes Omega". This version was released on June 30, 2017. On November 15, 2017, Disney announced that it was ending its relationship with Gazillion Entertainment and that "Marvel Heroes" would be shut down at the end of 2017. The game and the website for "Marvel Heroes" were taken offline on Document [25] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2) announced for the game. Of these ten, there are six level packs and four character packs based on Marvel Cinematic Universe films, superhero teams, and time variant heroes. On the planet Xandar, the armies of Kang the Conqueror are attacking the Nova Corps HQ as Nova Prime puts out a distress signal. The Guardians of the Galaxy answer the distress signal. While Rocket Raccoon and Groot remain on the ship, Star-Lord, Gamora, and Drax the Destroyer jump towards Nova Corps HQ where they work to keep Kang the Conqueror's forces from harming the evacuating citizens who are heading towards the Document [26] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating, "The breakthrough star of the season is here. His name is Baymax and he's impossible not to love. The 3-D animated "Big Hero 6" would be a ton less fun without this irresistible blob of roly-poly, robot charisma." Kofi Outlaw of "Screen Rant" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars or "excellent", explaining that ""Big Hero 6" combines Disney wonder and charm with Marvel awe and action to deliver a film that exhibits the best of both studios." Alonso Duralde of "The Wrap" gave the film a positive review, calling Document [27] (Title: DJ Hero 2) sequel, to arrive late in 2010. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of "DJ Hero", they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010. The sequel, "DJ Hero 2", was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major "Guitar Hero" titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date. Work on "DJ Hero 2" started some months after the first game was completed, as the development team had endured heavy working hours to meet the release deadline. FreeStyleGames' creative Document [28] (Title: Heroes of the Storm) phase on March 13, 2014, which went offline on September 22, 2014. The technical alpha went back online on October 7, 2014 for North America, Latin America, South East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. The servers for Europe, Korea, China and Taiwan went online in the following weeks. The technical alpha continued until the beginning of the closed beta. Closed beta testing started on January 13, 2015. As of February 2015, over 9 million players had signed up for eligibility to receive an invite to beta testing. The open beta of the game began on May 19, 2015, and the Document [29] (Title: Tadashi Hamada) assumes, Callaghan. Hiro, Baymax, and Tadashi's school friends mourn Tadashi throughout the rest of the film, while most of his legacy remains present in the form of Baymax. Following Tadashi's death, Baymax ends up taking over the role of being Hiro's emotional support. A series of further events leads to the formation of the superhero team Big Hero 6, who investigate Tadashi's death and the criminal plot that surrounds it, and honor Tadashi through continuing as a team to fulfill his dedication of helping people. Prior to the film's climax, Baymax shows video footage of his testing by Tadashi to Document [30] (Title: Psycho-Pass) in January 25, 2019. The second film, titled , will premiere in February 15, 2019. The third film, titled , will premiere in March 8, 2019. Naoyoshi Shiotani and Yugo Kanno are reprising their roles as the director and music composer, respectively. Ryō Yoshigami wrote the screenplay for the first film, while Fukami is returning from the anime series to write the screenplays for the second and third films. Production I.G is returning for animation production and Toho is distributing. A collaboration visual with "Godzilla: The City Mechanized for the Final Battle" has also been developed with Akane being the Document [31] (Title: Hero (2007 film)) courtroom, which was rarely done in the TV series. The region-2 DVD (Korean subtitles version also available) was released on March 8, 2008 by Pony Canyon. A sequel feature film, also titled Hero, was released in theatres in July 2015. The film follows Kuryu and the cast of the 2014 TV Series and features the return of Amamiya, who was inexplicably absent from the second TV series. The film begins six years after Kuryu Kohei was transferred to Ishigaki Island (in the TV series finale). We learn in the interim that he has since been transferred to Sapporo and then Document [32] (Title: Fury's Big Week) Fury's Big Week Marvel's The Avengers Prelude: Fury's Big Week, or simply Fury's Big Week, is a limited series comic book published by Marvel Comics as an official tie-in comic to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), specifically the 2012 film "Marvel's The Avengers". The comic was written by Eric Pearson from stories by himself and Chris Yost, with art by various pencillers. "Fury's Big Week" follows Nick Fury and several agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as they deal with the various events of the MCU films leading up to "The Avengers". Marvel began releasing tie-in comics to the MCU films in 2008, Document [33] (Title: DJ Hero) mixer DJ Qbert. David Guetta has stated that he is set to work on the game's sequel to arrive late in 2010. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of "DJ Hero", they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010. The sequel, "DJ Hero 2", was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major "Guitar Hero" titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date. At Nintendo's E3 press conference on June 15, 2010, the Nintendo 3DS handheld console Document [34] (Title: Might & Magic Heroes VI) and posted early at fansite Heroes Community, several days prior to the official press release. On 24 May 2011, it was announced that the alpha version of the game was complete and that the first public beta testing will start in June. On June 6, the date was confirmed as 28 June. The beta ran public for 6 or 7 weeks, after which the title went gold with release date set for 30 September 2011. However, the date was changed to 13 October weeks prior in order to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the "Might & Magic" franchise. Multiple Document [35] (Title: Transformers: The Last Knight) 6" with a release date of June 28, 2019. However, several months before the release of " Transformers: The Last Knight" in June 2017, Michael Bay confirmed that it would be his final film in the franchise but expressed interest in remaining as a producer should they wish to continue the series with another director. Bay confirmed in April 2017 that out of the writers room, at least 14 stories had been completed for potential future "Transformers" films. After "Transformers: The Last Knight" disappointed at the box office and failed to outperform any of the previous installments, the future of Document [36] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) we had our huggable robot." Hall stated that the technology "will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future, making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up." Hall mentioned that achieving a unique look for the mechanical armor took some time and "just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character". Co-director Williams stated, "A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he's a very powerful intimidating presence ... at the same Document [37] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) U, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and Xbox One, and for PlayStation Vita on May 9, 2015. Featuring original story material by Brian Michael Bendis, "Marvel Super Heroes" includes multiple plots and includes characters from both Marvel and Disney properties. The main campaign is divided into three stories. The first storyline follows the Avengers as they prevent the Norse God Loki from rebuilding the Casket of Ancient Winters. The second storyline centers on Spider-Man and features him and his team tasked with the objective to stop Green Goblin's symbiote invasion. The third and final storyline concentrates around the Guardians of the Document [38] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Krei. Callaghan interrupts Krei at a public event and attempts to destroy his headquarters using Krei's teleportation portal. After a lengthy battle, the team deprives Callaghan of his microbots and the mask, saving Krei, but the portal remains active. Baymax detects Abigail inside, alive but in hyper-sleep, and leaps into the portal with Hiro to rescue her. They find Abigail's pod, but on the way back out, Baymax is struck by debris, damaging his armor and disabling his thrusters. With no other option Baymax activates his armor's rocket fist, and asks Hiro to say he is satisfied with his care, Document [39] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) "" in 2011, and Activision's contract expiring after the release of "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", released a few months prior to the release of "Marvel Super Heroes". A sequel, "Disney Infinity 3.0", was released on August 28, 2015 in Europe and August 29, 2015 in North America. The game follows multiple plots, with each Playset having its own. The Avengers Playset centers on Loki and MODOK attempting to rebuild the Casket of Ancient Winters, with the aid of the Frost Giants, in order to freeze New York City. The Spider-Man Playset, which is heavily inspired by "Ultimate Spider-Man", centers on Document [40] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) became one of Japan's most prominent heroes. He soon left Big Hero 6 to become a member of the X-Corporation, but was disgraced after his past ties to Mystique and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants were revealed. Sunfire has since appeared as a member of the Marauders and of the Uncanny Avengers. GoGo Tomago (Leiko Tanaka) is known as the hothead of Big Hero 6. GoGo transforms her body into an explosive ball of energy, which can be projected at vast speeds. Little is known of Honey Lemon's past or how she obtained the purse that gives her "superpowers." Hiro Document [41] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) on avenging Tadashi. Back home, Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again, but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted. To calm him down, Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax's development as a demonstration of Tadashi's benevolence and legacy. Hiro remorsefully apologizes to his friends, who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way. Video footage from the laboratory accident reveals that the lost test pilot was Callaghan's daughter Abigail, and that Callaghan (who lost his mind and had gone "completely" insane) is seeking revenge on Document [42] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Possible"s Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and co-executive produced by Nick Filippi. The majority of the cast from the film returned to voice the characters, except for Wayans Jr. and Miller. Big Hero 6 (film) Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who Document [43] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory which was used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident. The masked man attacks, but the group subdues him and knocks off his mask – revealing him to be Callaghan, who had stolen and used Hiro's microbots to shield himself from the explosion, leaving Tadashi to die. Enraged, Hiro removes Baymax's healthcare chip, leaving only the battle chip, and orders him to kill Callaghan. Honey reinstalls the healthcare chip at the last second, preventing Baymax from carrying out the kill order. Callaghan barely escapes, and Hiro leaves with Baymax, intent Document [44] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) day definitely has its appeal." In March 2015, Genesis Rodriguez told MTV that a sequel was being considered, saying, "…There's nothing definitive. There's talks of something happening. We just don't know what yet." In April 2015, Stan Lee mentioned a projected sequel as one of several that he understood were in Marvel's plans for upcoming films. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series was in development and premiered on Disney Channel and Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created and executive produced by "Kim Document [45] (Title: Assault Heroes 2) Assault Heroes 2 Assault Heroes 2 is the sequel to "Assault Heroes", an arcade-style, top-down shooter video game developed by Chilean Wanako Games. The game was released on May 14, 2008. The core gameplay remains the same as the first "Assault Heroes", but the player now has the ability to hijack enemy units, allowing players to man such vehicles as tanks and helicopters. The game also features above and underground on-foot only areas, with larger maps than the previous game's on-foot underground lairs. The game still supports two player co-op multiplayer both on- and off-line, and teammates may now link Document [46] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Tudyk, James Cromwell, and Maya Rudolph. "Big Hero 6" is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters, whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009. Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film's animated visuals. "Big Hero 6" premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23, 2014, and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3-D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7, 2014. The film was met with both critical and Document [47] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) inspired and adapted into the 2014 Disney computer-animated film of the same name. Produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios rather than Marvel Studios, it retains some of the core themes and character concepts from the comics, but makes substantial changes and builds a new story around them. For example, the film's version of Baymax is a friendly robot originally designed to provide medical care, while in the comics he is a bodyguard. The film was released in the United States in November 2014, receiving critical acclaim. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for the Document [48] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by "Kim Possible" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014 film "Big Hero 6", which itself is loosely based on the comic book series Big Hero 6 published by Marvel Comics. The series is a sequel as it takes place after the events of the film and uses traditional hand-drawn animation. It premiered with a 43-minute episode titled "Baymax Returns" on Disney XD on November 20, 2017. In 2018, Document [49] (Title: ItsJustSomeRandomGuy) second was posted on March 13, 2009, and the third was posted on March 23, 2009. Also in 2009, Agrusso began spoofing the major summer blockbusters with the Marvel/DC characters since no comic book movies from Marvel and DC were being released. In 2010, Marvel released Iron Man 2 and DC released Jonah Hex. Argusso created a fourth "Hi, I'm a Marvel" series to coincide with the film's releases. He uses Iron Man to represent Marvel and Jonah Hex to represent DC. The first video released on May 5, 2010 and the second released on May 24, 2010. The video Document [50] (Title: Heroes (U.S. TV series)) Home Entertainment has announced that the first and second seasons would be released on Blu-ray on August 26, 2008, the same date as the DVD release of the second season. Specifications and bonus features include: Generations Alternate Ending; Inside the Alternate Ending: What if Peter didn't catch the virus?; untold stories that didn't make it on air; Season three sneak peek; deleted scenes; a documentary on Takezo Kensei; behind the scenes featurettes; NBC.com featurettes; and audio commentaries with cast, crew and show creator Tim Kring. The complete second season was released on July 28, 2008 in the UK. Season 2 Document [51] (Title: Nikkhil Advani) a motion picture production company. Emmay Entertainment first production was D-Day, a film directed by Nikkhil, in association with DAR Motion Pictures, which was released on 19 July 2013. Nikkhil Advani’s recently released film was Hero, the official remake of Subhash Ghai's directed 1983 film of the same name. It went on floors on 18 February 2014. Hero is Emmay Entertainment’s co-production with Salman Khan Ventures. The film launches Sooraj Pancholi and Athiya Shetty. It also stars Tigmanshu Dhulia, Aditya Pancholi, Sharad Kelkar and Vivaan Bathena. It is released on 11 September 2015. and the recent production release was Katti Document [52] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) they discover that someone has been mass-producing the microbots, and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they escape, Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves, and they track the masked man to the docks. GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred arrive, responding to a call from Baymax, and the masked man chases the group. The six escape to Fred's mansion, where they decide to form a high-tech superhero team to combat the villain. The group tracks the masked man, whom they suspect to be Krei, to Document [53] (Title: Marvel NOW!) do our covers, digital shifts and the way we start delivering our books". In March 2013, Alonso announced that Marvel would be launching a new wave of Marvel NOW! titles, dubbed "Wave Two", in the summer of that year. Alonso stated, "There are plans for a Marvel NOW! Wave 2—a new wave of titles that will generate the same amount of excitement amongst retailers and fans that the first wave did. From 'Uncanny Avengers' to 'Thanos Rising,' Marvel NOW! has been a hit, and we're far from done. Look for exciting new series, starting in July and carrying through next Document [54] (Title: Fantastic Four in film) Michael B. Jordan, Jamie Bell and Toby Kebbell, the film was released on August 7, 2015. A sequel was originally planned for 2017, but was removed from the studio's schedule in November 2015. At San Diego Comic-Con International 2017, Noah Hawley said that he was developing a film centered on Doctor Doom. Dan Stevens was also said to be involved with the film. In June 2018, Hawley stated that the script was almost finished, but that there was "a little uncertainty" about whether it would be filmed due to his upcoming film "Pale Blue Dot" and the fact that Disney Document [55] (Title: Heros: The Sanguine Seven) super villains, and the last enemy of the game. Jeffrey Fullerton released the initial version of "Heros: The Sanguine Seven" during July 1993 to local Bulletin Board System across the United States, but due to lack of advertising very few copies of the game were sold. Besides that, the game had no shareware version, and people were unable to play the game before they could buy it. Some time later, Jeffrey Fullerton contacted a small company called Safari Software to distribute his game. Safari agreed to distribute it under the conditions that Fullerton would do some upgrades on the game, Document [56] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) October 17, 2018 in Singapore and Indonesia respectively. The film was acquired by Pioneer Films in the Philippines, with an initial fan screening occurring on October 16, 2018 and three additional advance screenings on October 20, following a delayed wider release, originally slated for October 17. Viz Media Europe acquired the rights to the film for French, German, and Italian-speaking regions of Europe. "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes" will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 13, 2019 in Japan by Toho Pictures. The release will be offered in standard editions, as well as a "Plus Ultra" limited edition. Document [57] (Title: BioShock 2) BioShock 2 BioShock 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by 2K Marin and published by 2K Games. A part of the "Bioshock" series, it is the sequel to the 2007 video game "BioShock" and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on February 9, 2010. Feral Interactive released an OS X version of the game on March 30, 2012. Set in the fictional underwater dystopian city of Rapture, the game's story takes place eight years after "BioShock". Assuming control of Subject Delta, a hulking Big Daddy, players are tasked with fighting through Document [58] (Title: The New Mutants (film)) Bear would not be the main antagonist of the film, just that it was "very much inspired" by the run of the "New Mutants" comics in which Demon Bear was featured as the main villain. In January 2018, the film's release date was pushed back to February 22, 2019, which allowed it to avoid "Deadpool 2", which also had its release changed at that time to a date that would have had both films in theaters at the same time in certain markets, while also allowing time for the reshoots required to make the film more frightening. When asked about Document [59] (Title: Breath of Fire 6) ruins, found the hero in trouble and saves them. Together with the surviving citizens of their hometown, the hero and his companions needed to rebuild their lost land and strike back at the Empire while discovering the secrets of the dragon clans. "Breath of Fire 6" was first announced in August 2013 during Capcom's Network Game Conference in Japan, where it was given a tentative release date in the region for the following year. It is the first installment in the series to not debut on a home console, and was created specifically for touch-based PCs, smart phones and tablets. Document [60] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) to "The Curse of Monkey Island". The editors called "Little Big Adventure 2" "a charming 3D action/adventure hybrid." Little Big Adventure 2 Little Big Adventure 2 (LBA 2) is a computer game developed by Adeline Software International and initially released on 31 May 1997. It was later re-released by Activision in June 1997 in North America under the name Twinsen's Odyssey. In July 1997, both Electronic Arts and Virgin Interactive Software re-released "LBA 2" - Virgin Interactive Software doing so under the name of ""Twinsen's Odyssey"". "LBA 2" sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. The game is a sequel to "Little Document [61] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series is in development and will premiere on Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created by Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, creators of "Kim Possible" and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley and Nick Filippi. The Disney version of Big Hero 6 will make their debut appearance in the "Kingdom Hearts" series in "Kingdom Hearts III", essentially making them the first characters from Document [62] (Title: The Equalizer 2) On April 22, 2015, Sony officially announced a sequel, with Washington returning to his role as vigilante Robert McCall. Fuqua's returning was not yet confirmed. In September 2016, producer Todd Black revealed that the script of the film was complete, and that Fuqua would return to direct, with shooting set to begin in September 2017. On August 21, 2017, Pedro Pascal was cast in an unspecified role. Two days later, Melissa Leo and Bill Pullman were confirmed to reprise their roles from the first film, as Susan and Brian Plummer, and it was reported that the film would be produced Document [63] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 54 Disney Animation films. The emotional climax that takes place in the middle of a wormhole portal is represented by the stylized interior of a mandelbulb. The post-credits scene was only added to the film in August 2014, late in production, after co-director Don Hall and his crew went to see Marvel Studios' "Guardians of the Galaxy". He stated that "[i]t horrified us, that people were sat waiting for an end credits thing, because of the Marvel DNA. We didn't want people to leave the movie disappointed." Henry Jackman composed the score for the film. The soundtrack features an original Document [64] (Title: Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes) the month, following the apparent expiration of Capcom's licensing contracts with Marvel Comics. The game was pulled from the PlayStation Network on December 17 and 19 in North America and Europe, respectively, and from the Xbox Live Arcade globally on December 26. Eventually, the iOS version was also delisted from the Apple App Store. Upon release, "Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes" received positive reviews for its frantic gameplay style, detailed backdrops and visuals, and enormous cast of playable characters. Anoop Gantayat of IGN praised the game for its refined battle system, despite its sheer level of insanity, Document [65] (Title: Fantastic Four (2015 film)) to be two weeks after "" initial scheduled release date of May 26, 2017. Due to "Fantastic Four" poor box office performance and negative reviews, Pamela McClintock of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that it "throws into question whether Fox will move ahead with a sequel". Phil Hoad of "The Guardian" said it would "be interesting" to see if Fox proceeds with a sequel and if it keeps the "gritty-on-paper" tone, noting that if Fox did not produce a sequel or a reboot until 2022, the film rights would revert to Marvel Studios. Despite the performance, it was reported in September Document [66] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) DreamWorksTV YouTube channel. The story takes place in between the episodes "Rebirth" and "Crystal Venom." During the "Voltron: Legendary Defender" panel at WonderCon 2017, it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017. The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays., however the date was pushed back on October 4, 2017 where was published where issue 2 and 3 was published on the same day, November 1, 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15, 2017, issue 5 was published on December 13, 2017, the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback Document [67] (Title: Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second) SEA Server, published by AsiaSoft, PlayPark. On April 18, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second will start beta for NA server published by WarpPortal. On April 27, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2 appeared on the Steam platform citing a May 1, 2013 release date. On August 28, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second started its Open Beta Phase on the Indonesia Server, published by Lyto. On December 23, 2013, Gravity announced that it will be taking Ragnarok Online 2 offline in Korea because of lack of players, but the developer did include a hint of hope in Document [68] (Title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes) was released in North America on 19 June 2012. The Mac OS X version of the game, published by Feral Interactive, was released on 6 September 2012. The Wii U version was released on 21 May 2013. A direct sequel titled "" was released in November 2014. "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes" features an open world setting, where full exploration of gotham city is granted. The game's gameplay is similar to its predecessor, "", but allows players to play as classic Batman characters and other various DC Comics superheroes, such as Robin, Batgirl, Green Lantern, Superman, The Flash, and Document [69] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) functions as Hiro's best friend and father figure and is by his side nearly every hour of every day. Baymax also feels a deep attachment to Hiro's mother; however, Hiro and Baymax decided it was not in their best interest to inform her that her departed husband's memories were used as the basis for Baymax's artificial intelligence. In his prior life, the Ebon Samurai (Kiochi Keishicho) was a Tokyo police officer who was slain by Silver Samurai during an attack by HYDRA. After making a deal with Amatsu-Mikaboshi, Kiochi was allowed to return to Earth and exact vengeance upon the Document [70] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) arrangement imaginable using a neurocranial transmitter. At the fair, Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei, CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the school. At the end of the day, a fire breaks out among the exhibits and Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan, the only person left inside. The building explodes moments later, killing Tadashi. Weeks later, a depressed Hiro, in mourning for Callaghan's and Tadashi's death, inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created; the two find Hiro's only remaining microbot and follow it to an abandoned warehouse. There Document [71] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) heroic arcs." The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and instead set the film in a stand-alone universe. With respect to the design of Baymax, Hall mentioned in an interview, "I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original. That's a tough thing to do, we've got a lot of robots in pop culture, everything from The Terminator to WALL-E to C-3PO on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots, I won't go into that. So I wanted to do something original." Document [72] (Title: Marvel Animation) they were in development with Marvel to make a film of Big Hero 6. At San Diego Comic-Con in July, Marvel Television announced a second "season" of Marvel Knights Animation with Shout Factory and the involved titles. Following up on early anime productions in the Superhero Anime Partners, Marvel has re-partnered with Madhouse and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan as SH DTV Partners for a direct to video anime feature film, "". Also in October, Marvel Animation Studios announced its first DTV production, a direct to video film, "", to be released in 2013. Marvel announced in May 2013, that the Document [73] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) song titled "Immortals" written and recorded by American rock band Fall Out Boy, which was released by Walt Disney Records on October 14, 2014. The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2014, and had a CD release on November 24. While not part of the soundtrack, a brief instrumental section of "Eye of the Tiger" plays in the film. "Big Hero 6" premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival. The world premiere of "Big Hero 6" in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival Document [74] (Title: Thor: The Dark World) said that while Loki has a part, "there will be a different villain, another big villain". In May 2012, Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins, who played Odin in the first film, committed to returning in the sequel. At the end of the month, Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8, 2013. By June 2012, much of the first film's supporting cast was confirmed to return, including Idris Elba, Jaimie Alexander, Ray Stevenson and Stellan Skarsgård. Also in Document [75] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics) the base, an Asgardian artifact. "First Vengeance" was written by Fred Van Lente, with art for the first half of the comic by Neil Edwards, and by Luke Ross for the rest. The first of eight digital issues was released on February 6, 2011, with the other seven subsequently released on February 16, March 2, March 23, June 8, July 6, July 13, and July 20, respectively. The comic was also published in four issues on May 4, May 18, June 15, and June 29, 2011, respectively. On what the comic covers, "Captain America: The First Avenger" co-producer Stephen Broussard Document [76] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) commercial success, grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing animated film of 2014. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie. It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. "Big Hero 6" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24, 2015. A , which continues the story of the film, debuted on November 20, 2017 on Disney Channel and Disney XD. Hiro Hamada is a Document [77] (Title: Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes) 19, 2002 in Japan, November 19 in North America, and November 29 in Europe. The Xbox version launched alongside its PlayStation 2 counterpart in Japan on September 19, 2002, which later received a North American release on March 30, 2003. It was then released internationally through the Xbox Live Arcade on July 29, 2009, and the PlayStation Network on August 13. Lastly, the game became available for iOS devices on April 25, 2012. On December 15, 2013, Capcom announced that "Marvel vs. Capcom 2" would be removed from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network stores towards the end of Document [78] (Title: Company of Heroes 2) of Heroes 2" would be released in North America and Europe on June 25, 2013. A few weeks later, the company announced that the first closed beta will begin April 2, 2013. The open beta was released to the public on June 4, 2013 after the stress tests and the closed beta sessions were finished. Relic has released downloadable content for the game aside from the Theatre of War packs. Commanders: Add new abilities and units to a players arsenal, which are available in skirmish and multiplayer matches. A player can choose up to 3 commanders of which he can Document [79] (Title: Call of Heroes) village. Louis Koo will portray the film's main villain, a ruthless warlord, while Eddie Peng will portray wanderer. On 19 June, the film's production company and distributor Universe Entertainment released a teaser trailer featuring behind the scenes footage and displaying a slated release date of 2016. Universe Entertainment released a second teaser trailer on 15 March 2016 under a new title, Call of Heroes. The film grossed on its opening weekend in China. It grossed a total of at the Chinese box office. Call of Heroes Call of Heroes, previously known as The Deadly Reclaim, is a 2016 Hong Kong-Chinese Document [80] (Title: Kingdom Hearts III) also stated that the team had an internal release window they were trying to hit. In August 2015, at D23 Expo 2015, a world based on "Big Hero 6" was announced. In November 2015, new footage was shown at D23 Expo Japan 2015, footage which was cut from the E3 2015 trailer for time. A gameplay trailer was released during the "Kingdom Hearts" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017. The next month, Nomura stated that a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created, but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the Document [81] (Title: Deadpool 2) Thanos, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also in April, Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film, while Fox gave the sequel a June 1, 2018 release date. Noting the release date, Leitch wanted to ensure that the film "was worthy of a summer tentpole movie, and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films", specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film "bigger" than the first one. However, he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the Document [82] (Title: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2) "Guardians of the Galaxy" co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman confirmed a sequel, saying it was "going to happen" due to the positive internal response to the first film at Disney, and that Gunn would write and direct. At San Diego Comic-Con International soon after, the sequel was given a release date of July 28, 2017. Gunn had begun work on the film within a month, and said it would include at least one new Guardian from the comics. In October, Gunn confirmed that all five original Guardians would return for the sequel, along with other supporting characters, and the release date was Document [83] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) series premiere. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> A series of short-form episodes began airing on the Disney Channel YouTube channel on May 31, 2018. Three animated shorts called "Baymax Dreams" premiered September 15, 2018 simultaneously on Disney Channel and YouTube. The shorts are computer animated and made through Unity. In early November 2018, Disney Channel started airing "Big Chibi 6 The Shorts" which is loosely based on the opening segment from the episode "Fan Friction". This series depicts the cast of Big Hero 6 in comical chibi-fied situations (a lá "Teen Titans Go!"). "Baymax Returns" premiered on Disney Channel channels in Canada on November Document [84] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd) translate "Second Chapter"; "The 3rd"'s release largely hinged on its success. Ken Berry, Vice President of Xseed Games, stated that despite having the right to release "The 3rd", they would be willing to allow others to translate them as well due to them being such large undertakings. Xseed announced on April 7, 2017 that "The 3rd" would be released on May 3, 2017. In 2011, publisher Aeria Games announced they would release a mobile version of the series in North America, with additional social interactions features. However, no details have been released since the initial announcement. Xseed stated that they Document [85] (Title: Darksiders (series)) on May 23, 2017 for Wii U. The second installment in the franchise set parallel with the first game, "Darksiders II" released in 2012 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Xbox 360, this time with the protagonist as Death, the second of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Believing his brother War is innocent in his crimes, Death sets out to erase the crime War was blamed for as well as to try to resurrect mankind. An enhanced version, titled "Darksiders II: The Deathinitive Edition", was released on October 27, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and Document [86] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) opening in Japan behind "Frozen". and topped the box office for six consecutive weekends. The film opened in second place with $6 million ($6.8 million including previews) in the U.K., which is 15% lower than "Frozen". It opened at No. 1 with $14.8 million in China, which is the biggest opening for a Disney and Pixar animated film (breaking "Frozen" record) and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends. The film became the highest-grossing Disney animated film in Vietnam and in China (surpassed by "Zootopia")), the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia, in the Philippines (behind Document [87] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) assemble a new super-computing cluster just to handle Hyperion's immense processing demands, which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers (three in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco). Each workstation, , included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors, 256 GB of memory, and a pair of 300 GB solid-state drives configured as a RAID Level 0 array (i.e., to operate as a single 600 GB drive). This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five petabytes, which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all Document [88] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) the series was moved from Disney XD to Disney Channel before the series premiere. The series formally premiered with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018. The series is set after the events of the feature film "Big Hero 6" and continues the adventures of 14-year-old tech genius Hiro Hamada and the compassionate, cutting-edge robot Baymax created by his late brother Tadashi. Along with his friends Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Go Go and Fred, they form the superhero team Big Hero 6 and embark on high-tech adventures as they protect their city from an array of scientifically enhanced Document [89] (Title: CardMon Hero) testing for the game began on July 15, 2006 in South Korea. In February 2008, G2G Entertainment confirmed that they would be hosting closed beta testing for Japan alongside Neowiz Games and that the game would be called "Yuina Online: Adventure ORKA". The closed beta test took place between March 11 and March 14, 2008 however, the game was later dropped after failure to get the game popular. On February 4, 2010, Uforia announced that they would be publishing the game as "Camon Hero" and it would be released later that same year in North America. In March 2010, the Document [90] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" gave the film 3.5/4 stars, writing that "The real appeal of "Big Hero 6" isn't its action. It's the central character's heart." Maricar Estrella of "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" gave the film 5 stars, saying it "offers something for everyone: action, camaraderie, superheroes and villains. But mostly, Baymax offers a compassionate and healing voice for those suffering, and a hug that can be felt through the screen." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" Document [91] (Title: No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle) sequel were revealed shortly after the release of the first game, in a March 15, 2008 interview with "Computer and Video Games", where Suda revealed he would be interested in producing a "No More Heroes 2" for the Wii, on the condition that the game sold well enough to convince its publishers. With "No More Heroes"' positive reception in North America, and Martin Defries, manager of Rising Star Games who were responsible for publishing "No More Heroes" in Europe, raving about the sales of the first game, not only was it unlikely that Suda's intention to direct a follow-up would Document [92] (Title: The Bigs 2) The Bigs 2 The Bigs 2 (known in Europe and Australia as The Bigs 2 Baseball) is a baseball sports video game developed by Blue Castle Games and published by 2K Sports for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, Wii, and PlayStation Portable. The game performs as the direct sequel to The Bigs. On March 3, 2009, the first trailer for the game was released revealing that players like Ozzie Smith, Wade Boggs, Roberto Clemente, and Reggie Jackson and a number of other Hall of Famers would be playable in the game. On April 7, 2009, the Milwaukee Brewers Document [93] (Title: Mega Man 6) Mega Man 6 Mega Man 6 is an action video game developed by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the sixth installment in the original "Mega Man" series and was originally released in Japan on November 5, 1993 and in North America the following March. It was included in the "Mega Man Anniversary Collection" released in 2004. Its first PAL region release was June 11, 2013 for the 3DS Virtual Console, nearly twenty years after the game's first release. The story of "Mega Man 6" opens during a competitive robot fighting tournament with entrants from all around Document [94] (Title: The Mighty World of Marvel) The initial line was Doctor Strange, Ms. Marvel and Black Widow followed by Silver Surfer and Guardians of the Galaxy. #10 - #14 also feature Ms. Marvel & Nick Fury's Civil War II stories. It goes: Every Thursday per 4 weeks Release: April 5, 2018 Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Issue 2: Issue 3: Issue 4: Coming Next: Issue 5 - #6 will be part of the 'Secret Empire' event and feature Champions Vol. 2 #10 - #11. The Mighty World of Marvel The Mighty World Of Marvel (commonly shortened to MWOM) was Marvel UK's first-ever title, debuting on 30 September 1972, Document [95] (Title: The Second Coming (Heroes)) The Second Coming (Heroes) "The Second Coming" is the first episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series "Heroes" and thirty-fifth episode overall. It was written by series creator/executive producer Tim Kring and directed by executive producer Allan Arkush. It first aired on September 22, 2008 as the beginning of the "Villains" storyline. The episode begins four years into the future. Peter, who has a scar on his face, is being chased and enters a hangar. Claire tries to shoot him, but Peter stops time and time travels to the present day, taking Claire's gun with Document [96] (Title: The Bigs 2) an intro to the mini game "Home run pinball" is included. The Bigs 2 was released in the UK on 17 July 2009. It was the first baseball game to be released in the UK on Xbox 360. It was released as a budget game with many retailers listing the pre-order for less than £20.00. The Bigs 2 was released for the Nintendo DS on September 8, 2009. "The Bigs 2" received mostly favorable reviews. Many reviews cited the fast-paced arcade style gameplay as one of the most addictive part of the game. However, the game was also criticized for Document [97] (Title: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2) about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and wrote the script for the film. Universal Pictures acquired the US distribution rights to the film on November 11, 2014, and Kirk Jones was set to direct, based on the script by Vardalos, who also starred. Principal photography began on May 10, 2015 in Toronto, and ended on June 28. In May 2015, Universal set the film for a March 25, 2016 release. "My Big Document [98] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) was released on August 2, 2016, followed by issue #3 on October 5, 2016, issue #4 on November 9, 2016, and issue #5 on November 20, 2016. The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release, but got pushed back to January 3, 2017, then was finally released January 25, 2017, according to Lion Forge. The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel. A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15, 2017, at the Document [99] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) of its 1940s time period and Johnston's direction, though some felt that the film only served to set up the forthcoming "Avengers" film. A sequel titled "" was released on April 4, 2014, and a third film titled "" was released on May 6, 2016. In the present day, scientists in the Arctic uncover an old, frozen aircraft. In March 1942, Nazi officer Johann Schmidt and his men steal a mysterious relic called the Tesseract, which possesses untold powers, from the town of Tønsberg in German-occupied Norway. In New York City, Steve Rogers is rejected for World War II military Document [100] (Title: Baymax) techniques from forms of combat including karate, tae kwon do, Western boxing and Wing Chun. Baymax appears in the 2014 Disney animated film "Big Hero 6", voiced by Scott Adsit, and in the videogame "". He is depicted as an inflatable robot built by Tadashi, the older brother of the protagonist Hiro Hamada, to serve as a healthcare companion. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau in their spare time while working on another project, Baymax was first intended to appear with the rest of Big Hero 6 in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). However, the team first appeared Document [101] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) manga by Horikoshi titled "Vol. Origin All Might: Rising", as well as character profiles and a "secret dialogue" between Horikoshi and Eiichiro Oda. Viz Media later published the "All Might: Rising" manga digitally on September 19, 2018. The film will receive 4D screenings in Japan, premiering on January 11, 2019. "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes" has been licensed in North America, Australasia, and the British Isles by Funimation, who premiered the English dub in Los Angeles on September 15, 2018, and a wider theatrical release in 400 theaters in the United States and Canada from September 25 through October 2, Document [102] (Title: Half-Minute Hero) Half-Minute Hero Half-Minute Hero is a hybrid real-time strategy action role-playing shoot 'em up video game developed by Marvelous Entertainment. It was initially released as a PlayStation Portable in Japan on May 28, 2009, in North America on October 13, 2009 and in Europe on February 19, 2010. It was re-released on the Xbox Live Arcade on June 29, 2011 under the title Half-Minute Hero: Super Mega Neo Climax, and on Microsoft Windows' Steam on September 27, 2012 under the title Half-Minute Hero: Super Mega Neo Climax Ultimate Boy. A sequel, "Yūsha 30 Second", was released in Japan on August Document [103] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) in sales. A potential third installment in the "Disney Infinity" game franchise, and the inclusion of characters from Star Wars have been teased at by executive producer John Vignocchi. When talking about the franchise's future, Vignocchi stated that "2015 is not so "far, far away" anymore, is it?" On May 5, 2015, Disney announced a follow-up game through "Game Informer", "Disney Infinity 3.0", for release on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4 in 2015, featuring characters from the "Star Wars" universe and other new Disney characters. Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes Disney Document [104] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) his mother is kidnapped by the Everwraith, the astral embodiment of all those killed in the 1945 nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiro creates Baymax, a synthetic bodyguard capable of transforming into a dragon, using the brain engrams of his dead father. With Baymax, Hiro reluctantly joins forces with the Big Hero 6 to prevent the Everwraith from slaughtering millions in downtown Tokyo. During the battle, Big Hero 6 is joined by Sunfire, Japan's premier superhero, who is a mutant with the ability to heat matter into plasma. Sunfire becomes instrumental in the Everwraith's defeat. Soon afterwards, Big Hero Document [105] (Title: Gone (novel series)) as "ridiculously popular" and "a sensation in the young adult world". A planned "Monster Trilogy", also known as "Season Two", began on October 17, 2017 with the release of "Monster". It was set four years later from the events that took place in the other books. "Villain" was released on October 4, 2018 and "Hero" is expected to be released in 2019. Every person at the age of 15 or over vanishes from the town of Perdido Beach, causing extreme and great confusion and chaos. Friends Sam Temple, Astrid Ellison and Quinn Gaither set out to explore the area until Document [106] (Title: Megami Tensei) 2" title, "", was released in 1999 in Japan. The second game, "", was released in 2000 in Japan and North America. "Persona 3" was released in 2006 in Japan, 2007 in North America, and 2008 in Europe. Its sequel, "Persona 4", was released in 2008 in Japan and North America, and in 2009 in Europe. A sixth entry in the series, "Persona 5", was released in Japan on September 15, 2016, and was released in North America and Europe on April 4, 2017, to critical acclaims. In addition to the main "Persona" games are spin-offs, so far focused on Document [107] (Title: GoPro) to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29, Document [108] (Title: Marvel Super Hero Island) properties, the Marvel name, as well as any type of ride they want. Both Hong Kong Disneyland and Disney California Adventure have opened Marvel attractions since the acquisition, with Iron Man Experience at the former and at the latter. Shanghai Disneyland also have plans to incorporate Marvel attractions and Tokyo Disneyland planned to open the "Big Hero 6" attraction scheduled to open in Spring 2020. Meanwhile, Disney World has taken other measures to promote its Marvel properties within the Resort. At the D23 Expo on July 14–16, 2017, Disney announced that the Guardians of the Galaxy attraction would be coming Document [109] (Title: Red Giant Entertainment) "Japan Needs Heroes", the company's Kickstarter crowd-funded anthology project designed to benefit "victims of Japan's tragedies", was fully funded in May 2011, and "Japan Needs Heroes II", the company's second such project was fully funded in 2013. Neither had been delivered as of January 2014. The company said both projects had gone to the printer as of December 30, 2014 and that digital downloads would be sent to the Kickstarter backers in January 2015. As of at least February 2015, printed hardcover and paperback books had not been mailed to Kickstarter backers. At San Diego Comic-Con International in 2015, Stan Document [110] (Title: The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part) of May 2015, but the release date was later moved to May 18, 2018. On June 17, 2016, it was pushed back again to its current release date. The film was originally titled "The Lego Movie Sequel" before it was officially renamed "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part" in May 2018. On June 4, 2018, the first poster was released along with an announcement on Twitter that the first trailer would be released the following day. On August 1, 2018, Turkish Airlines released a special safety video featuring characters from the franchise. The second trailer was released on November Document [111] (Title: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2) moved up to May 5, 2017. In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character. Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects. Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with "major crew changes" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would Document [112] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) out at E3 2014, and at Blogger Bash's Sweet Suite 2014. In promotion of both "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes" and "Big Hero 6", Disney created a giant sized version of the Baymax "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes" figure. At San Diego Comic-Con Disney set up a pop-up shop, which allowed the public to play the game, meet special guests and participate in giveaways. Alex Hirsch, creator of "Gravity Falls" was also present at the pop-up shop, to announce the inclusion of "Gravity Falls" Power Discs. Disney also hosted special events for D23 and Marvel Unlimited members. The game was Document [113] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters that populate the city. Another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city's 250,000 trees, while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities, like light shining through a translucent object (e.g. Baymax's vinyl covering). Pixar's RenderMan was considered as a "Plan B" for the film's rendering, if Hyperion was not able to meet production deadlines. Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex global illumination originally conducted at Disney Research in Zürich. Disney, in turn, had to Document [114] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) They eventually came to agreement that Yen Press would publish the Japanese manga version of "Big Hero 6" for Disney. Conversely, Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies, and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney "complete freedom in structuring the story". Disney Animation Studio President Andrew Millstein stated: ""Hero" is one example of what we've learned over the years and our embracing some of the Pixar DNA." Regarding the film's story, Quesada stated, "The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it ... but it's combined with these Marvel Document [115] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Tadashi's honor, and that the team has continued protecting the city. In a post-credits scene, Fred discovers a hidden cache of superhero equipment in his family mansion. His father, a retired superhero, returns from vacation and says, "We have a lot to talk about." After Disney's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, CEO Bob Iger encouraged the company's divisions to explore Marvel's properties for adaptation concepts. By deliberately picking an obscure title, it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version. While directing "Winnie the Pooh", director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when Document [116] (Title: Champions (2016 team)) and wanted something decidedly upbeat. Brevoort also revealed that he had a list of several other names in case the trademark dispute with Heroic Publishing, who owned the name, fell through. The first issue of the series was published on October 5, 2016. It sold 328,000 copies and was the second most sold book that month. It has been well received by critics and fans alike with an average score of 7.9 and 7.5 respectively on Comicbook Roundup. In the aftermath of the "Civil War II" storyline, Ms. Marvel, Spider-Man (Miles Morales), and Nova have left the Avengers and make Document [117] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) film (behind 2008's "WALL-E"), the second-highest-grossing animated superhero comedy film (behind 2004's "The Incredibles"), and the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film (behind 2013's "Frozen"). The film earned $1.4 million from late Thursday night showings, which is higher than the previews earned by "Frozen" ($1.2 million) and "The Lego Movie" ($400,000). In its opening day on November 7, the film earned $15.8 million, debuting at number two behind "Interstellar" ($16.9 million). "Big Hero 6" topped the box office in its opening weekend, earning $56.2 million from 3,761 theaters ahead of "Interstellar" ($47.5 million); it is Walt Disney Animation Studios' second-best opening behind Document [118] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) Little Big Adventure 2 Little Big Adventure 2 (LBA 2) is a computer game developed by Adeline Software International and initially released on 31 May 1997. It was later re-released by Activision in June 1997 in North America under the name Twinsen's Odyssey. In July 1997, both Electronic Arts and Virgin Interactive Software re-released "LBA 2" - Virgin Interactive Software doing so under the name of ""Twinsen's Odyssey"". "LBA 2" sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. The game is a sequel to "Little Big Adventure" (also known as "Relentless: Twinsen's Adventure"). "LBA 2" was also the third game created under the Document [119] (Title: Call of Duty: Black Ops 4) "Call of Duty 2"; titles since then have all been released in November. The release of "Call of Duty: Black Ops 4" a month earlier was thought to be due to Rockstar Games's much anticipated release of "Red Dead Redemption 2" on October 26. Like previous titles, a private beta for the multiplayer mode was offered to players who pre-ordered the game. On July 11, 2018, Activision and Treyarch announced the dates for the multiplayer beta: PlayStation 4 players had an exclusive first beta weekend from August 3 to 6, while a second weekend from August 10 to 13 was Document [120] (Title: Independence Day: Resurgence) originally going to be released on July 3, 2015 but on November 12, 2013, it was announced that the sequel had been rescheduled for a July 2016 release. On October 14, 2014, Fox changed the release date to June 24, 2016. It was released in certain formats such as 3D, IMAX 3D, and premium large formats. Titan Books published several tie-in books for the film, including novels and comics. The first, an omnibus of Stephen Molstad's three "Independence Day" novels, "Silent Zone", "War in the Desert", and the novelization of "Independence Day", was released on March 19, 2016. The second, Document [121] (Title: Stan Lee's Mighty 7) starting with "Stan Lee's Super Seven". In August, Super7, a toy manufacturer, sued POW! and partners over Stan Lee Comics' "Super Seven". In March 2012, the first issue of renamed "Stan Lee's Mighty 7" six issue miniseries was published. In March 2013, Hub Network picked up its first work from POW, "Stan Lee's Mighty 7", animated pilot movie to be aired in early 2014. By January 2014, Stan Lee Comics had the second film in production for a late 2014 release while an animated TV series was in development and expected to premier in 2015 along with the final film Document [122] (Title: Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second) On January 25, 2011, Gravity Corp. initiated their second Closed Beta Test that lasted 4 days. Named the "R-Care Test", its aim was to evaluate the content and changes that occurred after the initial CBT, as many popular suggestions were applied to the game. As of February 22, 2012, "Ragnarok 2" has been said to be online for OBT. On November 4, 2012, it has been rumored that the First English service for Ragnarok Online 2 would be released in December 2012. On January 6, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second started its Open Beta Phase on the Document [123] (Title: Company of Heroes 2) game engine. In January 2013, Sega acquired Relic Entertainment and along with it the "Company of Heroes" intellectual property from THQ. The game was released on June 25, 2013 in North America and Europe. The resource-generation system from the first game has been modified. Players will still capture specific flagged points all over the map to collect munitions and fuel credits, which will be invested in assembling their units. Most armies can construct caches to increase the fuel or munitions income from these points, though some points produce a higher income of one material but cannot have caches built on Document [124] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Akatsuki no Kiseki) sites speculated that "Akatsuki" would be released in the second or third quarter of 2016, while Taiwanese business news reports on UserJoy's Q1 2016 earnings conference in May stated that "Akatsuki" would be released in Q4 2016 in Japan and the following year in Taiwan. UserJoy revealed further details at the China Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference in late July, and began tweeting on a dedicated Twitter account for "Akatsuki" in early August. On 9 August, UserJoy opened the official site for "Akatsuki no Kiseki" and posted the first promotional video of the game. After a brief open beta test, Document [125] (Title: Bad Boys II) their release schedule and later in the month Lawrence said the film would not be happening. In February 2018, it was reported that a sequel film was again being planned and will be directed by Belgian directors Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah, with Martin Lawrence and Will Smith reprising their roles. Joe Pantoliano is also set to reprise his role as Captain Howard. According to Geek Worldwide, the third installment in the "Bad Boys" franchise will film from November 2018 to March 2019 in Miami and Atlanta with the release date aimed for January 17, 2020. In October 2017, Document [126] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes) PlayStation Vita. "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" is currently the bestselling Lego video game of all time. A spin-off to the "Lego Marvel" series titled "Lego Marvel's Avengers" was released on 26 January 2016, and a sequel titled "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" was released on 14 November 2017. Following the gameplay style of past "Lego" titles, players are able to control 180 characters from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities. For example, Spider-Man can swing on his webs and use his spider-sense while the Hulk, who is larger than the standard minifigures, can throw large objects, as Document [127] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 6" earned $222.5 million in North America and $435.3 million in other territories for a worldwide estimated total of $657.8 million. Calculating in all expenses, "Deadline" estimated that the film made a profit of $187.34 million. Worldwide, it is the highest-grossing animated film of 2014, the third-highest-grossing non-Pixar animated film from Disney, and the 16th-highest-grossing animated film of all time. By grossing over $500 million worldwide, it became the fourth Disney release of 2014 to do so; the other titles being "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Maleficent", and "". In the U.S. and Canada, the film is the second-highest-grossing science-fiction animated Document [128] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) it "sweet and sharp and exciting and hilarious" and says that the film "comes to the rescue of what's become a dreaded movie trope—the origin story—and launches the superhero tale to pleasurable new heights." Calvin Wilson of "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" gave the film 3.5 of 4 stars, writing that "the storytelling is solid, propelled by characters that you come to care about. And that should make "Big Hero 6" a big hit." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film a positive review, writing, "Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams have made a terrific movie about a boy (Ryan Document [129] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) represents another can't-miss proposition by Walt Disney Animation Studios." Jon Niccum of "The Kansas City Star" gave the film 3.5 out of four stars, writing that while it "may hit a few familiar beats inherent to any superhero 'origin story,'" it is still "the best animated film of the year, supplying "The Incredibles"-size adventure with a level of emotional bonding not seen since "The Iron Giant"", and that it "never runs low on battery power". Elizabeth Weitzman of the "Daily News" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "charming animated adventure", saying that with "appealing 3D Document [130] (Title: Next Up Hero) Next Up Hero Next Up Hero is a action dungeon crawl video game developed by New York indie studio Digital Continue and published by Aspyr. It was released for Steam Early Access in January 18, 2018, with a full release on June 28, 2018 alongside the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions. It was released for Nintendo Switch on August 16, 2018. "Next Up Hero" is an action dungeon crawl game video game featuring a cast of eclectic heroes with special abilities who will all take turns trying to conquer tough monsters. Death results in the next hero being able Document [131] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Big Hero 6 (comics) Big Hero 6 is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and created by Man of Action. In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios produced the computer-animated film "Big Hero 6", loosely inspired by the characters. In 2017, a television series based on the film, titled "", premiered. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Big Hero 6 was first intended to appear in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). Instead, the team appeared in their own self-titled, three-issue miniseries by writer Scott Lobdell and artist Gus Vasquez. However, due to Document [132] (Title: Heroes and Villains (band)) album features the single "Second Thoughts" which received airplay at college radio stations across the United States. The EP's title track accompanies a music video directed by Gnarly Enterprises. Kansas City's music writer Elke Mermis reviewed the album on April 22, 2010, giving it high marks. Heroes and Villains appeared on the "Rock Out Reach Out" compilation album in 2009. The band played three shows in Austin, Texas in March 2010 during SXSW for the Redgorilla Music Festival. The band has also performed at the South Park Music Tour in Fairplay, Colorado, the Hyperactive Festival and Conference in Albuquerque, New Document [133] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Fransokyo from the film. San Fransokyo, the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo, was described by Hall as "an alternate version of San Francisco. Most of the technology is advanced, but much of it feels retro … Where Hiro lives, it feels like the Haight. I love the Painted ladies. We gave them a Japanese makeover; we put a cafe on the bottom of one. They live above a coffee shop." According to production designer Paul Felix, "The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature, I think the hills are 1½ times exaggerated. I don't think you Document [134] (Title: City of Heroes) during the event, and had earnable themed badges by participating in the in-game events. "City of Heroes" granted a commemorative badge during its anniversary month of May and often scheduled special events and surprises during May. On the game's fifth anniversary on April 28, 2009, and on the same day during the sixth anniversary for 2010, an outbreak of Giant Monsters of every type was released throughout the game in all zones for players to defeat within a 24-hour span. A Korean open beta of "City of Heroes", entitled "City of Hero" (, "Siti Obeu Hieoro"), was launched on January Document [135] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) as representatives of the site said "we erroneously reported about the launch of the next chapter of Disney Infinity. This information was incorrect. More news about Disney Infinity will be shared on April 30, and we hope you will check back for that update." On April 30, 2014, Disney announced a follow-up game, to "Disney Infinity", "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes", at Pacific Theatres' Arc-Light Cinerama Done, in Hollywood, for release on the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4 in Q4 2014, featuring characters from the Marvel Comics universe. The announcement was Document [136] (Title: Infamous 2) 2011. The game was released in North America on June 7, 2011, in Europe on June 8, 2011, in Australia on June 9, 2011, in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Germany on June 10, 2011, and in Japan on July 7, 2011. On February 18, 2011, before the game's release, "Special Edition" and "Hero Edition" versions of "Infamous 2" were announced for pre-order. The "Special Edition" included an Original Cole skin, a Golden Amp skin, and the Electrocution Grenade power. The "Hero Edition" included everything from the "Special Edition" but also included: a Cole MacGrath statue, a sportable sling pack Document [137] (Title: Lego Super Heroes) Super Heroes" was released in October 2013. Originally, a Lego Avengers game was set to be made, but the developers felt that just being able to play as the Avengers was not enough, and thus decided to add other Marvel heroes. The game was released on iOS, personal computer, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. A second video game featuring the Lego Marvel Super Heroes line, titled "Lego Marvel's Avengers" was released on January 26, 2016. It follows the plots of the two Avengers movies, "Marvel's The Avengers" and Document [138] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Baymax. Bandai released a number of action figures related to the film; these toys including a number of different Baymax figures. One is a soft plastic 10-inch version that includes a series of projected stills from the film on his stomach, which can be changed when the figure's arm is moved, and which emits accompanying sounds. Deluxe Flying Baymax, which retails for $39.99, depicts the armored version of the character and features lights and sounds that activate at the push of a button. Placing the Hiro figurine on his back changes the sounds into speech and when the figure is Document [139] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) scheduling complications, the miniseries was published prior to "Alpha Flight" #17. The team also appears in a subsequent five-issue miniseries, which was launched by Marvel Comics in September 2008. In the original comics, the Japanese government needed a team of state-sanctioned superheroes, so they consulted the "Giri," a top-secret consortium of politicians and business entities. The Giri was formed to recruit and train potential individuals for "Big Hero 6," a team of superhuman operatives. Despite reservations by some members of the Giri, Silver Samurai, a freelance ronin and former bodyguard of the terrorist Viper, was appointed as the team's field Document [140] (Title: Incredibles 2) Incredibles 2 Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated superhero film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Written and directed by Brad Bird, it is the sequel to "The Incredibles" (2004) and the second full-length installment of the franchise. The story follows the Parr family as they try to restore public's trust in superheroes while balancing their family life, only to combat a new foe who seeks to turn the populace against all superheroes. Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell and Samuel L. Jackson reprise their roles from the first film; newcomers to the Document [141] (Title: Romancing SaGa 2) dungeon exploring a subplot revolving around the games untold story of the "Seven Heroes". A remaster for iOS, Android and the PlayStation Vita was released on March 24, 2016 in Japan. It features remastered graphics, optimized controls and the added content and features from the mobile phone release in 2011. The iOS and Android versions were released in English on May 26, 2016, while the English PlayStation Vita version was still being worked on. In December 2016, series creator Akitoshi Kawazu said that there were issues with the English PlayStation Vita version, requiring a few more months before it would Document [142] (Title: The Bigs) the seventh generation consoles, though online play is not compatible on the Wii. The St. Louis Cardinals' first baseman, Albert Pujols, is on the cover. Minnesota Twins first baseman and former MVP Justin Morneau is featured on the cover of limited edition Canadian version sold exclusively by Future Shop and Best Buy. Radio host Damon Bruce provides play-by-play commentary. It was released on June 25, 2007 in the United States on all formats. The game was also released in Europe exclusively on Wii on October 26, 2009. When the first trailer was released, gameplay bore a striking resemblance to Midway Document [143] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) he can work at Charles Xavier's X-Corporation office in Mumbai, India. His spot on the team is filled by Sunpyre, a young woman with similar solar-based powers who is pulled into this reality through the Power Purse and therefore comes to idolize Honey Lemon. Similarly, after Silver Samurai is seemingly slain in an altercation with the assassin Elektra in Iraq, his spot on the team is filled by the enigmatic Ebon Samurai. With the two most experienced members of Big Hero 6 gone, Hiro becomes the team's new leader. Sometime during the team's operation, they are attacked by minions of Document [144] (Title: Psychopathic Records) 2016. During Insane Clown Posse's GOTJ 2016 seminar it was announced that Shaggy 2 Dope will make his wrestling return on August 2, 2016 at the Pro Wrestling Syndicate show in New Jersey. Also announced was that work on the third film in the Big Money film series titled Big Money Thru$ta$ had begun, and with no definite release date, Violent J said "maybe in the next 2 years". It was also stated that a new The Killjoy Club album may be out in November 2016. With Juicy J reuniting with DJ Paul and Crunchy Black to reform Three 6 Document [145] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) voices Yama in the film) only read a few issues of the comic, while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all. "Big Hero 6" was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios, although several members of Marvel's creative team were involved in the film's production including Joe Quesada, Marvel's chief creative officer, and Jeph Loeb, head of Marvel Television. According to an interview with Axel Alonso by CBR, Marvel did not have any plans to publish a tie-in comic. Disney planned to reprint the Marvel version of "Big Hero 6" themselves, but reportedly Marvel disagreed. Document [146] (Title: Mega Man 6) "Mega Man 6" is absent from the Wii Shop Channel; however the game was released via the 3DS Virtual Console in Japan and Europe, with North America on June 20, 2013. It was also released via the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on May 14, 2014, in Europe on July 24, 2014 and in North America on August 21, 2014. "Mega Man 6"'s story takes place after the events of "Mega Man 5". To counter Dr. Wily's repeated attacks, the Global Robot Alliance was formed, and one year later the "First Annual Robot Tournament" is held in order to Document [147] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) film caused some online controversy in South Korea, because of small images resembling the Rising Sun Flag in the protagonist's room. The film was released in China on February 28, 2015. "Big Hero 6" was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on February 24, 2015. Writer Steven T. Seagle, who co-created the comic book "Big Hero 6", criticized the Blu-ray featurette documenting the origins of the group, for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau. Seagle also criticized the book "Art of Big Hero 6" for the same omission. "Big Hero Document [148] (Title: Fury's Big Week) February 5 to coincide with the release of a new trailer for the film on that day. The rest of the issues were set to be released on the app each Tuesday beginning February 14. New Marvel editor-in-chief Axel Alonso described the comic as "an exciting story set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe that sets the stage perfectly" for the film. The comic introduced a red 'Avengers' stamp on its cover, indicating it as an official tie-in to the MCU. The comic was then published in hard copy as four chapters on March 7, March 21, April 4, and April Document [149] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) a video game tie-in titled "", that was released in 2011 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii and Nintendo DS. Marvel released the mobile game, "Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty", in July 2011. A toy line was released as well. The world premiere of "Captain America: The First Avenger" was held on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California. The film was screened at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 21, 2011. It was commercially released in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2011. Paramount opted against altering the American-centric title when Document [150] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) villains. Hiro also faces academic challenges and social trials as the new prodigy at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology (SFIT). The show slightly retcons the ending of the movie. Among the differences are Aunt Cass knowing about Baymax, the Big Hero 6's team identities still being secret from the public, and Hiro attending SFIT as if everything is back to normal (and though a building is erected after Tadashi, Hiro does not receive a grant from the Institute). Hiro also does not come up with the name "Big Hero 6" like it is implied at the end of the movie, Document [151] (Title: Baymax) him as a sidekick, and the team never corrects him. The Disney version of Baymax, in his armored form, appears in "" and "Disney Infinity 3.0". That version will also appear in "Kingdom Hearts III". According to Square Enix and the film's producer Roy Conli, the story of "Big Hero 6"s world is set as an alternate sequel to the events of the film. Baymax Baymax is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Baymax first appeared in "Sunfire & Big Hero 6" #1 (September Document [152] (Title: Second Chance Heroes) Second Chance Heroes Second Chance Heroes is a 2014 action role-playing hack and slash video game by Canadian indie developer Rocket City Studios that revolves around clones of historical figures fighting enemy forces in an apocalyptic arena. It was released on July 4, 2014. Shortly after the games release it was removed from all app stores and digital marketplaces. The reason is currently unknown as the developers lips have remained tightly sealed. The game will feature a variety of clones of historical figures including Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Napoleon and Elizabeth I, to name a few, as they fight Document [153] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) really FunFrock, the villain from the first game. He kills FunFrock, and returns to stop the moon of Twinsun crashing into the planet. "Little Big Adventure 2" has two viewing modes - for indoor scenes it uses a 3D isometric perspective (the game field is rotated 45 degrees) like its predecessor, but for outdoor scenes a 3D perspective view is used. All characters and vehicles are 3D polygon-based objects, allowing for full rotation and movement abilities. The interior game field is divided in scenes (a small block of the game that is active). After completion of certain tasks the player Document [154] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 14-year-old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo who spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his older brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi's friends, GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan, the head of the university's robotics program. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the university. To enroll, he signs up for the school's science fair and presents his project: microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any Document [155] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) "Frozen" ($67.4 million), both adjusted and unadjusted. On February 15, 2015, "Big Hero 6" became the third-highest-grossing Disney animated film in both the U.S. and Canada, behind "The Lion King" and "Frozen". Two weeks ahead of its North American release, "Big Hero 6" was released in Russia (earned $4.8 million) and Ukraine (earned $0.2 million) in two days (October 25–26). The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia. Jeff Bock, box office analyst for "Exhibitor Relations", said "For a two-day gross, that's huge. It's a giant Document [156] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) "Toy Story 3"), and in Japan (behind "Frozen"). In addition to being the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film, it is also the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time in China. In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the United States and Canada are China ($83.5 million) and Japan ($76 million). The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 211 reviews, with an average score of 7.3/10. The site's consensus states: "Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated, "Big Hero 6" is briskly-paced, action-packed, and often touching." Metacritic, which assigns a normalized Document [157] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)) of at least three planned sequels to the original trilogy. The second sequel, "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" was released on May 2, 2014. On June 17, 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", which were scheduled to release on June 10, 2016 and May 4, 2018, respectively. However, in July 2014, the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018. In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts, "We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider-Man. There are a number of scripts in the Document [158] (Title: Avengers: Infinity War) was released in the United States on April 27, 2018, in IMAX and 3D. The film received praise for the performances of the cast (particularly Brolin's) and the emotional weight of the story, as well as the visual effects and action sequences. It was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide, breaking numerous and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time and in the United States and Canada. The sequel, "Avengers: Endgame", is set to be released on April 26, 2019. Having acquired the Power Document [159] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) tilted, the sounds are those of flying. The Armor-Up Baymax (original retail cost $19.99) comes with 20 pieces of armor that can be assembled onto the robot by the owner. The other characters from the film, including the other members of team and Professor Callaghan (who is called Yokai) are issued in 4-inch action figures, each of which have eight points of articulation. On February 18, 2015, the film's directors, Don Hall and Chris Williams, said a sequel was possible. Hall added, "Having said that, of course, we love these characters, and the thought of working with them again some Document [160] (Title: Second Chance Heroes) their way through swarms of enemies during 26 apocalyptic levels. On February 17, 2014, Rocket City Studios released an iOS version of "Second Chance Heroes" in the App Store. The Microsoft Windows and OS X versions of the game were originally due to be released on June 20, 2014, but due to the Steam Summer Sale, the game was delayed until July 4, 2014. "Second Chance Heroes" has received generally positive reviews on iOS from critics, attaining scores of 83.33% and 84/100 on aggregate review websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively. Second Chance Heroes Second Chance Heroes is a 2014 action Document [161] (Title: Hiro Takachiho) He later forms the Big Hero 6 team with Tadashi's fellow researchers and Baymax, an inflatable healthcare robot built by Tadashi, to stop Yokai, the villain who killed Tadashi by causing the fire. Hiro initially lacks a social life and appears to suffer from intellectual boredom. After Tadashi's urging and meeting with his friends, he becomes more open and accepting to those around him and tries to be friendly. He also decides to be a hero out of necessity as opposed to being unwillingly forced into the occupation. He also wears bluish–purple armor that, by itself, serves absolutely no function Document [162] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) 6 moves their headquarters from the Giri office building to Japan's Cool World Amusement Park. Here they are attacked by X the Unknowable, a monster born from a child's drawings who is capable of transforming its atomic structure into any form and shape. With the help of the Canadian superhero team, Alpha Flight, Big Hero 6 destroys X the Unknowable in the fires of Mount Fuji. Afterwards, Big Hero 6 continues to protect Japan from various threats such as a freak blizzard caused by the Crimson Cowl and her Masters of Evil. Eventually, Sunfire leaves Big Hero 6 so that Document [163] (Title: Fury's Big Week) and revealed an expanded marketing plan for its published tie-ins ahead of the release of "The Avengers". "Fury's Big Week" was announced in February 2012, with Marvel Studios working closely with the comics division to ensure continuity between the various products. The comic draws connections between the different films of Marvel's , retelling events from the perspective of S.H.I.E.L.D. and adding new character interactions and sequences. "Fury's Big Week" was released digitally in eight issues from February to March 2012, to tie-in with the film's marketing. The comic was then published in hard copy from March to April as four Document [164] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) on October 31, 2014. It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2014 with limited IMAX international showings. Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, "Feast". For the South Korean release of the film, it was retitled "Big Hero", to avoid the impression of being a sequel, and edited to remove indications of the characters' Japanese origin. This is owing to the tense relations between Korea and Japan. For instance, the protagonist's name, Hiro Hamada, was changed to "Hero Armada", and Japanese-language signage onscreen was changed to English. Nonetheless, the Document [165] (Title: The Hero (2017 film)) lasted 18 days. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2017. Shortly after, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on June 9, 2017. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Hero" rests on Sam Elliott's understated performance, which proves more than capable of carrying the film through the less inspired moments of its somewhat clichéd story." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has Document [166] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) he stumbled upon "Big Hero 6", a comic he had never heard of before. "I just liked the title," he said. He pitched the concept to John Lasseter in 2011, as one of five ideas for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and this particular idea "struck a chord" with Lasseter, Hall, and Chris Williams. In June 2012, Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development. Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh, head of story Paul Briggs (who also Document [167] (Title: The Heroes of Olympus) on May 3, 2016. The second installment, "The Dark Prophecy", was released on May 2, 2017.. The third installment, "The Burning Maze" was released on May 1, 2018. The Lost Hero was a number one bestseller on the lists of "The New York Times", "USA Today", "The Wall Street Journal", and "Publishers Weekly". Many critics praised the novel as a good follow-up to Riordan's previous series. A review by "The Epoch Times" commented, "If anyone was afraid that Riordan couldn’t top his Percy Jackson series—they can quit worrying. This new series, even though in the same genre as the Percy Document [168] (Title: Heroes (U.S. TV series)) by Alex Ross and Jim Lee as well as an introduction by Masi Oka and artwork by Tim Sale. The second volume included 35–80. It has an advertisement for a third volume, that would at least have 81–103, and more, and it was scheduled for fall 2009. For unknown reasons, it has missed this deadline and has not yet been released. On December 26, 2007, the first "Heroes" novel was published, titled "". Written by Aury Wallington, who wrote the book with the full cooperation of the "Heroes" writing staff, the novel revolves around the relationship of Hiro Nakamura and Document [169] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) Sony announced a third "Amazing Spider-Man" film with a release date of June 10, 2016, which Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Jeff Pinkner would return to write, and a fourth film with a release date of May 4, 2018. Additionally, the series was to include spin-off films featuring the Sinister Six and Venom, with Drew Goddard writing and directing "Sinister Six" and Kurtzman directing a "Venom" script co-written by himself, Orci, and Ed Solomon. "Sinister Six" had been planned for a November 11, 2016 release. Additionally, by August 2014, Sony had hired Lisa Joy Nolan to write the script for Document [170] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) suggested an early 2018 release date. In March 2016, it was revealed that Jamie Chung would reprise her role as Go Go, and that following November, it was revealed that most of the cast members from the film would reprise their roles, including Ryan Potter, Genesis Rodriguez, Scott Adsit, Alan Tudyk, and Maya Rudolph. Additionally, Khary Payton replaced Damon Wayans Jr. as Wasabi and Brooks Wheelan replaced T. J. Miller as Fred. On January 6, 2017, Disney Channel released an official teaser trailer for the series. On March 14, 2017, it was renewed for a second season, ahead of the Document [171] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) instead Fred comes up with the name after having "brainstormed an epic list of team names" and testing them with himself. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series was in development and premiered on Disney Channel in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film and is created by "Kim Possible"'s Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley and Nick Filippi. The show was reportedly pitched by McCorkle and Schooley shortly following the film's release. Talking to Leonard Maltin for the podcast "Maltin on Movies", Scott Adsit Document [172] (Title: Naseer & Shahab) earlier released a prologue and currently the band is working on their first studio album. On January 26, 2016, duo announced on their facebook page about their sixth single "Hero" from their upcoming album to be released on February 5, 2016. In an interview with "The Express Tribune", Naseer explained, “Our latest release is primarily a rock song infused with elements of electronic music and electro-rock,” shared Naseer. “The idea behind the track is for people to acknowledge that every person is the hero of their own story." Talking with same publication Sahab describe their experience for making the video Document [173] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Takachiho is the brilliant thirteen-year-old boy who created Baymax; after the departure of Silver Samurai and Sunfire, he becomes the leader of Big Hero 6. Baymax began his existence as a science project created by Hiro. He was originally designed to be a hydro-powered robotic synthformer, programmed to serve as Hiro's personal bodyguard, butler, and chauffeur. However, prior to the project's completion, Hiro's father died and the young inventor programmed Baymax's artificial intelligence using the brain engrams of his recently departed father. With the thoughts and emotions of Hiro's father, Baymax became much more than a robotic bodyguard. He also Document [174] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Big Hero 6 (film) Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain. The film features the voices of Scott Adsit, Ryan Potter, Daniel Henney, T.J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans Jr., Genesis Rodriguez, Alan Document [175] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) result of being pulled out of the Microverse through Honey Lemon's purse, Sunpyre worships her as a goddess and joins the Big Hero 6 team out of gratitude. She and the Ebon Samurai later leave the team to return to the Microverse to oust the villains who had taken over Coronar during her absence. A trained chef who uses various swords to fight. He can also give form to his Qi-Energy, usually materializing it as throwing knives that can paralyze opponents. Nicknamed Fredzilla, he can transform into a Godzilla-like Kaiju and manifest a dinosaur-like aura. The "Big Hero 6" comics Document [176] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Potter) and his robot friend, who seek answers to a deadly tragedy," calling it an "unexpectedly good treat". Soren Anderson of "The Seattle Times" gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying that "Clever, colorful, fast on its feet, frequently very funny and sweet (but not excessively so), "Big Hero 6" mixes its myriad influences into a final product that, while in no way original, is immensely entertaining." Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying that "the funny and heartwarming story about the bond between a teen tech geek and a gentle robot Document [177] (Title: No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle) will involve "a different character, or something like that within the series." In March 2011, Suda51 expressed his desire to create a third game in the series. After the reveal of the Wii U in June of that year, Suda51 stated that he has all sorts of ideas for a third "No More Heroes" for the new platform. In July 2011, Suda51 announced a new "No More Heroes" game exclusively for mobile phones on the DeNA service. He promises to make the game extremely violent and hopes the game will be released in the West. He also states that he Document [178] (Title: Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming) Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming is an action role-playing game developed by Opus and published by Marvelous. It is the sequel to "Half-Minute Hero". It was initially released as a PlayStation Portable exclusive in Japan on August 4, 2011. It was later localized to English audiences and released via digital distribution on Steam for Microsoft Windows on April 4, 2014. "<nowiki>Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming'</nowiki>"s single player mode features 5 separate episodes, each of which is unlocked after completing the previous episode. Each episode takes place hundreds of years after the previous one, and they Document [179] (Title: Captain Marvel (film)) viewed trailer in that time period. The second trailer debuted on December 3, 2018, during halftime of the "Monday Night Football" game between the Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles. McMillian felt the trailer "seemed more than a little as if someone had been paying slightly too much attention to online criticism of the first", calling the second trailer "a curious thing to watch". He noted that the opening scenes of the trailer went out of its way to clarify the elderly lady Carol punches was a Skrull, and made sure to linger long enough on a certain line to Document [180] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) number in Russia." In its second weekend, the film added $4.8 million (up 1%) bringing its total nine-day cumulative audience to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine. In its opening weekend, the film earned $7.6 million from seventeen markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million, behind "Interstellar" ($132.2 million). It went to number one in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. It opened with $4.8 million in Mexico. In Japan, where the film is locally known as "Baymax", it opened at second place behind "", with $5.3 million, marking it the second-biggest Disney Document [181] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) 20, 2017 and in the UK and Ireland on November 30, 2017. The series formally premieres with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018, followed by two more new episodes on June 10, 2018, with weekly premieres every Saturday through September starting on June 16, 2018 with episodes airing at 7 a.m. starting on September 8. Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by "Kim Possible" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014 Document [182] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe) event or crossover series," with "Avengers" films acting as "big, giant linchpins." After the reveal of multiple release dates for films through 2019 in July 2014, Feige stated, "I think if you look at some of those dates that we've announced, we're going to three in a few of those years. Again, not because there's a number cruncher telling us to go to three, do more than two pictures a year, but because of the very reason just laid out: it is about managing [existing] franchises, film to film, and when we have a team ready to go, why tell Document [183] (Title: Superhero film) worldwide financial success earning in excess of $2 billion. Soon after, 20th Century Fox released "Deadpool 2" on May 18, 2018 which proved a major success in both regards itself In addition, the long awaited sequel for the Academy Award winning animated film "The Incredibles", "Incredibles 2", had its wide release on June 15, 2018 met with considerable critical praise and earned $182.68 million on its premiere weekend. The next superhero film In the Marvel Universe "Ant-Man and the Wasp" was released on July 6, with competing studios declining to release major films on American Independence Day in the face Document [184] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) friends. Big Hero 6 returns to Japan to seek out the parties responsible for their mind control. During the "Ends of the Earth" storyline, Spider-Man calls upon Big Hero 6 to help him defeat Doctor Octopus. The team, now operating from the Giri Institute, confront Doctor Octopus' Octobots, which Dr. Octopus had sent to Japan. They subsequently confront their previous enemy, the Everwraith, and are victorious. Silver Samurai (Kenuichio Harada), the illegitimate son of Shingen Yashida, is a Japanese mutant with the power to charge almost anything, most notably his katana, with mutant energy (described as a tachyon field). This Document [185] (Title: Avatar 2) 2022 and 2023, respectively. In late October 2016, it was reported that Cameron was going to push for "glasses-free 3D" with the sequels, but he later disagreed with these rumors and did not think the technology would be there yet. In March 2017, Cameron revealed that "Avatar 2" would not be released in 2018, as originally believed. On April 27, 2017, the release dates for all four sequels were ultimately announced: December 18, 2020 for "Avatar 2", December 17, 2021 for "Avatar 3", December 20, 2024 for "Avatar 4", and December 19, 2025 for "Avatar 5". The films will be Document [186] (Title: Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes) Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes is an upcoming action-adventure video game developed and published by Grasshopper Manufacture (with Nintendo publishing a retail version) for the Nintendo Switch, to be released on January 18, 2019. Directed by Goichi "Suda51" Suda, the game is part of the "No More Heroes" franchise and features series protagonist Travis Touchdown fighting Badman, the father of Bad Girl, an assassin Travis previously killed. The two are drawn into a possessed video game console, and must fight through its various games. As the first title he has directed since the Document [187] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Marvel Comics to appear in the series. Big Hero 6 (comics) Big Hero 6 is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and created by Man of Action. In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios produced the computer-animated film "Big Hero 6", loosely inspired by the characters. In 2017, a television series based on the film, titled "", premiered. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Big Hero 6 was first intended to appear in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). Instead, the team appeared in their own self-titled, three-issue miniseries by writer Scott Lobdell Document [188] (Title: No More Heroes (video game)) by Rising Star Games on May 28, 2010. The Japanese version was released on October 21, 2010. A Nintendo Switch exclusive sequel, "", was first hinted at during the initial reveal of the Switch in January 2017, and fully revealed in a Nintendo Direct presentation the following August. Grasshopper Manufacture teamed with several other indie developers for the title, which sees Travis and Badman, Bad Girl's vengeful father, being transported into the demonic "Death Drive MK-II" video game console where they must fight boss battles within the games. It is currently scheduled for a release on January 18, 2019. No Document [189] (Title: Interstellar (film)) South Korea ($73.4 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($31.3 million), and Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ($19 million). "Interstellar" and "Big Hero 6" opened the same weekend (, 2014) in the US and Canada. Both were forecast to earn between and . In North America, the film is the seventh-highest-grossing film to not hit No. 1, with a top rank of No. 2 on its opening weekend. "Interstellar" had an early limited release in the US and Canada in selected theaters on November 4 at 8:00 pm, coinciding with the 2014 US midterm elections. It topped Document [190] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) In July 2011, Paramount Pictures promoted the film during an Independence Day celebration hosted by the Chicago White Sox. Promotional partners include Harley-Davidson, Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins. In February 2011, Marvel Comics launched the eight-issue digital comic "Captain America: First Vengeance", on the same day as the first trailer aired. Written by Fred Van Lente and featuring a rotation of artists, the story is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Each of the eight issues focuses on a specific character from the movie, heroes and villains alike, and what brought them to the point where the movie begins. Sega announced Document [191] (Title: Sharknado 2: The Second One) the Saturday after "Sharknado 3"s Wednesday premiere. "Lavalantula" featured "Sharknado"s protagonist in a cameo wearing a white T-shirt with crossed chainsaws. This indicates that it takes place in a shared universe. As he says he has "shark problems right now", this may indicate that the events of "Lavalantula" take place just before or concurrently with "Sharknado 3". "Sharknado 4" was confirmed to follow upon "Sharknado 3"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s premiere. "Sharknado 5" was confirmed in October 2016, and was released on August 6, 2017. "Sharknado 6" was confirmed in February 2018 to follow upon "Sharknado 5"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s premiere. Sharknado 2: The Second One Sharknado Document [192] (Title: Captain America: The Winter Soldier) F. Gary Gray, and brothers Anthony and Joseph Russo. Walt Disney Studios announced the planned release of the sequel to "Captain America: The First Avenger" on April 4, 2014. Disney stated, "The second installment will pick-up where ... "The Avengers" leaves off, as Steve Rogers continues his affiliation with Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. and struggles to embrace his role in the modern world." Markus later elaborated, "I think S.H.I.E.L.D. is the water [Rogers is] swimming in. It's definitely a Captain America movie. You know, if the first movie was a movie about the US Army, then this is a movie Document [193] (Title: Destiny 2) slightly extended teaser, officially confirming that there would be timed exclusive content for PlayStation 4, and it would last until at least fall 2018. A full reveal trailer released on March 30, showing the three class Vanguards, Commander Zavala (Titan), Cayde-6 (Hunter), and Ikora Rey (Warlock), rallying Guardians in the war-torn Tower. The Cabal are being led by Ghaul, the commander of the Red Legion. The trailers confirmed that Lance Reddick, Nathan Fillion, and Gina Torres would be reprising their roles as the class Vanguards, respectively. Nolan North also confirmed that he would be reprising Ghost, the Guardian's AI companion. Document [194] (Title: Captain Marvel (film)) Latcham elaborated that "getting the character right first is going to lead the charge. We want to make sure we know who it is before we can start figuring out who should play it." In October 2015, Marvel changed the release date once again, moving it back to March 8, 2019. Feige stated in April 2016 that a director would be announced "in the next month or two" and that the first cast members would be announced in mid-2016. He also mentioned that the film would be about Carol Danvers becoming Captain Marvel. The next month, indie filmmaker Emily Carmichael's Document [195] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics) how things would fit together with the Marvel characters to follow. With the MCU, we're able to make those connections and heighten all of the characters' weight." "Fury's Big Week" was written by Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson, and was released digitally in eight issues, on February 5 (tying-into the wider "The Avengers" marketing campaign, which released a new trailer on that day), February 14, February 21, February 28, March 5, March 12, March 19, and March 26, 2012, respectively. The comic was published in hard copy as four issues on March 7, March 21, April 4, and April 18, Document [196] (Title: Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes) since the Switch supports two Joy-Con. Suda was unable to speak on this under confidentiality at PAX West, but did tell reporters who asked about this that there are "two main characters, so draw your own conclusions, if you want". The game is being developed in Unreal Engine 4. At the time of reveal, Robin Atkin Downes, the voice of Travis in the previous titles, had reportedly not been asked to reprise his role in "Travis Strikes Again". He was later confirmed to be returning to the role in December 2018. "Travis Strikes Again" was teased during the January 2017 Document [197] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) On August 7, 2014 a trailer focusing on Aladdin and Jasmine from "Aladdin" was released. To coincide Gamescom 2014, Disney Interactive Studios released a trailer featuring Donald Duck on August 12, 2014. An informational trailer for the Toybox was released on August 14, 2014. Another trailer centering on the Toybox was released on August 20, 2014. A trailer revolving around Baymax and Hiro Hamada from "Big Hero 6" was released on August 27, 2014. A trailer, titled Walk It, themed to the Aerosmith song Walk This Way was released on September 5, 2014. Multiple teases from the "Disney Infinity" team Document [198] (Title: Marvel Super Heroes 4D) Marvel Super Heroes 4D Marvel Super Heroes 4D is an animated 4D film that was launched at Madame Tussauds London on May 31, 2010. On April 26, 2012, an updated version of the film with a different plot was also opened at Madame Tussauds New York. A new version of the film with a plot set in Las Vegas was opened at Madame Tussauds Las Vegas on November 20, 2013. Another version "Marvel Super Heroes 4D: Avengers Battle in Bali" was launched in Bali on November 22, 2013. Iron Man, Ms. Marvel, Hulk, Wolverine, Captain America and Spider-Man are invited Document [199] (Title: The New Heroes) Ascension" was released summer 2011. The plot involves Krodin who has mysteriously survived death by being sent back in time by six years after his battle with Abby, Thunder, Roz and Brawn. In the present the kids begin to notice changes in their America. It was released on June 30, 2011 and is the fifth book in the "New Heroes" series. The sixth book in the "New Heroes" series was released on June 14, 2012. It is the backstory of Brawn, a rather minor villain of the series up until this point. All Gethin Rao wants is to be like Question: when is the second big hero 6 coming out Answer: November 20, 2017 Long Answer: Big Hero 6: The Series is an American animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by Kim Possible creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley . The series is based on Disney's 2014 film Big Hero 6, which itself is loosely based on the comic book series Big Hero 6 published by Marvel Comics . The series is a sequel as it takes place after the events of the film and uses traditional hand - drawn animation . It premiered with a 43 - minute episode titled "Baymax Returns" on Disney XD on November 20, 2017 . In 2018, the series was moved from Disney XD to Disney Channel before the series premiere . The series formally premiered with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018. Gold Document ID: 76

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Feast (2014 film)) so that he can be shown being promoted to a chair at the table and demoted back to the floor. Because of the flat style of the film, a breed with distinct markings like the Boston Terrier helps cue the audience to subtle movements. "Feast" made its home media debut on the Blu-ray and DVD releases of "Big Hero 6" on February 24, 2015. "Feast" is also included with the digital iTunes release of "Big Hero 6". "Feast" was released on the "Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection" Blu-ray on August 18, 2015. Writing for "Variety", critic Peter Debruge Document [2] (Title: Sharknado 2: The Second One) was released on July 20, 2014 to mostly negative reviews. A comedic survival guide entitled "How to Survive a Sharknado and Other Unnatural Disasters" (the book that Tara Reid's character was to promote in the film) was released through Three Rivers Press on July 8, 2014. July 2014 SyFy announced that there would be a "" premiering 22 July 2015 taking place in Washington, D.C. & Orlando, FL. Archie Comics also released a story about Archie Andrews encountering a Sharknado leading up to the third film. It aired on the promised date, followed by "Lavalantula", which debuted July 25, 2015, Document [3] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) animation" and a smart and "sharp story and script", it is "one of the rare family films that can fairly boast of having it all: humor, heart and huggability". Rafer Guzmán from "Newsday" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "Marvel plus Disney plus John Lasseter equals an enjoyable jumble of kid-approved action", with "rich, vivid colors and filled with clever details". Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their "Big Hero 6" Funko. The POP Vinyl series collection features Hiro Hamada, GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Fred, and a 6-inch Document [4] (Title: Stan Lee's Mighty 7) Comics joint venture. In August, Super7, a toy manufacturer, sued POW! and partners over Stan Lee Comics' "Super Seven". The second title announced for the imprint was "The Governator" on March 30, 2011 with the comic book title coming out first in 2012 as part of larger set of releases. The title was soon place on hold with the rest of the franchise in May 2011. In March 2012, Stan Lee Comics' first issue of the renamed "Stan Lee's Mighty 7" six issue miniseries was published. Also in 2012, A took over Archies' ownership stake in Stan Lee Comics. In Document [5] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Yandroth. As part of a plan to gain power via superhero battles, Yandroth sends a team of "Living Erasers" into their building. The Living Erasers are capable of transporting beings out of reality. The entire battle takes place off panel and is only mentioned in conjunction with attacks upon other superhero teams. Later, the members of Big Hero 6 fall victim to a mind-control device implanted within Baymax. Traveling to Canada, the mind-controlled superheroes attack a new incarnation of Alpha Flight at a national park. After a brief battle, the mind-control device is short-circuited and the two teams part as Document [6] (Title: Tekken 6) game had a limited arcade release in Japan on February 18, 2015, followed by a full release on March 18, 2015. Tekken 6 While the game retains elements from the previous games, the game introduces a new rage system that increases the strength of the playable characters when they are weakened. It also stars a hack and slash mode focused on a soldier named Lars Alexandersson. Losing his memories on an attack against Jin Kazama's forces, Lars goes on a journey to learn his identity so that he will be able to recover the subject of his mission. The game Document [7] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) game was unveiled on April 30, 2014. A trailer focusing on the Avengers Playset was released on May 22, 2014. A second trailer this time based on the Spider-Man Playset was released on June 10, 2014. Disney revealed Stitch and Tinker Bell with a preview of the game, on July 16, 2014. Another trailer focusing on the Guardians of the Galaxy Playset was released on July 23, 2014 A trailer centering on super villains (Loki, Ronan and Green Goblin) was shown at San Diego Comic-Con 2014 on July 26, 2014, and was released to the public on July 28, 2014. Document [8] (Title: The Bigs 2) All-Star first baseman Prince Fielder was announced as the cover athlete chosen by 2K Sports. For the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii editions of the game, play-by-play is announced in English by Damon Bruce and in Japanese by Kasey Ryne Mazak. It was released on July 7, 2009. "The BIGS 2" features an over-the-top playing style, like the first game established. Unlike the first game, The BIGS 2 allows players to play through the full 162 game season and will allow the player to act both as general manager and as the players on the field by allowing the Document [9] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) Disney was formed. The "Collector's Edition" is exclusive to EB Games in Australia and New Zealand. This bundle was released on September 23, 2014 in North America, September 19, 2014 in the United Kingdom, and on September 18, 2014 in Australasia and the rest of Europe. The game was bundled with a 12 GB PlayStation 3 console. An "Disney Infinity 2.0 Marvel Premium Value Pack" bundle exclusive to Amazon.com includes the "Marvel Super Heroes" Starter Pack, Captain America, Venom and Rocket Raccoon playable characters, a Power Disc blind pack and the "Spider-Man" Playset. For those who purchased the first game, Document [10] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) to the shock of Hiro, but Baymax convinces him to do it, saying he will always be with him. Hiro agrees, and Baymax fires his rocket fist, propelling Hiro and Abigail back through the portal before it closes. Callaghan is forcibly arrested while Abigail is taken to the hospital. Some time later, Hiro discovers Baymax's health care chip clenched in the rocket fist. He rebuilds Baymax's body, and the six friends continue their exploits throughout the city. During the end credits, a series of newspaper headlines reveals that the university has awarded Hiro a grant and dedicated a building in Document [11] (Title: Hero Academy) stating, "there's enough depth to make each quick round surprisingly satisfying." Webster also noted that the game was best played with friends rather than anonymous players since this would ensure turns would finish without delay. Hero Academy 2 was soft launched in Canada on October 23, 2017. The official launch was January 16, 2018. The sequel was nominated for "Best Multiplayer/Competitive Game" at the 2018 Webby Awards. Hero Academy Hero Academy is a two-player turn-based tactics video game created by the developer Robot Entertainment, known for their previous series "Orcs Must Die!". The game was first released for the iPhone Document [12] (Title: Captain America: Civil War) film is that ... it's a two-parter. There's a journey that the Winter Soldier goes on that isn't complete yet." That month, Marvel announced a release date of May 6, 2016, and Trent Opaloch, who was the cinematographer on "The Winter Soldier", said he would return for the sequel. In July, Markus and McFeely stated that they were midway through a first draft for the film, on which principal photography was expected to begin in April 2015. The following month, they stated that they were looking to make the tone of the film "an amalgam" of "The First Avenger" and Document [13] (Title: Super Mega Baseball) 2" is set to release in 2018 as it was delayed, and will include updated art, online multiplayer, and full customization. On April 20, 2018, Metalhead Software announced that the game would be released on May 1, 2018. It released into Xbox One's Games with Gold for the month of May, 2018. Super Mega Baseball 2 earned an 81 Metacritic score for Xbox One based on 21 reviews. Forbes gave it an 8.6/10 saying "While it's not a full-fledged AAA title, SMB 2 blurs the lines with its fantastic gameplay and mode depth." Gaming Age gave it an A-, saying Document [14] (Title: Code Hero) Indie Open House in San Francisco. The project experienced staff turnover, and by October 2012, ran out of money. After failing to deliver the backing rewards by the original date, and not updating the website or Twitter accounts for months at a time, backers began to demand refunds and became concerned that the project was not sufficiently funded. The original release date of August 31, 2012, at PAX Prime, was missed, with an update a few days later saying it would be released within days, a date which was also missed. When supporter Dustin Deckard began organising to seek legal Document [15] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) 2018. The film premiered in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne on September 15, 2018, with Madman Entertainment screening a wider release on September 27, 2018 in Australia, and October 17, 2018 in New Zealand. The film premiered in the United Kingdom at Scotland Loves Anime in Glasgow on October 13, 2018, with Manga Entertainment providing a wider theatrical release in the UK and Ireland from December 4, 2018. The film was also distributed theatrically in Singapore and Indonesia through Odex, with limited screenings on October 6 and October 13, 2018 respectively; and wide releases beginning from October 11 and Document [16] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) 2017. The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7, 2016, where an episode was shown at the "Voltron" panel. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes. The fourth season premiered on October 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consisted of 6 episodes. The sixth season premiered Document [17] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel III) mid-2016. The game was officially revealed as a PlayStation 4 exclusive in December 2016, at Falcom's 2016 shareholder's meeting. Unlike the prior two entries, no Vita or PlayStation 3 versions will be developed. The game was initially scheduled for a release window of Q3 2017 in Japan, later narrowed down to September 28, 2017. While no official plans have been announced for an English language release, some websites reported that it was mentioned in the 2016 shareholder's meeting that a deciding factor in developing the game for the PS4 was to help ensure higher international sales for the game, with Document [18] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2) Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017, and by Feral Interactive for macOS on 2 August 2018. It is the sequel to 2013's "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" and the third installment of the "Lego Marvel" franchise. With the core gameplay following the same style of past "Lego" titles, the game features the ability to manipulate time and a four-player competitive Super Hero battle mode. "Lego Marvel Document [19] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game)) by two weeks. Gameloft also released a mobile version on April 17 for iOS and Android devices as a paid game. The game was also localized in Japan as a Sony-exclusive title. Morality is used in a system known as "Hero or Menace", where players will be rewarded for stopping crimes or punished for not consistently doing so or not responding. If the player responds to crimes and successfully stops them, their hero rating will go up, failing to do so will result in Spider Man's rating to decrease. The player is able to upgrade Spider-Man's web shooters. During certain Document [20] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) meet Hiro much earlier. The entire film became much stronger by establishing the relationship between Hiro and Baymax early on, but the filmmakers ended up having to reconstruct "a fair amount of the first act" in order to make that idea work. About ninety animators worked on the film at one point or another; some worked on the project for as long as two years. In terms of the film's animation style and settings, the film combines Eastern world culture (predominantly Japanese) with Western world culture (predominantly California). In May 2013, Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Document [21] (Title: Walt Disney Animation Studios) the studio continued to use on all subsequent films. "Big Hero 6" received critical acclaim and was the highest-grossing animated film of 2014, also winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. The film was accompanied in theaters by the animated short "Feast", which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. In March 2016, the studio released "Zootopia", a CGI buddy-comedy film set in a modern world inhabited by anthropomorphic animals. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $1 billion worldwide, and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. "Moana", a CGI fantasy-adventure film, Document [22] (Title: Fredzilla) Hearts III". Fredzilla Fred (nicknamed Fredzilla) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a member of the superhero team Big Hero 6. The character appears in the 2014 animated film "Big Hero 6", voiced by T. J. Miller, and in the subsequent animated series by Brooks Wheelan. The character was created by Chris Claremont and David Nakayama and first appeared in "Big Hero 6" #1 (September 2008). He along with Wasabi-No-Ginger were meant to serve as replacements for then current members Sunpyre and Ebon Samurai. Nicknamed Fredzilla, it is revealed that he Document [23] (Title: The Bigs) The Bigs The Bigs (stylized as The BIGS) is an arcade-style baseball video game for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, Wii and PlayStation Portable. It was released in June 2007 in North America, and in October in Europe. A sequel, "The Bigs 2", was released on July 7, 2009. It features "outrageous visuals and intuitive gameplay mechanics," focusing on stylistic rather than realistic design, and gameplay featuring power-ups and turbo. It has also given the game of baseball a more "street" feel to it. The game features online play capability for up to four players on most of Document [24] (Title: Marvel Heroes (video game)) 2015" on June 4, 2014. The game was renamed "Marvel Heroes 2016" in January 2016. On April 5, 2017, a console version was announced to be in production at the time for both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One that was branded as a free-to-play game under the title "Marvel Heroes Omega". This version was released on June 30, 2017. On November 15, 2017, Disney announced that it was ending its relationship with Gazillion Entertainment and that "Marvel Heroes" would be shut down at the end of 2017. The game and the website for "Marvel Heroes" were taken offline on Document [25] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2) announced for the game. Of these ten, there are six level packs and four character packs based on Marvel Cinematic Universe films, superhero teams, and time variant heroes. On the planet Xandar, the armies of Kang the Conqueror are attacking the Nova Corps HQ as Nova Prime puts out a distress signal. The Guardians of the Galaxy answer the distress signal. While Rocket Raccoon and Groot remain on the ship, Star-Lord, Gamora, and Drax the Destroyer jump towards Nova Corps HQ where they work to keep Kang the Conqueror's forces from harming the evacuating citizens who are heading towards the Document [26] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating, "The breakthrough star of the season is here. His name is Baymax and he's impossible not to love. The 3-D animated "Big Hero 6" would be a ton less fun without this irresistible blob of roly-poly, robot charisma." Kofi Outlaw of "Screen Rant" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars or "excellent", explaining that ""Big Hero 6" combines Disney wonder and charm with Marvel awe and action to deliver a film that exhibits the best of both studios." Alonso Duralde of "The Wrap" gave the film a positive review, calling Document [27] (Title: DJ Hero 2) sequel, to arrive late in 2010. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of "DJ Hero", they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010. The sequel, "DJ Hero 2", was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major "Guitar Hero" titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date. Work on "DJ Hero 2" started some months after the first game was completed, as the development team had endured heavy working hours to meet the release deadline. FreeStyleGames' creative Document [28] (Title: Heroes of the Storm) phase on March 13, 2014, which went offline on September 22, 2014. The technical alpha went back online on October 7, 2014 for North America, Latin America, South East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. The servers for Europe, Korea, China and Taiwan went online in the following weeks. The technical alpha continued until the beginning of the closed beta. Closed beta testing started on January 13, 2015. As of February 2015, over 9 million players had signed up for eligibility to receive an invite to beta testing. The open beta of the game began on May 19, 2015, and the Document [29] (Title: Tadashi Hamada) assumes, Callaghan. Hiro, Baymax, and Tadashi's school friends mourn Tadashi throughout the rest of the film, while most of his legacy remains present in the form of Baymax. Following Tadashi's death, Baymax ends up taking over the role of being Hiro's emotional support. A series of further events leads to the formation of the superhero team Big Hero 6, who investigate Tadashi's death and the criminal plot that surrounds it, and honor Tadashi through continuing as a team to fulfill his dedication of helping people. Prior to the film's climax, Baymax shows video footage of his testing by Tadashi to Document [30] (Title: Psycho-Pass) in January 25, 2019. The second film, titled , will premiere in February 15, 2019. The third film, titled , will premiere in March 8, 2019. Naoyoshi Shiotani and Yugo Kanno are reprising their roles as the director and music composer, respectively. Ryō Yoshigami wrote the screenplay for the first film, while Fukami is returning from the anime series to write the screenplays for the second and third films. Production I.G is returning for animation production and Toho is distributing. A collaboration visual with "Godzilla: The City Mechanized for the Final Battle" has also been developed with Akane being the Document [31] (Title: Hero (2007 film)) courtroom, which was rarely done in the TV series. The region-2 DVD (Korean subtitles version also available) was released on March 8, 2008 by Pony Canyon. A sequel feature film, also titled Hero, was released in theatres in July 2015. The film follows Kuryu and the cast of the 2014 TV Series and features the return of Amamiya, who was inexplicably absent from the second TV series. The film begins six years after Kuryu Kohei was transferred to Ishigaki Island (in the TV series finale). We learn in the interim that he has since been transferred to Sapporo and then Document [32] (Title: Fury's Big Week) Fury's Big Week Marvel's The Avengers Prelude: Fury's Big Week, or simply Fury's Big Week, is a limited series comic book published by Marvel Comics as an official tie-in comic to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), specifically the 2012 film "Marvel's The Avengers". The comic was written by Eric Pearson from stories by himself and Chris Yost, with art by various pencillers. "Fury's Big Week" follows Nick Fury and several agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as they deal with the various events of the MCU films leading up to "The Avengers". Marvel began releasing tie-in comics to the MCU films in 2008, Document [33] (Title: DJ Hero) mixer DJ Qbert. David Guetta has stated that he is set to work on the game's sequel to arrive late in 2010. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of "DJ Hero", they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010. The sequel, "DJ Hero 2", was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major "Guitar Hero" titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date. At Nintendo's E3 press conference on June 15, 2010, the Nintendo 3DS handheld console Document [34] (Title: Might & Magic Heroes VI) and posted early at fansite Heroes Community, several days prior to the official press release. On 24 May 2011, it was announced that the alpha version of the game was complete and that the first public beta testing will start in June. On June 6, the date was confirmed as 28 June. The beta ran public for 6 or 7 weeks, after which the title went gold with release date set for 30 September 2011. However, the date was changed to 13 October weeks prior in order to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the "Might & Magic" franchise. Multiple Document [35] (Title: Transformers: The Last Knight) 6" with a release date of June 28, 2019. However, several months before the release of " Transformers: The Last Knight" in June 2017, Michael Bay confirmed that it would be his final film in the franchise but expressed interest in remaining as a producer should they wish to continue the series with another director. Bay confirmed in April 2017 that out of the writers room, at least 14 stories had been completed for potential future "Transformers" films. After "Transformers: The Last Knight" disappointed at the box office and failed to outperform any of the previous installments, the future of Document [36] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) we had our huggable robot." Hall stated that the technology "will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future, making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up." Hall mentioned that achieving a unique look for the mechanical armor took some time and "just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character". Co-director Williams stated, "A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he's a very powerful intimidating presence ... at the same Document [37] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) U, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and Xbox One, and for PlayStation Vita on May 9, 2015. Featuring original story material by Brian Michael Bendis, "Marvel Super Heroes" includes multiple plots and includes characters from both Marvel and Disney properties. The main campaign is divided into three stories. The first storyline follows the Avengers as they prevent the Norse God Loki from rebuilding the Casket of Ancient Winters. The second storyline centers on Spider-Man and features him and his team tasked with the objective to stop Green Goblin's symbiote invasion. The third and final storyline concentrates around the Guardians of the Document [38] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Krei. Callaghan interrupts Krei at a public event and attempts to destroy his headquarters using Krei's teleportation portal. After a lengthy battle, the team deprives Callaghan of his microbots and the mask, saving Krei, but the portal remains active. Baymax detects Abigail inside, alive but in hyper-sleep, and leaps into the portal with Hiro to rescue her. They find Abigail's pod, but on the way back out, Baymax is struck by debris, damaging his armor and disabling his thrusters. With no other option Baymax activates his armor's rocket fist, and asks Hiro to say he is satisfied with his care, Document [39] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) "" in 2011, and Activision's contract expiring after the release of "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", released a few months prior to the release of "Marvel Super Heroes". A sequel, "Disney Infinity 3.0", was released on August 28, 2015 in Europe and August 29, 2015 in North America. The game follows multiple plots, with each Playset having its own. The Avengers Playset centers on Loki and MODOK attempting to rebuild the Casket of Ancient Winters, with the aid of the Frost Giants, in order to freeze New York City. The Spider-Man Playset, which is heavily inspired by "Ultimate Spider-Man", centers on Document [40] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) became one of Japan's most prominent heroes. He soon left Big Hero 6 to become a member of the X-Corporation, but was disgraced after his past ties to Mystique and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants were revealed. Sunfire has since appeared as a member of the Marauders and of the Uncanny Avengers. GoGo Tomago (Leiko Tanaka) is known as the hothead of Big Hero 6. GoGo transforms her body into an explosive ball of energy, which can be projected at vast speeds. Little is known of Honey Lemon's past or how she obtained the purse that gives her "superpowers." Hiro Document [41] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) on avenging Tadashi. Back home, Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again, but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted. To calm him down, Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax's development as a demonstration of Tadashi's benevolence and legacy. Hiro remorsefully apologizes to his friends, who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way. Video footage from the laboratory accident reveals that the lost test pilot was Callaghan's daughter Abigail, and that Callaghan (who lost his mind and had gone "completely" insane) is seeking revenge on Document [42] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Possible"s Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and co-executive produced by Nick Filippi. The majority of the cast from the film returned to voice the characters, except for Wayans Jr. and Miller. Big Hero 6 (film) Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who Document [43] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory which was used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident. The masked man attacks, but the group subdues him and knocks off his mask – revealing him to be Callaghan, who had stolen and used Hiro's microbots to shield himself from the explosion, leaving Tadashi to die. Enraged, Hiro removes Baymax's healthcare chip, leaving only the battle chip, and orders him to kill Callaghan. Honey reinstalls the healthcare chip at the last second, preventing Baymax from carrying out the kill order. Callaghan barely escapes, and Hiro leaves with Baymax, intent Document [44] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) day definitely has its appeal." In March 2015, Genesis Rodriguez told MTV that a sequel was being considered, saying, "…There's nothing definitive. There's talks of something happening. We just don't know what yet." In April 2015, Stan Lee mentioned a projected sequel as one of several that he understood were in Marvel's plans for upcoming films. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series was in development and premiered on Disney Channel and Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created and executive produced by "Kim Document [45] (Title: Assault Heroes 2) Assault Heroes 2 Assault Heroes 2 is the sequel to "Assault Heroes", an arcade-style, top-down shooter video game developed by Chilean Wanako Games. The game was released on May 14, 2008. The core gameplay remains the same as the first "Assault Heroes", but the player now has the ability to hijack enemy units, allowing players to man such vehicles as tanks and helicopters. The game also features above and underground on-foot only areas, with larger maps than the previous game's on-foot underground lairs. The game still supports two player co-op multiplayer both on- and off-line, and teammates may now link Document [46] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Tudyk, James Cromwell, and Maya Rudolph. "Big Hero 6" is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters, whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009. Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film's animated visuals. "Big Hero 6" premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23, 2014, and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3-D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7, 2014. The film was met with both critical and Document [47] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) inspired and adapted into the 2014 Disney computer-animated film of the same name. Produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios rather than Marvel Studios, it retains some of the core themes and character concepts from the comics, but makes substantial changes and builds a new story around them. For example, the film's version of Baymax is a friendly robot originally designed to provide medical care, while in the comics he is a bodyguard. The film was released in the United States in November 2014, receiving critical acclaim. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for the Document [48] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by "Kim Possible" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014 film "Big Hero 6", which itself is loosely based on the comic book series Big Hero 6 published by Marvel Comics. The series is a sequel as it takes place after the events of the film and uses traditional hand-drawn animation. It premiered with a 43-minute episode titled "Baymax Returns" on Disney XD on November 20, 2017. In 2018, Document [49] (Title: ItsJustSomeRandomGuy) second was posted on March 13, 2009, and the third was posted on March 23, 2009. Also in 2009, Agrusso began spoofing the major summer blockbusters with the Marvel/DC characters since no comic book movies from Marvel and DC were being released. In 2010, Marvel released Iron Man 2 and DC released Jonah Hex. Argusso created a fourth "Hi, I'm a Marvel" series to coincide with the film's releases. He uses Iron Man to represent Marvel and Jonah Hex to represent DC. The first video released on May 5, 2010 and the second released on May 24, 2010. The video Document [50] (Title: Heroes (U.S. TV series)) Home Entertainment has announced that the first and second seasons would be released on Blu-ray on August 26, 2008, the same date as the DVD release of the second season. Specifications and bonus features include: Generations Alternate Ending; Inside the Alternate Ending: What if Peter didn't catch the virus?; untold stories that didn't make it on air; Season three sneak peek; deleted scenes; a documentary on Takezo Kensei; behind the scenes featurettes; NBC.com featurettes; and audio commentaries with cast, crew and show creator Tim Kring. The complete second season was released on July 28, 2008 in the UK. Season 2 Document [51] (Title: Nikkhil Advani) a motion picture production company. Emmay Entertainment first production was D-Day, a film directed by Nikkhil, in association with DAR Motion Pictures, which was released on 19 July 2013. Nikkhil Advani’s recently released film was Hero, the official remake of Subhash Ghai's directed 1983 film of the same name. It went on floors on 18 February 2014. Hero is Emmay Entertainment’s co-production with Salman Khan Ventures. The film launches Sooraj Pancholi and Athiya Shetty. It also stars Tigmanshu Dhulia, Aditya Pancholi, Sharad Kelkar and Vivaan Bathena. It is released on 11 September 2015. and the recent production release was Katti Document [52] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) they discover that someone has been mass-producing the microbots, and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they escape, Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves, and they track the masked man to the docks. GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred arrive, responding to a call from Baymax, and the masked man chases the group. The six escape to Fred's mansion, where they decide to form a high-tech superhero team to combat the villain. The group tracks the masked man, whom they suspect to be Krei, to Document [53] (Title: Marvel NOW!) do our covers, digital shifts and the way we start delivering our books". In March 2013, Alonso announced that Marvel would be launching a new wave of Marvel NOW! titles, dubbed "Wave Two", in the summer of that year. Alonso stated, "There are plans for a Marvel NOW! Wave 2—a new wave of titles that will generate the same amount of excitement amongst retailers and fans that the first wave did. From 'Uncanny Avengers' to 'Thanos Rising,' Marvel NOW! has been a hit, and we're far from done. Look for exciting new series, starting in July and carrying through next Document [54] (Title: Fantastic Four in film) Michael B. Jordan, Jamie Bell and Toby Kebbell, the film was released on August 7, 2015. A sequel was originally planned for 2017, but was removed from the studio's schedule in November 2015. At San Diego Comic-Con International 2017, Noah Hawley said that he was developing a film centered on Doctor Doom. Dan Stevens was also said to be involved with the film. In June 2018, Hawley stated that the script was almost finished, but that there was "a little uncertainty" about whether it would be filmed due to his upcoming film "Pale Blue Dot" and the fact that Disney Document [55] (Title: Heros: The Sanguine Seven) super villains, and the last enemy of the game. Jeffrey Fullerton released the initial version of "Heros: The Sanguine Seven" during July 1993 to local Bulletin Board System across the United States, but due to lack of advertising very few copies of the game were sold. Besides that, the game had no shareware version, and people were unable to play the game before they could buy it. Some time later, Jeffrey Fullerton contacted a small company called Safari Software to distribute his game. Safari agreed to distribute it under the conditions that Fullerton would do some upgrades on the game, Document [56] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) October 17, 2018 in Singapore and Indonesia respectively. The film was acquired by Pioneer Films in the Philippines, with an initial fan screening occurring on October 16, 2018 and three additional advance screenings on October 20, following a delayed wider release, originally slated for October 17. Viz Media Europe acquired the rights to the film for French, German, and Italian-speaking regions of Europe. "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes" will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 13, 2019 in Japan by Toho Pictures. The release will be offered in standard editions, as well as a "Plus Ultra" limited edition. Document [57] (Title: BioShock 2) BioShock 2 BioShock 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by 2K Marin and published by 2K Games. A part of the "Bioshock" series, it is the sequel to the 2007 video game "BioShock" and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on February 9, 2010. Feral Interactive released an OS X version of the game on March 30, 2012. Set in the fictional underwater dystopian city of Rapture, the game's story takes place eight years after "BioShock". Assuming control of Subject Delta, a hulking Big Daddy, players are tasked with fighting through Document [58] (Title: The New Mutants (film)) Bear would not be the main antagonist of the film, just that it was "very much inspired" by the run of the "New Mutants" comics in which Demon Bear was featured as the main villain. In January 2018, the film's release date was pushed back to February 22, 2019, which allowed it to avoid "Deadpool 2", which also had its release changed at that time to a date that would have had both films in theaters at the same time in certain markets, while also allowing time for the reshoots required to make the film more frightening. When asked about Document [59] (Title: Breath of Fire 6) ruins, found the hero in trouble and saves them. Together with the surviving citizens of their hometown, the hero and his companions needed to rebuild their lost land and strike back at the Empire while discovering the secrets of the dragon clans. "Breath of Fire 6" was first announced in August 2013 during Capcom's Network Game Conference in Japan, where it was given a tentative release date in the region for the following year. It is the first installment in the series to not debut on a home console, and was created specifically for touch-based PCs, smart phones and tablets. Document [60] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) to "The Curse of Monkey Island". The editors called "Little Big Adventure 2" "a charming 3D action/adventure hybrid." Little Big Adventure 2 Little Big Adventure 2 (LBA 2) is a computer game developed by Adeline Software International and initially released on 31 May 1997. It was later re-released by Activision in June 1997 in North America under the name Twinsen's Odyssey. In July 1997, both Electronic Arts and Virgin Interactive Software re-released "LBA 2" - Virgin Interactive Software doing so under the name of ""Twinsen's Odyssey"". "LBA 2" sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. The game is a sequel to "Little Document [61] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series is in development and will premiere on Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created by Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, creators of "Kim Possible" and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley and Nick Filippi. The Disney version of Big Hero 6 will make their debut appearance in the "Kingdom Hearts" series in "Kingdom Hearts III", essentially making them the first characters from Document [62] (Title: The Equalizer 2) On April 22, 2015, Sony officially announced a sequel, with Washington returning to his role as vigilante Robert McCall. Fuqua's returning was not yet confirmed. In September 2016, producer Todd Black revealed that the script of the film was complete, and that Fuqua would return to direct, with shooting set to begin in September 2017. On August 21, 2017, Pedro Pascal was cast in an unspecified role. Two days later, Melissa Leo and Bill Pullman were confirmed to reprise their roles from the first film, as Susan and Brian Plummer, and it was reported that the film would be produced Document [63] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 54 Disney Animation films. The emotional climax that takes place in the middle of a wormhole portal is represented by the stylized interior of a mandelbulb. The post-credits scene was only added to the film in August 2014, late in production, after co-director Don Hall and his crew went to see Marvel Studios' "Guardians of the Galaxy". He stated that "[i]t horrified us, that people were sat waiting for an end credits thing, because of the Marvel DNA. We didn't want people to leave the movie disappointed." Henry Jackman composed the score for the film. The soundtrack features an original Document [64] (Title: Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes) the month, following the apparent expiration of Capcom's licensing contracts with Marvel Comics. The game was pulled from the PlayStation Network on December 17 and 19 in North America and Europe, respectively, and from the Xbox Live Arcade globally on December 26. Eventually, the iOS version was also delisted from the Apple App Store. Upon release, "Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes" received positive reviews for its frantic gameplay style, detailed backdrops and visuals, and enormous cast of playable characters. Anoop Gantayat of IGN praised the game for its refined battle system, despite its sheer level of insanity, Document [65] (Title: Fantastic Four (2015 film)) to be two weeks after "" initial scheduled release date of May 26, 2017. Due to "Fantastic Four" poor box office performance and negative reviews, Pamela McClintock of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that it "throws into question whether Fox will move ahead with a sequel". Phil Hoad of "The Guardian" said it would "be interesting" to see if Fox proceeds with a sequel and if it keeps the "gritty-on-paper" tone, noting that if Fox did not produce a sequel or a reboot until 2022, the film rights would revert to Marvel Studios. Despite the performance, it was reported in September Document [66] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) DreamWorksTV YouTube channel. The story takes place in between the episodes "Rebirth" and "Crystal Venom." During the "Voltron: Legendary Defender" panel at WonderCon 2017, it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017. The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays., however the date was pushed back on October 4, 2017 where was published where issue 2 and 3 was published on the same day, November 1, 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15, 2017, issue 5 was published on December 13, 2017, the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback Document [67] (Title: Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second) SEA Server, published by AsiaSoft, PlayPark. On April 18, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second will start beta for NA server published by WarpPortal. On April 27, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2 appeared on the Steam platform citing a May 1, 2013 release date. On August 28, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second started its Open Beta Phase on the Indonesia Server, published by Lyto. On December 23, 2013, Gravity announced that it will be taking Ragnarok Online 2 offline in Korea because of lack of players, but the developer did include a hint of hope in Document [68] (Title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes) was released in North America on 19 June 2012. The Mac OS X version of the game, published by Feral Interactive, was released on 6 September 2012. The Wii U version was released on 21 May 2013. A direct sequel titled "" was released in November 2014. "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes" features an open world setting, where full exploration of gotham city is granted. The game's gameplay is similar to its predecessor, "", but allows players to play as classic Batman characters and other various DC Comics superheroes, such as Robin, Batgirl, Green Lantern, Superman, The Flash, and Document [69] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) functions as Hiro's best friend and father figure and is by his side nearly every hour of every day. Baymax also feels a deep attachment to Hiro's mother; however, Hiro and Baymax decided it was not in their best interest to inform her that her departed husband's memories were used as the basis for Baymax's artificial intelligence. In his prior life, the Ebon Samurai (Kiochi Keishicho) was a Tokyo police officer who was slain by Silver Samurai during an attack by HYDRA. After making a deal with Amatsu-Mikaboshi, Kiochi was allowed to return to Earth and exact vengeance upon the Document [70] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) arrangement imaginable using a neurocranial transmitter. At the fair, Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei, CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the school. At the end of the day, a fire breaks out among the exhibits and Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan, the only person left inside. The building explodes moments later, killing Tadashi. Weeks later, a depressed Hiro, in mourning for Callaghan's and Tadashi's death, inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created; the two find Hiro's only remaining microbot and follow it to an abandoned warehouse. There Document [71] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) heroic arcs." The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and instead set the film in a stand-alone universe. With respect to the design of Baymax, Hall mentioned in an interview, "I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original. That's a tough thing to do, we've got a lot of robots in pop culture, everything from The Terminator to WALL-E to C-3PO on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots, I won't go into that. So I wanted to do something original." Document [72] (Title: Marvel Animation) they were in development with Marvel to make a film of Big Hero 6. At San Diego Comic-Con in July, Marvel Television announced a second "season" of Marvel Knights Animation with Shout Factory and the involved titles. Following up on early anime productions in the Superhero Anime Partners, Marvel has re-partnered with Madhouse and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan as SH DTV Partners for a direct to video anime feature film, "". Also in October, Marvel Animation Studios announced its first DTV production, a direct to video film, "", to be released in 2013. Marvel announced in May 2013, that the Document [73] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) song titled "Immortals" written and recorded by American rock band Fall Out Boy, which was released by Walt Disney Records on October 14, 2014. The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2014, and had a CD release on November 24. While not part of the soundtrack, a brief instrumental section of "Eye of the Tiger" plays in the film. "Big Hero 6" premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival. The world premiere of "Big Hero 6" in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival Document [74] (Title: Thor: The Dark World) said that while Loki has a part, "there will be a different villain, another big villain". In May 2012, Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins, who played Odin in the first film, committed to returning in the sequel. At the end of the month, Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8, 2013. By June 2012, much of the first film's supporting cast was confirmed to return, including Idris Elba, Jaimie Alexander, Ray Stevenson and Stellan Skarsgård. Also in Document [75] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics) the base, an Asgardian artifact. "First Vengeance" was written by Fred Van Lente, with art for the first half of the comic by Neil Edwards, and by Luke Ross for the rest. The first of eight digital issues was released on February 6, 2011, with the other seven subsequently released on February 16, March 2, March 23, June 8, July 6, July 13, and July 20, respectively. The comic was also published in four issues on May 4, May 18, June 15, and June 29, 2011, respectively. On what the comic covers, "Captain America: The First Avenger" co-producer Stephen Broussard Document [76] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) commercial success, grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing animated film of 2014. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie. It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. "Big Hero 6" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24, 2015. A , which continues the story of the film, debuted on November 20, 2017 on Disney Channel and Disney XD. Hiro Hamada is a Document [77] (Title: Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes) 19, 2002 in Japan, November 19 in North America, and November 29 in Europe. The Xbox version launched alongside its PlayStation 2 counterpart in Japan on September 19, 2002, which later received a North American release on March 30, 2003. It was then released internationally through the Xbox Live Arcade on July 29, 2009, and the PlayStation Network on August 13. Lastly, the game became available for iOS devices on April 25, 2012. On December 15, 2013, Capcom announced that "Marvel vs. Capcom 2" would be removed from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network stores towards the end of Document [78] (Title: Company of Heroes 2) of Heroes 2" would be released in North America and Europe on June 25, 2013. A few weeks later, the company announced that the first closed beta will begin April 2, 2013. The open beta was released to the public on June 4, 2013 after the stress tests and the closed beta sessions were finished. Relic has released downloadable content for the game aside from the Theatre of War packs. Commanders: Add new abilities and units to a players arsenal, which are available in skirmish and multiplayer matches. A player can choose up to 3 commanders of which he can Document [79] (Title: Call of Heroes) village. Louis Koo will portray the film's main villain, a ruthless warlord, while Eddie Peng will portray wanderer. On 19 June, the film's production company and distributor Universe Entertainment released a teaser trailer featuring behind the scenes footage and displaying a slated release date of 2016. Universe Entertainment released a second teaser trailer on 15 March 2016 under a new title, Call of Heroes. The film grossed on its opening weekend in China. It grossed a total of at the Chinese box office. Call of Heroes Call of Heroes, previously known as The Deadly Reclaim, is a 2016 Hong Kong-Chinese Document [80] (Title: Kingdom Hearts III) also stated that the team had an internal release window they were trying to hit. In August 2015, at D23 Expo 2015, a world based on "Big Hero 6" was announced. In November 2015, new footage was shown at D23 Expo Japan 2015, footage which was cut from the E3 2015 trailer for time. A gameplay trailer was released during the "Kingdom Hearts" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017. The next month, Nomura stated that a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created, but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the Document [81] (Title: Deadpool 2) Thanos, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also in April, Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film, while Fox gave the sequel a June 1, 2018 release date. Noting the release date, Leitch wanted to ensure that the film "was worthy of a summer tentpole movie, and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films", specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film "bigger" than the first one. However, he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the Document [82] (Title: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2) "Guardians of the Galaxy" co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman confirmed a sequel, saying it was "going to happen" due to the positive internal response to the first film at Disney, and that Gunn would write and direct. At San Diego Comic-Con International soon after, the sequel was given a release date of July 28, 2017. Gunn had begun work on the film within a month, and said it would include at least one new Guardian from the comics. In October, Gunn confirmed that all five original Guardians would return for the sequel, along with other supporting characters, and the release date was Document [83] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) series premiere. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> A series of short-form episodes began airing on the Disney Channel YouTube channel on May 31, 2018. Three animated shorts called "Baymax Dreams" premiered September 15, 2018 simultaneously on Disney Channel and YouTube. The shorts are computer animated and made through Unity. In early November 2018, Disney Channel started airing "Big Chibi 6 The Shorts" which is loosely based on the opening segment from the episode "Fan Friction". This series depicts the cast of Big Hero 6 in comical chibi-fied situations (a lá "Teen Titans Go!"). "Baymax Returns" premiered on Disney Channel channels in Canada on November Document [84] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd) translate "Second Chapter"; "The 3rd"'s release largely hinged on its success. Ken Berry, Vice President of Xseed Games, stated that despite having the right to release "The 3rd", they would be willing to allow others to translate them as well due to them being such large undertakings. Xseed announced on April 7, 2017 that "The 3rd" would be released on May 3, 2017. In 2011, publisher Aeria Games announced they would release a mobile version of the series in North America, with additional social interactions features. However, no details have been released since the initial announcement. Xseed stated that they Document [85] (Title: Darksiders (series)) on May 23, 2017 for Wii U. The second installment in the franchise set parallel with the first game, "Darksiders II" released in 2012 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Xbox 360, this time with the protagonist as Death, the second of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Believing his brother War is innocent in his crimes, Death sets out to erase the crime War was blamed for as well as to try to resurrect mankind. An enhanced version, titled "Darksiders II: The Deathinitive Edition", was released on October 27, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and Document [86] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) opening in Japan behind "Frozen". and topped the box office for six consecutive weekends. The film opened in second place with $6 million ($6.8 million including previews) in the U.K., which is 15% lower than "Frozen". It opened at No. 1 with $14.8 million in China, which is the biggest opening for a Disney and Pixar animated film (breaking "Frozen" record) and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends. The film became the highest-grossing Disney animated film in Vietnam and in China (surpassed by "Zootopia")), the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia, in the Philippines (behind Document [87] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) assemble a new super-computing cluster just to handle Hyperion's immense processing demands, which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers (three in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco). Each workstation, , included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors, 256 GB of memory, and a pair of 300 GB solid-state drives configured as a RAID Level 0 array (i.e., to operate as a single 600 GB drive). This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five petabytes, which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all Document [88] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) the series was moved from Disney XD to Disney Channel before the series premiere. The series formally premiered with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018. The series is set after the events of the feature film "Big Hero 6" and continues the adventures of 14-year-old tech genius Hiro Hamada and the compassionate, cutting-edge robot Baymax created by his late brother Tadashi. Along with his friends Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Go Go and Fred, they form the superhero team Big Hero 6 and embark on high-tech adventures as they protect their city from an array of scientifically enhanced Document [89] (Title: CardMon Hero) testing for the game began on July 15, 2006 in South Korea. In February 2008, G2G Entertainment confirmed that they would be hosting closed beta testing for Japan alongside Neowiz Games and that the game would be called "Yuina Online: Adventure ORKA". The closed beta test took place between March 11 and March 14, 2008 however, the game was later dropped after failure to get the game popular. On February 4, 2010, Uforia announced that they would be publishing the game as "Camon Hero" and it would be released later that same year in North America. In March 2010, the Document [90] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" gave the film 3.5/4 stars, writing that "The real appeal of "Big Hero 6" isn't its action. It's the central character's heart." Maricar Estrella of "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" gave the film 5 stars, saying it "offers something for everyone: action, camaraderie, superheroes and villains. But mostly, Baymax offers a compassionate and healing voice for those suffering, and a hug that can be felt through the screen." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" Document [91] (Title: No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle) sequel were revealed shortly after the release of the first game, in a March 15, 2008 interview with "Computer and Video Games", where Suda revealed he would be interested in producing a "No More Heroes 2" for the Wii, on the condition that the game sold well enough to convince its publishers. With "No More Heroes"' positive reception in North America, and Martin Defries, manager of Rising Star Games who were responsible for publishing "No More Heroes" in Europe, raving about the sales of the first game, not only was it unlikely that Suda's intention to direct a follow-up would Document [92] (Title: The Bigs 2) The Bigs 2 The Bigs 2 (known in Europe and Australia as The Bigs 2 Baseball) is a baseball sports video game developed by Blue Castle Games and published by 2K Sports for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, Wii, and PlayStation Portable. The game performs as the direct sequel to The Bigs. On March 3, 2009, the first trailer for the game was released revealing that players like Ozzie Smith, Wade Boggs, Roberto Clemente, and Reggie Jackson and a number of other Hall of Famers would be playable in the game. On April 7, 2009, the Milwaukee Brewers Document [93] (Title: Mega Man 6) Mega Man 6 Mega Man 6 is an action video game developed by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the sixth installment in the original "Mega Man" series and was originally released in Japan on November 5, 1993 and in North America the following March. It was included in the "Mega Man Anniversary Collection" released in 2004. Its first PAL region release was June 11, 2013 for the 3DS Virtual Console, nearly twenty years after the game's first release. The story of "Mega Man 6" opens during a competitive robot fighting tournament with entrants from all around Document [94] (Title: The Mighty World of Marvel) The initial line was Doctor Strange, Ms. Marvel and Black Widow followed by Silver Surfer and Guardians of the Galaxy. #10 - #14 also feature Ms. Marvel & Nick Fury's Civil War II stories. It goes: Every Thursday per 4 weeks Release: April 5, 2018 Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Issue 2: Issue 3: Issue 4: Coming Next: Issue 5 - #6 will be part of the 'Secret Empire' event and feature Champions Vol. 2 #10 - #11. The Mighty World of Marvel The Mighty World Of Marvel (commonly shortened to MWOM) was Marvel UK's first-ever title, debuting on 30 September 1972, Document [95] (Title: The Second Coming (Heroes)) The Second Coming (Heroes) "The Second Coming" is the first episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series "Heroes" and thirty-fifth episode overall. It was written by series creator/executive producer Tim Kring and directed by executive producer Allan Arkush. It first aired on September 22, 2008 as the beginning of the "Villains" storyline. The episode begins four years into the future. Peter, who has a scar on his face, is being chased and enters a hangar. Claire tries to shoot him, but Peter stops time and time travels to the present day, taking Claire's gun with Document [96] (Title: The Bigs 2) an intro to the mini game "Home run pinball" is included. The Bigs 2 was released in the UK on 17 July 2009. It was the first baseball game to be released in the UK on Xbox 360. It was released as a budget game with many retailers listing the pre-order for less than £20.00. The Bigs 2 was released for the Nintendo DS on September 8, 2009. "The Bigs 2" received mostly favorable reviews. Many reviews cited the fast-paced arcade style gameplay as one of the most addictive part of the game. However, the game was also criticized for Document [97] (Title: My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2) about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and wrote the script for the film. Universal Pictures acquired the US distribution rights to the film on November 11, 2014, and Kirk Jones was set to direct, based on the script by Vardalos, who also starred. Principal photography began on May 10, 2015 in Toronto, and ended on June 28. In May 2015, Universal set the film for a March 25, 2016 release. "My Big Document [98] (Title: Voltron: Legendary Defender) was released on August 2, 2016, followed by issue #3 on October 5, 2016, issue #4 on November 9, 2016, and issue #5 on November 20, 2016. The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release, but got pushed back to January 3, 2017, then was finally released January 25, 2017, according to Lion Forge. The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel. A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15, 2017, at the Document [99] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) of its 1940s time period and Johnston's direction, though some felt that the film only served to set up the forthcoming "Avengers" film. A sequel titled "" was released on April 4, 2014, and a third film titled "" was released on May 6, 2016. In the present day, scientists in the Arctic uncover an old, frozen aircraft. In March 1942, Nazi officer Johann Schmidt and his men steal a mysterious relic called the Tesseract, which possesses untold powers, from the town of Tønsberg in German-occupied Norway. In New York City, Steve Rogers is rejected for World War II military Document [100] (Title: Baymax) techniques from forms of combat including karate, tae kwon do, Western boxing and Wing Chun. Baymax appears in the 2014 Disney animated film "Big Hero 6", voiced by Scott Adsit, and in the videogame "". He is depicted as an inflatable robot built by Tadashi, the older brother of the protagonist Hiro Hamada, to serve as a healthcare companion. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau in their spare time while working on another project, Baymax was first intended to appear with the rest of Big Hero 6 in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). However, the team first appeared Document [101] (Title: My Hero Academia: Two Heroes) manga by Horikoshi titled "Vol. Origin All Might: Rising", as well as character profiles and a "secret dialogue" between Horikoshi and Eiichiro Oda. Viz Media later published the "All Might: Rising" manga digitally on September 19, 2018. The film will receive 4D screenings in Japan, premiering on January 11, 2019. "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes" has been licensed in North America, Australasia, and the British Isles by Funimation, who premiered the English dub in Los Angeles on September 15, 2018, and a wider theatrical release in 400 theaters in the United States and Canada from September 25 through October 2, Document [102] (Title: Half-Minute Hero) Half-Minute Hero Half-Minute Hero is a hybrid real-time strategy action role-playing shoot 'em up video game developed by Marvelous Entertainment. It was initially released as a PlayStation Portable in Japan on May 28, 2009, in North America on October 13, 2009 and in Europe on February 19, 2010. It was re-released on the Xbox Live Arcade on June 29, 2011 under the title Half-Minute Hero: Super Mega Neo Climax, and on Microsoft Windows' Steam on September 27, 2012 under the title Half-Minute Hero: Super Mega Neo Climax Ultimate Boy. A sequel, "Yūsha 30 Second", was released in Japan on August Document [103] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) in sales. A potential third installment in the "Disney Infinity" game franchise, and the inclusion of characters from Star Wars have been teased at by executive producer John Vignocchi. When talking about the franchise's future, Vignocchi stated that "2015 is not so "far, far away" anymore, is it?" On May 5, 2015, Disney announced a follow-up game through "Game Informer", "Disney Infinity 3.0", for release on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4 in 2015, featuring characters from the "Star Wars" universe and other new Disney characters. Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes Disney Document [104] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) his mother is kidnapped by the Everwraith, the astral embodiment of all those killed in the 1945 nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiro creates Baymax, a synthetic bodyguard capable of transforming into a dragon, using the brain engrams of his dead father. With Baymax, Hiro reluctantly joins forces with the Big Hero 6 to prevent the Everwraith from slaughtering millions in downtown Tokyo. During the battle, Big Hero 6 is joined by Sunfire, Japan's premier superhero, who is a mutant with the ability to heat matter into plasma. Sunfire becomes instrumental in the Everwraith's defeat. Soon afterwards, Big Hero Document [105] (Title: Gone (novel series)) as "ridiculously popular" and "a sensation in the young adult world". A planned "Monster Trilogy", also known as "Season Two", began on October 17, 2017 with the release of "Monster". It was set four years later from the events that took place in the other books. "Villain" was released on October 4, 2018 and "Hero" is expected to be released in 2019. Every person at the age of 15 or over vanishes from the town of Perdido Beach, causing extreme and great confusion and chaos. Friends Sam Temple, Astrid Ellison and Quinn Gaither set out to explore the area until Document [106] (Title: Megami Tensei) 2" title, "", was released in 1999 in Japan. The second game, "", was released in 2000 in Japan and North America. "Persona 3" was released in 2006 in Japan, 2007 in North America, and 2008 in Europe. Its sequel, "Persona 4", was released in 2008 in Japan and North America, and in 2009 in Europe. A sixth entry in the series, "Persona 5", was released in Japan on September 15, 2016, and was released in North America and Europe on April 4, 2017, to critical acclaims. In addition to the main "Persona" games are spin-offs, so far focused on Document [107] (Title: GoPro) to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29, Document [108] (Title: Marvel Super Hero Island) properties, the Marvel name, as well as any type of ride they want. Both Hong Kong Disneyland and Disney California Adventure have opened Marvel attractions since the acquisition, with Iron Man Experience at the former and at the latter. Shanghai Disneyland also have plans to incorporate Marvel attractions and Tokyo Disneyland planned to open the "Big Hero 6" attraction scheduled to open in Spring 2020. Meanwhile, Disney World has taken other measures to promote its Marvel properties within the Resort. At the D23 Expo on July 14–16, 2017, Disney announced that the Guardians of the Galaxy attraction would be coming Document [109] (Title: Red Giant Entertainment) "Japan Needs Heroes", the company's Kickstarter crowd-funded anthology project designed to benefit "victims of Japan's tragedies", was fully funded in May 2011, and "Japan Needs Heroes II", the company's second such project was fully funded in 2013. Neither had been delivered as of January 2014. The company said both projects had gone to the printer as of December 30, 2014 and that digital downloads would be sent to the Kickstarter backers in January 2015. As of at least February 2015, printed hardcover and paperback books had not been mailed to Kickstarter backers. At San Diego Comic-Con International in 2015, Stan Document [110] (Title: The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part) of May 2015, but the release date was later moved to May 18, 2018. On June 17, 2016, it was pushed back again to its current release date. The film was originally titled "The Lego Movie Sequel" before it was officially renamed "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part" in May 2018. On June 4, 2018, the first poster was released along with an announcement on Twitter that the first trailer would be released the following day. On August 1, 2018, Turkish Airlines released a special safety video featuring characters from the franchise. The second trailer was released on November Document [111] (Title: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2) moved up to May 5, 2017. In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character. Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects. Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with "major crew changes" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would Document [112] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) out at E3 2014, and at Blogger Bash's Sweet Suite 2014. In promotion of both "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes" and "Big Hero 6", Disney created a giant sized version of the Baymax "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes" figure. At San Diego Comic-Con Disney set up a pop-up shop, which allowed the public to play the game, meet special guests and participate in giveaways. Alex Hirsch, creator of "Gravity Falls" was also present at the pop-up shop, to announce the inclusion of "Gravity Falls" Power Discs. Disney also hosted special events for D23 and Marvel Unlimited members. The game was Document [113] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters that populate the city. Another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city's 250,000 trees, while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities, like light shining through a translucent object (e.g. Baymax's vinyl covering). Pixar's RenderMan was considered as a "Plan B" for the film's rendering, if Hyperion was not able to meet production deadlines. Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex global illumination originally conducted at Disney Research in Zürich. Disney, in turn, had to Document [114] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) They eventually came to agreement that Yen Press would publish the Japanese manga version of "Big Hero 6" for Disney. Conversely, Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies, and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney "complete freedom in structuring the story". Disney Animation Studio President Andrew Millstein stated: ""Hero" is one example of what we've learned over the years and our embracing some of the Pixar DNA." Regarding the film's story, Quesada stated, "The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it ... but it's combined with these Marvel Document [115] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Tadashi's honor, and that the team has continued protecting the city. In a post-credits scene, Fred discovers a hidden cache of superhero equipment in his family mansion. His father, a retired superhero, returns from vacation and says, "We have a lot to talk about." After Disney's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, CEO Bob Iger encouraged the company's divisions to explore Marvel's properties for adaptation concepts. By deliberately picking an obscure title, it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version. While directing "Winnie the Pooh", director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when Document [116] (Title: Champions (2016 team)) and wanted something decidedly upbeat. Brevoort also revealed that he had a list of several other names in case the trademark dispute with Heroic Publishing, who owned the name, fell through. The first issue of the series was published on October 5, 2016. It sold 328,000 copies and was the second most sold book that month. It has been well received by critics and fans alike with an average score of 7.9 and 7.5 respectively on Comicbook Roundup. In the aftermath of the "Civil War II" storyline, Ms. Marvel, Spider-Man (Miles Morales), and Nova have left the Avengers and make Document [117] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) film (behind 2008's "WALL-E"), the second-highest-grossing animated superhero comedy film (behind 2004's "The Incredibles"), and the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film (behind 2013's "Frozen"). The film earned $1.4 million from late Thursday night showings, which is higher than the previews earned by "Frozen" ($1.2 million) and "The Lego Movie" ($400,000). In its opening day on November 7, the film earned $15.8 million, debuting at number two behind "Interstellar" ($16.9 million). "Big Hero 6" topped the box office in its opening weekend, earning $56.2 million from 3,761 theaters ahead of "Interstellar" ($47.5 million); it is Walt Disney Animation Studios' second-best opening behind Document [118] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) Little Big Adventure 2 Little Big Adventure 2 (LBA 2) is a computer game developed by Adeline Software International and initially released on 31 May 1997. It was later re-released by Activision in June 1997 in North America under the name Twinsen's Odyssey. In July 1997, both Electronic Arts and Virgin Interactive Software re-released "LBA 2" - Virgin Interactive Software doing so under the name of ""Twinsen's Odyssey"". "LBA 2" sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. The game is a sequel to "Little Big Adventure" (also known as "Relentless: Twinsen's Adventure"). "LBA 2" was also the third game created under the Document [119] (Title: Call of Duty: Black Ops 4) "Call of Duty 2"; titles since then have all been released in November. The release of "Call of Duty: Black Ops 4" a month earlier was thought to be due to Rockstar Games's much anticipated release of "Red Dead Redemption 2" on October 26. Like previous titles, a private beta for the multiplayer mode was offered to players who pre-ordered the game. On July 11, 2018, Activision and Treyarch announced the dates for the multiplayer beta: PlayStation 4 players had an exclusive first beta weekend from August 3 to 6, while a second weekend from August 10 to 13 was Document [120] (Title: Independence Day: Resurgence) originally going to be released on July 3, 2015 but on November 12, 2013, it was announced that the sequel had been rescheduled for a July 2016 release. On October 14, 2014, Fox changed the release date to June 24, 2016. It was released in certain formats such as 3D, IMAX 3D, and premium large formats. Titan Books published several tie-in books for the film, including novels and comics. The first, an omnibus of Stephen Molstad's three "Independence Day" novels, "Silent Zone", "War in the Desert", and the novelization of "Independence Day", was released on March 19, 2016. The second, Document [121] (Title: Stan Lee's Mighty 7) starting with "Stan Lee's Super Seven". In August, Super7, a toy manufacturer, sued POW! and partners over Stan Lee Comics' "Super Seven". In March 2012, the first issue of renamed "Stan Lee's Mighty 7" six issue miniseries was published. In March 2013, Hub Network picked up its first work from POW, "Stan Lee's Mighty 7", animated pilot movie to be aired in early 2014. By January 2014, Stan Lee Comics had the second film in production for a late 2014 release while an animated TV series was in development and expected to premier in 2015 along with the final film Document [122] (Title: Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second) On January 25, 2011, Gravity Corp. initiated their second Closed Beta Test that lasted 4 days. Named the "R-Care Test", its aim was to evaluate the content and changes that occurred after the initial CBT, as many popular suggestions were applied to the game. As of February 22, 2012, "Ragnarok 2" has been said to be online for OBT. On November 4, 2012, it has been rumored that the First English service for Ragnarok Online 2 would be released in December 2012. On January 6, 2013, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second started its Open Beta Phase on the Document [123] (Title: Company of Heroes 2) game engine. In January 2013, Sega acquired Relic Entertainment and along with it the "Company of Heroes" intellectual property from THQ. The game was released on June 25, 2013 in North America and Europe. The resource-generation system from the first game has been modified. Players will still capture specific flagged points all over the map to collect munitions and fuel credits, which will be invested in assembling their units. Most armies can construct caches to increase the fuel or munitions income from these points, though some points produce a higher income of one material but cannot have caches built on Document [124] (Title: The Legend of Heroes: Akatsuki no Kiseki) sites speculated that "Akatsuki" would be released in the second or third quarter of 2016, while Taiwanese business news reports on UserJoy's Q1 2016 earnings conference in May stated that "Akatsuki" would be released in Q4 2016 in Japan and the following year in Taiwan. UserJoy revealed further details at the China Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference in late July, and began tweeting on a dedicated Twitter account for "Akatsuki" in early August. On 9 August, UserJoy opened the official site for "Akatsuki no Kiseki" and posted the first promotional video of the game. After a brief open beta test, Document [125] (Title: Bad Boys II) their release schedule and later in the month Lawrence said the film would not be happening. In February 2018, it was reported that a sequel film was again being planned and will be directed by Belgian directors Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah, with Martin Lawrence and Will Smith reprising their roles. Joe Pantoliano is also set to reprise his role as Captain Howard. According to Geek Worldwide, the third installment in the "Bad Boys" franchise will film from November 2018 to March 2019 in Miami and Atlanta with the release date aimed for January 17, 2020. In October 2017, Document [126] (Title: Lego Marvel Super Heroes) PlayStation Vita. "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" is currently the bestselling Lego video game of all time. A spin-off to the "Lego Marvel" series titled "Lego Marvel's Avengers" was released on 26 January 2016, and a sequel titled "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" was released on 14 November 2017. Following the gameplay style of past "Lego" titles, players are able to control 180 characters from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities. For example, Spider-Man can swing on his webs and use his spider-sense while the Hulk, who is larger than the standard minifigures, can throw large objects, as Document [127] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 6" earned $222.5 million in North America and $435.3 million in other territories for a worldwide estimated total of $657.8 million. Calculating in all expenses, "Deadline" estimated that the film made a profit of $187.34 million. Worldwide, it is the highest-grossing animated film of 2014, the third-highest-grossing non-Pixar animated film from Disney, and the 16th-highest-grossing animated film of all time. By grossing over $500 million worldwide, it became the fourth Disney release of 2014 to do so; the other titles being "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Maleficent", and "". In the U.S. and Canada, the film is the second-highest-grossing science-fiction animated Document [128] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) it "sweet and sharp and exciting and hilarious" and says that the film "comes to the rescue of what's become a dreaded movie trope—the origin story—and launches the superhero tale to pleasurable new heights." Calvin Wilson of "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" gave the film 3.5 of 4 stars, writing that "the storytelling is solid, propelled by characters that you come to care about. And that should make "Big Hero 6" a big hit." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film a positive review, writing, "Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams have made a terrific movie about a boy (Ryan Document [129] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) represents another can't-miss proposition by Walt Disney Animation Studios." Jon Niccum of "The Kansas City Star" gave the film 3.5 out of four stars, writing that while it "may hit a few familiar beats inherent to any superhero 'origin story,'" it is still "the best animated film of the year, supplying "The Incredibles"-size adventure with a level of emotional bonding not seen since "The Iron Giant"", and that it "never runs low on battery power". Elizabeth Weitzman of the "Daily News" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "charming animated adventure", saying that with "appealing 3D Document [130] (Title: Next Up Hero) Next Up Hero Next Up Hero is a action dungeon crawl video game developed by New York indie studio Digital Continue and published by Aspyr. It was released for Steam Early Access in January 18, 2018, with a full release on June 28, 2018 alongside the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions. It was released for Nintendo Switch on August 16, 2018. "Next Up Hero" is an action dungeon crawl game video game featuring a cast of eclectic heroes with special abilities who will all take turns trying to conquer tough monsters. Death results in the next hero being able Document [131] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Big Hero 6 (comics) Big Hero 6 is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and created by Man of Action. In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios produced the computer-animated film "Big Hero 6", loosely inspired by the characters. In 2017, a television series based on the film, titled "", premiered. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Big Hero 6 was first intended to appear in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). Instead, the team appeared in their own self-titled, three-issue miniseries by writer Scott Lobdell and artist Gus Vasquez. However, due to Document [132] (Title: Heroes and Villains (band)) album features the single "Second Thoughts" which received airplay at college radio stations across the United States. The EP's title track accompanies a music video directed by Gnarly Enterprises. Kansas City's music writer Elke Mermis reviewed the album on April 22, 2010, giving it high marks. Heroes and Villains appeared on the "Rock Out Reach Out" compilation album in 2009. The band played three shows in Austin, Texas in March 2010 during SXSW for the Redgorilla Music Festival. The band has also performed at the South Park Music Tour in Fairplay, Colorado, the Hyperactive Festival and Conference in Albuquerque, New Document [133] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Fransokyo from the film. San Fransokyo, the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo, was described by Hall as "an alternate version of San Francisco. Most of the technology is advanced, but much of it feels retro … Where Hiro lives, it feels like the Haight. I love the Painted ladies. We gave them a Japanese makeover; we put a cafe on the bottom of one. They live above a coffee shop." According to production designer Paul Felix, "The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature, I think the hills are 1½ times exaggerated. I don't think you Document [134] (Title: City of Heroes) during the event, and had earnable themed badges by participating in the in-game events. "City of Heroes" granted a commemorative badge during its anniversary month of May and often scheduled special events and surprises during May. On the game's fifth anniversary on April 28, 2009, and on the same day during the sixth anniversary for 2010, an outbreak of Giant Monsters of every type was released throughout the game in all zones for players to defeat within a 24-hour span. A Korean open beta of "City of Heroes", entitled "City of Hero" (, "Siti Obeu Hieoro"), was launched on January Document [135] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) as representatives of the site said "we erroneously reported about the launch of the next chapter of Disney Infinity. This information was incorrect. More news about Disney Infinity will be shared on April 30, and we hope you will check back for that update." On April 30, 2014, Disney announced a follow-up game, to "Disney Infinity", "Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes", at Pacific Theatres' Arc-Light Cinerama Done, in Hollywood, for release on the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4 in Q4 2014, featuring characters from the Marvel Comics universe. The announcement was Document [136] (Title: Infamous 2) 2011. The game was released in North America on June 7, 2011, in Europe on June 8, 2011, in Australia on June 9, 2011, in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Germany on June 10, 2011, and in Japan on July 7, 2011. On February 18, 2011, before the game's release, "Special Edition" and "Hero Edition" versions of "Infamous 2" were announced for pre-order. The "Special Edition" included an Original Cole skin, a Golden Amp skin, and the Electrocution Grenade power. The "Hero Edition" included everything from the "Special Edition" but also included: a Cole MacGrath statue, a sportable sling pack Document [137] (Title: Lego Super Heroes) Super Heroes" was released in October 2013. Originally, a Lego Avengers game was set to be made, but the developers felt that just being able to play as the Avengers was not enough, and thus decided to add other Marvel heroes. The game was released on iOS, personal computer, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. A second video game featuring the Lego Marvel Super Heroes line, titled "Lego Marvel's Avengers" was released on January 26, 2016. It follows the plots of the two Avengers movies, "Marvel's The Avengers" and Document [138] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Baymax. Bandai released a number of action figures related to the film; these toys including a number of different Baymax figures. One is a soft plastic 10-inch version that includes a series of projected stills from the film on his stomach, which can be changed when the figure's arm is moved, and which emits accompanying sounds. Deluxe Flying Baymax, which retails for $39.99, depicts the armored version of the character and features lights and sounds that activate at the push of a button. Placing the Hiro figurine on his back changes the sounds into speech and when the figure is Document [139] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) scheduling complications, the miniseries was published prior to "Alpha Flight" #17. The team also appears in a subsequent five-issue miniseries, which was launched by Marvel Comics in September 2008. In the original comics, the Japanese government needed a team of state-sanctioned superheroes, so they consulted the "Giri," a top-secret consortium of politicians and business entities. The Giri was formed to recruit and train potential individuals for "Big Hero 6," a team of superhuman operatives. Despite reservations by some members of the Giri, Silver Samurai, a freelance ronin and former bodyguard of the terrorist Viper, was appointed as the team's field Document [140] (Title: Incredibles 2) Incredibles 2 Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated superhero film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Written and directed by Brad Bird, it is the sequel to "The Incredibles" (2004) and the second full-length installment of the franchise. The story follows the Parr family as they try to restore public's trust in superheroes while balancing their family life, only to combat a new foe who seeks to turn the populace against all superheroes. Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell and Samuel L. Jackson reprise their roles from the first film; newcomers to the Document [141] (Title: Romancing SaGa 2) dungeon exploring a subplot revolving around the games untold story of the "Seven Heroes". A remaster for iOS, Android and the PlayStation Vita was released on March 24, 2016 in Japan. It features remastered graphics, optimized controls and the added content and features from the mobile phone release in 2011. The iOS and Android versions were released in English on May 26, 2016, while the English PlayStation Vita version was still being worked on. In December 2016, series creator Akitoshi Kawazu said that there were issues with the English PlayStation Vita version, requiring a few more months before it would Document [142] (Title: The Bigs) the seventh generation consoles, though online play is not compatible on the Wii. The St. Louis Cardinals' first baseman, Albert Pujols, is on the cover. Minnesota Twins first baseman and former MVP Justin Morneau is featured on the cover of limited edition Canadian version sold exclusively by Future Shop and Best Buy. Radio host Damon Bruce provides play-by-play commentary. It was released on June 25, 2007 in the United States on all formats. The game was also released in Europe exclusively on Wii on October 26, 2009. When the first trailer was released, gameplay bore a striking resemblance to Midway Document [143] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) he can work at Charles Xavier's X-Corporation office in Mumbai, India. His spot on the team is filled by Sunpyre, a young woman with similar solar-based powers who is pulled into this reality through the Power Purse and therefore comes to idolize Honey Lemon. Similarly, after Silver Samurai is seemingly slain in an altercation with the assassin Elektra in Iraq, his spot on the team is filled by the enigmatic Ebon Samurai. With the two most experienced members of Big Hero 6 gone, Hiro becomes the team's new leader. Sometime during the team's operation, they are attacked by minions of Document [144] (Title: Psychopathic Records) 2016. During Insane Clown Posse's GOTJ 2016 seminar it was announced that Shaggy 2 Dope will make his wrestling return on August 2, 2016 at the Pro Wrestling Syndicate show in New Jersey. Also announced was that work on the third film in the Big Money film series titled Big Money Thru$ta$ had begun, and with no definite release date, Violent J said "maybe in the next 2 years". It was also stated that a new The Killjoy Club album may be out in November 2016. With Juicy J reuniting with DJ Paul and Crunchy Black to reform Three 6 Document [145] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) voices Yama in the film) only read a few issues of the comic, while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all. "Big Hero 6" was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios, although several members of Marvel's creative team were involved in the film's production including Joe Quesada, Marvel's chief creative officer, and Jeph Loeb, head of Marvel Television. According to an interview with Axel Alonso by CBR, Marvel did not have any plans to publish a tie-in comic. Disney planned to reprint the Marvel version of "Big Hero 6" themselves, but reportedly Marvel disagreed. Document [146] (Title: Mega Man 6) "Mega Man 6" is absent from the Wii Shop Channel; however the game was released via the 3DS Virtual Console in Japan and Europe, with North America on June 20, 2013. It was also released via the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on May 14, 2014, in Europe on July 24, 2014 and in North America on August 21, 2014. "Mega Man 6"'s story takes place after the events of "Mega Man 5". To counter Dr. Wily's repeated attacks, the Global Robot Alliance was formed, and one year later the "First Annual Robot Tournament" is held in order to Document [147] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) film caused some online controversy in South Korea, because of small images resembling the Rising Sun Flag in the protagonist's room. The film was released in China on February 28, 2015. "Big Hero 6" was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on February 24, 2015. Writer Steven T. Seagle, who co-created the comic book "Big Hero 6", criticized the Blu-ray featurette documenting the origins of the group, for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau. Seagle also criticized the book "Art of Big Hero 6" for the same omission. "Big Hero Document [148] (Title: Fury's Big Week) February 5 to coincide with the release of a new trailer for the film on that day. The rest of the issues were set to be released on the app each Tuesday beginning February 14. New Marvel editor-in-chief Axel Alonso described the comic as "an exciting story set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe that sets the stage perfectly" for the film. The comic introduced a red 'Avengers' stamp on its cover, indicating it as an official tie-in to the MCU. The comic was then published in hard copy as four chapters on March 7, March 21, April 4, and April Document [149] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) a video game tie-in titled "", that was released in 2011 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii and Nintendo DS. Marvel released the mobile game, "Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty", in July 2011. A toy line was released as well. The world premiere of "Captain America: The First Avenger" was held on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California. The film was screened at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 21, 2011. It was commercially released in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2011. Paramount opted against altering the American-centric title when Document [150] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) villains. Hiro also faces academic challenges and social trials as the new prodigy at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology (SFIT). The show slightly retcons the ending of the movie. Among the differences are Aunt Cass knowing about Baymax, the Big Hero 6's team identities still being secret from the public, and Hiro attending SFIT as if everything is back to normal (and though a building is erected after Tadashi, Hiro does not receive a grant from the Institute). Hiro also does not come up with the name "Big Hero 6" like it is implied at the end of the movie, Document [151] (Title: Baymax) him as a sidekick, and the team never corrects him. The Disney version of Baymax, in his armored form, appears in "" and "Disney Infinity 3.0". That version will also appear in "Kingdom Hearts III". According to Square Enix and the film's producer Roy Conli, the story of "Big Hero 6"s world is set as an alternate sequel to the events of the film. Baymax Baymax is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Baymax first appeared in "Sunfire & Big Hero 6" #1 (September Document [152] (Title: Second Chance Heroes) Second Chance Heroes Second Chance Heroes is a 2014 action role-playing hack and slash video game by Canadian indie developer Rocket City Studios that revolves around clones of historical figures fighting enemy forces in an apocalyptic arena. It was released on July 4, 2014. Shortly after the games release it was removed from all app stores and digital marketplaces. The reason is currently unknown as the developers lips have remained tightly sealed. The game will feature a variety of clones of historical figures including Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Napoleon and Elizabeth I, to name a few, as they fight Document [153] (Title: Little Big Adventure 2) really FunFrock, the villain from the first game. He kills FunFrock, and returns to stop the moon of Twinsun crashing into the planet. "Little Big Adventure 2" has two viewing modes - for indoor scenes it uses a 3D isometric perspective (the game field is rotated 45 degrees) like its predecessor, but for outdoor scenes a 3D perspective view is used. All characters and vehicles are 3D polygon-based objects, allowing for full rotation and movement abilities. The interior game field is divided in scenes (a small block of the game that is active). After completion of certain tasks the player Document [154] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) 14-year-old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo who spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his older brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi's friends, GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan, the head of the university's robotics program. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the university. To enroll, he signs up for the school's science fair and presents his project: microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any Document [155] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) "Frozen" ($67.4 million), both adjusted and unadjusted. On February 15, 2015, "Big Hero 6" became the third-highest-grossing Disney animated film in both the U.S. and Canada, behind "The Lion King" and "Frozen". Two weeks ahead of its North American release, "Big Hero 6" was released in Russia (earned $4.8 million) and Ukraine (earned $0.2 million) in two days (October 25–26). The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia. Jeff Bock, box office analyst for "Exhibitor Relations", said "For a two-day gross, that's huge. It's a giant Document [156] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) "Toy Story 3"), and in Japan (behind "Frozen"). In addition to being the second-highest-grossing Disney animated film, it is also the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time in China. In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the United States and Canada are China ($83.5 million) and Japan ($76 million). The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 211 reviews, with an average score of 7.3/10. The site's consensus states: "Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated, "Big Hero 6" is briskly-paced, action-packed, and often touching." Metacritic, which assigns a normalized Document [157] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)) of at least three planned sequels to the original trilogy. The second sequel, "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" was released on May 2, 2014. On June 17, 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", which were scheduled to release on June 10, 2016 and May 4, 2018, respectively. However, in July 2014, the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018. In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts, "We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider-Man. There are a number of scripts in the Document [158] (Title: Avengers: Infinity War) was released in the United States on April 27, 2018, in IMAX and 3D. The film received praise for the performances of the cast (particularly Brolin's) and the emotional weight of the story, as well as the visual effects and action sequences. It was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide, breaking numerous and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time and in the United States and Canada. The sequel, "Avengers: Endgame", is set to be released on April 26, 2019. Having acquired the Power Document [159] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) tilted, the sounds are those of flying. The Armor-Up Baymax (original retail cost $19.99) comes with 20 pieces of armor that can be assembled onto the robot by the owner. The other characters from the film, including the other members of team and Professor Callaghan (who is called Yokai) are issued in 4-inch action figures, each of which have eight points of articulation. On February 18, 2015, the film's directors, Don Hall and Chris Williams, said a sequel was possible. Hall added, "Having said that, of course, we love these characters, and the thought of working with them again some Document [160] (Title: Second Chance Heroes) their way through swarms of enemies during 26 apocalyptic levels. On February 17, 2014, Rocket City Studios released an iOS version of "Second Chance Heroes" in the App Store. The Microsoft Windows and OS X versions of the game were originally due to be released on June 20, 2014, but due to the Steam Summer Sale, the game was delayed until July 4, 2014. "Second Chance Heroes" has received generally positive reviews on iOS from critics, attaining scores of 83.33% and 84/100 on aggregate review websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively. Second Chance Heroes Second Chance Heroes is a 2014 action Document [161] (Title: Hiro Takachiho) He later forms the Big Hero 6 team with Tadashi's fellow researchers and Baymax, an inflatable healthcare robot built by Tadashi, to stop Yokai, the villain who killed Tadashi by causing the fire. Hiro initially lacks a social life and appears to suffer from intellectual boredom. After Tadashi's urging and meeting with his friends, he becomes more open and accepting to those around him and tries to be friendly. He also decides to be a hero out of necessity as opposed to being unwillingly forced into the occupation. He also wears bluish–purple armor that, by itself, serves absolutely no function Document [162] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) 6 moves their headquarters from the Giri office building to Japan's Cool World Amusement Park. Here they are attacked by X the Unknowable, a monster born from a child's drawings who is capable of transforming its atomic structure into any form and shape. With the help of the Canadian superhero team, Alpha Flight, Big Hero 6 destroys X the Unknowable in the fires of Mount Fuji. Afterwards, Big Hero 6 continues to protect Japan from various threats such as a freak blizzard caused by the Crimson Cowl and her Masters of Evil. Eventually, Sunfire leaves Big Hero 6 so that Document [163] (Title: Fury's Big Week) and revealed an expanded marketing plan for its published tie-ins ahead of the release of "The Avengers". "Fury's Big Week" was announced in February 2012, with Marvel Studios working closely with the comics division to ensure continuity between the various products. The comic draws connections between the different films of Marvel's , retelling events from the perspective of S.H.I.E.L.D. and adding new character interactions and sequences. "Fury's Big Week" was released digitally in eight issues from February to March 2012, to tie-in with the film's marketing. The comic was then published in hard copy from March to April as four Document [164] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) on October 31, 2014. It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2014 with limited IMAX international showings. Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, "Feast". For the South Korean release of the film, it was retitled "Big Hero", to avoid the impression of being a sequel, and edited to remove indications of the characters' Japanese origin. This is owing to the tense relations between Korea and Japan. For instance, the protagonist's name, Hiro Hamada, was changed to "Hero Armada", and Japanese-language signage onscreen was changed to English. Nonetheless, the Document [165] (Title: The Hero (2017 film)) lasted 18 days. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2017. Shortly after, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on June 9, 2017. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Hero" rests on Sam Elliott's understated performance, which proves more than capable of carrying the film through the less inspired moments of its somewhat clichéd story." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has Document [166] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) he stumbled upon "Big Hero 6", a comic he had never heard of before. "I just liked the title," he said. He pitched the concept to John Lasseter in 2011, as one of five ideas for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and this particular idea "struck a chord" with Lasseter, Hall, and Chris Williams. In June 2012, Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development. Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh, head of story Paul Briggs (who also Document [167] (Title: The Heroes of Olympus) on May 3, 2016. The second installment, "The Dark Prophecy", was released on May 2, 2017.. The third installment, "The Burning Maze" was released on May 1, 2018. The Lost Hero was a number one bestseller on the lists of "The New York Times", "USA Today", "The Wall Street Journal", and "Publishers Weekly". Many critics praised the novel as a good follow-up to Riordan's previous series. A review by "The Epoch Times" commented, "If anyone was afraid that Riordan couldn’t top his Percy Jackson series—they can quit worrying. This new series, even though in the same genre as the Percy Document [168] (Title: Heroes (U.S. TV series)) by Alex Ross and Jim Lee as well as an introduction by Masi Oka and artwork by Tim Sale. The second volume included 35–80. It has an advertisement for a third volume, that would at least have 81–103, and more, and it was scheduled for fall 2009. For unknown reasons, it has missed this deadline and has not yet been released. On December 26, 2007, the first "Heroes" novel was published, titled "". Written by Aury Wallington, who wrote the book with the full cooperation of the "Heroes" writing staff, the novel revolves around the relationship of Hiro Nakamura and Document [169] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) Sony announced a third "Amazing Spider-Man" film with a release date of June 10, 2016, which Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Jeff Pinkner would return to write, and a fourth film with a release date of May 4, 2018. Additionally, the series was to include spin-off films featuring the Sinister Six and Venom, with Drew Goddard writing and directing "Sinister Six" and Kurtzman directing a "Venom" script co-written by himself, Orci, and Ed Solomon. "Sinister Six" had been planned for a November 11, 2016 release. Additionally, by August 2014, Sony had hired Lisa Joy Nolan to write the script for Document [170] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) suggested an early 2018 release date. In March 2016, it was revealed that Jamie Chung would reprise her role as Go Go, and that following November, it was revealed that most of the cast members from the film would reprise their roles, including Ryan Potter, Genesis Rodriguez, Scott Adsit, Alan Tudyk, and Maya Rudolph. Additionally, Khary Payton replaced Damon Wayans Jr. as Wasabi and Brooks Wheelan replaced T. J. Miller as Fred. On January 6, 2017, Disney Channel released an official teaser trailer for the series. On March 14, 2017, it was renewed for a second season, ahead of the Document [171] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) instead Fred comes up with the name after having "brainstormed an epic list of team names" and testing them with himself. In March 2016, Disney announced that a "Big Hero 6" television series was in development and premiered on Disney Channel in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film and is created by "Kim Possible"'s Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley and Nick Filippi. The show was reportedly pitched by McCorkle and Schooley shortly following the film's release. Talking to Leonard Maltin for the podcast "Maltin on Movies", Scott Adsit Document [172] (Title: Naseer & Shahab) earlier released a prologue and currently the band is working on their first studio album. On January 26, 2016, duo announced on their facebook page about their sixth single "Hero" from their upcoming album to be released on February 5, 2016. In an interview with "The Express Tribune", Naseer explained, “Our latest release is primarily a rock song infused with elements of electronic music and electro-rock,” shared Naseer. “The idea behind the track is for people to acknowledge that every person is the hero of their own story." Talking with same publication Sahab describe their experience for making the video Document [173] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Takachiho is the brilliant thirteen-year-old boy who created Baymax; after the departure of Silver Samurai and Sunfire, he becomes the leader of Big Hero 6. Baymax began his existence as a science project created by Hiro. He was originally designed to be a hydro-powered robotic synthformer, programmed to serve as Hiro's personal bodyguard, butler, and chauffeur. However, prior to the project's completion, Hiro's father died and the young inventor programmed Baymax's artificial intelligence using the brain engrams of his recently departed father. With the thoughts and emotions of Hiro's father, Baymax became much more than a robotic bodyguard. He also Document [174] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Big Hero 6 (film) Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain. The film features the voices of Scott Adsit, Ryan Potter, Daniel Henney, T.J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans Jr., Genesis Rodriguez, Alan Document [175] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) result of being pulled out of the Microverse through Honey Lemon's purse, Sunpyre worships her as a goddess and joins the Big Hero 6 team out of gratitude. She and the Ebon Samurai later leave the team to return to the Microverse to oust the villains who had taken over Coronar during her absence. A trained chef who uses various swords to fight. He can also give form to his Qi-Energy, usually materializing it as throwing knives that can paralyze opponents. Nicknamed Fredzilla, he can transform into a Godzilla-like Kaiju and manifest a dinosaur-like aura. The "Big Hero 6" comics Document [176] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) Potter) and his robot friend, who seek answers to a deadly tragedy," calling it an "unexpectedly good treat". Soren Anderson of "The Seattle Times" gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying that "Clever, colorful, fast on its feet, frequently very funny and sweet (but not excessively so), "Big Hero 6" mixes its myriad influences into a final product that, while in no way original, is immensely entertaining." Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying that "the funny and heartwarming story about the bond between a teen tech geek and a gentle robot Document [177] (Title: No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle) will involve "a different character, or something like that within the series." In March 2011, Suda51 expressed his desire to create a third game in the series. After the reveal of the Wii U in June of that year, Suda51 stated that he has all sorts of ideas for a third "No More Heroes" for the new platform. In July 2011, Suda51 announced a new "No More Heroes" game exclusively for mobile phones on the DeNA service. He promises to make the game extremely violent and hopes the game will be released in the West. He also states that he Document [178] (Title: Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming) Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming is an action role-playing game developed by Opus and published by Marvelous. It is the sequel to "Half-Minute Hero". It was initially released as a PlayStation Portable exclusive in Japan on August 4, 2011. It was later localized to English audiences and released via digital distribution on Steam for Microsoft Windows on April 4, 2014. "<nowiki>Half-Minute Hero: The Second Coming'</nowiki>"s single player mode features 5 separate episodes, each of which is unlocked after completing the previous episode. Each episode takes place hundreds of years after the previous one, and they Document [179] (Title: Captain Marvel (film)) viewed trailer in that time period. The second trailer debuted on December 3, 2018, during halftime of the "Monday Night Football" game between the Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles. McMillian felt the trailer "seemed more than a little as if someone had been paying slightly too much attention to online criticism of the first", calling the second trailer "a curious thing to watch". He noted that the opening scenes of the trailer went out of its way to clarify the elderly lady Carol punches was a Skrull, and made sure to linger long enough on a certain line to Document [180] (Title: Big Hero 6 (film)) number in Russia." In its second weekend, the film added $4.8 million (up 1%) bringing its total nine-day cumulative audience to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine. In its opening weekend, the film earned $7.6 million from seventeen markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million, behind "Interstellar" ($132.2 million). It went to number one in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. It opened with $4.8 million in Mexico. In Japan, where the film is locally known as "Baymax", it opened at second place behind "", with $5.3 million, marking it the second-biggest Disney Document [181] (Title: Big Hero 6: The Series) 20, 2017 and in the UK and Ireland on November 30, 2017. The series formally premieres with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018, followed by two more new episodes on June 10, 2018, with weekly premieres every Saturday through September starting on June 16, 2018 with episodes airing at 7 a.m. starting on September 8. Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by "Kim Possible" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014 Document [182] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe) event or crossover series," with "Avengers" films acting as "big, giant linchpins." After the reveal of multiple release dates for films through 2019 in July 2014, Feige stated, "I think if you look at some of those dates that we've announced, we're going to three in a few of those years. Again, not because there's a number cruncher telling us to go to three, do more than two pictures a year, but because of the very reason just laid out: it is about managing [existing] franchises, film to film, and when we have a team ready to go, why tell Document [183] (Title: Superhero film) worldwide financial success earning in excess of $2 billion. Soon after, 20th Century Fox released "Deadpool 2" on May 18, 2018 which proved a major success in both regards itself In addition, the long awaited sequel for the Academy Award winning animated film "The Incredibles", "Incredibles 2", had its wide release on June 15, 2018 met with considerable critical praise and earned $182.68 million on its premiere weekend. The next superhero film In the Marvel Universe "Ant-Man and the Wasp" was released on July 6, with competing studios declining to release major films on American Independence Day in the face Document [184] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) friends. Big Hero 6 returns to Japan to seek out the parties responsible for their mind control. During the "Ends of the Earth" storyline, Spider-Man calls upon Big Hero 6 to help him defeat Doctor Octopus. The team, now operating from the Giri Institute, confront Doctor Octopus' Octobots, which Dr. Octopus had sent to Japan. They subsequently confront their previous enemy, the Everwraith, and are victorious. Silver Samurai (Kenuichio Harada), the illegitimate son of Shingen Yashida, is a Japanese mutant with the power to charge almost anything, most notably his katana, with mutant energy (described as a tachyon field). This Document [185] (Title: Avatar 2) 2022 and 2023, respectively. In late October 2016, it was reported that Cameron was going to push for "glasses-free 3D" with the sequels, but he later disagreed with these rumors and did not think the technology would be there yet. In March 2017, Cameron revealed that "Avatar 2" would not be released in 2018, as originally believed. On April 27, 2017, the release dates for all four sequels were ultimately announced: December 18, 2020 for "Avatar 2", December 17, 2021 for "Avatar 3", December 20, 2024 for "Avatar 4", and December 19, 2025 for "Avatar 5". The films will be Document [186] (Title: Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes) Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes is an upcoming action-adventure video game developed and published by Grasshopper Manufacture (with Nintendo publishing a retail version) for the Nintendo Switch, to be released on January 18, 2019. Directed by Goichi "Suda51" Suda, the game is part of the "No More Heroes" franchise and features series protagonist Travis Touchdown fighting Badman, the father of Bad Girl, an assassin Travis previously killed. The two are drawn into a possessed video game console, and must fight through its various games. As the first title he has directed since the Document [187] (Title: Big Hero 6 (comics)) Marvel Comics to appear in the series. Big Hero 6 (comics) Big Hero 6 is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and created by Man of Action. In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios produced the computer-animated film "Big Hero 6", loosely inspired by the characters. In 2017, a television series based on the film, titled "", premiered. Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, Big Hero 6 was first intended to appear in "Alpha Flight" #17 (December 1998). Instead, the team appeared in their own self-titled, three-issue miniseries by writer Scott Lobdell Document [188] (Title: No More Heroes (video game)) by Rising Star Games on May 28, 2010. The Japanese version was released on October 21, 2010. A Nintendo Switch exclusive sequel, "", was first hinted at during the initial reveal of the Switch in January 2017, and fully revealed in a Nintendo Direct presentation the following August. Grasshopper Manufacture teamed with several other indie developers for the title, which sees Travis and Badman, Bad Girl's vengeful father, being transported into the demonic "Death Drive MK-II" video game console where they must fight boss battles within the games. It is currently scheduled for a release on January 18, 2019. No Document [189] (Title: Interstellar (film)) South Korea ($73.4 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($31.3 million), and Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ($19 million). "Interstellar" and "Big Hero 6" opened the same weekend (, 2014) in the US and Canada. Both were forecast to earn between and . In North America, the film is the seventh-highest-grossing film to not hit No. 1, with a top rank of No. 2 on its opening weekend. "Interstellar" had an early limited release in the US and Canada in selected theaters on November 4 at 8:00 pm, coinciding with the 2014 US midterm elections. It topped Document [190] (Title: Captain America: The First Avenger) In July 2011, Paramount Pictures promoted the film during an Independence Day celebration hosted by the Chicago White Sox. Promotional partners include Harley-Davidson, Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins. In February 2011, Marvel Comics launched the eight-issue digital comic "Captain America: First Vengeance", on the same day as the first trailer aired. Written by Fred Van Lente and featuring a rotation of artists, the story is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Each of the eight issues focuses on a specific character from the movie, heroes and villains alike, and what brought them to the point where the movie begins. Sega announced Document [191] (Title: Sharknado 2: The Second One) the Saturday after "Sharknado 3"s Wednesday premiere. "Lavalantula" featured "Sharknado"s protagonist in a cameo wearing a white T-shirt with crossed chainsaws. This indicates that it takes place in a shared universe. As he says he has "shark problems right now", this may indicate that the events of "Lavalantula" take place just before or concurrently with "Sharknado 3". "Sharknado 4" was confirmed to follow upon "Sharknado 3"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s premiere. "Sharknado 5" was confirmed in October 2016, and was released on August 6, 2017. "Sharknado 6" was confirmed in February 2018 to follow upon "Sharknado 5"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s premiere. Sharknado 2: The Second One Sharknado Document [192] (Title: Captain America: The Winter Soldier) F. Gary Gray, and brothers Anthony and Joseph Russo. Walt Disney Studios announced the planned release of the sequel to "Captain America: The First Avenger" on April 4, 2014. Disney stated, "The second installment will pick-up where ... "The Avengers" leaves off, as Steve Rogers continues his affiliation with Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. and struggles to embrace his role in the modern world." Markus later elaborated, "I think S.H.I.E.L.D. is the water [Rogers is] swimming in. It's definitely a Captain America movie. You know, if the first movie was a movie about the US Army, then this is a movie Document [193] (Title: Destiny 2) slightly extended teaser, officially confirming that there would be timed exclusive content for PlayStation 4, and it would last until at least fall 2018. A full reveal trailer released on March 30, showing the three class Vanguards, Commander Zavala (Titan), Cayde-6 (Hunter), and Ikora Rey (Warlock), rallying Guardians in the war-torn Tower. The Cabal are being led by Ghaul, the commander of the Red Legion. The trailers confirmed that Lance Reddick, Nathan Fillion, and Gina Torres would be reprising their roles as the class Vanguards, respectively. Nolan North also confirmed that he would be reprising Ghost, the Guardian's AI companion. Document [194] (Title: Captain Marvel (film)) Latcham elaborated that "getting the character right first is going to lead the charge. We want to make sure we know who it is before we can start figuring out who should play it." In October 2015, Marvel changed the release date once again, moving it back to March 8, 2019. Feige stated in April 2016 that a director would be announced "in the next month or two" and that the first cast members would be announced in mid-2016. He also mentioned that the film would be about Carol Danvers becoming Captain Marvel. The next month, indie filmmaker Emily Carmichael's Document [195] (Title: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics) how things would fit together with the Marvel characters to follow. With the MCU, we're able to make those connections and heighten all of the characters' weight." "Fury's Big Week" was written by Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson, and was released digitally in eight issues, on February 5 (tying-into the wider "The Avengers" marketing campaign, which released a new trailer on that day), February 14, February 21, February 28, March 5, March 12, March 19, and March 26, 2012, respectively. The comic was published in hard copy as four issues on March 7, March 21, April 4, and April 18, Document [196] (Title: Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes) since the Switch supports two Joy-Con. Suda was unable to speak on this under confidentiality at PAX West, but did tell reporters who asked about this that there are "two main characters, so draw your own conclusions, if you want". The game is being developed in Unreal Engine 4. At the time of reveal, Robin Atkin Downes, the voice of Travis in the previous titles, had reportedly not been asked to reprise his role in "Travis Strikes Again". He was later confirmed to be returning to the role in December 2018. "Travis Strikes Again" was teased during the January 2017 Document [197] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) On August 7, 2014 a trailer focusing on Aladdin and Jasmine from "Aladdin" was released. To coincide Gamescom 2014, Disney Interactive Studios released a trailer featuring Donald Duck on August 12, 2014. An informational trailer for the Toybox was released on August 14, 2014. Another trailer centering on the Toybox was released on August 20, 2014. A trailer revolving around Baymax and Hiro Hamada from "Big Hero 6" was released on August 27, 2014. A trailer, titled Walk It, themed to the Aerosmith song Walk This Way was released on September 5, 2014. Multiple teases from the "Disney Infinity" team Document [198] (Title: Marvel Super Heroes 4D) Marvel Super Heroes 4D Marvel Super Heroes 4D is an animated 4D film that was launched at Madame Tussauds London on May 31, 2010. On April 26, 2012, an updated version of the film with a different plot was also opened at Madame Tussauds New York. A new version of the film with a plot set in Las Vegas was opened at Madame Tussauds Las Vegas on November 20, 2013. Another version "Marvel Super Heroes 4D: Avengers Battle in Bali" was launched in Bali on November 22, 2013. Iron Man, Ms. Marvel, Hulk, Wolverine, Captain America and Spider-Man are invited Document [199] (Title: The New Heroes) Ascension" was released summer 2011. The plot involves Krodin who has mysteriously survived death by being sent back in time by six years after his battle with Abby, Thunder, Roz and Brawn. In the present the kids begin to notice changes in their America. It was released on June 30, 2011 and is the fifth book in the "New Heroes" series. The sixth book in the "New Heroes" series was released on June 14, 2012. It is the backstory of Brawn, a rather minor villain of the series up until this point. All Gethin Rao wants is to be like Question: when is the second big hero 6 coming out

Answer: November 20, 2017 Long Answer: Big Hero 6: The Series is an American animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by Kim Possible creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley . The series is based on Disney's 2014 film Big Hero 6, which itself is loosely based on the comic book series Big Hero 6 published by Marvel Comics . The series is a sequel as it takes place after the events of the film and uses traditional hand - drawn animation . It premiered with a 43 - minute episode titled "Baymax Returns" on Disney XD on November 20, 2017 . In 2018, the series was moved from Disney XD to Disney Channel before the series premiere . The series formally premiered with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018. Gold Document ID: 76

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alamo Heights High School) regular. The terminal courses in the honors sequence carry the title AP and follow the College Board’s Advanced Placement curriculum. PreAP/AP courses are offered in the following: English, mathematics, music, science, social studies, foreign languages, and art. Currently, dual credit enrollment courses are offered through San Antonio College for English IV, French IV, Calculus BC, Computer Science III, and Physics II. 22 AP courses offered in subject areas: Faculty: 115 faculty members; 75% with master's degrees and above The Alamo Heights Mules compete in these sports - Cheerleading, Dance, Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Swimming, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball Document [2] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) Center of Gifted Studies reveal that “college students who have not taken an AP course have only a 33 percent chance of completing a bachelor’s degree.” But, that success rate increases exponentially with the inclusion of AP courses in Kentucky students’ high school educations. The Center of Gifted Studies reports that “College students who have completed one AP course have a 59 percent chance of completing a four-year degree, while students with two or more AP courses under their belt have a 76 percent chance of completing a bachelor’s degree” (Switzer). Research institutes aren’t the only entities supporting the greater Document [3] (Title: Bergen County Academies) internship program through which seniors work and learn for the full business day each Wednesday instead of reporting to school. In addition, 40 hours of community service are required for graduation. While offering some 16 AP courses, BCA does not focus on them. This often hurts its placement in rankings with methodologies that place great weight on the test-driven, college-level courses. BCA has traditionally given teachers great freedom in curriculum design to adequately engage the intellectual capacity of the student body. Courses thus often surpass AP courses in technical rigor and creativity. Such courses include Series Hybrids and Electric Vehicles, Document [4] (Title: Advanced Placement Awards) the United States that have completed a sequence of AP exams with satisfactory scores. Prior to May 2006, a student had to earn a score of 3 or better on five or more AP exams in three of the five subject areas shown in the table below, with certain subject area requirements. As of May 2006, the College Board had implemented new requirements for awarding the AP International Diploma. Advanced Placement Awards The College Board offers several awards to selected students who take Advanced Placement (AP) exams. Each year, the AP program recognizes students who have performed exceptionally well on Document [5] (Title: Northwestern High School (Hyattsville, Maryland)) Technology Education and three credits in miscellaneous electives. As another option, a student could complete a state-approved technology program and any remaining credits in electives. Northwestern students can also choose from 20 Advanced Placement courses, with at least one AP course offered in every major humanities discipline. Northwestern students enrolled in the School of Business Management have a variety of completer courses to choose from. Academy of Finance electives include Introduction to Financial Services 1/2; Banking & Credit; Business Law; College Accounting; Introduction to Investment & Insurance; Financial Planning; International Finance; Economics & World of Finance; Computer Applications; and Advanced Document [6] (Title: Indian Hill High School) High School Rankings and was named a 2007 U.S. Blue Ribbon School. Indian Hill High School offers a very vigorous college-prep curriculum, mainly in the honors and AP courses. The school offers a total of 21 AP courses. Students are required to take the AP exam if they take the AP course. In the spring of 2007, 266 students took 682 Advanced Placement exams. 83 percent of these students received a 3 or better on the exams. In the class of 2007, Indian Hill also boasted 73 AP Scholars and 20 National Merit Semi-Finalists/Commended Students, representing 36 percent and 10 Document [7] (Title: Academy of American Studies) French and Spanish, it is not at all uncommon that students are invited to AP Spanish Literature immediately after completing the regents course. An AP Spanish Language course is offered, which is usually taken instead of the Spanish III class. AP courses are offered in many subjects, including: AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP US History, AP European History, AP Macroeconomics, AP Human Geography, AP English Literature, AP English Language, AP Spanish Language, AP Spanish Literature, and AP Law & Government (seniors only). The school also offers a wide range of art classes, which include Playwriting/Acting, Studio Art, Document [8] (Title: Ken Cuccinelli) opinion saying that school systems could not charge students the $75 testing fee when students take Advance Placement (AP) tests. Typically, AP courses are offered to academically advanced high school students to teach college-level materials. At the end of the course, students take a nationally administered AP test, and can receive college credit if the test score meets a specified level. Cuccinelli said that public schools were required to provide a free education, so schools could not charge students taking the AP class the exam fee. In February 2012, Cuccinelli filed a brief in the case of seven Anglican parishes Document [9] (Title: Stow-Munroe Falls High School) broad curriculum designed for students with varying strengths and interests, from college preparatory to intensive career-technical. College bound students opting for a more rigorous schedule may select from 16 Advanced Placement (AP) courses: Art History; Biology; Calculus; Chemistry; Computer Science; English Language; English Literature; European History; Macroeconomics/Microeconomics (combined); Physics; Spanish Language; Statistics; Studio Art Drawing; Studio Art 2D Design; U.S. Government; and U.S. History. Although no AP course is offered in Music Theory, students enrolled in Music Theory 2 do have the option of taking the AP test. The high school is also part of the Six District Educational Compact, Document [10] (Title: Louis E. Dieruff High School) 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Louis E. Dieruff High School offered 15 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be Document [11] (Title: Midd-West High School) of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Midd-West High School offered 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in Document [12] (Title: Avoyelles Public Charter School) and two Englishes. More Dual Enrollment courses can be taken online via the Louisiana Virtual School. College credit can also be earned by taking AP courses via the Louisiana Virtual School and taking engineering courses. AP courses require students to score at a certain level on its respectable exam in order to receive college credit. The engineering courses have a similar requirement. Students enjoy taking classes through the previously mentioned Louisiana Virtual School, because it allows them to pursue their interests in countless courses. A list of these courses can be found here. Some include psychology, astronomy, computer programming, and Document [13] (Title: Central Valley High School (Pennsylvania)) 501, Writing - 479. In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Central Valley High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits Document [14] (Title: Advanced Placement) AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. The largest study on this topic found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams tend to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This same study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%. In February 2014 College Document [15] (Title: St. Thomas' Episcopal School) are graded more rigorously than non-AP courses. They culminate in a standardized, comprehensive exam each spring, a passing score on which may earn the student college credit. Most St. Thomas students take at least one AP course throughout their four years and many take two or more. Students are required to take English for all four years and each course is organized along a thematic axis: 9th grade- Epic Literature, 10th- American Literature, 11th- British Literature, 12th- Comparative Literature. Eleventh and Twelfth grade English are each offered with an AP option for well-prepared students intending to sit the national exams Document [16] (Title: Carnegie Vanguard High School) Vanguard offers only Pre-Advanced Placement (Pre-AP) and Advanced Placement (AP) courses in English, Math, Science, and Social Studies as well as Honors elective courses in core subject areas. The curriculum for every course is written to go above and beyond state and district standards. Carnegie Vanguard courses move at a quicker pace, cover more material, and are project based. They rely heavily on discussion and seminar style delivery of course information and the use, interpretation, and delivery of research. Each Carnegie Vanguard student is required to take at least 10 AP courses before graduation: AP English Language and Composition, AP Document [17] (Title: Marian High School (Mishawaka, Indiana)) Marian has received this award Marian High School was founded in 1964 by the Sisters of St. Francis. It was a coed school with separation of classes by gender (later changed). Marian offers 18 AP (Advanced Placement) courses which are eligible for college credit. AP courses offered for the 2014-2015 school year include: AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP World History, AP U.S. Government and Politics, AP U.S. History, AP Micro Economics, AP Latin, AP Psychology, AP Calculus-AB, AP Calculus-BC, AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics 1, AP Physics-C Mechanics, AP Physics-C Electricity Document [18] (Title: Blue Ridge High School (Pennsylvania)) also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Blue Ridge High School only 28.74% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the associated AP exam. In 2014, Blue Ridge High School offered 5 AP courses, with just 28.5% of pupils achieving a 3 or better on the AP exam. The 2013 data was withheld by the Pennsylvania Department of Education due to low student participation numbers. For 2015-16 the School offers the following with sufficient enrollment: Blue Ridge School Document [19] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) limited schedules and very few available blocks to take electives of their choice, largely due to the numerous core science and technology classes required as part of the program. Typically, students only have enough space in their schedules to take one AP course sophomore year, four during their junior year, and three or four during their senior year, depending on each student's specific situation in regards to the arts requirement, desire to continue with a foreign language, and placement out of freshman year Geometry. Morris Hills High School offers students the option to take any Advanced Placement exam offered by Document [20] (Title: Littlestown Area School District) and AP English. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP Document [21] (Title: Newark Academy) (AP) and International Baccalaureate Diploma (I.B.) programs. The College Board's Advanced Placement Program (AP) offers high school students the opportunity to do college-level work. Successful achievement on the culminating exams may result in credit or advanced placement upon matriculation to college. Newark Academy offers coursework leading to 21 AP exams in all five academic disciplines. In 1991, Newark Academy became the first school in New Jersey to grant the International Baccalaureate diploma. The I.B. diploma is awarded following successful completion of a rigorous two-year curriculum. There are 80 members of the Classes of 2018 and 2019 are pursuing the full Document [22] (Title: DuPont Manual High School) Manual began offering Advanced Placement (AP) courses. In 2001 it offered 45 AP courses, more than any other school in the state. Qualifying students may take college courses free of charge at the University of Louisville, which is located directly south of Manual. In 2000, Manual implemented block scheduling, which allowed students to take eight classes per year, which are scheduled four per day on alternating days. Since 2000, Manual has held Kentucky's state record of 52 National Merit Semifinalists, ranking third in the United States for that year. Manual's academic team won state titles at Governor's Cup, Kentucky's top Document [23] (Title: Susquenita High School) 9 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays a fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 Document [24] (Title: Advanced Placement) enroll in the free school lunch program. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class. There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program. A complete list of courses can be found below: Below are statistics from the 2014 year of exams showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of three (3) or higher, and the average score. (Students generally need a score of three (3) or higher to receive credit or benefit). One issue to consider is the fact that not all AP Document [25] (Title: Muncy Junior-Senior High School) of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Muncy Junior Senior High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 43% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Board AP exams. In 2016, Muncy Junior Senior High School continued to offer 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. 53.8% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Board AP exams. In 2014, Muncy School District does not participate in dual enrollment courses in conjunction with Pennsylvania College of Document [26] (Title: Southern Columbia Area School District) Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Southern Columbia High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own Document [27] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) and 2, Studio Art Drawing, Studio Art Design, French, and Spanish. Honors courses are offered in Chemistry, French, Latin, Spanish, Algebra II/Trigonometry, Pre-Calculus, Calculus, Photo Design, and Drawing. All students who are enrolled in an AP course will sit for the respective exam in May. (Please note: AP Biology and AP Chemistry each require a "double period" in a student's schedule; one period is dedicated to classroom instruction, while the other period is spent in the lab.) In the English department, seniors may choose to enroll in AP English Literature and/or a variety of semester course options. In the History Document [28] (Title: Danville Area School District) (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2013, Danville Area High School offered 13 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 Document [29] (Title: Paul VI High School) of writing, senior year health, and sophomore year physical/health education. Arithmetic courses include everything from Algebra 1 Part 1, to Advanced Placement program (AP level) AP Calculus AB and AP Calculus BC. Recently, AP Statistics has been introduced as a class to follow the AP Calculus courses. Literature courses include AP English Language and Composition, American Literature, British Literature, World Literature, and their respective honors and AP courses. Creative Writing, Film Appreciation, and Public Speaking are popular electives. Science courses include a basic 'Integrated Science' course, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and their respective honors and AP courses. Religious studies are a Document [30] (Title: Dallas High School (Dallas, Pennsylvania)) 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2016, Dallas High School reported offering 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Upon completion of the course students may take the associated AP exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Document [31] (Title: Gettysburg Area High School) three art courses, two English courses, three history courses, three math courses, science, Spanish, computer science and psychology. In 2016, the school offered 23 AP courses. Eighty percent of the pupils who took an AP course at Gettysburg Area High School achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given at the end of the course. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 31% of Gettysburg Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and/or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or Document [32] (Title: Woodland Hills Junior / Senior High School) just 21% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the AP exam. At Woodland Hills students who fail to achieve a 70% or better during the first marking period of an AP course may be reassigned to another course at the appropriate grade level. AP Biology <br> AP Calculus AB/BC <br> AP Chemistry <br> AP Economics <br> AP English/Language and Composition <br> AP European History<br> AP U.S. History <br> AP Statistics <br> AP Physics<br> AP Computer Science<br> AP Environmental Science<br> The Gifted and Talented Education department currently has three teachers: Ms. Heather Nyapas (Social Document [33] (Title: Fairfield Area High School) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Fairfield Area High School did not offer any Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Near the end of the 2013-2014 school year, the school announced that it would offer AP courses in Statistics, 12th grade English, and 12th grade Social Studies. The courses were available in the 2014-2015 school year. No students took AP exams in 2014-15. In 2016, Fairfield High School offered three AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses Document [34] (Title: Alexander Hamilton Preparatory Academy) AP Spanish Literature, AP French Literature, AP United States History, AP Chemistry and AP Biology. A new Advanced Placement class that was added for the 2010-2011 school year is AP Art History which will involve students in the aspects of art and origins of paintings and sculptures. There are four foreign language courses available for students to take as an elective. Portuguese I, II, & III, Spanish I, II & III, French I, II & III and Italian I, II & III. All students must have taken three years of a world language to obtain their credits. Electives available for Document [35] (Title: Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)) to enroll in AP courses must meet all prerequisites for the Honors Program. Additionally, students enrolled in an AP course are required to sit for the AP exams scheduled in May, and to pay all necessary fees for the course. Christian Brothers Academy also offers courses for college credit through local colleges and universities. The school offers Advertising I, Principles of Marketing, Accounting I, Advanced Algebra and Topics, Advanced Algebra, Music Theory, Advanced Computer Applications, and CMPT 115 through Hudson Valley Community College's "College in the High School" program. Through the University at Albany's "University in the High School" program, Document [36] (Title: Waynesboro Area School District) Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of Document [37] (Title: Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)) contains an especially broad spectrum of courses, from introductory levels to honors and 22 AP courses to highly sophisticated opportunities for independent work. Tabor offers classes in the traditional liberal arts fields such as the humanities, math and the sciences but also Greek, ichthyology, Mandarin Chinese, lighting design and numerous nautical and marine science courses. In addition to a classical curriculum, Tabor offers elective courses about everything from blogging to Greek philosophy. If a student exhausts the levels of a course available, the independent study program allows students to pursue a strength to the level they desire. A student will Document [38] (Title: AP Computer Science A) it was the topic of one free response question in Section II. GridWorld has been discontinued and replaced with a set of labs for the 2014-2015 school year. Instead of the discontinued case studies, the College Board created three new labs that instructors are invited to use, but they are optional and are not tested on the exam. There are no question on the specific content of the labs on the AP exam, but there are questions that test the concepts developed in the labs. The three labs are: The AP exam in Computer Science was first offered in 1984. Document [39] (Title: Susquehanna Township High School) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2014, Susquehanna Township High School offered 17 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The students pay to take the AP exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the Document [40] (Title: Southern Regional High School) class with students from Barnegat. Barnegat High School became a full 9-12 high school in September 2007 and graduated its first seniors in June 2008. Southern Regional offers over 200 courses from which students can select. The courses are designed to appeal to a wide variety of student interests. Advanced Placement (AP) courses offered include AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Music Theory, AP Studio Art, Spanish Language AP United States Government and Politics, AP Statistics and AP Calculus (AB and BC are both offered). Several AP Document [41] (Title: Francis Lewis High School) get a full years' college credit, or simply courses of interest (for credit towards single college courses such as math or humanities). Students can choose from 20 AP courses offered at Francis Lewis, including Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Japanese Language and Culture, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Physics 1, Physics 2, Psychology, Spanish, Statistics, United States Government and Politics, United States History, and World History. AP Environmental Science and AP French have been cancelled due to lack of interest. Francis Lewis offers several courses from Document [42] (Title: Lethbridge Collegiate Institute) no longer offered at the school. In grade 8 classes at middle school, students had to achieve a final average above 80% to enter AP classes in grade 9. The program was intended to give students an opportunity to learn in subjects beyond the basic curriculum. Some graduates of the AP program have stated that the material learned was similar to first-year university courses. The program consists of advanced courses in mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, English, and social studies. More extracurricular activities and "more peaceful" classrooms are among the praises for the program. However, for the majority of the courses, Document [43] (Title: Seton School (Manassas, Virginia)) this curriculum are several college level courses that, while not official AP courses, consistently enable the students to score 3 or higher on AP exams in the subject areas of Calculus, Economics, English Language, English Literature, Physics, Statistics, and United States Government. For 2010 through 2012 scores of 3 or greater were obtained on 67% of all AP exams taken. Due to its commitment to Catholic identity, Seton School was awarded a spot on Cardinal Newman Society's Catholic High School Honor Roll in 2012. According to the Society, this list of 50 Catholic high schools in the United States honors Document [44] (Title: Pleasant Valley High School (Pennsylvania)) For the 2009-10 funding year, Pleasant Valley School District received a state grant of $7,422 for the program. In 2013, Pleasant Valley High School offered 12 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam Document [45] (Title: Berwick Area Senior High School) offered 9 AP courses with just 10% of pupils earning a 3 or better on the AP exam. In 2013, Berwick High School offered 9 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Berwick Area High School requires students to take the AP exam if they take an AP course. The school district pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may Document [46] (Title: John Marshall High School (Los Angeles)) of Advanced Placement and honors courses on top of the regular curriculum. The variety of AP courses offered makes it possible to take almost every major subject offered in grades 9–12 in the AP system. Entry to these courses in the past has been granted to students with high grades or letters of recommendation from their previous teachers. Many of the students who have taken AP courses move on to campuses of the University of California, with some top students achieving admission to Ivy League universities or other universities in the Top 25, as ranked by U.S. News & World Document [47] (Title: Berwick Area Senior High School) better. In 2015, Berwick Area High School offered 14 AP courses. Fifty-four percent (54%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given by the College Board. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Berwick Area School District the AP courses are weighted at 1.08 credits. In 2014, Berwick Area High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 25% of the pupils who took the associated AP exam, at the end of the course, achieved a 3 or better. In 2013, the school Document [48] (Title: Amador Valley High School) Placement (AP) classes, the most popular of which are AP Psychology, AP English Language and Composition, AP Calculus, AP Government, and AP United States History. Nearly half of Amador Valley students participate in the school's AP Program. The average participant takes 4.3 exams per year and 87.5 percent of students receive at least one score of 3 or greater. The school offers the complete range of AP courses in the STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), as well as AP Language courses and their literature complements in English, French, German, Japanese, and Spanish. Amador Valley also offers AP courses in Document [49] (Title: Central Dauphin High School) School just 55% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, Central Dauphin High School offered 19 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. At Central Dauphin High School 51.70% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, the fee for the exams was $89 each. In 2015, Central Dauphin High School offered 16 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. At Central Dauphin High School 59.55% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, the fee for the Document [50] (Title: Blue Mountain School District) 499 and 507, respectively. Pennsylvania's SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. In 2013, Blue Mountain High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own Document [51] (Title: Jasper Place High School) to 8:50. This makes it a shorter block then regular classes (45 minutes compared to 1.5 hours). Courses offered include extra AP or IB science classes needed to get the full number of hours needed for the AP/IB Science courses, as well as extra physical education. Beginning in the 2013–2014 school year, the school began offering Alternative Learning Opportunity (ALO) Days. The format of the days has varied depending on the year, as well as the semester. In the first semester that it was offered in, students could pick from a variety of courses that either lasted 1, 2 or Document [52] (Title: AP Physics 2) AP Physics 2 Advanced Placement (AP) Physics 2, along with AP Physics 1, is a year-long AP course designed by the College Board to replace AP Physics B in the 2014 - 2015 school year. The courses will teach the same general curriculum as AP Physics B, but instead splitting the course into two and covering more information, specifically rotational mechanics. The courses were formed through collaboration between current Advanced Placement teachers and The College Board, with the guidance of the National Research Council and the National Science Foundation. Similar to AP Physics C the course is said to cover Document [53] (Title: Abington Senior High School) (3), science (3), arts and humanities (1), additional electives (4.6), and physical education/health (1.4). By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor, and its expectations are set by the individual school district. 127 candidates took 243 AP Examinations in May 2005. AP courses offered at the high school include: AP United States History, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB & BC, AP Physics B, , , AP French, AP German, AP Spanish Language, AP Statistics, AP Environmental Science, AP Chemistry, AP Document [54] (Title: American School in Taichung) also has drama, art, and music programs (choir ensemble, violin, and hand bells). There are two concerts during the year, one in the spring and one in the winter. Currently (as of the 2012-2013 school year), AST offers eight Advanced Placement courses: AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP US History, AP Calculus AB, AP Literature, AP Chinese, AP Physics and AP Language. Athletics<br> American School in Taichung offers many sports for both middle school and high school boys and girls, including: volleyball, soccer, softball, basketball, and cross country. The AST teams participate in tournaments that involve other international and bilingual schools Document [55] (Title: American School of Kuwait) Studies. The middle school, which includes sixth through eighth grades, utilizes interdisciplinary teams and a curriculum based on a block schedule. The high school, which currently offers seventeen AP courses, is constantly re-evaluating its programs to better serve the needs and interests of students. The American School of Kuwait is also one of the first schools worldwide to offer the AP Capstone Diploma program. ASK offers many clubs and organizations with activities from service projects to leadership opportunities and competitions. All students are encouraged to join and take active part in the club or activity of their choice and interest. Document [56] (Title: Shamokin Area High School) certifications. In 2013, Shamokin Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits Document [57] (Title: Academy of Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Science) offers both Advanced Placement or college dual-credit classes with the technical colleges in Abilene. ATEMS also offers AP Dual Credit hybrid courses, allowing students to still receive the benefit of a ten-point addition to their GPA and the ability to take the AP tests, as well receive college credit should they score a 3 or higher on the AP test. These hybrid classes are free. Both courses culminate in a year-long senior capstone project that includes a skills demonstration to the community. ATEMS is ranked 179th in Texas in the 2016 Newsweek high school rankings In 2017, ATEMS was one Document [58] (Title: Auburn High School (Rockford, Illinois)) ranks among the top student bodies in the nation in both middle school standardized tests and high school ACT scores. The Academy program currently offers AP courses in English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics B, Physics C, World History, European History, United States History, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, United States Government and Politics, Comparative Politics, and Psychology, as well as Music Theory and Art History through independent study. The remaining non-AP core academic requirements for graduation are supplemented with Gifted Academy-level core classes, and an Academy Seal of distinction is offered to Document [59] (Title: AP Statistics) one of the 10 largest AP exams. If the course is provided by their school, students normally take AP Statistics in their junior or senior year and may decide to take it concurrently with a pre-calculus course. This offering is intended to imitate a one-semester, non-calculus based college statistics course, but high schools can decide to offer the course over one semester, two trimesters, or a full academic year. The six-member AP Statistics Test Development Committee is responsible for developing the curriculum. Appointed by the College Board, the committee consists of three college statistics teachers and three high school statistics Document [60] (Title: Mahanoy Area High School) funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate. Susquehanna University provided the enrichment experiences to schools in the region. In 2015, Mahanoy Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve Document [61] (Title: Penn Hills High School) BC, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP German, and AP Studio Art. In 2015, Penn Hills High School offered 13 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the Document [62] (Title: Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies) AP courses offered. AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Macroeconomics, AP Microeconomics, and AP World History are among the most popular AP tests taken. Students also take SAT and/or ACT on-campus, and the school supports them by offering preparatory Elective Track courses. Most students in this division apply to colleges in US, while some graduates have attended colleges in other countries as well; colleges in UK and Hong Kong are among popular choices. Many are also accepted to domestic colleges in Korea, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, and Korea University, through rolling admission. Most admission results are in from Document [63] (Title: Cary Academy) eighth. The high school (referred to as the Upper School) offers an extensive range of required and elective courses. These include many corresponding AP classes, for which college credit can be earned. Most students take at least one or two of these in their junior and senior years, and some take as many as five each year; there are enough AP classes to offer an AP option in nearly every subject for juniors and seniors. The Upper School operates on a double block daily schedule. Two days of the week, only half the classes meet (the other half meeting on Document [64] (Title: Lancaster High School (New York)) interested in a certain area of study, half- and full-year elective courses are offered in specific areas of study, such as Shakespeare and oceanography. Lancaster High School offers 12 AP courses as of the 2010-11 school year. These courses include Calculus AB, Chemistry, Statistics, Biology, Music Theory, English Language, English Literature, US History, Spanish Language, U.S. Government & Politics, Macroeconomics, and . Averages that students receive for these classes are weighted +1.07% to compensate for the advanced level of subject material covered. Lancaster High School has a large and varied program of honors classes. Some of these are Regents courses Document [65] (Title: DuBois Area School District) School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits Document [66] (Title: Scholars Online) studies curriculum, and best history program, and placed second for overall high school core curriculum, Latin studies, and science program. In 2018, it placed first in all these categories except overall high school core curriculum, where it still held second place. The school's Biology, Chemistry, and Physics courses have been officially approved as meeting AP requirements, including lab work. Other courses, including Senior English and Latin (Vergil) are designed to prepare students for AP exams. While most of the school's academic offerings are traditional in Classical education, they have been known to offer some more unusual classes such as Old Document [67] (Title: Balboa High School (California)) These external events are used to raise career awareness. Students in all communities will develop a personal portfolio or résumé. Students will develop skills in research and presentation with the goal of developing collaborative and social skills. Balboa began offering two Advanced Placement (AP) classes in 1990 which were briefly discontinued from 1996 to 1998. Since 1998, the number has grown, currently offering 13 AP courses in Biology, Calculus AB, Chemistry, Chinese, Computer Science A, Computer Science Principles, English Literature, Physics 1, Psychology, Spanish, Studio Art Drawing, Statistics, and World History. Honors classes are also provided for students wishing to Document [68] (Title: Timber Creek High School) high schools, offers many Advanced Placement (AP) classes including: The APC (AP Choice) program is an advanced placement program for freshmen and sophomores. The APC program puts its students in classes with other APC students, and moves these classes at a faster pace than normal honors classes. It is intended to prepare the students for the AP courses that they will take in the future by increasing rigor and moving at the faster pace than normal honors classes. The APC program also requires the enrollment in AP Human Geography freshmen year to give the students a taste of AP classes. Document [69] (Title: Middletown Area High School) schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Middletown Area High School less than 10 students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2014, Middletown Area High School continued to offer 7 AP courses. Seventeen percent (17%) of pupils who took the courses achieved a score of 3 or better. The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class Document [70] (Title: Delbarton School) for the AP Scholar with Honor Award, and 34 students qualifying for the AP Scholar Award. Delbarton does not offer any courses designated explicitly as "honors" because even classes not designated as "AP" are taught well beyond the traditional high school level. For example, students may take mathematics classes up to 3 years ahead of the nation-wide standard (Algebra 1 in freshman year). Advanced math courses such as Linear Algebra, Multivariable Calculus, and AP Statistics are offered, as are independent study options. Language and literature courses are also offered in several languages. With few exceptions, nearly all graduates continue on Document [71] (Title: AP Psychology) AP Psychology The Advanced Placement Psychology (AP Psychology, AP Psych, or APPSY) course and corresponding exam are part of College Board's Advanced Placement Program. This course is tailored for students interested in the field of psychology and as an opportunity to earn Advanced Placement credit or exemption from a college-level psychology course. It was the shortest AP exam until the AP Physics C exam was split into two separate exams in 2006. The College Board provides a course of study to help educators prepare their students for the AP Psychology exam. The exam covers the following 14 areas. The percentage Document [72] (Title: Hunter College High School) reading and writing, and by the number of students who have earned recognition by the scholastic writing awards. Upper-level electives and AP courses are offered by all six academic departments. AP courses include: AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB and BC, AP Microeconomics and AP Macroeconomics, AP Psychology, AP European History, AP Chemistry, AP Physics C, AP Biology, AP Statistics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Mandarin, and (Virgil). The English Department previously offered AP English and Literature but has since replaced it with the elective Advanced Essay Writing. Other electives include: Introduction to African-American Studies, "Race, Class, and Gender", International Document [73] (Title: Rio Americano High School) Hollingsworth served from 2000 to 2009. Brian Ginter began in 2009. Rio Americano offers 16 AP courses in addition to various Honors classes. Although there is no official class, students have been known to take the AP Statistics, AP Music Theory, , AP World History, and AP European History exams. The following are elective courses available at Rio Americano The Rio Americano band program is nationally recognized, having 3 levels of concert band, 4 levels of jazz ensemble, and the one-of-a-kind Small Ensemble class. In these classes, all students regardless of initial skill level are given a comprehensive education in Document [74] (Title: Advanced Placement) and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there. In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions. Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered Document [75] (Title: Abington School District) achieved increases in access to AP® courses for a broader number of students and also maintained or improved the rate at which their AP students earned scores of 3 or higher on an AP Exam. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher Document [76] (Title: Gettysburg Area High School) pass the exams or project. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam. Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. In 2013, Gettysburg Area High School offered 14 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses and then taking the board's examination in the spring. At Gettysburg Area High School, students electing to take an AP course are required to take the examination and pay for Document [77] (Title: Immaculata High School (New Jersey)) into those respective courses. These courses help to not only build the students knowledge of the world but to also give them a broad overview of topics that could help them better prepare for their intended major in higher education. Advanced Placement (AP) program courses are available in AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP Spanish Language, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Calculus, AP French Language, AP Computer Science A, AP Capstone, AP Music Theory, AP European History and AP Art History. In addition, Honors courses are offered to students Document [78] (Title: Canton Junior Senior High School) 5. Some colleges also award credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Canton Junior Senior High School, in 2013, fewer than 10 of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Canton Junior Senior High School offered 4 AP courses. None of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given at the end of the course. In 2016, the School reported offering 3 AP courses with less than 10 pupils Document [79] (Title: Southern Tioga School District) High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. At Liberty Junior Senior High School less than 10 of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Liberty Junior Senior High School provided 3 Advanced Placement courses, however none of the pupils who took the course achieved a 3 or better on the exam given at the end of the course, by the College Board. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 14% of Southern Tioga School District graduates required remediation Document [80] (Title: Kennett High School (Pennsylvania)) both sequences. AP Statistics is an elective choice for students who have successfully completed Algebra II. The science sequence is Earth and Space (9th), Biology (10th), Chemistry (11th), Physics (12th). Honors level courses in each of these curricula are substantially more rigorous and are designed to challenge academically motivated, high-achieving students. Both levels of science courses offer similar topics and labs. AP Physics will fulfill the 12th grade physics requirements. Students may elect AP Biology, AP Chemistry, or AP Computer Science. Some students are able to enroll in two science courses within the same year. It is almost impossible to Document [81] (Title: AP Statistics) has increased at a higher rate than in any other AP class. Students may receive college credit or upper-level college course placement upon the successful completion of a three-hour exam ordinarily administered in May. The exam consists of a multiple choice section and a free response section that are both 90 minutes long. Each section is weighted equally in determining the students' composite scores. The Advanced Placement program has offered students the opportunity to pursue college-level courses while in high school. Along with the Educational Testing Service, the College Board administered the first AP Statistics exam in May 1997. The Document [82] (Title: St. Joseph Catholic Academy) students from the southeastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois regions. Advanced Placement: Along with many Honors classes, 10 Advanced Placement (AP) classes are offered. AP classes allow students to acquire skills that will help them be successful in college. More than 90% of four-year colleges in the U.S. give students credit, advanced placement or both on the basis of AP Exam scores. Faith Formation: The Campus Ministry program supplements the theological development in each student that takes place in the home and church through worship and service. Students attend Mass regularly and are involved in both local and international service projects. Document [83] (Title: Davidson Academy) Advanced Placement classes, including Calculus AB and BC, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, United States Government and Politics, United States History, AP Human Geography, Physics. An Honors program is offered for advanced students, requiring three years of a foreign language, all offered Honors classes, four AP classes in three different subjects, and a 25 or higher on the ACT. The class of 2011 has achieved the highest standards of excellence yet, with an average of a 25 on the ACT. Those with an Honors diploma averaged an ACT score of 31. The class of 58 had a Document [84] (Title: College Board) the college admissions process, showing students' intellectual capacity and genuine interest in learning. The program allows many students to gain college credit for high performance on the AP exams, much in the same manner as the CLEP. Granting credit, however, is at the discretion of the college. There are 2,900 colleges that grant credit and/or advanced standing. Critics of the Advanced Placement Program charge that courses and exams emphasize breadth of content coverage instead of depth. The College Level Examination Program (CLEP) provides students of any age including high schoolers, college students, homeschooled students, adults, senior citizens, children, and exceptional Document [85] (Title: Tunkhannock Area High School) Students who go over and beyond what they are expected to do, can also receive student of the month. In 2014, Tunkhannock Area High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam was $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better Document [86] (Title: Muncy School District) about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Muncy High School 53% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Muncy Junior Senior High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 43% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Document [87] (Title: Bermudian Springs High School) and Washington, DC. In 2013, Bermudian Springs High School offered two Advanced Placement (AP) courses, at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded based on an AP exam score. Most give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. Document [88] (Title: Manasquan High School) the national administered AP examinations, which can earn students credit at most institutions of higher learning (the exact score required for credit may vary depending on the college or university). The high school offers AP courses in Language and Composition, Literature, World History, United States History, Psychology, Chemistry, Biology, Computer Science, Calculus (AB and, more recently, BC), Spanish, and French. The Academy of Finance program focuses on the field of finance, using a curriculum that combines traditional classroom instruction, with lectures from experts in the subject, mentoring and job shadowing with industry specialists. Students gain practical knowledge and skills through Document [89] (Title: Ossining High School) The school also offers 14 Advanced Placement classes, which include AP English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Spanish Language and Culture, Studio Art levels 1 and 2, U.S. History, U.S. Government and Politics, World History, Biology, Environmental Science, Calculus AB and BC, Computer Science, and Statistics. For the 2014-2015 school year, 38% of 12th-graders took at least one AP exam at any point during high school, and 57% of AP exams taken were passed (received a score of 3 or higher). OHS offers foreign language classes in Spanish, French, and Italian, as well as American Sign Language classes. Document [90] (Title: North Allegheny Senior High School) Allegheny Senior High School 100% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. As of April 2007, North Allegheny Senior High School offered 14 AP courses. In 2013, US News and World Report ranked 21,000 public high schools, in the United States, based on three factors. First, the schools were analyzed for the number of students who achieved above the state average on the reading and math tests in 2008. Then they considered how the economically disadvantaged students performed against the state average. Finally, they considered the participation rate and the performance of Document [91] (Title: Lower Dauphin High School) college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. Lower Dauphin High School offers 15 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses in 2013-2014. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college Document [92] (Title: Pleasant Valley School District (Pennsylvania)) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students Document [93] (Title: Communications Arts High School) in their junior and senior years. All AP courses are supplemented with test preparation books including those of companies like Kaplan, Inc which are given to students free of charge in their first semester. All core courses that are not offered as AP (such as World Geography) are offered as Pre-AP courses, though students may elect to take regular versions of the course on the Taft campus. Students who follow the standard curriculum generally graduate with Distinguished Achievement Diplomas. Students also participate in traditional electives, including fine arts and athletics, with Taft students. Communications Arts student organizations generally operate independently Document [94] (Title: Spotsylvania High School) college. Academically oriented students are strongly encouraged to participate in the Advanced Placement Program. Students take these courses at high school. Advanced Placement (AP) courses follow the suggested College Board course curriculum and serve to prepare students for the AP examinations in May. AP Courses listed below are offered based on enrollment. However, depending on how many students sign up for an AP class, depends on which course is offered. So some of the courses may not be offered because there are not enough students that sign up for it. Grades earned carry weighted credit in the GPA calculation. The Document [95] (Title: Wyalusing Area School District) offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give Document [96] (Title: Canton Junior Senior High School) math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Canton Junior Senior High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education institutions give credits for scores of 4 or Document [97] (Title: Lakeland Regional High School) students to concentrate on fewer courses each semester with extended time in class each period. As a requirement for graduation, Lakeland students must complete 135 credits, demonstrate mastery of basic skills on the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA), and meet a variety of local and state distribution requirements. Advanced Placement Program (AP) Courses include AP English Language and Composition, AP United States History, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Calculus AB, AP Computer Science, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Environmental Science, AP Music Theory, AP European History and AP Spanish Language. Honors Courses are offered in English, Algebra 2, Document [98] (Title: Advanced Placement) administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student. On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online. The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In Document [99] (Title: Berwick Area School District) students who take the school's AP class. At Berwick Area School District the AP courses are weighted at 1.08 credits. In 2011, the Berwick Area School District achieved the College Board's AP District of the Year Award. This honor roll consists of the 388 U.S. public school districts that simultaneously achieved increases in access to AP® courses for a broader number of students and also maintained or improved the rate at which their AP students earned scores of 3 or higher on an AP Exam. In 2013, the school offered 9 AP course with just 10% of pupils earning a Document [100] (Title: North Pocono High School) by high school teachers on high school campuses. Advanced Placement courses make it possible for academically talented students to upgrade the quality and increase the challenge of their studies, both in high school and college. The Advanced Placement Program consists of courses identified by the College Board as college level in content. Upon successful completion of an AP course, it is strongly suggested that students take the corresponding AP exam to realize the full benefit of the course. Based on the score the student receives on a particular examination and the specific college or university that a student chooses to Document [101] (Title: Korea International School Jeju) 10, Journalism, Orchestra, Theatre, and Yearbook. Entrance into Honors courses requires a teacher recommendation and considers historical subject grades, standardized test scores (e.g. MAP, AMC, STAR Reading), and additional documentation as needed. AP classes allow students to engage in a demanding curriculum equivalent to an entry-level college/university course. Currently there are 18 AP® courses offered, including English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, United States History, World History, Psychology, Chinese Language and Culture, Studio Art: 2-D Design, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Calculus AB and BC, Macroeconomics, Physics 1 and 2, Statistics, Seminar, and Research. Students can take a maximum Document [102] (Title: Northern Highlands Regional High School) Forensic Science and Writing Studio I/ Reading Interpretation – and 19 Advanced Placement courses, in AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP European History, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP French Language, AP Spanish Language, AP Latin Literature, AP Macroeconomics, AP Art History, AP Studio Art, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Computer Science and AP Music Theory. AP courses are available to juniors and seniors and sophomores, although sophomores are only allowed one. The school newspaper is called "The Highland Fling". Document [103] (Title: Mount Carmel Area School District) reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Mount Carmel Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its Document [104] (Title: Middletown Area School District) Middletown Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam was $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards Document [105] (Title: Superior High School (Wisconsin)) opportunity to earn college credits through Lake Superior College, courses offered in this category include: CITS Precalculus, Communications, and Anatomy and Physiology. By enrolling in an AP course, students have the opportunity to take the AP Exam in the spring of the year in which they took the course, which allows students the chance to earn college credit if a sufficient score is achieved on the test. Beginning in the 2008-2009 school year, all students enrolled in AP courses at Superior High School are required to take the AP Exam for each course they took. Required classes Requirements for graduation Document [106] (Title: Hickory Grove Christian School) full honors track as well as 11 AP classes including English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Biology, Chemistry, Physics I, Statistics, Calculus AB, US History, US Government and Politics, Human Geography and Computer Science. In May 2015, 79 HGCS students took a total of 128 Advanced Placement exams with 16 students earning a 5 on one or more AP Exams; 24 students earned a 4 on one or more AP Exams; 31 students earned a 3 on one or more AP Exams. The mean SAT scores for the Class of 2015 were: Critical Reading - 521, Mathematics - Document [107] (Title: AP Computer Science) the exam, AP Computer Science AB was discontinued following the May 2009 exam administration. AP Computer Science In the United States, Advanced Placement Computer Science is a suite of Advanced Placement courses and examinations covering areas of computer science. They are offered by the College Board to high school students as an opportunity to earn college credit for college-level courses. The suite consists of two current classes and one discontinued class. AP Computer Science was taught in Pascal for the 1984–1998 exams, in C++ for 1999–2003, and in Java since 2004. AP Computer Science Principles is an introductory course to Document [108] (Title: Rye High School (New York)) students to essentially "try out" AP courses so they can gauge their ability to handle the heavy workload. At graduation, many students have taken at least one Advanced Placement course, with some students taking in upwards of fifteen of these courses. In addition, several honors courses and one college credit class are offered to students who wish to challenge themselves academically. Recently the school has adopted a new focus on STEAM courses. The most recent example is the addition of the AP Computer Principles course, which will run for the first time in the 2018-2019 school year. In order to Document [109] (Title: Mahwah High School) semester of microeconomics), AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP European History, AP French, AP Music Theory, AP Physics, AP Psychology, AP Spanish, AP Statistics, AP Studio Art, AP Psychology and AP US History. For the 2013-2014 school year, AP United States Government and Politics will be added to the course offerings as an option for students to enroll in. In the 2009-10 school year, 128 students participated in Mahwah High School's AP course offerings, taking a total of 258 examinations that year of which 87% achieved a grade of 3 or higher. The Mahwah High Document [110] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) that prepared them for college except for their AP classes” (Switzer). At Greenwood High School, where Schmitt has taught for the past 12 years, there are currently 14 AP classes offered for students. However, that number is much higher than the vast majority of Kentucky schools, and there is much more work to be done to make Kentucky public schools look more like Greenwood High School. Based on the research provided and the opinions of many teachers like Schmitt, it seems that if more schools were to include AP options in their programs, Kentucky students would be more ready for Document [111] (Title: Rochester Area High School (Pennsylvania)) Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The school offers several AP courses: AP Chemistry, AP Calculus and AP English. The courses are weighted in regards to GPA and school ranking. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in Document [112] (Title: Sacred Heart Preparatory (Atherton, California)) to Computer Science. The Computer Science Department also offers Computer Science 2: Programming, and AP Computer Science. Beyond their freshman year, qualified students can take honors courses in most subject areas. 21 Advanced Placement courses are offered, including Calculus AB and BC, Physics B and C ( and ), Chemistry, Biology, Environmental Science, Literature, Language, Music Theory, Spanish, Latin, French, US History, and World History. The overall national AP exam passing rate is about 80%. In 2016, Sacred Heart had a 98% pass rate of students taking the AP exam for AP US History, and a 93% pass rate for Document [113] (Title: Advanced Placement) City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its Document [114] (Title: Shanghai High School International Division) schools offer AP programs starting from 9th grade). Typical courses taken by students include Math, Chinese, English, Physics, Chemistry, History, Economics, Music, and Art. Biology and Geography are notable exceptions to the curriculum, and are available during the later years through choice. Both curricula follow a semester system. The grading systems is controlled directly by the principal, whose main intention is to display the talents and academic performance of IB students (one out of five SHSID students are enrolled in IB program) to the U.S. Universities. SHSID offers a variety of IB classes, including English (A1 and B), Chinese (A1 Document [115] (Title: East Juniata Junior/Senior High School) students graduating from East Juninata must earn 23 credits as well as complete a graduation project in order to graduate. Four Courses of Study are available: There are several course offerings available at East Juniata: In 2013, East Juniata Junior Senior High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. At East Juniata Junior Senior High School 45% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. The school comes complete with a state-of-the-art library containing over 10,000 Fiction and Non-Fiction books. World Book and Britannica Encyclopedias, Electronic Document [116] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) department, seniors may choose to enroll in AP U.S. Government and Politics and/or AP Psychology and/or they may choose from a variety of semester course options. These curricular offerings are robust seminars, critical inquiry-based and writing intensive and are considered among the most demanding courses offered at the school. Core courses in English this year include: Contemporary Fiction and Film, Public Speaking, Creative Writing, World Literature, Behind the Lyrics: American Pop Music, and Deconstructing Gender. The History options include: General Psychology, Economics, International Relations, and The Constitution and Social Issues. In addition to these rich curricular offerings, the school has Document [117] (Title: Bakersfield Christian High School) years, qualify for the Scholars Program by completing a required minimum of 6 advanced courses (effective class of 2012): 2 from the sophomore year and 4 from the junior/senior years. The school offers AP courses which cover the breadth of information, skills and assignments found in corresponding college courses. Each AP course has an exam that participating schools administer in May and represents the culmination of college-level work in a given discipline in a secondary school setting. The Eagles participate in the South Yosemite League and CIF Central Section and have varsity, jv and frosh/soph teams. The Eagles won nine Document [118] (Title: Clearfield Area School District) continue their education. In 2013, Clearfield Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their Document [119] (Title: Berwick Area School District) 3 or better on the AP exam. In 2014, Berwick Area High School offered 10 AP courses. Just 25% of the pupils who took the associated AP exam, at the end of the course, achieved a 3 or better. In 2015, Berwick Area High School offered 14 AP courses. Fifty-four percent (54%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given by the College Board. In 2016, Berwick Area High School offered 13 AP courses. Forty-seven percent (47%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the Document [120] (Title: South Burlington High School) Science, French, and Spanish; honors courses in English and Mathematics; and a selection of fourteen Advanced Placement ("AP") courses. AP courses include AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Chemistry, AP Computer Science A, AP Computer Science Principles, AP Environmental Science, AP European History, AP French, AP Psychology, AP Spanish, and AP U.S. Government & Politics. Not all AP courses are taught every academic year. The school formerly taught AP Calculus BC. A portion of the student body commutes to the campus because of its academic offerings. Some students have elected to commute from nearby areas in Vermont where there are Document [121] (Title: Liberal Arts and Science Academy) Course offerings include Advanced Placement (AP) courses covering 30 Advanced Placement tests; students may begin taking them their freshman year. Additionally, LASA offers specialized electives in all core subjects, such as How To Be An Adult, Amateur Radio (students may apply for a HAM radio license while taking the course), and a Modern Physics course. Roughly 75% of the LASA senior class graduates have taken calculus. As of 2017, LASA has 18 elective science classes, which encompass astronomy, forensic science, and engineering. Electives for humanities include creative writing, women's literature, amateur radio, and constitutional law. The LBJ/LASA Orchestra travels every Document [122] (Title: Wellsboro Area School District) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2015, Wellsboro Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Berwick Area High School requires students to take the AP exam if they take an AP course. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and Document [123] (Title: Brother Rice High School (Chicago)) it "AP Java" without specifying whether the course is AP Computer Science 'A' or 'AB'. The school also lists an "Advanced Placement" Computer Science course using C++, though this has been discontinued by the College Board as an option in their AP program, which exclusively emphasizes Java. The school lists a single AP course which prepares students to take both the AP English Language and AP English Literature tests. The AP Calculus class permits students the option to take either the 'AB' or 'BC' AP test. A four-semester course, open to juniors and seniors, allows CCNA certification. The Curriculum Committee Document [124] (Title: Charles D'Amico High School) who decide to take college courses are able to choose between GCC (Genesee Community College) and SUNY Brockport to earn college credit. For students whom want to take AP classes, there are currently 7 classes available. Along with higher education courses, internships are also available to students who qualify. Niagara-Orleans BOCES is also jointed with the school offering students hands on courses in a trade of their choice. As a requirement, students must complete 30 hours of community service and finish an MST (Math, Science, Technology) project to graduate. For AP students, a service-learning project is required for each class. Document [125] (Title: Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies) for admissions to colleges outside Korea. Students in this division are given more chances to select their courses, and the class size for each course varies from fifteen to a hundred. Courses include Precalculus, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Economics, English Literature, AP World History, and Foreign Language, and all except for Korean Language and Korean History are to be taught in English. All instructors in charge of AP courses hold AP certificates. After students finish AP courses, they are suggested to take AP tests administered on-campus. Many students also prepare for AP tests not included in the Document [126] (Title: QSI International School of Tbilisi) quality. Class sizes are kept small to ensure personal attention for ALL students. In addition to students earning the Internationally Recognized QSI Diploma, Advanced Placement (AP) courses and examinations are offered. Every year 10-15 different AP courses are offered in QSIT: AP English literature, AP Physics, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Government & Politics and AP Economics. Taking AP courses and exams improves students chances of getting into university and can even help them to minimize their university costs. If a student earns a qualifying score on AP Exam, they can receive credit for the equivalent course at universities across Document [127] (Title: Lisgar Collegiate Institute) with the third group inducted during the 175th Reunion in May 2018. 2004 Inductees 2009 Inductees 2018 Inductees Lisgar Collegiate Institute offers many Advanced Placement courses. Apart from and Advanced Placement Spanish, students taking AP courses take an advanced form of a regular course, which provides them with an Ontario Credit, as well as taking the AP exam in May. As of 2016, Lisgar inaugurated its AP Capstone Program which requires students to take AP Seminar and AP Research as well as four other AP Courses with a score greater than 3. Lisgar has a wide variety of clubs available Document [128] (Title: Baruch College Campus High School) a few of the facilities at Baruch College, such as the Newman Library. The required courses are all honors-level courses. Students must earn a grade of 70 or above to pass a course. (Courses set to be implemented in the year of 2017-2018) "Note: All students are required to take the AP exam if enrolled in an AP class." Students take electives in their junior and senior year. In the past, electives include Psychology, Writing and Film, Math and Space, Computers, Writing, Art and Spontaneity, Drumming, Music, Mythology and Folklore, and Internship. Students are also offered the opportunity to take Document [129] (Title: Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School) courses challenges the student in one or more specific disciplines. AP courses enable students to pursue university level academics while still enrolled in high school. A successful completion of an AP course and exam may exempt the student from that subject in their first year of University. Sir Allan MacNab's AP curriculum is meant to enrich the content of high school courses, not replace it. An AP teacher covers and evaluates all expectations of the Ontario high school curriculum for the purposes of granting students their Ontario credits. In an AP course, the AP teacher then adds university level material Document [130] (Title: Harlan Hanson) Service," yet under his leadership the AP program nonetheless "grew exponentially." By the time he left the post of Director, the number of high schools offering AP courses had increased from 93 to over 8000, and the number of colleges that accepted AP courses had grown from fewer than 50 to nearly 2000. During this same period, the number of high school students participating in AP courses increased from 34,000 to about 315,000. In the mid-1960s, Hanson was one of the original council members of the International Schools Examinations Syndicate, which later became the International Baccalaureate Organisation. He was instrumental Document [131] (Title: United Junior/Senior High School (Pennsylvania)) High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what Document [132] (Title: Gettysburg Area School District) Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Gettysburg Area High School offered 14 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits Document [133] (Title: Allegheny-Clarion Valley School District) Allegheny -Clarion Valley Junior Senior High School offered 2 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits Document [134] (Title: Pelham Memorial High School) currently offers 18 Advanced Placement courses, with the intention of adding more as the budget allows. Among the courses offered are AP Art History, AP Art, AP European History, AP US Government and Politics, AP Statistics, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Psychology, AP World History, AP US History, AP Latin, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Music Theory, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Physics, and AP Chemistry. However, most of these classes are only available to juniors and seniors. Also, as AP Chemistry has a reputation in the school for being the most difficult class at Pelham, it Document [135] (Title: Milton Area High School) Department of Education, by the support of Pennsylvania companies through the Educational Improvement Tax Credit program managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development and by Pennsylvania College of Technology. In 2014, Milton Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about Document [136] (Title: Brownsville Area High School) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Brownsville Area High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on Document [137] (Title: Brighton High School (Brighton, Colorado)) continued to expand, another temporary modular was installed. There are currently five mods on school grounds, each containing two classrooms. They serve as the location for all math classes, as there is no other room in the other buildings. Brighton High School offers 11 AP courses: AP Physics B and AP Chemistry were on a rotating schedule: AP Chemistry being offered one year and then AP Physics B offered the next, and vice versa. There was a push to offer both courses each year, which was granted at the end of the 2010 school year, to take effect the following Document [138] (Title: Cumberland Valley School District) of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Cumberland Valley High School offered 26 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded Document [139] (Title: Belmont High School (Massachusetts)) Facing History are also offered to interested students. In addition, the Social Studies department also offers AP Psychology, which is a "double class". Students who take AP Psychology are required to take an honors level Neurobiology course as well. All students are required to take 4 math courses. Most students take, in order, Geometry, Algebra II, Pre-calculus, and Calculus, though some students elect other options including: In addition, the Mathematics Department also offers several electives, such as AP Stats. Geometry, Algebra II, and Pre-calculus are offered at either a college preparatory (CP) or honors (H) level. Algebra I and all Document [140] (Title: Montgomery Area School District) 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Montgomery Area High School 80% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam in 2015. In 2014, 61% of the pupils who took an AP course at Montgomery Area High School achieved a 3 or better on the end of course exam. In 2016, Montgomery Area High School offered 4 AP courses. just 43% of students, who took an at MAHS course, achieved a 3 or better on the annual AP exams associated with the course. Document [141] (Title: Prairie Grove High School) of the 26 offered AP courses and grade point averages (GPA) resulting in three awards: Honors diploma (GPA 3.0 after 8 semesters), Honors Graduate status (GPA 3.5 after 8 semesters) or Highest Honors Graduate status (GPA 4.0 after 8 semesters). Twenty-six AP, pre-AP or honor courses are offered to include: In 2012, Prairie Grove School District and its high school were recognized in the "AP District of the Year Awards" program in the College Board's 3rd Annual Honor Roll that consisted of 539 U.S. public school districts (6 in Arkansas) that simultaneously achieved increases in access to AP® courses for Document [142] (Title: Pine-Richland High School) carry eight credits each year and/or take courses during the summer in order to graduate at the end of their junior year. These pupils may choose when to participate in a high school graduation ceremony. Students have access to a wide variety of AP Courses. They have the option of taking these College Board-approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards for what level of credits are awarded Document [143] (Title: Mifflinburg Area High School) their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Mifflinburg Area High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits Document [144] (Title: Fenton High School (Illinois)) Computer Science, Statistics, Calculus (AB & BC), Biology, Chemistry, Physics 1, U.S. History, World History, Microeconomics, and Macroeconomics. In English, there is a year–long course termed "AP American Literature", which is designed to prepare students for the AP English Language test. There are two single semester courses titled "AP American Writers" and "AP Seminar in English" which jointly prepare students for the AP English Literature test. AP Computer Science A is also offered. All students are required to complete 25 hours of community service for graduation. Fenton competes in the Metro Suburban Conference and is a member of the Illinois Document [145] (Title: Shipley School) offered Advanced Placement courses in most subjects. Like many other independent schools, Shipley has discontinued its Advanced Placement program to increase curricular latitude, although it still offers AP Studio Art. While in Upper School, students must take four English courses, three math courses, three courses in the same world language, two history courses (including US history), and two science courses. Every year, students must enroll in five of these "major courses," each of which meets six times during the seven-day rotation. However, students are permitted to take six major classes. Students may also take major courses in studio art, music Document [146] (Title: Hampton Township School District (Pennsylvania)) higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the Document [147] (Title: Monarch High School (Colorado)) Placement International Diplomas. In addition, 20 students were considered Scholars with Honor, 28 as Scholars with Distinction, and three as National Scholars. General info about AP can be found on the Monarch Website. Monarch High School offers 20 AP courses: Monarch became a pilot school for the High School of Business in 2008, offering national certification for college-bound students interested in pursuing a business major. An advanced-level curriculum introduces key business concepts, encourages entrepreneurial skills, requires critical thinking, and provides experiences that facilitate the transition to top business colleges. Students build valuable skills through academic courses and participation in Monarch’s Document [148] (Title: Wellsboro Area High School) take an AP course. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their Document [149] (Title: Muhlenberg High School) 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits Document [150] (Title: Port St. Lucie High School) programs to students, as well as Dual Enrollment courses in association with Indian River State College. AP Courses Port St. Lucie High School cut down on its Advanced Placement options from 11 available courses in the 2012-2013 school year to 6 available AP courses in the 2013-2014 school year to encourage enrollment in the International Baccalaureate Program. The following are still offered: Career Academies There are 2 divisions of Career Academies available at PSLHS: Preparatory Academies Freshmen and sophomores are isolated from the rest of the school in their core courses. Additional Elective Programs Port St. Lucie High School offers Document [151] (Title: International School of Qingdao) by the school. However, if a student chooses to take an AP test but is not in that AP course, he/she must pay the exam fee. AP courses require more homework than regular classes. Whereas a regular course requires an average of 2.5 hours of homework per week, AP courses require approximately 6 hours per week. Because of the rigorous course requirements, students wishing to take AP courses must have demonstrated academic excellence in the subject area and receive teacher recommendation. Due to the rigorous requirements, students are to take no more than three AP classes simultaneously. If students are Document [152] (Title: Education in Pakistan) GCE and GCSE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of CIE of the Cambridge Assessment and/or Edexcel International of the Pearson PLC. Generally, 8-10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3-5 at GCE A Levels. Advanced Placement (or AP) is an alternative option but much less common than GCE or IGCSE. This replaces the secondary school education as 'High School Education' instead. AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board, College Board, and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Document [153] (Title: Newport School District (Pennsylvania)) special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2013, Newport High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. The fee for each AP Exam was $93 (2016). Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US Document [154] (Title: Provo High School) Enrollment programs. Provo High School offers 15 Advanced Placement courses in English, Art, Science, Social Studies, Technology, and Music. In May, students participate in AP exams given by the College Board. Scoring a 3 or higher gives the student a college credit for that subject. In 2016, 41% of students who took AP exams passed with a score of 3 or more, with a total number of 523 tests taken. In 2015, 51% of students passed AP exams. Provo High used to offers a "gifted talent magnet" program for 7th and 8th graders called Provo Unlimited Progress. PUP allowed academically Document [155] (Title: Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)) are course offerings at the ninth grade level. The high school program allows students to take honors level courses in all of the core disciplines (math, science, social studies, English and foreign language) through a combination of Advanced Placement (AP) offerings and regularly scheduled courses. The College Board offers the AP program to high schools as an opportunity for students to pursue advanced credit in specific disciplines. The school offers AP courses in Spanish V (also CHS), Statistics, Calculus, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, US History, World History, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, and Computer Science. Students who wish Document [156] (Title: Seoul International School) music and design classes, government, statistics, anatomy, mathematical functions and models, history, communications, life sports and many, many others. The school also offers the AP Capstone program classes in Seminar and Research as of the 2016-2017 school year. Course Choices (Languages) For foreign language courses, students are given two options of Chinese and Spanish. There are 5 levels for language courses, from 1 to 4 and an AP course. For English, students are required to take two English courses until their senior year. Freshmen take General Literature and Communications, sophomores take American Literature and writing 10, juniors take British Literature Document [157] (Title: Valley View School District (Pennsylvania)) Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Valley View High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved Document [158] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) inclusion of AP courses in high school curricula though; in fact, some of the biggest advocates for an increased number of AP courses are the teachers who would be charged with leading said classes. Vicki Schmitt, an AP English and literature teacher at Greenwood High School in Bowling Green, Kentucky, believes that AP courses are the very best way to prepare students for a college education (Switzer). On the benefits of AP classes for both the students and teachers, Schmitt said, “AP helps teachers teach kids how to think. Students tell me there was not a class in high school Document [159] (Title: Pacelli High School (Columbus, Georgia)) Calculus, Chemistry, English Literature, Microeconomics, Statistics, Studio Art, and United States History. As in most schools, students have the option of preparing for AP exams independently, and many do. Students travel to nearby Columbus State University to take their AP exams. Pacelli also offers 19 honors courses. No strict core curriculum exists, but ninth and tenth graders are offered limited flexibility in their courses. Juniors and seniors are freer, selecting electives and other courses. Pacelli students entering grade 9 must earn a minimum of 24 Carnegie credits. Students must take one core course each year in English, math, science, social Document [160] (Title: Kittanning High School) their education. In 2013, Kittanning Senior High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give Document [161] (Title: International School of Qingdao) Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Statistics, AP World History, AP Art History, AP Economics, AP Chinese, AP Literature, AP Language, and AP Diploma. Advanced Placement courses have been designed to provide an additional challenge for students wishing to learn more about a specific subject area. Courses are taught at the level of a university freshman course. Students will receive 0.66 additional grade points for grades of C- or higher. Students in AP classes receive more homework than they would receive in an honors course. Students taking AP courses are eligible to take College Board exams. Charges for this test are paid Document [162] (Title: Line Mountain Jr./Sr. High School) (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to Document [163] (Title: Korea International School Jeju) of 6 AP classes if they have below a 3.8 GPA or 8 AP classes if they have above a 3.8 GPA. Advanced Placement courses are offered starting in Grade 10. 2017 marks the charter year for the AP Capstone™ program, with the introduction of AP Seminar for select members of the Grade-11 class. The second Capstone course, AP Research, was added in 2018. AP Capstone is a College Board program designed to equip students with the independent research, collaborative teamwork, and communication skills that are increasingly valued by colleges. It cultivates curious, independent, and collaborative scholars and prepares them Document [164] (Title: Ravenscroft School) capstone experience, Ravens in Action, which is a culminating event focused on student service. High School / Upper School The high school (referred to as the Upper School) has over 450 students and offers an extensive range of required and elective courses. The offerings include 33 Honors courses, and 24 AP courses for which college credit may be earned. In 2015, 227 students took 490 AP exams. 72% of the exams scored a 4 or a 5 and 89% earned a 3, 4 or 5. The Upper School operates on an 8 day cycle, during which each course meets 6 Document [165] (Title: Montoursville Area School District) Placement (AP) courses at a higher level than regular courses. The fee for the exam was $81 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools Document [166] (Title: Block scheduling) in a dramatic reduction in the number of courses a student can take. Some schools that make AP courses year long offset this by having students always choose a pair of AP courses during class registration. The student will go to the first AP class one day, and the other AP course the next day. Therefore, the student takes the same number of courses as other students, but both AP classes last for the duration of the year. A systematic review on Block Scheduling was also conducted by Dickson et al. (2010) at the EPPI-Centre which asserts that there is Document [167] (Title: Southern Regional School District) that would require passage of referendums in each municipality. Southern Regional offers over 200 courses from which students can select. The courses are designed to appeal to a wide variety of student interests. Advanced Placement Program (AP) courses are offered in English, history, mathematics, science, art, music, and world languages. Technology-related courses, from the traditional to the highly technical (electronics, graphics and photography lab, computer assisted design, programming, and Internet), focus on problem solving, experimental design, and creativity. The health and physical education program are electives, based with a strong emphasis on lifelong wellness and making intelligent lifestyle choices. Project Document [168] (Title: Saint Joseph Academy (Cleveland, Ohio)) school in the city of Cleveland. Forty-two percent of the students are residents of Cleveland, and 43% of students are legacies (daughter/sister/granddaughter/great granddaughter). The student-body represents 63 zip codes and 101 schools from across Northeast Ohio. -18 Advanced Placement (AP) courses span the arts, literature, science and math. Because students are encouraged to take the level of coursework that’s right for them, a qualified Freshman may take an AP course if she desires. -30 Honors classes are designed to challenge students’ unique interests and include distinctive options such as Honors Anatomy and Physiology as well as Honors Microbiology/Zoology. -World Languages Document [169] (Title: Advanced Placement) students take their course's test. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam. However, "It has recently become clear . . . that these estimations of overall participation rates mask the variability in participation rates across AP examinations." For example, one study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for Document [170] (Title: Greenhill School (Addison, Texas)) Dartmouth College, Boston College, Brown University, Duke University, Trinity University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Southern California, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, Pratt Institute, Vanderbilt University, and Washington University in St. Louis. The Upper School offers 15 AP courses. The average SAT scores for the Class of 2008 were 675 verbal, 673 math, and 665 writing. The Class of 2008 also had 21 commended finalists for National Merit scholarships, and 10 actual finalists for the scholarship. Academically, only three other private schools in the Dallas-Fort Worth area have achieved similar levels of prestige: St. Marks School of Document [171] (Title: Stroudsburg Area School District) 1 38% of high school students were on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Literature - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. In 2013, Stroudsburg High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at Document [172] (Title: Appleby College) AP examinations with a broad range of AP courses. Students at Appleby College generally take several AP courses in the Senior 1 and Senior 2 years. Currently, the AP courses offered at Appleby College include: AP Art History, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Computer Science, AP English Literature, AP French Language (AP French Literature was offered until the exam was discontinued in 2009), AP German, AP Human Geography, AP Macroeconomics, AP Music Theory, AP Physics B, AP Psychology, AP Statistics, AP United States History, and AP World History. As well as being a day Document [173] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) place out of the course through an end-of-course exam. Students who receive a passing score take an additional elective course. Some students choose to pursue an AP course, such as AP Computer Science Principles, as this additional elective (see list below). Students can choose from a comprehensive list of 25 Advanced Placement courses offered by Morris Hills High School. While the only course in which students "must" enroll in order to graduate is AP Physics 1, nearly all students take advantage of other Advanced Placement offerings during their sophomore, junior, and senior years. In practice, however, Academy students have extremely Document [174] (Title: Advanced Placement) 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students. The AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks). AP tests are scored on a 1 to Document [175] (Title: River East Collegiate) of a challenge, then AP may be a good choice for you." AP is a program designed for students in grades 10, 11 and 12 that are willing to learn at a higher level. Students get ready for university by learning about time management and receive an amount of work a university student would get. Teachers recommend that you have a 75% or higher in regular courses if you choose to enroll in AP courses. Many courses are offered at this level. Some of these courses are math, English, geography, French, biology, chemistry and others. Environmental Science was offered for Document [176] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) 78.2% White, 9.6% African-American, 6.7% Asian, 5.1% Hispanic, and 0.3% Pacific Islander. As a college preparatory school where 100% of graduates are admitted to four-year colleges or universities, the curriculum is accordingly rigorous; therefore, it is the Academy's practice to recommend that most students take no more than 3 AP courses in the 11th or 12th grade year, and most AP's are not available until 11th/12th grade years. Hampton Roads Academy offers 18 Advanced Placement Courses: English Language, English Literature, Calculus BC, Statistics, U.S. Government and Politics, U.S. History, World History, Psychology, Comparative Government, Biology, Environmental Science, Chemistry, Physics 1 Document [177] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) program and the small class size. All courses denoted "Academy" are taught at the honors level and are taught to only students of the Academy. These courses are often more rigorous than their counterparts taught to Morris Hills students. All courses denoted "AP" represent courses under the Advanced Placement program offered by the College Board. These courses are taught to a mixed group of students from both the Academy and Morris Hills, with the notable of exception of freshman year AP Physics 1. Freshmen who enter the Academy already having taken a geometry course in middle school are eligible to Document [178] (Title: Singapore American School) through School Year Abroad. SAS currently offers 26 AP courses. Most SAS high school students participate in the program, with 92% of 2017 graduates having taken at least one AP exam. In May 2017, SAS students took 1,761 AP exams, with 93% receiving a score of 3 or higher, and 76% receiving a score of 4 or 5. SAS was selected as one of only twelve international schools to pilot the AP Capstone program during the 2014–15 school year. The high school also offers Advanced Topic (AT) courses. Developed by SAS teachers working with university professors, these courses meet college-level Document [179] (Title: Abington Heights School District) 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Abington Heights High School offered 12 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student Document [180] (Title: West Perry High School) 10 of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2014, West Perry High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. At West Perry High School, fewer than 10 students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the associated AP exam. In 2016, West Perry High School offered 7 AP courses with just 15% of the Document [181] (Title: Mifflinburg Area School District) the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2014, Mifflinburg Area High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the Document [182] (Title: Juniata High School) AP class. At Juniata High School 20% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. Juniata High School now offers AP courses in U.S. History, Statistics, Calculus AB and BC, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, and Computer Science Principles, for the 2018-2019 school year. One of the facilities within the school is the Library which contains nearly 14,000 volumes, of which nearly 7,000 books have Accelerated Reader quizzes available. The library also has current magazines and archived magazine for the most recent three years. Newspapers are received daily and weekly, Document [183] (Title: Carlisle Area School District) In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Carlisle Area High School offered 17 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and Document [184] (Title: Blue Mountain High School) SAT score of 1070; average 527 in the verbal section and 543 in the math. In 2013, Blue Mountain High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher Document [185] (Title: University High School (Tucson)) minimum of 8 Advanced Placement (AP) classes (including AP English as upperclassmen, AP US History, and AP US Government). However, many opt to take additional AP courses, with some students completing as many as 16. In 2004, the school had the greatest percentage of students passing the AP exams for United States History, Comparative Politics, and English Language of any high school in the world. Also, nearly all of students continue on to college, with 50-75% achieving one or more scholarships. As of 2009, the following AP courses are offered (28 of the 31 that the College Board offers): US Document [186] (Title: West York Area School District) York Area High School offered 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some higher education institutions also give credits for Question: how many ap courses are there to choose from Answer: 38 Long Answer: There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program . A complete list of courses can be found below: Gold Document ID: 171

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alamo Heights High School) regular. The terminal courses in the honors sequence carry the title AP and follow the College Board’s Advanced Placement curriculum. PreAP/AP courses are offered in the following: English, mathematics, music, science, social studies, foreign languages, and art. Currently, dual credit enrollment courses are offered through San Antonio College for English IV, French IV, Calculus BC, Computer Science III, and Physics II. 22 AP courses offered in subject areas: Faculty: 115 faculty members; 75% with master's degrees and above The Alamo Heights Mules compete in these sports - Cheerleading, Dance, Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Swimming, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball Document [2] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) Center of Gifted Studies reveal that “college students who have not taken an AP course have only a 33 percent chance of completing a bachelor’s degree.” But, that success rate increases exponentially with the inclusion of AP courses in Kentucky students’ high school educations. The Center of Gifted Studies reports that “College students who have completed one AP course have a 59 percent chance of completing a four-year degree, while students with two or more AP courses under their belt have a 76 percent chance of completing a bachelor’s degree” (Switzer). Research institutes aren’t the only entities supporting the greater Document [3] (Title: Bergen County Academies) internship program through which seniors work and learn for the full business day each Wednesday instead of reporting to school. In addition, 40 hours of community service are required for graduation. While offering some 16 AP courses, BCA does not focus on them. This often hurts its placement in rankings with methodologies that place great weight on the test-driven, college-level courses. BCA has traditionally given teachers great freedom in curriculum design to adequately engage the intellectual capacity of the student body. Courses thus often surpass AP courses in technical rigor and creativity. Such courses include Series Hybrids and Electric Vehicles, Document [4] (Title: Advanced Placement Awards) the United States that have completed a sequence of AP exams with satisfactory scores. Prior to May 2006, a student had to earn a score of 3 or better on five or more AP exams in three of the five subject areas shown in the table below, with certain subject area requirements. As of May 2006, the College Board had implemented new requirements for awarding the AP International Diploma. Advanced Placement Awards The College Board offers several awards to selected students who take Advanced Placement (AP) exams. Each year, the AP program recognizes students who have performed exceptionally well on Document [5] (Title: Northwestern High School (Hyattsville, Maryland)) Technology Education and three credits in miscellaneous electives. As another option, a student could complete a state-approved technology program and any remaining credits in electives. Northwestern students can also choose from 20 Advanced Placement courses, with at least one AP course offered in every major humanities discipline. Northwestern students enrolled in the School of Business Management have a variety of completer courses to choose from. Academy of Finance electives include Introduction to Financial Services 1/2; Banking & Credit; Business Law; College Accounting; Introduction to Investment & Insurance; Financial Planning; International Finance; Economics & World of Finance; Computer Applications; and Advanced Document [6] (Title: Indian Hill High School) High School Rankings and was named a 2007 U.S. Blue Ribbon School. Indian Hill High School offers a very vigorous college-prep curriculum, mainly in the honors and AP courses. The school offers a total of 21 AP courses. Students are required to take the AP exam if they take the AP course. In the spring of 2007, 266 students took 682 Advanced Placement exams. 83 percent of these students received a 3 or better on the exams. In the class of 2007, Indian Hill also boasted 73 AP Scholars and 20 National Merit Semi-Finalists/Commended Students, representing 36 percent and 10 Document [7] (Title: Academy of American Studies) French and Spanish, it is not at all uncommon that students are invited to AP Spanish Literature immediately after completing the regents course. An AP Spanish Language course is offered, which is usually taken instead of the Spanish III class. AP courses are offered in many subjects, including: AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP US History, AP European History, AP Macroeconomics, AP Human Geography, AP English Literature, AP English Language, AP Spanish Language, AP Spanish Literature, and AP Law & Government (seniors only). The school also offers a wide range of art classes, which include Playwriting/Acting, Studio Art, Document [8] (Title: Ken Cuccinelli) opinion saying that school systems could not charge students the $75 testing fee when students take Advance Placement (AP) tests. Typically, AP courses are offered to academically advanced high school students to teach college-level materials. At the end of the course, students take a nationally administered AP test, and can receive college credit if the test score meets a specified level. Cuccinelli said that public schools were required to provide a free education, so schools could not charge students taking the AP class the exam fee. In February 2012, Cuccinelli filed a brief in the case of seven Anglican parishes Document [9] (Title: Stow-Munroe Falls High School) broad curriculum designed for students with varying strengths and interests, from college preparatory to intensive career-technical. College bound students opting for a more rigorous schedule may select from 16 Advanced Placement (AP) courses: Art History; Biology; Calculus; Chemistry; Computer Science; English Language; English Literature; European History; Macroeconomics/Microeconomics (combined); Physics; Spanish Language; Statistics; Studio Art Drawing; Studio Art 2D Design; U.S. Government; and U.S. History. Although no AP course is offered in Music Theory, students enrolled in Music Theory 2 do have the option of taking the AP test. The high school is also part of the Six District Educational Compact, Document [10] (Title: Louis E. Dieruff High School) 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Louis E. Dieruff High School offered 15 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be Document [11] (Title: Midd-West High School) of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Midd-West High School offered 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in Document [12] (Title: Avoyelles Public Charter School) and two Englishes. More Dual Enrollment courses can be taken online via the Louisiana Virtual School. College credit can also be earned by taking AP courses via the Louisiana Virtual School and taking engineering courses. AP courses require students to score at a certain level on its respectable exam in order to receive college credit. The engineering courses have a similar requirement. Students enjoy taking classes through the previously mentioned Louisiana Virtual School, because it allows them to pursue their interests in countless courses. A list of these courses can be found here. Some include psychology, astronomy, computer programming, and Document [13] (Title: Central Valley High School (Pennsylvania)) 501, Writing - 479. In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Central Valley High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits Document [14] (Title: Advanced Placement) AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. The largest study on this topic found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams tend to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This same study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%. In February 2014 College Document [15] (Title: St. Thomas' Episcopal School) are graded more rigorously than non-AP courses. They culminate in a standardized, comprehensive exam each spring, a passing score on which may earn the student college credit. Most St. Thomas students take at least one AP course throughout their four years and many take two or more. Students are required to take English for all four years and each course is organized along a thematic axis: 9th grade- Epic Literature, 10th- American Literature, 11th- British Literature, 12th- Comparative Literature. Eleventh and Twelfth grade English are each offered with an AP option for well-prepared students intending to sit the national exams Document [16] (Title: Carnegie Vanguard High School) Vanguard offers only Pre-Advanced Placement (Pre-AP) and Advanced Placement (AP) courses in English, Math, Science, and Social Studies as well as Honors elective courses in core subject areas. The curriculum for every course is written to go above and beyond state and district standards. Carnegie Vanguard courses move at a quicker pace, cover more material, and are project based. They rely heavily on discussion and seminar style delivery of course information and the use, interpretation, and delivery of research. Each Carnegie Vanguard student is required to take at least 10 AP courses before graduation: AP English Language and Composition, AP Document [17] (Title: Marian High School (Mishawaka, Indiana)) Marian has received this award Marian High School was founded in 1964 by the Sisters of St. Francis. It was a coed school with separation of classes by gender (later changed). Marian offers 18 AP (Advanced Placement) courses which are eligible for college credit. AP courses offered for the 2014-2015 school year include: AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP World History, AP U.S. Government and Politics, AP U.S. History, AP Micro Economics, AP Latin, AP Psychology, AP Calculus-AB, AP Calculus-BC, AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics 1, AP Physics-C Mechanics, AP Physics-C Electricity Document [18] (Title: Blue Ridge High School (Pennsylvania)) also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Blue Ridge High School only 28.74% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the associated AP exam. In 2014, Blue Ridge High School offered 5 AP courses, with just 28.5% of pupils achieving a 3 or better on the AP exam. The 2013 data was withheld by the Pennsylvania Department of Education due to low student participation numbers. For 2015-16 the School offers the following with sufficient enrollment: Blue Ridge School Document [19] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) limited schedules and very few available blocks to take electives of their choice, largely due to the numerous core science and technology classes required as part of the program. Typically, students only have enough space in their schedules to take one AP course sophomore year, four during their junior year, and three or four during their senior year, depending on each student's specific situation in regards to the arts requirement, desire to continue with a foreign language, and placement out of freshman year Geometry. Morris Hills High School offers students the option to take any Advanced Placement exam offered by Document [20] (Title: Littlestown Area School District) and AP English. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP Document [21] (Title: Newark Academy) (AP) and International Baccalaureate Diploma (I.B.) programs. The College Board's Advanced Placement Program (AP) offers high school students the opportunity to do college-level work. Successful achievement on the culminating exams may result in credit or advanced placement upon matriculation to college. Newark Academy offers coursework leading to 21 AP exams in all five academic disciplines. In 1991, Newark Academy became the first school in New Jersey to grant the International Baccalaureate diploma. The I.B. diploma is awarded following successful completion of a rigorous two-year curriculum. There are 80 members of the Classes of 2018 and 2019 are pursuing the full Document [22] (Title: DuPont Manual High School) Manual began offering Advanced Placement (AP) courses. In 2001 it offered 45 AP courses, more than any other school in the state. Qualifying students may take college courses free of charge at the University of Louisville, which is located directly south of Manual. In 2000, Manual implemented block scheduling, which allowed students to take eight classes per year, which are scheduled four per day on alternating days. Since 2000, Manual has held Kentucky's state record of 52 National Merit Semifinalists, ranking third in the United States for that year. Manual's academic team won state titles at Governor's Cup, Kentucky's top Document [23] (Title: Susquenita High School) 9 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays a fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 Document [24] (Title: Advanced Placement) enroll in the free school lunch program. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class. There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program. A complete list of courses can be found below: Below are statistics from the 2014 year of exams showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of three (3) or higher, and the average score. (Students generally need a score of three (3) or higher to receive credit or benefit). One issue to consider is the fact that not all AP Document [25] (Title: Muncy Junior-Senior High School) of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Muncy Junior Senior High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 43% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Board AP exams. In 2016, Muncy Junior Senior High School continued to offer 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. 53.8% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Board AP exams. In 2014, Muncy School District does not participate in dual enrollment courses in conjunction with Pennsylvania College of Document [26] (Title: Southern Columbia Area School District) Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Southern Columbia High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own Document [27] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) and 2, Studio Art Drawing, Studio Art Design, French, and Spanish. Honors courses are offered in Chemistry, French, Latin, Spanish, Algebra II/Trigonometry, Pre-Calculus, Calculus, Photo Design, and Drawing. All students who are enrolled in an AP course will sit for the respective exam in May. (Please note: AP Biology and AP Chemistry each require a "double period" in a student's schedule; one period is dedicated to classroom instruction, while the other period is spent in the lab.) In the English department, seniors may choose to enroll in AP English Literature and/or a variety of semester course options. In the History Document [28] (Title: Danville Area School District) (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2013, Danville Area High School offered 13 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 Document [29] (Title: Paul VI High School) of writing, senior year health, and sophomore year physical/health education. Arithmetic courses include everything from Algebra 1 Part 1, to Advanced Placement program (AP level) AP Calculus AB and AP Calculus BC. Recently, AP Statistics has been introduced as a class to follow the AP Calculus courses. Literature courses include AP English Language and Composition, American Literature, British Literature, World Literature, and their respective honors and AP courses. Creative Writing, Film Appreciation, and Public Speaking are popular electives. Science courses include a basic 'Integrated Science' course, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and their respective honors and AP courses. Religious studies are a Document [30] (Title: Dallas High School (Dallas, Pennsylvania)) 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2016, Dallas High School reported offering 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Upon completion of the course students may take the associated AP exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Document [31] (Title: Gettysburg Area High School) three art courses, two English courses, three history courses, three math courses, science, Spanish, computer science and psychology. In 2016, the school offered 23 AP courses. Eighty percent of the pupils who took an AP course at Gettysburg Area High School achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given at the end of the course. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 31% of Gettysburg Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and/or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or Document [32] (Title: Woodland Hills Junior / Senior High School) just 21% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the AP exam. At Woodland Hills students who fail to achieve a 70% or better during the first marking period of an AP course may be reassigned to another course at the appropriate grade level. AP Biology <br> AP Calculus AB/BC <br> AP Chemistry <br> AP Economics <br> AP English/Language and Composition <br> AP European History<br> AP U.S. History <br> AP Statistics <br> AP Physics<br> AP Computer Science<br> AP Environmental Science<br> The Gifted and Talented Education department currently has three teachers: Ms. Heather Nyapas (Social Document [33] (Title: Fairfield Area High School) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Fairfield Area High School did not offer any Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Near the end of the 2013-2014 school year, the school announced that it would offer AP courses in Statistics, 12th grade English, and 12th grade Social Studies. The courses were available in the 2014-2015 school year. No students took AP exams in 2014-15. In 2016, Fairfield High School offered three AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses Document [34] (Title: Alexander Hamilton Preparatory Academy) AP Spanish Literature, AP French Literature, AP United States History, AP Chemistry and AP Biology. A new Advanced Placement class that was added for the 2010-2011 school year is AP Art History which will involve students in the aspects of art and origins of paintings and sculptures. There are four foreign language courses available for students to take as an elective. Portuguese I, II, & III, Spanish I, II & III, French I, II & III and Italian I, II & III. All students must have taken three years of a world language to obtain their credits. Electives available for Document [35] (Title: Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)) to enroll in AP courses must meet all prerequisites for the Honors Program. Additionally, students enrolled in an AP course are required to sit for the AP exams scheduled in May, and to pay all necessary fees for the course. Christian Brothers Academy also offers courses for college credit through local colleges and universities. The school offers Advertising I, Principles of Marketing, Accounting I, Advanced Algebra and Topics, Advanced Algebra, Music Theory, Advanced Computer Applications, and CMPT 115 through Hudson Valley Community College's "College in the High School" program. Through the University at Albany's "University in the High School" program, Document [36] (Title: Waynesboro Area School District) Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of Document [37] (Title: Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)) contains an especially broad spectrum of courses, from introductory levels to honors and 22 AP courses to highly sophisticated opportunities for independent work. Tabor offers classes in the traditional liberal arts fields such as the humanities, math and the sciences but also Greek, ichthyology, Mandarin Chinese, lighting design and numerous nautical and marine science courses. In addition to a classical curriculum, Tabor offers elective courses about everything from blogging to Greek philosophy. If a student exhausts the levels of a course available, the independent study program allows students to pursue a strength to the level they desire. A student will Document [38] (Title: AP Computer Science A) it was the topic of one free response question in Section II. GridWorld has been discontinued and replaced with a set of labs for the 2014-2015 school year. Instead of the discontinued case studies, the College Board created three new labs that instructors are invited to use, but they are optional and are not tested on the exam. There are no question on the specific content of the labs on the AP exam, but there are questions that test the concepts developed in the labs. The three labs are: The AP exam in Computer Science was first offered in 1984. Document [39] (Title: Susquehanna Township High School) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2014, Susquehanna Township High School offered 17 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The students pay to take the AP exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the Document [40] (Title: Southern Regional High School) class with students from Barnegat. Barnegat High School became a full 9-12 high school in September 2007 and graduated its first seniors in June 2008. Southern Regional offers over 200 courses from which students can select. The courses are designed to appeal to a wide variety of student interests. Advanced Placement (AP) courses offered include AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Music Theory, AP Studio Art, Spanish Language AP United States Government and Politics, AP Statistics and AP Calculus (AB and BC are both offered). Several AP Document [41] (Title: Francis Lewis High School) get a full years' college credit, or simply courses of interest (for credit towards single college courses such as math or humanities). Students can choose from 20 AP courses offered at Francis Lewis, including Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Japanese Language and Culture, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Physics 1, Physics 2, Psychology, Spanish, Statistics, United States Government and Politics, United States History, and World History. AP Environmental Science and AP French have been cancelled due to lack of interest. Francis Lewis offers several courses from Document [42] (Title: Lethbridge Collegiate Institute) no longer offered at the school. In grade 8 classes at middle school, students had to achieve a final average above 80% to enter AP classes in grade 9. The program was intended to give students an opportunity to learn in subjects beyond the basic curriculum. Some graduates of the AP program have stated that the material learned was similar to first-year university courses. The program consists of advanced courses in mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, English, and social studies. More extracurricular activities and "more peaceful" classrooms are among the praises for the program. However, for the majority of the courses, Document [43] (Title: Seton School (Manassas, Virginia)) this curriculum are several college level courses that, while not official AP courses, consistently enable the students to score 3 or higher on AP exams in the subject areas of Calculus, Economics, English Language, English Literature, Physics, Statistics, and United States Government. For 2010 through 2012 scores of 3 or greater were obtained on 67% of all AP exams taken. Due to its commitment to Catholic identity, Seton School was awarded a spot on Cardinal Newman Society's Catholic High School Honor Roll in 2012. According to the Society, this list of 50 Catholic high schools in the United States honors Document [44] (Title: Pleasant Valley High School (Pennsylvania)) For the 2009-10 funding year, Pleasant Valley School District received a state grant of $7,422 for the program. In 2013, Pleasant Valley High School offered 12 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam Document [45] (Title: Berwick Area Senior High School) offered 9 AP courses with just 10% of pupils earning a 3 or better on the AP exam. In 2013, Berwick High School offered 9 AP courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Berwick Area High School requires students to take the AP exam if they take an AP course. The school district pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may Document [46] (Title: John Marshall High School (Los Angeles)) of Advanced Placement and honors courses on top of the regular curriculum. The variety of AP courses offered makes it possible to take almost every major subject offered in grades 9–12 in the AP system. Entry to these courses in the past has been granted to students with high grades or letters of recommendation from their previous teachers. Many of the students who have taken AP courses move on to campuses of the University of California, with some top students achieving admission to Ivy League universities or other universities in the Top 25, as ranked by U.S. News & World Document [47] (Title: Berwick Area Senior High School) better. In 2015, Berwick Area High School offered 14 AP courses. Fifty-four percent (54%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given by the College Board. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Berwick Area School District the AP courses are weighted at 1.08 credits. In 2014, Berwick Area High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 25% of the pupils who took the associated AP exam, at the end of the course, achieved a 3 or better. In 2013, the school Document [48] (Title: Amador Valley High School) Placement (AP) classes, the most popular of which are AP Psychology, AP English Language and Composition, AP Calculus, AP Government, and AP United States History. Nearly half of Amador Valley students participate in the school's AP Program. The average participant takes 4.3 exams per year and 87.5 percent of students receive at least one score of 3 or greater. The school offers the complete range of AP courses in the STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), as well as AP Language courses and their literature complements in English, French, German, Japanese, and Spanish. Amador Valley also offers AP courses in Document [49] (Title: Central Dauphin High School) School just 55% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, Central Dauphin High School offered 19 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. At Central Dauphin High School 51.70% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, the fee for the exams was $89 each. In 2015, Central Dauphin High School offered 16 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. At Central Dauphin High School 59.55% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, the fee for the Document [50] (Title: Blue Mountain School District) 499 and 507, respectively. Pennsylvania's SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. In 2013, Blue Mountain High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own Document [51] (Title: Jasper Place High School) to 8:50. This makes it a shorter block then regular classes (45 minutes compared to 1.5 hours). Courses offered include extra AP or IB science classes needed to get the full number of hours needed for the AP/IB Science courses, as well as extra physical education. Beginning in the 2013–2014 school year, the school began offering Alternative Learning Opportunity (ALO) Days. The format of the days has varied depending on the year, as well as the semester. In the first semester that it was offered in, students could pick from a variety of courses that either lasted 1, 2 or Document [52] (Title: AP Physics 2) AP Physics 2 Advanced Placement (AP) Physics 2, along with AP Physics 1, is a year-long AP course designed by the College Board to replace AP Physics B in the 2014 - 2015 school year. The courses will teach the same general curriculum as AP Physics B, but instead splitting the course into two and covering more information, specifically rotational mechanics. The courses were formed through collaboration between current Advanced Placement teachers and The College Board, with the guidance of the National Research Council and the National Science Foundation. Similar to AP Physics C the course is said to cover Document [53] (Title: Abington Senior High School) (3), science (3), arts and humanities (1), additional electives (4.6), and physical education/health (1.4). By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor, and its expectations are set by the individual school district. 127 candidates took 243 AP Examinations in May 2005. AP courses offered at the high school include: AP United States History, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB & BC, AP Physics B, , , AP French, AP German, AP Spanish Language, AP Statistics, AP Environmental Science, AP Chemistry, AP Document [54] (Title: American School in Taichung) also has drama, art, and music programs (choir ensemble, violin, and hand bells). There are two concerts during the year, one in the spring and one in the winter. Currently (as of the 2012-2013 school year), AST offers eight Advanced Placement courses: AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP US History, AP Calculus AB, AP Literature, AP Chinese, AP Physics and AP Language. Athletics<br> American School in Taichung offers many sports for both middle school and high school boys and girls, including: volleyball, soccer, softball, basketball, and cross country. The AST teams participate in tournaments that involve other international and bilingual schools Document [55] (Title: American School of Kuwait) Studies. The middle school, which includes sixth through eighth grades, utilizes interdisciplinary teams and a curriculum based on a block schedule. The high school, which currently offers seventeen AP courses, is constantly re-evaluating its programs to better serve the needs and interests of students. The American School of Kuwait is also one of the first schools worldwide to offer the AP Capstone Diploma program. ASK offers many clubs and organizations with activities from service projects to leadership opportunities and competitions. All students are encouraged to join and take active part in the club or activity of their choice and interest. Document [56] (Title: Shamokin Area High School) certifications. In 2013, Shamokin Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits Document [57] (Title: Academy of Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Science) offers both Advanced Placement or college dual-credit classes with the technical colleges in Abilene. ATEMS also offers AP Dual Credit hybrid courses, allowing students to still receive the benefit of a ten-point addition to their GPA and the ability to take the AP tests, as well receive college credit should they score a 3 or higher on the AP test. These hybrid classes are free. Both courses culminate in a year-long senior capstone project that includes a skills demonstration to the community. ATEMS is ranked 179th in Texas in the 2016 Newsweek high school rankings In 2017, ATEMS was one Document [58] (Title: Auburn High School (Rockford, Illinois)) ranks among the top student bodies in the nation in both middle school standardized tests and high school ACT scores. The Academy program currently offers AP courses in English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics B, Physics C, World History, European History, United States History, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, United States Government and Politics, Comparative Politics, and Psychology, as well as Music Theory and Art History through independent study. The remaining non-AP core academic requirements for graduation are supplemented with Gifted Academy-level core classes, and an Academy Seal of distinction is offered to Document [59] (Title: AP Statistics) one of the 10 largest AP exams. If the course is provided by their school, students normally take AP Statistics in their junior or senior year and may decide to take it concurrently with a pre-calculus course. This offering is intended to imitate a one-semester, non-calculus based college statistics course, but high schools can decide to offer the course over one semester, two trimesters, or a full academic year. The six-member AP Statistics Test Development Committee is responsible for developing the curriculum. Appointed by the College Board, the committee consists of three college statistics teachers and three high school statistics Document [60] (Title: Mahanoy Area High School) funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate. Susquehanna University provided the enrichment experiences to schools in the region. In 2015, Mahanoy Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve Document [61] (Title: Penn Hills High School) BC, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP German, and AP Studio Art. In 2015, Penn Hills High School offered 13 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the Document [62] (Title: Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies) AP courses offered. AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Macroeconomics, AP Microeconomics, and AP World History are among the most popular AP tests taken. Students also take SAT and/or ACT on-campus, and the school supports them by offering preparatory Elective Track courses. Most students in this division apply to colleges in US, while some graduates have attended colleges in other countries as well; colleges in UK and Hong Kong are among popular choices. Many are also accepted to domestic colleges in Korea, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, and Korea University, through rolling admission. Most admission results are in from Document [63] (Title: Cary Academy) eighth. The high school (referred to as the Upper School) offers an extensive range of required and elective courses. These include many corresponding AP classes, for which college credit can be earned. Most students take at least one or two of these in their junior and senior years, and some take as many as five each year; there are enough AP classes to offer an AP option in nearly every subject for juniors and seniors. The Upper School operates on a double block daily schedule. Two days of the week, only half the classes meet (the other half meeting on Document [64] (Title: Lancaster High School (New York)) interested in a certain area of study, half- and full-year elective courses are offered in specific areas of study, such as Shakespeare and oceanography. Lancaster High School offers 12 AP courses as of the 2010-11 school year. These courses include Calculus AB, Chemistry, Statistics, Biology, Music Theory, English Language, English Literature, US History, Spanish Language, U.S. Government & Politics, Macroeconomics, and . Averages that students receive for these classes are weighted +1.07% to compensate for the advanced level of subject material covered. Lancaster High School has a large and varied program of honors classes. Some of these are Regents courses Document [65] (Title: DuBois Area School District) School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits Document [66] (Title: Scholars Online) studies curriculum, and best history program, and placed second for overall high school core curriculum, Latin studies, and science program. In 2018, it placed first in all these categories except overall high school core curriculum, where it still held second place. The school's Biology, Chemistry, and Physics courses have been officially approved as meeting AP requirements, including lab work. Other courses, including Senior English and Latin (Vergil) are designed to prepare students for AP exams. While most of the school's academic offerings are traditional in Classical education, they have been known to offer some more unusual classes such as Old Document [67] (Title: Balboa High School (California)) These external events are used to raise career awareness. Students in all communities will develop a personal portfolio or résumé. Students will develop skills in research and presentation with the goal of developing collaborative and social skills. Balboa began offering two Advanced Placement (AP) classes in 1990 which were briefly discontinued from 1996 to 1998. Since 1998, the number has grown, currently offering 13 AP courses in Biology, Calculus AB, Chemistry, Chinese, Computer Science A, Computer Science Principles, English Literature, Physics 1, Psychology, Spanish, Studio Art Drawing, Statistics, and World History. Honors classes are also provided for students wishing to Document [68] (Title: Timber Creek High School) high schools, offers many Advanced Placement (AP) classes including: The APC (AP Choice) program is an advanced placement program for freshmen and sophomores. The APC program puts its students in classes with other APC students, and moves these classes at a faster pace than normal honors classes. It is intended to prepare the students for the AP courses that they will take in the future by increasing rigor and moving at the faster pace than normal honors classes. The APC program also requires the enrollment in AP Human Geography freshmen year to give the students a taste of AP classes. Document [69] (Title: Middletown Area High School) schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Middletown Area High School less than 10 students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2014, Middletown Area High School continued to offer 7 AP courses. Seventeen percent (17%) of pupils who took the courses achieved a score of 3 or better. The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class Document [70] (Title: Delbarton School) for the AP Scholar with Honor Award, and 34 students qualifying for the AP Scholar Award. Delbarton does not offer any courses designated explicitly as "honors" because even classes not designated as "AP" are taught well beyond the traditional high school level. For example, students may take mathematics classes up to 3 years ahead of the nation-wide standard (Algebra 1 in freshman year). Advanced math courses such as Linear Algebra, Multivariable Calculus, and AP Statistics are offered, as are independent study options. Language and literature courses are also offered in several languages. With few exceptions, nearly all graduates continue on Document [71] (Title: AP Psychology) AP Psychology The Advanced Placement Psychology (AP Psychology, AP Psych, or APPSY) course and corresponding exam are part of College Board's Advanced Placement Program. This course is tailored for students interested in the field of psychology and as an opportunity to earn Advanced Placement credit or exemption from a college-level psychology course. It was the shortest AP exam until the AP Physics C exam was split into two separate exams in 2006. The College Board provides a course of study to help educators prepare their students for the AP Psychology exam. The exam covers the following 14 areas. The percentage Document [72] (Title: Hunter College High School) reading and writing, and by the number of students who have earned recognition by the scholastic writing awards. Upper-level electives and AP courses are offered by all six academic departments. AP courses include: AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB and BC, AP Microeconomics and AP Macroeconomics, AP Psychology, AP European History, AP Chemistry, AP Physics C, AP Biology, AP Statistics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Mandarin, and (Virgil). The English Department previously offered AP English and Literature but has since replaced it with the elective Advanced Essay Writing. Other electives include: Introduction to African-American Studies, "Race, Class, and Gender", International Document [73] (Title: Rio Americano High School) Hollingsworth served from 2000 to 2009. Brian Ginter began in 2009. Rio Americano offers 16 AP courses in addition to various Honors classes. Although there is no official class, students have been known to take the AP Statistics, AP Music Theory, , AP World History, and AP European History exams. The following are elective courses available at Rio Americano The Rio Americano band program is nationally recognized, having 3 levels of concert band, 4 levels of jazz ensemble, and the one-of-a-kind Small Ensemble class. In these classes, all students regardless of initial skill level are given a comprehensive education in Document [74] (Title: Advanced Placement) and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there. In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions. Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered Document [75] (Title: Abington School District) achieved increases in access to AP® courses for a broader number of students and also maintained or improved the rate at which their AP students earned scores of 3 or higher on an AP Exam. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher Document [76] (Title: Gettysburg Area High School) pass the exams or project. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam. Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. In 2013, Gettysburg Area High School offered 14 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses and then taking the board's examination in the spring. At Gettysburg Area High School, students electing to take an AP course are required to take the examination and pay for Document [77] (Title: Immaculata High School (New Jersey)) into those respective courses. These courses help to not only build the students knowledge of the world but to also give them a broad overview of topics that could help them better prepare for their intended major in higher education. Advanced Placement (AP) program courses are available in AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP Spanish Language, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Calculus, AP French Language, AP Computer Science A, AP Capstone, AP Music Theory, AP European History and AP Art History. In addition, Honors courses are offered to students Document [78] (Title: Canton Junior Senior High School) 5. Some colleges also award credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Canton Junior Senior High School, in 2013, fewer than 10 of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Canton Junior Senior High School offered 4 AP courses. None of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given at the end of the course. In 2016, the School reported offering 3 AP courses with less than 10 pupils Document [79] (Title: Southern Tioga School District) High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. At Liberty Junior Senior High School less than 10 of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Liberty Junior Senior High School provided 3 Advanced Placement courses, however none of the pupils who took the course achieved a 3 or better on the exam given at the end of the course, by the College Board. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 14% of Southern Tioga School District graduates required remediation Document [80] (Title: Kennett High School (Pennsylvania)) both sequences. AP Statistics is an elective choice for students who have successfully completed Algebra II. The science sequence is Earth and Space (9th), Biology (10th), Chemistry (11th), Physics (12th). Honors level courses in each of these curricula are substantially more rigorous and are designed to challenge academically motivated, high-achieving students. Both levels of science courses offer similar topics and labs. AP Physics will fulfill the 12th grade physics requirements. Students may elect AP Biology, AP Chemistry, or AP Computer Science. Some students are able to enroll in two science courses within the same year. It is almost impossible to Document [81] (Title: AP Statistics) has increased at a higher rate than in any other AP class. Students may receive college credit or upper-level college course placement upon the successful completion of a three-hour exam ordinarily administered in May. The exam consists of a multiple choice section and a free response section that are both 90 minutes long. Each section is weighted equally in determining the students' composite scores. The Advanced Placement program has offered students the opportunity to pursue college-level courses while in high school. Along with the Educational Testing Service, the College Board administered the first AP Statistics exam in May 1997. The Document [82] (Title: St. Joseph Catholic Academy) students from the southeastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois regions. Advanced Placement: Along with many Honors classes, 10 Advanced Placement (AP) classes are offered. AP classes allow students to acquire skills that will help them be successful in college. More than 90% of four-year colleges in the U.S. give students credit, advanced placement or both on the basis of AP Exam scores. Faith Formation: The Campus Ministry program supplements the theological development in each student that takes place in the home and church through worship and service. Students attend Mass regularly and are involved in both local and international service projects. Document [83] (Title: Davidson Academy) Advanced Placement classes, including Calculus AB and BC, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, United States Government and Politics, United States History, AP Human Geography, Physics. An Honors program is offered for advanced students, requiring three years of a foreign language, all offered Honors classes, four AP classes in three different subjects, and a 25 or higher on the ACT. The class of 2011 has achieved the highest standards of excellence yet, with an average of a 25 on the ACT. Those with an Honors diploma averaged an ACT score of 31. The class of 58 had a Document [84] (Title: College Board) the college admissions process, showing students' intellectual capacity and genuine interest in learning. The program allows many students to gain college credit for high performance on the AP exams, much in the same manner as the CLEP. Granting credit, however, is at the discretion of the college. There are 2,900 colleges that grant credit and/or advanced standing. Critics of the Advanced Placement Program charge that courses and exams emphasize breadth of content coverage instead of depth. The College Level Examination Program (CLEP) provides students of any age including high schoolers, college students, homeschooled students, adults, senior citizens, children, and exceptional Document [85] (Title: Tunkhannock Area High School) Students who go over and beyond what they are expected to do, can also receive student of the month. In 2014, Tunkhannock Area High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam was $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better Document [86] (Title: Muncy School District) about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Muncy High School 53% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Muncy Junior Senior High School offered 10 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Just 43% of the students who took the courses achieved a 3 or better on the College Document [87] (Title: Bermudian Springs High School) and Washington, DC. In 2013, Bermudian Springs High School offered two Advanced Placement (AP) courses, at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board-approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded based on an AP exam score. Most give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. Document [88] (Title: Manasquan High School) the national administered AP examinations, which can earn students credit at most institutions of higher learning (the exact score required for credit may vary depending on the college or university). The high school offers AP courses in Language and Composition, Literature, World History, United States History, Psychology, Chemistry, Biology, Computer Science, Calculus (AB and, more recently, BC), Spanish, and French. The Academy of Finance program focuses on the field of finance, using a curriculum that combines traditional classroom instruction, with lectures from experts in the subject, mentoring and job shadowing with industry specialists. Students gain practical knowledge and skills through Document [89] (Title: Ossining High School) The school also offers 14 Advanced Placement classes, which include AP English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Spanish Language and Culture, Studio Art levels 1 and 2, U.S. History, U.S. Government and Politics, World History, Biology, Environmental Science, Calculus AB and BC, Computer Science, and Statistics. For the 2014-2015 school year, 38% of 12th-graders took at least one AP exam at any point during high school, and 57% of AP exams taken were passed (received a score of 3 or higher). OHS offers foreign language classes in Spanish, French, and Italian, as well as American Sign Language classes. Document [90] (Title: North Allegheny Senior High School) Allegheny Senior High School 100% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. As of April 2007, North Allegheny Senior High School offered 14 AP courses. In 2013, US News and World Report ranked 21,000 public high schools, in the United States, based on three factors. First, the schools were analyzed for the number of students who achieved above the state average on the reading and math tests in 2008. Then they considered how the economically disadvantaged students performed against the state average. Finally, they considered the participation rate and the performance of Document [91] (Title: Lower Dauphin High School) college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. Lower Dauphin High School offers 15 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses in 2013-2014. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college Document [92] (Title: Pleasant Valley School District (Pennsylvania)) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students Document [93] (Title: Communications Arts High School) in their junior and senior years. All AP courses are supplemented with test preparation books including those of companies like Kaplan, Inc which are given to students free of charge in their first semester. All core courses that are not offered as AP (such as World Geography) are offered as Pre-AP courses, though students may elect to take regular versions of the course on the Taft campus. Students who follow the standard curriculum generally graduate with Distinguished Achievement Diplomas. Students also participate in traditional electives, including fine arts and athletics, with Taft students. Communications Arts student organizations generally operate independently Document [94] (Title: Spotsylvania High School) college. Academically oriented students are strongly encouraged to participate in the Advanced Placement Program. Students take these courses at high school. Advanced Placement (AP) courses follow the suggested College Board course curriculum and serve to prepare students for the AP examinations in May. AP Courses listed below are offered based on enrollment. However, depending on how many students sign up for an AP class, depends on which course is offered. So some of the courses may not be offered because there are not enough students that sign up for it. Grades earned carry weighted credit in the GPA calculation. The Document [95] (Title: Wyalusing Area School District) offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give Document [96] (Title: Canton Junior Senior High School) math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Canton Junior Senior High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education institutions give credits for scores of 4 or Document [97] (Title: Lakeland Regional High School) students to concentrate on fewer courses each semester with extended time in class each period. As a requirement for graduation, Lakeland students must complete 135 credits, demonstrate mastery of basic skills on the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA), and meet a variety of local and state distribution requirements. Advanced Placement Program (AP) Courses include AP English Language and Composition, AP United States History, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Calculus AB, AP Computer Science, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Environmental Science, AP Music Theory, AP European History and AP Spanish Language. Honors Courses are offered in English, Algebra 2, Document [98] (Title: Advanced Placement) administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student. On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online. The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In Document [99] (Title: Berwick Area School District) students who take the school's AP class. At Berwick Area School District the AP courses are weighted at 1.08 credits. In 2011, the Berwick Area School District achieved the College Board's AP District of the Year Award. This honor roll consists of the 388 U.S. public school districts that simultaneously achieved increases in access to AP® courses for a broader number of students and also maintained or improved the rate at which their AP students earned scores of 3 or higher on an AP Exam. In 2013, the school offered 9 AP course with just 10% of pupils earning a Document [100] (Title: North Pocono High School) by high school teachers on high school campuses. Advanced Placement courses make it possible for academically talented students to upgrade the quality and increase the challenge of their studies, both in high school and college. The Advanced Placement Program consists of courses identified by the College Board as college level in content. Upon successful completion of an AP course, it is strongly suggested that students take the corresponding AP exam to realize the full benefit of the course. Based on the score the student receives on a particular examination and the specific college or university that a student chooses to Document [101] (Title: Korea International School Jeju) 10, Journalism, Orchestra, Theatre, and Yearbook. Entrance into Honors courses requires a teacher recommendation and considers historical subject grades, standardized test scores (e.g. MAP, AMC, STAR Reading), and additional documentation as needed. AP classes allow students to engage in a demanding curriculum equivalent to an entry-level college/university course. Currently there are 18 AP® courses offered, including English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, United States History, World History, Psychology, Chinese Language and Culture, Studio Art: 2-D Design, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Calculus AB and BC, Macroeconomics, Physics 1 and 2, Statistics, Seminar, and Research. Students can take a maximum Document [102] (Title: Northern Highlands Regional High School) Forensic Science and Writing Studio I/ Reading Interpretation – and 19 Advanced Placement courses, in AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP United States History, AP European History, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Statistics, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP French Language, AP Spanish Language, AP Latin Literature, AP Macroeconomics, AP Art History, AP Studio Art, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Computer Science and AP Music Theory. AP courses are available to juniors and seniors and sophomores, although sophomores are only allowed one. The school newspaper is called "The Highland Fling". Document [103] (Title: Mount Carmel Area School District) reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Mount Carmel Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its Document [104] (Title: Middletown Area School District) Middletown Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam was $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards Document [105] (Title: Superior High School (Wisconsin)) opportunity to earn college credits through Lake Superior College, courses offered in this category include: CITS Precalculus, Communications, and Anatomy and Physiology. By enrolling in an AP course, students have the opportunity to take the AP Exam in the spring of the year in which they took the course, which allows students the chance to earn college credit if a sufficient score is achieved on the test. Beginning in the 2008-2009 school year, all students enrolled in AP courses at Superior High School are required to take the AP Exam for each course they took. Required classes Requirements for graduation Document [106] (Title: Hickory Grove Christian School) full honors track as well as 11 AP classes including English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Biology, Chemistry, Physics I, Statistics, Calculus AB, US History, US Government and Politics, Human Geography and Computer Science. In May 2015, 79 HGCS students took a total of 128 Advanced Placement exams with 16 students earning a 5 on one or more AP Exams; 24 students earned a 4 on one or more AP Exams; 31 students earned a 3 on one or more AP Exams. The mean SAT scores for the Class of 2015 were: Critical Reading - 521, Mathematics - Document [107] (Title: AP Computer Science) the exam, AP Computer Science AB was discontinued following the May 2009 exam administration. AP Computer Science In the United States, Advanced Placement Computer Science is a suite of Advanced Placement courses and examinations covering areas of computer science. They are offered by the College Board to high school students as an opportunity to earn college credit for college-level courses. The suite consists of two current classes and one discontinued class. AP Computer Science was taught in Pascal for the 1984–1998 exams, in C++ for 1999–2003, and in Java since 2004. AP Computer Science Principles is an introductory course to Document [108] (Title: Rye High School (New York)) students to essentially "try out" AP courses so they can gauge their ability to handle the heavy workload. At graduation, many students have taken at least one Advanced Placement course, with some students taking in upwards of fifteen of these courses. In addition, several honors courses and one college credit class are offered to students who wish to challenge themselves academically. Recently the school has adopted a new focus on STEAM courses. The most recent example is the addition of the AP Computer Principles course, which will run for the first time in the 2018-2019 school year. In order to Document [109] (Title: Mahwah High School) semester of microeconomics), AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP European History, AP French, AP Music Theory, AP Physics, AP Psychology, AP Spanish, AP Statistics, AP Studio Art, AP Psychology and AP US History. For the 2013-2014 school year, AP United States Government and Politics will be added to the course offerings as an option for students to enroll in. In the 2009-10 school year, 128 students participated in Mahwah High School's AP course offerings, taking a total of 258 examinations that year of which 87% achieved a grade of 3 or higher. The Mahwah High Document [110] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) that prepared them for college except for their AP classes” (Switzer). At Greenwood High School, where Schmitt has taught for the past 12 years, there are currently 14 AP classes offered for students. However, that number is much higher than the vast majority of Kentucky schools, and there is much more work to be done to make Kentucky public schools look more like Greenwood High School. Based on the research provided and the opinions of many teachers like Schmitt, it seems that if more schools were to include AP options in their programs, Kentucky students would be more ready for Document [111] (Title: Rochester Area High School (Pennsylvania)) Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The school offers several AP courses: AP Chemistry, AP Calculus and AP English. The courses are weighted in regards to GPA and school ranking. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in Document [112] (Title: Sacred Heart Preparatory (Atherton, California)) to Computer Science. The Computer Science Department also offers Computer Science 2: Programming, and AP Computer Science. Beyond their freshman year, qualified students can take honors courses in most subject areas. 21 Advanced Placement courses are offered, including Calculus AB and BC, Physics B and C ( and ), Chemistry, Biology, Environmental Science, Literature, Language, Music Theory, Spanish, Latin, French, US History, and World History. The overall national AP exam passing rate is about 80%. In 2016, Sacred Heart had a 98% pass rate of students taking the AP exam for AP US History, and a 93% pass rate for Document [113] (Title: Advanced Placement) City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its Document [114] (Title: Shanghai High School International Division) schools offer AP programs starting from 9th grade). Typical courses taken by students include Math, Chinese, English, Physics, Chemistry, History, Economics, Music, and Art. Biology and Geography are notable exceptions to the curriculum, and are available during the later years through choice. Both curricula follow a semester system. The grading systems is controlled directly by the principal, whose main intention is to display the talents and academic performance of IB students (one out of five SHSID students are enrolled in IB program) to the U.S. Universities. SHSID offers a variety of IB classes, including English (A1 and B), Chinese (A1 Document [115] (Title: East Juniata Junior/Senior High School) students graduating from East Juninata must earn 23 credits as well as complete a graduation project in order to graduate. Four Courses of Study are available: There are several course offerings available at East Juniata: In 2013, East Juniata Junior Senior High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. At East Juniata Junior Senior High School 45% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. The school comes complete with a state-of-the-art library containing over 10,000 Fiction and Non-Fiction books. World Book and Britannica Encyclopedias, Electronic Document [116] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) department, seniors may choose to enroll in AP U.S. Government and Politics and/or AP Psychology and/or they may choose from a variety of semester course options. These curricular offerings are robust seminars, critical inquiry-based and writing intensive and are considered among the most demanding courses offered at the school. Core courses in English this year include: Contemporary Fiction and Film, Public Speaking, Creative Writing, World Literature, Behind the Lyrics: American Pop Music, and Deconstructing Gender. The History options include: General Psychology, Economics, International Relations, and The Constitution and Social Issues. In addition to these rich curricular offerings, the school has Document [117] (Title: Bakersfield Christian High School) years, qualify for the Scholars Program by completing a required minimum of 6 advanced courses (effective class of 2012): 2 from the sophomore year and 4 from the junior/senior years. The school offers AP courses which cover the breadth of information, skills and assignments found in corresponding college courses. Each AP course has an exam that participating schools administer in May and represents the culmination of college-level work in a given discipline in a secondary school setting. The Eagles participate in the South Yosemite League and CIF Central Section and have varsity, jv and frosh/soph teams. The Eagles won nine Document [118] (Title: Clearfield Area School District) continue their education. In 2013, Clearfield Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their Document [119] (Title: Berwick Area School District) 3 or better on the AP exam. In 2014, Berwick Area High School offered 10 AP courses. Just 25% of the pupils who took the associated AP exam, at the end of the course, achieved a 3 or better. In 2015, Berwick Area High School offered 14 AP courses. Fifty-four percent (54%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the AP exam given by the College Board. In 2016, Berwick Area High School offered 13 AP courses. Forty-seven percent (47%) of the students who took the course, achieved a 3 or better on the Document [120] (Title: South Burlington High School) Science, French, and Spanish; honors courses in English and Mathematics; and a selection of fourteen Advanced Placement ("AP") courses. AP courses include AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Chemistry, AP Computer Science A, AP Computer Science Principles, AP Environmental Science, AP European History, AP French, AP Psychology, AP Spanish, and AP U.S. Government & Politics. Not all AP courses are taught every academic year. The school formerly taught AP Calculus BC. A portion of the student body commutes to the campus because of its academic offerings. Some students have elected to commute from nearby areas in Vermont where there are Document [121] (Title: Liberal Arts and Science Academy) Course offerings include Advanced Placement (AP) courses covering 30 Advanced Placement tests; students may begin taking them their freshman year. Additionally, LASA offers specialized electives in all core subjects, such as How To Be An Adult, Amateur Radio (students may apply for a HAM radio license while taking the course), and a Modern Physics course. Roughly 75% of the LASA senior class graduates have taken calculus. As of 2017, LASA has 18 elective science classes, which encompass astronomy, forensic science, and engineering. Electives for humanities include creative writing, women's literature, amateur radio, and constitutional law. The LBJ/LASA Orchestra travels every Document [122] (Title: Wellsboro Area School District) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2015, Wellsboro Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Berwick Area High School requires students to take the AP exam if they take an AP course. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and Document [123] (Title: Brother Rice High School (Chicago)) it "AP Java" without specifying whether the course is AP Computer Science 'A' or 'AB'. The school also lists an "Advanced Placement" Computer Science course using C++, though this has been discontinued by the College Board as an option in their AP program, which exclusively emphasizes Java. The school lists a single AP course which prepares students to take both the AP English Language and AP English Literature tests. The AP Calculus class permits students the option to take either the 'AB' or 'BC' AP test. A four-semester course, open to juniors and seniors, allows CCNA certification. The Curriculum Committee Document [124] (Title: Charles D'Amico High School) who decide to take college courses are able to choose between GCC (Genesee Community College) and SUNY Brockport to earn college credit. For students whom want to take AP classes, there are currently 7 classes available. Along with higher education courses, internships are also available to students who qualify. Niagara-Orleans BOCES is also jointed with the school offering students hands on courses in a trade of their choice. As a requirement, students must complete 30 hours of community service and finish an MST (Math, Science, Technology) project to graduate. For AP students, a service-learning project is required for each class. Document [125] (Title: Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies) for admissions to colleges outside Korea. Students in this division are given more chances to select their courses, and the class size for each course varies from fifteen to a hundred. Courses include Precalculus, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Economics, English Literature, AP World History, and Foreign Language, and all except for Korean Language and Korean History are to be taught in English. All instructors in charge of AP courses hold AP certificates. After students finish AP courses, they are suggested to take AP tests administered on-campus. Many students also prepare for AP tests not included in the Document [126] (Title: QSI International School of Tbilisi) quality. Class sizes are kept small to ensure personal attention for ALL students. In addition to students earning the Internationally Recognized QSI Diploma, Advanced Placement (AP) courses and examinations are offered. Every year 10-15 different AP courses are offered in QSIT: AP English literature, AP Physics, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Government & Politics and AP Economics. Taking AP courses and exams improves students chances of getting into university and can even help them to minimize their university costs. If a student earns a qualifying score on AP Exam, they can receive credit for the equivalent course at universities across Document [127] (Title: Lisgar Collegiate Institute) with the third group inducted during the 175th Reunion in May 2018. 2004 Inductees 2009 Inductees 2018 Inductees Lisgar Collegiate Institute offers many Advanced Placement courses. Apart from and Advanced Placement Spanish, students taking AP courses take an advanced form of a regular course, which provides them with an Ontario Credit, as well as taking the AP exam in May. As of 2016, Lisgar inaugurated its AP Capstone Program which requires students to take AP Seminar and AP Research as well as four other AP Courses with a score greater than 3. Lisgar has a wide variety of clubs available Document [128] (Title: Baruch College Campus High School) a few of the facilities at Baruch College, such as the Newman Library. The required courses are all honors-level courses. Students must earn a grade of 70 or above to pass a course. (Courses set to be implemented in the year of 2017-2018) "Note: All students are required to take the AP exam if enrolled in an AP class." Students take electives in their junior and senior year. In the past, electives include Psychology, Writing and Film, Math and Space, Computers, Writing, Art and Spontaneity, Drumming, Music, Mythology and Folklore, and Internship. Students are also offered the opportunity to take Document [129] (Title: Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School) courses challenges the student in one or more specific disciplines. AP courses enable students to pursue university level academics while still enrolled in high school. A successful completion of an AP course and exam may exempt the student from that subject in their first year of University. Sir Allan MacNab's AP curriculum is meant to enrich the content of high school courses, not replace it. An AP teacher covers and evaluates all expectations of the Ontario high school curriculum for the purposes of granting students their Ontario credits. In an AP course, the AP teacher then adds university level material Document [130] (Title: Harlan Hanson) Service," yet under his leadership the AP program nonetheless "grew exponentially." By the time he left the post of Director, the number of high schools offering AP courses had increased from 93 to over 8000, and the number of colleges that accepted AP courses had grown from fewer than 50 to nearly 2000. During this same period, the number of high school students participating in AP courses increased from 34,000 to about 315,000. In the mid-1960s, Hanson was one of the original council members of the International Schools Examinations Syndicate, which later became the International Baccalaureate Organisation. He was instrumental Document [131] (Title: United Junior/Senior High School (Pennsylvania)) High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what Document [132] (Title: Gettysburg Area School District) Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Gettysburg Area High School offered 14 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits Document [133] (Title: Allegheny-Clarion Valley School District) Allegheny -Clarion Valley Junior Senior High School offered 2 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits Document [134] (Title: Pelham Memorial High School) currently offers 18 Advanced Placement courses, with the intention of adding more as the budget allows. Among the courses offered are AP Art History, AP Art, AP European History, AP US Government and Politics, AP Statistics, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Psychology, AP World History, AP US History, AP Latin, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Music Theory, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Physics, and AP Chemistry. However, most of these classes are only available to juniors and seniors. Also, as AP Chemistry has a reputation in the school for being the most difficult class at Pelham, it Document [135] (Title: Milton Area High School) Department of Education, by the support of Pennsylvania companies through the Educational Improvement Tax Credit program managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development and by Pennsylvania College of Technology. In 2014, Milton Area High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about Document [136] (Title: Brownsville Area High School) after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Brownsville Area High School offered 3 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on Document [137] (Title: Brighton High School (Brighton, Colorado)) continued to expand, another temporary modular was installed. There are currently five mods on school grounds, each containing two classrooms. They serve as the location for all math classes, as there is no other room in the other buildings. Brighton High School offers 11 AP courses: AP Physics B and AP Chemistry were on a rotating schedule: AP Chemistry being offered one year and then AP Physics B offered the next, and vice versa. There was a push to offer both courses each year, which was granted at the end of the 2010 school year, to take effect the following Document [138] (Title: Cumberland Valley School District) of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Cumberland Valley High School offered 26 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded Document [139] (Title: Belmont High School (Massachusetts)) Facing History are also offered to interested students. In addition, the Social Studies department also offers AP Psychology, which is a "double class". Students who take AP Psychology are required to take an honors level Neurobiology course as well. All students are required to take 4 math courses. Most students take, in order, Geometry, Algebra II, Pre-calculus, and Calculus, though some students elect other options including: In addition, the Mathematics Department also offers several electives, such as AP Stats. Geometry, Algebra II, and Pre-calculus are offered at either a college preparatory (CP) or honors (H) level. Algebra I and all Document [140] (Title: Montgomery Area School District) 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Montgomery Area High School 80% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam in 2015. In 2014, 61% of the pupils who took an AP course at Montgomery Area High School achieved a 3 or better on the end of course exam. In 2016, Montgomery Area High School offered 4 AP courses. just 43% of students, who took an at MAHS course, achieved a 3 or better on the annual AP exams associated with the course. Document [141] (Title: Prairie Grove High School) of the 26 offered AP courses and grade point averages (GPA) resulting in three awards: Honors diploma (GPA 3.0 after 8 semesters), Honors Graduate status (GPA 3.5 after 8 semesters) or Highest Honors Graduate status (GPA 4.0 after 8 semesters). Twenty-six AP, pre-AP or honor courses are offered to include: In 2012, Prairie Grove School District and its high school were recognized in the "AP District of the Year Awards" program in the College Board's 3rd Annual Honor Roll that consisted of 539 U.S. public school districts (6 in Arkansas) that simultaneously achieved increases in access to AP® courses for Document [142] (Title: Pine-Richland High School) carry eight credits each year and/or take courses during the summer in order to graduate at the end of their junior year. These pupils may choose when to participate in a high school graduation ceremony. Students have access to a wide variety of AP Courses. They have the option of taking these College Board-approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the spring. Students who achieve a 3 or better on the exam may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards for what level of credits are awarded Document [143] (Title: Mifflinburg Area High School) their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2013, Mifflinburg Area High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits Document [144] (Title: Fenton High School (Illinois)) Computer Science, Statistics, Calculus (AB & BC), Biology, Chemistry, Physics 1, U.S. History, World History, Microeconomics, and Macroeconomics. In English, there is a year–long course termed "AP American Literature", which is designed to prepare students for the AP English Language test. There are two single semester courses titled "AP American Writers" and "AP Seminar in English" which jointly prepare students for the AP English Literature test. AP Computer Science A is also offered. All students are required to complete 25 hours of community service for graduation. Fenton competes in the Metro Suburban Conference and is a member of the Illinois Document [145] (Title: Shipley School) offered Advanced Placement courses in most subjects. Like many other independent schools, Shipley has discontinued its Advanced Placement program to increase curricular latitude, although it still offers AP Studio Art. While in Upper School, students must take four English courses, three math courses, three courses in the same world language, two history courses (including US history), and two science courses. Every year, students must enroll in five of these "major courses," each of which meets six times during the seven-day rotation. However, students are permitted to take six major classes. Students may also take major courses in studio art, music Document [146] (Title: Hampton Township School District (Pennsylvania)) higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the Document [147] (Title: Monarch High School (Colorado)) Placement International Diplomas. In addition, 20 students were considered Scholars with Honor, 28 as Scholars with Distinction, and three as National Scholars. General info about AP can be found on the Monarch Website. Monarch High School offers 20 AP courses: Monarch became a pilot school for the High School of Business in 2008, offering national certification for college-bound students interested in pursuing a business major. An advanced-level curriculum introduces key business concepts, encourages entrepreneurial skills, requires critical thinking, and provides experiences that facilitate the transition to top business colleges. Students build valuable skills through academic courses and participation in Monarch’s Document [148] (Title: Wellsboro Area High School) take an AP course. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their Document [149] (Title: Muhlenberg High School) 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits Document [150] (Title: Port St. Lucie High School) programs to students, as well as Dual Enrollment courses in association with Indian River State College. AP Courses Port St. Lucie High School cut down on its Advanced Placement options from 11 available courses in the 2012-2013 school year to 6 available AP courses in the 2013-2014 school year to encourage enrollment in the International Baccalaureate Program. The following are still offered: Career Academies There are 2 divisions of Career Academies available at PSLHS: Preparatory Academies Freshmen and sophomores are isolated from the rest of the school in their core courses. Additional Elective Programs Port St. Lucie High School offers Document [151] (Title: International School of Qingdao) by the school. However, if a student chooses to take an AP test but is not in that AP course, he/she must pay the exam fee. AP courses require more homework than regular classes. Whereas a regular course requires an average of 2.5 hours of homework per week, AP courses require approximately 6 hours per week. Because of the rigorous course requirements, students wishing to take AP courses must have demonstrated academic excellence in the subject area and receive teacher recommendation. Due to the rigorous requirements, students are to take no more than three AP classes simultaneously. If students are Document [152] (Title: Education in Pakistan) GCE and GCSE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of CIE of the Cambridge Assessment and/or Edexcel International of the Pearson PLC. Generally, 8-10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3-5 at GCE A Levels. Advanced Placement (or AP) is an alternative option but much less common than GCE or IGCSE. This replaces the secondary school education as 'High School Education' instead. AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board, College Board, and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Document [153] (Title: Newport School District (Pennsylvania)) special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2013, Newport High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. The fee for each AP Exam was $93 (2016). Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US Document [154] (Title: Provo High School) Enrollment programs. Provo High School offers 15 Advanced Placement courses in English, Art, Science, Social Studies, Technology, and Music. In May, students participate in AP exams given by the College Board. Scoring a 3 or higher gives the student a college credit for that subject. In 2016, 41% of students who took AP exams passed with a score of 3 or more, with a total number of 523 tests taken. In 2015, 51% of students passed AP exams. Provo High used to offers a "gifted talent magnet" program for 7th and 8th graders called Provo Unlimited Progress. PUP allowed academically Document [155] (Title: Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)) are course offerings at the ninth grade level. The high school program allows students to take honors level courses in all of the core disciplines (math, science, social studies, English and foreign language) through a combination of Advanced Placement (AP) offerings and regularly scheduled courses. The College Board offers the AP program to high schools as an opportunity for students to pursue advanced credit in specific disciplines. The school offers AP courses in Spanish V (also CHS), Statistics, Calculus, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, US History, World History, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, and Computer Science. Students who wish Document [156] (Title: Seoul International School) music and design classes, government, statistics, anatomy, mathematical functions and models, history, communications, life sports and many, many others. The school also offers the AP Capstone program classes in Seminar and Research as of the 2016-2017 school year. Course Choices (Languages) For foreign language courses, students are given two options of Chinese and Spanish. There are 5 levels for language courses, from 1 to 4 and an AP course. For English, students are required to take two English courses until their senior year. Freshmen take General Literature and Communications, sophomores take American Literature and writing 10, juniors take British Literature Document [157] (Title: Valley View School District (Pennsylvania)) Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Valley View High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved Document [158] (Title: Education Reform in Kentucky) inclusion of AP courses in high school curricula though; in fact, some of the biggest advocates for an increased number of AP courses are the teachers who would be charged with leading said classes. Vicki Schmitt, an AP English and literature teacher at Greenwood High School in Bowling Green, Kentucky, believes that AP courses are the very best way to prepare students for a college education (Switzer). On the benefits of AP classes for both the students and teachers, Schmitt said, “AP helps teachers teach kids how to think. Students tell me there was not a class in high school Document [159] (Title: Pacelli High School (Columbus, Georgia)) Calculus, Chemistry, English Literature, Microeconomics, Statistics, Studio Art, and United States History. As in most schools, students have the option of preparing for AP exams independently, and many do. Students travel to nearby Columbus State University to take their AP exams. Pacelli also offers 19 honors courses. No strict core curriculum exists, but ninth and tenth graders are offered limited flexibility in their courses. Juniors and seniors are freer, selecting electives and other courses. Pacelli students entering grade 9 must earn a minimum of 24 Carnegie credits. Students must take one core course each year in English, math, science, social Document [160] (Title: Kittanning High School) their education. In 2013, Kittanning Senior High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give Document [161] (Title: International School of Qingdao) Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Statistics, AP World History, AP Art History, AP Economics, AP Chinese, AP Literature, AP Language, and AP Diploma. Advanced Placement courses have been designed to provide an additional challenge for students wishing to learn more about a specific subject area. Courses are taught at the level of a university freshman course. Students will receive 0.66 additional grade points for grades of C- or higher. Students in AP classes receive more homework than they would receive in an honors course. Students taking AP courses are eligible to take College Board exams. Charges for this test are paid Document [162] (Title: Line Mountain Jr./Sr. High School) (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to Document [163] (Title: Korea International School Jeju) of 6 AP classes if they have below a 3.8 GPA or 8 AP classes if they have above a 3.8 GPA. Advanced Placement courses are offered starting in Grade 10. 2017 marks the charter year for the AP Capstone™ program, with the introduction of AP Seminar for select members of the Grade-11 class. The second Capstone course, AP Research, was added in 2018. AP Capstone is a College Board program designed to equip students with the independent research, collaborative teamwork, and communication skills that are increasingly valued by colleges. It cultivates curious, independent, and collaborative scholars and prepares them Document [164] (Title: Ravenscroft School) capstone experience, Ravens in Action, which is a culminating event focused on student service. High School / Upper School The high school (referred to as the Upper School) has over 450 students and offers an extensive range of required and elective courses. The offerings include 33 Honors courses, and 24 AP courses for which college credit may be earned. In 2015, 227 students took 490 AP exams. 72% of the exams scored a 4 or a 5 and 89% earned a 3, 4 or 5. The Upper School operates on an 8 day cycle, during which each course meets 6 Document [165] (Title: Montoursville Area School District) Placement (AP) courses at a higher level than regular courses. The fee for the exam was $81 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools Document [166] (Title: Block scheduling) in a dramatic reduction in the number of courses a student can take. Some schools that make AP courses year long offset this by having students always choose a pair of AP courses during class registration. The student will go to the first AP class one day, and the other AP course the next day. Therefore, the student takes the same number of courses as other students, but both AP classes last for the duration of the year. A systematic review on Block Scheduling was also conducted by Dickson et al. (2010) at the EPPI-Centre which asserts that there is Document [167] (Title: Southern Regional School District) that would require passage of referendums in each municipality. Southern Regional offers over 200 courses from which students can select. The courses are designed to appeal to a wide variety of student interests. Advanced Placement Program (AP) courses are offered in English, history, mathematics, science, art, music, and world languages. Technology-related courses, from the traditional to the highly technical (electronics, graphics and photography lab, computer assisted design, programming, and Internet), focus on problem solving, experimental design, and creativity. The health and physical education program are electives, based with a strong emphasis on lifelong wellness and making intelligent lifestyle choices. Project Document [168] (Title: Saint Joseph Academy (Cleveland, Ohio)) school in the city of Cleveland. Forty-two percent of the students are residents of Cleveland, and 43% of students are legacies (daughter/sister/granddaughter/great granddaughter). The student-body represents 63 zip codes and 101 schools from across Northeast Ohio. -18 Advanced Placement (AP) courses span the arts, literature, science and math. Because students are encouraged to take the level of coursework that’s right for them, a qualified Freshman may take an AP course if she desires. -30 Honors classes are designed to challenge students’ unique interests and include distinctive options such as Honors Anatomy and Physiology as well as Honors Microbiology/Zoology. -World Languages Document [169] (Title: Advanced Placement) students take their course's test. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam. However, "It has recently become clear . . . that these estimations of overall participation rates mask the variability in participation rates across AP examinations." For example, one study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for Document [170] (Title: Greenhill School (Addison, Texas)) Dartmouth College, Boston College, Brown University, Duke University, Trinity University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Southern California, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, Pratt Institute, Vanderbilt University, and Washington University in St. Louis. The Upper School offers 15 AP courses. The average SAT scores for the Class of 2008 were 675 verbal, 673 math, and 665 writing. The Class of 2008 also had 21 commended finalists for National Merit scholarships, and 10 actual finalists for the scholarship. Academically, only three other private schools in the Dallas-Fort Worth area have achieved similar levels of prestige: St. Marks School of Document [171] (Title: Stroudsburg Area School District) 1 38% of high school students were on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Literature - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. In 2013, Stroudsburg High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at Document [172] (Title: Appleby College) AP examinations with a broad range of AP courses. Students at Appleby College generally take several AP courses in the Senior 1 and Senior 2 years. Currently, the AP courses offered at Appleby College include: AP Art History, AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Computer Science, AP English Literature, AP French Language (AP French Literature was offered until the exam was discontinued in 2009), AP German, AP Human Geography, AP Macroeconomics, AP Music Theory, AP Physics B, AP Psychology, AP Statistics, AP United States History, and AP World History. As well as being a day Document [173] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) place out of the course through an end-of-course exam. Students who receive a passing score take an additional elective course. Some students choose to pursue an AP course, such as AP Computer Science Principles, as this additional elective (see list below). Students can choose from a comprehensive list of 25 Advanced Placement courses offered by Morris Hills High School. While the only course in which students "must" enroll in order to graduate is AP Physics 1, nearly all students take advantage of other Advanced Placement offerings during their sophomore, junior, and senior years. In practice, however, Academy students have extremely Document [174] (Title: Advanced Placement) 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students. The AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks). AP tests are scored on a 1 to Document [175] (Title: River East Collegiate) of a challenge, then AP may be a good choice for you." AP is a program designed for students in grades 10, 11 and 12 that are willing to learn at a higher level. Students get ready for university by learning about time management and receive an amount of work a university student would get. Teachers recommend that you have a 75% or higher in regular courses if you choose to enroll in AP courses. Many courses are offered at this level. Some of these courses are math, English, geography, French, biology, chemistry and others. Environmental Science was offered for Document [176] (Title: Hampton Roads Academy) 78.2% White, 9.6% African-American, 6.7% Asian, 5.1% Hispanic, and 0.3% Pacific Islander. As a college preparatory school where 100% of graduates are admitted to four-year colleges or universities, the curriculum is accordingly rigorous; therefore, it is the Academy's practice to recommend that most students take no more than 3 AP courses in the 11th or 12th grade year, and most AP's are not available until 11th/12th grade years. Hampton Roads Academy offers 18 Advanced Placement Courses: English Language, English Literature, Calculus BC, Statistics, U.S. Government and Politics, U.S. History, World History, Psychology, Comparative Government, Biology, Environmental Science, Chemistry, Physics 1 Document [177] (Title: Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering) program and the small class size. All courses denoted "Academy" are taught at the honors level and are taught to only students of the Academy. These courses are often more rigorous than their counterparts taught to Morris Hills students. All courses denoted "AP" represent courses under the Advanced Placement program offered by the College Board. These courses are taught to a mixed group of students from both the Academy and Morris Hills, with the notable of exception of freshman year AP Physics 1. Freshmen who enter the Academy already having taken a geometry course in middle school are eligible to Document [178] (Title: Singapore American School) through School Year Abroad. SAS currently offers 26 AP courses. Most SAS high school students participate in the program, with 92% of 2017 graduates having taken at least one AP exam. In May 2017, SAS students took 1,761 AP exams, with 93% receiving a score of 3 or higher, and 76% receiving a score of 4 or 5. SAS was selected as one of only twelve international schools to pilot the AP Capstone program during the 2014–15 school year. The high school also offers Advanced Topic (AT) courses. Developed by SAS teachers working with university professors, these courses meet college-level Document [179] (Title: Abington Heights School District) 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Abington Heights High School offered 12 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student Document [180] (Title: West Perry High School) 10 of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2014, West Perry High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. At West Perry High School, fewer than 10 students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the associated AP exam. In 2016, West Perry High School offered 7 AP courses with just 15% of the Document [181] (Title: Mifflinburg Area School District) the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2014, Mifflinburg Area High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the Document [182] (Title: Juniata High School) AP class. At Juniata High School 20% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. Juniata High School now offers AP courses in U.S. History, Statistics, Calculus AB and BC, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, and Computer Science Principles, for the 2018-2019 school year. One of the facilities within the school is the Library which contains nearly 14,000 volumes, of which nearly 7,000 books have Accelerated Reader quizzes available. The library also has current magazines and archived magazine for the most recent three years. Newspapers are received daily and weekly, Document [183] (Title: Carlisle Area School District) In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. In 2013, Carlisle Area High School offered 17 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The student pays the fee for the exam which was $89 per test per pupil in 2012. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and Document [184] (Title: Blue Mountain High School) SAT score of 1070; average 527 in the verbal section and 543 in the math. In 2013, Blue Mountain High School offered 9 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher Document [185] (Title: University High School (Tucson)) minimum of 8 Advanced Placement (AP) classes (including AP English as upperclassmen, AP US History, and AP US Government). However, many opt to take additional AP courses, with some students completing as many as 16. In 2004, the school had the greatest percentage of students passing the AP exams for United States History, Comparative Politics, and English Language of any high school in the world. Also, nearly all of students continue on to college, with 50-75% achieving one or more scholarships. As of 2009, the following AP courses are offered (28 of the 31 that the College Board offers): US Document [186] (Title: West York Area School District) York Area High School offered 6 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some higher education institutions also give credits for Question: how many ap courses are there to choose from

Answer: 38 Long Answer: There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program . A complete list of courses can be found below: Gold Document ID: 171

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Neeliyar Bhagavathi) would suck their blood. No one who went near the river ever returned home. Once, a personal called Kalakkad Namboothiri went there for a bath, and saw Neeliyar Bhagavathi. The Goddess asked him his name; he replied saying he was Kalakkad; and the Goddess told him that she was Kali. She then gave him oil and a thaali leaf. Kalakkad drank the oil and thaali juice saying that it was Amruthu (nectar) given to him by his mother. On seeing this, the Goddess was very happy that he called him mother, and so she spared his life, and furthermore accompanied Document [2] (Title: Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal) characters in Malayalam Cinema, and also noted for the performance of Thilakan, and the background score of Johnson. The story is centered around a Malayali Syrian Christian-Nasrani ("Nazarene") background. Throughout the film, there are references to the Biblical book Song of Songs. In Song of Songs, the poetic book depicts romantic dialogue between a young woman and her lover. The film story follows a somewhat parallel story. A young working girl who does not have anyone to affirm as her is in search for the least a shepherd. The biblical script goes through her dreams and her affection for a Document [3] (Title: Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram) Goddess Devi and Lord Krishna's shrine is present. It is a very peaceful place in Trivandrum City. Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram Thirumala is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. The name is literally split into two, 'Thiru' 'Mala' meaning "Holy Hill" which refers to the hill on which an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to the god Krishna called Parakovil which is formally known as Thrichakrapuram S Thirumala is also a huge hill, the summit of which may be reached from the Killiar at Jagathy, top most point being Parakovil. Thirumala is close to Pangode, the cantonment area. It is Document [4] (Title: Amayannoor) there. One day, the queen came to visit the temple. She was deeply amused by the shining 'Manikya' (Ruby gemstone) in the Linga idol. She made a request to the Ooranmas (temple administrators) to own the precious stone. But upon the denial, rani with her royal powers ordered the soldiers to took the stone. They killed the chief priest and took it from the Sreekovil. From there onwards, her dynasty was haunted by certain catastrophic and unfortunate events and even led to the destruction of the village. On Malayalam month Dhanu 23, , the temple faced a conflagration. In , Document [5] (Title: Vatathukkul Chadhuram) Vatathukkul Chadhuram Vatathukkul Chadhuram is a 1978 Indian Tamil film, directed by S. P. Muthuraman and produced by N. S. Mani. The film is based on the novel written by Maharishi. The film stars Latha, Sumithra, Sreekanth and Sarath Babu in lead roles. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. The story depicts the depth of friendship shared between the characters Anu and Malathy. The movie name, meaning a square inside a circle, symbolizes the situation of the character Anu's (Latha) life. Anu falls in love with Karthik (Sreekanth), the brother of her best friend Malathy (Sumithra) from childhood. Kartik Document [6] (Title: Thiruvabharanam) Thiruvabharanam Thiruvabharanam is the sacred ornaments of Ayyappan, the presiding deity of Sabarimala temple. The ornaments are made of gold. It is believed that these ornaments are made at the orders of the Pandalam King, who adopted Ayyappan as his child. Thiruvabharanam is kept at Srambickal Palace, which is close to the Valiyakoikkal Temple, inside the Pandalam Palace premises. At the end of the pilgrim season every year, the ornaments are taken to Sabarimala as a procession and poojas are performed on the idol adorned with the ornaments. After the season, the ornaments are taken back to the Srambickal Palace Document [7] (Title: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam) valley. Kottiyoor Temple, as its name implies, is the meeting of the Trimurti - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The Shivalinga of the Kottiyoor Temple is Swayambhu i.e. formed naturally. Kottiyoor Temple pilgrimage is a rarity where each community is given right to perform specific rituals and duties for their pilgrimage. The ceremonies for the Kottiyoou Festival, performed in sequential order, are Purakkuvam, Neerezhunnallathu, Vavalikettu, Neyyattam , Bringing Agni and Ooda (Reed), "Vaal" Ezhunnallathu, "Chothi Vilakku" , "Naallam Thurakkal" , "Bhandaram Ezhunnallathu" , Thiruvona Aaraadhana , Ilaneervaipu , Ilaneerattam , Revathi Aaraadhana , Rohini Aaraadhana , Thrikur Ariyalavu , Makam , Document [8] (Title: Thirunanthikarai) Ayyavazhithangal are the important places of worship in this area. Thirunanthikkara Siva Temple is 37 km from Thiruvananthapuram en route to Kanyakumari. Centuries old mural paintings have great value in the history of south Indian art. They are protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Thirunanthikkarai Temple is situated on the river banks of Nandhiaaru. The temple is built in the traditional Kerala style of temple architecture. Though the temple is the abode of Shiva, a shrine of Lord Vishnu is also present in the temple facing Lord Shiva. There is an ancient rock-cut cave temple situated towards the northern side Document [9] (Title: Parvathi Puthannaar) coast. It finally ends in a small delta near Poonthura and empties into the Indian Ocean. The delta formed by Parvathi Puthannar is known as Poonthura Pozhi. At first its water was very clear and fresher than any river or other man-made canal in India. At that time Travancore was the only hygienic, clean city in India. However, Parvathi Puthannar is now polluted and most portions are not navigable, due to pollution and weeds. Parvathi Puthannar was recently declared a part of the West Coast Canal which forms the National Waterway 3 (NW-III). Parvathi Puthannaar Parvati Puthannar (Malayalam: പാർവതി പുത്തനാർ) Document [10] (Title: Tirukkuṛaḷ) second, following the kural metre. A "cir" is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, the term "Thirukkural" is a "cir" formed by combining the two words "thiru" and "kuṛaḷ". The book on "Aṟam" (virtue) contains 380 verses, that of "Poruḷ" (wealth) has 700 and that of "Inbam" or "kāmam" (love) has 250. "Aṟam" refers to ethical values for the holistic pursuit of life, "porul" refers to wealth obtained in ethical manner guided by "aṟam", and "inbam" or "kāmam" refers to pleasure and fulfilment of one's desires, also in an "aṟam"-driven manner. Although "porul" Document [11] (Title: Puthur-Vela) Puthur-Vela Puthur Vela is an annual festival at the Puthur Thirupuraikkal Bhagavathy temple (), located in Puthur, Kerala, India. The temple houses the Goddess Karnaki, who is believed to be an incarnation of Goddess Parvathi. This temple is famous locally and attracts several hundred devotees every year. The Kadhana vedi (firecrackers) are set off at 6 pm everyday after the evening pooja. The festival is conducted during the month of April. The festivities last for 3 to 4 weeks in the Malayalam month of 'Meenam', which corresponds to March–April of the Western calendar. The flag symbolizing the beginning of the Document [12] (Title: Bhattathiri) must have come to Kerala at various periods, as per the requirements of the then ruling dynasties. Bhattathiri Bhattathiri are members of the Namboothiri community of Kerala, India. The Namboothiris (Malayalam :നമ്പൂതിരി) are the upper class Brahmins of Kerala, who consider themselves the most orthodox Brahmins in India. Among that community, families attained the title of Bhattathiri in one of the three ways. The three types of bhattathiris are Saasthra Bhattathiris, Smaartha Bhattathiris and Bhaagavatha Bhattathiris. They are titles gained due to their scholarship. Historically, the foremost mission of Namboothiris has been the acquisition of knowledge, and careful application of Document [13] (Title: Thiru Aadanoor Temple) a measure of sand from the bank of Kollidam according to the work done by them. Much to their surprise, it turned into precious stones for those who toiled and it stayed the same for those who shirked work. The workers who did not get anything were enraged and started chasing the old man. At this juncture, the Lord appeared in his original form and made the workers realize their mistakes. Thirumangai Alvar have sung in praise of the perumal in this temple with 1 Pasuram (hymn): ஒருக்காலே நெடுமாலே உன்னை செருக்கால் மறந்தாலும் இருக்காலே ஏத்தி இறைஞ்ச இயலாது இருந்தாலும் முறுக்காலே மோதிய முன்வினை Document [14] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) in "Madhya adavi" as guests forever. In course of time, the guest ("Sree oorpazhachi") and his friend ("with Shaiva amsham") attained greater significance in the temple than the Goddess herself. The "Ketti adikkal" (Oracle dance) of "Sree Oorpazhachi" seen all over North Malabar places "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" as its natal point. The second legend deals with how "Sree Oorpazhachi" became "Sree oorpazhachi Daivathar". Lord "Kiratha sunu" ("Vettakkorumakan") was a great warrior but his self pride was a source of distress to the Gods. On a request from the Gods, Lord "Vishu" disguised himself as a hunter and engaged "Vettakkorumakan" in Document [15] (Title: Tirunavaya) Tirunavaya Tirunavaya, also spelled as Thirunavaya, is atown in Malappuram, Kerala. Situated on the northern bank of Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani/Nila or Perar), it is one of major Hindu pilgrimage centres in Kerala. Tirunavaya, home to Tirunavaya Temple (Navamukunda/Vishnu Temple) and temples of Siva and Brahma (Cherutirunavaya Brahma Temple and Siva Temple/Tirunavaya Mahadeva Temple), is one of the most prominent places for bali tarpana on Karkitaka vavu in Kerala. Tirunavaya seems to be a very sacred place for the Hindus of Kerala from time immemorial. River Ponnani at Tirunavaya is considered to assume a special sanctity, because it flows between the Document [16] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) though connoisseurs admit that this is an art, and a ritualistic one. It is mainly performed only by select by "Nambudiris" or "Embrandiris" of north Kerala and is one of the special attractions of "Sree oorpazhachi Kavu" during "pattathanam". As the priestly dancer comes out carrying the replica of the idol on his head, the "Maaraar" (hereditary drummer in temples) makes the characteristic drumming when Tantric rites are performed. The word "Thitambu" suggests the direct manifestation of the deity. Dancing with the replicas of the deities on ones heads, is a unique feature of north Kerala. The origin of "Thitambu Document [17] (Title: Kuttumuck Siva Temple) "Thiruvathira" (lunar) star in the Malayalm month "Kumbam" (February–March), it ends after the Aarattu on the 10th day. Religiously, it is the restoration of divine Chaithanya. Dravyakalasam / Brahmakalasam is preceded by the Utsavam. It is aimed at the purification and energisation of the powers of the deity. It is the last of the long series of rituals of kalasam and at the end, the flag will be hoisted (Kodiyettam) heralding the Utsavam. For more details visit For more pictures please visit Kuttumuck Siva Temple Kuttumuck Siva Temple, the abode of Lord Kuttumuck Sree Mahadevan, is located about 5 km Document [18] (Title: Manapullikavu) they celebrates ‘Kathir’ in the third Friday of the Malayalam month of ‘Vrichikam’. On this day, a procession carrying ‘Sarodam’, in a very ornately decorated form is taken out in the evening from the premises of Lord Muniyappan temple, situated at the southern side of the Bhagavathy temple and it culminates at the Manappully Bhagavathy temple at dusk, passing through the streets of Manappullikavu Nair Thara. Another procession from Kenathuparambu, also joins the procession at the Manappullikavu junction and culminates at the temple. An attractive part of this ‘Kathir’ is the procession carrying decorative umbrellas made of palm leaves tied Document [19] (Title: Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple, Kottayam) Shiva shrine. Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple, Kottayam Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple situated in the heart of Kottayam city is one of the 108 revered Shivalayas in central Kerala. The temple is about 500 years old and was built by the Thekkumkoor raja. It also preserves a number of unique sculptures and murals of various Hindu deities. A common belief is that the idol of Shiva here is installed by sage Parashurama himself. The Thekkukkoor royal family considered the idol as their "paradevatha" (tutelary deity) in the form of ""Thirunakkara thevar"" There is an interesting story behind the "Brahma Rakshas". One person Document [20] (Title: Thiruppugazh) devotion in one‘s heart”, said Arunachala Reddiyar. "Thiruppugazh" is a musical mantra that would lead the aspirant to the path of devotion, enlightenment and bliss. Thiruppugazh is panacea for all ills. It is a powerful and effective Mantra because every verse of it contains the divine sanction of Lord Muruga," says V.S.Krishnan, a humble devotee. "It is a great privilege and blessings" he adds,"to be able to author book on a subject such as Thiruppugazh which has been hailed by great saints as an outstanding work of devotion". Thiruppugazh Thiruppugazh (Tamil: , ', : , meaning "Holy Praise" or "Divine Document [21] (Title: Thirumullavaram) Thirumullavaram The place got its name from "Thirumallanmar", the bodyguards of the erstwhile King of Travancore - Sri Marthanda Varma. Thirumullavarum, because of its scenic beauty, was one of the places where the King used to spend his leisure time. Another etymology says that, this place got the name in "THRETHAYUGA". SEETHA DEVI brought the MULLAPOO which were in his hair, due to give signale for Sreerama, by the time of the journey to Lanka by PUSHPAKA VIMANA under Ravana's custody. The MULLAPOO drop this place. So this place got THIRUMULLAVARAM The major landmark of Thirumullavarum is the Sri Maha Document [22] (Title: Thiruvabharanam) first evening, the procession reaches Ayroor Puthiyakavu Devi temple via Kaipuzha, Kulanada, Ullannoor, Parayankara, Kuriyanipallay, Kooduvettickal, Kavumpady, Kidangannur, and Aranmula. On the second day evening it reaches Laha via Peroorchal, Keekozhoor, Aayickal, Pulickamoozhy, Kuthukallinpady, Mandiram, Edakkulam, Vadaserikkara, Madamon, Perunad, and Puthukkada. On the third and final day, the entourage reaches Sabarimala in the evening, via Plappally, Elavumkal, Nilackal, Attathode, Kollamoozhy, Vellachimala, Aettappetty, Oliyampuzha, Valiayanavattom, Cheriyanavattom, Neelimala, Appachimedu, and Saramkuthi. Thiruvabharanam Thiruvabharanam is the sacred ornaments of Ayyappan, the presiding deity of Sabarimala temple. The ornaments are made of gold. It is believed that these ornaments are made at the orders Document [23] (Title: Thrithala) Thrithala Thrithala is a village in Pattambi taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala state, South India. The village is located along the banks of Bharathapuzha and is famed for its Shiva temple. The legend of 'Parayi petta panthirukulam' is centred on Trithala. According to this story, a Brahmin named Vararuchi, married a lower caste woman without knowing her true identity(?). After the marriage, they set out on a long journey. During the course of the journey, the woman became pregnant several times, and every time she delivered a baby, the husband asked her to leave it there itself. Each of Document [24] (Title: Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple) celebrated in commemoration of Nammazhwar, the saint poet of 8th century. The annual 51-day festival to commemorate the installation of idol of Sreekrishna is concluded with Gajamela, where a parade of 21 caparisoned elephants is held. The floats depict depicting Puranic themes and are accompanied by music players playing Mayuranrithom, Krishnanattom, Karakom, Nadaswarom, Panchavadyam, and Pancharimelom. A team of Pancharimelam performers offer rendition during the event. During the evening Kathakali performers where artiste perform various historic themes. Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple The Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu and located in Thiruvanvandoor, Alappuzha District, Kerala, South India. Document [25] (Title: Thiruthalvaadi) Thiruthalvaadi Thiruthalvaadi is a 1992 Malayalam film written by Kaloor Dennis and directed by Viji Thampi. The film stars Jagadish, Siddique, Urvashi, Jagathy Sreekumar, and Sivaranjini in the main roles. The basic plot was based on the 1982 Tamil movie Manal Kayiru directed by Visu. Vishnu (Siddique) is the regional manager in a travels company and he is a bachelor. His friends and relatives try to get him to be married, but Vishnu has seven conditions for his future wife, including ones such as knowing Carnatic music, Hindi, and Chinese and Western cooking. So his friend Krishnankutty (Jagadish) does many Document [26] (Title: Malayalappuzha Devi Temple) all the devotees. The goddess is worshiped for protecting the devotee from enemies, getting the unmarried girls married, obtaining job for the unemployed, and helping businesses flourish. This popular belief and faith makes the temple visited by devotees from far locations. The devi is also known as Goddess Idathattil Bhagwathi Once upon a time, two people belonging to the Namboothiri caste of northern Travancore were meditating at Mookambika temple. They had with them an idol of Bhadrakali. After their meditation for a prolonged period, they received an oracle from Bhadrakali that the idol will have her perpetual presence. The Namboothiris Document [27] (Title: Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple) Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple The Thuiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a Hindu temple located in Cherpu of Thrissur district of Kerala. The deity is Lord Dharma Shastha in standing posture with arch and a bow. An enchanting shrine in the midst of a dense forest, a gusher of beneficent spirit-that was the temple of Thiruvullakkavu, centuries back. Lord Sastha, the presiding deity, as the divine protector of the whole village settlement, showered benediction on a cultured rave. He rode the boundaries of the settlement on His white charger; the pure, microcosmic soul. Full of devotion, the people reveled Document [28] (Title: Places of worship in Muvattupuzha) of Islam followers are majority in southern parts of Kerala. In Muvattupuzha, Thulukkar are concentrated around Pettah, near Post office Junction. Muslims include Sunni, Ahmediyya. Places of worship in Muvattupuzha ‘Velloorkunnu’ means the hill of light.This is one of the rarest Siva Temples situated near The three rivers,which merge to form a single river. Lord Maheswara is the eliminator of all the worries. He gets easily pleased with those who worship. He awards peace in this World and salvation in the other World. He is the annihilator of the wicked and protector of the good. The idol in Velloorkunnam Mahadeva Document [29] (Title: History and Culture of Kottarakkara) History and Culture of Kottarakkara Kottarakkara, a compound word made up of the words "Kottaram", meaning "palace", and "kara" meaning "land", literally means "land of palaces". The area which had several palaces was thus named "Kottarakkara." Kathakali traced its origin to the ritualistic (tantric) period of the Vedic Age and connected its growth from the popular, folk dance dramas.It was believed that Kathakali was conceived from Krishnanattam, the dance drama on the life and activities of Lord Krishna created by the Samoothirippadu (Samoothiri, Swamy Thirumulpad or Zamorin) of Calicut. The legend is as follows: Once Kottarakkara Thampuran the Raja of Document [30] (Title: Kanam (Kerala)) some of worship centers in kanam. All the Senior citizens of that time used to meet at Kotchukalappurayidam alias Prevathicar Veedu and play cards, read newspapers and hold discussions. Mrs. Govinda Pillai (Ittooli Kutty Amma was the only lady who took part in playing cards along with men.) Younger generation took to native bale, kilithattu, chadukudu etc. Onam, Vishu and Thiruvathira were celebrated with pomp by Hindus while Christmas and Easter were observed by Christians. The common celebration was held to observe the annual Thirunal (Birthday of Maha Raja). The Anniversary of the Primary Schools were observed not only by Document [31] (Title: Thiruvathira) folk songs telling tales of lovesick Parvati, her longing and penance for Lord Shiva's affection and Shiva's might and power. The sinuous movements executed by the group of dancers around a "nilavilakku" embody "lasya" or the amorous charm and grace of the feminine. The dance follows a circular, pirouetting pattern accompanied by clapping of the hands and singing. Today, Thiruvathirakali has become a popular dance form for all seasons.Thiruvathira kali is a typical dance form of Kerala. This is a female group dance made up of simple yet very attractive steps. In ancient times, women use to perform this dance Document [32] (Title: Edakkad) (ancient) kavu (grove) surrounded by Eachil (a herb) and the latter meaning pazhakiya (ancient) achi (mother goddess) kavu (grove). Irrespective of the interpretation of "Oorpazachi Kavu", it is the presence of this temple at Edakkad that imparts historical significance to the area. One finds reference to this famous temple in the Malabar Manual by William Logan, the British collector of Malabar. The main deity at Oorpazhachikavu is Oorpazhachi Dhaivam locally known as 'dhaivathareeswaran' who was the deified feudal Nair warrior 'Meloor Dayarappan'. North Malabar Folklore has in its collection of traditional songs described the ferocity of Meloor Dayarappan as the Document [33] (Title: Tharakan (Hindu caste)) fish & chicken). Other than the normal Hindu festivals like Onam, Vishu& Thiruvathira, another special festival related to Onam, 'POTTA THIRUVONAM' (on the day of Thiruvonam star coming in the Malayalam month of 'thulam') used to be celebrated in olden days mainly for showing the sister's affection to their brothers – similar to the concept of Rakhi of North India. One major occasion of family get together of these groups are during the annual temple 'pooram'(പൂരം) festival of their respective paradevatha temples. Tharakan's marriage related processes start from "Ashtamangalyam" (അഷ്ടമംഗല്യം) function – the engagement at bride's residence. After horoscope matching, Document [34] (Title: Thirumarady) celebrated by the farmers of Kakkoor and surrounding villages. The main highlight of this festival is the Cattle Market which is the literal meaning of "Kalavayal’. The centuries-old festival is also connected to some local myths. It is believed that the deities of the Edapara (Thirumarady) and Ambassery (Kakkoor) Bhagavathis are sisters and both meets each other once in a year. The Kakkoor Kalavayal Festival reminds their annual meeting which celebrates in the Aswathi, Bharani, Karthika & Rohini stars of the Malayalam month Kumbham (Feb-March). It was part of erstwhile Vadakkumkoor kingdom until it was captured by Travancore kingdom, now Document [35] (Title: Thrippunithura) ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river" above doesn't give sense. Thirupunithra = Thiru punitha thara means land which holiness..and pooni refers to the bag used to carry arrows The 'Raja nagari' or the royal city is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The erstwhile rulers of Kingdom of Cochin were great patrons of art. This made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. Document [36] (Title: Thiruvathira) out of seven vegetables, that is cooked and served on this day. They choose from Pooshanikai (pumpkin), Paranghikai (ash gourd), Vazhakkai (plantain), Pacha mochai (field beans), Sarkaraivalli kizhangu (sweet potato), Cheppan kizhangu (colocasia), Urulai kizhangu (potato), Katharikai (eggplant) etc. The dancing form of Lord Shiva is taken out on procession from all Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. In Chidambaram, The night before the full moon, "Abishekam", or holy shower, to the Lord Shiva is performed with the nine most precious gems ("navarathnam"), including diamonds, coral, pearls, jade and emerald, among others. On the day of full moon, the chariot procession Document [37] (Title: Thirumarayoor) Rama was chasing the deer, it disappeared at this place. The word in Malayalam for "disappear" is "marayuka". "Thiru" is indicating something related to God and "ooru" is the place. Thus the name Thiru-mara-ooru (Thirumarayoor) was originated. This village consists of a bank, an agricultural society, many paddy fields, fishing spots, etc. The village is 35 km from Kochi. Nearby places are Veliyanad and Thottoor. Thirumarayoor Thirumarayoor is a small village situated around 7 km from Piravom in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. A sub-post office of Arakunnam (PIN-682313) and a co-operative bank are the only public firms operating Document [38] (Title: Thiruppathisaram) the sacred history of Tirupathisaram. Thiruppathisaram Thiruppathisaram is a village in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, the southern Indian state. This village is renowned for the Thiruvazhmarban Temple dedicated to Lord Thiruvazhimarban, Supreme God (Vishnu). Thiruppathisaram, also known as Thiruvanparisaram is to the north-east of Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district, around 3.5 km from Nagercoil city centre. The place derives its name from a 5000-year-old temple dedicated to Thiruvazhimarban ("Lord in whose heart Thiru - Goddess Padmavati abodes") Lord Vishnu. Thiruppathisaram is part of the 108 Divya Desams and "Malayala Nattu Thiruppatigal". The mother of Nammalvar, a Vaishnavite poet-saint, was Document [39] (Title: Thiruvanchikulam Temple) Thiruvanchikulam Temple Thiruvanchikulam Siva Temple (medieval Thiruvanchaikkalam Temple) is a Hindu temple situated in Kodungallur in Thrissur district in the South Indian state of Kerala in India. Constructed in the Kerala style of architecture, the temple is believed to have been built during the Chera period in the 8th century. Shiva is worshipped as Mahadeva and his consort Parvathi as Umadevi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the "Tevaram", written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanmars and classified as "Paadal Petra Sthalam", one of the 276 temples that find mention in Document [40] (Title: Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram) "Now I am going to Thiruchendur from your land and don't forget I will return, and then it will be your final day." Saying this Thirumal deserted Thiruvananthapuram and walked towards Thiruchendur. Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram As Kalimayai captured the king of Thiruvitankur and began to rule over the people as their king, Thirumal came to Thiruvananthapuram according to Ayyavazhi mythology. This falls under Akilam five in Akilattirattu Ammanai. When Thirumal decided to go to Thiruvananthapuram the temple boy of Sri Rangam and a Brahmin fall on his feet and asked humbly, "Your greatness, your children The Santror are suffering due Document [41] (Title: Chaappa Kurishu) film ends with Ansari standing up to people who mock him. ""Chappa Kurishu"" means Head or Tail in Malayalam. Sameer Thahir says: "While I was writing the script itself, giving shape to the main male leads, Ansari and Arjun , I knew that they were the two sides of the same coin. So I thought of 'Heads or Tails' as the title. But I wanted it in the colloquial lingo. It's called 'Changum Chappayum' in Kollam, 'Thalayum Valum' in Kottayam, 'Raja Kozhi' in Thrissur, 'Chappa Pulli' in Kozhikode and 'Chaappa Kurish' in Cochin. And I belong to Cochin." The director Document [42] (Title: Pettathullal) 25th Dhanu and performs an "Aazhi pooja." Before the thullal of Ambalappuzha group, a "Krishna parunth" (sacred eagle) flies round in the sky. It is believed that lord Vishnu himself arrives from Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna temple on his mount Garuda to witness the thullal. The fascinating customs of Pettathullal starts with 'Prayashchitham' or atonement which is done to seek forgiveness for the intentional and unintentional sins committed during the vrata kalam (fasting period) by placing a coin and betel leaf on the holy "irumudikettu" or travel kit. The next custom is the offering of 'Pettapanam kettal' or Dakshina to Periyaswami. Document [43] (Title: History and culture of Kaviyoor) Paara=Rock/Boulder. Mal. തൃക്കല്ക്കുടി ). Literally, this means cave settlement. The land surrounding the rock also was called 'Kal-kudi' (കല്ക്കുടി). Still, there is a nearby piece of land by name 'Kakkudiyil', a corrupt form for 'Kalkudiyil' (കല്ക്കുടിയില് ). More corrupt forms (like Thrikkaakkudi, Thrikkokudi etc.) are doing rounds as newer generations of people, defying rhyme and reason, use words, ignoring their etymological significance. History: Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple which has a unique style of architecture and is one of the oldest temples in Kerala. Also known as Thrikkaviyoor Mahadeva Temple, it is one of the prominent temples in Kerala. Medieval period most Document [44] (Title: Thiruvathira) in their homes during festivals and functions, giving it the Malayalam name aka Kaikottikali: aka-inside + kaikottikali-play claping hands. Lore has it that Thiruvathira Kali is in memory of Lord Siva taking Parvathi as his wife. A group of women dressed in typical Kerala style with mundu and neriyathu and the hair bun adorned with jasmine garlands perform this dance during festival seasons.. Kaikottikkali spreads the message of joy and also illustrates the emotions of a married woman towards her beloved and of the unmarried woman longing for one. Thiruvathira is also known as the Kerala's own version of Karva Document [45] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) "waist belt of bells" (aramaNi) during the performance. Thiriyuzhichil Thiriyuzhichil is a dance ritual performed by Pulluvas in Kerala (South India) to alleviate the fear of snakes, to appease the snake and to be blessed with babies. This is more popular in the districts of Trichur, Calicut and Palghat and it is performed in Hindu Temples and shrines meant for snakes. By performing this, the queen of snakes could be appeased. The performer starts dancing holding a torch in his hand using various types of music instruments. Thiri Uzhichchil is also performed as one of the items in Ayyappan Vilakku Document [46] (Title: Thirunakkara Perumal) she fell in love with Mathai (Madhu) of Kalappurakkal tharavad and later marries him. After this incidence, friendly relationship between the Hindus and Christians became stronger than before. Kulathungal Chacko and his brothers envied on this harmonious relation ship and later leads to changes in the story. Thirunakkara Perumal Thirunakkara Perumal is a 2009 Malayalam film directed by Pasad Valacherry. The movie features Babu Antony, Riyaz Khan, Madhu and Seema in the lead roles. "Thirunakkara Perumal" is develops in Perumatthurkkara village. Both Hindus and Christians lived there peacefully.The Temple is off Perumathur Kovilakam, during the time of festival people of Document [47] (Title: Places of worship in Muvattupuzha) Places of worship in Muvattupuzha ‘Velloorkunnu’ means the hill of light.This is one of the rarest Siva Temples situated near The three rivers,which merge to form a single river. Lord Maheswara is the eliminator of all the worries. He gets easily pleased with those who worship. He awards peace in this World and salvation in the other World. He is the annihilator of the wicked and protector of the good. The idol in Velloorkunnam Mahadeva Temple is Kirathamoorthy, who gets easily pleased in his Devotees. They believe that the fore sating of arrogance and the trust in Lord Sankara bring Document [48] (Title: Thiruvattoor) Thiruvattoor Thiruvattoor is a village in Pariyaram Grama Panchayath of Kannur district, Kerala, India. It has an area of 35 square kilometers and a population of 2000 (approx). Thiruvattoor is about 12 kilometers away from Taliparamba town. The Thiruvattoor Makham and Thiruvattoor Shiva Temple are famous religious symbols in and around the village. It is surrounded by hills on all sides, except the east where it shares a boundary with the Kuppam River. Thiruvattoor made history a hundred years ago when it used its autonomy to assert its sole right to the local biodiversity. The village consists of mini-villages such Document [49] (Title: Attukal) Attukal Attukal (Malayalam:) is a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It is situated about two kilometres to the south east from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram City. The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple, one of the ancient temples of South India, is popularly described as Sabarimala of the Women, as women form the major portion of devotees is located at Attukal. The Goddess in the temple of Attukal is worshipped as the Supreme Mother, creator of all living beings and the mighty preserver as well as destroyer of them all. The pilgrims from all over the country, who visit Sree Document [50] (Title: Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple) Hunter who destroys the sinners and protects the virtuous. He is the personification of fierce, protective Love. But at Thiruvullakkavu, He blesses His children with enough wits to earn prosperity to the point of satiety. Later, they become wise enough to renounce it and seek the path of bliss. Verily, Thiruvullakkavu is THE ABODE OF WISDOM. Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple The Thuiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a Hindu temple located in Cherpu of Thrissur district of Kerala. The deity is Lord Dharma Shastha in standing posture with arch and a bow. An enchanting shrine in the midst of Document [51] (Title: Thiruvaniyoor) Thiruvaniyoor Thiruvaniyoor is an eastern suburb of the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. Situated around 15 km (9 mi) south-east from the city centre, it is a part of Kunnathunad taluk. During the starting years of 19th century, almost 90% of the land was under the control of Devaswom or landloards. The major devaswom and landloards at that time were thiruvaniyoor devasam, Chemmanad Devaswom, Monappilly Devaswom, Muriyamangalam Devaswom, Purapperi Mana, Kizhakumbhagath Mana, Thuruthikkala Mana, Mathurakkattu Mana, etc. Junior Chamber International (JCI Thiruvaniyoor) is the most popular social organization of Thiruvaniyoor. JCI movement started at Thiruvaniyoor in Document [52] (Title: Thirunallar) the flames one leaf containing the forty-ninth Padigam of the Tevaram hymn which was sung at the shrine of Lord Darbharanyeswaran Shiva at Thirunallar. The leaf remained untouched by the flames and maintained its evergreen freshness, reestablishing Saivism as the true religion in Pandian capital. Hence the glory of the Thirunallar temple. The name ThiruNallar(u) is believed to represent the association of King Nala of the Nishadha country who was delivered from the bad effects of Shani (Saturn) by invoking the Lord's mercy here (Nala + Aru = Nallaru). The word "Aru" here denotes "to heal" and the two words Document [53] (Title: Thrithala) the 9th and 10th century, marks the transition from the Chola to the Pandya style of architecture. According to a legend, the child Agnihotri was bathing in the river along with his mother. He heaped the sand in the form of a mound on a plate ('thalam' in Malayalam). When the mother tried to remove the sand, she found that it has solidified in the form of a 'Siva Lingam'. Thus the deity is known as 'Thalathilappan', meaning God in a plate. The idol is said to have the constitution of sand. It is believed that the sharp bend in Document [54] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) associated with Sree "Oorpazhachi Daivathar". The first legend associated with "Sree Oorpazhachi Daivathar" has it that, once Lord "Vishnu" happened to laugh harmlessly at his consort, Goddess "Lakshmi". Unfortunately for him, she misinterpreted this to be an act of mockery aimed at her. Angered as she was, she cursed her husband, “May you lose your head and be handicapped thus”. Lord "Shiva" and" Brahma" were worried at the new fate of" Vishnu" and approached Goddess "Lakshmi" requesting her to redeem "Vishnu" from the curse. Goddess "Lakshmi" replied, “"Para Shakti" (the mother equivalent to the holy trinity) itself is a feminine Document [55] (Title: Attukal) ceremony is exclusively confined to women folk and the enormous crowd, which gathers in Thiruvananthapuram on this auspicious day is reminiscent of the Kumbhamela Festival of North India. Attukal Attukal (Malayalam:) is a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It is situated about two kilometres to the south east from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram City. The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple, one of the ancient temples of South India, is popularly described as Sabarimala of the Women, as women form the major portion of devotees is located at Attukal. The Goddess in the temple of Attukal is worshipped as the Document [56] (Title: Amunthirathu Devi Temple) for the safety of places such as Kottarakara (Kollam) and Kayamkulam (Alappuzha), where he is narrated by historians, to have lived in difficulty for many years, travelling from one place to another to escape his political enemies. Marthanda varma made intimate relation with Vanjipuzha thampuran for helping his sister and son-in-law. By political moves Marthanda varma gain victory over the nobles in travancore and bring his sister and son-in-law to Attingal palace which was considered as the ancestral homes of Travancore royals. The Queendom of attingal favours devi (female god) worship rather than deva (male god) and the queenly state Document [57] (Title: Thirunanthikarai) Thirunanthikarai Thirunanthikara is a village situated in Thirparappu panchayath, in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. This village comes under the post office of Kulasekharam, 3 km away, and is located along the Kulasekharam–Pechipara road. The primary revenue source for the area is natural rubber production and tapping. Many of the youth of Thirunanthikara work in Gulf countries and their money helps support the village. 20% of the people speak Malayalam, 80% speak Tamil. The traditions and customs of the people are similar to those of the people of Kerala. Thirunanthikara Nanthishwaran Temple, Thirunanthikara Cave Temple, Peedavilai Mutharamman Temple, Document [58] (Title: Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram) Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram Thrikkovil - Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple, () is a Hindu temple with Lord Vishnu as the presiding deity, located at Vallicode village in Pathanamthitta District in Kerala, India. The temple comes under the Travancore Devaswom Board. As per local folklore, it is considered the second one of its kind after the famous Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. More spectacularly the 10-day festival includes Rupmani Swayambaram. In going with the simplicity and elegant architecture of temples in Kerala, the temple premises here present a very serene and spiritual outlook. There is a temple pond adjoining which abound with Document [59] (Title: Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram) Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram Thirumala is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. The name is literally split into two, 'Thiru' 'Mala' meaning "Holy Hill" which refers to the hill on which an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to the god Krishna called Parakovil which is formally known as Thrichakrapuram S Thirumala is also a huge hill, the summit of which may be reached from the Killiar at Jagathy, top most point being Parakovil. Thirumala is close to Pangode, the cantonment area. It is located at . Thirumala is on the Kattakkada – Neyyar Dam Road. It is about 6 km Document [60] (Title: Atavanad) have a strong influence on local cultural traditions. Teeyate, Thiruvathira, Duff Muttu, Kolkali, and Aravanamuttu are popular traditions. Temples and mosques are common gathering places for both social and religious reasons. Athavanad has a long history of playing football. The Kerala Cattle Race (known as Kalappoottu and Maramadi) is a traditional event. It was banned in 2014 by a court ruling, as it was deemed to violate a 1960 law pertaining to preventing animal cruelty. CPI, NCP, and MUL] [CPIM are the major political parties in Athavanad. Athavanad is a major educational hub. It has several educational institutions ranging from Document [61] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) Maharajah of Travancore, in his capacity as Thrippappoor Mooppan, escorts the deities to the vettakkalam for Pallivetta. Centuries back, the Pallivetta procession was said to pass through Kaithamukku, Kuthiravattom (Kunnumpuram), Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram and Putharikkandam. The festivals culminate with the "Aarat" (holy bath) procession to the Shankumugham Beach. The word "Aarat" refers to the purificatory immersion of the deities of the temple in sea. This event takes place in the evening. The Maharajah of Travancore escorts the "Aarat" procession on foot. The festival idols "Utsava Vigrahas" of Padmanabhaswamy, Narasimha Moorthi and Krishna Swami are given a ritual bath in the sea, Document [62] (Title: Rajarajeshwara Temple) the Goddess presented the Shivalingam in the Thretha Yugam, and Muchukundam and Shathasoman were the devotees who received the other two lingams in Dwapara Yugam. Goddess Parvathi advised each of them to install the idols in such a place where no death of any creature had taken place or any dead body had fallen. After a long search for such a place, which was very difficult to locate, Maandhatha, the first one to receive the lingam, found out a small place of that description, only that much land which could accommodate a small plate. Thalika in Malayalam means a plate. Document [63] (Title: Thunchan Parambu, Tirur) Thunchan Parambu, Tirur Thunchan Parambu or "Thunchan Memorial Trust and Research Centre" is a place in Tirur, Kerala, South India. It is located 2 km south west of Tirur railway station and 28 km west of the District Headquarters city. It is a residential area. Thunjan Parambu in Tirur in Malappuram is the birthplace of Thunchath Ezhuthachan, the father of the Malayalam language. A memorial ( Thunjan Smarakom ) for the great poet has been built at Thunjan Parambu in 1964. Ezhuthachan is considered as the Father of the Malayalam language, because of his devotion to the language, his influence Document [64] (Title: Thiruvazhmarban temple) the tank, he felt rejuvanted worshipping the Vishnu temple in the banks. He is believed to have constructed the temple and named the place as Thiruvanparisaram ("pari" in Tamil indicates horse). "Thiru" indicates respect, "vazh" means live and "marban" indicates the heart of the person. Since Vishnu held his consort in his heart in this place, he is commonly referred Thiruvazhmarban. The exact history of the temple could not be ascertained from the inscriptions. The oldest inscription is dated from 1139 AD, when a person by name Natesan Chetti from Rajendra Cholapattinam offering donations to the temple. Two other inscriptions Document [65] (Title: Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple) Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple ( also known as Kattampack Kizhakkum Bhagam Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple) is an ancient Bhadrakali temple located in Njeezhoor village, Kottayam. It is the only temple in Njeezhoor village where presiding deity as Sree Bhadrakali. Offering naranga vilakku (Lemon lamp) and neivilakku (Ghee lamp) on every Tuesday and Friday is very significant in this temple. The nearest towns are Kuravilangad and Kaduthuruthy. It is about 6 km and 11 km away from temple respectively. The last renovation activities were done on 19 March 2016 with the presence of Kshetra Thantri Brahma Sree Anil Dhivakaran Namboothiri. Document [66] (Title: Ezhumanthuruthu) powers. He used to bathe early morning in nearby river. One day a mango tree fell down on his route causing obstacle to his way. He murmured three times "Ezhumave". "Ezhu" means stand up and "mave" means mango tree in Malayalam. After this incident the mango tree stood up and cleared the way for the Namboothiripad. Thereafter, the place was known as Ezhumanthuruthu and the house of the Namboothiripad as Ezhumavil Mana. Correct meaning of "Ezhu" is seven, hence Ezhumanthuruthu means island of seven mango trees. The former one is someone's belief only. In legend it was said that the Document [67] (Title: Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram) Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram Ayiroor (also : Ayroor) is a small town in Varkala of Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India. This village is famous for its temples namely Anjumurthy temple, Ayiravilly temple, Thrimballur temple, and Kochu Thampuratty temple.These temples are famous for their yearly festivals conducted in between the month of january to march. The name 'Ayiroor' itself originates from 'Anjumurthy', which means five idols. Ayiroor is on the banks of the river Ayiroorpuzha, one of the smallest rivers in Kerala after manjeshwaram puzha. On the southwest side of this village passes the Thiruvananthapuram-Shoranur canal. Educational institutions include Ayiroor Document [68] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) on all the days. It was a divine opportunity for the Devotees to attend the Sathram and offer their prayers and be blessed by Lord Guruvayoorappan. Bhagavatha acharyas and scholars from all over the country participated and rendered their scholarly discourses to the devotees, dedicated to Lord Guruvayoorappan. The incarnation of Lord Shiva at Purandareswarath Sree Maha Deva Temple believed as a form of Sharabha. The incarnation of lord Sarabha is that mellowed Lord Vishnu’s ominous form of the breast-bursting, blood-sucking Narasimha. He is the heavenly deliverer of mental bliss. Praying to him can make anyone "calm of mind, all Document [69] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) Thuravoor, Cherthala Thuravoor is a gram panchayat in the Pattanakkad Block of Cherthala Taluk of the Alappuzha District, State of Kerala, India. It comes under Aroor Assembly constituency. Thuravoor lies exactly between Kochi and Alappuzha. A four lane National Highway 47 passes through the village, which along with a railway station gives it excellent connectivity with the remainder of the state. Thuravoor is famous for the Narasimha Swamy temple which is dedicated to the fourth incarnation (avatara) of Vishnu, the Narasimha. The temple has two main deities, the Vadakkanappan (Lord Narasimha) and the Tekkanappan (Lord Sudurshana), which is rare among Document [70] (Title: Akilam six) Akilam six Akilam six is the sixth section of Akilam, the primary holy text of Ayyavazhi. This section describes the transformation of the ruling authority of the universe from Sivan to Thirumal. It also narrates the preparational events of the Avatar of Vaikundar. There is a description of the famine and other natural disasters that took place in the Travancore country because Thirumal left from there. Since Thirumal left Travancore because of the cruel rule of the king, the country faced a lot of political, economic as well as natural disasters. But the land of Tiruchendur where Thirumal arrived after Document [71] (Title: Thiruvanchikulam Temple) Thiruvanchikulam Devaswom under the Cochin Devaswom Board. This is the only Thevaram Paadal Petra Shiva sthalam in Kerala. Shiva is the family god of the Cochin Royal Family (Perumpadapu Swaroopam after they came to power following the decline of Chera Empire). The temple has very good mural paintings and is a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India. The temple has the oldest reference in history in Thevaram Hymns sung by Sundara Murthi Nayanar (also known as Sundarar in Tamil), one of the four Saiva Acharyas. The images of Sundara Murthi Nayanar, and of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar can also Document [72] (Title: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram) cuisines are popular. Arabian, Thai and branded fast food joints are also patronised. Culture of Thiruvananthapuram The city of Thiruvananthapuram has been the centre of cultural activities of Kerala (India) from the time it was made capital of Travancore in 1745. The capital city is a major intellectual and artistic center. The Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo were started during the reign of Swathi Thirunal (1813–1847) and are one of the oldest of their kind in India. The city's libraries include the Trivandrum Public library, which was started in 1829. The Swathi Thirunal College of Music and 'College of fine Document [73] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) beginning of the Kali yuga. Lord Vishnu gave some advice to Hareetha Maharshi to overcome the difficulties in Kali yuga. These pieces of advice are called "Thiru Mozhi" meaning 'Sacred Words'. And thereafter this place got its name as "Thirumozhi kalam" – kalam means place. Later Thirumozhikkalam became Thirumoozhikkulam. The temple complex enclosed in a large area with picturesque surroundings, holds the main sanctum dedicated to Lakshmana Perumal. The sanctum sanctorum of the main shrine houses the idol of Maha Vishnu. The main annual festival for ten days each year in the month of Medam (April/May). The temple is under Document [74] (Title: Thiruppathisaram) Thiruppathisaram Thiruppathisaram is a village in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, the southern Indian state. This village is renowned for the Thiruvazhmarban Temple dedicated to Lord Thiruvazhimarban, Supreme God (Vishnu). Thiruppathisaram, also known as Thiruvanparisaram is to the north-east of Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district, around 3.5 km from Nagercoil city centre. The place derives its name from a 5000-year-old temple dedicated to Thiruvazhimarban ("Lord in whose heart Thiru - Goddess Padmavati abodes") Lord Vishnu. Thiruppathisaram is part of the 108 Divya Desams and "Malayala Nattu Thiruppatigal". The mother of Nammalvar, a Vaishnavite poet-saint, was born in this village, before Document [75] (Title: Bharathappuzha) Nila.Tholpavakoothu (around 65 temples are situated in the banks of river Nila) is a unique shadow puppet play mainly performed in the Bhadar Kali temple in the malabar region Leading Malayalam writers who were born along its banks include M. T. Vasudevan Nair, M. Govindan, V. K. N., O. V. Vijayan and M. Sukumaran. Late poet P. Kunhiraman Nair, a native of north Malabar, drew literary inspiration from the scenic beauty of the landscape along the Bharatapuzha. There are a number of famous Hindu temples like Thiruvilwamala Temple, Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple, Chamravattam [[Ayyappa]] Temple and Panniyur Sree Varahamurthy Temple on Document [76] (Title: Muchilot Bhagavathi) silver tabernacle in the "Padinjattakam", to worship began to be known as Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi. Muchilot Bhagavathi ] Muchilot Bhagavathi is the chief goddess of Vaniya Nair/Vaniya community of north malabar. An exploration into the history of the goddess, Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi, the source of all prosperity, the reservoir of all knowledge and an immeasurable ocean of benevolence, reveals the fact that there are various opinions related to her life. Some of her devotees believe her to be the goddess bloomed from the sweat of Lord Shiva shed at the time of his stupendous dance on the Mount Kailasa. Whereas Document [77] (Title: Thiruvathira) takes place. The most important Arudhra Darshan festival takes place at the Chidambaram Shiva Temple in Tamil Nadu. The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva is enacted on the day. In Kerala, the festival is celebrated as the birthday of Lord Shiva. Thiruvathira is the "nakshatra" or "star" as per the Malayalam calendar of Lord Shiva. Another belief is that the festival commemorates the death of Kamadeva, the Hindu god of erotic desire. It is believed that on this day, the Goddess Parvathi finally met Lord Shiva after her long penance and Lord Shiva took her as a "saha-dharma chaarini" (equal Document [78] (Title: History and culture of Thrippunithura) the word 'Pooni' is yet to be established. The waterbodies in the area point to the presence of a thura in the location, before Kochi Azhi was created by a devastating flood. The word "Thura" in Greek means a door or an opportunity, and could also be a loan word introduced by early traders along the west coast. When the Kings of erstwhile cochin Dynasty made this place their capital, the area where the palaces and the fort are constructed came to known as Thiru Poonithura as the word "Thiru" shows respect. In due course it became Tripunithura. Thirupunithra= Thiru Document [79] (Title: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam) Kalam Varavu , Atham naal , Vallattom , Thengaeru , Chithra naal , Thrikkaleshattam , Thandilmeil Oonu , Vaal madakkam , Valiya Vattalam Payasam , Purakkuvam (Prakuzham, Purakuzham) Rohini aradhana is an important ceremony. Kurumathoor Nayikan Brahman, the title of the head of a Vaishnavite family in the area, who has the birthright for the ceremony, performs the rite. He is considered a representation of Vishnu. The Namboothiri performs the rites and embraces the Swayambhu Shivalinga, i.e. Alingana Pushpanjali. This commemorates the incident which took place during the Daksha yaga. Shiva was in heartbreaking sorrow, when he saw the burned Document [80] (Title: Tamil honorifics) French "Monsieur". "Thiru" is a word that also means "sacred" or "holy". It is also a Tamil name for the God Mahavishnu, who is called "Thirumaal" (திருமால்), and Goddess Lakshmi, who is called "Thirumagal" (திருமகள்) in Tamil. It is also meant for "wealth", "respect", and "name" in Tamil language. The word "Thiru" is part of many city-names, such as Trivandrum or Thiruvananthapuram; Thiruchendur, Thiruvaiyaru, Thiruvenkadam, Thirumalai, Thirupathi, Thiruchirappalli, Thirukoilur, Thirukumaran, Thiruvannamalai etc. This list is endless; the word Thiru forms part of the name of many other cities and towns in South India. These are used to refer to unmarried Document [81] (Title: Tirur) are introduced into the world of writing, soon after infancy, when they first trace the letters of the Malayalam alphabets in sand taken from that revered spot which was Ezhuthachan's home. People in thousands reach Thunjan Paramba with their children, to initiate them into the world of letters on the Vijayadasami day. Children are made to write on the white sands of Thunjan Paramba with their fingers. Also young poets of Kerala come on that day to offer their first poem. A Nux vomica ("കാഞ്ഞിരം") tree, the leaves of which are not bitter, is a surprise at the Thunjan Paramba. Document [82] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) One of the famous festival in that village Thuravoor Kadathuruth Srimahadavi Temple, one of the prominent devi temples in Alappuzha. It is situated 2 km away from Thuravoor Junction. The idol of the goddess Bhadrakali (popularly known as "Kadathuruth Amma") in the temple is unique as it has four hands with various attributes. One is holding the head of a Daruka Sirasu, another a sword, next an anklet, another a bell. It is popularly called "Kadathuruthil Chakki". Kuthiyathode belween Thuravoor NH 47, western side of around 1 km Road (Pattukulangara Jn.) one of the prominent devi temples in Alappuzha. It Document [83] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) settle any slight disputes or entanglements that they may occur with reference to the temple holdings or to the temple itself. The temple flourished till mid of 20th Century with its tremendous impact on the socio-cultural fields.Till 26/12/1965, Managing Trustee of the Thirupalkadal Devaswom was Brhmasree Narayanaru Narayanaru of Amunthuruthimadom(keezhcheri)one of the prominent Malayala Namboothiri illom situated at Attingal Near Manampoor Alamcode(chirayinkeezhTaluk.,Thiruvananthapuram District,Kerala State,India)(they are also the Managing Trustee Thirumanampoor Subramanya Temple)belonging to Chenganoor Malayalam Namboothiri Brahmana Illom they are also the representative of His Highness Maharaja of erstwhile Travancore in Thiruvattar Adikesava Perumal Temple.In 1965, Brahmasree Narayana Narayanaru entrust Document [84] (Title: Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple) The main attractions of this festival are Thrikodiyettu, Ahaspooja, Sreebhoothabali, Uthsavabali, kalamzhuthum pattum, Thottam pattu, Ponkkala, Pallivetta, Ghosayathra, Aarattu, Thookapayattu, Garudanparappu and thrikodiyirakku. In 2014, Karthika Thirunal Mahothsavam was from February 26 to March 7. Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple The Edava Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple (ഇടവാ പാലക്കാവ് ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം) is one of the ancient temples in south India. It is situated at Edava in Thiruvananthapuram District, India. Bhadrakali Devi is the presiding deity of this temple. A festival is conducted during the month of "Kumbham". This is an occasion when the entire village, irrespective of religious differences, erupt in festive mood. The Document [85] (Title: Cheriazheekkal) So today it is a temple for both Siva and Vishnu, and Mahasivaratri is celebrated annually for 10 days as grandly as the festivities that surround Sree Krishna Jayanthi. Majority people in Cheriazheekkal was Hindu Arayans - which is a sub caste of Tamil Muthuraja community . The word ARAYAN derived from the Sanskrit word ARAJAN which means king or the ruler, So all the people in cheriazheekal are the ancestors of royal families in india. Cheriazheekkal Cheriazheekkal is a village in the Alappad panchayat in the town of Karunagapalli in Kerala, India. It sits between the Arabian Sea on Document [86] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) kannimoola with the serpents ! Apart from the normal daily worship rituals for propitiating the deities, there are many esoteric rituals ("Taantrika Kriyaas") aiming at increasing the glory and power of the deities and sometimes for atonement for any fading of such power. These restoration and renovation include rituals namely Oorpazhachi Kavu Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu is a prominent Hindu temple in the Edakkad grama panchayat, a "grama panchayats" in Kannur District of Kerala state in southern India. "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" ("ooril pazhakiya eachil kavu or ooril pazhakiya achi kavu"). The name of this temple renders itself to two etymological interpretations. Document [87] (Title: Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam) converging forum for all forms of creative expressions with an underlying theme of progressive social change. It is conducted in an unconventional way avoiding a formal inauguration or valediction ceremony, and every year the festival begins with the choral recital of Thirunalloor 's famous song "May diname…"(Salute to thee May Day..) hailing the May Day. Some of its regular features include 'Samghageethikal'(Group songs), choral recitation of Thirunalloor 's revolutionary songs; 'Anthi Mayangumbol'(When the dusk falls) –the title taken from a famous song of Thirunalloor - where poets and musicians recite his poems; 'Janavedi'(People's Forum) where various sociopolitical and cultural topics Document [88] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) Oorpazhachi Kavu Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu is a prominent Hindu temple in the Edakkad grama panchayat, a "grama panchayats" in Kannur District of Kerala state in southern India. "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" ("ooril pazhakiya eachil kavu or ooril pazhakiya achi kavu"). The name of this temple renders itself to two etymological interpretations. The former meaning "pazhakiya" (ancient) "kavu" (grove) surrounded by "Eachil" (a herb) and the latter meaning "pazhakiya" (ancient) "achi" (mother goddess) "kavu" (grove). Irrespective of what may be the more authentic interpretation for "Oorpazachi Kavu", it is the presence of this temple at Edakkad that imparts historical significance to the Document [89] (Title: Thiruvattoor) booking over the internet. There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. All of them are small international airports with direct flights available only to Middle Eastern countries. Thiruvattoor Thiruvattoor is a village in Pariyaram Grama Panchayath of Kannur district, Kerala, India. It has an area of 35 square kilometers and a population of 2000 (approx). Thiruvattoor is about 12 kilometers away from Taliparamba town. The Thiruvattoor Makham and Thiruvattoor Shiva Temple are famous religious symbols in and around the village. It is surrounded by hills on all sides, except the east where it shares a boundary with the Kuppam Document [90] (Title: Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami Temple) a part of rituals. "Mani" Chakyar family traditionally holds the right to perform here. The greatest Chakyar Koothu, Kutiyattam exponent Legendary Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar used to perform Chakyar Koothu here for decades. Pattathanam is another important function celebrated on the Thiruvonam day in the Malayalam calendar month of Makaram. Main and popular vazhipadu is kalabham charthal. Valiavattala payasam, avil nivedyam are also important. Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami Temple Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami temple () is an important temple located in the east part of Thalassery. The temple is generally known as the Brass Pagoda from the copper sheeting of its roof. Document [91] (Title: Cheriyoor) Cheriyoor Cheriyoor is a place situates on the banks of Kuppam River in Taliparamba in the Indian state of Kerala. Cheriyoor is part of Kuttiyeri village (ward no. 4) which belongs to Pariyaram Grama Panchayath in Kannur district. Cheriyoor is the ancestral home of famous Malayalam-language poet and translator Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran (19 February 1845 – 1914). His father Narayanan Namboothiri was a member of Mullappally illam in Cheriyoor. The major religious centers in this village are ancient Thalakodu Sree Krishna Temple, Sree Puthiya Kunnil Puthiya Bhagavathi Temple, Sree Dharma Sastha Mandiram and Cheriyoor Juma Mazjid. There is Document [92] (Title: Thiruvarur) becoming "Thiruvarur". Another name of Thiruvarur is Kamalaalayasetra, meaning the "holy place that is an abode of lotuses"; the town is also referred so due to the presence of the Kamalaalayam tank and the temple deity, Kamalambigai. During the British Raj, the town was termed "Tiruvalur", "Tiruvaloor", and "Thiruvalur". As per the district and municipality websites, the district has the spelling "Tiruvarur", while the town has it as "Thiruvarur". As per folk legend, Thiruvarur is mentioned as the capital town of a legendary Chola king, Manu Needhi Cholan, who killed his own son to provide justice to a cow. Thiruvarur Document [93] (Title: Kunthipuzha River) the Malayalam word for Boswellia serrata which is a kind of frankincense tree seen in this region. Kunthipuzha River The Kunthipuzha River is a waterway located in the state of Kerala, India. It flows through the Silent Valley National Park, and is a tributary of the river Thuthapuzha, which is in turn one of the main tributaries of the Bharathapuzha River, the second-longest river in Kerala. This river is mainly used by the people of Mannarkkad taluk of Palakkad district. This river is known for the story of bathing of Kunthi devi, the mother of pandavas and so it is Document [94] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) the administration of the Travancore Devaswom Board. This shrine is associated with legends from the Ramayana. Bharata, the brother of Rama and Lakshmana, came to invite Rama, then in exile, to take over the reins of the kingdom, an angry Lakshmana suspecting Bharata's intentions intended to kill him; however, Bharata's innocence was very soon revealed, and then the two of them offered worship together at Tirumoozhikkalam. The name Tirumoozhikalam is said to have originated from the phrase tiru mozhi kalam the site where sweet words were uttered. Another belief is that at the end of the Dvapara Yuga, Dvaraka was Document [95] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) delighted. He proceeded to Ananthankadu based on the directions of the lady of whom he enquired. The Sage reached Ananthankadu searching for the boy. There he saw the boy merging into an Iluppa tree (Indian Butter Tree). The tree fell down and became Anantha Sayana Moorti (Vishnu reclining on the celestial snake Anantha). But the edifice that the Lord assumed was of an extraordinarily large size, with His head at Thiruvallom, navel at Thiruvananthapuram, and lotus-feet at Thrippadapuram (Thrippappur), making him some eight miles in length. The Sage requested the Lord to shrink to a smaller proportion that would be Document [96] (Title: Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple) separated by a central bay between them. The word "Vellarai" means white rock. Owing to the presence of white rocks in the region, the place is historically referred as Thiru Vellara. As per Hindu legend, when Sibi Chakravarthi stayed there with his warriors, a white boar crossed his path. He chased it and the boar hid inside a hole. Markandeya, a sage, was doing penance there and the king narrated the incident to him. The sage asked the king to fill the hole with milk. While doing so, Hindu god Vishnu appeared before them. The sage asked the king to Document [97] (Title: Thiruvilwamala) Minnal) is gunpowder filled in earth holes and measured in pounds. It has enormous doppler effect due to the hilly Thiruvilwamala region. Picture here shows one of a series of end part of the Thalappoli fireworks . Thiruvilwamala Thiruvilwamala is a hilly village in the northern terrain of Thrissur district of Kerala state in southern India. It is located 47 kilometres towards north-east of the District Headquarters Thrissur. The village, which is more of a temple town, is located on the banks of the Bharathappuzha river, with nearest towns being Shoranur and Ottapalam. The place is famous for the Vilwadrinatha Document [98] (Title: History and culture of Thrippunithura) Poonithura has come, according to this story. But all these stories do not take into account the actual meaning of "thura". "Thura" means port where the backwaters open to the sea. This is the portion of the land and water body which is suitable for the launching and parking of boats. The word: "Thuramukham" which means the face of such opening to the sea is used in Malayalam to denote 'port' or 'harbour'. The original Tamil or Dravidian word is "Thurai". Poonithura is just another port or "thura" in the west coast like Poonthura, Vettuthura, Perumathura, etc. The significance of Document [99] (Title: Thiruvathira) Chauth The record for the world's largest Thiruvathira belongs to Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam. The 16-minute performance, held on 1 May 2017, has been adjudged the largest Thiruvathira ever held with a total of 6,582 girls and women in the age group of 10-75 participating in it.Along with 2,500 woman and children from Kerala, a Russian woman and more than 4,500 woman from 20 other states too took part in the event.Women were trained by renowned teachers and practitioners of the dance form for the 16 minutes performance.The traditional "Kasavu Mundu and Neriyath" worn by the dancers were provided by Kitex Group. Document [100] (Title: Madayi Kavu) control "Ashtapaashas" (eight chains) – ghrina (hatred), lajjaa (shame), bhaya (fear), shanka (doubt), jugupsa (reproach), kula (caste), jaati (creed) and sheela (modesty) – is key for meditation especially in Koula Sampradaya. If a devotee is able to control these, the Bhagavathy raises our consciousness to Shivam. The major festival of the temple is "Pooram" in March. There are also festivals in the Malayalam months of Thulam, Vrishchikam and Makaram in addition to the Pooram in Meenam. The Perumkaliyattam is in the Malayalam month of Idavam. The temple is also associated with the Bhadrakali temple of Mannanpurathu Kavu (Nileshwaram) and Vadukunnu Document [101] (Title: Parvathi Puthannaar) Parvathi Puthannaar Parvati Puthannar (Malayalam: പാർവതി പുത്തനാർ) is a man-made canal that runs through the west coast of the Trivandrum District. It was named after Rani Parvathi Bai who was the reigning Queen of Travancore during the time it was created. "Puthannar" in Malayalam means "the new river". It was created primarily for connecting the Travancore capital to Kadinamkulam, the Vamanapuram River and finally to Kochi. This canal also has access to the King's boat landing place, Vallakadavu, where the King's boathouse is located. It starts from the Kadinamkulam Lake in the north and flows south-east, parallel to the Trivandrum Document [102] (Title: Thirumulpad) this title in South Malabar are the second to fifth line of successors to the Zamorin's throne. The second and third line of successors, known as Ernād Ilamkur Nambiyāthiri Thirumulpād and Ernād Moonnāmkur Nambiyāthiri Thirumulpād are located in the Principality of Ernād, while Itattoornad Nambiyathiri Thirumulpād and Nediyiruppu Moottaratti Thirumulpād are located further south. All these clans belong to the Eradi subdivision of Nair. Thirumulpad The Thirumulpāds of the Samanta Kshatriya stock are further divided into two classes (Sripurogamas who are the attendants at the Raja's palace) and the Audvāhikas (who perform wedding ceremony for certain castes). Both these, however, Document [103] (Title: Muvattupuzha) "puzha", which also means river. "Aaru" is a word that is usually used for rivers in the southern half of Kerala, while the term "puzha" is used in the northern parts. The three rivers in this case are the Kothamangalam river or Kothayaar, Kaliyar and Thodupuzhayar, which merge to form a single river called Muvattupuzhayar. This place is called Thriveni Sangamam in Malayalam which means "the point of confluence of three rivers". In English both spellings viz. Muvattupuzha and Moovattupuzha are interchangeably used. Etymologically Moovattupuzha, is the correct spelling how ever commoners widely use the spelling Muvattupuzha and is better Document [104] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) Padmanabhaswamy Temple Padmanabhaswamy Temple is located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the indigenous Kerala style and the Tamil style (kovil) of architecture associated with the temples located in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century Gopuram. While the "Moolasthanam" of the temple is the Ananthapuram Temple in Kumbala in Kasargod District, architecturally to some extent, the temple is a replica of the Adikesava Perumal temple located in Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari District. The principal deity Vishnu is enshrined in the "Anantha Shayanam" posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the Document [105] (Title: Ayyavazhi) philosophically as a reference to eight chakras. The first, Neetiya Yukam, is Bindu and the final state, Dharma Yukam, is Sahasrara, or absolute bliss. In this series, the energy of consciousness ("namam") of oneself is invoked, rising from Bindu (Neetiya Yukam) to the final Sahasrara (Dharma Yukam). This lotus, the highest spiritual center of enlightenment, is for experiencing the absolute "bliss". The reigning power in the final Dharma Yukam (Sahasrara) is Ekam, which is a part of Vaikundar a Trinity conception, or a manifestation of the supreme absolute. Thus Ayyavazhi's symbol is derived from Akilam. The symbol "Lotus with Thirunamam" Document [106] (Title: Thiruvathira) ecstatic dance of Lord Shiva. It is essentially a Shaivite festival and celebrates the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva, which is represented by the Nataraja form. Arudhra (Thiruvathirai in Tamil) signifies the golden red flame and Shiva performs the dance in the form this red-flamed light. Lord Shiva is supposed to be incarnated in the form of Lord Nataraja during the Arudra Darshan day. Most of the temples around the world with Lord Nataraja and Shiva as deity perform the Arudhra Darshan. Neivedhyam (food for God) made for Lord Nataraja on that day is Thiruvathirai Kali. The festival is celebrated Document [107] (Title: Thiruvathira) காணாதே போதியார் பூம்பாவாய்" Appar wrote a separate pathigam (10 songs) in Tevaram, in the name Thiruvathirai Pathigam which describes the importance and celebrations of Thiruvathirai. In 4th Tirumurai he sang about the celebration in Tiruvarur "முத்து விதான மணிப்பொற் கவரி முறையாலே பக்தர்க ளோடு பாவையர் சூழப் பலிப்பின்னே வித்தகக் கோல வெண்டலை மாலை விரதிகள் அத்தனாரூ ராதிரை நாளா லதுவண்ணம்" The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva represents five activities – Creation, Protection, Destruction, Embodiment and Release. In essence, it represents the continuous cycle of creation and destruction. This cosmic dance takes place in every particle and is the source of all energy. Arudra Darshan celebrates this Document [108] (Title: Ayyavazhi and Hinduism) in other branches of Hinduism, they acknowledge different powers as superior and may worship different powers in different forms. Amongst the Ayyavazhi, congregational worship is practiced, while in Hinduism the Priest chants the mantras and performs rituals, and the devotees watch. But in Ayyavazhi the Panivediyalar chants the mantras and the others repeat it. In Ayyavazhi Thottu Namam means "wearing Thirunamam with a personal touch", which means the Panivedaiyalar will bestow the Thirunamam by touching the forehead of the devotees. But in Hinduism the Priests gives the Prachatham by throwing, in the belief that if he happened to touch the Document [109] (Title: Sreevallabha Temple) the temple is under administration of Travancore Devaswom Board and is a major temple under Thiruvalla group. Present Thiruvalla was once a village among 64 Namboothiri villages in Kerala and is one among the oldest human settlements in India. Since this place is situated at the mouth (vai) of Manimala River (valla river) it had been known as ‘vallavai’ and later transforned into ‘thiruvalla’. Historical evidences point out the place had been inhabited by humans before 3000 BC. The Thiruvalla inscriptions say the temple for Sudarshana Chakra was built in 2998 BC . Another opinion is that the place was Document [110] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) Thiriyuzhichil Thiriyuzhichil is a dance ritual performed by Pulluvas in Kerala (South India) to alleviate the fear of snakes, to appease the snake and to be blessed with babies. This is more popular in the districts of Trichur, Calicut and Palghat and it is performed in Hindu Temples and shrines meant for snakes. By performing this, the queen of snakes could be appeased. The performer starts dancing holding a torch in his hand using various types of music instruments. Thiri Uzhichchil is also performed as one of the items in Ayyappan Vilakku festival. This item is performed early morning at Document [111] (Title: Kadakkal Devi Temple) the Malayalam month Kumbha. This day celebrating as the holy birth day of the mother goddess "Kadakkalamma". The important events are listed below: Thiruvathira's day in Kumbham celebrates the holy birthday of Kadakkal Devi. Kadakkal Thiruvathira attracts a large number of devotees from far and near. People celebrate it as the festival of Kadakkal. Thiruvathira comes in February or March. During the festival, thousands of devotees come to Kadakkal to worship Devi. The festival starts with 'Kuthirayeduppu' which is a grand procession followed by 'Kuthiyottam' and pageants. The first day of Thiruvathira, thousands of women offer Pongal to Devi at Document [112] (Title: Thriprayar Temple) Thriprayar Temple Thriprayar Shree Ramaswami Temple is Hindu temple situated in Triprayar in Thrissur district of Kerala state in India. The deity is Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu, with four arms bearing a conch, a disc, a bow and a garland. The temple is situated on the bank of river Theevra. The temple deity is the presiding deity of Arattupuzha Pooram. It is believed that the idol here was worshipped by Lord Krishna, another avatar of Lord Vishnu in Dwarka. Along with Lord Rama, there are shrines for Lord Shiva as Dakshinamoorthy, Lord Ganesha, Lord Sastha and Document [113] (Title: Thiruvathira) Thiruvathira Thiruvathira or Thiruvathirai or Arudhra Darisanam is a Hindu festival celebrated in the South Indian states of Kerala and some parts of Tamil Nadu. Thiruvathirai(Arudhra) in Tamil means "sacred big wave", using which this universe was created by Lord Shiva about 132 trillion years ago. Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, the Sri Natarajar temple's annual Festival, is celebrated on this date. In the month of Makaram Thiruvathira Star is celebrated in Mathira Peedika Devi Temple, owned by Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board, near Kadakkal in Kollam District of Kerala state.Thiruvathira has a connection with lord moon. Thiruvadirai - Arudra Darsisanam is celebrated Document [114] (Title: Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple) Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple The Thrichittatt Mahavishnu Temple (also called Thiruchenkundrur and Imayavarappan temple) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Supreme God Vishnu and located in Chengannur, Alappuzha District, Kerala, South India. Constructed in the Kerala style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the "Divya Prabandha", by Nammalwar, one of the saint poets of the 8th century. It is one of the 108 "Divyadesam" dedicated to Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, who is worshipped as Imayavarappan. The nearest railway station to the temple is located in Chengannur, while the nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport. It is one of Document [115] (Title: Thirakalkkappuram) Thirakalkkappuram Thirakalkkappuram is a 1998 Indian Malayalam film directed by Anil Adithyan and starring Suresh Gopi and Manju Warrier in the lead roles. It is a sequel to "Chemmeen" (1965). Thirakalkkapuram opens with the life story of a motherless child, Seethamma, who is also believed to be the centripetal force of curses since her birth. She is looked after by her mother's sister and husband (Moothar) who do not have kids themselves. Seethamma's mom is believed to have died because she eloped against the rules of the Ocean and the community. Chengan is the male protagonist, projected as a gullible Document [116] (Title: Kadakkal Devi Temple) kalari Temple. The last grand processions happened in 2002 and on 2015 March 25. The next procession is expected to happen in 2027. The ten-day Thiruvathira festival ends with 'Guruzi'. This is a spiritual ritual performed in the last day of the Thiruvathira festival. Guruzi starts at midnight and continues till early morning. There will be number of pageants followed by the holy circlet procession (Thirumudi Ezhunnallippu). Thousands of devotees gather in the temple on this day to witness this spectacle which they believe the realization and manifestation of devotion to Kadakkal Devi (Kadakalamma). കടയ്ക്കല്‍ ദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം - തിരുവാതിര വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ക്കും Document [117] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) of this Temple is closely intertwined with the Chera and Chola Empires and the Kingdoms of Venad and Travancore. This Temple is located in the Keezhperoor village, Chirayinkeezhu Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. This Temple is located in a peaceful and serene rustic countryside. The temple is constructed in the ancient Dravidian style, with the presence of Lord Brahma and Lord Siva in the outer wall of circular shaped Garbhagriha, which forms the presence of Parabrahma. The roof of the sanctum sanctorum is formed by 36 rafters carved in 12 wooden pieces (of 30 Degrees each), representing the 12 Rasis which Document [118] (Title: Thiruvattar) Thiruvattar Thiruvattar is a panchayat town in Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This town is situated 6 km north-east of Marthandam and 30 km north-west of Nagercoil. The two main rivers Pahrali River and Kothai surround the village and join in Moovattumugam, giving the name "Thiru" (sacred)+ "vatta" (surround)+ "aru" (river). This village, where the Sri Adikesavaperumal Temple is located, is one of the 108 Divya Desams. India census, Thiruvattaru had a population of 18,404. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Thiruvattaru has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national Document [119] (Title: Thirukoshtiyur) thirukolam (sayana = reclining, thirukolam = posture), a posture resting on Adhisesha. And at the top most level, Narayana is seen standing as Sri Sowmya Narayana Perumal. These forms of Narayana has been poetically described as "Nindran" (means Standing posture), "Kidanthan" (means sleeping posture), "Aadinan" (means dancing posture) by Alwars. Sri Ramanuja and Thirukoshtiyur are inextricably connected in Vaishnava lore. Ramanuja was advised by Thirukachi Nambigal (Thirukachi means place and Nambigal means sage) to visit Thirukoshtiyur and learn the ' Sacred 8 letter hymn ' - Ashtakshara manthra from Thirukoshtiyur Nambigal(i.e. Thirukoshtiyur sage). Accordingly, Ramanunja travels to Thirukoshtiyr to learn Document [120] (Title: Glossary of names for the Tirukkural) word "kural" applies in general to something that is short or abridged. More specifically, it is a very short Tamil poetic form consisting of two lines, the first line consisting of four words (known as "cir"s) and the second line consisting of three, which should also conform to the grammar of "Venpa". It is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. "Thiru" is a term denoting divine respect, literally meaning 'holy' or 'sacred'. Since the work was written in this poetic form, it came to be known as 'Tirukkural', meaning 'sacred couplets'. The following table lists Document [121] (Title: Akilam six) Thirumal made them to take birth in Bhoo Loga. Akilam six Akilam six is the sixth section of Akilam, the primary holy text of Ayyavazhi. This section describes the transformation of the ruling authority of the universe from Sivan to Thirumal. It also narrates the preparational events of the Avatar of Vaikundar. There is a description of the famine and other natural disasters that took place in the Travancore country because Thirumal left from there. Since Thirumal left Travancore because of the cruel rule of the king, the country faced a lot of political, economic as well as natural disasters. Document [122] (Title: Thiruvangoor) Thiruvangoor Thiruvangoor is a small village away from Kozhikode, Kerala, India. It lies to the east of the Arabian Sea (Kappad) and west of Kuniyil Kadavu. Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama is believed to have landed near Thiruvangoor, at Kappad, during one of his voyages, on 20 May 1498. Thiruvangoor sits on a national highway. Nearby major towns are Atholi and Koyilandy. The Kuniyil Kadavu Bridge allows for transportation between Thiruvangoor and Atholi town. Thiruvangoor Higher Secondary School is the village's largest educational facility. Thiruvangoor is part of the Chemancheri panchayat. There is a primary health centre adjacent to Thiruvangoor Document [123] (Title: Thiruvathira) of them is Athiraiyan (ஆதிரையன் ), from Thiruvathirai (Thiru + Athirai). Tamil hymns of Maanikavasagar's "Thiruvasagam" (particularly the hymns "Thiruvempavai" and "Thiruppalliezhuchi") are chanted in temples. On the very day of Thiruvathirai the idols of Nataraja (Lord Shiva) and his consort Shivagami (Parvati) are taken out of the temple premises for a grand procession. It is one of the major events in almost all the Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Sambandar sung in Tevaram during 7th-9th century, how Thiruvathirai celebrated at Kabaleeshwaram (present day Mylapore, Chennai). "ஊர்திரை வேலை யுலாவும் உயர்மலைக் கூர்தரு வேல்வல்லார் கோற்றங் கோள் சேரிதனில் கார்தரு சோலைக் கபாலீச்சரம் அமர்ந்தான் ஆதிரைநாள் Document [124] (Title: Thiruvathira) on 9 November 2012 at Dombivli near Mumbai by the Mumbai Pooram foundation, a socio-cultural organisation. In the true Onam Spirit, 2639 women including Keralites, Maharashtrians, Gujarathis, Bengalees, Tamilians, Telugu, Kannadigas and others from all parts of the country representing all religions danced to the tunes of specially written songs. On 14 December 2013, over 3000 women participated in a " Thiruvathira Kali " event held at Kochi and attempted to set a new world record. The event was organised in connection with the Thiruvathira festival which falls on 18 December 2013. Thiruvathira Thiruvathira or Thiruvathirai or Arudhra Darisanam is Document [125] (Title: Thiruvathira) partner). Both Parvathi and Shiva present this ideal to devotees in the form of Ardha-Nareeshawara (half male, half female form). In Kerala, Thiruvathira is an important traditional festival along with the other popular festivals, Onam and Vishu. This has been celebrated by the Nambuthiri, Kshatriya and Nair communities of Kerala from days of yore. It is largely a festival for women; unmarried women observe a partial fast on this day to get good husbands and married women take a fast from the preceding day (Makayiram nakshatra) and on the day of Thiruvathira for the well being of their husband and Document [126] (Title: Thrissur district) land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The name Thrissur(Thrishiva Perur) is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days. Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides – namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple. From ancient Document [127] (Title: Mylapore) the several statues in the Kapaleeshwarar Temple towers and in the emblem of the San Thome Basilica. Thirugnanasambandar has also mentioned about "mayil" (peacock) in his songs in Tevaram. Mylapore is also known as Thirumayilai. Thiru means 'holy' or 'sacred' and is traditionally used in front of names in all parts of Tamil Nadu like Thiruneermalai (Lord Ranganatha), Thirunageswaram (Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva), Thirumayam (Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva), Thirumayilai (Lord Adikeshava Perumal and Lord Kapali Eshwaran), Tiruvanamalai (Lord Shiva), Thiruchendur (Lord Muruga), Tiruchirappalli (Lord Sriranganathar), Thiruttani (Lord Muruga), Tiruchengode (Lord Shiva), Thiruchitrambalam (Lord Shiva), Thirumanancheri (Lord Shiva), Thirunallar Document [128] (Title: Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram) blooming lotuses. Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram Thrikkovil - Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple, () is a Hindu temple with Lord Vishnu as the presiding deity, located at Vallicode village in Pathanamthitta District in Kerala, India. The temple comes under the Travancore Devaswom Board. As per local folklore, it is considered the second one of its kind after the famous Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. More spectacularly the 10-day festival includes Rupmani Swayambaram. In going with the simplicity and elegant architecture of temples in Kerala, the temple premises here present a very serene and spiritual outlook. There is a temple pond adjoining which Document [129] (Title: Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi)) Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi) "Thiruvasakam" in Tamil means The Holy Text. Thiruvasakam is the report which was sent to humanity about the arrival of God to the world according to Ayyavazhi mythology. They are four in number, as written in the Akilattirattu Ammanai. The Thiruvasakam - 1 reads as follows: ""The three great Godheads have taken cognisance of the state of disorder in the world. To rectify the same, we are writing this as a first step so that the Kalineesan might amend. We will come into the world as Narayana Pantaram in the year 1008. When we come, we will undertake Document [130] (Title: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram) Culture of Thiruvananthapuram The city of Thiruvananthapuram has been the centre of cultural activities of Kerala (India) from the time it was made capital of Travancore in 1745. The capital city is a major intellectual and artistic center. The Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo were started during the reign of Swathi Thirunal (1813–1847) and are one of the oldest of their kind in India. The city's libraries include the Trivandrum Public library, which was started in 1829. The Swathi Thirunal College of Music and 'College of fine arts' are the leading institutions related to music and arts. Many great poets Document [131] (Title: Thirunakkara) Thirunakkara Thirunakkara is the name of an area of Kottayam town in Kerala, India. The place is a hill known as "Nakkara Kunnu" in the regional language Malayalam. There is a Hindu-temple located on the hill, which is considered to be a sacred hill by Hindus, hence the name "Thiru" + "Nakkara" meaning "Sacred Nakkara Hill". Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple dedicated to Lord Siva is located at Thirunakkara. The annual ten-day festival at the temple draws to a close with the Aaraattu ceremony. Usually nine caparisoned elephants take part in the Aaraattu-procession, which begins in the afternoon. Folk arts like Mayilattom, Document [132] (Title: Thirunamam) the primary ritual from the celebration conducted in Swamithope pathi even during the period of Vaikundar. The secondary scripture Arul Nool too refers that, Ayya personally touched the devotees and wore Thirunamam for them. Since Vaikundar used ordinary soil as 'Thiru Namam' during his Tavam(austrity) period, ordinary soil is kept there now in alternative of the white soil in the Vatakku Vasal, where Ayya performed the Tavam. This Thirunaman, a white flame-shaped mark, is treated as the symbol of Ayyavazhi since the 1940s and then the present symbol "Lotus and Namam" was accepted as the symbol. Even in the present Document [133] (Title: Thiruvathira) family. The first Thiruvathira of a newly wedded woman is her "poothiruvathira". The fast essentially involves abstaining from rice-based food. The typical meal includes cooked broken wheat and "Thiruvathira puzhukku", a delightful mix of tuber vegetables: colocasia ("chembu"), yam ("chena"), Chinese potato ("koorka"), sweet potato ("madhurakizhangu") with long beans ("vanpayar") and raw plantain fruit ("ethakaya"), cooked with a thick paste of freshly ground coconut. The dessert is "koova payasam", a sweet dish made of arrow root powder, jaggery and coconut milk. Thiruvathirakali is a dance form performed by women on the day of Thiruvathira to the accompaniment of Thiruvathira paattu, Document [134] (Title: Theeyaattam) performed by the Thiyyadi Nambiar community, a minuscule ambalavasi community living (basically) in three central Kerala districts of Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram. The all-male art centres around the mythological story of the birth of Lord Ayyappa from the relationship of Lord Vishnu in his ephemeral impersonation as Mohini and Lord Shiva. The most common version of Thiyyattu involves four phases of presentation: a) Kalamezhuthu (sketching the kalam—picture—of Ayyappa using natural pigments), b) Kottum Pattum (rendition of invocatory songs of Ayyappa and a stylised narration of the story of his birth), c) Koothu gesture-laden dance enacting the build-up story to the Document [135] (Title: Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram) Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram As Kalimayai captured the king of Thiruvitankur and began to rule over the people as their king, Thirumal came to Thiruvananthapuram according to Ayyavazhi mythology. This falls under Akilam five in Akilattirattu Ammanai. When Thirumal decided to go to Thiruvananthapuram the temple boy of Sri Rangam and a Brahmin fall on his feet and asked humbly, "Your greatness, your children The Santror are suffering due to the activities of the cruel Kalineesan, why you are going to the land of the neesan?" Thirumal replied, "Before I go to help the Santror, I must advise the neesan. Otherwise Document [136] (Title: Thirunallar) taken together means the place where Nala was redeemed from the (malefic) hold of Saturn through the Lord's Grace. Others are inclined to read the meaning 'between rivers' in the name Nal-Aru, as this place is situated amidst rivers Noolaru and Vanchiaru in the north, and Arasalaru in the south. ThiruNallar is located around 7 kilometer away from the district headquarter karaikal. It is well connected with karaikal and kumbakonam. There is no train service available to thirunallar but one can reach karaikal railway station which is located around 7 kilometer from temple. Daily train services are available from karaikal Document [137] (Title: Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Thodupuzha) Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Thodupuzha Sree Krishna Swami Temple is a Hindu temple situated at the heart of Thodupuzha town in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the banks of Thodupuzhayar, a tributary of river Muvattupuzha. Lord Krishna presides there in the form of "Navaneetha Krishna" who holds butter in his right pam. The tantric rights of the temple is held by the Aramallur Kavanattu Mana. The Poojas are conducted by two mutts named as 'Padinjare mutt' and 'Thuruthel mutt'. The origin of the temple is associated with many myths which date backs to Document [138] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) serpent Adisheshan. Sree Padmanabhaswamy is the tutelary deity of the royal family of Travancore. The titular Maharaja of Travancore Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma is the trustee of the temple. In line with the Temple Entry Proclamation, only those who profess the Hindu faith are permitted entry to the temple and devotees have to strictly follow the dress code. The name of the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Malayalam translates to "The City of Lord Ananta", referring to the deity of Padmanabhaswamy Temple. Several extant Hindu Texts like the Brahma Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Skanda Purana, Padma Purana, Vayu Purana, Bhagavata Document [139] (Title: Thirunalloor Karunakaran) Thirunalloor Karunakaran Thirunalloor Karunakaran (8 October 1924 – 5 July 2006) was a renowned poet, scholar, teacher and leftist intellectual of Kerala, India. Thirunalloor (variously spelt in English as Thiru"nelloor", Thiru"nellur" and Thiru"nallur") Karunakaran – 'Thirunalloor', his family name, and 'Karunakaran', his given name – was born in the village of Perinad in Kollam (Quilon) district in Kerala to P.K.Padmanabhan and N.Lakshmy. He started learning Sanskrit in the traditional way before joining primary school and was associated with the working class political movement early in his life.He published his first book-the Malayalam translation of a poem by Oliver Goldsmith- while Document [140] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) about 3 am after the Ayappa Jananam (Birth of Ayyappa) ritual and the Paal kindi ezhunnaLLippu (ritual procession of Ayyappa bringing tiger's milk). In the case of Thiri Uzhichchil in Ayyappan viLakku, the accompaniments are ilaththaaLam(cymbal) and Chenda (traditional Keralite drum). The Velichapaadu after uranju thuLLal (trance-like shivering and jumping continuously) starts with one thiri (flaming torch) and increases it to two and three and even goes up to five thiris. The thiri or pandam is a flaming torch made of group of cotton wicks strapped together by coconut leaf fronds. The wicks are fuelled by coconut oil, into which Document [141] (Title: Azhvanchery Thamprakkal) Travancore, the Yogathiripad of Thrissur and the ruling chiefs of South India The Thamprakkals were great patrons of mathematics and astronomy. In the famous work "Brahmandapuranam", of poet Thunchath Ezhuthachan, Azhvanchery Thamprakkals had been mentioned with the title "Netranarayanan". Title and Privileges The title of "Thamprakkal" literally means Emperor (having originated from the Sanskrit "Samrat" and later corrupted into "Thampran") came to be used to refer to the Brahmins of Azhvanchery Mana family. The story according to popular lore is that while returning from the coronation ceremony of Kulashekhara Perumal with the gift of a golden-cow , the Thamprakkal was Document [142] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) Tamil literature canon of the Tamil Alvar saints (6th–9th centuries AD), the temple is one of the 108 principal Divya Desams ("Holy Abodes") in Vaishnavism, and is glorified in the "Divya Prabandha". The "Divya Prabandha" glorifies this shrine as being among the 14 Divya Desam in Malai Nadu (corresponding to present-day Kerala and Kanyakumari). It is believed that Kulashekhara Alwar, considered the seventh in the line of the twelve Azhwars, renovated this temple.The Temple legends of this temple are closely intertwined with that of the empires and kingdoms that ruled Tamizhagam and the state presently known as Kerala. The history Document [143] (Title: Thirunakkara) Velakali etc., are presented in the temple premises in the evening. Another major attraction are the Kathakali-performances during the festival. Also Thirunakkara is one of the ace shiva temples in the state of Kerala. Thirunakkara Thirunakkara is the name of an area of Kottayam town in Kerala, India. The place is a hill known as "Nakkara Kunnu" in the regional language Malayalam. There is a Hindu-temple located on the hill, which is considered to be a sacred hill by Hindus, hence the name "Thiru" + "Nakkara" meaning "Sacred Nakkara Hill". Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple dedicated to Lord Siva is located at Document [144] (Title: Swathi Thirunal (film)) Swathi Thirunal (film) Swathi Thirunal is a 1987 Malayalam biographical film co-written and directed by Lenin Rajendran. It stars Anant Nag in the title role, and Srividya, Nedumudi Venu and Murali in other important roles. The film is based on the life of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, the Maharaja of the state of Travancore. The story begins with Gowri Lakshmi Bayi entrusting the four-month-old Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma to the care of the English East India Company whose representative was Col. Munro. Then it cuts to when Swathi Thirunal is sixteen and takes over the reins of Travancore from his Document [145] (Title: Thiruvananthapuram) City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore. The city was officially referred to as "Trivandrum" until 1991, (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town) when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE. It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir (now Poovar) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE. The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory. However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was Document [146] (Title: Religion in Kerala) Hindus also worship Bhagavathi as a form of Shakti. Almost every village in Kerala has its own local guardian deity, usually a goddess. Hindus in Kerala also strongly believe in power of snake gods and usually have sacred snake groves known as "Sarpa Kavu" near to their houses. Some of the most notable temples are: Guruvayur Temple, Thrissur Vadakkunnathan Temple, Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple, Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple, Chottanikkara Temple, Chengannur Mahadeva Temple, Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple, Chettikulangara Devi Temple, Mannarasala Temple, Chakkulathukavu Temple, Thiruvalla Sreevallabha Temple, Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple, Parumala Panayannarkavu Temple, Sree Poornathrayesa Temple, Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, and Document [147] (Title: Neeliyar Bhagavathi) Neeliyar Bhagavathi Neeliyar Bhagavathi is a Theyyam ritual conducted in the northern part of Kerala, India. The term Neeliyar Bhagavathi refers to the goddess of the Mangattuparamba Neeliyar temple; the ritual is mainly performed in this temple. This Theyyam is usually performed in the evening, during sunset. The goddess Neeliyar Bhagavathi has temples dedicated to her in different parts of Kannur including Cherukunnu, Eranjikkal, Mathamangala, etc. This particular Theyyam is performed by the Vannan caste. A few musical instruments, like Chenda are used during the performance. Theyyam rituals in northern Kerala usually begin in the month Thulam of the Malayalam Document [148] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple Thirumoozhikulam Sree Lakshmanaperumal Temple is located in Thirumoozhikalam (Moozhikkulam) in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The temple finds mention in some of verses of ancient Tamil Dravida Vedam (Naalaayira Divyaprabhandham) sung by ShriVaishnava Alwars, particularly Nammalvar and Thirumangai Azhwar. It is one of the 108 holyDivya Desams. venerated by SriVaishnavas. This belongs to one of 13 MalaiNaatu (Kerala/Chera) divyadesams. The mythology behind the name of this place is Hareetha Maharishi did penance and meditation on the banks of river Poorna(Chalakudy River). Lord Mahavishnu got impressed by the dedication of the Maharishi and appeared before him on the Document [149] (Title: Omanathinkal Kidavo) but a translation into Tamil of the Omanathinkal Kidavo. The song had been nominated in the Original Song category for the Oscar Awards of 2013. Jayashri however maintained that she merely wrote what had come to her heart and denied the allegation against her. Omanathinkal Kidavo Omanathinkal Kidavo () is a lullaby in Malayalam that was composed by Irayimman Thampi on the birth of Maharajah Swathi Thirunal of Travancore. To date, it remains one of the most popular lullabies in the Malayalam language. The lullaby was composed by Thampi at the request of the then ruler of Travancore, Maharani Gowri Document [150] (Title: Thiruvanvandoor) Thiruvanvandoor Thiruvanvandoor (pronounced ) is a village in Chengannur Taluk in Alappuzha district, in Kerala, India. The village of Thiruvanvandoor is connected with Main Central Road at two junctions on the road. One is at Kallissery and other is at Pravin coodu. Thiruvanvandoor lies near Pandanad, Kerala which is believed to be founded by the Pandavas during their exile period. The region of Pandanad and neighboring villages have many Hindu temples Vanavathukkara that bear historic and architectural value. A popular temples in the Thiruvanvandoor region are Thiruvanvandoor Mahashetram and Sree Gosalakrishna Temple. sree gosalakrishna temple is the famous temple nearer Document [151] (Title: Zamorin of Calicut) of the ruler. Punthura may be the place of their origin, or a battle-field, or a port of great fame. The title "Kunnalakkon" and its Sanskrit form "Shailabdhishvara" are mostly found in later literary works (such as Manipravalam and Sanskrit poems). Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for the Samoothiris of Kozhikode. Other secondary seats of the Samoothiri of Kozhikode, all established at much later time, were Trichur (Thrissur) and Cranganore (Kodungallur). The chief Kerala ports under control of the Samoothiris in the late 15th century were Panthalayini Kollam, and Kozhikode. The Samoothiri of Kozhikode derived greater Document [152] (Title: Thirunamam) Thirunamam Thirunamam represents the 'Sacred name of God'. The phrase Namam also represents the white clay found at the deeper layer of earth, which is used as the powder to wear a flame shaped mark. The Ayyavazhi people wore this Namam, starting from the central point between the eyebrows, going straight up near the top edge of the forehead. The flame shape represents "Aanma Jyothi" or Atman. Which in turn means that, Aatman is considered sacred and as the name of God. Zealous devotees smeared it on the exterior of the upper arms, over the chest and below the spinal Document [153] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) the temples of Kerala. Thuravoor Mahakshethram, an ancient Devasthanam located by the side of NH-47, approximately 25 km south of Kochi city, is the sacred abode of Lord Sree Narasimhamoorthy and Lord Sree Mahasudarsanamoorthy. The entire temple complex can be seen from the road. Two separate Sanctom Sanctoroms in close proximity - within the same compound - reflect the synthesis of a unique and mysterious divine power. The idol of Sree Narasimhamoorthy is said to have originated in the holy city of Kashi (Varanasi). Swami Padmapadar (8th century AD), the principal disciple of Adi Sankaracharya, had worshipped the very same Document [154] (Title: Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple,Thirukkadaiyur) a song of one-hundred praises to Abhirami (the so-called "Abhirami Antati" or "Song to Abhirami"), begging her to come to his rescue. While singing the seventy-ninth verse of his song, which states that the Divine Mother is an ocean of blessing without limit whose merciful eyes grant liberation, Mother Abhirami appeared before Subramanian, his executioners, and the unbelieving king. Throwing her earring into the sky, it took the form of the full moon. The king, having realized his mistake and immensely pleased by his devotion, released Subramanian. From that day forward, Subramanian was called "Abhirami Bhattar", which translates to "priest Document [155] (Title: Tirumantiram) a cattleman all those five 'cows' will yield milk. Here the verses say that if all the five senses are controlled by a person it help one to get the "thiruvarul" which means "divine grace" (The five pulans are meant to be controlled to realise God) This is the actual meaning of the song. If the five 'pulans' control us it means it is untamed whereas if we control the five senses it means it is tamed. If these 'cows' are controlled then they yield 'milk'. Or if one can control the five 'pulans'/ 'senses', then that will lead one Document [156] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) sthana (sacred residence) was at "Eduppidikkeri" (one of ancestral sites of the ooralar families) from where their "deva chaitanya" (sacred spirits) were carried to "thazhekottam". The family at "Thazhppulukkiyil" is overseeing the maintenance of this kottam (Citadel). However, as the land of "Eduppidikkeri" has the "sthira rashi" (resident presence) these spirits are always present in "Eduppidikkeri" as well. On the South West direction of the temple, at kanni moola, is the Naagasthanam (Sacred grooves of the snakes). South West is one of “the most important” direction as per vastu shastra. The ruling planet of this corner is Rahu. Nagaprathishta (consecrated Document [157] (Title: Kappil Bhagavathy Temple) to have a ‘Swarna kodi maram-/Golden Flag Staff’. Kappil Bhagavathy Temple is listed in many of the histories of Kerala. The old royal family from Thiruvithaamkoor used to visit it during their summer vacation, and It is believed by residents of the area that the cosmic power of the temple is strong. The "Kripa" of Lord Shiva flows like the River Ganges. The temple is also considered an apt spot for those who seek self-realization. Kappil Bhagavathy Temple Kappil Bhagavathy Temple is a famous temple in southern Kerala located at Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram. There are two temples, one for Lord Siva Document [158] (Title: Tirur) the Hindu belief strewn on the banks of the Bharathapuzha. The well-known vedic "Vidyalaya Othanmar Madom" of ancient times, is on the bank of Bharathapuzha, near the Siva Temple. This madom was a centre of Aryanisation through Sanskrit and Vedic education, as Thirunavaya was believed to be the main centre where Parasurama brought and settled Brahmins. The Palace (Mana) of Puranic fame Azhvanchery Thamprakkal is north of Thirunnavaya. Chandanakavu, the birthplace of the great 16th-century Sanskrit poet and grammarian Melapthur Narayana Bahttathiri, is from Tirur on the Thirunnavaya-Kottakal road. A memorial has been built there for the poet, where small Document [159] (Title: Marthandam) in the temples at Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana, Kuzhithura, Neyyoor, Nattalam and Munchira during the time of festivals. Ottam Thullal is a form of story telling. It is a popular for of amusement, staged in the temple premises and Malayalam is the language commonly used. Ottam Thullal is now played in the temples of Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana, Nattalam and Thirunanthikara in the district during the time of festivals. Kalari, is an ancient martial art of Kerala. A tradition believed to have been founded by Parasurama is known as Vadakkan Kalari ; another is credited to Agasthiar in which the emphasis is Document [160] (Title: Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari) created a destruction. But it was in vain and she surrendered to the Lord. Thus, the formation of the rivers made in a circle came to be known as Thiruvattaru. Vaikunta Ekadesi is celebrated with pomp and glory. Paal Payasam (Milk Kheer), Aval and Appam are delicious prasadams at this temple. The pujas are done in the same manner as that of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, Thiruvananthapuram. Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari The Sri Adikesavaperumal Temple is a Hindu temple located in Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India and is one of the 108 Divya desams, the holy sites of Hindu Document [161] (Title: Thiruvananthapuram district) word "Thiru-anantha-puram", meaning "Abode of Lord Anantha." The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is the serpent, Shesha, on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages. Thiruvananthapuram city features prominently in ancient tradition, folklore and literature, as do several other locations in the district. In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani, the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu, near Varkala on the sea Document [162] (Title: Culture of Payyanur) "Thuthika"(the empty pot) kept in the "Padinjattakam"(Pooja room) started tossing in the air. In an astrological speculation the Karnavar had an apocalypse that the soul of the virgin had been sent back by Lord Shiva to abide in him. The goddess whom the Karnavar places in a silver tabernacle in the "Padinjattakam", to worship began to be known as Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi. Korom a village in Payyanur entered into the tourism map of Kerala as a result of the proposed Perumkaliyattam - one of the popular theyyam forms- at Sree Muchilot Kavu in 2009. In 2009, Muchilot Bhagavathi Kavu Perumkaliyattam Document [163] (Title: Thiruvambady) Thiruvambady Thiruvambady is a major hill town and a suburb in southeastern Kozhikode district in Kerala, India. Thiruvambady is a Panchayat headquarters, and a legislative assembly constituency, situated from the destrict headquarters of Kozhikode. Thiruvambady is from Kozhikode city and is on the banks of the Iruvanjippuzha River, which is a major tributary of the Chaliyar River. The town is surrounded by mountains, valleys, and waterfalls, such as Thusharagiri Falls and Aripara Falls. In early times, Thiruvambady village was a forest area in Kozhikode taluk, from Neeleshwaram to Wayanad ghat. People have been living in the area since the beginning Document [164] (Title: Madayi Kavu) Madayi Kavu Thiruvarkadu Bhagavathi Temple (a.k.a. Madayi Kavu) is the mother temple of all Bhadrakali shrines of North Kerala. The deity is the "Fierce form of Bhadrakali". The Bhagavathy is addressed by tantrics in the vicinity as "Tiruvarkkad Achchi" due to this. The temple administration is Malabar Devaswom Board. The temple is a revered shrine of Chirakkal Royal Family and a shrine of Chirakkal devaswom before. The temple is situated in Madayi, Payangadi, hence prominently known as Madayi Kavu. The temple is addressed as "Thiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy", "Thiruvar"-in proto-Tamil-Manipravalam is used to address Shiva of the shrine, i.e. The most respectable Document [165] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple Thirupalkadal SreeKrishna Temple (Thiruparkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) is one of the oldest Hindu temples dedicated to the god Vishnu (Worshipped as Krishna), located in the village Keezhperoor, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. The central icon is a four-armed standing Vishnu carrying the conch Panchajanya(Turbinella pyrum), the discus Sudarshana Chakra, the mace Kaumodaki and a lotus with a Holy basil garland. The principal deity, Krishna(Thirupalkadal Bhattarakar) was the family deity of Ay Family, who ruled over the place during the Sangam period. The kingdom and the family later came to be known as Venad Keezhperoor Swaroopam. In the early medieval Document [166] (Title: Thiruppaan Alvar) Perumal Temple in Woraiyur/ The verses of Thirupaanazhwar and other azhwars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in most Vishnu temples in South India. Though the word "azhwar" has traditionally been etymologized as from Tamil. 'Azh' (ஆழ்), 'to immerse oneself' as one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of god, a seminal research by the Indologist S. Palaniappan has established that this word is actually a corruption of the original inscriptionally attested pre-11th century 'ALvAr' 'one who rules' or 'a great person' which should be compared with the epithet 'Āṇḍãḷ' Document [167] (Title: Ayyavazhi symbolism) translated as "soul" or "self". There are references for Thirunamam in both primary and secondary scriptures, Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Though the overall consideration of the whole contents of Akilam focuses on the concept derived from the symbol 'Lotus carrying Namam', it seems that there is no direct reference for it in the scriptures. But according to some legends this symbol was in use in Ayyavazhi from the early forties of the twentieth century. Since the Sahasrara is symbolised as Lotus, no stem is drawn while designing art of the symbol. Seven(up) + seven(down) petals are used commonly. Also Document [168] (Title: Thirumandhamkunnu Temple) an important pilgrim center, especially for the eleven-day-long annual festival celebrated in March and April months of the Gregorian calendar. The "principle deity" of temple is Lord Shiva. But the famous deity is Sree Bhadrakali or Sree Parvathy, locally known as "Thirumandhamkunnilamma" and Ganesha, for whom the famous marriage oblation ("Mangalya Puja") is performed. Devotees believe Mangalya puja will remove obstacles for one's marriage. Thirumandhamkunnilamma is considered the Supreme Mother, "Shakthi Devi" in Hinduism. Bhadrakali believed to be born from the third eye of lord Shiva to kill the demon king Daruka. Bhadra means good and Kali means goddess of Document [169] (Title: Thrikkadavoor) to the point of death, Shiva then revived him, under the condition that the devout youth would live forever. For this act, Shiva was thereafter known also as Kalantaka ("Ender of Death"). This was said to have happened in Thirukkadavoor also call Thrikkadavoor. Thus Maha Mrityunjaya Stotra is also attributed to Markandeya,[4] and this legend of Shiva conquering death is inscribed in metal and worshipped at Thirukkadavoor mahadeva temple. The annual Srattu festival attracts thousands of people, including foreigners. The festival falls in the month of Kumbham (February/March). The eight artificial horses, which represent the eight areas (karas) around the Document [170] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) idol at Kashi. Distinctive in its architectural and artistic grandeur, Thuravoor Mahakshethram is one of the most venerated places of worship in Kerala. Twin "Sreekovils" (Sanctom Sanctoroms) - one square and the other circular shaped - in a single Nalambalam, two gold-plated flagmasts that tower into the skies, a majestically tall Anapandhal (elephant rostrum, the largest in Kerala) and a strict regimen of observances of vrathas for the priests, days after days of rituals and festivals, chanting of Vedic hymns and presentation of learned discourses on Puranas throughout the year... all these attract streams of devotees to the temple from Document [171] (Title: Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple) and the pond of the temple and this tunnel extends from the pond about 30 k.m east of the pond and at the end of the tunnel there situated very old temple and a pond having trees, plant of high medicinal value. Auspicious days All the pradhosha are very important days to the temple Thiruvathira day in Dhanu, Sivarahtri, Vidhyarambam, Mandala days and Thiruvathira Nakshthram in Makaram month is the Aarattu day after an 8 day festival. The festival days are very important days in which Siva remains very joyful and to do dharshan at that time and kanickka offering Document [172] (Title: Vairamkod) Vairamkod Vairamkode (, is a small village near Thirunavaya, Malappuram District, Kerala state of India. Vairamkode is famous in the name of Vairamcode Bhagavaty Kshethram (Temple) and Theeyattu (Temple Festival) Vairamkode Bhagavathy Temple is one of oldest Bhadrakaali temples in Kerala. The deity here is goddess Bhadra Kaali. Vairankode Temple was constructed by Azhvanchery Thamprakkal about 1500 years ago. The sister of Kodungallur Bhagavathy cross the Bharathappuzha river and reach Azhvanchery mana. The Thamprakkal placed Bhagavaty at Vairamkode. Every year, in the month of February, the festival is celebrated. The festival lasts for 6 days (from Sunday to Friday), The Document [173] (Title: Thirra) all the performers dance under the influence. This helps in creating the feeling of being "possessed". The performers belong to the "Peruvannan" caste of , who are given prime importance in Thira . Therefore in Kerala, both upper caste Brahmins, and lower caste tribals have an important place in worship. Odakkali Thirra Thira brings the gods to life. Performers dress up with ceremonial facial paint and loud clothing and dance in front of the deity, the bhagavathi. The objective clearly is to bring a sense of awe to the proceedings. Each performer represents a particular deity and is sponsored by Document [174] (Title: Thiruppavai 1 (Margazhi Thingal)) lot of trouble (kodun thozhilan) to enemies using his sharp spear (koor vEl); who was the little lion (iLam singam) of the beautiful (Eraarndha) eyed (kaNNi) YasOda; who is dark (kaar) skinned (mEni); who has perfect (sen) eyes (kaN); and who has a face (mugaththaan) like (pOl) the radiance (kadhir) of the moon (madhiyam); will give (tharuvaan) us (namakkE) his blessings (paRai). Hey (El)! Let us immerse in water (padindhu) and do the penance of 'paavai nOnbu' (Or embaavaai), a practice praised (pugazha) by the people of the world (paarOr). Now is the month of Maargazhi. It is the auspicious Document [175] (Title: Ottan Thullal) Ottan Thullal Ottan Thullal (or "Ottamthullal", Malayalam:ഓട്ടന് തുള്ളല്) is a dance and poetic performance form of Kerala, India. It was introduced in the 18th century by Kunchan Nambiar, one of the Prachina Kavithrayam (three famous Malayalam language poets). It is accompanied by a mridangam (a barrel shaped double headed drum) or an idakka (drum and cymbal). Ottamthullal has its origins in the classical principles of Natya Shastra, a treatise on art originating in the 2nd century B.C. The word "Thullal" means "to jump or leap about" in the Malayalam language. Tradition has it that Nambiar, the poet, fell asleep while Question: what is the meaning of thiruvathira in malayalam Answer: തിരുവാതിര Long Answer: Thiruvathirai or Thiruvathira or Arudhra Darisanam (Malayalam: തിരുവാതിര, Tamil: திருவாதிரை) is a Hindu festival celebrated in the South Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu . Thiruvathirai (Arudhra) in Tamil means "sacred big wave", using which this universe was created by Lord Shiva about 132 trillion years ago . Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, the Sri Natarajar temple's annual Festival, is celebrated on this date . In the month of Makaram Thiruvathira Star is celebrated in Mathira Peedika Devi Temple, owned by Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board, near Kadakkal in Kollam District of Kerala state. Thiruvathira has a connection with lord moon. Gold Document ID: 116

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Neeliyar Bhagavathi) would suck their blood. No one who went near the river ever returned home. Once, a personal called Kalakkad Namboothiri went there for a bath, and saw Neeliyar Bhagavathi. The Goddess asked him his name; he replied saying he was Kalakkad; and the Goddess told him that she was Kali. She then gave him oil and a thaali leaf. Kalakkad drank the oil and thaali juice saying that it was Amruthu (nectar) given to him by his mother. On seeing this, the Goddess was very happy that he called him mother, and so she spared his life, and furthermore accompanied Document [2] (Title: Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal) characters in Malayalam Cinema, and also noted for the performance of Thilakan, and the background score of Johnson. The story is centered around a Malayali Syrian Christian-Nasrani ("Nazarene") background. Throughout the film, there are references to the Biblical book Song of Songs. In Song of Songs, the poetic book depicts romantic dialogue between a young woman and her lover. The film story follows a somewhat parallel story. A young working girl who does not have anyone to affirm as her is in search for the least a shepherd. The biblical script goes through her dreams and her affection for a Document [3] (Title: Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram) Goddess Devi and Lord Krishna's shrine is present. It is a very peaceful place in Trivandrum City. Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram Thirumala is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. The name is literally split into two, 'Thiru' 'Mala' meaning "Holy Hill" which refers to the hill on which an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to the god Krishna called Parakovil which is formally known as Thrichakrapuram S Thirumala is also a huge hill, the summit of which may be reached from the Killiar at Jagathy, top most point being Parakovil. Thirumala is close to Pangode, the cantonment area. It is Document [4] (Title: Amayannoor) there. One day, the queen came to visit the temple. She was deeply amused by the shining 'Manikya' (Ruby gemstone) in the Linga idol. She made a request to the Ooranmas (temple administrators) to own the precious stone. But upon the denial, rani with her royal powers ordered the soldiers to took the stone. They killed the chief priest and took it from the Sreekovil. From there onwards, her dynasty was haunted by certain catastrophic and unfortunate events and even led to the destruction of the village. On Malayalam month Dhanu 23, , the temple faced a conflagration. In , Document [5] (Title: Vatathukkul Chadhuram) Vatathukkul Chadhuram Vatathukkul Chadhuram is a 1978 Indian Tamil film, directed by S. P. Muthuraman and produced by N. S. Mani. The film is based on the novel written by Maharishi. The film stars Latha, Sumithra, Sreekanth and Sarath Babu in lead roles. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. The story depicts the depth of friendship shared between the characters Anu and Malathy. The movie name, meaning a square inside a circle, symbolizes the situation of the character Anu's (Latha) life. Anu falls in love with Karthik (Sreekanth), the brother of her best friend Malathy (Sumithra) from childhood. Kartik Document [6] (Title: Thiruvabharanam) Thiruvabharanam Thiruvabharanam is the sacred ornaments of Ayyappan, the presiding deity of Sabarimala temple. The ornaments are made of gold. It is believed that these ornaments are made at the orders of the Pandalam King, who adopted Ayyappan as his child. Thiruvabharanam is kept at Srambickal Palace, which is close to the Valiyakoikkal Temple, inside the Pandalam Palace premises. At the end of the pilgrim season every year, the ornaments are taken to Sabarimala as a procession and poojas are performed on the idol adorned with the ornaments. After the season, the ornaments are taken back to the Srambickal Palace Document [7] (Title: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam) valley. Kottiyoor Temple, as its name implies, is the meeting of the Trimurti - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The Shivalinga of the Kottiyoor Temple is Swayambhu i.e. formed naturally. Kottiyoor Temple pilgrimage is a rarity where each community is given right to perform specific rituals and duties for their pilgrimage. The ceremonies for the Kottiyoou Festival, performed in sequential order, are Purakkuvam, Neerezhunnallathu, Vavalikettu, Neyyattam , Bringing Agni and Ooda (Reed), "Vaal" Ezhunnallathu, "Chothi Vilakku" , "Naallam Thurakkal" , "Bhandaram Ezhunnallathu" , Thiruvona Aaraadhana , Ilaneervaipu , Ilaneerattam , Revathi Aaraadhana , Rohini Aaraadhana , Thrikur Ariyalavu , Makam , Document [8] (Title: Thirunanthikarai) Ayyavazhithangal are the important places of worship in this area. Thirunanthikkara Siva Temple is 37 km from Thiruvananthapuram en route to Kanyakumari. Centuries old mural paintings have great value in the history of south Indian art. They are protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Thirunanthikkarai Temple is situated on the river banks of Nandhiaaru. The temple is built in the traditional Kerala style of temple architecture. Though the temple is the abode of Shiva, a shrine of Lord Vishnu is also present in the temple facing Lord Shiva. There is an ancient rock-cut cave temple situated towards the northern side Document [9] (Title: Parvathi Puthannaar) coast. It finally ends in a small delta near Poonthura and empties into the Indian Ocean. The delta formed by Parvathi Puthannar is known as Poonthura Pozhi. At first its water was very clear and fresher than any river or other man-made canal in India. At that time Travancore was the only hygienic, clean city in India. However, Parvathi Puthannar is now polluted and most portions are not navigable, due to pollution and weeds. Parvathi Puthannar was recently declared a part of the West Coast Canal which forms the National Waterway 3 (NW-III). Parvathi Puthannaar Parvati Puthannar (Malayalam: പാർവതി പുത്തനാർ) Document [10] (Title: Tirukkuṛaḷ) second, following the kural metre. A "cir" is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, the term "Thirukkural" is a "cir" formed by combining the two words "thiru" and "kuṛaḷ". The book on "Aṟam" (virtue) contains 380 verses, that of "Poruḷ" (wealth) has 700 and that of "Inbam" or "kāmam" (love) has 250. "Aṟam" refers to ethical values for the holistic pursuit of life, "porul" refers to wealth obtained in ethical manner guided by "aṟam", and "inbam" or "kāmam" refers to pleasure and fulfilment of one's desires, also in an "aṟam"-driven manner. Although "porul" Document [11] (Title: Puthur-Vela) Puthur-Vela Puthur Vela is an annual festival at the Puthur Thirupuraikkal Bhagavathy temple (), located in Puthur, Kerala, India. The temple houses the Goddess Karnaki, who is believed to be an incarnation of Goddess Parvathi. This temple is famous locally and attracts several hundred devotees every year. The Kadhana vedi (firecrackers) are set off at 6 pm everyday after the evening pooja. The festival is conducted during the month of April. The festivities last for 3 to 4 weeks in the Malayalam month of 'Meenam', which corresponds to March–April of the Western calendar. The flag symbolizing the beginning of the Document [12] (Title: Bhattathiri) must have come to Kerala at various periods, as per the requirements of the then ruling dynasties. Bhattathiri Bhattathiri are members of the Namboothiri community of Kerala, India. The Namboothiris (Malayalam :നമ്പൂതിരി) are the upper class Brahmins of Kerala, who consider themselves the most orthodox Brahmins in India. Among that community, families attained the title of Bhattathiri in one of the three ways. The three types of bhattathiris are Saasthra Bhattathiris, Smaartha Bhattathiris and Bhaagavatha Bhattathiris. They are titles gained due to their scholarship. Historically, the foremost mission of Namboothiris has been the acquisition of knowledge, and careful application of Document [13] (Title: Thiru Aadanoor Temple) a measure of sand from the bank of Kollidam according to the work done by them. Much to their surprise, it turned into precious stones for those who toiled and it stayed the same for those who shirked work. The workers who did not get anything were enraged and started chasing the old man. At this juncture, the Lord appeared in his original form and made the workers realize their mistakes. Thirumangai Alvar have sung in praise of the perumal in this temple with 1 Pasuram (hymn): ஒருக்காலே நெடுமாலே உன்னை செருக்கால் மறந்தாலும் இருக்காலே ஏத்தி இறைஞ்ச இயலாது இருந்தாலும் முறுக்காலே மோதிய முன்வினை Document [14] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) in "Madhya adavi" as guests forever. In course of time, the guest ("Sree oorpazhachi") and his friend ("with Shaiva amsham") attained greater significance in the temple than the Goddess herself. The "Ketti adikkal" (Oracle dance) of "Sree Oorpazhachi" seen all over North Malabar places "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" as its natal point. The second legend deals with how "Sree Oorpazhachi" became "Sree oorpazhachi Daivathar". Lord "Kiratha sunu" ("Vettakkorumakan") was a great warrior but his self pride was a source of distress to the Gods. On a request from the Gods, Lord "Vishu" disguised himself as a hunter and engaged "Vettakkorumakan" in Document [15] (Title: Tirunavaya) Tirunavaya Tirunavaya, also spelled as Thirunavaya, is atown in Malappuram, Kerala. Situated on the northern bank of Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani/Nila or Perar), it is one of major Hindu pilgrimage centres in Kerala. Tirunavaya, home to Tirunavaya Temple (Navamukunda/Vishnu Temple) and temples of Siva and Brahma (Cherutirunavaya Brahma Temple and Siva Temple/Tirunavaya Mahadeva Temple), is one of the most prominent places for bali tarpana on Karkitaka vavu in Kerala. Tirunavaya seems to be a very sacred place for the Hindus of Kerala from time immemorial. River Ponnani at Tirunavaya is considered to assume a special sanctity, because it flows between the Document [16] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) though connoisseurs admit that this is an art, and a ritualistic one. It is mainly performed only by select by "Nambudiris" or "Embrandiris" of north Kerala and is one of the special attractions of "Sree oorpazhachi Kavu" during "pattathanam". As the priestly dancer comes out carrying the replica of the idol on his head, the "Maaraar" (hereditary drummer in temples) makes the characteristic drumming when Tantric rites are performed. The word "Thitambu" suggests the direct manifestation of the deity. Dancing with the replicas of the deities on ones heads, is a unique feature of north Kerala. The origin of "Thitambu Document [17] (Title: Kuttumuck Siva Temple) "Thiruvathira" (lunar) star in the Malayalm month "Kumbam" (February–March), it ends after the Aarattu on the 10th day. Religiously, it is the restoration of divine Chaithanya. Dravyakalasam / Brahmakalasam is preceded by the Utsavam. It is aimed at the purification and energisation of the powers of the deity. It is the last of the long series of rituals of kalasam and at the end, the flag will be hoisted (Kodiyettam) heralding the Utsavam. For more details visit For more pictures please visit Kuttumuck Siva Temple Kuttumuck Siva Temple, the abode of Lord Kuttumuck Sree Mahadevan, is located about 5 km Document [18] (Title: Manapullikavu) they celebrates ‘Kathir’ in the third Friday of the Malayalam month of ‘Vrichikam’. On this day, a procession carrying ‘Sarodam’, in a very ornately decorated form is taken out in the evening from the premises of Lord Muniyappan temple, situated at the southern side of the Bhagavathy temple and it culminates at the Manappully Bhagavathy temple at dusk, passing through the streets of Manappullikavu Nair Thara. Another procession from Kenathuparambu, also joins the procession at the Manappullikavu junction and culminates at the temple. An attractive part of this ‘Kathir’ is the procession carrying decorative umbrellas made of palm leaves tied Document [19] (Title: Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple, Kottayam) Shiva shrine. Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple, Kottayam Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple situated in the heart of Kottayam city is one of the 108 revered Shivalayas in central Kerala. The temple is about 500 years old and was built by the Thekkumkoor raja. It also preserves a number of unique sculptures and murals of various Hindu deities. A common belief is that the idol of Shiva here is installed by sage Parashurama himself. The Thekkukkoor royal family considered the idol as their "paradevatha" (tutelary deity) in the form of ""Thirunakkara thevar"" There is an interesting story behind the "Brahma Rakshas". One person Document [20] (Title: Thiruppugazh) devotion in one‘s heart”, said Arunachala Reddiyar. "Thiruppugazh" is a musical mantra that would lead the aspirant to the path of devotion, enlightenment and bliss. Thiruppugazh is panacea for all ills. It is a powerful and effective Mantra because every verse of it contains the divine sanction of Lord Muruga," says V.S.Krishnan, a humble devotee. "It is a great privilege and blessings" he adds,"to be able to author book on a subject such as Thiruppugazh which has been hailed by great saints as an outstanding work of devotion". Thiruppugazh Thiruppugazh (Tamil: , ', : , meaning "Holy Praise" or "Divine Document [21] (Title: Thirumullavaram) Thirumullavaram The place got its name from "Thirumallanmar", the bodyguards of the erstwhile King of Travancore - Sri Marthanda Varma. Thirumullavarum, because of its scenic beauty, was one of the places where the King used to spend his leisure time. Another etymology says that, this place got the name in "THRETHAYUGA". SEETHA DEVI brought the MULLAPOO which were in his hair, due to give signale for Sreerama, by the time of the journey to Lanka by PUSHPAKA VIMANA under Ravana's custody. The MULLAPOO drop this place. So this place got THIRUMULLAVARAM The major landmark of Thirumullavarum is the Sri Maha Document [22] (Title: Thiruvabharanam) first evening, the procession reaches Ayroor Puthiyakavu Devi temple via Kaipuzha, Kulanada, Ullannoor, Parayankara, Kuriyanipallay, Kooduvettickal, Kavumpady, Kidangannur, and Aranmula. On the second day evening it reaches Laha via Peroorchal, Keekozhoor, Aayickal, Pulickamoozhy, Kuthukallinpady, Mandiram, Edakkulam, Vadaserikkara, Madamon, Perunad, and Puthukkada. On the third and final day, the entourage reaches Sabarimala in the evening, via Plappally, Elavumkal, Nilackal, Attathode, Kollamoozhy, Vellachimala, Aettappetty, Oliyampuzha, Valiayanavattom, Cheriyanavattom, Neelimala, Appachimedu, and Saramkuthi. Thiruvabharanam Thiruvabharanam is the sacred ornaments of Ayyappan, the presiding deity of Sabarimala temple. The ornaments are made of gold. It is believed that these ornaments are made at the orders Document [23] (Title: Thrithala) Thrithala Thrithala is a village in Pattambi taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala state, South India. The village is located along the banks of Bharathapuzha and is famed for its Shiva temple. The legend of 'Parayi petta panthirukulam' is centred on Trithala. According to this story, a Brahmin named Vararuchi, married a lower caste woman without knowing her true identity(?). After the marriage, they set out on a long journey. During the course of the journey, the woman became pregnant several times, and every time she delivered a baby, the husband asked her to leave it there itself. Each of Document [24] (Title: Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple) celebrated in commemoration of Nammazhwar, the saint poet of 8th century. The annual 51-day festival to commemorate the installation of idol of Sreekrishna is concluded with Gajamela, where a parade of 21 caparisoned elephants is held. The floats depict depicting Puranic themes and are accompanied by music players playing Mayuranrithom, Krishnanattom, Karakom, Nadaswarom, Panchavadyam, and Pancharimelom. A team of Pancharimelam performers offer rendition during the event. During the evening Kathakali performers where artiste perform various historic themes. Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple The Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu and located in Thiruvanvandoor, Alappuzha District, Kerala, South India. Document [25] (Title: Thiruthalvaadi) Thiruthalvaadi Thiruthalvaadi is a 1992 Malayalam film written by Kaloor Dennis and directed by Viji Thampi. The film stars Jagadish, Siddique, Urvashi, Jagathy Sreekumar, and Sivaranjini in the main roles. The basic plot was based on the 1982 Tamil movie Manal Kayiru directed by Visu. Vishnu (Siddique) is the regional manager in a travels company and he is a bachelor. His friends and relatives try to get him to be married, but Vishnu has seven conditions for his future wife, including ones such as knowing Carnatic music, Hindi, and Chinese and Western cooking. So his friend Krishnankutty (Jagadish) does many Document [26] (Title: Malayalappuzha Devi Temple) all the devotees. The goddess is worshiped for protecting the devotee from enemies, getting the unmarried girls married, obtaining job for the unemployed, and helping businesses flourish. This popular belief and faith makes the temple visited by devotees from far locations. The devi is also known as Goddess Idathattil Bhagwathi Once upon a time, two people belonging to the Namboothiri caste of northern Travancore were meditating at Mookambika temple. They had with them an idol of Bhadrakali. After their meditation for a prolonged period, they received an oracle from Bhadrakali that the idol will have her perpetual presence. The Namboothiris Document [27] (Title: Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple) Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple The Thuiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a Hindu temple located in Cherpu of Thrissur district of Kerala. The deity is Lord Dharma Shastha in standing posture with arch and a bow. An enchanting shrine in the midst of a dense forest, a gusher of beneficent spirit-that was the temple of Thiruvullakkavu, centuries back. Lord Sastha, the presiding deity, as the divine protector of the whole village settlement, showered benediction on a cultured rave. He rode the boundaries of the settlement on His white charger; the pure, microcosmic soul. Full of devotion, the people reveled Document [28] (Title: Places of worship in Muvattupuzha) of Islam followers are majority in southern parts of Kerala. In Muvattupuzha, Thulukkar are concentrated around Pettah, near Post office Junction. Muslims include Sunni, Ahmediyya. Places of worship in Muvattupuzha ‘Velloorkunnu’ means the hill of light.This is one of the rarest Siva Temples situated near The three rivers,which merge to form a single river. Lord Maheswara is the eliminator of all the worries. He gets easily pleased with those who worship. He awards peace in this World and salvation in the other World. He is the annihilator of the wicked and protector of the good. The idol in Velloorkunnam Mahadeva Document [29] (Title: History and Culture of Kottarakkara) History and Culture of Kottarakkara Kottarakkara, a compound word made up of the words "Kottaram", meaning "palace", and "kara" meaning "land", literally means "land of palaces". The area which had several palaces was thus named "Kottarakkara." Kathakali traced its origin to the ritualistic (tantric) period of the Vedic Age and connected its growth from the popular, folk dance dramas.It was believed that Kathakali was conceived from Krishnanattam, the dance drama on the life and activities of Lord Krishna created by the Samoothirippadu (Samoothiri, Swamy Thirumulpad or Zamorin) of Calicut. The legend is as follows: Once Kottarakkara Thampuran the Raja of Document [30] (Title: Kanam (Kerala)) some of worship centers in kanam. All the Senior citizens of that time used to meet at Kotchukalappurayidam alias Prevathicar Veedu and play cards, read newspapers and hold discussions. Mrs. Govinda Pillai (Ittooli Kutty Amma was the only lady who took part in playing cards along with men.) Younger generation took to native bale, kilithattu, chadukudu etc. Onam, Vishu and Thiruvathira were celebrated with pomp by Hindus while Christmas and Easter were observed by Christians. The common celebration was held to observe the annual Thirunal (Birthday of Maha Raja). The Anniversary of the Primary Schools were observed not only by Document [31] (Title: Thiruvathira) folk songs telling tales of lovesick Parvati, her longing and penance for Lord Shiva's affection and Shiva's might and power. The sinuous movements executed by the group of dancers around a "nilavilakku" embody "lasya" or the amorous charm and grace of the feminine. The dance follows a circular, pirouetting pattern accompanied by clapping of the hands and singing. Today, Thiruvathirakali has become a popular dance form for all seasons.Thiruvathira kali is a typical dance form of Kerala. This is a female group dance made up of simple yet very attractive steps. In ancient times, women use to perform this dance Document [32] (Title: Edakkad) (ancient) kavu (grove) surrounded by Eachil (a herb) and the latter meaning pazhakiya (ancient) achi (mother goddess) kavu (grove). Irrespective of the interpretation of "Oorpazachi Kavu", it is the presence of this temple at Edakkad that imparts historical significance to the area. One finds reference to this famous temple in the Malabar Manual by William Logan, the British collector of Malabar. The main deity at Oorpazhachikavu is Oorpazhachi Dhaivam locally known as 'dhaivathareeswaran' who was the deified feudal Nair warrior 'Meloor Dayarappan'. North Malabar Folklore has in its collection of traditional songs described the ferocity of Meloor Dayarappan as the Document [33] (Title: Tharakan (Hindu caste)) fish & chicken). Other than the normal Hindu festivals like Onam, Vishu& Thiruvathira, another special festival related to Onam, 'POTTA THIRUVONAM' (on the day of Thiruvonam star coming in the Malayalam month of 'thulam') used to be celebrated in olden days mainly for showing the sister's affection to their brothers – similar to the concept of Rakhi of North India. One major occasion of family get together of these groups are during the annual temple 'pooram'(പൂരം) festival of their respective paradevatha temples. Tharakan's marriage related processes start from "Ashtamangalyam" (അഷ്ടമംഗല്യം) function – the engagement at bride's residence. After horoscope matching, Document [34] (Title: Thirumarady) celebrated by the farmers of Kakkoor and surrounding villages. The main highlight of this festival is the Cattle Market which is the literal meaning of "Kalavayal’. The centuries-old festival is also connected to some local myths. It is believed that the deities of the Edapara (Thirumarady) and Ambassery (Kakkoor) Bhagavathis are sisters and both meets each other once in a year. The Kakkoor Kalavayal Festival reminds their annual meeting which celebrates in the Aswathi, Bharani, Karthika & Rohini stars of the Malayalam month Kumbham (Feb-March). It was part of erstwhile Vadakkumkoor kingdom until it was captured by Travancore kingdom, now Document [35] (Title: Thrippunithura) ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river" above doesn't give sense. Thirupunithra = Thiru punitha thara means land which holiness..and pooni refers to the bag used to carry arrows The 'Raja nagari' or the royal city is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The erstwhile rulers of Kingdom of Cochin were great patrons of art. This made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. Document [36] (Title: Thiruvathira) out of seven vegetables, that is cooked and served on this day. They choose from Pooshanikai (pumpkin), Paranghikai (ash gourd), Vazhakkai (plantain), Pacha mochai (field beans), Sarkaraivalli kizhangu (sweet potato), Cheppan kizhangu (colocasia), Urulai kizhangu (potato), Katharikai (eggplant) etc. The dancing form of Lord Shiva is taken out on procession from all Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. In Chidambaram, The night before the full moon, "Abishekam", or holy shower, to the Lord Shiva is performed with the nine most precious gems ("navarathnam"), including diamonds, coral, pearls, jade and emerald, among others. On the day of full moon, the chariot procession Document [37] (Title: Thirumarayoor) Rama was chasing the deer, it disappeared at this place. The word in Malayalam for "disappear" is "marayuka". "Thiru" is indicating something related to God and "ooru" is the place. Thus the name Thiru-mara-ooru (Thirumarayoor) was originated. This village consists of a bank, an agricultural society, many paddy fields, fishing spots, etc. The village is 35 km from Kochi. Nearby places are Veliyanad and Thottoor. Thirumarayoor Thirumarayoor is a small village situated around 7 km from Piravom in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. A sub-post office of Arakunnam (PIN-682313) and a co-operative bank are the only public firms operating Document [38] (Title: Thiruppathisaram) the sacred history of Tirupathisaram. Thiruppathisaram Thiruppathisaram is a village in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, the southern Indian state. This village is renowned for the Thiruvazhmarban Temple dedicated to Lord Thiruvazhimarban, Supreme God (Vishnu). Thiruppathisaram, also known as Thiruvanparisaram is to the north-east of Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district, around 3.5 km from Nagercoil city centre. The place derives its name from a 5000-year-old temple dedicated to Thiruvazhimarban ("Lord in whose heart Thiru - Goddess Padmavati abodes") Lord Vishnu. Thiruppathisaram is part of the 108 Divya Desams and "Malayala Nattu Thiruppatigal". The mother of Nammalvar, a Vaishnavite poet-saint, was Document [39] (Title: Thiruvanchikulam Temple) Thiruvanchikulam Temple Thiruvanchikulam Siva Temple (medieval Thiruvanchaikkalam Temple) is a Hindu temple situated in Kodungallur in Thrissur district in the South Indian state of Kerala in India. Constructed in the Kerala style of architecture, the temple is believed to have been built during the Chera period in the 8th century. Shiva is worshipped as Mahadeva and his consort Parvathi as Umadevi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the "Tevaram", written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanmars and classified as "Paadal Petra Sthalam", one of the 276 temples that find mention in Document [40] (Title: Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram) "Now I am going to Thiruchendur from your land and don't forget I will return, and then it will be your final day." Saying this Thirumal deserted Thiruvananthapuram and walked towards Thiruchendur. Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram As Kalimayai captured the king of Thiruvitankur and began to rule over the people as their king, Thirumal came to Thiruvananthapuram according to Ayyavazhi mythology. This falls under Akilam five in Akilattirattu Ammanai. When Thirumal decided to go to Thiruvananthapuram the temple boy of Sri Rangam and a Brahmin fall on his feet and asked humbly, "Your greatness, your children The Santror are suffering due Document [41] (Title: Chaappa Kurishu) film ends with Ansari standing up to people who mock him. ""Chappa Kurishu"" means Head or Tail in Malayalam. Sameer Thahir says: "While I was writing the script itself, giving shape to the main male leads, Ansari and Arjun , I knew that they were the two sides of the same coin. So I thought of 'Heads or Tails' as the title. But I wanted it in the colloquial lingo. It's called 'Changum Chappayum' in Kollam, 'Thalayum Valum' in Kottayam, 'Raja Kozhi' in Thrissur, 'Chappa Pulli' in Kozhikode and 'Chaappa Kurish' in Cochin. And I belong to Cochin." The director Document [42] (Title: Pettathullal) 25th Dhanu and performs an "Aazhi pooja." Before the thullal of Ambalappuzha group, a "Krishna parunth" (sacred eagle) flies round in the sky. It is believed that lord Vishnu himself arrives from Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna temple on his mount Garuda to witness the thullal. The fascinating customs of Pettathullal starts with 'Prayashchitham' or atonement which is done to seek forgiveness for the intentional and unintentional sins committed during the vrata kalam (fasting period) by placing a coin and betel leaf on the holy "irumudikettu" or travel kit. The next custom is the offering of 'Pettapanam kettal' or Dakshina to Periyaswami. Document [43] (Title: History and culture of Kaviyoor) Paara=Rock/Boulder. Mal. തൃക്കല്ക്കുടി ). Literally, this means cave settlement. The land surrounding the rock also was called 'Kal-kudi' (കല്ക്കുടി). Still, there is a nearby piece of land by name 'Kakkudiyil', a corrupt form for 'Kalkudiyil' (കല്ക്കുടിയില് ). More corrupt forms (like Thrikkaakkudi, Thrikkokudi etc.) are doing rounds as newer generations of people, defying rhyme and reason, use words, ignoring their etymological significance. History: Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple which has a unique style of architecture and is one of the oldest temples in Kerala. Also known as Thrikkaviyoor Mahadeva Temple, it is one of the prominent temples in Kerala. Medieval period most Document [44] (Title: Thiruvathira) in their homes during festivals and functions, giving it the Malayalam name aka Kaikottikali: aka-inside + kaikottikali-play claping hands. Lore has it that Thiruvathira Kali is in memory of Lord Siva taking Parvathi as his wife. A group of women dressed in typical Kerala style with mundu and neriyathu and the hair bun adorned with jasmine garlands perform this dance during festival seasons.. Kaikottikkali spreads the message of joy and also illustrates the emotions of a married woman towards her beloved and of the unmarried woman longing for one. Thiruvathira is also known as the Kerala's own version of Karva Document [45] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) "waist belt of bells" (aramaNi) during the performance. Thiriyuzhichil Thiriyuzhichil is a dance ritual performed by Pulluvas in Kerala (South India) to alleviate the fear of snakes, to appease the snake and to be blessed with babies. This is more popular in the districts of Trichur, Calicut and Palghat and it is performed in Hindu Temples and shrines meant for snakes. By performing this, the queen of snakes could be appeased. The performer starts dancing holding a torch in his hand using various types of music instruments. Thiri Uzhichchil is also performed as one of the items in Ayyappan Vilakku Document [46] (Title: Thirunakkara Perumal) she fell in love with Mathai (Madhu) of Kalappurakkal tharavad and later marries him. After this incidence, friendly relationship between the Hindus and Christians became stronger than before. Kulathungal Chacko and his brothers envied on this harmonious relation ship and later leads to changes in the story. Thirunakkara Perumal Thirunakkara Perumal is a 2009 Malayalam film directed by Pasad Valacherry. The movie features Babu Antony, Riyaz Khan, Madhu and Seema in the lead roles. "Thirunakkara Perumal" is develops in Perumatthurkkara village. Both Hindus and Christians lived there peacefully.The Temple is off Perumathur Kovilakam, during the time of festival people of Document [47] (Title: Places of worship in Muvattupuzha) Places of worship in Muvattupuzha ‘Velloorkunnu’ means the hill of light.This is one of the rarest Siva Temples situated near The three rivers,which merge to form a single river. Lord Maheswara is the eliminator of all the worries. He gets easily pleased with those who worship. He awards peace in this World and salvation in the other World. He is the annihilator of the wicked and protector of the good. The idol in Velloorkunnam Mahadeva Temple is Kirathamoorthy, who gets easily pleased in his Devotees. They believe that the fore sating of arrogance and the trust in Lord Sankara bring Document [48] (Title: Thiruvattoor) Thiruvattoor Thiruvattoor is a village in Pariyaram Grama Panchayath of Kannur district, Kerala, India. It has an area of 35 square kilometers and a population of 2000 (approx). Thiruvattoor is about 12 kilometers away from Taliparamba town. The Thiruvattoor Makham and Thiruvattoor Shiva Temple are famous religious symbols in and around the village. It is surrounded by hills on all sides, except the east where it shares a boundary with the Kuppam River. Thiruvattoor made history a hundred years ago when it used its autonomy to assert its sole right to the local biodiversity. The village consists of mini-villages such Document [49] (Title: Attukal) Attukal Attukal (Malayalam:) is a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It is situated about two kilometres to the south east from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram City. The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple, one of the ancient temples of South India, is popularly described as Sabarimala of the Women, as women form the major portion of devotees is located at Attukal. The Goddess in the temple of Attukal is worshipped as the Supreme Mother, creator of all living beings and the mighty preserver as well as destroyer of them all. The pilgrims from all over the country, who visit Sree Document [50] (Title: Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple) Hunter who destroys the sinners and protects the virtuous. He is the personification of fierce, protective Love. But at Thiruvullakkavu, He blesses His children with enough wits to earn prosperity to the point of satiety. Later, they become wise enough to renounce it and seek the path of bliss. Verily, Thiruvullakkavu is THE ABODE OF WISDOM. Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple The Thuiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a Hindu temple located in Cherpu of Thrissur district of Kerala. The deity is Lord Dharma Shastha in standing posture with arch and a bow. An enchanting shrine in the midst of Document [51] (Title: Thiruvaniyoor) Thiruvaniyoor Thiruvaniyoor is an eastern suburb of the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. Situated around 15 km (9 mi) south-east from the city centre, it is a part of Kunnathunad taluk. During the starting years of 19th century, almost 90% of the land was under the control of Devaswom or landloards. The major devaswom and landloards at that time were thiruvaniyoor devasam, Chemmanad Devaswom, Monappilly Devaswom, Muriyamangalam Devaswom, Purapperi Mana, Kizhakumbhagath Mana, Thuruthikkala Mana, Mathurakkattu Mana, etc. Junior Chamber International (JCI Thiruvaniyoor) is the most popular social organization of Thiruvaniyoor. JCI movement started at Thiruvaniyoor in Document [52] (Title: Thirunallar) the flames one leaf containing the forty-ninth Padigam of the Tevaram hymn which was sung at the shrine of Lord Darbharanyeswaran Shiva at Thirunallar. The leaf remained untouched by the flames and maintained its evergreen freshness, reestablishing Saivism as the true religion in Pandian capital. Hence the glory of the Thirunallar temple. The name ThiruNallar(u) is believed to represent the association of King Nala of the Nishadha country who was delivered from the bad effects of Shani (Saturn) by invoking the Lord's mercy here (Nala + Aru = Nallaru). The word "Aru" here denotes "to heal" and the two words Document [53] (Title: Thrithala) the 9th and 10th century, marks the transition from the Chola to the Pandya style of architecture. According to a legend, the child Agnihotri was bathing in the river along with his mother. He heaped the sand in the form of a mound on a plate ('thalam' in Malayalam). When the mother tried to remove the sand, she found that it has solidified in the form of a 'Siva Lingam'. Thus the deity is known as 'Thalathilappan', meaning God in a plate. The idol is said to have the constitution of sand. It is believed that the sharp bend in Document [54] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) associated with Sree "Oorpazhachi Daivathar". The first legend associated with "Sree Oorpazhachi Daivathar" has it that, once Lord "Vishnu" happened to laugh harmlessly at his consort, Goddess "Lakshmi". Unfortunately for him, she misinterpreted this to be an act of mockery aimed at her. Angered as she was, she cursed her husband, “May you lose your head and be handicapped thus”. Lord "Shiva" and" Brahma" were worried at the new fate of" Vishnu" and approached Goddess "Lakshmi" requesting her to redeem "Vishnu" from the curse. Goddess "Lakshmi" replied, “"Para Shakti" (the mother equivalent to the holy trinity) itself is a feminine Document [55] (Title: Attukal) ceremony is exclusively confined to women folk and the enormous crowd, which gathers in Thiruvananthapuram on this auspicious day is reminiscent of the Kumbhamela Festival of North India. Attukal Attukal (Malayalam:) is a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It is situated about two kilometres to the south east from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram City. The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple, one of the ancient temples of South India, is popularly described as Sabarimala of the Women, as women form the major portion of devotees is located at Attukal. The Goddess in the temple of Attukal is worshipped as the Document [56] (Title: Amunthirathu Devi Temple) for the safety of places such as Kottarakara (Kollam) and Kayamkulam (Alappuzha), where he is narrated by historians, to have lived in difficulty for many years, travelling from one place to another to escape his political enemies. Marthanda varma made intimate relation with Vanjipuzha thampuran for helping his sister and son-in-law. By political moves Marthanda varma gain victory over the nobles in travancore and bring his sister and son-in-law to Attingal palace which was considered as the ancestral homes of Travancore royals. The Queendom of attingal favours devi (female god) worship rather than deva (male god) and the queenly state Document [57] (Title: Thirunanthikarai) Thirunanthikarai Thirunanthikara is a village situated in Thirparappu panchayath, in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. This village comes under the post office of Kulasekharam, 3 km away, and is located along the Kulasekharam–Pechipara road. The primary revenue source for the area is natural rubber production and tapping. Many of the youth of Thirunanthikara work in Gulf countries and their money helps support the village. 20% of the people speak Malayalam, 80% speak Tamil. The traditions and customs of the people are similar to those of the people of Kerala. Thirunanthikara Nanthishwaran Temple, Thirunanthikara Cave Temple, Peedavilai Mutharamman Temple, Document [58] (Title: Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram) Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram Thrikkovil - Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple, () is a Hindu temple with Lord Vishnu as the presiding deity, located at Vallicode village in Pathanamthitta District in Kerala, India. The temple comes under the Travancore Devaswom Board. As per local folklore, it is considered the second one of its kind after the famous Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. More spectacularly the 10-day festival includes Rupmani Swayambaram. In going with the simplicity and elegant architecture of temples in Kerala, the temple premises here present a very serene and spiritual outlook. There is a temple pond adjoining which abound with Document [59] (Title: Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram) Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram Thirumala is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. The name is literally split into two, 'Thiru' 'Mala' meaning "Holy Hill" which refers to the hill on which an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to the god Krishna called Parakovil which is formally known as Thrichakrapuram S Thirumala is also a huge hill, the summit of which may be reached from the Killiar at Jagathy, top most point being Parakovil. Thirumala is close to Pangode, the cantonment area. It is located at . Thirumala is on the Kattakkada – Neyyar Dam Road. It is about 6 km Document [60] (Title: Atavanad) have a strong influence on local cultural traditions. Teeyate, Thiruvathira, Duff Muttu, Kolkali, and Aravanamuttu are popular traditions. Temples and mosques are common gathering places for both social and religious reasons. Athavanad has a long history of playing football. The Kerala Cattle Race (known as Kalappoottu and Maramadi) is a traditional event. It was banned in 2014 by a court ruling, as it was deemed to violate a 1960 law pertaining to preventing animal cruelty. CPI, NCP, and MUL] [CPIM are the major political parties in Athavanad. Athavanad is a major educational hub. It has several educational institutions ranging from Document [61] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) Maharajah of Travancore, in his capacity as Thrippappoor Mooppan, escorts the deities to the vettakkalam for Pallivetta. Centuries back, the Pallivetta procession was said to pass through Kaithamukku, Kuthiravattom (Kunnumpuram), Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram and Putharikkandam. The festivals culminate with the "Aarat" (holy bath) procession to the Shankumugham Beach. The word "Aarat" refers to the purificatory immersion of the deities of the temple in sea. This event takes place in the evening. The Maharajah of Travancore escorts the "Aarat" procession on foot. The festival idols "Utsava Vigrahas" of Padmanabhaswamy, Narasimha Moorthi and Krishna Swami are given a ritual bath in the sea, Document [62] (Title: Rajarajeshwara Temple) the Goddess presented the Shivalingam in the Thretha Yugam, and Muchukundam and Shathasoman were the devotees who received the other two lingams in Dwapara Yugam. Goddess Parvathi advised each of them to install the idols in such a place where no death of any creature had taken place or any dead body had fallen. After a long search for such a place, which was very difficult to locate, Maandhatha, the first one to receive the lingam, found out a small place of that description, only that much land which could accommodate a small plate. Thalika in Malayalam means a plate. Document [63] (Title: Thunchan Parambu, Tirur) Thunchan Parambu, Tirur Thunchan Parambu or "Thunchan Memorial Trust and Research Centre" is a place in Tirur, Kerala, South India. It is located 2 km south west of Tirur railway station and 28 km west of the District Headquarters city. It is a residential area. Thunjan Parambu in Tirur in Malappuram is the birthplace of Thunchath Ezhuthachan, the father of the Malayalam language. A memorial ( Thunjan Smarakom ) for the great poet has been built at Thunjan Parambu in 1964. Ezhuthachan is considered as the Father of the Malayalam language, because of his devotion to the language, his influence Document [64] (Title: Thiruvazhmarban temple) the tank, he felt rejuvanted worshipping the Vishnu temple in the banks. He is believed to have constructed the temple and named the place as Thiruvanparisaram ("pari" in Tamil indicates horse). "Thiru" indicates respect, "vazh" means live and "marban" indicates the heart of the person. Since Vishnu held his consort in his heart in this place, he is commonly referred Thiruvazhmarban. The exact history of the temple could not be ascertained from the inscriptions. The oldest inscription is dated from 1139 AD, when a person by name Natesan Chetti from Rajendra Cholapattinam offering donations to the temple. Two other inscriptions Document [65] (Title: Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple) Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple ( also known as Kattampack Kizhakkum Bhagam Pattupurackal Bhagavathy temple) is an ancient Bhadrakali temple located in Njeezhoor village, Kottayam. It is the only temple in Njeezhoor village where presiding deity as Sree Bhadrakali. Offering naranga vilakku (Lemon lamp) and neivilakku (Ghee lamp) on every Tuesday and Friday is very significant in this temple. The nearest towns are Kuravilangad and Kaduthuruthy. It is about 6 km and 11 km away from temple respectively. The last renovation activities were done on 19 March 2016 with the presence of Kshetra Thantri Brahma Sree Anil Dhivakaran Namboothiri. Document [66] (Title: Ezhumanthuruthu) powers. He used to bathe early morning in nearby river. One day a mango tree fell down on his route causing obstacle to his way. He murmured three times "Ezhumave". "Ezhu" means stand up and "mave" means mango tree in Malayalam. After this incident the mango tree stood up and cleared the way for the Namboothiripad. Thereafter, the place was known as Ezhumanthuruthu and the house of the Namboothiripad as Ezhumavil Mana. Correct meaning of "Ezhu" is seven, hence Ezhumanthuruthu means island of seven mango trees. The former one is someone's belief only. In legend it was said that the Document [67] (Title: Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram) Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram Ayiroor (also : Ayroor) is a small town in Varkala of Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India. This village is famous for its temples namely Anjumurthy temple, Ayiravilly temple, Thrimballur temple, and Kochu Thampuratty temple.These temples are famous for their yearly festivals conducted in between the month of january to march. The name 'Ayiroor' itself originates from 'Anjumurthy', which means five idols. Ayiroor is on the banks of the river Ayiroorpuzha, one of the smallest rivers in Kerala after manjeshwaram puzha. On the southwest side of this village passes the Thiruvananthapuram-Shoranur canal. Educational institutions include Ayiroor Document [68] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) on all the days. It was a divine opportunity for the Devotees to attend the Sathram and offer their prayers and be blessed by Lord Guruvayoorappan. Bhagavatha acharyas and scholars from all over the country participated and rendered their scholarly discourses to the devotees, dedicated to Lord Guruvayoorappan. The incarnation of Lord Shiva at Purandareswarath Sree Maha Deva Temple believed as a form of Sharabha. The incarnation of lord Sarabha is that mellowed Lord Vishnu’s ominous form of the breast-bursting, blood-sucking Narasimha. He is the heavenly deliverer of mental bliss. Praying to him can make anyone "calm of mind, all Document [69] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) Thuravoor, Cherthala Thuravoor is a gram panchayat in the Pattanakkad Block of Cherthala Taluk of the Alappuzha District, State of Kerala, India. It comes under Aroor Assembly constituency. Thuravoor lies exactly between Kochi and Alappuzha. A four lane National Highway 47 passes through the village, which along with a railway station gives it excellent connectivity with the remainder of the state. Thuravoor is famous for the Narasimha Swamy temple which is dedicated to the fourth incarnation (avatara) of Vishnu, the Narasimha. The temple has two main deities, the Vadakkanappan (Lord Narasimha) and the Tekkanappan (Lord Sudurshana), which is rare among Document [70] (Title: Akilam six) Akilam six Akilam six is the sixth section of Akilam, the primary holy text of Ayyavazhi. This section describes the transformation of the ruling authority of the universe from Sivan to Thirumal. It also narrates the preparational events of the Avatar of Vaikundar. There is a description of the famine and other natural disasters that took place in the Travancore country because Thirumal left from there. Since Thirumal left Travancore because of the cruel rule of the king, the country faced a lot of political, economic as well as natural disasters. But the land of Tiruchendur where Thirumal arrived after Document [71] (Title: Thiruvanchikulam Temple) Thiruvanchikulam Devaswom under the Cochin Devaswom Board. This is the only Thevaram Paadal Petra Shiva sthalam in Kerala. Shiva is the family god of the Cochin Royal Family (Perumpadapu Swaroopam after they came to power following the decline of Chera Empire). The temple has very good mural paintings and is a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India. The temple has the oldest reference in history in Thevaram Hymns sung by Sundara Murthi Nayanar (also known as Sundarar in Tamil), one of the four Saiva Acharyas. The images of Sundara Murthi Nayanar, and of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar can also Document [72] (Title: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram) cuisines are popular. Arabian, Thai and branded fast food joints are also patronised. Culture of Thiruvananthapuram The city of Thiruvananthapuram has been the centre of cultural activities of Kerala (India) from the time it was made capital of Travancore in 1745. The capital city is a major intellectual and artistic center. The Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo were started during the reign of Swathi Thirunal (1813–1847) and are one of the oldest of their kind in India. The city's libraries include the Trivandrum Public library, which was started in 1829. The Swathi Thirunal College of Music and 'College of fine Document [73] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) beginning of the Kali yuga. Lord Vishnu gave some advice to Hareetha Maharshi to overcome the difficulties in Kali yuga. These pieces of advice are called "Thiru Mozhi" meaning 'Sacred Words'. And thereafter this place got its name as "Thirumozhi kalam" – kalam means place. Later Thirumozhikkalam became Thirumoozhikkulam. The temple complex enclosed in a large area with picturesque surroundings, holds the main sanctum dedicated to Lakshmana Perumal. The sanctum sanctorum of the main shrine houses the idol of Maha Vishnu. The main annual festival for ten days each year in the month of Medam (April/May). The temple is under Document [74] (Title: Thiruppathisaram) Thiruppathisaram Thiruppathisaram is a village in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, the southern Indian state. This village is renowned for the Thiruvazhmarban Temple dedicated to Lord Thiruvazhimarban, Supreme God (Vishnu). Thiruppathisaram, also known as Thiruvanparisaram is to the north-east of Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district, around 3.5 km from Nagercoil city centre. The place derives its name from a 5000-year-old temple dedicated to Thiruvazhimarban ("Lord in whose heart Thiru - Goddess Padmavati abodes") Lord Vishnu. Thiruppathisaram is part of the 108 Divya Desams and "Malayala Nattu Thiruppatigal". The mother of Nammalvar, a Vaishnavite poet-saint, was born in this village, before Document [75] (Title: Bharathappuzha) Nila.Tholpavakoothu (around 65 temples are situated in the banks of river Nila) is a unique shadow puppet play mainly performed in the Bhadar Kali temple in the malabar region Leading Malayalam writers who were born along its banks include M. T. Vasudevan Nair, M. Govindan, V. K. N., O. V. Vijayan and M. Sukumaran. Late poet P. Kunhiraman Nair, a native of north Malabar, drew literary inspiration from the scenic beauty of the landscape along the Bharatapuzha. There are a number of famous Hindu temples like Thiruvilwamala Temple, Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple, Chamravattam [[Ayyappa]] Temple and Panniyur Sree Varahamurthy Temple on Document [76] (Title: Muchilot Bhagavathi) silver tabernacle in the "Padinjattakam", to worship began to be known as Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi. Muchilot Bhagavathi ] Muchilot Bhagavathi is the chief goddess of Vaniya Nair/Vaniya community of north malabar. An exploration into the history of the goddess, Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi, the source of all prosperity, the reservoir of all knowledge and an immeasurable ocean of benevolence, reveals the fact that there are various opinions related to her life. Some of her devotees believe her to be the goddess bloomed from the sweat of Lord Shiva shed at the time of his stupendous dance on the Mount Kailasa. Whereas Document [77] (Title: Thiruvathira) takes place. The most important Arudhra Darshan festival takes place at the Chidambaram Shiva Temple in Tamil Nadu. The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva is enacted on the day. In Kerala, the festival is celebrated as the birthday of Lord Shiva. Thiruvathira is the "nakshatra" or "star" as per the Malayalam calendar of Lord Shiva. Another belief is that the festival commemorates the death of Kamadeva, the Hindu god of erotic desire. It is believed that on this day, the Goddess Parvathi finally met Lord Shiva after her long penance and Lord Shiva took her as a "saha-dharma chaarini" (equal Document [78] (Title: History and culture of Thrippunithura) the word 'Pooni' is yet to be established. The waterbodies in the area point to the presence of a thura in the location, before Kochi Azhi was created by a devastating flood. The word "Thura" in Greek means a door or an opportunity, and could also be a loan word introduced by early traders along the west coast. When the Kings of erstwhile cochin Dynasty made this place their capital, the area where the palaces and the fort are constructed came to known as Thiru Poonithura as the word "Thiru" shows respect. In due course it became Tripunithura. Thirupunithra= Thiru Document [79] (Title: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam) Kalam Varavu , Atham naal , Vallattom , Thengaeru , Chithra naal , Thrikkaleshattam , Thandilmeil Oonu , Vaal madakkam , Valiya Vattalam Payasam , Purakkuvam (Prakuzham, Purakuzham) Rohini aradhana is an important ceremony. Kurumathoor Nayikan Brahman, the title of the head of a Vaishnavite family in the area, who has the birthright for the ceremony, performs the rite. He is considered a representation of Vishnu. The Namboothiri performs the rites and embraces the Swayambhu Shivalinga, i.e. Alingana Pushpanjali. This commemorates the incident which took place during the Daksha yaga. Shiva was in heartbreaking sorrow, when he saw the burned Document [80] (Title: Tamil honorifics) French "Monsieur". "Thiru" is a word that also means "sacred" or "holy". It is also a Tamil name for the God Mahavishnu, who is called "Thirumaal" (திருமால்), and Goddess Lakshmi, who is called "Thirumagal" (திருமகள்) in Tamil. It is also meant for "wealth", "respect", and "name" in Tamil language. The word "Thiru" is part of many city-names, such as Trivandrum or Thiruvananthapuram; Thiruchendur, Thiruvaiyaru, Thiruvenkadam, Thirumalai, Thirupathi, Thiruchirappalli, Thirukoilur, Thirukumaran, Thiruvannamalai etc. This list is endless; the word Thiru forms part of the name of many other cities and towns in South India. These are used to refer to unmarried Document [81] (Title: Tirur) are introduced into the world of writing, soon after infancy, when they first trace the letters of the Malayalam alphabets in sand taken from that revered spot which was Ezhuthachan's home. People in thousands reach Thunjan Paramba with their children, to initiate them into the world of letters on the Vijayadasami day. Children are made to write on the white sands of Thunjan Paramba with their fingers. Also young poets of Kerala come on that day to offer their first poem. A Nux vomica ("കാഞ്ഞിരം") tree, the leaves of which are not bitter, is a surprise at the Thunjan Paramba. Document [82] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) One of the famous festival in that village Thuravoor Kadathuruth Srimahadavi Temple, one of the prominent devi temples in Alappuzha. It is situated 2 km away from Thuravoor Junction. The idol of the goddess Bhadrakali (popularly known as "Kadathuruth Amma") in the temple is unique as it has four hands with various attributes. One is holding the head of a Daruka Sirasu, another a sword, next an anklet, another a bell. It is popularly called "Kadathuruthil Chakki". Kuthiyathode belween Thuravoor NH 47, western side of around 1 km Road (Pattukulangara Jn.) one of the prominent devi temples in Alappuzha. It Document [83] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) settle any slight disputes or entanglements that they may occur with reference to the temple holdings or to the temple itself. The temple flourished till mid of 20th Century with its tremendous impact on the socio-cultural fields.Till 26/12/1965, Managing Trustee of the Thirupalkadal Devaswom was Brhmasree Narayanaru Narayanaru of Amunthuruthimadom(keezhcheri)one of the prominent Malayala Namboothiri illom situated at Attingal Near Manampoor Alamcode(chirayinkeezhTaluk.,Thiruvananthapuram District,Kerala State,India)(they are also the Managing Trustee Thirumanampoor Subramanya Temple)belonging to Chenganoor Malayalam Namboothiri Brahmana Illom they are also the representative of His Highness Maharaja of erstwhile Travancore in Thiruvattar Adikesava Perumal Temple.In 1965, Brahmasree Narayana Narayanaru entrust Document [84] (Title: Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple) The main attractions of this festival are Thrikodiyettu, Ahaspooja, Sreebhoothabali, Uthsavabali, kalamzhuthum pattum, Thottam pattu, Ponkkala, Pallivetta, Ghosayathra, Aarattu, Thookapayattu, Garudanparappu and thrikodiyirakku. In 2014, Karthika Thirunal Mahothsavam was from February 26 to March 7. Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple The Edava Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple (ഇടവാ പാലക്കാവ് ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം) is one of the ancient temples in south India. It is situated at Edava in Thiruvananthapuram District, India. Bhadrakali Devi is the presiding deity of this temple. A festival is conducted during the month of "Kumbham". This is an occasion when the entire village, irrespective of religious differences, erupt in festive mood. The Document [85] (Title: Cheriazheekkal) So today it is a temple for both Siva and Vishnu, and Mahasivaratri is celebrated annually for 10 days as grandly as the festivities that surround Sree Krishna Jayanthi. Majority people in Cheriazheekkal was Hindu Arayans - which is a sub caste of Tamil Muthuraja community . The word ARAYAN derived from the Sanskrit word ARAJAN which means king or the ruler, So all the people in cheriazheekal are the ancestors of royal families in india. Cheriazheekkal Cheriazheekkal is a village in the Alappad panchayat in the town of Karunagapalli in Kerala, India. It sits between the Arabian Sea on Document [86] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) kannimoola with the serpents ! Apart from the normal daily worship rituals for propitiating the deities, there are many esoteric rituals ("Taantrika Kriyaas") aiming at increasing the glory and power of the deities and sometimes for atonement for any fading of such power. These restoration and renovation include rituals namely Oorpazhachi Kavu Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu is a prominent Hindu temple in the Edakkad grama panchayat, a "grama panchayats" in Kannur District of Kerala state in southern India. "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" ("ooril pazhakiya eachil kavu or ooril pazhakiya achi kavu"). The name of this temple renders itself to two etymological interpretations. Document [87] (Title: Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam) converging forum for all forms of creative expressions with an underlying theme of progressive social change. It is conducted in an unconventional way avoiding a formal inauguration or valediction ceremony, and every year the festival begins with the choral recital of Thirunalloor 's famous song "May diname…"(Salute to thee May Day..) hailing the May Day. Some of its regular features include 'Samghageethikal'(Group songs), choral recitation of Thirunalloor 's revolutionary songs; 'Anthi Mayangumbol'(When the dusk falls) –the title taken from a famous song of Thirunalloor - where poets and musicians recite his poems; 'Janavedi'(People's Forum) where various sociopolitical and cultural topics Document [88] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) Oorpazhachi Kavu Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu is a prominent Hindu temple in the Edakkad grama panchayat, a "grama panchayats" in Kannur District of Kerala state in southern India. "Sree Oorpazhachi Kavu" ("ooril pazhakiya eachil kavu or ooril pazhakiya achi kavu"). The name of this temple renders itself to two etymological interpretations. The former meaning "pazhakiya" (ancient) "kavu" (grove) surrounded by "Eachil" (a herb) and the latter meaning "pazhakiya" (ancient) "achi" (mother goddess) "kavu" (grove). Irrespective of what may be the more authentic interpretation for "Oorpazachi Kavu", it is the presence of this temple at Edakkad that imparts historical significance to the Document [89] (Title: Thiruvattoor) booking over the internet. There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. All of them are small international airports with direct flights available only to Middle Eastern countries. Thiruvattoor Thiruvattoor is a village in Pariyaram Grama Panchayath of Kannur district, Kerala, India. It has an area of 35 square kilometers and a population of 2000 (approx). Thiruvattoor is about 12 kilometers away from Taliparamba town. The Thiruvattoor Makham and Thiruvattoor Shiva Temple are famous religious symbols in and around the village. It is surrounded by hills on all sides, except the east where it shares a boundary with the Kuppam Document [90] (Title: Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami Temple) a part of rituals. "Mani" Chakyar family traditionally holds the right to perform here. The greatest Chakyar Koothu, Kutiyattam exponent Legendary Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar used to perform Chakyar Koothu here for decades. Pattathanam is another important function celebrated on the Thiruvonam day in the Malayalam calendar month of Makaram. Main and popular vazhipadu is kalabham charthal. Valiavattala payasam, avil nivedyam are also important. Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami Temple Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami temple () is an important temple located in the east part of Thalassery. The temple is generally known as the Brass Pagoda from the copper sheeting of its roof. Document [91] (Title: Cheriyoor) Cheriyoor Cheriyoor is a place situates on the banks of Kuppam River in Taliparamba in the Indian state of Kerala. Cheriyoor is part of Kuttiyeri village (ward no. 4) which belongs to Pariyaram Grama Panchayath in Kannur district. Cheriyoor is the ancestral home of famous Malayalam-language poet and translator Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran (19 February 1845 – 1914). His father Narayanan Namboothiri was a member of Mullappally illam in Cheriyoor. The major religious centers in this village are ancient Thalakodu Sree Krishna Temple, Sree Puthiya Kunnil Puthiya Bhagavathi Temple, Sree Dharma Sastha Mandiram and Cheriyoor Juma Mazjid. There is Document [92] (Title: Thiruvarur) becoming "Thiruvarur". Another name of Thiruvarur is Kamalaalayasetra, meaning the "holy place that is an abode of lotuses"; the town is also referred so due to the presence of the Kamalaalayam tank and the temple deity, Kamalambigai. During the British Raj, the town was termed "Tiruvalur", "Tiruvaloor", and "Thiruvalur". As per the district and municipality websites, the district has the spelling "Tiruvarur", while the town has it as "Thiruvarur". As per folk legend, Thiruvarur is mentioned as the capital town of a legendary Chola king, Manu Needhi Cholan, who killed his own son to provide justice to a cow. Thiruvarur Document [93] (Title: Kunthipuzha River) the Malayalam word for Boswellia serrata which is a kind of frankincense tree seen in this region. Kunthipuzha River The Kunthipuzha River is a waterway located in the state of Kerala, India. It flows through the Silent Valley National Park, and is a tributary of the river Thuthapuzha, which is in turn one of the main tributaries of the Bharathapuzha River, the second-longest river in Kerala. This river is mainly used by the people of Mannarkkad taluk of Palakkad district. This river is known for the story of bathing of Kunthi devi, the mother of pandavas and so it is Document [94] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) the administration of the Travancore Devaswom Board. This shrine is associated with legends from the Ramayana. Bharata, the brother of Rama and Lakshmana, came to invite Rama, then in exile, to take over the reins of the kingdom, an angry Lakshmana suspecting Bharata's intentions intended to kill him; however, Bharata's innocence was very soon revealed, and then the two of them offered worship together at Tirumoozhikkalam. The name Tirumoozhikalam is said to have originated from the phrase tiru mozhi kalam the site where sweet words were uttered. Another belief is that at the end of the Dvapara Yuga, Dvaraka was Document [95] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) delighted. He proceeded to Ananthankadu based on the directions of the lady of whom he enquired. The Sage reached Ananthankadu searching for the boy. There he saw the boy merging into an Iluppa tree (Indian Butter Tree). The tree fell down and became Anantha Sayana Moorti (Vishnu reclining on the celestial snake Anantha). But the edifice that the Lord assumed was of an extraordinarily large size, with His head at Thiruvallom, navel at Thiruvananthapuram, and lotus-feet at Thrippadapuram (Thrippappur), making him some eight miles in length. The Sage requested the Lord to shrink to a smaller proportion that would be Document [96] (Title: Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple) separated by a central bay between them. The word "Vellarai" means white rock. Owing to the presence of white rocks in the region, the place is historically referred as Thiru Vellara. As per Hindu legend, when Sibi Chakravarthi stayed there with his warriors, a white boar crossed his path. He chased it and the boar hid inside a hole. Markandeya, a sage, was doing penance there and the king narrated the incident to him. The sage asked the king to fill the hole with milk. While doing so, Hindu god Vishnu appeared before them. The sage asked the king to Document [97] (Title: Thiruvilwamala) Minnal) is gunpowder filled in earth holes and measured in pounds. It has enormous doppler effect due to the hilly Thiruvilwamala region. Picture here shows one of a series of end part of the Thalappoli fireworks . Thiruvilwamala Thiruvilwamala is a hilly village in the northern terrain of Thrissur district of Kerala state in southern India. It is located 47 kilometres towards north-east of the District Headquarters Thrissur. The village, which is more of a temple town, is located on the banks of the Bharathappuzha river, with nearest towns being Shoranur and Ottapalam. The place is famous for the Vilwadrinatha Document [98] (Title: History and culture of Thrippunithura) Poonithura has come, according to this story. But all these stories do not take into account the actual meaning of "thura". "Thura" means port where the backwaters open to the sea. This is the portion of the land and water body which is suitable for the launching and parking of boats. The word: "Thuramukham" which means the face of such opening to the sea is used in Malayalam to denote 'port' or 'harbour'. The original Tamil or Dravidian word is "Thurai". Poonithura is just another port or "thura" in the west coast like Poonthura, Vettuthura, Perumathura, etc. The significance of Document [99] (Title: Thiruvathira) Chauth The record for the world's largest Thiruvathira belongs to Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam. The 16-minute performance, held on 1 May 2017, has been adjudged the largest Thiruvathira ever held with a total of 6,582 girls and women in the age group of 10-75 participating in it.Along with 2,500 woman and children from Kerala, a Russian woman and more than 4,500 woman from 20 other states too took part in the event.Women were trained by renowned teachers and practitioners of the dance form for the 16 minutes performance.The traditional "Kasavu Mundu and Neriyath" worn by the dancers were provided by Kitex Group. Document [100] (Title: Madayi Kavu) control "Ashtapaashas" (eight chains) – ghrina (hatred), lajjaa (shame), bhaya (fear), shanka (doubt), jugupsa (reproach), kula (caste), jaati (creed) and sheela (modesty) – is key for meditation especially in Koula Sampradaya. If a devotee is able to control these, the Bhagavathy raises our consciousness to Shivam. The major festival of the temple is "Pooram" in March. There are also festivals in the Malayalam months of Thulam, Vrishchikam and Makaram in addition to the Pooram in Meenam. The Perumkaliyattam is in the Malayalam month of Idavam. The temple is also associated with the Bhadrakali temple of Mannanpurathu Kavu (Nileshwaram) and Vadukunnu Document [101] (Title: Parvathi Puthannaar) Parvathi Puthannaar Parvati Puthannar (Malayalam: പാർവതി പുത്തനാർ) is a man-made canal that runs through the west coast of the Trivandrum District. It was named after Rani Parvathi Bai who was the reigning Queen of Travancore during the time it was created. "Puthannar" in Malayalam means "the new river". It was created primarily for connecting the Travancore capital to Kadinamkulam, the Vamanapuram River and finally to Kochi. This canal also has access to the King's boat landing place, Vallakadavu, where the King's boathouse is located. It starts from the Kadinamkulam Lake in the north and flows south-east, parallel to the Trivandrum Document [102] (Title: Thirumulpad) this title in South Malabar are the second to fifth line of successors to the Zamorin's throne. The second and third line of successors, known as Ernād Ilamkur Nambiyāthiri Thirumulpād and Ernād Moonnāmkur Nambiyāthiri Thirumulpād are located in the Principality of Ernād, while Itattoornad Nambiyathiri Thirumulpād and Nediyiruppu Moottaratti Thirumulpād are located further south. All these clans belong to the Eradi subdivision of Nair. Thirumulpad The Thirumulpāds of the Samanta Kshatriya stock are further divided into two classes (Sripurogamas who are the attendants at the Raja's palace) and the Audvāhikas (who perform wedding ceremony for certain castes). Both these, however, Document [103] (Title: Muvattupuzha) "puzha", which also means river. "Aaru" is a word that is usually used for rivers in the southern half of Kerala, while the term "puzha" is used in the northern parts. The three rivers in this case are the Kothamangalam river or Kothayaar, Kaliyar and Thodupuzhayar, which merge to form a single river called Muvattupuzhayar. This place is called Thriveni Sangamam in Malayalam which means "the point of confluence of three rivers". In English both spellings viz. Muvattupuzha and Moovattupuzha are interchangeably used. Etymologically Moovattupuzha, is the correct spelling how ever commoners widely use the spelling Muvattupuzha and is better Document [104] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) Padmanabhaswamy Temple Padmanabhaswamy Temple is located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the indigenous Kerala style and the Tamil style (kovil) of architecture associated with the temples located in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century Gopuram. While the "Moolasthanam" of the temple is the Ananthapuram Temple in Kumbala in Kasargod District, architecturally to some extent, the temple is a replica of the Adikesava Perumal temple located in Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari District. The principal deity Vishnu is enshrined in the "Anantha Shayanam" posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the Document [105] (Title: Ayyavazhi) philosophically as a reference to eight chakras. The first, Neetiya Yukam, is Bindu and the final state, Dharma Yukam, is Sahasrara, or absolute bliss. In this series, the energy of consciousness ("namam") of oneself is invoked, rising from Bindu (Neetiya Yukam) to the final Sahasrara (Dharma Yukam). This lotus, the highest spiritual center of enlightenment, is for experiencing the absolute "bliss". The reigning power in the final Dharma Yukam (Sahasrara) is Ekam, which is a part of Vaikundar a Trinity conception, or a manifestation of the supreme absolute. Thus Ayyavazhi's symbol is derived from Akilam. The symbol "Lotus with Thirunamam" Document [106] (Title: Thiruvathira) ecstatic dance of Lord Shiva. It is essentially a Shaivite festival and celebrates the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva, which is represented by the Nataraja form. Arudhra (Thiruvathirai in Tamil) signifies the golden red flame and Shiva performs the dance in the form this red-flamed light. Lord Shiva is supposed to be incarnated in the form of Lord Nataraja during the Arudra Darshan day. Most of the temples around the world with Lord Nataraja and Shiva as deity perform the Arudhra Darshan. Neivedhyam (food for God) made for Lord Nataraja on that day is Thiruvathirai Kali. The festival is celebrated Document [107] (Title: Thiruvathira) காணாதே போதியார் பூம்பாவாய்" Appar wrote a separate pathigam (10 songs) in Tevaram, in the name Thiruvathirai Pathigam which describes the importance and celebrations of Thiruvathirai. In 4th Tirumurai he sang about the celebration in Tiruvarur "முத்து விதான மணிப்பொற் கவரி முறையாலே பக்தர்க ளோடு பாவையர் சூழப் பலிப்பின்னே வித்தகக் கோல வெண்டலை மாலை விரதிகள் அத்தனாரூ ராதிரை நாளா லதுவண்ணம்" The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva represents five activities – Creation, Protection, Destruction, Embodiment and Release. In essence, it represents the continuous cycle of creation and destruction. This cosmic dance takes place in every particle and is the source of all energy. Arudra Darshan celebrates this Document [108] (Title: Ayyavazhi and Hinduism) in other branches of Hinduism, they acknowledge different powers as superior and may worship different powers in different forms. Amongst the Ayyavazhi, congregational worship is practiced, while in Hinduism the Priest chants the mantras and performs rituals, and the devotees watch. But in Ayyavazhi the Panivediyalar chants the mantras and the others repeat it. In Ayyavazhi Thottu Namam means "wearing Thirunamam with a personal touch", which means the Panivedaiyalar will bestow the Thirunamam by touching the forehead of the devotees. But in Hinduism the Priests gives the Prachatham by throwing, in the belief that if he happened to touch the Document [109] (Title: Sreevallabha Temple) the temple is under administration of Travancore Devaswom Board and is a major temple under Thiruvalla group. Present Thiruvalla was once a village among 64 Namboothiri villages in Kerala and is one among the oldest human settlements in India. Since this place is situated at the mouth (vai) of Manimala River (valla river) it had been known as ‘vallavai’ and later transforned into ‘thiruvalla’. Historical evidences point out the place had been inhabited by humans before 3000 BC. The Thiruvalla inscriptions say the temple for Sudarshana Chakra was built in 2998 BC . Another opinion is that the place was Document [110] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) Thiriyuzhichil Thiriyuzhichil is a dance ritual performed by Pulluvas in Kerala (South India) to alleviate the fear of snakes, to appease the snake and to be blessed with babies. This is more popular in the districts of Trichur, Calicut and Palghat and it is performed in Hindu Temples and shrines meant for snakes. By performing this, the queen of snakes could be appeased. The performer starts dancing holding a torch in his hand using various types of music instruments. Thiri Uzhichchil is also performed as one of the items in Ayyappan Vilakku festival. This item is performed early morning at Document [111] (Title: Kadakkal Devi Temple) the Malayalam month Kumbha. This day celebrating as the holy birth day of the mother goddess "Kadakkalamma". The important events are listed below: Thiruvathira's day in Kumbham celebrates the holy birthday of Kadakkal Devi. Kadakkal Thiruvathira attracts a large number of devotees from far and near. People celebrate it as the festival of Kadakkal. Thiruvathira comes in February or March. During the festival, thousands of devotees come to Kadakkal to worship Devi. The festival starts with 'Kuthirayeduppu' which is a grand procession followed by 'Kuthiyottam' and pageants. The first day of Thiruvathira, thousands of women offer Pongal to Devi at Document [112] (Title: Thriprayar Temple) Thriprayar Temple Thriprayar Shree Ramaswami Temple is Hindu temple situated in Triprayar in Thrissur district of Kerala state in India. The deity is Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu, with four arms bearing a conch, a disc, a bow and a garland. The temple is situated on the bank of river Theevra. The temple deity is the presiding deity of Arattupuzha Pooram. It is believed that the idol here was worshipped by Lord Krishna, another avatar of Lord Vishnu in Dwarka. Along with Lord Rama, there are shrines for Lord Shiva as Dakshinamoorthy, Lord Ganesha, Lord Sastha and Document [113] (Title: Thiruvathira) Thiruvathira Thiruvathira or Thiruvathirai or Arudhra Darisanam is a Hindu festival celebrated in the South Indian states of Kerala and some parts of Tamil Nadu. Thiruvathirai(Arudhra) in Tamil means "sacred big wave", using which this universe was created by Lord Shiva about 132 trillion years ago. Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, the Sri Natarajar temple's annual Festival, is celebrated on this date. In the month of Makaram Thiruvathira Star is celebrated in Mathira Peedika Devi Temple, owned by Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board, near Kadakkal in Kollam District of Kerala state.Thiruvathira has a connection with lord moon. Thiruvadirai - Arudra Darsisanam is celebrated Document [114] (Title: Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple) Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple The Thrichittatt Mahavishnu Temple (also called Thiruchenkundrur and Imayavarappan temple) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Supreme God Vishnu and located in Chengannur, Alappuzha District, Kerala, South India. Constructed in the Kerala style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the "Divya Prabandha", by Nammalwar, one of the saint poets of the 8th century. It is one of the 108 "Divyadesam" dedicated to Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, who is worshipped as Imayavarappan. The nearest railway station to the temple is located in Chengannur, while the nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport. It is one of Document [115] (Title: Thirakalkkappuram) Thirakalkkappuram Thirakalkkappuram is a 1998 Indian Malayalam film directed by Anil Adithyan and starring Suresh Gopi and Manju Warrier in the lead roles. It is a sequel to "Chemmeen" (1965). Thirakalkkapuram opens with the life story of a motherless child, Seethamma, who is also believed to be the centripetal force of curses since her birth. She is looked after by her mother's sister and husband (Moothar) who do not have kids themselves. Seethamma's mom is believed to have died because she eloped against the rules of the Ocean and the community. Chengan is the male protagonist, projected as a gullible Document [116] (Title: Kadakkal Devi Temple) kalari Temple. The last grand processions happened in 2002 and on 2015 March 25. The next procession is expected to happen in 2027. The ten-day Thiruvathira festival ends with 'Guruzi'. This is a spiritual ritual performed in the last day of the Thiruvathira festival. Guruzi starts at midnight and continues till early morning. There will be number of pageants followed by the holy circlet procession (Thirumudi Ezhunnallippu). Thousands of devotees gather in the temple on this day to witness this spectacle which they believe the realization and manifestation of devotion to Kadakkal Devi (Kadakalamma). കടയ്ക്കല്‍ ദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം - തിരുവാതിര വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ക്കും Document [117] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) of this Temple is closely intertwined with the Chera and Chola Empires and the Kingdoms of Venad and Travancore. This Temple is located in the Keezhperoor village, Chirayinkeezhu Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. This Temple is located in a peaceful and serene rustic countryside. The temple is constructed in the ancient Dravidian style, with the presence of Lord Brahma and Lord Siva in the outer wall of circular shaped Garbhagriha, which forms the presence of Parabrahma. The roof of the sanctum sanctorum is formed by 36 rafters carved in 12 wooden pieces (of 30 Degrees each), representing the 12 Rasis which Document [118] (Title: Thiruvattar) Thiruvattar Thiruvattar is a panchayat town in Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This town is situated 6 km north-east of Marthandam and 30 km north-west of Nagercoil. The two main rivers Pahrali River and Kothai surround the village and join in Moovattumugam, giving the name "Thiru" (sacred)+ "vatta" (surround)+ "aru" (river). This village, where the Sri Adikesavaperumal Temple is located, is one of the 108 Divya Desams. India census, Thiruvattaru had a population of 18,404. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Thiruvattaru has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national Document [119] (Title: Thirukoshtiyur) thirukolam (sayana = reclining, thirukolam = posture), a posture resting on Adhisesha. And at the top most level, Narayana is seen standing as Sri Sowmya Narayana Perumal. These forms of Narayana has been poetically described as "Nindran" (means Standing posture), "Kidanthan" (means sleeping posture), "Aadinan" (means dancing posture) by Alwars. Sri Ramanuja and Thirukoshtiyur are inextricably connected in Vaishnava lore. Ramanuja was advised by Thirukachi Nambigal (Thirukachi means place and Nambigal means sage) to visit Thirukoshtiyur and learn the ' Sacred 8 letter hymn ' - Ashtakshara manthra from Thirukoshtiyur Nambigal(i.e. Thirukoshtiyur sage). Accordingly, Ramanunja travels to Thirukoshtiyr to learn Document [120] (Title: Glossary of names for the Tirukkural) word "kural" applies in general to something that is short or abridged. More specifically, it is a very short Tamil poetic form consisting of two lines, the first line consisting of four words (known as "cir"s) and the second line consisting of three, which should also conform to the grammar of "Venpa". It is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. "Thiru" is a term denoting divine respect, literally meaning 'holy' or 'sacred'. Since the work was written in this poetic form, it came to be known as 'Tirukkural', meaning 'sacred couplets'. The following table lists Document [121] (Title: Akilam six) Thirumal made them to take birth in Bhoo Loga. Akilam six Akilam six is the sixth section of Akilam, the primary holy text of Ayyavazhi. This section describes the transformation of the ruling authority of the universe from Sivan to Thirumal. It also narrates the preparational events of the Avatar of Vaikundar. There is a description of the famine and other natural disasters that took place in the Travancore country because Thirumal left from there. Since Thirumal left Travancore because of the cruel rule of the king, the country faced a lot of political, economic as well as natural disasters. Document [122] (Title: Thiruvangoor) Thiruvangoor Thiruvangoor is a small village away from Kozhikode, Kerala, India. It lies to the east of the Arabian Sea (Kappad) and west of Kuniyil Kadavu. Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama is believed to have landed near Thiruvangoor, at Kappad, during one of his voyages, on 20 May 1498. Thiruvangoor sits on a national highway. Nearby major towns are Atholi and Koyilandy. The Kuniyil Kadavu Bridge allows for transportation between Thiruvangoor and Atholi town. Thiruvangoor Higher Secondary School is the village's largest educational facility. Thiruvangoor is part of the Chemancheri panchayat. There is a primary health centre adjacent to Thiruvangoor Document [123] (Title: Thiruvathira) of them is Athiraiyan (ஆதிரையன் ), from Thiruvathirai (Thiru + Athirai). Tamil hymns of Maanikavasagar's "Thiruvasagam" (particularly the hymns "Thiruvempavai" and "Thiruppalliezhuchi") are chanted in temples. On the very day of Thiruvathirai the idols of Nataraja (Lord Shiva) and his consort Shivagami (Parvati) are taken out of the temple premises for a grand procession. It is one of the major events in almost all the Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Sambandar sung in Tevaram during 7th-9th century, how Thiruvathirai celebrated at Kabaleeshwaram (present day Mylapore, Chennai). "ஊர்திரை வேலை யுலாவும் உயர்மலைக் கூர்தரு வேல்வல்லார் கோற்றங் கோள் சேரிதனில் கார்தரு சோலைக் கபாலீச்சரம் அமர்ந்தான் ஆதிரைநாள் Document [124] (Title: Thiruvathira) on 9 November 2012 at Dombivli near Mumbai by the Mumbai Pooram foundation, a socio-cultural organisation. In the true Onam Spirit, 2639 women including Keralites, Maharashtrians, Gujarathis, Bengalees, Tamilians, Telugu, Kannadigas and others from all parts of the country representing all religions danced to the tunes of specially written songs. On 14 December 2013, over 3000 women participated in a " Thiruvathira Kali " event held at Kochi and attempted to set a new world record. The event was organised in connection with the Thiruvathira festival which falls on 18 December 2013. Thiruvathira Thiruvathira or Thiruvathirai or Arudhra Darisanam is Document [125] (Title: Thiruvathira) partner). Both Parvathi and Shiva present this ideal to devotees in the form of Ardha-Nareeshawara (half male, half female form). In Kerala, Thiruvathira is an important traditional festival along with the other popular festivals, Onam and Vishu. This has been celebrated by the Nambuthiri, Kshatriya and Nair communities of Kerala from days of yore. It is largely a festival for women; unmarried women observe a partial fast on this day to get good husbands and married women take a fast from the preceding day (Makayiram nakshatra) and on the day of Thiruvathira for the well being of their husband and Document [126] (Title: Thrissur district) land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The name Thrissur(Thrishiva Perur) is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days. Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides – namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple. From ancient Document [127] (Title: Mylapore) the several statues in the Kapaleeshwarar Temple towers and in the emblem of the San Thome Basilica. Thirugnanasambandar has also mentioned about "mayil" (peacock) in his songs in Tevaram. Mylapore is also known as Thirumayilai. Thiru means 'holy' or 'sacred' and is traditionally used in front of names in all parts of Tamil Nadu like Thiruneermalai (Lord Ranganatha), Thirunageswaram (Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva), Thirumayam (Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva), Thirumayilai (Lord Adikeshava Perumal and Lord Kapali Eshwaran), Tiruvanamalai (Lord Shiva), Thiruchendur (Lord Muruga), Tiruchirappalli (Lord Sriranganathar), Thiruttani (Lord Muruga), Tiruchengode (Lord Shiva), Thiruchitrambalam (Lord Shiva), Thirumanancheri (Lord Shiva), Thirunallar Document [128] (Title: Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram) blooming lotuses. Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram Thrikkovil - Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple, () is a Hindu temple with Lord Vishnu as the presiding deity, located at Vallicode village in Pathanamthitta District in Kerala, India. The temple comes under the Travancore Devaswom Board. As per local folklore, it is considered the second one of its kind after the famous Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. More spectacularly the 10-day festival includes Rupmani Swayambaram. In going with the simplicity and elegant architecture of temples in Kerala, the temple premises here present a very serene and spiritual outlook. There is a temple pond adjoining which Document [129] (Title: Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi)) Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi) "Thiruvasakam" in Tamil means The Holy Text. Thiruvasakam is the report which was sent to humanity about the arrival of God to the world according to Ayyavazhi mythology. They are four in number, as written in the Akilattirattu Ammanai. The Thiruvasakam - 1 reads as follows: ""The three great Godheads have taken cognisance of the state of disorder in the world. To rectify the same, we are writing this as a first step so that the Kalineesan might amend. We will come into the world as Narayana Pantaram in the year 1008. When we come, we will undertake Document [130] (Title: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram) Culture of Thiruvananthapuram The city of Thiruvananthapuram has been the centre of cultural activities of Kerala (India) from the time it was made capital of Travancore in 1745. The capital city is a major intellectual and artistic center. The Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo were started during the reign of Swathi Thirunal (1813–1847) and are one of the oldest of their kind in India. The city's libraries include the Trivandrum Public library, which was started in 1829. The Swathi Thirunal College of Music and 'College of fine arts' are the leading institutions related to music and arts. Many great poets Document [131] (Title: Thirunakkara) Thirunakkara Thirunakkara is the name of an area of Kottayam town in Kerala, India. The place is a hill known as "Nakkara Kunnu" in the regional language Malayalam. There is a Hindu-temple located on the hill, which is considered to be a sacred hill by Hindus, hence the name "Thiru" + "Nakkara" meaning "Sacred Nakkara Hill". Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple dedicated to Lord Siva is located at Thirunakkara. The annual ten-day festival at the temple draws to a close with the Aaraattu ceremony. Usually nine caparisoned elephants take part in the Aaraattu-procession, which begins in the afternoon. Folk arts like Mayilattom, Document [132] (Title: Thirunamam) the primary ritual from the celebration conducted in Swamithope pathi even during the period of Vaikundar. The secondary scripture Arul Nool too refers that, Ayya personally touched the devotees and wore Thirunamam for them. Since Vaikundar used ordinary soil as 'Thiru Namam' during his Tavam(austrity) period, ordinary soil is kept there now in alternative of the white soil in the Vatakku Vasal, where Ayya performed the Tavam. This Thirunaman, a white flame-shaped mark, is treated as the symbol of Ayyavazhi since the 1940s and then the present symbol "Lotus and Namam" was accepted as the symbol. Even in the present Document [133] (Title: Thiruvathira) family. The first Thiruvathira of a newly wedded woman is her "poothiruvathira". The fast essentially involves abstaining from rice-based food. The typical meal includes cooked broken wheat and "Thiruvathira puzhukku", a delightful mix of tuber vegetables: colocasia ("chembu"), yam ("chena"), Chinese potato ("koorka"), sweet potato ("madhurakizhangu") with long beans ("vanpayar") and raw plantain fruit ("ethakaya"), cooked with a thick paste of freshly ground coconut. The dessert is "koova payasam", a sweet dish made of arrow root powder, jaggery and coconut milk. Thiruvathirakali is a dance form performed by women on the day of Thiruvathira to the accompaniment of Thiruvathira paattu, Document [134] (Title: Theeyaattam) performed by the Thiyyadi Nambiar community, a minuscule ambalavasi community living (basically) in three central Kerala districts of Thrissur, Palakkad and Malappuram. The all-male art centres around the mythological story of the birth of Lord Ayyappa from the relationship of Lord Vishnu in his ephemeral impersonation as Mohini and Lord Shiva. The most common version of Thiyyattu involves four phases of presentation: a) Kalamezhuthu (sketching the kalam—picture—of Ayyappa using natural pigments), b) Kottum Pattum (rendition of invocatory songs of Ayyappa and a stylised narration of the story of his birth), c) Koothu gesture-laden dance enacting the build-up story to the Document [135] (Title: Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram) Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram As Kalimayai captured the king of Thiruvitankur and began to rule over the people as their king, Thirumal came to Thiruvananthapuram according to Ayyavazhi mythology. This falls under Akilam five in Akilattirattu Ammanai. When Thirumal decided to go to Thiruvananthapuram the temple boy of Sri Rangam and a Brahmin fall on his feet and asked humbly, "Your greatness, your children The Santror are suffering due to the activities of the cruel Kalineesan, why you are going to the land of the neesan?" Thirumal replied, "Before I go to help the Santror, I must advise the neesan. Otherwise Document [136] (Title: Thirunallar) taken together means the place where Nala was redeemed from the (malefic) hold of Saturn through the Lord's Grace. Others are inclined to read the meaning 'between rivers' in the name Nal-Aru, as this place is situated amidst rivers Noolaru and Vanchiaru in the north, and Arasalaru in the south. ThiruNallar is located around 7 kilometer away from the district headquarter karaikal. It is well connected with karaikal and kumbakonam. There is no train service available to thirunallar but one can reach karaikal railway station which is located around 7 kilometer from temple. Daily train services are available from karaikal Document [137] (Title: Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Thodupuzha) Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Thodupuzha Sree Krishna Swami Temple is a Hindu temple situated at the heart of Thodupuzha town in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the banks of Thodupuzhayar, a tributary of river Muvattupuzha. Lord Krishna presides there in the form of "Navaneetha Krishna" who holds butter in his right pam. The tantric rights of the temple is held by the Aramallur Kavanattu Mana. The Poojas are conducted by two mutts named as 'Padinjare mutt' and 'Thuruthel mutt'. The origin of the temple is associated with many myths which date backs to Document [138] (Title: Padmanabhaswamy Temple) serpent Adisheshan. Sree Padmanabhaswamy is the tutelary deity of the royal family of Travancore. The titular Maharaja of Travancore Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma is the trustee of the temple. In line with the Temple Entry Proclamation, only those who profess the Hindu faith are permitted entry to the temple and devotees have to strictly follow the dress code. The name of the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Malayalam translates to "The City of Lord Ananta", referring to the deity of Padmanabhaswamy Temple. Several extant Hindu Texts like the Brahma Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Skanda Purana, Padma Purana, Vayu Purana, Bhagavata Document [139] (Title: Thirunalloor Karunakaran) Thirunalloor Karunakaran Thirunalloor Karunakaran (8 October 1924 – 5 July 2006) was a renowned poet, scholar, teacher and leftist intellectual of Kerala, India. Thirunalloor (variously spelt in English as Thiru"nelloor", Thiru"nellur" and Thiru"nallur") Karunakaran – 'Thirunalloor', his family name, and 'Karunakaran', his given name – was born in the village of Perinad in Kollam (Quilon) district in Kerala to P.K.Padmanabhan and N.Lakshmy. He started learning Sanskrit in the traditional way before joining primary school and was associated with the working class political movement early in his life.He published his first book-the Malayalam translation of a poem by Oliver Goldsmith- while Document [140] (Title: Thiriyuzhichil) about 3 am after the Ayappa Jananam (Birth of Ayyappa) ritual and the Paal kindi ezhunnaLLippu (ritual procession of Ayyappa bringing tiger's milk). In the case of Thiri Uzhichchil in Ayyappan viLakku, the accompaniments are ilaththaaLam(cymbal) and Chenda (traditional Keralite drum). The Velichapaadu after uranju thuLLal (trance-like shivering and jumping continuously) starts with one thiri (flaming torch) and increases it to two and three and even goes up to five thiris. The thiri or pandam is a flaming torch made of group of cotton wicks strapped together by coconut leaf fronds. The wicks are fuelled by coconut oil, into which Document [141] (Title: Azhvanchery Thamprakkal) Travancore, the Yogathiripad of Thrissur and the ruling chiefs of South India The Thamprakkals were great patrons of mathematics and astronomy. In the famous work "Brahmandapuranam", of poet Thunchath Ezhuthachan, Azhvanchery Thamprakkals had been mentioned with the title "Netranarayanan". Title and Privileges The title of "Thamprakkal" literally means Emperor (having originated from the Sanskrit "Samrat" and later corrupted into "Thampran") came to be used to refer to the Brahmins of Azhvanchery Mana family. The story according to popular lore is that while returning from the coronation ceremony of Kulashekhara Perumal with the gift of a golden-cow , the Thamprakkal was Document [142] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) Tamil literature canon of the Tamil Alvar saints (6th–9th centuries AD), the temple is one of the 108 principal Divya Desams ("Holy Abodes") in Vaishnavism, and is glorified in the "Divya Prabandha". The "Divya Prabandha" glorifies this shrine as being among the 14 Divya Desam in Malai Nadu (corresponding to present-day Kerala and Kanyakumari). It is believed that Kulashekhara Alwar, considered the seventh in the line of the twelve Azhwars, renovated this temple.The Temple legends of this temple are closely intertwined with that of the empires and kingdoms that ruled Tamizhagam and the state presently known as Kerala. The history Document [143] (Title: Thirunakkara) Velakali etc., are presented in the temple premises in the evening. Another major attraction are the Kathakali-performances during the festival. Also Thirunakkara is one of the ace shiva temples in the state of Kerala. Thirunakkara Thirunakkara is the name of an area of Kottayam town in Kerala, India. The place is a hill known as "Nakkara Kunnu" in the regional language Malayalam. There is a Hindu-temple located on the hill, which is considered to be a sacred hill by Hindus, hence the name "Thiru" + "Nakkara" meaning "Sacred Nakkara Hill". Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple dedicated to Lord Siva is located at Document [144] (Title: Swathi Thirunal (film)) Swathi Thirunal (film) Swathi Thirunal is a 1987 Malayalam biographical film co-written and directed by Lenin Rajendran. It stars Anant Nag in the title role, and Srividya, Nedumudi Venu and Murali in other important roles. The film is based on the life of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, the Maharaja of the state of Travancore. The story begins with Gowri Lakshmi Bayi entrusting the four-month-old Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma to the care of the English East India Company whose representative was Col. Munro. Then it cuts to when Swathi Thirunal is sixteen and takes over the reins of Travancore from his Document [145] (Title: Thiruvananthapuram) City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore. The city was officially referred to as "Trivandrum" until 1991, (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town) when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE. It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir (now Poovar) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE. The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory. However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was Document [146] (Title: Religion in Kerala) Hindus also worship Bhagavathi as a form of Shakti. Almost every village in Kerala has its own local guardian deity, usually a goddess. Hindus in Kerala also strongly believe in power of snake gods and usually have sacred snake groves known as "Sarpa Kavu" near to their houses. Some of the most notable temples are: Guruvayur Temple, Thrissur Vadakkunnathan Temple, Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple, Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple, Chottanikkara Temple, Chengannur Mahadeva Temple, Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple, Chettikulangara Devi Temple, Mannarasala Temple, Chakkulathukavu Temple, Thiruvalla Sreevallabha Temple, Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple, Parumala Panayannarkavu Temple, Sree Poornathrayesa Temple, Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, and Document [147] (Title: Neeliyar Bhagavathi) Neeliyar Bhagavathi Neeliyar Bhagavathi is a Theyyam ritual conducted in the northern part of Kerala, India. The term Neeliyar Bhagavathi refers to the goddess of the Mangattuparamba Neeliyar temple; the ritual is mainly performed in this temple. This Theyyam is usually performed in the evening, during sunset. The goddess Neeliyar Bhagavathi has temples dedicated to her in different parts of Kannur including Cherukunnu, Eranjikkal, Mathamangala, etc. This particular Theyyam is performed by the Vannan caste. A few musical instruments, like Chenda are used during the performance. Theyyam rituals in northern Kerala usually begin in the month Thulam of the Malayalam Document [148] (Title: Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple) Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple Thirumoozhikulam Sree Lakshmanaperumal Temple is located in Thirumoozhikalam (Moozhikkulam) in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The temple finds mention in some of verses of ancient Tamil Dravida Vedam (Naalaayira Divyaprabhandham) sung by ShriVaishnava Alwars, particularly Nammalvar and Thirumangai Azhwar. It is one of the 108 holyDivya Desams. venerated by SriVaishnavas. This belongs to one of 13 MalaiNaatu (Kerala/Chera) divyadesams. The mythology behind the name of this place is Hareetha Maharishi did penance and meditation on the banks of river Poorna(Chalakudy River). Lord Mahavishnu got impressed by the dedication of the Maharishi and appeared before him on the Document [149] (Title: Omanathinkal Kidavo) but a translation into Tamil of the Omanathinkal Kidavo. The song had been nominated in the Original Song category for the Oscar Awards of 2013. Jayashri however maintained that she merely wrote what had come to her heart and denied the allegation against her. Omanathinkal Kidavo Omanathinkal Kidavo () is a lullaby in Malayalam that was composed by Irayimman Thampi on the birth of Maharajah Swathi Thirunal of Travancore. To date, it remains one of the most popular lullabies in the Malayalam language. The lullaby was composed by Thampi at the request of the then ruler of Travancore, Maharani Gowri Document [150] (Title: Thiruvanvandoor) Thiruvanvandoor Thiruvanvandoor (pronounced ) is a village in Chengannur Taluk in Alappuzha district, in Kerala, India. The village of Thiruvanvandoor is connected with Main Central Road at two junctions on the road. One is at Kallissery and other is at Pravin coodu. Thiruvanvandoor lies near Pandanad, Kerala which is believed to be founded by the Pandavas during their exile period. The region of Pandanad and neighboring villages have many Hindu temples Vanavathukkara that bear historic and architectural value. A popular temples in the Thiruvanvandoor region are Thiruvanvandoor Mahashetram and Sree Gosalakrishna Temple. sree gosalakrishna temple is the famous temple nearer Document [151] (Title: Zamorin of Calicut) of the ruler. Punthura may be the place of their origin, or a battle-field, or a port of great fame. The title "Kunnalakkon" and its Sanskrit form "Shailabdhishvara" are mostly found in later literary works (such as Manipravalam and Sanskrit poems). Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for the Samoothiris of Kozhikode. Other secondary seats of the Samoothiri of Kozhikode, all established at much later time, were Trichur (Thrissur) and Cranganore (Kodungallur). The chief Kerala ports under control of the Samoothiris in the late 15th century were Panthalayini Kollam, and Kozhikode. The Samoothiri of Kozhikode derived greater Document [152] (Title: Thirunamam) Thirunamam Thirunamam represents the 'Sacred name of God'. The phrase Namam also represents the white clay found at the deeper layer of earth, which is used as the powder to wear a flame shaped mark. The Ayyavazhi people wore this Namam, starting from the central point between the eyebrows, going straight up near the top edge of the forehead. The flame shape represents "Aanma Jyothi" or Atman. Which in turn means that, Aatman is considered sacred and as the name of God. Zealous devotees smeared it on the exterior of the upper arms, over the chest and below the spinal Document [153] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) the temples of Kerala. Thuravoor Mahakshethram, an ancient Devasthanam located by the side of NH-47, approximately 25 km south of Kochi city, is the sacred abode of Lord Sree Narasimhamoorthy and Lord Sree Mahasudarsanamoorthy. The entire temple complex can be seen from the road. Two separate Sanctom Sanctoroms in close proximity - within the same compound - reflect the synthesis of a unique and mysterious divine power. The idol of Sree Narasimhamoorthy is said to have originated in the holy city of Kashi (Varanasi). Swami Padmapadar (8th century AD), the principal disciple of Adi Sankaracharya, had worshipped the very same Document [154] (Title: Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple,Thirukkadaiyur) a song of one-hundred praises to Abhirami (the so-called "Abhirami Antati" or "Song to Abhirami"), begging her to come to his rescue. While singing the seventy-ninth verse of his song, which states that the Divine Mother is an ocean of blessing without limit whose merciful eyes grant liberation, Mother Abhirami appeared before Subramanian, his executioners, and the unbelieving king. Throwing her earring into the sky, it took the form of the full moon. The king, having realized his mistake and immensely pleased by his devotion, released Subramanian. From that day forward, Subramanian was called "Abhirami Bhattar", which translates to "priest Document [155] (Title: Tirumantiram) a cattleman all those five 'cows' will yield milk. Here the verses say that if all the five senses are controlled by a person it help one to get the "thiruvarul" which means "divine grace" (The five pulans are meant to be controlled to realise God) This is the actual meaning of the song. If the five 'pulans' control us it means it is untamed whereas if we control the five senses it means it is tamed. If these 'cows' are controlled then they yield 'milk'. Or if one can control the five 'pulans'/ 'senses', then that will lead one Document [156] (Title: Oorpazhachi Kavu) sthana (sacred residence) was at "Eduppidikkeri" (one of ancestral sites of the ooralar families) from where their "deva chaitanya" (sacred spirits) were carried to "thazhekottam". The family at "Thazhppulukkiyil" is overseeing the maintenance of this kottam (Citadel). However, as the land of "Eduppidikkeri" has the "sthira rashi" (resident presence) these spirits are always present in "Eduppidikkeri" as well. On the South West direction of the temple, at kanni moola, is the Naagasthanam (Sacred grooves of the snakes). South West is one of “the most important” direction as per vastu shastra. The ruling planet of this corner is Rahu. Nagaprathishta (consecrated Document [157] (Title: Kappil Bhagavathy Temple) to have a ‘Swarna kodi maram-/Golden Flag Staff’. Kappil Bhagavathy Temple is listed in many of the histories of Kerala. The old royal family from Thiruvithaamkoor used to visit it during their summer vacation, and It is believed by residents of the area that the cosmic power of the temple is strong. The "Kripa" of Lord Shiva flows like the River Ganges. The temple is also considered an apt spot for those who seek self-realization. Kappil Bhagavathy Temple Kappil Bhagavathy Temple is a famous temple in southern Kerala located at Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram. There are two temples, one for Lord Siva Document [158] (Title: Tirur) the Hindu belief strewn on the banks of the Bharathapuzha. The well-known vedic "Vidyalaya Othanmar Madom" of ancient times, is on the bank of Bharathapuzha, near the Siva Temple. This madom was a centre of Aryanisation through Sanskrit and Vedic education, as Thirunavaya was believed to be the main centre where Parasurama brought and settled Brahmins. The Palace (Mana) of Puranic fame Azhvanchery Thamprakkal is north of Thirunnavaya. Chandanakavu, the birthplace of the great 16th-century Sanskrit poet and grammarian Melapthur Narayana Bahttathiri, is from Tirur on the Thirunnavaya-Kottakal road. A memorial has been built there for the poet, where small Document [159] (Title: Marthandam) in the temples at Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana, Kuzhithura, Neyyoor, Nattalam and Munchira during the time of festivals. Ottam Thullal is a form of story telling. It is a popular for of amusement, staged in the temple premises and Malayalam is the language commonly used. Ottam Thullal is now played in the temples of Thiruvattar, Thirparappu, Ponmana, Nattalam and Thirunanthikara in the district during the time of festivals. Kalari, is an ancient martial art of Kerala. A tradition believed to have been founded by Parasurama is known as Vadakkan Kalari ; another is credited to Agasthiar in which the emphasis is Document [160] (Title: Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari) created a destruction. But it was in vain and she surrendered to the Lord. Thus, the formation of the rivers made in a circle came to be known as Thiruvattaru. Vaikunta Ekadesi is celebrated with pomp and glory. Paal Payasam (Milk Kheer), Aval and Appam are delicious prasadams at this temple. The pujas are done in the same manner as that of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, Thiruvananthapuram. Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari The Sri Adikesavaperumal Temple is a Hindu temple located in Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India and is one of the 108 Divya desams, the holy sites of Hindu Document [161] (Title: Thiruvananthapuram district) word "Thiru-anantha-puram", meaning "Abode of Lord Anantha." The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is the serpent, Shesha, on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages. Thiruvananthapuram city features prominently in ancient tradition, folklore and literature, as do several other locations in the district. In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani, the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu, near Varkala on the sea Document [162] (Title: Culture of Payyanur) "Thuthika"(the empty pot) kept in the "Padinjattakam"(Pooja room) started tossing in the air. In an astrological speculation the Karnavar had an apocalypse that the soul of the virgin had been sent back by Lord Shiva to abide in him. The goddess whom the Karnavar places in a silver tabernacle in the "Padinjattakam", to worship began to be known as Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi. Korom a village in Payyanur entered into the tourism map of Kerala as a result of the proposed Perumkaliyattam - one of the popular theyyam forms- at Sree Muchilot Kavu in 2009. In 2009, Muchilot Bhagavathi Kavu Perumkaliyattam Document [163] (Title: Thiruvambady) Thiruvambady Thiruvambady is a major hill town and a suburb in southeastern Kozhikode district in Kerala, India. Thiruvambady is a Panchayat headquarters, and a legislative assembly constituency, situated from the destrict headquarters of Kozhikode. Thiruvambady is from Kozhikode city and is on the banks of the Iruvanjippuzha River, which is a major tributary of the Chaliyar River. The town is surrounded by mountains, valleys, and waterfalls, such as Thusharagiri Falls and Aripara Falls. In early times, Thiruvambady village was a forest area in Kozhikode taluk, from Neeleshwaram to Wayanad ghat. People have been living in the area since the beginning Document [164] (Title: Madayi Kavu) Madayi Kavu Thiruvarkadu Bhagavathi Temple (a.k.a. Madayi Kavu) is the mother temple of all Bhadrakali shrines of North Kerala. The deity is the "Fierce form of Bhadrakali". The Bhagavathy is addressed by tantrics in the vicinity as "Tiruvarkkad Achchi" due to this. The temple administration is Malabar Devaswom Board. The temple is a revered shrine of Chirakkal Royal Family and a shrine of Chirakkal devaswom before. The temple is situated in Madayi, Payangadi, hence prominently known as Madayi Kavu. The temple is addressed as "Thiruvarkkadu Bhagavathy", "Thiruvar"-in proto-Tamil-Manipravalam is used to address Shiva of the shrine, i.e. The most respectable Document [165] (Title: Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple Thirupalkadal SreeKrishna Temple (Thiruparkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple) is one of the oldest Hindu temples dedicated to the god Vishnu (Worshipped as Krishna), located in the village Keezhperoor, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. The central icon is a four-armed standing Vishnu carrying the conch Panchajanya(Turbinella pyrum), the discus Sudarshana Chakra, the mace Kaumodaki and a lotus with a Holy basil garland. The principal deity, Krishna(Thirupalkadal Bhattarakar) was the family deity of Ay Family, who ruled over the place during the Sangam period. The kingdom and the family later came to be known as Venad Keezhperoor Swaroopam. In the early medieval Document [166] (Title: Thiruppaan Alvar) Perumal Temple in Woraiyur/ The verses of Thirupaanazhwar and other azhwars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in most Vishnu temples in South India. Though the word "azhwar" has traditionally been etymologized as from Tamil. 'Azh' (ஆழ்), 'to immerse oneself' as one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of god, a seminal research by the Indologist S. Palaniappan has established that this word is actually a corruption of the original inscriptionally attested pre-11th century 'ALvAr' 'one who rules' or 'a great person' which should be compared with the epithet 'Āṇḍãḷ' Document [167] (Title: Ayyavazhi symbolism) translated as "soul" or "self". There are references for Thirunamam in both primary and secondary scriptures, Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Though the overall consideration of the whole contents of Akilam focuses on the concept derived from the symbol 'Lotus carrying Namam', it seems that there is no direct reference for it in the scriptures. But according to some legends this symbol was in use in Ayyavazhi from the early forties of the twentieth century. Since the Sahasrara is symbolised as Lotus, no stem is drawn while designing art of the symbol. Seven(up) + seven(down) petals are used commonly. Also Document [168] (Title: Thirumandhamkunnu Temple) an important pilgrim center, especially for the eleven-day-long annual festival celebrated in March and April months of the Gregorian calendar. The "principle deity" of temple is Lord Shiva. But the famous deity is Sree Bhadrakali or Sree Parvathy, locally known as "Thirumandhamkunnilamma" and Ganesha, for whom the famous marriage oblation ("Mangalya Puja") is performed. Devotees believe Mangalya puja will remove obstacles for one's marriage. Thirumandhamkunnilamma is considered the Supreme Mother, "Shakthi Devi" in Hinduism. Bhadrakali believed to be born from the third eye of lord Shiva to kill the demon king Daruka. Bhadra means good and Kali means goddess of Document [169] (Title: Thrikkadavoor) to the point of death, Shiva then revived him, under the condition that the devout youth would live forever. For this act, Shiva was thereafter known also as Kalantaka ("Ender of Death"). This was said to have happened in Thirukkadavoor also call Thrikkadavoor. Thus Maha Mrityunjaya Stotra is also attributed to Markandeya,[4] and this legend of Shiva conquering death is inscribed in metal and worshipped at Thirukkadavoor mahadeva temple. The annual Srattu festival attracts thousands of people, including foreigners. The festival falls in the month of Kumbham (February/March). The eight artificial horses, which represent the eight areas (karas) around the Document [170] (Title: Thuravoor, Cherthala) idol at Kashi. Distinctive in its architectural and artistic grandeur, Thuravoor Mahakshethram is one of the most venerated places of worship in Kerala. Twin "Sreekovils" (Sanctom Sanctoroms) - one square and the other circular shaped - in a single Nalambalam, two gold-plated flagmasts that tower into the skies, a majestically tall Anapandhal (elephant rostrum, the largest in Kerala) and a strict regimen of observances of vrathas for the priests, days after days of rituals and festivals, chanting of Vedic hymns and presentation of learned discourses on Puranas throughout the year... all these attract streams of devotees to the temple from Document [171] (Title: Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple) and the pond of the temple and this tunnel extends from the pond about 30 k.m east of the pond and at the end of the tunnel there situated very old temple and a pond having trees, plant of high medicinal value. Auspicious days All the pradhosha are very important days to the temple Thiruvathira day in Dhanu, Sivarahtri, Vidhyarambam, Mandala days and Thiruvathira Nakshthram in Makaram month is the Aarattu day after an 8 day festival. The festival days are very important days in which Siva remains very joyful and to do dharshan at that time and kanickka offering Document [172] (Title: Vairamkod) Vairamkod Vairamkode (, is a small village near Thirunavaya, Malappuram District, Kerala state of India. Vairamkode is famous in the name of Vairamcode Bhagavaty Kshethram (Temple) and Theeyattu (Temple Festival) Vairamkode Bhagavathy Temple is one of oldest Bhadrakaali temples in Kerala. The deity here is goddess Bhadra Kaali. Vairankode Temple was constructed by Azhvanchery Thamprakkal about 1500 years ago. The sister of Kodungallur Bhagavathy cross the Bharathappuzha river and reach Azhvanchery mana. The Thamprakkal placed Bhagavaty at Vairamkode. Every year, in the month of February, the festival is celebrated. The festival lasts for 6 days (from Sunday to Friday), The Document [173] (Title: Thirra) all the performers dance under the influence. This helps in creating the feeling of being "possessed". The performers belong to the "Peruvannan" caste of , who are given prime importance in Thira . Therefore in Kerala, both upper caste Brahmins, and lower caste tribals have an important place in worship. Odakkali Thirra Thira brings the gods to life. Performers dress up with ceremonial facial paint and loud clothing and dance in front of the deity, the bhagavathi. The objective clearly is to bring a sense of awe to the proceedings. Each performer represents a particular deity and is sponsored by Document [174] (Title: Thiruppavai 1 (Margazhi Thingal)) lot of trouble (kodun thozhilan) to enemies using his sharp spear (koor vEl); who was the little lion (iLam singam) of the beautiful (Eraarndha) eyed (kaNNi) YasOda; who is dark (kaar) skinned (mEni); who has perfect (sen) eyes (kaN); and who has a face (mugaththaan) like (pOl) the radiance (kadhir) of the moon (madhiyam); will give (tharuvaan) us (namakkE) his blessings (paRai). Hey (El)! Let us immerse in water (padindhu) and do the penance of 'paavai nOnbu' (Or embaavaai), a practice praised (pugazha) by the people of the world (paarOr). Now is the month of Maargazhi. It is the auspicious Document [175] (Title: Ottan Thullal) Ottan Thullal Ottan Thullal (or "Ottamthullal", Malayalam:ഓട്ടന് തുള്ളല്) is a dance and poetic performance form of Kerala, India. It was introduced in the 18th century by Kunchan Nambiar, one of the Prachina Kavithrayam (three famous Malayalam language poets). It is accompanied by a mridangam (a barrel shaped double headed drum) or an idakka (drum and cymbal). Ottamthullal has its origins in the classical principles of Natya Shastra, a treatise on art originating in the 2nd century B.C. The word "Thullal" means "to jump or leap about" in the Malayalam language. Tradition has it that Nambiar, the poet, fell asleep while Question: what is the meaning of thiruvathira in malayalam

Answer: തിരുവാതിര Long Answer: Thiruvathirai or Thiruvathira or Arudhra Darisanam (Malayalam: തിരുവാതിര, Tamil: திருவாதிரை) is a Hindu festival celebrated in the South Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu . Thiruvathirai (Arudhra) in Tamil means "sacred big wave", using which this universe was created by Lord Shiva about 132 trillion years ago . Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, the Sri Natarajar temple's annual Festival, is celebrated on this date . In the month of Makaram Thiruvathira Star is celebrated in Mathira Peedika Devi Temple, owned by Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board, near Kadakkal in Kollam District of Kerala state. Thiruvathira has a connection with lord moon. Gold Document ID: 116

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the Wimbledon title, the first Scottish man since Harold Mahony in 1896 to win the title, and the first British man in the Open Era (since 1968) to do so. The match was watched by a peak television audience of 17.3 million in the UK on BBC One. In the United States, ratings dropped 35% from the 2012 final when Roger Federer defeated Murray, making it the second least watched final since 1996 (only ahead of 2010). The match took place on the final day of the 2013 edition of the 13-day Wimbledon Championships, held every June and July. These Document [2] (Title: 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Roddick in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2004 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament marked the beginning of Federer's record streak of reaching 23 consecutive Grand Slam semi-finals and 36 consecutive Grand Slam quarter-finals (in which he made 19 finals and won 14 slams). This tournament was the final Grand Slam appearance of 2001 champion Goran Ivanišević, having announced his decision to retire once he finished competing at this edition of the Championships. His last match, in the Document [3] (Title: 2016 Andy Murray tennis season) to defend the Olympic singles title. In the 2016 season, Murray became the first male player to win singles titles at a Grand Slam, the Olympics, a Masters 1000 event, and the ATP Finals in the same calendar year (Serena Williams, in 2012, is the only other person to accomplish this feat). On 7 November, Murray became the first British man and twenty-sixth male player to attain the world No. 1 ranking in singles since records began in 1973, displacing long-time rival and friend, Novak Djokovic. At , Murray is the oldest first-time singles No. 1 in the last 40 Document [4] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships) Club and International Tennis Federation. Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion in the Gentlemen's Singles, but he lost in the third round to Sam Querrey, ending a 30-match winning streak in Grand Slams and Djokovic's hopes of becoming the first man to achieve the golden calendar slam. The Gentlemen's Singles title was won by Andy Murray. Serena Williams successfully defended her Ladies' Singles title and equaled Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles. The Gentlemen's Doubles event consisted of 'best of three sets' matches for Rounds 1 and 2 in order to help with 'catch-up' scheduling Document [5] (Title: Roy Emerson) favourite to win Wimbledon again in 1966, but during his fourth round match he skidded while chasing the ball and crashed into the umpire's stand, injuring his shoulder. He still finished the match, but was unable to win. Emerson's last major singles title came at the French Championships in 1967 – the year before the open era began. His 12 major singles titles stood as a men's record until 2000, when it was surpassed by Pete Sampras. Emerson signed a professional contract with the National Tennis League in early April 1968. Emerson had 10 straight victories in Grand Slam tournament Document [6] (Title: 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer. Document [7] (Title: John McEnroe) Ashe in straight sets, as well as Grand Prix events at Stockholm and Wembley. His late season success allowed him to finish as the number four ranked player for the year. In 1979, McEnroe and partner Peter Fleming won the Wimbledon Doubles title, followed shortly by a win in the US Open Doubles. That same week, McEnroe won men's singles US Open title, his first Grand Slam singles title. He defeated his friend Vitas Gerulaitis in straight sets in the final to become the youngest male winner of the singles title at the US Open since Pancho Gonzales, who was Document [8] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) to win his 80th career title, 18th major overall and 8th Wimbledon title, which would have broken the record that he shares with Pete Sampras for the most Wimbledon wins at seven. Djokovic too had not won a Grand Slam since the Australian Open of 2013, over a year and a half prior, and was going into the final having lost 5 of the previous 6 Grand Slam finals that he had played in. He entered the championship match looking for his second Wimbledon title after previously winning in 2011, and was seeking redemption after losing in the previous year's Document [9] (Title: 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships. In the final, Björn Borg defeated John McEnroe 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7, 8–6 to win the match. It was regarded at the time as the greatest match ever played. It would be another 28 years before the 2008 Wimbledon men's singles final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal would rival the match as the greatest ever played. The match was eagerly awaited as not only was it a clash between the top Document [10] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships) 2017 Wimbledon Championships The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main draw matches commenced on 3 July 2017 and concluded on 16 July 2017. Roger Federer won the Gentlemen's Singles title for a record eighth time, surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw, who both won the Gentlemen's Singles title seven times. Garbiñe Muguruza won the Ladies' Singles title. The 2017 tournament was the 131st edition of the championships, the 50th in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam Document [11] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Michael Stich was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras. Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. This was Agassi's first Grand Slam tournament title and the first step towards completing an eventual career Grand Slam, although his only subsequent Wimbledon final was in 1999. Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year after winning Document [12] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) the Australian Open and French Open earlier in the year; he also attempted to win the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year for the first time since Rod Laver in 1969. He lost to qualifier Andrei Olhovskiy in the third round, it would not be until 2010 that hard court, clay and grass Grand Slam titles would be won by one man in a single calendar year, when Rafael Nadal won the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. 1992 was the last Wimbledon at which both three-time champion John McEnroe and two-time champion Jimmy Connors Document [13] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) he could not believe that he had won Wimbledon: Novak Djokovic conceded that Murray was the better player on the day, and that he deserved the title: Murray's Wimbledon victory ranked as among one of the greatest drought breakers in world sport. Murray's Wimbledon victory was met with a positive reaction around Great Britain. Tim Henman said he was delighted to finally see Murray end Britain's 77-year wait for a home-grown male Wimbledon Champion: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, the Queen, Sir Chris Hoy, Fred Perry's daughter, Penny, Mayor of London Boris Johnson, WTA players Laura Robson Document [14] (Title: 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) that he was seeded throughout and this is reflected in the final issue of the programme. He was indeed replaced by lucky loser Anders Järryd in the main draw. 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Richard Krajicek, in his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000. Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. Krajicek had originally been unseeded, but as the 17th ranked player in the Wimbledon seedings he replaced 7th Document [15] (Title: Wilfred Baddeley) Wilfred Baddeley Wilfred Baddeley (11 January 1872 – 24 January 1929) was a British male tennis player and the elder of the Baddeley twins. Wilfred, the better-known competitor, made his debut at Wimbledon in 1889 and he went on to win singles title three times in 1891, 1892 and 1895. His 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 win over Joshua Pim in 1891 at the age of 19 years and five months made him, until Boris Becker in 1985, the youngest men's singles champion at Wimbledon. He was also runner-up in 1893, 1894 and 1896. With Herbert, he won four doubles championships Document [16] (Title: Roger Federer) to the final without dropping a set, defeating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals and Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals. In the final, Federer defeated a physically and mentally out of sorts Marin Cilic in straight sets to win a record-breaking eighth Wimbledon gentlemen's singles title and his record-extending 19th major title overall, becoming the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era. Federer became the second man in the Open era to win Wimbledon without dropping a set after Björn Borg in 1976. It marked the second time in his career that he had won a grand slam Document [17] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) to avoid being the first male player since his coach Ivan Lendl to lose his first four finals. The 2012 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the third Grand Slam final that Federer and Murray had contested. Federer had won both previous finals, at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open. Since Federer's victory at the 2010 Australian Open, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic had combined to win nine consecutive major tournaments, and had competed head-to-head in the last four consecutive finals. Nadal, however, had suffered a second round defeat to world no. 100 Lukas Rosol. Federer, on the Document [18] (Title: Kurt Nielsen) Kurt Nielsen Kurt Nielsen (19 November 1930 – 11 June 2011) was a Danish tennis player. He was born in Copenhagen, and was the first Danish tennis player ever to have played in a Men's Singles final in a Grand Slam tournament. Nielsen reached the singles finals of Wimbledon in 1953 (beating Ken Rosewall and Jaroslav Drobný before losing to Vic Seixas) and 1955 (beating Rosewall before losing to Tony Trabert). Both times he reached the final he was unseeded. Before this, he won the Boys' Singles at Wimbledon in 1947 (defeating Sven Davidson). Besides his successes at Wimbledon, he Document [19] (Title: 1972 Wimbledon Championships) Grand Slam tennis event of 1972. Due to the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) ban on World Championship Tennis (WCT) contract players competing in their tournaments, the reigning men's singles champion John Newcombe was prevented from defending his title. Other players banned from competing included Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and Arthur Ashe among others. Stan Smith and Billie Jean King won the singles titles. The total prize money for the 1972 championships was £50,330. The winner of the men's title earned £5,000 while the women's singles champion earned £2,400. Stan Smith defeated Ilie Năstase, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5 Billie Document [20] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) losing to Miloslav Mečíř in the quarterfinals, it would not be until 2010 that hard court, clay and grass Grand Slam titles would be won by one man in a single calendar year, when Rafael Nadal won the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. As of 2017, Rod Laver's record of winning the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year has not been broken. John McEnroe competed for the first time since 1985, losing in the second round to Wally Masur. This tournament also featured the first appearance of future champion Goran Ivanišević. Ivan Lendl "(Semifinals)" Document [21] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, but was defeated by Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer in the final in five sets, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. It was his second Wimbledon and seventh Grand Slam title; it was also his first win at a major since the 2013 Australian Open. 19-year-old Nick Kyrgios became the first player to reach the quarterfinals on his Wimbledon debut since Florian Mayer in 2004. Kyrgios also became the lowest-ranked player to Document [22] (Title: 2007 French Open – Men's Singles) 2007 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and won in the final 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, against Roger Federer. Federer had a chance for the second consecutive year to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open, in 2006-07, but he lost the second consecutive final to Nadal, and for the third consecutive year (lost to Nadal in 2005 semifinal). Novak Djokovic, who would go on to hold all four Grand Slams at the 2016 French Document [23] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion but he lost in the second round in a huge upset to World No. 116 Sergiy Stakhovsky from Ukraine. Stakhovsky was unable to build on his effort and lost in the next round in 4 sets to Jürgen Melzer. Federer's loss marked the first time since the 2004 French Open, when he lost to Gustavo Kuerten in the third round, that he had failed to reach at least the quarterfinals in a Grand Slam event. It was also Federer's earliest exit in this tournament since 2002, and the Document [24] (Title: Damir Džumhur) at the 2016 Summer Olympics, as the first male tennis player in country's history. On July 19, 2016, Džumhur was confirmed as a direct entrant to the men's singles, due to the withdrawal of several tennis players from the Games. Hence, his invitation was transferred to fellow Bosnian tennis player – Mirza Bašić. For the second year running Džumhur took part in the exhibition grass tournament played in June in Liverpool, and after winning both of his singles matches, including Sunday final against Paolo Lorenzi, he was crowned champion. Džumhur then continued his 2016 Wimbledon Championships preparations at 2016 Aegon Document [25] (Title: 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles) Slam champion since Ken Rosewall had won the 1972 Australian Open at 37 years and 63 days old. Andy Murray "(Fourth round)" 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to the 117th ranked Denis Istomin from Uzbekistan. It was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he lost to Marat Safin, that Djokovic failed to make it past the second round of a major and the first time since the 2006 Australian Open that he failed to make it to the third round in Melbourne. Roger Document [26] (Title: Vernon Kirby) for players who were defeated in the first or second rounds of the singles competition at the Wimbledon Championships. Later in July Kirby beat his doubles partner in straight sets in the singles final of the Scottish Championships at Peebles. He also won the North of England Championships in Scarborough, North Yorkshire in singles and doubles. In 1933 he won the Kent Championships and in January 1934 he was victorious in the Estoril tournament. In 1934 Kirby reached the singles quarterfinal of the Wimbledon Championships but lost in four sets to American Sidney Wood. Later that same year at the Document [27] (Title: 2017 French Open – Men's Singles) 2017 French Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and 15th Grand Slam singles title, defeating Stan Wawrinka in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–1. Nadal is the only male player to ever win 10 singles titles at Document [28] (Title: Yvon Petra) players in 1948. He was inducted into International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2016. Yvon Petra Yvon Petra (; 8 March 1916 – 12 September 1984) was a French male tennis player. He was born in Cholon, French Indochina. He is best remembered as the last Frenchman to win the Wimbledon championships men's singles title (in 1946), beating Geoff Brown in five sets in the final. In doubles he won the French championships twice, in 1938 with Bernard Destremau, defeating the best pair in the world Budge-Mako, and in 1946 with Marcel Bernard. In 1938 he won the singles and Document [29] (Title: 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to play from the beginning of the tournament instead of playing a Document [30] (Title: Vitas Gerulaitis) until 1983. He also won the men's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1975. He was a singles semi-finalist at Wimbledon in both 1977 and 1978. In 1977 he lost a Wimbledon semifinal to his close friend and practice partner, Björn Borg, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 8–6, a match later considered one of the greatest of the decade. In 1977 Gerulaitis won the most significant title of his career at the Australian Open, when he defeated John Lloyd in the men's singles final in five sets. In 1978 Gerulaitis won the year-end championship WCT Finals for the World Championship Tennis tour, Document [31] (Title: 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Tomáš Berdych. This was the first time since 2002 that Federer did not make the Wimbledon men's singles final, and the second successive Grand Slam tournament that Federer was defeated at the quarterfinal stage, having previously been on a record run of 23 successive Grand Slam semifinals (of which he won all but three). Federer's loss, along those with Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Roddick were out at the fourth round, ensured that will have a first time Wimbledon finalist from the Document [32] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) This feat was known to be extremely difficult because it required the player to make the switch from a slow clay surface to a fast grass surface and be the best on both surfaces within the span of a month. In the Open Era of tennis, only two men had previously achieved this feat: Rod Laver and Björn Borg. Since this showdown match, Roger Federer has completed the Roland-Garros/Wimbledon double in 2009 and Rafael Nadal achieved the feat for a second time in 2010. Although the players were due on court at 14:00 BST, rain delayed the start of the Document [33] (Title: 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer. Document [34] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles) 1957 U.S. National Championships. Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor "(Second round)" 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles Bob and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen. Marray and Nielsen defeated Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Doubles title at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. Marray became the first British player to win the men's doubles title at Wimbledon since Pat Hughes and Raymond Tuckey in 1936. Nielsen is only the second Danish winner of a Grand Slam title, following his Document [35] (Title: 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) top half of the draw. Rafael Nadal, the world No. 1 and second seed, defeated 12th seed Berdych in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, his second Wimbledon title and his eighth Grand Slam title overall. It was Nadal's 4th non-consecutive Wimbledon final as he skipped the 2009 tournament because of injuries. Berdych became the first Czech man to reach the final since Ivan Lendl's appearance in the 1987 final. For the first time ever there were no English players in the Wimbledon men's singles competition, however Great Britain Document [36] (Title: Chuck McKinley) singles finals in which he was defeated by Rod Laver in straight sets. The same year, he won the singles title at the Eastern Grass Court Championships in South Orange against Frank Froehling. He won the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in 1962 and 1963, defeating Fred Stolle and Dennis Ralston in the respective finals. In 1962 and 1964, McKinly was victorious in the singles event at the U.S. National Indoor Championships. His intense desire to win, his habit of screaming, "Oh Charley, you missed that one," at himself after a bad shot, and the fact that he drew a Document [37] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal defeated the five-time defending champion Roger Federer in the final, 6–4, 6–4, 6–7, 6–7, 9–7 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. It was the longest championship match in Wimbledon history with play lasting four hours and 48 minutes, and with two rain delays. The event stretched over seven hours ending just before nightfall, and is widely considered to be the greatest match in tennis history. Roger Federer "(Final)" Gaël Monfils withdrew due to a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Ilija Document [38] (Title: William Renshaw) William Renshaw William Charles Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 12 August 1904) was a British tennis player active during the late 19th century who was ranked world No. 1. He won 12 Major titles during his career and was one of the most successful male players in the history of the Wimbledon Championships, winning the singles title seven times; this stood as a record in the Gentleman's singles along with Pete Sampras until 2017 when Roger Federer won his 8th title . He won a record six times consecutively from (1881–86). Additionally he won the doubles title five times together Document [39] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) It is the only time in Grand Slam final history where a player has lost despite only having their serve broken once. This match was the culmination of Federer's historic summer of 2009. After winning Roland Garros a month earlier to complete the career grand slam, Federer's win gave him his standalone record 15th major title and led many to proclaim him as the greatest player of all time. Due to the historic nature of Federer's accomplishment, Pete Sampras flew to London from California to witness Federer set the all-time Grand Slam record. It was the first time that he Document [40] (Title: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles 81 of the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) players, including defending champion Stan Smith, boycotted the Wimbledon Championships in 1973 in protest against the suspension of Nikola Pilić by the Yugoslav Tennis Association, supported by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). This resulted in a large number of qualifiers and lucky losers. Jan Kodeš defeated Alex Metreveli in the final, 6–1, 9–8, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The final match included a tie-breaker played at 8–8 in the second set; the first ever Wimbledon singles Document [41] (Title: Anthony Wilding) Supreme Court of New Zealand. Focusing on his tennis game, he won the Wimbledon singles title for four straight years between 1910 and 1913. He was the last player to win four successive championships until 1979; when Bjorn Borg won his fourth successive championship. In 1910 and 1912 he defeated Arthur Gore in the final, both times in four sets. In 1911 his opponent Herbert Roper Barrett retired in the final at two sets all. In 1913 at Wimbledon tennis player and author A. Wallis Myers says that he played "the best game of his life", beating American Maurice McLoughlin, Document [42] (Title: 2017 French Open – Men's Singles) the same Grand Slam event. Nadal won this event without losing a set for the third time, thereby tying with Björn Borg for this Grand Slam record. 2017 French Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and Document [43] (Title: 2013 Andy Murray tennis season) in a tiebreak, the Scot eventually prevailed in four to set up a fourth Grand Slam final against Novak Djokovic, the second meeting between the two at SW19, and the first at the Championships. Murray defeated Djokovic in straight sets (6-4, 7-5, 6-4) to become the first British man to win Wimbledon since 1936, the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since 1896, as well as becoming the 7th man in the open era to complete the Queen's/Wimbledon double. With the win, Murray extended his winning streak on grass to 18 matches, his previous loss Document [44] (Title: 2008 US Open – Men's Singles) win a Grand Slam title since Fred Perry in 1936, but lost to Federer in the final. Murray would eventually win the title at this event four years later. Rafael Nadal had a chance to win Grand Slams on clay, grass and hard courts in the same calendar year, after having won this year's French Open and Wimbledon, and could have become the first man to win the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open since Rod Laver did it in 1969, but he lost to Murray in the semifinals. This was Juan Martín del Potro's first appearance as a seeded Document [45] (Title: 2006 French Open – Men's Singles) is also noted for the first appearance of future Grand Slam champion Juan Martín del Potro in a Grand Slam main draw. 2006 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title in the final 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6, against Roger Federer. Roger Federer had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the preceding Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open titles. He lost in the final against Rafael Nadal. This would be ultimately be achieved a decade Document [46] (Title: Yvon Petra) Yvon Petra Yvon Petra (; 8 March 1916 – 12 September 1984) was a French male tennis player. He was born in Cholon, French Indochina. He is best remembered as the last Frenchman to win the Wimbledon championships men's singles title (in 1946), beating Geoff Brown in five sets in the final. In doubles he won the French championships twice, in 1938 with Bernard Destremau, defeating the best pair in the world Budge-Mako, and in 1946 with Marcel Bernard. In 1938 he won the singles and doubles title at the French Covered Court Championships. He was a prisoner of war Document [47] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title by beating Roger Federer in a rematch of the 2014 final, 7–6, 6–7, 6–4, 6–3. The title was Djokovic's third at Wimbledon and ninth Grand Slam singles title overall, as well as his second major win of the year. Federer was vying to become the first man to win Wimbledon eight times. Federer became the first male player in the Open Era to reach 10 finals at a single Grand Slam. 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt played in his final Wimbledon appearance, losing to Document [48] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2009 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Federer–Roddick rivalry, it pitted five-time champion Roger Federer against American Andy Roddick for the third time in a Wimbledon final and the fourth time in a Grand Slam final. After 4 hours and 17 minutes, Federer won 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14. This match was historic as it saw Federer capture his fifteenth major title, breaking the all-time Grand Slam record held by Pete Sampras. The victory Document [49] (Title: Nicolas Mahut) Wimbledon. By reaching the final, Mahut has reached the men's doubles final of all four Grand Slams. He and Herbert defeated them in straight sets to win their 2nd Grand Slam men's doubles title. He also regained the No. 1 spot in doubles, a ranking that he held ever since. He also tied with Novak Djokovic for most titles on the 2016 ATP Tour (7) to date with singles and doubles title combined, a feat Murray would later catch up to. He and Herbert also became the first pair to qualify for ATP World Tour Finals following results from Wimbledon. Document [50] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pat Cash was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Boris Becker. Stefan Edberg defeated Becker in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships. Australian Open and French Open champion Mats Wilander came into the tournament on course to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year, and attempted to become the first man to win Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon titles since Rod Laver in 1969. After Document [51] (Title: 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Boris Becker defeated the defending champion Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–0, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships. The semi-final match between Ivan Lendl and eventual champion Becker became at the time the longest ever Wimbledon semi-final at four hours and one minute long. It would not be until the 2013 championships that this record would be broken, when the semi-final match between Novak Djokovic and Juan Martín del Potro would last four hours and forty-three minutes. John McEnroe reached the semi-finals, his best showing in Document [52] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships) tournament of the year. It is played on grass courts, organised by the All England Lawn Tennis Club and the International Tennis Federation and is part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. Andy Murray was the defending champion in the Gentlemen's singles but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Two-time defending Ladies' singles champion Serena Williams did not defend her title, having ended her season in April due to pregnancy. The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was the 131st edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Document [53] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) two players had been heavily favoured to meet in the final following the early round defeats of Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, among others. Novak Djokovic was the top seed despite not being the defending champion, and was going for a second title at Wimbledon after winning in 2011, whilst Andy Murray, the second seed, was going for his first title after finishing runner-up to Federer the previous year. Both players had made it through their first four matches in straight sets, and both had to overcome tough five-set matches to make the final: Murray against Fernando Verdasco Document [54] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) again until the start of the 2017 Hopman Cup due to knee and back injuries. This was the first Grand Slam of Juan Martín del Potro since the 2014 Australian Open, following a long break due to a wrist injury. He was granted a protected ranking at the start of the tournament, he lost to Lucas Pouille in the third round. Novak Djokovic "(Third round)" 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated in the third round by the No. 28 seed Sam Querrey. This was his first defeat Document [55] (Title: 2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–2, 6–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. It was Federer's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record-equalling sixth Australian Open men's singles title (tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic). With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments (six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon). Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in Document [56] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships) final was won by Roger Federer for the fifth consecutive time, a feat only before achieved in the Open Era by Björn Borg. It was the third longest men's singles final of all time at 3 hours and 45 minutes. Venus Williams claimed the Ladies' title by defeating Frenchwoman Marion Bartoli, a surprise finalist who had defeated world number one at the time Justine Henin. For the first time in twenty years, the Championships saw a home player win a senior title as Jamie Murray won the mixed doubles with Serbian partner Jelena Janković. Below are the tables with the Document [57] (Title: Arthur Gore (tennis)) oldest player to date to hold the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles title.[3]. He played his first tournament at London Athletic Club in 1887, His first title came at a grass court tournament in Stevenage in August 1888. Gore won the singles title at the Scottish Championships in 1892 and successfully defended the title in the Challenge Round in 1893. In 1894 he won the North London Championships on grass an event that tournament winning it five times (1894, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1906). He won the singles title at the Kent Championships on two occasions; in 1900 by defeating Harold Mahony in Document [58] (Title: 1990 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 1990 Australian Open – Men's Singles Ivan Lendl was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title after Stefan Edberg was forced to retire during the third set of the final because of a torn stomach muscle. The Swede's retirement marked the first time since the 1911 Wimbledon Championships that a male player withdrew during the singles' title match of a Grand Slam tournament. Former world number 1 John McEnroe created controversy after he was disqualified from his fourth round match for unsportsmanlike conduct. He received a warning for intimidating a linesperson, a point penalty after smashing his racket, and Document [59] (Title: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) was replaced by the next highest non-seeded player Radek Štěpánek, who became the #35 seed. 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Lleyton Hewitt was the defending champion, but he lost in the first round to Ivo Karlović. As a result of this loss, Hewitt became one of only two defending Wimbledon men's singles champions to lose in the first round of their defence, the other being Manuel Santana, the 1966 champion, who lost in the first round in 1967 to Charlie Pasarell. Roger Federer defeated Mark Philippoussis in the final, 7–6, 6–2, 7–6 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title Document [60] (Title: 2017 ATP Finals) defeating Alexander Zverev in the final. At the Wimbledon Championships, Federer made it to the final without dropping a set, where he defeated Marin Čilić in straight sets to win a record-breaking eighth Wimbledon gentlemen's singles title and his record-extending 19th major title overall, becoming the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era. At the opening of the summer hard court swing Federer was defeated in the final of the Rogers Cup by Alexander Zverev. Due to a back injury, he opted to withdraw from the Western & Southern Open. However, Federer lost to Juan Martin Del Document [61] (Title: 2012 US Open (tennis)) evening, the men's semi-final between Novak Djokovic and David Ferrer suspended on September 8 and completed on September 9, and the men's final postponed to the afternoon of Monday, September 10. Djokovic and Samantha Stosur were the defending men's and women's singles champions, respectively. Both were unsuccessful in their title defences; Stosur being narrowly defeated by World No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in the quarter-finals, and Djokovic defeated in the final by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win a Grand Slam singles title, and the first man to win both the US Document [62] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic defeated the defending champion Rafael Nadal in the final, 6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. It was his first Wimbledon and third Grand Slam title, having previously won the 2008 and 2011 Australian Open. In losing to Djokovic in the final, Nadal ended his 20-match Wimbledon winning streak dating back to 2008, having missed the 2009 championships due to injury. This was also the first time since 2002 that neither Roger Federer nor Nadal had won Wimbledon. Both Nadal and Djokovic were Document [63] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) last time where an American male player reached the semifinals of a Grand Slam until Sam Querrey reached the semifinals of the 2017 Wimbledon Championships eight years later. Rafael Nadal "(Withdrew)" 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, but withdrew from the tournament due to knee tendinitis. In a repeat of the 2004 and 2005 finals, Roger Federer defeated Andy Roddick in the final, 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships for the sixth time. It became the longest men's singles final (in terms of Document [64] (Title: Jonathan Marray) first British player to win the Wimbledon men's doubles final since 1936, he thus became the first British person to win any Wimbledon Championship title since Jamie Murray in 2007; Marray and Nielsen became the first players to get to the final and to win the men's doubles on a wildcard at Wimbledon. This also raised his doubles ranking to a career-high no. 21 in the world. This was the first time Marray broke into the top 50 in the rankings, making him Britain's No. 1. Marray credited sport psychologist, Richard De Souza, for helping him win Wimbledon. Saying that Document [65] (Title: 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) after leading two sets to love; to date it remains the only professional match in which Murray has lost from two sets up. Novak Djokovic entered ATP Top 100 for the first time after this tournament. Roger Federer (Champion) Guillermo Cañas withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Olivier Rochus, who became the #33 seed. 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title again, winning Wimbledon for a third consecutive year by defeating Andy Roddick in the final for the second year in a row, 6–2, 7–6, 6–4 Document [66] (Title: 1877 Wimbledon Championship) Philip Brook, Chairman of the All England Club, and Cr David T Williams JP, Mayor of Merton. Spencer Gore defeated William Marshall, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4 William Marshall defeated Charles Gilbert Heathcote 6–4, 6–4 Notes References Sources 1877 Wimbledon Championship The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or "Major". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Document [67] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) after an epic and gruelling five-set semifinal against Juan Martín del Potro. At 4 hours and 43 minutes this match made history as the longest semifinal ever contested at Wimbledon, breaking the previous record set by Boris Becker and Ivan Lendl at the 1989 Championships. Novak Djokovic "(Final)" 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion but he lost in the second round in a huge upset to World No. 116 Sergiy Stakhovsky from Ukraine. Stakhovsky was unable to build on his effort and lost in the next round in 4 sets to Jürgen Melzer. Federer's Document [68] (Title: Andy Murray) from Murray. However Murray managed to up his level of play, and won the next three sets, making it through to his second consecutive Wimbledon final, and third consecutive major final against Novak Djokovic. Despite the Serb being the favourite to win the title throughout the Championships, Murray overcame Djokovic in a straight sets match that lasted over three hours, to become the first British winner of the men's singles title since Fred Perry in 1936, the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since Harold Mahony in 1896, and to extend his winning streak on Document [69] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) the first British man since 1938 to win a Major title, and the only British man to do so in the Open Era. He also became the only man to win Olympic Singles Gold and the US Open back-to-back. The 2007 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted world No. 1 Roger Federer against world No. 2 Rafael Nadal in a Major final for the fourth time. This was a rematch of the Wimbledon final from the year before and would become the defining match of Document [70] (Title: 1887 Wimbledon Championships) unable to play the Challenge Round due to a tennis elbow. The Ladies singles competition was won by Lottie Dod who won the title at an age of 15 years and 285 days and became the youngest ever Wimbledon singles champion. Herbert Lawford defeated Ernest Renshaw, 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Bingley, 6–2, 6–0 Patrick Bowes-Lyon / Herbert Wilberforce defeated Edward Barratt-Smith / James Herbert Crispe, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2 1887 Wimbledon Championships The 1887 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The Document [71] (Title: 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) third round, was played on Centre Court, where he was defeated by 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt. Roger Federer (Champion) David Nalbandian withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Luis Horna, who became the #33 seed. 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Roddick in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2004 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament marked the beginning of Federer's record streak of reaching 23 consecutive Grand Slam semi-finals and 36 consecutive Grand Slam quarter-finals (in Document [72] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Djokovic replaced Nadal as the World No. 1, taking the top position for the first time since October 2013. Novak Djokovic (Champion) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, but was defeated by Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer in the final in five sets, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. It was his second Wimbledon and seventh Grand Slam title; it was also his first win at a major since the 2013 Australian Open. 19-year-old Nick Kyrgios became the Document [73] (Title: 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated John McEnroe in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1982 Wimbledon Championships. A number of players were absent from this tournament for various reasons. This included five-time champion Björn Borg, who refused to play after Wimbledon officials required him to play in a qualifier tournament due to being absent from the tour injured for most of 1982; Ivan Lendl and Eliot Teltscher both withdrew citing difficulty playing on grass courts; and Argentinian players Guillermo Vilas and José Luis Clerc withdrew in Document [74] (Title: 2013 Andy Murray tennis season) nor Rafael Nadal were ranked in the top 2 for the first time since the end of 2003. During the summer Murray won his first Wimbledon title, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets to end Britain's 77-year wait for a home grown men's champion. It was Murray's second major title, and third consecutive title on grass, after winning at the Olympics the previous year, meaning he extended his winning streak on grass to 18 matches. In the summer hard court season, Murray failed to defend his US Open title, losing to Stanislas Wawrinka in the quarterfinals. Following Document [75] (Title: 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Goran Ivanišević was the defending champion, but withdrew due to having shoulder surgery. World No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt defeated David Nalbandian in the final, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2002 Wimbledon Championships. It was Hewitt's second Grand Slam title, after winning the 2001 US Open. Hewitt was also the first Australian to win the title since Pat Cash in 1987. The 2002 Championships made history due to the unprecedentedly poor results of the top players. With the exception of Lleyton Hewitt and world no. 4 Tim Henman, Document [76] (Title: Roger Federer) a thrilling five-set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980. Victory at Wimbledon equaled him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club. Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic. Djokovic proved his potential by beating the world No. 1 in a final-set tiebreaker upset. Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year. Federer entered the US Open as the three-time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final. This time, Federer prevailed in Document [77] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, but withdrew from the tournament due to knee tendinitis. In a repeat of the 2004 and 2005 finals, Roger Federer defeated Andy Roddick in the final, 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships for the sixth time. It became the longest men's singles final (in terms of games played) in Grand Slam tournament history with 77 games, breaking the record of 71 games set at the 1927 Australian Open. The match also had the longest fifth set (16–14) Document [78] (Title: 1891 Wimbledon Championships) Joshua Pim, 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Hillyard, 6–2, 6–1 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker, 6–1, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2 1891 Wimbledon Championships The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July. It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891. There were 22 competitors for the men's singles. Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years, 5 months and 23 days old Document [79] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) tenth game, Djokovic earned another two championship points after Federer sent a forehand long at 15-30. There was no ace this time as Federer faulted on championship point and was forced into a second serve. Djokovic took control of the ensuing rally and won Wimbledon after Federer netted a backhand to conclude the contest. The chair umpire throughout the match was British official James Keothavong. He umpired his first ever Grand Slam singles final. Lasting for 3 hours and 56 minutes, the match was played at a relatively fast pace with both players serving well until the final game. Many Document [80] (Title: 2016 French Open – Men's Singles) 2016 French Open – Men's Singles Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Bunny Austin in 1937 to reach the final. Novak Djokovic won his first French Open title, defeating Murray in the final, 3–6, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4. Djokovic completed a career Grand Slam and achieved a non-calendar year Grand Slam with this title, becoming the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once and the first man in history to do so on three different surfaces. Djokovic Document [81] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) summit of men's tennis, having been one week short of the record when he lost the number one ranking in June 2010. Murray became the first British man to reach the final of Wimbledon since 1938, and was seeking to be the first British Wimbledon champion since 1936. Roger Federer entered the match as the all-time Grand Slam champion with a record of sixteen major titles, although he had not won any in the two and a half years since his victory at the 2010 Australian Open. Andy Murray had not yet won a single major title and was looking Document [82] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the ATP Rankings) at 302 weeks. It was Federer's last major title for four and a half years, when he won his 18th grand slam at the 2017 Australian Open. For Murray, it was his fourth grand slam final defeat without yet achieving a victory, emulating his coach Ivan Lendl. However, four weeks later Murray defeated Federer in three straight sets to win the Olympic men's singles gold for Great Britain, which also took place at Wimbledon. Murray also won his first grand slam title that year at the US Open and his first Wimbledon title the following year. This Document [83] (Title: 2017 Roger Federer tennis season) advance to his 11th Wimbledon final, subsequently setting the record for the highest number of men's singles finals made at a single major. In the final, Federer defeated Marin Čilić in straight sets to win a record 8th Wimbledon Gentleman's singles title, breaking his previous tie with William Renshaw and Pete Sampras, and his 19th Grand Slam singles title overall. He became the second male player in the Open Era to win the championships without dropping a set, after Björn Borg in 1976. Following his victory, he also qualified for the 2017 ATP Finals for a record 15th time along Document [84] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) sustain the challenge. In the end, Djokovic won in 4 sets. 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2015 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted defending champion Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time, a rematch of the Wimbledon final a year earlier in which Djokovic defeated Federer in five sets. Before the match, Federer led the head-to-head 20 matches to 19, with the two players Document [85] (Title: 2017 Roger Federer tennis season) during the event, winning two and losing one against Alexander Zverev. In his first major tournament of the year, Federer progressed all the way to the final, winning over top 10 players Tomáš Berdych, Kei Nishikori, and fellow countryman Stan Wawrinka, to face his archrival Rafael Nadal in the final. Nadal had won all six matches between the two in major tournaments since the Wimbledon final of 2007, including all three of their encounters at the Australian Open. Federer ultimately triumphed after being a break down in the fifth set, winning a record-extending and historic 18th men's singles Grand Slam Document [86] (Title: 1883 Wimbledon Championship) 4–6, 6–3 Ernest Renshaw defeated Donald Stewart, 0–6, 6–3, 6–0, 6–2 1883 Wimbledon Championship The 1883 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 7 July until 16 July. It was the 7th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1883. William Renshaw won for the third year running, and so won the original Field championship cup outright. The players changed ends at the end of each set, or (if the umpire so ruled) at the end Document [87] (Title: Dick Savitt) and won the Italian doubles and the Canadian singles and doubles championships. Without any coaching, in 1950 Savitt reached the U. S. Tennis Championship semifinals at Forest Hills, losing to Art Larsen. In 1951, at the age of 24, Savitt won the Wimbledon Singles Championship. Along the way he beat Larsen, the # 1 US player, in straight sets, and Herbert Flam, the # 2 US player. He also won the Australian Open Singles title, winning in straight sets in the 61-minute final. He became the first American since Don Budge, 13 years earlier, to win both Wimbledon and the Document [88] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) Additionally, Nadal had denied Federer from completing the Career Grand Slam, and becoming the first man since 1968 to win all four Grand Slams consecutively. The hype preceding the match was enormous because although Federer was the four-time defending champion, Nadal entered the match with an 8-4 lead in their head-to-head record. The chair umpire was Carlos Ramos of Portugal. Federer leapt out to an early lead in the first set but it was decided in a memorable tiebreaker. Federer appeared to have won the set only to have the call reversed by the new review system Hawkeye. Federer would Document [89] (Title: 1889 Wimbledon Championships) Federer in 2017 when he became the first man to win eight singles titles at Wimbledon. The Renshaw brothers were also unbeaten in doubles for seven years. The men's doubles were played after completion of the singles competitions. William Renshaw defeated Ernest Renshaw, 6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0 Blanche Hillyard defeated Lena Rice, 4–6, 8–6, 6–4 Ernest Renshaw / William Renshaw defeated George Hillyard / Ernest Lewis 6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 0–6, 6–1 1889 Wimbledon Championships The 1889 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran Document [90] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) Wimbledon Championships, the two men had combined to win 14 of the previous 16 Grand Slam titles. The 2008 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the third consecutive year in which Federer and Nadal had met in the finals of Wimbledon. Federer had won not only both previous meetings, but had also been the Wimbledon champion five years in a row and was now trying to become champion for a sixth consecutive year. Nadal, on the other hand, had just won the French Open for the fourth time in a row and was trying to achieve the rare French Open-Wimbledon double. Document [91] (Title: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) final to include a tie-break. Ilie Năstase "(Fourth round)" The original seeding list before the boycott was: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles 81 of the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) players, including defending champion Stan Smith, boycotted the Wimbledon Championships in 1973 in protest against the suspension of Nikola Pilić by the Yugoslav Tennis Association, supported by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). This resulted in a large number of qualifiers and lucky losers. Jan Kodeš defeated Alex Metreveli in the final, 6–1, 9–8, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The Document [92] (Title: Jimmy Connors) is one of only six men to win three or more Grand Slam singles titles in a calendar year. The others are: Rod Laver who won the Grand Slam in 1969; Mats Wilander won the Australian, French and US Open in 1988; Roger Federer won the Australian, Wimbledon and US Open in 2004, 2006 and 2007; Rafael Nadal won the French, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2010; and Novak Djokovic won the Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2011 and 2015. Connors reached the final of the US Open in five straight years from 1974 through 1978, winning three times Document [93] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) the most Grand Slam singles wins by any player, male or female. The tournament marked the fifth time that Nadal and Federer won the French Open and Wimbledon respectively in the same year. This was also the first Grand Slam tournament since the 2009 French Open in which Murray, Nadal and Djokovic all failed to reach the semifinals, and the first time since 2004 that no player reached all 4 quarterfinals in a year. With his win over Murray, Querrey became the first American man to reach a Grand Slam semifinal since Andy Roddick at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and Document [94] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) of a Grand Slam after Jerzy Janowicz defeated countryman Łukasz Kubot in the quarterfinals. Andy Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, becoming the first British man to win the Wimbledon singles title since Fred Perry in 1936, ending a 76-year drought, as well as the first British winner in singles since Virginia Wade won the women's event in 1977. He was also the first Scot to win the Wimbledon title since Harold Mahony in 1896. Djokovic had advanced to the final Document [95] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2013 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Murray rivalry, it pitted the world's top two players, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray, against each other in a Grand Slam final for the fourth time. After three hours and nine minutes, second seeded Murray defeated World No. 1 Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 to win the match. By winning the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win Document [96] (Title: 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) protest to their country's conflict with the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands. John McEnroe "(Final)" Yannick Noah withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Richard Meyer. 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated John McEnroe in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1982 Wimbledon Championships. A number of players were absent from this tournament for various reasons. This included five-time champion Björn Borg, who refused to play after Wimbledon officials required him to play in a qualifier tournament due to being Document [97] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles In a repeat of the previous year's final, Roger Federer successfully defended his title for a fifth consecutive year by defeating Rafael Nadal in the final, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. With this win Federer equalled Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles. Roger Federer (Champion) Mario Ančić was originally seeded #18 but withdrew due to illness before the tournament draw was made. All original seeds from 19-31 moved up one place, and a new #31 seed was added. Andy Murray Document [98] (Title: 1883 Men's Tennis tour) 1883 Men's Tennis tour The 1883 Men's tennis tour was the seventh annual tennis tour, consisting of 31 tournaments. The Wimbledon Championships was won by William Renshaw for the third consecutive year, while Richard Sears continued his dominance at the U.S. National Championships also winning a third successive title. Other big winners this season were Ernest Renshaw, picking up the Irish Championships, Herbert Wilberforce winning the Northern Lawn Tennis Championships in Manchester, and Herbert Lawford collecting his second and final title at the Princes Club Championships. The title leader this season was Charles Walder Grinstead winning 5 tournaments from 6 Document [99] (Title: Fred Perry) medals in the single, double and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships. He had exceptional speed and played with the Shakehand style, attacking the ball low and on the rise. Along with the US, French and Australian Amateur championships, Perry won the Wimbledon men's title three times in succession between 1934 and 1936. His final triumph was a 6–1, 6–1, 6–0 victory over the German Baron Gottfried von Cramm which lasted less than 45 minutes. It became the quickest final in the 20th century and the second shortest of all time. Perry had been able to pick up Document [100] (Title: Roger Federer) by the later champion Stan Wawrinka. This (as of 2018) was Federer's last appearance in this Grand Slam tournament. As the new expanded grass season began, Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times. Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed. He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic. Federer lost the match in four sets. He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in Document [101] (Title: 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title. Australian Lleyton Hewitt, a 2005 finalist, two-time Grand Slam champion Document [102] (Title: Novak Djokovic) ranking. On 12 November 2012, Djokovic won the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals by defeating Federer in the final. Because of his achievements in the 2012 season, Djokovic was named the 2012 ITF World Champion in men's singles by the International Tennis Federation. Djokovic began the 2013 season by defeating Murray in the final of the 2013 Australian Open to win a record third consecutive Australian Open trophy and the sixth major of his career. A week later, he participated in a Davis Cup match against Belgium, where he defeated Olivier Rochus in straight sets to give the Serbian team Document [103] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships) there were two new singles champions for the first time since 2002: Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová. By reaching the final Djokovic also claimed the World No. 1 in the ATP rankings from Rafael Nadal, while Kvitová became the first Grand Slam event winner born in the 1990s. In the doubles the Bryan brothers claimed the men's title for a second time, and equalled the overall Grand Slam tournament record of 11 set by the Woodies, Mark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge. In the women's doubles Katarina Srebotnik won her first ladies major title after making four previous major finals. Srebotnik Document [104] (Title: 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) day later to Agassi, who in addition to his run to the Wimbledon Final, had recently won the 1999 French Open. This tournament is also notable as being the last Grand Slam in which former World No. 1 Boris Becker would compete and the first Wimbledon appearances for future champions Lleyton Hewitt and Roger Federer. Pete Sampras (Champion) 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. With this win, his sixth at Wimbledon, Sampras broke Document [105] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated by Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Despite his loss, Murray retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, as Rafael Nadal, Stan Wawrinka, and Novak Djokovic all failed to gain enough ranking points to surpass him. Roger Federer won the title, achieving his unprecedented eighth Wimbledon Gentleman's Singles Title and 19th Grand Slam men's singles title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–3, 6–1, 6–4. Federer thus became the only player to win the Gentleman's singles title Document [106] (Title: 2013 in tennis) the Wimbledon Championships and the third Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom, from 24 June to 7 July 2013. Roger Federer and Serena Williams were the defending champions in singles events, but neither was able to repeat their success. This marked the first time since 1927 in which both defending champions were eliminated before the quarter-finals. Andy Murray became the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob Document [107] (Title: 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles) and former world No. 1, played his last professional singles matches. He lost to David Ferrer in the second round. 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only Document [108] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win the Wimbledon title, the first Scottish man since Harold Mahony in 1896 to win the title, and the first British man in the Open Era to do so. The 2014 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam tournament final for the second time. After three hours and 56 minutes, top-seeded Djokovic defeated fourth-seeded Federer in five sets Document [109] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) competed. Jim Courier "(Third round)" 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Michael Stich was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras. Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. This was Agassi's first Grand Slam tournament title and the first step towards completing an eventual career Grand Slam, although his only subsequent Wimbledon final was in 1999. Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the Document [110] (Title: 1895 Wimbledon Championships) defeated Wilberforce Eaves 4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3 Charlotte Cooper defeated Helen Jackson 7–5, 8–6 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Wilberforce Eaves / Ernest Lewis 8–6, 5–7, 6–4, 6–3 1895 Wimbledon Championships The 1895 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 8 July until 15 July. It was the 19th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1895. There were 18 competitors for the men's singles title, 9 for the ladies' singles and 7 pairs Document [111] (Title: 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. With this win, his sixth at Wimbledon, Sampras broke Björn Borg's then open era record of five Wimbledon titles, and equalled Roy Emerson's then record of twelve Grand Slam titles. Sampras' victory over Agassi in the final is often cited as one of the greatest performances in a Wimbledon final. However, despite his victory, Sampras lost his No. 1 ranking when the ATP rankings were updated a Document [112] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships) final. Federer won in straight sets against Richard Gasquet, whilst Nadal's opponent, Novak Djokovic, was forced to retire with the match balanced at one set all. Venus Williams won another Wimbledon title against Bartoli in straight sets (6–4, 6–1). Roger Federer won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title after a five-set battle against Rafael Nadal, 3 sets to 2. Federer's supremacy on grass met a strong challenge from Nadal and the victory did not come easily for the Swiss. But Federer came through by winning the tiebreak in the first and third sets, and faced four break points before victory in Document [113] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) in tennis history. As they entered the 2007 Wimbledon Championships, the two men had collectively won the last nine consecutive Grand Slam titles. The 2007 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was a rematch of the previous year's Championships final. Federer had won not only that match, but had also been the Wimbledon champion four years in a row and was on a quest of tying Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon Championships. Nadal, on the other hand, had just won the French Open for the third time in a row and was trying to achieve the rare French Open-Wimbledon double. Document [114] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships) defending champion in the men's singles, but lost to Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Marion Bartoli was the reigning champion in the women's singles; however, her retirement from the sport following her victory meant that she did not return to defend her title. As a result, the opening Ladies' Singles match on Centre Court on the second day of the tournament – which is traditionally played by the defending champion – was played by Bartoli's opponent in the 2013 final, runner-up Sabine Lisicki. The men and women's singles titles were won by Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová respectively. Both players Document [115] (Title: 2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles) Rafael Nadal won in the final, 7–5, 3–6, 7–6, 3–6, 6–2, against Roger Federer and became the first Spanish singles player to win the tournament. 2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but retired due to heat stress trailing two sets to one in the quarterfinals against Andy Roddick. The 2009 men's tournament is considered to be one of the best Grand Slam tournaments in open era history. It is remembered for containing many of the best matches of the 2009 year, including the Nadal versus Verdasco semi final (lasting 5 hours and 14 minutes) Document [116] (Title: Björn Borg) straight sets, winning his first Masters and first title in New York. In June 1980 he overcame Gerulaitis, again in straight sets, for his fifth French Open title. Again, he did not drop a set. Borg won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title, the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final, by defeating McEnroe in a five-set match, often cited as the best Wimbledon final ever played – the only comparable match being the 2008 Federer – Nadal final. Having lost the opening set to an all-out McEnroe assault, Borg took the next two and had two championship points at 5–4 in Document [117] (Title: 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) a Grand Slam tournament since the 1985 US Open final. The tournament also featured the first appearances of future champions Pete Sampras and Michael Stich in the main draw. Mats Wilander was about to complete the career Grand Slam in his career and losing to McEnroe in the quarterfinals. Ivan Lendl "(Semifinals)" 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Boris Becker defeated the defending champion Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–0, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships. The semi-final match between Ivan Lendl and eventual champion Becker became at the time the longest Document [118] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) in contention for the ATP no. 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament for the second time. By winning his semifinal match against Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to reach the final, Djokovic gained the World No. 1 ranking for the first time, which marked the first time that neither Federer nor Nadal was ranked No. 1 since 2 February 2004. This Grand Slam was two-time French Open finalist Robin Söderling's last Grand Slam before being diagnosed with mononucleosis and eventually retiring from tennis. Rafael Nadal "(Final)" 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic defeated the defending champion Rafael Nadal Document [119] (Title: Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics) Juan Martín del Potro. Murray defended his title, defeating del Potro in the final, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2, 7–5. With the victory, Murray became the first player, male or female, to win singles gold at two consecutive Olympics and the first player to defend an Olympic title since Serena and Venus Willams won the women's doubles title in Beijing and London. This, combined with a second Wimbledon title, becoming the first-ever three-time BBC Sports Personality of the Year and ending the year as the #1-ranked player by the ATP after having led Great Britain to their first Davis Cup since 1936 Document [120] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships) the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob and Mike Bryan completed the "Bryan Slam" and became the first team to hold all four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold at the same time. The 2013 Wimbledon Championships was the 127th edition of the tournament and was held at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2013 ATP World Tour and the 2013 WTA Tour Document [121] (Title: John Hartley (tennis)) John Hartley (tennis) Rev. John Thorneycroft Hartley (9 January 1849 – 21 August 1935) was a World No. 1 tennis player from England, and the only clergyman to win Wimbledon. Hartley won the 1879 Gentlemans Singles title against Irish champion, Vere St. Leger Goold in three sets, retaining his title the following year, 1880, by defeating Herbert Lawford in the Challenge Round, 6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3. Hartley lost in 37 minutes in the 1881 Gentleman's Singles final, to William Renshaw, 0–6, 1–6, 1–6. This was the shortest final on record and it was reported that Hartley was suffering from an Document [122] (Title: Edmund Gettier) and John McEnroe is playing Jimmy Connors, it is match point, and McEnroe wins. I say to myself: "John McEnroe is this year's men's champion at Wimbledon". Unbeknownst to me, however, the BBC were experiencing a broadcasting fault and so had broadcast a tape of last year's final, when McEnroe also beat Connors. I had been watching last year's Wimbledon final, so I believed that McEnroe had bested Connors. But at that same time, in real life, McEnroe was repeating last year's victory and besting Connors! So my belief that McEnroe bested Connors to become this year's Wimbledon champion is Document [123] (Title: 2009 Australian Open – Men's singles final) the final, before losing to Federer, who by winning the French Open for the first (and, as of 2018, only) time completed his own Career Grand Slam and equalled Pete Sampras' then-record of 14 Major titles. Nadal later withdrew from Wimbledon due to a knee injury, while Federer, who lost to Nadal in the previous year's final, would regain the title and return to world number one in the rankings, displacing Nadal who dropped to No. 2 as a result of being unable to defend the Wimbledon title which he won in 2008. It should be noted that just as Document [124] (Title: 1896 Wimbledon Championships) Wilfred Baddeley, 6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3 Charlotte Cooper defeated Alice Simpson Pickering, 6–2, 6–3 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Reginald Doherty / Harold Nisbet, 1–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–1 1896 Wimbledon Championships The 1896 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 13 July until 21 July. It was the 20th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1896. The number of entries for the men's singles competition was 31, the highest since 1881. Harold Document [125] (Title: Andy Murray) first British man to win multiple Wimbledon singles titles since Fred Perry in 1936. Murray is the men's singles 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist, making him the only tennis player, male or female, to have won two Olympic singles titles. He featured in Great Britain's Davis Cup-winning team in 2015, going 11–0 in his matches (8 singles and 3 doubles) as they secured their first Davis Cup title since 1936. Andy Murray was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Judy Murray (née Erskine) and William Murray. His maternal grandfather, Roy Erskine, was a professional footballer in the late Document [126] (Title: Bob Falkenburg) Jack Kramer and together they won the Wimbledon doubles title. A year later, in 1948, Falkenburg reached the pinnacle of his tennis career by winning the Wimbledon singles championship. He won the acclaimed tennis crown, after winning 3 of 5 sets against Australian John Bromwich, who after having taken the fourth set, was confident he would beat Falkenburg. Bromwich had a match point at 5-3 in the fifth set, but Falkenburg fought his way back and did something that tennis players rarely do; he saved three match points and went on to win 7-5 in the fifth set. Falkenburg won Document [127] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated in the third round by the No. 28 seed Sam Querrey. This was his first defeat before the quarterfinals of a major tournament since the 2009 French Open, a streak of 28 quarterfinal appearances in a row. The defeat also broke his streak of four consecutive major tournament victories, dating back to the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. Andy Murray won his third major and second Wimbledon title defeating Milos Raonic in the final, 6–4, 7–6, 7–6. Raonic became the first Canadian male Document [128] (Title: 1890 Wimbledon Championships) smallest entry ever for any competition at Wimbledon. The final of the women's singles competition, which started on 2 July, was played on 5 July, while the men's singles final was played on 7 July and the men's doubles were played on 21–23 July. Willoughby Hamilton defeated William Renshaw, 6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1 Lena Rice defeated May Jacks, 6–4, 6–1 Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker defeated George Hillyard / Ernest Lewis, 6–0, 7–5, 6–4 1890 Wimbledon Championships The 1890 Wimbledon Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the Document [129] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) he was a finalist in 1985). Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP No. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament. Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the fourth round. Feliciano López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance, surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances he jointly held with Federer. 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and top seed, but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Anderson despite leading by two sets to love and having a match point in the third set. Novak Djokovic Document [130] (Title: 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) record would eventually be broken by Michael Chang at the 1989 French Open. John McEnroe "(Quarterfinals)" 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Curren. Curren also defeated Jimmy Connors in the semifinal and became the first player ever to defeat both Connors and McEnroe in the same Grand Slam tournament. Boris Becker defeated Curren in the final, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Becker became the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles Document [131] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) withdrew due to a wrist injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Kevin Kim. 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles In a repeat of the previous year's final, Roger Federer successfully defended his title for a fifth consecutive year by defeating Rafael Nadal in the final, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. With this win Federer equalled Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles. Roger Federer (Champion) Mario Ančić was originally seeded #18 but withdrew due to illness before the tournament draw was made. All Document [132] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Steve Darcis (135th) in 2013, and Nick Kyrgios (144th) in 2014. This was the first major since the 2002 US Open where Spaniard David Ferrer (world number eight) did not participate in as he withdrew with an elbow injury that occurred in the lead up tournament at the 2015 Queen's Club Championships. This ended Ferrer's streak of 50 consecutive Grand Slam appearances. This is also the first Grand Slam main draw appearance for future three-time Masters 1000 champion and world number 3 Alexander Zverev. Novak Djokovic (Champion) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, and Document [133] (Title: John McEnroe) also 20 in 1948. He also won the prestigious season-ending WCT Finals, beating Björn Borg in four sets. McEnroe won 10 singles and 17 doubles titles that year (for a total of 27 titles, which marked an open-era record) finishing at number 3 in the ATP year-end rankings. At Wimbledon, McEnroe reached the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final—his first final at Wimbledon—where he faced Björn Borg, who was gunning for his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title. At the start of the final, McEnroe was booed by the crowd as he entered Centre Court following heated exchanges with officials during his semifinal Document [134] (Title: 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) single Challenge Round match against the winner of the all-comers tournament. 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to Document [135] (Title: Mike Davies (tennis)) Wimbledon with Bobby Wilson; the last time a British male reached the final of Wimbledon's Men's Singles or Men's Doubles until 2012. After that doubles final, in 1960, he was invited to turn professional with Jack Kramer for a two-year guarantee of £4,500-a-year. He joined a select group of players considered to be the best in the world such as Pancho Gonzales, Tony Trabert, Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall and Pancho Segura. Since international tennis at this time was an amateur sport, Davies' professional status put him at odds with the ruling tennis body, the International Tennis Federation (ITF), and his Document [136] (Title: 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Richard Krajicek, in his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000. Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. Krajicek had originally been unseeded, but as the 17th ranked player in the Wimbledon seedings he replaced 7th seed Thomas Muster in the draw, when Muster withdrew shortly before the start of the tournament. A number of high-seeded men were eliminated early, including 1992 champion Andre Agassi Document [137] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and top seed, but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Anderson despite leading by two sets to love and having a match point in the third set. Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title, defeating Anderson in the final 6–2, 6–2, 7–6. The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles, and outright fourth place on the all time men's singles grand slam wins list, passing Roy Emerson. The win was also Djokovic's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months, his last win coming at Document [138] (Title: 2006 French Open – Men's Singles) 2006 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title in the final 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6, against Roger Federer. Roger Federer had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the preceding Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open titles. He lost in the final against Rafael Nadal. This would be ultimately be achieved a decade later by Novak Djokovic, at the same tournament, who reached the quarterfinals at the Grand Slam for the first time. This tournament Document [139] (Title: 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title for the fourth consecutive year, defeating Pat Rafter in the final, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Wimbledon Championships. Sampras' 7th Wimbledon title equalled William Renshaw's record, and was an Open Era record in the Gentleman's Singles until 2017, when Roger Federer won his 8th title. His victory was his 13th Grand Slam title, surpassing Roy Emerson as the overall leader in Grand Slam singles titles. This was to be Sampras' last Wimbledon title. With his first round victory against Document [140] (Title: Czesław Spychała) singles titles at Cranleigh and New Malden and in September he defeated Tłoczyński in the final of the South of England Championships in Eastbourne and together they won the doubles title. The titles at the Cranleigh and New Malden tournaments were successfully defended the following year. In 1949 he won the singles event at the Surrey Grass Court Championships in Surbiton, defeating Geoffrey Paish in the final. The following year, 1950, he lost this title to Narendra Nath but in 1952 regained it after a win in the final against David Samaai. In 1950 Spychała and Tłoczyński were to play Document [141] (Title: 2018 French Open – Men's Singles) 2018 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Dominic Thiem in the final, 6–4, 6–3, 6–2. Nadal equaled Margaret Court's all-time record of 11 Grand Slam singles titles won at one major and became the first player to achieve that feat in the Open era. He dropped only one set during the entire tournament (losing the first set of his quarterfinal match against Diego Schwartzman). Nadal also retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking by defending the title. Nadal and Roger Federer (despite having withdrawn from the clay season) were Document [142] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) through a cross-court forehand winner and the third through a forehand volley winner. Murray then earned a fourth championship point, which he converted after Djokovic netted a backhand to conclude the contest. Murray thus became the first British man since Fred Perry to win the Wimbledon men's singles title. Djokovic, meanwhile, missed his chance to win a second Wimbledon title after his victory over Rafael Nadal in 2011. The chair umpire throughout the match was the Swedish official Mohamed Lahyani. He had previously umpired the record-breaking Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. Andy Murray said after the match that Document [143] (Title: 1969 Wimbledon Championships) competition – Virginia Wade. Rod Laver won the men's singles title, his fourth Wimbledon crown after 1961, 1962 and 1968, and went on to win his second Grand Slam after 1962. 41-year-old Pancho Gonzalez beat Charlie Pasarell in a first-round men's singles match by a score of 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9. At 112 games and 5 hours 20 minutes it was by far the longest match of the time. The match led to the introduction of the tiebreak in tennis. The 112-game record lasted 41 years until the Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. The total prize money Document [144] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Bozoljac. 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal defeated the five-time defending champion Roger Federer in the final, 6–4, 6–4, 6–7, 6–7, 9–7 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. It was the longest championship match in Wimbledon history with play lasting four hours and 48 minutes, and with two rain delays. The event stretched over seven hours ending just before nightfall, and is widely considered to be the greatest match in tennis history. Roger Federer "(Final)" Gaël Monfils withdrew due to a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Document [145] (Title: 2012 French Open – Men's Singles) 2012 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the two-time defending champion and successfully defended his title defeating Novak Djokovic 6–4, 6–3, 2–6, 7–5 in the final. The win was Nadal's seventh French Open title, surpassing Björn Borg's record of six French Open titles and tying Pete Sampras' Wimbledon record for most title wins at one major and Chris Evert's for most French Open titles achieved by a man or woman. Novak Djokovic had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam titles at once, having won the previous Document [146] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) take place in tennis history. ESPN commentator Chris Fowler and Patrick McEnroe even echoed this very remark during the broadcast of this match. The 2013 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted the top two players in the world, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray against each other for the fourth time in a Grand Slam tournament final. After three hours and nine minutes, second seeded Murray defeated world No. 1 Djokovic in three sets to win the match. By winning the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, Murray became Document [147] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2015 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted defending champion Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time, a rematch of the Wimbledon final a year earlier in which Djokovic defeated Federer in five sets. Before the match, Federer led the head-to-head 20 matches to 19, with the two players tied one to one on grass and one to one in Document [148] (Title: 2017 Rafael Nadal tennis season) games lost, by a male tennis player in winning a Grand Slam singles title right after Björn Borg, who lost 32 games at the 1978 Roland-Garros. Nadal also passed Pete Sampras for sole second on the men's Grand Slam singles title list with the victory, his 15 titles only second to Roger Federer's 18 (since 20). It was also Nadal's 73rd Tour title, which ranks him 6th highest in the Open Era, one behind Rod Laver. Nadal entered the grass court season not having played a match on grass since his loss to Dustin Brown in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. Document [149] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the conclusion of the tournament. The match took place on the final day of the 2014 edition of the 13-day Wimbledon Championships, held every June and July. Novak Djokovic was world number two entering Wimbledon, but was seeded first ahead of Rafael Nadal due to Wimbledon employing a grass-court seeding system which takes into account recent results on grass. Djokovic had reached the semi-finals in 2012 and final in 2013, whilst Nadal had fallen in the second and first rounds respectively. Roger Federer, on the other hand, entered the Championships ranked and seeded fourth, and reached the final after having Document [150] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pat Cash was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Boris Becker. Stefan Edberg defeated Becker in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships. Australian Open and French Open champion Mats Wilander came into the tournament on course to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year, and attempted to become the first man to win Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon titles since Rod Laver in 1969. After Document [151] (Title: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Lleyton Hewitt was the defending champion, but he lost in the first round to Ivo Karlović. As a result of this loss, Hewitt became one of only two defending Wimbledon men's singles champions to lose in the first round of their defence, the other being Manuel Santana, the 1966 champion, who lost in the first round in 1967 to Charlie Pasarell. Roger Federer defeated Mark Philippoussis in the final, 7–6, 6–2, 7–6 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2003 Wimbledon Championships. It was Federer's first Grand Slam tournament win, and the Document [152] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) looking to defend his win of the previous year. This was a re-match of the previous year's final where Djokovic had won in 5 sets. Federer had shown strong form in the tournament. He had reached the semi-final against Andy Murray losing just one set, and completed all his previous rounds with less than 10 hours spent on the court. In the semi-final he beat Murray in straight sets to set up his opportunity for a record 8th Wimbledon and 18th Major win. On the other half of the draw, Djokovic had barely survived after a scare of a 4th Document [153] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) In reaching the final, Andy Murray became the first British man to make it to the final since Don Budge defeated Bunny Austin in 1938. The championships was also notable for one of the biggest upsets in recent years as World No. 100 Lukáš Rosol beat World No. 2 and two-time Wimbledon champion Rafael Nadal in the second round, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 2–6, 6–4. The loss ended Nadal's season as he did not play tennis again until February 2013 at the Chile Open. Novak Djokovic "(Semifinals)" 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost Document [154] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) defeat the World No. 1 at a Grand Slam by defeating Rafael Nadal in the fourth round since 1992, when Andrei Olhovskiy defeated then World No. 1 Jim Courier in the third round of the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. The final was the first Grand Slam men's singles final since the 2009 US Open to feature neither Murray nor Nadal. Although Nadal was World No. 1 entering the tournament the Spaniard was seeded second behind Novak Djokovic due to his recent poor performances on grass (as well as his early exits at Wimbledon the previous two years). After claiming the title Document [155] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2012 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted six-time champion Roger Federer and Andy Murray against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time. After 3 hours and 24 minutes, Federer emerged victorious 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4. The match saw Federer win a record seventeenth major title and a record-tying seventh Wimbledon championship. The victory also caused Federer to dethrone Novak Djokovic as World No. 1 and break Sampras' record of 286 weeks at the Document [156] (Title: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics) denied Federer the chance to become the third man to win a career singles Golden Grand Slam after Nadal at the 2010 US Open and Andre Agassi at the 1999 French Open. He also became the first British man to win singles tennis gold since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 (also at Wimbledon) and the first to win a major event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry won The Championships in 1936. Based on his gold medal as well as his achievements over the following four years, including a US Open championship, two Wimbledon championships and a Davis Cup, Team GB chose Document [157] (Title: 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title again, winning Wimbledon for a third consecutive year by defeating Andy Roddick in the final for the second year in a row, 6–2, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2005 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament was the first Grand Slam tournament in which future World No. 1 and Wimbledon champions Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic competed in the main draw. Both players were defeated in the third round: Djokovic was defeated by Sébastien Grosjean in four sets, while Murray was defeated by David Nalbandian Document [158] (Title: 1891 Wimbledon Championships) 1891 Wimbledon Championships The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July. It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891. There were 22 competitors for the men's singles. Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years, 5 months and 23 days old when he won the men's singles final on 4 July. The ladies' singles and men's doubles were held after the men's singles had been completed. Wilfred Baddeley defeated Document [159] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2007 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. A part of the storied Federer–Nadal rivalry, it pitted the world No. 1 and defending champion Roger Federer against the world No. 2 Rafael Nadal. After 3 hours and 45 minutes, Federer defeated Nadal 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2. Upon its conclusion it was almost universally praised as the greatest Wimbledon final since Borg–McEnroe in 1980. Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal have a storied rivalry that many consider to be the greatest Document [160] (Title: 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Greg Rusedski, Vince Spadea ended his "historic" losing streak of 21 matches, the longest such streak in open era. Pete Sampras (Champion) 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title for the fourth consecutive year, defeating Pat Rafter in the final, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Wimbledon Championships. Sampras' 7th Wimbledon title equalled William Renshaw's record, and was an Open Era record in the Gentleman's Singles until 2017, when Roger Federer won his 8th title. His victory was his 13th Grand Slam title, surpassing Roy Emerson as Document [161] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) straight sets to win his second Wimbledon title, and third major title overall. Murray's victory marked the first time since the 2010 French Open that a member of the Big Four had won a Grand Slam title without having to defeat one of the other three members. Federer withdrew from the remainder of the 2016 season due to a knee injury, missing the Olympics and US Open. In the Olympics, Djokovic was knocked out of the men's singles in the opening round by Juan Martín del Potro, in a repeat of the bronze medal match from four years earlier. Del Document [162] (Title: 1905 Wimbledon Championships) Douglass, 6–3, 6–4 Laurence Doherty / Reginald Doherty defeated Frank Riseley / Sydney Smith, 6–2, 6–4, 6–8, 6–3 1905 Wimbledon Championships The 1905 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 26 June until 8 July. It was the 29th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1905. May Sutton was the first overseas winner of a Wimbledon championship. There were 71 entries into the men's singles draw setting a Document [163] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships) 5% from last year tournament. The players who will win the men's singles and women's singles will earn £2.00m, an increase of £120,000 from the previous year. The prize money for men’s doubles, women’s doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for this year competition. The seeds for the 2016 Wimbledon Championships were announced on Wednesday, 22 June 2016. The seeds for gentlemen's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 20 June Document [164] (Title: 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Curren. Curren also defeated Jimmy Connors in the semifinal and became the first player ever to defeat both Connors and McEnroe in the same Grand Slam tournament. Boris Becker defeated Curren in the final, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Becker became the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles title, as well as the youngest ever male Grand Slam singles champion at . This latter Document [165] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) eight times, surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw, who had each won it seven times. Federer also became only the second man in the Open era, after Björn Borg in 1976, to win Wimbledon without losing a set. This was Federer's 70th appearance at a Grand Slam, tying the record for male players and a record-breaking 11th men's singles final at the same Grand Slam tournament. In addition, by virtue of his third-round win over Mischa Zverev, Federer won his 317th Grand Slam singles match, surpassing Serena Williams' record of 316 match wins and giving him the all-time record for Document [166] (Title: Gottfried von Cramm) take a match point in the deciding game, by notifying the umpire that the ball had tipped his racket, and thus calling a point against himself, although no one had witnessed the error. For three straight years Cramm was the men's singles runner-up at the Wimbledon Championships, losing memorable matches in the final to England's Fred Perry in 1935 and again in 1936. The following year he lost in the final to American Don Budge, both at Wimbledon and at the U.S. Open. In 1935, he was beaten in the French Open final by Perry, but turned the tables the Document [167] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships) 2018 Wimbledon Championships The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the Ladies’ Singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass Document [168] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Roger Federer. Federer defeated Andy Murray in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. It was his seventh Wimbledon title and seventeenth Grand Slam title. With the win, Federer also regained the world No. 1 ranking. Federer thus equalled both William Renshaw and Pete Sampras' record of seven Wimbledon titles, as well as Sampras' record of 286 weeks as world No. 1; Federer broke the latter record on 16 July 2012. Document [169] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2014 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the second time. After 3 hours and 56 minutes, top seed Djokovic defeated fourth-seeded Federer in five sets to win the match. By winning the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Djokovic not only won for the second time, but also reclaimed the world number one ranking from Rafael Nadal at Question: who won the men's singles tennis championship at wimbledon this year Answer: Novak Djokovic Long Answer: Men's Singles 2018 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Kevin Anderson Final score 6--2, 6--2, 7--6 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the Wimbledon title, the first Scottish man since Harold Mahony in 1896 to win the title, and the first British man in the Open Era (since 1968) to do so. The match was watched by a peak television audience of 17.3 million in the UK on BBC One. In the United States, ratings dropped 35% from the 2012 final when Roger Federer defeated Murray, making it the second least watched final since 1996 (only ahead of 2010). The match took place on the final day of the 2013 edition of the 13-day Wimbledon Championships, held every June and July. These Document [2] (Title: 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Roddick in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2004 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament marked the beginning of Federer's record streak of reaching 23 consecutive Grand Slam semi-finals and 36 consecutive Grand Slam quarter-finals (in which he made 19 finals and won 14 slams). This tournament was the final Grand Slam appearance of 2001 champion Goran Ivanišević, having announced his decision to retire once he finished competing at this edition of the Championships. His last match, in the Document [3] (Title: 2016 Andy Murray tennis season) to defend the Olympic singles title. In the 2016 season, Murray became the first male player to win singles titles at a Grand Slam, the Olympics, a Masters 1000 event, and the ATP Finals in the same calendar year (Serena Williams, in 2012, is the only other person to accomplish this feat). On 7 November, Murray became the first British man and twenty-sixth male player to attain the world No. 1 ranking in singles since records began in 1973, displacing long-time rival and friend, Novak Djokovic. At , Murray is the oldest first-time singles No. 1 in the last 40 Document [4] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships) Club and International Tennis Federation. Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion in the Gentlemen's Singles, but he lost in the third round to Sam Querrey, ending a 30-match winning streak in Grand Slams and Djokovic's hopes of becoming the first man to achieve the golden calendar slam. The Gentlemen's Singles title was won by Andy Murray. Serena Williams successfully defended her Ladies' Singles title and equaled Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles. The Gentlemen's Doubles event consisted of 'best of three sets' matches for Rounds 1 and 2 in order to help with 'catch-up' scheduling Document [5] (Title: Roy Emerson) favourite to win Wimbledon again in 1966, but during his fourth round match he skidded while chasing the ball and crashed into the umpire's stand, injuring his shoulder. He still finished the match, but was unable to win. Emerson's last major singles title came at the French Championships in 1967 – the year before the open era began. His 12 major singles titles stood as a men's record until 2000, when it was surpassed by Pete Sampras. Emerson signed a professional contract with the National Tennis League in early April 1968. Emerson had 10 straight victories in Grand Slam tournament Document [6] (Title: 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer. Document [7] (Title: John McEnroe) Ashe in straight sets, as well as Grand Prix events at Stockholm and Wembley. His late season success allowed him to finish as the number four ranked player for the year. In 1979, McEnroe and partner Peter Fleming won the Wimbledon Doubles title, followed shortly by a win in the US Open Doubles. That same week, McEnroe won men's singles US Open title, his first Grand Slam singles title. He defeated his friend Vitas Gerulaitis in straight sets in the final to become the youngest male winner of the singles title at the US Open since Pancho Gonzales, who was Document [8] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) to win his 80th career title, 18th major overall and 8th Wimbledon title, which would have broken the record that he shares with Pete Sampras for the most Wimbledon wins at seven. Djokovic too had not won a Grand Slam since the Australian Open of 2013, over a year and a half prior, and was going into the final having lost 5 of the previous 6 Grand Slam finals that he had played in. He entered the championship match looking for his second Wimbledon title after previously winning in 2011, and was seeking redemption after losing in the previous year's Document [9] (Title: 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships. In the final, Björn Borg defeated John McEnroe 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7, 8–6 to win the match. It was regarded at the time as the greatest match ever played. It would be another 28 years before the 2008 Wimbledon men's singles final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal would rival the match as the greatest ever played. The match was eagerly awaited as not only was it a clash between the top Document [10] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships) 2017 Wimbledon Championships The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main draw matches commenced on 3 July 2017 and concluded on 16 July 2017. Roger Federer won the Gentlemen's Singles title for a record eighth time, surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw, who both won the Gentlemen's Singles title seven times. Garbiñe Muguruza won the Ladies' Singles title. The 2017 tournament was the 131st edition of the championships, the 50th in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam Document [11] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Michael Stich was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras. Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. This was Agassi's first Grand Slam tournament title and the first step towards completing an eventual career Grand Slam, although his only subsequent Wimbledon final was in 1999. Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year after winning Document [12] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) the Australian Open and French Open earlier in the year; he also attempted to win the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year for the first time since Rod Laver in 1969. He lost to qualifier Andrei Olhovskiy in the third round, it would not be until 2010 that hard court, clay and grass Grand Slam titles would be won by one man in a single calendar year, when Rafael Nadal won the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. 1992 was the last Wimbledon at which both three-time champion John McEnroe and two-time champion Jimmy Connors Document [13] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) he could not believe that he had won Wimbledon: Novak Djokovic conceded that Murray was the better player on the day, and that he deserved the title: Murray's Wimbledon victory ranked as among one of the greatest drought breakers in world sport. Murray's Wimbledon victory was met with a positive reaction around Great Britain. Tim Henman said he was delighted to finally see Murray end Britain's 77-year wait for a home-grown male Wimbledon Champion: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, the Queen, Sir Chris Hoy, Fred Perry's daughter, Penny, Mayor of London Boris Johnson, WTA players Laura Robson Document [14] (Title: 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) that he was seeded throughout and this is reflected in the final issue of the programme. He was indeed replaced by lucky loser Anders Järryd in the main draw. 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Richard Krajicek, in his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000. Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. Krajicek had originally been unseeded, but as the 17th ranked player in the Wimbledon seedings he replaced 7th Document [15] (Title: Wilfred Baddeley) Wilfred Baddeley Wilfred Baddeley (11 January 1872 – 24 January 1929) was a British male tennis player and the elder of the Baddeley twins. Wilfred, the better-known competitor, made his debut at Wimbledon in 1889 and he went on to win singles title three times in 1891, 1892 and 1895. His 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 win over Joshua Pim in 1891 at the age of 19 years and five months made him, until Boris Becker in 1985, the youngest men's singles champion at Wimbledon. He was also runner-up in 1893, 1894 and 1896. With Herbert, he won four doubles championships Document [16] (Title: Roger Federer) to the final without dropping a set, defeating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals and Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals. In the final, Federer defeated a physically and mentally out of sorts Marin Cilic in straight sets to win a record-breaking eighth Wimbledon gentlemen's singles title and his record-extending 19th major title overall, becoming the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era. Federer became the second man in the Open era to win Wimbledon without dropping a set after Björn Borg in 1976. It marked the second time in his career that he had won a grand slam Document [17] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) to avoid being the first male player since his coach Ivan Lendl to lose his first four finals. The 2012 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the third Grand Slam final that Federer and Murray had contested. Federer had won both previous finals, at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open. Since Federer's victory at the 2010 Australian Open, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic had combined to win nine consecutive major tournaments, and had competed head-to-head in the last four consecutive finals. Nadal, however, had suffered a second round defeat to world no. 100 Lukas Rosol. Federer, on the Document [18] (Title: Kurt Nielsen) Kurt Nielsen Kurt Nielsen (19 November 1930 – 11 June 2011) was a Danish tennis player. He was born in Copenhagen, and was the first Danish tennis player ever to have played in a Men's Singles final in a Grand Slam tournament. Nielsen reached the singles finals of Wimbledon in 1953 (beating Ken Rosewall and Jaroslav Drobný before losing to Vic Seixas) and 1955 (beating Rosewall before losing to Tony Trabert). Both times he reached the final he was unseeded. Before this, he won the Boys' Singles at Wimbledon in 1947 (defeating Sven Davidson). Besides his successes at Wimbledon, he Document [19] (Title: 1972 Wimbledon Championships) Grand Slam tennis event of 1972. Due to the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) ban on World Championship Tennis (WCT) contract players competing in their tournaments, the reigning men's singles champion John Newcombe was prevented from defending his title. Other players banned from competing included Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and Arthur Ashe among others. Stan Smith and Billie Jean King won the singles titles. The total prize money for the 1972 championships was £50,330. The winner of the men's title earned £5,000 while the women's singles champion earned £2,400. Stan Smith defeated Ilie Năstase, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5 Billie Document [20] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) losing to Miloslav Mečíř in the quarterfinals, it would not be until 2010 that hard court, clay and grass Grand Slam titles would be won by one man in a single calendar year, when Rafael Nadal won the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. As of 2017, Rod Laver's record of winning the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year has not been broken. John McEnroe competed for the first time since 1985, losing in the second round to Wally Masur. This tournament also featured the first appearance of future champion Goran Ivanišević. Ivan Lendl "(Semifinals)" Document [21] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, but was defeated by Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer in the final in five sets, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. It was his second Wimbledon and seventh Grand Slam title; it was also his first win at a major since the 2013 Australian Open. 19-year-old Nick Kyrgios became the first player to reach the quarterfinals on his Wimbledon debut since Florian Mayer in 2004. Kyrgios also became the lowest-ranked player to Document [22] (Title: 2007 French Open – Men's Singles) 2007 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and won in the final 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, against Roger Federer. Federer had a chance for the second consecutive year to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open, in 2006-07, but he lost the second consecutive final to Nadal, and for the third consecutive year (lost to Nadal in 2005 semifinal). Novak Djokovic, who would go on to hold all four Grand Slams at the 2016 French Document [23] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion but he lost in the second round in a huge upset to World No. 116 Sergiy Stakhovsky from Ukraine. Stakhovsky was unable to build on his effort and lost in the next round in 4 sets to Jürgen Melzer. Federer's loss marked the first time since the 2004 French Open, when he lost to Gustavo Kuerten in the third round, that he had failed to reach at least the quarterfinals in a Grand Slam event. It was also Federer's earliest exit in this tournament since 2002, and the Document [24] (Title: Damir Džumhur) at the 2016 Summer Olympics, as the first male tennis player in country's history. On July 19, 2016, Džumhur was confirmed as a direct entrant to the men's singles, due to the withdrawal of several tennis players from the Games. Hence, his invitation was transferred to fellow Bosnian tennis player – Mirza Bašić. For the second year running Džumhur took part in the exhibition grass tournament played in June in Liverpool, and after winning both of his singles matches, including Sunday final against Paolo Lorenzi, he was crowned champion. Džumhur then continued his 2016 Wimbledon Championships preparations at 2016 Aegon Document [25] (Title: 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles) Slam champion since Ken Rosewall had won the 1972 Australian Open at 37 years and 63 days old. Andy Murray "(Fourth round)" 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to the 117th ranked Denis Istomin from Uzbekistan. It was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he lost to Marat Safin, that Djokovic failed to make it past the second round of a major and the first time since the 2006 Australian Open that he failed to make it to the third round in Melbourne. Roger Document [26] (Title: Vernon Kirby) for players who were defeated in the first or second rounds of the singles competition at the Wimbledon Championships. Later in July Kirby beat his doubles partner in straight sets in the singles final of the Scottish Championships at Peebles. He also won the North of England Championships in Scarborough, North Yorkshire in singles and doubles. In 1933 he won the Kent Championships and in January 1934 he was victorious in the Estoril tournament. In 1934 Kirby reached the singles quarterfinal of the Wimbledon Championships but lost in four sets to American Sidney Wood. Later that same year at the Document [27] (Title: 2017 French Open – Men's Singles) 2017 French Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and 15th Grand Slam singles title, defeating Stan Wawrinka in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–1. Nadal is the only male player to ever win 10 singles titles at Document [28] (Title: Yvon Petra) players in 1948. He was inducted into International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2016. Yvon Petra Yvon Petra (; 8 March 1916 – 12 September 1984) was a French male tennis player. He was born in Cholon, French Indochina. He is best remembered as the last Frenchman to win the Wimbledon championships men's singles title (in 1946), beating Geoff Brown in five sets in the final. In doubles he won the French championships twice, in 1938 with Bernard Destremau, defeating the best pair in the world Budge-Mako, and in 1946 with Marcel Bernard. In 1938 he won the singles and Document [29] (Title: 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to play from the beginning of the tournament instead of playing a Document [30] (Title: Vitas Gerulaitis) until 1983. He also won the men's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1975. He was a singles semi-finalist at Wimbledon in both 1977 and 1978. In 1977 he lost a Wimbledon semifinal to his close friend and practice partner, Björn Borg, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 8–6, a match later considered one of the greatest of the decade. In 1977 Gerulaitis won the most significant title of his career at the Australian Open, when he defeated John Lloyd in the men's singles final in five sets. In 1978 Gerulaitis won the year-end championship WCT Finals for the World Championship Tennis tour, Document [31] (Title: 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Tomáš Berdych. This was the first time since 2002 that Federer did not make the Wimbledon men's singles final, and the second successive Grand Slam tournament that Federer was defeated at the quarterfinal stage, having previously been on a record run of 23 successive Grand Slam semifinals (of which he won all but three). Federer's loss, along those with Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Roddick were out at the fourth round, ensured that will have a first time Wimbledon finalist from the Document [32] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) This feat was known to be extremely difficult because it required the player to make the switch from a slow clay surface to a fast grass surface and be the best on both surfaces within the span of a month. In the Open Era of tennis, only two men had previously achieved this feat: Rod Laver and Björn Borg. Since this showdown match, Roger Federer has completed the Roland-Garros/Wimbledon double in 2009 and Rafael Nadal achieved the feat for a second time in 2010. Although the players were due on court at 14:00 BST, rain delayed the start of the Document [33] (Title: 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer. Document [34] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles) 1957 U.S. National Championships. Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor "(Second round)" 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles Bob and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen. Marray and Nielsen defeated Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Doubles title at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. Marray became the first British player to win the men's doubles title at Wimbledon since Pat Hughes and Raymond Tuckey in 1936. Nielsen is only the second Danish winner of a Grand Slam title, following his Document [35] (Title: 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) top half of the draw. Rafael Nadal, the world No. 1 and second seed, defeated 12th seed Berdych in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, his second Wimbledon title and his eighth Grand Slam title overall. It was Nadal's 4th non-consecutive Wimbledon final as he skipped the 2009 tournament because of injuries. Berdych became the first Czech man to reach the final since Ivan Lendl's appearance in the 1987 final. For the first time ever there were no English players in the Wimbledon men's singles competition, however Great Britain Document [36] (Title: Chuck McKinley) singles finals in which he was defeated by Rod Laver in straight sets. The same year, he won the singles title at the Eastern Grass Court Championships in South Orange against Frank Froehling. He won the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in 1962 and 1963, defeating Fred Stolle and Dennis Ralston in the respective finals. In 1962 and 1964, McKinly was victorious in the singles event at the U.S. National Indoor Championships. His intense desire to win, his habit of screaming, "Oh Charley, you missed that one," at himself after a bad shot, and the fact that he drew a Document [37] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal defeated the five-time defending champion Roger Federer in the final, 6–4, 6–4, 6–7, 6–7, 9–7 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. It was the longest championship match in Wimbledon history with play lasting four hours and 48 minutes, and with two rain delays. The event stretched over seven hours ending just before nightfall, and is widely considered to be the greatest match in tennis history. Roger Federer "(Final)" Gaël Monfils withdrew due to a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Ilija Document [38] (Title: William Renshaw) William Renshaw William Charles Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 12 August 1904) was a British tennis player active during the late 19th century who was ranked world No. 1. He won 12 Major titles during his career and was one of the most successful male players in the history of the Wimbledon Championships, winning the singles title seven times; this stood as a record in the Gentleman's singles along with Pete Sampras until 2017 when Roger Federer won his 8th title . He won a record six times consecutively from (1881–86). Additionally he won the doubles title five times together Document [39] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) It is the only time in Grand Slam final history where a player has lost despite only having their serve broken once. This match was the culmination of Federer's historic summer of 2009. After winning Roland Garros a month earlier to complete the career grand slam, Federer's win gave him his standalone record 15th major title and led many to proclaim him as the greatest player of all time. Due to the historic nature of Federer's accomplishment, Pete Sampras flew to London from California to witness Federer set the all-time Grand Slam record. It was the first time that he Document [40] (Title: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles 81 of the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) players, including defending champion Stan Smith, boycotted the Wimbledon Championships in 1973 in protest against the suspension of Nikola Pilić by the Yugoslav Tennis Association, supported by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). This resulted in a large number of qualifiers and lucky losers. Jan Kodeš defeated Alex Metreveli in the final, 6–1, 9–8, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The final match included a tie-breaker played at 8–8 in the second set; the first ever Wimbledon singles Document [41] (Title: Anthony Wilding) Supreme Court of New Zealand. Focusing on his tennis game, he won the Wimbledon singles title for four straight years between 1910 and 1913. He was the last player to win four successive championships until 1979; when Bjorn Borg won his fourth successive championship. In 1910 and 1912 he defeated Arthur Gore in the final, both times in four sets. In 1911 his opponent Herbert Roper Barrett retired in the final at two sets all. In 1913 at Wimbledon tennis player and author A. Wallis Myers says that he played "the best game of his life", beating American Maurice McLoughlin, Document [42] (Title: 2017 French Open – Men's Singles) the same Grand Slam event. Nadal won this event without losing a set for the third time, thereby tying with Björn Borg for this Grand Slam record. 2017 French Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and Document [43] (Title: 2013 Andy Murray tennis season) in a tiebreak, the Scot eventually prevailed in four to set up a fourth Grand Slam final against Novak Djokovic, the second meeting between the two at SW19, and the first at the Championships. Murray defeated Djokovic in straight sets (6-4, 7-5, 6-4) to become the first British man to win Wimbledon since 1936, the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since 1896, as well as becoming the 7th man in the open era to complete the Queen's/Wimbledon double. With the win, Murray extended his winning streak on grass to 18 matches, his previous loss Document [44] (Title: 2008 US Open – Men's Singles) win a Grand Slam title since Fred Perry in 1936, but lost to Federer in the final. Murray would eventually win the title at this event four years later. Rafael Nadal had a chance to win Grand Slams on clay, grass and hard courts in the same calendar year, after having won this year's French Open and Wimbledon, and could have become the first man to win the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open since Rod Laver did it in 1969, but he lost to Murray in the semifinals. This was Juan Martín del Potro's first appearance as a seeded Document [45] (Title: 2006 French Open – Men's Singles) is also noted for the first appearance of future Grand Slam champion Juan Martín del Potro in a Grand Slam main draw. 2006 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title in the final 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6, against Roger Federer. Roger Federer had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the preceding Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open titles. He lost in the final against Rafael Nadal. This would be ultimately be achieved a decade Document [46] (Title: Yvon Petra) Yvon Petra Yvon Petra (; 8 March 1916 – 12 September 1984) was a French male tennis player. He was born in Cholon, French Indochina. He is best remembered as the last Frenchman to win the Wimbledon championships men's singles title (in 1946), beating Geoff Brown in five sets in the final. In doubles he won the French championships twice, in 1938 with Bernard Destremau, defeating the best pair in the world Budge-Mako, and in 1946 with Marcel Bernard. In 1938 he won the singles and doubles title at the French Covered Court Championships. He was a prisoner of war Document [47] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title by beating Roger Federer in a rematch of the 2014 final, 7–6, 6–7, 6–4, 6–3. The title was Djokovic's third at Wimbledon and ninth Grand Slam singles title overall, as well as his second major win of the year. Federer was vying to become the first man to win Wimbledon eight times. Federer became the first male player in the Open Era to reach 10 finals at a single Grand Slam. 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt played in his final Wimbledon appearance, losing to Document [48] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2009 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Federer–Roddick rivalry, it pitted five-time champion Roger Federer against American Andy Roddick for the third time in a Wimbledon final and the fourth time in a Grand Slam final. After 4 hours and 17 minutes, Federer won 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14. This match was historic as it saw Federer capture his fifteenth major title, breaking the all-time Grand Slam record held by Pete Sampras. The victory Document [49] (Title: Nicolas Mahut) Wimbledon. By reaching the final, Mahut has reached the men's doubles final of all four Grand Slams. He and Herbert defeated them in straight sets to win their 2nd Grand Slam men's doubles title. He also regained the No. 1 spot in doubles, a ranking that he held ever since. He also tied with Novak Djokovic for most titles on the 2016 ATP Tour (7) to date with singles and doubles title combined, a feat Murray would later catch up to. He and Herbert also became the first pair to qualify for ATP World Tour Finals following results from Wimbledon. Document [50] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pat Cash was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Boris Becker. Stefan Edberg defeated Becker in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships. Australian Open and French Open champion Mats Wilander came into the tournament on course to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year, and attempted to become the first man to win Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon titles since Rod Laver in 1969. After Document [51] (Title: 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Boris Becker defeated the defending champion Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–0, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships. The semi-final match between Ivan Lendl and eventual champion Becker became at the time the longest ever Wimbledon semi-final at four hours and one minute long. It would not be until the 2013 championships that this record would be broken, when the semi-final match between Novak Djokovic and Juan Martín del Potro would last four hours and forty-three minutes. John McEnroe reached the semi-finals, his best showing in Document [52] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships) tournament of the year. It is played on grass courts, organised by the All England Lawn Tennis Club and the International Tennis Federation and is part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. Andy Murray was the defending champion in the Gentlemen's singles but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Two-time defending Ladies' singles champion Serena Williams did not defend her title, having ended her season in April due to pregnancy. The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was the 131st edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Document [53] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) two players had been heavily favoured to meet in the final following the early round defeats of Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, among others. Novak Djokovic was the top seed despite not being the defending champion, and was going for a second title at Wimbledon after winning in 2011, whilst Andy Murray, the second seed, was going for his first title after finishing runner-up to Federer the previous year. Both players had made it through their first four matches in straight sets, and both had to overcome tough five-set matches to make the final: Murray against Fernando Verdasco Document [54] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) again until the start of the 2017 Hopman Cup due to knee and back injuries. This was the first Grand Slam of Juan Martín del Potro since the 2014 Australian Open, following a long break due to a wrist injury. He was granted a protected ranking at the start of the tournament, he lost to Lucas Pouille in the third round. Novak Djokovic "(Third round)" 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated in the third round by the No. 28 seed Sam Querrey. This was his first defeat Document [55] (Title: 2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–2, 6–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. It was Federer's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record-equalling sixth Australian Open men's singles title (tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic). With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments (six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon). Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in Document [56] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships) final was won by Roger Federer for the fifth consecutive time, a feat only before achieved in the Open Era by Björn Borg. It was the third longest men's singles final of all time at 3 hours and 45 minutes. Venus Williams claimed the Ladies' title by defeating Frenchwoman Marion Bartoli, a surprise finalist who had defeated world number one at the time Justine Henin. For the first time in twenty years, the Championships saw a home player win a senior title as Jamie Murray won the mixed doubles with Serbian partner Jelena Janković. Below are the tables with the Document [57] (Title: Arthur Gore (tennis)) oldest player to date to hold the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles title.[3]. He played his first tournament at London Athletic Club in 1887, His first title came at a grass court tournament in Stevenage in August 1888. Gore won the singles title at the Scottish Championships in 1892 and successfully defended the title in the Challenge Round in 1893. In 1894 he won the North London Championships on grass an event that tournament winning it five times (1894, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1906). He won the singles title at the Kent Championships on two occasions; in 1900 by defeating Harold Mahony in Document [58] (Title: 1990 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 1990 Australian Open – Men's Singles Ivan Lendl was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title after Stefan Edberg was forced to retire during the third set of the final because of a torn stomach muscle. The Swede's retirement marked the first time since the 1911 Wimbledon Championships that a male player withdrew during the singles' title match of a Grand Slam tournament. Former world number 1 John McEnroe created controversy after he was disqualified from his fourth round match for unsportsmanlike conduct. He received a warning for intimidating a linesperson, a point penalty after smashing his racket, and Document [59] (Title: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) was replaced by the next highest non-seeded player Radek Štěpánek, who became the #35 seed. 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Lleyton Hewitt was the defending champion, but he lost in the first round to Ivo Karlović. As a result of this loss, Hewitt became one of only two defending Wimbledon men's singles champions to lose in the first round of their defence, the other being Manuel Santana, the 1966 champion, who lost in the first round in 1967 to Charlie Pasarell. Roger Federer defeated Mark Philippoussis in the final, 7–6, 6–2, 7–6 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title Document [60] (Title: 2017 ATP Finals) defeating Alexander Zverev in the final. At the Wimbledon Championships, Federer made it to the final without dropping a set, where he defeated Marin Čilić in straight sets to win a record-breaking eighth Wimbledon gentlemen's singles title and his record-extending 19th major title overall, becoming the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era. At the opening of the summer hard court swing Federer was defeated in the final of the Rogers Cup by Alexander Zverev. Due to a back injury, he opted to withdraw from the Western & Southern Open. However, Federer lost to Juan Martin Del Document [61] (Title: 2012 US Open (tennis)) evening, the men's semi-final between Novak Djokovic and David Ferrer suspended on September 8 and completed on September 9, and the men's final postponed to the afternoon of Monday, September 10. Djokovic and Samantha Stosur were the defending men's and women's singles champions, respectively. Both were unsuccessful in their title defences; Stosur being narrowly defeated by World No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in the quarter-finals, and Djokovic defeated in the final by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win a Grand Slam singles title, and the first man to win both the US Document [62] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic defeated the defending champion Rafael Nadal in the final, 6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. It was his first Wimbledon and third Grand Slam title, having previously won the 2008 and 2011 Australian Open. In losing to Djokovic in the final, Nadal ended his 20-match Wimbledon winning streak dating back to 2008, having missed the 2009 championships due to injury. This was also the first time since 2002 that neither Roger Federer nor Nadal had won Wimbledon. Both Nadal and Djokovic were Document [63] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) last time where an American male player reached the semifinals of a Grand Slam until Sam Querrey reached the semifinals of the 2017 Wimbledon Championships eight years later. Rafael Nadal "(Withdrew)" 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, but withdrew from the tournament due to knee tendinitis. In a repeat of the 2004 and 2005 finals, Roger Federer defeated Andy Roddick in the final, 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships for the sixth time. It became the longest men's singles final (in terms of Document [64] (Title: Jonathan Marray) first British player to win the Wimbledon men's doubles final since 1936, he thus became the first British person to win any Wimbledon Championship title since Jamie Murray in 2007; Marray and Nielsen became the first players to get to the final and to win the men's doubles on a wildcard at Wimbledon. This also raised his doubles ranking to a career-high no. 21 in the world. This was the first time Marray broke into the top 50 in the rankings, making him Britain's No. 1. Marray credited sport psychologist, Richard De Souza, for helping him win Wimbledon. Saying that Document [65] (Title: 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) after leading two sets to love; to date it remains the only professional match in which Murray has lost from two sets up. Novak Djokovic entered ATP Top 100 for the first time after this tournament. Roger Federer (Champion) Guillermo Cañas withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Olivier Rochus, who became the #33 seed. 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title again, winning Wimbledon for a third consecutive year by defeating Andy Roddick in the final for the second year in a row, 6–2, 7–6, 6–4 Document [66] (Title: 1877 Wimbledon Championship) Philip Brook, Chairman of the All England Club, and Cr David T Williams JP, Mayor of Merton. Spencer Gore defeated William Marshall, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4 William Marshall defeated Charles Gilbert Heathcote 6–4, 6–4 Notes References Sources 1877 Wimbledon Championship The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or "Major". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Document [67] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) after an epic and gruelling five-set semifinal against Juan Martín del Potro. At 4 hours and 43 minutes this match made history as the longest semifinal ever contested at Wimbledon, breaking the previous record set by Boris Becker and Ivan Lendl at the 1989 Championships. Novak Djokovic "(Final)" 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion but he lost in the second round in a huge upset to World No. 116 Sergiy Stakhovsky from Ukraine. Stakhovsky was unable to build on his effort and lost in the next round in 4 sets to Jürgen Melzer. Federer's Document [68] (Title: Andy Murray) from Murray. However Murray managed to up his level of play, and won the next three sets, making it through to his second consecutive Wimbledon final, and third consecutive major final against Novak Djokovic. Despite the Serb being the favourite to win the title throughout the Championships, Murray overcame Djokovic in a straight sets match that lasted over three hours, to become the first British winner of the men's singles title since Fred Perry in 1936, the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since Harold Mahony in 1896, and to extend his winning streak on Document [69] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) the first British man since 1938 to win a Major title, and the only British man to do so in the Open Era. He also became the only man to win Olympic Singles Gold and the US Open back-to-back. The 2007 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted world No. 1 Roger Federer against world No. 2 Rafael Nadal in a Major final for the fourth time. This was a rematch of the Wimbledon final from the year before and would become the defining match of Document [70] (Title: 1887 Wimbledon Championships) unable to play the Challenge Round due to a tennis elbow. The Ladies singles competition was won by Lottie Dod who won the title at an age of 15 years and 285 days and became the youngest ever Wimbledon singles champion. Herbert Lawford defeated Ernest Renshaw, 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Bingley, 6–2, 6–0 Patrick Bowes-Lyon / Herbert Wilberforce defeated Edward Barratt-Smith / James Herbert Crispe, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2 1887 Wimbledon Championships The 1887 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The Document [71] (Title: 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) third round, was played on Centre Court, where he was defeated by 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt. Roger Federer (Champion) David Nalbandian withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Luis Horna, who became the #33 seed. 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Roddick in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2004 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament marked the beginning of Federer's record streak of reaching 23 consecutive Grand Slam semi-finals and 36 consecutive Grand Slam quarter-finals (in Document [72] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Djokovic replaced Nadal as the World No. 1, taking the top position for the first time since October 2013. Novak Djokovic (Champion) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, but was defeated by Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer in the final in five sets, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. It was his second Wimbledon and seventh Grand Slam title; it was also his first win at a major since the 2013 Australian Open. 19-year-old Nick Kyrgios became the Document [73] (Title: 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated John McEnroe in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1982 Wimbledon Championships. A number of players were absent from this tournament for various reasons. This included five-time champion Björn Borg, who refused to play after Wimbledon officials required him to play in a qualifier tournament due to being absent from the tour injured for most of 1982; Ivan Lendl and Eliot Teltscher both withdrew citing difficulty playing on grass courts; and Argentinian players Guillermo Vilas and José Luis Clerc withdrew in Document [74] (Title: 2013 Andy Murray tennis season) nor Rafael Nadal were ranked in the top 2 for the first time since the end of 2003. During the summer Murray won his first Wimbledon title, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets to end Britain's 77-year wait for a home grown men's champion. It was Murray's second major title, and third consecutive title on grass, after winning at the Olympics the previous year, meaning he extended his winning streak on grass to 18 matches. In the summer hard court season, Murray failed to defend his US Open title, losing to Stanislas Wawrinka in the quarterfinals. Following Document [75] (Title: 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Goran Ivanišević was the defending champion, but withdrew due to having shoulder surgery. World No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt defeated David Nalbandian in the final, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2002 Wimbledon Championships. It was Hewitt's second Grand Slam title, after winning the 2001 US Open. Hewitt was also the first Australian to win the title since Pat Cash in 1987. The 2002 Championships made history due to the unprecedentedly poor results of the top players. With the exception of Lleyton Hewitt and world no. 4 Tim Henman, Document [76] (Title: Roger Federer) a thrilling five-set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980. Victory at Wimbledon equaled him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club. Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic. Djokovic proved his potential by beating the world No. 1 in a final-set tiebreaker upset. Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year. Federer entered the US Open as the three-time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final. This time, Federer prevailed in Document [77] (Title: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, but withdrew from the tournament due to knee tendinitis. In a repeat of the 2004 and 2005 finals, Roger Federer defeated Andy Roddick in the final, 5–7, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 16–14 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships for the sixth time. It became the longest men's singles final (in terms of games played) in Grand Slam tournament history with 77 games, breaking the record of 71 games set at the 1927 Australian Open. The match also had the longest fifth set (16–14) Document [78] (Title: 1891 Wimbledon Championships) Joshua Pim, 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Hillyard, 6–2, 6–1 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker, 6–1, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2 1891 Wimbledon Championships The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July. It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891. There were 22 competitors for the men's singles. Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years, 5 months and 23 days old Document [79] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) tenth game, Djokovic earned another two championship points after Federer sent a forehand long at 15-30. There was no ace this time as Federer faulted on championship point and was forced into a second serve. Djokovic took control of the ensuing rally and won Wimbledon after Federer netted a backhand to conclude the contest. The chair umpire throughout the match was British official James Keothavong. He umpired his first ever Grand Slam singles final. Lasting for 3 hours and 56 minutes, the match was played at a relatively fast pace with both players serving well until the final game. Many Document [80] (Title: 2016 French Open – Men's Singles) 2016 French Open – Men's Singles Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Bunny Austin in 1937 to reach the final. Novak Djokovic won his first French Open title, defeating Murray in the final, 3–6, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4. Djokovic completed a career Grand Slam and achieved a non-calendar year Grand Slam with this title, becoming the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once and the first man in history to do so on three different surfaces. Djokovic Document [81] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) summit of men's tennis, having been one week short of the record when he lost the number one ranking in June 2010. Murray became the first British man to reach the final of Wimbledon since 1938, and was seeking to be the first British Wimbledon champion since 1936. Roger Federer entered the match as the all-time Grand Slam champion with a record of sixteen major titles, although he had not won any in the two and a half years since his victory at the 2010 Australian Open. Andy Murray had not yet won a single major title and was looking Document [82] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the ATP Rankings) at 302 weeks. It was Federer's last major title for four and a half years, when he won his 18th grand slam at the 2017 Australian Open. For Murray, it was his fourth grand slam final defeat without yet achieving a victory, emulating his coach Ivan Lendl. However, four weeks later Murray defeated Federer in three straight sets to win the Olympic men's singles gold for Great Britain, which also took place at Wimbledon. Murray also won his first grand slam title that year at the US Open and his first Wimbledon title the following year. This Document [83] (Title: 2017 Roger Federer tennis season) advance to his 11th Wimbledon final, subsequently setting the record for the highest number of men's singles finals made at a single major. In the final, Federer defeated Marin Čilić in straight sets to win a record 8th Wimbledon Gentleman's singles title, breaking his previous tie with William Renshaw and Pete Sampras, and his 19th Grand Slam singles title overall. He became the second male player in the Open Era to win the championships without dropping a set, after Björn Borg in 1976. Following his victory, he also qualified for the 2017 ATP Finals for a record 15th time along Document [84] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) sustain the challenge. In the end, Djokovic won in 4 sets. 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2015 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted defending champion Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time, a rematch of the Wimbledon final a year earlier in which Djokovic defeated Federer in five sets. Before the match, Federer led the head-to-head 20 matches to 19, with the two players Document [85] (Title: 2017 Roger Federer tennis season) during the event, winning two and losing one against Alexander Zverev. In his first major tournament of the year, Federer progressed all the way to the final, winning over top 10 players Tomáš Berdych, Kei Nishikori, and fellow countryman Stan Wawrinka, to face his archrival Rafael Nadal in the final. Nadal had won all six matches between the two in major tournaments since the Wimbledon final of 2007, including all three of their encounters at the Australian Open. Federer ultimately triumphed after being a break down in the fifth set, winning a record-extending and historic 18th men's singles Grand Slam Document [86] (Title: 1883 Wimbledon Championship) 4–6, 6–3 Ernest Renshaw defeated Donald Stewart, 0–6, 6–3, 6–0, 6–2 1883 Wimbledon Championship The 1883 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 7 July until 16 July. It was the 7th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1883. William Renshaw won for the third year running, and so won the original Field championship cup outright. The players changed ends at the end of each set, or (if the umpire so ruled) at the end Document [87] (Title: Dick Savitt) and won the Italian doubles and the Canadian singles and doubles championships. Without any coaching, in 1950 Savitt reached the U. S. Tennis Championship semifinals at Forest Hills, losing to Art Larsen. In 1951, at the age of 24, Savitt won the Wimbledon Singles Championship. Along the way he beat Larsen, the # 1 US player, in straight sets, and Herbert Flam, the # 2 US player. He also won the Australian Open Singles title, winning in straight sets in the 61-minute final. He became the first American since Don Budge, 13 years earlier, to win both Wimbledon and the Document [88] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) Additionally, Nadal had denied Federer from completing the Career Grand Slam, and becoming the first man since 1968 to win all four Grand Slams consecutively. The hype preceding the match was enormous because although Federer was the four-time defending champion, Nadal entered the match with an 8-4 lead in their head-to-head record. The chair umpire was Carlos Ramos of Portugal. Federer leapt out to an early lead in the first set but it was decided in a memorable tiebreaker. Federer appeared to have won the set only to have the call reversed by the new review system Hawkeye. Federer would Document [89] (Title: 1889 Wimbledon Championships) Federer in 2017 when he became the first man to win eight singles titles at Wimbledon. The Renshaw brothers were also unbeaten in doubles for seven years. The men's doubles were played after completion of the singles competitions. William Renshaw defeated Ernest Renshaw, 6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0 Blanche Hillyard defeated Lena Rice, 4–6, 8–6, 6–4 Ernest Renshaw / William Renshaw defeated George Hillyard / Ernest Lewis 6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 0–6, 6–1 1889 Wimbledon Championships The 1889 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran Document [90] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) Wimbledon Championships, the two men had combined to win 14 of the previous 16 Grand Slam titles. The 2008 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the third consecutive year in which Federer and Nadal had met in the finals of Wimbledon. Federer had won not only both previous meetings, but had also been the Wimbledon champion five years in a row and was now trying to become champion for a sixth consecutive year. Nadal, on the other hand, had just won the French Open for the fourth time in a row and was trying to achieve the rare French Open-Wimbledon double. Document [91] (Title: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) final to include a tie-break. Ilie Năstase "(Fourth round)" The original seeding list before the boycott was: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles 81 of the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) players, including defending champion Stan Smith, boycotted the Wimbledon Championships in 1973 in protest against the suspension of Nikola Pilić by the Yugoslav Tennis Association, supported by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). This resulted in a large number of qualifiers and lucky losers. Jan Kodeš defeated Alex Metreveli in the final, 6–1, 9–8, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The Document [92] (Title: Jimmy Connors) is one of only six men to win three or more Grand Slam singles titles in a calendar year. The others are: Rod Laver who won the Grand Slam in 1969; Mats Wilander won the Australian, French and US Open in 1988; Roger Federer won the Australian, Wimbledon and US Open in 2004, 2006 and 2007; Rafael Nadal won the French, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2010; and Novak Djokovic won the Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2011 and 2015. Connors reached the final of the US Open in five straight years from 1974 through 1978, winning three times Document [93] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) the most Grand Slam singles wins by any player, male or female. The tournament marked the fifth time that Nadal and Federer won the French Open and Wimbledon respectively in the same year. This was also the first Grand Slam tournament since the 2009 French Open in which Murray, Nadal and Djokovic all failed to reach the semifinals, and the first time since 2004 that no player reached all 4 quarterfinals in a year. With his win over Murray, Querrey became the first American man to reach a Grand Slam semifinal since Andy Roddick at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and Document [94] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) of a Grand Slam after Jerzy Janowicz defeated countryman Łukasz Kubot in the quarterfinals. Andy Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, becoming the first British man to win the Wimbledon singles title since Fred Perry in 1936, ending a 76-year drought, as well as the first British winner in singles since Virginia Wade won the women's event in 1977. He was also the first Scot to win the Wimbledon title since Harold Mahony in 1896. Djokovic had advanced to the final Document [95] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2013 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Murray rivalry, it pitted the world's top two players, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray, against each other in a Grand Slam final for the fourth time. After three hours and nine minutes, second seeded Murray defeated World No. 1 Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 to win the match. By winning the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win Document [96] (Title: 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) protest to their country's conflict with the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands. John McEnroe "(Final)" Yannick Noah withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Richard Meyer. 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated John McEnroe in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1982 Wimbledon Championships. A number of players were absent from this tournament for various reasons. This included five-time champion Björn Borg, who refused to play after Wimbledon officials required him to play in a qualifier tournament due to being Document [97] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles In a repeat of the previous year's final, Roger Federer successfully defended his title for a fifth consecutive year by defeating Rafael Nadal in the final, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. With this win Federer equalled Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles. Roger Federer (Champion) Mario Ančić was originally seeded #18 but withdrew due to illness before the tournament draw was made. All original seeds from 19-31 moved up one place, and a new #31 seed was added. Andy Murray Document [98] (Title: 1883 Men's Tennis tour) 1883 Men's Tennis tour The 1883 Men's tennis tour was the seventh annual tennis tour, consisting of 31 tournaments. The Wimbledon Championships was won by William Renshaw for the third consecutive year, while Richard Sears continued his dominance at the U.S. National Championships also winning a third successive title. Other big winners this season were Ernest Renshaw, picking up the Irish Championships, Herbert Wilberforce winning the Northern Lawn Tennis Championships in Manchester, and Herbert Lawford collecting his second and final title at the Princes Club Championships. The title leader this season was Charles Walder Grinstead winning 5 tournaments from 6 Document [99] (Title: Fred Perry) medals in the single, double and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships. He had exceptional speed and played with the Shakehand style, attacking the ball low and on the rise. Along with the US, French and Australian Amateur championships, Perry won the Wimbledon men's title three times in succession between 1934 and 1936. His final triumph was a 6–1, 6–1, 6–0 victory over the German Baron Gottfried von Cramm which lasted less than 45 minutes. It became the quickest final in the 20th century and the second shortest of all time. Perry had been able to pick up Document [100] (Title: Roger Federer) by the later champion Stan Wawrinka. This (as of 2018) was Federer's last appearance in this Grand Slam tournament. As the new expanded grass season began, Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times. Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed. He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic. Federer lost the match in four sets. He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in Document [101] (Title: 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles) 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title. Australian Lleyton Hewitt, a 2005 finalist, two-time Grand Slam champion Document [102] (Title: Novak Djokovic) ranking. On 12 November 2012, Djokovic won the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals by defeating Federer in the final. Because of his achievements in the 2012 season, Djokovic was named the 2012 ITF World Champion in men's singles by the International Tennis Federation. Djokovic began the 2013 season by defeating Murray in the final of the 2013 Australian Open to win a record third consecutive Australian Open trophy and the sixth major of his career. A week later, he participated in a Davis Cup match against Belgium, where he defeated Olivier Rochus in straight sets to give the Serbian team Document [103] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships) there were two new singles champions for the first time since 2002: Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová. By reaching the final Djokovic also claimed the World No. 1 in the ATP rankings from Rafael Nadal, while Kvitová became the first Grand Slam event winner born in the 1990s. In the doubles the Bryan brothers claimed the men's title for a second time, and equalled the overall Grand Slam tournament record of 11 set by the Woodies, Mark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge. In the women's doubles Katarina Srebotnik won her first ladies major title after making four previous major finals. Srebotnik Document [104] (Title: 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) day later to Agassi, who in addition to his run to the Wimbledon Final, had recently won the 1999 French Open. This tournament is also notable as being the last Grand Slam in which former World No. 1 Boris Becker would compete and the first Wimbledon appearances for future champions Lleyton Hewitt and Roger Federer. Pete Sampras (Champion) 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. With this win, his sixth at Wimbledon, Sampras broke Document [105] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated by Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Despite his loss, Murray retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, as Rafael Nadal, Stan Wawrinka, and Novak Djokovic all failed to gain enough ranking points to surpass him. Roger Federer won the title, achieving his unprecedented eighth Wimbledon Gentleman's Singles Title and 19th Grand Slam men's singles title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–3, 6–1, 6–4. Federer thus became the only player to win the Gentleman's singles title Document [106] (Title: 2013 in tennis) the Wimbledon Championships and the third Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom, from 24 June to 7 July 2013. Roger Federer and Serena Williams were the defending champions in singles events, but neither was able to repeat their success. This marked the first time since 1927 in which both defending champions were eliminated before the quarter-finals. Andy Murray became the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob Document [107] (Title: 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles) and former world No. 1, played his last professional singles matches. He lost to David Ferrer in the second round. 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only Document [108] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win the Wimbledon title, the first Scottish man since Harold Mahony in 1896 to win the title, and the first British man in the Open Era to do so. The 2014 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam tournament final for the second time. After three hours and 56 minutes, top-seeded Djokovic defeated fourth-seeded Federer in five sets Document [109] (Title: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) competed. Jim Courier "(Third round)" 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Michael Stich was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras. Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. This was Agassi's first Grand Slam tournament title and the first step towards completing an eventual career Grand Slam, although his only subsequent Wimbledon final was in 1999. Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the Document [110] (Title: 1895 Wimbledon Championships) defeated Wilberforce Eaves 4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3 Charlotte Cooper defeated Helen Jackson 7–5, 8–6 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Wilberforce Eaves / Ernest Lewis 8–6, 5–7, 6–4, 6–3 1895 Wimbledon Championships The 1895 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 8 July until 15 July. It was the 19th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1895. There were 18 competitors for the men's singles title, 9 for the ladies' singles and 7 pairs Document [111] (Title: 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. With this win, his sixth at Wimbledon, Sampras broke Björn Borg's then open era record of five Wimbledon titles, and equalled Roy Emerson's then record of twelve Grand Slam titles. Sampras' victory over Agassi in the final is often cited as one of the greatest performances in a Wimbledon final. However, despite his victory, Sampras lost his No. 1 ranking when the ATP rankings were updated a Document [112] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships) final. Federer won in straight sets against Richard Gasquet, whilst Nadal's opponent, Novak Djokovic, was forced to retire with the match balanced at one set all. Venus Williams won another Wimbledon title against Bartoli in straight sets (6–4, 6–1). Roger Federer won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title after a five-set battle against Rafael Nadal, 3 sets to 2. Federer's supremacy on grass met a strong challenge from Nadal and the victory did not come easily for the Swiss. But Federer came through by winning the tiebreak in the first and third sets, and faced four break points before victory in Document [113] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) in tennis history. As they entered the 2007 Wimbledon Championships, the two men had collectively won the last nine consecutive Grand Slam titles. The 2007 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was a rematch of the previous year's Championships final. Federer had won not only that match, but had also been the Wimbledon champion four years in a row and was on a quest of tying Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon Championships. Nadal, on the other hand, had just won the French Open for the third time in a row and was trying to achieve the rare French Open-Wimbledon double. Document [114] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships) defending champion in the men's singles, but lost to Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Marion Bartoli was the reigning champion in the women's singles; however, her retirement from the sport following her victory meant that she did not return to defend her title. As a result, the opening Ladies' Singles match on Centre Court on the second day of the tournament – which is traditionally played by the defending champion – was played by Bartoli's opponent in the 2013 final, runner-up Sabine Lisicki. The men and women's singles titles were won by Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová respectively. Both players Document [115] (Title: 2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles) Rafael Nadal won in the final, 7–5, 3–6, 7–6, 3–6, 6–2, against Roger Federer and became the first Spanish singles player to win the tournament. 2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but retired due to heat stress trailing two sets to one in the quarterfinals against Andy Roddick. The 2009 men's tournament is considered to be one of the best Grand Slam tournaments in open era history. It is remembered for containing many of the best matches of the 2009 year, including the Nadal versus Verdasco semi final (lasting 5 hours and 14 minutes) Document [116] (Title: Björn Borg) straight sets, winning his first Masters and first title in New York. In June 1980 he overcame Gerulaitis, again in straight sets, for his fifth French Open title. Again, he did not drop a set. Borg won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title, the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final, by defeating McEnroe in a five-set match, often cited as the best Wimbledon final ever played – the only comparable match being the 2008 Federer – Nadal final. Having lost the opening set to an all-out McEnroe assault, Borg took the next two and had two championship points at 5–4 in Document [117] (Title: 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) a Grand Slam tournament since the 1985 US Open final. The tournament also featured the first appearances of future champions Pete Sampras and Michael Stich in the main draw. Mats Wilander was about to complete the career Grand Slam in his career and losing to McEnroe in the quarterfinals. Ivan Lendl "(Semifinals)" 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Boris Becker defeated the defending champion Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–0, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships. The semi-final match between Ivan Lendl and eventual champion Becker became at the time the longest Document [118] (Title: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) in contention for the ATP no. 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament for the second time. By winning his semifinal match against Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to reach the final, Djokovic gained the World No. 1 ranking for the first time, which marked the first time that neither Federer nor Nadal was ranked No. 1 since 2 February 2004. This Grand Slam was two-time French Open finalist Robin Söderling's last Grand Slam before being diagnosed with mononucleosis and eventually retiring from tennis. Rafael Nadal "(Final)" 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic defeated the defending champion Rafael Nadal Document [119] (Title: Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics) Juan Martín del Potro. Murray defended his title, defeating del Potro in the final, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2, 7–5. With the victory, Murray became the first player, male or female, to win singles gold at two consecutive Olympics and the first player to defend an Olympic title since Serena and Venus Willams won the women's doubles title in Beijing and London. This, combined with a second Wimbledon title, becoming the first-ever three-time BBC Sports Personality of the Year and ending the year as the #1-ranked player by the ATP after having led Great Britain to their first Davis Cup since 1936 Document [120] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships) the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob and Mike Bryan completed the "Bryan Slam" and became the first team to hold all four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold at the same time. The 2013 Wimbledon Championships was the 127th edition of the tournament and was held at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2013 ATP World Tour and the 2013 WTA Tour Document [121] (Title: John Hartley (tennis)) John Hartley (tennis) Rev. John Thorneycroft Hartley (9 January 1849 – 21 August 1935) was a World No. 1 tennis player from England, and the only clergyman to win Wimbledon. Hartley won the 1879 Gentlemans Singles title against Irish champion, Vere St. Leger Goold in three sets, retaining his title the following year, 1880, by defeating Herbert Lawford in the Challenge Round, 6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3. Hartley lost in 37 minutes in the 1881 Gentleman's Singles final, to William Renshaw, 0–6, 1–6, 1–6. This was the shortest final on record and it was reported that Hartley was suffering from an Document [122] (Title: Edmund Gettier) and John McEnroe is playing Jimmy Connors, it is match point, and McEnroe wins. I say to myself: "John McEnroe is this year's men's champion at Wimbledon". Unbeknownst to me, however, the BBC were experiencing a broadcasting fault and so had broadcast a tape of last year's final, when McEnroe also beat Connors. I had been watching last year's Wimbledon final, so I believed that McEnroe had bested Connors. But at that same time, in real life, McEnroe was repeating last year's victory and besting Connors! So my belief that McEnroe bested Connors to become this year's Wimbledon champion is Document [123] (Title: 2009 Australian Open – Men's singles final) the final, before losing to Federer, who by winning the French Open for the first (and, as of 2018, only) time completed his own Career Grand Slam and equalled Pete Sampras' then-record of 14 Major titles. Nadal later withdrew from Wimbledon due to a knee injury, while Federer, who lost to Nadal in the previous year's final, would regain the title and return to world number one in the rankings, displacing Nadal who dropped to No. 2 as a result of being unable to defend the Wimbledon title which he won in 2008. It should be noted that just as Document [124] (Title: 1896 Wimbledon Championships) Wilfred Baddeley, 6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3 Charlotte Cooper defeated Alice Simpson Pickering, 6–2, 6–3 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Reginald Doherty / Harold Nisbet, 1–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–1 1896 Wimbledon Championships The 1896 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 13 July until 21 July. It was the 20th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1896. The number of entries for the men's singles competition was 31, the highest since 1881. Harold Document [125] (Title: Andy Murray) first British man to win multiple Wimbledon singles titles since Fred Perry in 1936. Murray is the men's singles 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist, making him the only tennis player, male or female, to have won two Olympic singles titles. He featured in Great Britain's Davis Cup-winning team in 2015, going 11–0 in his matches (8 singles and 3 doubles) as they secured their first Davis Cup title since 1936. Andy Murray was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Judy Murray (née Erskine) and William Murray. His maternal grandfather, Roy Erskine, was a professional footballer in the late Document [126] (Title: Bob Falkenburg) Jack Kramer and together they won the Wimbledon doubles title. A year later, in 1948, Falkenburg reached the pinnacle of his tennis career by winning the Wimbledon singles championship. He won the acclaimed tennis crown, after winning 3 of 5 sets against Australian John Bromwich, who after having taken the fourth set, was confident he would beat Falkenburg. Bromwich had a match point at 5-3 in the fifth set, but Falkenburg fought his way back and did something that tennis players rarely do; he saved three match points and went on to win 7-5 in the fifth set. Falkenburg won Document [127] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and top seed, but was defeated in the third round by the No. 28 seed Sam Querrey. This was his first defeat before the quarterfinals of a major tournament since the 2009 French Open, a streak of 28 quarterfinal appearances in a row. The defeat also broke his streak of four consecutive major tournament victories, dating back to the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. Andy Murray won his third major and second Wimbledon title defeating Milos Raonic in the final, 6–4, 7–6, 7–6. Raonic became the first Canadian male Document [128] (Title: 1890 Wimbledon Championships) smallest entry ever for any competition at Wimbledon. The final of the women's singles competition, which started on 2 July, was played on 5 July, while the men's singles final was played on 7 July and the men's doubles were played on 21–23 July. Willoughby Hamilton defeated William Renshaw, 6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1 Lena Rice defeated May Jacks, 6–4, 6–1 Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker defeated George Hillyard / Ernest Lewis, 6–0, 7–5, 6–4 1890 Wimbledon Championships The 1890 Wimbledon Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the Document [129] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) he was a finalist in 1985). Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP No. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament. Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the fourth round. Feliciano López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance, surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances he jointly held with Federer. 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and top seed, but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Anderson despite leading by two sets to love and having a match point in the third set. Novak Djokovic Document [130] (Title: 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) record would eventually be broken by Michael Chang at the 1989 French Open. John McEnroe "(Quarterfinals)" 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Curren. Curren also defeated Jimmy Connors in the semifinal and became the first player ever to defeat both Connors and McEnroe in the same Grand Slam tournament. Boris Becker defeated Curren in the final, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Becker became the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles Document [131] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) withdrew due to a wrist injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Kevin Kim. 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles In a repeat of the previous year's final, Roger Federer successfully defended his title for a fifth consecutive year by defeating Rafael Nadal in the final, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. With this win Federer equalled Björn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles. Roger Federer (Champion) Mario Ančić was originally seeded #18 but withdrew due to illness before the tournament draw was made. All Document [132] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Steve Darcis (135th) in 2013, and Nick Kyrgios (144th) in 2014. This was the first major since the 2002 US Open where Spaniard David Ferrer (world number eight) did not participate in as he withdrew with an elbow injury that occurred in the lead up tournament at the 2015 Queen's Club Championships. This ended Ferrer's streak of 50 consecutive Grand Slam appearances. This is also the first Grand Slam main draw appearance for future three-time Masters 1000 champion and world number 3 Alexander Zverev. Novak Djokovic (Champion) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, and Document [133] (Title: John McEnroe) also 20 in 1948. He also won the prestigious season-ending WCT Finals, beating Björn Borg in four sets. McEnroe won 10 singles and 17 doubles titles that year (for a total of 27 titles, which marked an open-era record) finishing at number 3 in the ATP year-end rankings. At Wimbledon, McEnroe reached the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final—his first final at Wimbledon—where he faced Björn Borg, who was gunning for his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title. At the start of the final, McEnroe was booed by the crowd as he entered Centre Court following heated exchanges with officials during his semifinal Document [134] (Title: 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) single Challenge Round match against the winner of the all-comers tournament. 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to Document [135] (Title: Mike Davies (tennis)) Wimbledon with Bobby Wilson; the last time a British male reached the final of Wimbledon's Men's Singles or Men's Doubles until 2012. After that doubles final, in 1960, he was invited to turn professional with Jack Kramer for a two-year guarantee of £4,500-a-year. He joined a select group of players considered to be the best in the world such as Pancho Gonzales, Tony Trabert, Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall and Pancho Segura. Since international tennis at this time was an amateur sport, Davies' professional status put him at odds with the ruling tennis body, the International Tennis Federation (ITF), and his Document [136] (Title: 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Richard Krajicek, in his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000. Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. Krajicek had originally been unseeded, but as the 17th ranked player in the Wimbledon seedings he replaced 7th seed Thomas Muster in the draw, when Muster withdrew shortly before the start of the tournament. A number of high-seeded men were eliminated early, including 1992 champion Andre Agassi Document [137] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and top seed, but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Anderson despite leading by two sets to love and having a match point in the third set. Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title, defeating Anderson in the final 6–2, 6–2, 7–6. The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles, and outright fourth place on the all time men's singles grand slam wins list, passing Roy Emerson. The win was also Djokovic's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months, his last win coming at Document [138] (Title: 2006 French Open – Men's Singles) 2006 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, and successfully defended his title in the final 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6, against Roger Federer. Roger Federer had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the preceding Wimbledon, U.S. Open and Australian Open titles. He lost in the final against Rafael Nadal. This would be ultimately be achieved a decade later by Novak Djokovic, at the same tournament, who reached the quarterfinals at the Grand Slam for the first time. This tournament Document [139] (Title: 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title for the fourth consecutive year, defeating Pat Rafter in the final, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Wimbledon Championships. Sampras' 7th Wimbledon title equalled William Renshaw's record, and was an Open Era record in the Gentleman's Singles until 2017, when Roger Federer won his 8th title. His victory was his 13th Grand Slam title, surpassing Roy Emerson as the overall leader in Grand Slam singles titles. This was to be Sampras' last Wimbledon title. With his first round victory against Document [140] (Title: Czesław Spychała) singles titles at Cranleigh and New Malden and in September he defeated Tłoczyński in the final of the South of England Championships in Eastbourne and together they won the doubles title. The titles at the Cranleigh and New Malden tournaments were successfully defended the following year. In 1949 he won the singles event at the Surrey Grass Court Championships in Surbiton, defeating Geoffrey Paish in the final. The following year, 1950, he lost this title to Narendra Nath but in 1952 regained it after a win in the final against David Samaai. In 1950 Spychała and Tłoczyński were to play Document [141] (Title: 2018 French Open – Men's Singles) 2018 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Dominic Thiem in the final, 6–4, 6–3, 6–2. Nadal equaled Margaret Court's all-time record of 11 Grand Slam singles titles won at one major and became the first player to achieve that feat in the Open era. He dropped only one set during the entire tournament (losing the first set of his quarterfinal match against Diego Schwartzman). Nadal also retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking by defending the title. Nadal and Roger Federer (despite having withdrawn from the clay season) were Document [142] (Title: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) through a cross-court forehand winner and the third through a forehand volley winner. Murray then earned a fourth championship point, which he converted after Djokovic netted a backhand to conclude the contest. Murray thus became the first British man since Fred Perry to win the Wimbledon men's singles title. Djokovic, meanwhile, missed his chance to win a second Wimbledon title after his victory over Rafael Nadal in 2011. The chair umpire throughout the match was the Swedish official Mohamed Lahyani. He had previously umpired the record-breaking Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. Andy Murray said after the match that Document [143] (Title: 1969 Wimbledon Championships) competition – Virginia Wade. Rod Laver won the men's singles title, his fourth Wimbledon crown after 1961, 1962 and 1968, and went on to win his second Grand Slam after 1962. 41-year-old Pancho Gonzalez beat Charlie Pasarell in a first-round men's singles match by a score of 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9. At 112 games and 5 hours 20 minutes it was by far the longest match of the time. The match led to the introduction of the tiebreak in tennis. The 112-game record lasted 41 years until the Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. The total prize money Document [144] (Title: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Bozoljac. 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal defeated the five-time defending champion Roger Federer in the final, 6–4, 6–4, 6–7, 6–7, 9–7 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. It was the longest championship match in Wimbledon history with play lasting four hours and 48 minutes, and with two rain delays. The event stretched over seven hours ending just before nightfall, and is widely considered to be the greatest match in tennis history. Roger Federer "(Final)" Gaël Monfils withdrew due to a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Document [145] (Title: 2012 French Open – Men's Singles) 2012 French Open – Men's Singles Rafael Nadal was the two-time defending champion and successfully defended his title defeating Novak Djokovic 6–4, 6–3, 2–6, 7–5 in the final. The win was Nadal's seventh French Open title, surpassing Björn Borg's record of six French Open titles and tying Pete Sampras' Wimbledon record for most title wins at one major and Chris Evert's for most French Open titles achieved by a man or woman. Novak Djokovic had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam titles at once, having won the previous Document [146] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) take place in tennis history. ESPN commentator Chris Fowler and Patrick McEnroe even echoed this very remark during the broadcast of this match. The 2013 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted the top two players in the world, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray against each other for the fourth time in a Grand Slam tournament final. After three hours and nine minutes, second seeded Murray defeated world No. 1 Djokovic in three sets to win the match. By winning the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, Murray became Document [147] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2015 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted defending champion Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time, a rematch of the Wimbledon final a year earlier in which Djokovic defeated Federer in five sets. Before the match, Federer led the head-to-head 20 matches to 19, with the two players tied one to one on grass and one to one in Document [148] (Title: 2017 Rafael Nadal tennis season) games lost, by a male tennis player in winning a Grand Slam singles title right after Björn Borg, who lost 32 games at the 1978 Roland-Garros. Nadal also passed Pete Sampras for sole second on the men's Grand Slam singles title list with the victory, his 15 titles only second to Roger Federer's 18 (since 20). It was also Nadal's 73rd Tour title, which ranks him 6th highest in the Open Era, one behind Rod Laver. Nadal entered the grass court season not having played a match on grass since his loss to Dustin Brown in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships. Document [149] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) the conclusion of the tournament. The match took place on the final day of the 2014 edition of the 13-day Wimbledon Championships, held every June and July. Novak Djokovic was world number two entering Wimbledon, but was seeded first ahead of Rafael Nadal due to Wimbledon employing a grass-court seeding system which takes into account recent results on grass. Djokovic had reached the semi-finals in 2012 and final in 2013, whilst Nadal had fallen in the second and first rounds respectively. Roger Federer, on the other hand, entered the Championships ranked and seeded fourth, and reached the final after having Document [150] (Title: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pat Cash was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Boris Becker. Stefan Edberg defeated Becker in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships. Australian Open and French Open champion Mats Wilander came into the tournament on course to become the first man to win Grand Slam titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year, and attempted to become the first man to win Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon titles since Rod Laver in 1969. After Document [151] (Title: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Lleyton Hewitt was the defending champion, but he lost in the first round to Ivo Karlović. As a result of this loss, Hewitt became one of only two defending Wimbledon men's singles champions to lose in the first round of their defence, the other being Manuel Santana, the 1966 champion, who lost in the first round in 1967 to Charlie Pasarell. Roger Federer defeated Mark Philippoussis in the final, 7–6, 6–2, 7–6 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2003 Wimbledon Championships. It was Federer's first Grand Slam tournament win, and the Document [152] (Title: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) looking to defend his win of the previous year. This was a re-match of the previous year's final where Djokovic had won in 5 sets. Federer had shown strong form in the tournament. He had reached the semi-final against Andy Murray losing just one set, and completed all his previous rounds with less than 10 hours spent on the court. In the semi-final he beat Murray in straight sets to set up his opportunity for a record 8th Wimbledon and 18th Major win. On the other half of the draw, Djokovic had barely survived after a scare of a 4th Document [153] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) In reaching the final, Andy Murray became the first British man to make it to the final since Don Budge defeated Bunny Austin in 1938. The championships was also notable for one of the biggest upsets in recent years as World No. 100 Lukáš Rosol beat World No. 2 and two-time Wimbledon champion Rafael Nadal in the second round, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 2–6, 6–4. The loss ended Nadal's season as he did not play tennis again until February 2013 at the Chile Open. Novak Djokovic "(Semifinals)" 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost Document [154] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) defeat the World No. 1 at a Grand Slam by defeating Rafael Nadal in the fourth round since 1992, when Andrei Olhovskiy defeated then World No. 1 Jim Courier in the third round of the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. The final was the first Grand Slam men's singles final since the 2009 US Open to feature neither Murray nor Nadal. Although Nadal was World No. 1 entering the tournament the Spaniard was seeded second behind Novak Djokovic due to his recent poor performances on grass (as well as his early exits at Wimbledon the previous two years). After claiming the title Document [155] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2012 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. It pitted six-time champion Roger Federer and Andy Murray against each other in a Grand Slam final for the third time. After 3 hours and 24 minutes, Federer emerged victorious 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4. The match saw Federer win a record seventeenth major title and a record-tying seventh Wimbledon championship. The victory also caused Federer to dethrone Novak Djokovic as World No. 1 and break Sampras' record of 286 weeks at the Document [156] (Title: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics) denied Federer the chance to become the third man to win a career singles Golden Grand Slam after Nadal at the 2010 US Open and Andre Agassi at the 1999 French Open. He also became the first British man to win singles tennis gold since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 (also at Wimbledon) and the first to win a major event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry won The Championships in 1936. Based on his gold medal as well as his achievements over the following four years, including a US Open championship, two Wimbledon championships and a Davis Cup, Team GB chose Document [157] (Title: 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer successfully defended his title again, winning Wimbledon for a third consecutive year by defeating Andy Roddick in the final for the second year in a row, 6–2, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2005 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament was the first Grand Slam tournament in which future World No. 1 and Wimbledon champions Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic competed in the main draw. Both players were defeated in the third round: Djokovic was defeated by Sébastien Grosjean in four sets, while Murray was defeated by David Nalbandian Document [158] (Title: 1891 Wimbledon Championships) 1891 Wimbledon Championships The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July. It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891. There were 22 competitors for the men's singles. Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years, 5 months and 23 days old when he won the men's singles final on 4 July. The ladies' singles and men's doubles were held after the men's singles had been completed. Wilfred Baddeley defeated Document [159] (Title: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2007 Wimbledon Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. A part of the storied Federer–Nadal rivalry, it pitted the world No. 1 and defending champion Roger Federer against the world No. 2 Rafael Nadal. After 3 hours and 45 minutes, Federer defeated Nadal 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2. Upon its conclusion it was almost universally praised as the greatest Wimbledon final since Borg–McEnroe in 1980. Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal have a storied rivalry that many consider to be the greatest Document [160] (Title: 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) Greg Rusedski, Vince Spadea ended his "historic" losing streak of 21 matches, the longest such streak in open era. Pete Sampras (Champion) 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Pete Sampras successfully defended his title for the fourth consecutive year, defeating Pat Rafter in the final, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Wimbledon Championships. Sampras' 7th Wimbledon title equalled William Renshaw's record, and was an Open Era record in the Gentleman's Singles until 2017, when Roger Federer won his 8th title. His victory was his 13th Grand Slam title, surpassing Roy Emerson as Document [161] (Title: Big Four (tennis)) straight sets to win his second Wimbledon title, and third major title overall. Murray's victory marked the first time since the 2010 French Open that a member of the Big Four had won a Grand Slam title without having to defeat one of the other three members. Federer withdrew from the remainder of the 2016 season due to a knee injury, missing the Olympics and US Open. In the Olympics, Djokovic was knocked out of the men's singles in the opening round by Juan Martín del Potro, in a repeat of the bronze medal match from four years earlier. Del Document [162] (Title: 1905 Wimbledon Championships) Douglass, 6–3, 6–4 Laurence Doherty / Reginald Doherty defeated Frank Riseley / Sydney Smith, 6–2, 6–4, 6–8, 6–3 1905 Wimbledon Championships The 1905 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 26 June until 8 July. It was the 29th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1905. May Sutton was the first overseas winner of a Wimbledon championship. There were 71 entries into the men's singles draw setting a Document [163] (Title: 2016 Wimbledon Championships) 5% from last year tournament. The players who will win the men's singles and women's singles will earn £2.00m, an increase of £120,000 from the previous year. The prize money for men’s doubles, women’s doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for this year competition. The seeds for the 2016 Wimbledon Championships were announced on Wednesday, 22 June 2016. The seeds for gentlemen's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 20 June Document [164] (Title: 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Curren. Curren also defeated Jimmy Connors in the semifinal and became the first player ever to defeat both Connors and McEnroe in the same Grand Slam tournament. Boris Becker defeated Curren in the final, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Becker became the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles title, as well as the youngest ever male Grand Slam singles champion at . This latter Document [165] (Title: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) eight times, surpassing Pete Sampras and William Renshaw, who had each won it seven times. Federer also became only the second man in the Open era, after Björn Borg in 1976, to win Wimbledon without losing a set. This was Federer's 70th appearance at a Grand Slam, tying the record for male players and a record-breaking 11th men's singles final at the same Grand Slam tournament. In addition, by virtue of his third-round win over Mischa Zverev, Federer won his 317th Grand Slam singles match, surpassing Serena Williams' record of 316 match wins and giving him the all-time record for Document [166] (Title: Gottfried von Cramm) take a match point in the deciding game, by notifying the umpire that the ball had tipped his racket, and thus calling a point against himself, although no one had witnessed the error. For three straight years Cramm was the men's singles runner-up at the Wimbledon Championships, losing memorable matches in the final to England's Fred Perry in 1935 and again in 1936. The following year he lost in the final to American Don Budge, both at Wimbledon and at the U.S. Open. In 1935, he was beaten in the French Open final by Perry, but turned the tables the Document [167] (Title: 2018 Wimbledon Championships) 2018 Wimbledon Championships The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the Ladies’ Singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass Document [168] (Title: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles) 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Roger Federer. Federer defeated Andy Murray in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4, to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. It was his seventh Wimbledon title and seventeenth Grand Slam title. With the win, Federer also regained the world No. 1 ranking. Federer thus equalled both William Renshaw and Pete Sampras' record of seven Wimbledon titles, as well as Sampras' record of 286 weeks as world No. 1; Federer broke the latter record on 16 July 2012. Document [169] (Title: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final) 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final The 2014 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam final for the second time. After 3 hours and 56 minutes, top seed Djokovic defeated fourth-seeded Federer in five sets to win the match. By winning the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Djokovic not only won for the second time, but also reclaimed the world number one ranking from Rafael Nadal at Question: who won the men's singles tennis championship at wimbledon this year

Answer: Novak Djokovic Long Answer: Men's Singles 2018 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Kevin Anderson Final score 6--2, 6--2, 7--6 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) retained in both pilots were Leonard (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon (Jim Parsons), who are named after Sheldon Leonard, a longtime figure in episodic television as producer, director and actor. Althea (Vernee Watson) was a minor character that appeared in both pilots. The first pilot included two female lead characters who were not used in the second pilot. The characters were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie, "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior," and Iris Bahr as Gilda, a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters. Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend Document [2] (Title: Amy Williams (Neighbours)) and his family. Following her return in 2015, Amy is portrayed as being straightforward, opinionated, complex and independent. She is a qualified carpenter and Cramond hoped Amy would be a good role model for female viewers who wanted a similar occupation. Amy is a single mother to Jimmy Williams (Darcy Tadich), Paul's first grandchild. Amy struggles to reconcile with her father and Cramond said Amy had a lot of pain to deal with. Amy's later storylines included the introduction of her former husband Liam Barnett (James Beck), a relationship with Kyle Canning (Chris Milligan), and a relationship with Leo Tanaka Document [3] (Title: Katey Sagal) Sagal had a cameo on "Glee" as Nancy Abrams, Artie Abrams' mother. She co-starred in "Pitch Perfect 2," released in 2015, as the mother of Hailee Steinfeld's character. She next appeared in the biography drama film "Bleed for This," as the mother of Vinny Pazienza. On September 9, 2014, Sagal received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; most of the "Married ... with Children" cast – including Ed O'Neill, Christina Applegate, and David Faustino – were present to celebrate the actor's recognition. On September 20, 2016, Sagal appeared on "The Big Bang Theory" as Susan, the mother of Document [4] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) progress to the boards ... . We worked hard to get all the science right." Several of the actors in "The Big Bang Theory" previously worked together on the sitcom "Roseanne", including Johnny Galecki, Sara Gilbert, Laurie Metcalf (who plays Sheldon's mother, Mary Cooper), and Meagen Fay (who plays Bernadette's mother). Additionally, Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons. The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show's theme song, which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth. Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write Document [5] (Title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)) should get it, Sheldon makes the sarcastic comment, "I've seen pictures of your mother. Keep eating", a reference to Penny's mother's weight, that clearly unsettles her. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny confesses to Bernadette that her mother smoked pot while she was pregnant with her. Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13-year-old nephew mentioned in Season 2. In "The Bachelor Party Corrosion", Penny tells Bernadette, Amy and viewers that at her sister's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father-daughter dance and then her water broke. Document [6] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 8)) Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards. Christine Baranski submitted the episode "The Maternal Combustion" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Carol Ann Susi, the voice of the never-seen Mrs. Wolowitz, died of cancer on November 11, 2014, at age 62. In this season's February 19, 2015 episode, "The Comic Book Store Regeneration", Howard Wolowitz receives a phone call that his mother has died while visiting family in Florida. In February 2014, CBS CEO Document [7] (Title: Amy Wong) not ready for total commitment, Amy is sure that one day she will be. In "Kif Gets Knocked Up A Notch", she became the "Smizmar" of Kif's children; that is, she inspired the feelings of love that caused Kif to be receptive to procreation. Although Leela is the biological mother because she grabbed Kif's ungloved hand to keep him from being sucked out of his spaceship, not knowing that, in his receptive state, this would impregnate him (some of the children even have only one eye like Leela), the Smizmar is considered to be the true mother in Kif's culture. Document [8] (Title: Yoichi Asakawa) participate in the plot of the book, except having watched the videotape, when her mother "Shizuka Asakawa" plays it and watches it. In the Korean film adaptation, The Ring Virus, "Hong Booram", is the daughter of single-mother "Sun-Joo Hong". In fact, she appears to be about the same age as Yoichi, but other than having watched the videotape, does not participate in the plot. In the American film adaptations, "Aidan Keller"(David Dorfman), is the son of single-mother "Rachel Keller", and has psychic powers, and participates in the plot, similar to Yoichi. Yoichi Asakawa To close family members in Ring and Document [9] (Title: Sarah Danielle Madison) fellow medical resident and love interest to Kyle McCarty (played by Kevin Rahm) on "Judging Amy". In 2009, she appeared on the medical drama "House" as the wife of a pain-ridden, suicidal patient in the episode "Painless". She played Colleen Sarkoissian, Liam's mother on The CW's "90210". Though sometimes credited as Sarah Goldberg, Sarah Danielle Goldberg or Sarah Danielle, the actress preferred to use Sarah Danielle Madison as her professional name because of her fondness for "Madison" the mermaid in the 1984 movie "Splash". On September 27, 2014, Madison died in her sleep, twenty-one days after her 40th birthday, during Document [10] (Title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)) has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski, and the three are often seen spending time together. However, Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny, and often tease her incessantly. In the penultimate episode of season 7, "The Gorilla Dissolution", she and Leonard become engaged, after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life, but happiness with Leonard. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard Document [11] (Title: The Conjugal Configuration) in his own marriage, which offends Penny. Leonard apologizes, but once Mrs. Fowler starts hanging around Penny, Penny scares Mr. Fowler into returning home. Raj instigates a Twitter feud with Neil deGrasse Tyson but is scared off when confronted over the phone. Neil then calls Bill Nye. In July 2018 at San Diego Comic Con, it was confirmed that Kathy Bates and Teller would reprise their roles as Amy's parents. The episode was watched live by 12.92 million viewers, and had a ratings share of 2.5/11, during its original broadcast. The episode attracted a total of 2,262,000 viewers within seven-days Document [12] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 9)) as Penny's father Wyatt in episode 3. Sheldon's maternal grandmother Constance who he calls "Meemaw" made her first long-awaited appearance in episode 14 and was portrayed by June Squibb and Leonard's father Alfred also made his first long-awaited appearance in episode 24 and was played by Judd Hirsch. This was the first season to feature every main cast member of the show, including former main cast member Sara Gilbert, who made a guest appearance in the 200th episode. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The ninth season received mixed reviews. John Doyle of "The Globe and Mail" criticized the humor, writing that "The show Document [13] (Title: Crystal R. Fox) series regular role for the second season of HBO drama series "Big Little Lies" as Zoë Kravitz’s character mother Elizabeth Howard. Crystal R. Fox Crystal R. Fox (born October 14, 1965) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles as Luann Corbin in the NBC/CBS police drama series "In the Heat of the Night" (1989-1995), and as Hanna Young in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera, "The Haves and the Have Nots" (2013–present). Fox was born in Tryon, North Carolina. She made her big screen debut playing Katie Bell in the Academy Award-winning Document [14] (Title: Johnny Galecki) better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter, and Sheldon's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons. During his role as David Healy on Roseanne, Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife, Darlene Conner. She has appeared as Leslie Winkle, a colleague in the Big Bang Theory. Laurie Metcalf, who portrayed Roseanne's sister Jackie Harris, has appeared as Mary Cooper, mother of Leonard's roommate, Sheldon. Galecki is a cellist, a talent which has been used on the show. As of August 2013, Galecki and his "Big Bang" costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US$325,000 per episode. Document [15] (Title: Naomi Watts) never knew her biological mother. Watts co-starred the film along with Annette Bening, Kerry Washington and Samuel L. Jackson. "Mother and Child" received mainly favourable reviews, with "ViewLondon" remarking that Watts "is terrific as Elizabeth, delivering a powerful performance that [...] isn't afraid to be unsympathetic". She was nominated for the Best Actress award at the Australian Film Institute Awards and was also nominated for an Independent Spirit Award in the category of Best Supporting Female. Her next film, the Woody Allen dramedy "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger", opened at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. She portrayed Sally, Document [16] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)) finale "The Lunar Excitation". Christine Baranski submitted the episode "The Maternal Congruence" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "The Pants Alternative". Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole, and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season. Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship (though she can Document [17] (Title: Amy Pond) until after she was cast that it was decided Amy would be Scottish. Gillan commented that she felt the Scottish accent better suited the character. A younger version of Amy, known as "Amelia", appears in several episodes. Amelia was played by Gillan's real-life 10-year-old cousin Caitlin Blackwood. Though the two actresses had not met until the set of the show, Gillan recommended Blackwood for the role; Blackwood, however, still had to undergo rigorous auditions first. Blackwood and Gillan did get to act together in "The Big Bang", which Gillan initially found "weird", though the two actresses became used to it Document [18] (Title: Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch) with Amy on the HoloShed. Fry points out that everyone on the ship touched Kif while he was trying to hang onto them to prevent being sucked through the hole and it is unclear who the mother is. Professor Farnsworth uses an invention of his, the Maternifuge, to determine the real mother. The machine filters out its occupants based on a DNA sample, revealing that the mother is Leela. Amy is instead only the "smizmar" of Kif's children, which nevertheless makes her the "real" mother by Kif's standards. Amy is dismayed at being cast in the role of a mother, Document [19] (Title: Courtney Henggeler) Several years later, she made a guest appearance in the medical drama "House". In 2008, Henggeler portrayed a guest role in the popular sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" as Missy Cooper, the twin sister of the show's main character Sheldon Cooper. After playing various guest roles in several movies and TV shows over the years and a recurring role on the CBS sitcom "Mom", Henggeler finally made her breakthrough in 2018 when she landed a starring role on "Cobra Kai" as Amanda LaRusso, the wife of the main protagonist of the show and the original "Karate Kid" Daniel LaRusso. Henggeler Document [20] (Title: Kim Fox) (Steve McFadden) is the father, which shocks Kim; Denise begs her not to tell anyone. When Kush suffers a cardiac arrest, Kim assists Sonia Fowler (Natalie Cassidy), who performs CPR. Kim is interviewed by a local radio station and plans to use the opportunity to advertise The Albert, but changes her mind after seeing Ian, who has lost his son and business in a fire. Kim thinks she has food poisoning but later finds out she is being sick because she is pregnant. She tells Vincent but he refuses to show interest of the idea of having another child, which Document [21] (Title: Mayim Bialik) Mayim Bialik Mayim Chaya Bialik ( ; born December 12, 1975) is an American actress, author, and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of the NBC sitcom "Blossom". Since 2010, she has played Amy Farrah Fowler – like the actress, a neuroscientist – on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 and 2018. Mayim Chaya Bialik Document [22] (Title: Estelle Parsons) (1995). On television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on "Roseanne"; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in "The Patty Duke Show", "Love, American Style", "All In The Family", "Archie Bunker's Place", "Open Admissions", "Frasier", "", and "The Good Wife", as well as "The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill" and the PBS production of "June Moon". She played the part of Babe in two episodes of the second season of "Grace Document [23] (Title: Elinor Donahue) Stand By". In 1984, she made an appearance as Mrs. Broderick, the mother of a teenaged drug addict on the last season of "Happy Days". In 1987, she played the title character's mother in the short-lived Fox series "The New Adventures of Beans Baxter". In 1988, she appeared in a "Newhart" episode ("Courtin' Disaster") and appeared (in a 1989 episode) on "The Golden Girls" as the newest wife of Dorothy Zbornak's ex-husband, Stan. In 1990, she played Bridget, a Beverly Hills clothing-store manager, in the film "Pretty Woman". Donahue played Gladys, the mother of Chris Peterson (Chris Elliott), in all Document [24] (Title: Kyle Richards) in "National Lampoon's Pledge This!". She also appeared in "The Simple Life" and "My New BFF". She appears on Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", which also previously featured her sister, Kim Richards. With her husband, Richards is listed on the "First Families" of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles which means they have donated US$100,000 or more to the hospital. She also held a fundraiser for the CHLA in 2013, which was featured on the Real Housewives. In 1988, at age 18, Richards married Guraish Aldjufrie from Indonesia while she was pregnant with their daughter Farrah (b. 1988), but Document [25] (Title: Sara Gilbert) by Johnny Galecki, who had previously played Gilbert's love interest David Healy on "Roseanne". In the second episode of the second season of "The Big Bang Theory", Gilbert was elevated to the show's main cast, portraying again a potential love interest of Galecki's character, and at one point a love interest to Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg). By January 2009, it was announced that the writers did not know how to write for her character full-time, and her status was reduced from regular to recurring. Winkle was discontinued after Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski became prominent characters. Gilbert is a Document [26] (Title: Patricia Rae) Short)", playing Blanca, and her biggest role to date, in the 2013 movie "The Big Wedding", where she plays Madonna Soto, the biological Colombian mother of Alejandro Griffin (Ben Barnes). Rae has appeared on the small screen in several hit television series including "Miami Vice", "Chuck", "The Mentalist", "Third Watch", "The Closer", "Law & Order", "", "Life" and "Heartland". Her first recurring role on TV was on "Chuck", playing Bolonia Grimes, Morgan grimes' mother, and girlfriend to Big Mike. She also had recurring roles on "The Chicago Code" and on" New York News", starring Mary Tyler Moore, but the show Document [27] (Title: JoBeth Williams) as the serial killer's future mother-in-law. Also, she appeared in a memorable 2009 "Criminal Minds" listed as Special Guest Star in the episode "Empty Planet" as Professor Ursula Kent, who helps the BAU with a bomb threat in Seattle. She has played the recurring role of Bizzy Forbes-Montgomery, mother of Kate Walsh's Addison, on ABC's "Private Practice" since 2009. In 2014, she appeared in the CBS science-fiction drama "Extant", as Leigh Kern (season one, episode seven). She is married to TV and film director John Pasquin, with whom she worked on "Jungle 2 Jungle"; they have two sons. JoBeth Williams Document [28] (Title: Amy Wong) was changed in order to provide a better contrast between her and Leela. In the season four episode "Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch", in which Amy's boyfriend Kif becomes pregnant, there was some disagreement among the writers as to whether Amy should be the real mother of his children. It was eventually decided that having Amy be the mother and reject the children would make her too unlikeable. Amy comes from a very rich Chinese family; her parents (Inez and Leo) own the entire western hemisphere of Mars, and her sorority was Kappa Kappa Wong (ΚΚ王), although in season Document [29] (Title: Melissa Rauch) Melissa Rauch Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". Rauch was born to a Jewish family in Marlboro Township, New Jersey. Her parents are Susan and David Rauch. She has a brother, Ben. She developed an interest in acting while attending Marlboro High School. Rauch graduated from Marymount Manhattan College in New York City in 2002. Some of Rauch's early work was as a regular contributor to VH1's "Best Week Ever" television show. In 2009, Rauch began playing the recurring role Document [30] (Title: Teen Mom) Portwood, who were featured on the first season of "16 and Pregnant"."Are You the One?" participant Cheyenne Floyd and television personality Bristol Palin in the second half of the seventh season. The show's success has allowed for the development of the spin-offs "Teen Mom 2", "Teen Mom 3", and "". An aspiring model, Farrah Abraham (from Council Bluffs, Iowa) is the mother of Sophia Laurent Abraham, whose father, Derek Underwood, was killed in a car accident on December 28, 2008, two months before her birth. In January 2010, Farrah's mother, Debra Danielson, was charged with assault in an Iowa court Document [31] (Title: Amy Hill) the Sun", "The Sarah Silverman Program", and "My Wife & Kids". She has had many notable recurring roles on TV shows as well, such as the lesbian daughter of D. L. Hughley's neighbor (played by Pat Morita) on "The Hughleys", the upstairs neighbor of Monica and Rachel on "Friends", Mrs. DePaulo on "That's So Raven", Mama Tohru on "Jackie Chan Adventures", Mrs. Hasagawa on "", Penny Candy on "The Puzzle Place", Maureen Nervosa, the owner of "Cafe Nervosa" on Frasier"," Mah Mah the adopted mother of Francine on "American Dad!", Dr. Lauren Brown on "General Hospital", and Suji on "The Document [32] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)) to Jon Cryer. Mayim Bialik (Amy Farrah Fowler) was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", but lost out to Julie Bowen. Penny regrets her sleeping with Raj and has become very good friends with Leonard, Leonard breaks up with Priya, Amy pushes Sheldon in their relationship eventually becoming boyfriend and girlfriend, Penny and the other women become a clique of their own, Howard prepares for his wedding and going into space to the International Space Station and Leonard asks Penny out as they begin "Leonard and Penny 2.0". The fifth season was Document [33] (Title: Amy Wong) 7, "A Farewell to Arms" she says she was a member of Sigma Beta. Amy's stereotypically Asian meddling mother and father frequently pressure her to get married and give them grandchildren, which she is not eager to do. They are often shown to be rather unkind to their daughter, including during an incident in which Amy's father repeatedly made fun of her for being fat as a child. On the show, Amy is known for being somewhat shallow, kind, and ditzy. When Doctor Zoidberg had lost his mind due to hormones and was forced to be tied up, she was Document [34] (Title: Lisa Banes) Mrs. Berry in the 1984 film "The Hotel New Hampshire", Bonnie in the 1988 film "Cocktail", Flora in the 2002 movie "Dragonfly", and Christina Ricci's mother in the film "Pumpkin". In 2014, she appeared in David Fincher's "Gone Girl" as Marybeth Elliott, mother of Amy Elliott (Rosamund Pike). Lisa Banes Lisa Banes (born July 9, 1955) is an American actress. She was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 1984 for "Isn't it Romantic?" and won a 1981 Theatre World Award for her performance as Alison Porter Off-Broadway in "Look Back in Anger". Document [35] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler. Like him, she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother. This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved. In "The Agreement Dissection", Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips. Instead of getting annoyed, Sheldon says "fascinating" and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition". The Document [36] (Title: Chuck Lorre) Metcalf, who played Jackie in "Roseanne", plays Sheldon's mother Mary. Christine Baranski, an alumna of "Cybill", was cast as Leonard's mother Beverly. Also, on "The Big Bang Theory", Sheldon, Leonard, and Penny are seen watching "Oshikuru: Demon Samurai". "Oshikuru" was the show for which the character Charlie Harper wrote the theme song on "Two and a Half Men". Charlie Sheen made a cameo appearance in the "Big Bang Theory" episode "The Griffin Equivalency". Jon Cryer of "Two and a Half Men" appeared in one episode of "Dharma & Greg". Jenna Elfman, Susan Sullivan, and Joel Murray of "Dharma & Greg" Document [37] (Title: Zoe Perry) younger version of Sheldon Cooper's mother Mary on "Young Sheldon", a spin-off of the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", again portraying a younger version of her mother's role. Despite her family link to the character, she received the role through an audition. Zoe Perry Zoe Perry (born September 26, 1984) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying young Mary Cooper in "Young Sheldon" and for recurring roles on "The Family" and "Scandal". Both of Perry's parents are actors, Laurie Metcalf and Jeff Perry. Her first television role was two appearances as the character Jackie Harris (as Document [38] (Title: Bad Moms) "A Bad Moms Christmas", was released on November 1, 2017. Amy Mitchell (Mila Kunis) is a married woman in the Chicago suburbs with two children, Jane (Oona Laurence) and Dylan (Emjay Anthony), who feels overworked and overcommitted. She works as a sales rep for a "hip" coffee company, prepares healthful, hand-packed lunches for her children, does most of their homework, goes to all of their extracurricular activities, and is active in her school's PTA, run by the domineering Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate) and her cronies, Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky (Annie Mumolo). When she catches her husband Mike (David Document [39] (Title: Alessandra Torresani) Alessandra Torresani Alessandra Torresani (born Alessandra Olivia Toreson; May 29, 1987) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Zoe Graystone in the science fiction television series "Caprica" and Claire in "The Big Bang Theory". Prior to 2007, she was credited as Alessandra Toreson. Alessandra Olivia Toreson was born on May 29, 1987 in Palo Alto, California. Her mother, Marcia Glow, was a CEO, while her father, James Sylvester Toreson, ran startup tech companies. She began studying dancing and singing when she was two years old. At the age of 8, she landed a job doing Document [40] (Title: Ally Fowler) with roles in "Big Sky" (1997), "All Saints" (2005–07) and "Wentworth" (2013–14). From 2012 she has also participated in reunion gigs by Chantoozies. Fowler came to prominence with parts in two major soap operas of the 1980s: Angela Hamilton-Keegan in "Sons and Daughters" and Zoe Davis in "Neighbours". She also played a regular role in soap "Possession" (1985) and was a regular lead in "Big Sky" (1997) alongside actor Gary Sweet. On 24 August 2001, she appeared on the Australian-American science fiction series "Farscape" in the episode "Fractures" as the voice of Orrhn. From 15 November 2005 to 2007, she Document [41] (Title: Leo Tanaka) to mislead viewers by publicising a red herring suggesting that historic character Scott Robinson was Leo's father. Jenny Young reprised her role as Kim Taylor after producers rehired her following thirty-two years off-screen. She is revealed to be David and Leo's mother. The link was made because Kim and Scott had previously been romantically involved. On-screen Kim denies that Scott is the twins father this but is shocked to learn Leo has taken Amy away for a romantic weekend. She rushes to prevent the pair from sleeping together. This makes David think his theory is correct because Kim would not Document [42] (Title: Sarayu Rao) Sarayu Rao Sarayu Rao (born March 7, 1975), also known as Sarayu R. Blue, is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her recurring role as Angela on the Fox sitcom "Sons of Tucson", as well as Dr. Sydney Napur on David E. Kelley's "Monday Mornings" on TNT. She has also guest starred in a number of notable television series. Rao's first notable acting role came in 2007 film "Lions for Lambs", co-starring with Robert Redford, Tom Cruise, and Meryl Streep. She has had guest roles in numerous TV shows, such as "Bones", "The Big Bang Theory", "HawthoRNe", Document [43] (Title: Patricia Clarkson) "Main Street" (both 2010), before appearing in two mainstream comedies directed by Will Gluck: "Easy A" (2010), as the mother of a troubled high school student (Emma Stone), and as the mother of an executive recruiter (Mila Kunis) in "Friends with Benefits" (2011). She also appeared in the romantic drama "One Day" (2011) as the mother of a college student in Scotland (portrayed by Jim Sturgess), and guest-starred on two episodes of the comedy series "Parks and Recreation". In 2013, she had a supporting role in the thriller "The East" (2013) as the leader of a private intelligence firm. In Document [44] (Title: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang) were cancelled for future films. Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 fantasy comedy family film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels. It is a sequel to the 2005 film "Nanny McPhee". It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's "Nurse Matilda" books. Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also Document [45] (Title: David Tanaka) mother. Kim denies Scott is the twins' father but is shocked to learn Leo has taken Amy away for a romantic weekend. She rushes to prevent the pair from sleeping together. This makes David think his theory is correct because Kim would not want Amy, who is Scott's relative, to sleep with Leo. This episode brought about the culmination of the mystery storyline as the Tanaka's biological father was revealed. In one final "twist" in the storyline, Scott's brother Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis) was revealed to be their father. This meant that Amy is David and Leo's half-sister, which shocks Document [46] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) scenes set at Howard's home, he interacts with his rarely-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death) by shouting from room to room in the house. She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner. She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble. She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning. Howard, in turn, is attached to his mother to the point where she Document [47] (Title: Mothers and Daughters (2016 film)) their children. A pregnant photographer (Selma Blair) captures motherhood on film while re-examining her relationship with her estranged mom. On May 8, 2012, Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter Eva Amurri were cast in the film which was to be directed by Paul Duddridge. Sarandon and Amurri had already worked together in the 2002 comedy "The Banger Sisters". On June 4, 2012, Christina Ricci joined the cast, while Danielle James was announced to be producing the film. On July 3, 2012, Sharon Stone was cast, and on September 25, 2014, Paul Wesley joined to play Kevin, a pastry chef and Document [48] (Title: Jane Kaczmarek) Emma. In 2016, she appeared as a psychiatrist on "The Big Bang Theory". On October 9, 2018, she guest starred on the series "This Is Us" as the mother of Rebecca's boyfriend. Kaczmarek married fellow Wisconsin native and actor Bradley Whitford ("The West Wing", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip") on August 15, 1992. They lived in Los Angeles with their three children: Frances Genevieve (b. October 1997), George Edward (b. December 23, 1999) and Mary Louisa (b. November 25, 2002). Both were very active with charity, and were seen attending many major award shows together. She is the founder Document [49] (Title: Christine Baranski) in the series "Now and Again" as the voice of Roger's overbearing wife Ruth, who was never seen by viewers. Baranski later appeared in the 2000–2001 sitcom "Welcome to New York" and, with John Laroquette, in the 2003–2004 NBC sitcom "Happy Family". She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom, "Adopted", in 2005, which was not picked up. She also played Faith Clancy, the mother of Jim Clancy in "Ghost Whisperer". In 2009 Baranski began guest-starring in "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the Document [50] (Title: Mayim Bialik) by Clinton Kelly for a makeover on TLC's "What Not To Wear". She joined the cast of "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Her first appearance was in the season 3 finale as a potential love interest for the character of Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). In Season 4, she began as a recurring character playing Sheldon's "friend that's a girl, but not a girlfriend." Beginning with Season 4, Episode 8, she became part of the main cast. Amy is a neurobiologist, which is a field related to Bialik's real-life academic career in neuroscience. Bialik's performance in "The Document [51] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 10)) that Sagal would play Susan, who was described as stressed out and neurotic from a life with her troubled son. McBrayer would play Randall, a cheerful former drug dealer and ex-con. "Entertainment Weekly" reported on August 10, 2016, a week before filming began, that Dean Norris would have a multi-episode arc in the tenth season, and would be playing Colonel Williams, a tough officer from the Air Force Research Laboratory, who is interested in the men's quantum gyroscope for military applications. On November 9, 2016, "TVLine" reported that Christopher Lloyd had been cast as Theodore for the season's December 1 Document [52] (Title: Ishka) as Quark and Rom's mother. Andrea Martin was cast at the suggestion of episode director René Auberjonois (Odo), who felt the actress could manage the right balance of comedy and good acting that was missing from the applicants he had seen thus far. Showrunner Ira Steven Behr agreed with Auberjonois on the casting, later saying he loved her on "Second City Television". Martin was offered the role without even having to audition. Ira Behr, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and David Livingston all had good things to say about the casting of Martin as Ishka. When, at the last minute, Martin could Document [53] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) lives across the hall; and Leonard and Sheldon's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers, aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali. Over time, supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles including: physicist Leslie Winkle, neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler, microbiologist Bernadette Rostenkowski, and Stuart Bloom, the cash-strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit. The show is filmed in front of a live audience and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions. "The Big Bang Theory" received mixed reviews from critics throughout its first season, but reception was more favorable in Document [54] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 4)) The Big Bang Theory (season 4) The fourth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", began airing on CBS on September 23, 2010. Season four started four months after the end of season 3. Melissa Rauch and Mayim Bialik were upgraded to the main cast during the fourth season as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski and Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Johnny Galecki submitted the episode "The Benefactor Factor" for consideration due to his nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award Document [55] (Title: Regina King) the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", and has starred in various films, including "Ray", "Poetic Justice", "Friday", and "". In 2018, her performance as Sharon Rivers in the acclaimed drama film "If Beale Street Could Talk" garnered critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Regina Rene King was born on January 15, 1971, in Los Angeles, California and grew up in View Park-Windsor Hills. She is the eldest daughter of Gloria (Cain), a special education teacher, and Thomas King, an electrician. King's parents divorced in 1979. King's younger sister is Document [56] (Title: Everwood (season 1)) opening credits. Treat Williams portrayed "Dr. Andrew "Andy" Brown", the newly widowed father of "Ephram Brown" (portrayed by Gregory Smith) and "Delia Brown" (portrayed by Vivien Cardone) and runs his own clinic "free of charge" in an abandoned train station. Emily VanCamp portrayed "Amy Abbott", who befriends Ephram and is the girlfriend of Colin Hart, who, throughout the first half of the season, is still in a coma. Debra Mooney portrayed "Edna Harper", a semi-retired army nurse and Harold's estranged mother. John Beasley portrayed "Irv Harper", the kind-hearted husband of Edna and the narrator of the series. Chris Pratt portrayed Document [57] (Title: Carol Lawrence) Center", "Kung Fu", "Mannix", "Murder She Wrote", "Saved by the Bell", and "Sex and the City". In 1992–93, she played the role of matriarch Angela Eckart on "General Hospital". She hosted five shows of "Chef du Jour" for the Food Network, cooking from "I Remember Pasta", her own cookbook, and setting a record for cookbook sales on the Home Shopping Network. In 1999, she appeared in the television movie remake of Jason Miller's "That Championship Season" in a cameo role as Claire's mother (the mother-in-law of Vincent D'Onofrio's character), a role written into the film specifically for her. In 2013, Document [58] (Title: The Big Sick) February 2016, Zoe Kazan joined the cast, along with Holly Hunter and Ray Romano in April 2016. Unlike many of the other portrayals in "The Big Sick", Romano's and Hunter's roles in the film were not modeled after Emily V. Gordon's actual parents. Instead, Hunter said that she never contacted or spoke with Gordon's mother before playing the part, as she wanted to "feel my own freedom with the character". In May 2016, Aidy Bryant, Bo Burnham, Adeel Akhtar and Kurt Braunohler also joined the cast of the film. David Alan Grier was cast in "The Big Sick" after he Document [59] (Title: Chuck Lorre) plays both Marjorie from "Mom" and Abby (Dharma's mother) in "Dharma & Greg". Also, Allison Janney and Jaime Pressly from "Mom" appeared in episodes of "Two and a Half Men". In the season 6 "Big Bang Theory" episode "The Holographic Excitation", Sheldon and Amy are fighting over which couple to go as to a Halloween party. Among her suggestions seen on a whiteboard are "Blossom & Joey" (Blossom and Amy both being played by Mayim Bialik) and "Dharma & Greg". Katy Mixon, who plays Victoria on "Mike & Molly", also had a recurring role as the character, Betsy, on "Two Document [60] (Title: Melissa Rauch) was pregnant on July 11, 2017, and disclosed that she had a miscarriage previously. On December 4, 2017 Rauch announced on Instagram that she had given birth to a girl, Sadie. Rauch modeled the voice of Bernadette after her parents: the "sweet, high-pitched purr" is modeled after her mother, while the "eerie, haranguing imitation" of Mrs. Wolowitz is modeled after her father. Both are "very different" from Rauch's real voice. Melissa Rauch Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". Rauch was Question: who plays amy farrah fowler's mother on big bang Answer: Annie O'Donnell Long Answer: Abby (Danica McKellar) and Martha (Jen Drohan): two ladies that Raj and Sheldon meet at a university mixer . Abby takes a liking to Raj and Martha takes a liking to Sheldon . While Raj is welcoming of Abby's moves, Sheldon is rejective of Martha's moves . Alice (Courtney Ford): an attractive comic book enthusiast whom Leonard meets after Priya moves back to India . Meeting Alice triggers a chain of events which ends with Leonard and Priya breaking up . Mandy Chao (Melissa Tang): a colleague of Leonard at the university who made out with him once when they were both drunk . The incident, which happened prior to Leonard's marriage to Penny, almost sabotages the marriages after Leonard tells Penny about it . Chen (James Hong): a maitre d' at a Chinese restaurant that the guys eat at . Professor Crawley (Lewis Black): a former entomologist at the university with whom Sheldon, Howard, and Raj confer about a cricket . Issabella Maria Concepcion (Maria Canals - Barrera) a Cuban - American janitor working in Raj's telescope building whom Raj wants to date . Kenny Fitzgerald (Michael Rapaport): an intelligent thief who sells stolen liquid helium to Leonard and Sheldon . He later strikes up a friendship with the duo and they watch Ernest Goes to Jail together . Mrs. Fowler (Annie O'Donnell; Kathy Bates): Amy's mother, who is played by Annie O'Donnell in "The Desperation Emanation", and by Kathy Bates in "The Bow Tie Asymmetry". Dr. Gallo (Jane Kaczmarek): a therapist to whom Penny attempts to sell products . She winds up conducting therapy on both Penny and Leonard . Mrs. Latham (Jessica Walter): a donor for the university who goes out on two dates with Leonard . Toby Loobenfield (DJ Qualls): a scientist at CalTech whom Sheldon hires to play his fictional drug - addicted cousin Leo . Dr. Oliver Lorvis (Billy Bob Thornton): a medical doctor to whom Penny sells products . He misreads her flirtations and locks the guys in his basement while he goes to woo her (as well as Amy and Bernadette). Gold Document ID: 11

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) retained in both pilots were Leonard (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon (Jim Parsons), who are named after Sheldon Leonard, a longtime figure in episodic television as producer, director and actor. Althea (Vernee Watson) was a minor character that appeared in both pilots. The first pilot included two female lead characters who were not used in the second pilot. The characters were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie, "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior," and Iris Bahr as Gilda, a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters. Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend Document [2] (Title: Amy Williams (Neighbours)) and his family. Following her return in 2015, Amy is portrayed as being straightforward, opinionated, complex and independent. She is a qualified carpenter and Cramond hoped Amy would be a good role model for female viewers who wanted a similar occupation. Amy is a single mother to Jimmy Williams (Darcy Tadich), Paul's first grandchild. Amy struggles to reconcile with her father and Cramond said Amy had a lot of pain to deal with. Amy's later storylines included the introduction of her former husband Liam Barnett (James Beck), a relationship with Kyle Canning (Chris Milligan), and a relationship with Leo Tanaka Document [3] (Title: Katey Sagal) Sagal had a cameo on "Glee" as Nancy Abrams, Artie Abrams' mother. She co-starred in "Pitch Perfect 2," released in 2015, as the mother of Hailee Steinfeld's character. She next appeared in the biography drama film "Bleed for This," as the mother of Vinny Pazienza. On September 9, 2014, Sagal received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; most of the "Married ... with Children" cast – including Ed O'Neill, Christina Applegate, and David Faustino – were present to celebrate the actor's recognition. On September 20, 2016, Sagal appeared on "The Big Bang Theory" as Susan, the mother of Document [4] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) progress to the boards ... . We worked hard to get all the science right." Several of the actors in "The Big Bang Theory" previously worked together on the sitcom "Roseanne", including Johnny Galecki, Sara Gilbert, Laurie Metcalf (who plays Sheldon's mother, Mary Cooper), and Meagen Fay (who plays Bernadette's mother). Additionally, Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons. The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show's theme song, which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth. Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write Document [5] (Title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)) should get it, Sheldon makes the sarcastic comment, "I've seen pictures of your mother. Keep eating", a reference to Penny's mother's weight, that clearly unsettles her. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny confesses to Bernadette that her mother smoked pot while she was pregnant with her. Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13-year-old nephew mentioned in Season 2. In "The Bachelor Party Corrosion", Penny tells Bernadette, Amy and viewers that at her sister's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father-daughter dance and then her water broke. Document [6] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 8)) Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards. Christine Baranski submitted the episode "The Maternal Combustion" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Carol Ann Susi, the voice of the never-seen Mrs. Wolowitz, died of cancer on November 11, 2014, at age 62. In this season's February 19, 2015 episode, "The Comic Book Store Regeneration", Howard Wolowitz receives a phone call that his mother has died while visiting family in Florida. In February 2014, CBS CEO Document [7] (Title: Amy Wong) not ready for total commitment, Amy is sure that one day she will be. In "Kif Gets Knocked Up A Notch", she became the "Smizmar" of Kif's children; that is, she inspired the feelings of love that caused Kif to be receptive to procreation. Although Leela is the biological mother because she grabbed Kif's ungloved hand to keep him from being sucked out of his spaceship, not knowing that, in his receptive state, this would impregnate him (some of the children even have only one eye like Leela), the Smizmar is considered to be the true mother in Kif's culture. Document [8] (Title: Yoichi Asakawa) participate in the plot of the book, except having watched the videotape, when her mother "Shizuka Asakawa" plays it and watches it. In the Korean film adaptation, The Ring Virus, "Hong Booram", is the daughter of single-mother "Sun-Joo Hong". In fact, she appears to be about the same age as Yoichi, but other than having watched the videotape, does not participate in the plot. In the American film adaptations, "Aidan Keller"(David Dorfman), is the son of single-mother "Rachel Keller", and has psychic powers, and participates in the plot, similar to Yoichi. Yoichi Asakawa To close family members in Ring and Document [9] (Title: Sarah Danielle Madison) fellow medical resident and love interest to Kyle McCarty (played by Kevin Rahm) on "Judging Amy". In 2009, she appeared on the medical drama "House" as the wife of a pain-ridden, suicidal patient in the episode "Painless". She played Colleen Sarkoissian, Liam's mother on The CW's "90210". Though sometimes credited as Sarah Goldberg, Sarah Danielle Goldberg or Sarah Danielle, the actress preferred to use Sarah Danielle Madison as her professional name because of her fondness for "Madison" the mermaid in the 1984 movie "Splash". On September 27, 2014, Madison died in her sleep, twenty-one days after her 40th birthday, during Document [10] (Title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)) has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski, and the three are often seen spending time together. However, Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny, and often tease her incessantly. In the penultimate episode of season 7, "The Gorilla Dissolution", she and Leonard become engaged, after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life, but happiness with Leonard. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard Document [11] (Title: The Conjugal Configuration) in his own marriage, which offends Penny. Leonard apologizes, but once Mrs. Fowler starts hanging around Penny, Penny scares Mr. Fowler into returning home. Raj instigates a Twitter feud with Neil deGrasse Tyson but is scared off when confronted over the phone. Neil then calls Bill Nye. In July 2018 at San Diego Comic Con, it was confirmed that Kathy Bates and Teller would reprise their roles as Amy's parents. The episode was watched live by 12.92 million viewers, and had a ratings share of 2.5/11, during its original broadcast. The episode attracted a total of 2,262,000 viewers within seven-days Document [12] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 9)) as Penny's father Wyatt in episode 3. Sheldon's maternal grandmother Constance who he calls "Meemaw" made her first long-awaited appearance in episode 14 and was portrayed by June Squibb and Leonard's father Alfred also made his first long-awaited appearance in episode 24 and was played by Judd Hirsch. This was the first season to feature every main cast member of the show, including former main cast member Sara Gilbert, who made a guest appearance in the 200th episode. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The ninth season received mixed reviews. John Doyle of "The Globe and Mail" criticized the humor, writing that "The show Document [13] (Title: Crystal R. Fox) series regular role for the second season of HBO drama series "Big Little Lies" as Zoë Kravitz’s character mother Elizabeth Howard. Crystal R. Fox Crystal R. Fox (born October 14, 1965) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles as Luann Corbin in the NBC/CBS police drama series "In the Heat of the Night" (1989-1995), and as Hanna Young in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera, "The Haves and the Have Nots" (2013–present). Fox was born in Tryon, North Carolina. She made her big screen debut playing Katie Bell in the Academy Award-winning Document [14] (Title: Johnny Galecki) better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter, and Sheldon's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons. During his role as David Healy on Roseanne, Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife, Darlene Conner. She has appeared as Leslie Winkle, a colleague in the Big Bang Theory. Laurie Metcalf, who portrayed Roseanne's sister Jackie Harris, has appeared as Mary Cooper, mother of Leonard's roommate, Sheldon. Galecki is a cellist, a talent which has been used on the show. As of August 2013, Galecki and his "Big Bang" costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US$325,000 per episode. Document [15] (Title: Naomi Watts) never knew her biological mother. Watts co-starred the film along with Annette Bening, Kerry Washington and Samuel L. Jackson. "Mother and Child" received mainly favourable reviews, with "ViewLondon" remarking that Watts "is terrific as Elizabeth, delivering a powerful performance that [...] isn't afraid to be unsympathetic". She was nominated for the Best Actress award at the Australian Film Institute Awards and was also nominated for an Independent Spirit Award in the category of Best Supporting Female. Her next film, the Woody Allen dramedy "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger", opened at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. She portrayed Sally, Document [16] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)) finale "The Lunar Excitation". Christine Baranski submitted the episode "The Maternal Congruence" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "The Pants Alternative". Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole, and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season. Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship (though she can Document [17] (Title: Amy Pond) until after she was cast that it was decided Amy would be Scottish. Gillan commented that she felt the Scottish accent better suited the character. A younger version of Amy, known as "Amelia", appears in several episodes. Amelia was played by Gillan's real-life 10-year-old cousin Caitlin Blackwood. Though the two actresses had not met until the set of the show, Gillan recommended Blackwood for the role; Blackwood, however, still had to undergo rigorous auditions first. Blackwood and Gillan did get to act together in "The Big Bang", which Gillan initially found "weird", though the two actresses became used to it Document [18] (Title: Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch) with Amy on the HoloShed. Fry points out that everyone on the ship touched Kif while he was trying to hang onto them to prevent being sucked through the hole and it is unclear who the mother is. Professor Farnsworth uses an invention of his, the Maternifuge, to determine the real mother. The machine filters out its occupants based on a DNA sample, revealing that the mother is Leela. Amy is instead only the "smizmar" of Kif's children, which nevertheless makes her the "real" mother by Kif's standards. Amy is dismayed at being cast in the role of a mother, Document [19] (Title: Courtney Henggeler) Several years later, she made a guest appearance in the medical drama "House". In 2008, Henggeler portrayed a guest role in the popular sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" as Missy Cooper, the twin sister of the show's main character Sheldon Cooper. After playing various guest roles in several movies and TV shows over the years and a recurring role on the CBS sitcom "Mom", Henggeler finally made her breakthrough in 2018 when she landed a starring role on "Cobra Kai" as Amanda LaRusso, the wife of the main protagonist of the show and the original "Karate Kid" Daniel LaRusso. Henggeler Document [20] (Title: Kim Fox) (Steve McFadden) is the father, which shocks Kim; Denise begs her not to tell anyone. When Kush suffers a cardiac arrest, Kim assists Sonia Fowler (Natalie Cassidy), who performs CPR. Kim is interviewed by a local radio station and plans to use the opportunity to advertise The Albert, but changes her mind after seeing Ian, who has lost his son and business in a fire. Kim thinks she has food poisoning but later finds out she is being sick because she is pregnant. She tells Vincent but he refuses to show interest of the idea of having another child, which Document [21] (Title: Mayim Bialik) Mayim Bialik Mayim Chaya Bialik ( ; born December 12, 1975) is an American actress, author, and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of the NBC sitcom "Blossom". Since 2010, she has played Amy Farrah Fowler – like the actress, a neuroscientist – on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 and 2018. Mayim Chaya Bialik Document [22] (Title: Estelle Parsons) (1995). On television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on "Roseanne"; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in "The Patty Duke Show", "Love, American Style", "All In The Family", "Archie Bunker's Place", "Open Admissions", "Frasier", "", and "The Good Wife", as well as "The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill" and the PBS production of "June Moon". She played the part of Babe in two episodes of the second season of "Grace Document [23] (Title: Elinor Donahue) Stand By". In 1984, she made an appearance as Mrs. Broderick, the mother of a teenaged drug addict on the last season of "Happy Days". In 1987, she played the title character's mother in the short-lived Fox series "The New Adventures of Beans Baxter". In 1988, she appeared in a "Newhart" episode ("Courtin' Disaster") and appeared (in a 1989 episode) on "The Golden Girls" as the newest wife of Dorothy Zbornak's ex-husband, Stan. In 1990, she played Bridget, a Beverly Hills clothing-store manager, in the film "Pretty Woman". Donahue played Gladys, the mother of Chris Peterson (Chris Elliott), in all Document [24] (Title: Kyle Richards) in "National Lampoon's Pledge This!". She also appeared in "The Simple Life" and "My New BFF". She appears on Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", which also previously featured her sister, Kim Richards. With her husband, Richards is listed on the "First Families" of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles which means they have donated US$100,000 or more to the hospital. She also held a fundraiser for the CHLA in 2013, which was featured on the Real Housewives. In 1988, at age 18, Richards married Guraish Aldjufrie from Indonesia while she was pregnant with their daughter Farrah (b. 1988), but Document [25] (Title: Sara Gilbert) by Johnny Galecki, who had previously played Gilbert's love interest David Healy on "Roseanne". In the second episode of the second season of "The Big Bang Theory", Gilbert was elevated to the show's main cast, portraying again a potential love interest of Galecki's character, and at one point a love interest to Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg). By January 2009, it was announced that the writers did not know how to write for her character full-time, and her status was reduced from regular to recurring. Winkle was discontinued after Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski became prominent characters. Gilbert is a Document [26] (Title: Patricia Rae) Short)", playing Blanca, and her biggest role to date, in the 2013 movie "The Big Wedding", where she plays Madonna Soto, the biological Colombian mother of Alejandro Griffin (Ben Barnes). Rae has appeared on the small screen in several hit television series including "Miami Vice", "Chuck", "The Mentalist", "Third Watch", "The Closer", "Law & Order", "", "Life" and "Heartland". Her first recurring role on TV was on "Chuck", playing Bolonia Grimes, Morgan grimes' mother, and girlfriend to Big Mike. She also had recurring roles on "The Chicago Code" and on" New York News", starring Mary Tyler Moore, but the show Document [27] (Title: JoBeth Williams) as the serial killer's future mother-in-law. Also, she appeared in a memorable 2009 "Criminal Minds" listed as Special Guest Star in the episode "Empty Planet" as Professor Ursula Kent, who helps the BAU with a bomb threat in Seattle. She has played the recurring role of Bizzy Forbes-Montgomery, mother of Kate Walsh's Addison, on ABC's "Private Practice" since 2009. In 2014, she appeared in the CBS science-fiction drama "Extant", as Leigh Kern (season one, episode seven). She is married to TV and film director John Pasquin, with whom she worked on "Jungle 2 Jungle"; they have two sons. JoBeth Williams Document [28] (Title: Amy Wong) was changed in order to provide a better contrast between her and Leela. In the season four episode "Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch", in which Amy's boyfriend Kif becomes pregnant, there was some disagreement among the writers as to whether Amy should be the real mother of his children. It was eventually decided that having Amy be the mother and reject the children would make her too unlikeable. Amy comes from a very rich Chinese family; her parents (Inez and Leo) own the entire western hemisphere of Mars, and her sorority was Kappa Kappa Wong (ΚΚ王), although in season Document [29] (Title: Melissa Rauch) Melissa Rauch Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". Rauch was born to a Jewish family in Marlboro Township, New Jersey. Her parents are Susan and David Rauch. She has a brother, Ben. She developed an interest in acting while attending Marlboro High School. Rauch graduated from Marymount Manhattan College in New York City in 2002. Some of Rauch's early work was as a regular contributor to VH1's "Best Week Ever" television show. In 2009, Rauch began playing the recurring role Document [30] (Title: Teen Mom) Portwood, who were featured on the first season of "16 and Pregnant"."Are You the One?" participant Cheyenne Floyd and television personality Bristol Palin in the second half of the seventh season. The show's success has allowed for the development of the spin-offs "Teen Mom 2", "Teen Mom 3", and "". An aspiring model, Farrah Abraham (from Council Bluffs, Iowa) is the mother of Sophia Laurent Abraham, whose father, Derek Underwood, was killed in a car accident on December 28, 2008, two months before her birth. In January 2010, Farrah's mother, Debra Danielson, was charged with assault in an Iowa court Document [31] (Title: Amy Hill) the Sun", "The Sarah Silverman Program", and "My Wife & Kids". She has had many notable recurring roles on TV shows as well, such as the lesbian daughter of D. L. Hughley's neighbor (played by Pat Morita) on "The Hughleys", the upstairs neighbor of Monica and Rachel on "Friends", Mrs. DePaulo on "That's So Raven", Mama Tohru on "Jackie Chan Adventures", Mrs. Hasagawa on "", Penny Candy on "The Puzzle Place", Maureen Nervosa, the owner of "Cafe Nervosa" on Frasier"," Mah Mah the adopted mother of Francine on "American Dad!", Dr. Lauren Brown on "General Hospital", and Suji on "The Document [32] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)) to Jon Cryer. Mayim Bialik (Amy Farrah Fowler) was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", but lost out to Julie Bowen. Penny regrets her sleeping with Raj and has become very good friends with Leonard, Leonard breaks up with Priya, Amy pushes Sheldon in their relationship eventually becoming boyfriend and girlfriend, Penny and the other women become a clique of their own, Howard prepares for his wedding and going into space to the International Space Station and Leonard asks Penny out as they begin "Leonard and Penny 2.0". The fifth season was Document [33] (Title: Amy Wong) 7, "A Farewell to Arms" she says she was a member of Sigma Beta. Amy's stereotypically Asian meddling mother and father frequently pressure her to get married and give them grandchildren, which she is not eager to do. They are often shown to be rather unkind to their daughter, including during an incident in which Amy's father repeatedly made fun of her for being fat as a child. On the show, Amy is known for being somewhat shallow, kind, and ditzy. When Doctor Zoidberg had lost his mind due to hormones and was forced to be tied up, she was Document [34] (Title: Lisa Banes) Mrs. Berry in the 1984 film "The Hotel New Hampshire", Bonnie in the 1988 film "Cocktail", Flora in the 2002 movie "Dragonfly", and Christina Ricci's mother in the film "Pumpkin". In 2014, she appeared in David Fincher's "Gone Girl" as Marybeth Elliott, mother of Amy Elliott (Rosamund Pike). Lisa Banes Lisa Banes (born July 9, 1955) is an American actress. She was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 1984 for "Isn't it Romantic?" and won a 1981 Theatre World Award for her performance as Alison Porter Off-Broadway in "Look Back in Anger". Document [35] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler. Like him, she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother. This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved. In "The Agreement Dissection", Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips. Instead of getting annoyed, Sheldon says "fascinating" and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition". The Document [36] (Title: Chuck Lorre) Metcalf, who played Jackie in "Roseanne", plays Sheldon's mother Mary. Christine Baranski, an alumna of "Cybill", was cast as Leonard's mother Beverly. Also, on "The Big Bang Theory", Sheldon, Leonard, and Penny are seen watching "Oshikuru: Demon Samurai". "Oshikuru" was the show for which the character Charlie Harper wrote the theme song on "Two and a Half Men". Charlie Sheen made a cameo appearance in the "Big Bang Theory" episode "The Griffin Equivalency". Jon Cryer of "Two and a Half Men" appeared in one episode of "Dharma & Greg". Jenna Elfman, Susan Sullivan, and Joel Murray of "Dharma & Greg" Document [37] (Title: Zoe Perry) younger version of Sheldon Cooper's mother Mary on "Young Sheldon", a spin-off of the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", again portraying a younger version of her mother's role. Despite her family link to the character, she received the role through an audition. Zoe Perry Zoe Perry (born September 26, 1984) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying young Mary Cooper in "Young Sheldon" and for recurring roles on "The Family" and "Scandal". Both of Perry's parents are actors, Laurie Metcalf and Jeff Perry. Her first television role was two appearances as the character Jackie Harris (as Document [38] (Title: Bad Moms) "A Bad Moms Christmas", was released on November 1, 2017. Amy Mitchell (Mila Kunis) is a married woman in the Chicago suburbs with two children, Jane (Oona Laurence) and Dylan (Emjay Anthony), who feels overworked and overcommitted. She works as a sales rep for a "hip" coffee company, prepares healthful, hand-packed lunches for her children, does most of their homework, goes to all of their extracurricular activities, and is active in her school's PTA, run by the domineering Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate) and her cronies, Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky (Annie Mumolo). When she catches her husband Mike (David Document [39] (Title: Alessandra Torresani) Alessandra Torresani Alessandra Torresani (born Alessandra Olivia Toreson; May 29, 1987) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Zoe Graystone in the science fiction television series "Caprica" and Claire in "The Big Bang Theory". Prior to 2007, she was credited as Alessandra Toreson. Alessandra Olivia Toreson was born on May 29, 1987 in Palo Alto, California. Her mother, Marcia Glow, was a CEO, while her father, James Sylvester Toreson, ran startup tech companies. She began studying dancing and singing when she was two years old. At the age of 8, she landed a job doing Document [40] (Title: Ally Fowler) with roles in "Big Sky" (1997), "All Saints" (2005–07) and "Wentworth" (2013–14). From 2012 she has also participated in reunion gigs by Chantoozies. Fowler came to prominence with parts in two major soap operas of the 1980s: Angela Hamilton-Keegan in "Sons and Daughters" and Zoe Davis in "Neighbours". She also played a regular role in soap "Possession" (1985) and was a regular lead in "Big Sky" (1997) alongside actor Gary Sweet. On 24 August 2001, she appeared on the Australian-American science fiction series "Farscape" in the episode "Fractures" as the voice of Orrhn. From 15 November 2005 to 2007, she Document [41] (Title: Leo Tanaka) to mislead viewers by publicising a red herring suggesting that historic character Scott Robinson was Leo's father. Jenny Young reprised her role as Kim Taylor after producers rehired her following thirty-two years off-screen. She is revealed to be David and Leo's mother. The link was made because Kim and Scott had previously been romantically involved. On-screen Kim denies that Scott is the twins father this but is shocked to learn Leo has taken Amy away for a romantic weekend. She rushes to prevent the pair from sleeping together. This makes David think his theory is correct because Kim would not Document [42] (Title: Sarayu Rao) Sarayu Rao Sarayu Rao (born March 7, 1975), also known as Sarayu R. Blue, is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her recurring role as Angela on the Fox sitcom "Sons of Tucson", as well as Dr. Sydney Napur on David E. Kelley's "Monday Mornings" on TNT. She has also guest starred in a number of notable television series. Rao's first notable acting role came in 2007 film "Lions for Lambs", co-starring with Robert Redford, Tom Cruise, and Meryl Streep. She has had guest roles in numerous TV shows, such as "Bones", "The Big Bang Theory", "HawthoRNe", Document [43] (Title: Patricia Clarkson) "Main Street" (both 2010), before appearing in two mainstream comedies directed by Will Gluck: "Easy A" (2010), as the mother of a troubled high school student (Emma Stone), and as the mother of an executive recruiter (Mila Kunis) in "Friends with Benefits" (2011). She also appeared in the romantic drama "One Day" (2011) as the mother of a college student in Scotland (portrayed by Jim Sturgess), and guest-starred on two episodes of the comedy series "Parks and Recreation". In 2013, she had a supporting role in the thriller "The East" (2013) as the leader of a private intelligence firm. In Document [44] (Title: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang) were cancelled for future films. Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 fantasy comedy family film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels. It is a sequel to the 2005 film "Nanny McPhee". It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's "Nurse Matilda" books. Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also Document [45] (Title: David Tanaka) mother. Kim denies Scott is the twins' father but is shocked to learn Leo has taken Amy away for a romantic weekend. She rushes to prevent the pair from sleeping together. This makes David think his theory is correct because Kim would not want Amy, who is Scott's relative, to sleep with Leo. This episode brought about the culmination of the mystery storyline as the Tanaka's biological father was revealed. In one final "twist" in the storyline, Scott's brother Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis) was revealed to be their father. This meant that Amy is David and Leo's half-sister, which shocks Document [46] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) scenes set at Howard's home, he interacts with his rarely-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death) by shouting from room to room in the house. She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner. She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble. She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning. Howard, in turn, is attached to his mother to the point where she Document [47] (Title: Mothers and Daughters (2016 film)) their children. A pregnant photographer (Selma Blair) captures motherhood on film while re-examining her relationship with her estranged mom. On May 8, 2012, Susan Sarandon and her real-life daughter Eva Amurri were cast in the film which was to be directed by Paul Duddridge. Sarandon and Amurri had already worked together in the 2002 comedy "The Banger Sisters". On June 4, 2012, Christina Ricci joined the cast, while Danielle James was announced to be producing the film. On July 3, 2012, Sharon Stone was cast, and on September 25, 2014, Paul Wesley joined to play Kevin, a pastry chef and Document [48] (Title: Jane Kaczmarek) Emma. In 2016, she appeared as a psychiatrist on "The Big Bang Theory". On October 9, 2018, she guest starred on the series "This Is Us" as the mother of Rebecca's boyfriend. Kaczmarek married fellow Wisconsin native and actor Bradley Whitford ("The West Wing", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip") on August 15, 1992. They lived in Los Angeles with their three children: Frances Genevieve (b. October 1997), George Edward (b. December 23, 1999) and Mary Louisa (b. November 25, 2002). Both were very active with charity, and were seen attending many major award shows together. She is the founder Document [49] (Title: Christine Baranski) in the series "Now and Again" as the voice of Roger's overbearing wife Ruth, who was never seen by viewers. Baranski later appeared in the 2000–2001 sitcom "Welcome to New York" and, with John Laroquette, in the 2003–2004 NBC sitcom "Happy Family". She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom, "Adopted", in 2005, which was not picked up. She also played Faith Clancy, the mother of Jim Clancy in "Ghost Whisperer". In 2009 Baranski began guest-starring in "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the Document [50] (Title: Mayim Bialik) by Clinton Kelly for a makeover on TLC's "What Not To Wear". She joined the cast of "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Her first appearance was in the season 3 finale as a potential love interest for the character of Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). In Season 4, she began as a recurring character playing Sheldon's "friend that's a girl, but not a girlfriend." Beginning with Season 4, Episode 8, she became part of the main cast. Amy is a neurobiologist, which is a field related to Bialik's real-life academic career in neuroscience. Bialik's performance in "The Document [51] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 10)) that Sagal would play Susan, who was described as stressed out and neurotic from a life with her troubled son. McBrayer would play Randall, a cheerful former drug dealer and ex-con. "Entertainment Weekly" reported on August 10, 2016, a week before filming began, that Dean Norris would have a multi-episode arc in the tenth season, and would be playing Colonel Williams, a tough officer from the Air Force Research Laboratory, who is interested in the men's quantum gyroscope for military applications. On November 9, 2016, "TVLine" reported that Christopher Lloyd had been cast as Theodore for the season's December 1 Document [52] (Title: Ishka) as Quark and Rom's mother. Andrea Martin was cast at the suggestion of episode director René Auberjonois (Odo), who felt the actress could manage the right balance of comedy and good acting that was missing from the applicants he had seen thus far. Showrunner Ira Steven Behr agreed with Auberjonois on the casting, later saying he loved her on "Second City Television". Martin was offered the role without even having to audition. Ira Behr, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and David Livingston all had good things to say about the casting of Martin as Ishka. When, at the last minute, Martin could Document [53] (Title: The Big Bang Theory) lives across the hall; and Leonard and Sheldon's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers, aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali. Over time, supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles including: physicist Leslie Winkle, neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler, microbiologist Bernadette Rostenkowski, and Stuart Bloom, the cash-strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit. The show is filmed in front of a live audience and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions. "The Big Bang Theory" received mixed reviews from critics throughout its first season, but reception was more favorable in Document [54] (Title: The Big Bang Theory (season 4)) The Big Bang Theory (season 4) The fourth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", began airing on CBS on September 23, 2010. Season four started four months after the end of season 3. Melissa Rauch and Mayim Bialik were upgraded to the main cast during the fourth season as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski and Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Johnny Galecki submitted the episode "The Benefactor Factor" for consideration due to his nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award Document [55] (Title: Regina King) the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", and has starred in various films, including "Ray", "Poetic Justice", "Friday", and "". In 2018, her performance as Sharon Rivers in the acclaimed drama film "If Beale Street Could Talk" garnered critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Regina Rene King was born on January 15, 1971, in Los Angeles, California and grew up in View Park-Windsor Hills. She is the eldest daughter of Gloria (Cain), a special education teacher, and Thomas King, an electrician. King's parents divorced in 1979. King's younger sister is Document [56] (Title: Everwood (season 1)) opening credits. Treat Williams portrayed "Dr. Andrew "Andy" Brown", the newly widowed father of "Ephram Brown" (portrayed by Gregory Smith) and "Delia Brown" (portrayed by Vivien Cardone) and runs his own clinic "free of charge" in an abandoned train station. Emily VanCamp portrayed "Amy Abbott", who befriends Ephram and is the girlfriend of Colin Hart, who, throughout the first half of the season, is still in a coma. Debra Mooney portrayed "Edna Harper", a semi-retired army nurse and Harold's estranged mother. John Beasley portrayed "Irv Harper", the kind-hearted husband of Edna and the narrator of the series. Chris Pratt portrayed Document [57] (Title: Carol Lawrence) Center", "Kung Fu", "Mannix", "Murder She Wrote", "Saved by the Bell", and "Sex and the City". In 1992–93, she played the role of matriarch Angela Eckart on "General Hospital". She hosted five shows of "Chef du Jour" for the Food Network, cooking from "I Remember Pasta", her own cookbook, and setting a record for cookbook sales on the Home Shopping Network. In 1999, she appeared in the television movie remake of Jason Miller's "That Championship Season" in a cameo role as Claire's mother (the mother-in-law of Vincent D'Onofrio's character), a role written into the film specifically for her. In 2013, Document [58] (Title: The Big Sick) February 2016, Zoe Kazan joined the cast, along with Holly Hunter and Ray Romano in April 2016. Unlike many of the other portrayals in "The Big Sick", Romano's and Hunter's roles in the film were not modeled after Emily V. Gordon's actual parents. Instead, Hunter said that she never contacted or spoke with Gordon's mother before playing the part, as she wanted to "feel my own freedom with the character". In May 2016, Aidy Bryant, Bo Burnham, Adeel Akhtar and Kurt Braunohler also joined the cast of the film. David Alan Grier was cast in "The Big Sick" after he Document [59] (Title: Chuck Lorre) plays both Marjorie from "Mom" and Abby (Dharma's mother) in "Dharma & Greg". Also, Allison Janney and Jaime Pressly from "Mom" appeared in episodes of "Two and a Half Men". In the season 6 "Big Bang Theory" episode "The Holographic Excitation", Sheldon and Amy are fighting over which couple to go as to a Halloween party. Among her suggestions seen on a whiteboard are "Blossom & Joey" (Blossom and Amy both being played by Mayim Bialik) and "Dharma & Greg". Katy Mixon, who plays Victoria on "Mike & Molly", also had a recurring role as the character, Betsy, on "Two Document [60] (Title: Melissa Rauch) was pregnant on July 11, 2017, and disclosed that she had a miscarriage previously. On December 4, 2017 Rauch announced on Instagram that she had given birth to a girl, Sadie. Rauch modeled the voice of Bernadette after her parents: the "sweet, high-pitched purr" is modeled after her mother, while the "eerie, haranguing imitation" of Mrs. Wolowitz is modeled after her father. Both are "very different" from Rauch's real voice. Melissa Rauch Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". Rauch was Question: who plays amy farrah fowler's mother on big bang

Answer: Annie O'Donnell Long Answer: Abby (Danica McKellar) and Martha (Jen Drohan): two ladies that Raj and Sheldon meet at a university mixer . Abby takes a liking to Raj and Martha takes a liking to Sheldon . While Raj is welcoming of Abby's moves, Sheldon is rejective of Martha's moves . Alice (Courtney Ford): an attractive comic book enthusiast whom Leonard meets after Priya moves back to India . Meeting Alice triggers a chain of events which ends with Leonard and Priya breaking up . Mandy Chao (Melissa Tang): a colleague of Leonard at the university who made out with him once when they were both drunk . The incident, which happened prior to Leonard's marriage to Penny, almost sabotages the marriages after Leonard tells Penny about it . Chen (James Hong): a maitre d' at a Chinese restaurant that the guys eat at . Professor Crawley (Lewis Black): a former entomologist at the university with whom Sheldon, Howard, and Raj confer about a cricket . Issabella Maria Concepcion (Maria Canals - Barrera) a Cuban - American janitor working in Raj's telescope building whom Raj wants to date . Kenny Fitzgerald (Michael Rapaport): an intelligent thief who sells stolen liquid helium to Leonard and Sheldon . He later strikes up a friendship with the duo and they watch Ernest Goes to Jail together . Mrs. Fowler (Annie O'Donnell; Kathy Bates): Amy's mother, who is played by Annie O'Donnell in "The Desperation Emanation", and by Kathy Bates in "The Bow Tie Asymmetry". Dr. Gallo (Jane Kaczmarek): a therapist to whom Penny attempts to sell products . She winds up conducting therapy on both Penny and Leonard . Mrs. Latham (Jessica Walter): a donor for the university who goes out on two dates with Leonard . Toby Loobenfield (DJ Qualls): a scientist at CalTech whom Sheldon hires to play his fictional drug - addicted cousin Leo . Dr. Oliver Lorvis (Billy Bob Thornton): a medical doctor to whom Penny sells products . He misreads her flirtations and locks the guys in his basement while he goes to woo her (as well as Amy and Bernadette). Gold Document ID: 11

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Thelma Lou) run. She was generally portrayed as a sweet-natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems. She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self-sufficient. Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her "cashew fudge" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show,though in her last appearance on the series ("The Return of Barney Fife") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield. Her occupation is never Document [2] (Title: Jean Carson) Jean Carson Jean Carson (February 28, 1923 – November 2, 2005) was an American stage, film and television actress best known for her work on the classic 1960s sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" as one of the "fun girls". Carson was born in Charleston, West Virginia, to Alexander W. Carson and Sadie (nėe Leete; a descendant of William Leete, first governor of the Colony of Connecticut). She first became interested in show business as a child, playing a "bad little Indian girl". At the age of 12, she got her first acting job, earning $5 for a small part in Document [3] (Title: Thelma Lou) the 1986 reunion made-for-television movie, "Return to Mayberry". Thelma Lou's debut occurs in the first-season episode, "Cyrano Andy". Barney and Thelma Lou are platonic friends but their relationship becomes (and remains) a romantic one with Andy's help. Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series. Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960. In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor. Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' Document [4] (Title: The Andy Griffith Show) and local drunkard Otis Campbell (Hal Smith). There were two mayors: Mayor Pike, who was more relaxed, and Mayor Stoner, who had a more assertive personality. On the distaff side, townswoman Clara Edwards (Hope Summers), Barney's sweetheart Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) and Andy's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump (Aneta Corsaut) become semi-regulars. Ellie Walker (Elinor Donahue) is Andy's girlfriend in the first season, while Peggy McMillan (Joanna Moore) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3. Ernest T. Bass (Howard Morris) made his first appearance in Episode #94 ("Mountain Wedding"). In the color seasons, County Clerk Howard Sprague (Jack Document [5] (Title: The Andy Griffith Show) Mayberry Days, is held each year in Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Sheldon Leonard, producer of "The Danny Thomas Show", and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander (who had written many of the "Danny Thomas" episodes) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith, featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town. At the time, Broadway, film, and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role, and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part. After conferences Document [6] (Title: Arlene Golonka) Arlene Golonka Arlene Leanore Golonka (born January 23, 1936) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for playing Millie Hutchins on the television comedy "The Andy Griffith Show" and Millie Swanson on "Mayberry R.F.D.", and often portrayed bubbly, eccentric blondes in supporting character roles on stage, film, and television. Golonka was born in Chicago in 1936 of Polish descent. She began her acting career in her early teens and went professional in a summer-stock troupe. After studying at the prestigious Goodman Theatre in Chicago, she made her way to New York City, where she studied with Lee Strasberg, Document [7] (Title: Thelma Lou) Thelma Lou Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes. Thelma Lou is Barney Fife's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn. Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry, North Carolina. She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife's girlfriend. Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of "The Andy Griffith Show" from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from the show following the departure of Don Knotts and his Barney Fife character. She appeared in Document [8] (Title: Betty Lynn) She portrayed the role regularly from 1961-65, then made a final guest appearance in one episode during the sixth season (1965–66). Following the end of "The Andy Griffith Show", Lynn continued appearing in various television and film roles. In 1986, she reprised the role of Thelma Lou in the reunion television movie "Return to Mayberry" in which Thelma Lou and Barney Fife were finally married. In 2006, Lynn retired from acting and relocated to Mount Airy, North Carolina, the hometown of Andy Griffith and the town on which Mayberry is believed to have been based despite Griffith's claims to the Document [9] (Title: Gail Davis) "The Andy Griffith Show" (Season 2, Episode 8 The Perfect Female) as Thelma Lou's cousin. She believed her success as Annie Oakley undermined other opportunities she might have had for other roles in the future. In 1982, she told a reporter, "I tried to find other acting work, but I was so identified as Annie Oakley that directors would say, 'Gail, I'd like to hire you, but you re going to have to wait a few years, dye your hair and cut off your pigtails.' Directors just couldn't envision me in a sexy part or playing a heavy. I was Document [10] (Title: Sanka) Lucy", "The Twilight Zone" and "The Andy Griffith Show" during their respective runs on CBS television in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Andy Griffith Show Sanka sponsor spots featured the cast members. It was also a sponsor of "The Goldbergs" (1920s to about 1960 on radio and television, unrelated to the U.S. 2013 ABC television series) where, on many episodes, Mrs. Goldberg (Gertrude Berg) would address the camera and talk to the TV audience and tell them about Sanka coffee. After the sales pitch she would walk away, usually from the window, and start the show. Sanka was mentioned Document [11] (Title: Thelma Lou) marries Thelma Lou. The following is a list of "Andy Griffith Show" episodes featuring Thelma Lou. Thelma Lou Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes. Thelma Lou is Barney Fife's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn. Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry, North Carolina. She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife's girlfriend. Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of "The Andy Griffith Show" from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from Question: where did thelma lou work on the andy griffith show Answer: an office Long Answer: Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series . Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960 . In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor . Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' run . She was generally portrayed as a sweet - natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems . She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self - sufficient . Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her "cashew fudge" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show, though in her last appearance on the series ("The Return of Barney Fife") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield . Her occupation is never revealed, but she mentions once that she "had to get back to the office ." Prior to the arrival of Helen Crump in Mayberry, Lydia Crosswaithe is introduced as one of Thelma Lou's friends . Unfortunately, Lydia's extremely odd personality doomed an effort by Barney and "Thel" to arrange a date and possible romantic match with Andy. Gold Document ID: 1

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Thelma Lou) run. She was generally portrayed as a sweet-natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems. She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self-sufficient. Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her "cashew fudge" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show,though in her last appearance on the series ("The Return of Barney Fife") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield. Her occupation is never Document [2] (Title: Jean Carson) Jean Carson Jean Carson (February 28, 1923 – November 2, 2005) was an American stage, film and television actress best known for her work on the classic 1960s sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" as one of the "fun girls". Carson was born in Charleston, West Virginia, to Alexander W. Carson and Sadie (nėe Leete; a descendant of William Leete, first governor of the Colony of Connecticut). She first became interested in show business as a child, playing a "bad little Indian girl". At the age of 12, she got her first acting job, earning $5 for a small part in Document [3] (Title: Thelma Lou) the 1986 reunion made-for-television movie, "Return to Mayberry". Thelma Lou's debut occurs in the first-season episode, "Cyrano Andy". Barney and Thelma Lou are platonic friends but their relationship becomes (and remains) a romantic one with Andy's help. Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series. Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960. In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor. Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' Document [4] (Title: The Andy Griffith Show) and local drunkard Otis Campbell (Hal Smith). There were two mayors: Mayor Pike, who was more relaxed, and Mayor Stoner, who had a more assertive personality. On the distaff side, townswoman Clara Edwards (Hope Summers), Barney's sweetheart Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) and Andy's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump (Aneta Corsaut) become semi-regulars. Ellie Walker (Elinor Donahue) is Andy's girlfriend in the first season, while Peggy McMillan (Joanna Moore) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3. Ernest T. Bass (Howard Morris) made his first appearance in Episode #94 ("Mountain Wedding"). In the color seasons, County Clerk Howard Sprague (Jack Document [5] (Title: The Andy Griffith Show) Mayberry Days, is held each year in Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Sheldon Leonard, producer of "The Danny Thomas Show", and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander (who had written many of the "Danny Thomas" episodes) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith, featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town. At the time, Broadway, film, and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role, and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part. After conferences Document [6] (Title: Arlene Golonka) Arlene Golonka Arlene Leanore Golonka (born January 23, 1936) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for playing Millie Hutchins on the television comedy "The Andy Griffith Show" and Millie Swanson on "Mayberry R.F.D.", and often portrayed bubbly, eccentric blondes in supporting character roles on stage, film, and television. Golonka was born in Chicago in 1936 of Polish descent. She began her acting career in her early teens and went professional in a summer-stock troupe. After studying at the prestigious Goodman Theatre in Chicago, she made her way to New York City, where she studied with Lee Strasberg, Document [7] (Title: Thelma Lou) Thelma Lou Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes. Thelma Lou is Barney Fife's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn. Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry, North Carolina. She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife's girlfriend. Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of "The Andy Griffith Show" from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from the show following the departure of Don Knotts and his Barney Fife character. She appeared in Document [8] (Title: Betty Lynn) She portrayed the role regularly from 1961-65, then made a final guest appearance in one episode during the sixth season (1965–66). Following the end of "The Andy Griffith Show", Lynn continued appearing in various television and film roles. In 1986, she reprised the role of Thelma Lou in the reunion television movie "Return to Mayberry" in which Thelma Lou and Barney Fife were finally married. In 2006, Lynn retired from acting and relocated to Mount Airy, North Carolina, the hometown of Andy Griffith and the town on which Mayberry is believed to have been based despite Griffith's claims to the Document [9] (Title: Gail Davis) "The Andy Griffith Show" (Season 2, Episode 8 The Perfect Female) as Thelma Lou's cousin. She believed her success as Annie Oakley undermined other opportunities she might have had for other roles in the future. In 1982, she told a reporter, "I tried to find other acting work, but I was so identified as Annie Oakley that directors would say, 'Gail, I'd like to hire you, but you re going to have to wait a few years, dye your hair and cut off your pigtails.' Directors just couldn't envision me in a sexy part or playing a heavy. I was Document [10] (Title: Sanka) Lucy", "The Twilight Zone" and "The Andy Griffith Show" during their respective runs on CBS television in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Andy Griffith Show Sanka sponsor spots featured the cast members. It was also a sponsor of "The Goldbergs" (1920s to about 1960 on radio and television, unrelated to the U.S. 2013 ABC television series) where, on many episodes, Mrs. Goldberg (Gertrude Berg) would address the camera and talk to the TV audience and tell them about Sanka coffee. After the sales pitch she would walk away, usually from the window, and start the show. Sanka was mentioned Document [11] (Title: Thelma Lou) marries Thelma Lou. The following is a list of "Andy Griffith Show" episodes featuring Thelma Lou. Thelma Lou Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show" (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes. Thelma Lou is Barney Fife's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn. Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry, North Carolina. She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife's girlfriend. Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of "The Andy Griffith Show" from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from Question: where did thelma lou work on the andy griffith show

Answer: an office Long Answer: Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series . Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960 . In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor . Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' run . She was generally portrayed as a sweet - natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems . She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self - sufficient . Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her "cashew fudge" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show, though in her last appearance on the series ("The Return of Barney Fife") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield . Her occupation is never revealed, but she mentions once that she "had to get back to the office ." Prior to the arrival of Helen Crump in Mayberry, Lydia Crosswaithe is introduced as one of Thelma Lou's friends . Unfortunately, Lydia's extremely odd personality doomed an effort by Barney and "Thel" to arrange a date and possible romantic match with Andy. Gold Document ID: 1

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) edition of the special dropped the "And" from the original title and included a new introduction by Abigail. It concluded with a replay of the final episode's curtain call of actors. "Number 96" was rated number 9 in the 2005 television special "50 Years 50 Shows" which counted-down Australia's greatest television programs. The series was featured in the cinema documentary, "Not Quite Hollywood" (2008). Interviewees included "Number 96" alumni, actors Rebecca Gilling, Wendy Hughes, Lynette Curran, Briony Behets, Candy Raymond, Deborah Gray, Roger Ward, Norman Yemm, and an associate producer of "Number 96" and "The Unisexers", David Hannay. The first Document [2] (Title: Many Happy Returns (The Prisoner)) suggested when attempting to put the episodes into some sort of logical order, that "Many Happy Returns" should precede "Hammer into Anvil", supposing that Thorpe and Number Two are in fact the same character. Thorpe is installed in The Village as Number Two, a role he clearly relishes, allowing his cruelty and paranoia to come through – a weakness that Number Six exploits in order to break him. Number Six gives his name to Mrs. Butterworth when asked – Peter Smith. Given that he ponders over it before telling her, it may be an alias he thought up on the Document [3] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Leo McKern, Mary Morris and Peter Wyngarde were the only Number Two actors whose voices featured in the title sequences of the episodes in which they appeared. The openings of "Arrival", "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling", "Living in Harmony" and "Fall Out" did not include dialogue. In the title sequences of the remaining seven episodes the voice of Number Two was that of Robert Rietti. With the death of Peter Wyngarde in 2018, Derren Nesbitt and Rachel Herbert are the only surviving actors to have portrayed the character. Number Two (The Prisoner) Number Two was the title of Document [4] (Title: She Has a Name) as a chorus in Greek tragedies, according to reviewer Lana Michelin of the "Red Deer Advocate". Variously considered angels or ghosts, the voices are written in the script to be played by the female actors who portray Number 18, Marta, Ali, and Mama. While these voices sometimes emphasize the horrors of the sex industry, at other times, they offer comfort to Number 18. It is only revealed at the play's conclusion that the chorus is made up of dead child prostitutes. A pimp rapes Number 18 in a bar, then enslaves her sexually. Number 18's father died when she was Document [5] (Title: Johnny Lockwood) Johnny Lockwood Johnny Lockwood (7 December 192025 April 2013) was an English-born Australian entertainer actor of theatre, television and film and also a comedy performer, possibly best known for his role in the 1970s Australian television soap opera and film version of "Number 96", playing bumbling Hungarian Jew deli proprietor Aldo Godolfus. Lockwood had always wanted to perform on stage. He was orphaned at age 11, and at 14 applied for a job as a dancer in a touring show. He continued to develop his talents and by 18 was given a contract by impresario Jack Hylton as a comedian. Document [6] (Title: Pre-Code Hollywood) a squirmy inmate who is sentenced to six years after committing vehicular manslaughter while under the influence. His cell mates are a murderer played by Wallace Beery and a forger played by Chester Morris. The picture features future staples of the prison genre such as solitary confinement, informers, riots, visitations, an escape, and the codes of prison life. The protagonist, Montgomery, ends up being a loathsome character, a coward who will sell out anyone in the prison to get an early release. The film was banned in Ohio, the site of the deadly prison riots that inspired it. "Numbered Men", Document [7] (Title: The Computer Wore Menace Shoes) reprised his role as Number Six. In the DVD commentary for the episode, Payne said that McGoohan was "very funny", and that all the writers wanted to meet him when he came to record his dialogue for the episode. McGoohan was reportedly very pleased with his role in the episode; when his wife Joan McGoohan, who is a real estate broker, helped staff writer Max Pross buy a house, she told him that Patrick McGoohan was as proud of the episode as anything in his career. "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes" makes fun of use of the Internet, which was Document [8] (Title: Who Is Number One?) Who Is Number One? Who Is Number One? is a 1917 American silent mystery film serial directed by William Bertram and written by Anna Katharine Green. The film stars Kathleen Clifford, Cullen Landis, Gordon Sackville, Neil Hardin, Bruce Smith, and Ethel Ritchie. The film serial was released on October 29, 1917, by Paramount Pictures. It is presumed to be a lost film. Like many American films of the time, "Who Is Number One?" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required cuts, in Chapter 1, of two scenes of destroying window Document [9] (Title: Four (2011 film)) Four (2011 film) Four is a British independent film directed by John Langridge and released in 2011. A jealous husband hires a movie-obsessed detective to kidnap his wife's lover and bring him to a derelict factory to administer some 'rough justice.' Once there, the husband discovers the detective has a revelation of his own. He has kidnapped the husband's wife as well. The film was released to mixed reviews and currently holds a 4.2 score on IMDb. Total Film's Paul Bradshaw wrote, "With just four actors, a single setting and more twists than a bag full of pretzels, John Langridge’s Document [10] (Title: The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)) Magazine where he was quoted as saying: Producer Trevor Hopkins confirmed in an interview that he had invited McGoohan to play the role of the Number Six-like old man encountered by Caviezel's character early in the first episode. This is suggested by the jacket worn by the old man – the same style jacket as worn by Number 6 in the first series. McGoohan declined, but suggested he could play Number 2 instead. The series premiered on November 15, 2009 as a miniseries on North American cable channel AMC in cooperation with British broadcaster ITV. The six-part series premiered in Document [11] (Title: Utopia (Doctor Who)) Christmas Invasion", "Human Nature" and "Gridlock" and audio clips of previous Masters when the Professor's watch is beckoning him to open it, including Anthony Ainley's laugh and a line Roger Delgado spoke in "The Dæmons". Derek Jacobi plays the fifth version of the Master whom the Doctor has encountered on screen, and John Simm is the sixth. At least one television pundit speculated whether "Mister Saxon" was an intentional anagram of "Master No. Six" or was perhaps "a big red herring". However, when asked, Russell T Davies stated that it was not deliberate. Jacobi also played the Master in the Document [12] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) date set for Presidents Day weekend. Chris Bender, J.C. Spink, and David Valdes executive produced the film. Steven Spielberg contributed to the film's characters, but did not take a credit on the film. It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney's Touchstone Pictures label, as part of the 30-picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio's financial restructuring in 2008. In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four. It was later confirmed Document [13] (Title: The Prisoner in other media) with a third due to release in May 2019. The radio adaptations were broadcast by BBC Radio Four Extra in December, 2018. The main character of "The Prisoner", Number Six inspired the name of Festival N°6 which takes place since 2012 at the village of Portmeirion. This music and art festival is celebrating each year Number Six's way of thinking, that is reflection and independence of mind. Although the main title theme was composed by Ron Grainer, the incidental music used in the series came from a wide variety of sources, including library music and cues from established composers such Document [14] (Title: Joe Hasham) He reprised the role in the feature film version of the serial in which his character engaged in a gay kiss with the closeted Simon Carr (John Orcsik), although the shot was later cut from the film. Hasham continued to play the role until "Number 96" ended in 1977. During the run of the series Hasham released a pop-music album, although he was not able to successfully launch a career as a singer. Later in the show's run a spin-off series focusing on Hasham's character switching to a career as a private investigator also failed to pan-out. After "Number 96" Document [15] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) and their relationship with liberty. His cunning and defiance only increase while in captivity: in "Hammer into Anvil" he reduces Number Two to a mad, paranoid wreck through deception. As the Number Twos become more coercive and desperate, Number Six's behaviour becomes progressively sharp, uncompromising, and eccentric. Patrick McGoohan has been quoted in an interview in the Summer/Fall 1985 issue of "New Video Magazine" (reprinted in "The Official Prisoner Companion") as saying he chose "6" because it is the only number that becomes another number when turned upside down. He acknowledged that 1 and 0 achieve the same effect, but Document [16] (Title: Sheila Allen (English actress)) was able to manipulate the process and thereby to cause the downfall of Number 2. When not dressed in her subterranean laboratory in a white coat with her hair tied back, Number 14 was seen with flowing hair, walking around the Village in a cape of many colours. In "Bouquet of Barbed Wire", based on a novel by Andrea Newman and described by Philip Purser as a "kinky saga which was much discussed ... well made and acted", Allen's character was the wife of Peter Manson (Frank Finlay), who had an unhealthy obsession about his married daughter, Prue (Susan Penhaligon). Document [17] (Title: The Chimes of Big Ben) the relentlessly cheerful voice of the radio announcer encouraging every Villager to participate in an upcoming crafts show. Number Six is playing chess near the beach when Number Two (Leo McKern) joins him. During their conversation, a helicopter lands and an unconscious woman (Nadia Gray) is taken out on a stretcher. Later, Number Six is invited to The Green Dome where he and Number Two watch the woman wake up on the main viewing screen. Number Two says that she is the new Number Eight and that she will be Number Six's new neighbour. When Number Six returns to his Document [18] (Title: Sixth Happiness) Sixth Happiness Sixth Happiness is a 1997 British drama film directed by Indian director Waris Hussein. It is based on the autobiography of Firdaus Kanga entitled "Trying to Grow". Kanga played himself in this film about Britain, India, race and sex. Sixth Happiness is about Brit, a boy born with brittle bones who never grows taller than four feet, and his sexual awakening as family life crumbles around him. It is also about the Parsi or Parsees - descendants of the Persian empire who were driven out of Persia by an Islamic invasion more than a thousand years ago and Document [19] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Al Gough and Miles Millar, the creators of the television series "Smallville", were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009. Marti Noxon, writer and producer for the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", also contributed to the screenplay. D. J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010, after Bay opted to focus on directing the of the "Transformers" series. Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct "Disturbia" and "Eagle Eye" for DreamWorks, and had success with both films. Caruso had less than a year to prepare, shoot and edit the film, due to a worldwide release Document [20] (Title: Patrick McGoohan) the comic strip. In 2000, he reprised his role as Number Six in an episode of "The Simpsons", "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes". In it, Homer Simpson concocts a news story to make his website more popular, and he wakes up in a prison disguised as a holiday resort. Dubbed Number Five, he meets Number Six, and later betrays him and escapes with his boat; referencing his numerous attempts to escape on a raft in "The Prisoner", Number Six splutters "That's the third time that's happened!" McGoohan's last film role was as the voice of Billy Bones in the animated Document [21] (Title: Five in a Row (song)) Five in a Row (song) "Five in a Row" was a 1989 single by Australian comedy team, The D-Generation. It reached a peak position of number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was co-written by The D-Generation members, Santo Cilauro, Tony Martin, Rob Sitch, and Tom Gleisner. Music written and produced by Colin Setches and John Grant. The song and its accompanying music video parodied five Australian musicians: John Farnham (played by Rob Sitch), Jimmy Barnes (played by Santo Cilauro), Little River Band, Kylie Minogue (played by Jane Kennedy), and James Reyne (played by John Harrison). On the recording, Document [22] (Title: Opening and closing sequences of The Prisoner) about his new surroundings as depicted in detail over the course of this episode. In the original broadcast order of the series (which did not reflect production order), the dialogue between Number Six and Number Two is first heard in "The Chimes of Big Ben". In "A. B. and C.", instead of "The new Number Two", the line is read as "I am Number Two". Here the role is played by Colin Gordon, who would also have the part in "The General". As noted above, the episodes were not broadcast in production sequence; Gordon filmed his appearance as Number Two Document [23] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) October two more central figures - Alf and Lucy Sutcliffe (played by original cast members James Elliott and Elisabeth Kirkby) - were written out of the series. New, younger characters were added to the show, most of whom didn't last out the series. Two that did were orphaned teenage sisters Debbie and Jane Chester Dina Mann and Suzanne Church. Other enduring characters amongst the high cast turnover of the later period were the new blond sex-symbol Jaja Gibson (Anya Saleky), and Giovanni Lenzi (Harry Michaels), an exuberant Italian who worked in the deli. A later whodunit storyline was the Hooded Document [24] (Title: Number 10 (drama series)) directed by Clive Brill. Number 10 (drama series) Number 10 is a drama series for BBC Radio 4 about a fictional British Prime Minister and his staff. The series was created by Jonathan Myerson, and produced by Clive Brill of Pacificus Productions, with Peter Hyman as Political Advisor. It has had five series to date, in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. The first three series starred Antony Sher as Adam Armstrong, the Labour Prime Minister. The fourth series replaced him with Damian Lewis as a Tory prime minister in a minority government, in response to the United Kingdom coalition Document [25] (Title: Clive Merrison) the 1981 film "Escape to Victory" and also played Thaddeus Sholto in "The Sign of Four" (1983), Desmond Fairchild in "An Awfully Big Adventure" (1995) and the lawyer in "Saving Grace" (2000). His other film credits included roles in "Henry VIII and His Six Wives" (1972), "Riddles of the Sphinx" (1977), "Coming Out of the Ice" (1982), the Clint Eastwood film "Firefox" (1982), "The English Patient" (1996), "True Blue" (1996), "Photographing Fairies" (1997), "Janice Beard" (1999) and "Pandaemonium" (2000). From 5 November 1989 to 5 July 1998 he played the lead role of Sherlock Holmes on radio in a series Document [26] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) to the Prisoner's question, "Who is No. 1?" can be taken either as a non-response "You are No. 6" or as an "answer" "You are, No. 6." In a 1977 television interview on Ontario Television with Canadian television interviewer Warner Troyer, McGoohan stated he was astonished that no one in the interview audience postulated that The Butler (played by Angelo Muscat) was either Number One, or someone even higher in authority than Number One. McGoohan based this scenario on the final scene of "Fall Out" where Number Six's door automatically opens and closes itself in the same manner as in Document [27] (Title: Aja Naomi King) "Four", released on September 13, 2013. Along with her castmates, she won a Los Angeles Film Festival Award for Best Performance by Cast for her role in this movie. She also appeared alongside Laverne Cox and Britne Oldford in the film "36 Saints". In 2014, she had supporting role in the romantic comedy "The Rewrite", starring Hugh Grant and Marisa Tomei. The film was shot in 2013 but was released theatrically in the United States in 2015. In early 2014, King had a recurring role as Ali Henslee in the ABC medical drama series "Black Box", starring Kelly Reilly. The Document [28] (Title: The Prisoner in other media) dramas based upon "The Prisoner", with the first scheduled for release in 2016 and that Mark Elstob will portray Number Six in the new series. The first series, containing new reimaginings of three original series scripts ("Arrival", "The Schizoid Man" and "The Chimes of Big Ben") and one new story ("Your Beautiful Village") and written/directed by Nicholas Briggs, was released in January 2016 and was well received. The first series also featured John Standing, Celia Imrie, Ramon Tikaram and Michael Cochrane as "Number Two" and Helen Goldwyn as "The Village Voice/Operations Controller". A second series was released in August 2017, Document [29] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) thinks is a game with an employee of her father's. Absent from the televised version but present here is the treachery of Number Six's superior, the Colonel, speaking to an unidentified 'Voice' who is never seen and is observing the transplanted Number Six's actions. Finally, the script makes inventive use of McGoohan's short time. One scene has Number Two conversing with Oscar-in-Six's-body, who is represented through what the script describes as a single shot of McGoohan. Later, the script has Number Two watching "appropriate stockshots" of Number Six, whose body Oscar occupies, with Number Two commenting that Oscar lacks Six's Document [30] (Title: Dianna Agron filmography) was demoted to a guest star status. Agron appeared in "T.K.O." (2007), "Skid Marks" (2007), "The Romantics" (2010), and "Burlesque" (2010). In 2011, Agron portrayed Alice in "The Hunters", and she was later cast as Sarah Hart in "I Am Number Four", the movie also starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, and Teresa Palmer. Later that year, Agron was featured in "". Dianna co-starred as Belle Blake in the 2013 film "The Family", alongside Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Tommy Lee Jones. In 2015, Agron portrayed Dalia in the political thriller "Zipper", Finley in the romantic comedy "Tumbledown", Sarah Barton Document [31] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) said, "6 is far more interesting." Number Six always assumed that someone designated ""Number One"" was in charge of the Village, but only twice do any of the Village's visible authorities directly acknowledge the existence of such a person. In the final scene of "Once Upon a Time", Number Six, having trounced Number Two, is asked by the Supervisor, "What do you desire?" When Six answers, "Number One," the Supervisor responds, "I'll take you." At the end of "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling," the Colonel implores of Number Two, "You must contact Number One and tell him I Document [32] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) Number Six (The Prisoner) Number 6 is the central character in the 1960s television series "The Prisoner", played by Patrick McGoohan and Nigel Stock. In the AMC remake, Number 6 is played by Jim Caviezel. Much of Number 6's background is kept a mystery during the series, including his name. Throughout the series, he is known by a variety of names, including: The Man, The Prisoner, Peter Smith, Schmidt, Duval, and ZM-73. In the first episode, it is stated that he was born on 19 March 1928 (the same date as McGoohan's birthday), and that he held a position of Document [33] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) week, it decreased by 21% to $5.0 million. As of March 27, 2011, it has grossed $17,328,244. In 2011, screenwriter Noxon told "Collider.com" that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office. In 2013, director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that "The Power of Six" will get a movie adaption, he replied: "There's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there [...]. Most of the people on Twitter that contact me Document [34] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Number Two (The Prisoner) Number Two was the title of the chief administrator of The Village in the 1967-68 British television series "The Prisoner". More than 17 different actors appeared as holders of the office during the 17-episode series (some episodes featured more than one "Number Two", most notably "It's Your Funeral" which featured two Number Twos in major roles and images of two others). In the 2009 reboot series, Number 2 was played by Ian McKellen, the character being referred to simply as "Two". The first episode, "Arrival", established that the person assigned to the position is frequently changed. Document [35] (Title: Four (2012 film)) Four (2012 film) Four is a 2012 American independent feature film written and directed by Joshua Sanchez. It is based on the play of the same name by Christopher Shinn. The film stars Wendell Pierce, Emory Cohen, Aja Naomi King and E.J. Bonilla. The film premiered at the 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival where its ensemble cast won the top acting award. E.J. Bonilla received an Imagen Award nomination for his performance and Wendell Pierce received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for his performance. "Four" took over five years to make and the film started several times before it was Document [36] (Title: History of Blake's 7) One" using Nation's original outline. In Series Two, some cast changes occurred. David Jackson (Gan) was not upset that his character would die because Jackson was given little to do in many episodes. According to Chris Boucher, Jackson once passed him a note with the word 'four' written on it. When Boucher queried the note, Jackson explained that 'four' was the number of lines he had in that week's script. It was originally intended that Gan would be killed by a double agent who would then join the "Liberator" crew as a Federation spy. Stephen Greif, who had torn an Document [37] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) by The Prisoner, he is wearing a mask of an ape, but when this mask is removed, the face of Number Six himself is revealed. Number One then climbs up a ladder and seals a hatch behind him, laughing madly all the while. A clear, direct statement regarding Number One is never forthcoming even when it is the subject of discussion in the series, with Number Two in "The Chimes of Big Ben" declaring, "It doesn't matter who Number One is." In "Free For All", when The Prisoner and Number Two are discussing the consequences of being elected Number Two, Document [38] (Title: Alex Scott (actor)) also appeared in "A Number", a play by Caryl Churchill and directed by Frank Howson, in 2006. Scott grew up in Ballarat, Victoria, and was educated at St Patrick's College, Ballarat; Xavier College in Melbourne; and the University of Melbourne. He lived in Toorak, Victoria, and had two sons, Rainer and Daniel, from his first marriage His wife is Barbara Ady-Potger cousin of the Seekers band member Keith Potger.AO. He has a step daughter named Rebecca. Scott died peacefully at his home in Toorak on 25 June 2015. Alex Scott (actor) Alex Scott (18 September 1929 – June 2015) was Document [39] (Title: David Healy (actor)) David Healy (actor) David Healy (May 15, 1929 – October 25, 1995) was an American-born actor who appeared in British and American television shows. Healy was born in New York City. His television credits include voices for the Supermarionation series "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons", "Joe 90" and "The Secret Service", as well as parts in "UFO", "The Troubleshooters", "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)", "Strange Report", "Dickens of London", "Space Police" (a TV pilot), "Space Precinct" and "Dallas". He also starred as Dr. Watson opposite Ian Richardson's Sherlock Holmes in the 1983 TV film of "The Sign of Four". His big Document [40] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks. Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm, using a format known as Super 1:85. Beaver, the former Conley Inn in Homewood, and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca. A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer; Port Vue, North Park, New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations. The setting of the film's fictional town of Paradise, Ohio is Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, where filming took place Document [41] (Title: Number Six (song)) Number Six (song) "Number Six" is single by Alice Nine It was released on October 4, 2006, coinciding with the release of "Blue Planet". "Number Six" was created as a small film. The regular edition had an audio of "Number Six", the music video and the making-of the film, while the limited edition had the music video for "Number Six", the small film, and the making of the film. The making of from the regular edition, was different from the making of from the limited edition version. "Number Six" is also one of four previously released singles released with Alice Document [42] (Title: Teresa Palmer) In 2009, Palmer formed the film production company Avakea Productions, with Australian actresses Tahyna Tozzi and Nathalie Kelley. She was a guest judge on MTV Australia, for the Sydney filmmaking talent contest, Optus one80project. She also filmed an ad campaign that year for the Australian jean store, Just Jeans, and became the face and spokesperson for the Jurlique cosmetics company. In 2011, Palmer starred in the sci-fi adventure film, "I Am Number Four", alongside Alex Pettyfer and Dianna Agron. She played Number Six, one of nine aliens hiding out on Earth because her home planet was destroyed. Her character was Document [43] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment. Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel "I Am Number Four" to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks. A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams, with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009, with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project. The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of "The Twilight Saga" films, and the potential of establishing a film franchise, with at least six more installments planned by the book's publisher. Document [44] (Title: I Am Number Four) book is told in the first person by Number Four, who takes the name "John Smith". As the story begins, he and his guardian or Cepân, "Henri", learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise, Ohio, assuming new identities aka John Smith. There, John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and "adopts" a dog identified by its name tag as "Bernie Kosar". He also meets and is attracted to a fellow student, Sarah Hart, who is working as a photographer. Sarah's ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James, is a bully who torments both John and Sam. During the Halloween Document [45] (Title: Hammer into Anvil) spies at every turn, Number Six proceeds to act in a highly suspicious manner, as if he were some sort of spy or double agent. He takes six copies of the same record of Bizet's "L'Arlésienne" suite at the music store and plays them, eyeing his watch. He then writes out a message, that Number Fourteen retrieves a copy of, which claims to be from "D-6" to "XO4." Number Two is convinced that Number Six is a plant. Number Two and Number Fourteen follow Number Six to where he drops a document in the cabin of the stone boat. They Document [46] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Motion Pictures. "The Hollywood Reporter" estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million. The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18, 2011, received generally negative reviews, and grossed $150 million. John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien. He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians, who destroyed Lorien. Here, John is protected by a Guardian, Henri, and has developed powers, including enhanced strength, speed and agility, as well as seven other powers he will develop later in life, known as legacies. He Document [47] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) Number Six (Battlestar Galactica) Number Six is a family of fictional characters from the reimagined science fiction television series "Battlestar Galactica". She is portrayed by Canadian actress and model Tricia Helfer. Of the twelve known Cylon models, she is the sixth of the "Significant Seven". Like the others of the "Significant Seven", there are several versions of her, including Caprica-Six, Shelly Godfrey, Gina Inviere, Natalie Faust, Lida, and Sonja. She is the only model that does not use one particular human alias for all copies. The character was named after Number Six, Patrick McGoohan's character from the show "The Prisoner". Document [48] (Title: Many Happy Returns (The Prisoner)) milk float driver or that he was in on the switch. Additionally, the Colonel says, "You're a stubborn fellow, Number Six"; it is also left ambiguous whether he is genuinely joking or he is actually subtly hinting that he is also in on the deception. In this episode Patrick Cargill plays the character of Thorpe. In the previous episode in production, Hammer into Anvil, he portrays a particularly cruel Number Two. It was common practice during production of The Prisoner to reuse actors to save time and because they were known to be reliable. In this case, it could be Document [49] (Title: A. B. and C.) as the phone from Number One ominously rings... While it is never definitively indicated whether the Number Two in this episode is the same Number Two played by Colin Gordon in "The General", there is evidence to suggest that he is. "The General" was the tenth episode of the series produced, and "A. B. and C." was the eleventh. Moreover, in the opening sequence of "A. B. and C.", when Number Six asks "Who are you?" Number Two replies ""I am" Number Two." This would indicate he is still the same Number Two from the previous episode, as at the Document [50] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) him to head west since he told his father he was heading east, and returns a magic box left to John by his Dad that Henri hid that was in police evidence. John thanks Mark and promises Sarah that he will come back to Paradise to find her. While they share their goodbye kiss a hurt and slightly agitated Mark is shown, before shakes his head before waving and putting a fake smile. The movie ends with John, Sam, Bernie and Number Six driving out towards the sunset smiling and vowing to protect their new home, Earth. The film was Document [51] (Title: Alfred Sandor) up citizenship), to appear in a touring production of "Plaza Suite", the play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (with Lorraine Bayly and Mona Richardson), and he appeared in the film "Nickel Queen", whilst doing television work with roles in "Number 96", "Division 4", "Boney" and "The Evil Touch". However, he would become best known for his long-running role as the "dandy" surgeon Dr. Raymond Shaw in the Australian television soap opera "The Young Doctors". An original cast member of the serial, he continued in the role for six years, leaving around 20 episodes before the end. After suffering from Document [52] (Title: The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)) York City. He had met and seduced a mysterious woman in a diner. He finds himself locked in a battle of wills against Number 2, the Village's leader, who goes to great lengths to make Number 6 assimilate. Number 6, meanwhile, tries to contact "dreamers"—Village residents who, like him, have been experiencing flashes of memory of their lives outside of the Village. Along the way, he befriends Number 147, a Village taxi driver; Number 313, a doctor with whom Number 6 develops a romantic connection, but who has her own secrets; and "11–12", Number 2's son, who begins to question Document [53] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) she just has this vibe about her. Nobody gets how hard that role is, to bring the depth, the vulnerability and the mystery to essentially a robot chick." Among the other actresses who auditioned for the role were Melinda Clarke and Leah Cairns, who went on to play Racetrack. In 2006, Tricia Helfer was awarded the Leo Award for "Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series" for her role as Number Six in the episode "Pegasus". Number Six (Battlestar Galactica) Number Six is a family of fictional characters from the reimagined science fiction television series "Battlestar Galactica". Document [54] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) that the 21-year-old British actor would play the lead. Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film "The A-Team". Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant. Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth. DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead. Dianna Agron, a star in the Fox television series "Glee", won the role. She plays Sarah Hart, a girl who used Document [55] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) I Am Number Four (film) I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Marti Noxon, is based on the novel of the same name, one of the "Lorien Legacies" young adult science fiction novels. Produced by Michael Bay, "I Am Number Four" was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures, as part of the studio's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Document [56] (Title: Danica McKellar) "The New York Times", "I thought that the two were really, really first-rate." For her past collaborative work on research papers, McKellar is currently assigned the Erdős number four, and her Erdős–Bacon number is six. At age seven, McKellar enrolled in weekend acting classes for children at the Lee Strasberg Institute in Los Angeles. In her teens, she landed a prominent role in "The Wonder Years", an American television comedy-drama that ran for six seasons on ABC, from 1988 to 1993. She played Gwendolyn "Winnie" Cooper, the main love interest of Kevin Arnold (played by Fred Savage) on the show. Document [57] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) some responsibility with the British government, possibly in some branch of British Intelligence, but the exact nature of his job is not known. During the episode "Once Upon a Time", Number 6 undergoes an intense form of brainwashing/interrogation in which his mind is reverted to that of a child, and he is made to relive major events of his life. Among these events presented is the suggestion that, as a young man, Number 6 caused a fatal car accident due to speeding. It is also suggested that he attended some sort of private school and was once punished for not Document [58] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) mind-transfer machine after Saltzman reconfigures it. The unconscious body of Number Six awakens with the correct mind in place. However, the process has been too much for the elderly Saltzman, who is dying. Oscar is flown out of the Village in the helicopter while Number Six sits by the dying Saltzman's side. Later, Number Two basks in his victory while Six awaits Saltzman's end. But Six reveals that the reversal process never required a third man. Saltzman then revives briefly, speaking of the orders of Number One, and then dies. Six grimly bids farewell to Saltzman—who is actually Oscar, in Document [59] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Trevor Rabin. A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010, and a full-length trailer premiered on December 8. Advertisements ran in "Seventeen" and "Teen Vogue" magazines, Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011. Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign. A cast tour, in association with American retailer Hot Topic, and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film. "I Am Number Four" premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9, 2011. The film was Document [60] (Title: I Am Number Four) was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them. Henri is killed, but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him. John survives, though he is very weak, and the Mogadorians are defeated. Promising to return for Sarah, John leaves Paradise, along with Number Six, Sam, and Bernie Kosar. "I Am Number Four" has received mixed reviews. Kirkus Reviews wrote, "If it were a Golden Age comic, this tale of ridiculous science, space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad." Document [61] (Title: Class (2016 TV series)) On 4 April 2016, the main cast of the programme was unveiled. Greg Austin, Fady Elsayed, Sophie Hopkins and Vivian Oparah star as four Sixth Formers, with Austin playing a character named Charlie, while Katherine Kelly portrays Miss Quill, a Coal Hill Academy teacher. Nigel Betts reprises his role as Mr. Armitage from "Into the Dalek", "The Caretaker" and "Dark Water" from the eighth series of "Doctor Who". Paul Marc Davis appears in a recurring role in the programme. Anna Shaffer portrays a character named Rachel in the programme. Patrick Ness revealed on Twitter that one of the lead characters Document [62] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names after Bernie Kosar. He also falls for an amateur photographer, Sarah Hart. Her ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam. During the Halloween Festival, Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods, where they try to beat John up. However, he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah. Sam witnesses this, which forces John to reveal his true origins. The next day, Mark's father, the local sheriff, interrogates Henri on John's whereabouts when his son and his Document [63] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Funeral". Two more visible signs are a multicoloured scarf (similar in style to a British academic scarf) and a colourful seat stick umbrella (used as a cane). Most, though not all, Number Twos use these symbolic objects. Each Number Two is also served by the same diminutive, silent manservant, portrayed by Angelo Muscat, who appeared in every episode except "Many Happy Returns", "Living in Harmony" and "The Girl Who Was Death". Only two Number Twos were removed as a punishment for failure: Patrick Cargill in "Hammer Into Anvil" is manipulated by Number Six into reporting his own incompetence, and Colin Document [64] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) 1974. Playing the part of Bev Houghton, Abigail quickly emerged as the show's most famous sex symbol. She left the series suddenly in June 1973 in a burst of publicity, to be replaced in the role by another actress. Grasping magazine editor Maggie Cameron (Bettina Welch) became part owner of the building and sustained acrimonious enmities with several of the residents and the other owners. Her friend and sometimes rival was Flat 7 resident Vera Collins (Elaine Lee) who would be perpetually unlucky in love. Lawyer Don Finlayson (Joe Hasham) was revealed as gay in an early episode and had Document [65] (Title: Callan McAuliffe) Callan McAuliffe Callan Ryan Claude McAuliffe (born 24 January 1995) is an Australian actor, known for his roles as Bryce Loski in "Flipped" and Sam Goode in "I Am Number Four". He appeared as young Jay Gatsby in the 2013 film "The Great Gatsby". As of 2017, he has appeared on "The Walking Dead" as Alden. Callan McAuliffe is a native of the Sydney suburb of Clontarf. He is the son of Claudia Keech, and author and journalist Roger McAuliffe. His cousin is actress Jacinta John. Two of his grandparents were Irish. McAuliffe attended Scots College, an all boys school Document [66] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) charm, and when Six awakens restored to his own body, he declares, "I'll tell you nothing! I'm a free man!" At the end, Six sits with the dying Saltzman before revealing that the reversal process didn't need three men. "Only one could end up free," says Number Six in this brief scene. "It could have been me. But I felt it should be Saltzman. Because I'm going to escape "anyway"." This script was apparently rewritten, in the absence of Patrick McGoohan, and after the departure of George Markstein, becoming what was seen onscreen. <br> Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Document [67] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) Saltzman's body. A horrified Number Two calls the control room, only to learn that the helicopter and Saltzman are out of range. This original version of the story is more deeply developed in almost all respects. Number Two is portrayed as an arrogant, self-satisfied braggart who boasts to the Butler of being the one Number Two who won't be leaving his position. While the televised version ignores the issue of Number Six's resignation, the original script has Six angrily carrying it out. His interactions with Janet are also slightly different, with Janet being forceful and unwilling to play what she Document [68] (Title: I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am) version. I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am" (also "I'm Henery the VIII, I Am" or "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"; spelled "Henery" but pronounced "'Enery" in the Cockney style normally used to sing it) is a 1910 British music hall song by Fred Murray and R. P. Weston. It was a signature song of the music hall star Harry Champion. In 1965, it became the fastest-selling song in history to that point when it was revived by Herman's Hermits, becoming the group's second number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The lead solo on Document [69] (Title: Eva Six) Six". She appeared in a number of films before retiring. Eva Six Eva Six (born 1937) was a Hungarian born actress who achieved some fame in the early 1960s as a Zsa Zsa Gabor type. She was born Éva Klein in Budapest, Hungary, to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. Her father died during the war, and her mother changed the family surname to avoid detection by the Nazis. She won a beauty contest after the war. She and her husband fled Hungary following the 1956 uprising and moved to Hollywood in 1960. James H. Nicholson of American International Pictures Document [70] (Title: Clifford Evans (actor)) Carledo in "The Curse of the Werewolf" (1961) and Professor Zimmer, an inebriated vampire-hunter, in "The Kiss of the Vampire" (1963). His last film role may have been in the movie "Dylan" (1978). On television, Evans appeared with George Woodbridge and Tim Turner in the 15-episode series "Stryker of the Yard" (1957). Between 1965 and 1969, he played a major role in the TV boardroom drama "The Power Game", playing building tycoon Caswell Bligh. He is also among several British actors to play the character of Number Two in "The Prisoner" ("Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling", 1967). He Document [71] (Title: Hammer into Anvil) of a conspiracy. Number Fourteen fights with Number Six, who throws him out a window. In the end, Number Six confronts an unnerved and agitated Number Two, who expresses the belief that Number Six is really "D-6", a man sent by "XO4" to test his security. Feeding on Number Two's paranoia, Number Six charges Number Two with treason: if Number Two's belief was true, then he would be duty-bound not to interfere. At Number Six's suggestion, Number Two calls the hotline to Number One to report his own failures and ask that he be replaced. Hammer into Anvil "Hammer into Document [72] (Title: Fall Out (The Prisoner)) to both Fairclough and Kenneth Griffith himself, McGoohan was so pressed for time that the actor was asked to write his own dialogue. While Leo McKern's Number Two is the same character that previously appeared, Kanner's Number 48 is almost certainly a different character from those he played in "Living in Harmony" (where his character in fact dies) and "The Girl Who Was Death", but it is unclear whether Griffith's character is the same one that was the Number Two in the latter episode. It was, however, not unusual in "The Prisoner" for actors to play different characters in different Document [73] (Title: I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am) I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am" (also "I'm Henery the VIII, I Am" or "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"; spelled "Henery" but pronounced "'Enery" in the Cockney style normally used to sing it) is a 1910 British music hall song by Fred Murray and R. P. Weston. It was a signature song of the music hall star Harry Champion. In 1965, it became the fastest-selling song in history to that point when it was revived by Herman's Hermits, becoming the group's second number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The lead solo on the Document [74] (Title: 6 (film)) 6 (film) 6 Melugu Varthigal (also known as 6 Candles or 6) is a 2013 Tamil crime thriller film written and directed by V. Z. Durai. It stars Shaam and Poonam Kaur in the lead roles. This film sees the lead character sport six different looks and going around six different states to solve a mystery. The film was released on 20 September 2013 with positive reviews. Ram is a young software engineer who lives with his wife, Lizzy, and their son, Gautham in Chennai. They lead a normal life up until one day when Ram and Lizzy lose Gautham Document [75] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) genius, with tremendous proficiency and expertise in subjects ranging from fencing, boxing and marksmanship to mathematics, languages and astronomy. Prior to his capture by the Village, he was engaged to be married to Janet Portland, the daughter of his superior, Sir Charles Portland. It is not clear why Number 6 was captured. One theory is that those in control of the Village are testing Number 6 to find out why he resigned from his engineering work. Several episodes allude that residents of the Village are either scientists or ex-spies. In the final episode,"Fall Out", Number 6 and several other residents Document [76] (Title: Kathleen Clifford) "Who Is Number One?" opposite silent film actor Cullen Landis. She appeared in several high-profile roles throughout the late 1910s and early 1920s, most notably: opposite Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. in the 1919 comedy "When the Clouds Roll By", in the crime drama "Kick In" opposite Betty Compson, May McAvoy and Bert Lytell (1922), and in the role of 'Queen Berengaria' opposite Wallace Beery and the young actress Marguerite De La Motte in "Richard the Lion-Hearted" (1923). Clifford's last silent film was the 1928 James Cruze-directed comedy "Excess Baggage" opposite silent film actor William Haines. With the advent of talkies Clifford Document [77] (Title: Judy McBurney) was in 1972 as Ella Belairs in ABC's adaption of "The Cousin from Fiji," based on a novel by Norman Lindsay. Another early and memorable role was as Aldith in "Seven Little Australians". In late 1973, McBurney was cast in the role of key new character Marilyn McDonald in "Number 96" but before any of her scenes had gone to air and with about 30 scenes in the can she had to withdraw from the role due to illness. This left her replacement, Frances Hargreaves, to reshoot all of McBurney's scenes. McBurney then went into the ongoing role of plain-Jane Document [78] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes. In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township. Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key, Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge. "I Am Number Four" was edited by Jim Page, with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens. The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Document [79] (Title: Number One (Babylon 5)) she initially got into Babylon 5: As to portraying the character, Swallow wrote in "Starlog" in September 1998: Number One (Babylon 5) Tessa Holloran, also known as Number One, is a recurring fictional character in the television series "Babylon 5", and was portrayed by United States actress Marjorie Monaghan. On the show, Number One was initially the leader of the resistance movement on Mars and later became head of covert intelligence for the Interstellar Alliance. During the time frame "Babylon 5" takes place, Mars was a human space colony seeking (at times violently) independence from the Earth Alliance, and the Document [80] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) franchise, but "I Am Number Four" familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy, derivative, and ultimately forgettable sci-fi thriller." Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". "Empire Magazine" gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said, "If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come. This could be the start of something great." "I Am Number Document [81] (Title: Grady Tate) Gilberto, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Quincy Jones, Stan Getz, Wes Montgomery, and Michel Legrand. Among his most widely heard vocal performances are the songs "I Got Six", "Naughty Number Nine", and "Fireworks" from "Multiplication Rock" and "America Rock", both part of the "Schoolhouse Rock" series. For the 1973 motion picture "Cops And Robbers", Tate sang the title song, written by Michel Legrand and Jacques Wilson. On Mark Murphy's album "Living Room", Tate shares the vocal on a medley of Misty and Midnight Sun. He joined the faculty of Howard University in 1989. Grady Tate died Document [82] (Title: A Change of Mind) table and the Social Conversion process is explained to a Village television audience by Number Eighty-six, who is the chief technician in charge. Drugged, Number Six is subjected to an ultra-sonic treatment which lobotomizes him. At the last second, Number Eighty-six shuts off the ultrasound. Number Six wakes up, apparently docile, returns to the community, and is welcomed by all. In his flat he sees his cup of tea being drugged by Number Eighty-six and pours it away. Number Two arrives and questions Number Six about his resignation, but is rebuffed. Number Two and Number Eighty-six discuss Number Six and Document [83] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) is protected by a Loric charm which protects him from all Mogadorian harm as long as he is hurt out of order; he can only be hurt after the first three loriens are killed in order. The Mogadorians, led by the Commander, learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them. The Lorien can only be killed in sequence; Number One through Number Nine. Three of them are already dead, with John being Number Four. Knowing this, he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise, Ohio, where John befriends Document [84] (Title: Free for All (The Prisoner)) he will finally meet Number 1. Number 58, a newly arrived young woman who speaks only an unidentified Slavic-sounding foreign language is assigned to Number 6 as his assistant. Both men campaign for the office, with Number 6 subversively offering freedom if he is elected. Number 6 participates ambivalently, but abruptly makes a break for freedom himself in the midst of the campaign by escaping in a motorboat. He is retrieved on the water by Rover while he robotically mouths campaign platitudes. Number 6 and Number 2 drink and commiserate in a cave where illegal liquor is distilled and Number Document [85] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) name onscreen but referred to as "Tough Six" in the shooting script, was instrumental in the mysterious disappearance of Ms. Shelly Godfrey from "Galactica", using a wig and a change of clothes to imitate Godfrey's appearance and confuse the marines who were tailing her, making them think that Godfrey had gotten further ahead of them when the real Godfrey was pulled into another corridor by John Cavil. Godfrey and Cavil then slipped away and Cavil airlocked Godfrey, while the marines were chasing Tough Six, who evaded them. The ultimate fate of Tough Six is unknown, whether she was captured and Document [86] (Title: Dianna Agron) the science-fiction action thriller "I Am Number Four". Agron appeared in the concert film of "Glee", "". She then played Belle Blake in the film "The Family", opposite Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones, and Michelle Pfeiffer. The film was released on September 13, 2013, and received negative reviews. "The Family" debuted at #2 in its first weekend with $14.5 million. Critics praised Agron's performance. Tom Medley wrote, "[Agron] gives the best performance in the film as a really sexy teenager coming of sexual age." Writing for "The Huffington Post", Zorianna Kit said, "De Niro, Pfeiffer and Jones all brought Document [87] (Title: Danger Man) same person. Like John Drake, Number Six is evidently a secret agent, but one who has resigned from his job. According to "The Prisoner: The Official Companion" by Robert Fairclough, the "Prisoner" episode "The Girl Who Was Death" was based upon a two-part "Danger Man" script that had been planned for the fourth series. In this surreal episode, Number Six meets "Potter", John Drake's "Danger Man" contact. Christopher Benjamin portrayed the character in both series. As well as guest-starring in this show, Paul Eddington played another spy and No.6's former colleague, Cobb, in the opening episode of the latter show. Document [88] (Title: Number One (Babylon 5)) Number One (Babylon 5) Tessa Holloran, also known as Number One, is a recurring fictional character in the television series "Babylon 5", and was portrayed by United States actress Marjorie Monaghan. On the show, Number One was initially the leader of the resistance movement on Mars and later became head of covert intelligence for the Interstellar Alliance. During the time frame "Babylon 5" takes place, Mars was a human space colony seeking (at times violently) independence from the Earth Alliance, and the issues on the red planet were story elements throughout the "Babylon 5" series. Number One first appeared in Document [89] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) friends were attacked. Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave. John refuses because of Sarah. Meanwhile, the Mogadorians continue searching for John, while being trailed by another Garde, Number Six, who is also trying to locate Number Four. Number Six's guardian was killed, and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians. She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted. The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri. When John Document [90] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) did my duty." It is unclear if the Colonel is simply assuming that Number Two's superior is Number One or if he has actually met Number One, although the original shooting script makes it clear that "Oscar" (the Colonel) has indeed met One, and has a conversation with him whilst observing Six behind a two-way mirror. The Colonel is certainly not part of the Village's usual operating staff and does not have a number himself. Perhaps significantly, Number Six does not appear to hear his statement. In the final episode, Number One initially appears as a hooded figure. When confronted Document [91] (Title: I Am Number Four) them since Three's death) and later by Henri, Mark, and Bernie Kosar ("the dog"). John sends Mark off, exhorting him to protect Sarah. A furious battle ensues, during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather, and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra. Sam arrives partway through the battle. John kills a soldier, Bernie Kosar battles a Piken, and at key moments John is helped by his human friends, but in the end they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power. Six is wounded and taken to relative safety. John uses an ability he Document [92] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) (who became Seltzman in the aired version), the inventor of the body-swap machine. Meanwhile, Number Six's former employer, the Colonel, is shown to be in collusion with a mysterious, unseen figure, an apparent agent of the Village. They are collaborating to manipulate Six into locating Saltzman, intending to follow Six as he finds the scientist. Six returns to his house to find Janet, his fiancée, who doesn't recognize him. Six offers Janet a deal in exchange for locating her missing lover. He later meets her at her birthday party and reclaims from her a receipt for developed photographs held at Document [93] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) with the same constraint of Patrick McGoohan's limited availability. The beginning is similar, with Number Two meeting the Colonel, here named Oscar, the man whose body Number Six's mind will occupy. But in this earlier draft of the story, Number Six awakens in his flat in a furious mood, storming to his office to angrily resign. Only at the office does he realize that his appearance is not his own and that a year of his life is missing. Fearing that this is a ploy to force him to reveal confidential information, Six leaves the office, determined to find "Saltzman" Document [94] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director. In its first three weeks of release, 316,081 Blu-ray units were sold in the US, bringing in $7,693,808. As of October 2, 2011, the standard DVD of 'I am Number Four' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States, generating $12,571,326, and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33% approval rating and an average rating of 4.8/10 based on 158 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's positioned as the start of a Document [95] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) from all over the world ask, "Where's the next movie?" I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it'll be interesting. I don't know if I'd be involved, but I know they're talking about it." In a 2015 interview, James Frey, the co-author of the series, said that he hoped more movies would be made. I Am Number Four (film) I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Document [96] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) telling the headmaster about some of his friends' rule-breaking activities. Later in the episode, it is also stated that Number 6 was a bomb-aimer during "The War." It was also established that Number 6 worked for a British banking firm before being enrolled in a top secret government job. Other episodes suggest that he was a spy or similar operative, though director Alex Cox stated in a 2017 book that he was in fact a rocket engineer who resigned from his work because he felt his research was being misused. He is shown to be highly sagacious, if not a Document [97] (Title: It's Your Funeral) detonated during the forthcoming Appreciation Day ceremony. Number Six returns to Number Two's house the following day, but he meets a different Number Two. This Number Two, seemingly the "primary" Number Two with the others Number Six had dealt with being substitutes for him while he was away, is older and tells Number Six that he is aware of the warning – in fact, Number Six has warned every previous Number Two that they are to be assassinated, and he is not concerned because he is about to retire. Number Six is shown footage of himself purportedly warning previous Number Document [98] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) sent by John's biological parents to protect him. John and Number Six, who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks, continue to fight the Mogadorians. They eventually defeat them all, including the Commander. The following day, John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde. John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam's father. They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians, leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark, who lies to his father about John's whereabouts, telling Document [99] (Title: Alexis Kanner) some opposition to the choice, but McGoohan was looking to cast the rebellious and maverick qualities that Kanner displayed. His first guest-star role was in the mock Wild West episode "Living in Harmony", in which he portrayed the "Kid" (the alter-ego of Number Eight), a violent mute dressed in circus pants and a top hat, who is eventually shot in a duel by McGoohan's character, Number Six. McGoohan was impressed by his acting skills and perfectionism (to prepare the duel scene, both actors practised quick-draw assiduously). As a result, McGoohan wrote for Kanner the role of Number Forty-eight, who is Document [100] (Title: The Schizoid Man (The Prisoner)) who happens to bear a very strong resemblance to Number Six. The real Number Six is subjected to an intensive course of aversion therapy, altering his tastes and instincts, and training him to do everything left-handed. He is drugged to wipe his memory of the treatment. When he awakes, he is treated as "Number Twelve", while the lookalike assumes the role of Number Six. The real Number Six is informed by Number Two of the plan to break "Number Six" (the impostor) by convincing him that he is not Number Six at all. Six and Twelve engage in various challenges Document [101] (Title: Six (film)) Six (film) Six is a 2013 Telugu language Bollywood film, created by Vega Entertainments Pvt Ltd. The suspense thriller was produced by Bollamoni Krishna and directed by Srikanth Lingaad. It stars Jagapati Babu, Gayathri Iyer in the lead roles and music was composed by Ravi Varma. The film, which was also dubbed into Hindi, was a flop. The film is set in Uravakonda, a remote village situated in India (Nallamala Hills or Forest). The plot is based on a series of mysterious deaths that occur during nighttime. The villagers become afraid to leave their homes between 6:00pm-6:00am. The police were Document [102] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) a war against Germany and was born on 19 March 1928 (which is also McGoohan's birthday). The flashback setup in "Once Upon a Time" suggests that Number Six was a bomber crewman, most likely with RAF Bomber Command. His seated position relative to the pilot (portrayed in illusion by Number Two) indicates that he was a bombardier/navigator. In the episode "Many Happy Returns" he claims that his name is "Peter Smith" and expects it to appear on his house lease and car log book. In the episode "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling" the Prisoner, in another man's body, Document [103] (Title: Alex Pettyfer) August 2009, and the film was released on 4 March 2011. Pettyfer portrayed the main character in "I Am Number Four", released in February 2011. The film co-starred Timothy Olyphant, Dianna Agron and Teresa Palmer, and was directed by D.J. Caruso, produced by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg. He was offered the part of Jace Wayland in the upcoming portrayal of Cassandra Clare's best selling book, "City of Bones". Jamie Campbell Bower was later cast as Jace Wayland. Pettyfer had also been offered a part in an upcoming film adaption of Joseph Delaney's "The Wardstone Chronicles", but Document [104] (Title: Callan McAuliffe) in "Flipped", directed by Rob Reiner. He auditioned for the film while on vacation in the United States and won the role of Bryce, the lead. The film is based on the 2001 novel of the same title by Wendelin Van Draanen. In May 2010, McAuliffe was cast in a lead role in the science fiction film "I Am Number Four" based on the novel of the same title by Pittacus Lore, the film is produced by Steven Spielberg and Michael Bay. He played Sam, the best friend of Alex Pettyfer's title character. He then appeared in the Australian miniseries Document [105] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Gordon in "A, B and C" is repeatedly warned over the telephone about the consequences of failure. In "A Change of Mind" Number Two is effectively driven out of The Village after Number Six manipulates the population to turn against him. In the episode "Free for All" the Village holds an election for Number Two, and the serving Number Two (Eric Portman) insists to Number Six that Number Twos are "democratically elected by the people". However, this election turns out to be another ploy to break Number Six. In contrast, the Number Two of "The Chimes of Big Ben" (played Document [106] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) Since her debut in the mini-series, a leitmotif has been used in scenes featuring Tricia Helfer as Six. This simple 9-note motif was composed by Richard Gibbs. The 9/8 figure is divided unevenly into a group of 3 notes, followed by 3 groups of 2. It is almost always performed on a gamelan, and also plays over the introduction to each episode of the series. On the published series soundtrack, the melody is listed as "The Sense of Six". Copies of Number Six appear regularly, mostly within Cylon society. Several notable versions have had more prominent roles: At the beginning Document [107] (Title: Number Four (Battlestar Galactica)) the truce is broken when Galen Tyrol murders Tory Foster. The Four in the CIC is shot dead by Starbuck in the ensuing fight. The remaining Fours aboard the Colony all perish when it falls into the naked singularity it was orbiting and is obliterated. Number Four (Battlestar Galactica) Simon O'Neill (Number Four), is a fictional character, a Cylon from the reimagined "Battlestar Galactica" series. He first appears in The Farm (August 2005), an episode written by Carla Robinson and directed by Rod Hardy. Like the Cavils and Number Threes, and in contrast to Leobens, Dorals, Number Sixes, and Number Document [108] (Title: You Again) association with Miramax, DreamWorks, and Lucasfilm. As a result of this, Touchstone signed a deal with DreamWorks Pictures in 2011 starting with "I Am Number Four". In 2002, Marni Olsen (Kristen Bell) is an acne-riddled high school sophomore in Ridgefield, California, with glasses and braces, making a video about how much she hates high school, and reveals how she is tormented and bullied by other children, specifically J-J the high school mean girl (Odette Yustman), who made Marni's high school life miserable. She adds that her protective older brother, Will (James Wolk), was very popular as a handsome basketball player. Document [109] (Title: Dance of the Dead (The Prisoner)) Dutton is to be executed. Later, he enters a morgue and finds that the body floated out to sea has been discovered. Number Two explains that the corpse will be altered to resemble Number Six, so that the outside world will assume he has died at sea. The soiree ends, however, in a kangaroo court with Number Six on trial for the possession of the radio. After arguments for the prosecution (by Number 240) and defense (by Number Two), Number Six asks for Roland Walter Dutton to be called as a character witness. When Dutton is produced he is dressed Document [110] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) deliberate red herring in subsequent episodes of "Battlestar Galactica." The telemovie "" reveals that, Godfrey is indeed an actual Six. After the photo was discovered to be fake, the Number One on board Galactica who was coordinating Cylon efforts made her enter an airlock and be killed so she could download and give Galactica's coordinates to the Cylon fleet. Another Six donned a wig and clothing identical to Godfrey's in order to confuse the guards and allow Godfrey to get away from them. In the hallway, Cavil intimates that Godfrey has failed to produce convincing fake evidence because she is Document [111] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) in "The Los Angeles Times", he stated that "John Drake of "Secret Agent" is gone." Furthermore, McGoohan stated in a 1985 interview that Number 6 is not the same character as John Drake, adding that he had originally wanted another actor to portray the character. However, script editor George Markstein, who co-created the series with McGoohan, always claimed that Number 6 is John Drake. According to Markstein, he conceived "The" "Prisoner" as a sequel of "Danger Man" when McGoohan resigned from the role. Official novels based on the series also make this connection, specifically those written by Thomas Disch and Document [112] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) from June to July 2010. Producers chose Vandergrift as the "hero town" of the film because of its unique look and curved streets, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park. Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area, due to its proximity to nearby woods, a part of the film's plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front. Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates Document [113] (Title: Tricia Helfer) Charlie. In 2003, the television series "Battlestar Galactica" was used as the basis for a three hour miniseries on the Sci Fi channel. The project was written and produced by Ronald D. Moore and directed by Michael Rymer. Helfer played the role of Number Six, a humanoid Cylon operative. She continued that role as a regular cast member in the TV series, which completed its fourth and final season on March 20, 2009. Due to the special nature of the Number Six character – there are many "copies" of Number Six with distinct personalities – Helfer has, in effect, played Document [114] (Title: Jeffrey Lynn) not to "go bad", Lynn won excellent reviews. Lynn reprised his "Four Daughters" role in "Four Wives" (1939). He was the male lead in "A Child Is Born" (1939) co-starring with Geraldine Fitzgerald, and he was reunited with Cagney in "The Fighting 69th" (1940), though billed beneath Pat O'Brien and George Brent. He played poet-soldier Joyce Kilmer. Lynn was Ann Sheridan's love interest in "It All Came True" (1940), battling Humphrey Bogart, and was third billed in "All This, and Heaven Too" (1940) with Bette Davis and Charles Boyer. Lynn was Olivia de Havilland's leading man in "My Love Came Document [115] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) Characters in The Prisoner Characters from the TV series The Prisoner. Number Six typically wears a dark brown jacket with off-white piping trim (often mistaken for a black jacket in some lighting conditions, but the original has been seen by fans in Portmeirion in the 1980s and is unfaded dark brown all over), a dark blue rollneck sweater, tan slacks, dark blue boating shoes with white soles, and forsakes his "6" ID badge. There were at least two dark jackets, with slight differences in the cream-coloured piping. Little is known about Number Six's background other than that he fought in Document [116] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) complaints stemming from the contradictions present in the comics when compared to the television series. "The Prisoner" was remade in a 2009 mini-series produced by AMC with Jim Caviezel playing the part of Number 6. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the remake was nominated for several awards, including an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie and Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Movie. Many fans of "The Prisoner" believe that Number 6 is really John Drake, the character that McGoohan played in "Danger Man." McGoohan has always denied the theory, and in a 1966 interview Document [117] (Title: M.I. High) and turning them into actors, so they were given acting coaching before filming began. Series 6 Oscar Jacques was confirmed to be playing Tom Tupper, the actor went to six auditions before he was told by the producer that he got the part. In June 2012 Paul Bamford was announced to be playing student Roly. Series 7 It was confirmed that two new characters would be introduced to the seventh series. Megan McGill would be playing the character Lady J and Sandy Bain playing Preston both actors are portraying new students. Filming for series four and five was confirmed to Document [118] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Ian McKellen in all six episodes. In the comic book miniseries "Shattered Visage", established as a sequel to "The Prisoner", the Number Two featured is the version played by McKern, with the permission of McKern. In "The Simpsons" episode "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes", Number Two was voiced by Hank Azaria. In Xavier Mauméjean's short story "Be Seeing You!", from the second volume of the "Tales of the Shadowmen" anthology series, Denis Nayland Smith is the original Number 2, in 1912. "TV Guide" included the character in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. Colin Gordon, Document [119] (Title: Five in a Row (song)) also parodied five Australian music acts. They were: Max Q (Jason Stephens playing Michael Hutchence), Dragon (Mick Molloy playing Marc Hunter), Daryl Braithwaite (played by Sitch), Kate Ceberano (played by Kennedy), and Midnight Oil (Sitch playing Peter Garrett). Five in a Row (song) "Five in a Row" was a 1989 single by Australian comedy team, The D-Generation. It reached a peak position of number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was co-written by The D-Generation members, Santo Cilauro, Tony Martin, Rob Sitch, and Tom Gleisner. Music written and produced by Colin Setches and John Grant. The song and its Document [120] (Title: I Am Number Four) I Am Number Four I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore (the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes) and the first book in the "Lorien Legacies" series. The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3, 2010, and spent seven successive weeks at #1 on the children's chapter of the "New York Times" bestseller list. DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to the film in June 2009; it was released on February 18, 2011 and was the first DreamWorks movie to be distributed by Disney's Touchstone Pictures. The novel is the first of Document [121] (Title: Norma Shearer) the line until seven had been selected—and he was still some ten feet ahead of us. I did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the cough, I stood on my tiptoes and smiled right at him. Recognizing the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked over to me and said, 'You win, Sis. You're Number Eight.'" Other extra parts followed, including one in "Way Down East", directed by D. W. Griffith. Taking advantage of a break in filming and standing shrewdly near a powerful arc light, Shearer Document [122] (Title: Biff McGuire) He debuted on Broadway in "Bright Boy" (1944). He was acclaimed for his role as Woody in the 1960 revival of the musical "Finian's Rainbow " and played King Arthur in one of the first national tours of "Camelot". On October 9, 1955, McGuire starred in the episode "Number Seven, Hangman's Row" of the CBS anthology series, "Appointment with Adventure". He also starred in the "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" episodes "The Gentleman From America" (1956), "The Hidden Thing" (1956), "Crackpot" (1957), and "Don't Interrupt" (1958). He appeared in such television series as "The Secret Storm" and "All My Children". McGuire was Document [123] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) John and Sarah. John saves Sarah from a fall, revealing his powers in the process, and they escape to their high school. Meanwhile, The Commander arrives in Paradise, in a convoy of trucks. He is confronted by Mark and his father, and after injuring the sheriff, he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding. Mark takes him to the school, which he knows is Sarah's hideout. There, John, Sarah, and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians, who brought two Piken to hunt the trio. They are saved by Number Six and Bernie, who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera Document [124] (Title: Lorien Legacies) story is told by two members of the Garde: Number Four (John Smith), who is on the run with Sam, Number Six, and Bernie Kosar (the pet of John Smith), and Number Seven (Marina), who is hiding at a convent in Spain. While John, Six and Sam try to stay ahead of the Mogadorians while searching for the other surviving Loric, Marina searches for news of John after his heroic battle at the school that came at the end of "I Am Number Four". The plot begins by showing what life is like for Marina in the convent. Marina starts Document [125] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Four" grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas, for a worldwide total of $149,878,437. It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend (February 25–27, 2011) with $28,086,805. The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893. In its second weekend, it dropped 43.4%, earning $11,016,126. The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China. It began in third place with $3.4 million, but had an increase of 91% in its second week, topping the box office with $6.4 million. In its third Document [126] (Title: Number Five (album)) Number Five (album) Number Five is a studio album by jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger, Tom Harrell, released in May 2012 by HighNote. This is the fifth album by Harrell's Quintet, which includes Wayne Escoffery on sax, Danny Grissett on piano, Ugonna Okegwo on bass, and Johnathan Blake on drums. Four tracks feature the full quintet. The other tracks feature arrangements in quartet, trio and duo, and on two tracks Harrell performs solo. This is a departure from Harrell's previous four albums in which 35 of the total 36 tracks featured the full quintet. Four tracks were recorded with no Document [127] (Title: A Change of Mind) but ultimately rallies and prevails. Number Eighty-six, still intoxicated with the drug, is hypnotised by Number Six and explains how the conditioning process was faked; she is given undisclosed instructions by Number Six. Number Six visits Number Two and convinces him that the ploy has worked, informing him that he wants to publicly confess to "everyone". Number Two arranges for the whole village to hear Number Six speak. The programmed Number Eighty-six arrives on cue at the stroke of 4 o'clock and loudly charges Number Two with being "unmutual". The Villagers turn on Number Two, who is forced to flee Document [128] (Title: Jake Abel) Jake Abel Jacob Allen Abel (born November 18, 1987) is an American actor and singer who is known for playing Adam Milligan in the CW series "Supernatural" (2009–10), Luke Castellan in the film adaptation of "" (2010), and its sequel, "" (2013), Mark James in the film adaptation of "I Am Number Four" (2011), Ian O'Shea in "The Host" (2013), and Mike Love in Love & Mercy. Abel was born in Canton, Ohio, the son of Kim and Mike Abel. He has a brother, Scott. His first credited role was in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Go Figure", playing Spencer. Document [129] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) to date a high school football player, but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret. Jake Abel plays the football player, Mark James, an antagonist in the film. Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric, Number Six, and 16-year-old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode, Number Four's best friend. Principal photography began on May 17, 2010, using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit. The film studio also had a positive experience shooting "She's Out of My League" in Pittsburgh in 2008. Document [130] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) released in theaters on February 18, 2011, and was also released in the IMAX format. The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on May 24, 2011. The release was produced in three different packages: a three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a single-disc DVD. The "Digital Copy" included with the 3-disc version is a stand-alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player. All releases include bloopers and the ""Becoming Number 6"" featurette, while the single-disc Blu-ray and Document [131] (Title: Sean Six) Sean Six Sean Six is an American actor who started acting at the age of 8. His first role was in the theater, in a production of "Fiddler on the Roof" at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. He is best known for his role as the Tenctonese teenager, Buck Francisco, in the cult science fiction TV series "Alien Nation". Sean landed this role after video of him acting in a play he co-wrote with a friend was viewed by producers of the Alien Nation series. Sean reprised this role in all five "Alien Nation" TV movies after the cancellation of Document [132] (Title: You Are Number Six) You Are Number Six You Are Number Six is the indie, new wave solo musical project of French producer, musician and songwriter Théo Lefebvre, based in Montpellier, France. The musical project started in 2014 with his first release in June titled, "Weird Tales", produced by Young Cubs and which was featured on SoundCloud's Discover page and warmly welcomed by famous indie blogs such as "Obscure Sound" or Indie Hoy. You Are Number Six has since released six EPs, including "Lensflares" on Emerald and Doreen Records in 2015, and "VHS Dreams" on Tree Machine Records in 2016. "Théo Lefebvre" was born Document [133] (Title: You Are Number Six) on June 6, 1993 and studied English literature in Montpellier before starting his musical project "You Are Number Six" in 2013. The name of the project is a reference to the 60s series The Prisoner and the famous sentence from the opening sequence. He is also the co-founder of the French record label "Slynt Records", which has released various EPs from Heclysma, Kapitals and Gliese & Kepler. You Are Number Six You Are Number Six is the indie, new wave solo musical project of French producer, musician and songwriter Théo Lefebvre, based in Montpellier, France. The musical project started in Document [134] (Title: Two 4 One) Two 4 One Two 4 One is a 2014 Canadian comedy-drama film that marks the debut of Victoria, British Columbia filmmaker Maureen Bradley. The film stars Gavin Crawford as Adam, a transman who agrees to have a one-night stand with his ex-girlfriend Miriam (Naomi Snieckus) during which he uses a mail order at-home pregnancy kit to artificially inseminate her with donated sperm. However, an accident during the encounter leaves both Adam and Miriam pregnant, forcing Adam, who has not yet completed the surgical phase of his gender transition, to confront the ways in which the pregnancy will influence his sense Document [135] (Title: Number 2 (Austin Powers)) Number 2 (Austin Powers) Number 2 is a fictional character in the "Austin Powers" franchise. He is played by Robert Wagner in all three films, while his younger self is played by Rob Lowe in "". He briefly appears as a teenager in a flashback in "Goldmember", portrayed by Evan Farmer. The character was modeled on the James Bond villain Emilio Largo who was number 2 of SPECTRE in the 1965 James Bond movie "Thunderball". His name is intended as a humorous dual parody. Number One is the traditional term for a First Officer in the British Navy. "Number 2" Document [136] (Title: Morphy number) with many current top players, has a Morphy number of 5: Anand played Efim Geller (Morphy number 4), who played Salo Flohr (Morphy number 3), who played Géza Maróczy (Morphy number 2), who played John Owen (Morphy number 1), who played Morphy. Taylor Kingston states that the idea of the Morphy number may have originated in a June 2000 note by Tim Krabbé, who has Morphy number 4. As of April 2016, Leonard Barden, Pal Benko, Arthur Bisguier, Melvin Chernev, Dennis Horne, Borislav Ivkov, Erik Karklins, Franciscus Kuijpers, Aleksandar Matanović, Friðrik Ólafsson, Jonathan Penrose, Oliver Penrose, and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer were Document [137] (Title: You Am I) in January 1999. By July 1999 the line-up of the group was augmented by Davey Lane of The Pictures on second guitar. Lane came to the band's attention via his work with The Pictures and by accurately transcribing You Am I's guitar tabs from "#4 Record" on an early fan site. Lane said – on "The Cream & the Crock" (November 2003) video documentary – that he almost decided not to be a part of the band, as he was "fucking up his favourite band by playing in it" after he had played his first show with them and stuffed Document [138] (Title: I Am Number Four) Book reviewed it as, "Riveting." It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Sellers List for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks. I Am Number Four I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore (the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes) and the first book in the "Lorien Legacies" series. The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3, 2010, and spent seven successive weeks at #1 on the children's chapter of the "New York Times" bestseller list. DreamWorks Pictures bought the Question: who played number 6 in i am number four Answer: Teresa Palmer Long Answer: Six is portrayed by Teresa Palmer in the film adaptation Gold Document ID: 129

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) edition of the special dropped the "And" from the original title and included a new introduction by Abigail. It concluded with a replay of the final episode's curtain call of actors. "Number 96" was rated number 9 in the 2005 television special "50 Years 50 Shows" which counted-down Australia's greatest television programs. The series was featured in the cinema documentary, "Not Quite Hollywood" (2008). Interviewees included "Number 96" alumni, actors Rebecca Gilling, Wendy Hughes, Lynette Curran, Briony Behets, Candy Raymond, Deborah Gray, Roger Ward, Norman Yemm, and an associate producer of "Number 96" and "The Unisexers", David Hannay. The first Document [2] (Title: Many Happy Returns (The Prisoner)) suggested when attempting to put the episodes into some sort of logical order, that "Many Happy Returns" should precede "Hammer into Anvil", supposing that Thorpe and Number Two are in fact the same character. Thorpe is installed in The Village as Number Two, a role he clearly relishes, allowing his cruelty and paranoia to come through – a weakness that Number Six exploits in order to break him. Number Six gives his name to Mrs. Butterworth when asked – Peter Smith. Given that he ponders over it before telling her, it may be an alias he thought up on the Document [3] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Leo McKern, Mary Morris and Peter Wyngarde were the only Number Two actors whose voices featured in the title sequences of the episodes in which they appeared. The openings of "Arrival", "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling", "Living in Harmony" and "Fall Out" did not include dialogue. In the title sequences of the remaining seven episodes the voice of Number Two was that of Robert Rietti. With the death of Peter Wyngarde in 2018, Derren Nesbitt and Rachel Herbert are the only surviving actors to have portrayed the character. Number Two (The Prisoner) Number Two was the title of Document [4] (Title: She Has a Name) as a chorus in Greek tragedies, according to reviewer Lana Michelin of the "Red Deer Advocate". Variously considered angels or ghosts, the voices are written in the script to be played by the female actors who portray Number 18, Marta, Ali, and Mama. While these voices sometimes emphasize the horrors of the sex industry, at other times, they offer comfort to Number 18. It is only revealed at the play's conclusion that the chorus is made up of dead child prostitutes. A pimp rapes Number 18 in a bar, then enslaves her sexually. Number 18's father died when she was Document [5] (Title: Johnny Lockwood) Johnny Lockwood Johnny Lockwood (7 December 192025 April 2013) was an English-born Australian entertainer actor of theatre, television and film and also a comedy performer, possibly best known for his role in the 1970s Australian television soap opera and film version of "Number 96", playing bumbling Hungarian Jew deli proprietor Aldo Godolfus. Lockwood had always wanted to perform on stage. He was orphaned at age 11, and at 14 applied for a job as a dancer in a touring show. He continued to develop his talents and by 18 was given a contract by impresario Jack Hylton as a comedian. Document [6] (Title: Pre-Code Hollywood) a squirmy inmate who is sentenced to six years after committing vehicular manslaughter while under the influence. His cell mates are a murderer played by Wallace Beery and a forger played by Chester Morris. The picture features future staples of the prison genre such as solitary confinement, informers, riots, visitations, an escape, and the codes of prison life. The protagonist, Montgomery, ends up being a loathsome character, a coward who will sell out anyone in the prison to get an early release. The film was banned in Ohio, the site of the deadly prison riots that inspired it. "Numbered Men", Document [7] (Title: The Computer Wore Menace Shoes) reprised his role as Number Six. In the DVD commentary for the episode, Payne said that McGoohan was "very funny", and that all the writers wanted to meet him when he came to record his dialogue for the episode. McGoohan was reportedly very pleased with his role in the episode; when his wife Joan McGoohan, who is a real estate broker, helped staff writer Max Pross buy a house, she told him that Patrick McGoohan was as proud of the episode as anything in his career. "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes" makes fun of use of the Internet, which was Document [8] (Title: Who Is Number One?) Who Is Number One? Who Is Number One? is a 1917 American silent mystery film serial directed by William Bertram and written by Anna Katharine Green. The film stars Kathleen Clifford, Cullen Landis, Gordon Sackville, Neil Hardin, Bruce Smith, and Ethel Ritchie. The film serial was released on October 29, 1917, by Paramount Pictures. It is presumed to be a lost film. Like many American films of the time, "Who Is Number One?" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required cuts, in Chapter 1, of two scenes of destroying window Document [9] (Title: Four (2011 film)) Four (2011 film) Four is a British independent film directed by John Langridge and released in 2011. A jealous husband hires a movie-obsessed detective to kidnap his wife's lover and bring him to a derelict factory to administer some 'rough justice.' Once there, the husband discovers the detective has a revelation of his own. He has kidnapped the husband's wife as well. The film was released to mixed reviews and currently holds a 4.2 score on IMDb. Total Film's Paul Bradshaw wrote, "With just four actors, a single setting and more twists than a bag full of pretzels, John Langridge’s Document [10] (Title: The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)) Magazine where he was quoted as saying: Producer Trevor Hopkins confirmed in an interview that he had invited McGoohan to play the role of the Number Six-like old man encountered by Caviezel's character early in the first episode. This is suggested by the jacket worn by the old man – the same style jacket as worn by Number 6 in the first series. McGoohan declined, but suggested he could play Number 2 instead. The series premiered on November 15, 2009 as a miniseries on North American cable channel AMC in cooperation with British broadcaster ITV. The six-part series premiered in Document [11] (Title: Utopia (Doctor Who)) Christmas Invasion", "Human Nature" and "Gridlock" and audio clips of previous Masters when the Professor's watch is beckoning him to open it, including Anthony Ainley's laugh and a line Roger Delgado spoke in "The Dæmons". Derek Jacobi plays the fifth version of the Master whom the Doctor has encountered on screen, and John Simm is the sixth. At least one television pundit speculated whether "Mister Saxon" was an intentional anagram of "Master No. Six" or was perhaps "a big red herring". However, when asked, Russell T Davies stated that it was not deliberate. Jacobi also played the Master in the Document [12] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) date set for Presidents Day weekend. Chris Bender, J.C. Spink, and David Valdes executive produced the film. Steven Spielberg contributed to the film's characters, but did not take a credit on the film. It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney's Touchstone Pictures label, as part of the 30-picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio's financial restructuring in 2008. In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four. It was later confirmed Document [13] (Title: The Prisoner in other media) with a third due to release in May 2019. The radio adaptations were broadcast by BBC Radio Four Extra in December, 2018. The main character of "The Prisoner", Number Six inspired the name of Festival N°6 which takes place since 2012 at the village of Portmeirion. This music and art festival is celebrating each year Number Six's way of thinking, that is reflection and independence of mind. Although the main title theme was composed by Ron Grainer, the incidental music used in the series came from a wide variety of sources, including library music and cues from established composers such Document [14] (Title: Joe Hasham) He reprised the role in the feature film version of the serial in which his character engaged in a gay kiss with the closeted Simon Carr (John Orcsik), although the shot was later cut from the film. Hasham continued to play the role until "Number 96" ended in 1977. During the run of the series Hasham released a pop-music album, although he was not able to successfully launch a career as a singer. Later in the show's run a spin-off series focusing on Hasham's character switching to a career as a private investigator also failed to pan-out. After "Number 96" Document [15] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) and their relationship with liberty. His cunning and defiance only increase while in captivity: in "Hammer into Anvil" he reduces Number Two to a mad, paranoid wreck through deception. As the Number Twos become more coercive and desperate, Number Six's behaviour becomes progressively sharp, uncompromising, and eccentric. Patrick McGoohan has been quoted in an interview in the Summer/Fall 1985 issue of "New Video Magazine" (reprinted in "The Official Prisoner Companion") as saying he chose "6" because it is the only number that becomes another number when turned upside down. He acknowledged that 1 and 0 achieve the same effect, but Document [16] (Title: Sheila Allen (English actress)) was able to manipulate the process and thereby to cause the downfall of Number 2. When not dressed in her subterranean laboratory in a white coat with her hair tied back, Number 14 was seen with flowing hair, walking around the Village in a cape of many colours. In "Bouquet of Barbed Wire", based on a novel by Andrea Newman and described by Philip Purser as a "kinky saga which was much discussed ... well made and acted", Allen's character was the wife of Peter Manson (Frank Finlay), who had an unhealthy obsession about his married daughter, Prue (Susan Penhaligon). Document [17] (Title: The Chimes of Big Ben) the relentlessly cheerful voice of the radio announcer encouraging every Villager to participate in an upcoming crafts show. Number Six is playing chess near the beach when Number Two (Leo McKern) joins him. During their conversation, a helicopter lands and an unconscious woman (Nadia Gray) is taken out on a stretcher. Later, Number Six is invited to The Green Dome where he and Number Two watch the woman wake up on the main viewing screen. Number Two says that she is the new Number Eight and that she will be Number Six's new neighbour. When Number Six returns to his Document [18] (Title: Sixth Happiness) Sixth Happiness Sixth Happiness is a 1997 British drama film directed by Indian director Waris Hussein. It is based on the autobiography of Firdaus Kanga entitled "Trying to Grow". Kanga played himself in this film about Britain, India, race and sex. Sixth Happiness is about Brit, a boy born with brittle bones who never grows taller than four feet, and his sexual awakening as family life crumbles around him. It is also about the Parsi or Parsees - descendants of the Persian empire who were driven out of Persia by an Islamic invasion more than a thousand years ago and Document [19] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Al Gough and Miles Millar, the creators of the television series "Smallville", were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009. Marti Noxon, writer and producer for the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", also contributed to the screenplay. D. J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010, after Bay opted to focus on directing the of the "Transformers" series. Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct "Disturbia" and "Eagle Eye" for DreamWorks, and had success with both films. Caruso had less than a year to prepare, shoot and edit the film, due to a worldwide release Document [20] (Title: Patrick McGoohan) the comic strip. In 2000, he reprised his role as Number Six in an episode of "The Simpsons", "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes". In it, Homer Simpson concocts a news story to make his website more popular, and he wakes up in a prison disguised as a holiday resort. Dubbed Number Five, he meets Number Six, and later betrays him and escapes with his boat; referencing his numerous attempts to escape on a raft in "The Prisoner", Number Six splutters "That's the third time that's happened!" McGoohan's last film role was as the voice of Billy Bones in the animated Document [21] (Title: Five in a Row (song)) Five in a Row (song) "Five in a Row" was a 1989 single by Australian comedy team, The D-Generation. It reached a peak position of number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was co-written by The D-Generation members, Santo Cilauro, Tony Martin, Rob Sitch, and Tom Gleisner. Music written and produced by Colin Setches and John Grant. The song and its accompanying music video parodied five Australian musicians: John Farnham (played by Rob Sitch), Jimmy Barnes (played by Santo Cilauro), Little River Band, Kylie Minogue (played by Jane Kennedy), and James Reyne (played by John Harrison). On the recording, Document [22] (Title: Opening and closing sequences of The Prisoner) about his new surroundings as depicted in detail over the course of this episode. In the original broadcast order of the series (which did not reflect production order), the dialogue between Number Six and Number Two is first heard in "The Chimes of Big Ben". In "A. B. and C.", instead of "The new Number Two", the line is read as "I am Number Two". Here the role is played by Colin Gordon, who would also have the part in "The General". As noted above, the episodes were not broadcast in production sequence; Gordon filmed his appearance as Number Two Document [23] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) October two more central figures - Alf and Lucy Sutcliffe (played by original cast members James Elliott and Elisabeth Kirkby) - were written out of the series. New, younger characters were added to the show, most of whom didn't last out the series. Two that did were orphaned teenage sisters Debbie and Jane Chester Dina Mann and Suzanne Church. Other enduring characters amongst the high cast turnover of the later period were the new blond sex-symbol Jaja Gibson (Anya Saleky), and Giovanni Lenzi (Harry Michaels), an exuberant Italian who worked in the deli. A later whodunit storyline was the Hooded Document [24] (Title: Number 10 (drama series)) directed by Clive Brill. Number 10 (drama series) Number 10 is a drama series for BBC Radio 4 about a fictional British Prime Minister and his staff. The series was created by Jonathan Myerson, and produced by Clive Brill of Pacificus Productions, with Peter Hyman as Political Advisor. It has had five series to date, in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. The first three series starred Antony Sher as Adam Armstrong, the Labour Prime Minister. The fourth series replaced him with Damian Lewis as a Tory prime minister in a minority government, in response to the United Kingdom coalition Document [25] (Title: Clive Merrison) the 1981 film "Escape to Victory" and also played Thaddeus Sholto in "The Sign of Four" (1983), Desmond Fairchild in "An Awfully Big Adventure" (1995) and the lawyer in "Saving Grace" (2000). His other film credits included roles in "Henry VIII and His Six Wives" (1972), "Riddles of the Sphinx" (1977), "Coming Out of the Ice" (1982), the Clint Eastwood film "Firefox" (1982), "The English Patient" (1996), "True Blue" (1996), "Photographing Fairies" (1997), "Janice Beard" (1999) and "Pandaemonium" (2000). From 5 November 1989 to 5 July 1998 he played the lead role of Sherlock Holmes on radio in a series Document [26] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) to the Prisoner's question, "Who is No. 1?" can be taken either as a non-response "You are No. 6" or as an "answer" "You are, No. 6." In a 1977 television interview on Ontario Television with Canadian television interviewer Warner Troyer, McGoohan stated he was astonished that no one in the interview audience postulated that The Butler (played by Angelo Muscat) was either Number One, or someone even higher in authority than Number One. McGoohan based this scenario on the final scene of "Fall Out" where Number Six's door automatically opens and closes itself in the same manner as in Document [27] (Title: Aja Naomi King) "Four", released on September 13, 2013. Along with her castmates, she won a Los Angeles Film Festival Award for Best Performance by Cast for her role in this movie. She also appeared alongside Laverne Cox and Britne Oldford in the film "36 Saints". In 2014, she had supporting role in the romantic comedy "The Rewrite", starring Hugh Grant and Marisa Tomei. The film was shot in 2013 but was released theatrically in the United States in 2015. In early 2014, King had a recurring role as Ali Henslee in the ABC medical drama series "Black Box", starring Kelly Reilly. The Document [28] (Title: The Prisoner in other media) dramas based upon "The Prisoner", with the first scheduled for release in 2016 and that Mark Elstob will portray Number Six in the new series. The first series, containing new reimaginings of three original series scripts ("Arrival", "The Schizoid Man" and "The Chimes of Big Ben") and one new story ("Your Beautiful Village") and written/directed by Nicholas Briggs, was released in January 2016 and was well received. The first series also featured John Standing, Celia Imrie, Ramon Tikaram and Michael Cochrane as "Number Two" and Helen Goldwyn as "The Village Voice/Operations Controller". A second series was released in August 2017, Document [29] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) thinks is a game with an employee of her father's. Absent from the televised version but present here is the treachery of Number Six's superior, the Colonel, speaking to an unidentified 'Voice' who is never seen and is observing the transplanted Number Six's actions. Finally, the script makes inventive use of McGoohan's short time. One scene has Number Two conversing with Oscar-in-Six's-body, who is represented through what the script describes as a single shot of McGoohan. Later, the script has Number Two watching "appropriate stockshots" of Number Six, whose body Oscar occupies, with Number Two commenting that Oscar lacks Six's Document [30] (Title: Dianna Agron filmography) was demoted to a guest star status. Agron appeared in "T.K.O." (2007), "Skid Marks" (2007), "The Romantics" (2010), and "Burlesque" (2010). In 2011, Agron portrayed Alice in "The Hunters", and she was later cast as Sarah Hart in "I Am Number Four", the movie also starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, and Teresa Palmer. Later that year, Agron was featured in "". Dianna co-starred as Belle Blake in the 2013 film "The Family", alongside Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Tommy Lee Jones. In 2015, Agron portrayed Dalia in the political thriller "Zipper", Finley in the romantic comedy "Tumbledown", Sarah Barton Document [31] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) said, "6 is far more interesting." Number Six always assumed that someone designated ""Number One"" was in charge of the Village, but only twice do any of the Village's visible authorities directly acknowledge the existence of such a person. In the final scene of "Once Upon a Time", Number Six, having trounced Number Two, is asked by the Supervisor, "What do you desire?" When Six answers, "Number One," the Supervisor responds, "I'll take you." At the end of "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling," the Colonel implores of Number Two, "You must contact Number One and tell him I Document [32] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) Number Six (The Prisoner) Number 6 is the central character in the 1960s television series "The Prisoner", played by Patrick McGoohan and Nigel Stock. In the AMC remake, Number 6 is played by Jim Caviezel. Much of Number 6's background is kept a mystery during the series, including his name. Throughout the series, he is known by a variety of names, including: The Man, The Prisoner, Peter Smith, Schmidt, Duval, and ZM-73. In the first episode, it is stated that he was born on 19 March 1928 (the same date as McGoohan's birthday), and that he held a position of Document [33] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) week, it decreased by 21% to $5.0 million. As of March 27, 2011, it has grossed $17,328,244. In 2011, screenwriter Noxon told "Collider.com" that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office. In 2013, director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that "The Power of Six" will get a movie adaption, he replied: "There's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there [...]. Most of the people on Twitter that contact me Document [34] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Number Two (The Prisoner) Number Two was the title of the chief administrator of The Village in the 1967-68 British television series "The Prisoner". More than 17 different actors appeared as holders of the office during the 17-episode series (some episodes featured more than one "Number Two", most notably "It's Your Funeral" which featured two Number Twos in major roles and images of two others). In the 2009 reboot series, Number 2 was played by Ian McKellen, the character being referred to simply as "Two". The first episode, "Arrival", established that the person assigned to the position is frequently changed. Document [35] (Title: Four (2012 film)) Four (2012 film) Four is a 2012 American independent feature film written and directed by Joshua Sanchez. It is based on the play of the same name by Christopher Shinn. The film stars Wendell Pierce, Emory Cohen, Aja Naomi King and E.J. Bonilla. The film premiered at the 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival where its ensemble cast won the top acting award. E.J. Bonilla received an Imagen Award nomination for his performance and Wendell Pierce received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for his performance. "Four" took over five years to make and the film started several times before it was Document [36] (Title: History of Blake's 7) One" using Nation's original outline. In Series Two, some cast changes occurred. David Jackson (Gan) was not upset that his character would die because Jackson was given little to do in many episodes. According to Chris Boucher, Jackson once passed him a note with the word 'four' written on it. When Boucher queried the note, Jackson explained that 'four' was the number of lines he had in that week's script. It was originally intended that Gan would be killed by a double agent who would then join the "Liberator" crew as a Federation spy. Stephen Greif, who had torn an Document [37] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) by The Prisoner, he is wearing a mask of an ape, but when this mask is removed, the face of Number Six himself is revealed. Number One then climbs up a ladder and seals a hatch behind him, laughing madly all the while. A clear, direct statement regarding Number One is never forthcoming even when it is the subject of discussion in the series, with Number Two in "The Chimes of Big Ben" declaring, "It doesn't matter who Number One is." In "Free For All", when The Prisoner and Number Two are discussing the consequences of being elected Number Two, Document [38] (Title: Alex Scott (actor)) also appeared in "A Number", a play by Caryl Churchill and directed by Frank Howson, in 2006. Scott grew up in Ballarat, Victoria, and was educated at St Patrick's College, Ballarat; Xavier College in Melbourne; and the University of Melbourne. He lived in Toorak, Victoria, and had two sons, Rainer and Daniel, from his first marriage His wife is Barbara Ady-Potger cousin of the Seekers band member Keith Potger.AO. He has a step daughter named Rebecca. Scott died peacefully at his home in Toorak on 25 June 2015. Alex Scott (actor) Alex Scott (18 September 1929 – June 2015) was Document [39] (Title: David Healy (actor)) David Healy (actor) David Healy (May 15, 1929 – October 25, 1995) was an American-born actor who appeared in British and American television shows. Healy was born in New York City. His television credits include voices for the Supermarionation series "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons", "Joe 90" and "The Secret Service", as well as parts in "UFO", "The Troubleshooters", "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)", "Strange Report", "Dickens of London", "Space Police" (a TV pilot), "Space Precinct" and "Dallas". He also starred as Dr. Watson opposite Ian Richardson's Sherlock Holmes in the 1983 TV film of "The Sign of Four". His big Document [40] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks. Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm, using a format known as Super 1:85. Beaver, the former Conley Inn in Homewood, and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca. A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer; Port Vue, North Park, New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations. The setting of the film's fictional town of Paradise, Ohio is Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, where filming took place Document [41] (Title: Number Six (song)) Number Six (song) "Number Six" is single by Alice Nine It was released on October 4, 2006, coinciding with the release of "Blue Planet". "Number Six" was created as a small film. The regular edition had an audio of "Number Six", the music video and the making-of the film, while the limited edition had the music video for "Number Six", the small film, and the making of the film. The making of from the regular edition, was different from the making of from the limited edition version. "Number Six" is also one of four previously released singles released with Alice Document [42] (Title: Teresa Palmer) In 2009, Palmer formed the film production company Avakea Productions, with Australian actresses Tahyna Tozzi and Nathalie Kelley. She was a guest judge on MTV Australia, for the Sydney filmmaking talent contest, Optus one80project. She also filmed an ad campaign that year for the Australian jean store, Just Jeans, and became the face and spokesperson for the Jurlique cosmetics company. In 2011, Palmer starred in the sci-fi adventure film, "I Am Number Four", alongside Alex Pettyfer and Dianna Agron. She played Number Six, one of nine aliens hiding out on Earth because her home planet was destroyed. Her character was Document [43] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment. Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel "I Am Number Four" to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks. A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams, with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009, with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project. The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of "The Twilight Saga" films, and the potential of establishing a film franchise, with at least six more installments planned by the book's publisher. Document [44] (Title: I Am Number Four) book is told in the first person by Number Four, who takes the name "John Smith". As the story begins, he and his guardian or Cepân, "Henri", learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise, Ohio, assuming new identities aka John Smith. There, John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and "adopts" a dog identified by its name tag as "Bernie Kosar". He also meets and is attracted to a fellow student, Sarah Hart, who is working as a photographer. Sarah's ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James, is a bully who torments both John and Sam. During the Halloween Document [45] (Title: Hammer into Anvil) spies at every turn, Number Six proceeds to act in a highly suspicious manner, as if he were some sort of spy or double agent. He takes six copies of the same record of Bizet's "L'Arlésienne" suite at the music store and plays them, eyeing his watch. He then writes out a message, that Number Fourteen retrieves a copy of, which claims to be from "D-6" to "XO4." Number Two is convinced that Number Six is a plant. Number Two and Number Fourteen follow Number Six to where he drops a document in the cabin of the stone boat. They Document [46] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Motion Pictures. "The Hollywood Reporter" estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million. The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18, 2011, received generally negative reviews, and grossed $150 million. John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien. He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians, who destroyed Lorien. Here, John is protected by a Guardian, Henri, and has developed powers, including enhanced strength, speed and agility, as well as seven other powers he will develop later in life, known as legacies. He Document [47] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) Number Six (Battlestar Galactica) Number Six is a family of fictional characters from the reimagined science fiction television series "Battlestar Galactica". She is portrayed by Canadian actress and model Tricia Helfer. Of the twelve known Cylon models, she is the sixth of the "Significant Seven". Like the others of the "Significant Seven", there are several versions of her, including Caprica-Six, Shelly Godfrey, Gina Inviere, Natalie Faust, Lida, and Sonja. She is the only model that does not use one particular human alias for all copies. The character was named after Number Six, Patrick McGoohan's character from the show "The Prisoner". Document [48] (Title: Many Happy Returns (The Prisoner)) milk float driver or that he was in on the switch. Additionally, the Colonel says, "You're a stubborn fellow, Number Six"; it is also left ambiguous whether he is genuinely joking or he is actually subtly hinting that he is also in on the deception. In this episode Patrick Cargill plays the character of Thorpe. In the previous episode in production, Hammer into Anvil, he portrays a particularly cruel Number Two. It was common practice during production of The Prisoner to reuse actors to save time and because they were known to be reliable. In this case, it could be Document [49] (Title: A. B. and C.) as the phone from Number One ominously rings... While it is never definitively indicated whether the Number Two in this episode is the same Number Two played by Colin Gordon in "The General", there is evidence to suggest that he is. "The General" was the tenth episode of the series produced, and "A. B. and C." was the eleventh. Moreover, in the opening sequence of "A. B. and C.", when Number Six asks "Who are you?" Number Two replies ""I am" Number Two." This would indicate he is still the same Number Two from the previous episode, as at the Document [50] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) him to head west since he told his father he was heading east, and returns a magic box left to John by his Dad that Henri hid that was in police evidence. John thanks Mark and promises Sarah that he will come back to Paradise to find her. While they share their goodbye kiss a hurt and slightly agitated Mark is shown, before shakes his head before waving and putting a fake smile. The movie ends with John, Sam, Bernie and Number Six driving out towards the sunset smiling and vowing to protect their new home, Earth. The film was Document [51] (Title: Alfred Sandor) up citizenship), to appear in a touring production of "Plaza Suite", the play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (with Lorraine Bayly and Mona Richardson), and he appeared in the film "Nickel Queen", whilst doing television work with roles in "Number 96", "Division 4", "Boney" and "The Evil Touch". However, he would become best known for his long-running role as the "dandy" surgeon Dr. Raymond Shaw in the Australian television soap opera "The Young Doctors". An original cast member of the serial, he continued in the role for six years, leaving around 20 episodes before the end. After suffering from Document [52] (Title: The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)) York City. He had met and seduced a mysterious woman in a diner. He finds himself locked in a battle of wills against Number 2, the Village's leader, who goes to great lengths to make Number 6 assimilate. Number 6, meanwhile, tries to contact "dreamers"—Village residents who, like him, have been experiencing flashes of memory of their lives outside of the Village. Along the way, he befriends Number 147, a Village taxi driver; Number 313, a doctor with whom Number 6 develops a romantic connection, but who has her own secrets; and "11–12", Number 2's son, who begins to question Document [53] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) she just has this vibe about her. Nobody gets how hard that role is, to bring the depth, the vulnerability and the mystery to essentially a robot chick." Among the other actresses who auditioned for the role were Melinda Clarke and Leah Cairns, who went on to play Racetrack. In 2006, Tricia Helfer was awarded the Leo Award for "Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series" for her role as Number Six in the episode "Pegasus". Number Six (Battlestar Galactica) Number Six is a family of fictional characters from the reimagined science fiction television series "Battlestar Galactica". Document [54] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) that the 21-year-old British actor would play the lead. Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film "The A-Team". Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant. Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth. DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead. Dianna Agron, a star in the Fox television series "Glee", won the role. She plays Sarah Hart, a girl who used Document [55] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) I Am Number Four (film) I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Marti Noxon, is based on the novel of the same name, one of the "Lorien Legacies" young adult science fiction novels. Produced by Michael Bay, "I Am Number Four" was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures, as part of the studio's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Document [56] (Title: Danica McKellar) "The New York Times", "I thought that the two were really, really first-rate." For her past collaborative work on research papers, McKellar is currently assigned the Erdős number four, and her Erdős–Bacon number is six. At age seven, McKellar enrolled in weekend acting classes for children at the Lee Strasberg Institute in Los Angeles. In her teens, she landed a prominent role in "The Wonder Years", an American television comedy-drama that ran for six seasons on ABC, from 1988 to 1993. She played Gwendolyn "Winnie" Cooper, the main love interest of Kevin Arnold (played by Fred Savage) on the show. Document [57] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) some responsibility with the British government, possibly in some branch of British Intelligence, but the exact nature of his job is not known. During the episode "Once Upon a Time", Number 6 undergoes an intense form of brainwashing/interrogation in which his mind is reverted to that of a child, and he is made to relive major events of his life. Among these events presented is the suggestion that, as a young man, Number 6 caused a fatal car accident due to speeding. It is also suggested that he attended some sort of private school and was once punished for not Document [58] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) mind-transfer machine after Saltzman reconfigures it. The unconscious body of Number Six awakens with the correct mind in place. However, the process has been too much for the elderly Saltzman, who is dying. Oscar is flown out of the Village in the helicopter while Number Six sits by the dying Saltzman's side. Later, Number Two basks in his victory while Six awaits Saltzman's end. But Six reveals that the reversal process never required a third man. Saltzman then revives briefly, speaking of the orders of Number One, and then dies. Six grimly bids farewell to Saltzman—who is actually Oscar, in Document [59] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Trevor Rabin. A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010, and a full-length trailer premiered on December 8. Advertisements ran in "Seventeen" and "Teen Vogue" magazines, Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011. Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign. A cast tour, in association with American retailer Hot Topic, and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film. "I Am Number Four" premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9, 2011. The film was Document [60] (Title: I Am Number Four) was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them. Henri is killed, but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him. John survives, though he is very weak, and the Mogadorians are defeated. Promising to return for Sarah, John leaves Paradise, along with Number Six, Sam, and Bernie Kosar. "I Am Number Four" has received mixed reviews. Kirkus Reviews wrote, "If it were a Golden Age comic, this tale of ridiculous science, space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad." Document [61] (Title: Class (2016 TV series)) On 4 April 2016, the main cast of the programme was unveiled. Greg Austin, Fady Elsayed, Sophie Hopkins and Vivian Oparah star as four Sixth Formers, with Austin playing a character named Charlie, while Katherine Kelly portrays Miss Quill, a Coal Hill Academy teacher. Nigel Betts reprises his role as Mr. Armitage from "Into the Dalek", "The Caretaker" and "Dark Water" from the eighth series of "Doctor Who". Paul Marc Davis appears in a recurring role in the programme. Anna Shaffer portrays a character named Rachel in the programme. Patrick Ness revealed on Twitter that one of the lead characters Document [62] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names after Bernie Kosar. He also falls for an amateur photographer, Sarah Hart. Her ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam. During the Halloween Festival, Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods, where they try to beat John up. However, he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah. Sam witnesses this, which forces John to reveal his true origins. The next day, Mark's father, the local sheriff, interrogates Henri on John's whereabouts when his son and his Document [63] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Funeral". Two more visible signs are a multicoloured scarf (similar in style to a British academic scarf) and a colourful seat stick umbrella (used as a cane). Most, though not all, Number Twos use these symbolic objects. Each Number Two is also served by the same diminutive, silent manservant, portrayed by Angelo Muscat, who appeared in every episode except "Many Happy Returns", "Living in Harmony" and "The Girl Who Was Death". Only two Number Twos were removed as a punishment for failure: Patrick Cargill in "Hammer Into Anvil" is manipulated by Number Six into reporting his own incompetence, and Colin Document [64] (Title: Number 96 (TV series)) 1974. Playing the part of Bev Houghton, Abigail quickly emerged as the show's most famous sex symbol. She left the series suddenly in June 1973 in a burst of publicity, to be replaced in the role by another actress. Grasping magazine editor Maggie Cameron (Bettina Welch) became part owner of the building and sustained acrimonious enmities with several of the residents and the other owners. Her friend and sometimes rival was Flat 7 resident Vera Collins (Elaine Lee) who would be perpetually unlucky in love. Lawyer Don Finlayson (Joe Hasham) was revealed as gay in an early episode and had Document [65] (Title: Callan McAuliffe) Callan McAuliffe Callan Ryan Claude McAuliffe (born 24 January 1995) is an Australian actor, known for his roles as Bryce Loski in "Flipped" and Sam Goode in "I Am Number Four". He appeared as young Jay Gatsby in the 2013 film "The Great Gatsby". As of 2017, he has appeared on "The Walking Dead" as Alden. Callan McAuliffe is a native of the Sydney suburb of Clontarf. He is the son of Claudia Keech, and author and journalist Roger McAuliffe. His cousin is actress Jacinta John. Two of his grandparents were Irish. McAuliffe attended Scots College, an all boys school Document [66] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) charm, and when Six awakens restored to his own body, he declares, "I'll tell you nothing! I'm a free man!" At the end, Six sits with the dying Saltzman before revealing that the reversal process didn't need three men. "Only one could end up free," says Number Six in this brief scene. "It could have been me. But I felt it should be Saltzman. Because I'm going to escape "anyway"." This script was apparently rewritten, in the absence of Patrick McGoohan, and after the departure of George Markstein, becoming what was seen onscreen. <br> Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Document [67] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) Saltzman's body. A horrified Number Two calls the control room, only to learn that the helicopter and Saltzman are out of range. This original version of the story is more deeply developed in almost all respects. Number Two is portrayed as an arrogant, self-satisfied braggart who boasts to the Butler of being the one Number Two who won't be leaving his position. While the televised version ignores the issue of Number Six's resignation, the original script has Six angrily carrying it out. His interactions with Janet are also slightly different, with Janet being forceful and unwilling to play what she Document [68] (Title: I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am) version. I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am" (also "I'm Henery the VIII, I Am" or "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"; spelled "Henery" but pronounced "'Enery" in the Cockney style normally used to sing it) is a 1910 British music hall song by Fred Murray and R. P. Weston. It was a signature song of the music hall star Harry Champion. In 1965, it became the fastest-selling song in history to that point when it was revived by Herman's Hermits, becoming the group's second number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The lead solo on Document [69] (Title: Eva Six) Six". She appeared in a number of films before retiring. Eva Six Eva Six (born 1937) was a Hungarian born actress who achieved some fame in the early 1960s as a Zsa Zsa Gabor type. She was born Éva Klein in Budapest, Hungary, to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. Her father died during the war, and her mother changed the family surname to avoid detection by the Nazis. She won a beauty contest after the war. She and her husband fled Hungary following the 1956 uprising and moved to Hollywood in 1960. James H. Nicholson of American International Pictures Document [70] (Title: Clifford Evans (actor)) Carledo in "The Curse of the Werewolf" (1961) and Professor Zimmer, an inebriated vampire-hunter, in "The Kiss of the Vampire" (1963). His last film role may have been in the movie "Dylan" (1978). On television, Evans appeared with George Woodbridge and Tim Turner in the 15-episode series "Stryker of the Yard" (1957). Between 1965 and 1969, he played a major role in the TV boardroom drama "The Power Game", playing building tycoon Caswell Bligh. He is also among several British actors to play the character of Number Two in "The Prisoner" ("Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling", 1967). He Document [71] (Title: Hammer into Anvil) of a conspiracy. Number Fourteen fights with Number Six, who throws him out a window. In the end, Number Six confronts an unnerved and agitated Number Two, who expresses the belief that Number Six is really "D-6", a man sent by "XO4" to test his security. Feeding on Number Two's paranoia, Number Six charges Number Two with treason: if Number Two's belief was true, then he would be duty-bound not to interfere. At Number Six's suggestion, Number Two calls the hotline to Number One to report his own failures and ask that he be replaced. Hammer into Anvil "Hammer into Document [72] (Title: Fall Out (The Prisoner)) to both Fairclough and Kenneth Griffith himself, McGoohan was so pressed for time that the actor was asked to write his own dialogue. While Leo McKern's Number Two is the same character that previously appeared, Kanner's Number 48 is almost certainly a different character from those he played in "Living in Harmony" (where his character in fact dies) and "The Girl Who Was Death", but it is unclear whether Griffith's character is the same one that was the Number Two in the latter episode. It was, however, not unusual in "The Prisoner" for actors to play different characters in different Document [73] (Title: I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am) I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am" (also "I'm Henery the VIII, I Am" or "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"; spelled "Henery" but pronounced "'Enery" in the Cockney style normally used to sing it) is a 1910 British music hall song by Fred Murray and R. P. Weston. It was a signature song of the music hall star Harry Champion. In 1965, it became the fastest-selling song in history to that point when it was revived by Herman's Hermits, becoming the group's second number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The lead solo on the Document [74] (Title: 6 (film)) 6 (film) 6 Melugu Varthigal (also known as 6 Candles or 6) is a 2013 Tamil crime thriller film written and directed by V. Z. Durai. It stars Shaam and Poonam Kaur in the lead roles. This film sees the lead character sport six different looks and going around six different states to solve a mystery. The film was released on 20 September 2013 with positive reviews. Ram is a young software engineer who lives with his wife, Lizzy, and their son, Gautham in Chennai. They lead a normal life up until one day when Ram and Lizzy lose Gautham Document [75] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) genius, with tremendous proficiency and expertise in subjects ranging from fencing, boxing and marksmanship to mathematics, languages and astronomy. Prior to his capture by the Village, he was engaged to be married to Janet Portland, the daughter of his superior, Sir Charles Portland. It is not clear why Number 6 was captured. One theory is that those in control of the Village are testing Number 6 to find out why he resigned from his engineering work. Several episodes allude that residents of the Village are either scientists or ex-spies. In the final episode,"Fall Out", Number 6 and several other residents Document [76] (Title: Kathleen Clifford) "Who Is Number One?" opposite silent film actor Cullen Landis. She appeared in several high-profile roles throughout the late 1910s and early 1920s, most notably: opposite Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. in the 1919 comedy "When the Clouds Roll By", in the crime drama "Kick In" opposite Betty Compson, May McAvoy and Bert Lytell (1922), and in the role of 'Queen Berengaria' opposite Wallace Beery and the young actress Marguerite De La Motte in "Richard the Lion-Hearted" (1923). Clifford's last silent film was the 1928 James Cruze-directed comedy "Excess Baggage" opposite silent film actor William Haines. With the advent of talkies Clifford Document [77] (Title: Judy McBurney) was in 1972 as Ella Belairs in ABC's adaption of "The Cousin from Fiji," based on a novel by Norman Lindsay. Another early and memorable role was as Aldith in "Seven Little Australians". In late 1973, McBurney was cast in the role of key new character Marilyn McDonald in "Number 96" but before any of her scenes had gone to air and with about 30 scenes in the can she had to withdraw from the role due to illness. This left her replacement, Frances Hargreaves, to reshoot all of McBurney's scenes. McBurney then went into the ongoing role of plain-Jane Document [78] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes. In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township. Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key, Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge. "I Am Number Four" was edited by Jim Page, with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens. The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Document [79] (Title: Number One (Babylon 5)) she initially got into Babylon 5: As to portraying the character, Swallow wrote in "Starlog" in September 1998: Number One (Babylon 5) Tessa Holloran, also known as Number One, is a recurring fictional character in the television series "Babylon 5", and was portrayed by United States actress Marjorie Monaghan. On the show, Number One was initially the leader of the resistance movement on Mars and later became head of covert intelligence for the Interstellar Alliance. During the time frame "Babylon 5" takes place, Mars was a human space colony seeking (at times violently) independence from the Earth Alliance, and the Document [80] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) franchise, but "I Am Number Four" familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy, derivative, and ultimately forgettable sci-fi thriller." Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". "Empire Magazine" gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said, "If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come. This could be the start of something great." "I Am Number Document [81] (Title: Grady Tate) Gilberto, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Quincy Jones, Stan Getz, Wes Montgomery, and Michel Legrand. Among his most widely heard vocal performances are the songs "I Got Six", "Naughty Number Nine", and "Fireworks" from "Multiplication Rock" and "America Rock", both part of the "Schoolhouse Rock" series. For the 1973 motion picture "Cops And Robbers", Tate sang the title song, written by Michel Legrand and Jacques Wilson. On Mark Murphy's album "Living Room", Tate shares the vocal on a medley of Misty and Midnight Sun. He joined the faculty of Howard University in 1989. Grady Tate died Document [82] (Title: A Change of Mind) table and the Social Conversion process is explained to a Village television audience by Number Eighty-six, who is the chief technician in charge. Drugged, Number Six is subjected to an ultra-sonic treatment which lobotomizes him. At the last second, Number Eighty-six shuts off the ultrasound. Number Six wakes up, apparently docile, returns to the community, and is welcomed by all. In his flat he sees his cup of tea being drugged by Number Eighty-six and pours it away. Number Two arrives and questions Number Six about his resignation, but is rebuffed. Number Two and Number Eighty-six discuss Number Six and Document [83] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) is protected by a Loric charm which protects him from all Mogadorian harm as long as he is hurt out of order; he can only be hurt after the first three loriens are killed in order. The Mogadorians, led by the Commander, learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them. The Lorien can only be killed in sequence; Number One through Number Nine. Three of them are already dead, with John being Number Four. Knowing this, he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise, Ohio, where John befriends Document [84] (Title: Free for All (The Prisoner)) he will finally meet Number 1. Number 58, a newly arrived young woman who speaks only an unidentified Slavic-sounding foreign language is assigned to Number 6 as his assistant. Both men campaign for the office, with Number 6 subversively offering freedom if he is elected. Number 6 participates ambivalently, but abruptly makes a break for freedom himself in the midst of the campaign by escaping in a motorboat. He is retrieved on the water by Rover while he robotically mouths campaign platitudes. Number 6 and Number 2 drink and commiserate in a cave where illegal liquor is distilled and Number Document [85] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) name onscreen but referred to as "Tough Six" in the shooting script, was instrumental in the mysterious disappearance of Ms. Shelly Godfrey from "Galactica", using a wig and a change of clothes to imitate Godfrey's appearance and confuse the marines who were tailing her, making them think that Godfrey had gotten further ahead of them when the real Godfrey was pulled into another corridor by John Cavil. Godfrey and Cavil then slipped away and Cavil airlocked Godfrey, while the marines were chasing Tough Six, who evaded them. The ultimate fate of Tough Six is unknown, whether she was captured and Document [86] (Title: Dianna Agron) the science-fiction action thriller "I Am Number Four". Agron appeared in the concert film of "Glee", "". She then played Belle Blake in the film "The Family", opposite Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones, and Michelle Pfeiffer. The film was released on September 13, 2013, and received negative reviews. "The Family" debuted at #2 in its first weekend with $14.5 million. Critics praised Agron's performance. Tom Medley wrote, "[Agron] gives the best performance in the film as a really sexy teenager coming of sexual age." Writing for "The Huffington Post", Zorianna Kit said, "De Niro, Pfeiffer and Jones all brought Document [87] (Title: Danger Man) same person. Like John Drake, Number Six is evidently a secret agent, but one who has resigned from his job. According to "The Prisoner: The Official Companion" by Robert Fairclough, the "Prisoner" episode "The Girl Who Was Death" was based upon a two-part "Danger Man" script that had been planned for the fourth series. In this surreal episode, Number Six meets "Potter", John Drake's "Danger Man" contact. Christopher Benjamin portrayed the character in both series. As well as guest-starring in this show, Paul Eddington played another spy and No.6's former colleague, Cobb, in the opening episode of the latter show. Document [88] (Title: Number One (Babylon 5)) Number One (Babylon 5) Tessa Holloran, also known as Number One, is a recurring fictional character in the television series "Babylon 5", and was portrayed by United States actress Marjorie Monaghan. On the show, Number One was initially the leader of the resistance movement on Mars and later became head of covert intelligence for the Interstellar Alliance. During the time frame "Babylon 5" takes place, Mars was a human space colony seeking (at times violently) independence from the Earth Alliance, and the issues on the red planet were story elements throughout the "Babylon 5" series. Number One first appeared in Document [89] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) friends were attacked. Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave. John refuses because of Sarah. Meanwhile, the Mogadorians continue searching for John, while being trailed by another Garde, Number Six, who is also trying to locate Number Four. Number Six's guardian was killed, and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians. She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted. The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri. When John Document [90] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) did my duty." It is unclear if the Colonel is simply assuming that Number Two's superior is Number One or if he has actually met Number One, although the original shooting script makes it clear that "Oscar" (the Colonel) has indeed met One, and has a conversation with him whilst observing Six behind a two-way mirror. The Colonel is certainly not part of the Village's usual operating staff and does not have a number himself. Perhaps significantly, Number Six does not appear to hear his statement. In the final episode, Number One initially appears as a hooded figure. When confronted Document [91] (Title: I Am Number Four) them since Three's death) and later by Henri, Mark, and Bernie Kosar ("the dog"). John sends Mark off, exhorting him to protect Sarah. A furious battle ensues, during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather, and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra. Sam arrives partway through the battle. John kills a soldier, Bernie Kosar battles a Piken, and at key moments John is helped by his human friends, but in the end they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power. Six is wounded and taken to relative safety. John uses an ability he Document [92] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) (who became Seltzman in the aired version), the inventor of the body-swap machine. Meanwhile, Number Six's former employer, the Colonel, is shown to be in collusion with a mysterious, unseen figure, an apparent agent of the Village. They are collaborating to manipulate Six into locating Saltzman, intending to follow Six as he finds the scientist. Six returns to his house to find Janet, his fiancée, who doesn't recognize him. Six offers Janet a deal in exchange for locating her missing lover. He later meets her at her birthday party and reclaims from her a receipt for developed photographs held at Document [93] (Title: Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling) with the same constraint of Patrick McGoohan's limited availability. The beginning is similar, with Number Two meeting the Colonel, here named Oscar, the man whose body Number Six's mind will occupy. But in this earlier draft of the story, Number Six awakens in his flat in a furious mood, storming to his office to angrily resign. Only at the office does he realize that his appearance is not his own and that a year of his life is missing. Fearing that this is a ploy to force him to reveal confidential information, Six leaves the office, determined to find "Saltzman" Document [94] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director. In its first three weeks of release, 316,081 Blu-ray units were sold in the US, bringing in $7,693,808. As of October 2, 2011, the standard DVD of 'I am Number Four' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States, generating $12,571,326, and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33% approval rating and an average rating of 4.8/10 based on 158 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's positioned as the start of a Document [95] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) from all over the world ask, "Where's the next movie?" I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it'll be interesting. I don't know if I'd be involved, but I know they're talking about it." In a 2015 interview, James Frey, the co-author of the series, said that he hoped more movies would be made. I Am Number Four (film) I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Document [96] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) telling the headmaster about some of his friends' rule-breaking activities. Later in the episode, it is also stated that Number 6 was a bomb-aimer during "The War." It was also established that Number 6 worked for a British banking firm before being enrolled in a top secret government job. Other episodes suggest that he was a spy or similar operative, though director Alex Cox stated in a 2017 book that he was in fact a rocket engineer who resigned from his work because he felt his research was being misused. He is shown to be highly sagacious, if not a Document [97] (Title: It's Your Funeral) detonated during the forthcoming Appreciation Day ceremony. Number Six returns to Number Two's house the following day, but he meets a different Number Two. This Number Two, seemingly the "primary" Number Two with the others Number Six had dealt with being substitutes for him while he was away, is older and tells Number Six that he is aware of the warning – in fact, Number Six has warned every previous Number Two that they are to be assassinated, and he is not concerned because he is about to retire. Number Six is shown footage of himself purportedly warning previous Number Document [98] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) sent by John's biological parents to protect him. John and Number Six, who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks, continue to fight the Mogadorians. They eventually defeat them all, including the Commander. The following day, John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde. John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam's father. They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians, leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark, who lies to his father about John's whereabouts, telling Document [99] (Title: Alexis Kanner) some opposition to the choice, but McGoohan was looking to cast the rebellious and maverick qualities that Kanner displayed. His first guest-star role was in the mock Wild West episode "Living in Harmony", in which he portrayed the "Kid" (the alter-ego of Number Eight), a violent mute dressed in circus pants and a top hat, who is eventually shot in a duel by McGoohan's character, Number Six. McGoohan was impressed by his acting skills and perfectionism (to prepare the duel scene, both actors practised quick-draw assiduously). As a result, McGoohan wrote for Kanner the role of Number Forty-eight, who is Document [100] (Title: The Schizoid Man (The Prisoner)) who happens to bear a very strong resemblance to Number Six. The real Number Six is subjected to an intensive course of aversion therapy, altering his tastes and instincts, and training him to do everything left-handed. He is drugged to wipe his memory of the treatment. When he awakes, he is treated as "Number Twelve", while the lookalike assumes the role of Number Six. The real Number Six is informed by Number Two of the plan to break "Number Six" (the impostor) by convincing him that he is not Number Six at all. Six and Twelve engage in various challenges Document [101] (Title: Six (film)) Six (film) Six is a 2013 Telugu language Bollywood film, created by Vega Entertainments Pvt Ltd. The suspense thriller was produced by Bollamoni Krishna and directed by Srikanth Lingaad. It stars Jagapati Babu, Gayathri Iyer in the lead roles and music was composed by Ravi Varma. The film, which was also dubbed into Hindi, was a flop. The film is set in Uravakonda, a remote village situated in India (Nallamala Hills or Forest). The plot is based on a series of mysterious deaths that occur during nighttime. The villagers become afraid to leave their homes between 6:00pm-6:00am. The police were Document [102] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) a war against Germany and was born on 19 March 1928 (which is also McGoohan's birthday). The flashback setup in "Once Upon a Time" suggests that Number Six was a bomber crewman, most likely with RAF Bomber Command. His seated position relative to the pilot (portrayed in illusion by Number Two) indicates that he was a bombardier/navigator. In the episode "Many Happy Returns" he claims that his name is "Peter Smith" and expects it to appear on his house lease and car log book. In the episode "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling" the Prisoner, in another man's body, Document [103] (Title: Alex Pettyfer) August 2009, and the film was released on 4 March 2011. Pettyfer portrayed the main character in "I Am Number Four", released in February 2011. The film co-starred Timothy Olyphant, Dianna Agron and Teresa Palmer, and was directed by D.J. Caruso, produced by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg. He was offered the part of Jace Wayland in the upcoming portrayal of Cassandra Clare's best selling book, "City of Bones". Jamie Campbell Bower was later cast as Jace Wayland. Pettyfer had also been offered a part in an upcoming film adaption of Joseph Delaney's "The Wardstone Chronicles", but Document [104] (Title: Callan McAuliffe) in "Flipped", directed by Rob Reiner. He auditioned for the film while on vacation in the United States and won the role of Bryce, the lead. The film is based on the 2001 novel of the same title by Wendelin Van Draanen. In May 2010, McAuliffe was cast in a lead role in the science fiction film "I Am Number Four" based on the novel of the same title by Pittacus Lore, the film is produced by Steven Spielberg and Michael Bay. He played Sam, the best friend of Alex Pettyfer's title character. He then appeared in the Australian miniseries Document [105] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Gordon in "A, B and C" is repeatedly warned over the telephone about the consequences of failure. In "A Change of Mind" Number Two is effectively driven out of The Village after Number Six manipulates the population to turn against him. In the episode "Free for All" the Village holds an election for Number Two, and the serving Number Two (Eric Portman) insists to Number Six that Number Twos are "democratically elected by the people". However, this election turns out to be another ploy to break Number Six. In contrast, the Number Two of "The Chimes of Big Ben" (played Document [106] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) Since her debut in the mini-series, a leitmotif has been used in scenes featuring Tricia Helfer as Six. This simple 9-note motif was composed by Richard Gibbs. The 9/8 figure is divided unevenly into a group of 3 notes, followed by 3 groups of 2. It is almost always performed on a gamelan, and also plays over the introduction to each episode of the series. On the published series soundtrack, the melody is listed as "The Sense of Six". Copies of Number Six appear regularly, mostly within Cylon society. Several notable versions have had more prominent roles: At the beginning Document [107] (Title: Number Four (Battlestar Galactica)) the truce is broken when Galen Tyrol murders Tory Foster. The Four in the CIC is shot dead by Starbuck in the ensuing fight. The remaining Fours aboard the Colony all perish when it falls into the naked singularity it was orbiting and is obliterated. Number Four (Battlestar Galactica) Simon O'Neill (Number Four), is a fictional character, a Cylon from the reimagined "Battlestar Galactica" series. He first appears in The Farm (August 2005), an episode written by Carla Robinson and directed by Rod Hardy. Like the Cavils and Number Threes, and in contrast to Leobens, Dorals, Number Sixes, and Number Document [108] (Title: You Again) association with Miramax, DreamWorks, and Lucasfilm. As a result of this, Touchstone signed a deal with DreamWorks Pictures in 2011 starting with "I Am Number Four". In 2002, Marni Olsen (Kristen Bell) is an acne-riddled high school sophomore in Ridgefield, California, with glasses and braces, making a video about how much she hates high school, and reveals how she is tormented and bullied by other children, specifically J-J the high school mean girl (Odette Yustman), who made Marni's high school life miserable. She adds that her protective older brother, Will (James Wolk), was very popular as a handsome basketball player. Document [109] (Title: Dance of the Dead (The Prisoner)) Dutton is to be executed. Later, he enters a morgue and finds that the body floated out to sea has been discovered. Number Two explains that the corpse will be altered to resemble Number Six, so that the outside world will assume he has died at sea. The soiree ends, however, in a kangaroo court with Number Six on trial for the possession of the radio. After arguments for the prosecution (by Number 240) and defense (by Number Two), Number Six asks for Roland Walter Dutton to be called as a character witness. When Dutton is produced he is dressed Document [110] (Title: Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)) deliberate red herring in subsequent episodes of "Battlestar Galactica." The telemovie "" reveals that, Godfrey is indeed an actual Six. After the photo was discovered to be fake, the Number One on board Galactica who was coordinating Cylon efforts made her enter an airlock and be killed so she could download and give Galactica's coordinates to the Cylon fleet. Another Six donned a wig and clothing identical to Godfrey's in order to confuse the guards and allow Godfrey to get away from them. In the hallway, Cavil intimates that Godfrey has failed to produce convincing fake evidence because she is Document [111] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) in "The Los Angeles Times", he stated that "John Drake of "Secret Agent" is gone." Furthermore, McGoohan stated in a 1985 interview that Number 6 is not the same character as John Drake, adding that he had originally wanted another actor to portray the character. However, script editor George Markstein, who co-created the series with McGoohan, always claimed that Number 6 is John Drake. According to Markstein, he conceived "The" "Prisoner" as a sequel of "Danger Man" when McGoohan resigned from the role. Official novels based on the series also make this connection, specifically those written by Thomas Disch and Document [112] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) from June to July 2010. Producers chose Vandergrift as the "hero town" of the film because of its unique look and curved streets, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park. Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area, due to its proximity to nearby woods, a part of the film's plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front. Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates Document [113] (Title: Tricia Helfer) Charlie. In 2003, the television series "Battlestar Galactica" was used as the basis for a three hour miniseries on the Sci Fi channel. The project was written and produced by Ronald D. Moore and directed by Michael Rymer. Helfer played the role of Number Six, a humanoid Cylon operative. She continued that role as a regular cast member in the TV series, which completed its fourth and final season on March 20, 2009. Due to the special nature of the Number Six character – there are many "copies" of Number Six with distinct personalities – Helfer has, in effect, played Document [114] (Title: Jeffrey Lynn) not to "go bad", Lynn won excellent reviews. Lynn reprised his "Four Daughters" role in "Four Wives" (1939). He was the male lead in "A Child Is Born" (1939) co-starring with Geraldine Fitzgerald, and he was reunited with Cagney in "The Fighting 69th" (1940), though billed beneath Pat O'Brien and George Brent. He played poet-soldier Joyce Kilmer. Lynn was Ann Sheridan's love interest in "It All Came True" (1940), battling Humphrey Bogart, and was third billed in "All This, and Heaven Too" (1940) with Bette Davis and Charles Boyer. Lynn was Olivia de Havilland's leading man in "My Love Came Document [115] (Title: Characters in The Prisoner) Characters in The Prisoner Characters from the TV series The Prisoner. Number Six typically wears a dark brown jacket with off-white piping trim (often mistaken for a black jacket in some lighting conditions, but the original has been seen by fans in Portmeirion in the 1980s and is unfaded dark brown all over), a dark blue rollneck sweater, tan slacks, dark blue boating shoes with white soles, and forsakes his "6" ID badge. There were at least two dark jackets, with slight differences in the cream-coloured piping. Little is known about Number Six's background other than that he fought in Document [116] (Title: Number Six (The Prisoner)) complaints stemming from the contradictions present in the comics when compared to the television series. "The Prisoner" was remade in a 2009 mini-series produced by AMC with Jim Caviezel playing the part of Number 6. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the remake was nominated for several awards, including an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie and Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Movie. Many fans of "The Prisoner" believe that Number 6 is really John Drake, the character that McGoohan played in "Danger Man." McGoohan has always denied the theory, and in a 1966 interview Document [117] (Title: M.I. High) and turning them into actors, so they were given acting coaching before filming began. Series 6 Oscar Jacques was confirmed to be playing Tom Tupper, the actor went to six auditions before he was told by the producer that he got the part. In June 2012 Paul Bamford was announced to be playing student Roly. Series 7 It was confirmed that two new characters would be introduced to the seventh series. Megan McGill would be playing the character Lady J and Sandy Bain playing Preston both actors are portraying new students. Filming for series four and five was confirmed to Document [118] (Title: Number Two (The Prisoner)) Ian McKellen in all six episodes. In the comic book miniseries "Shattered Visage", established as a sequel to "The Prisoner", the Number Two featured is the version played by McKern, with the permission of McKern. In "The Simpsons" episode "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes", Number Two was voiced by Hank Azaria. In Xavier Mauméjean's short story "Be Seeing You!", from the second volume of the "Tales of the Shadowmen" anthology series, Denis Nayland Smith is the original Number 2, in 1912. "TV Guide" included the character in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. Colin Gordon, Document [119] (Title: Five in a Row (song)) also parodied five Australian music acts. They were: Max Q (Jason Stephens playing Michael Hutchence), Dragon (Mick Molloy playing Marc Hunter), Daryl Braithwaite (played by Sitch), Kate Ceberano (played by Kennedy), and Midnight Oil (Sitch playing Peter Garrett). Five in a Row (song) "Five in a Row" was a 1989 single by Australian comedy team, The D-Generation. It reached a peak position of number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was co-written by The D-Generation members, Santo Cilauro, Tony Martin, Rob Sitch, and Tom Gleisner. Music written and produced by Colin Setches and John Grant. The song and its Document [120] (Title: I Am Number Four) I Am Number Four I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore (the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes) and the first book in the "Lorien Legacies" series. The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3, 2010, and spent seven successive weeks at #1 on the children's chapter of the "New York Times" bestseller list. DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to the film in June 2009; it was released on February 18, 2011 and was the first DreamWorks movie to be distributed by Disney's Touchstone Pictures. The novel is the first of Document [121] (Title: Norma Shearer) the line until seven had been selected—and he was still some ten feet ahead of us. I did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the cough, I stood on my tiptoes and smiled right at him. Recognizing the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked over to me and said, 'You win, Sis. You're Number Eight.'" Other extra parts followed, including one in "Way Down East", directed by D. W. Griffith. Taking advantage of a break in filming and standing shrewdly near a powerful arc light, Shearer Document [122] (Title: Biff McGuire) He debuted on Broadway in "Bright Boy" (1944). He was acclaimed for his role as Woody in the 1960 revival of the musical "Finian's Rainbow " and played King Arthur in one of the first national tours of "Camelot". On October 9, 1955, McGuire starred in the episode "Number Seven, Hangman's Row" of the CBS anthology series, "Appointment with Adventure". He also starred in the "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" episodes "The Gentleman From America" (1956), "The Hidden Thing" (1956), "Crackpot" (1957), and "Don't Interrupt" (1958). He appeared in such television series as "The Secret Storm" and "All My Children". McGuire was Document [123] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) John and Sarah. John saves Sarah from a fall, revealing his powers in the process, and they escape to their high school. Meanwhile, The Commander arrives in Paradise, in a convoy of trucks. He is confronted by Mark and his father, and after injuring the sheriff, he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding. Mark takes him to the school, which he knows is Sarah's hideout. There, John, Sarah, and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians, who brought two Piken to hunt the trio. They are saved by Number Six and Bernie, who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera Document [124] (Title: Lorien Legacies) story is told by two members of the Garde: Number Four (John Smith), who is on the run with Sam, Number Six, and Bernie Kosar (the pet of John Smith), and Number Seven (Marina), who is hiding at a convent in Spain. While John, Six and Sam try to stay ahead of the Mogadorians while searching for the other surviving Loric, Marina searches for news of John after his heroic battle at the school that came at the end of "I Am Number Four". The plot begins by showing what life is like for Marina in the convent. Marina starts Document [125] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) Four" grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas, for a worldwide total of $149,878,437. It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend (February 25–27, 2011) with $28,086,805. The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893. In its second weekend, it dropped 43.4%, earning $11,016,126. The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China. It began in third place with $3.4 million, but had an increase of 91% in its second week, topping the box office with $6.4 million. In its third Document [126] (Title: Number Five (album)) Number Five (album) Number Five is a studio album by jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger, Tom Harrell, released in May 2012 by HighNote. This is the fifth album by Harrell's Quintet, which includes Wayne Escoffery on sax, Danny Grissett on piano, Ugonna Okegwo on bass, and Johnathan Blake on drums. Four tracks feature the full quintet. The other tracks feature arrangements in quartet, trio and duo, and on two tracks Harrell performs solo. This is a departure from Harrell's previous four albums in which 35 of the total 36 tracks featured the full quintet. Four tracks were recorded with no Document [127] (Title: A Change of Mind) but ultimately rallies and prevails. Number Eighty-six, still intoxicated with the drug, is hypnotised by Number Six and explains how the conditioning process was faked; she is given undisclosed instructions by Number Six. Number Six visits Number Two and convinces him that the ploy has worked, informing him that he wants to publicly confess to "everyone". Number Two arranges for the whole village to hear Number Six speak. The programmed Number Eighty-six arrives on cue at the stroke of 4 o'clock and loudly charges Number Two with being "unmutual". The Villagers turn on Number Two, who is forced to flee Document [128] (Title: Jake Abel) Jake Abel Jacob Allen Abel (born November 18, 1987) is an American actor and singer who is known for playing Adam Milligan in the CW series "Supernatural" (2009–10), Luke Castellan in the film adaptation of "" (2010), and its sequel, "" (2013), Mark James in the film adaptation of "I Am Number Four" (2011), Ian O'Shea in "The Host" (2013), and Mike Love in Love & Mercy. Abel was born in Canton, Ohio, the son of Kim and Mike Abel. He has a brother, Scott. His first credited role was in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Go Figure", playing Spencer. Document [129] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) to date a high school football player, but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret. Jake Abel plays the football player, Mark James, an antagonist in the film. Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric, Number Six, and 16-year-old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode, Number Four's best friend. Principal photography began on May 17, 2010, using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit. The film studio also had a positive experience shooting "She's Out of My League" in Pittsburgh in 2008. Document [130] (Title: I Am Number Four (film)) released in theaters on February 18, 2011, and was also released in the IMAX format. The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on May 24, 2011. The release was produced in three different packages: a three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a single-disc DVD. The "Digital Copy" included with the 3-disc version is a stand-alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player. All releases include bloopers and the ""Becoming Number 6"" featurette, while the single-disc Blu-ray and Document [131] (Title: Sean Six) Sean Six Sean Six is an American actor who started acting at the age of 8. His first role was in the theater, in a production of "Fiddler on the Roof" at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. He is best known for his role as the Tenctonese teenager, Buck Francisco, in the cult science fiction TV series "Alien Nation". Sean landed this role after video of him acting in a play he co-wrote with a friend was viewed by producers of the Alien Nation series. Sean reprised this role in all five "Alien Nation" TV movies after the cancellation of Document [132] (Title: You Are Number Six) You Are Number Six You Are Number Six is the indie, new wave solo musical project of French producer, musician and songwriter Théo Lefebvre, based in Montpellier, France. The musical project started in 2014 with his first release in June titled, "Weird Tales", produced by Young Cubs and which was featured on SoundCloud's Discover page and warmly welcomed by famous indie blogs such as "Obscure Sound" or Indie Hoy. You Are Number Six has since released six EPs, including "Lensflares" on Emerald and Doreen Records in 2015, and "VHS Dreams" on Tree Machine Records in 2016. "Théo Lefebvre" was born Document [133] (Title: You Are Number Six) on June 6, 1993 and studied English literature in Montpellier before starting his musical project "You Are Number Six" in 2013. The name of the project is a reference to the 60s series The Prisoner and the famous sentence from the opening sequence. He is also the co-founder of the French record label "Slynt Records", which has released various EPs from Heclysma, Kapitals and Gliese & Kepler. You Are Number Six You Are Number Six is the indie, new wave solo musical project of French producer, musician and songwriter Théo Lefebvre, based in Montpellier, France. The musical project started in Document [134] (Title: Two 4 One) Two 4 One Two 4 One is a 2014 Canadian comedy-drama film that marks the debut of Victoria, British Columbia filmmaker Maureen Bradley. The film stars Gavin Crawford as Adam, a transman who agrees to have a one-night stand with his ex-girlfriend Miriam (Naomi Snieckus) during which he uses a mail order at-home pregnancy kit to artificially inseminate her with donated sperm. However, an accident during the encounter leaves both Adam and Miriam pregnant, forcing Adam, who has not yet completed the surgical phase of his gender transition, to confront the ways in which the pregnancy will influence his sense Document [135] (Title: Number 2 (Austin Powers)) Number 2 (Austin Powers) Number 2 is a fictional character in the "Austin Powers" franchise. He is played by Robert Wagner in all three films, while his younger self is played by Rob Lowe in "". He briefly appears as a teenager in a flashback in "Goldmember", portrayed by Evan Farmer. The character was modeled on the James Bond villain Emilio Largo who was number 2 of SPECTRE in the 1965 James Bond movie "Thunderball". His name is intended as a humorous dual parody. Number One is the traditional term for a First Officer in the British Navy. "Number 2" Document [136] (Title: Morphy number) with many current top players, has a Morphy number of 5: Anand played Efim Geller (Morphy number 4), who played Salo Flohr (Morphy number 3), who played Géza Maróczy (Morphy number 2), who played John Owen (Morphy number 1), who played Morphy. Taylor Kingston states that the idea of the Morphy number may have originated in a June 2000 note by Tim Krabbé, who has Morphy number 4. As of April 2016, Leonard Barden, Pal Benko, Arthur Bisguier, Melvin Chernev, Dennis Horne, Borislav Ivkov, Erik Karklins, Franciscus Kuijpers, Aleksandar Matanović, Friðrik Ólafsson, Jonathan Penrose, Oliver Penrose, and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer were Document [137] (Title: You Am I) in January 1999. By July 1999 the line-up of the group was augmented by Davey Lane of The Pictures on second guitar. Lane came to the band's attention via his work with The Pictures and by accurately transcribing You Am I's guitar tabs from "#4 Record" on an early fan site. Lane said – on "The Cream & the Crock" (November 2003) video documentary – that he almost decided not to be a part of the band, as he was "fucking up his favourite band by playing in it" after he had played his first show with them and stuffed Document [138] (Title: I Am Number Four) Book reviewed it as, "Riveting." It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Sellers List for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks. I Am Number Four I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore (the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes) and the first book in the "Lorien Legacies" series. The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3, 2010, and spent seven successive weeks at #1 on the children's chapter of the "New York Times" bestseller list. DreamWorks Pictures bought the Question: who played number 6 in i am number four

Answer: Teresa Palmer Long Answer: Six is portrayed by Teresa Palmer in the film adaptation Gold Document ID: 129

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dart (missile)) of oak. This technology was used worldwide from the Upper Palaeolithic (late Solutrean, c. 18,000–16,000 BC) until the development of archery made it obsolete ("see Replacement"). The darts in question are much larger than arrows, but noticeably lighter than javelins. They have a weighted "point", often of stone, on a removable foreshaft. This is held by friction onto a thin, flexible main shaft a few metres in length, with fletching and a (usually socket-like) "nock" at the opposite end. Since they are unlike anything in Western history, the term "dart" has been adopted after some debate. Some alternate terms for Document [2] (Title: Archery) component of the arrow. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but separate arrowheads are far more common, usually made from metal, stone, or other hard materials. The most commonly used forms are target points, field points, and broadheads, although there are also other types, such as bodkin, judo, and blunt heads. Fletching is traditionally made from bird feathers, but solid plastic vanes and thin sheet-like spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. The most common configuration in Document [3] (Title: Arrow) an arrow" when one readies a shot. A nock is a notch in the rearmost end of an arrow. It helps keep the arrow correctly rotated. It also keeps the arrow from slipping sideways during the draw or after the release. It also helps maximize the arrow's energy (i.e. its range and lethality) by helping an archer place the arrow at the fastest-moving place on the bowstring. Some archers mark the nock position with beads, knots or wrappings of thread. The main purpose of a nock is to control the rotation of the arrow. Arrows bend when released. If the Document [4] (Title: Archery) shooter) and the shaft of the arrow is placed on the arrow rest or shelf. The back of the arrow is attached to the bowstring with the nock (a small locking groove located at the proximal end of the arrow). This step is called "nocking the arrow". Typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane, the "cock feather", is pointing away from the bow, to improve the clearance of the arrow as it passes the arrow rest. A compound bow is fitted with a special type of arrow rest, known as a launcher, and the Document [5] (Title: Bow and arrow) Bow and arrow The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). "Archery" is the art, practice or skill of using bows to shoot arrows. A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a "bowman" or an "archer". Someone who makes bows is known as a "bowyer", one who makes arrows is a "fletcher", and one who manufactures metal arrowheads is an "arrowsmith". The use of bows and arrows by humans for hunting predates recorded history and was common to many prehistoric cultures. They were important weapons Document [6] (Title: Bow and arrow) consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other. Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have the advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more Document [7] (Title: Archery) Archery Archery is the art, sport, practice or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. The word comes from the Latin "arcus". Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a "bowman", and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The bow and arrow seems to have been invented in the later Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest signs of its use in Europe Document [8] (Title: Archery) mechanically drawn bows also have devices to hold the tension when the bow is fully drawn. They are not limited by the strength of a single archer and larger varieties have been used as siege engines. The most common form of arrow consists of a shaft, with an arrowhead at the front end, and fletchings and a nock at the other end. Arrows across time and history have normally been carried in a container known as a quiver, which can take many different forms. Shafts of arrows are typically composed of solid wood, bamboo, fiberglass, aluminium alloy, carbon fiber, or Document [9] (Title: Arrow) Arrow An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called the nock for engaging the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans predates recorded history and is common to most cultures. A craftsman who makes arrows is a "fletcher", and one that makes arrowheads is an "arrowsmith". The oldest evidence of stone-tipped projectiles, which may or may not Document [10] (Title: Bow and arrow) for quick reloading is called a "quiver". When not in use, bows are generally kept "unstrung", meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow, and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. For many bow designs, this also lets it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position is called "stringing" the bow. The bow and arrow appears around the transition from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic. After the end of Document [11] (Title: Arrow) are rings of color painted on arrows in a unique arrangement to indicate the owner of the arrow. An arrow is usually crested on a lathe-like tool called a cresting machine. Arrow An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called the nock for engaging the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans predates recorded history and is Document [12] (Title: Turkish archery) shoot back, or if it was a way to reuse bolts fired by Chinese crossbowmen. In modern times they are primarily used in Flight Archery to shoot shorter arrows to cut down on weight. Like many other Eastern archery styles, Turkish archery uses a "thumb draw," employing a type of grip called "mandal." This grip prevents the arrow from moving if the archer is on a horse and/or firing at an unusual angle. The draw itself is relatively short, usually under the chin or by the cheek, compared to archery styles in China or Japan where the nock is pulled Document [13] (Title: Bow shape) That is, the string goes directly to the nock in the strung (braced) position. The materials must withstand these stresses, store the energy, and rapidly give back that energy efficiently. Many bows, especially traditional self bows, are made approximately straight in side-view profile. Longbows as used by English Archers in the Middle Ages at such battles as Crecy and Agincourt were straight limb bows. A recurve bow has tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is strung. By definition, the difference between recurve and other bows is that the string touches a section of the limb when Document [14] (Title: Bow and arrow) of war from ancient history until the early modern period, where they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accurate firearms, and were eventually dropped from warfare. Today, bows and arrows are mostly used for hunting and sports. A bow consists of a semi-rigid but elastic arc with a high-tensile bowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizer fins (fletching) towards the back, with a narrow notch ("nock") at the very end to contact the bowstring. To Document [15] (Title: Bow and arrow) load an arrow for shooting ("nocking" an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer pulls back (draws) the arrow, which also pulls the bowstring and flexes the bow limbs, storing elastic energy. Typically, the archer sights along the arrow to aim it. Finally the archer releases (looses) the arrow, allowing the limbs' stored potential energy to convert into kinetic energy, which is transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity. A container or bag for additional arrows Document [16] (Title: Quiver) directly to the bow's limbs and holds the arrows steady with a clip of some kind. They are popular with compound bow hunters as it allows one piece of equipment to be carried in the field without encumbering the hunter's body. A style used by medieval English Longbowmen and several other cultures, an arrow bag is a simple drawstring cloth sack with a leather spacer at the top to keep the arrows divided. When not in use, the drawstring could be closed, completely covering the arrows so as to protect them from rain and dirt. Some had straps or rope Document [17] (Title: Bow and arrow) often than the other types of shafts. Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require the use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in the Amazon River jungles that are long. Most modern arrows are to in length. Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target. A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head. A bob-tailed arrow is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock. A barrelled arrow is thickest Document [18] (Title: Bow shape) used for hunting or war. A "decurve bow" is a bow that has arms curved or curled at the ends to turn towards the archer. This bow form reduces the strain on the bow when it is used, and the bow may be under no tension at all when strung, so that it can be kept ready for immediate use at all times. It also reduces the energy stored in the bow, and the speed of the arrow. The form is seldom used in modern or historical bows, but was occasionally used by groups such as the Mohave who did Document [19] (Title: Bow and arrow) weight, or weight. Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity. The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by the archer, as well as Document [20] (Title: Quiver) on the dominant hand side, off-hand side, or the small of the back. Some variants enclose almost the entire arrow, while minimalist "pocket quivers" consist of little more than a small stiff pouch that only covers the first few inches. Back quivers are secured to the archer's back via straps, with the nock ends protruding above the dominant hand's shoulder. Arrows can be drawn over the shoulder rapidly by the nock. This style of quiver was used by native peoples of North America and Africa, and was also commonly depicted in bas-reliefs from ancient Assyria. While popular in cinema and Document [21] (Title: Dart (missile)) this missile have included the spear, but this term has fallen out of favour since in all other uses, spears are stiff enough to be used for stabbing. In its function, an atlatl dart is more like a combination between a bow and an arrow. Its similarity to a bow may not be immediately obvious, but in fact both serve to accumulate energy by elasticity in a fundamentally similar way. As throwing begins, a dart of this type is designed to flex in compression between the accelerating force at its nock and the inertia of its weighted point, storing energy. Document [22] (Title: Arrow) hand. A flu-flu is a form of fletching, normally made by using long sections of full length feathers taken from a turkey, in most cases six or more sections are used rather than the traditional three. Alternatively two long feathers can be spiraled around the end of the arrow shaft. The extra fletching generates more drag and slows the arrow down rapidly after a short distance, about 30 m or so. Flu-Flu arrows are often used for hunting birds, or for children's archery, and can also be used to play Flu-Flu Golf. In English it is common to say "nock Question: term for putting an arrow in a bow Answer: Nock Long Answer: Nock (practice)--The act of setting an arrow in a bow Gold Document ID: 22

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Dart (missile)) of oak. This technology was used worldwide from the Upper Palaeolithic (late Solutrean, c. 18,000–16,000 BC) until the development of archery made it obsolete ("see Replacement"). The darts in question are much larger than arrows, but noticeably lighter than javelins. They have a weighted "point", often of stone, on a removable foreshaft. This is held by friction onto a thin, flexible main shaft a few metres in length, with fletching and a (usually socket-like) "nock" at the opposite end. Since they are unlike anything in Western history, the term "dart" has been adopted after some debate. Some alternate terms for Document [2] (Title: Archery) component of the arrow. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but separate arrowheads are far more common, usually made from metal, stone, or other hard materials. The most commonly used forms are target points, field points, and broadheads, although there are also other types, such as bodkin, judo, and blunt heads. Fletching is traditionally made from bird feathers, but solid plastic vanes and thin sheet-like spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. The most common configuration in Document [3] (Title: Arrow) an arrow" when one readies a shot. A nock is a notch in the rearmost end of an arrow. It helps keep the arrow correctly rotated. It also keeps the arrow from slipping sideways during the draw or after the release. It also helps maximize the arrow's energy (i.e. its range and lethality) by helping an archer place the arrow at the fastest-moving place on the bowstring. Some archers mark the nock position with beads, knots or wrappings of thread. The main purpose of a nock is to control the rotation of the arrow. Arrows bend when released. If the Document [4] (Title: Archery) shooter) and the shaft of the arrow is placed on the arrow rest or shelf. The back of the arrow is attached to the bowstring with the nock (a small locking groove located at the proximal end of the arrow). This step is called "nocking the arrow". Typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane, the "cock feather", is pointing away from the bow, to improve the clearance of the arrow as it passes the arrow rest. A compound bow is fitted with a special type of arrow rest, known as a launcher, and the Document [5] (Title: Bow and arrow) Bow and arrow The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). "Archery" is the art, practice or skill of using bows to shoot arrows. A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a "bowman" or an "archer". Someone who makes bows is known as a "bowyer", one who makes arrows is a "fletcher", and one who manufactures metal arrowheads is an "arrowsmith". The use of bows and arrows by humans for hunting predates recorded history and was common to many prehistoric cultures. They were important weapons Document [6] (Title: Bow and arrow) consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other. Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have the advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more Document [7] (Title: Archery) Archery Archery is the art, sport, practice or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. The word comes from the Latin "arcus". Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a "bowman", and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The bow and arrow seems to have been invented in the later Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest signs of its use in Europe Document [8] (Title: Archery) mechanically drawn bows also have devices to hold the tension when the bow is fully drawn. They are not limited by the strength of a single archer and larger varieties have been used as siege engines. The most common form of arrow consists of a shaft, with an arrowhead at the front end, and fletchings and a nock at the other end. Arrows across time and history have normally been carried in a container known as a quiver, which can take many different forms. Shafts of arrows are typically composed of solid wood, bamboo, fiberglass, aluminium alloy, carbon fiber, or Document [9] (Title: Arrow) Arrow An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called the nock for engaging the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans predates recorded history and is common to most cultures. A craftsman who makes arrows is a "fletcher", and one that makes arrowheads is an "arrowsmith". The oldest evidence of stone-tipped projectiles, which may or may not Document [10] (Title: Bow and arrow) for quick reloading is called a "quiver". When not in use, bows are generally kept "unstrung", meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow, and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. For many bow designs, this also lets it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position is called "stringing" the bow. The bow and arrow appears around the transition from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic. After the end of Document [11] (Title: Arrow) are rings of color painted on arrows in a unique arrangement to indicate the owner of the arrow. An arrow is usually crested on a lathe-like tool called a cresting machine. Arrow An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called the nock for engaging the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans predates recorded history and is Document [12] (Title: Turkish archery) shoot back, or if it was a way to reuse bolts fired by Chinese crossbowmen. In modern times they are primarily used in Flight Archery to shoot shorter arrows to cut down on weight. Like many other Eastern archery styles, Turkish archery uses a "thumb draw," employing a type of grip called "mandal." This grip prevents the arrow from moving if the archer is on a horse and/or firing at an unusual angle. The draw itself is relatively short, usually under the chin or by the cheek, compared to archery styles in China or Japan where the nock is pulled Document [13] (Title: Bow shape) That is, the string goes directly to the nock in the strung (braced) position. The materials must withstand these stresses, store the energy, and rapidly give back that energy efficiently. Many bows, especially traditional self bows, are made approximately straight in side-view profile. Longbows as used by English Archers in the Middle Ages at such battles as Crecy and Agincourt were straight limb bows. A recurve bow has tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is strung. By definition, the difference between recurve and other bows is that the string touches a section of the limb when Document [14] (Title: Bow and arrow) of war from ancient history until the early modern period, where they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accurate firearms, and were eventually dropped from warfare. Today, bows and arrows are mostly used for hunting and sports. A bow consists of a semi-rigid but elastic arc with a high-tensile bowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizer fins (fletching) towards the back, with a narrow notch ("nock") at the very end to contact the bowstring. To Document [15] (Title: Bow and arrow) load an arrow for shooting ("nocking" an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer pulls back (draws) the arrow, which also pulls the bowstring and flexes the bow limbs, storing elastic energy. Typically, the archer sights along the arrow to aim it. Finally the archer releases (looses) the arrow, allowing the limbs' stored potential energy to convert into kinetic energy, which is transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity. A container or bag for additional arrows Document [16] (Title: Quiver) directly to the bow's limbs and holds the arrows steady with a clip of some kind. They are popular with compound bow hunters as it allows one piece of equipment to be carried in the field without encumbering the hunter's body. A style used by medieval English Longbowmen and several other cultures, an arrow bag is a simple drawstring cloth sack with a leather spacer at the top to keep the arrows divided. When not in use, the drawstring could be closed, completely covering the arrows so as to protect them from rain and dirt. Some had straps or rope Document [17] (Title: Bow and arrow) often than the other types of shafts. Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require the use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in the Amazon River jungles that are long. Most modern arrows are to in length. Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target. A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head. A bob-tailed arrow is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock. A barrelled arrow is thickest Document [18] (Title: Bow shape) used for hunting or war. A "decurve bow" is a bow that has arms curved or curled at the ends to turn towards the archer. This bow form reduces the strain on the bow when it is used, and the bow may be under no tension at all when strung, so that it can be kept ready for immediate use at all times. It also reduces the energy stored in the bow, and the speed of the arrow. The form is seldom used in modern or historical bows, but was occasionally used by groups such as the Mohave who did Document [19] (Title: Bow and arrow) weight, or weight. Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity. The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by the archer, as well as Document [20] (Title: Quiver) on the dominant hand side, off-hand side, or the small of the back. Some variants enclose almost the entire arrow, while minimalist "pocket quivers" consist of little more than a small stiff pouch that only covers the first few inches. Back quivers are secured to the archer's back via straps, with the nock ends protruding above the dominant hand's shoulder. Arrows can be drawn over the shoulder rapidly by the nock. This style of quiver was used by native peoples of North America and Africa, and was also commonly depicted in bas-reliefs from ancient Assyria. While popular in cinema and Document [21] (Title: Dart (missile)) this missile have included the spear, but this term has fallen out of favour since in all other uses, spears are stiff enough to be used for stabbing. In its function, an atlatl dart is more like a combination between a bow and an arrow. Its similarity to a bow may not be immediately obvious, but in fact both serve to accumulate energy by elasticity in a fundamentally similar way. As throwing begins, a dart of this type is designed to flex in compression between the accelerating force at its nock and the inertia of its weighted point, storing energy. Document [22] (Title: Arrow) hand. A flu-flu is a form of fletching, normally made by using long sections of full length feathers taken from a turkey, in most cases six or more sections are used rather than the traditional three. Alternatively two long feathers can be spiraled around the end of the arrow shaft. The extra fletching generates more drag and slows the arrow down rapidly after a short distance, about 30 m or so. Flu-Flu arrows are often used for hunting birds, or for children's archery, and can also be used to play Flu-Flu Golf. In English it is common to say "nock Question: term for putting an arrow in a bow

Answer: Nock Long Answer: Nock (practice)--The act of setting an arrow in a bow Gold Document ID: 22

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alejandro Jodorowsky) from said statement: Where did [the people claiming that I raped Mara Lorenzio on the set of "El Topo" in front of the camera] find reports of this alleged incident that would have happened in 1969? It’s very possible that they read some of the interviews I did in the United States or England back then. I produced "El Topo" independently. When I told the Mexican film industry that I was going to travel to New York to sell "El Topo", they made fun of me. “You’re crazy, only Emilio Fernandez ('El Indio') has ever managed to release a movie Document [2] (Title: Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers) night, one of their mind games goes horribly wrong and results in the death of Grace (Shirley Stoler), one of the locals. Now, try as they might, the exigenices of reality won't leave Topsy and Bunker alone. A reckoning is coming: but when the whole world is in your head, where do you hide? Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers is a 1992 mystery/drama film released by Top Bunk Films, the first feature film directed by underground cine-video artist Thomas Massengale. Topsy (Steve Gunderson) and Bunker (Paul Robertson), two outcasts living in a run-down, Document [3] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) Man at the Top (film) Man at the Top is a 1973 British drama film directed by Mike Vardy and starring Kenneth Haigh, spun off from the television series "Man at the Top" which itself was inspired by the 1959 film "Room at the Top" and its sequel "Life at the Top". Joe Lampton is promoted to managing director of a pharmaceutical company, and becomes involved with Lord Ackerman, the powerful chairman, who is also his father-in-law. But Joe makes a shocking discovery: his predecessor committed suicide because of his involvement in a drug that left 1000 African women sterile. Document [4] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) Over the Edge (film) Over the Edge is an American coming-of-age crime drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and released in May 1979. The film, based on actual events, had a limited theatrical release but has since achieved cult film status. It was Matt Dillon's film debut. A group of teenagers are living in an isolated planned community called New Granada, east of Denver, Colorado. Their needs were not considered by those who designed the community, and so there is nothing for them to do but go to school and hang out at the local recreation center, which closes at Document [5] (Title: Top Secret!) David Zucker explained: We just needed a subject that we would be excited about. Starting out, we didn’t have a whole genre like the airplane disaster movies. We were just fans of those black and white World War II movies that were made during the war. Somehow, we didn’t think that was enough: we didn’t want to do a period piece, we wanted to make it contemporary. That was the whole concept of ‘Top Secret!’: that it was not necessarily grounded in reality, but it would have kind of this heightened sense of craziness – even to which genres we Document [6] (Title: Top of the World (1955 film)) men are at great risk as the floe melts and rescue planes are unable to land. Cantrell pilots a glider to rescue the men, with Gannon volunteering to be left behind, then stages a daring return trip. Gannon realizes he still loves Virgie, and a relieved Mary realizes she hasn't lost Cantrell. William H. Clothier said he used an Arriflex 35 camera to shoot scenes in the film. Composer Albert Glasser composed the music to the film. "Top of the World" was released in May 1955, by United Artists. Top of the World (1955 film) Top of the World is Document [7] (Title: Bottom (TV series)) releases the word 'gyppos' has been replaced with 'yobbos'. Bottom (TV series) Bottom is a British TV sitcom created by Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall that originally aired on BBC2 from 17 September 1991 to 10 April 1995 across three series. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as Edward Elizabeth "Eddie" Hitler and Richard "Richie" Richard, two flatmates who live in Hammersmith, West London. The show is noted for its chaotic, nihilistic humour and violent comedy slapstick. "Bottom" also spawned five stage-show tours between 1993 and 2003, and a feature film, "Guest House Paradiso" (1999). Plans for a spin-off series Document [8] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) centered around Simon's outlandish shenanigans and attempts to break back into show business. The show was pitched in early 1996 to ABC president Ted Harbert, and although it would not be ready to hit the air for the 1996-1997 season, it remained in development. Tim Curry was aboard and wanted the relationship between the two leads to be loosely based on his relationship with friend and next door neighbor Annie Potts, to whom he said, "I wish you could do this with me!" Potts was starring in the TV spin-off of the popular film "Dangerous Minds" at the time, so Document [9] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) up as a result of their romance, and it did not help matters that the press was only shown snippets of the pilot episode. In the months between the time the series was picked up and its scheduled premiere, Morton and Tarses' relationship ended. Originally slated to debut on September 23, 1997 the show's premiere was delayed until October 21, opposite the World Series, so it could be retooled. Natanya Ross and Debra Jo Rupp were replaced by Marla Sokoloff and Liz Torres, and John O'Hurley's character was written into the show. Kate was renamed Hadley and her character became Document [10] (Title: Over the Top (film)) songs, but scored music instead, and most likely would've made the event in Vegas more ominous – not so carnival-like." Over the Top (film) Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone. It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone. The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder. The main character, played by Stallone, is a long-haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Lincoln Hawk (Sylvester Stallone) is a struggling trucker who arm wrestles Document [11] (Title: Movie 4) of St. Mary's", "High Noon", "The Quiet Man", "The Men", and "East of Eden". For the most part, top-line features were usually reserved for the Saturday and Sunday night airings, while more standard fare was run on weekdays and weekend afternoons. Prestigious foreign films—mainly from England but also from other countries—also had their first showings on "Movie 4" over the years. For example, in the autumn of 1960, New York viewers saw the 1955 Peter Sellers–Alec Guinness version of "The Ladykillers" for the first time on television, as well as Fernandel's "The Sheep Has Five Legs", the 1954 Rossano Brazzi Document [12] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) Over the Top (TV series) Over the Top is an American sitcom starring Tim Curry, Annie Potts, and Steve Carell. The series premiered on ABC on October 21, 1997. Although 12 episodes were produced, the series was canceled after only three episodes had aired. After being fired from the soap opera "Days to Remember", down on his luck, eccentric, self-centered actor Simon Ferguson (Tim Curry) moves into Manhattan's Metropolitan Hotel, which is run by ex-wife Hadley Martin (Annie Potts), whom he was married to 20 years prior... for twelve days. Despite her initial exasperation with her ex, Hadley again succumbs Document [13] (Title: Get Over It (film)) film was released in the US on March 9, 2001 by Miramax. The film then opened in the UK on June 10, 2001 by Momentum Pictures and in Australia on September 6, 2001 by Buena Vista International. The film was released on DVD & VHS in the US by Miramax Home Entertainment on August 14, 2001 and in the UK by Momentum Pictures on April 1, 2002. Special features include a commentary track with director Tommy O'Haver & screenwriter R. Lee Fleming, Jr., deleted & extended scenes with optional commentary, original songs, outtakes with Martin Short, a makeup test also Document [14] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) middle-aged Mrs. Lampton." Man at the Top (film) Man at the Top is a 1973 British drama film directed by Mike Vardy and starring Kenneth Haigh, spun off from the television series "Man at the Top" which itself was inspired by the 1959 film "Room at the Top" and its sequel "Life at the Top". Joe Lampton is promoted to managing director of a pharmaceutical company, and becomes involved with Lord Ackerman, the powerful chairman, who is also his father-in-law. But Joe makes a shocking discovery: his predecessor committed suicide because of his involvement in a drug that left 1000 Document [15] (Title: Above the Rim) film was released on March 23, 1994, grossing $3,738,800 on opening weekend. At the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed a total of $16,192,320. 1995 MTV Movie Awards It holds a 53% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 19 reviews. Peter Travers stated "It's Shakur who steals the show. The rapper's offscreen legal problems are well known, but there's no denying his power as an actor." "Variety" said "A fine cast and the movie's general energy can't overcome that mix of cliches and technical flaws, which should conspire to prevent any high flying at the box office." Above Document [16] (Title: United Artists) Danjaq and UA remained the public co-copyright holders for the Bond series, and the 2006 "Casino Royale" remake shares the copyright with Columbia Pictures. UA released "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" in 1975 a film which won the Best Picture Academy Award and earned $56 million. UA followed with the next two years' Best Picture Oscar winners, "Rocky" and "Annie Hall". However, Transamerica was not pleased with UA's releases such as "Midnight Cowboy" and "Last Tango in Paris" that were rated X by the Motion Picture Association of America. In these instances, Transamerica demanded the byline "A Transamerica Company" Document [17] (Title: Flat Top (film)) Flat Top (film) Flat Top (also released as Eagles of the Fleet) is a 1952 American drama war film directed by Lesley Selander and starring Sterling Hayden, with early appearances from Phyllis Coates, Jack Larson, Richard Carlson, and William Schallert. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. The film begins onboard an aircraft carrier off from the coast of Korea during the Korean War. Commander Collier (Hayden) is the Commander Air Group (CAG), or Air Boss, in charge of air operations on the carrier, or 'flat top'. When asked about how he first handled his Document [18] (Title: Top o' the Morning (1949 film)) Top o' the Morning (1949 film) Top o' the Morning is a 1949 American romantic comedy film directed by David Miller and starring Bing Crosby, Ann Blyth, and Barry Fitzgerald. Written by Edmund Beloin and Richard L. Breen, the film is about a singing insurance investigator who comes to Ireland to recover the stolen Blarney Stone—and romance the local policeman's daughter. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" commented, inter alia: "All things being considered, especially the memorable success of Paramount’s “Welcome Stranger” and its incomparable “Going My Way,” it naturally stood to reason that Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald Document [19] (Title: Shirley Temple) they signed in July 1934, Temple's parents agreed to four films a year (rather than the three they wished). A succession of films followed: "The Little Colonel", "Our Little Girl", "Curly Top" (with the signature song "Animal Crackers in My Soup"), and "The Littlest Rebel" in 1935. "Curly Top" and "The Littlest Rebel" were named to "Variety"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of top box office draws for 1935. In 1936, "Captain January", "Poor Little Rich Girl", "Dimples", and "Stowaway" were released. "Curly Top" was Shirley's last film before the merger of 20th Century and Fox. Based on Temple's many screen successes, Zanuck increased Document [20] (Title: Over the Top (film)) to August 15, 1986. Sylvester Stallone was reportedly paid $12 million to star in "Over the Top". A soundtrack album was released in 1987 to coincide with the release of the movie. It contains music from Frank Stallone, Kenny Loggins (who performs the film's central theme, "Meet Me Half Way"), Eddie Money, and Sammy Hagar. John Wetton, lead singer of the rock group Asia, sang "Winner Takes It All" for the movie, but after performing the song, it was felt that his voice wasn't "mean" enough, so the song was offered to Hagar, whose version, featuring a bass guitar solo Document [21] (Title: Touchstone Pictures) that year. Incoming Disney CEO Michael Eisner and film chief Jeffrey Katzenberg considered renaming the label to Hollywood Pictures. In 1986, "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" was another early success for Touchstone and was Disney's first R-rated film. Allowing the momentum to increase with additional PG-13 and R-rated films with "Ruthless People" (1986), "Outrageous Fortune" (1987), "Tin Men" (1987), and other top movies. In April 1985, Touchstone Films were licensed to Showtime/The Movie Channel for five years starting in 1986. Touchstone Films was renamed Touchstone Pictures after the film "Ruthless People" in 1986. With the Touchstone movies, Disney moved Document [22] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) was composed by Leoncio Lara. The TV show's theme song was featured in the film. The song, "New York Groove" by Ace Frehley, was also featured in the film's trailer and end credits. This film was released theatrically in Mexico and parts of South America on September 16, 2011 in Digital 3D and regular 2D format. The film's teaser premiered on April 15, 2011 and was shown during the Mexican screenings of "Hop". On January 23, 2012, Vertigo Films announced that the film would be released in the United Kingdom on June 1, 2012 (formerly August 20, 2012) in 2D, Document [23] (Title: Life at the Top (film)) Life at the Top (film) Life at the Top is a 1965 drama film, a production of Romulus Films released by Columbia Pictures. The screenplay was by Mordecai Richler, based on the novel "Life at the Top" by John Braine, and is a sequel to the film "Room at the Top" (1959). It was directed by Ted Kotcheff and produced by James Woolf with William Kirby as associate producer. The music score was by Richard Addinsell and the cinematography by Oswald Morris. The film's art director Edward Marshall received a 1966 BAFTA Award nomination. The film stars Laurence Harvey, once Document [24] (Title: Travis Tope) Holbrook, with Sara Colangelo directing. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2014, and was released on January 16, 2015, by Amplify. Then Tope played the role Chris Truby in the drama "Men, Women & Children" along with Adam Sandler and Rosemarie DeWitt, and directed by Jason Reitman. The film had premiered on September 6, 2014 at TIFF and was released domestically on October 1, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Then he played the lead role of Nick Strain in the slasher horror film "The Town That Dreaded Sundown" along with Addison Timlin, which was directed by Alfonso Document [25] (Title: Over the Top (film)) from kidnappers (who were actually goons hired by Cutler to retrieve Mike). However, when they arrive at the hospital, Hawk is despondent to learn they have arrived too late; as Christina died in surgery earlier that day. Feeling he would have been there with her if not for Hawk, Michael leaves for his grandfather's estate. An attempt to retrieve Michael ends with Hawk being arrested for trespassing when he resorts to ramraiding after being turned away from Cutler's gated mansion. Michael visits his father in jail and forgives him, but tells Hawk that he feels more secure living with his Document [26] (Title: On Top (film)) Times film critic reviewed the movie and started the review by saying "On Top features a bunch of Icelandic fruitcakes wearing strange clothes" On Top (film) On Top (Icelandic: Með allt á hreinu ()) is an Icelandic musical comedy from 1982, directed by Icelandic director Ágúst Guðmundsson. The film, which still enjoys widespread popularity in Iceland, tells the story of two bands (one all-male and one all-female) that go on a tour together and then become engaged in a rivalry. The cast is composed members of the pop bands Stuðmenn (also the name of the band in the film) and Document [27] (Title: Justine Johnstone) for producers Charles Dillingham and Florenz Ziegfeld, who featured her in the 1915 and 1916 editions of the Ziegfeld Follies. Lee Shubert created the 1917 Broadway musical revue "Over the Top" for her, which featured Fred Astaire and his sister Adele Astaire in their Broadway debuts. In 1926, she retired from performing for private life. When Johnstone’s husband fell ill in 1927, Johnstone became acquainted with his doctor, Samuel Hirschfeld. He convinced her to enroll in some science courses at Columbia University, where she studied plant research. Her work so impressed Harold T. Hyman, head of the science department of Document [28] (Title: When the Party's Over) When the Party's Over When the Party's Over is a 1993 film starring Sandra Bullock. The film was directed by Matthew Irmas and was first released on March 12, 1993. Frankie (Elizabeth Berridge), Amanda (Sandra Bullock), MJ (Rae Dawn Chong, and Banks (Kris Kamm) are housemates, who are fresh out of college. Frankie is a social worker, who is dating Taylor, a lawyer (Brian McNamara). Amanda, an artist, meets and falls in love with Alexander Midnight, a performance artist (Fisher Stevens). She is also trying to guide her younger brother, Willie (Michael Landes), with wisdom, patience, and compassion, after the Document [29] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) Jonathan Kaplan, who was just 30 when hired, took a documentary approach to filming, using unknown actors. Among them was Matt Dillon, then age 14, who the filmmakers discovered in a middle school in Westchester County, New York. This was Dillon's feature film debut. Shooting took place over 20 days in 1978 in Greeley and Aurora, two cities in Colorado. Due to the negative publicity surrounding a wave of recent youth gang films such as "The Warriors" and "Boulevard Nights", "Over the Edge" had a limited theatrical release in 1979. But the film has since gained cult film status. In Document [30] (Title: Summer of '42) trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first. Ultimately, the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand. The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old. Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his Document [31] (Title: Flat Top (film)) job, he goes back to the time of World War II, where the rest of the film takes place. Told in flashback form, Collier recounts the war in the Pacific, working flight ops on the same carrier as the Fighter Squadron Commander with a new Executive Officer, LT Joe Rogers (Carlson), and getting a group of fighter pilots ready for the tough fight to come against the Japanese. Flat Top (film) Flat Top (also released as Eagles of the Fleet) is a 1952 American drama war film directed by Lesley Selander and starring Sterling Hayden, with early appearances from Phyllis Document [32] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) (1983). Over the Edge (film) Over the Edge is an American coming-of-age crime drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and released in May 1979. The film, based on actual events, had a limited theatrical release but has since achieved cult film status. It was Matt Dillon's film debut. A group of teenagers are living in an isolated planned community called New Granada, east of Denver, Colorado. Their needs were not considered by those who designed the community, and so there is nothing for them to do but go to school and hang out at the local recreation center, which closes Document [33] (Title: Hello Down There) Hello Down There Hello Down There (re-released in 1974 as Sub-A-Dub-Dub) is a 1969 American comedy-adventure film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Sherman and Ivan Tors, directed Jack Arnold and Ricou Browning (underwater sequences), and starring Tony Randall and Janet Leigh. The screenplay was written by John McGreevey and Frank Telford. Its 1974 re-release was part of the "Paramount Family Matinee" series. Fred Miller (Tony Randall) must prove that his new design for an underwater home is viable by convincing his family to live in it for 30 days. His son and daughter (Gary Tigerman and Kay Cole) are Document [34] (Title: Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie) of over came entirely from Internet crowdfunding. It received mixed reviews from critics with many praising the soundtrack and faithfulness to the web series, but criticising the story, pacing and length. In 1983, 2 million copies of the "worst video game of all time", "ET" (referred to as "Eee Tee" for copyright reasons) for the Atari 2600, are dumped into a landfill outside Alamogordo, New Mexico. In the present day, game executive Mandi (Sarah Glendening) of Cockburn Industries, Inc. proposes to her bosses creating an intentionally bad sequel, "EeeTee 2". Thanks to the popularity and success of the Angry Video Document [35] (Title: Elgin Theater) The Elgin is reputed to be the first theater to show midnight movies. In late 1970, the first midnight movie shown at The Elgin was Alejandro Jodorowsky's surrealist western "El Topo". Barenholtz, recalled, "I was told by the experts: 'Who's going to come see a film at midnight? You're out of your mind.' But within two years, there wasn't a city in the country that didn't have a midnight movie going." "El Topo" premiered at The Elgin on December 17, 1970 and ran continuously seven days a week until the end of June 1971. The theater was part of an Document [36] (Title: The Do-Over) The Do-Over The Do-Over is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Steven Brill, and written by Kevin Barnett and Chris Pappas. It stars Adam Sandler and David Spade. The film is the second in a four-film deal between Sandler and Netflix. The film was released worldwide on Netflix on May 27, 2016. The film follows Charlie (David Spade) and Max (Adam Sandler) after the latter fakes their deaths in order to start their lives anew. Things go awry, however, when they discover that the dead men whose identities they have adopted were entangled in criminal activities. Charlie McMillan Document [37] (Title: Time at the Top) Film Festival and also The Film Advisory Board's Award of Excellence. It was in competition at the Cairo International Film Festival and Falstaff International Film Festival and also screened at the Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg Showtime licensed video rights for "Time at the Top" to Square Dog Pictures, which printed hundreds of VHS copies in order to fill enough shelves at Blockbuster Video locations to make a given title as if it were a major release. Time at the Top Time at the Top, is a 1999 cable television film for Showtime that was directed by Jimmy Kaufman and Document [38] (Title: Curly Top (film)) Curly Top (film) Curly Top is a 1935 American musical film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan (Shirley Temple) by a wealthy bachelor (John Boles) and his romantic attraction to her older sister (Rochelle Hudson). Together with "The Littlest Rebel", another Temple vehicle, the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by "Variety". The film's musical numbers include "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up". This film was the first of four films that Shirley Temple Document [39] (Title: Tony Scott) that weren't then possible in TV or film." Following the success of "Top Gun", Scott found himself on Hollywood's A-list of action directors. He re-teamed with Simpson and Bruckheimer in 1987 to direct Eddie Murphy and Brigitte Nielsen in the highly anticipated sequel "Beverly Hills Cop II". While not being critically embraced, the film nevertheless became one of the year's highest grossers. His next film, "Revenge" (1990), a thriller of adultery and revenge set in Mexico, starred Kevin Costner, Madeleine Stowe and Anthony Quinn. Once again directing Tom Cruise, Scott returned to the Simpson-Bruckheimer fold to helm the big-budget racing Document [40] (Title: David Grant (producer)) head of marketing. The company launched onto the video market with several soft porn titles in December 1981. in 1983 Grant noted that Steven Spielberg’s film ET had yet to be released on home video in the UK, and responded by releasing an old sixties 'B' movie called Night Fright (1968) on video under the title E.T.N - The Extra Terrestrial Nastie, with video artwork that parodied the E.T poster. Universal International Pictures threatened legal action, and the tape was withdrawn then later re-released with different artwork. On 3 February 1984, Grant was imprisoned for distributing ‘video nasty’ "Nightmares in Document [41] (Title: French Kiss (2015 film)) over the city. The film was released in select theaters and online via YouTube on Marriott's website on May 19, 2015. As of June 9, 2015 it has over 6 million views. The original soundtrack was composed Michael A. Levine and features songs from several French artists. The film was released in select theaters and online via YouTube on Marriott's website on May 19, 2015. On the same day a premiere screening was hosted at the Marriott hotel in Marina Del Rey, California. A premiere screening was also hosted in Paris, France at the Marriott Champs Elysees on May 27, Document [42] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Over the Top (film) Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone. It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone. The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder. The main character, played by Stallone, is a long-haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Lincoln Hawk (Sylvester Stallone) is a struggling trucker who arm wrestles on the side to make extra cash while trying to rebuild his life. Hawk's estranged wife Christina, who is very Document [43] (Title: The Loft (film)) with the intention of releasing the film through Warner Bros. When Joel Silver moved his office to Universal Studios, he took Dark Castle, and the film with him. Universal planned to release the film on August 29, 2014, but the studio pulled it from the schedule in favor of Legendary Pictures' "As Above, So Below". Universal and Dark Castle dropped the film, which was then picked up by Open Road Films, who released it on January 30, 2015. Universal retained the US home entertainment rights through its ancillaries deal with Open Road. Dark Castle, however, hasn't produced another film till Document [44] (Title: The Overton Window) insufficient suspense as a thriller, terming the book "plodding" with a "half-baked plot" over-burdened with its "sermonizing." When it was released on June 15, the novel debuted at number one in its first week on the "New York Times" Best Seller List, and remained on the bestseller list through September of that year. "National Review" also pointed to the book's influence in providing attention to Joseph Overton's Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a free market think tank where Overton was a vice president until 2003. Writer Chris Kelly has suggested that ghostwriter Jack Henderson repurposed the plot for "Overton Window" Document [45] (Title: Aaron Norris) Leader", starring Michael Dudikoff. In the 1990s, he directed all of his brother's theatrical releases "" (1990), "The Hitman" (1991), "Sidekicks" (1992), "Hellbound" (1993), and "Top Dog" (1995). In 1995, he produced the film "Ripper Man" starring his nephew Mike Norris and Timothy Bottoms. In 1996, he directed his brother in the television film "Forest Warrior". That same year, he also got his only starring role in the film "Overkill". He was also hired on his brother's hit TV show "Walker, Texas Ranger". He served as an executive producer on 168 television episodes of the remaining season. Furthermore, he wrote Document [46] (Title: Top Hat) it broke all records, went on to gross $3 million on its initial release, and became RKO's most profitable film of the 1930s. After "Mutiny on the Bounty", it made more money than any other film released in 1935. Dwight Taylor was the principal screenwriter in this, the first screenplay written specially for Astaire and Rogers. Astaire reacted negatively to the first drafts, complaining that "it is patterned too closely after "The Gay Divorcee"", and "I am cast as ... a sort of objectionable young man without charm or sympathy or humour". Allan Scott, for whom this movie served as Document [47] (Title: Donald O'Connor) Universal added $50,000 in musical numbers to the film and promoted the "B" movie to "A" status. O'Connor and Ryan were in "Top Man" (1943) and "Chip Off the Old Block" (1944). They both had cameos in Universal's all-star "Follow the Boys" (1944). On his 18th birthday in August 1943, during World War II O'Connor was drafted into the United States Army. Before he reported for induction on February 6, 1944, Universal already had four O’Connor films completed. They rushed production to complete four more by that date, all with Ryan: "This Is the Life" (1944), "The Merry Monahans" (1944), Document [48] (Title: Home Alone) box office until the weekend of April 26 that year, which was well past Easter weekend. It made two more appearances in the top ten (the weekend of May 31–June 2 and the weekend of June 14–16) before finally falling out of the top ten. After over nine months into its run, the film had earned 16x its debut weekend and ended up making a final gross of $285,761,243, the top-grossing film of its year in North America. The film is listed in the "Guinness World Records" as the highest-grossing live-action comedy ever. By the time it had run its Document [49] (Title: Above Us the Waves) Warren and James Benson, which had been published in 1953. Director Ralph Thomas says the film was made because producer William MacQuitty "was very involved with the Navy and he loved submarines." MacQuitty had a production company in partnership with Sydney Box called London Independent Producers, which tended to use the same core creative personnel. They purchased film rights in 1952, before the book had been published. The book became a best seller, selling over 350,000 copies and MacQuitty obtained finance from the Rank Organisation under Earl St. John. The British admiralty provided full co-operation. Thomas was given the job Document [50] (Title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)) and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry. The film was the third highest-grossing film released in 1975 in the United States and Canada with a gross of $109 million, being UA's biggest hit. As it was released toward the end of the year, most of its gross was in 1976 and was the highest-grosser for calendar year 1976 with rentals of $56.5 million. Worldwide, the film earned rentals of $76.1 million. American Film Institute One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based Document [51] (Title: Topper (film)) recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: "Topper" was followed by the sequels "Topper Takes a Trip" (1938) and "Topper Returns" (1941). There was a television series, which premiered in 1953 and ran for two seasons, starring Leo G. Carroll, Robert Sterling and Anne Jeffreys. In 1973, a television pilot for a proposed new series "Topper Returns" (1973) was produced, starring Roddy McDowall, Stefanie Powers and John Fink. A TV movie remake (and pilot for a new TV series), "Topper" (1979) was also produced starring Kate Jackson, Jack Warden and Andrew Stevens. "Nearly Departed", a short-lived American TV series Document [52] (Title: Top Gun) Officer, Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (Edwards) are given the chance to train at the US Navy's Fighter Weapons School at Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, California. "Top Gun" was released on May 16, 1986. Upon its release, the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences, the effects, the aerial stunts, and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise. Four weeks after release, the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 percent. Despite its initial mixed critical reaction, the film was a huge commercial hit grossing US$356 Document [53] (Title: Tony Scott) Scott, though reluctant at first, agreed to direct "Top Gun". Though the film received mixed critical review, it became one of the highest-grossing films of 1986, taking in more than $350 million, and making a star of its young lead, Tom Cruise. Sam Delaney of "The Guardian" writes, "By the mid-80s, Hollywood was awash with British directors who had ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they'd honed in advertising. The vast resources and freedom made available to ad directors during advertising's boom era during the 1970s enabled them to innovate and experiment with new techniques Document [54] (Title: Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers) Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers is a 1992 mystery/drama film released by Top Bunk Films, the first feature film directed by underground cine-video artist Thomas Massengale. Topsy (Steve Gunderson) and Bunker (Paul Robertson), two outcasts living in a run-down, fleabag hotel in pre-Giuliani New York. Ensconced in their Manhattan neighborhood, where the present seemingly is out of sync with the overarching, socially defined reality of The City at large, the two misfits pass the time of their times in a fugue. Weaving fantasies of ever more complicated deviousness, they are shocked when, one Document [55] (Title: The Day the Fish Came Out) the script secret and only showing the actors their parts. In July Candice Bergen joined the cast, in her third film. Bergen said the director cast her because he wanted an "arrogant type". Filming started 6 August 1966 in Greece. Bergen said filming was "heaven - the most fun I've had in ages." Franc Roddam was an extra in the film. The film was not a critical or commercial success. The Day the Fish Came Out The Day the Fish Came Out (Greece: Otan ta psaria vgikan sti steria) is a 1967 DeLuxe Color Greek-British comedy film directed and written Document [56] (Title: Over the Top (painting)) was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and painted in a rented seed-shed at Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. Over the Top (painting) Over The Top is a 1918 oil-on-canvas painting by John Nash. It depicts a counter-attack on Welsh Ridge in northern France on 30 December 1917, during the First World War. It is held by Imperial War Museum, London. The painting measures . It shows British soldiers in heavy winter greatcoats scrambling up from their trenches to advance over a snow-covered landscape. Two already lie dead or wounded on the duckboards in the base of the trench and one Document [57] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) renew their relationship, Officer Dibble is promoted as the new Chief of Police, the gang enjoy themselves, and finally Griswald asks for a place in Top Cat's gang, which Top Cat accepts. The English-language version was also included in the special features in the Mexican DVD release. On February 26, 2011, Warner Bros. Pictures Mexico, Ánima Estudios, Illusion Studios announced that the film would be in production, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary. The film took a total of 34 months to develop. While the production of the film mainly took place in Mexico, Warner Bros. suggested that the film Document [58] (Title: At the Movies (1986 TV program)) hosts presented a film, reviewed it, and then spoke with three other critics who appeared via satellite. Each critic provided their own See It/Skip It/Rent It rating, as did the other host, leading to a panel discussion. The votes of the whole panel were then tallied to provide the show's recommendation. Guest critics on the September 6, 2008, debut of the segment included Wesley Morris of The "Boston Globe", Tory Shulman of ReelzChannel, and Matt Singer of IFC. Introduced during the Phillips/Scott era in 2010, The "Over/Under" was a segment where the reviewers pick films of a certain genre that Document [59] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) to the shoot. "Top Dog" was released only 9 days after the Oklahoma City bombing. Because the film's plot deals with terrorism, the poor timing of the film's release was noted in multiple reviews and articles. The film debuted at number eight. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 0% of eight surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 1.8/10. The film was criticised for being too similar to "K-9" and "Turner & Hooch". Top Dog (1995 film) Top Dog is a 1995 buddy cop action comedy film directed by Aaron Norris and starring Chuck Norris. Written by Document [60] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) Joe threatens to reveal all to the press, while Lord Ackerman seeks to persuade him otherwise, by offering him promotion to Chief Executive. Shooting took place from 3 March to 7 April 1973. The film was not a success at the box office. "Monthly Film Bulletin" said it was "too much like an episode of a TV series stretched to feature length". "Network on Air" noted the film as, "offering a grittier treatment than the 1959 film adaptation and the subsequent television series". Allmovie noted, " Nanette Newman, a busy doe-eyed ingenue of the 1960s, is quietly effective as the Document [61] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. UK. Top Cat: The Movie Top Cat: The Movie (also known in Spanish as Don Gato y su Pandilla, literally ""Top Cat and His Gang"") is a 2011 Mexican-Argentine animated family action comedy film based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, "Top Cat", which ran from 1961 to 1962 on ABC in the United States. Produced by Ánima Estudios and Illusion Studios, the film was first released in theaters on September 16, 2011 in 2D and 3D formats, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was later released in the United Kingdom on 1 Document [62] (Title: The Over-the-Hill Gang) around." The movie premiered on October 7, 1969, as the "ABC Movie of the Week". It was one of the first of that series. It was ABC's top rated program of the week - the first time that status had been achieved by a film made expressly for television. A sequel called "The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again" was produced the following year, with Brennan, Wills, Buchanan, Devine, and Burt Mustin reprising their roles while Fred Astaire replaced O'Brien as the second lead. Both movies doubled as a pilot for a projected weekly series, but ABC ultimately passed on the idea. Document [63] (Title: Bottom of the World (film)) Mexico and Albuquerque, New Mexico. "Bottom of the World" was released on DVD and video on demand on February 1, 2017. Bottom of the World (film) Bottom of the World is a 2017 drama film. It was directed by Richard Sears, written by Brian Gottlieb and stars Jena Malone, Douglas Smith and Ted Levine. A couple traveling along Route 66 toward Los Angeles stop at a hotel. When Scarlett (Jena Malone) disappears, Alex (Douglas Smith) begins a search then is brought into the desert by a masked stranger. Alex wakes, only to find himself in a different life although he Document [64] (Title: Independence Day (franchise)) on July 3, 1996, but began showing on July 2 (the same day the film's story begins) on limited release as a result of a high level of anticipation among moviegoers. The film grossed over $817.4 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1996 and, briefly, the second-highest-grossing film worldwide of all time behind 1993's "Jurassic Park". Currently, it ranks 69th on the list of highest-grossing films, and was at the forefront of the large-scale disaster film and sci-fi resurgence of the mid-late 1990s. The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was nominated for the Academy Document [65] (Title: MoviePass) it's only natural for us to double down and want to play alongside them – and share in the upside." MoviePass Ventures' first acquisition (in partnership with The Orchard), Bart Layton's "American Animals", was on June 1, 2018, while their second, "Gotti" starring John Travolta as the titular mob boss, was released on June 15, 2018. The MoviePass Venture operation was questioned by some in the industry, with one independent studio head telling "Deadline Hollywood": "It used to be in distribution, we'd all gossip whether a studio was buying tickets to their own movie to goose their opening, but in Document [66] (Title: Sausage Party) project to Indiewire in July 2010, stating it was a "top secret super project". Initially, Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg's part, but after vetting, it did confirm that it was in the works. In November 2010, Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R-rated 3D animated film. The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures. On May 29, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on June 3, 2016, but Document [67] (Title: Top Cat Begins) million pesos. Internationally, the film was later released in the United Kingdom on 27 May 2016, distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. UK, where it was met with negative reviews and was a major box office bomb. The film has grossed a worldwide total $4.6 million on an $8 million budget. The film was released on September 29, 2017 in the United States on home video and digital platforms, distributed by Viva Pictures. It starts off at a club owned by Mr. Big called The Starlight Club. Most people who come there are rich and constantly shown throwing Document [68] (Title: Rebecca Zanetti) the "New York Times" bestseller list. The fourth book, "Over the Top", released in July 2015. In 2014, Zanetti signed two new contracts with Kensington Publishing. The first, a four book Dark Protector spinoff called the Realm Enforcers, was first released digitally, including "Wicked Ride" on June 23, 2015, followed by "Wicked Edge" and "Wicked Burn". The other contract was for a three book series called the "Scorpius Syndrome" for the Kensington Zebra mass market imprint. "Scorpius Rising", a prequel novella, was released in August 2015 in the "On the Hunt" anthology also featuring Alexandra Ivy, Dianne Duvall, and Hannah Document [69] (Title: Over There (U.S. TV series)) DVD on August 2, 2005, less than a week after the series' premiere. The complete series was released on DVD in the United States and Canada on March 21, 2006. Over There (U.S. TV series) Over There was an American action/drama/war television series co-created by Steven Bochco and Chris Gerolmo and produced by 20th Century Fox Television. It premiered in the United States on July 27, 2005 on FX and in Canada on September 6, 2005 on the History Television channel. The series was presented in widescreen format in the United States and the United Kingdom, and mastered in high Document [70] (Title: El Topo) ABKCO Films, owned by Allen Klein, manager of The Beatles. The film was shown late at night like it was at The Elgin. It has been argued that without support from people like John Lennon and Allen Klein, the film would not have found a sizeable audience. For many years the film could only be seen at midnight screenings in arthouses and via partially censored Japanese laserdiscs and bootleg videos. Its official DVD release was on 1 May 2007. Its first Blu-ray release was on 26 April 2011. Since at least the early 1990s, Jodorowsky has been attempting to make Document [71] (Title: Top Five) Top Five Top Five is a 2014 American comedy film written and directed by Chris Rock. The film, which stars Rock, Rosario Dawson, and Gabrielle Union, was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The movie follows New York City comedian and film star Andre Allen (Chris Rock), who has to confront his past and comedic career while doing an interview with journalist Chelsea Brown (Rosario Dawson). The film was released on December 12, 2014, by Paramount Pictures, grossing $26.1 million against a $12 million budget. "New York Times" reporter Chelsea Brown is spending Document [72] (Title: Top of the World (1997 film)) Over the course of the evening and next morning, the two attempt to escape the surrounded casino and prove their innocence, as well as save their marriage. Top of the World (1997 film) Top of the World is a 1997 film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Peter Weller, Dennis Hopper and Tia Carrere. It also features David Alan Grier, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Peter Coyote and Joe Pantoliano. The plot is set in Las Vegas. In Las Vegas for a quickie divorce, a just-paroled ex-cop and his wife wander into the Cowboy Country Casino, run by the shady Charles Atlas. Document [73] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Michael finds all the letters that Hawk had sent over the years and realizes that his grandfather has been hiding the truth about his father from him. Cutler did everything possible to drive his parents apart and had been intercepting and hiding the regular letters Hawk had written to him. Stunned by his grandfather's deceptions, Michael steals one of his grandfather's many vehicles (a pickup truck) to go to Las Vegas to find Hawk. Hawk advances to the final eight competitors in the double-elimination tournament before suffering his first loss, injuring his arm in the process. Afterwards, Cutler summons Hawk Document [74] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) attack. The film is set in San Diego and was largely filmed there. The film received mainly negative reviews, and its box office was negatively impacted by the timing of its release, only 9 days after the Oklahoma City bombing. The film opens as two white nationalists destroy an apartment complex in which most of the residents are minorities. Veteran police officer, Sgt. Lou Swanson, and his police dog, Reno, investigate the crime and realize the explosives are military in style. Their investigation takes them to the harbor, where they find a ship loaded with weapons. They are discovered and Document [75] (Title: The Duke Is Tops) The Duke Is Tops The Duke Is Tops is a 1938 American musical film released by Million Dollar Productions and directed by William Nolte. The film was later released in 1943 under the title "The Bronze Venus", with Lena Horne given top billing. The film was one of a number of low-budgeted musicals (or "race movies") made in the 1930s and 1940s for the African-American market. The casts and production teams of these films were almost all black, and the music reflected current tastes in jazz and rhythm and blues. "The Duke Is Tops" features the film debut of singer Document [76] (Title: Top Secret!) of the film was mixed, he gave it a score of 2.5 out of 4 and described it as: "Likably silly, with lots of laughs but not much momentum...and where's the ending?" Top Secret! Top Secret! is a 1984 American action comedy film written and directed by David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker (ZAZ). It stars Val Kilmer (in his film debut role) and Lucy Gutteridge alongside a supporting cast featuring Omar Sharif, Peter Cushing, Michael Gough, and Jeremy Kemp. The film parodies various film styles such as musicals starring Elvis Presley, spy films of the Cold War era Document [77] (Title: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)) 1972 and 1975. ("Got to Be There", "Ben", "Music & Me" and "Forever, Michael"), and several with his brothers as part of The Jackson 5. In 1975, he and his brothers (except Jermaine) moved to Epic Records and in 1979, Michael released his fifth solo album, "Off the Wall", to critical and commercial success.</small> In June 1982, the Steven Spielberg–directed science fiction film "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" was released to cinemas. Created by Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures (then a subsidiary of MCA Inc.), it starred Henry Thomas, Dee Wallace, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore and Peter Coyote. The Document [78] (Title: Hi-Tops (film)) Hi-Tops (film) Hi-Tops is a 1985 Christian movie musical about the lives of several high school students and a trio of angels who are sent to Earth to experience and study peer pressure. The film was originally a successful stage production that toured nationally. The name of the musical, and of the eponymous band that figures in the plot, is derived from the high-top style of shoes popular among youth in the mid-1980s. Three angels are sent to Earth by Gabriel on a "fact finding mission" to blend in with the teenagers at a high school and learn first hand Document [79] (Title: Starting Over Again (film)) City, California, United States on February 15, 2014. It was later released commercially starting February 21 to 27 in the United States, February 21 to March 6 in Canada, March 6 in Australia and the Middle East, specifically in Dubai, Qatar and Bahrain. On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an overall audience rating of 76% based on 86 reviews with an average rating of 4 out 5. According to a review by Bubbles Salvador of the "Philippine Entertainment Portal" on February 15, 2014, Salvador praised the film for having all elements of a romantic movie. It was Document [80] (Title: The Wizard (1989 film)) cut of the film was 2.5 hours long and included an extended backstory for Jimmy and Corey. The 1965 A64B Autocar severe-duty, Cab Over Engine vocational truck that Spanky drives was previously used in the 1987 Sylvester Stallone film "Over the Top". When the truckers box Putnam in on the road after he nabs Jimmy, "Hawk Hauling," (the name of Stallone's character Lincoln Hawk's company in "Over The Top"), can still clearly be seen on the driver's-side door when Spanky opens it to exit the cab around the 57:35 minute mark in the film. Following "Over The Top" and before Document [81] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) Digital 3D, and RealD 3D theaters. A UK teaser trailer was released on April 5, 2012. The film was released in select theaters and VOD in the United States from Viva Pictures on August 2, 2013. The U.S. trailer was released on May 7, 2013. The MPAA gave this film a PG rating for "some mild rude content". The original Latin American version was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 2, 2011 from Warner Home Video International as well on Blu-ray 3D in Brazil, distributed by PlayArte Home Entertainment, while the UK version was released on Blu-ray and Blu-ray Document [82] (Title: Fireworks (2017 film)) one replies. On December 7, 2016, "Fireworks" was announced with a theatrical release date of August 18, 2017 and is based on the 1993 live-action film "Fireworks, Should We See It from the Side or the Bottom?" by Shunji Iwai. Hitoshi Ohne is writing the script and will add modern elements to the original story. The cast and crew were also announced. The theme song for the film, titled "Uchiage Hanabi", is performed by Daoko and Kenshi Yonezu. The music video for the song currently has over 200 million views on YouTube. On April 14, 2017, a second teaser trailer Document [83] (Title: Muffin Top: A Love Story) Muffin Top: A Love Story Muffin Top: A Love Story is a 2014 American romantic comedy directorial debut film directed by Cathryn Michon, who also starred in the film. The film's script was written by Michon with her husband W. Bruce Cameron. It is based on her 2004 novel "The Grrl Genius Guide to Sex (With Other People)", which was partially based on her life. The film stars Michon as a woman who must re-enter the dating world after her husband (played by Diedrich Bader) leaves her for a younger woman. It had its world debut on October 18, 2014 Document [84] (Title: Joseph Kosinski) screenplay. Attempts to keep the film at a PG rating were unsuccessful leading to Disney giving up the rights, which were then acquired by Universal Pictures which agreed to a PG-13 rating. The $120-million-budgeted "Oblivion" began filming in October 2011, with Tom Cruise in the lead role, and was released in April 2013. Kosinski was confirmed to direct the third "Tron" film in early 2015, but in May of the same year it was announced that Disney had canceled the project. In June 2017 it was announced he was set to direct the sequel to "Top Gun", titled "". Kosinski Document [85] (Title: Topper Returns) In 1969, "Topper Returns" entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication. Topper Returns Topper Returns is a 1941 film directed by Roy Del Ruth. It is the third and final entry in the initial series of supernatural comedy films inspired by the novels of Thorne Smith. It followed "Topper" (1937) and "Topper Takes a Trip" (1938). As in the prior films, Roland Young plays Cosmo Topper, a mousy banker who gets into trouble because of his ability to see and speak with ghosts, and Document [86] (Title: The High and the Mighty (film)) sequels (along with the "Airplane!" parodies, the first of which featured Stack lampooning himself). "The High and the Mighty" served as a template for later disaster-themed films such as the "Airport" series (1970–79), "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972), "The Towering Inferno" (1974), "The Hindenburg" (1975), and "Titanic" (1997). The film was one of Wayne's co-productions in which he also starred, a practice which would not become widespread until the 1980s and 1990s. "The High and the Mighty" had its premiere in Hollywood at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on May 27, 1954. It was commercially released on July 3, 1954. Although the choice Document [87] (Title: Over the Top (painting)) Over the Top (painting) Over The Top is a 1918 oil-on-canvas painting by John Nash. It depicts a counter-attack on Welsh Ridge in northern France on 30 December 1917, during the First World War. It is held by Imperial War Museum, London. The painting measures . It shows British soldiers in heavy winter greatcoats scrambling up from their trenches to advance over a snow-covered landscape. Two already lie dead or wounded on the duckboards in the base of the trench and one on the snow. The others move to the right without looking back. Threatening clouds hang in the sky Document [88] (Title: The Duke Is Tops) editions. The Duke Is Tops The Duke Is Tops is a 1938 American musical film released by Million Dollar Productions and directed by William Nolte. The film was later released in 1943 under the title "The Bronze Venus", with Lena Horne given top billing. The film was one of a number of low-budgeted musicals (or "race movies") made in the 1930s and 1940s for the African-American market. The casts and production teams of these films were almost all black, and the music reflected current tastes in jazz and rhythm and blues. "The Duke Is Tops" features the film debut of Document [89] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) it did not seem as though a reunion was imminent (the two had previously co-starred together as husband and wife in the film "Pass the Ammo"). Three days before they were ready to shoot the pilot for "Over the Top", "Dangerous Minds" was canceled, and although Potts was heartbroken over the cancellation of that series, she jumped at the chance to work with Curry again. The premise of the pilot was that Curry's character, actor Simon Ferguson, was fired from his soap opera, so he visited the quaint bed and breakfast in Upstate New York owned by his ex-wife, Kate Document [90] (Title: Jumanji) begin playing and then unwittingly release the now-adult Alan. After tracking down Sarah, the quartet resolve to finish the game in order to reverse all of the destruction it has caused. The film was released on December 15, 1995. Despite the film receiving generally unfavorable reviews from critics, it was a box office success, earning $263 million worldwide on a budget of approximately $65 million and it became the 10th highest-grossing film of 1995. A similar film, marketed as a spiritual successor to "Jumanji", titled "", was released in 2005 and was also adapted from a Van Allsburg book that Document [91] (Title: Across the Universe (film)) a very limited "platform release" on 27 screens in the U.S. on Friday, September 14. The film had the second-highest "per-screen" average on its opening weekend. In the following three weeks, the release was gradually expanded to select regions. After four weeks in limited release, on October 12, the film was elevated to a comparatively broader release on 954 U.S. screens, breaking into the U.S. box office top ten at #8. Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, Paul McCartney and Olivia Harrison praised the film after seeing it. Julie Taymor, the director of the film was interviewed about her screening with McCartney: Document [92] (Title: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie) by Helms), into thinking he is Captain Underpants, a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape. "Captain Underpants" premiered on May 21, 2017, at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 3D and 2D. The film grossed $125 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million, making it the lowest-budgeted computer-animated feature of DreamWorks Animation's history. This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by 20th Century Fox (rights to the entire DWA library, including this film, are now owned by Universal Document [93] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) primarily to its wins at the Golden Globes on January 16. Indeed, the film was one of the top five highest-grossing films in the U.S. every day from January 17 until January 28, including over the weekend (when more people go to the films and big-budget films usually crowd out independent films from the top-grossing list) of January 20–22. On January 28, the film fell out of the top five and into sixth place at the box office during that weekend before entering the top five again on January 30 and remaining there until February 10. The film was released Document [94] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) in the first week after release and entered the official UK album charts at number 62. In 2010. It was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 100,000 copies throughout Europe. Under the Radar Over the Top Under the Radar Over the Top is the fourteenth studio album by German hard dance group Scooter. The album was released on 2 October 2009, preceded by the single "J'adore Hardcore" on 14 August. A second single, "Ti Sento", was released on the same day as the album. The third single "The Sound Above Document [95] (Title: 21 & Over (film)) journey of exploration of a new start in life as identical twins separated at birth and raised on different continents. 21 & Over (film) 21 & Over is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore, in their directorial debut. The film stars Justin Chon, Miles Teller, and Skylar Astin, and follows a trio of friends who go out drinking to celebrate one of their 21st birthdays despite having a medical interview the following morning. The film was released on March 1, 2013, received generally unfavorable reviews from critics and grossed $48 million. Friends Document [96] (Title: The Top (album)) Additional musicians Production The Top (album) The Top is the fifth studio album by British alternative rock band the Cure, released on 30 April 1984 by record label Fiction. It entered the UK Albums Chart at N°10 on 12 May. Shortly after its release, the Cure embarked on a major UK tour culminating with a three-night residency at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. After recording psychedelic album "Blue Sunshine" for the one-off project the Glove during summer 1983, Robert Smith finished off the year composing and working on two other studio albums at the same time: "The Top" for the Document [97] (Title: Time at the Top) Time at the Top Time at the Top, is a 1999 cable television film for Showtime that was directed by Jimmy Kaufman and written by Linda Brookover and Alain Silver based on from the award-winning young adult novel by Edward Ormondroyd. It stars Elisha Cuthbert, Timothy Busfield, and Lynne Adams. Susan Shawson (Elisha Cuthbert), a 13-year old high-school, inadvertently travels back in time in her apartment building's elevator. As altered by Dr. Reynolds (Michael Sinelnikoff), a retired physicist living upstairs, this secret time machine transports Susan from Philadelphia of 1998 back to the exact same spot in 1881. There she Document [98] (Title: Don Simpson) The two would go on to produce some of the most financially successful films of the 1980s: "Flashdance" (1983), "Beverly Hills Cop" (1984), "Top Gun" (1986) and "Beverly Hills Cop II" (1987). In 1985 and again in 1988, he and Bruckheimer were named Producers of the Year by the National Association of Theatre Owners. In 1990, Simpson and Bruckheimer signed a five-year deal with Paramount worth a reported $300 million. The deal would prove to be short lived. Later that year, the Simpson/Bruckheimer-produced "Days of Thunder" starring Tom Cruise was released. The auto racing film received mixed reviews and grossed Document [99] (Title: Topper (film)) since Cary Grant had a percentage deal on the film, he made quite a bit of money on the film's success. "Topper" was the first black-and-white film to be digitally colorized, re-released in 1985 by Hal Roach Studios. George (Cary Grant) and Marion (Constance Bennett) Kerby are as rich as they are irresponsible. When George wrecks their classy sports car, they wake up from the accident as ghosts. Realizing they aren’t in heaven or hell because they’ve never been responsible enough to do good deeds or bad ones, they decide that freeing their old friend Cosmo Topper (Roland Young) from Document [100] (Title: The Movies) site was re-done, there was a "Top Stars" chart, in which Top Stars were featured on the site. The Top Stars were fictional, and were often judged by how many films they appeared in on TMO. The charts were generally updated every six hours. The exact formula for how the charts were resolved was not publicly known, but numbers of unique viewers, peer rating and time elapsed since release of any given movie all played a role in calculating chart position. On 18 July 2008, The Movies Online was taken offline due to server problems. On 4 August 2008, the Document [101] (Title: Over the Hedge (film)) Over the Hedge (film) Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film based on the United Media comic strip of the same name. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which acquired the live-action DreamWorks studio the same year, the film was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick from a screenplay by Len Blum, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton and Kirkpatrick. Featuring the voices of Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes and Nick Nolte, the film was released on May 19, 2006 in the United States and earned $336 million on an Document [102] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) during a 2006 Television Critics Association speech. Over the Top (TV series) Over the Top is an American sitcom starring Tim Curry, Annie Potts, and Steve Carell. The series premiered on ABC on October 21, 1997. Although 12 episodes were produced, the series was canceled after only three episodes had aired. After being fired from the soap opera "Days to Remember", down on his luck, eccentric, self-centered actor Simon Ferguson (Tim Curry) moves into Manhattan's Metropolitan Hotel, which is run by ex-wife Hadley Martin (Annie Potts), whom he was married to 20 years prior... for twelve days. Despite her initial Document [103] (Title: View from the Top) of 14% based on reviews from 123 critics, with the site's consensus "Uneven in tone and badly edited, "A View From the Top" wastes the talents of its cast and condescends to its characters." Paltrow herself later disparaged the film, calling it "the worst movie ever". View from the Top View from the Top is a 2003 American romantic comedy film directed by Bruno Barreto, and stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Christina Applegate, Candice Bergen, Joshua Malina, Mark Ruffalo, Rob Lowe, Mike Myers, and Kelly Preston. The film follows a young woman (Paltrow) from a small town who sets out to fulfill Document [104] (Title: Room at the Top (1959 film)) office in 1959 after "Carry On Nurse" and "Inn of the Sixth Happiness". Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Win Nomination Win Nomination Room at the Top (1959 film) Room at the Top is a 1959 British film based on the novel of the same name by John Braine. The novel was adapted by Neil Paterson with uncredited work by Mordecai Richler. It was directed by Jack Clayton and produced by John and James Woolf. The film stars Laurence Harvey, Simone Signoret, Heather Sears, Donald Wolfit, Donald Houston and Hermione Baddeley. "Room at the Top" was widely lauded, and was nominated for Document [105] (Title: Game Over (2003 film)) in the real world. The real stars of the movie (Woody Jeffreys and Dominika Wolski) are given second billing in favor of the famous personalities who only appear in the game sequences (Koenig, Bleeth, Schiavelli). Since the game footage was taken several years before the movie was filmed, the footage quality is poorer than the rest of the film. Game Over (2003 film) Game Over is a 2003 television film starring Yasmine Bleeth, Walter Koenig, Woody Jeffreys and Dominika Wolski. It incorporates footage originally shot for several video games released by Digital Pictures. When a super computer is linked to Document [106] (Title: The Towering Inferno) 20th Century Fox on April 15, 2003, with a special edition released on May 9, 2006. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars and praised it as "the best of the mid-1970s wave of disaster films". "Variety" praised the film as "one of the greatest disaster pictures made, a personal and professional triumph for producer Irwin Allen. The $14 million cost has yielded a truly magnificent production which complements but does not at all overwhelm a thoughtful personal drama." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film is "overwrought and Document [107] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) ratings ABC had ever had for a non-rerun-filled Tuesday night, so it was canceled after only three episodes had aired. Although the complete series barely aired anywhere in the world, all 12 episodes of the show that were filmed (including the original version of the pilot) were subsequently leaked and have been circulating among Curry's fans. Initial copies that surfaced featured Finnish subtitles; dupes of VHS press screeners later began to make the rounds. The series gained additional interest after Steve Carell became famous and mentioned it several times in interviews, particularly after reading an excerpt of Peter Ko's review Document [108] (Title: Across the Universe (film)) film had been originally scheduled for release in 2006. The release was postponed as the editing process became extended and internal disputes arose. The film was subsequently scheduled for a wide release on approximately 1,000 U.S. screens on September 28, 2007. In early September 2007, Sony announced that the release would be brought forward to September 14, 2007, with a "platform release" pattern starting on a small number of screens—with additional screens to be added in subsequent weeks. The film received its world premiere on Monday, September 10, 2007, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was then given Document [109] (Title: Top Cat Begins) and his friends hitting [the] screens everywhere in 2016.” The film's UK release and English-language trailer was released on March 8, 2016. On its opening weekend in Mexico, the film debuted at #3 with a gross of $18.1 million pesos ($1.09 million USD), performing weaker than its . On its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, the film was a major box-office bomb, debuting at #15, with "" and "Alice Through the Looking Glass" leading, and only earning £0.06 million ($0.1 million USD). It was released on DVD in the US on October 10, 2017 from Cinedigm. The film has Document [110] (Title: Top Banana (film)) In early December, they signed a distribution deal with United Artists. Later that month, the success of some new 3-D releases prompted UA to announce in the trades that a 3-D version would, in fact, be available for exhibitors. This is the only reference to any release of the stereoscopic version of the film. When it was sneak previewed, shown to the trade publications, and released in February 1954, it was shown in the "flat" version only. Phil Silvers said about the film: There was so little money that "Top Banana" was shot in a day and a half. [The Document [111] (Title: The Undercurrent (1919 film)) to arrest her, shoots a fellow provocateur and then turns the weapon on herself. The Undercurrent (1919 film) The Undercurrent was a 1919 American silent directed by Wilfrid North, produced by Guy Empey, distributed by Select Pictures. It is based on a story by Arthur Guy Empey and though fictional, is considered a sequel to "Over the Top" which was a 1918 movie loosely based on his autobiographical book of the same name about his own experiences in the British Army in World War I. The New York City premier was held at the Capitol Theatre and was attended by Document [112] (Title: The Holy Mountain (1973 film)) was much awaited. Jodorowsky edited out twenty minutes of dialogue from the film, with the intention of removing as much dialogue as he could. The film had its premiere at Waverly Theatre, an art house movie theater in New York City on November 29, 1973, where it had restricted run at midnights on Friday and Saturday for sixteen months. It was also shown at Filmex on March 30, 1974, which was described as the "American premiere." At a few places it was released as a double bill with Jodorowsky's 1970 film, "El Topo", and eventually became a cult film with Document [113] (Title: Top Gun: Maverick) be released on June 26, 2020, by Paramount Pictures. It was originally scheduled to be released on July 12, 2019, but was moved back a year in August 2018. Top Gun: Maverick Top Gun: Maverick is an upcoming American action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski with a screenplay written by Peter Craig, Justin Marks, Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz. It is the sequel to "Top Gun" (1986), intended to be the second installment in the "Top Gun" film series, and features Tom Cruise and Val Kilmer reprising their roles from the first film, with Miles Teller, Jennifer Connelly, Document [114] (Title: Room at the Top (2012 film)) Room at the Top (2012 film) Room at the Top is a 2012 BBC television adaptation by Amanda Coe of John Braine's novel of the same name, with a cast led by Matthew McNulty, Maxine Peake and Jenna Coleman, and directed by Aisling Walsh. It aired in two parts on 26 and 27 September 2012 on BBC Four, but was originally due to premiere on 7 April 2011. A statement at the time said that delay was due to "a potential contractual issue", and it later emerged that another film company challenged the sale of the TV rights to Great Document [115] (Title: Yatterman) and became Japan's top movie at the box office on its first week. Video label Eureka have licensed released the film on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom on May 21, 2012. Discotek Media released the film in North America in 2013. Several video games have been released based on the series. was released for Super Famicom on March 22, 1996. A Mobile Game was released on 2003 developed by Hudson Soft. Two Nintendo DS titles based on the 2008 series, and , were released in April 2008 and October 2008 respectively, followed by a Wii title, , Document [116] (Title: Overman (film)) suffering in their own way. Each of them face new choices. Its a teenage love story and coming-of-age film in which the bright and wholesome protagonists bring joy throughout. The film world premiered at the 2015 (20th) Busan International Film Festival where it was screened from October 1-10 and it was awarded for "promoting independent cinema" according to The Hollywood Reporter. Overman (film) Overman () is a 2015 South Korean film directed by Seo Eun-Young and starring Kim Jung-hyun and Chae Seo-jin. The film had its world premiere on October 2, 2015 at the Busan International Film Festival. High school Document [117] (Title: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie) September 2015, "The Boss Baby" took over its date. The film was then moved to June 2, 2017, and was released by 20th Century Fox. Other territories such as Europe and Asia received the film between July and October 2017 and the movie came on DVD and Blu-ray on September 12, 2017 and it premiered on May 21, 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles. The film was chosen along with "The Emoji Movie" to inaugurate the removal of Saudi Arabia's cinema ban through a double feature screening on January 13, 2018 organized by Cinema 70. Both are Document [118] (Title: Top Cat Begins) July 1, 2015, followed by second trailer, released on September 14, 2015. The film was released on October 30, 2015 in Mexico, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Mexico and confirmed to release in the rest of Latin America. The film is followed by a United Kingdom release on May 27, 2016, distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. Pictures UK. “We are very excited to be working with Ánima Estudios, [by] bringing this latest chapter of "Top Cat" to a worldwide audience," said Spencer Pollard, CEO of KFD. "As a leading global animation brand, we’re looking forward to T.C. Document [119] (Title: $ (film)) 15, 1971, and it was released in theaters across the United States on December 17, 1971. The Los Angeles premiere was on December 22. The film was received generally positively with many critics believing that the film was under-rated at the time of release. American film critic Roger Ebert, on reviewing the film on December 30, 1971, gave it a positive review. He described the film as having a "premise that has a beautiful simplicity to it" despite having numerous twists and turns that resembles typical heist films, yet described it as a "slick and breakneck caper movie that runs Document [120] (Title: Midnight movie) Wild Bunch"." "El Topo" regularly sold out every night for months, with many fans returning on a weekly basis. It ran at the theater through June 1971, until at the prompting of John Lennon—who was reported to have seen the film at least three times—Beatles manager Allen Klein purchased the film through his ABKCO film company and gave it a relatively orthodox rerelease. The Elgin soon came up with another midnight hit in Peter Bogdanovich's spree-killer thriller "Targets" (1968), featuring one of the last performances by horror movie mainstay Boris Karloff and a tale that resonated with the assassinations and Document [121] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) homosexual relationships by readers at Thebacklot.com. In 2010, the "Independent Film & Television Alliance" selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years This film is the first to be released the same day as both a DVD and a download available via the Internet. It was released in the United States on April 4, 2006. The film moved more than 1.5 million copies on its first day of release and was the third biggest seller of the week behind Disney's " and King Kong." Although the ranking fluctuated daily, by late Document [122] (Title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)) to add 35 more screens the next weekend, the widest domestic distribution the film enjoyed. Although it was never any week's top-grossing film, it remained in the top 10 through July. Its theatrical run continued through December 10, shortly before the DVD release. "The core marketing was definitely to women," Gabler recalls, "but the men didn't resist going to the movie." She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion, and because Miranda "was enjoyable to watch." The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed Document [123] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) late 1981, it was shown at "Film at Joseph Papp's Public Theater" as part of a program called "Word of Mouth", devoted to films that had been overlooked because of poor marketing or distribution. This screening led to it being listed on critical top-10 lists and was favorably reviewed by Vincent Canby at "The New York Times". The film then re-emerged in the 1980s with showings on cable, including HBO. Director Richard Linklater said the film influenced his film "Dazed and Confused". "Over the Edge" was an inspiration for the music videos for the songs "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Document [124] (Title: The Battle of the Somme (film)) July, treatment of wounded British and German soldiers, British and German dead and captured German equipment and positions. A scene during which British troops crouch in a ditch then "go over the top" was staged for the camera behind the lines. The film was a great success, watched by about 20 million people in Britain in the first six weeks of exhibition and distributed in eighteen other countries. A second film, covering a later phase of the battle, was released in 1917 as "The Battle of the Ancre and the Advance of the Tanks". In 1920 the film was preserved Document [125] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) back over his nose. I've even seen 35 minutes of Ellen DeGeneres's "Mr. Wrong". But I can now honestly say that until Steve Carell's turn in the premiere of "Over the Top", I have never known true horror." "The Washington Post"'s Tom Shales, on the other hand, was substantially kinder than most critics, saying "the show seemed merely okay at first encounter," but after seeing the season's other new shows, ""Over the Top" is looking better and better. I could almost kiss it right on the lips." "Over the Top" debuted opposite the World Series with minuscule promotion to lowest Document [126] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) Top Dog (1995 film) Top Dog is a 1995 buddy cop action comedy film directed by Aaron Norris and starring Chuck Norris. Written by Aaron Norris and Tim Grayem, it was Norris' last film to release theatrically before he shifted to direct-to-video films for several years. In the film, Norris' character, Jake Wilder, is partnered with Reno, a police dog, whose handler was killed. Jake and Reno investigate a plot by domestic terrorists to attack a conference on unity. Jake and Reno survive assassination attempts and several hand-to-hand fights with the terrorists and eventually discover enough clues to foil the Document [127] (Title: Above the Law (film)) Michael Ovitz, who believed that he could make anyone a movie star. It was set and filmed in Chicago, Illinois, over 60 days between April 27 and June 26, 1987. "Above the Law" received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 50%, based on reviews from 16 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" stated "It contains 50 percent more plot than it needs, but that allows it room to grow in areas not ordinarily covered in action thrillers." Document [128] (Title: Topsy-Turvy) featurette from 1999 including interviews with Leigh and cast members. Topsy-Turvy Topsy-Turvy is a 1999 British musical drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh, starring Allan Corduner as Sir Arthur Sullivan and Jim Broadbent as W. S. Gilbert, along with Timothy Spall and Lesley Manville. The story concerns the 15-month period in 1884 and 1885 leading up to the premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado". The film focuses on the creative conflict between playwright and composer, and the decision by the two men to continue their partnership, which led to the creation of several more famous Savoy Operas Document [129] (Title: Caprice (1967 film)) atop the Eiffel Tower. Patricia and Christopher live happily ever after. Arthur Godfrey, who played the father of Doris Day in Tashlin's previous comedy, "The Glass Bottom Boat", plays her father once again but is only seen in a photograph. The 20th Century Fox release was a box office bomb, failing to place in the Top 20 movies for 1967. Film critic Leonard Maltin’s review of the film was quite negative. He gave the film zero stars and said the film was a “terrible vehicle for Day.” In her memoir, Day recounts an argument she had with her manager-husband Martin Document [130] (Title: The Hangover) released on June 5, 2009, and was a critical and commercial success. The film became the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2009, with a worldwide gross of over $467 million. The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and received multiple other accolades. It is the tenth-highest-grossing worldwide film of 2009, as well as the second-highest-grossing R-rated comedy ever in the United States, surpassing a record previously held by "Beverly Hills Cop" for almost 25 years. It is the sixth-highest-grossing R-rated film in the U.S., behind "The Passion of the Christ", "The Matrix Reloaded", "American Document [131] (Title: Top of the World (1997 film)) Top of the World (1997 film) Top of the World is a 1997 film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Peter Weller, Dennis Hopper and Tia Carrere. It also features David Alan Grier, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Peter Coyote and Joe Pantoliano. The plot is set in Las Vegas. In Las Vegas for a quickie divorce, a just-paroled ex-cop and his wife wander into the Cowboy Country Casino, run by the shady Charles Atlas. They win big, right as the casino is being robbed. The police believe their big win was a staged diversion, and the two of them become suspects. Document [132] (Title: Woman on Top) Searchlight Pictures on September 22, 2000. "Woman on Top" received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Metacritic reports a 41 out of 100 rating, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 34% score based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's consensus: The film opened at #10 at the North American box office, earning $2,008,191 in its opening weekend. Ultimately, the film grossed $5,020,111 in North America playing at a high of 1,086 theaters; overseas, it grossed $5,174,163 for a worldwide total of $10,194,274, becoming a modest Document [133] (Title: The Thorn) in the U.S., but it did show overseas in the early 1980s. It received poor reviews. The film reappeared as "The Thorn" on a Magnum Entertainment VHS video release around 1984. It was again blocked by the courts and returned underground. The Thorn The Thorn is a comic, religious satire movie released on May 24, 1974, as The Divine Mr. J. It was first shown as The Greatest Story Overtold at the Detroit Institute of Art in 1971. It was released on video in the early 1980s as "The Thorn". It was written, directed and produced by Peter Alexander. Its Document [134] (Title: Starting Over Again (film)) in the United States after being screened in 52 cinemas and theaters, according to Los Angeles-based Hollywood news site, "moviecitynews.com". Starting Over Again (film) Starting Over Again is a Filipino romantic comedy film directed by Olivia M. Lamasan, starring Piolo Pascual and Toni Gonzaga. It was produced and distributed by Star Cinema as part of its 20th anniversary. It officially premiered in the Philippines on February 12, 2014. The film was an instant box-office success earning 25 million pesos on its opening day. On March 15, 2014, a month after its theatrical release, the film earned a total domestic gross Document [135] (Title: The Upside) 2017, Nicole Kidman and Genevieve Angelson joined the cast of the film. In February 2017, Aja Naomi King and Julianna Margulies joined the cast. On August 2, 2017, the film's title was changed to "The Upside". Principal photography began on January 27, 2017 in Philadelphia. An official photo was released on January 30, 2017 of Hart's character via his Instagram account. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017. It was initially scheduled to be released in the United States on March 9, 2018. However in January 2018, following the Harvey Weinstein Document [136] (Title: Over the Top (film)) to charity, fetching around $10,000. "Over the Top" was released in 1,758 theaters and opened in 4th place for the weekend, earning $5.1 million behind "Mannequin", "Outrageous Fortune" and "Platoon". The film holds a 42% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews and an average rating of 4.5/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. "Variety" called it "routinely made in every respect". Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it "muddled" and criticized the number of product placements. Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" wrote Document [137] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) NSA espionage site Teufelsberg in Berlin. The title comes from Alexis Petridis' "Guardian" article about the group's unexpected UK success in 2008. The album's release was supported by a German tour in March 2010. Under the Radar Over the Top went gold in 2010. A limited edition version of the album features a second CD entitled "The Dark Side Edition" and a bonus DVD. The DVD features a personal Scooter travelogue from the band’s trip through Australia, Africa and Asia as well as an exclusive interview and selected comments on the album. A second, even more limited edition of the Document [138] (Title: The Party's Over (1965 film)) finally reach cinemas in the UK in 1965. Two big changes were incorporated: a voice-over by Oliver Reed and a happier ending focusing on Nina and Carson. Director Guy Hamilton, the producer, and the executive producer all had their names removed from the credits in protest. "The Party's Over" was released on Dual Format Edition in the UK as part of the BFI's Flipside series. The Party's Over (1965 film) The Party's Over is a black-and-white British film directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Oliver Reed. Although filmed in 1963 it was censored in the UK over scenes of implied Document [139] (Title: Overdrive (film)) would direct the film based on the script by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, who would also produce the film. Sentient Pictures would produce the film. On September 1, 2015, Christopher Tuffin was also announced to produce the film. In November 2015, Kinology sold the film's international rights to different buyers. Alex Pettyfer, Matthew Goode, Garrett Hedlund, Jamie Bell, Karl Urban, Ben Barnes, Emilia Clarke, and Sam Claflin were all once attached separately at various points during development. Principal photography on the film began on January 4, 2016 in Paris and Marseille, France. "Overdrive" was released theatrically in the United Document [140] (Title: Top Banana (film)) her 90-year career in the entertainment industry. The film was not financially successful upon its release. The film was photographed in Eastmancolor, and processed by the Color Corporation of America laboratory in Burbank, California. The lab went out of business the following year. Although unconfirmed, it is presumed that all of the original elements were junked at that time. The negatives were labeled under the production company name, Roadshow Productions. The only material in the MGM/UA library today is an edited 16mm release print of one side (missing about 15 minutes of footage depicting the rehearsal for the introduction of Document [141] (Title: View from the Top) attendant to a pilot. "View from the Top" opened on March 21, 2003 (it was originally scheduled for Christmas 2001, but in light of the September 11 attacks and due to the fact that the story revolves around a flight attendant on numerous planes, the release was pushed back) and grossed $7,009,513 in its opening weekend, ranking number four behind "Bringing Down the House", "Dreamcatcher", and "Agent Cody Banks". The film would eventually gross $15,614,000 domestically and $3,912,014 internationally, totaling $19,526,014 worldwide, below the production budget of $30 million. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating Document [142] (Title: Days of Thunder) was released on Wednesday, June 27, 1990. The film was a financial success grossing $157,920,733. The film was also successful on home video. It grossed $40,000,000 in rentals. The film received mixed reviews from critics who mostly shrugged off the sometimes over-the-top special effects and plot in many ways resembling the earlier Bruckheimer, Simpson, Scott and Cruise vehicle "Top Gun" (some calling it "Top Gun on wheels" or "Top Gun in Race Cars!"), which had been a huge success four years earlier. "Halliwell's Film Guide" dismissed "Days of Thunder" as "An over familiar story rendered no more interestingly than usual", Document [143] (Title: Idle Hands) hospital, having given up heaven to stay with Molly, and Mick and Pnub are now his Guardian Angels. When he is left alone in his room, Anton looks up and sees the message "I am under the bed" written on the ceiling. The film opened on April 30, 1999, in 1,611 theaters. It grossed $1.8 million during its first week, and then a total of just over $4 million on a budget of $20–25 million, making it a box office flop. An elaborate swimming pool sequence utilizing a large pool model, "wall of hands" and a "hell hole" visual was Document [144] (Title: John Hughes (filmmaker)) released in 1984 due in no small part to its more honest depiction of upper middle class high school life in stark contrast to the "Porky's"-inspired comedies made at the time. It was the first in a string of efforts set in or around high school, including "The Breakfast Club", "Pretty in Pink", "Weird Science", "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" (see also Brat Pack) and "Some Kind of Wonderful". To avoid being pigeonholed as a maker of teen comedies, Hughes branched out in 1987 by directing the smash hit "Planes, Trains and Automobiles" starring Steve Martin and John Candy. His later Document [145] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) less on "Over the Top" and more on "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". Potts, meanwhile, also did some interviews, barely acknowledging the behind the scenes problems and claiming that the show should speak for itself. "Over the Top" received minuscule network promotion (generally only small blurbs tacked onto the ends of commercials for "Soul Man") and aired for three weeks with dismal ratings before being canceled (in some markets the final November 4 episode was bumped off the schedule unannounced for election coverage, and some "TV Guide" listings were a little slow to catch up, citing the unaired episodes "Who's Document [146] (Title: The Do-Over) 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". The Do-Over The Do-Over is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Steven Brill, and written by Kevin Barnett and Chris Pappas. It stars Adam Sandler and David Spade. The film is the second in a four-film deal between Sandler and Netflix. The film was released worldwide on Netflix on May 27, 2016. The film follows Charlie (David Spade) and Max (Adam Sandler) after the latter fakes their deaths in order to start their lives anew. Things go awry, however, when they discover that the dead men whose identities they have adopted were Document [147] (Title: The Upper Footage) The Upper Footage The Upper Footage (also known as "Upper") is a 2013 found footage film written and directed by Justin Cole. The movie first released on January 31, 2013 to a limited run of midnight theatrical screenings at Landmark’s Sunshine Cinema in New York City. The film centers upon the death of a teenager and attempts to cover it up. The film was initially met with much controversy, as some believed that the footage depicted an actual death and cover up after the media reported on the events around the film as fact for years prior to its release. Document [148] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) Top Cat: The Movie Top Cat: The Movie (also known in Spanish as Don Gato y su Pandilla, literally ""Top Cat and His Gang"") is a 2011 Mexican-Argentine animated family action comedy film based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, "Top Cat", which ran from 1961 to 1962 on ABC in the United States. Produced by Ánima Estudios and Illusion Studios, the film was first released in theaters on September 16, 2011 in 2D and 3D formats, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was later released in the United Kingdom on 1 June 2012, distributed by Vertigo Films, where it Document [149] (Title: High-Rise (film)) and the building soon descends into chaos. In September 2015, the film received its world première at the Toronto International Film Festival and its European première at the 63rd San Sebastián Film Festival. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 18 March 2016 by StudioCanal. Though a critical success, the film's receipts failed to meet its production costs. In 2017 it was nominated for the Empire Award for Best British Film. The film opens with Dr. Robert Laing (Tom Hiddleston) living in a ravaged tower block, killing a white Alsatian and spit roasting it. The film flashes back Document [150] (Title: View from the Top) View from the Top View from the Top is a 2003 American romantic comedy film directed by Bruno Barreto, and stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Christina Applegate, Candice Bergen, Joshua Malina, Mark Ruffalo, Rob Lowe, Mike Myers, and Kelly Preston. The film follows a young woman (Paltrow) from a small town who sets out to fulfill her dream of becoming a flight attendant. Donna Jensen is a girl from a small town in Nevada who wishes to see the world in order to get away from her unhappy life of living in a trailer with her alcoholic mother, a former Las Vegas Document [151] (Title: Nuts (1987 film)) acquitted. In 1980, Universal Studios purchased the film rights to Tom Toper's off-off-Broadway play and financed its move to Broadway. The studio greenlighted the film adaptation in January 1982 and announced Mark Rydell would produce and direct Debra Winger in the relatively low-budget film. Barbra Streisand had campaigned for the role, but filming was scheduled to begin in the summer of 1982 and Rydell was unwilling to postpone the project while she completed "Yentl". Universal was concerned about the controversial nature of "Nuts" and eventually sold it to Warner Bros., where it remained in limbo until 1986, when Streisand was Document [152] (Title: Bait (2000 film)) to become his guardian angels so that he can serve his purpose. "Bait" received mostly negative reviews from critics. It currently holds a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 82 reviews. One of the few good reviews came from Roger Ebert who gave it 3 out of 4 saying "it's over the top, an exercise in action comedy that cuts loose from logic and enjoys itself." The film opened at #2 at the North American box office making $5,485,591 USD in its opening weekend, behind The Watcher. "Bait" ultimately failed to bring back its $51 million budget, as it Document [153] (Title: New Jack City) two films produced in one year: "Sugar Hill" was released on February 25, 1994 by Beacon-20th Century Fox Pictures, and "Above the Rim" was released on March 23, 1994 by New Line Cinema. Barry Michael Cooper's rewrite was based on a December 1987 "The Village Voice" cover story written by Cooper titled "Kids Killing Kids: New Jack City Eats Its Young". The story revolved around the 20th anniversary of the 1967 riots in Detroit, and in its wake, Nicky Barnes, rise of crack cocaine gangs in the late 1980s, such as Young Boys Inc., and the Chambers Brothers. It is Document [154] (Title: Up in the Air (2009 film)) which ran from September 10 to 19, 2009. The press showing was on Friday September 11, 2009. Public screenings were on September 12, 13, and 19. Reitman originally did not plan to debut the film at TIFF, since it was not scheduled to be ready for another three months. He rushed production to keep his Toronto debut streak going. The first clip of the film debuted on Apple Inc. website on September 8, 2009. The first trailer was available on iTunes on September 10, 2009 and on September 18, 2009, it screened before the new movies "The Informant!" and "Love Document [155] (Title: The Swarm (film)) fired from the nearby coast, destroying all of the bees. The film was announced in 1974 at the height of the disaster movie craze. It was part of $38 million worth of projects Irwin Allen had lined up, others including "The Day the World Ended" (a project which was retitled and released in 1980 as "When Time Ran Out...".) The script was written by Stirling Sillipant, who had written "The Towering Inferno" for Allen. He said in December 1974 that Allen hoped to start filming in April 1975. Production was delayed in part because Allen decided to leave Fox for Document [156] (Title: The Holy Mountain (1973 film)) its influence on popular culture. In 2010, the Alamo Drafthouse held a screening of "The Holy Mountain" as part of their "High for the Holidays" event. To commemorate this event, a limited-edition movie poster was designed by German artist Florian Bertmer. The film was not given a wide release until over 30 years following its original premiere, when a restored print was shown in Cannes on 23 May 2006. It toured the United States, screening with "El Topo". It was released in DVD format on 1 May 2007, and a Blu-ray was released on 26 April 2011. The Holy Mountain Document [157] (Title: All Over Me (film)) where it played in the Panorama section. It went on to show at several festivals including the 1997 Turin International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival and the 1998 Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. It opened in American theaters on April 25, 1997 distributed by Fine Line Features. It was released in Australian theaters on February 19, 1998. It was released onto Region 1 DVD on June 14, 2005 distributed by Image Entertainment. It was released on Region 2 DVD on April 8, 2002 distributed by Millivres Multimedia. Critical response to "All Over Me" was generally positive. Rotten Tomatoes gives Document [158] (Title: Top Gun) February 19, 2013. The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week. It was number one on its first weekend with an US$8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of US$176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated US$177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of US$353,816,701. The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run. Upon the film's Document [159] (Title: Top Banana (film)) Top Banana (film) Top Banana is a 1954 musical film based on the musical of the same name, starring Phil Silvers, and featuring Rose Marie, Judy Lynn, Jack Albertson and Joey Faye, all of whom reprised their roles from the Broadway production of the musical. The film was shot in 3-D but was released by United Artists "flat". In New York City in the early 1950s, Jerry Biffle (Phil Silvers) is the star of the Blendo Soap Program. He has been invited to participate in an autograph-signing party for his new book at an important department store. Jerry meets Sally Document [160] (Title: Andrew Davis (director)) tapped Davis to direct the Chuck Norris vehicle, "Code of Silence". Off that success in 1988 Davis developed for Warner Brothers a film titled "Above the Law". Davis co-wrote, produced and directed the film which is most notable for the feature film debut of Steven Seagal. Davis then went back to Orion with his project "The Package", working with Gene Hackman and Tommy Lee Jones. Davis brought Jones with him to his next project, which was originally titled "Dreadnaught" but eventually carried the title "Under Siege". In the picture Davis re-teamed with Seagal to create the top grossing fall film Document [161] (Title: Bottoms Up (1934 film)) Bottoms Up (1934 film) Bottoms Up is a 1934 American pre-Code musical comedy film made by Fox Film Corporation, and was directed by David Butler who co-wrote original story and screenplay with producer Buddy G. DeSylva and co-star Sid Silvers. The picture stars Spencer Tracy, Pat Paterson, John Boles and Herbert Mundin, and features Thelma Todd in a supporting role. The film tells the story of a promoter who helps a Hollywood extra actress toward stardom, however she turns from him toward her leading man. It received a favorable review from "The New York Times" critic Mordaunt Hall, who called Document [162] (Title: On Top (film)) On Top (film) On Top (Icelandic: Með allt á hreinu ()) is an Icelandic musical comedy from 1982, directed by Icelandic director Ágúst Guðmundsson. The film, which still enjoys widespread popularity in Iceland, tells the story of two bands (one all-male and one all-female) that go on a tour together and then become engaged in a rivalry. The cast is composed members of the pop bands Stuðmenn (also the name of the band in the film) and Grýlurnar ("Gærurnar" in the film), and the film is largely based on performances by the two bands. According to Valgeir Guðjónsson the L.A. Document [163] (Title: High-Rise (film)) that Soda Pictures would distribute the film in Canada. The film had its world première at the Toronto International Film Festival on 13 September 2015. It had its international premiere at the San Sebastian Film Festival on 21 September 2015. The film went onto screen at the London Film Festival on 9 October 2015, and the Torino Film Festival on 22 November 2015. Shortly after, it was announced Magnet Releasing had acquired the US distribution rights to the film. The film was released on 18 March 2016 in the United Kingdom. The film was released in the United States on Document [164] (Title: Mario Kassar) United States and will be written and directed by Richard Gray. On November 24, 2014, Brick Top Productions had entered into an Executive Services Agreement with Kassar. Alexander Bafer, Brick Top's CEO said, "There is no human being on this planet better than Mario Kassar at making true Hollywood blockbusters. I am honored with this opportunity to work with him." On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Carolco Pictures was back when Brick Top acquired its name. Brick Top Productions officially changed its corporate name to Carolco Pictures Inc. On February 17, 2015, it was announced that Kassar had Document [165] (Title: Little Big Top) irascibility to keep things interesting". Little Big Top Little Big Top is 2006 American comedy film written and directed by Ward Roberts and starring Sid Haig, Richard Riehle, Hollis Resnik, Mel England, and Jacob Zachar. The film tells the story of an aging, unemployed clown who returns to his small hometown, content to spend the rest of his days in a drunken stupor. But his passion for clowning is reawakened by the local amateur circus. The film went into production in July 2005 and was filmed in Peru, Indiana, which was once the winter headquarters for several famous circuses, including Document [166] (Title: The Thorn) The Thorn The Thorn is a comic, religious satire movie released on May 24, 1974, as The Divine Mr. J. It was first shown as The Greatest Story Overtold at the Detroit Institute of Art in 1971. It was released on video in the early 1980s as "The Thorn". It was written, directed and produced by Peter Alexander. Its release was legally challenged on grounds that its title and advertising deceptively exploited the fame of its co-star, Bette Midler. "The Thorn" starred John Hassberger as Jesus Christ with supporting roles of Bette Midler as the Virgin Mary; James Harrison as Document [167] (Title: Horrible Bosses) attached to different roles. By 2010, Goldstein and Daley had rewritten the script, and the film finally went into production. The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30, 2011, and was released on July 8, 2011. The film exceeded financial expectations, accruing over $28 million in the first three days, making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend, and going on to become the highest-grossing black comedy film of all-time in unadjusted dollars, breaking the record previously set by "The War of the Roses" in 1990. The film grossed over $209 million worldwide Document [168] (Title: Gwyneth Paltrow) Top" and "Shallow Hal" for the latter. In 2002, Paltrow made small appearances in the documentary "Searching for Debra Winger" and the action satire comedy "Austin Powers in Goldmember", while she starred in the thriller-drama "Possession" with Aaron Eckhart as a couple of literary scholars who unearth the amorous secret of two Victorian poets as they find themselves falling under a deepening connection. Critically panned, the film made a lukewarm US$14.8 million worldwide. In the following year, she headlined the romantic comedy "View from the Top", where she obtained the part of woman from a small town who sets out Document [169] (Title: Top Gun) Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film, directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. It is the first installment of the "Top Gun" film series. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps Jr., and was inspired by an article titled "Top Guns" published in "California" magazine three years earlier. The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt. Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, a young naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Document [170] (Title: The Day the Fish Came Out) The Day the Fish Came Out The Day the Fish Came Out (Greece: Otan ta psaria vgikan sti steria) is a 1967 DeLuxe Color Greek-British comedy film directed and written by Michael Cacoyannis who also designed the film's futuristic costumes. The film stars Tom Courtenay, Colin Blakely and Sam Wanamaker. The film, set in 1972, was inspired by an actual incident which occurred on 17 January 1966: a B-52G Stratofortress collided with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Palomares, Spain, and four B-28 FI 1.45-megaton-range hydrogen bombs aboard the B-52 were briefly lost. In a title sequence shot by Maurice Binder, a Document [171] (Title: Spill.com) for Leon to replace him, but later changed his mind. This proved fortuitous, as mere months later Carlyle decided to retire from the show. Segments include discussion on weekly box office rankings, "The Top Five," followed by free form discussion and a segment on e-mails and tweets submitted by members of the site. "The Top Five" is done in a countdown format, with Leon announcing each number before Korey reveals the film in that slot, followed by brief discussion of the film. It is usually recorded on Sunday nights and released on Mondays. In August 2011, the crew began using Document [172] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) is set to be released on August 7, 2015, distributed by Warner Bros., with Ánima Estudios returning to develop. In September 2014, it was reported that Andres Couturier would direct the film, titled "Top Cat Begins". According to García de Letona, the film won't be a sequel but "rather a companion piece to the first "Top Cat"" and it will "be in CGI, not 2D like the original." Fernando De Fuentes, chairman of Anima Estudios, also explained that film is "the most ambitious project in our studio's history." It was confirmed to be a prequel, explaining how Top Cat met Document [173] (Title: Curly Top (film)) Institute in these lists: Curly Top (film) Curly Top is a 1935 American musical film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan (Shirley Temple) by a wealthy bachelor (John Boles) and his romantic attraction to her older sister (Rochelle Hudson). Together with "The Littlest Rebel", another Temple vehicle, the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by "Variety". The film's musical numbers include "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up". This film was the first of four Document [174] (Title: The Top (album)) The Top (album) The Top is the fifth studio album by British alternative rock band the Cure, released on 30 April 1984 by record label Fiction. It entered the UK Albums Chart at N°10 on 12 May. Shortly after its release, the Cure embarked on a major UK tour culminating with a three-night residency at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. After recording psychedelic album "Blue Sunshine" for the one-off project the Glove during summer 1983, Robert Smith finished off the year composing and working on two other studio albums at the same time: "The Top" for the Cure and "Hyæna" Document [175] (Title: Crossroads (2002 film)) February 2, 2002, and was produced by Rodney Jerkins, The Neptunes, Fred Maher, Matthew Sweet, Dennis Herring, Jaret Reddick, Max Martin, and Rami Yacoub. "Overprotected" was remixed by JS16 for the soundtrack album. Source: Crossroads (2002 film) Crossroads is a 2002 American comedy-drama road film set in Georgia. Directed by Tamra Davis and written by Shonda Rhimes, the film stars pop singer Britney Spears, actors Anson Mount, Zoe Saldana, Taryn Manning, Kim Cattrall, and comedian/actor Dan Aykroyd. The film was produced by MTV Films and released on February 15, 2002, in North America by Paramount Pictures. The plot centers on Document [176] (Title: Top Speed (film)) Top Speed (film) Top Speed is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedy film released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers. It was based on a 1929 stage musical of the same name by Harry Ruby, Guy Bolton and Bert Kalmar. The film stars Joe E. Brown, Bernice Claire, Jack Whiting, Laura Lee, and Frank McHugh. Elmer Peters (Brown) and Gerald Brooks (Whiting), bond clerks on a weekend vacation, are on the run from a local sheriff after Elmer attempts to fish in a "no fishing" area. The two men arrive at an expensive hotel where they rescue Document [177] (Title: Over the Top (White Wizzard album)) as well. Over the Top (White Wizzard album) Over the Top is the debut album by the American heavy metal band White Wizzard released on February 8, 2010 in Europe and March 9, 2010 in North America, through Earache Records. The limited edition was available for pre-order on the Earache Records US webstore until February 8, 2010. A music video for the song "Over the Top" was released on January 29, 2010. The video featured the band playing in a snowy Western town and combating a "Jazz Wizard". The video was directed by Dave Vorhes, who directed White Wizzard's previous Document [178] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Michael then finds Hawk and apologizes for misjudging him, which gives Hawk the emotional support he needs to compete. After a titanic struggle, Hawk is able to conquer his old rival. As father and son celebrate, Cutler (who had followed Michael to the competition) looks on in silence and with grudging respect for all that Hawk sacrificed to get Michael back. A triumphant Hawk and Michael take their new truck and winnings and drive off to start a new life together. Multi-time world arm wrestling champion and future professional wrestler Scott Norton also makes an appearance along with other professional Document [179] (Title: When the Party's Over) film at three stars. The "Los Angeles Times" was more positive, writing that it "transcends the conventional plot and brings the characters alive in this engaging tale of struggling housemates." When the Party's Over When the Party's Over is a 1993 film starring Sandra Bullock. The film was directed by Matthew Irmas and was first released on March 12, 1993. Frankie (Elizabeth Berridge), Amanda (Sandra Bullock), MJ (Rae Dawn Chong, and Banks (Kris Kamm) are housemates, who are fresh out of college. Frankie is a social worker, who is dating Taylor, a lawyer (Brian McNamara). Amanda, an artist, meets and Document [180] (Title: Over the Top (White Wizzard album)) Over the Top (White Wizzard album) Over the Top is the debut album by the American heavy metal band White Wizzard released on February 8, 2010 in Europe and March 9, 2010 in North America, through Earache Records. The limited edition was available for pre-order on the Earache Records US webstore until February 8, 2010. A music video for the song "Over the Top" was released on January 29, 2010. The video featured the band playing in a snowy Western town and combating a "Jazz Wizard". The video was directed by Dave Vorhes, who directed White Wizzard's previous music video Document [181] (Title: Topsy-Turvy) Topsy-Turvy Topsy-Turvy is a 1999 British musical drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh, starring Allan Corduner as Sir Arthur Sullivan and Jim Broadbent as W. S. Gilbert, along with Timothy Spall and Lesley Manville. The story concerns the 15-month period in 1884 and 1885 leading up to the premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado". The film focuses on the creative conflict between playwright and composer, and the decision by the two men to continue their partnership, which led to the creation of several more famous Savoy Operas between them. The film was not released widely, but it Document [182] (Title: Woman on Top) box office success against an $8 million budget. Woman on Top Woman on Top is a 2000 American fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Fina Torres, written by Vera Blasi, and starring Penélope Cruz, Murilo Benício, Harold Perrineau Jr., and Mark Feuerstein. All her life, Isabella has suffered from motion sickness. Because of her illness she couldn't play much with other children. She stayed at home and learned how to cook, becoming a renowned chef as an adult. She fell in love with Toninho and they opened a restaurant together, with Isabella stuck in the kitchen and Toninho out front Document [183] (Title: Shantaram (novel)) had negotiated to retain the film rights until 2015, fuelling speculation that a film adaptation of "Shantaram" was still in the works. In the following October, it was announced that Joel Edgerton would be starring in the leading role, with Eric Roth penning the adaptation and Johnny Depp now involved as a producer. Warner Bros. is in early talks with Garth Davis, co-director of the Emmy-nominated "Top of the Lake", to make his feature film directing debut on the movie. On June 7, 2018, it was announced that Apple Inc. was developing a television adaptation of the novel to be Document [184] (Title: Battle Beneath the Earth) also a staple of afternoon-movie or Saturday-morning Creature Features-type TV programs before the historic sale of the MGM/UA film library. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer originally handled North American theatrical distribution It was released on DVD by Warner Home Video on 29 July 2008, as a Best Buy exclusive double feature with "The Ultimate Warrior". The film features a fast-paced "crime-jazz" musical score. Battle Beneath the Earth Battle Beneath the Earth (1967) is a British spy film starring Kerwin Mathews. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film also features character actor Ed Bishop, who later went on to star in the Gerry Anderson cult Document [185] (Title: Bottom of the World (film)) Bottom of the World (film) Bottom of the World is a 2017 drama film. It was directed by Richard Sears, written by Brian Gottlieb and stars Jena Malone, Douglas Smith and Ted Levine. A couple traveling along Route 66 toward Los Angeles stop at a hotel. When Scarlett (Jena Malone) disappears, Alex (Douglas Smith) begins a search then is brought into the desert by a masked stranger. Alex wakes, only to find himself in a different life although he retains memories of Scarlett. Filming began in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on September 1, 2014. Filming also was located near Gallup, New Document [186] (Title: Chernin Entertainment) hired as Senior VP to report to Topping. In June 2015, the company's TV division's president Katherine Pope left the company, while Topping was promoted to President of Film and Television. In August 2015, Dante Di Loreto was hired and appointed as President of Television at the company, he will oversee the development and production of TV division and will report to Topping. Chernin Entertainment's television slate includes Fox's "New Girl", "Touch", "Terra Nova", "Breakout Kings" and "Ben and Kate". The company's first feature film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", was released in August 2011. and has grossed Document [187] (Title: Over the Hedge (film)) Bruce Willis, Avril Lavigne, Garry Shandling, Wanda Sykes, Catherine O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere. The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19, 2006. In select New York and Los Angeles theatres, it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation's animated short film "First Flight". The film was also screened out of competition on May 21, 2006, at the Cannes Film Festival. "Over the Hedge" was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation's newly formed home entertainment division and Paramount Home Entertainment on October 17, 2006. A short film based on "Over the Hedge", titled "Hammy's Boomerang Document [188] (Title: It Comes at Night) on an A+ to F scale. It Comes at Night It Comes at Night is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Trey Edward Shults. It stars Joel Edgerton, Christopher Abbott, Carmen Ejogo, Kelvin Harrison Jr., and Riley Keough. The film had its premiere at the Overlook Film Festival in Mount Hood, Oregon on April 29, 2017, and was theatrically released on June 9, 2017 in the United States, by A24. It was positively received by critics and grossed over $19 million worldwide. A highly contagious outbreak has ravaged the world. Paul, his wife Sarah, and their teenage Document [189] (Title: Top Secret!) Top Secret! Top Secret! is a 1984 American action comedy film written and directed by David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker (ZAZ). It stars Val Kilmer (in his film debut role) and Lucy Gutteridge alongside a supporting cast featuring Omar Sharif, Peter Cushing, Michael Gough, and Jeremy Kemp. The film parodies various film styles such as musicals starring Elvis Presley, spy films of the Cold War era and World War II films. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre. Nick Rivers, an American rock star ("Skeet Surfin'"), travels to East Germany (which is represented as like Hitler's Document [190] (Title: Game Over, Man!) Scott Rudin Productions. Also producing are Adam DeVine, Anders Holm, Blake Anderson, and Kyle Newacheck, who collectively form the comedy group Mail Order Comedy, as well as Isaac Horne of Avalon Management. On May 8, 2017, Netflix released the teaser trailer for the film and announced the release date as April 20, 2018. On January 4, 2018, Netflix released the first full-length trailer and announced that the release date had been moved up to March 23, 2018. The film held its official premiere on March 21, 2018 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, California. "Game Over, Man!" has Document [191] (Title: Top Cow Productions) and was to be written by Everett De Roche. The film was one of two being produced and financed back-to-back by Platinum Studios, IDG Films and Relativity Media. The film was to be produced by Arclight's Gary Hamilton and Nigel Odell, Platinum Studios' Scott Mitchell Rosenberg, and Steve Squillante of Havenwood Media. Top Cow's Marc Silvestri and Matt Hawkins were to be executive producers with Platinum Studios' Rich Marincic and Greenberg Group's Randy Greenberg. Filming was announced to begin in September 2008, with China and Australia among the possible locations being considered for filming. Megan Fox was approached for the Document [192] (Title: 21 & Over (film)) 21 & Over (film) 21 & Over is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore, in their directorial debut. The film stars Justin Chon, Miles Teller, and Skylar Astin, and follows a trio of friends who go out drinking to celebrate one of their 21st birthdays despite having a medical interview the following morning. The film was released on March 1, 2013, received generally unfavorable reviews from critics and grossed $48 million. Friends since high school, Casey and Miller are both over 21 and want to take their best friend Jeff Chang out Document [193] (Title: The Undercurrent (1919 film)) The Undercurrent (1919 film) The Undercurrent was a 1919 American silent directed by Wilfrid North, produced by Guy Empey, distributed by Select Pictures. It is based on a story by Arthur Guy Empey and though fictional, is considered a sequel to "Over the Top" which was a 1918 movie loosely based on his autobiographical book of the same name about his own experiences in the British Army in World War I. The New York City premier was held at the Capitol Theatre and was attended by General John J. Pershing who was in New York City for the International Trade Document [194] (Title: The Sum of All Fears (film)) by La-La Land Records. While the film was speculated to be released in late 2001, "The Sum of All Fears" was theatrically released on May 31, 2002. Many media outlets characterized this apparent change in release date to be a delay due to the September 11 attacks. Addressing the release date, director Phil Alden Robinson said, "When I came on board in August of 2000, they said, 'This is a Summer-of-2002 picture.'" As the first film released since September 11 to deal so vividly with terrorism, critics believed it to be too alarming to be released nearly nine months after Document [195] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) Under the Radar Over the Top Under the Radar Over the Top is the fourteenth studio album by German hard dance group Scooter. The album was released on 2 October 2009, preceded by the single "J'adore Hardcore" on 14 August. A second single, "Ti Sento", was released on the same day as the album. The third single "The Sound Above My Hair" was released on 27 November 2009., and "Stuck on Replay", the 4th single from the album is being used as the official theme song of 2010 IIHF World Championship. The album's cover was photographed at the former American Document [196] (Title: Top Five) his "top five" as Sugarhill Gang, Eminem, Wale, Ice Cube, and Sir-Mix-A-Lot. Principal photography began on June 24, 2013, in New York City. In July 2014, the film's title was changed from "Finally Famous" to "Top Five". The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2014. On September 10, 2014, Paramount Pictures confirmed their acquisition of the film's worldwide distribution rights for $12.5 million and agreed to pay at least $20 million in promotion and marketing. In November 2014, Paramount announced "Top Five" would receive a wide release on December 12, 2014. "Top Five" was Document [197] (Title: Something Beneath) 2006. In a 2007 FearNet interview, Sorbo described it as “sort of a flip back to the ‘50s creature films.” The film premiered on 26 April 2007 as part of the Houston Film Festival and was than chapter of the Rhode Island International Film Festival on 11 August 2007. As of June 6, 2018 there are no critic reviews at Rotten Tomatoes. The audience rating at Rotten Tomatoes is 7% of 719 liked it. The film was released on DVD by Genius Entertainment on September 9, 2008. It was released on DVD in Germany February 25, 2010, under the title Document [198] (Title: Top Secret!) meant to be released on June 8, but Paramount pushed the date back to June 22, angering some exhibitors. The official reason was that Paramount wanted to avoid competing against "Ghostbusters" and "Gremlins" although rumours spread that the studio was dissatisfied with the film's quality. Producer Jon Davison denied this saying "Paramount has a lot of confidence in the picture or they wouldn't have cared. The mere fact that they've bothered to trouble some of their relationships with exhibitors shows their faith in the picture." The film was considered a box office bomb, though it still earned $20 million. A Document [199] (Title: El Topo) Topo" at the Museum of Modern Art. Barenholtz recalled that despite several audience members walking out, he was fascinated by "El Topo". On a failing attempt to purchase the American rights to the film, Barenholtz convinced the producer to have the film shown at midnight at The Elgin. Barenholtz chose the late showings of 1 am on Friday and at midnight during the week to give audiences a sense of "self-discovery". The film premiered on 18 December 1970 and ran continuously seven days a week until the end of June 1971. The film was distributed across the United States through Document [200] (Title: Ocean's 8) States. After the release of "Ocean's Thirteen" in 2007, Soderbergh stated he had no intentions of making a fourth film, citing his desire to have the series "go out on top". However, an all-female spin-off was announced in October 2015, with much of the cast signing on by August 2016. Filming took place from October 2016 to March 2017 around New York City. "Ocean's 8" premiered at Alice Tully Hall on June 5, 2018, and was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on June 8, 2018, 11 years to the day of the release of "Ocean's Thirteen". Question: when did the movie over the top come out Answer: 1987 Long Answer: Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone . It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone . The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder . The main character, played by Stallone, is a long - haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Gold Document ID: 153

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alejandro Jodorowsky) from said statement: Where did [the people claiming that I raped Mara Lorenzio on the set of "El Topo" in front of the camera] find reports of this alleged incident that would have happened in 1969? It’s very possible that they read some of the interviews I did in the United States or England back then. I produced "El Topo" independently. When I told the Mexican film industry that I was going to travel to New York to sell "El Topo", they made fun of me. “You’re crazy, only Emilio Fernandez ('El Indio') has ever managed to release a movie Document [2] (Title: Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers) night, one of their mind games goes horribly wrong and results in the death of Grace (Shirley Stoler), one of the locals. Now, try as they might, the exigenices of reality won't leave Topsy and Bunker alone. A reckoning is coming: but when the whole world is in your head, where do you hide? Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers is a 1992 mystery/drama film released by Top Bunk Films, the first feature film directed by underground cine-video artist Thomas Massengale. Topsy (Steve Gunderson) and Bunker (Paul Robertson), two outcasts living in a run-down, Document [3] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) Man at the Top (film) Man at the Top is a 1973 British drama film directed by Mike Vardy and starring Kenneth Haigh, spun off from the television series "Man at the Top" which itself was inspired by the 1959 film "Room at the Top" and its sequel "Life at the Top". Joe Lampton is promoted to managing director of a pharmaceutical company, and becomes involved with Lord Ackerman, the powerful chairman, who is also his father-in-law. But Joe makes a shocking discovery: his predecessor committed suicide because of his involvement in a drug that left 1000 African women sterile. Document [4] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) Over the Edge (film) Over the Edge is an American coming-of-age crime drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and released in May 1979. The film, based on actual events, had a limited theatrical release but has since achieved cult film status. It was Matt Dillon's film debut. A group of teenagers are living in an isolated planned community called New Granada, east of Denver, Colorado. Their needs were not considered by those who designed the community, and so there is nothing for them to do but go to school and hang out at the local recreation center, which closes at Document [5] (Title: Top Secret!) David Zucker explained: We just needed a subject that we would be excited about. Starting out, we didn’t have a whole genre like the airplane disaster movies. We were just fans of those black and white World War II movies that were made during the war. Somehow, we didn’t think that was enough: we didn’t want to do a period piece, we wanted to make it contemporary. That was the whole concept of ‘Top Secret!’: that it was not necessarily grounded in reality, but it would have kind of this heightened sense of craziness – even to which genres we Document [6] (Title: Top of the World (1955 film)) men are at great risk as the floe melts and rescue planes are unable to land. Cantrell pilots a glider to rescue the men, with Gannon volunteering to be left behind, then stages a daring return trip. Gannon realizes he still loves Virgie, and a relieved Mary realizes she hasn't lost Cantrell. William H. Clothier said he used an Arriflex 35 camera to shoot scenes in the film. Composer Albert Glasser composed the music to the film. "Top of the World" was released in May 1955, by United Artists. Top of the World (1955 film) Top of the World is Document [7] (Title: Bottom (TV series)) releases the word 'gyppos' has been replaced with 'yobbos'. Bottom (TV series) Bottom is a British TV sitcom created by Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall that originally aired on BBC2 from 17 September 1991 to 10 April 1995 across three series. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as Edward Elizabeth "Eddie" Hitler and Richard "Richie" Richard, two flatmates who live in Hammersmith, West London. The show is noted for its chaotic, nihilistic humour and violent comedy slapstick. "Bottom" also spawned five stage-show tours between 1993 and 2003, and a feature film, "Guest House Paradiso" (1999). Plans for a spin-off series Document [8] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) centered around Simon's outlandish shenanigans and attempts to break back into show business. The show was pitched in early 1996 to ABC president Ted Harbert, and although it would not be ready to hit the air for the 1996-1997 season, it remained in development. Tim Curry was aboard and wanted the relationship between the two leads to be loosely based on his relationship with friend and next door neighbor Annie Potts, to whom he said, "I wish you could do this with me!" Potts was starring in the TV spin-off of the popular film "Dangerous Minds" at the time, so Document [9] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) up as a result of their romance, and it did not help matters that the press was only shown snippets of the pilot episode. In the months between the time the series was picked up and its scheduled premiere, Morton and Tarses' relationship ended. Originally slated to debut on September 23, 1997 the show's premiere was delayed until October 21, opposite the World Series, so it could be retooled. Natanya Ross and Debra Jo Rupp were replaced by Marla Sokoloff and Liz Torres, and John O'Hurley's character was written into the show. Kate was renamed Hadley and her character became Document [10] (Title: Over the Top (film)) songs, but scored music instead, and most likely would've made the event in Vegas more ominous – not so carnival-like." Over the Top (film) Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone. It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone. The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder. The main character, played by Stallone, is a long-haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Lincoln Hawk (Sylvester Stallone) is a struggling trucker who arm wrestles Document [11] (Title: Movie 4) of St. Mary's", "High Noon", "The Quiet Man", "The Men", and "East of Eden". For the most part, top-line features were usually reserved for the Saturday and Sunday night airings, while more standard fare was run on weekdays and weekend afternoons. Prestigious foreign films—mainly from England but also from other countries—also had their first showings on "Movie 4" over the years. For example, in the autumn of 1960, New York viewers saw the 1955 Peter Sellers–Alec Guinness version of "The Ladykillers" for the first time on television, as well as Fernandel's "The Sheep Has Five Legs", the 1954 Rossano Brazzi Document [12] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) Over the Top (TV series) Over the Top is an American sitcom starring Tim Curry, Annie Potts, and Steve Carell. The series premiered on ABC on October 21, 1997. Although 12 episodes were produced, the series was canceled after only three episodes had aired. After being fired from the soap opera "Days to Remember", down on his luck, eccentric, self-centered actor Simon Ferguson (Tim Curry) moves into Manhattan's Metropolitan Hotel, which is run by ex-wife Hadley Martin (Annie Potts), whom he was married to 20 years prior... for twelve days. Despite her initial exasperation with her ex, Hadley again succumbs Document [13] (Title: Get Over It (film)) film was released in the US on March 9, 2001 by Miramax. The film then opened in the UK on June 10, 2001 by Momentum Pictures and in Australia on September 6, 2001 by Buena Vista International. The film was released on DVD & VHS in the US by Miramax Home Entertainment on August 14, 2001 and in the UK by Momentum Pictures on April 1, 2002. Special features include a commentary track with director Tommy O'Haver & screenwriter R. Lee Fleming, Jr., deleted & extended scenes with optional commentary, original songs, outtakes with Martin Short, a makeup test also Document [14] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) middle-aged Mrs. Lampton." Man at the Top (film) Man at the Top is a 1973 British drama film directed by Mike Vardy and starring Kenneth Haigh, spun off from the television series "Man at the Top" which itself was inspired by the 1959 film "Room at the Top" and its sequel "Life at the Top". Joe Lampton is promoted to managing director of a pharmaceutical company, and becomes involved with Lord Ackerman, the powerful chairman, who is also his father-in-law. But Joe makes a shocking discovery: his predecessor committed suicide because of his involvement in a drug that left 1000 Document [15] (Title: Above the Rim) film was released on March 23, 1994, grossing $3,738,800 on opening weekend. At the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed a total of $16,192,320. 1995 MTV Movie Awards It holds a 53% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 19 reviews. Peter Travers stated "It's Shakur who steals the show. The rapper's offscreen legal problems are well known, but there's no denying his power as an actor." "Variety" said "A fine cast and the movie's general energy can't overcome that mix of cliches and technical flaws, which should conspire to prevent any high flying at the box office." Above Document [16] (Title: United Artists) Danjaq and UA remained the public co-copyright holders for the Bond series, and the 2006 "Casino Royale" remake shares the copyright with Columbia Pictures. UA released "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" in 1975 a film which won the Best Picture Academy Award and earned $56 million. UA followed with the next two years' Best Picture Oscar winners, "Rocky" and "Annie Hall". However, Transamerica was not pleased with UA's releases such as "Midnight Cowboy" and "Last Tango in Paris" that were rated X by the Motion Picture Association of America. In these instances, Transamerica demanded the byline "A Transamerica Company" Document [17] (Title: Flat Top (film)) Flat Top (film) Flat Top (also released as Eagles of the Fleet) is a 1952 American drama war film directed by Lesley Selander and starring Sterling Hayden, with early appearances from Phyllis Coates, Jack Larson, Richard Carlson, and William Schallert. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. The film begins onboard an aircraft carrier off from the coast of Korea during the Korean War. Commander Collier (Hayden) is the Commander Air Group (CAG), or Air Boss, in charge of air operations on the carrier, or 'flat top'. When asked about how he first handled his Document [18] (Title: Top o' the Morning (1949 film)) Top o' the Morning (1949 film) Top o' the Morning is a 1949 American romantic comedy film directed by David Miller and starring Bing Crosby, Ann Blyth, and Barry Fitzgerald. Written by Edmund Beloin and Richard L. Breen, the film is about a singing insurance investigator who comes to Ireland to recover the stolen Blarney Stone—and romance the local policeman's daughter. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" commented, inter alia: "All things being considered, especially the memorable success of Paramount’s “Welcome Stranger” and its incomparable “Going My Way,” it naturally stood to reason that Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald Document [19] (Title: Shirley Temple) they signed in July 1934, Temple's parents agreed to four films a year (rather than the three they wished). A succession of films followed: "The Little Colonel", "Our Little Girl", "Curly Top" (with the signature song "Animal Crackers in My Soup"), and "The Littlest Rebel" in 1935. "Curly Top" and "The Littlest Rebel" were named to "Variety"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of top box office draws for 1935. In 1936, "Captain January", "Poor Little Rich Girl", "Dimples", and "Stowaway" were released. "Curly Top" was Shirley's last film before the merger of 20th Century and Fox. Based on Temple's many screen successes, Zanuck increased Document [20] (Title: Over the Top (film)) to August 15, 1986. Sylvester Stallone was reportedly paid $12 million to star in "Over the Top". A soundtrack album was released in 1987 to coincide with the release of the movie. It contains music from Frank Stallone, Kenny Loggins (who performs the film's central theme, "Meet Me Half Way"), Eddie Money, and Sammy Hagar. John Wetton, lead singer of the rock group Asia, sang "Winner Takes It All" for the movie, but after performing the song, it was felt that his voice wasn't "mean" enough, so the song was offered to Hagar, whose version, featuring a bass guitar solo Document [21] (Title: Touchstone Pictures) that year. Incoming Disney CEO Michael Eisner and film chief Jeffrey Katzenberg considered renaming the label to Hollywood Pictures. In 1986, "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" was another early success for Touchstone and was Disney's first R-rated film. Allowing the momentum to increase with additional PG-13 and R-rated films with "Ruthless People" (1986), "Outrageous Fortune" (1987), "Tin Men" (1987), and other top movies. In April 1985, Touchstone Films were licensed to Showtime/The Movie Channel for five years starting in 1986. Touchstone Films was renamed Touchstone Pictures after the film "Ruthless People" in 1986. With the Touchstone movies, Disney moved Document [22] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) was composed by Leoncio Lara. The TV show's theme song was featured in the film. The song, "New York Groove" by Ace Frehley, was also featured in the film's trailer and end credits. This film was released theatrically in Mexico and parts of South America on September 16, 2011 in Digital 3D and regular 2D format. The film's teaser premiered on April 15, 2011 and was shown during the Mexican screenings of "Hop". On January 23, 2012, Vertigo Films announced that the film would be released in the United Kingdom on June 1, 2012 (formerly August 20, 2012) in 2D, Document [23] (Title: Life at the Top (film)) Life at the Top (film) Life at the Top is a 1965 drama film, a production of Romulus Films released by Columbia Pictures. The screenplay was by Mordecai Richler, based on the novel "Life at the Top" by John Braine, and is a sequel to the film "Room at the Top" (1959). It was directed by Ted Kotcheff and produced by James Woolf with William Kirby as associate producer. The music score was by Richard Addinsell and the cinematography by Oswald Morris. The film's art director Edward Marshall received a 1966 BAFTA Award nomination. The film stars Laurence Harvey, once Document [24] (Title: Travis Tope) Holbrook, with Sara Colangelo directing. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2014, and was released on January 16, 2015, by Amplify. Then Tope played the role Chris Truby in the drama "Men, Women & Children" along with Adam Sandler and Rosemarie DeWitt, and directed by Jason Reitman. The film had premiered on September 6, 2014 at TIFF and was released domestically on October 1, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Then he played the lead role of Nick Strain in the slasher horror film "The Town That Dreaded Sundown" along with Addison Timlin, which was directed by Alfonso Document [25] (Title: Over the Top (film)) from kidnappers (who were actually goons hired by Cutler to retrieve Mike). However, when they arrive at the hospital, Hawk is despondent to learn they have arrived too late; as Christina died in surgery earlier that day. Feeling he would have been there with her if not for Hawk, Michael leaves for his grandfather's estate. An attempt to retrieve Michael ends with Hawk being arrested for trespassing when he resorts to ramraiding after being turned away from Cutler's gated mansion. Michael visits his father in jail and forgives him, but tells Hawk that he feels more secure living with his Document [26] (Title: On Top (film)) Times film critic reviewed the movie and started the review by saying "On Top features a bunch of Icelandic fruitcakes wearing strange clothes" On Top (film) On Top (Icelandic: Með allt á hreinu ()) is an Icelandic musical comedy from 1982, directed by Icelandic director Ágúst Guðmundsson. The film, which still enjoys widespread popularity in Iceland, tells the story of two bands (one all-male and one all-female) that go on a tour together and then become engaged in a rivalry. The cast is composed members of the pop bands Stuðmenn (also the name of the band in the film) and Document [27] (Title: Justine Johnstone) for producers Charles Dillingham and Florenz Ziegfeld, who featured her in the 1915 and 1916 editions of the Ziegfeld Follies. Lee Shubert created the 1917 Broadway musical revue "Over the Top" for her, which featured Fred Astaire and his sister Adele Astaire in their Broadway debuts. In 1926, she retired from performing for private life. When Johnstone’s husband fell ill in 1927, Johnstone became acquainted with his doctor, Samuel Hirschfeld. He convinced her to enroll in some science courses at Columbia University, where she studied plant research. Her work so impressed Harold T. Hyman, head of the science department of Document [28] (Title: When the Party's Over) When the Party's Over When the Party's Over is a 1993 film starring Sandra Bullock. The film was directed by Matthew Irmas and was first released on March 12, 1993. Frankie (Elizabeth Berridge), Amanda (Sandra Bullock), MJ (Rae Dawn Chong, and Banks (Kris Kamm) are housemates, who are fresh out of college. Frankie is a social worker, who is dating Taylor, a lawyer (Brian McNamara). Amanda, an artist, meets and falls in love with Alexander Midnight, a performance artist (Fisher Stevens). She is also trying to guide her younger brother, Willie (Michael Landes), with wisdom, patience, and compassion, after the Document [29] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) Jonathan Kaplan, who was just 30 when hired, took a documentary approach to filming, using unknown actors. Among them was Matt Dillon, then age 14, who the filmmakers discovered in a middle school in Westchester County, New York. This was Dillon's feature film debut. Shooting took place over 20 days in 1978 in Greeley and Aurora, two cities in Colorado. Due to the negative publicity surrounding a wave of recent youth gang films such as "The Warriors" and "Boulevard Nights", "Over the Edge" had a limited theatrical release in 1979. But the film has since gained cult film status. In Document [30] (Title: Summer of '42) trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first. Ultimately, the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand. The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old. Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his Document [31] (Title: Flat Top (film)) job, he goes back to the time of World War II, where the rest of the film takes place. Told in flashback form, Collier recounts the war in the Pacific, working flight ops on the same carrier as the Fighter Squadron Commander with a new Executive Officer, LT Joe Rogers (Carlson), and getting a group of fighter pilots ready for the tough fight to come against the Japanese. Flat Top (film) Flat Top (also released as Eagles of the Fleet) is a 1952 American drama war film directed by Lesley Selander and starring Sterling Hayden, with early appearances from Phyllis Document [32] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) (1983). Over the Edge (film) Over the Edge is an American coming-of-age crime drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and released in May 1979. The film, based on actual events, had a limited theatrical release but has since achieved cult film status. It was Matt Dillon's film debut. A group of teenagers are living in an isolated planned community called New Granada, east of Denver, Colorado. Their needs were not considered by those who designed the community, and so there is nothing for them to do but go to school and hang out at the local recreation center, which closes Document [33] (Title: Hello Down There) Hello Down There Hello Down There (re-released in 1974 as Sub-A-Dub-Dub) is a 1969 American comedy-adventure film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Sherman and Ivan Tors, directed Jack Arnold and Ricou Browning (underwater sequences), and starring Tony Randall and Janet Leigh. The screenplay was written by John McGreevey and Frank Telford. Its 1974 re-release was part of the "Paramount Family Matinee" series. Fred Miller (Tony Randall) must prove that his new design for an underwater home is viable by convincing his family to live in it for 30 days. His son and daughter (Gary Tigerman and Kay Cole) are Document [34] (Title: Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie) of over came entirely from Internet crowdfunding. It received mixed reviews from critics with many praising the soundtrack and faithfulness to the web series, but criticising the story, pacing and length. In 1983, 2 million copies of the "worst video game of all time", "ET" (referred to as "Eee Tee" for copyright reasons) for the Atari 2600, are dumped into a landfill outside Alamogordo, New Mexico. In the present day, game executive Mandi (Sarah Glendening) of Cockburn Industries, Inc. proposes to her bosses creating an intentionally bad sequel, "EeeTee 2". Thanks to the popularity and success of the Angry Video Document [35] (Title: Elgin Theater) The Elgin is reputed to be the first theater to show midnight movies. In late 1970, the first midnight movie shown at The Elgin was Alejandro Jodorowsky's surrealist western "El Topo". Barenholtz, recalled, "I was told by the experts: 'Who's going to come see a film at midnight? You're out of your mind.' But within two years, there wasn't a city in the country that didn't have a midnight movie going." "El Topo" premiered at The Elgin on December 17, 1970 and ran continuously seven days a week until the end of June 1971. The theater was part of an Document [36] (Title: The Do-Over) The Do-Over The Do-Over is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Steven Brill, and written by Kevin Barnett and Chris Pappas. It stars Adam Sandler and David Spade. The film is the second in a four-film deal between Sandler and Netflix. The film was released worldwide on Netflix on May 27, 2016. The film follows Charlie (David Spade) and Max (Adam Sandler) after the latter fakes their deaths in order to start their lives anew. Things go awry, however, when they discover that the dead men whose identities they have adopted were entangled in criminal activities. Charlie McMillan Document [37] (Title: Time at the Top) Film Festival and also The Film Advisory Board's Award of Excellence. It was in competition at the Cairo International Film Festival and Falstaff International Film Festival and also screened at the Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg Showtime licensed video rights for "Time at the Top" to Square Dog Pictures, which printed hundreds of VHS copies in order to fill enough shelves at Blockbuster Video locations to make a given title as if it were a major release. Time at the Top Time at the Top, is a 1999 cable television film for Showtime that was directed by Jimmy Kaufman and Document [38] (Title: Curly Top (film)) Curly Top (film) Curly Top is a 1935 American musical film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan (Shirley Temple) by a wealthy bachelor (John Boles) and his romantic attraction to her older sister (Rochelle Hudson). Together with "The Littlest Rebel", another Temple vehicle, the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by "Variety". The film's musical numbers include "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up". This film was the first of four films that Shirley Temple Document [39] (Title: Tony Scott) that weren't then possible in TV or film." Following the success of "Top Gun", Scott found himself on Hollywood's A-list of action directors. He re-teamed with Simpson and Bruckheimer in 1987 to direct Eddie Murphy and Brigitte Nielsen in the highly anticipated sequel "Beverly Hills Cop II". While not being critically embraced, the film nevertheless became one of the year's highest grossers. His next film, "Revenge" (1990), a thriller of adultery and revenge set in Mexico, starred Kevin Costner, Madeleine Stowe and Anthony Quinn. Once again directing Tom Cruise, Scott returned to the Simpson-Bruckheimer fold to helm the big-budget racing Document [40] (Title: David Grant (producer)) head of marketing. The company launched onto the video market with several soft porn titles in December 1981. in 1983 Grant noted that Steven Spielberg’s film ET had yet to be released on home video in the UK, and responded by releasing an old sixties 'B' movie called Night Fright (1968) on video under the title E.T.N - The Extra Terrestrial Nastie, with video artwork that parodied the E.T poster. Universal International Pictures threatened legal action, and the tape was withdrawn then later re-released with different artwork. On 3 February 1984, Grant was imprisoned for distributing ‘video nasty’ "Nightmares in Document [41] (Title: French Kiss (2015 film)) over the city. The film was released in select theaters and online via YouTube on Marriott's website on May 19, 2015. As of June 9, 2015 it has over 6 million views. The original soundtrack was composed Michael A. Levine and features songs from several French artists. The film was released in select theaters and online via YouTube on Marriott's website on May 19, 2015. On the same day a premiere screening was hosted at the Marriott hotel in Marina Del Rey, California. A premiere screening was also hosted in Paris, France at the Marriott Champs Elysees on May 27, Document [42] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Over the Top (film) Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone. It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone. The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder. The main character, played by Stallone, is a long-haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Lincoln Hawk (Sylvester Stallone) is a struggling trucker who arm wrestles on the side to make extra cash while trying to rebuild his life. Hawk's estranged wife Christina, who is very Document [43] (Title: The Loft (film)) with the intention of releasing the film through Warner Bros. When Joel Silver moved his office to Universal Studios, he took Dark Castle, and the film with him. Universal planned to release the film on August 29, 2014, but the studio pulled it from the schedule in favor of Legendary Pictures' "As Above, So Below". Universal and Dark Castle dropped the film, which was then picked up by Open Road Films, who released it on January 30, 2015. Universal retained the US home entertainment rights through its ancillaries deal with Open Road. Dark Castle, however, hasn't produced another film till Document [44] (Title: The Overton Window) insufficient suspense as a thriller, terming the book "plodding" with a "half-baked plot" over-burdened with its "sermonizing." When it was released on June 15, the novel debuted at number one in its first week on the "New York Times" Best Seller List, and remained on the bestseller list through September of that year. "National Review" also pointed to the book's influence in providing attention to Joseph Overton's Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a free market think tank where Overton was a vice president until 2003. Writer Chris Kelly has suggested that ghostwriter Jack Henderson repurposed the plot for "Overton Window" Document [45] (Title: Aaron Norris) Leader", starring Michael Dudikoff. In the 1990s, he directed all of his brother's theatrical releases "" (1990), "The Hitman" (1991), "Sidekicks" (1992), "Hellbound" (1993), and "Top Dog" (1995). In 1995, he produced the film "Ripper Man" starring his nephew Mike Norris and Timothy Bottoms. In 1996, he directed his brother in the television film "Forest Warrior". That same year, he also got his only starring role in the film "Overkill". He was also hired on his brother's hit TV show "Walker, Texas Ranger". He served as an executive producer on 168 television episodes of the remaining season. Furthermore, he wrote Document [46] (Title: Top Hat) it broke all records, went on to gross $3 million on its initial release, and became RKO's most profitable film of the 1930s. After "Mutiny on the Bounty", it made more money than any other film released in 1935. Dwight Taylor was the principal screenwriter in this, the first screenplay written specially for Astaire and Rogers. Astaire reacted negatively to the first drafts, complaining that "it is patterned too closely after "The Gay Divorcee"", and "I am cast as ... a sort of objectionable young man without charm or sympathy or humour". Allan Scott, for whom this movie served as Document [47] (Title: Donald O'Connor) Universal added $50,000 in musical numbers to the film and promoted the "B" movie to "A" status. O'Connor and Ryan were in "Top Man" (1943) and "Chip Off the Old Block" (1944). They both had cameos in Universal's all-star "Follow the Boys" (1944). On his 18th birthday in August 1943, during World War II O'Connor was drafted into the United States Army. Before he reported for induction on February 6, 1944, Universal already had four O’Connor films completed. They rushed production to complete four more by that date, all with Ryan: "This Is the Life" (1944), "The Merry Monahans" (1944), Document [48] (Title: Home Alone) box office until the weekend of April 26 that year, which was well past Easter weekend. It made two more appearances in the top ten (the weekend of May 31–June 2 and the weekend of June 14–16) before finally falling out of the top ten. After over nine months into its run, the film had earned 16x its debut weekend and ended up making a final gross of $285,761,243, the top-grossing film of its year in North America. The film is listed in the "Guinness World Records" as the highest-grossing live-action comedy ever. By the time it had run its Document [49] (Title: Above Us the Waves) Warren and James Benson, which had been published in 1953. Director Ralph Thomas says the film was made because producer William MacQuitty "was very involved with the Navy and he loved submarines." MacQuitty had a production company in partnership with Sydney Box called London Independent Producers, which tended to use the same core creative personnel. They purchased film rights in 1952, before the book had been published. The book became a best seller, selling over 350,000 copies and MacQuitty obtained finance from the Rank Organisation under Earl St. John. The British admiralty provided full co-operation. Thomas was given the job Document [50] (Title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)) and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry. The film was the third highest-grossing film released in 1975 in the United States and Canada with a gross of $109 million, being UA's biggest hit. As it was released toward the end of the year, most of its gross was in 1976 and was the highest-grosser for calendar year 1976 with rentals of $56.5 million. Worldwide, the film earned rentals of $76.1 million. American Film Institute One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based Document [51] (Title: Topper (film)) recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: "Topper" was followed by the sequels "Topper Takes a Trip" (1938) and "Topper Returns" (1941). There was a television series, which premiered in 1953 and ran for two seasons, starring Leo G. Carroll, Robert Sterling and Anne Jeffreys. In 1973, a television pilot for a proposed new series "Topper Returns" (1973) was produced, starring Roddy McDowall, Stefanie Powers and John Fink. A TV movie remake (and pilot for a new TV series), "Topper" (1979) was also produced starring Kate Jackson, Jack Warden and Andrew Stevens. "Nearly Departed", a short-lived American TV series Document [52] (Title: Top Gun) Officer, Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (Edwards) are given the chance to train at the US Navy's Fighter Weapons School at Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, California. "Top Gun" was released on May 16, 1986. Upon its release, the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences, the effects, the aerial stunts, and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise. Four weeks after release, the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 percent. Despite its initial mixed critical reaction, the film was a huge commercial hit grossing US$356 Document [53] (Title: Tony Scott) Scott, though reluctant at first, agreed to direct "Top Gun". Though the film received mixed critical review, it became one of the highest-grossing films of 1986, taking in more than $350 million, and making a star of its young lead, Tom Cruise. Sam Delaney of "The Guardian" writes, "By the mid-80s, Hollywood was awash with British directors who had ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they'd honed in advertising. The vast resources and freedom made available to ad directors during advertising's boom era during the 1970s enabled them to innovate and experiment with new techniques Document [54] (Title: Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers) Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers Topsy and Bunker: The Cat Killers is a 1992 mystery/drama film released by Top Bunk Films, the first feature film directed by underground cine-video artist Thomas Massengale. Topsy (Steve Gunderson) and Bunker (Paul Robertson), two outcasts living in a run-down, fleabag hotel in pre-Giuliani New York. Ensconced in their Manhattan neighborhood, where the present seemingly is out of sync with the overarching, socially defined reality of The City at large, the two misfits pass the time of their times in a fugue. Weaving fantasies of ever more complicated deviousness, they are shocked when, one Document [55] (Title: The Day the Fish Came Out) the script secret and only showing the actors their parts. In July Candice Bergen joined the cast, in her third film. Bergen said the director cast her because he wanted an "arrogant type". Filming started 6 August 1966 in Greece. Bergen said filming was "heaven - the most fun I've had in ages." Franc Roddam was an extra in the film. The film was not a critical or commercial success. The Day the Fish Came Out The Day the Fish Came Out (Greece: Otan ta psaria vgikan sti steria) is a 1967 DeLuxe Color Greek-British comedy film directed and written Document [56] (Title: Over the Top (painting)) was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and painted in a rented seed-shed at Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. Over the Top (painting) Over The Top is a 1918 oil-on-canvas painting by John Nash. It depicts a counter-attack on Welsh Ridge in northern France on 30 December 1917, during the First World War. It is held by Imperial War Museum, London. The painting measures . It shows British soldiers in heavy winter greatcoats scrambling up from their trenches to advance over a snow-covered landscape. Two already lie dead or wounded on the duckboards in the base of the trench and one Document [57] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) renew their relationship, Officer Dibble is promoted as the new Chief of Police, the gang enjoy themselves, and finally Griswald asks for a place in Top Cat's gang, which Top Cat accepts. The English-language version was also included in the special features in the Mexican DVD release. On February 26, 2011, Warner Bros. Pictures Mexico, Ánima Estudios, Illusion Studios announced that the film would be in production, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary. The film took a total of 34 months to develop. While the production of the film mainly took place in Mexico, Warner Bros. suggested that the film Document [58] (Title: At the Movies (1986 TV program)) hosts presented a film, reviewed it, and then spoke with three other critics who appeared via satellite. Each critic provided their own See It/Skip It/Rent It rating, as did the other host, leading to a panel discussion. The votes of the whole panel were then tallied to provide the show's recommendation. Guest critics on the September 6, 2008, debut of the segment included Wesley Morris of The "Boston Globe", Tory Shulman of ReelzChannel, and Matt Singer of IFC. Introduced during the Phillips/Scott era in 2010, The "Over/Under" was a segment where the reviewers pick films of a certain genre that Document [59] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) to the shoot. "Top Dog" was released only 9 days after the Oklahoma City bombing. Because the film's plot deals with terrorism, the poor timing of the film's release was noted in multiple reviews and articles. The film debuted at number eight. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 0% of eight surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 1.8/10. The film was criticised for being too similar to "K-9" and "Turner & Hooch". Top Dog (1995 film) Top Dog is a 1995 buddy cop action comedy film directed by Aaron Norris and starring Chuck Norris. Written by Document [60] (Title: Man at the Top (film)) Joe threatens to reveal all to the press, while Lord Ackerman seeks to persuade him otherwise, by offering him promotion to Chief Executive. Shooting took place from 3 March to 7 April 1973. The film was not a success at the box office. "Monthly Film Bulletin" said it was "too much like an episode of a TV series stretched to feature length". "Network on Air" noted the film as, "offering a grittier treatment than the 1959 film adaptation and the subsequent television series". Allmovie noted, " Nanette Newman, a busy doe-eyed ingenue of the 1960s, is quietly effective as the Document [61] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. UK. Top Cat: The Movie Top Cat: The Movie (also known in Spanish as Don Gato y su Pandilla, literally ""Top Cat and His Gang"") is a 2011 Mexican-Argentine animated family action comedy film based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, "Top Cat", which ran from 1961 to 1962 on ABC in the United States. Produced by Ánima Estudios and Illusion Studios, the film was first released in theaters on September 16, 2011 in 2D and 3D formats, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was later released in the United Kingdom on 1 Document [62] (Title: The Over-the-Hill Gang) around." The movie premiered on October 7, 1969, as the "ABC Movie of the Week". It was one of the first of that series. It was ABC's top rated program of the week - the first time that status had been achieved by a film made expressly for television. A sequel called "The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again" was produced the following year, with Brennan, Wills, Buchanan, Devine, and Burt Mustin reprising their roles while Fred Astaire replaced O'Brien as the second lead. Both movies doubled as a pilot for a projected weekly series, but ABC ultimately passed on the idea. Document [63] (Title: Bottom of the World (film)) Mexico and Albuquerque, New Mexico. "Bottom of the World" was released on DVD and video on demand on February 1, 2017. Bottom of the World (film) Bottom of the World is a 2017 drama film. It was directed by Richard Sears, written by Brian Gottlieb and stars Jena Malone, Douglas Smith and Ted Levine. A couple traveling along Route 66 toward Los Angeles stop at a hotel. When Scarlett (Jena Malone) disappears, Alex (Douglas Smith) begins a search then is brought into the desert by a masked stranger. Alex wakes, only to find himself in a different life although he Document [64] (Title: Independence Day (franchise)) on July 3, 1996, but began showing on July 2 (the same day the film's story begins) on limited release as a result of a high level of anticipation among moviegoers. The film grossed over $817.4 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1996 and, briefly, the second-highest-grossing film worldwide of all time behind 1993's "Jurassic Park". Currently, it ranks 69th on the list of highest-grossing films, and was at the forefront of the large-scale disaster film and sci-fi resurgence of the mid-late 1990s. The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was nominated for the Academy Document [65] (Title: MoviePass) it's only natural for us to double down and want to play alongside them – and share in the upside." MoviePass Ventures' first acquisition (in partnership with The Orchard), Bart Layton's "American Animals", was on June 1, 2018, while their second, "Gotti" starring John Travolta as the titular mob boss, was released on June 15, 2018. The MoviePass Venture operation was questioned by some in the industry, with one independent studio head telling "Deadline Hollywood": "It used to be in distribution, we'd all gossip whether a studio was buying tickets to their own movie to goose their opening, but in Document [66] (Title: Sausage Party) project to Indiewire in July 2010, stating it was a "top secret super project". Initially, Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg's part, but after vetting, it did confirm that it was in the works. In November 2010, Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R-rated 3D animated film. The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures. On May 29, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on June 3, 2016, but Document [67] (Title: Top Cat Begins) million pesos. Internationally, the film was later released in the United Kingdom on 27 May 2016, distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. UK, where it was met with negative reviews and was a major box office bomb. The film has grossed a worldwide total $4.6 million on an $8 million budget. The film was released on September 29, 2017 in the United States on home video and digital platforms, distributed by Viva Pictures. It starts off at a club owned by Mr. Big called The Starlight Club. Most people who come there are rich and constantly shown throwing Document [68] (Title: Rebecca Zanetti) the "New York Times" bestseller list. The fourth book, "Over the Top", released in July 2015. In 2014, Zanetti signed two new contracts with Kensington Publishing. The first, a four book Dark Protector spinoff called the Realm Enforcers, was first released digitally, including "Wicked Ride" on June 23, 2015, followed by "Wicked Edge" and "Wicked Burn". The other contract was for a three book series called the "Scorpius Syndrome" for the Kensington Zebra mass market imprint. "Scorpius Rising", a prequel novella, was released in August 2015 in the "On the Hunt" anthology also featuring Alexandra Ivy, Dianne Duvall, and Hannah Document [69] (Title: Over There (U.S. TV series)) DVD on August 2, 2005, less than a week after the series' premiere. The complete series was released on DVD in the United States and Canada on March 21, 2006. Over There (U.S. TV series) Over There was an American action/drama/war television series co-created by Steven Bochco and Chris Gerolmo and produced by 20th Century Fox Television. It premiered in the United States on July 27, 2005 on FX and in Canada on September 6, 2005 on the History Television channel. The series was presented in widescreen format in the United States and the United Kingdom, and mastered in high Document [70] (Title: El Topo) ABKCO Films, owned by Allen Klein, manager of The Beatles. The film was shown late at night like it was at The Elgin. It has been argued that without support from people like John Lennon and Allen Klein, the film would not have found a sizeable audience. For many years the film could only be seen at midnight screenings in arthouses and via partially censored Japanese laserdiscs and bootleg videos. Its official DVD release was on 1 May 2007. Its first Blu-ray release was on 26 April 2011. Since at least the early 1990s, Jodorowsky has been attempting to make Document [71] (Title: Top Five) Top Five Top Five is a 2014 American comedy film written and directed by Chris Rock. The film, which stars Rock, Rosario Dawson, and Gabrielle Union, was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The movie follows New York City comedian and film star Andre Allen (Chris Rock), who has to confront his past and comedic career while doing an interview with journalist Chelsea Brown (Rosario Dawson). The film was released on December 12, 2014, by Paramount Pictures, grossing $26.1 million against a $12 million budget. "New York Times" reporter Chelsea Brown is spending Document [72] (Title: Top of the World (1997 film)) Over the course of the evening and next morning, the two attempt to escape the surrounded casino and prove their innocence, as well as save their marriage. Top of the World (1997 film) Top of the World is a 1997 film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Peter Weller, Dennis Hopper and Tia Carrere. It also features David Alan Grier, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Peter Coyote and Joe Pantoliano. The plot is set in Las Vegas. In Las Vegas for a quickie divorce, a just-paroled ex-cop and his wife wander into the Cowboy Country Casino, run by the shady Charles Atlas. Document [73] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Michael finds all the letters that Hawk had sent over the years and realizes that his grandfather has been hiding the truth about his father from him. Cutler did everything possible to drive his parents apart and had been intercepting and hiding the regular letters Hawk had written to him. Stunned by his grandfather's deceptions, Michael steals one of his grandfather's many vehicles (a pickup truck) to go to Las Vegas to find Hawk. Hawk advances to the final eight competitors in the double-elimination tournament before suffering his first loss, injuring his arm in the process. Afterwards, Cutler summons Hawk Document [74] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) attack. The film is set in San Diego and was largely filmed there. The film received mainly negative reviews, and its box office was negatively impacted by the timing of its release, only 9 days after the Oklahoma City bombing. The film opens as two white nationalists destroy an apartment complex in which most of the residents are minorities. Veteran police officer, Sgt. Lou Swanson, and his police dog, Reno, investigate the crime and realize the explosives are military in style. Their investigation takes them to the harbor, where they find a ship loaded with weapons. They are discovered and Document [75] (Title: The Duke Is Tops) The Duke Is Tops The Duke Is Tops is a 1938 American musical film released by Million Dollar Productions and directed by William Nolte. The film was later released in 1943 under the title "The Bronze Venus", with Lena Horne given top billing. The film was one of a number of low-budgeted musicals (or "race movies") made in the 1930s and 1940s for the African-American market. The casts and production teams of these films were almost all black, and the music reflected current tastes in jazz and rhythm and blues. "The Duke Is Tops" features the film debut of singer Document [76] (Title: Top Secret!) of the film was mixed, he gave it a score of 2.5 out of 4 and described it as: "Likably silly, with lots of laughs but not much momentum...and where's the ending?" Top Secret! Top Secret! is a 1984 American action comedy film written and directed by David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker (ZAZ). It stars Val Kilmer (in his film debut role) and Lucy Gutteridge alongside a supporting cast featuring Omar Sharif, Peter Cushing, Michael Gough, and Jeremy Kemp. The film parodies various film styles such as musicals starring Elvis Presley, spy films of the Cold War era Document [77] (Title: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)) 1972 and 1975. ("Got to Be There", "Ben", "Music & Me" and "Forever, Michael"), and several with his brothers as part of The Jackson 5. In 1975, he and his brothers (except Jermaine) moved to Epic Records and in 1979, Michael released his fifth solo album, "Off the Wall", to critical and commercial success.</small> In June 1982, the Steven Spielberg–directed science fiction film "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" was released to cinemas. Created by Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures (then a subsidiary of MCA Inc.), it starred Henry Thomas, Dee Wallace, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore and Peter Coyote. The Document [78] (Title: Hi-Tops (film)) Hi-Tops (film) Hi-Tops is a 1985 Christian movie musical about the lives of several high school students and a trio of angels who are sent to Earth to experience and study peer pressure. The film was originally a successful stage production that toured nationally. The name of the musical, and of the eponymous band that figures in the plot, is derived from the high-top style of shoes popular among youth in the mid-1980s. Three angels are sent to Earth by Gabriel on a "fact finding mission" to blend in with the teenagers at a high school and learn first hand Document [79] (Title: Starting Over Again (film)) City, California, United States on February 15, 2014. It was later released commercially starting February 21 to 27 in the United States, February 21 to March 6 in Canada, March 6 in Australia and the Middle East, specifically in Dubai, Qatar and Bahrain. On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an overall audience rating of 76% based on 86 reviews with an average rating of 4 out 5. According to a review by Bubbles Salvador of the "Philippine Entertainment Portal" on February 15, 2014, Salvador praised the film for having all elements of a romantic movie. It was Document [80] (Title: The Wizard (1989 film)) cut of the film was 2.5 hours long and included an extended backstory for Jimmy and Corey. The 1965 A64B Autocar severe-duty, Cab Over Engine vocational truck that Spanky drives was previously used in the 1987 Sylvester Stallone film "Over the Top". When the truckers box Putnam in on the road after he nabs Jimmy, "Hawk Hauling," (the name of Stallone's character Lincoln Hawk's company in "Over The Top"), can still clearly be seen on the driver's-side door when Spanky opens it to exit the cab around the 57:35 minute mark in the film. Following "Over The Top" and before Document [81] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) Digital 3D, and RealD 3D theaters. A UK teaser trailer was released on April 5, 2012. The film was released in select theaters and VOD in the United States from Viva Pictures on August 2, 2013. The U.S. trailer was released on May 7, 2013. The MPAA gave this film a PG rating for "some mild rude content". The original Latin American version was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 2, 2011 from Warner Home Video International as well on Blu-ray 3D in Brazil, distributed by PlayArte Home Entertainment, while the UK version was released on Blu-ray and Blu-ray Document [82] (Title: Fireworks (2017 film)) one replies. On December 7, 2016, "Fireworks" was announced with a theatrical release date of August 18, 2017 and is based on the 1993 live-action film "Fireworks, Should We See It from the Side or the Bottom?" by Shunji Iwai. Hitoshi Ohne is writing the script and will add modern elements to the original story. The cast and crew were also announced. The theme song for the film, titled "Uchiage Hanabi", is performed by Daoko and Kenshi Yonezu. The music video for the song currently has over 200 million views on YouTube. On April 14, 2017, a second teaser trailer Document [83] (Title: Muffin Top: A Love Story) Muffin Top: A Love Story Muffin Top: A Love Story is a 2014 American romantic comedy directorial debut film directed by Cathryn Michon, who also starred in the film. The film's script was written by Michon with her husband W. Bruce Cameron. It is based on her 2004 novel "The Grrl Genius Guide to Sex (With Other People)", which was partially based on her life. The film stars Michon as a woman who must re-enter the dating world after her husband (played by Diedrich Bader) leaves her for a younger woman. It had its world debut on October 18, 2014 Document [84] (Title: Joseph Kosinski) screenplay. Attempts to keep the film at a PG rating were unsuccessful leading to Disney giving up the rights, which were then acquired by Universal Pictures which agreed to a PG-13 rating. The $120-million-budgeted "Oblivion" began filming in October 2011, with Tom Cruise in the lead role, and was released in April 2013. Kosinski was confirmed to direct the third "Tron" film in early 2015, but in May of the same year it was announced that Disney had canceled the project. In June 2017 it was announced he was set to direct the sequel to "Top Gun", titled "". Kosinski Document [85] (Title: Topper Returns) In 1969, "Topper Returns" entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication. Topper Returns Topper Returns is a 1941 film directed by Roy Del Ruth. It is the third and final entry in the initial series of supernatural comedy films inspired by the novels of Thorne Smith. It followed "Topper" (1937) and "Topper Takes a Trip" (1938). As in the prior films, Roland Young plays Cosmo Topper, a mousy banker who gets into trouble because of his ability to see and speak with ghosts, and Document [86] (Title: The High and the Mighty (film)) sequels (along with the "Airplane!" parodies, the first of which featured Stack lampooning himself). "The High and the Mighty" served as a template for later disaster-themed films such as the "Airport" series (1970–79), "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972), "The Towering Inferno" (1974), "The Hindenburg" (1975), and "Titanic" (1997). The film was one of Wayne's co-productions in which he also starred, a practice which would not become widespread until the 1980s and 1990s. "The High and the Mighty" had its premiere in Hollywood at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on May 27, 1954. It was commercially released on July 3, 1954. Although the choice Document [87] (Title: Over the Top (painting)) Over the Top (painting) Over The Top is a 1918 oil-on-canvas painting by John Nash. It depicts a counter-attack on Welsh Ridge in northern France on 30 December 1917, during the First World War. It is held by Imperial War Museum, London. The painting measures . It shows British soldiers in heavy winter greatcoats scrambling up from their trenches to advance over a snow-covered landscape. Two already lie dead or wounded on the duckboards in the base of the trench and one on the snow. The others move to the right without looking back. Threatening clouds hang in the sky Document [88] (Title: The Duke Is Tops) editions. The Duke Is Tops The Duke Is Tops is a 1938 American musical film released by Million Dollar Productions and directed by William Nolte. The film was later released in 1943 under the title "The Bronze Venus", with Lena Horne given top billing. The film was one of a number of low-budgeted musicals (or "race movies") made in the 1930s and 1940s for the African-American market. The casts and production teams of these films were almost all black, and the music reflected current tastes in jazz and rhythm and blues. "The Duke Is Tops" features the film debut of Document [89] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) it did not seem as though a reunion was imminent (the two had previously co-starred together as husband and wife in the film "Pass the Ammo"). Three days before they were ready to shoot the pilot for "Over the Top", "Dangerous Minds" was canceled, and although Potts was heartbroken over the cancellation of that series, she jumped at the chance to work with Curry again. The premise of the pilot was that Curry's character, actor Simon Ferguson, was fired from his soap opera, so he visited the quaint bed and breakfast in Upstate New York owned by his ex-wife, Kate Document [90] (Title: Jumanji) begin playing and then unwittingly release the now-adult Alan. After tracking down Sarah, the quartet resolve to finish the game in order to reverse all of the destruction it has caused. The film was released on December 15, 1995. Despite the film receiving generally unfavorable reviews from critics, it was a box office success, earning $263 million worldwide on a budget of approximately $65 million and it became the 10th highest-grossing film of 1995. A similar film, marketed as a spiritual successor to "Jumanji", titled "", was released in 2005 and was also adapted from a Van Allsburg book that Document [91] (Title: Across the Universe (film)) a very limited "platform release" on 27 screens in the U.S. on Friday, September 14. The film had the second-highest "per-screen" average on its opening weekend. In the following three weeks, the release was gradually expanded to select regions. After four weeks in limited release, on October 12, the film was elevated to a comparatively broader release on 954 U.S. screens, breaking into the U.S. box office top ten at #8. Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, Paul McCartney and Olivia Harrison praised the film after seeing it. Julie Taymor, the director of the film was interviewed about her screening with McCartney: Document [92] (Title: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie) by Helms), into thinking he is Captain Underpants, a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape. "Captain Underpants" premiered on May 21, 2017, at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 3D and 2D. The film grossed $125 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million, making it the lowest-budgeted computer-animated feature of DreamWorks Animation's history. This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by 20th Century Fox (rights to the entire DWA library, including this film, are now owned by Universal Document [93] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) primarily to its wins at the Golden Globes on January 16. Indeed, the film was one of the top five highest-grossing films in the U.S. every day from January 17 until January 28, including over the weekend (when more people go to the films and big-budget films usually crowd out independent films from the top-grossing list) of January 20–22. On January 28, the film fell out of the top five and into sixth place at the box office during that weekend before entering the top five again on January 30 and remaining there until February 10. The film was released Document [94] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) in the first week after release and entered the official UK album charts at number 62. In 2010. It was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 100,000 copies throughout Europe. Under the Radar Over the Top Under the Radar Over the Top is the fourteenth studio album by German hard dance group Scooter. The album was released on 2 October 2009, preceded by the single "J'adore Hardcore" on 14 August. A second single, "Ti Sento", was released on the same day as the album. The third single "The Sound Above Document [95] (Title: 21 & Over (film)) journey of exploration of a new start in life as identical twins separated at birth and raised on different continents. 21 & Over (film) 21 & Over is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore, in their directorial debut. The film stars Justin Chon, Miles Teller, and Skylar Astin, and follows a trio of friends who go out drinking to celebrate one of their 21st birthdays despite having a medical interview the following morning. The film was released on March 1, 2013, received generally unfavorable reviews from critics and grossed $48 million. Friends Document [96] (Title: The Top (album)) Additional musicians Production The Top (album) The Top is the fifth studio album by British alternative rock band the Cure, released on 30 April 1984 by record label Fiction. It entered the UK Albums Chart at N°10 on 12 May. Shortly after its release, the Cure embarked on a major UK tour culminating with a three-night residency at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. After recording psychedelic album "Blue Sunshine" for the one-off project the Glove during summer 1983, Robert Smith finished off the year composing and working on two other studio albums at the same time: "The Top" for the Document [97] (Title: Time at the Top) Time at the Top Time at the Top, is a 1999 cable television film for Showtime that was directed by Jimmy Kaufman and written by Linda Brookover and Alain Silver based on from the award-winning young adult novel by Edward Ormondroyd. It stars Elisha Cuthbert, Timothy Busfield, and Lynne Adams. Susan Shawson (Elisha Cuthbert), a 13-year old high-school, inadvertently travels back in time in her apartment building's elevator. As altered by Dr. Reynolds (Michael Sinelnikoff), a retired physicist living upstairs, this secret time machine transports Susan from Philadelphia of 1998 back to the exact same spot in 1881. There she Document [98] (Title: Don Simpson) The two would go on to produce some of the most financially successful films of the 1980s: "Flashdance" (1983), "Beverly Hills Cop" (1984), "Top Gun" (1986) and "Beverly Hills Cop II" (1987). In 1985 and again in 1988, he and Bruckheimer were named Producers of the Year by the National Association of Theatre Owners. In 1990, Simpson and Bruckheimer signed a five-year deal with Paramount worth a reported $300 million. The deal would prove to be short lived. Later that year, the Simpson/Bruckheimer-produced "Days of Thunder" starring Tom Cruise was released. The auto racing film received mixed reviews and grossed Document [99] (Title: Topper (film)) since Cary Grant had a percentage deal on the film, he made quite a bit of money on the film's success. "Topper" was the first black-and-white film to be digitally colorized, re-released in 1985 by Hal Roach Studios. George (Cary Grant) and Marion (Constance Bennett) Kerby are as rich as they are irresponsible. When George wrecks their classy sports car, they wake up from the accident as ghosts. Realizing they aren’t in heaven or hell because they’ve never been responsible enough to do good deeds or bad ones, they decide that freeing their old friend Cosmo Topper (Roland Young) from Document [100] (Title: The Movies) site was re-done, there was a "Top Stars" chart, in which Top Stars were featured on the site. The Top Stars were fictional, and were often judged by how many films they appeared in on TMO. The charts were generally updated every six hours. The exact formula for how the charts were resolved was not publicly known, but numbers of unique viewers, peer rating and time elapsed since release of any given movie all played a role in calculating chart position. On 18 July 2008, The Movies Online was taken offline due to server problems. On 4 August 2008, the Document [101] (Title: Over the Hedge (film)) Over the Hedge (film) Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film based on the United Media comic strip of the same name. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which acquired the live-action DreamWorks studio the same year, the film was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick from a screenplay by Len Blum, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton and Kirkpatrick. Featuring the voices of Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes and Nick Nolte, the film was released on May 19, 2006 in the United States and earned $336 million on an Document [102] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) during a 2006 Television Critics Association speech. Over the Top (TV series) Over the Top is an American sitcom starring Tim Curry, Annie Potts, and Steve Carell. The series premiered on ABC on October 21, 1997. Although 12 episodes were produced, the series was canceled after only three episodes had aired. After being fired from the soap opera "Days to Remember", down on his luck, eccentric, self-centered actor Simon Ferguson (Tim Curry) moves into Manhattan's Metropolitan Hotel, which is run by ex-wife Hadley Martin (Annie Potts), whom he was married to 20 years prior... for twelve days. Despite her initial Document [103] (Title: View from the Top) of 14% based on reviews from 123 critics, with the site's consensus "Uneven in tone and badly edited, "A View From the Top" wastes the talents of its cast and condescends to its characters." Paltrow herself later disparaged the film, calling it "the worst movie ever". View from the Top View from the Top is a 2003 American romantic comedy film directed by Bruno Barreto, and stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Christina Applegate, Candice Bergen, Joshua Malina, Mark Ruffalo, Rob Lowe, Mike Myers, and Kelly Preston. The film follows a young woman (Paltrow) from a small town who sets out to fulfill Document [104] (Title: Room at the Top (1959 film)) office in 1959 after "Carry On Nurse" and "Inn of the Sixth Happiness". Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Win Nomination Win Nomination Room at the Top (1959 film) Room at the Top is a 1959 British film based on the novel of the same name by John Braine. The novel was adapted by Neil Paterson with uncredited work by Mordecai Richler. It was directed by Jack Clayton and produced by John and James Woolf. The film stars Laurence Harvey, Simone Signoret, Heather Sears, Donald Wolfit, Donald Houston and Hermione Baddeley. "Room at the Top" was widely lauded, and was nominated for Document [105] (Title: Game Over (2003 film)) in the real world. The real stars of the movie (Woody Jeffreys and Dominika Wolski) are given second billing in favor of the famous personalities who only appear in the game sequences (Koenig, Bleeth, Schiavelli). Since the game footage was taken several years before the movie was filmed, the footage quality is poorer than the rest of the film. Game Over (2003 film) Game Over is a 2003 television film starring Yasmine Bleeth, Walter Koenig, Woody Jeffreys and Dominika Wolski. It incorporates footage originally shot for several video games released by Digital Pictures. When a super computer is linked to Document [106] (Title: The Towering Inferno) 20th Century Fox on April 15, 2003, with a special edition released on May 9, 2006. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars and praised it as "the best of the mid-1970s wave of disaster films". "Variety" praised the film as "one of the greatest disaster pictures made, a personal and professional triumph for producer Irwin Allen. The $14 million cost has yielded a truly magnificent production which complements but does not at all overwhelm a thoughtful personal drama." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film is "overwrought and Document [107] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) ratings ABC had ever had for a non-rerun-filled Tuesday night, so it was canceled after only three episodes had aired. Although the complete series barely aired anywhere in the world, all 12 episodes of the show that were filmed (including the original version of the pilot) were subsequently leaked and have been circulating among Curry's fans. Initial copies that surfaced featured Finnish subtitles; dupes of VHS press screeners later began to make the rounds. The series gained additional interest after Steve Carell became famous and mentioned it several times in interviews, particularly after reading an excerpt of Peter Ko's review Document [108] (Title: Across the Universe (film)) film had been originally scheduled for release in 2006. The release was postponed as the editing process became extended and internal disputes arose. The film was subsequently scheduled for a wide release on approximately 1,000 U.S. screens on September 28, 2007. In early September 2007, Sony announced that the release would be brought forward to September 14, 2007, with a "platform release" pattern starting on a small number of screens—with additional screens to be added in subsequent weeks. The film received its world premiere on Monday, September 10, 2007, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was then given Document [109] (Title: Top Cat Begins) and his friends hitting [the] screens everywhere in 2016.” The film's UK release and English-language trailer was released on March 8, 2016. On its opening weekend in Mexico, the film debuted at #3 with a gross of $18.1 million pesos ($1.09 million USD), performing weaker than its . On its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, the film was a major box-office bomb, debuting at #15, with "" and "Alice Through the Looking Glass" leading, and only earning £0.06 million ($0.1 million USD). It was released on DVD in the US on October 10, 2017 from Cinedigm. The film has Document [110] (Title: Top Banana (film)) In early December, they signed a distribution deal with United Artists. Later that month, the success of some new 3-D releases prompted UA to announce in the trades that a 3-D version would, in fact, be available for exhibitors. This is the only reference to any release of the stereoscopic version of the film. When it was sneak previewed, shown to the trade publications, and released in February 1954, it was shown in the "flat" version only. Phil Silvers said about the film: There was so little money that "Top Banana" was shot in a day and a half. [The Document [111] (Title: The Undercurrent (1919 film)) to arrest her, shoots a fellow provocateur and then turns the weapon on herself. The Undercurrent (1919 film) The Undercurrent was a 1919 American silent directed by Wilfrid North, produced by Guy Empey, distributed by Select Pictures. It is based on a story by Arthur Guy Empey and though fictional, is considered a sequel to "Over the Top" which was a 1918 movie loosely based on his autobiographical book of the same name about his own experiences in the British Army in World War I. The New York City premier was held at the Capitol Theatre and was attended by Document [112] (Title: The Holy Mountain (1973 film)) was much awaited. Jodorowsky edited out twenty minutes of dialogue from the film, with the intention of removing as much dialogue as he could. The film had its premiere at Waverly Theatre, an art house movie theater in New York City on November 29, 1973, where it had restricted run at midnights on Friday and Saturday for sixteen months. It was also shown at Filmex on March 30, 1974, which was described as the "American premiere." At a few places it was released as a double bill with Jodorowsky's 1970 film, "El Topo", and eventually became a cult film with Document [113] (Title: Top Gun: Maverick) be released on June 26, 2020, by Paramount Pictures. It was originally scheduled to be released on July 12, 2019, but was moved back a year in August 2018. Top Gun: Maverick Top Gun: Maverick is an upcoming American action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski with a screenplay written by Peter Craig, Justin Marks, Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz. It is the sequel to "Top Gun" (1986), intended to be the second installment in the "Top Gun" film series, and features Tom Cruise and Val Kilmer reprising their roles from the first film, with Miles Teller, Jennifer Connelly, Document [114] (Title: Room at the Top (2012 film)) Room at the Top (2012 film) Room at the Top is a 2012 BBC television adaptation by Amanda Coe of John Braine's novel of the same name, with a cast led by Matthew McNulty, Maxine Peake and Jenna Coleman, and directed by Aisling Walsh. It aired in two parts on 26 and 27 September 2012 on BBC Four, but was originally due to premiere on 7 April 2011. A statement at the time said that delay was due to "a potential contractual issue", and it later emerged that another film company challenged the sale of the TV rights to Great Document [115] (Title: Yatterman) and became Japan's top movie at the box office on its first week. Video label Eureka have licensed released the film on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom on May 21, 2012. Discotek Media released the film in North America in 2013. Several video games have been released based on the series. was released for Super Famicom on March 22, 1996. A Mobile Game was released on 2003 developed by Hudson Soft. Two Nintendo DS titles based on the 2008 series, and , were released in April 2008 and October 2008 respectively, followed by a Wii title, , Document [116] (Title: Overman (film)) suffering in their own way. Each of them face new choices. Its a teenage love story and coming-of-age film in which the bright and wholesome protagonists bring joy throughout. The film world premiered at the 2015 (20th) Busan International Film Festival where it was screened from October 1-10 and it was awarded for "promoting independent cinema" according to The Hollywood Reporter. Overman (film) Overman () is a 2015 South Korean film directed by Seo Eun-Young and starring Kim Jung-hyun and Chae Seo-jin. The film had its world premiere on October 2, 2015 at the Busan International Film Festival. High school Document [117] (Title: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie) September 2015, "The Boss Baby" took over its date. The film was then moved to June 2, 2017, and was released by 20th Century Fox. Other territories such as Europe and Asia received the film between July and October 2017 and the movie came on DVD and Blu-ray on September 12, 2017 and it premiered on May 21, 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles. The film was chosen along with "The Emoji Movie" to inaugurate the removal of Saudi Arabia's cinema ban through a double feature screening on January 13, 2018 organized by Cinema 70. Both are Document [118] (Title: Top Cat Begins) July 1, 2015, followed by second trailer, released on September 14, 2015. The film was released on October 30, 2015 in Mexico, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Mexico and confirmed to release in the rest of Latin America. The film is followed by a United Kingdom release on May 27, 2016, distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution and Warner Bros. Pictures UK. “We are very excited to be working with Ánima Estudios, [by] bringing this latest chapter of "Top Cat" to a worldwide audience," said Spencer Pollard, CEO of KFD. "As a leading global animation brand, we’re looking forward to T.C. Document [119] (Title: $ (film)) 15, 1971, and it was released in theaters across the United States on December 17, 1971. The Los Angeles premiere was on December 22. The film was received generally positively with many critics believing that the film was under-rated at the time of release. American film critic Roger Ebert, on reviewing the film on December 30, 1971, gave it a positive review. He described the film as having a "premise that has a beautiful simplicity to it" despite having numerous twists and turns that resembles typical heist films, yet described it as a "slick and breakneck caper movie that runs Document [120] (Title: Midnight movie) Wild Bunch"." "El Topo" regularly sold out every night for months, with many fans returning on a weekly basis. It ran at the theater through June 1971, until at the prompting of John Lennon—who was reported to have seen the film at least three times—Beatles manager Allen Klein purchased the film through his ABKCO film company and gave it a relatively orthodox rerelease. The Elgin soon came up with another midnight hit in Peter Bogdanovich's spree-killer thriller "Targets" (1968), featuring one of the last performances by horror movie mainstay Boris Karloff and a tale that resonated with the assassinations and Document [121] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) homosexual relationships by readers at Thebacklot.com. In 2010, the "Independent Film & Television Alliance" selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years This film is the first to be released the same day as both a DVD and a download available via the Internet. It was released in the United States on April 4, 2006. The film moved more than 1.5 million copies on its first day of release and was the third biggest seller of the week behind Disney's " and King Kong." Although the ranking fluctuated daily, by late Document [122] (Title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)) to add 35 more screens the next weekend, the widest domestic distribution the film enjoyed. Although it was never any week's top-grossing film, it remained in the top 10 through July. Its theatrical run continued through December 10, shortly before the DVD release. "The core marketing was definitely to women," Gabler recalls, "but the men didn't resist going to the movie." She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion, and because Miranda "was enjoyable to watch." The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed Document [123] (Title: Over the Edge (film)) late 1981, it was shown at "Film at Joseph Papp's Public Theater" as part of a program called "Word of Mouth", devoted to films that had been overlooked because of poor marketing or distribution. This screening led to it being listed on critical top-10 lists and was favorably reviewed by Vincent Canby at "The New York Times". The film then re-emerged in the 1980s with showings on cable, including HBO. Director Richard Linklater said the film influenced his film "Dazed and Confused". "Over the Edge" was an inspiration for the music videos for the songs "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Document [124] (Title: The Battle of the Somme (film)) July, treatment of wounded British and German soldiers, British and German dead and captured German equipment and positions. A scene during which British troops crouch in a ditch then "go over the top" was staged for the camera behind the lines. The film was a great success, watched by about 20 million people in Britain in the first six weeks of exhibition and distributed in eighteen other countries. A second film, covering a later phase of the battle, was released in 1917 as "The Battle of the Ancre and the Advance of the Tanks". In 1920 the film was preserved Document [125] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) back over his nose. I've even seen 35 minutes of Ellen DeGeneres's "Mr. Wrong". But I can now honestly say that until Steve Carell's turn in the premiere of "Over the Top", I have never known true horror." "The Washington Post"'s Tom Shales, on the other hand, was substantially kinder than most critics, saying "the show seemed merely okay at first encounter," but after seeing the season's other new shows, ""Over the Top" is looking better and better. I could almost kiss it right on the lips." "Over the Top" debuted opposite the World Series with minuscule promotion to lowest Document [126] (Title: Top Dog (1995 film)) Top Dog (1995 film) Top Dog is a 1995 buddy cop action comedy film directed by Aaron Norris and starring Chuck Norris. Written by Aaron Norris and Tim Grayem, it was Norris' last film to release theatrically before he shifted to direct-to-video films for several years. In the film, Norris' character, Jake Wilder, is partnered with Reno, a police dog, whose handler was killed. Jake and Reno investigate a plot by domestic terrorists to attack a conference on unity. Jake and Reno survive assassination attempts and several hand-to-hand fights with the terrorists and eventually discover enough clues to foil the Document [127] (Title: Above the Law (film)) Michael Ovitz, who believed that he could make anyone a movie star. It was set and filmed in Chicago, Illinois, over 60 days between April 27 and June 26, 1987. "Above the Law" received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 50%, based on reviews from 16 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" stated "It contains 50 percent more plot than it needs, but that allows it room to grow in areas not ordinarily covered in action thrillers." Document [128] (Title: Topsy-Turvy) featurette from 1999 including interviews with Leigh and cast members. Topsy-Turvy Topsy-Turvy is a 1999 British musical drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh, starring Allan Corduner as Sir Arthur Sullivan and Jim Broadbent as W. S. Gilbert, along with Timothy Spall and Lesley Manville. The story concerns the 15-month period in 1884 and 1885 leading up to the premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado". The film focuses on the creative conflict between playwright and composer, and the decision by the two men to continue their partnership, which led to the creation of several more famous Savoy Operas Document [129] (Title: Caprice (1967 film)) atop the Eiffel Tower. Patricia and Christopher live happily ever after. Arthur Godfrey, who played the father of Doris Day in Tashlin's previous comedy, "The Glass Bottom Boat", plays her father once again but is only seen in a photograph. The 20th Century Fox release was a box office bomb, failing to place in the Top 20 movies for 1967. Film critic Leonard Maltin’s review of the film was quite negative. He gave the film zero stars and said the film was a “terrible vehicle for Day.” In her memoir, Day recounts an argument she had with her manager-husband Martin Document [130] (Title: The Hangover) released on June 5, 2009, and was a critical and commercial success. The film became the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2009, with a worldwide gross of over $467 million. The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and received multiple other accolades. It is the tenth-highest-grossing worldwide film of 2009, as well as the second-highest-grossing R-rated comedy ever in the United States, surpassing a record previously held by "Beverly Hills Cop" for almost 25 years. It is the sixth-highest-grossing R-rated film in the U.S., behind "The Passion of the Christ", "The Matrix Reloaded", "American Document [131] (Title: Top of the World (1997 film)) Top of the World (1997 film) Top of the World is a 1997 film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Peter Weller, Dennis Hopper and Tia Carrere. It also features David Alan Grier, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Peter Coyote and Joe Pantoliano. The plot is set in Las Vegas. In Las Vegas for a quickie divorce, a just-paroled ex-cop and his wife wander into the Cowboy Country Casino, run by the shady Charles Atlas. They win big, right as the casino is being robbed. The police believe their big win was a staged diversion, and the two of them become suspects. Document [132] (Title: Woman on Top) Searchlight Pictures on September 22, 2000. "Woman on Top" received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Metacritic reports a 41 out of 100 rating, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 34% score based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's consensus: The film opened at #10 at the North American box office, earning $2,008,191 in its opening weekend. Ultimately, the film grossed $5,020,111 in North America playing at a high of 1,086 theaters; overseas, it grossed $5,174,163 for a worldwide total of $10,194,274, becoming a modest Document [133] (Title: The Thorn) in the U.S., but it did show overseas in the early 1980s. It received poor reviews. The film reappeared as "The Thorn" on a Magnum Entertainment VHS video release around 1984. It was again blocked by the courts and returned underground. The Thorn The Thorn is a comic, religious satire movie released on May 24, 1974, as The Divine Mr. J. It was first shown as The Greatest Story Overtold at the Detroit Institute of Art in 1971. It was released on video in the early 1980s as "The Thorn". It was written, directed and produced by Peter Alexander. Its Document [134] (Title: Starting Over Again (film)) in the United States after being screened in 52 cinemas and theaters, according to Los Angeles-based Hollywood news site, "moviecitynews.com". Starting Over Again (film) Starting Over Again is a Filipino romantic comedy film directed by Olivia M. Lamasan, starring Piolo Pascual and Toni Gonzaga. It was produced and distributed by Star Cinema as part of its 20th anniversary. It officially premiered in the Philippines on February 12, 2014. The film was an instant box-office success earning 25 million pesos on its opening day. On March 15, 2014, a month after its theatrical release, the film earned a total domestic gross Document [135] (Title: The Upside) 2017, Nicole Kidman and Genevieve Angelson joined the cast of the film. In February 2017, Aja Naomi King and Julianna Margulies joined the cast. On August 2, 2017, the film's title was changed to "The Upside". Principal photography began on January 27, 2017 in Philadelphia. An official photo was released on January 30, 2017 of Hart's character via his Instagram account. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017. It was initially scheduled to be released in the United States on March 9, 2018. However in January 2018, following the Harvey Weinstein Document [136] (Title: Over the Top (film)) to charity, fetching around $10,000. "Over the Top" was released in 1,758 theaters and opened in 4th place for the weekend, earning $5.1 million behind "Mannequin", "Outrageous Fortune" and "Platoon". The film holds a 42% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews and an average rating of 4.5/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. "Variety" called it "routinely made in every respect". Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it "muddled" and criticized the number of product placements. Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" wrote Document [137] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) NSA espionage site Teufelsberg in Berlin. The title comes from Alexis Petridis' "Guardian" article about the group's unexpected UK success in 2008. The album's release was supported by a German tour in March 2010. Under the Radar Over the Top went gold in 2010. A limited edition version of the album features a second CD entitled "The Dark Side Edition" and a bonus DVD. The DVD features a personal Scooter travelogue from the band’s trip through Australia, Africa and Asia as well as an exclusive interview and selected comments on the album. A second, even more limited edition of the Document [138] (Title: The Party's Over (1965 film)) finally reach cinemas in the UK in 1965. Two big changes were incorporated: a voice-over by Oliver Reed and a happier ending focusing on Nina and Carson. Director Guy Hamilton, the producer, and the executive producer all had their names removed from the credits in protest. "The Party's Over" was released on Dual Format Edition in the UK as part of the BFI's Flipside series. The Party's Over (1965 film) The Party's Over is a black-and-white British film directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Oliver Reed. Although filmed in 1963 it was censored in the UK over scenes of implied Document [139] (Title: Overdrive (film)) would direct the film based on the script by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, who would also produce the film. Sentient Pictures would produce the film. On September 1, 2015, Christopher Tuffin was also announced to produce the film. In November 2015, Kinology sold the film's international rights to different buyers. Alex Pettyfer, Matthew Goode, Garrett Hedlund, Jamie Bell, Karl Urban, Ben Barnes, Emilia Clarke, and Sam Claflin were all once attached separately at various points during development. Principal photography on the film began on January 4, 2016 in Paris and Marseille, France. "Overdrive" was released theatrically in the United Document [140] (Title: Top Banana (film)) her 90-year career in the entertainment industry. The film was not financially successful upon its release. The film was photographed in Eastmancolor, and processed by the Color Corporation of America laboratory in Burbank, California. The lab went out of business the following year. Although unconfirmed, it is presumed that all of the original elements were junked at that time. The negatives were labeled under the production company name, Roadshow Productions. The only material in the MGM/UA library today is an edited 16mm release print of one side (missing about 15 minutes of footage depicting the rehearsal for the introduction of Document [141] (Title: View from the Top) attendant to a pilot. "View from the Top" opened on March 21, 2003 (it was originally scheduled for Christmas 2001, but in light of the September 11 attacks and due to the fact that the story revolves around a flight attendant on numerous planes, the release was pushed back) and grossed $7,009,513 in its opening weekend, ranking number four behind "Bringing Down the House", "Dreamcatcher", and "Agent Cody Banks". The film would eventually gross $15,614,000 domestically and $3,912,014 internationally, totaling $19,526,014 worldwide, below the production budget of $30 million. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating Document [142] (Title: Days of Thunder) was released on Wednesday, June 27, 1990. The film was a financial success grossing $157,920,733. The film was also successful on home video. It grossed $40,000,000 in rentals. The film received mixed reviews from critics who mostly shrugged off the sometimes over-the-top special effects and plot in many ways resembling the earlier Bruckheimer, Simpson, Scott and Cruise vehicle "Top Gun" (some calling it "Top Gun on wheels" or "Top Gun in Race Cars!"), which had been a huge success four years earlier. "Halliwell's Film Guide" dismissed "Days of Thunder" as "An over familiar story rendered no more interestingly than usual", Document [143] (Title: Idle Hands) hospital, having given up heaven to stay with Molly, and Mick and Pnub are now his Guardian Angels. When he is left alone in his room, Anton looks up and sees the message "I am under the bed" written on the ceiling. The film opened on April 30, 1999, in 1,611 theaters. It grossed $1.8 million during its first week, and then a total of just over $4 million on a budget of $20–25 million, making it a box office flop. An elaborate swimming pool sequence utilizing a large pool model, "wall of hands" and a "hell hole" visual was Document [144] (Title: John Hughes (filmmaker)) released in 1984 due in no small part to its more honest depiction of upper middle class high school life in stark contrast to the "Porky's"-inspired comedies made at the time. It was the first in a string of efforts set in or around high school, including "The Breakfast Club", "Pretty in Pink", "Weird Science", "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" (see also Brat Pack) and "Some Kind of Wonderful". To avoid being pigeonholed as a maker of teen comedies, Hughes branched out in 1987 by directing the smash hit "Planes, Trains and Automobiles" starring Steve Martin and John Candy. His later Document [145] (Title: Over the Top (TV series)) less on "Over the Top" and more on "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". Potts, meanwhile, also did some interviews, barely acknowledging the behind the scenes problems and claiming that the show should speak for itself. "Over the Top" received minuscule network promotion (generally only small blurbs tacked onto the ends of commercials for "Soul Man") and aired for three weeks with dismal ratings before being canceled (in some markets the final November 4 episode was bumped off the schedule unannounced for election coverage, and some "TV Guide" listings were a little slow to catch up, citing the unaired episodes "Who's Document [146] (Title: The Do-Over) 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". The Do-Over The Do-Over is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Steven Brill, and written by Kevin Barnett and Chris Pappas. It stars Adam Sandler and David Spade. The film is the second in a four-film deal between Sandler and Netflix. The film was released worldwide on Netflix on May 27, 2016. The film follows Charlie (David Spade) and Max (Adam Sandler) after the latter fakes their deaths in order to start their lives anew. Things go awry, however, when they discover that the dead men whose identities they have adopted were Document [147] (Title: The Upper Footage) The Upper Footage The Upper Footage (also known as "Upper") is a 2013 found footage film written and directed by Justin Cole. The movie first released on January 31, 2013 to a limited run of midnight theatrical screenings at Landmark’s Sunshine Cinema in New York City. The film centers upon the death of a teenager and attempts to cover it up. The film was initially met with much controversy, as some believed that the footage depicted an actual death and cover up after the media reported on the events around the film as fact for years prior to its release. Document [148] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) Top Cat: The Movie Top Cat: The Movie (also known in Spanish as Don Gato y su Pandilla, literally ""Top Cat and His Gang"") is a 2011 Mexican-Argentine animated family action comedy film based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, "Top Cat", which ran from 1961 to 1962 on ABC in the United States. Produced by Ánima Estudios and Illusion Studios, the film was first released in theaters on September 16, 2011 in 2D and 3D formats, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was later released in the United Kingdom on 1 June 2012, distributed by Vertigo Films, where it Document [149] (Title: High-Rise (film)) and the building soon descends into chaos. In September 2015, the film received its world première at the Toronto International Film Festival and its European première at the 63rd San Sebastián Film Festival. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 18 March 2016 by StudioCanal. Though a critical success, the film's receipts failed to meet its production costs. In 2017 it was nominated for the Empire Award for Best British Film. The film opens with Dr. Robert Laing (Tom Hiddleston) living in a ravaged tower block, killing a white Alsatian and spit roasting it. The film flashes back Document [150] (Title: View from the Top) View from the Top View from the Top is a 2003 American romantic comedy film directed by Bruno Barreto, and stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Christina Applegate, Candice Bergen, Joshua Malina, Mark Ruffalo, Rob Lowe, Mike Myers, and Kelly Preston. The film follows a young woman (Paltrow) from a small town who sets out to fulfill her dream of becoming a flight attendant. Donna Jensen is a girl from a small town in Nevada who wishes to see the world in order to get away from her unhappy life of living in a trailer with her alcoholic mother, a former Las Vegas Document [151] (Title: Nuts (1987 film)) acquitted. In 1980, Universal Studios purchased the film rights to Tom Toper's off-off-Broadway play and financed its move to Broadway. The studio greenlighted the film adaptation in January 1982 and announced Mark Rydell would produce and direct Debra Winger in the relatively low-budget film. Barbra Streisand had campaigned for the role, but filming was scheduled to begin in the summer of 1982 and Rydell was unwilling to postpone the project while she completed "Yentl". Universal was concerned about the controversial nature of "Nuts" and eventually sold it to Warner Bros., where it remained in limbo until 1986, when Streisand was Document [152] (Title: Bait (2000 film)) to become his guardian angels so that he can serve his purpose. "Bait" received mostly negative reviews from critics. It currently holds a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 82 reviews. One of the few good reviews came from Roger Ebert who gave it 3 out of 4 saying "it's over the top, an exercise in action comedy that cuts loose from logic and enjoys itself." The film opened at #2 at the North American box office making $5,485,591 USD in its opening weekend, behind The Watcher. "Bait" ultimately failed to bring back its $51 million budget, as it Document [153] (Title: New Jack City) two films produced in one year: "Sugar Hill" was released on February 25, 1994 by Beacon-20th Century Fox Pictures, and "Above the Rim" was released on March 23, 1994 by New Line Cinema. Barry Michael Cooper's rewrite was based on a December 1987 "The Village Voice" cover story written by Cooper titled "Kids Killing Kids: New Jack City Eats Its Young". The story revolved around the 20th anniversary of the 1967 riots in Detroit, and in its wake, Nicky Barnes, rise of crack cocaine gangs in the late 1980s, such as Young Boys Inc., and the Chambers Brothers. It is Document [154] (Title: Up in the Air (2009 film)) which ran from September 10 to 19, 2009. The press showing was on Friday September 11, 2009. Public screenings were on September 12, 13, and 19. Reitman originally did not plan to debut the film at TIFF, since it was not scheduled to be ready for another three months. He rushed production to keep his Toronto debut streak going. The first clip of the film debuted on Apple Inc. website on September 8, 2009. The first trailer was available on iTunes on September 10, 2009 and on September 18, 2009, it screened before the new movies "The Informant!" and "Love Document [155] (Title: The Swarm (film)) fired from the nearby coast, destroying all of the bees. The film was announced in 1974 at the height of the disaster movie craze. It was part of $38 million worth of projects Irwin Allen had lined up, others including "The Day the World Ended" (a project which was retitled and released in 1980 as "When Time Ran Out...".) The script was written by Stirling Sillipant, who had written "The Towering Inferno" for Allen. He said in December 1974 that Allen hoped to start filming in April 1975. Production was delayed in part because Allen decided to leave Fox for Document [156] (Title: The Holy Mountain (1973 film)) its influence on popular culture. In 2010, the Alamo Drafthouse held a screening of "The Holy Mountain" as part of their "High for the Holidays" event. To commemorate this event, a limited-edition movie poster was designed by German artist Florian Bertmer. The film was not given a wide release until over 30 years following its original premiere, when a restored print was shown in Cannes on 23 May 2006. It toured the United States, screening with "El Topo". It was released in DVD format on 1 May 2007, and a Blu-ray was released on 26 April 2011. The Holy Mountain Document [157] (Title: All Over Me (film)) where it played in the Panorama section. It went on to show at several festivals including the 1997 Turin International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival and the 1998 Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. It opened in American theaters on April 25, 1997 distributed by Fine Line Features. It was released in Australian theaters on February 19, 1998. It was released onto Region 1 DVD on June 14, 2005 distributed by Image Entertainment. It was released on Region 2 DVD on April 8, 2002 distributed by Millivres Multimedia. Critical response to "All Over Me" was generally positive. Rotten Tomatoes gives Document [158] (Title: Top Gun) February 19, 2013. The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week. It was number one on its first weekend with an US$8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of US$176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated US$177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of US$353,816,701. The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run. Upon the film's Document [159] (Title: Top Banana (film)) Top Banana (film) Top Banana is a 1954 musical film based on the musical of the same name, starring Phil Silvers, and featuring Rose Marie, Judy Lynn, Jack Albertson and Joey Faye, all of whom reprised their roles from the Broadway production of the musical. The film was shot in 3-D but was released by United Artists "flat". In New York City in the early 1950s, Jerry Biffle (Phil Silvers) is the star of the Blendo Soap Program. He has been invited to participate in an autograph-signing party for his new book at an important department store. Jerry meets Sally Document [160] (Title: Andrew Davis (director)) tapped Davis to direct the Chuck Norris vehicle, "Code of Silence". Off that success in 1988 Davis developed for Warner Brothers a film titled "Above the Law". Davis co-wrote, produced and directed the film which is most notable for the feature film debut of Steven Seagal. Davis then went back to Orion with his project "The Package", working with Gene Hackman and Tommy Lee Jones. Davis brought Jones with him to his next project, which was originally titled "Dreadnaught" but eventually carried the title "Under Siege". In the picture Davis re-teamed with Seagal to create the top grossing fall film Document [161] (Title: Bottoms Up (1934 film)) Bottoms Up (1934 film) Bottoms Up is a 1934 American pre-Code musical comedy film made by Fox Film Corporation, and was directed by David Butler who co-wrote original story and screenplay with producer Buddy G. DeSylva and co-star Sid Silvers. The picture stars Spencer Tracy, Pat Paterson, John Boles and Herbert Mundin, and features Thelma Todd in a supporting role. The film tells the story of a promoter who helps a Hollywood extra actress toward stardom, however she turns from him toward her leading man. It received a favorable review from "The New York Times" critic Mordaunt Hall, who called Document [162] (Title: On Top (film)) On Top (film) On Top (Icelandic: Með allt á hreinu ()) is an Icelandic musical comedy from 1982, directed by Icelandic director Ágúst Guðmundsson. The film, which still enjoys widespread popularity in Iceland, tells the story of two bands (one all-male and one all-female) that go on a tour together and then become engaged in a rivalry. The cast is composed members of the pop bands Stuðmenn (also the name of the band in the film) and Grýlurnar ("Gærurnar" in the film), and the film is largely based on performances by the two bands. According to Valgeir Guðjónsson the L.A. Document [163] (Title: High-Rise (film)) that Soda Pictures would distribute the film in Canada. The film had its world première at the Toronto International Film Festival on 13 September 2015. It had its international premiere at the San Sebastian Film Festival on 21 September 2015. The film went onto screen at the London Film Festival on 9 October 2015, and the Torino Film Festival on 22 November 2015. Shortly after, it was announced Magnet Releasing had acquired the US distribution rights to the film. The film was released on 18 March 2016 in the United Kingdom. The film was released in the United States on Document [164] (Title: Mario Kassar) United States and will be written and directed by Richard Gray. On November 24, 2014, Brick Top Productions had entered into an Executive Services Agreement with Kassar. Alexander Bafer, Brick Top's CEO said, "There is no human being on this planet better than Mario Kassar at making true Hollywood blockbusters. I am honored with this opportunity to work with him." On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Carolco Pictures was back when Brick Top acquired its name. Brick Top Productions officially changed its corporate name to Carolco Pictures Inc. On February 17, 2015, it was announced that Kassar had Document [165] (Title: Little Big Top) irascibility to keep things interesting". Little Big Top Little Big Top is 2006 American comedy film written and directed by Ward Roberts and starring Sid Haig, Richard Riehle, Hollis Resnik, Mel England, and Jacob Zachar. The film tells the story of an aging, unemployed clown who returns to his small hometown, content to spend the rest of his days in a drunken stupor. But his passion for clowning is reawakened by the local amateur circus. The film went into production in July 2005 and was filmed in Peru, Indiana, which was once the winter headquarters for several famous circuses, including Document [166] (Title: The Thorn) The Thorn The Thorn is a comic, religious satire movie released on May 24, 1974, as The Divine Mr. J. It was first shown as The Greatest Story Overtold at the Detroit Institute of Art in 1971. It was released on video in the early 1980s as "The Thorn". It was written, directed and produced by Peter Alexander. Its release was legally challenged on grounds that its title and advertising deceptively exploited the fame of its co-star, Bette Midler. "The Thorn" starred John Hassberger as Jesus Christ with supporting roles of Bette Midler as the Virgin Mary; James Harrison as Document [167] (Title: Horrible Bosses) attached to different roles. By 2010, Goldstein and Daley had rewritten the script, and the film finally went into production. The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30, 2011, and was released on July 8, 2011. The film exceeded financial expectations, accruing over $28 million in the first three days, making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend, and going on to become the highest-grossing black comedy film of all-time in unadjusted dollars, breaking the record previously set by "The War of the Roses" in 1990. The film grossed over $209 million worldwide Document [168] (Title: Gwyneth Paltrow) Top" and "Shallow Hal" for the latter. In 2002, Paltrow made small appearances in the documentary "Searching for Debra Winger" and the action satire comedy "Austin Powers in Goldmember", while she starred in the thriller-drama "Possession" with Aaron Eckhart as a couple of literary scholars who unearth the amorous secret of two Victorian poets as they find themselves falling under a deepening connection. Critically panned, the film made a lukewarm US$14.8 million worldwide. In the following year, she headlined the romantic comedy "View from the Top", where she obtained the part of woman from a small town who sets out Document [169] (Title: Top Gun) Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film, directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. It is the first installment of the "Top Gun" film series. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps Jr., and was inspired by an article titled "Top Guns" published in "California" magazine three years earlier. The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt. Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, a young naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Document [170] (Title: The Day the Fish Came Out) The Day the Fish Came Out The Day the Fish Came Out (Greece: Otan ta psaria vgikan sti steria) is a 1967 DeLuxe Color Greek-British comedy film directed and written by Michael Cacoyannis who also designed the film's futuristic costumes. The film stars Tom Courtenay, Colin Blakely and Sam Wanamaker. The film, set in 1972, was inspired by an actual incident which occurred on 17 January 1966: a B-52G Stratofortress collided with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Palomares, Spain, and four B-28 FI 1.45-megaton-range hydrogen bombs aboard the B-52 were briefly lost. In a title sequence shot by Maurice Binder, a Document [171] (Title: Spill.com) for Leon to replace him, but later changed his mind. This proved fortuitous, as mere months later Carlyle decided to retire from the show. Segments include discussion on weekly box office rankings, "The Top Five," followed by free form discussion and a segment on e-mails and tweets submitted by members of the site. "The Top Five" is done in a countdown format, with Leon announcing each number before Korey reveals the film in that slot, followed by brief discussion of the film. It is usually recorded on Sunday nights and released on Mondays. In August 2011, the crew began using Document [172] (Title: Top Cat: The Movie) is set to be released on August 7, 2015, distributed by Warner Bros., with Ánima Estudios returning to develop. In September 2014, it was reported that Andres Couturier would direct the film, titled "Top Cat Begins". According to García de Letona, the film won't be a sequel but "rather a companion piece to the first "Top Cat"" and it will "be in CGI, not 2D like the original." Fernando De Fuentes, chairman of Anima Estudios, also explained that film is "the most ambitious project in our studio's history." It was confirmed to be a prequel, explaining how Top Cat met Document [173] (Title: Curly Top (film)) Institute in these lists: Curly Top (film) Curly Top is a 1935 American musical film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan (Shirley Temple) by a wealthy bachelor (John Boles) and his romantic attraction to her older sister (Rochelle Hudson). Together with "The Littlest Rebel", another Temple vehicle, the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by "Variety". The film's musical numbers include "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up". This film was the first of four Document [174] (Title: The Top (album)) The Top (album) The Top is the fifth studio album by British alternative rock band the Cure, released on 30 April 1984 by record label Fiction. It entered the UK Albums Chart at N°10 on 12 May. Shortly after its release, the Cure embarked on a major UK tour culminating with a three-night residency at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. After recording psychedelic album "Blue Sunshine" for the one-off project the Glove during summer 1983, Robert Smith finished off the year composing and working on two other studio albums at the same time: "The Top" for the Cure and "Hyæna" Document [175] (Title: Crossroads (2002 film)) February 2, 2002, and was produced by Rodney Jerkins, The Neptunes, Fred Maher, Matthew Sweet, Dennis Herring, Jaret Reddick, Max Martin, and Rami Yacoub. "Overprotected" was remixed by JS16 for the soundtrack album. Source: Crossroads (2002 film) Crossroads is a 2002 American comedy-drama road film set in Georgia. Directed by Tamra Davis and written by Shonda Rhimes, the film stars pop singer Britney Spears, actors Anson Mount, Zoe Saldana, Taryn Manning, Kim Cattrall, and comedian/actor Dan Aykroyd. The film was produced by MTV Films and released on February 15, 2002, in North America by Paramount Pictures. The plot centers on Document [176] (Title: Top Speed (film)) Top Speed (film) Top Speed is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedy film released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers. It was based on a 1929 stage musical of the same name by Harry Ruby, Guy Bolton and Bert Kalmar. The film stars Joe E. Brown, Bernice Claire, Jack Whiting, Laura Lee, and Frank McHugh. Elmer Peters (Brown) and Gerald Brooks (Whiting), bond clerks on a weekend vacation, are on the run from a local sheriff after Elmer attempts to fish in a "no fishing" area. The two men arrive at an expensive hotel where they rescue Document [177] (Title: Over the Top (White Wizzard album)) as well. Over the Top (White Wizzard album) Over the Top is the debut album by the American heavy metal band White Wizzard released on February 8, 2010 in Europe and March 9, 2010 in North America, through Earache Records. The limited edition was available for pre-order on the Earache Records US webstore until February 8, 2010. A music video for the song "Over the Top" was released on January 29, 2010. The video featured the band playing in a snowy Western town and combating a "Jazz Wizard". The video was directed by Dave Vorhes, who directed White Wizzard's previous Document [178] (Title: Over the Top (film)) Michael then finds Hawk and apologizes for misjudging him, which gives Hawk the emotional support he needs to compete. After a titanic struggle, Hawk is able to conquer his old rival. As father and son celebrate, Cutler (who had followed Michael to the competition) looks on in silence and with grudging respect for all that Hawk sacrificed to get Michael back. A triumphant Hawk and Michael take their new truck and winnings and drive off to start a new life together. Multi-time world arm wrestling champion and future professional wrestler Scott Norton also makes an appearance along with other professional Document [179] (Title: When the Party's Over) film at three stars. The "Los Angeles Times" was more positive, writing that it "transcends the conventional plot and brings the characters alive in this engaging tale of struggling housemates." When the Party's Over When the Party's Over is a 1993 film starring Sandra Bullock. The film was directed by Matthew Irmas and was first released on March 12, 1993. Frankie (Elizabeth Berridge), Amanda (Sandra Bullock), MJ (Rae Dawn Chong, and Banks (Kris Kamm) are housemates, who are fresh out of college. Frankie is a social worker, who is dating Taylor, a lawyer (Brian McNamara). Amanda, an artist, meets and Document [180] (Title: Over the Top (White Wizzard album)) Over the Top (White Wizzard album) Over the Top is the debut album by the American heavy metal band White Wizzard released on February 8, 2010 in Europe and March 9, 2010 in North America, through Earache Records. The limited edition was available for pre-order on the Earache Records US webstore until February 8, 2010. A music video for the song "Over the Top" was released on January 29, 2010. The video featured the band playing in a snowy Western town and combating a "Jazz Wizard". The video was directed by Dave Vorhes, who directed White Wizzard's previous music video Document [181] (Title: Topsy-Turvy) Topsy-Turvy Topsy-Turvy is a 1999 British musical drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh, starring Allan Corduner as Sir Arthur Sullivan and Jim Broadbent as W. S. Gilbert, along with Timothy Spall and Lesley Manville. The story concerns the 15-month period in 1884 and 1885 leading up to the premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado". The film focuses on the creative conflict between playwright and composer, and the decision by the two men to continue their partnership, which led to the creation of several more famous Savoy Operas between them. The film was not released widely, but it Document [182] (Title: Woman on Top) box office success against an $8 million budget. Woman on Top Woman on Top is a 2000 American fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Fina Torres, written by Vera Blasi, and starring Penélope Cruz, Murilo Benício, Harold Perrineau Jr., and Mark Feuerstein. All her life, Isabella has suffered from motion sickness. Because of her illness she couldn't play much with other children. She stayed at home and learned how to cook, becoming a renowned chef as an adult. She fell in love with Toninho and they opened a restaurant together, with Isabella stuck in the kitchen and Toninho out front Document [183] (Title: Shantaram (novel)) had negotiated to retain the film rights until 2015, fuelling speculation that a film adaptation of "Shantaram" was still in the works. In the following October, it was announced that Joel Edgerton would be starring in the leading role, with Eric Roth penning the adaptation and Johnny Depp now involved as a producer. Warner Bros. is in early talks with Garth Davis, co-director of the Emmy-nominated "Top of the Lake", to make his feature film directing debut on the movie. On June 7, 2018, it was announced that Apple Inc. was developing a television adaptation of the novel to be Document [184] (Title: Battle Beneath the Earth) also a staple of afternoon-movie or Saturday-morning Creature Features-type TV programs before the historic sale of the MGM/UA film library. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer originally handled North American theatrical distribution It was released on DVD by Warner Home Video on 29 July 2008, as a Best Buy exclusive double feature with "The Ultimate Warrior". The film features a fast-paced "crime-jazz" musical score. Battle Beneath the Earth Battle Beneath the Earth (1967) is a British spy film starring Kerwin Mathews. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film also features character actor Ed Bishop, who later went on to star in the Gerry Anderson cult Document [185] (Title: Bottom of the World (film)) Bottom of the World (film) Bottom of the World is a 2017 drama film. It was directed by Richard Sears, written by Brian Gottlieb and stars Jena Malone, Douglas Smith and Ted Levine. A couple traveling along Route 66 toward Los Angeles stop at a hotel. When Scarlett (Jena Malone) disappears, Alex (Douglas Smith) begins a search then is brought into the desert by a masked stranger. Alex wakes, only to find himself in a different life although he retains memories of Scarlett. Filming began in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on September 1, 2014. Filming also was located near Gallup, New Document [186] (Title: Chernin Entertainment) hired as Senior VP to report to Topping. In June 2015, the company's TV division's president Katherine Pope left the company, while Topping was promoted to President of Film and Television. In August 2015, Dante Di Loreto was hired and appointed as President of Television at the company, he will oversee the development and production of TV division and will report to Topping. Chernin Entertainment's television slate includes Fox's "New Girl", "Touch", "Terra Nova", "Breakout Kings" and "Ben and Kate". The company's first feature film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", was released in August 2011. and has grossed Document [187] (Title: Over the Hedge (film)) Bruce Willis, Avril Lavigne, Garry Shandling, Wanda Sykes, Catherine O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere. The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19, 2006. In select New York and Los Angeles theatres, it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation's animated short film "First Flight". The film was also screened out of competition on May 21, 2006, at the Cannes Film Festival. "Over the Hedge" was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation's newly formed home entertainment division and Paramount Home Entertainment on October 17, 2006. A short film based on "Over the Hedge", titled "Hammy's Boomerang Document [188] (Title: It Comes at Night) on an A+ to F scale. It Comes at Night It Comes at Night is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Trey Edward Shults. It stars Joel Edgerton, Christopher Abbott, Carmen Ejogo, Kelvin Harrison Jr., and Riley Keough. The film had its premiere at the Overlook Film Festival in Mount Hood, Oregon on April 29, 2017, and was theatrically released on June 9, 2017 in the United States, by A24. It was positively received by critics and grossed over $19 million worldwide. A highly contagious outbreak has ravaged the world. Paul, his wife Sarah, and their teenage Document [189] (Title: Top Secret!) Top Secret! Top Secret! is a 1984 American action comedy film written and directed by David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker (ZAZ). It stars Val Kilmer (in his film debut role) and Lucy Gutteridge alongside a supporting cast featuring Omar Sharif, Peter Cushing, Michael Gough, and Jeremy Kemp. The film parodies various film styles such as musicals starring Elvis Presley, spy films of the Cold War era and World War II films. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre. Nick Rivers, an American rock star ("Skeet Surfin'"), travels to East Germany (which is represented as like Hitler's Document [190] (Title: Game Over, Man!) Scott Rudin Productions. Also producing are Adam DeVine, Anders Holm, Blake Anderson, and Kyle Newacheck, who collectively form the comedy group Mail Order Comedy, as well as Isaac Horne of Avalon Management. On May 8, 2017, Netflix released the teaser trailer for the film and announced the release date as April 20, 2018. On January 4, 2018, Netflix released the first full-length trailer and announced that the release date had been moved up to March 23, 2018. The film held its official premiere on March 21, 2018 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, California. "Game Over, Man!" has Document [191] (Title: Top Cow Productions) and was to be written by Everett De Roche. The film was one of two being produced and financed back-to-back by Platinum Studios, IDG Films and Relativity Media. The film was to be produced by Arclight's Gary Hamilton and Nigel Odell, Platinum Studios' Scott Mitchell Rosenberg, and Steve Squillante of Havenwood Media. Top Cow's Marc Silvestri and Matt Hawkins were to be executive producers with Platinum Studios' Rich Marincic and Greenberg Group's Randy Greenberg. Filming was announced to begin in September 2008, with China and Australia among the possible locations being considered for filming. Megan Fox was approached for the Document [192] (Title: 21 & Over (film)) 21 & Over (film) 21 & Over is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore, in their directorial debut. The film stars Justin Chon, Miles Teller, and Skylar Astin, and follows a trio of friends who go out drinking to celebrate one of their 21st birthdays despite having a medical interview the following morning. The film was released on March 1, 2013, received generally unfavorable reviews from critics and grossed $48 million. Friends since high school, Casey and Miller are both over 21 and want to take their best friend Jeff Chang out Document [193] (Title: The Undercurrent (1919 film)) The Undercurrent (1919 film) The Undercurrent was a 1919 American silent directed by Wilfrid North, produced by Guy Empey, distributed by Select Pictures. It is based on a story by Arthur Guy Empey and though fictional, is considered a sequel to "Over the Top" which was a 1918 movie loosely based on his autobiographical book of the same name about his own experiences in the British Army in World War I. The New York City premier was held at the Capitol Theatre and was attended by General John J. Pershing who was in New York City for the International Trade Document [194] (Title: The Sum of All Fears (film)) by La-La Land Records. While the film was speculated to be released in late 2001, "The Sum of All Fears" was theatrically released on May 31, 2002. Many media outlets characterized this apparent change in release date to be a delay due to the September 11 attacks. Addressing the release date, director Phil Alden Robinson said, "When I came on board in August of 2000, they said, 'This is a Summer-of-2002 picture.'" As the first film released since September 11 to deal so vividly with terrorism, critics believed it to be too alarming to be released nearly nine months after Document [195] (Title: Under the Radar Over the Top) Under the Radar Over the Top Under the Radar Over the Top is the fourteenth studio album by German hard dance group Scooter. The album was released on 2 October 2009, preceded by the single "J'adore Hardcore" on 14 August. A second single, "Ti Sento", was released on the same day as the album. The third single "The Sound Above My Hair" was released on 27 November 2009., and "Stuck on Replay", the 4th single from the album is being used as the official theme song of 2010 IIHF World Championship. The album's cover was photographed at the former American Document [196] (Title: Top Five) his "top five" as Sugarhill Gang, Eminem, Wale, Ice Cube, and Sir-Mix-A-Lot. Principal photography began on June 24, 2013, in New York City. In July 2014, the film's title was changed from "Finally Famous" to "Top Five". The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2014. On September 10, 2014, Paramount Pictures confirmed their acquisition of the film's worldwide distribution rights for $12.5 million and agreed to pay at least $20 million in promotion and marketing. In November 2014, Paramount announced "Top Five" would receive a wide release on December 12, 2014. "Top Five" was Document [197] (Title: Something Beneath) 2006. In a 2007 FearNet interview, Sorbo described it as “sort of a flip back to the ‘50s creature films.” The film premiered on 26 April 2007 as part of the Houston Film Festival and was than chapter of the Rhode Island International Film Festival on 11 August 2007. As of June 6, 2018 there are no critic reviews at Rotten Tomatoes. The audience rating at Rotten Tomatoes is 7% of 719 liked it. The film was released on DVD by Genius Entertainment on September 9, 2008. It was released on DVD in Germany February 25, 2010, under the title Document [198] (Title: Top Secret!) meant to be released on June 8, but Paramount pushed the date back to June 22, angering some exhibitors. The official reason was that Paramount wanted to avoid competing against "Ghostbusters" and "Gremlins" although rumours spread that the studio was dissatisfied with the film's quality. Producer Jon Davison denied this saying "Paramount has a lot of confidence in the picture or they wouldn't have cared. The mere fact that they've bothered to trouble some of their relationships with exhibitors shows their faith in the picture." The film was considered a box office bomb, though it still earned $20 million. A Document [199] (Title: El Topo) Topo" at the Museum of Modern Art. Barenholtz recalled that despite several audience members walking out, he was fascinated by "El Topo". On a failing attempt to purchase the American rights to the film, Barenholtz convinced the producer to have the film shown at midnight at The Elgin. Barenholtz chose the late showings of 1 am on Friday and at midnight during the week to give audiences a sense of "self-discovery". The film premiered on 18 December 1970 and ran continuously seven days a week until the end of June 1971. The film was distributed across the United States through Document [200] (Title: Ocean's 8) States. After the release of "Ocean's Thirteen" in 2007, Soderbergh stated he had no intentions of making a fourth film, citing his desire to have the series "go out on top". However, an all-female spin-off was announced in October 2015, with much of the cast signing on by August 2016. Filming took place from October 2016 to March 2017 around New York City. "Ocean's 8" premiered at Alice Tully Hall on June 5, 2018, and was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on June 8, 2018, 11 years to the day of the release of "Ocean's Thirteen". Question: when did the movie over the top come out

Answer: 1987 Long Answer: Over the Top is a 1987 American sport drama film starring Sylvester Stallone . It was produced and directed by Menahem Golan, and its screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant and Stallone . The original music score was composed by Giorgio Moroder . The main character, played by Stallone, is a long - haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son while becoming a champion arm wrestler. Gold Document ID: 153

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Isaías Gamboa) 1822. Additionally received private lessons in grammar and literature from a teacher, Alcides Isaacs, brother of famous writer Jorge Isaacs, author of "The Maria". He began his poetic career in high school writing love letters. Isaías Gamboa Isaías Gamboa (December 12, 1872 in Cali – July 23, 1904) was a Colombian poet and educator from Cali. Isaiah was brought up in a traditional family consisting of Matthew Gamboa Vallecaucana Llanos and Teresa Herrera Córdoba, who instilled ideals of liberty and justice, ideals which would influence him as a writer. His childhood was developed among green landscapes Mameyal, a province located Document [2] (Title: Patrocinio Gamboa) Patrocinio Gamboa Patrocinio Gamboa y Villareal (30 April 1865 – 24 November 1953) was a Filipino revolutionary notable for her participation in the Philippine Revolution. Gamboa is best known for making the Philippine flag hoisted during the inauguration of the revolutionary government of the Visayas in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. Patrocinio Gamboa was born on 30 April 1865 in Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines to Fermín Gamboa and Leonila Villareal. She was baptized on 7 May 1865 at Jaro Church by Francisco Agüería, and her godmother was Severina Gamboa. Her wealthy parents provided private tutors for her education. Gamboa was an avid reader Document [3] (Title: Zambo) garifunas. The Garifuna originated from the combination of Africans who were either shipwrecked or fled from neighboring islands to St. Vincent, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1797 they were deported by the English for their role in supporting France during the French Revolutionary Wars to the island of Roatan off the coast of Honduras. From there they spread up and down the coast of Central America, communities being found from Nicaragua to Belize. In Mexico, where zambos were sometimes known as "lobos" (literally meaning wolves), they form a sizeable minority. According to the 2015 Intercensus Document [4] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) counts held near Gamboa by the Audubon Society of Panama. The old Spanish colonial era Las Cruces Trail used to carry precious metals and supplies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans passes near Gamboa, though parts of it are now underwater. In the movie "The Tailor of Panama" the character played by Pierce Brosnan stays at the Gamboa Rainforest Resort, and has a meal at a waterside restaurant in Gamboa. In the background of the opening shot of this sequence, you can see the iron and wood bridge that leads to Gamboa, with an ocean liner behind it. The Gamboa Document [5] (Title: Fernando Gamboa) a league match on 9 April 2011. Fernando Gamboa Fernando Andrés Gamboa (born 28 October 1970 in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba) is a retired Argentine footballer and coach who played as a defender. Gamboa started his playing career in 1988 with Newell's Old Boys where he won two league championships. In 1991, he was part of the Argentina squad that won the Copa América 1991 He joined River Plate in 1993, and after 12 league games in the 1993–94 season he moved to Boca Juniors. Between 1996 and 1999 Gamboa played for Oviedo in Spain, before returning for a second spell Document [6] (Title: Joma Gamboa) his first title defense in December of the same year to Keitaro Hoshino.In 2004 he ended his career. After two more unsuccessful title challenges Gamboa eventually retired in 2004. <br>Won full title Joma Gamboa Jomarie Gamboa (born April 25, 1973 in Bacolod) is a retired boxer from the Philippines who was a former minimumweight champion. He made his professional debut in 1993. He fought for his first world title in 1996 but was stopped by thai fighter Saman Sorjaturong. He was unsuccessful a further two times in world title fights before winning an interim title fight against Satoru Abe. On Document [7] (Title: Pearlasia Gamboa) Pearlasia Gamboa Pearlasia Gamboa (born Elvira G. Gamboa) is a Filipino American business woman involved in controversial banking and investments, for which she has been successfully sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and various state agencies. She was connected to a micronation that has been used as a front for fraudulent criminal activity. Gamboa was born Elvira G. Gamboa, in 1951, in Manila. She was married to Rocky Austin, but later divorced prior to 1993 and currently lives in California. In 1994, she married Mark Logan Pedley. She has a daughter, Bernadette, and a son, Raymond, from her Document [8] (Title: Delio Gamboa) Delio Gamboa Delio "Maravilla" Gamboa Rentería (28 January 1936 – 23 August 2018) was a Colombian football player. Gamboa's career ran from 1955 to 1974 in which time he played for Atlético Nacional, Millonarios, Independiente Santa Fe, Once Caldas, and Deportes Tolima, "Maravilla" translates directly to "wonder". Born in Buenaventura (Valle del Cauca), Colombia, Delio Gamboa signed with Atlético Nacional in 1958, after getting noticed playing in a "aficionado" national league. A year later, Gamboa was transferred to a football club named CD Oro based out of Mexico. He was considered to be their most important player for two straight Document [9] (Title: Emma Gamboa Alvarado) Little House on the Mountain". Gamboa died on December 10, 1976, in the city of Heredia after a long fight against cancer. In 1980, the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica declared her a Benemérita de la Patria (Well-deserving of the Homeland). The Central Bank of Costa Rica decided to include her effigy on the ten thousand colones bill in 1998, being the first time in the history of the bank that a product gave recognition to women's contributions in the country's development. The design on the bill was made by a graphic arts student from the University of Costa Rica, Document [10] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) permanent collection of his media works/papers has been established and archived at Green Library, Stanford University. Harry Gamboa Jr. Harry Gamboa Jr. (born 1951) is a Chicano essayist, photographer, director and performance artist. He was a founding member of the influential Chicano performance art collective ASCO. The first of five children born to a working-class Mexican American couple, Gamboa grew up in East Los Angeles, California, "an urban area tormented by poverty, violence, and racial conflict". Despite the "inadequacy of the East L.A. public schools", Gamboa was encouraged to value education and did fairly well in school, and he was Document [11] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) Isaias Gamboa (music producer) Isaias Gamboa (born April 21, 1963) is an Afro-Costa Rican-American music producer, songwriter, musician, arranger, author and filmmaker. Born in San Jose, Costa Rica to parents of Spanish and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. His mother, Carmen Gamboa Beckles, was born in the coastal Costa Rican city of Puerto Limon and his father; Danilo Gamboa Mora, from the interior province of San Ramón, Costa Rica. A music industry veteran, Gamboa has written, performed, produced and arranged more than 200 songs for recording artists including, Shalamar, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Tavares (group), The Brothers Johnson, Dynasty (band), The Pointer Document [12] (Title: Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro) Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro Gamboa is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Gamboa, along with Santo Cristo and Saúde, is one of the oldest boroughs of Rio. It was originally settled by the aristocracy, due to the attractive position on the shores of Guanabara Bay, but lost its glamour when the docks were built. Along with this history, the area also hosts The English Cemetery at Gamboa, one of the oldest British institutions in Rio. In 1809, Dom João VI ceded to the British two and a half acres of farmland along the shore of the bay. Lord Strangford, Document [13] (Title: Santiago Gamboa) Santiago Gamboa Santiago Gamboa (born 1965) is a Colombian writer. Born in Bogotá, he studied literature at the Javerian University of Bogotá. He moved to Spain, where he remained until 1990 and graduated in Hispanic philology at the University of Alcalá de Henares. He then moved to Paris, where he studied Cuban literature at the Sorbonne. He made his debut as a novelist with "Páginas de vuelta" (1995); later he wrote "Perder es cuestión de método" (1997), which was translated into Italian, French, Greek, Portuguese, Czech, and German. Later he published "Vida feliz de un joven llamado Esteban" (2000). He Document [14] (Title: Diane Gamboa) Diane Gamboa Diane Gamboa (born 1957) has been producing, exhibiting and curating visual art in Southern California since the 1980s. She has also been involved art education, ranging from after-school programs to college and university teaching. Gamboa has been "one of the most active cultural producers in the Chicana art movement in Los Angeles." She actively developed the Chicano School of Painting. Gamboa had been producing art most of her life. She learned early on that Los Angeles was a city that was "fragmented" and "segregated by race, class and power." Recognizing this as a young person has informed much Document [15] (Title: Cecilia Valdés) "Angel Hill"). It is widely regarded as the best Cuban novel of the 19th century. The story takes place in colonial Cuba around 1830. The young and beautiful light skinned mulatta, Cecilia Valdés, is the illegitimate daughter of powerful land magnate and slave trader, Cándido de Gamboa. Leonardo de Gamboa is his legitimate son. Leonardo falls in love with Cecilia, not realizing that she is his own half-sister, and they become lovers. At the same time, a poor black musician, José Dolores Pimienta, is also hopelessly in love with Cecilia. Cecilia rejects Pimenta's advances and conceives Leonardo's son. However, love Document [16] (Title: Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe) Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe (May 30, 1922 – January 7, 2016) was a Mexican trade union leader and politician. He had a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Gamboa Pascoe was the secretary general of the Federal District Federation of Workers (in Spanish: "Federación de Trabajadores del Distrito Federal, FTDF") and since August 9, 2005 he was the current secretary general of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the largest confederation of labor unions in the country. Gamboa Pascoe was elected to the Senate in the mid-1970s, representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He ran Document [17] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) line for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 17 January 1919 and transferred to the U.S. Shipping Board the same day. As SS "West Gambo", the ship remained in the custody of the U.S. Shipping Board until sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company in late 1936 or early 1937. In 1941, the British governments Ministry of War Transport acquired the ship for World War II service in response to the United Kingdom's need for merchant ships to replace ships sunk in the Battle of the Atlantic. Renamed SS "Empire Hartebeeste", she was managed in British service by Watts, Watts and Document [18] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) 17 appearances, helping Reims win promotion to Ligue 2 after only one season in the third tier. He played 32 league games in total for Reims during his two seasons with the club, scoring seven times. In May 2010, it was announced that he had signed for fellow Ligue 2 side Laval. During his first season at Laval, he scored three goals in 31 appearances as the team finished 16th in Ligue 2. Gamboa is of Portuguese descent. Ludovic Gamboa Ludovic Gamboa (born 14 January 1986) is a French footballer who plays as an left or right midfielder. He started Document [19] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) was appointed professor of rational arithmetic at the Institute where he studied. For various reasons he could no longer continue his desire to study engineering, but soon after, in 1902, he was appointed professor and later director of his own engineering school, a position he continued until 1905 when he resigned to devote himself to the studies of mathematics and became a correspondent for various specialized institutions abroad. He assembled a large library of over 5000 titles and was a collaborator of the French academic journal L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens, published in Paris in the early twentieth century. He was also Document [20] (Title: Gambo Sawaba) Gambo Sawaba Hajia Gambo Sawaba (15 February 1933 – October 2001) was a Nigerian women's rights activist, politician and philanthropist. She served as the deputy chairman of Great Nigeria People's Party and was elected leader of the national women’s wing of Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). Hajia Saweba was born to Isa Amartey Amarteifio (christened Theophilus Wilcox) who was an immigrant from Ghana and Fatima Amarteifio a Nupe woman from Avun Local Government, Niger State. Amarteifo was a graduate of Ghana School of Survey who immigrated to Nigeria in 1910 and sought to be employed by the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Document [21] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) of those verses of the Song are hereafter dedicated to the public domain". Isaias Gamboa (music producer) Isaias Gamboa (born April 21, 1963) is an Afro-Costa Rican-American music producer, songwriter, musician, arranger, author and filmmaker. Born in San Jose, Costa Rica to parents of Spanish and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. His mother, Carmen Gamboa Beckles, was born in the coastal Costa Rican city of Puerto Limon and his father; Danilo Gamboa Mora, from the interior province of San Ramón, Costa Rica. A music industry veteran, Gamboa has written, performed, produced and arranged more than 200 songs for recording artists including, Shalamar, Gladys Document [22] (Title: Chiloé Archipelago) 110 Spaniards. Gamboa named the islands "Nueva Galicia" (New Galicia) in honor of the place of origin of Rodrigo de Quiroga who as governor had organized the expedition. Gamboa established a settlement at Castro in 1567, which later became the seat of a Jesuit mission, and was capital of the province until the founding of Ancud in 1768. In early colonial times the Spanish introduced a number of Old world crops and agricultural systems. Some of these cultivars and systems ended with poor results yet the introduction of pigs and apple trees proved a success. Pigs benefited from abundant shellfish Document [23] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) Gamboa", also carries his name. Several geographic features in Chile bear the name of Pedro Sarminento de Gamboa: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532–1592) was a Spanish explorer, author, historian, mathematician, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia, where his paternal family originated, or Alcalá de Henares in Castile, where he later is known to have studied . His father Bartolomé Sarmiento was born in Pontevedra and his mother María Gamboa was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. At the age of 18, Sarmiento de Gamboa entered the royal military Document [24] (Title: Asco (art collective)) Angeles in the early 1970s.The magazine's studio space was provided by Herron, who used his mother's garage as an art studio. "Regeneración"'s first volume featured artwork directly corresponding with the political and cultural orientation of other Chicano publications and also adopted a lengthier magazine format. Gamboa joined "Regeneración" in the midst of the riot of August 29, 1970, in East L.A. at the Chicano Moratorium. He encountered Francisca Flores, where she handed him her copy of "Regeneración" and agreed to allow Gamboa to edit the next issue. This event proved decisive in creating a sense of urgency within the Chicano Document [25] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) few days later against Swansea City, after which further substitute appearances followed. Gamboa finally made a starting appearance on 4 October in a 2–1 loss away at Liverpool in the league. Despite the defeat, he was reported as having turned in an impressive performance. It was however to be Gamboa's only league start that season, and he fell further out of favour when manager Alan Irvine was sacked in December and replaced by Tony Pulis. From January 2015 onwards to the end of the season, Gamboa only played one minute of first team football, coming on as an injury-time substitute Document [26] (Title: Helen Gamboa) Helen Gamboa Helen Albent Gamboa-Sotto (born May 7, 1945) is a Filipina actress, singer, dancer and former beauty queen. Helen Albent Gamboa was born at 6:35 PM on May 7, 1945 at Maternity and Children's Hospital (now Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital) in Santa Cruz, Manila to Domingo Ponce Gamboa (born October 13, 1908 in Santa Ana, Pampanga - died June 12, 1987) and Eusebia Pangilinan Albent (born November 28, 1914 in Angeles, Pampanga - died January 21, 1986). Gamboa is the wife of actor-comedian/TV host/politician-senator Tito Sotto and the mother of actress/singer Ciara Sotto and actor/singer Gian Sotto. Gamboa Document [27] (Title: Oedipina complex) Oedipina complex Oedipina complex (common name: Gamboa worm salamander) is a species of lungless salamander found in western South America from Costa Rica to western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. This species inhabits humid tropical lowland forest where it can be found on the ground, and on bushy vegetation, logs and rocks. It can also be found on forest edges, but it does not survive in degraded areas. Deforestation is a threat to this species. "Oedipina complex" is a small salamander, measuring in snout–vent length and in total length. When disturbed, they may play dead in order to confuse potential predators. Document [28] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) Martín Ruiz de Gamboa Martín Ruiz de Gamboa de Berriz (; 1533 – 1590) was a Spanish Basque conquistador who served as a Royal Governor of Chile. He was born in Durango, Biscay, the son of Andrés Ruiz de Gamboa and Nafarra de Berriz, and served as a youth in the royal navy in the Levant. Before the age of 18, he traveled to Peru, eventually arriving in Chile in 1552. Remaining in the area, he would participate in the Arauco War, being named in 1565 the lieutenant general for the governor at the time Rodrigo de Quiroga, with whom Document [29] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) Yuriorkis Gamboa Yuriorkis Gamboa Toledano (born December 23, 1981) is a Cuban professional boxer. He is a former unified featherweight world champion, having held the WBA and IBF titles between 2009 and 2011. As an amateur he won a gold medal in the flyweight division at the 2004 Olympics, and bronze in the featherweight division at the 2005 World Championships. Gamboa's 2004 Olympic Boxing results were: While training in Venezuela, Gamboa, along with Cuban teammates Odlanier Solís and Yan Barthelemy, snuck out of camp and found their way to Colombia and eventually to Germany, where they applied for visas to Document [30] (Title: John G. Claybourn) canal's dredging division. After twelve years of lobbying Panama Canal governors to move the division from Paraíso, Panamá Province to Gamboa, Claybourn's suggestion was finally accepted by the Panama Canal Company in 1934. It moved its Dredging Division from the town of Paraíso to Gamboa in 1936. Claybourn served as President of the Gamboa Civic Council from 1937 to 1948 and President of the Gamboa Golf and Country Club in 1937, which is now the site of the Gamboa Rainforest Resort. According to his successor, "He was known as John 'God' Claybourn by his employees. In designing the layout of Document [31] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) by marriage, cautious investments on the stock exchange and in the railway business, and by inheriting part of the fortune of the , which allowed him to purchase new estates in Madrid, Santa María de Huerta and in Monroy. In 1871, Enrique married the mother of his university colleague, Manuela Inocencia Serrano y Cerver from Valencia, thirty years his senior and widow of the military and senator ; she brought into the family the children from her previous marriage. Immediately afterwards, the couple travelled extensively and started construction of the family residence in Madrid. In 1893, the family moved into Document [32] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) USS West Gambo (ID-3220) USS "West Gambo" (ID-3220) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. She later saw commercial service as SS "West Gambo and SS "Empire Hartebeeste, and under the latter name was sunk during World War II. SS "West Gambo" was built under a United States Shipping Board contract in 1918 Seattle, Washington, by the Skinner and Eddy Corporation. She was launched on 4 July 1918 and acquired by the U.S. Navy on 20 July 1918 for World War I service, assigned the naval registry Identification Number (Id. Document [33] (Title: Tom Gamboa) Classic main tournament in South Korea and Japan. Gamboa was born in Los Angeles, California, and now lives in Rancho Mirage, California. He was raised by his mother, Polly, and his step-father (whose surname he took), Jack Donald Gamboa. Gamboa is fluent in Spanish. He has five children. His son Brett is an assistant professor of English at Dartmouth College. He was drafted out of Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, where he was a first baseman, by the Baltimore Orioles, but instead attended the University of California, Santa Barbara (B.A., History, 1971) on a full scholarship. There, Document [34] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Paraíso to Gamboa in 1936. In 1933, when a three-man board appointed by Canal Zone Governor J.L. Schley studied the feasibility of moving the Dredging Division to Gamboa, the population was 251, including just 10 Americans. The first Dredging Division families began moving into the newly built town of Gamboa in September 1936. Within a year, the town's population jumped to 1,419 and by 1942, the town reached its peak population—3,853. The new residents of Gamboa built their civic center with their own hands and funds. It was initially used as a USO to entertain troops stationed in nearby hills, Document [35] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) Company of London. On 20 September 1942, while steaming as a part of Convoy SC 100, "Empire Hartebeeste" was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine "U-596" in the North Atlantic Ocean at position . All 46 crew were rescued by and . USS West Gambo (ID-3220) USS "West Gambo" (ID-3220) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. She later saw commercial service as SS "West Gambo and SS "Empire Hartebeeste, and under the latter name was sunk during World War II. SS "West Gambo" was built under a United Document [36] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Gamboa, Panama Gamboa is a small town in the Republic of Panama. It was one of a handful of permanent Canal Zone townships, built to house employees of the Panama Canal and their dependents. The name Gamboa is the name of a tree of the quince family. Gamboa is located on a sharp bend of the Chagres River at the point which feeds Lake Gatun. Just south of Gamboa, Lake Gatun and the Chagres meet the Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut) where the Canal cuts through the Continental Divide. Thus, though Gamboa is closer to the Pacific side of Panama, its Document [37] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, 17th Marquis of Cerralbo (1845 – 1922), was a Spanish archaeologist and a Carlist politician. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa came from the aristocratic family for centuries residing in the Salamanca province; his ancestors can be traced back to the 14th century, and it was in 1533 when his forefather was named marquis by Carlos I. His father, Francisco de Asís de Aguilera y Becerril, was the founder and director of the "Gimnasio Real de Madrid" (Casón del Buen Retiro) and became known as a promoter of physical exercises, supported Document [38] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) with a number of machines he invented himself. Married to María Luisa de Gamboa y López de León, the couple had 13 children. Enrique was first educated at the Madrid Colegio de las Escuelas Pías de San Fernando, later on to study Philosophy and Letters and Law at the . With the death of his father in 1867, Enrique as the oldest living son acquired the conde de Villalobos title, which ensured his place in the middle-range aristocracy and a comfortable financial status. His position changed dramatically in the early 1870s, when, following the childless death of his two paternal Document [39] (Title: Jorge Gamboa Mendoza) El caso de la Provincia de Pamplona de la Nueva Granada a finales del siglo XVI" ("The significance of the dowry within the matrimonal practices of the colonial society: The case of the Pamplona Province of the New Kingdom of Granada at the end of the 16th century"). Since 2001 Jorge Gamboa Mendoza is a researcher at the Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH) in Bogotá. This list is a selection. Jorge Gamboa Mendoza Jorge Augusto Gamboa Mendoza (born 27 January 1970) is a Colombian anthropologist and historian. He has been contributing on the knowledge of colonial and pre-colonial Document [40] (Title: Delio Gamboa) given his nickname "Maravilla" when still an amateur, as number 10 (inside-left was the position called then) on the Valle del Cauca "selección", which outclassed all other State teams and garnered the Colombian championship, stunning the spectators with his play which people thought nothing short of miraculous and Gamboa "a wonder" in the flesh. He briefly revived the nickname which Millonarios sides earned in the DiStefano-Pedernera era, "El Ballet Azul" ("The Blue Ballet") for its elegant and artistic style of play. In the 1962 Edition "Maravilla" and "Los Embajadores" translating to "The Ambassadors" saw an early first round exit. In Document [41] (Title: Paillataru) resigned the command of the army, appointing Gamboa as its general. Intimidated by his defeat, he ordered Gamboa to evacuate the fortress of Arauco, leaving large numbers of horses to be captured by the Mapuche. Paillataru, who had moved from Catirai to destroy the Spanish fort at Quiapo, marched afterward against Canete, which he attempted to besiege. However Gamboa advanced to meet him with all the troops he could raise and in a long bloody battle compelled Paillataru to retreat. Gamboa followed up by invading Araucanian territory, intending to ravage it as they had before but Paillataru with fresh levies Document [42] (Title: Santiago Gamboa) is also the author of the travel book "Octubre en Pekín" (2001). In 2009, Gamboa published "Necropolis," a novel that won that year's La Otra Orilla Literary Prize. In 2012 the novel was published in English by Europa Editions. As a journalist, he has been a contributor to the Latin American Service of Radio France International in Paris, a correspondent for "El Tiempo" and columnist for the magazine "Cromos". He lives in Italy. Santiago Gamboa Santiago Gamboa (born 1965) is a Colombian writer. Born in Bogotá, he studied literature at the Javerian University of Bogotá. He moved to Spain, where Document [43] (Title: Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro) British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court, founded the cemetery, and the first burial took place in 1811. Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro Gamboa is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Gamboa, along with Santo Cristo and Saúde, is one of the oldest boroughs of Rio. It was originally settled by the aristocracy, due to the attractive position on the shores of Guanabara Bay, but lost its glamour when the docks were built. Along with this history, the area also hosts The English Cemetery at Gamboa, one of the oldest British institutions in Rio. In 1809, Dom João VI ceded to Document [44] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) activities, Gamboa's population decreased to 173 and the town consisted of a police station, a four-family house which had been brought in from the former town of Empire, and a two-family house brought from the former town of Culebra, and several old railroad box cars used to house silver roll employees. The first commissary, operated by a division of the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government, also operated out of three box cars. After many years of studies and debates, and lobbying by Dredging Division Superintendent John G. Claybourn, the Panama Canal Company moved its Dredging Division from the town of Document [45] (Title: John G. Claybourn) the town he made it so that he could ravel[sic] from his residence to his headquarters without STOP signs. He played a key role in the design and materials selection for the residences." In 1933, when a three-man board appointed by Canal Zone Governor J.L. Schley studied the feasibility of moving the Dredging Division to Gamboa, the population was 251, including just 10 Americans. The first Dredging Division families began moving into the newly built town of Gamboa in September 1936. Within a year, the town's population jumped to 1,419 and by 1942, the town reached its peak population of Document [46] (Title: Fernando Gamboa) Fernando Gamboa Fernando Andrés Gamboa (born 28 October 1970 in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba) is a retired Argentine footballer and coach who played as a defender. Gamboa started his playing career in 1988 with Newell's Old Boys where he won two league championships. In 1991, he was part of the Argentina squad that won the Copa América 1991 He joined River Plate in 1993, and after 12 league games in the 1993–94 season he moved to Boca Juniors. Between 1996 and 1999 Gamboa played for Oviedo in Spain, before returning for a second spell with Newell's Old Boys. Towards the end Document [47] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) the freshly-completed building at calle Ventura Rodríguez, designed in eclectic style by renowned architects and from the outset intended to be also an art gallery, very much like the private pinacotecas seen across Europe. The building – usually referred to as a palace – served later also as a prestigious venue of social meetings, reported the day after by the Madrid press, and a location for political assemblies. The couple had no issue. Though his paternal ancestors remained loyal to the Isabelinos, it was Enrique’s mother who influenced him towards Carlism, the leaning reinforced during the university years. According to Document [48] (Title: Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador) driven saw mill in Newfoundland was established here. The first way office was established in 1882 under Waymaster Simeon Osmond. In 1964 the three separate communities of Dark Cove, Middle Brook, and Gambo were incorporated as one town known as Dark Cove-Middle Brook-Gambo. In 1980 the town officially changed its name to Gambo. Gambo is known for its Smallwood Days and its Loggers' Sports Festival. One of the most important sights is the Logger's Memorial Park. Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador Gambo is a town in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 7 on Freshwater Bay. Document [49] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) Harry Gamboa Jr. Harry Gamboa Jr. (born 1951) is a Chicano essayist, photographer, director and performance artist. He was a founding member of the influential Chicano performance art collective ASCO. The first of five children born to a working-class Mexican American couple, Gamboa grew up in East Los Angeles, California, "an urban area tormented by poverty, violence, and racial conflict". Despite the "inadequacy of the East L.A. public schools", Gamboa was encouraged to value education and did fairly well in school, and he was active in community organizations and politics as a teenager. As a high-school student (graduated 1969), Gamboa Document [50] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) but later became headquarters of the Civic Council. The Civic Council and Gamboa's residents also built the Gamboa Golf and Country Club, on the Gamboa Ridge, overlooking the Chagres river. The men in the town hammered, sawed and poured concrete while the women brought picnic lunches and tended barbecues. The Club was officially opened on January 1, 1939 and eventually included a 9-hole golf course. Gamboa, like most Canal Zone towns, had its own commissary, post office, school, churches (five of them), railroad station, fire station and gas station. For much of the town's history, Gamboa's non-US, non-white population lived Document [51] (Title: Oedipina complex) Oedipina complex Oedipina complex (common name: Gamboa worm salamander) is a species of lungless salamander found in western South America from Costa Rica to western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. This species inhabits humid tropical lowland forest where it can be found on the ground, and on bushy vegetation, logs and rocks. It can also be found on forest edges, but it does not survive in degraded areas. Deforestation is a threat to this species. "Oedipina complex" is a small salamander, measuring in snout–vent length and in total length. When disturbed, they may play dead in order to confuse potential predators. Document [52] (Title: Juan Pablo Gamboa) first son Santiago was born in the mid 1990s, and Mariana in the early 2000's. He's the son of a Colombian father and a British American mother. Juan Pablo Gamboa Juan Pablo Gamboa (born November 24, 1966 in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian actor. He was born as Juan Pablo Gamboa Cook. He appeared in telenovelas including "Esmeralda", "La usurpadora", "Carita de Ángel", "La intrusa". Gamboa studied communications in Hofstra University in New York. His portrayal of Willy in "La usurpadora" gave him his first TVyNovelas Award nomination for best male antagonist. He was previously married to Bibiana Escobar and Document [53] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) Ludovic Gamboa Ludovic Gamboa (born 14 January 1986) is a French footballer who plays as an left or right midfielder. He started his career with Chamois Niortais, making his debut in the 3–0 away win over Romorantin on 14 January 2006. After coming on as a second-half substitute for Ronan Biger, Gamboa scored the third goal in the 89th minute. He made two more substitute appearances in the 2005–06 season, both of which were also Niort victories. Gamboa joined Martigues on a free transfer in July 2007, but he failed to make an impact at the club; his four appearances Document [54] (Title: Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa) Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa The Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa is a cemetery in Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It is also known as the "English Cemetery" or the "British Cemetery Gamboa". John VI of Portugal ceded two and a half acres of land near the shore of Guanabara Bay to the British in 1809. The British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court (Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford), founded the cemetery. The first burial was in 1811. There are 8 World War I and 4 World War II Commonwealth war graves in the cemetery. The cemetery is located in Rua da Document [55] (Title: Dominion of Melchizedek) Dominion of Melchizedek. She is married to Mark Pedley. She is a Filipina-American business woman who has been involved in controversial banking and investments. She was prevented from operating companies that were purporting to be banks in Indiana and California. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission sued Gamboa in 2009, alleging that she had used fictitious reports of gold mining operations to profit by fraudulently selling shares, siphoning off more than $1 million. A judgment was ordered against her in August 2010 totaling $1.8 million; a $650,000 fine for the ZNext corporation, and $1.18 million for Gamboa personally. Gamboa was Document [56] (Title: Reservoir of Ullíbarri-Gamboa) of electricity after the industrial revolution and the growth of population. Unfortunately this construction was refused to be done in 1928. Later, in the second Spanish republic (1935), they approved the construction of the reservoir but it was not until 1945 when they started working on that, due to delays deliberated by the civil war. In this year Altos Hornos de Vizcaya S.A. was the company that started the project with the help of Saltos y Aguas del Zadorra. The works started in 1947 and finished in 1957 and were built by more than 3,500 men. The Gamboa valley was Document [57] (Title: Federico Gamboa) four days and then left to run for president, but lost against Huerta. His return to México marked then Gamboa's end of his good life as public servant. Furthermore, during Venustiano Carranza presidency, Gamboa had to leave Mexico along with his wife María Sagaseta and his only child, going first to the United States and then to La Habana, Cuba, from 1914 to 1919. His novels are: His theater pieces are : Federico Gamboa Federico Gamboa Iglesias (22 December 1864 in Mexico City – 15 August 1939 in Mexico City) was a writer and diplomat from Mexico. He has been Document [58] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) social and economic conditions of Spain, also personally taking advantage of his privileged position versus the poor. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, 17th Marquis of Cerralbo (1845 – 1922), was a Spanish archaeologist and a Carlist politician. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa came from the aristocratic family for centuries residing in the Salamanca province; his ancestors can be traced back to the 14th century, and it was in 1533 when his forefather was named marquis by Carlos I. His father, Francisco de Asís de Aguilera y Becerril, was the founder and director of the "Gimnasio Document [59] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) new tribute and would instead dedicate themselves to leisure. The new enemies that Gamboa thus created for himself began to pass rumors to the Viceroy, who each day had a more negative image of Gamboa. Amidst all this, Gamboa had to respond to a rebellion by his lieutenant governor Lope de Azócar, who opposed his administration. However, the governor was able to gain control of the situation, pressuring Azocar, and finally chasing him from Chile. Gamboa spent the final years of his mandate (1581-1583) in the south of the country, engaged in permanent conflict with the natives. On June 25, Document [60] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) by 300 men which he called "Rey Don Felipe". The settlement failed shortly after he left, and when Thomas Cavendish visited the ruins in 1587 he renamed the place Port Famine. In 1584 Sarmiento de Gamboa sailed for Europe, but he was captured by an English fleet under to Sir Walter Raleigh and carried to England where he was presented to Queen Elizabeth I of England. They had a conversation in Latin, which was their only common language, and despite Spain's official policy of keeping all navigational information secret, shared his maps with British cartographers. Queen Elizabeth gave him a Document [61] (Title: Ullibarri-Gamboa) Ullibarri-Gamboa Ullíbarri-Gamboa (at Euskara and officially Ganboa Uribarri) is a village in the municipality of Arrazua-Ubarrundia, province of Álava Basque Country (Spain). Ullíbarri-Gamboa means Villa"or"new town of Gamboa in Basque, where Gamboa the name of the vicariate to which he belonged this population and that of a neighboring fraternity, which did not belong Ullíbarri however, since it was integrated into the fellowship of Ubarrundia.The Ullíbarri-Gamboa reservoir hosts has long been a distinguished and growing recreational use of the Natural Environment of recognized social value, contributing to the Nature Tourism a peculiar mark of quality in the Historical Territory of Álava. Document [62] (Title: Francisco de Gamboa) Francisco de Gamboa Francisco de Gamboa, O.S.A. (21 March 1599 – 22 May 1674) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Zaragoza (1663–1674) and Bishop of Coria (1659–1663). Francisco de Gamboa was born in San Sebastián, Spain on 21 March 1599 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 5 July 1659, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on 10 November 1659 as Bishop of Coria. In 1660, he was consecrated bishop by Diego Arce Reinoso, Bishop Emeritus of Plasencia. On 2 July 1663, he was Document [63] (Title: Real del Monte 1766 strike) Gamboa, "New Spain's most experienced mining expert" (Ladd 61), was called by the viceroy to Real del Monte to help remedy the situation. With goals of "social order and full work crews," Gamboa began interviewing almost every worker, supervisor, and foremen at the mines while simultaneously increasing the visibility of the soldiers around the mines (Ladd 62). After multiple days of testimonials, he drew up the plans for ordinances to be published with clear guidelines for partido mixing that had been judged fair by both workers and management. In Gamboa's plan, the overseers would appoint a captain, one of the Document [64] (Title: Lizbeth Gamboa Song) as Song Comunicaciones), won concessions for two radio stations in Quintana Roo, XHPJMM-FM in José María Morelos and XHPMAH-FM in Mahahual. Lizbeth Gamboa Song Lizbeth Loy Gamboa Song (born 31 March 1981) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. She served as a federal deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo from the third electoral region. Gamboa Song was born in Chetumal. Her mother, Lizbeth Loy Song Escalante, was a state judge in Quintana Roo. After earning her undergraduate degree from the Universidad de las Américas Puebla and a master's from the Document [65] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) December 1989, the school building was used as a local headquarters for U.S. Military Police. Gamboa's golf course became a Boy Scout camp for several years, but remained inactive in the last years of the Treaty reversion period. The town of Gamboa is still inhabited, but as a shadow of its former self, maintained, but without the vibrancy and civic spirit it once enjoyed. Many of its houses are not inhabited and several public buildings are underutilized. It remains the primary headquarters of the Dredging Division of the Panama Canal Authority (formerly PCC). The Dredging Division's docks are used by Document [66] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532–1592) was a Spanish explorer, author, historian, mathematician, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia, where his paternal family originated, or Alcalá de Henares in Castile, where he later is known to have studied . His father Bartolomé Sarmiento was born in Pontevedra and his mother María Gamboa was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. At the age of 18, Sarmiento de Gamboa entered the royal military in the European wars. Between 1550 and 1555 the future navigator fought in the armies of Emperor Charles Document [67] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) the Baltimore Orioles. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018. Eddie Gamboa Eduardo Avila Gamboa (born December 21, 1984) is a Mexican-American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is a knuckleball pitcher. Gamboa attended the University of California, Davis. The Baltimore Orioles selected Gamboa in the 21st round of the 2008 MLB Draft. They added Gamboa to their 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. but non-tendered him on December 2, making him a free agent. Gamboa was handed a 50-game suspension for Document [68] (Title: Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador) Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador Gambo is a town in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 7 on Freshwater Bay. According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census: It is the closest town to Mint Brook - the birthplace of Joey Smallwood, former Premier of Newfoundland and last father of confederation. It is located from Gander Airport and from St. John's. The name Gambo first appeared in the census of 1857. The name Gambo was said by M.F. Howley, to be a corruption of a Spanish or Portuguese name that meant "bay of does". The first steam Document [69] (Title: Diane Gamboa) ink drawings into in a three-dimensional form. The Bruja-Ha series was created around 2004. The art included in "Bruja-Ha" represents some of the very spiritual and performance-related aspects of Gamboa's work. Dirt from her father's grave was mixed into the paint, making it a very personal statement. Gamboa relates that her father had been ill during the time she had been working on "Bruja-Ha." "The Invasion of the Snatch (2007)" is a series of 9 paintings that explore the feminine body and is Gamboa's "tribute" to unidentified female victims of rape and murder. Gamboa's series, "Alien Invasion: Queendom Come" (2006-2012) Document [70] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) an important role in the creation of the iconic freedom song, "We Shall Overcome." The song, adapted by Pete Seeger and others, has been credited to "Unknown" for more than half a century, however newly discovered facts presented in Gamboa's book trace Shropshire's uncredited involvement with the freedom standard to her hymn, "If My Jesus Wills", more commonly known as "I'll Overcome" from which "prima facie" and other evidence indicates "We Shall Overcome" was derived. The book was featured at the Author's Pavilion at the 2015 NAACP National Convention. An abridged, dramatized audio book version of the book, also named, Document [71] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) housing here before becoming eligible for housing in other towns. U.S. military personnel and their dependents lived in Gamboa during the 1940s due to the shortage of housing on the local military bases. U.S. personnel continued living in Gamboa until the total withdrawal of U.S. troops from Panama in 1999. Over time as the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government began to transfer operations to Panama following the 1977 Panama Canal Treaties, some of the services offered in Gamboa were shut down. The most visible closures were the commissary and movie theater, which were boarded up throughout the 1980s. The demise Document [72] (Title: Gambo) Gambo "Gambo" is the name given to a carcass of an unidentified large marine animal that was reportedly washed up on Bungalow Beach in The Gambia. The carcass of the Gambo was reported to have been discovered by 15-year-old Owen Burnham and his family on the morning of June 12, 1983. Owen, a wildlife enthusiast, decided to take measurements and then make sketches since he did not have a camera at the time. According to later testimony, he did not think to take a sample until after he realized he could not identify it in any books. According to Owen, Document [73] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) Eddie Gamboa Eduardo Avila Gamboa (born December 21, 1984) is a Mexican-American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is a knuckleball pitcher. Gamboa attended the University of California, Davis. The Baltimore Orioles selected Gamboa in the 21st round of the 2008 MLB Draft. They added Gamboa to their 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. but non-tendered him on December 2, making him a free agent. Gamboa was handed a 50-game suspension for testing positive for "exogenous testosterone," a performance-enhancing substance in violation of Document [74] (Title: Gregorio Sauceda-Gamboa) Gregorio Sauceda-Gamboa Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa is a Mexican illegal drug trafficker of the Los Zetas, when Los Zetas were the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel. Sauceda was a former investigative police officer, who helped smuggle an average of 10 tons of cocaine and 30 tons of marijuana across the border each month. He was captured on April 30, 2009 in Matamoros, Tamaulipas along with his wife and his bodyguard, Miguel Ángel Reyes Grajales. Mexican Authorities had offered a 30 million pesos (about USD$2.1 million) bounty for information leading to his capture. On 24 March 2010, the United States Department Document [75] (Title: Diane Gamboa) is an exploration of Mexican identity in American culture. She explores the idea of "why only Mexicans are called aliens while others are called immigrants," creating drawings and paintings of blue-skinned, "Amazonian aliens." "Alien Invasion" invites viewers to rethink their ideas about immigrants, especially those of Latino origin. Diane Gamboa Diane Gamboa (born 1957) has been producing, exhibiting and curating visual art in Southern California since the 1980s. She has also been involved art education, ranging from after-school programs to college and university teaching. Gamboa has been "one of the most active cultural producers in the Chicana art movement in Document [76] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) all came from the substitutes' bench. He left Martigues in January 2008 and signed for Championnat de France amateur (CFA) side Fontenay-le-Comte. During the remainder of the 2007–08 season, Gamboa played three league matches. In the summer of 2008 he switched clubs again, joining CFA Group A club Compiègne. After scoring 11 goals in 33 matches for Compiègne, Gamboa returned to the Championnat National when he signed for Reims ahead of the 2009–10 campaign. He scored on his debut for Reims in the 1–3 defeat away at Hyères on 7 August 2009. Gamboa ended the season with 6 goals in Document [77] (Title: Isaías Gamboa) Isaías Gamboa Isaías Gamboa (December 12, 1872 in Cali – July 23, 1904) was a Colombian poet and educator from Cali. Isaiah was brought up in a traditional family consisting of Matthew Gamboa Vallecaucana Llanos and Teresa Herrera Córdoba, who instilled ideals of liberty and justice, ideals which would influence him as a writer. His childhood was developed among green landscapes Mameyal, a province located in the Hill of the Crystals, just outside Cali and where would be inspired to set some of his works. He attended elementary school in Santa Librada, founded by General Francisco de Paula Santander in Document [78] (Title: Federico Gamboa) However, both of his parents died and he was forced to drop out and start working in 1884. He began as an assistant in a Civil Court and also began on his journalist career. In "El Diario del Hogar" newspaper he had a regular article called "Desde mi mesa" ("From my table"), which he signed as «La Corcadiere». Even though he was doing well for himself, he was not satisfied and joined public service. After passing all the tests, he joined the Mexican Foreign Affairs Service as second secretary on 9 October 1888. Gamboa was 24 years old when he Document [79] (Title: Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa) Gamboa, in the neighborhood of Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro. Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa The Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa is a cemetery in Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It is also known as the "English Cemetery" or the "British Cemetery Gamboa". John VI of Portugal ceded two and a half acres of land near the shore of Guanabara Bay to the British in 1809. The British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court (Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford), founded the cemetery. The first burial was in 1811. There are 8 World War I and 4 World War II Commonwealth war graves in Document [80] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) was active in student government and an organizer of various student-initiated reforms, most significantly the 1968 "East L.A. Blowouts"—a series of protests against the inferior conditions of public schools in poor, non-white areas. Gamboa's extracurricular activities were not, however, limited to politics. Already a developing artist, it was at Garfield High that Gamboa met Gronk (Glugio Nicandro), Patssi Valdez (then known as Patsy), and Willie Herrón, three of his closest associates in his later career. After the "Blowouts" of his senior year, Gamboa dropped out of the political scene to dedicate himself to his education. Thanks to these efforts and Document [81] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) major league debut against the Toronto Blue Jays on September 2. He was designated for assignment on February 14, 2017. On February 14, 2017, the same day as being designated for assignment from the Rays, Gamboa was traded to the Texas Rangers for a player to be named later or cash considerations. On June 30, 2017, Gamboa signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He made six starts for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers and three starts (and one relief appearance) for the Double-A Tulsa Drillers. On January 19, 2018, Gamboa signed a minor league deal with Document [82] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) was released on Plum Recordings in 2011. Narrated and produced by, Isaias Gamboa on his own music label, the four-hour collection features slave narratives and negro spirituals. Through the efforts of, Dr. P. Eric Abercrumbie, Director of Ethnic Programs and Services and the African American Culture and Resource Center at the University of Cincinnati, Louise Shropshire's papers and artifacts were acquired in 2014 by the University of Cincinnati and are preserved in the Rare Books Archives. According to "the University of Cincinnati, The Louise Shropshire Family Papers" collection includes photographs, family memorabilia, letters, sheet music and other documents. The collection Document [83] (Title: Federico Gamboa) Federico Gamboa Federico Gamboa Iglesias (22 December 1864 in Mexico City – 15 August 1939 in Mexico City) was a writer and diplomat from Mexico. He has been considered as one of the top representatives of Naturalism in México. Gamboa wrote novels, theater pieces, articles for newspapers and magazines and an autobiography when he was 28 years old. For many years took notes of his travels, experiences and thought, which he later published as five diaries. Posthumously another two more volumes of his diaries were published. Federico Gamboa was studying to become a Notary in the National School of Law. Document [84] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) by his mother at age 5 and by age 11, was accomplished in several musical instruments. By age 12 he was playing Honkey tonk guitar and a particular style of West Coast blues called, Jump blues. At the age of 13 he was asked to accompanied Los Angeles-based Blues singer, Ernie Andrews on the blues guitar; having been schooled in the genre by noted Jump blues guitarist, Edgar Rice of the Alexander Nelson Trio. At age 17, Isaias was discovered by hit R&B producer, Leon Sylvers III, who mentored for many years. While still in his teens, Gamboa was signed Document [85] (Title: Jerome of Sandy Cove) of the Bay of Fundy, in Chipman, New Brunswick in 1859 (a few years before Jerome's appearance) a young foreigner was reported as having fallen through river ice. He suffered gangrene in both legs due to the accident and they had to be amputated by a local doctor. Here he became known as "Gamby", probably because on wakening he kept calling for "gamba", Italian for "legs". Gamby proved to be a burden for the people of Chipman, and it was rumoured that a passing schooner captain was paid to transport him away. The captain could possibly have just sailed to Document [86] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) Graciano Ricalde during the evening in the Palacio de Bellas Artes of Mexico City. The band played and speakers including Dr. Ruben Moreno Ricalde spoke that evening as chronicled and published in the Daily News. A plaque was placed on the house where he was born in the little town of Hoctun. The Hoctun municipal library is called Ricalde Graciano Gamboa “in honor of the beloved son of the village”. In the town of Ticopo, Yucatan, the high school is named after the mathematician. There is a second school, I believe it is in Hocaba. This article depends heavily on Document [87] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) enter the United States. Before defecting, he had sold his Olympic gold medal to support his family. Gamboa made his professional boxing debut on April 27, 2007, in Hamburg, Germany against Alexan Manvelyan. He prepared for his pro debut and his next seven fights with technical specialist Manny Masson. Gamboa put Manvelyan on the canvas in the third round and won via a unanimous decision victory. Two months later, he defeated Araik Sachbazjan when Sachbazjan retired before the beginning of round 4. After winning his first four fights in Germany, Gamboa made his United States debut on October 30, 2007, Document [88] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Panama Railroad in 1855, the railroad ran near the area, but made no stops and no PR maps list any towns in Gamboa's present location. Present-day Gamboa was built in 1911, during Canal construction. It was initially populated by "silver roll" (i.e., Afro-Antilleans and other non-US, non-white) workers and their dependents. These initial settlers, counted at around 700, had previously lived in the construction areas between the former towns of Tabernilla and Gorgona, which were covered by Lake Gatun as Canal construction advanced. No Americans were counted amongst the town's first inhabitants. By 1914, at the conclusion of Canal construction Document [89] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) with the help of the Equal Opportunities Program (EOP) for disadvantaged minority students, Gamboa was able to attend California State University, Los Angeles. From this point, his career as an artist—both solo and with Gronk, Valdez, and Herrón in the art collective ASCO (Spanish for nausea) —"took off". Among other "urban interventions," Asco sprayed their names on the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. In 1993 Gamboa married his second wife, Chicana muralist Barbara Carrasco, after seven years of romantic and professional involvement. The Getty Research Institute Pacific Standard Time initiative that focused on postwar art in Los Angeles featured Document [90] (Title: Asco (art collective)) movement and was highly influential in the work of Asco. Gamboa's drawings appearing in the subsequent issue drew on pre-Conquest imagery while coinciding with the iconography associated with the radical press and the Chicano movement. The following volume included contributions from Willie F. Herrón III and Patssi Valdez. Their contributions allowed artwork to gain a more prominent role in the magazine. Their artwork conveys the group's (and mainly Gamboa's) anger, frustration, and despair at the events and aftermath of the Chicano Moratorium. Their frustrations were aimed namely towards corruption in the police force and towards the death of journalist Ruben Document [91] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) then a professor Srita Normal, Carmen Manzañilla Camomile. They bore four children, three boys and one girl, Alfonso, Humberto, Enrique and Ofelia who studied under the direction of the father, and mathematics. Enrique, moved to New York City. Graciano would be the first to correctly prove by precise calculation that neither the arrival of Halley's Comet or its tail would hit the earth extinguishing life. This was a tremendous concern of its day. His rigorous studies were so serious that he compiled his formulas in a booklet that had great resonance in the National Observatory of Paris. Don Graciano accurately Document [92] (Title: Óscar Perdomo Gamboa) Arriba" a historic novel about the colombian independence hero José Prudencio Padilla. He also has written diverse articles, some of them humorous, for local newspapers, magazines and web pages, including "La Palabra", cultural publication of Universidad del Valle. Currently he teaches languages and literature in Cali, Colombia, with fellow writers like Carlos Patiño Millán and Fabio Martínez. Óscar Perdomo Gamboa Óscar Perdomo Gamboa is a writer born in the city of Ibagué, Colombia. Studied Journalism and a magister in Colombian and Latin American literature. Won the Jorge Isaacs award with the novel Hacia la Auora in 1998, a story about Document [93] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) began his assault after going down during the second round, after absorbing a sneaky right hand by Gonzalez. The referee halted the one-sided bout with 48 seconds remaining after Gonzalez sustained a barrage of punches to the head. Gamboa led 89–82 on one judge's scorecard and 89–83 on the other two judges' cards through nine rounds. On February 20, 2009, Gamboa fought Walter Estrada at The University Center at Nova Southeastern University. Gamboa knocked out Estrada with a left hook to the body followed by a right hand to the face 25 seconds into the fight. On April 17, 2009 Document [94] (Title: John G. Claybourn) 3,853. To this day Gamboa remains the primary headquarters of the Dredging Division of the Panama Canal Authority. While working on the canal, Claybourn also worked as a consultant on a variety of river and harbor improvement projects in the surrounding countries, including work on the Dique de Cartagena, a ship canal in Colombia, and projects in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Florida, and Panama. In the 1920s John also worked on the mining of the Panama Gold Dredging Company. In Burma, from 1951 to 1953, he worked to rebuild the transportation network on the Irrawaddy River that was destroyed during World Document [95] (Title: Michael Gambon) was awarded the Irish Film and Television Academy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017 for his contribution to Irish film. Gambon was born in Cabra, Dublin, during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, was an engineering operative, and his mother, Mary (née Hoare), was a seamstress. As his father decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, the family moved to Mornington Crescent in north London, when Gambon was six. His father had him made a British citizen, a decision that would later allow Gambon to receive a substantive, rather than honorary, knighthood and CBE. Brought up as a Document [96] (Title: Juan Pablo Gamboa) Juan Pablo Gamboa Juan Pablo Gamboa (born November 24, 1966 in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian actor. He was born as Juan Pablo Gamboa Cook. He appeared in telenovelas including "Esmeralda", "La usurpadora", "Carita de Ángel", "La intrusa". Gamboa studied communications in Hofstra University in New York. His portrayal of Willy in "La usurpadora" gave him his first TVyNovelas Award nomination for best male antagonist. He was previously married to Bibiana Escobar and has three children, Santiago, Mariana, and another son named Juan Martin with a different wife. The 2nd wife's identity has been kept secret from the public. His Document [97] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) 1580 he had founded a city named San Bartolomé Chillán y Gamboa, which became known as Chillán. The situation of the war during his tenure only worsened, since the rebellion of the Mapuches was joined by the Huilliches, who previously had not been aggressive, and by the Pehuenche nearby Chillán. As a result of the setbacks, Gamboa had to send for reinforcements from Spain and Peru. These arrived well enough (although there were many desertions during the journey), but under the command of Alonso de Sotomayor, Gamboa's successor designated by the king. Gamboa was in Chillán when he heard the Document [98] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) joined Norwegian side Fredrikstad in summer 2010 and played there for two half seasons, before he joined Copenhagen in summer 2011. He made his debut in a 0–1 loss against Standard Liege in the UEFA Europa League. Gamboa joined Rosenborg on a three-month-loan deal in August 2012 with the Norwegian club having an option to buy. He made his debut on 3 September 2012 in a Tippeligaen match away at Stabæk, winning 2–0. By November he had impressed sufficiently in the ten games he played in for Rosenborg for them to offer him a permanent deal, and he signed five-year Document [99] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) Graciano Ricalde Gamboa Mauro Graciano Ricalde Gamboya (November 21, 1873 – November 9, 1942) was a notable Mexican mathematician. Ricalde Gamboa was born in Hoctun, state of Yucatan, Mexico. Son of Don Ambrosio Ricalde Moguel and Isidra Gamboa and studied at Hocaba until 1885, the year he received a scholarship to the Normal School for teachers of the State in the city of Mérida. He graduated as a teacher at the age of 16 years, and because of his young age, was granted special permission by the State Congress. He studied accounting and for several years was a professor of Document [100] (Title: Joma Gamboa) Joma Gamboa Jomarie Gamboa (born April 25, 1973 in Bacolod) is a retired boxer from the Philippines who was a former minimumweight champion. He made his professional debut in 1993. He fought for his first world title in 1996 but was stopped by thai fighter Saman Sorjaturong. He was unsuccessful a further two times in world title fights before winning an interim title fight against Satoru Abe. On 20 August 2000, he fought full champion Noel Arambulet and won on points after Noel was stripped of the belt for failing to make weight. Gamboa ended up losing his belt in Document [101] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) of the Panama Railroad in the late 1980s further cut the town off from the rest of the Canal area. Gamboa's elementary school was built in 1937 by the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government Division of Schools. It consisted of 3 classrooms, a library, and principal's office upstairs, with a kindergarten classroom underneath. The school was transferred to the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) in 1979 after the abolition of the Canal Zone and its government. That school year, its total enrollment was 115. Three U.S. grade school teachers were employed and classes were paired up, with first and Document [102] (Title: Joross Gamboa) Joross Gamboa John Ross "Joross" Sanchez-Gamboa (born November 28, 1984), is a Filipino actor and model who was a 2nd runner-up in the 1st season of Star Circle Quest. After four years of being with ABS-CBN Star Magic, "Joross Gamboa" is asked to be released and signed a two-year contract under the management of Becky Aguila. He was seen in the comedy segment "Kaya Mo Ba To?" in 2005 followed by "Maynila" in 2007 of the GMA Network, which became the reason for rumors of "Joross Gamboa" moving to the said Network. After signing a contract with Becky Aguila, he Document [103] (Title: Jorge Gamboa Mendoza) Jorge Gamboa Mendoza Jorge Augusto Gamboa Mendoza (born 27 January 1970) is a Colombian anthropologist and historian. He has been contributing on the knowledge of colonial and pre-colonial Colombia, especially the Muisca. Jorge Gamboa speaks Spanish and French. Jorge Gamboa Mendoza was born in Pamplona in the northern department of Norte de Santander. He studied anthropology as an undergraduate at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá from 1988 to 1993 and history from 1993 to 2002 at the same university, graduating with a thesis called "El Significado de la dote dentro de las prácticas matrimoniales de la sociedad colonial: Document [104] (Title: Gavino Gutierrez) as a bellhop and established an import-export business, selling goods from Spain, Cuba, and Mexico. In addition, he studied architecture, engineering, surveying, and English, eventually becoming a civil engineer. Gutierrez had a friend named Bernardino Gargol, who owned marmalade and guava paste factories in Cuba, and was also a native Cuban who lived in New York and ran an import-export business. Gargol told Gutierrez that there were many wild guava trees growing in the Tampa Bay area. Gargol wanted to establish a factory in Tampa for the manufacture of guava paste, in order to not have to import the products. Document [105] (Title: Patrocinio Gamboa) on 21 December 1980. Patrocinio Gamboa Patrocinio Gamboa y Villareal (30 April 1865 – 24 November 1953) was a Filipino revolutionary notable for her participation in the Philippine Revolution. Gamboa is best known for making the Philippine flag hoisted during the inauguration of the revolutionary government of the Visayas in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. Patrocinio Gamboa was born on 30 April 1865 in Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines to Fermín Gamboa and Leonila Villareal. She was baptized on 7 May 1865 at Jaro Church by Francisco Agüería, and her godmother was Severina Gamboa. Her wealthy parents provided private tutors for her education. Gamboa Document [106] (Title: Oriental Powder Company) sawmill was converted to gunpowder manufacture by Edmund Fowler and Lester Laflin. Their Gorham Powder Company became known among the local population as the Gambo powder mills. Lester Laflin was a grandson of American Revolutionary War gunpowder manufacturer Matthew Laflin. The Laflin family manufactured gunpowder in Massachusetts for several generations. When Lester came east to Maine, his first cousins traveled west to build gunpowder mills in New York and Chicago. Lester, his partner, and their mill foreman drowned on Sebago Lake on 22 June 1827. Following an explosion killing seven employees on 19 July 1828, the Gambo Falls mill was Document [107] (Title: Real del Monte 1766 strike) miners, to oversee the mixing, which would result in half high quality ore and half low quality ore for both workers and management. Gamboa though, wanted to jail the ringleaders of the strike with hopes that it would convince de Terreros to return from exile in San Miguel. The Viceroy did not agree with this, and had more sympathy for the plight of the workers than Gamboa. He advised against mass roundups, and urged Gamboa to address the injustices the workers had experienced under de Terreros. Despite widespread agreement over the Gamboa Ordinances, peace did not come to the mines Document [108] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) by legendary music industry executive, Clive Davis as a member of the 1980s R&B band, Real To Reel (Arista Records). Notably, after having met Leon Sylvers III at a celebrity basketball game in Los Angeles, five-time Grammy Award-winning music producers, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis produced their first ever recordings as professional music producers, "Can You Treat Me Like She Does" and "Don't Keep Me Hangin' On" for Gamboa's band, Real To Reel". Isaias Gamboa was also a founding member of the 1990s neoclassical R&B singing group, "Double Action Theatre" (Polydor Records). In the 1990s, Gamboa was discovered by legendary Document [109] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) in a separate part of town called Santa Cruz. This included 50 families moved from La Boca in October 1954 when that town was depopulated and converted into a white housing area. Not all Gamboans worked for the Dredging Division. Because of its remote location and distance from other Canal Zone towns, Gamboa was seen as less desirable than some of the other Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government's townships, and since housing in the Canal Zone was assigned based on seniority, many of the new arrivals to the "Zone", as it became known to its residents (Zonians), were initially assigned Document [110] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Rainforest Resort is a 5-star hotel located in Gamboa. The Resort has developed 2 Indian reservations (Embera and Wounaa) an aerial tram to visit the jungle canopy, and many other attractions which now draw many people to the otherwise sleepy town. Gamboa, Panama Gamboa is a small town in the Republic of Panama. It was one of a handful of permanent Canal Zone townships, built to house employees of the Panama Canal and their dependents. The name Gamboa is the name of a tree of the quince family. Gamboa is located on a sharp bend of the Chagres River at Document [111] (Title: Lizbeth Gamboa Song) Lizbeth Gamboa Song Lizbeth Loy Gamboa Song (born 31 March 1981) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. She served as a federal deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo from the third electoral region. Gamboa Song was born in Chetumal. Her mother, Lizbeth Loy Song Escalante, was a state judge in Quintana Roo. After earning her undergraduate degree from the Universidad de las Américas Puebla and a master's from the ITESM, she entered public service in the Quintana Roo state government, first in its Mexico City office and then as the Document [112] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) Cristian Gamboa Cristian Esteban Gamboa Luna (born 24 October 1989), commonly known as Cristian Gamboa, is a Costa Rican footballer who plays for Celtic. He is a pacy right back with both attacking and defensive capabilities. Gamboa is an international player for Costa Rica and played in the team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup that reached the quarter-finals. Gamboa was born in Liberia, Costa Rica. At age 15, he was deemed not good enough to play for Costa Rican clubs Saprissa and Alajuelense. He played from the 2006–2007 season for hometown club Municipal Liberia. He then moved abroad and Document [113] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) and his father, Catholic. He also strongly identifies with his Jewish ancestry through his Jamaican maternal grandmother, Louise Teitelbaum. This background, along with his musical expertise has inspired and informed several important projects in his life. Notable among them is his 2012 book, "". Published in 2012, tells the previously undocumented history of We Shall Overcome and is also the biography of Louise Shropshire (1913-1993). According to evidence revealed in Gamboa's book, Shropshire - a hymn writer, civil rights activist and close friend of the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr., Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey, played Document [114] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) the Spanish article Graciano Ricalde Gamboa Mauro Graciano Ricalde Gamboya (November 21, 1873 – November 9, 1942) was a notable Mexican mathematician. Ricalde Gamboa was born in Hoctun, state of Yucatan, Mexico. Son of Don Ambrosio Ricalde Moguel and Isidra Gamboa and studied at Hocaba until 1885, the year he received a scholarship to the Normal School for teachers of the State in the city of Mérida. He graduated as a teacher at the age of 16 years, and because of his young age, was granted special permission by the State Congress. He studied accounting and for several years was Document [115] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) Sisters and five albums for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame recording artists The Temptations. Three of these include, For Lovers Only (The Temptations album), Phoenix Rising (The Temptations album), which received a Platinum certification and the Grammy Award winning CD Ear-Resistible, which won the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance. In 1994 he produced the remix of "Pain" by the late, Tupak Shakur for the Multi-Platinum, Above the Rim (soundtrack) Isaias Gamboa grew up during the turbulent 1960's and 70's in the primarily African American community of West Adams, Los Angeles. He was first introduced to piano Document [116] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) contract with the club. In late July 2014, English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion agreed to sign Gamboa for a fee estimated in the media as around £2 million. Because the player had insufficient recent international appearances for a work permit to be granted automatically, completion of the deal was dependent on a successful appeal to the Football Association, which was confirmed on 5 August. The player signed a three-year contract. He made his debut on 26 August 2014, coming on as a second-half substitute in a League cup tie against Oxford United. He made his League debut a Document [117] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) watershed is on the Atlantic side. A single lane iron and wood bridge that crossed the Chagres and was the only road access to Gamboa for most of its history. This bridge is still intact today, but in October of 2018 a new multi-lane bridge was completed near the original site. Gamboa was built near the site of the former village of Santa Cruz. Three miles further up the Chagres river was the town of Las Cruces, where 19th-century travelers and cargo disembarked from river barges to take the overland Las Cruces trail by mule. After the completion of the Document [118] (Title: Jose Vasquez Aguilar) the partnership between teachers, parents, and community with the goal of ensuring a practical education using the vernacular as a medium of instruction. Born on March 23, 1900, Jose Vasquez Aguilar was the second of eight children of Martin Aguilar and Sofia Vasquez. As a child he won oratorical contests because of his deep and booming voice. He finished his elementary education at Cadiz Central School in 1915 and graduated from Negros Occidental High School in 1920. He was sent off to Iloilo together with his older brother Martin Jr. to stay with their aunt Patrocinio Gamboa, best known in Document [119] (Title: Rafael Gambra Ciudad) in Madrid. She came from a distinguished family of civil servants; her father in the early 20th century was a Cortes deputy, until the early 1920s a longtime senator, and in 1917-1923 served as President of Tribunal Supremo. The couple had only one child. Born and raised in Madrid, Rafael spent much of his childhood in Valle de Roncal and later cherished his Navarrese heritage; in historiography he is referred to as a navarro rather than as a madrileño, sometimes dubbed "maestro navarro", "arquetipo navarro", "buen navarro" or "vasco-navarro roncalés". He was brought up in profoundly Catholic ambience; politically his Document [120] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) in his homeland dedicating himself to his studies and to organize accounting systems of industrial enterprises seeking professional services The municipal library of Hoctun is called Graciano Ricalde Gamboa after the "favorite son of the village". In the town of Ticopó, in the municipality of Acanceh, Yucatan, high school is named after the mathematician. In 2006, an award for Science and Mathematics was named in his honor. (1873–1942) One of the problems that have troubled most the mathematicians of all times is the resolution of algebraic equations of all grades. Ricalde's greatest accomplishment is undoubtedly the resolution of the general Document [121] (Title: Diane Gamboa) of her body of work. In 1984 Gamboa received her degree from Otis College of Art and Design. She is a recipient of a California Community Foundation Individual Artist Grant, and her solo exhibitions include “Bruja–Ha” at Tropico de Nopal Gallery and “Chica Chic” at Patricia Correia Gallery in Santa Monica. Her work is included in Cheech Marin's personal collection of Chicano art and has been shown at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Riverside Art Museum In the early ‘80s, she photographically documented the East Los Angeles punk rock scene. From 1980 to 1987, she was Document [122] (Title: Tom Gamboa) he played primarily center field, along with a little first base, for the Gauchos baseball team for three years and won All-Big West Conference honors in 1969 and 1970. During the 1971–1972 seasons Gamboa was an outfielder for and manager of Stratford (Ontario) in the Canadian Baseball League, where he was a two-time All-Star. Gamboa was a manager, minor league instructor, and scouting supervisor in the Milwaukee Brewers organization from 1978–1982. In 1979, at the age of 31, he managed the Butte Copper Kings in the Rookie Pioneer League. In 1983 he managed the Paintsville Brewers in the Rookie Appalachian Document [123] (Title: Asco (art collective)) most well-known No Movie. The piece was done in reaction to racial prejudices against Chicanos perpetuated by a curator at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1972. Gamboa met with the curator to discuss the possibility of including Chicano art in future exhibitions, only to be told that Chicanos were incapable of producing anything other than folk art. In response, Asco spray-painted their names onto the outside entrance of LACMA. Utilizing graffiti as a technique alludes to the stereotype of the Chicano as a gang member who vandalizes public spaces. Asco appropriates the technique of graffiti as an Document [124] (Title: Gambo Sawaba) birth of twins was called Gambo, hence the name Hajaratu Gambo. She was educated at the Native Authority Primary School in Tudun, Wada. She however had to stop schooling after the loss of her father in 1943 who dies complaining of headache and her mother 3 years after. She was married off at age 13 to a World War II veteran Abubakar Garba Bello who left and never returned after her first pregnancy. Quite noticeable about her when she was a child, was her unusual interest in mad people. She spoke with them, accommodated some and gave the ones she Document [125] (Title: Garmendia) Garmendia Garmendia is the surname of a family of the Basque Country region of Guipuzcoa, in Spain. The surname means "wheat mountain" ("gar" 'wheat', "mendi" 'mountain'), after Garmendia de Iraurgui, later known as Salvatierra de Iraurgui, later the site of the cities of Azpeitia and Azkoitia. As almost every basque family, Garmendia enjoys the status of hidalgo, of ancient origin, previous to the Reconquista. The family spread out of the Basque Country to the rest of Spain and, during colonization, to Argentina, Chile, United States, Mexico and Cuba. The coat of arms of some of its bearers is "Argent, a Document [126] (Title: Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)) de Jesus on 11 February 1584. Most of the cannons had been landed, and he mounted them facing the entrance of the strait. Some of the settlers moved on foot to a place near modern Punta Arenas and founded "Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe". Both settlements were governed by Gamboa, who moved guns and supplies between them on the surviving ship, the "Santa Maria". Gamboa faced various uprising, but managed to contain them. On May 26, Gamboa was aboard the "Santa Maria" near "Nombre de Jesus" when a storm drove him into the Atlantic. Gamboa struggled for a month to Question: where did the last name gamboa come from Answer: Guipuzcoa Long Answer: Gamboa is a Spanish - language surname of Guipuzcoa origin . Notable people with the surname include: Gold Document ID: 125

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Isaías Gamboa) 1822. Additionally received private lessons in grammar and literature from a teacher, Alcides Isaacs, brother of famous writer Jorge Isaacs, author of "The Maria". He began his poetic career in high school writing love letters. Isaías Gamboa Isaías Gamboa (December 12, 1872 in Cali – July 23, 1904) was a Colombian poet and educator from Cali. Isaiah was brought up in a traditional family consisting of Matthew Gamboa Vallecaucana Llanos and Teresa Herrera Córdoba, who instilled ideals of liberty and justice, ideals which would influence him as a writer. His childhood was developed among green landscapes Mameyal, a province located Document [2] (Title: Patrocinio Gamboa) Patrocinio Gamboa Patrocinio Gamboa y Villareal (30 April 1865 – 24 November 1953) was a Filipino revolutionary notable for her participation in the Philippine Revolution. Gamboa is best known for making the Philippine flag hoisted during the inauguration of the revolutionary government of the Visayas in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. Patrocinio Gamboa was born on 30 April 1865 in Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines to Fermín Gamboa and Leonila Villareal. She was baptized on 7 May 1865 at Jaro Church by Francisco Agüería, and her godmother was Severina Gamboa. Her wealthy parents provided private tutors for her education. Gamboa was an avid reader Document [3] (Title: Zambo) garifunas. The Garifuna originated from the combination of Africans who were either shipwrecked or fled from neighboring islands to St. Vincent, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1797 they were deported by the English for their role in supporting France during the French Revolutionary Wars to the island of Roatan off the coast of Honduras. From there they spread up and down the coast of Central America, communities being found from Nicaragua to Belize. In Mexico, where zambos were sometimes known as "lobos" (literally meaning wolves), they form a sizeable minority. According to the 2015 Intercensus Document [4] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) counts held near Gamboa by the Audubon Society of Panama. The old Spanish colonial era Las Cruces Trail used to carry precious metals and supplies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans passes near Gamboa, though parts of it are now underwater. In the movie "The Tailor of Panama" the character played by Pierce Brosnan stays at the Gamboa Rainforest Resort, and has a meal at a waterside restaurant in Gamboa. In the background of the opening shot of this sequence, you can see the iron and wood bridge that leads to Gamboa, with an ocean liner behind it. The Gamboa Document [5] (Title: Fernando Gamboa) a league match on 9 April 2011. Fernando Gamboa Fernando Andrés Gamboa (born 28 October 1970 in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba) is a retired Argentine footballer and coach who played as a defender. Gamboa started his playing career in 1988 with Newell's Old Boys where he won two league championships. In 1991, he was part of the Argentina squad that won the Copa América 1991 He joined River Plate in 1993, and after 12 league games in the 1993–94 season he moved to Boca Juniors. Between 1996 and 1999 Gamboa played for Oviedo in Spain, before returning for a second spell Document [6] (Title: Joma Gamboa) his first title defense in December of the same year to Keitaro Hoshino.In 2004 he ended his career. After two more unsuccessful title challenges Gamboa eventually retired in 2004. <br>Won full title Joma Gamboa Jomarie Gamboa (born April 25, 1973 in Bacolod) is a retired boxer from the Philippines who was a former minimumweight champion. He made his professional debut in 1993. He fought for his first world title in 1996 but was stopped by thai fighter Saman Sorjaturong. He was unsuccessful a further two times in world title fights before winning an interim title fight against Satoru Abe. On Document [7] (Title: Pearlasia Gamboa) Pearlasia Gamboa Pearlasia Gamboa (born Elvira G. Gamboa) is a Filipino American business woman involved in controversial banking and investments, for which she has been successfully sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and various state agencies. She was connected to a micronation that has been used as a front for fraudulent criminal activity. Gamboa was born Elvira G. Gamboa, in 1951, in Manila. She was married to Rocky Austin, but later divorced prior to 1993 and currently lives in California. In 1994, she married Mark Logan Pedley. She has a daughter, Bernadette, and a son, Raymond, from her Document [8] (Title: Delio Gamboa) Delio Gamboa Delio "Maravilla" Gamboa Rentería (28 January 1936 – 23 August 2018) was a Colombian football player. Gamboa's career ran from 1955 to 1974 in which time he played for Atlético Nacional, Millonarios, Independiente Santa Fe, Once Caldas, and Deportes Tolima, "Maravilla" translates directly to "wonder". Born in Buenaventura (Valle del Cauca), Colombia, Delio Gamboa signed with Atlético Nacional in 1958, after getting noticed playing in a "aficionado" national league. A year later, Gamboa was transferred to a football club named CD Oro based out of Mexico. He was considered to be their most important player for two straight Document [9] (Title: Emma Gamboa Alvarado) Little House on the Mountain". Gamboa died on December 10, 1976, in the city of Heredia after a long fight against cancer. In 1980, the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica declared her a Benemérita de la Patria (Well-deserving of the Homeland). The Central Bank of Costa Rica decided to include her effigy on the ten thousand colones bill in 1998, being the first time in the history of the bank that a product gave recognition to women's contributions in the country's development. The design on the bill was made by a graphic arts student from the University of Costa Rica, Document [10] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) permanent collection of his media works/papers has been established and archived at Green Library, Stanford University. Harry Gamboa Jr. Harry Gamboa Jr. (born 1951) is a Chicano essayist, photographer, director and performance artist. He was a founding member of the influential Chicano performance art collective ASCO. The first of five children born to a working-class Mexican American couple, Gamboa grew up in East Los Angeles, California, "an urban area tormented by poverty, violence, and racial conflict". Despite the "inadequacy of the East L.A. public schools", Gamboa was encouraged to value education and did fairly well in school, and he was Document [11] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) Isaias Gamboa (music producer) Isaias Gamboa (born April 21, 1963) is an Afro-Costa Rican-American music producer, songwriter, musician, arranger, author and filmmaker. Born in San Jose, Costa Rica to parents of Spanish and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. His mother, Carmen Gamboa Beckles, was born in the coastal Costa Rican city of Puerto Limon and his father; Danilo Gamboa Mora, from the interior province of San Ramón, Costa Rica. A music industry veteran, Gamboa has written, performed, produced and arranged more than 200 songs for recording artists including, Shalamar, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Tavares (group), The Brothers Johnson, Dynasty (band), The Pointer Document [12] (Title: Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro) Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro Gamboa is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Gamboa, along with Santo Cristo and Saúde, is one of the oldest boroughs of Rio. It was originally settled by the aristocracy, due to the attractive position on the shores of Guanabara Bay, but lost its glamour when the docks were built. Along with this history, the area also hosts The English Cemetery at Gamboa, one of the oldest British institutions in Rio. In 1809, Dom João VI ceded to the British two and a half acres of farmland along the shore of the bay. Lord Strangford, Document [13] (Title: Santiago Gamboa) Santiago Gamboa Santiago Gamboa (born 1965) is a Colombian writer. Born in Bogotá, he studied literature at the Javerian University of Bogotá. He moved to Spain, where he remained until 1990 and graduated in Hispanic philology at the University of Alcalá de Henares. He then moved to Paris, where he studied Cuban literature at the Sorbonne. He made his debut as a novelist with "Páginas de vuelta" (1995); later he wrote "Perder es cuestión de método" (1997), which was translated into Italian, French, Greek, Portuguese, Czech, and German. Later he published "Vida feliz de un joven llamado Esteban" (2000). He Document [14] (Title: Diane Gamboa) Diane Gamboa Diane Gamboa (born 1957) has been producing, exhibiting and curating visual art in Southern California since the 1980s. She has also been involved art education, ranging from after-school programs to college and university teaching. Gamboa has been "one of the most active cultural producers in the Chicana art movement in Los Angeles." She actively developed the Chicano School of Painting. Gamboa had been producing art most of her life. She learned early on that Los Angeles was a city that was "fragmented" and "segregated by race, class and power." Recognizing this as a young person has informed much Document [15] (Title: Cecilia Valdés) "Angel Hill"). It is widely regarded as the best Cuban novel of the 19th century. The story takes place in colonial Cuba around 1830. The young and beautiful light skinned mulatta, Cecilia Valdés, is the illegitimate daughter of powerful land magnate and slave trader, Cándido de Gamboa. Leonardo de Gamboa is his legitimate son. Leonardo falls in love with Cecilia, not realizing that she is his own half-sister, and they become lovers. At the same time, a poor black musician, José Dolores Pimienta, is also hopelessly in love with Cecilia. Cecilia rejects Pimenta's advances and conceives Leonardo's son. However, love Document [16] (Title: Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe) Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe (May 30, 1922 – January 7, 2016) was a Mexican trade union leader and politician. He had a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Gamboa Pascoe was the secretary general of the Federal District Federation of Workers (in Spanish: "Federación de Trabajadores del Distrito Federal, FTDF") and since August 9, 2005 he was the current secretary general of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the largest confederation of labor unions in the country. Gamboa Pascoe was elected to the Senate in the mid-1970s, representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He ran Document [17] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) line for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 17 January 1919 and transferred to the U.S. Shipping Board the same day. As SS "West Gambo", the ship remained in the custody of the U.S. Shipping Board until sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company in late 1936 or early 1937. In 1941, the British governments Ministry of War Transport acquired the ship for World War II service in response to the United Kingdom's need for merchant ships to replace ships sunk in the Battle of the Atlantic. Renamed SS "Empire Hartebeeste", she was managed in British service by Watts, Watts and Document [18] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) 17 appearances, helping Reims win promotion to Ligue 2 after only one season in the third tier. He played 32 league games in total for Reims during his two seasons with the club, scoring seven times. In May 2010, it was announced that he had signed for fellow Ligue 2 side Laval. During his first season at Laval, he scored three goals in 31 appearances as the team finished 16th in Ligue 2. Gamboa is of Portuguese descent. Ludovic Gamboa Ludovic Gamboa (born 14 January 1986) is a French footballer who plays as an left or right midfielder. He started Document [19] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) was appointed professor of rational arithmetic at the Institute where he studied. For various reasons he could no longer continue his desire to study engineering, but soon after, in 1902, he was appointed professor and later director of his own engineering school, a position he continued until 1905 when he resigned to devote himself to the studies of mathematics and became a correspondent for various specialized institutions abroad. He assembled a large library of over 5000 titles and was a collaborator of the French academic journal L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens, published in Paris in the early twentieth century. He was also Document [20] (Title: Gambo Sawaba) Gambo Sawaba Hajia Gambo Sawaba (15 February 1933 – October 2001) was a Nigerian women's rights activist, politician and philanthropist. She served as the deputy chairman of Great Nigeria People's Party and was elected leader of the national women’s wing of Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). Hajia Saweba was born to Isa Amartey Amarteifio (christened Theophilus Wilcox) who was an immigrant from Ghana and Fatima Amarteifio a Nupe woman from Avun Local Government, Niger State. Amarteifo was a graduate of Ghana School of Survey who immigrated to Nigeria in 1910 and sought to be employed by the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Document [21] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) of those verses of the Song are hereafter dedicated to the public domain". Isaias Gamboa (music producer) Isaias Gamboa (born April 21, 1963) is an Afro-Costa Rican-American music producer, songwriter, musician, arranger, author and filmmaker. Born in San Jose, Costa Rica to parents of Spanish and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. His mother, Carmen Gamboa Beckles, was born in the coastal Costa Rican city of Puerto Limon and his father; Danilo Gamboa Mora, from the interior province of San Ramón, Costa Rica. A music industry veteran, Gamboa has written, performed, produced and arranged more than 200 songs for recording artists including, Shalamar, Gladys Document [22] (Title: Chiloé Archipelago) 110 Spaniards. Gamboa named the islands "Nueva Galicia" (New Galicia) in honor of the place of origin of Rodrigo de Quiroga who as governor had organized the expedition. Gamboa established a settlement at Castro in 1567, which later became the seat of a Jesuit mission, and was capital of the province until the founding of Ancud in 1768. In early colonial times the Spanish introduced a number of Old world crops and agricultural systems. Some of these cultivars and systems ended with poor results yet the introduction of pigs and apple trees proved a success. Pigs benefited from abundant shellfish Document [23] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) Gamboa", also carries his name. Several geographic features in Chile bear the name of Pedro Sarminento de Gamboa: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532–1592) was a Spanish explorer, author, historian, mathematician, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia, where his paternal family originated, or Alcalá de Henares in Castile, where he later is known to have studied . His father Bartolomé Sarmiento was born in Pontevedra and his mother María Gamboa was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. At the age of 18, Sarmiento de Gamboa entered the royal military Document [24] (Title: Asco (art collective)) Angeles in the early 1970s.The magazine's studio space was provided by Herron, who used his mother's garage as an art studio. "Regeneración"'s first volume featured artwork directly corresponding with the political and cultural orientation of other Chicano publications and also adopted a lengthier magazine format. Gamboa joined "Regeneración" in the midst of the riot of August 29, 1970, in East L.A. at the Chicano Moratorium. He encountered Francisca Flores, where she handed him her copy of "Regeneración" and agreed to allow Gamboa to edit the next issue. This event proved decisive in creating a sense of urgency within the Chicano Document [25] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) few days later against Swansea City, after which further substitute appearances followed. Gamboa finally made a starting appearance on 4 October in a 2–1 loss away at Liverpool in the league. Despite the defeat, he was reported as having turned in an impressive performance. It was however to be Gamboa's only league start that season, and he fell further out of favour when manager Alan Irvine was sacked in December and replaced by Tony Pulis. From January 2015 onwards to the end of the season, Gamboa only played one minute of first team football, coming on as an injury-time substitute Document [26] (Title: Helen Gamboa) Helen Gamboa Helen Albent Gamboa-Sotto (born May 7, 1945) is a Filipina actress, singer, dancer and former beauty queen. Helen Albent Gamboa was born at 6:35 PM on May 7, 1945 at Maternity and Children's Hospital (now Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital) in Santa Cruz, Manila to Domingo Ponce Gamboa (born October 13, 1908 in Santa Ana, Pampanga - died June 12, 1987) and Eusebia Pangilinan Albent (born November 28, 1914 in Angeles, Pampanga - died January 21, 1986). Gamboa is the wife of actor-comedian/TV host/politician-senator Tito Sotto and the mother of actress/singer Ciara Sotto and actor/singer Gian Sotto. Gamboa Document [27] (Title: Oedipina complex) Oedipina complex Oedipina complex (common name: Gamboa worm salamander) is a species of lungless salamander found in western South America from Costa Rica to western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. This species inhabits humid tropical lowland forest where it can be found on the ground, and on bushy vegetation, logs and rocks. It can also be found on forest edges, but it does not survive in degraded areas. Deforestation is a threat to this species. "Oedipina complex" is a small salamander, measuring in snout–vent length and in total length. When disturbed, they may play dead in order to confuse potential predators. Document [28] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) Martín Ruiz de Gamboa Martín Ruiz de Gamboa de Berriz (; 1533 – 1590) was a Spanish Basque conquistador who served as a Royal Governor of Chile. He was born in Durango, Biscay, the son of Andrés Ruiz de Gamboa and Nafarra de Berriz, and served as a youth in the royal navy in the Levant. Before the age of 18, he traveled to Peru, eventually arriving in Chile in 1552. Remaining in the area, he would participate in the Arauco War, being named in 1565 the lieutenant general for the governor at the time Rodrigo de Quiroga, with whom Document [29] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) Yuriorkis Gamboa Yuriorkis Gamboa Toledano (born December 23, 1981) is a Cuban professional boxer. He is a former unified featherweight world champion, having held the WBA and IBF titles between 2009 and 2011. As an amateur he won a gold medal in the flyweight division at the 2004 Olympics, and bronze in the featherweight division at the 2005 World Championships. Gamboa's 2004 Olympic Boxing results were: While training in Venezuela, Gamboa, along with Cuban teammates Odlanier Solís and Yan Barthelemy, snuck out of camp and found their way to Colombia and eventually to Germany, where they applied for visas to Document [30] (Title: John G. Claybourn) canal's dredging division. After twelve years of lobbying Panama Canal governors to move the division from Paraíso, Panamá Province to Gamboa, Claybourn's suggestion was finally accepted by the Panama Canal Company in 1934. It moved its Dredging Division from the town of Paraíso to Gamboa in 1936. Claybourn served as President of the Gamboa Civic Council from 1937 to 1948 and President of the Gamboa Golf and Country Club in 1937, which is now the site of the Gamboa Rainforest Resort. According to his successor, "He was known as John 'God' Claybourn by his employees. In designing the layout of Document [31] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) by marriage, cautious investments on the stock exchange and in the railway business, and by inheriting part of the fortune of the , which allowed him to purchase new estates in Madrid, Santa María de Huerta and in Monroy. In 1871, Enrique married the mother of his university colleague, Manuela Inocencia Serrano y Cerver from Valencia, thirty years his senior and widow of the military and senator ; she brought into the family the children from her previous marriage. Immediately afterwards, the couple travelled extensively and started construction of the family residence in Madrid. In 1893, the family moved into Document [32] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) USS West Gambo (ID-3220) USS "West Gambo" (ID-3220) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. She later saw commercial service as SS "West Gambo and SS "Empire Hartebeeste, and under the latter name was sunk during World War II. SS "West Gambo" was built under a United States Shipping Board contract in 1918 Seattle, Washington, by the Skinner and Eddy Corporation. She was launched on 4 July 1918 and acquired by the U.S. Navy on 20 July 1918 for World War I service, assigned the naval registry Identification Number (Id. Document [33] (Title: Tom Gamboa) Classic main tournament in South Korea and Japan. Gamboa was born in Los Angeles, California, and now lives in Rancho Mirage, California. He was raised by his mother, Polly, and his step-father (whose surname he took), Jack Donald Gamboa. Gamboa is fluent in Spanish. He has five children. His son Brett is an assistant professor of English at Dartmouth College. He was drafted out of Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, where he was a first baseman, by the Baltimore Orioles, but instead attended the University of California, Santa Barbara (B.A., History, 1971) on a full scholarship. There, Document [34] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Paraíso to Gamboa in 1936. In 1933, when a three-man board appointed by Canal Zone Governor J.L. Schley studied the feasibility of moving the Dredging Division to Gamboa, the population was 251, including just 10 Americans. The first Dredging Division families began moving into the newly built town of Gamboa in September 1936. Within a year, the town's population jumped to 1,419 and by 1942, the town reached its peak population—3,853. The new residents of Gamboa built their civic center with their own hands and funds. It was initially used as a USO to entertain troops stationed in nearby hills, Document [35] (Title: USS West Gambo (ID-3220)) Company of London. On 20 September 1942, while steaming as a part of Convoy SC 100, "Empire Hartebeeste" was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine "U-596" in the North Atlantic Ocean at position . All 46 crew were rescued by and . USS West Gambo (ID-3220) USS "West Gambo" (ID-3220) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. She later saw commercial service as SS "West Gambo and SS "Empire Hartebeeste, and under the latter name was sunk during World War II. SS "West Gambo" was built under a United Document [36] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Gamboa, Panama Gamboa is a small town in the Republic of Panama. It was one of a handful of permanent Canal Zone townships, built to house employees of the Panama Canal and their dependents. The name Gamboa is the name of a tree of the quince family. Gamboa is located on a sharp bend of the Chagres River at the point which feeds Lake Gatun. Just south of Gamboa, Lake Gatun and the Chagres meet the Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut) where the Canal cuts through the Continental Divide. Thus, though Gamboa is closer to the Pacific side of Panama, its Document [37] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, 17th Marquis of Cerralbo (1845 – 1922), was a Spanish archaeologist and a Carlist politician. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa came from the aristocratic family for centuries residing in the Salamanca province; his ancestors can be traced back to the 14th century, and it was in 1533 when his forefather was named marquis by Carlos I. His father, Francisco de Asís de Aguilera y Becerril, was the founder and director of the "Gimnasio Real de Madrid" (Casón del Buen Retiro) and became known as a promoter of physical exercises, supported Document [38] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) with a number of machines he invented himself. Married to María Luisa de Gamboa y López de León, the couple had 13 children. Enrique was first educated at the Madrid Colegio de las Escuelas Pías de San Fernando, later on to study Philosophy and Letters and Law at the . With the death of his father in 1867, Enrique as the oldest living son acquired the conde de Villalobos title, which ensured his place in the middle-range aristocracy and a comfortable financial status. His position changed dramatically in the early 1870s, when, following the childless death of his two paternal Document [39] (Title: Jorge Gamboa Mendoza) El caso de la Provincia de Pamplona de la Nueva Granada a finales del siglo XVI" ("The significance of the dowry within the matrimonal practices of the colonial society: The case of the Pamplona Province of the New Kingdom of Granada at the end of the 16th century"). Since 2001 Jorge Gamboa Mendoza is a researcher at the Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH) in Bogotá. This list is a selection. Jorge Gamboa Mendoza Jorge Augusto Gamboa Mendoza (born 27 January 1970) is a Colombian anthropologist and historian. He has been contributing on the knowledge of colonial and pre-colonial Document [40] (Title: Delio Gamboa) given his nickname "Maravilla" when still an amateur, as number 10 (inside-left was the position called then) on the Valle del Cauca "selección", which outclassed all other State teams and garnered the Colombian championship, stunning the spectators with his play which people thought nothing short of miraculous and Gamboa "a wonder" in the flesh. He briefly revived the nickname which Millonarios sides earned in the DiStefano-Pedernera era, "El Ballet Azul" ("The Blue Ballet") for its elegant and artistic style of play. In the 1962 Edition "Maravilla" and "Los Embajadores" translating to "The Ambassadors" saw an early first round exit. In Document [41] (Title: Paillataru) resigned the command of the army, appointing Gamboa as its general. Intimidated by his defeat, he ordered Gamboa to evacuate the fortress of Arauco, leaving large numbers of horses to be captured by the Mapuche. Paillataru, who had moved from Catirai to destroy the Spanish fort at Quiapo, marched afterward against Canete, which he attempted to besiege. However Gamboa advanced to meet him with all the troops he could raise and in a long bloody battle compelled Paillataru to retreat. Gamboa followed up by invading Araucanian territory, intending to ravage it as they had before but Paillataru with fresh levies Document [42] (Title: Santiago Gamboa) is also the author of the travel book "Octubre en Pekín" (2001). In 2009, Gamboa published "Necropolis," a novel that won that year's La Otra Orilla Literary Prize. In 2012 the novel was published in English by Europa Editions. As a journalist, he has been a contributor to the Latin American Service of Radio France International in Paris, a correspondent for "El Tiempo" and columnist for the magazine "Cromos". He lives in Italy. Santiago Gamboa Santiago Gamboa (born 1965) is a Colombian writer. Born in Bogotá, he studied literature at the Javerian University of Bogotá. He moved to Spain, where Document [43] (Title: Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro) British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court, founded the cemetery, and the first burial took place in 1811. Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro Gamboa is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Gamboa, along with Santo Cristo and Saúde, is one of the oldest boroughs of Rio. It was originally settled by the aristocracy, due to the attractive position on the shores of Guanabara Bay, but lost its glamour when the docks were built. Along with this history, the area also hosts The English Cemetery at Gamboa, one of the oldest British institutions in Rio. In 1809, Dom João VI ceded to Document [44] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) activities, Gamboa's population decreased to 173 and the town consisted of a police station, a four-family house which had been brought in from the former town of Empire, and a two-family house brought from the former town of Culebra, and several old railroad box cars used to house silver roll employees. The first commissary, operated by a division of the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government, also operated out of three box cars. After many years of studies and debates, and lobbying by Dredging Division Superintendent John G. Claybourn, the Panama Canal Company moved its Dredging Division from the town of Document [45] (Title: John G. Claybourn) the town he made it so that he could ravel[sic] from his residence to his headquarters without STOP signs. He played a key role in the design and materials selection for the residences." In 1933, when a three-man board appointed by Canal Zone Governor J.L. Schley studied the feasibility of moving the Dredging Division to Gamboa, the population was 251, including just 10 Americans. The first Dredging Division families began moving into the newly built town of Gamboa in September 1936. Within a year, the town's population jumped to 1,419 and by 1942, the town reached its peak population of Document [46] (Title: Fernando Gamboa) Fernando Gamboa Fernando Andrés Gamboa (born 28 October 1970 in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba) is a retired Argentine footballer and coach who played as a defender. Gamboa started his playing career in 1988 with Newell's Old Boys where he won two league championships. In 1991, he was part of the Argentina squad that won the Copa América 1991 He joined River Plate in 1993, and after 12 league games in the 1993–94 season he moved to Boca Juniors. Between 1996 and 1999 Gamboa played for Oviedo in Spain, before returning for a second spell with Newell's Old Boys. Towards the end Document [47] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) the freshly-completed building at calle Ventura Rodríguez, designed in eclectic style by renowned architects and from the outset intended to be also an art gallery, very much like the private pinacotecas seen across Europe. The building – usually referred to as a palace – served later also as a prestigious venue of social meetings, reported the day after by the Madrid press, and a location for political assemblies. The couple had no issue. Though his paternal ancestors remained loyal to the Isabelinos, it was Enrique’s mother who influenced him towards Carlism, the leaning reinforced during the university years. According to Document [48] (Title: Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador) driven saw mill in Newfoundland was established here. The first way office was established in 1882 under Waymaster Simeon Osmond. In 1964 the three separate communities of Dark Cove, Middle Brook, and Gambo were incorporated as one town known as Dark Cove-Middle Brook-Gambo. In 1980 the town officially changed its name to Gambo. Gambo is known for its Smallwood Days and its Loggers' Sports Festival. One of the most important sights is the Logger's Memorial Park. Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador Gambo is a town in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 7 on Freshwater Bay. Document [49] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) Harry Gamboa Jr. Harry Gamboa Jr. (born 1951) is a Chicano essayist, photographer, director and performance artist. He was a founding member of the influential Chicano performance art collective ASCO. The first of five children born to a working-class Mexican American couple, Gamboa grew up in East Los Angeles, California, "an urban area tormented by poverty, violence, and racial conflict". Despite the "inadequacy of the East L.A. public schools", Gamboa was encouraged to value education and did fairly well in school, and he was active in community organizations and politics as a teenager. As a high-school student (graduated 1969), Gamboa Document [50] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) but later became headquarters of the Civic Council. The Civic Council and Gamboa's residents also built the Gamboa Golf and Country Club, on the Gamboa Ridge, overlooking the Chagres river. The men in the town hammered, sawed and poured concrete while the women brought picnic lunches and tended barbecues. The Club was officially opened on January 1, 1939 and eventually included a 9-hole golf course. Gamboa, like most Canal Zone towns, had its own commissary, post office, school, churches (five of them), railroad station, fire station and gas station. For much of the town's history, Gamboa's non-US, non-white population lived Document [51] (Title: Oedipina complex) Oedipina complex Oedipina complex (common name: Gamboa worm salamander) is a species of lungless salamander found in western South America from Costa Rica to western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. This species inhabits humid tropical lowland forest where it can be found on the ground, and on bushy vegetation, logs and rocks. It can also be found on forest edges, but it does not survive in degraded areas. Deforestation is a threat to this species. "Oedipina complex" is a small salamander, measuring in snout–vent length and in total length. When disturbed, they may play dead in order to confuse potential predators. Document [52] (Title: Juan Pablo Gamboa) first son Santiago was born in the mid 1990s, and Mariana in the early 2000's. He's the son of a Colombian father and a British American mother. Juan Pablo Gamboa Juan Pablo Gamboa (born November 24, 1966 in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian actor. He was born as Juan Pablo Gamboa Cook. He appeared in telenovelas including "Esmeralda", "La usurpadora", "Carita de Ángel", "La intrusa". Gamboa studied communications in Hofstra University in New York. His portrayal of Willy in "La usurpadora" gave him his first TVyNovelas Award nomination for best male antagonist. He was previously married to Bibiana Escobar and Document [53] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) Ludovic Gamboa Ludovic Gamboa (born 14 January 1986) is a French footballer who plays as an left or right midfielder. He started his career with Chamois Niortais, making his debut in the 3–0 away win over Romorantin on 14 January 2006. After coming on as a second-half substitute for Ronan Biger, Gamboa scored the third goal in the 89th minute. He made two more substitute appearances in the 2005–06 season, both of which were also Niort victories. Gamboa joined Martigues on a free transfer in July 2007, but he failed to make an impact at the club; his four appearances Document [54] (Title: Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa) Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa The Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa is a cemetery in Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It is also known as the "English Cemetery" or the "British Cemetery Gamboa". John VI of Portugal ceded two and a half acres of land near the shore of Guanabara Bay to the British in 1809. The British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court (Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford), founded the cemetery. The first burial was in 1811. There are 8 World War I and 4 World War II Commonwealth war graves in the cemetery. The cemetery is located in Rua da Document [55] (Title: Dominion of Melchizedek) Dominion of Melchizedek. She is married to Mark Pedley. She is a Filipina-American business woman who has been involved in controversial banking and investments. She was prevented from operating companies that were purporting to be banks in Indiana and California. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission sued Gamboa in 2009, alleging that she had used fictitious reports of gold mining operations to profit by fraudulently selling shares, siphoning off more than $1 million. A judgment was ordered against her in August 2010 totaling $1.8 million; a $650,000 fine for the ZNext corporation, and $1.18 million for Gamboa personally. Gamboa was Document [56] (Title: Reservoir of Ullíbarri-Gamboa) of electricity after the industrial revolution and the growth of population. Unfortunately this construction was refused to be done in 1928. Later, in the second Spanish republic (1935), they approved the construction of the reservoir but it was not until 1945 when they started working on that, due to delays deliberated by the civil war. In this year Altos Hornos de Vizcaya S.A. was the company that started the project with the help of Saltos y Aguas del Zadorra. The works started in 1947 and finished in 1957 and were built by more than 3,500 men. The Gamboa valley was Document [57] (Title: Federico Gamboa) four days and then left to run for president, but lost against Huerta. His return to México marked then Gamboa's end of his good life as public servant. Furthermore, during Venustiano Carranza presidency, Gamboa had to leave Mexico along with his wife María Sagaseta and his only child, going first to the United States and then to La Habana, Cuba, from 1914 to 1919. His novels are: His theater pieces are : Federico Gamboa Federico Gamboa Iglesias (22 December 1864 in Mexico City – 15 August 1939 in Mexico City) was a writer and diplomat from Mexico. He has been Document [58] (Title: Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa) social and economic conditions of Spain, also personally taking advantage of his privileged position versus the poor. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, 17th Marquis of Cerralbo (1845 – 1922), was a Spanish archaeologist and a Carlist politician. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa came from the aristocratic family for centuries residing in the Salamanca province; his ancestors can be traced back to the 14th century, and it was in 1533 when his forefather was named marquis by Carlos I. His father, Francisco de Asís de Aguilera y Becerril, was the founder and director of the "Gimnasio Document [59] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) new tribute and would instead dedicate themselves to leisure. The new enemies that Gamboa thus created for himself began to pass rumors to the Viceroy, who each day had a more negative image of Gamboa. Amidst all this, Gamboa had to respond to a rebellion by his lieutenant governor Lope de Azócar, who opposed his administration. However, the governor was able to gain control of the situation, pressuring Azocar, and finally chasing him from Chile. Gamboa spent the final years of his mandate (1581-1583) in the south of the country, engaged in permanent conflict with the natives. On June 25, Document [60] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) by 300 men which he called "Rey Don Felipe". The settlement failed shortly after he left, and when Thomas Cavendish visited the ruins in 1587 he renamed the place Port Famine. In 1584 Sarmiento de Gamboa sailed for Europe, but he was captured by an English fleet under to Sir Walter Raleigh and carried to England where he was presented to Queen Elizabeth I of England. They had a conversation in Latin, which was their only common language, and despite Spain's official policy of keeping all navigational information secret, shared his maps with British cartographers. Queen Elizabeth gave him a Document [61] (Title: Ullibarri-Gamboa) Ullibarri-Gamboa Ullíbarri-Gamboa (at Euskara and officially Ganboa Uribarri) is a village in the municipality of Arrazua-Ubarrundia, province of Álava Basque Country (Spain). Ullíbarri-Gamboa means Villa"or"new town of Gamboa in Basque, where Gamboa the name of the vicariate to which he belonged this population and that of a neighboring fraternity, which did not belong Ullíbarri however, since it was integrated into the fellowship of Ubarrundia.The Ullíbarri-Gamboa reservoir hosts has long been a distinguished and growing recreational use of the Natural Environment of recognized social value, contributing to the Nature Tourism a peculiar mark of quality in the Historical Territory of Álava. Document [62] (Title: Francisco de Gamboa) Francisco de Gamboa Francisco de Gamboa, O.S.A. (21 March 1599 – 22 May 1674) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Zaragoza (1663–1674) and Bishop of Coria (1659–1663). Francisco de Gamboa was born in San Sebastián, Spain on 21 March 1599 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 5 July 1659, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on 10 November 1659 as Bishop of Coria. In 1660, he was consecrated bishop by Diego Arce Reinoso, Bishop Emeritus of Plasencia. On 2 July 1663, he was Document [63] (Title: Real del Monte 1766 strike) Gamboa, "New Spain's most experienced mining expert" (Ladd 61), was called by the viceroy to Real del Monte to help remedy the situation. With goals of "social order and full work crews," Gamboa began interviewing almost every worker, supervisor, and foremen at the mines while simultaneously increasing the visibility of the soldiers around the mines (Ladd 62). After multiple days of testimonials, he drew up the plans for ordinances to be published with clear guidelines for partido mixing that had been judged fair by both workers and management. In Gamboa's plan, the overseers would appoint a captain, one of the Document [64] (Title: Lizbeth Gamboa Song) as Song Comunicaciones), won concessions for two radio stations in Quintana Roo, XHPJMM-FM in José María Morelos and XHPMAH-FM in Mahahual. Lizbeth Gamboa Song Lizbeth Loy Gamboa Song (born 31 March 1981) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. She served as a federal deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo from the third electoral region. Gamboa Song was born in Chetumal. Her mother, Lizbeth Loy Song Escalante, was a state judge in Quintana Roo. After earning her undergraduate degree from the Universidad de las Américas Puebla and a master's from the Document [65] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) December 1989, the school building was used as a local headquarters for U.S. Military Police. Gamboa's golf course became a Boy Scout camp for several years, but remained inactive in the last years of the Treaty reversion period. The town of Gamboa is still inhabited, but as a shadow of its former self, maintained, but without the vibrancy and civic spirit it once enjoyed. Many of its houses are not inhabited and several public buildings are underutilized. It remains the primary headquarters of the Dredging Division of the Panama Canal Authority (formerly PCC). The Dredging Division's docks are used by Document [66] (Title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532–1592) was a Spanish explorer, author, historian, mathematician, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia, where his paternal family originated, or Alcalá de Henares in Castile, where he later is known to have studied . His father Bartolomé Sarmiento was born in Pontevedra and his mother María Gamboa was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. At the age of 18, Sarmiento de Gamboa entered the royal military in the European wars. Between 1550 and 1555 the future navigator fought in the armies of Emperor Charles Document [67] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) the Baltimore Orioles. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018. Eddie Gamboa Eduardo Avila Gamboa (born December 21, 1984) is a Mexican-American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is a knuckleball pitcher. Gamboa attended the University of California, Davis. The Baltimore Orioles selected Gamboa in the 21st round of the 2008 MLB Draft. They added Gamboa to their 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. but non-tendered him on December 2, making him a free agent. Gamboa was handed a 50-game suspension for Document [68] (Title: Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador) Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador Gambo is a town in northeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 7 on Freshwater Bay. According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census: It is the closest town to Mint Brook - the birthplace of Joey Smallwood, former Premier of Newfoundland and last father of confederation. It is located from Gander Airport and from St. John's. The name Gambo first appeared in the census of 1857. The name Gambo was said by M.F. Howley, to be a corruption of a Spanish or Portuguese name that meant "bay of does". The first steam Document [69] (Title: Diane Gamboa) ink drawings into in a three-dimensional form. The Bruja-Ha series was created around 2004. The art included in "Bruja-Ha" represents some of the very spiritual and performance-related aspects of Gamboa's work. Dirt from her father's grave was mixed into the paint, making it a very personal statement. Gamboa relates that her father had been ill during the time she had been working on "Bruja-Ha." "The Invasion of the Snatch (2007)" is a series of 9 paintings that explore the feminine body and is Gamboa's "tribute" to unidentified female victims of rape and murder. Gamboa's series, "Alien Invasion: Queendom Come" (2006-2012) Document [70] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) an important role in the creation of the iconic freedom song, "We Shall Overcome." The song, adapted by Pete Seeger and others, has been credited to "Unknown" for more than half a century, however newly discovered facts presented in Gamboa's book trace Shropshire's uncredited involvement with the freedom standard to her hymn, "If My Jesus Wills", more commonly known as "I'll Overcome" from which "prima facie" and other evidence indicates "We Shall Overcome" was derived. The book was featured at the Author's Pavilion at the 2015 NAACP National Convention. An abridged, dramatized audio book version of the book, also named, Document [71] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) housing here before becoming eligible for housing in other towns. U.S. military personnel and their dependents lived in Gamboa during the 1940s due to the shortage of housing on the local military bases. U.S. personnel continued living in Gamboa until the total withdrawal of U.S. troops from Panama in 1999. Over time as the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government began to transfer operations to Panama following the 1977 Panama Canal Treaties, some of the services offered in Gamboa were shut down. The most visible closures were the commissary and movie theater, which were boarded up throughout the 1980s. The demise Document [72] (Title: Gambo) Gambo "Gambo" is the name given to a carcass of an unidentified large marine animal that was reportedly washed up on Bungalow Beach in The Gambia. The carcass of the Gambo was reported to have been discovered by 15-year-old Owen Burnham and his family on the morning of June 12, 1983. Owen, a wildlife enthusiast, decided to take measurements and then make sketches since he did not have a camera at the time. According to later testimony, he did not think to take a sample until after he realized he could not identify it in any books. According to Owen, Document [73] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) Eddie Gamboa Eduardo Avila Gamboa (born December 21, 1984) is a Mexican-American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is a knuckleball pitcher. Gamboa attended the University of California, Davis. The Baltimore Orioles selected Gamboa in the 21st round of the 2008 MLB Draft. They added Gamboa to their 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. but non-tendered him on December 2, making him a free agent. Gamboa was handed a 50-game suspension for testing positive for "exogenous testosterone," a performance-enhancing substance in violation of Document [74] (Title: Gregorio Sauceda-Gamboa) Gregorio Sauceda-Gamboa Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa is a Mexican illegal drug trafficker of the Los Zetas, when Los Zetas were the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel. Sauceda was a former investigative police officer, who helped smuggle an average of 10 tons of cocaine and 30 tons of marijuana across the border each month. He was captured on April 30, 2009 in Matamoros, Tamaulipas along with his wife and his bodyguard, Miguel Ángel Reyes Grajales. Mexican Authorities had offered a 30 million pesos (about USD$2.1 million) bounty for information leading to his capture. On 24 March 2010, the United States Department Document [75] (Title: Diane Gamboa) is an exploration of Mexican identity in American culture. She explores the idea of "why only Mexicans are called aliens while others are called immigrants," creating drawings and paintings of blue-skinned, "Amazonian aliens." "Alien Invasion" invites viewers to rethink their ideas about immigrants, especially those of Latino origin. Diane Gamboa Diane Gamboa (born 1957) has been producing, exhibiting and curating visual art in Southern California since the 1980s. She has also been involved art education, ranging from after-school programs to college and university teaching. Gamboa has been "one of the most active cultural producers in the Chicana art movement in Document [76] (Title: Ludovic Gamboa) all came from the substitutes' bench. He left Martigues in January 2008 and signed for Championnat de France amateur (CFA) side Fontenay-le-Comte. During the remainder of the 2007–08 season, Gamboa played three league matches. In the summer of 2008 he switched clubs again, joining CFA Group A club Compiègne. After scoring 11 goals in 33 matches for Compiègne, Gamboa returned to the Championnat National when he signed for Reims ahead of the 2009–10 campaign. He scored on his debut for Reims in the 1–3 defeat away at Hyères on 7 August 2009. Gamboa ended the season with 6 goals in Document [77] (Title: Isaías Gamboa) Isaías Gamboa Isaías Gamboa (December 12, 1872 in Cali – July 23, 1904) was a Colombian poet and educator from Cali. Isaiah was brought up in a traditional family consisting of Matthew Gamboa Vallecaucana Llanos and Teresa Herrera Córdoba, who instilled ideals of liberty and justice, ideals which would influence him as a writer. His childhood was developed among green landscapes Mameyal, a province located in the Hill of the Crystals, just outside Cali and where would be inspired to set some of his works. He attended elementary school in Santa Librada, founded by General Francisco de Paula Santander in Document [78] (Title: Federico Gamboa) However, both of his parents died and he was forced to drop out and start working in 1884. He began as an assistant in a Civil Court and also began on his journalist career. In "El Diario del Hogar" newspaper he had a regular article called "Desde mi mesa" ("From my table"), which he signed as «La Corcadiere». Even though he was doing well for himself, he was not satisfied and joined public service. After passing all the tests, he joined the Mexican Foreign Affairs Service as second secretary on 9 October 1888. Gamboa was 24 years old when he Document [79] (Title: Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa) Gamboa, in the neighborhood of Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro. Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa The Cemitério dos Ingleses, Gamboa is a cemetery in Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It is also known as the "English Cemetery" or the "British Cemetery Gamboa". John VI of Portugal ceded two and a half acres of land near the shore of Guanabara Bay to the British in 1809. The British Ambassador to the Emperor’s court (Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford), founded the cemetery. The first burial was in 1811. There are 8 World War I and 4 World War II Commonwealth war graves in Document [80] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) was active in student government and an organizer of various student-initiated reforms, most significantly the 1968 "East L.A. Blowouts"—a series of protests against the inferior conditions of public schools in poor, non-white areas. Gamboa's extracurricular activities were not, however, limited to politics. Already a developing artist, it was at Garfield High that Gamboa met Gronk (Glugio Nicandro), Patssi Valdez (then known as Patsy), and Willie Herrón, three of his closest associates in his later career. After the "Blowouts" of his senior year, Gamboa dropped out of the political scene to dedicate himself to his education. Thanks to these efforts and Document [81] (Title: Eddie Gamboa) major league debut against the Toronto Blue Jays on September 2. He was designated for assignment on February 14, 2017. On February 14, 2017, the same day as being designated for assignment from the Rays, Gamboa was traded to the Texas Rangers for a player to be named later or cash considerations. On June 30, 2017, Gamboa signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He made six starts for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers and three starts (and one relief appearance) for the Double-A Tulsa Drillers. On January 19, 2018, Gamboa signed a minor league deal with Document [82] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) was released on Plum Recordings in 2011. Narrated and produced by, Isaias Gamboa on his own music label, the four-hour collection features slave narratives and negro spirituals. Through the efforts of, Dr. P. Eric Abercrumbie, Director of Ethnic Programs and Services and the African American Culture and Resource Center at the University of Cincinnati, Louise Shropshire's papers and artifacts were acquired in 2014 by the University of Cincinnati and are preserved in the Rare Books Archives. According to "the University of Cincinnati, The Louise Shropshire Family Papers" collection includes photographs, family memorabilia, letters, sheet music and other documents. The collection Document [83] (Title: Federico Gamboa) Federico Gamboa Federico Gamboa Iglesias (22 December 1864 in Mexico City – 15 August 1939 in Mexico City) was a writer and diplomat from Mexico. He has been considered as one of the top representatives of Naturalism in México. Gamboa wrote novels, theater pieces, articles for newspapers and magazines and an autobiography when he was 28 years old. For many years took notes of his travels, experiences and thought, which he later published as five diaries. Posthumously another two more volumes of his diaries were published. Federico Gamboa was studying to become a Notary in the National School of Law. Document [84] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) by his mother at age 5 and by age 11, was accomplished in several musical instruments. By age 12 he was playing Honkey tonk guitar and a particular style of West Coast blues called, Jump blues. At the age of 13 he was asked to accompanied Los Angeles-based Blues singer, Ernie Andrews on the blues guitar; having been schooled in the genre by noted Jump blues guitarist, Edgar Rice of the Alexander Nelson Trio. At age 17, Isaias was discovered by hit R&B producer, Leon Sylvers III, who mentored for many years. While still in his teens, Gamboa was signed Document [85] (Title: Jerome of Sandy Cove) of the Bay of Fundy, in Chipman, New Brunswick in 1859 (a few years before Jerome's appearance) a young foreigner was reported as having fallen through river ice. He suffered gangrene in both legs due to the accident and they had to be amputated by a local doctor. Here he became known as "Gamby", probably because on wakening he kept calling for "gamba", Italian for "legs". Gamby proved to be a burden for the people of Chipman, and it was rumoured that a passing schooner captain was paid to transport him away. The captain could possibly have just sailed to Document [86] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) Graciano Ricalde during the evening in the Palacio de Bellas Artes of Mexico City. The band played and speakers including Dr. Ruben Moreno Ricalde spoke that evening as chronicled and published in the Daily News. A plaque was placed on the house where he was born in the little town of Hoctun. The Hoctun municipal library is called Ricalde Graciano Gamboa “in honor of the beloved son of the village”. In the town of Ticopo, Yucatan, the high school is named after the mathematician. There is a second school, I believe it is in Hocaba. This article depends heavily on Document [87] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) enter the United States. Before defecting, he had sold his Olympic gold medal to support his family. Gamboa made his professional boxing debut on April 27, 2007, in Hamburg, Germany against Alexan Manvelyan. He prepared for his pro debut and his next seven fights with technical specialist Manny Masson. Gamboa put Manvelyan on the canvas in the third round and won via a unanimous decision victory. Two months later, he defeated Araik Sachbazjan when Sachbazjan retired before the beginning of round 4. After winning his first four fights in Germany, Gamboa made his United States debut on October 30, 2007, Document [88] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Panama Railroad in 1855, the railroad ran near the area, but made no stops and no PR maps list any towns in Gamboa's present location. Present-day Gamboa was built in 1911, during Canal construction. It was initially populated by "silver roll" (i.e., Afro-Antilleans and other non-US, non-white) workers and their dependents. These initial settlers, counted at around 700, had previously lived in the construction areas between the former towns of Tabernilla and Gorgona, which were covered by Lake Gatun as Canal construction advanced. No Americans were counted amongst the town's first inhabitants. By 1914, at the conclusion of Canal construction Document [89] (Title: Harry Gamboa Jr.) with the help of the Equal Opportunities Program (EOP) for disadvantaged minority students, Gamboa was able to attend California State University, Los Angeles. From this point, his career as an artist—both solo and with Gronk, Valdez, and Herrón in the art collective ASCO (Spanish for nausea) —"took off". Among other "urban interventions," Asco sprayed their names on the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. In 1993 Gamboa married his second wife, Chicana muralist Barbara Carrasco, after seven years of romantic and professional involvement. The Getty Research Institute Pacific Standard Time initiative that focused on postwar art in Los Angeles featured Document [90] (Title: Asco (art collective)) movement and was highly influential in the work of Asco. Gamboa's drawings appearing in the subsequent issue drew on pre-Conquest imagery while coinciding with the iconography associated with the radical press and the Chicano movement. The following volume included contributions from Willie F. Herrón III and Patssi Valdez. Their contributions allowed artwork to gain a more prominent role in the magazine. Their artwork conveys the group's (and mainly Gamboa's) anger, frustration, and despair at the events and aftermath of the Chicano Moratorium. Their frustrations were aimed namely towards corruption in the police force and towards the death of journalist Ruben Document [91] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) then a professor Srita Normal, Carmen Manzañilla Camomile. They bore four children, three boys and one girl, Alfonso, Humberto, Enrique and Ofelia who studied under the direction of the father, and mathematics. Enrique, moved to New York City. Graciano would be the first to correctly prove by precise calculation that neither the arrival of Halley's Comet or its tail would hit the earth extinguishing life. This was a tremendous concern of its day. His rigorous studies were so serious that he compiled his formulas in a booklet that had great resonance in the National Observatory of Paris. Don Graciano accurately Document [92] (Title: Óscar Perdomo Gamboa) Arriba" a historic novel about the colombian independence hero José Prudencio Padilla. He also has written diverse articles, some of them humorous, for local newspapers, magazines and web pages, including "La Palabra", cultural publication of Universidad del Valle. Currently he teaches languages and literature in Cali, Colombia, with fellow writers like Carlos Patiño Millán and Fabio Martínez. Óscar Perdomo Gamboa Óscar Perdomo Gamboa is a writer born in the city of Ibagué, Colombia. Studied Journalism and a magister in Colombian and Latin American literature. Won the Jorge Isaacs award with the novel Hacia la Auora in 1998, a story about Document [93] (Title: Yuriorkis Gamboa) began his assault after going down during the second round, after absorbing a sneaky right hand by Gonzalez. The referee halted the one-sided bout with 48 seconds remaining after Gonzalez sustained a barrage of punches to the head. Gamboa led 89–82 on one judge's scorecard and 89–83 on the other two judges' cards through nine rounds. On February 20, 2009, Gamboa fought Walter Estrada at The University Center at Nova Southeastern University. Gamboa knocked out Estrada with a left hook to the body followed by a right hand to the face 25 seconds into the fight. On April 17, 2009 Document [94] (Title: John G. Claybourn) 3,853. To this day Gamboa remains the primary headquarters of the Dredging Division of the Panama Canal Authority. While working on the canal, Claybourn also worked as a consultant on a variety of river and harbor improvement projects in the surrounding countries, including work on the Dique de Cartagena, a ship canal in Colombia, and projects in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Florida, and Panama. In the 1920s John also worked on the mining of the Panama Gold Dredging Company. In Burma, from 1951 to 1953, he worked to rebuild the transportation network on the Irrawaddy River that was destroyed during World Document [95] (Title: Michael Gambon) was awarded the Irish Film and Television Academy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017 for his contribution to Irish film. Gambon was born in Cabra, Dublin, during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, was an engineering operative, and his mother, Mary (née Hoare), was a seamstress. As his father decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, the family moved to Mornington Crescent in north London, when Gambon was six. His father had him made a British citizen, a decision that would later allow Gambon to receive a substantive, rather than honorary, knighthood and CBE. Brought up as a Document [96] (Title: Juan Pablo Gamboa) Juan Pablo Gamboa Juan Pablo Gamboa (born November 24, 1966 in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian actor. He was born as Juan Pablo Gamboa Cook. He appeared in telenovelas including "Esmeralda", "La usurpadora", "Carita de Ángel", "La intrusa". Gamboa studied communications in Hofstra University in New York. His portrayal of Willy in "La usurpadora" gave him his first TVyNovelas Award nomination for best male antagonist. He was previously married to Bibiana Escobar and has three children, Santiago, Mariana, and another son named Juan Martin with a different wife. The 2nd wife's identity has been kept secret from the public. His Document [97] (Title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa) 1580 he had founded a city named San Bartolomé Chillán y Gamboa, which became known as Chillán. The situation of the war during his tenure only worsened, since the rebellion of the Mapuches was joined by the Huilliches, who previously had not been aggressive, and by the Pehuenche nearby Chillán. As a result of the setbacks, Gamboa had to send for reinforcements from Spain and Peru. These arrived well enough (although there were many desertions during the journey), but under the command of Alonso de Sotomayor, Gamboa's successor designated by the king. Gamboa was in Chillán when he heard the Document [98] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) joined Norwegian side Fredrikstad in summer 2010 and played there for two half seasons, before he joined Copenhagen in summer 2011. He made his debut in a 0–1 loss against Standard Liege in the UEFA Europa League. Gamboa joined Rosenborg on a three-month-loan deal in August 2012 with the Norwegian club having an option to buy. He made his debut on 3 September 2012 in a Tippeligaen match away at Stabæk, winning 2–0. By November he had impressed sufficiently in the ten games he played in for Rosenborg for them to offer him a permanent deal, and he signed five-year Document [99] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) Graciano Ricalde Gamboa Mauro Graciano Ricalde Gamboya (November 21, 1873 – November 9, 1942) was a notable Mexican mathematician. Ricalde Gamboa was born in Hoctun, state of Yucatan, Mexico. Son of Don Ambrosio Ricalde Moguel and Isidra Gamboa and studied at Hocaba until 1885, the year he received a scholarship to the Normal School for teachers of the State in the city of Mérida. He graduated as a teacher at the age of 16 years, and because of his young age, was granted special permission by the State Congress. He studied accounting and for several years was a professor of Document [100] (Title: Joma Gamboa) Joma Gamboa Jomarie Gamboa (born April 25, 1973 in Bacolod) is a retired boxer from the Philippines who was a former minimumweight champion. He made his professional debut in 1993. He fought for his first world title in 1996 but was stopped by thai fighter Saman Sorjaturong. He was unsuccessful a further two times in world title fights before winning an interim title fight against Satoru Abe. On 20 August 2000, he fought full champion Noel Arambulet and won on points after Noel was stripped of the belt for failing to make weight. Gamboa ended up losing his belt in Document [101] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) of the Panama Railroad in the late 1980s further cut the town off from the rest of the Canal area. Gamboa's elementary school was built in 1937 by the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government Division of Schools. It consisted of 3 classrooms, a library, and principal's office upstairs, with a kindergarten classroom underneath. The school was transferred to the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) in 1979 after the abolition of the Canal Zone and its government. That school year, its total enrollment was 115. Three U.S. grade school teachers were employed and classes were paired up, with first and Document [102] (Title: Joross Gamboa) Joross Gamboa John Ross "Joross" Sanchez-Gamboa (born November 28, 1984), is a Filipino actor and model who was a 2nd runner-up in the 1st season of Star Circle Quest. After four years of being with ABS-CBN Star Magic, "Joross Gamboa" is asked to be released and signed a two-year contract under the management of Becky Aguila. He was seen in the comedy segment "Kaya Mo Ba To?" in 2005 followed by "Maynila" in 2007 of the GMA Network, which became the reason for rumors of "Joross Gamboa" moving to the said Network. After signing a contract with Becky Aguila, he Document [103] (Title: Jorge Gamboa Mendoza) Jorge Gamboa Mendoza Jorge Augusto Gamboa Mendoza (born 27 January 1970) is a Colombian anthropologist and historian. He has been contributing on the knowledge of colonial and pre-colonial Colombia, especially the Muisca. Jorge Gamboa speaks Spanish and French. Jorge Gamboa Mendoza was born in Pamplona in the northern department of Norte de Santander. He studied anthropology as an undergraduate at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá from 1988 to 1993 and history from 1993 to 2002 at the same university, graduating with a thesis called "El Significado de la dote dentro de las prácticas matrimoniales de la sociedad colonial: Document [104] (Title: Gavino Gutierrez) as a bellhop and established an import-export business, selling goods from Spain, Cuba, and Mexico. In addition, he studied architecture, engineering, surveying, and English, eventually becoming a civil engineer. Gutierrez had a friend named Bernardino Gargol, who owned marmalade and guava paste factories in Cuba, and was also a native Cuban who lived in New York and ran an import-export business. Gargol told Gutierrez that there were many wild guava trees growing in the Tampa Bay area. Gargol wanted to establish a factory in Tampa for the manufacture of guava paste, in order to not have to import the products. Document [105] (Title: Patrocinio Gamboa) on 21 December 1980. Patrocinio Gamboa Patrocinio Gamboa y Villareal (30 April 1865 – 24 November 1953) was a Filipino revolutionary notable for her participation in the Philippine Revolution. Gamboa is best known for making the Philippine flag hoisted during the inauguration of the revolutionary government of the Visayas in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. Patrocinio Gamboa was born on 30 April 1865 in Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines to Fermín Gamboa and Leonila Villareal. She was baptized on 7 May 1865 at Jaro Church by Francisco Agüería, and her godmother was Severina Gamboa. Her wealthy parents provided private tutors for her education. Gamboa Document [106] (Title: Oriental Powder Company) sawmill was converted to gunpowder manufacture by Edmund Fowler and Lester Laflin. Their Gorham Powder Company became known among the local population as the Gambo powder mills. Lester Laflin was a grandson of American Revolutionary War gunpowder manufacturer Matthew Laflin. The Laflin family manufactured gunpowder in Massachusetts for several generations. When Lester came east to Maine, his first cousins traveled west to build gunpowder mills in New York and Chicago. Lester, his partner, and their mill foreman drowned on Sebago Lake on 22 June 1827. Following an explosion killing seven employees on 19 July 1828, the Gambo Falls mill was Document [107] (Title: Real del Monte 1766 strike) miners, to oversee the mixing, which would result in half high quality ore and half low quality ore for both workers and management. Gamboa though, wanted to jail the ringleaders of the strike with hopes that it would convince de Terreros to return from exile in San Miguel. The Viceroy did not agree with this, and had more sympathy for the plight of the workers than Gamboa. He advised against mass roundups, and urged Gamboa to address the injustices the workers had experienced under de Terreros. Despite widespread agreement over the Gamboa Ordinances, peace did not come to the mines Document [108] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) by legendary music industry executive, Clive Davis as a member of the 1980s R&B band, Real To Reel (Arista Records). Notably, after having met Leon Sylvers III at a celebrity basketball game in Los Angeles, five-time Grammy Award-winning music producers, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis produced their first ever recordings as professional music producers, "Can You Treat Me Like She Does" and "Don't Keep Me Hangin' On" for Gamboa's band, Real To Reel". Isaias Gamboa was also a founding member of the 1990s neoclassical R&B singing group, "Double Action Theatre" (Polydor Records). In the 1990s, Gamboa was discovered by legendary Document [109] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) in a separate part of town called Santa Cruz. This included 50 families moved from La Boca in October 1954 when that town was depopulated and converted into a white housing area. Not all Gamboans worked for the Dredging Division. Because of its remote location and distance from other Canal Zone towns, Gamboa was seen as less desirable than some of the other Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government's townships, and since housing in the Canal Zone was assigned based on seniority, many of the new arrivals to the "Zone", as it became known to its residents (Zonians), were initially assigned Document [110] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) Rainforest Resort is a 5-star hotel located in Gamboa. The Resort has developed 2 Indian reservations (Embera and Wounaa) an aerial tram to visit the jungle canopy, and many other attractions which now draw many people to the otherwise sleepy town. Gamboa, Panama Gamboa is a small town in the Republic of Panama. It was one of a handful of permanent Canal Zone townships, built to house employees of the Panama Canal and their dependents. The name Gamboa is the name of a tree of the quince family. Gamboa is located on a sharp bend of the Chagres River at Document [111] (Title: Lizbeth Gamboa Song) Lizbeth Gamboa Song Lizbeth Loy Gamboa Song (born 31 March 1981) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. She served as a federal deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo from the third electoral region. Gamboa Song was born in Chetumal. Her mother, Lizbeth Loy Song Escalante, was a state judge in Quintana Roo. After earning her undergraduate degree from the Universidad de las Américas Puebla and a master's from the ITESM, she entered public service in the Quintana Roo state government, first in its Mexico City office and then as the Document [112] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) Cristian Gamboa Cristian Esteban Gamboa Luna (born 24 October 1989), commonly known as Cristian Gamboa, is a Costa Rican footballer who plays for Celtic. He is a pacy right back with both attacking and defensive capabilities. Gamboa is an international player for Costa Rica and played in the team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup that reached the quarter-finals. Gamboa was born in Liberia, Costa Rica. At age 15, he was deemed not good enough to play for Costa Rican clubs Saprissa and Alajuelense. He played from the 2006–2007 season for hometown club Municipal Liberia. He then moved abroad and Document [113] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) and his father, Catholic. He also strongly identifies with his Jewish ancestry through his Jamaican maternal grandmother, Louise Teitelbaum. This background, along with his musical expertise has inspired and informed several important projects in his life. Notable among them is his 2012 book, "". Published in 2012, tells the previously undocumented history of We Shall Overcome and is also the biography of Louise Shropshire (1913-1993). According to evidence revealed in Gamboa's book, Shropshire - a hymn writer, civil rights activist and close friend of the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr., Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey, played Document [114] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) the Spanish article Graciano Ricalde Gamboa Mauro Graciano Ricalde Gamboya (November 21, 1873 – November 9, 1942) was a notable Mexican mathematician. Ricalde Gamboa was born in Hoctun, state of Yucatan, Mexico. Son of Don Ambrosio Ricalde Moguel and Isidra Gamboa and studied at Hocaba until 1885, the year he received a scholarship to the Normal School for teachers of the State in the city of Mérida. He graduated as a teacher at the age of 16 years, and because of his young age, was granted special permission by the State Congress. He studied accounting and for several years was Document [115] (Title: Isaias Gamboa (music producer)) Sisters and five albums for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame recording artists The Temptations. Three of these include, For Lovers Only (The Temptations album), Phoenix Rising (The Temptations album), which received a Platinum certification and the Grammy Award winning CD Ear-Resistible, which won the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance. In 1994 he produced the remix of "Pain" by the late, Tupak Shakur for the Multi-Platinum, Above the Rim (soundtrack) Isaias Gamboa grew up during the turbulent 1960's and 70's in the primarily African American community of West Adams, Los Angeles. He was first introduced to piano Document [116] (Title: Cristian Gamboa) contract with the club. In late July 2014, English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion agreed to sign Gamboa for a fee estimated in the media as around £2 million. Because the player had insufficient recent international appearances for a work permit to be granted automatically, completion of the deal was dependent on a successful appeal to the Football Association, which was confirmed on 5 August. The player signed a three-year contract. He made his debut on 26 August 2014, coming on as a second-half substitute in a League cup tie against Oxford United. He made his League debut a Document [117] (Title: Gamboa, Panama) watershed is on the Atlantic side. A single lane iron and wood bridge that crossed the Chagres and was the only road access to Gamboa for most of its history. This bridge is still intact today, but in October of 2018 a new multi-lane bridge was completed near the original site. Gamboa was built near the site of the former village of Santa Cruz. Three miles further up the Chagres river was the town of Las Cruces, where 19th-century travelers and cargo disembarked from river barges to take the overland Las Cruces trail by mule. After the completion of the Document [118] (Title: Jose Vasquez Aguilar) the partnership between teachers, parents, and community with the goal of ensuring a practical education using the vernacular as a medium of instruction. Born on March 23, 1900, Jose Vasquez Aguilar was the second of eight children of Martin Aguilar and Sofia Vasquez. As a child he won oratorical contests because of his deep and booming voice. He finished his elementary education at Cadiz Central School in 1915 and graduated from Negros Occidental High School in 1920. He was sent off to Iloilo together with his older brother Martin Jr. to stay with their aunt Patrocinio Gamboa, best known in Document [119] (Title: Rafael Gambra Ciudad) in Madrid. She came from a distinguished family of civil servants; her father in the early 20th century was a Cortes deputy, until the early 1920s a longtime senator, and in 1917-1923 served as President of Tribunal Supremo. The couple had only one child. Born and raised in Madrid, Rafael spent much of his childhood in Valle de Roncal and later cherished his Navarrese heritage; in historiography he is referred to as a navarro rather than as a madrileño, sometimes dubbed "maestro navarro", "arquetipo navarro", "buen navarro" or "vasco-navarro roncalés". He was brought up in profoundly Catholic ambience; politically his Document [120] (Title: Graciano Ricalde Gamboa) in his homeland dedicating himself to his studies and to organize accounting systems of industrial enterprises seeking professional services The municipal library of Hoctun is called Graciano Ricalde Gamboa after the "favorite son of the village". In the town of Ticopó, in the municipality of Acanceh, Yucatan, high school is named after the mathematician. In 2006, an award for Science and Mathematics was named in his honor. (1873–1942) One of the problems that have troubled most the mathematicians of all times is the resolution of algebraic equations of all grades. Ricalde's greatest accomplishment is undoubtedly the resolution of the general Document [121] (Title: Diane Gamboa) of her body of work. In 1984 Gamboa received her degree from Otis College of Art and Design. She is a recipient of a California Community Foundation Individual Artist Grant, and her solo exhibitions include “Bruja–Ha” at Tropico de Nopal Gallery and “Chica Chic” at Patricia Correia Gallery in Santa Monica. Her work is included in Cheech Marin's personal collection of Chicano art and has been shown at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Riverside Art Museum In the early ‘80s, she photographically documented the East Los Angeles punk rock scene. From 1980 to 1987, she was Document [122] (Title: Tom Gamboa) he played primarily center field, along with a little first base, for the Gauchos baseball team for three years and won All-Big West Conference honors in 1969 and 1970. During the 1971–1972 seasons Gamboa was an outfielder for and manager of Stratford (Ontario) in the Canadian Baseball League, where he was a two-time All-Star. Gamboa was a manager, minor league instructor, and scouting supervisor in the Milwaukee Brewers organization from 1978–1982. In 1979, at the age of 31, he managed the Butte Copper Kings in the Rookie Pioneer League. In 1983 he managed the Paintsville Brewers in the Rookie Appalachian Document [123] (Title: Asco (art collective)) most well-known No Movie. The piece was done in reaction to racial prejudices against Chicanos perpetuated by a curator at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1972. Gamboa met with the curator to discuss the possibility of including Chicano art in future exhibitions, only to be told that Chicanos were incapable of producing anything other than folk art. In response, Asco spray-painted their names onto the outside entrance of LACMA. Utilizing graffiti as a technique alludes to the stereotype of the Chicano as a gang member who vandalizes public spaces. Asco appropriates the technique of graffiti as an Document [124] (Title: Gambo Sawaba) birth of twins was called Gambo, hence the name Hajaratu Gambo. She was educated at the Native Authority Primary School in Tudun, Wada. She however had to stop schooling after the loss of her father in 1943 who dies complaining of headache and her mother 3 years after. She was married off at age 13 to a World War II veteran Abubakar Garba Bello who left and never returned after her first pregnancy. Quite noticeable about her when she was a child, was her unusual interest in mad people. She spoke with them, accommodated some and gave the ones she Document [125] (Title: Garmendia) Garmendia Garmendia is the surname of a family of the Basque Country region of Guipuzcoa, in Spain. The surname means "wheat mountain" ("gar" 'wheat', "mendi" 'mountain'), after Garmendia de Iraurgui, later known as Salvatierra de Iraurgui, later the site of the cities of Azpeitia and Azkoitia. As almost every basque family, Garmendia enjoys the status of hidalgo, of ancient origin, previous to the Reconquista. The family spread out of the Basque Country to the rest of Spain and, during colonization, to Argentina, Chile, United States, Mexico and Cuba. The coat of arms of some of its bearers is "Argent, a Document [126] (Title: Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)) de Jesus on 11 February 1584. Most of the cannons had been landed, and he mounted them facing the entrance of the strait. Some of the settlers moved on foot to a place near modern Punta Arenas and founded "Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe". Both settlements were governed by Gamboa, who moved guns and supplies between them on the surviving ship, the "Santa Maria". Gamboa faced various uprising, but managed to contain them. On May 26, Gamboa was aboard the "Santa Maria" near "Nombre de Jesus" when a storm drove him into the Atlantic. Gamboa struggled for a month to Question: where did the last name gamboa come from

Answer: Guipuzcoa Long Answer: Gamboa is a Spanish - language surname of Guipuzcoa origin . Notable people with the surname include: Gold Document ID: 125

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) defensive end Otis Grigsby to a 1-year deal. On April 6, the team re-signed defensive tackle Fred Evans to a 1-year deal. On July 24, Antoine Winfield and the Vikings agreed on a 5-year extension through the 2013 season. On August 18, after months of negotiations, the team signed formerly retired quarterback Brett Favre. The Vikings had five selections in the 2009 NFL Draft; they had traded their fourth-round selection to the Houston Texans for quarterback Sage Rosenfels and, back in 2007, they had traded their sixth-round selection to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for quarterback Kelly Holcomb. In 2008, Document [2] (Title: 1998 Minnesota Vikings season) made his first start of the season and threw for 220 yards and a five-yard score to Randy Moss. The game was mostly a Gary Anderson field goal exhibition as he booted five field goals plus two PATs, the second on Leroy Hoard's 11-yard rushing touchdown in the Vikes' 29–6 win. Cunningham and Erik Kramer of the Bears squared off in a spirited duel. Cunningham's four touchdowns (to Smith, Andrew Glover, Carter, and Moss) were answered by Kramer's four scores (to Bobby Engram, Chris Penn, and Ryan Wetnight). The Vikings got the better of the duel as they intercepted Kramer Document [3] (Title: Ryan Fitzpatrick) Whitehurst. On March 18, 2014, Fitzpatrick signed a two-year contract with the Houston Texans. He was named the Texans' starting quarterback by new Head Coach Bill O'Brien on June 17, but was demoted to second on the Houston Texans depth chart on November 5, 2014, replaced as starter by Ryan Mallett. On November 23, 2014, Mallett tore his pectoral muscle and Fitzpatrick was renamed the starter. On November 30, 2014 in a 45–21 win against the Tennessee Titans in Week 13, Fitzpatrick threw for a franchise-record six touchdowns and 358 yards with no interceptions and a 147.5 passer rating. He Document [4] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) passes for 157 yards and rushed three times for 14 yards. Johnson started his first game of his career the following week on September 8 and led Minnesota to a 23-17 road win over the Atlanta Falcons. This victory marked the first time Minnesota started 2-0 since 1987. With 15-for-26 passing for 275 yards, Johnson threw for two touchdowns and one interception. Warren Moon would return as starter the following week. Johnson played again in Week 4 with one incomplete pass and saw significant playing time next in Week 8 (October 28), a 15-13 loss to the Chicago Bears. Again Document [5] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) on the following possessions. The Vikings defeated the New York Giants 20-19 and earned the NFC North title. The Vikings season ended in the Wild Card Playoff round with a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. Jackson went 15-for-35 for 164 yards in the game with one interception. Jackson went into the 2009 season in competition for a starting job with Sage Rosenfels, who the Vikings had acquired from the Houston Texans. The Vikings also pursued former New York Jets and Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre, who had retired after the end of the 2008 season. Favre announced that he Document [6] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) games. Johnson was named the starting quarterback for the Vikings 2006 season, and a few days before the second game he turned 38 which made him the oldest starting quarterback in the league. Many felt his quick-release style was a good fit for then-new coach Brad Childress's highly touted West Coast system. The knowledge he had acquired from going to the playoffs under four different coaching systems and having winning records with seven different head coaches seemed to be an asset for first time head coach Childress. In the preseason, Johnson had a passer rating of 110.7, one of the Document [7] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) Vikings coach Dennis Green formally named Randall Cunningham as starting quarterback and traded Brad Johnson to the Washington Redskins for a first, a future second, and a third-round draft pick. With 4,005 yards, 24 touchdowns, 13 interceptions, and a 90.0 passer rating, Johnson achieved career highs in passing yards, completions, touchdowns, and passer rating in 1999. His 316 completions set a Washington team record and his 4,005 passing yards ranks fifth all-time in Redskins history. He was also NFC Offensive Player of the Week twice that year again. One such Player of the Week honor came after Week 4 (October Document [8] (Title: Gilbert Renfroe) for the second time in a week and the third time in 17 days. On September 26 he was signed by the Minnesota Vikings after starting quarterback Wade Wilson was sidelined after thumb surgery. Renfroe was the Vikings first ever black quarterback. He was cut by the Vikings on November 21 when Wilson returned from injury. He returned to the Falcons the following season but was cut after Billy Joe Tolliver was traded to the Falcons to take the final spot behind Chris Miller and Brett Favre. After being cut by the Falcons, he played nine games for the Calgary Document [9] (Title: Koy Detmer) January 2, 2007 by the Eagles to provide a third quarterback for the team's playoff push, with Donovan McNabb out with injury. He was also re-signed to be the kick holder for the Eagles. Detmer had his NFL career extended for a few days by signing with the Minnesota Vikings on November 6, 2007. The Vikings needed a second quarterback behind Brooks Bollinger while Tarvaris Jackson and Kelly Holcomb recovered from injuries. Detmer was reunited with Vikings head coach Brad Childress, who was with the Eagles as the offensive coordinator. Detmer's stint with the Vikings was his first professional experience Document [10] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) improved the passing attack, the running game was inconsistent, and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7–7 record. The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 draft. Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19, 1973 and was replaced on the team's board of directors by his son-in-law Jack Steele. The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12–2 record. In the playoffs, they defeated the Washington Redskins 27–20 and the Dallas Cowboys 27–10. On January 13, 1974, the Vikings played the second Super Document [11] (Title: Mark Carlson (quarterback)) hero Butch Nash give a rousing pep talk on the Friday night before the game, Minnesota’s head coach Cal Stoll met with all three of his top quarterbacks to decide who would be the starter for the big game. "I kept looking in their eyes when I talked to them." Stoll would later say, - "Mark Carlson was looking right back into my eyes. I made a gut decision right then that he would be my quarterback." Sure enough Carlson, a sophomore who hadn’t played a minute all season up to that point, was under center as the Gopher’s starting Document [12] (Title: Kevin Stefanski) Kevin Stefanski Kevin Stefanski (born May 8, 1982) is an American football coach who is the interim offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the quarterbacks coach and various coaching positions before being promoted to interim offensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings in 2018. Stefanski played football at the University of Pennsylvania. He won the Penn Freshman of the Year award in 2000. He was part of the only undefeated Penn team of the decade and was twice an All-Ivy League selection. Stefanski joined the Minnesota Vikings in 2006 as an Document [13] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Josh Freeman's departure, Matt Cassel was widely expected to start the season at QB, with former first-round pick Christian Ponder as his backup. However, many in the Minnesota sports media felt that Ponder no longer was a part of the Vikings overall plans. The team drafted UCLA linebacker Anthony Barr with the 9th overall pick, and also drafted Louisville quarterback Teddy Bridgewater with the last pick in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft, trading a 2nd and 4th round pick to the Seattle Seahawks for the 32nd pick. The team was reportedly ready to draft polarizing Texas A&M Document [14] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) Jarius Wright turned a screen pass from Bridgewater into an 87-yard touchdown, giving the Vikings another overtime win. Bridgewater finished the 2014 season with 2,919 yards passing, 14 touchdowns, 12 interceptions, and an 85.2 passer rating. He played in 13 games, starting 12 of them. On January 13, 2015, Bridgewater was selected as the quarterback of the 2014 NFL All-Rookie team by the Pro Football Writers of America. Bridgewater also won the 2014 Pepsi Rookie of the Year award, as voted by fans. Bridgewater threw for no touchdowns and an interception behind a struggling offensive line that allowed five sacks Document [15] (Title: Adrian Peterson) Vikings' starting quarterback Christian Ponder unable to start due to injury, the Vikings fell to the Green Bay Packers in a rematch by a score of 24–10. The team's record, alongside Peterson's historic season, earned him the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player awards. His comeback from an ACL tear the season before also earned him second place in NFL Comeback Player of the Year award voting, coming in second to Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning. He was named to his fifth career Pro Bowl and was named as a First Team All-Pro for Document [16] (Title: Matt Cassel) 14 against the Baltimore Ravens. Despite a two touchdown, zero interception performance, the Vikings lost to the Ravens 29-26 during a heavy snow game. He would remain the starting quarterback the rest of the season where the Vikings finished with a 5-10-1 record and Cassel either played the whole game or came in to rally the Vikings from behind in all five victories. On March 7, 2014, it was reported that Cassel had signed a new two-year deal for $10 million. It was later announced on August 25, 2014 that Cassel would be the starting quarterback over rookie Teddy Bridgewater Document [17] (Title: Darrell Bevell) the NFC Championship game, ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. In the first season with Favre, he produced 4,202 passing yards with 33 touchdowns and accumulating a QB rating of 107.2 in which was his career best. In 2010, Minnesota season ended with 6-10 record, and with disastrous moves throughout the season in which head coach Brad Childress was fired midway through the season. Replaced by defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier as interim head coach at 3-7 record, and finishing 3-3 as interim head coach. In the beginning of the 2011 season, Bevell was Document [18] (Title: Mike Priefer) had emergency eye surgery, and Priefer was named the head coach for the week 13 game against the Dallas Cowboys. The Vikings lost 17-15. Mike Priefer Mike Priefer (born August 21, 1966) is an American football special teams coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. He has almost two decades of pro coaching experience. Priefer has held coaching positions for Navy, Youngstown State, Virginia Military Institute, and Northern Illinois at the college level. He has also been an assistant for the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs in the NFL and has held coaching positions for Document [19] (Title: Kolton Browning) Kolton Browning Kolton Ryan Browning (born October 17, 1990), is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He won a FXFL Championship with the Brooklyn Bolts in 2014. He was the starting quarterback for the ULM Warhawks from 2009 to 2013. After being redshirted in 2009, Browning took over as the Warhawks starting quarterback in 2010. In 2012, he was the Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Year and led the Warhawks to their first ever bowl game against Ohio University in the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, Louisiana. During his career he threw for 10,263 yards Document [20] (Title: Wade Wilson (American football)) Wade Wilson (American football) Charles Wade Wilson (born February 1, 1959) is an American football coach and former quarterback who played for the Minnesota Vikings, Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys and the Oakland Raiders in a seventeen-year career from 1981 to 1998 in the National Football League (NFL). He was quarterbacks coach for the Dallas Cowboys from 2000 to 2002 and from 2007 to 2017 and the Chicago Bears from 2004 to 2006. He played college football for Texas A&M University-Commerce (formerly East Texas State University), where he was an NAIA All-American Quarterback and led the Lions to Document [21] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) the third-string quarterback for the first 10 games of the season and was inactive for the final six. In 1994, Johnson became backup to starter Warren Moon and played his first NFL regular season game in Week 3 (September 18). The Vikings won 42-14 over the Chicago Bears in that game, and Johnson completed 3 of 3 passes for 16 yards. Johnson would play in three more games in 1994. In Week 8 (October 30), a 36-13 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (a team Johnson would join five years later), Johnson completed 5 of 5 passes for 30 yards. Document [22] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) Brooks Bollinger Brooks Michael Bollinger (born November 15, 1979) is a former American football quarterback and current coach. He was drafted by the New York Jets in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin. Bollinger has also been a member of the Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions and Florida Tuskers. Bollinger played quarterback for Central High School in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He played in every game while attending the school and passed for 40 touchdowns and ran for 19 more. He was also drafted twice in 2000 and Document [23] (Title: Christian Ponder) the league's MVP rushing for 2,097 yards, just nine yards short of breaking the single-season rushing record. Ponder finished the season starting all 16 games, throwing 18 touchdowns to 12 interceptions, completed 62% of his passes, and had two rushing scores. According to ESPN's Total QBR system, Ponder finished the league as the 15th rated quarterback ahead of former Pro Bowlers Jay Cutler, Josh Freeman, and Matt Cassel. Ponder went into the 2013 season as the starting quarterback. However, the Vikings started 0-3 and Ponder performed inconsistently in losses at Detroit, at Chicago, and home to Cleveland. Despite criticism from Document [24] (Title: Rich Gannon) game of the year in Week 5 (September 29) against the Denver Broncos, replacing Wade Wilson with 7:20 left in the fourth quarter after Wilson threw three interceptions. On fourth down and three yards (fourth-and-three) at Denver's 13-yard line with 43 seconds left, a wide-open Hassan Jones dropped Gannon's pass, and Minnesota lost 13-6. Gannon would replace Wilson as starter for the last 11 games of 1991, and the Vikings went 6-5 with Gannon as starter for an overall 8-8 season. Gannon was 211-for-354 in completed passes for 2,166 yards, 12 touchdowns, and 6 interceptions. He was sacked 19 times Document [25] (Title: Christian Ponder) in completion percentage during the month of September with 68% and was also the last quarterback in the NFL to turn the ball over. The Vikings were a surprise to many around the league with a 5-2 record. Ponder would struggle over the next five games and the Vikings lost four of five. During that stretch, Ponder's completion percentage fell to just 56%, as he threw the same number of interceptions (5) as he did touchdowns over those five games. Vikings General Manager Rick Spielman stood behind Ponder during his rough patch of games. “I know everybody in this organization Document [26] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) 1998 for the Vikings, both victories. In the season opener, a 31-7 win over Tampa Bay, Johnson threw for 4 touchdowns and 1 interception over 189 yards and completed 15 of 25 passes. However, Johnson would complete only 18 of 31 passes the following game and throw for 1 touchdown and 2 interceptions before leaving the game during the fourth quarter with a sprained ankle. Randall Cunningham replaced Johnson, and Minnesota won Week 2 (September 13) over the St. Louis Rams 38-31. By Week 8, with Cunningham as starter, the Vikings had a perfect 7-0 record. Johnson returned to action Document [27] (Title: 2006 Minnesota Vikings season) new head coach during the 2006 offseason, Brad Childress. Childress previously held the QB coach position with the Philadelphia Eagles from 1999 to 2002, then was the offensive coordinator from 2002 to 2005, and also at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1993 to 1999 under Barry Alvarez. The Vikings started the regular season on the road against the Washington Redskins on September 11, the first game of a "Monday Night Football" doubleheader on opening weekend. The Vikings drew first blood as running back Chester Taylor ran in a 4-yard TD on their opening drive; however, during the extra-point try, holder Document [28] (Title: Rich Gannon) fourth round intent upon converting Gannon to running back. He was soon traded to the Minnesota Vikings and would play with the Vikings until 1992. Gannon began his career as a backup for Wade Wilson. Gannon started his first games in 1990 in relief of an injured Wilson and would start many games in 1991. In 1992, he formally became the starting quarterback for the Vikings and led the Vikings to an 11-5 season and the playoffs after two consecutive losing seasons. Gannon played with the Washington Redskins in 1993, the Kansas City Chiefs from 1995-98, and the Oakland Raiders Document [29] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) start, Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback. He finished the season with an 8–2 record, and led the Vikings into the postseason once again, with an overall team record of 10–6. Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27–10, and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup. The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17–14 at halftime, but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35–20 in the second half to win 49–37. St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship Document [30] (Title: Chad Henne) Chad Henne Chad Steven Henne (born July 2, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He attended the University of Michigan. While attending, Henne became the second all time true freshman starting quarterback in Michigan history; accumulated a total of 32 wins in regular season play, 8,740 offensive yards, and 87 touchdowns; and in his senior season, led the Wolverines to a Capital One Bowl victory over Florida. He was subsequently named as the game's MVP after throwing for over 350 yards. Henne's professional career began when he was drafted Document [31] (Title: Bob Berry (American football)) Eagles. Berry was out of college during the 1961 season, a de facto redshirt year. Berry played three seasons with the Vikings, the first two under head coach Norm Van Brocklin, a former Oregon quarterback, and was primarily a reserve behind Fran Tarkenton. He made his first start in 1966, a loss in the snow at home to the expansion Atlanta Falcons on December 4. Following the 1966 season, Tarkenton demanded to be traded and was sent to the New York Giants for multiple draft picks and Van Brocklin stepped down as head coach. Joe Kapp was the starting quarterback Document [32] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) would not join the Vikings prior to training camp, however, and Jackson and Rosenfels split duties in the early part of camp. Jackson was the second quarterback to play in the opening preseason game, and was expected to start the second preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs. That changed, however, when Favre announced that he would play for the Vikings after all, signing with the team on August 19. Jackson, Rosenfels, and 2008 third-stringer John David Booty were believed to be competing for two roster spots, and for the primary backup job. Many observers believed the Vikings would attempt Document [33] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) He signed with the Vikings. Tarkenton, 21, played his first National Football League game (and the Vikings' first game) on September 17 against the Chicago Bears coming off the bench to lead the Vikings to a come-from-behind victory by passing for 250 yards and four touchdown passes and running for another as the Vikings defeated the Bears 37–13. He was the only player in NFL history to pass for four touchdowns in his first NFL game, until the feat was repeated by Marcus Mariota in the Tennessee Titans' 2015 season opener versus the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played for the Document [34] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) were the worst in the entire league. 31 QBs threw more touchdown passes while only 10 threw more interceptions than Johnson in the 2006 NFL season. On February 28, 2007, the Vikings released Johnson in favor of rookie quarterback Tarvaris Jackson. On March 5, 2007, Johnson signed a three-year deal with the Dallas Cowboys to back up Tony Romo. Johnson played little in the 2007 season. He played in week 17 against the Washington Redskins, going 7-for-11 for 79 yards in the 27–6 loss. During the 2008 season, Romo suffered a broken pinkie finger on his throwing hand in week Document [35] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round. Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny. The Vikings won their first regular season game, defeating the Chicago Bears 37–13 on Opening Day 1961; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset. Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3–11 record. The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of Document [36] (Title: Joe Webb) reps at the same weight, according to UAB athletic department. Webb also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.43 seconds. "Source": On April 24, 2010, Webb was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings, 199th overall in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was originally drafted as a quarterback/wide receiver prospect, but then head coach Brad Childress announced that Webb would exclusively play quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings. Webb's National Football League (NFL) debut was against the Buffalo Bills on December 5, 2010. He took the opening kickoff – becoming the first Vikings quarterback to return a kickoff – before Document [37] (Title: Tommy Kramer) throw for over 450 yards in a game twice, and once threw six touchdowns in a single game, versus the Green Bay Packers. He was released by the Vikings after the 1989 season and signed by the New Orleans Saints in 1990. He appeared in only one game for the Saints (against the Vikings) and retired after the 1990 season. Tommy Kramer Thomas Francis "Tommy" Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the NFL from 1977 to 1990. He played collegiately at Rice University and was selected by the Minnesota Document [38] (Title: Kyle Sloter) Sloter was signed to the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 16, 2017. Kyle Sloter Kyle Joseph Sloter (born February 7, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Northern Colorado and high school football at Mount Pisgah Christian School. Source: Sloter signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on May 13, 2017. In the preseason, Sloter completed 31 of 43 passes for 413 yards with three touchdowns and no interceptions for a passer rating of 125.4, Document [39] (Title: Christian Ponder) career touchdown completing a short pass to Visanthe Shiancoe. Ponder helped the 1-5 Vikings give the undefeated Packers a close game and finished 13 of 32 for 219 yards with 2 touchdowns and 2 interceptions in the 27-33 loss. Ponder was able to get his first win as an NFL starting quarterback the following week against his fellow 2011 draft mate Cam Newton and the Carolina Panthers on October 30, 2011. He threw for 236 yards and a touchdown, and had a passer rating of 102.7. After a bye week, the Vikings faced off against the Packers again, this time Document [40] (Title: Brad Childress) we value the positive environment he has created for the Minnesota Vikings on and off the field, He has continued to positively impact this team and create a strong foundation for future success." Partly due to frustration with the development of quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, the Vikings signed Brett Favre for the 2009 season. Favre joined to the team after a controversial courtship which included Childress picking him up at the airport. Favre led the Vikings to a 12–4 season, losing to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship Game. The Vikings acquired wide receiver Randy Moss and a seventh-round Document [41] (Title: Kevin Kolb) in each of his first two career starts. He was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Week after his efforts against the Chiefs. Kolb expressed his desire to be the starting quarterback for the Eagles during the 2010 offseason: "Obviously my goal is to be the starter and to start for 16 games and to lead this team as far as we can go. Personally, I don't have a lot of personal goals right now, they're more team-oriented, besides me getting on the field and proving I can take over this thing." Kolb gained many comparisons to the situation Document [42] (Title: Taylor Heinicke) He ran for 139 yards and 2 touchdowns. He also punted 14 times for a total of 661 yards. "Source": Heinicke went undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft, but signed with the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. He competed against Mike Kafka to back up Vikings starting quarterback Teddy Bridgewater along with Shaun Hill. Kafka would get injured and was placed on injured reserve, making way for Heinicke to be the third string QB. On September 3, 2016, Heinicke was placed on the reserve/NFI list with an off-the-field injury suffered between minicamp and training camp. He was activated Document [43] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) 12 passes for 123 yards and 1 touchdown and ran twice for 3 yards. Starting Week 11 (November 17), Johnson became the regular starter for the Vikings after Moon was again injured. Johnson led Minnesota to a 4-2 record to end the season. With a Week 15 (December 15) victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21-10, Minnesota clinched a playoff berth for the season. Johnson clinched the win for Minnesota with a 36-yard touchdown pass to Cris Carter, part of a 99-yard drive. Minnesota finished the regular season 9-7, second place in the NFC Central. Johnson made his postseason debut Document [44] (Title: Mark Carlson (quarterback)) Mark Carlson (quarterback) Mark Carlson was a quarterback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team from 1976-1979. During his senior year in 1979, Carlson passed for 2188 yards and 11 touchdowns, which was good enough to earn him Team MVP honors on a squad that finished 4-6-1 under first-year head coach Joe Salem. During his tenure with the Gophers, Carlson competed with Wendell Avery for the starting quarterback position, both having varying success at different times during this period. Mark Carlson first made a name for himself during his sophomore season in 1977 in one of the biggest wins in Document [45] (Title: Joel Stave) career Joel Stave was named Holiday Bowl Offensive MVP and captured the title of winningest quarterback in Badgers history with 31 career wins, surpassing Brooks Bollinger's record set in 2002. Stave finished his career at Wisconsin as program's all-time leader in wins as a starting quarterback, with 31. Stave, a civil engineering major, also finished All-Academic Big Ten four times, breaking a record previously held by Drew Brees. He was also given the Big Ten Medal of Honor in 2016 "Source": Stave signed as an undrafted free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 2016. On September 3, 2016, he was Document [46] (Title: Jonathan Quinn) transferring. His senior year numbers surpassed the numbers that Holcomb had put up his senior season. Quinn was the starting quarterback for the 2001 World Bowl champion Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe, where he was the league leading passer throwing for 2,247 yards, and was named World Bowl MVP. Quinn was signed by the Kansas City Brigade of the Arena Football League (AFL) during the 2006–2007 offseason, but retired due to injury. From 2007 to 2008, Quinn was the offensive coordinator for MidAmerica Nazarene University (MNU) in Olathe, Kansas. On April 3, 2009, he was named as the head football Document [47] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) Kelly Holcomb. Bollinger was able to start for the Vikings in week 10 against the Packers, but after a terrible performance by the Vikings in a 0–34 loss, Bollinger was listed as the 2nd string quarterback for week 11 with Jackson taking back the starting position. In 2008, the Minnesota Vikings drafted USC quarterback John David Booty in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. This meant that Bollinger would be fighting for a third string spot with Booty behind Tarvaris Jackson and veteran Gus Frerotte. After a disappointing preseason, Bollinger lost the third-string spot and was released by Document [48] (Title: University of Limerick Vikings) the new Vikings special teams captain Sean Goldrick (last year's rookie of the year) after he broke tackles and sprinted 45 yards for a TD after Garvey connected with him. The Rebels got the ball back and wanted to level the scores before the half driving down the Vikings pitch bending the Viking d to their limit until the usual dominating Rebels veteran quarterback Dennehy threw a pass that was intercepted by a player who has also been dominating the IAFL for years and years, Vikings captain Liam Ryan, who over the years has developed the skills to become a Document [49] (Title: 2007 Minnesota Vikings season) goal, before closing out the win in the fourth quarter with quarterback Damon Huard completing a 16-yard touchdown pass to Dwayne Bowe. Trying to snap a two-game losing streak, the Vikings returned home for an NFC North duel with the Green Bay Packers. With regular starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson recovering from injuries, Kelly Holcomb started in his place. In the first quarter, the Vikings trailed early as Brett Favre threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to Greg Jennings, surpassing Dan Marino with the 421st touchdown pass of his career. After Favre was honored for his accomplishment, Minnesota narrowed the margin between Document [50] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) in a move that drew a lot of praise from Vikings fans, coach Brad Childress benched starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson and replaced him with Gus Frerotte. Frerotte would get the Vikings their first win, defeating the Carolina Panthers 20–10 at home. During the game, cornerback Antoine Winfield sacked Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme, forcing a fumble that Winfield returned 19 yards for a touchdown; Childress said after the game that he thought Winfield had a half-second left, at the time he picked up the football, before it would have been ruled a dead ball and hence an incomplete pass. However, the Document [51] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) offensive coordinator Jay Gruden (who ended up as the head coach of the Washington Redskins), former Vikings (and current Seattle Seahawks) offensive coordinator Darell Bevell, and Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer. After several weeks, Zimmer was named the ninth head coach in Vikings history on January 15, 2014. Coordinators Bill Musgrave and Alan Williams were replaced by former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner and former Miami Dolphins linebacker coach George Edwards, respectively. Zimmer had been a coordinator and assistant coach within the NFL for two decades, but this was his first head coaching job in the NFL. With Document [52] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Vikings had little to celebrate the next week; not only did they lose to the Carolina Panthers 38–13 on the road, but they also lost star quarterback Daunte Culpepper for the season with a knee injury. Culpepper had thrown twice as many interceptions as touchdowns up to that point. At this point, the Vikings were 2–5. Taking Culpepper's place would be Brad Johnson (Vikings from 1992 to 1998 and quarterback of the Super Bowl XXXVII champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers) and, upon taking over, led the Vikings to a six-game winning streak, including victories over the Detroit Lions at home (27–14), Document [53] (Title: Mike Wells (quarterback)) in high school, he was also selected by the San Diego Padres in the 1969 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign and never played professional baseball. Mike Wells (quarterback) Michael Eugene Wells (born June 18, 1951) is a former NFL quarterback who played briefly in 1977. He was originally drafted in 1973 by the Minnesota Vikings but did not appear in a Vikings regular-season game. He played for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1977 but saw very limited action. Wells was a high-school football All American at Normal Community High School in Normal, Illinois before going on to play Document [54] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) snatched veteran wide receiver Bernard Berrian away from the Chicago Bears. To stiffen up the defense as well, the Vikings signed former Kansas City Chiefs defensive end Jared Allen to a six-year, $72.4 million contract. The Vikings stumbled out of the gate in the first two games of the season, losing to the Green Bay Packers (who were without Brett Favre, who had signed with the Jets, for the first time in 16 years) 24–19 at Lambeau Field on Monday Night Football and to Peyton Manning and the Indianapolis Colts 18–15 at the Vikings' home opener on September 14. However, Document [55] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) injury and missed the rest of the season. On March 3, 2011, the Vikings declined to tender Jackson a contract offer to play for them in the 2011 season. Under league rules, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent. Jackson officially signed a two-year contract with Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2011 and was announced as the starting quarterback shortly after. In Seattle, he had been reunited with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and wide receiver Sidney Rice both members of the Vikings during his time there. Along with wide receiver Mike Williams, Jackson was appointed to offensive team captain, which was Document [56] (Title: Brett Favre) breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback, and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an "Iron man". In 2009, Favre surpassed defensive end Jim Marshall for starts at any position with his record-breaking 271st start as a quarterback as the Vikings played the Lions. His streak ended at 297, with the last start in the streak coming on December 5, 2010 against the Buffalo Bills. Favre was unable to start the Vikings' December 13 game against the New York Giants due to a shoulder injury, despite the game being delayed for a day Document [57] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) first time since their 2009 Divisional Play-off to take on the Seattle Seahawks. Quarterback Brett Favre lasted for eight series and threw for 187 yards on 16 completions, but the Vikings only came away with 10 points while he was on the field. The first points of the game came from an interception of a Favre pass, as Seattle safety Earl Thomas got to the ball ahead of wide receiver Bernard Berrian and returned it for an 86-yard touchdown. Nevertheless, Darius Reynaud returned the ensuing kickoff for 73 yards, giving Adrian Peterson the opportunity to rush 23 yards in two Document [58] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) a starter at both wide receiver and kickoff returner, a replacement had to be selected at KR; Percy Harvin was added to the roster on January 4, 2010, making it nine Vikings in the NFC roster. Antoine Winfield was added to the NFC roster as an extra cornerback on January 19, 2010, bringing the Vikings' contribution to the roster to 10 players. Had the Vikings reached Super Bowl XLIV, none of their players would have appeared in the 2010 Pro Bowl, but they lost to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship Game. Nevertheless, QB Brett Favre (ankle), CB Document [59] (Title: Jared Goff) round of the NFL Draft as a Los Angeles-based franchise. On June 9, 2016, Goff signed a four-year deal worth $27.9 million in money guaranteed including an $18.6 million signing bonus. On November 15, Goff was named the Rams' starting quarterback for the game against the Miami Dolphins after spending the first nine games as the backup to veteran quarterback Case Keenum. Goff then started the final seven games of the season. On November 20, 2016, he made his professional debut and first career start against the Miami Dolphins and lost 14–10, completing 17-of-31 attempts for 134 passing yards, and Document [60] (Title: 2008 Minnesota Vikings season) Jets. On February 29, the team signed safety Madieu Williams, formerly of the Cincinnati Bengals, and fullback Thomas Tapeh, formerly of the Philadelphia Eagles. On March 1, the team signed wide receiver Bernard Berrian, formerly of the Chicago Bears. On March 4, running back and special teams specialist Maurice Hicks, formerly of the San Francisco 49ers, signed a three-year contract to join the team. On March 14, the team signed linebacker and special-teams standout Derrick Pope, formerly of the Miami Dolphins. On March 17, the Vikings signed former Seattle Seahawks defensive tackle Ellis Wyms, and re-signed wide receiver Robert Ferguson; Document [61] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) in Week 9 (November 8), in a 31-24 win over the New Orleans Saints, after Cunningham injured his knee. With 28-for-38 passing over 316 yards, Johnson had one passing touchdown and 2 interceptions. However, Johnson broke his thumb in the first play of the third quarter. Cunningham returned as starter the following week, and Johnson next played in the Week 15 50-10 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars. Minnesota finished the 1998 season a franchise-best 15–1 and advanced to the NFC championship game, where they came a field goal short of the Super Bowl against the Atlanta Falcons. Following the season, Document [62] (Title: Randall Cunningham) during the 1998 campaign when he guided the Vikings to a 15–1 regular season record with 34 touchdown passes, only 10 interceptions, and 3,704 passing yards. Cunningham had a good supporting cast that year with Cris Carter, rookie Randy Moss, and Jake Reed at wide receiver and Robert Smith and Leroy Hoard at running back. Cunningham led the league with a 106.0 passer rating while the Vikings scored a then-NFL record 556 points during the 1998 season, making him the first black quarterback to lead the league in that category. Cunningham claimed the Vikings' Monday night 37–24 victory over the Document [63] (Title: Bob Lee (quarterback)) threw a touchdown pass in Super Bowl XI. With starting quarterback Fran Tarkenton's late season injury in the 1977 season, Lee started and led the Vikings to a 14-7 win over the Los Angeles Rams in the Divisional Round of the Playoffs. The game was infamous due to the muddy conditions. Lee started the NFC Championship the next week as well against the Dallas Cowboys, but the Vikings lost 23-6. He was also a backup in Super Bowl XIV as a member of the Los Angeles Rams. During his stint with the Falcons, he led Atlanta to a 20-14 victory Document [64] (Title: 1961 Minnesota Vikings season) after Max Winter and Bill Boyer agreed to start an American Football League (AFL) franchise in Minnesota, the NFL approached them to change leagues. The "Vikings" name was given to the team by Ole Haugsrud, who had been given a 10% stake in the franchise as a result of having sold the Duluth Eskimos back to the league in the 1920s. This was the first regular season game in Vikings history. George Shaw started the game at quarterback for the Vikings, but he was soon replaced by rookie quarterback Fran Tarkenton. Tarkenton threw four touchdown passes and ran for another Document [65] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) power, but did not return to the game, citing a shoulder injury (later revealed to be a sprain in his throwing shoulder). At 297 consecutive starts over 19 seasons, this injury would put an end to Favre's all-time NFL consecutive start streak. In his place, backup QB Tarvaris Jackson took over for the rest of the game. They got off to a bad start after Jackson's pass was intercepted by CB Drayton Florence and returned 40 yards for a touchdown. They overcame this deficit with Jackson getting a 31-yard TD pass to WR Sidney Rice. It was originally ruled an Document [66] (Title: Christian Ponder) Christian Ponder Christian Andrew Ponder (born February 25, 1988) is a former American football quarterback. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft and started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. He played college football at Florida State University and was the Seminoles starting quarterback from 2008 to 2010. Since December 2012, Ponder has been married to ESPN personality Samantha Ponder (formerly Steele). Ponder was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Grapevine, Texas. Document [67] (Title: Christian Ponder) the season for the Vikings under McNabb, Ponder made his NFL debut against the Chicago Bears in the fourth quarter on October 16, 2011. In a game where the Vikings were blown out 39-10, Ponder completed 9 of 17 passes for 99 yards in his first real action. It was announced on Tuesday, October 18, that he would make his first start the following Sunday against the Green Bay Packers replacing McNabb as the starter. On Ponder's first career pass attempt as a starter he hit Michael Jenkins on a 72-yard playaction pass. Two plays later, he threw his first Document [68] (Title: Josh Freeman) team photo and his teammates did not select him as a team captain for the first time since his rookie campaign. He was released by the team on October 3, 2013 after the team tried unsuccessfully to trade him. On October 6, 2013, Freeman signed with the Minnesota Vikings. He would begin to compete for the starting job with incumbent Christian Ponder and Matt Cassel. He changed his number to 12 after swapping with punter Jeff Locke, as Freeman had worn the number in high school. On October 16, 2013, he had been named starting quarterback for the week 7 Document [69] (Title: Case Keenum) to the Texans for Keenum, where he played until signing as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 2017. After starter Sam Bradford got injured, Keenum came in and had a career year, setting highs in starts, passing yards, completions and touchdowns. He led the Vikings to a 13-win regular season, followed by a last-second win over the New Orleans Saints in the divisional round of the playoffs; the Vikings lost in the next round to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles. Keenum once again became a free agent, and signed a two-year deal with the Broncos in Document [70] (Title: Daunte Culpepper) the end of the year, he was selected to his first Pro Bowl. Randy Moss, wide receiver for the Vikings, said that Culpepper was one of the most talented quarterbacks he has ever seen following the 2000 season. Culpepper struggled over the next two seasons beginning in 2001 throwing 14 touchdowns to 13 interceptions. The Vikings finished the season 5–11. Culpepper started all 11 games in which he appeared, missing the final five games of the season with a knee injury he suffered in a game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 2. He completed 60 percent of his passes Document [71] (Title: Shaun Hill) of Hill. Hill would finish the 2014 season with 1,657 passing yards, 8 touchdowns, 7 interceptions, and an 83.9 quarterback rating in 9 games with 8 starts. On March 10, 2015, Hill signed with the Minnesota Vikings. In Week 9 against St. Louis, Teddy Bridgewater left the game in the second half with a concussion. Hill took over for the rest of the game, which the Vikings won 21-18 in overtime. After Bridgewater was placed on injured reserve during the 2016 offseason, Hill was selected to start Week 1 of the 2016 season over Sam Bradford, who the Vikings traded Document [72] (Title: Rick Spielman) him in 2015. In 2015, the Vikings brought in Terence Newman and traded for Mike Wallace. Under Rick Spielman, the Vikings have also hit on undrafted players like Andrew Sendejo, Marcus Sherels, Matt Asiata, Adam Thielen and in 2015 safety Anthony Harris and Taylor Heinicke (spent 2015 on the roster as the 3rd string QB) On January 3, 2012, Spielman was promoted to General Manager of the Vikings. Despite his overall draft success, Spielman has failed to draft and develop a "franchise quarterback." This led him to bring in Kirk Cousins from the Washington Redskins in 2018, signing him to Document [73] (Title: Mike Kafka) to compete with rookie undrafted signee Taylor Heinicke for the third quarterback job behind starter Teddy Bridgewater and backup Shaun Hill. In the 2015 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Vikings played the Pittsburgh Steelers, Kafka replaced Bridgewater as a member of the team's backup offense in the middle of the second quarter. Kafka threw a 34-yard touchdown pass to rookie tight end MyCole Pruitt, before he was substituted for Heinicke in the third quarter. Kafka did not play in the team's second preseason game, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and he was the fourth quarterback to Document [74] (Title: Christian Ponder) staff and having drafted notable quarterback prospect Teddy Bridgewater in the 2014 NFL Draft, Ponder was effectively rendered a third-string quarterback. Despite this, Ponder stated that he wished to stay with the Vikings, stating that he had learned a lot from new offensive coordinator Norv Turner. During the preseason Ponder was booed by the Vikings fans in a home preseason game, to which many in the organization, including new head coach Mike Zimmer and receiver Greg Jennings stuck up for him. "You boo one of us, you boo all of us," Jennings was quoted as saying. After being inactive for Document [75] (Title: Minneapolis Miracle) 2016 season, Minnesota's starting quarterback Teddy Bridgewater suffered a non-contact injury that produced a dislocated knee, torn ACL and "other structural damage." The severity of the injury nearly cost Bridgewater his leg and compelled the Vikings to trade two draft picks to the Philadelphia Eagles for Sam Bradford as a replacement. The Vikings began 2016 with a 5–0 record before collapsing to finish 8–8. The Saints, for their part, produced their third consecutive 7–9 showing in 2016, leading to rumors that they might fire or trade coach Sean Payton during the offseason. Despite the speculation to the contrary, Payton retained Document [76] (Title: Todd Bouman) the Vikings starting quarterback toward the end of the 2001 NFL season after Culpepper was injured. In a game against the Tennessee Titans, Bouman completed 21 of 31 passes for 384 yards and four touchdowns and was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In 2002, Bouman took over again for Culpepper with the Vikings trailing the New York Giants 27-20 but could not complete a potential tying touchdown drive. After the game, Bouman expressed interest in becoming a starting quarterback. In 2003, the Vikings traded Bouman to the New Orleans Saints as a backup to Aaron Brooks. On December Document [77] (Title: Joe Webb) rushing touchdown and throwing for 195 yards, he was 17-of-26 with no interceptions. Initially projected to lose by two touchdowns, the Vikings pulled off an upset win, 24–14. In the regular season finale against the Detroit Lions, he finished with 145 passing yards and an interception in the 20–13 loss. During the 2011 season, Webb was used occasionally as part of a "blazer package" specially designed for his unique skill set. In the Vikings' week 14 game vs the Detroit Lions, starting quarterback Christian Ponder was benched early in the third quarter after throwing three interceptions and fumbling once. Webb Document [78] (Title: Steve Pelluer) He was the last quarterback to start and win a game for a Tom Landry-coached team. The next year, he asked to be traded, after Jimmy Johnson was hired as the new head coach and drafted two rookie quarterbacks (Troy Aikman and Steve Walsh). On October 17, 1989, he was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for a third round draft choice in 1990 (#68-Ron Lewis) and a fourth round draft choice in 1991 (#106-Bill Musgrave). In 1989, he appeared in 5 regular season games with 3 starts. On November 5, he led his team to a 20–10 Document [79] (Title: Christian Ponder) as a Viking was over. In August 2017, the two moved to New York City. Christian Ponder Christian Andrew Ponder (born February 25, 1988) is a former American football quarterback. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft and started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. He played college football at Florida State University and was the Seminoles starting quarterback from 2008 to 2010. Since December 2012, Ponder has been married to ESPN personality Samantha Document [80] (Title: Brett Favre) two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super Document [81] (Title: Christian Ponder) Bowl, Ponder won MVP honors after throwing for 2 touchdowns and leading the South to a win over the heavily favored North. Ponder was selected 12th overall by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Ponder was the fourth quarterback selected in the draft behind Cam Newton, Jake Locker, and Blaine Gabbert. Ponder did not have a typical rookie offseason following the draft due to the 2011 NFL lockout. Late in July, the Vikings traded for veteran quarterback Donovan McNabb to start and mentor Ponder. Three days after the McNabb trade, Ponder agreed to terms Document [82] (Title: Minneapolis Miracle) his position as the Saints' head coach for 2017, although five assistant coaches lost their jobs. Minnesota entered the 2017 campaign with Bradford as its starting quarterback, as Bridgewater was still recovering from his knee injury. Bradford suffered a knee injury of his own in a week 1 game against the Saints, resulting in Case Keenum taking over at the quarterback position. Keenum subsequently led the Vikings to a 13–3 regular season record and the NFC North title for just the second time since 2009. Three Vikings scored eight touchdowns: running back Latavius Murray, wide receiver Stefon Diggs, and tight Document [83] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) two touchdown passes to Allen Reisner. The Vikings traveled to Tennessee to face the Titans in the preseason finale. The Vikings' defense excelled in keeping the Titans to a minimal score, and recorded a strip sack by Corey Wootton and an interception by Julian Posey. Teddy Bridgewater was the starter for this game, and led the Vikings to score 10 points in their first two drives. Christian Ponder then took over for the rest of the game, leading three more scoring drives, though he and the offense were unable to score any touchdowns. The Vikings opened their season on the Document [84] (Title: Todd Kalis) The team finished 9–7 and secured a Wild Card Playoff berth. On January 9, 1994 the Vikings played against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium with Jim McMahon as their starting quarterback. The Vikings lost the game 17–10 and Kalis played his last game as a Minnesota Viking. The Minnesota Vikings finished the season 2nd in the NFC Central Division. During the off season prior to the 1994 regular season Kalis worked with his agent G. Bruce Allen to find a new NFL home. On May 20, 1994 he signed a new three-year contract and began his career with Document [85] (Title: Charles Johnson (wide receiver, born 1989)) Mike Wallace earned the starting role in training camp. Johnson ended up starting 4 games while appearing in 11. In the Vikings eight game of the season against the Chicago Bears, the game was tied 20-20 with just one minute remaining in the fourth quarter. On a 2nd-and-7 with 36 seconds remaining, Bridgewater threw an up-for-grabs pass in Johnson's direction and he hauled it in for a 35-yard gain (longest of the season) that set up the game-winning field goal by Blair Walsh. He was inactive for the final 3 games of the season including the Wild Card Playoff game. Document [86] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) since . Rookie Anthony Barr recorded half a sack, and Kurt Coleman intercepted Raiders quarterback Derek Carr once. On the offense, Matt Cassel started and shined on his sole drive, leading the team down the field, where Matt Asiata scored the Vikings' only touchdown of the game from a yard out. After Cassel's drive, rookie quarterback Teddy Bridgewater entered the game and played a few drives, completing 6 of 13 pass attempts for 49 yards, getting sacked twice, and fumbling once (fellow Viking Matt Kalil recovered the fumble). The Vikings got a field goal on the second drive. Shortly after Document [87] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) that was stretching it". Most pre-draft publications did not even have him listed as one of the top 10 eligible quarterbacks, while he was the 5th selected. On July 26, 2006, Jackson signed a four-year deal with Minnesota, including a $1 million signing bonus. Vikings coach Brad Childress was quoted days before the draft as saying he was interested in finding a "developmental guy", a "diamond in the rough" quarterback of the future, raw talent he could teach a system. Both new coach Childress and Vikings former quarterback Brad Johnson had had success developing quarterbacks in the past, including A. Document [88] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) game against a divisional opponent, although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback. On January 3, 2016, the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20–13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009. The Vikings, led by their top 5 defense, ended the 2015 season with an 11–5 record, and a #3 seed in the playoffs. However, they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10–9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27-yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history. The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late Document [89] (Title: Clayton Thorson) 2018 Big Ten West title. Reference Clayton Thorson Clayton James Thorson is an American football quarterback. He is currently a redshirt senior and the starting quarterback for the 2018 Northwestern Wildcats football team. After redshirting in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback in 2015 and led the Wildcats to the third 10-win season in program history. As a starter for the 2016 team, he earned Academic All-Big Ten honors. Thorson was selected by ESPN.com as the seventh best high school quarterback and played in the 2014 Semper Fidelis All-American Bowl. Thorson attended Wheaton North High School in Wheaton, Illinois. Document [90] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) round of the draft. The Vikings had traded their second round and fourth round picks to the Seattle Seahawks to move up and select Bridgewater. Bridgewater signed a four-year contract worth $6.85 million with a $3.3 million signing bonus with the Minnesota Vikings. Bridgewater entered the season as the second-string quarterback, behind veteran Matt Cassel but ahead of Christian Ponder. Bridgewater made his regular season debut on September 21, 2014, against the New Orleans Saints, entering in relief of the injured Cassel and finishing the game with 150 passing yards. He was named the starting quarterback for the remainder of Document [91] (Title: Christian Ponder) he completed nearly 67% of his passes, threw five touchdowns, rushed for two touchdowns, and had a quarterback rating of 86.5. His final start of the season came on December 1, when Ponder was forced to leave the game against the Bears due to a concussion. Cassel finished the game leading the Vikings to a win and started the final four games of the season. In total, the Vikings finished the season 5-10-1 and Ponder went 2-6-1 as a starter. Following the disappointing 2013 season, Ponder's future with the Vikings fell in doubt. With the Vikings obtaining a new coaching Document [92] (Title: Kolton Browning) Marshals. On April 19, 2018, Browning was released by the Marshals. Kolton Browning Kolton Ryan Browning (born October 17, 1990), is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He won a FXFL Championship with the Brooklyn Bolts in 2014. He was the starting quarterback for the ULM Warhawks from 2009 to 2013. After being redshirted in 2009, Browning took over as the Warhawks starting quarterback in 2010. In 2012, he was the Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Year and led the Warhawks to their first ever bowl game against Ohio University in the Independence Bowl Document [93] (Title: Tony Petersen) eight seasons at the University of Minnesota (1999–2006), Petersen served as co-offensive coordinator, quarterbacks coach and eventually the passing coordinator for the Golden Gophers. Quarterback Bryan Cupito set the new all-time leading passing mark under Petersen. In 2006, the Gophers had a 2,000-yard passer for a fifth straight year, a school record. Petersen also played a crucial role in the progress of Asad Abdul-Khaliq at Minnesota as the quarterback rewrote the Gophers' record books. Petersen spent the 2007 and 2008 seasons as the Quarterbacks coach for the Iowa State Cyclones football team. Under Petersen, Iowa State quarterback Bret Meyer finished Document [94] (Title: Sam Bradford) in the 2010 NFL Draft. That year, Bradford set the record for most completions by a rookie in NFL history, which helped earn him the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award. Prior to the start of the 2015 season, the Rams traded Bradford along with a 2015 fifth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for quarterback Nick Foles, a 2015 fourth-round pick, and a 2016 second-round pick. Following his 2015 campaign with the Eagles, in which he set career-highs in passing yards (3,725), completion percentage (65%) and yards per attempt (7.0), the Minnesota Vikings acquired Bradford after Document [95] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) he was injured and replaced by rookie Tarvaris Jackson. The injury kept him sidelined through most of his 2006 season. After some shaky preseason and early season relief efforts in 2007, Bollinger was listed as the 3rd string quarterback on the Minnesota Vikings depth chart. While keeping a positive focus for his team, in early November 2007 Bollinger was ready once again to play his part in the role of the starting quarterback position for an NFL team after yet another series of unfortunate incidents of injuries and failed performances by 1st and 2nd string quarterbacks Tarvaris Jackson and veteran Document [96] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) a kneeldown. With the close win over the Redskins, the Vikings improved to 4–5. Teddy Bridgewater's third win as a starting rookie quarterback breaks the franchise record (two wins) shared by both Fran Tarkenton and Christian Ponder. The Vikings took their bye week in week 10, along with the Texans, Colts, Patriots, Chargers and Redskins. With the overtime win, the Vikings improve to 6–7 and have therefore improved on last year's record. The loss resulted in the Vikings being officially eliminated from playoff contention. Source for this section: Minnesota Vikings' official website. Source for this section: NFL.com. 2014 Minnesota Vikings Document [97] (Title: Jim McMahon) with the Minnesota Vikings in 1993. Supplanting Sean Salisbury as the team's starter, McMahon led the Vikings to eight wins in twelve starts and returned to the postseason as a starter for the first time since 1988. However, the Vikings lost to the New York Giants. After the season, McMahon joined the Arizona Cardinals, now coached by Ryan, for the 1994 season, where he made his final career start in Week 3 against the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season as the team's third quarterback behind Steve Beuerlein and Jay Schroeder and left the team at its conclusion. After failing Document [98] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Andersen's field goal, which was, coincidentally, also a 38-yarder. The Vikings became the first 15–1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl. Randall Cunningham resumed quarterbacking duties again in 1999, but after a 2–4 start, Jeff George was given the starting job. He finished the season with an 8–2 record and led the Vikings into the postseason once again, with an overall team record of 10–6. Minnesota beat Dallas in the wild card game 27–10, and faced playoff newcomers Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the divisional playoffs. The game was a shootout which Minnesota led 17–14 Document [99] (Title: Brent Pease) head coach. Pease was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the eleventh round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He was released and picked up by the Houston Oilers, for whom he started three replacement games during the strike-shortened 1987 season. He spent another year in Houston as a third-stringer behind Warren Moon and his back-up Cody Carlson. In February 1991, Pease became the first quarterback selected in the World League of American Football draft by the Birmingham Fire. After spending the 1991 season as a part-time starter for the Fire, Pease spent 1992 as the backup to Reggie Slack for Document [100] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) at halftime, but the Rams outscored the Vikings 35–20 in the second half to win 49–37. St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. In 2000, led by first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper (a 1999 first-round draft pick out of Central Florida), the Vikings had a season in which Robert Smith ran for a team record 1,521 yards with seven touchdowns. The Vikings were 11–2 after Week 14, but slumped briefly, losing their last three to the Rams, Packers and Colts while Culpepper was hampered by injury. They would go on to make the playoffs for the fifth Document [101] (Title: Rich Gannon) won his first career start in Week 9 (November 4) with a 27–22 win over the Denver Broncos. John Elway, starting quarterback for the Broncos, left the game due to injury after building a 16-0 first-half lead for Denver. Gannon made the winning touchdown drive on a 56-yard trick play pass: first to Herschel Walker, who pitched back to Gannon, who made a deep pass to Anthony Carter for the touchdown. Minnesota won despite Gannon completing less than half of his passes (6-for-13) and being sacked 7 times. The following week against the Detroit Lions, Gannon rushed for a one-yard Document [102] (Title: 2016 Minnesota Vikings season) at quarterback in the team's first game, as Sam Bradford was rested until the second game. Sam Bradford made his first start for the Vikings in week 2 against the Packers just 15 days after being traded. Despite not having much time to learn the offense, Bradford outplayed Aaron Rodgers but ended up hurting his left hand in the first half due to a hit by Clay Matthews. Bradford finished the game completing 22-of-31 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns, helping lead the Vikings to their first win in their new stadium. Sam Bradford faces his former team for Document [103] (Title: Andrew Sendejo) in 2015 from Pro Football Focus. The Minnesota Vikings finished the 2015 season first in the NFC North with an 11–5 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 10, 2016, Sendejo started his first career playoff game and made three solo tackles and a pass deflection during the Vikings' 10–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wildcard Game. On March 5, 2016, the Minnesota Vikings signed Sendejo to a four-year, $16 million contract that includes $3.95 million guaranteed. On September 18, 2016, Sendejo collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) during a 17–14 against the Green Document [104] (Title: Joe Webb) was named the starting quarterback for the Vikings' Wild Card match against the Green Bay Packers after Christian Ponder was sidelined with an elbow injury. Webb finished with 11 completions on 30 attempts with 180 passing yards and one touchdown in a losing effort. With the signing of Matt Cassel on March 14, Vikings coach Leslie Frazier mentioned that Webb may be given consideration to play other positions besides quarterback. "(Webb) is such a talented athlete that we want to make sure that we're doing the right thing by him and our team, as well." said Frazier, "That's something we'll Document [105] (Title: Mike Wells (quarterback)) Mike Wells (quarterback) Michael Eugene Wells (born June 18, 1951) is a former NFL quarterback who played briefly in 1977. He was originally drafted in 1973 by the Minnesota Vikings but did not appear in a Vikings regular-season game. He played for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1977 but saw very limited action. Wells was a high-school football All American at Normal Community High School in Normal, Illinois before going on to play college football at the University of Illinois. He was an all-Big Ten Conference selection in 1972 before being drafted in the fourth round by Minnesota. A three-sport star Document [106] (Title: Kyle Wright) Kyle Wright Kyle Wright (born October 18, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at the University of Miami. Wright began his high school career as starting quarterback on the Vintage High School JV team, in Napa, California. Following his freshman year, he transferred to Monte Vista High in Danville, becoming the second-string quarterback for his first year and the starter his remaining 2 years. Wright was widely regarded as the nation's Document [107] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) out of the University of Louisville. Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season-ending foot injury in week 3. Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial, with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner's Exempt List indefinitely. On April 16, 2015, the league released a statement issuing Peterson's reinstatement to occur on April 17, 2015. The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses, winning only one Document [108] (Title: 2000 Minnesota Vikings season) 2000 Minnesota Vikings season The 2000 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 40th in the National Football League. They won the NFC Central division title with an 11–5 record and beat the New Orleans Saints in the divisional round of the playoffs before losing 41–0 to the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game. After not retaining either Randall Cunningham or Jeff George, the team was led by first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper and running back Robert Smith, who ran for a then team record 1,521 yards and seven touchdowns. The Vikings started out 7–0 and were 11–2 after 14 Document [109] (Title: Kyle Wright) announced that the San Francisco 49ers had claimed Wright off waivers from the Vikings while waiving quarterback Drew Olson to make room. Kyle Wright Kyle Wright (born October 18, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at the University of Miami. Wright began his high school career as starting quarterback on the Vintage High School JV team, in Napa, California. Following his freshman year, he transferred to Monte Vista High in Danville, Document [110] (Title: Josh Booty) LSU (1997–1999), Valdosta State University (2000) and a Cleveland Browns wide receiver in 2001. Another brother, John David, was the starting quarterback at USC in 2007, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in 2008. John David quarterbacked USC's victories over Michigan and Illinois in the 2007 and 2008 Rose Bowls, respectively. He was formerly the spokesperson for TrueMRI in Beverly Hills, California, and has been involved with numerous radio and television commentating work in sports, including Sirius, Fox Sports, ESPN Radio. Josh won the MLB Network reality show "The Next Knuckler", hosted by former Boston Red Sox players Tim Document [111] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) During the 2016 Republican National Convention, Tarkenton gave a speech endorsing Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump. Fran Tarkenton Francis Asbury Tarkenton (born February 3, 1940) is a former National Football League (NFL) quarterback, television personality, and computer software executive. He played in the NFL for 18 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Vikings. Tarkenton's tenure with the Vikings spanned thirteen non-consecutive seasons, playing with the team for six seasons from 1961 to 1966, then for seven seasons from 1972 to 1978. In between his years in Minnesota, Tarkenton was a member of the New York Document [112] (Title: Shaun Hill) Dolphins and Minnesota Vikings, and the Lions finished 6–10. He has since become known as one of the better backup quarterbacks in the NFL, performing well during his appearances. He signed a one-year deal with the St. Louis Rams on March 26, 2014. Following a season-ending ACL injury to starter Sam Bradford in a preseason game on August 23, 2014, Hill was named the new starter by coach Jeff Fisher. However, in Week 2, Hill was replaced by Austin Davis to be the starter. After a bad performance against the Cardinals in late November, Davis was benched again in favor Document [113] (Title: Tommy Kramer) Kramer played in the Senior Bowl and the Blue-Gray Game in 1976 and was named MVP of the Senior Bowl. He also received the Fort Worth Kiwanis Sportsmanship Award in 1976. In 2012, Kramer was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Kramer became the starting quarterback for the Vikings before the 1979 NFL season, when Fran Tarkenton retired. The Vikings drafted him as Tarkenton's heir apparent. He earned the nickname "Two-Minute Tommy" for his many late-game come-from-behind victories, including in the final home game of the 1980 season, against the Cleveland Browns, in which he threw a game-winning Document [114] (Title: Gus Frerotte) 3.75 million dollar deal. He was Tarvaris Jackson's backup for the first two games of the year. On September 17, 2008, he was named the starter for the rest of the 2008 season by head coach Brad Childress. Frerotte led the Vikings to an 8-3 record before suffering a back injury, which reinstated Jackson as the starter. On November 30, 2008, Frerotte tied the NFL record for the longest pass from scrimmage by throwing a 99-yard touchdown pass to Bernard Berrian against the Chicago Bears. Frerotte had expressed interest in being the starting quarterback for the Vikings for the 2009 Document [115] (Title: Brett Favre) officially signed with the Minnesota Vikings on August 18, 2009. He would go on to have a landmark season in which he surpassed former Vikings defensive end Jim Marshall for consecutive starts at one position, with 291, became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat every one of the league's 32 franchises since the NFL first expanded to 32 franchises in 2002, surpassed Dan Marino's previous record for four-touchdown games, and was named to his 11th Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished 12-4 and advanced to the NFC Championship game, ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl XLIV Document [116] (Title: Randall Cunningham) Randall Cunningham Randall Wade Cunningham (born March 27, 1963) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played in the NFL for 16 seasons, primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. Cunningham is also known for his tenure with the Minnesota Vikings. He is the younger brother of former college and professional football player Sam Cunningham and the father of Randall Cunningham II and world champion high jumper Vashti Cunningham. Cunningham was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2016. After playing college football at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Cunningham was selected in Document [117] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) the Vikings on August 30, 2008. On September 8, 2008, Bollinger was signed by the Dallas Cowboys after the team waived wide receiver Mike Jefferson. Bollinger was listed as the third string QB, backing up starter Tony Romo and his backup Brad Johnson. During week 6 of the season, Romo injured a finger on his throwing hand, leaving him out for a few games. After some failed performances by the veteran Brad Johnson, Bollinger made his first appearance for the Cowboys in the second half of the week 9 game against the New York Giants. Bollinger had only been working Document [118] (Title: Mitch Leidner) Vikings as an undrafted free agent on August 20, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017. Mitch Leidner Mitchell Leidner (born January 17, 1994) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Minnesota, and was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. A 2012 graduate of Lakeville South High School. Mitch Leidner's achievements include helping lead his team to a 15–7 record as a junior and senior, including a 2010 section championship, earning all-metro and all-conference honors as a senior, being named honorable mention all-state in 2011,all-conference and Document [119] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) what would have been their first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XI in 1976. The Vikings had ten Pro Bowlers and four All-Pros on their roster, both league-highs for the season. Quarterback Brett Favre announced that he would not sign with the Minnesota Vikings on July 28, 2009, after much speculation that he would. Less than a month later, however, Favre signed a 2-year contract worth $25 million with the Vikings. On February 18, the team released running back Maurice Hicks. On February 27, the team released quarterback Gus Frerotte. On March 3, the team released linebacker Vinny Ciurciu. On Document [120] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) rounds of the 2016 NFL draft. Their sixth-round selection, German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer, was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America. After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016, the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford, who threw for 20 touchdowns, 5 interceptions, 3,877 yards, and led the Vikings to an 8-8 season. Following the knee injury, the Vikings declined to pick up Document [121] (Title: Clayton Thorson) Clayton Thorson Clayton James Thorson is an American football quarterback. He is currently a redshirt senior and the starting quarterback for the 2018 Northwestern Wildcats football team. After redshirting in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback in 2015 and led the Wildcats to the third 10-win season in program history. As a starter for the 2016 team, he earned Academic All-Big Ten honors. Thorson was selected by ESPN.com as the seventh best high school quarterback and played in the 2014 Semper Fidelis All-American Bowl. Thorson attended Wheaton North High School in Wheaton, Illinois. As a senior, he had 2,809 Document [122] (Title: 2007 Minnesota Vikings season) 13 yd line. Jason Elam kicked a 30-yard game-winning field goal. Minnesota was eliminated from playoff contention based on the Redskins' victory over the Dallas Cowboys 27–6. The Vikings final record was 8–8. The Vikings had seven players selected to the 2008 Pro Bowl. Starting on offense were RB Adrian Peterson, fullback Tony Richardson and offensive guard Steve Hutchinson. Starting at defense were defensive tackles Kevin Williams and Pat Williams as well as strong safety Darren Sharper. The reserve center was Matt Birk. Only one team, the Dallas Cowboys, had more starters (7). Besides the seven named players for Minnesota, Document [123] (Title: Jerick McKinnon) since Adrian Peterson back in 2007. The second of them came against the Buffalo Bills' No. 1-ranked rush defense in week 7 (103 yards on 19 attempts). He started his first career game against the Detroit Lions in Week 6, joining fellow rookie quarterback Teddy Bridgewater as the first quarterback/running back rookie starting tandem since 1961 for the Vikings when Fran Tarkenton and Tommy Mason opened the Detroit game in 1961. He finished the game with 40 yards on 11 carries and 42 yards on 6 receptions. He missed the game against the Carolina Panthers in November 30 with a Document [124] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) November. It was the sixth time in his career that he won the award. Coming off their easy home win over the Bears, the Vikings flew to the desert for a Week 13 Sunday Night duel with the defending NFC champion Arizona Cardinals. In the first quarter, Minnesota got on the board with quarterback Brett Favre completing a 3-yard TD pass to tight end Visanthe Shiancoe. It was originally ruled an incomplete pass as Shiancoe stepped out of bounds, but Minnesota challenged and won based on the fact that Shiancoe had both feet in bounds and the referee counted Shiancoe's Document [125] (Title: John David Booty) by the Vikings in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. Booty made the team after a pre-season battle for the third spot on the depth chart with Brooks Bollinger. He did not take a snap in 2008, but after starter Gus Frerotte went down with a lower back injury, Booty was listed as the second-string quarterback during the week 15 meeting with the Arizona Cardinals and Tarvaris Jackson made the start. With the signing of Brett Favre in the 2009 off season, Booty switched his jersey from #4 to #9. After an unimpressive performance in the Document [126] (Title: Craig Johnson (American football)) the Year (Vince Young, 2006) and helped an accomplished veteran recapture his high level of play (Kerry Collins). The quarterback group has totaled six Pro Bowl invitations during his coaching tenure. In 2010, Johnson was promoted to running backs coach. That year, Pro Bowler Chris Johnson ran for 1,364 yards and led the team with 44 catches. From 2011 to 2013, Johnson was the quarterbacks coach for the Minnesota Vikings. In his first year with the Vikings, the team drafted quarterback Christian Ponder. Under Johnson’s guidance, Ponder threw for 1,853 yards and 13 touchdowns in 11 games. Ponder also finished Document [127] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) as an assistant to Max Winter, was named general manager of the Vikings. In 1975, the Vikings, led by MVP Tarkenton and Chuck Foreman, finished 12–2, losing only to Detroit and Washington while remaining undefeated until late in the season. However, the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the , 17–14, on a controversial touchdown pass from Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary. On the Vikings' next possession, Tarkenton was sacked just short of the end zone as he stepped back to pass, but the referees refused to penalize Document [128] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) in the game, and leading into it, would later be subject to investigation, as it was eventually revealed that the Saints had been involved in a bounty program beginning in the 2009 season. Eight Minnesota Vikings players were originally selected for the 2010 Pro Bowl: five on offense (Brett Favre, Adrian Peterson, Sidney Rice, Bryant McKinnie and Steve Hutchinson), two on defense (Jared Allen and Kevin Williams) and one special teamer (Heath Farwell). Of these, six were selected to start the game, with Favre and Rice going as reserves. However, as Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver DeSean Jackson was voted as Document [129] (Title: Doug Pederson) drafted [[Carson Wentz]] with the second overall pick in [[2016 NFL Draft|2016]]. Right before the [[2016 NFL season|2016 season]] began, Bradford was traded to the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and Wentz was named the starting quarterback as a [[rookie]]. Pederson and Wentz won their first three NFL games together, but finished the season 7–9, missing the playoffs. Pederson's second season was much more successful as he led the Eagles to a 13-3 record, winning them the NFC East division championship and allotting them home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. Wentz, who was having a career year and was considered a front runner for Document [130] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years. Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight-year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp. During the late 1960s, the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters, led by Alan Page, Carl Eller, Gary Larsen, and Jim Marshall. In 1968, that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth. In 1969, the Vikings secured a 12–2 record. The team had 12 straight regular-season Document [131] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) Fran Tarkenton Francis Asbury Tarkenton (born February 3, 1940) is a former National Football League (NFL) quarterback, television personality, and computer software executive. He played in the NFL for 18 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Vikings. Tarkenton's tenure with the Vikings spanned thirteen non-consecutive seasons, playing with the team for six seasons from 1961 to 1966, then for seven seasons from 1972 to 1978. In between his years in Minnesota, Tarkenton was a member of the New York Giants for five seasons. At the time of his retirement, Tarkenton owned every major quarterback record. Document [132] (Title: Jeff George) return to Minnesota as a starting quarterback but he was told by head coach Dennis Green to "shop around". After attempting to speak to other teams about securing a starting quarterback job he was eventually offered a one year, $400,000 contract by Minnesota, with incentives totaling up to $1.4 million. Rather than sign with the Vikings George signed a four-year contract worth $14.8 million with the Washington Redskins as Brad Johnson's backup. Johnson went down in week 9; George replaced him, and went 1–2 in the next three games. Johnson returned, but played poorly against the New York Giants. George Document [133] (Title: Rich Gannon) the Vikings used all three quarterbacks (Wilson, Kramer, and Gannon), and Gannon was 13-for-18 passing for 144 yards and 1 interception. He rushed for 7 yards and was sacked twice for a total 20 yards. Gannon started his first game in Week 4 (September 30) of 1990 after Wade Wilson had torn thumb ligaments. The Vikings lost that game to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in overtime 23–20. Steve Christie kicked the winning field goal for Tampa in a drive started from a Wayne Haddix interception of a Gannon pass. Gannon would play 14 games in 1990 and start 12. Gannon Document [134] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) the half, the signal calling was turned to Christian Ponder, who managed a pair of first-down passes of 17 and 15 yards early on, but produced little thereafter. The Vikings faced a Cardinals team that shut the Texans out 32–0 in week 1. The Cardinals strained the Vikings' defense, but the offense, headed by Matt Cassel in the first half, was able to keep pace with their scoring to see the Vikings trailing 14–13 at halftime. The Vikings switched to Teddy Bridgewater after the half, and the rookie quarterback orchestrated a pair of drives that put the Vikings back in Document [135] (Title: Mitch Leidner) Mitch Leidner Mitchell Leidner (born January 17, 1994) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Minnesota, and was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. A 2012 graduate of Lakeville South High School. Mitch Leidner's achievements include helping lead his team to a 15–7 record as a junior and senior, including a 2010 section championship, earning all-metro and all-conference honors as a senior, being named honorable mention all-state in 2011,all-conference and honorable mention all-state choice as a junior in 2010.He passed for 2,096 yards and 17 scores in Document [136] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) he began his NFL career. In 2005, Minnesota was struggling with now three-time Pro Bowler Daunte Culpepper starting at quarterback. Randy Moss had been traded in March of that year, and four-time Pro Bowl Center Matt Birk was injured so Culpepper was expected to carry the offense against the top defenses in the NFL. While playing without any offensive weapons, and falling behind early in games the Vikings began the season at 2–5 with Culpepper throwing twice as many interceptions – twelve – as touchdowns – six – and five fumbles (three lost) before tearing his MCL, ACL, and PCL Document [137] (Title: Andrew Sendejo) quarterback Joe Flacco that was originally intended for tight end Ed Dickson in the fourth quarter. He finished 2013 with a career-high 84 combined tackles (52 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and ten starts. On December 30, 2013, the Minnesota Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after they finished fourth in the NFC North with a 5–10–1 record. On August 4, 2014, the Minnesota Vikings activated Sendejo off of their physically unable to perform list after he fully recovered from back surgery he underwent in April. He competed against Robert Blanton and Antone Exum to Document [138] (Title: Randall Cunningham) Green Bay Packers was "the greatest night of my football career". He threw for 442 yards and four touchdowns. However, the Vikings ended up being the first 15–1 team to fall short of the Super Bowl, losing to the underdog Atlanta Falcons in the conference championship game by a field goal. During the early stages of the 1999 season, after throwing nine interceptions in just six games, Cunningham was benched again, this time in favor of Jeff George. After the team announced that second-year quarterback Daunte Culpepper would be the starter prior to the 2000 season, Cunningham was released. Shortly Document [139] (Title: Kyle Sloter) Kyle Sloter Kyle Joseph Sloter (born February 7, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Northern Colorado and high school football at Mount Pisgah Christian School. Source: Sloter signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on May 13, 2017. In the preseason, Sloter completed 31 of 43 passes for 413 yards with three touchdowns and no interceptions for a passer rating of 125.4, the highest of any rookie quarterback. He was waived by the Broncos on September 2, 2017. On September 4, 2017, Document [140] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) rally with a 27-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Marc Bulger to wide receiver Donnie Avery, but Minnesota closed out the game with a 1-yard touchdown run from running back Chester Taylor. With the win, not only did the Vikings acquire their first 5–0 start since 2003, but Favre (18/24, 232 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT) earned his first 5–0 start in his career. Coming off their easy road win over the Rams, the Vikings went home for a Week 6 inter-conference duel with the Baltimore Ravens. Minnesota got off to a fast start in the first quarter with quarterback Brett Document [141] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) starting quarterback for Minnesota towards the end of his rookie season. Jackson's first game was a week 16 night game against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. Game conditions were very poor. A steady rain fell throughout the evening and the kickoff temperature was only 36 degrees Fahrenheit. The Vikings lost by a score of 9-7 with the only Vikings score coming from an interception for a touchdown by defensive back Fred Smoot. The offense set a franchise low record of only three first downs the whole game, did not get close enough to the end zone to even Document [142] (Title: Ben Olson) named starting quarterback for the 2007 Season following the spring training. However, he was plagued, yet again, by injuries and only played in 6 games, completing only 48.3% of his passes for 1040 yards, 7.08 yards per attempt, 7 TDs and 6 INTs. Entering the 2008 season, Olson was the presumptive starting quarterback after a career-ending knee injury to Patrick Cowan, the named starter during spring practice. However, on Saturday, August 9 Olson broke his foot and was sidelined. Olson, whose career has been marked by injuries, broke the fifth metatarsal in his right foot during practice, and X-rays taken Document [143] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) Payne, before throwing a 65-yard TD pass to tight end Garrett Mills. Rosenfels got his third passing TD in the third quarter, with a 71-yard pass to WR Marko Mitchell. The victory was completed with 6:49 left in the game as fellow rookies – QB Joe Webb and TE Mickey Shuler – combined for a two-yard pass. The Vikings' second preseason game took them to San Francisco to take on the 49ers. The game marked the return of quarterback Brett Favre to the Vikings' starting lineup, but he lasted just four plays; the first was a 13-yard pass to RB Document [144] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) quarterback Johnny Manziel, but the Cleveland Browns ended up drafting him 22nd overall. Bridgewater would later get the starting job at the quarterback position when Cassel went out with a season-ending foot injury. Though the Vikings struggled offensively and once again got eliminated from playoff contention, Bridgewater showed signs of being a potential franchise quarterback, and the Vikings' defense had also improved from last season, to offset the struggles. The Vikings improved on their five-win 2013 season with an overtime win over the New York Jets, who the Vikings hadn't beaten since 1975. That game saw wide receiver Jarius Wright Document [145] (Title: Tommy Kramer) Tommy Kramer Thomas Francis "Tommy" Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the NFL from 1977 to 1990. He played collegiately at Rice University and was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (27th overall) of the 1977 NFL Draft after being named MVP of the 1977 Senior Bowl. He was inducted with the 2012 class into the College Football Hall of Fame. Kramer played his high school football at Robert E. Lee High School in San Antonio. He guided the Volunteers to a state title in 1971 Document [146] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) of all players, behind five quarterbacks. After the Detroit Lions' rookie defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh went for surgery on an injured shoulder, Kevin Williams was called up as an alternate. However, due to the imminent arrival of a new baby to him and his wife, Williams himself withdrew from the roster on January 22; he was replaced by the Arizona Cardinals' DT Darnell Dockett. Two days later, CB Antoine Winfield was added to the NFC Pro Bowl roster to replace the Green Bay Packers' Charles Woodson and Tramon Williams, both of whom withdrew due to their participation in Super Bowl Document [147] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) and one touchdown. He finished the game 22-of-36 and 192 yards. Hasselbeck returned as the starter for the subsequent playoff game. Prior to the 2011 preseason, Whitehurst was named the backup to Tarvaris Jackson, the former Vikings quarterback whom Seattle acquired in the 2011 offseason. However, Jackson and Whitehurst were expected to compete for the starting job once Whitehurst became familiar with the new offensive schemes. Whitehurst went 14-of-19 passing with one touchdown to put Seattle on the board against the Vikings in 2011's second preseason action. Whitehurst took over for an injured Jackson during a Week 5 matchup at Document [148] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) on the league's worst team from 2009, the St. Louis Rams. The Rams roster featured rookie quarterback Sam Bradford, signed as the #1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft. Meanwhile, the Vikings were without six members of their regular starting offense, including QB Brett Favre and RB Adrian Peterson. The Rams got the first touchdown of the game with 1:29 remaining in the first quarter, when Danny Amendola returned a Chris Kluwe punt for 93 yards. The Vikings responded with two TDs in the second quarter; first, backup QB Sage Rosenfels passed for two yards to wide receiver Logan Document [149] (Title: Sidney Rice) Rice finished his rookie season with 31 receptions for 396 yards and four touchdowns (second most receiving touchdowns by a 2007 rookie). He also completed two passes including a 79-yard pass, the longest for a non-quarterback in Vikings history. The next season, Rice was named a starter with the Vikings new wide receiver acquisition Bernard Berrian. He got off to a pretty good start scoring a 23-yard touchdown in week one against the Packers. However, Rice suffered a knee injury that kept him out until week 9. When he returned, most of his playing time was when the Vikings were Document [150] (Title: Trevor Siemian) Trevor Siemian Trevor John Siemian (born December 26, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Siemian played college football at Northwestern and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He earned a Super Bowl ring as a backup following the Broncos' Super Bowl 50 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Siemian was born on December 26, 1991, in Danbury, Connecticut, to Walter and Colleen Siemian. Siemian attended Olympia High School in Orlando, Florida. On the football team, he threw for an Orange County record Document [151] (Title: 2017 Chicago Bears season) On "Monday Night Football", Mitchell Trubisky made his NFL debut against the Minnesota Vikings, who led the all-time series 58–52–2, though the Bears had won all but two games at Soldier Field since 2007. Trubisky is the eleventh rookie quarterback in team history to start a game and the first since Kyle Orton in 2005, though only three won their first games (Jim McMahon, Rex Grossman, Craig Krenzel); furthermore, since 2009, only one of nine Bears quarterbacks won in their debuts with the team (Todd Collins). Jeff Joniak emphasized a focus on first down success; the Bears' rushing game, which Document [152] (Title: 2008 Minnesota Vikings season) run-ins with the law. He was due to receive $2.5 million and a $500,000 roster bonus this season. On February 27, the team released backup quarterback Kelly Holcomb. On February 29, the team traded wide receiver Troy Williamson to the Jacksonville Jaguars for a sixth-round pick in the 2008 draft On March 1, the Vikings' former defensive tackle Spencer Johnson joined the Buffalo Bills. On March 3, free agent running back Mewelde Moore left the team to join the Pittsburgh Steelers. On March 7, safety Tank Williams joined the New England Patriots and fullback Tony Richardson joined the New York Document [153] (Title: Chad Hutchinson) after Rex Grossman suffered a season-ending knee injury in the third game of the season, reuniting with quarterback coach Wade Wilson who also held that position with the Cowboys. He would become the fourth quarterback that year to start for the team, after Jonathan Quinn and Craig Krenzel were ineffective in their appearances. Grossman was the projected starter entering the 2005 season, until suffering a broken ankle in preseason. Although Hutchinson was initially named the starter, he was eventually replaced in favor of rookie Kyle Orton, after he had poor preseason performances and the decision to sign Jeff Blake to Document [154] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) Chad Greenway and Shaun Prater each recording an interception. The Vikings' defense managed to hold the Chiefs to five points for a majority of the game until they got a touchdown in the final minute for a total of 12. For the third game running, Cassel was the starting quarterback and he played the majority of this game; he gained 152 passing yards with a touchdown pass to Cordarrelle Patterson, and threw a pick, the Vikings' only turnover of their preseason. Bridgewater also saw a little action; though he made few pass attempts, he gained 40 passing yards and made Document [155] (Title: Asad Abdul-Khaliq) Asad Abdul-Khaliq Asad Tajmmal Abdul-Khaliq (born August 4, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He was the starting quarterback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team from 2000 to 2003. The Gophers went 10-3 during his senior year in 2003 with Abdul-Khaliq under center – the first time they won that many games in a season since a 10-1 season in 1905. He also briefly played for the Chicago Rush and the New York Dragons of the AFL. Abdul-Khaliq was a four-year letter winner with Minnesota and was a two-year captain. He started as a freshman in 2000, although Document [156] (Title: Trevor Siemian) the Carolina Panthers in the 2016 regular season opener and Super Bowl 50 rematch, Siemian completed 18-of-26 passes for 178 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions in his first NFL start and 21-20 victory. He was the first quarterback in NFL history to start the season opener for the defending Super Bowl champion without having thrown an NFL pass. He was the first Northwestern quarterback since Randy Dean in 1979 to start an NFL game. The following week, Siemian threw for 266 yards in a 34–20 win over the Indianapolis Colts, 215 of those yards came in the first half. Document [157] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) still have a chance to make the playoffs, so we're still trying to do that. So it's obvious that Brad is still our quarterback so we can stay on that." Two weeks later in week 15, Johnson started the game but was benched in the fourth quarter when the Vikings had been underperforming the entire game losing by a score of 26-7 at the time Jackson went in late in the third quarter against the New York Jets. Although Johnson had not thrown an interception that game and had a respectable passer rating of 94.2 in the game, the Minnesota Document [158] (Title: 1998 Minnesota Vikings season) spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham, who had the best year of his NFL career, running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie Randy Moss, the Vikings set a then-NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points, never scoring fewer than 24 in a game. The Vikings finished the season 15–1, their only loss by three points to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in week nine. 12 of their 15 wins came by a margin of at least 10 points. According to Football Outsiders, "The Vikings led the league with 52 plays of 25+ yards. Document [159] (Title: Mike McMahon (American football)) Randall Cunningham in 1992. After taking over for McNabb, McMahon compiled a record of two wins and five losses in the games he started. His quarterback rating was 55.2 for the season. He was released on March 20, 2006, three days after the team signed quarterback Jeff Garcia. McMahon was signed to a two-year contract by the Minnesota Vikings on March 23, 2006, a move which reunited him with then-Vikings head coach Brad Childress, who was previously the offensive coordinator in Philadelphia. McMahon lost a training camp battle for the third-string job with fellow quarterbacks Tarvaris Jackson and Brooks Bollinger. Document [160] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) top 10 in the league out of more than 100 quarterbacks who performed. However, in the regular season, Johnson struggled worse than Daunte Culpepper did in 2005, throwing eight touchdowns to fifteen interceptions. Midway through the season, he had already set an NFL record for passes completed short of a first down on third down in a season. Many fans grew restless for the benching of Johnson because of his conservative checkdowns, immobility, and at the same time reckless decisions which plagued the Vikings offense. His quarterback-rating on 3rd downs, with a lead, from behind, and in the red zone Document [161] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) officially named the head coach on January 3, 2011, after signing a three-year contract. On January 17, Brett Favre retired for the third, and officially last, time, leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position. Wasting no time after being appointed head coach, Frazier began to restructure the team's coaching staff, including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator. Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder, a quarterback from Florida State University. The team finished with a 3–13 Document [162] (Title: Bill Musgrave) Michael Vick (2006), Matt Schaub (2006) and Matt Ryan (2008-10). Musgrave was hired by the Minnesota Vikings to the position of offensive coordinator under head coach Leslie Frazier on January 16, 2011. The Vikings posted the top-ranked rushing offense in the league over that span, and Adrian Peterson had his 2,000 rushing yards season and received the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award in 2012. After three seasons with the Vikings, he was not retained by new head coach Mike Zimmer after the 2013 season. Musgrave was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles as the team's quarterbacks coach on Document [163] (Title: Trent Dilfer) 2001) wild-card hopes ended when the Ravens beat the Minnesota Vikings 19–3 on Monday Night Football. At the end of the season, Dilfer's passer rating was 92.0 and he had won 15 straight starts. Partially because the Seattle Seahawks' starting quarterback, Hasselbeck, was coming off a season where he went 5–7 as a starter and threw eight interceptions and seven touchdowns, Dilfer was re-signed by the team to a four-year deal on March 1, and was slated as the starter heading into training camp. However, in an exhibition game against Indianapolis, Dilfer sprained his medial collateral ligament in his right Document [164] (Title: Gus Frerotte) NFL season, but was released on February 27, 2009, after the team traded for quarterback Sage Rosenfels. The Vikings, however, would end up signing Brett Favre to be their eventual starter. As of December 2010, Frerotte works for GAIMPlan Consulting which helps high school athletes pick a college. On January 19, 2011, Frerotte announced he would be taking over as head coach at John Burroughs School in the St. Louis area. His teams were runners up in the state championship game in 2011 and 2012. In 2017, Frerotte joined Coraopolis, PA-based startup RC21X, serving as the Vice President of Brain Document [165] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Detroit to close 2010 at 6–10 and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1991, the last year Jerry Burns was the head coach. With Favre's retirement and Tarvaris Jackson's departures at the end of the season, Joe Webb was widely expected to take over as the starting QB. However, the Vikings front office reportedly did not believe he was suitable for the position and the team instead drafted Florida State QB Christian Ponder with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 draft. Aside from drafting Ponder, the Vikings also had to deal with Document [166] (Title: Tyler Thigpen) preseason. On May 18, 2007, Thigpen became the first of eight Vikings drafted in 2007 to sign a contract, agreeing to a four-year deal. Thigpen then competed with Brooks Bollinger, Tarvaris Jackson, and Drew Henson for a quarterback roster spot for the 2007 NFL season. The Vikings released Thigpen on September 1, 2007 along with several other players. The Vikings planned on signing Thigpen to their practice squad after passing waivers. Several NFL teams had just two quarterbacks on their active roster heading into the season, including the Kansas City Chiefs, who had just recently released quarterbacks Casey Printers and Document [167] (Title: Trevor Siemian) quarter and did not return. He was placed on injured reserve on December 15, 2017. On March 19, 2018, Siemian, along with a 2018 seventh-round draft pick, was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for a 2019 fifth-round draft pick. "Source": Trevor Siemian Trevor John Siemian (born December 26, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Siemian played college football at Northwestern and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He earned a Super Bowl ring as a backup following the Broncos' Document [168] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) playoff berth ended when they lost to the Washington Redskins 32–21 on NBC's "Sunday Night Football." The Vikings then dropped their final regular season game against the Denver Broncos at Invesco Field 22–19. However, unlike in 2004, the Vikings had an 8–8 record but did not make the playoffs. Adrian Peterson also won the NFL's Rookie of the Year award. To replace departing free agent quarterbacks Kelly Holcomb and Brooks Bollinger, the Vikings signed veteran Gus Frerotte, a former Vikings backup from 2003 to 2004, and drafted USC quarterback John David Booty. To amp up the passing attack, the Vikings Document [169] (Title: Kirk Cousins) Kirk Cousins Kirk Daniel Cousins (born August 19, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan State, where he was the Spartans' starter from 2009 to 2011, and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Originally drafted as a backup to fellow rookie Robert Griffin III, he would occasionally appear in games, along with a few starts, during his first three seasons with the team. In the 2015 preseason, Cousins replaced an injured Griffin and remained the team's Document [170] (Title: 2013 Minnesota Vikings season) the Packers, the Vikings, continuing with Christian Ponder as their quarterback, travel to Arlington, Texas to face the Dallas Cowboys. The first quarter was all field goals, as Dallas scored first with a 41-yarder by Dan Bailey, followed by a 23-yarder for the Vikings by Blair Walsh. In the second quarter, Bailey made another field goal from 44 yards to put the Cowboys up by 3, but the Vikings took a 10–6 lead into halftime, capping the ensuing 79-yard drive with a 6-yard run by Ponder. After the half, Cowboy quarterback Tony Romo completed two consecutive 26-yard passes to tight Document [171] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) he was sacked only once. He led a game-tying drive to force overtime, where fellow first-round pick Anthony Barr made a fumble recovery on the Bucs' first overtime play, giving the Vikings a 19–13 win. His third win as a starter, a 29–26 comeback win over the Washington Redskins, broke a franchise record shared by Fran Tarkenton and Ponder for wins among starting rookie quarterbacks. Bridgewater added to this record with wins over the Carolina Panthers, New York Jets, and Chicago Bears in weeks 13, 14, and 17 respectively. The win over the Jets is notable for when wide receiver Document [172] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) Green Bay Packers, signed a two-year, $25 million deal with the Vikings. On October 5, 2009, the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time. With a 30–23 victory on Monday Night Football, the Vikings moved to a 4–0 record. Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter. Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game, beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 (18.6 million Document [173] (Title: 2015 Minnesota Vikings season) Griffen was called up to replace him, his first career Pro Bowl selection. Griffen was followed by a fellow first-time Pro Bowler, safety Harrison Smith, on January 25, after Earl Thomas of the Seattle Seahawks was ruled out of the game due to injury. The next day, quarterback Teddy Bridgewater and linebacker Anthony Barr were added to the Pro Bowl roster as replacements for injured Arizona Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer and New England Patriots linebacker Jamie Collins respectively. Source: Minnesota Vikings' official website Source: NFL.com. 2015 Minnesota Vikings season The 2015 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 55th season in the Document [174] (Title: Christian Ponder) a 14–21–1 record as a starter for the Vikings, having started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. As of the 2016 season, Ponder is eighth in Vikings history in quarterback yards and 10th in passing touchdowns. He also holds multiple rookie quarterback records for the franchise. On March 13, 2015, Ponder signed with the Oakland Raiders on a one-year contract that included a $1.5 million signing bonus. In Oakland, he was reunited with offensive coordinator Bill Musgrave, who coordinated the offense on the Vikings during Ponder's first three seasons with Minnesota. Ponder entered training camp playing Document [175] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) tried to bring experience at the QB position to the team by signing veteran quarterback Vinny Testaverde. The 41-year-old Testaverde failed to perform up to expectations and was benched for Bollinger. Bollinger was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in 2006 for defensive tackle C. J. Mosley and a draft pick where he was reunited with new head coach Brad Childress, his offensive coordinator in college. After a game against the Chicago Bears in which Vikings starting quarterback Brad Johnson threw 4 interceptions, Bollinger came in and replaced him. He threw for 70 yards (with seven completions on nine attempts), before Document [176] (Title: Christian Ponder) with the Vikings on a rookie contract that included $10 million guaranteed. Ponder embraced the competition from McNabb. "The guy deserves a starting job. He's been in the league for a while," Ponder said of McNabb. "My mentality is to be able to go in and compete and try to get that job from him. He deserves to be the starting quarterback. Somewhere down the road I'm going to push to take that over and we'll see." Ponder announced at his introduction press conference that he intended to wear jersey number 7 in the NFL. Following a disastrous start to Document [177] (Title: Matt Cassel) and Ponder. However, on September 21, 2014 Cassel broke his foot against the New Orleans Saints and was placed on injured reserve. In only three games, he totaled 425 passing yards, three touchdowns, and four interceptions. On March 10, 2015, the Vikings traded Cassel along with a sixth round 2015 NFL Draft pick to the Buffalo Bills in exchange for a 2015 fifth round pick and a seventh round pick in 2016. Cassel was involved in a three-way quarterback competition between former Bills first round pick EJ Manuel and former Baltimore Ravens backup Tyrod Taylor. After losing the competition to Document [178] (Title: Wade Wilson (American football)) in Business Management. He finished his college career with 4,616 passing yards, 32 touchdowns and an 18-14-1 record as a starter. Wilson was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the eighth round (210th overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft. He was mostly the backup to quarterback Tommy Kramer until 1987, when Kramer started 5 games and Wilson 7 contests, including the playoffs, where the Vikings advanced to the NFC Championship Game after a tremendous upset of the 13-2 San Francisco 49ers in the Divisional Round, finally succumbing 17-10 to the eventual Super Bowl XXII champion Washington Redskins. In 1988, he Document [179] (Title: Philadelphia Eagles) Browns for the #2 pick and a 2017 fourth-round pick. They used the #2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz. On September 3, 2016, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings, who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season, for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick. Following the trade, the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season. First-time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3–0 start to the season. His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns, no interceptions and over 255 yards Document [180] (Title: Paul Justin) by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for Document [181] (Title: Todd Bouman) Todd Bouman Todd Matthew Bouman (; born August 1, 1972) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He played college football at St. Cloud State. Bouman also played for the New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Louis Rams and Baltimore Ravens. Bouman was born in Ruthton, Minnesota, and attended Russell-Tyler-Ruthton High School (class of 1991) and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. He won All-State honors in football and basketball, and in track & field, he qualified for the State Document [182] (Title: Juston Wood) He was a first-team All-Big Sky Conference selection at quarterback in 2001 and honorable mention in 2002, serving as team captain both seasons. He recorded career passing totals of 414 completions, 724 incompletions, 37 touchdowns and 5,653 yards. He graduated from Portland State with a bachelor's degree in public health education. He was rated the 14th best quarterback in the 2003 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. Wood signed with the Minnesota Vikings on April 28, 2003. He was released by the Vikings on August 25, 2003. Wood played for the Central Valley Coyotes of the af2 from 2004 to 2005. He Document [183] (Title: Paul Burmeister) holding two degrees from the University of Iowa (B.A., 1994, M.A., 1997), Burmeister also played quarterback for Hayden Fry from 1989 - 1993. He started the final 3 games of the 1992 season, and every game in 1993. Burmeister was named offensive captain prior to the 1993 season, and voted MVP at the conclusion of the season that ended with a berth in the inaugural Alamo Bowl. He was invited to participate in the NFL Scouting Combine, after his senior season, and in 1995 spent 5 months with the Minnesota Vikings as a free agent. Paul Burmeister has been an Document [184] (Title: Rich Gannon) for 91 yards and rushed 43 times for 236 yards, including two rushing touchdowns. Competing with Sean Salisbury for the starting job, Gannon ultimately became the Vikings' starting quarterback for 1992. In the final exhibition game of 1992, and with first-year coach Dennis Green, he led the Vikings to a 30–0 defeat of defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins in the Redskins' home field, completing 14 of 21 passes for 124 yards and three touchdowns. In the fourth quarter of the Week 5 (October 4) home game against the Chicago Bears, Gannon led a Vikings rally from a 20–0 deficit Document [185] (Title: Jeff George) season and was benched. George took over the starting role, in 10 games as a starter going 8–2 with 23 touchdowns, 8.6 yards per attempt and a 94.2 rating in leading Minnesota to the playoffs. George won his first career playoff game, throwing three touchdown passes to lead the Vikings over the Dallas Cowboys 27–10. The Vikings lost the next week to the eventual Super Bowl champion Rams 49–37. When George took too long to agree to terms with the Vikings in the offseason, they chose not to renew George's contract. George ended up signing with Washington. George hoped to Document [186] (Title: Kurt Warner) franchise record. Warner's performance earned him a $1 million bonus for the year, and he fell just short of attaining a 90.0+ passer rating, which would have given him an extra $500,000. Leinart was named the Cardinals' starting quarterback going into the 2008 off-season, but Ken Whisenhunt stated that it would be very possible for Warner to be the starter before week one of the regular season. Indeed, Warner was named the starter on August 30, 2008. That season, Warner had 4,583 passing yards, 30 touchdowns, and a completion percentage of 67.1%. He was the top ranked passer in the Document [187] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) to sell the club. At first it appeared that Tom Clancy would become the new owner. However, his attempt to buy the team fell through. So in July 1998, the team was sold to McCombs, who was from San Antonio, Texas. 1998 was a year to remember for the Minnesota Vikings. After losing starting quarterback Brad Johnson to a broken leg on a non-play (false start penalty), the Vikings went on to a spectacular offensive season led by Randall Cunningham, who had his best NFL season ever, running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie wide Document [188] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) from 1989 to 1991. In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings, Green won four NFC Central division titles, had eight playoff appearances, two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all-time record of 97–62. The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s. 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise. With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham (who replaced an injured Brad Johnson), running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie Randy Moss, the Vikings set a then-NFL record Document [189] (Title: Donovan McNabb) the former Eagles offensive coordinator. Vikings punter Chris Kluwe agreed to give McNabb his number 5 jersey, in exchange for a $5,000 donation to Kick for a Cure, McNabb to promote Kluwe's band "Tripping Icarus" during a press conference, and an ice cream cone. After starting the 2011 season with a 1–5 record, on October 18, it was announced that McNabb would no longer be the starting quarterback for the Vikings, as the job was given to rookie Christian Ponder for the remainder of the season. McNabb requested and was granted his release from the team on December 1, 2011, Question: who is the current starting quarterback for the minnesota vikings Answer: Case Keenum Long Answer: The Vikings have had 36 starting quarterbacks in the history of their franchise; they have never had more than three starting quarterbacks in one season . The Vikings' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Fran Tarkenton, Brett Favre and Warren Moon . The team's first starting quarterback was George Shaw; he was replaced by Tarkenton in the franchise's first game, and the future Hall of Famer retained the starting role for most of the remainder of the season . As of the 2017 season, Minnesota's starting quarterback is Case Keenum. Gold Document ID: 82

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) defensive end Otis Grigsby to a 1-year deal. On April 6, the team re-signed defensive tackle Fred Evans to a 1-year deal. On July 24, Antoine Winfield and the Vikings agreed on a 5-year extension through the 2013 season. On August 18, after months of negotiations, the team signed formerly retired quarterback Brett Favre. The Vikings had five selections in the 2009 NFL Draft; they had traded their fourth-round selection to the Houston Texans for quarterback Sage Rosenfels and, back in 2007, they had traded their sixth-round selection to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for quarterback Kelly Holcomb. In 2008, Document [2] (Title: 1998 Minnesota Vikings season) made his first start of the season and threw for 220 yards and a five-yard score to Randy Moss. The game was mostly a Gary Anderson field goal exhibition as he booted five field goals plus two PATs, the second on Leroy Hoard's 11-yard rushing touchdown in the Vikes' 29–6 win. Cunningham and Erik Kramer of the Bears squared off in a spirited duel. Cunningham's four touchdowns (to Smith, Andrew Glover, Carter, and Moss) were answered by Kramer's four scores (to Bobby Engram, Chris Penn, and Ryan Wetnight). The Vikings got the better of the duel as they intercepted Kramer Document [3] (Title: Ryan Fitzpatrick) Whitehurst. On March 18, 2014, Fitzpatrick signed a two-year contract with the Houston Texans. He was named the Texans' starting quarterback by new Head Coach Bill O'Brien on June 17, but was demoted to second on the Houston Texans depth chart on November 5, 2014, replaced as starter by Ryan Mallett. On November 23, 2014, Mallett tore his pectoral muscle and Fitzpatrick was renamed the starter. On November 30, 2014 in a 45–21 win against the Tennessee Titans in Week 13, Fitzpatrick threw for a franchise-record six touchdowns and 358 yards with no interceptions and a 147.5 passer rating. He Document [4] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) passes for 157 yards and rushed three times for 14 yards. Johnson started his first game of his career the following week on September 8 and led Minnesota to a 23-17 road win over the Atlanta Falcons. This victory marked the first time Minnesota started 2-0 since 1987. With 15-for-26 passing for 275 yards, Johnson threw for two touchdowns and one interception. Warren Moon would return as starter the following week. Johnson played again in Week 4 with one incomplete pass and saw significant playing time next in Week 8 (October 28), a 15-13 loss to the Chicago Bears. Again Document [5] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) on the following possessions. The Vikings defeated the New York Giants 20-19 and earned the NFC North title. The Vikings season ended in the Wild Card Playoff round with a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. Jackson went 15-for-35 for 164 yards in the game with one interception. Jackson went into the 2009 season in competition for a starting job with Sage Rosenfels, who the Vikings had acquired from the Houston Texans. The Vikings also pursued former New York Jets and Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre, who had retired after the end of the 2008 season. Favre announced that he Document [6] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) games. Johnson was named the starting quarterback for the Vikings 2006 season, and a few days before the second game he turned 38 which made him the oldest starting quarterback in the league. Many felt his quick-release style was a good fit for then-new coach Brad Childress's highly touted West Coast system. The knowledge he had acquired from going to the playoffs under four different coaching systems and having winning records with seven different head coaches seemed to be an asset for first time head coach Childress. In the preseason, Johnson had a passer rating of 110.7, one of the Document [7] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) Vikings coach Dennis Green formally named Randall Cunningham as starting quarterback and traded Brad Johnson to the Washington Redskins for a first, a future second, and a third-round draft pick. With 4,005 yards, 24 touchdowns, 13 interceptions, and a 90.0 passer rating, Johnson achieved career highs in passing yards, completions, touchdowns, and passer rating in 1999. His 316 completions set a Washington team record and his 4,005 passing yards ranks fifth all-time in Redskins history. He was also NFC Offensive Player of the Week twice that year again. One such Player of the Week honor came after Week 4 (October Document [8] (Title: Gilbert Renfroe) for the second time in a week and the third time in 17 days. On September 26 he was signed by the Minnesota Vikings after starting quarterback Wade Wilson was sidelined after thumb surgery. Renfroe was the Vikings first ever black quarterback. He was cut by the Vikings on November 21 when Wilson returned from injury. He returned to the Falcons the following season but was cut after Billy Joe Tolliver was traded to the Falcons to take the final spot behind Chris Miller and Brett Favre. After being cut by the Falcons, he played nine games for the Calgary Document [9] (Title: Koy Detmer) January 2, 2007 by the Eagles to provide a third quarterback for the team's playoff push, with Donovan McNabb out with injury. He was also re-signed to be the kick holder for the Eagles. Detmer had his NFL career extended for a few days by signing with the Minnesota Vikings on November 6, 2007. The Vikings needed a second quarterback behind Brooks Bollinger while Tarvaris Jackson and Kelly Holcomb recovered from injuries. Detmer was reunited with Vikings head coach Brad Childress, who was with the Eagles as the offensive coordinator. Detmer's stint with the Vikings was his first professional experience Document [10] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) improved the passing attack, the running game was inconsistent, and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7–7 record. The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 draft. Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19, 1973 and was replaced on the team's board of directors by his son-in-law Jack Steele. The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12–2 record. In the playoffs, they defeated the Washington Redskins 27–20 and the Dallas Cowboys 27–10. On January 13, 1974, the Vikings played the second Super Document [11] (Title: Mark Carlson (quarterback)) hero Butch Nash give a rousing pep talk on the Friday night before the game, Minnesota’s head coach Cal Stoll met with all three of his top quarterbacks to decide who would be the starter for the big game. "I kept looking in their eyes when I talked to them." Stoll would later say, - "Mark Carlson was looking right back into my eyes. I made a gut decision right then that he would be my quarterback." Sure enough Carlson, a sophomore who hadn’t played a minute all season up to that point, was under center as the Gopher’s starting Document [12] (Title: Kevin Stefanski) Kevin Stefanski Kevin Stefanski (born May 8, 1982) is an American football coach who is the interim offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the quarterbacks coach and various coaching positions before being promoted to interim offensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings in 2018. Stefanski played football at the University of Pennsylvania. He won the Penn Freshman of the Year award in 2000. He was part of the only undefeated Penn team of the decade and was twice an All-Ivy League selection. Stefanski joined the Minnesota Vikings in 2006 as an Document [13] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Josh Freeman's departure, Matt Cassel was widely expected to start the season at QB, with former first-round pick Christian Ponder as his backup. However, many in the Minnesota sports media felt that Ponder no longer was a part of the Vikings overall plans. The team drafted UCLA linebacker Anthony Barr with the 9th overall pick, and also drafted Louisville quarterback Teddy Bridgewater with the last pick in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft, trading a 2nd and 4th round pick to the Seattle Seahawks for the 32nd pick. The team was reportedly ready to draft polarizing Texas A&M Document [14] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) Jarius Wright turned a screen pass from Bridgewater into an 87-yard touchdown, giving the Vikings another overtime win. Bridgewater finished the 2014 season with 2,919 yards passing, 14 touchdowns, 12 interceptions, and an 85.2 passer rating. He played in 13 games, starting 12 of them. On January 13, 2015, Bridgewater was selected as the quarterback of the 2014 NFL All-Rookie team by the Pro Football Writers of America. Bridgewater also won the 2014 Pepsi Rookie of the Year award, as voted by fans. Bridgewater threw for no touchdowns and an interception behind a struggling offensive line that allowed five sacks Document [15] (Title: Adrian Peterson) Vikings' starting quarterback Christian Ponder unable to start due to injury, the Vikings fell to the Green Bay Packers in a rematch by a score of 24–10. The team's record, alongside Peterson's historic season, earned him the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player awards. His comeback from an ACL tear the season before also earned him second place in NFL Comeback Player of the Year award voting, coming in second to Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning. He was named to his fifth career Pro Bowl and was named as a First Team All-Pro for Document [16] (Title: Matt Cassel) 14 against the Baltimore Ravens. Despite a two touchdown, zero interception performance, the Vikings lost to the Ravens 29-26 during a heavy snow game. He would remain the starting quarterback the rest of the season where the Vikings finished with a 5-10-1 record and Cassel either played the whole game or came in to rally the Vikings from behind in all five victories. On March 7, 2014, it was reported that Cassel had signed a new two-year deal for $10 million. It was later announced on August 25, 2014 that Cassel would be the starting quarterback over rookie Teddy Bridgewater Document [17] (Title: Darrell Bevell) the NFC Championship game, ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. In the first season with Favre, he produced 4,202 passing yards with 33 touchdowns and accumulating a QB rating of 107.2 in which was his career best. In 2010, Minnesota season ended with 6-10 record, and with disastrous moves throughout the season in which head coach Brad Childress was fired midway through the season. Replaced by defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier as interim head coach at 3-7 record, and finishing 3-3 as interim head coach. In the beginning of the 2011 season, Bevell was Document [18] (Title: Mike Priefer) had emergency eye surgery, and Priefer was named the head coach for the week 13 game against the Dallas Cowboys. The Vikings lost 17-15. Mike Priefer Mike Priefer (born August 21, 1966) is an American football special teams coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. He has almost two decades of pro coaching experience. Priefer has held coaching positions for Navy, Youngstown State, Virginia Military Institute, and Northern Illinois at the college level. He has also been an assistant for the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs in the NFL and has held coaching positions for Document [19] (Title: Kolton Browning) Kolton Browning Kolton Ryan Browning (born October 17, 1990), is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He won a FXFL Championship with the Brooklyn Bolts in 2014. He was the starting quarterback for the ULM Warhawks from 2009 to 2013. After being redshirted in 2009, Browning took over as the Warhawks starting quarterback in 2010. In 2012, he was the Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Year and led the Warhawks to their first ever bowl game against Ohio University in the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, Louisiana. During his career he threw for 10,263 yards Document [20] (Title: Wade Wilson (American football)) Wade Wilson (American football) Charles Wade Wilson (born February 1, 1959) is an American football coach and former quarterback who played for the Minnesota Vikings, Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys and the Oakland Raiders in a seventeen-year career from 1981 to 1998 in the National Football League (NFL). He was quarterbacks coach for the Dallas Cowboys from 2000 to 2002 and from 2007 to 2017 and the Chicago Bears from 2004 to 2006. He played college football for Texas A&M University-Commerce (formerly East Texas State University), where he was an NAIA All-American Quarterback and led the Lions to Document [21] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) the third-string quarterback for the first 10 games of the season and was inactive for the final six. In 1994, Johnson became backup to starter Warren Moon and played his first NFL regular season game in Week 3 (September 18). The Vikings won 42-14 over the Chicago Bears in that game, and Johnson completed 3 of 3 passes for 16 yards. Johnson would play in three more games in 1994. In Week 8 (October 30), a 36-13 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (a team Johnson would join five years later), Johnson completed 5 of 5 passes for 30 yards. Document [22] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) Brooks Bollinger Brooks Michael Bollinger (born November 15, 1979) is a former American football quarterback and current coach. He was drafted by the New York Jets in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin. Bollinger has also been a member of the Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions and Florida Tuskers. Bollinger played quarterback for Central High School in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He played in every game while attending the school and passed for 40 touchdowns and ran for 19 more. He was also drafted twice in 2000 and Document [23] (Title: Christian Ponder) the league's MVP rushing for 2,097 yards, just nine yards short of breaking the single-season rushing record. Ponder finished the season starting all 16 games, throwing 18 touchdowns to 12 interceptions, completed 62% of his passes, and had two rushing scores. According to ESPN's Total QBR system, Ponder finished the league as the 15th rated quarterback ahead of former Pro Bowlers Jay Cutler, Josh Freeman, and Matt Cassel. Ponder went into the 2013 season as the starting quarterback. However, the Vikings started 0-3 and Ponder performed inconsistently in losses at Detroit, at Chicago, and home to Cleveland. Despite criticism from Document [24] (Title: Rich Gannon) game of the year in Week 5 (September 29) against the Denver Broncos, replacing Wade Wilson with 7:20 left in the fourth quarter after Wilson threw three interceptions. On fourth down and three yards (fourth-and-three) at Denver's 13-yard line with 43 seconds left, a wide-open Hassan Jones dropped Gannon's pass, and Minnesota lost 13-6. Gannon would replace Wilson as starter for the last 11 games of 1991, and the Vikings went 6-5 with Gannon as starter for an overall 8-8 season. Gannon was 211-for-354 in completed passes for 2,166 yards, 12 touchdowns, and 6 interceptions. He was sacked 19 times Document [25] (Title: Christian Ponder) in completion percentage during the month of September with 68% and was also the last quarterback in the NFL to turn the ball over. The Vikings were a surprise to many around the league with a 5-2 record. Ponder would struggle over the next five games and the Vikings lost four of five. During that stretch, Ponder's completion percentage fell to just 56%, as he threw the same number of interceptions (5) as he did touchdowns over those five games. Vikings General Manager Rick Spielman stood behind Ponder during his rough patch of games. “I know everybody in this organization Document [26] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) 1998 for the Vikings, both victories. In the season opener, a 31-7 win over Tampa Bay, Johnson threw for 4 touchdowns and 1 interception over 189 yards and completed 15 of 25 passes. However, Johnson would complete only 18 of 31 passes the following game and throw for 1 touchdown and 2 interceptions before leaving the game during the fourth quarter with a sprained ankle. Randall Cunningham replaced Johnson, and Minnesota won Week 2 (September 13) over the St. Louis Rams 38-31. By Week 8, with Cunningham as starter, the Vikings had a perfect 7-0 record. Johnson returned to action Document [27] (Title: 2006 Minnesota Vikings season) new head coach during the 2006 offseason, Brad Childress. Childress previously held the QB coach position with the Philadelphia Eagles from 1999 to 2002, then was the offensive coordinator from 2002 to 2005, and also at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1993 to 1999 under Barry Alvarez. The Vikings started the regular season on the road against the Washington Redskins on September 11, the first game of a "Monday Night Football" doubleheader on opening weekend. The Vikings drew first blood as running back Chester Taylor ran in a 4-yard TD on their opening drive; however, during the extra-point try, holder Document [28] (Title: Rich Gannon) fourth round intent upon converting Gannon to running back. He was soon traded to the Minnesota Vikings and would play with the Vikings until 1992. Gannon began his career as a backup for Wade Wilson. Gannon started his first games in 1990 in relief of an injured Wilson and would start many games in 1991. In 1992, he formally became the starting quarterback for the Vikings and led the Vikings to an 11-5 season and the playoffs after two consecutive losing seasons. Gannon played with the Washington Redskins in 1993, the Kansas City Chiefs from 1995-98, and the Oakland Raiders Document [29] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) start, Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback. He finished the season with an 8–2 record, and led the Vikings into the postseason once again, with an overall team record of 10–6. Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27–10, and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup. The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17–14 at halftime, but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35–20 in the second half to win 49–37. St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship Document [30] (Title: Chad Henne) Chad Henne Chad Steven Henne (born July 2, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He attended the University of Michigan. While attending, Henne became the second all time true freshman starting quarterback in Michigan history; accumulated a total of 32 wins in regular season play, 8,740 offensive yards, and 87 touchdowns; and in his senior season, led the Wolverines to a Capital One Bowl victory over Florida. He was subsequently named as the game's MVP after throwing for over 350 yards. Henne's professional career began when he was drafted Document [31] (Title: Bob Berry (American football)) Eagles. Berry was out of college during the 1961 season, a de facto redshirt year. Berry played three seasons with the Vikings, the first two under head coach Norm Van Brocklin, a former Oregon quarterback, and was primarily a reserve behind Fran Tarkenton. He made his first start in 1966, a loss in the snow at home to the expansion Atlanta Falcons on December 4. Following the 1966 season, Tarkenton demanded to be traded and was sent to the New York Giants for multiple draft picks and Van Brocklin stepped down as head coach. Joe Kapp was the starting quarterback Document [32] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) would not join the Vikings prior to training camp, however, and Jackson and Rosenfels split duties in the early part of camp. Jackson was the second quarterback to play in the opening preseason game, and was expected to start the second preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs. That changed, however, when Favre announced that he would play for the Vikings after all, signing with the team on August 19. Jackson, Rosenfels, and 2008 third-stringer John David Booty were believed to be competing for two roster spots, and for the primary backup job. Many observers believed the Vikings would attempt Document [33] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) He signed with the Vikings. Tarkenton, 21, played his first National Football League game (and the Vikings' first game) on September 17 against the Chicago Bears coming off the bench to lead the Vikings to a come-from-behind victory by passing for 250 yards and four touchdown passes and running for another as the Vikings defeated the Bears 37–13. He was the only player in NFL history to pass for four touchdowns in his first NFL game, until the feat was repeated by Marcus Mariota in the Tennessee Titans' 2015 season opener versus the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played for the Document [34] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) were the worst in the entire league. 31 QBs threw more touchdown passes while only 10 threw more interceptions than Johnson in the 2006 NFL season. On February 28, 2007, the Vikings released Johnson in favor of rookie quarterback Tarvaris Jackson. On March 5, 2007, Johnson signed a three-year deal with the Dallas Cowboys to back up Tony Romo. Johnson played little in the 2007 season. He played in week 17 against the Washington Redskins, going 7-for-11 for 79 yards in the 27–6 loss. During the 2008 season, Romo suffered a broken pinkie finger on his throwing hand in week Document [35] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round. Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny. The Vikings won their first regular season game, defeating the Chicago Bears 37–13 on Opening Day 1961; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset. Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3–11 record. The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of Document [36] (Title: Joe Webb) reps at the same weight, according to UAB athletic department. Webb also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.43 seconds. "Source": On April 24, 2010, Webb was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings, 199th overall in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was originally drafted as a quarterback/wide receiver prospect, but then head coach Brad Childress announced that Webb would exclusively play quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings. Webb's National Football League (NFL) debut was against the Buffalo Bills on December 5, 2010. He took the opening kickoff – becoming the first Vikings quarterback to return a kickoff – before Document [37] (Title: Tommy Kramer) throw for over 450 yards in a game twice, and once threw six touchdowns in a single game, versus the Green Bay Packers. He was released by the Vikings after the 1989 season and signed by the New Orleans Saints in 1990. He appeared in only one game for the Saints (against the Vikings) and retired after the 1990 season. Tommy Kramer Thomas Francis "Tommy" Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the NFL from 1977 to 1990. He played collegiately at Rice University and was selected by the Minnesota Document [38] (Title: Kyle Sloter) Sloter was signed to the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 16, 2017. Kyle Sloter Kyle Joseph Sloter (born February 7, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Northern Colorado and high school football at Mount Pisgah Christian School. Source: Sloter signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on May 13, 2017. In the preseason, Sloter completed 31 of 43 passes for 413 yards with three touchdowns and no interceptions for a passer rating of 125.4, Document [39] (Title: Christian Ponder) career touchdown completing a short pass to Visanthe Shiancoe. Ponder helped the 1-5 Vikings give the undefeated Packers a close game and finished 13 of 32 for 219 yards with 2 touchdowns and 2 interceptions in the 27-33 loss. Ponder was able to get his first win as an NFL starting quarterback the following week against his fellow 2011 draft mate Cam Newton and the Carolina Panthers on October 30, 2011. He threw for 236 yards and a touchdown, and had a passer rating of 102.7. After a bye week, the Vikings faced off against the Packers again, this time Document [40] (Title: Brad Childress) we value the positive environment he has created for the Minnesota Vikings on and off the field, He has continued to positively impact this team and create a strong foundation for future success." Partly due to frustration with the development of quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, the Vikings signed Brett Favre for the 2009 season. Favre joined to the team after a controversial courtship which included Childress picking him up at the airport. Favre led the Vikings to a 12–4 season, losing to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship Game. The Vikings acquired wide receiver Randy Moss and a seventh-round Document [41] (Title: Kevin Kolb) in each of his first two career starts. He was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Week after his efforts against the Chiefs. Kolb expressed his desire to be the starting quarterback for the Eagles during the 2010 offseason: "Obviously my goal is to be the starter and to start for 16 games and to lead this team as far as we can go. Personally, I don't have a lot of personal goals right now, they're more team-oriented, besides me getting on the field and proving I can take over this thing." Kolb gained many comparisons to the situation Document [42] (Title: Taylor Heinicke) He ran for 139 yards and 2 touchdowns. He also punted 14 times for a total of 661 yards. "Source": Heinicke went undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft, but signed with the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. He competed against Mike Kafka to back up Vikings starting quarterback Teddy Bridgewater along with Shaun Hill. Kafka would get injured and was placed on injured reserve, making way for Heinicke to be the third string QB. On September 3, 2016, Heinicke was placed on the reserve/NFI list with an off-the-field injury suffered between minicamp and training camp. He was activated Document [43] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) 12 passes for 123 yards and 1 touchdown and ran twice for 3 yards. Starting Week 11 (November 17), Johnson became the regular starter for the Vikings after Moon was again injured. Johnson led Minnesota to a 4-2 record to end the season. With a Week 15 (December 15) victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21-10, Minnesota clinched a playoff berth for the season. Johnson clinched the win for Minnesota with a 36-yard touchdown pass to Cris Carter, part of a 99-yard drive. Minnesota finished the regular season 9-7, second place in the NFC Central. Johnson made his postseason debut Document [44] (Title: Mark Carlson (quarterback)) Mark Carlson (quarterback) Mark Carlson was a quarterback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team from 1976-1979. During his senior year in 1979, Carlson passed for 2188 yards and 11 touchdowns, which was good enough to earn him Team MVP honors on a squad that finished 4-6-1 under first-year head coach Joe Salem. During his tenure with the Gophers, Carlson competed with Wendell Avery for the starting quarterback position, both having varying success at different times during this period. Mark Carlson first made a name for himself during his sophomore season in 1977 in one of the biggest wins in Document [45] (Title: Joel Stave) career Joel Stave was named Holiday Bowl Offensive MVP and captured the title of winningest quarterback in Badgers history with 31 career wins, surpassing Brooks Bollinger's record set in 2002. Stave finished his career at Wisconsin as program's all-time leader in wins as a starting quarterback, with 31. Stave, a civil engineering major, also finished All-Academic Big Ten four times, breaking a record previously held by Drew Brees. He was also given the Big Ten Medal of Honor in 2016 "Source": Stave signed as an undrafted free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 2016. On September 3, 2016, he was Document [46] (Title: Jonathan Quinn) transferring. His senior year numbers surpassed the numbers that Holcomb had put up his senior season. Quinn was the starting quarterback for the 2001 World Bowl champion Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe, where he was the league leading passer throwing for 2,247 yards, and was named World Bowl MVP. Quinn was signed by the Kansas City Brigade of the Arena Football League (AFL) during the 2006–2007 offseason, but retired due to injury. From 2007 to 2008, Quinn was the offensive coordinator for MidAmerica Nazarene University (MNU) in Olathe, Kansas. On April 3, 2009, he was named as the head football Document [47] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) Kelly Holcomb. Bollinger was able to start for the Vikings in week 10 against the Packers, but after a terrible performance by the Vikings in a 0–34 loss, Bollinger was listed as the 2nd string quarterback for week 11 with Jackson taking back the starting position. In 2008, the Minnesota Vikings drafted USC quarterback John David Booty in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. This meant that Bollinger would be fighting for a third string spot with Booty behind Tarvaris Jackson and veteran Gus Frerotte. After a disappointing preseason, Bollinger lost the third-string spot and was released by Document [48] (Title: University of Limerick Vikings) the new Vikings special teams captain Sean Goldrick (last year's rookie of the year) after he broke tackles and sprinted 45 yards for a TD after Garvey connected with him. The Rebels got the ball back and wanted to level the scores before the half driving down the Vikings pitch bending the Viking d to their limit until the usual dominating Rebels veteran quarterback Dennehy threw a pass that was intercepted by a player who has also been dominating the IAFL for years and years, Vikings captain Liam Ryan, who over the years has developed the skills to become a Document [49] (Title: 2007 Minnesota Vikings season) goal, before closing out the win in the fourth quarter with quarterback Damon Huard completing a 16-yard touchdown pass to Dwayne Bowe. Trying to snap a two-game losing streak, the Vikings returned home for an NFC North duel with the Green Bay Packers. With regular starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson recovering from injuries, Kelly Holcomb started in his place. In the first quarter, the Vikings trailed early as Brett Favre threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to Greg Jennings, surpassing Dan Marino with the 421st touchdown pass of his career. After Favre was honored for his accomplishment, Minnesota narrowed the margin between Document [50] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) in a move that drew a lot of praise from Vikings fans, coach Brad Childress benched starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson and replaced him with Gus Frerotte. Frerotte would get the Vikings their first win, defeating the Carolina Panthers 20–10 at home. During the game, cornerback Antoine Winfield sacked Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme, forcing a fumble that Winfield returned 19 yards for a touchdown; Childress said after the game that he thought Winfield had a half-second left, at the time he picked up the football, before it would have been ruled a dead ball and hence an incomplete pass. However, the Document [51] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) offensive coordinator Jay Gruden (who ended up as the head coach of the Washington Redskins), former Vikings (and current Seattle Seahawks) offensive coordinator Darell Bevell, and Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer. After several weeks, Zimmer was named the ninth head coach in Vikings history on January 15, 2014. Coordinators Bill Musgrave and Alan Williams were replaced by former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner and former Miami Dolphins linebacker coach George Edwards, respectively. Zimmer had been a coordinator and assistant coach within the NFL for two decades, but this was his first head coaching job in the NFL. With Document [52] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Vikings had little to celebrate the next week; not only did they lose to the Carolina Panthers 38–13 on the road, but they also lost star quarterback Daunte Culpepper for the season with a knee injury. Culpepper had thrown twice as many interceptions as touchdowns up to that point. At this point, the Vikings were 2–5. Taking Culpepper's place would be Brad Johnson (Vikings from 1992 to 1998 and quarterback of the Super Bowl XXXVII champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers) and, upon taking over, led the Vikings to a six-game winning streak, including victories over the Detroit Lions at home (27–14), Document [53] (Title: Mike Wells (quarterback)) in high school, he was also selected by the San Diego Padres in the 1969 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign and never played professional baseball. Mike Wells (quarterback) Michael Eugene Wells (born June 18, 1951) is a former NFL quarterback who played briefly in 1977. He was originally drafted in 1973 by the Minnesota Vikings but did not appear in a Vikings regular-season game. He played for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1977 but saw very limited action. Wells was a high-school football All American at Normal Community High School in Normal, Illinois before going on to play Document [54] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) snatched veteran wide receiver Bernard Berrian away from the Chicago Bears. To stiffen up the defense as well, the Vikings signed former Kansas City Chiefs defensive end Jared Allen to a six-year, $72.4 million contract. The Vikings stumbled out of the gate in the first two games of the season, losing to the Green Bay Packers (who were without Brett Favre, who had signed with the Jets, for the first time in 16 years) 24–19 at Lambeau Field on Monday Night Football and to Peyton Manning and the Indianapolis Colts 18–15 at the Vikings' home opener on September 14. However, Document [55] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) injury and missed the rest of the season. On March 3, 2011, the Vikings declined to tender Jackson a contract offer to play for them in the 2011 season. Under league rules, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent. Jackson officially signed a two-year contract with Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2011 and was announced as the starting quarterback shortly after. In Seattle, he had been reunited with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and wide receiver Sidney Rice both members of the Vikings during his time there. Along with wide receiver Mike Williams, Jackson was appointed to offensive team captain, which was Document [56] (Title: Brett Favre) breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback, and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an "Iron man". In 2009, Favre surpassed defensive end Jim Marshall for starts at any position with his record-breaking 271st start as a quarterback as the Vikings played the Lions. His streak ended at 297, with the last start in the streak coming on December 5, 2010 against the Buffalo Bills. Favre was unable to start the Vikings' December 13 game against the New York Giants due to a shoulder injury, despite the game being delayed for a day Document [57] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) first time since their 2009 Divisional Play-off to take on the Seattle Seahawks. Quarterback Brett Favre lasted for eight series and threw for 187 yards on 16 completions, but the Vikings only came away with 10 points while he was on the field. The first points of the game came from an interception of a Favre pass, as Seattle safety Earl Thomas got to the ball ahead of wide receiver Bernard Berrian and returned it for an 86-yard touchdown. Nevertheless, Darius Reynaud returned the ensuing kickoff for 73 yards, giving Adrian Peterson the opportunity to rush 23 yards in two Document [58] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) a starter at both wide receiver and kickoff returner, a replacement had to be selected at KR; Percy Harvin was added to the roster on January 4, 2010, making it nine Vikings in the NFC roster. Antoine Winfield was added to the NFC roster as an extra cornerback on January 19, 2010, bringing the Vikings' contribution to the roster to 10 players. Had the Vikings reached Super Bowl XLIV, none of their players would have appeared in the 2010 Pro Bowl, but they lost to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship Game. Nevertheless, QB Brett Favre (ankle), CB Document [59] (Title: Jared Goff) round of the NFL Draft as a Los Angeles-based franchise. On June 9, 2016, Goff signed a four-year deal worth $27.9 million in money guaranteed including an $18.6 million signing bonus. On November 15, Goff was named the Rams' starting quarterback for the game against the Miami Dolphins after spending the first nine games as the backup to veteran quarterback Case Keenum. Goff then started the final seven games of the season. On November 20, 2016, he made his professional debut and first career start against the Miami Dolphins and lost 14–10, completing 17-of-31 attempts for 134 passing yards, and Document [60] (Title: 2008 Minnesota Vikings season) Jets. On February 29, the team signed safety Madieu Williams, formerly of the Cincinnati Bengals, and fullback Thomas Tapeh, formerly of the Philadelphia Eagles. On March 1, the team signed wide receiver Bernard Berrian, formerly of the Chicago Bears. On March 4, running back and special teams specialist Maurice Hicks, formerly of the San Francisco 49ers, signed a three-year contract to join the team. On March 14, the team signed linebacker and special-teams standout Derrick Pope, formerly of the Miami Dolphins. On March 17, the Vikings signed former Seattle Seahawks defensive tackle Ellis Wyms, and re-signed wide receiver Robert Ferguson; Document [61] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) in Week 9 (November 8), in a 31-24 win over the New Orleans Saints, after Cunningham injured his knee. With 28-for-38 passing over 316 yards, Johnson had one passing touchdown and 2 interceptions. However, Johnson broke his thumb in the first play of the third quarter. Cunningham returned as starter the following week, and Johnson next played in the Week 15 50-10 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars. Minnesota finished the 1998 season a franchise-best 15–1 and advanced to the NFC championship game, where they came a field goal short of the Super Bowl against the Atlanta Falcons. Following the season, Document [62] (Title: Randall Cunningham) during the 1998 campaign when he guided the Vikings to a 15–1 regular season record with 34 touchdown passes, only 10 interceptions, and 3,704 passing yards. Cunningham had a good supporting cast that year with Cris Carter, rookie Randy Moss, and Jake Reed at wide receiver and Robert Smith and Leroy Hoard at running back. Cunningham led the league with a 106.0 passer rating while the Vikings scored a then-NFL record 556 points during the 1998 season, making him the first black quarterback to lead the league in that category. Cunningham claimed the Vikings' Monday night 37–24 victory over the Document [63] (Title: Bob Lee (quarterback)) threw a touchdown pass in Super Bowl XI. With starting quarterback Fran Tarkenton's late season injury in the 1977 season, Lee started and led the Vikings to a 14-7 win over the Los Angeles Rams in the Divisional Round of the Playoffs. The game was infamous due to the muddy conditions. Lee started the NFC Championship the next week as well against the Dallas Cowboys, but the Vikings lost 23-6. He was also a backup in Super Bowl XIV as a member of the Los Angeles Rams. During his stint with the Falcons, he led Atlanta to a 20-14 victory Document [64] (Title: 1961 Minnesota Vikings season) after Max Winter and Bill Boyer agreed to start an American Football League (AFL) franchise in Minnesota, the NFL approached them to change leagues. The "Vikings" name was given to the team by Ole Haugsrud, who had been given a 10% stake in the franchise as a result of having sold the Duluth Eskimos back to the league in the 1920s. This was the first regular season game in Vikings history. George Shaw started the game at quarterback for the Vikings, but he was soon replaced by rookie quarterback Fran Tarkenton. Tarkenton threw four touchdown passes and ran for another Document [65] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) power, but did not return to the game, citing a shoulder injury (later revealed to be a sprain in his throwing shoulder). At 297 consecutive starts over 19 seasons, this injury would put an end to Favre's all-time NFL consecutive start streak. In his place, backup QB Tarvaris Jackson took over for the rest of the game. They got off to a bad start after Jackson's pass was intercepted by CB Drayton Florence and returned 40 yards for a touchdown. They overcame this deficit with Jackson getting a 31-yard TD pass to WR Sidney Rice. It was originally ruled an Document [66] (Title: Christian Ponder) Christian Ponder Christian Andrew Ponder (born February 25, 1988) is a former American football quarterback. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft and started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. He played college football at Florida State University and was the Seminoles starting quarterback from 2008 to 2010. Since December 2012, Ponder has been married to ESPN personality Samantha Ponder (formerly Steele). Ponder was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Grapevine, Texas. Document [67] (Title: Christian Ponder) the season for the Vikings under McNabb, Ponder made his NFL debut against the Chicago Bears in the fourth quarter on October 16, 2011. In a game where the Vikings were blown out 39-10, Ponder completed 9 of 17 passes for 99 yards in his first real action. It was announced on Tuesday, October 18, that he would make his first start the following Sunday against the Green Bay Packers replacing McNabb as the starter. On Ponder's first career pass attempt as a starter he hit Michael Jenkins on a 72-yard playaction pass. Two plays later, he threw his first Document [68] (Title: Josh Freeman) team photo and his teammates did not select him as a team captain for the first time since his rookie campaign. He was released by the team on October 3, 2013 after the team tried unsuccessfully to trade him. On October 6, 2013, Freeman signed with the Minnesota Vikings. He would begin to compete for the starting job with incumbent Christian Ponder and Matt Cassel. He changed his number to 12 after swapping with punter Jeff Locke, as Freeman had worn the number in high school. On October 16, 2013, he had been named starting quarterback for the week 7 Document [69] (Title: Case Keenum) to the Texans for Keenum, where he played until signing as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 2017. After starter Sam Bradford got injured, Keenum came in and had a career year, setting highs in starts, passing yards, completions and touchdowns. He led the Vikings to a 13-win regular season, followed by a last-second win over the New Orleans Saints in the divisional round of the playoffs; the Vikings lost in the next round to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles. Keenum once again became a free agent, and signed a two-year deal with the Broncos in Document [70] (Title: Daunte Culpepper) the end of the year, he was selected to his first Pro Bowl. Randy Moss, wide receiver for the Vikings, said that Culpepper was one of the most talented quarterbacks he has ever seen following the 2000 season. Culpepper struggled over the next two seasons beginning in 2001 throwing 14 touchdowns to 13 interceptions. The Vikings finished the season 5–11. Culpepper started all 11 games in which he appeared, missing the final five games of the season with a knee injury he suffered in a game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 2. He completed 60 percent of his passes Document [71] (Title: Shaun Hill) of Hill. Hill would finish the 2014 season with 1,657 passing yards, 8 touchdowns, 7 interceptions, and an 83.9 quarterback rating in 9 games with 8 starts. On March 10, 2015, Hill signed with the Minnesota Vikings. In Week 9 against St. Louis, Teddy Bridgewater left the game in the second half with a concussion. Hill took over for the rest of the game, which the Vikings won 21-18 in overtime. After Bridgewater was placed on injured reserve during the 2016 offseason, Hill was selected to start Week 1 of the 2016 season over Sam Bradford, who the Vikings traded Document [72] (Title: Rick Spielman) him in 2015. In 2015, the Vikings brought in Terence Newman and traded for Mike Wallace. Under Rick Spielman, the Vikings have also hit on undrafted players like Andrew Sendejo, Marcus Sherels, Matt Asiata, Adam Thielen and in 2015 safety Anthony Harris and Taylor Heinicke (spent 2015 on the roster as the 3rd string QB) On January 3, 2012, Spielman was promoted to General Manager of the Vikings. Despite his overall draft success, Spielman has failed to draft and develop a "franchise quarterback." This led him to bring in Kirk Cousins from the Washington Redskins in 2018, signing him to Document [73] (Title: Mike Kafka) to compete with rookie undrafted signee Taylor Heinicke for the third quarterback job behind starter Teddy Bridgewater and backup Shaun Hill. In the 2015 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Vikings played the Pittsburgh Steelers, Kafka replaced Bridgewater as a member of the team's backup offense in the middle of the second quarter. Kafka threw a 34-yard touchdown pass to rookie tight end MyCole Pruitt, before he was substituted for Heinicke in the third quarter. Kafka did not play in the team's second preseason game, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and he was the fourth quarterback to Document [74] (Title: Christian Ponder) staff and having drafted notable quarterback prospect Teddy Bridgewater in the 2014 NFL Draft, Ponder was effectively rendered a third-string quarterback. Despite this, Ponder stated that he wished to stay with the Vikings, stating that he had learned a lot from new offensive coordinator Norv Turner. During the preseason Ponder was booed by the Vikings fans in a home preseason game, to which many in the organization, including new head coach Mike Zimmer and receiver Greg Jennings stuck up for him. "You boo one of us, you boo all of us," Jennings was quoted as saying. After being inactive for Document [75] (Title: Minneapolis Miracle) 2016 season, Minnesota's starting quarterback Teddy Bridgewater suffered a non-contact injury that produced a dislocated knee, torn ACL and "other structural damage." The severity of the injury nearly cost Bridgewater his leg and compelled the Vikings to trade two draft picks to the Philadelphia Eagles for Sam Bradford as a replacement. The Vikings began 2016 with a 5–0 record before collapsing to finish 8–8. The Saints, for their part, produced their third consecutive 7–9 showing in 2016, leading to rumors that they might fire or trade coach Sean Payton during the offseason. Despite the speculation to the contrary, Payton retained Document [76] (Title: Todd Bouman) the Vikings starting quarterback toward the end of the 2001 NFL season after Culpepper was injured. In a game against the Tennessee Titans, Bouman completed 21 of 31 passes for 384 yards and four touchdowns and was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In 2002, Bouman took over again for Culpepper with the Vikings trailing the New York Giants 27-20 but could not complete a potential tying touchdown drive. After the game, Bouman expressed interest in becoming a starting quarterback. In 2003, the Vikings traded Bouman to the New Orleans Saints as a backup to Aaron Brooks. On December Document [77] (Title: Joe Webb) rushing touchdown and throwing for 195 yards, he was 17-of-26 with no interceptions. Initially projected to lose by two touchdowns, the Vikings pulled off an upset win, 24–14. In the regular season finale against the Detroit Lions, he finished with 145 passing yards and an interception in the 20–13 loss. During the 2011 season, Webb was used occasionally as part of a "blazer package" specially designed for his unique skill set. In the Vikings' week 14 game vs the Detroit Lions, starting quarterback Christian Ponder was benched early in the third quarter after throwing three interceptions and fumbling once. Webb Document [78] (Title: Steve Pelluer) He was the last quarterback to start and win a game for a Tom Landry-coached team. The next year, he asked to be traded, after Jimmy Johnson was hired as the new head coach and drafted two rookie quarterbacks (Troy Aikman and Steve Walsh). On October 17, 1989, he was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for a third round draft choice in 1990 (#68-Ron Lewis) and a fourth round draft choice in 1991 (#106-Bill Musgrave). In 1989, he appeared in 5 regular season games with 3 starts. On November 5, he led his team to a 20–10 Document [79] (Title: Christian Ponder) as a Viking was over. In August 2017, the two moved to New York City. Christian Ponder Christian Andrew Ponder (born February 25, 1988) is a former American football quarterback. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft and started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. He played college football at Florida State University and was the Seminoles starting quarterback from 2008 to 2010. Since December 2012, Ponder has been married to ESPN personality Samantha Document [80] (Title: Brett Favre) two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super Document [81] (Title: Christian Ponder) Bowl, Ponder won MVP honors after throwing for 2 touchdowns and leading the South to a win over the heavily favored North. Ponder was selected 12th overall by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Ponder was the fourth quarterback selected in the draft behind Cam Newton, Jake Locker, and Blaine Gabbert. Ponder did not have a typical rookie offseason following the draft due to the 2011 NFL lockout. Late in July, the Vikings traded for veteran quarterback Donovan McNabb to start and mentor Ponder. Three days after the McNabb trade, Ponder agreed to terms Document [82] (Title: Minneapolis Miracle) his position as the Saints' head coach for 2017, although five assistant coaches lost their jobs. Minnesota entered the 2017 campaign with Bradford as its starting quarterback, as Bridgewater was still recovering from his knee injury. Bradford suffered a knee injury of his own in a week 1 game against the Saints, resulting in Case Keenum taking over at the quarterback position. Keenum subsequently led the Vikings to a 13–3 regular season record and the NFC North title for just the second time since 2009. Three Vikings scored eight touchdowns: running back Latavius Murray, wide receiver Stefon Diggs, and tight Document [83] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) two touchdown passes to Allen Reisner. The Vikings traveled to Tennessee to face the Titans in the preseason finale. The Vikings' defense excelled in keeping the Titans to a minimal score, and recorded a strip sack by Corey Wootton and an interception by Julian Posey. Teddy Bridgewater was the starter for this game, and led the Vikings to score 10 points in their first two drives. Christian Ponder then took over for the rest of the game, leading three more scoring drives, though he and the offense were unable to score any touchdowns. The Vikings opened their season on the Document [84] (Title: Todd Kalis) The team finished 9–7 and secured a Wild Card Playoff berth. On January 9, 1994 the Vikings played against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium with Jim McMahon as their starting quarterback. The Vikings lost the game 17–10 and Kalis played his last game as a Minnesota Viking. The Minnesota Vikings finished the season 2nd in the NFC Central Division. During the off season prior to the 1994 regular season Kalis worked with his agent G. Bruce Allen to find a new NFL home. On May 20, 1994 he signed a new three-year contract and began his career with Document [85] (Title: Charles Johnson (wide receiver, born 1989)) Mike Wallace earned the starting role in training camp. Johnson ended up starting 4 games while appearing in 11. In the Vikings eight game of the season against the Chicago Bears, the game was tied 20-20 with just one minute remaining in the fourth quarter. On a 2nd-and-7 with 36 seconds remaining, Bridgewater threw an up-for-grabs pass in Johnson's direction and he hauled it in for a 35-yard gain (longest of the season) that set up the game-winning field goal by Blair Walsh. He was inactive for the final 3 games of the season including the Wild Card Playoff game. Document [86] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) since . Rookie Anthony Barr recorded half a sack, and Kurt Coleman intercepted Raiders quarterback Derek Carr once. On the offense, Matt Cassel started and shined on his sole drive, leading the team down the field, where Matt Asiata scored the Vikings' only touchdown of the game from a yard out. After Cassel's drive, rookie quarterback Teddy Bridgewater entered the game and played a few drives, completing 6 of 13 pass attempts for 49 yards, getting sacked twice, and fumbling once (fellow Viking Matt Kalil recovered the fumble). The Vikings got a field goal on the second drive. Shortly after Document [87] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) that was stretching it". Most pre-draft publications did not even have him listed as one of the top 10 eligible quarterbacks, while he was the 5th selected. On July 26, 2006, Jackson signed a four-year deal with Minnesota, including a $1 million signing bonus. Vikings coach Brad Childress was quoted days before the draft as saying he was interested in finding a "developmental guy", a "diamond in the rough" quarterback of the future, raw talent he could teach a system. Both new coach Childress and Vikings former quarterback Brad Johnson had had success developing quarterbacks in the past, including A. Document [88] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) game against a divisional opponent, although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback. On January 3, 2016, the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20–13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009. The Vikings, led by their top 5 defense, ended the 2015 season with an 11–5 record, and a #3 seed in the playoffs. However, they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10–9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27-yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history. The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late Document [89] (Title: Clayton Thorson) 2018 Big Ten West title. Reference Clayton Thorson Clayton James Thorson is an American football quarterback. He is currently a redshirt senior and the starting quarterback for the 2018 Northwestern Wildcats football team. After redshirting in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback in 2015 and led the Wildcats to the third 10-win season in program history. As a starter for the 2016 team, he earned Academic All-Big Ten honors. Thorson was selected by ESPN.com as the seventh best high school quarterback and played in the 2014 Semper Fidelis All-American Bowl. Thorson attended Wheaton North High School in Wheaton, Illinois. Document [90] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) round of the draft. The Vikings had traded their second round and fourth round picks to the Seattle Seahawks to move up and select Bridgewater. Bridgewater signed a four-year contract worth $6.85 million with a $3.3 million signing bonus with the Minnesota Vikings. Bridgewater entered the season as the second-string quarterback, behind veteran Matt Cassel but ahead of Christian Ponder. Bridgewater made his regular season debut on September 21, 2014, against the New Orleans Saints, entering in relief of the injured Cassel and finishing the game with 150 passing yards. He was named the starting quarterback for the remainder of Document [91] (Title: Christian Ponder) he completed nearly 67% of his passes, threw five touchdowns, rushed for two touchdowns, and had a quarterback rating of 86.5. His final start of the season came on December 1, when Ponder was forced to leave the game against the Bears due to a concussion. Cassel finished the game leading the Vikings to a win and started the final four games of the season. In total, the Vikings finished the season 5-10-1 and Ponder went 2-6-1 as a starter. Following the disappointing 2013 season, Ponder's future with the Vikings fell in doubt. With the Vikings obtaining a new coaching Document [92] (Title: Kolton Browning) Marshals. On April 19, 2018, Browning was released by the Marshals. Kolton Browning Kolton Ryan Browning (born October 17, 1990), is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He won a FXFL Championship with the Brooklyn Bolts in 2014. He was the starting quarterback for the ULM Warhawks from 2009 to 2013. After being redshirted in 2009, Browning took over as the Warhawks starting quarterback in 2010. In 2012, he was the Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Year and led the Warhawks to their first ever bowl game against Ohio University in the Independence Bowl Document [93] (Title: Tony Petersen) eight seasons at the University of Minnesota (1999–2006), Petersen served as co-offensive coordinator, quarterbacks coach and eventually the passing coordinator for the Golden Gophers. Quarterback Bryan Cupito set the new all-time leading passing mark under Petersen. In 2006, the Gophers had a 2,000-yard passer for a fifth straight year, a school record. Petersen also played a crucial role in the progress of Asad Abdul-Khaliq at Minnesota as the quarterback rewrote the Gophers' record books. Petersen spent the 2007 and 2008 seasons as the Quarterbacks coach for the Iowa State Cyclones football team. Under Petersen, Iowa State quarterback Bret Meyer finished Document [94] (Title: Sam Bradford) in the 2010 NFL Draft. That year, Bradford set the record for most completions by a rookie in NFL history, which helped earn him the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award. Prior to the start of the 2015 season, the Rams traded Bradford along with a 2015 fifth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for quarterback Nick Foles, a 2015 fourth-round pick, and a 2016 second-round pick. Following his 2015 campaign with the Eagles, in which he set career-highs in passing yards (3,725), completion percentage (65%) and yards per attempt (7.0), the Minnesota Vikings acquired Bradford after Document [95] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) he was injured and replaced by rookie Tarvaris Jackson. The injury kept him sidelined through most of his 2006 season. After some shaky preseason and early season relief efforts in 2007, Bollinger was listed as the 3rd string quarterback on the Minnesota Vikings depth chart. While keeping a positive focus for his team, in early November 2007 Bollinger was ready once again to play his part in the role of the starting quarterback position for an NFL team after yet another series of unfortunate incidents of injuries and failed performances by 1st and 2nd string quarterbacks Tarvaris Jackson and veteran Document [96] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) a kneeldown. With the close win over the Redskins, the Vikings improved to 4–5. Teddy Bridgewater's third win as a starting rookie quarterback breaks the franchise record (two wins) shared by both Fran Tarkenton and Christian Ponder. The Vikings took their bye week in week 10, along with the Texans, Colts, Patriots, Chargers and Redskins. With the overtime win, the Vikings improve to 6–7 and have therefore improved on last year's record. The loss resulted in the Vikings being officially eliminated from playoff contention. Source for this section: Minnesota Vikings' official website. Source for this section: NFL.com. 2014 Minnesota Vikings Document [97] (Title: Jim McMahon) with the Minnesota Vikings in 1993. Supplanting Sean Salisbury as the team's starter, McMahon led the Vikings to eight wins in twelve starts and returned to the postseason as a starter for the first time since 1988. However, the Vikings lost to the New York Giants. After the season, McMahon joined the Arizona Cardinals, now coached by Ryan, for the 1994 season, where he made his final career start in Week 3 against the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season as the team's third quarterback behind Steve Beuerlein and Jay Schroeder and left the team at its conclusion. After failing Document [98] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Andersen's field goal, which was, coincidentally, also a 38-yarder. The Vikings became the first 15–1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl. Randall Cunningham resumed quarterbacking duties again in 1999, but after a 2–4 start, Jeff George was given the starting job. He finished the season with an 8–2 record and led the Vikings into the postseason once again, with an overall team record of 10–6. Minnesota beat Dallas in the wild card game 27–10, and faced playoff newcomers Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the divisional playoffs. The game was a shootout which Minnesota led 17–14 Document [99] (Title: Brent Pease) head coach. Pease was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the eleventh round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He was released and picked up by the Houston Oilers, for whom he started three replacement games during the strike-shortened 1987 season. He spent another year in Houston as a third-stringer behind Warren Moon and his back-up Cody Carlson. In February 1991, Pease became the first quarterback selected in the World League of American Football draft by the Birmingham Fire. After spending the 1991 season as a part-time starter for the Fire, Pease spent 1992 as the backup to Reggie Slack for Document [100] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) at halftime, but the Rams outscored the Vikings 35–20 in the second half to win 49–37. St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. In 2000, led by first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper (a 1999 first-round draft pick out of Central Florida), the Vikings had a season in which Robert Smith ran for a team record 1,521 yards with seven touchdowns. The Vikings were 11–2 after Week 14, but slumped briefly, losing their last three to the Rams, Packers and Colts while Culpepper was hampered by injury. They would go on to make the playoffs for the fifth Document [101] (Title: Rich Gannon) won his first career start in Week 9 (November 4) with a 27–22 win over the Denver Broncos. John Elway, starting quarterback for the Broncos, left the game due to injury after building a 16-0 first-half lead for Denver. Gannon made the winning touchdown drive on a 56-yard trick play pass: first to Herschel Walker, who pitched back to Gannon, who made a deep pass to Anthony Carter for the touchdown. Minnesota won despite Gannon completing less than half of his passes (6-for-13) and being sacked 7 times. The following week against the Detroit Lions, Gannon rushed for a one-yard Document [102] (Title: 2016 Minnesota Vikings season) at quarterback in the team's first game, as Sam Bradford was rested until the second game. Sam Bradford made his first start for the Vikings in week 2 against the Packers just 15 days after being traded. Despite not having much time to learn the offense, Bradford outplayed Aaron Rodgers but ended up hurting his left hand in the first half due to a hit by Clay Matthews. Bradford finished the game completing 22-of-31 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns, helping lead the Vikings to their first win in their new stadium. Sam Bradford faces his former team for Document [103] (Title: Andrew Sendejo) in 2015 from Pro Football Focus. The Minnesota Vikings finished the 2015 season first in the NFC North with an 11–5 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 10, 2016, Sendejo started his first career playoff game and made three solo tackles and a pass deflection during the Vikings' 10–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wildcard Game. On March 5, 2016, the Minnesota Vikings signed Sendejo to a four-year, $16 million contract that includes $3.95 million guaranteed. On September 18, 2016, Sendejo collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) during a 17–14 against the Green Document [104] (Title: Joe Webb) was named the starting quarterback for the Vikings' Wild Card match against the Green Bay Packers after Christian Ponder was sidelined with an elbow injury. Webb finished with 11 completions on 30 attempts with 180 passing yards and one touchdown in a losing effort. With the signing of Matt Cassel on March 14, Vikings coach Leslie Frazier mentioned that Webb may be given consideration to play other positions besides quarterback. "(Webb) is such a talented athlete that we want to make sure that we're doing the right thing by him and our team, as well." said Frazier, "That's something we'll Document [105] (Title: Mike Wells (quarterback)) Mike Wells (quarterback) Michael Eugene Wells (born June 18, 1951) is a former NFL quarterback who played briefly in 1977. He was originally drafted in 1973 by the Minnesota Vikings but did not appear in a Vikings regular-season game. He played for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1977 but saw very limited action. Wells was a high-school football All American at Normal Community High School in Normal, Illinois before going on to play college football at the University of Illinois. He was an all-Big Ten Conference selection in 1972 before being drafted in the fourth round by Minnesota. A three-sport star Document [106] (Title: Kyle Wright) Kyle Wright Kyle Wright (born October 18, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at the University of Miami. Wright began his high school career as starting quarterback on the Vintage High School JV team, in Napa, California. Following his freshman year, he transferred to Monte Vista High in Danville, becoming the second-string quarterback for his first year and the starter his remaining 2 years. Wright was widely regarded as the nation's Document [107] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) out of the University of Louisville. Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season-ending foot injury in week 3. Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial, with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner's Exempt List indefinitely. On April 16, 2015, the league released a statement issuing Peterson's reinstatement to occur on April 17, 2015. The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses, winning only one Document [108] (Title: 2000 Minnesota Vikings season) 2000 Minnesota Vikings season The 2000 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 40th in the National Football League. They won the NFC Central division title with an 11–5 record and beat the New Orleans Saints in the divisional round of the playoffs before losing 41–0 to the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game. After not retaining either Randall Cunningham or Jeff George, the team was led by first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper and running back Robert Smith, who ran for a then team record 1,521 yards and seven touchdowns. The Vikings started out 7–0 and were 11–2 after 14 Document [109] (Title: Kyle Wright) announced that the San Francisco 49ers had claimed Wright off waivers from the Vikings while waiving quarterback Drew Olson to make room. Kyle Wright Kyle Wright (born October 18, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at the University of Miami. Wright began his high school career as starting quarterback on the Vintage High School JV team, in Napa, California. Following his freshman year, he transferred to Monte Vista High in Danville, Document [110] (Title: Josh Booty) LSU (1997–1999), Valdosta State University (2000) and a Cleveland Browns wide receiver in 2001. Another brother, John David, was the starting quarterback at USC in 2007, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in 2008. John David quarterbacked USC's victories over Michigan and Illinois in the 2007 and 2008 Rose Bowls, respectively. He was formerly the spokesperson for TrueMRI in Beverly Hills, California, and has been involved with numerous radio and television commentating work in sports, including Sirius, Fox Sports, ESPN Radio. Josh won the MLB Network reality show "The Next Knuckler", hosted by former Boston Red Sox players Tim Document [111] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) During the 2016 Republican National Convention, Tarkenton gave a speech endorsing Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump. Fran Tarkenton Francis Asbury Tarkenton (born February 3, 1940) is a former National Football League (NFL) quarterback, television personality, and computer software executive. He played in the NFL for 18 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Vikings. Tarkenton's tenure with the Vikings spanned thirteen non-consecutive seasons, playing with the team for six seasons from 1961 to 1966, then for seven seasons from 1972 to 1978. In between his years in Minnesota, Tarkenton was a member of the New York Document [112] (Title: Shaun Hill) Dolphins and Minnesota Vikings, and the Lions finished 6–10. He has since become known as one of the better backup quarterbacks in the NFL, performing well during his appearances. He signed a one-year deal with the St. Louis Rams on March 26, 2014. Following a season-ending ACL injury to starter Sam Bradford in a preseason game on August 23, 2014, Hill was named the new starter by coach Jeff Fisher. However, in Week 2, Hill was replaced by Austin Davis to be the starter. After a bad performance against the Cardinals in late November, Davis was benched again in favor Document [113] (Title: Tommy Kramer) Kramer played in the Senior Bowl and the Blue-Gray Game in 1976 and was named MVP of the Senior Bowl. He also received the Fort Worth Kiwanis Sportsmanship Award in 1976. In 2012, Kramer was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Kramer became the starting quarterback for the Vikings before the 1979 NFL season, when Fran Tarkenton retired. The Vikings drafted him as Tarkenton's heir apparent. He earned the nickname "Two-Minute Tommy" for his many late-game come-from-behind victories, including in the final home game of the 1980 season, against the Cleveland Browns, in which he threw a game-winning Document [114] (Title: Gus Frerotte) 3.75 million dollar deal. He was Tarvaris Jackson's backup for the first two games of the year. On September 17, 2008, he was named the starter for the rest of the 2008 season by head coach Brad Childress. Frerotte led the Vikings to an 8-3 record before suffering a back injury, which reinstated Jackson as the starter. On November 30, 2008, Frerotte tied the NFL record for the longest pass from scrimmage by throwing a 99-yard touchdown pass to Bernard Berrian against the Chicago Bears. Frerotte had expressed interest in being the starting quarterback for the Vikings for the 2009 Document [115] (Title: Brett Favre) officially signed with the Minnesota Vikings on August 18, 2009. He would go on to have a landmark season in which he surpassed former Vikings defensive end Jim Marshall for consecutive starts at one position, with 291, became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat every one of the league's 32 franchises since the NFL first expanded to 32 franchises in 2002, surpassed Dan Marino's previous record for four-touchdown games, and was named to his 11th Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished 12-4 and advanced to the NFC Championship game, ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl XLIV Document [116] (Title: Randall Cunningham) Randall Cunningham Randall Wade Cunningham (born March 27, 1963) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played in the NFL for 16 seasons, primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. Cunningham is also known for his tenure with the Minnesota Vikings. He is the younger brother of former college and professional football player Sam Cunningham and the father of Randall Cunningham II and world champion high jumper Vashti Cunningham. Cunningham was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2016. After playing college football at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Cunningham was selected in Document [117] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) the Vikings on August 30, 2008. On September 8, 2008, Bollinger was signed by the Dallas Cowboys after the team waived wide receiver Mike Jefferson. Bollinger was listed as the third string QB, backing up starter Tony Romo and his backup Brad Johnson. During week 6 of the season, Romo injured a finger on his throwing hand, leaving him out for a few games. After some failed performances by the veteran Brad Johnson, Bollinger made his first appearance for the Cowboys in the second half of the week 9 game against the New York Giants. Bollinger had only been working Document [118] (Title: Mitch Leidner) Vikings as an undrafted free agent on August 20, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017. Mitch Leidner Mitchell Leidner (born January 17, 1994) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Minnesota, and was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. A 2012 graduate of Lakeville South High School. Mitch Leidner's achievements include helping lead his team to a 15–7 record as a junior and senior, including a 2010 section championship, earning all-metro and all-conference honors as a senior, being named honorable mention all-state in 2011,all-conference and Document [119] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) what would have been their first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XI in 1976. The Vikings had ten Pro Bowlers and four All-Pros on their roster, both league-highs for the season. Quarterback Brett Favre announced that he would not sign with the Minnesota Vikings on July 28, 2009, after much speculation that he would. Less than a month later, however, Favre signed a 2-year contract worth $25 million with the Vikings. On February 18, the team released running back Maurice Hicks. On February 27, the team released quarterback Gus Frerotte. On March 3, the team released linebacker Vinny Ciurciu. On Document [120] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) rounds of the 2016 NFL draft. Their sixth-round selection, German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer, was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America. After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016, the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford, who threw for 20 touchdowns, 5 interceptions, 3,877 yards, and led the Vikings to an 8-8 season. Following the knee injury, the Vikings declined to pick up Document [121] (Title: Clayton Thorson) Clayton Thorson Clayton James Thorson is an American football quarterback. He is currently a redshirt senior and the starting quarterback for the 2018 Northwestern Wildcats football team. After redshirting in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback in 2015 and led the Wildcats to the third 10-win season in program history. As a starter for the 2016 team, he earned Academic All-Big Ten honors. Thorson was selected by ESPN.com as the seventh best high school quarterback and played in the 2014 Semper Fidelis All-American Bowl. Thorson attended Wheaton North High School in Wheaton, Illinois. As a senior, he had 2,809 Document [122] (Title: 2007 Minnesota Vikings season) 13 yd line. Jason Elam kicked a 30-yard game-winning field goal. Minnesota was eliminated from playoff contention based on the Redskins' victory over the Dallas Cowboys 27–6. The Vikings final record was 8–8. The Vikings had seven players selected to the 2008 Pro Bowl. Starting on offense were RB Adrian Peterson, fullback Tony Richardson and offensive guard Steve Hutchinson. Starting at defense were defensive tackles Kevin Williams and Pat Williams as well as strong safety Darren Sharper. The reserve center was Matt Birk. Only one team, the Dallas Cowboys, had more starters (7). Besides the seven named players for Minnesota, Document [123] (Title: Jerick McKinnon) since Adrian Peterson back in 2007. The second of them came against the Buffalo Bills' No. 1-ranked rush defense in week 7 (103 yards on 19 attempts). He started his first career game against the Detroit Lions in Week 6, joining fellow rookie quarterback Teddy Bridgewater as the first quarterback/running back rookie starting tandem since 1961 for the Vikings when Fran Tarkenton and Tommy Mason opened the Detroit game in 1961. He finished the game with 40 yards on 11 carries and 42 yards on 6 receptions. He missed the game against the Carolina Panthers in November 30 with a Document [124] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) November. It was the sixth time in his career that he won the award. Coming off their easy home win over the Bears, the Vikings flew to the desert for a Week 13 Sunday Night duel with the defending NFC champion Arizona Cardinals. In the first quarter, Minnesota got on the board with quarterback Brett Favre completing a 3-yard TD pass to tight end Visanthe Shiancoe. It was originally ruled an incomplete pass as Shiancoe stepped out of bounds, but Minnesota challenged and won based on the fact that Shiancoe had both feet in bounds and the referee counted Shiancoe's Document [125] (Title: John David Booty) by the Vikings in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. Booty made the team after a pre-season battle for the third spot on the depth chart with Brooks Bollinger. He did not take a snap in 2008, but after starter Gus Frerotte went down with a lower back injury, Booty was listed as the second-string quarterback during the week 15 meeting with the Arizona Cardinals and Tarvaris Jackson made the start. With the signing of Brett Favre in the 2009 off season, Booty switched his jersey from #4 to #9. After an unimpressive performance in the Document [126] (Title: Craig Johnson (American football)) the Year (Vince Young, 2006) and helped an accomplished veteran recapture his high level of play (Kerry Collins). The quarterback group has totaled six Pro Bowl invitations during his coaching tenure. In 2010, Johnson was promoted to running backs coach. That year, Pro Bowler Chris Johnson ran for 1,364 yards and led the team with 44 catches. From 2011 to 2013, Johnson was the quarterbacks coach for the Minnesota Vikings. In his first year with the Vikings, the team drafted quarterback Christian Ponder. Under Johnson’s guidance, Ponder threw for 1,853 yards and 13 touchdowns in 11 games. Ponder also finished Document [127] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) as an assistant to Max Winter, was named general manager of the Vikings. In 1975, the Vikings, led by MVP Tarkenton and Chuck Foreman, finished 12–2, losing only to Detroit and Washington while remaining undefeated until late in the season. However, the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the , 17–14, on a controversial touchdown pass from Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary. On the Vikings' next possession, Tarkenton was sacked just short of the end zone as he stepped back to pass, but the referees refused to penalize Document [128] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) in the game, and leading into it, would later be subject to investigation, as it was eventually revealed that the Saints had been involved in a bounty program beginning in the 2009 season. Eight Minnesota Vikings players were originally selected for the 2010 Pro Bowl: five on offense (Brett Favre, Adrian Peterson, Sidney Rice, Bryant McKinnie and Steve Hutchinson), two on defense (Jared Allen and Kevin Williams) and one special teamer (Heath Farwell). Of these, six were selected to start the game, with Favre and Rice going as reserves. However, as Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver DeSean Jackson was voted as Document [129] (Title: Doug Pederson) drafted [[Carson Wentz]] with the second overall pick in [[2016 NFL Draft|2016]]. Right before the [[2016 NFL season|2016 season]] began, Bradford was traded to the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and Wentz was named the starting quarterback as a [[rookie]]. Pederson and Wentz won their first three NFL games together, but finished the season 7–9, missing the playoffs. Pederson's second season was much more successful as he led the Eagles to a 13-3 record, winning them the NFC East division championship and allotting them home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. Wentz, who was having a career year and was considered a front runner for Document [130] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years. Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight-year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp. During the late 1960s, the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters, led by Alan Page, Carl Eller, Gary Larsen, and Jim Marshall. In 1968, that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth. In 1969, the Vikings secured a 12–2 record. The team had 12 straight regular-season Document [131] (Title: Fran Tarkenton) Fran Tarkenton Francis Asbury Tarkenton (born February 3, 1940) is a former National Football League (NFL) quarterback, television personality, and computer software executive. He played in the NFL for 18 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Vikings. Tarkenton's tenure with the Vikings spanned thirteen non-consecutive seasons, playing with the team for six seasons from 1961 to 1966, then for seven seasons from 1972 to 1978. In between his years in Minnesota, Tarkenton was a member of the New York Giants for five seasons. At the time of his retirement, Tarkenton owned every major quarterback record. Document [132] (Title: Jeff George) return to Minnesota as a starting quarterback but he was told by head coach Dennis Green to "shop around". After attempting to speak to other teams about securing a starting quarterback job he was eventually offered a one year, $400,000 contract by Minnesota, with incentives totaling up to $1.4 million. Rather than sign with the Vikings George signed a four-year contract worth $14.8 million with the Washington Redskins as Brad Johnson's backup. Johnson went down in week 9; George replaced him, and went 1–2 in the next three games. Johnson returned, but played poorly against the New York Giants. George Document [133] (Title: Rich Gannon) the Vikings used all three quarterbacks (Wilson, Kramer, and Gannon), and Gannon was 13-for-18 passing for 144 yards and 1 interception. He rushed for 7 yards and was sacked twice for a total 20 yards. Gannon started his first game in Week 4 (September 30) of 1990 after Wade Wilson had torn thumb ligaments. The Vikings lost that game to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in overtime 23–20. Steve Christie kicked the winning field goal for Tampa in a drive started from a Wayne Haddix interception of a Gannon pass. Gannon would play 14 games in 1990 and start 12. Gannon Document [134] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) the half, the signal calling was turned to Christian Ponder, who managed a pair of first-down passes of 17 and 15 yards early on, but produced little thereafter. The Vikings faced a Cardinals team that shut the Texans out 32–0 in week 1. The Cardinals strained the Vikings' defense, but the offense, headed by Matt Cassel in the first half, was able to keep pace with their scoring to see the Vikings trailing 14–13 at halftime. The Vikings switched to Teddy Bridgewater after the half, and the rookie quarterback orchestrated a pair of drives that put the Vikings back in Document [135] (Title: Mitch Leidner) Mitch Leidner Mitchell Leidner (born January 17, 1994) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Minnesota, and was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent. A 2012 graduate of Lakeville South High School. Mitch Leidner's achievements include helping lead his team to a 15–7 record as a junior and senior, including a 2010 section championship, earning all-metro and all-conference honors as a senior, being named honorable mention all-state in 2011,all-conference and honorable mention all-state choice as a junior in 2010.He passed for 2,096 yards and 17 scores in Document [136] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) he began his NFL career. In 2005, Minnesota was struggling with now three-time Pro Bowler Daunte Culpepper starting at quarterback. Randy Moss had been traded in March of that year, and four-time Pro Bowl Center Matt Birk was injured so Culpepper was expected to carry the offense against the top defenses in the NFL. While playing without any offensive weapons, and falling behind early in games the Vikings began the season at 2–5 with Culpepper throwing twice as many interceptions – twelve – as touchdowns – six – and five fumbles (three lost) before tearing his MCL, ACL, and PCL Document [137] (Title: Andrew Sendejo) quarterback Joe Flacco that was originally intended for tight end Ed Dickson in the fourth quarter. He finished 2013 with a career-high 84 combined tackles (52 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and ten starts. On December 30, 2013, the Minnesota Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after they finished fourth in the NFC North with a 5–10–1 record. On August 4, 2014, the Minnesota Vikings activated Sendejo off of their physically unable to perform list after he fully recovered from back surgery he underwent in April. He competed against Robert Blanton and Antone Exum to Document [138] (Title: Randall Cunningham) Green Bay Packers was "the greatest night of my football career". He threw for 442 yards and four touchdowns. However, the Vikings ended up being the first 15–1 team to fall short of the Super Bowl, losing to the underdog Atlanta Falcons in the conference championship game by a field goal. During the early stages of the 1999 season, after throwing nine interceptions in just six games, Cunningham was benched again, this time in favor of Jeff George. After the team announced that second-year quarterback Daunte Culpepper would be the starter prior to the 2000 season, Cunningham was released. Shortly Document [139] (Title: Kyle Sloter) Kyle Sloter Kyle Joseph Sloter (born February 7, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Northern Colorado and high school football at Mount Pisgah Christian School. Source: Sloter signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on May 13, 2017. In the preseason, Sloter completed 31 of 43 passes for 413 yards with three touchdowns and no interceptions for a passer rating of 125.4, the highest of any rookie quarterback. He was waived by the Broncos on September 2, 2017. On September 4, 2017, Document [140] (Title: 2009 Minnesota Vikings season) rally with a 27-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Marc Bulger to wide receiver Donnie Avery, but Minnesota closed out the game with a 1-yard touchdown run from running back Chester Taylor. With the win, not only did the Vikings acquire their first 5–0 start since 2003, but Favre (18/24, 232 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT) earned his first 5–0 start in his career. Coming off their easy road win over the Rams, the Vikings went home for a Week 6 inter-conference duel with the Baltimore Ravens. Minnesota got off to a fast start in the first quarter with quarterback Brett Document [141] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) starting quarterback for Minnesota towards the end of his rookie season. Jackson's first game was a week 16 night game against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. Game conditions were very poor. A steady rain fell throughout the evening and the kickoff temperature was only 36 degrees Fahrenheit. The Vikings lost by a score of 9-7 with the only Vikings score coming from an interception for a touchdown by defensive back Fred Smoot. The offense set a franchise low record of only three first downs the whole game, did not get close enough to the end zone to even Document [142] (Title: Ben Olson) named starting quarterback for the 2007 Season following the spring training. However, he was plagued, yet again, by injuries and only played in 6 games, completing only 48.3% of his passes for 1040 yards, 7.08 yards per attempt, 7 TDs and 6 INTs. Entering the 2008 season, Olson was the presumptive starting quarterback after a career-ending knee injury to Patrick Cowan, the named starter during spring practice. However, on Saturday, August 9 Olson broke his foot and was sidelined. Olson, whose career has been marked by injuries, broke the fifth metatarsal in his right foot during practice, and X-rays taken Document [143] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) Payne, before throwing a 65-yard TD pass to tight end Garrett Mills. Rosenfels got his third passing TD in the third quarter, with a 71-yard pass to WR Marko Mitchell. The victory was completed with 6:49 left in the game as fellow rookies – QB Joe Webb and TE Mickey Shuler – combined for a two-yard pass. The Vikings' second preseason game took them to San Francisco to take on the 49ers. The game marked the return of quarterback Brett Favre to the Vikings' starting lineup, but he lasted just four plays; the first was a 13-yard pass to RB Document [144] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) quarterback Johnny Manziel, but the Cleveland Browns ended up drafting him 22nd overall. Bridgewater would later get the starting job at the quarterback position when Cassel went out with a season-ending foot injury. Though the Vikings struggled offensively and once again got eliminated from playoff contention, Bridgewater showed signs of being a potential franchise quarterback, and the Vikings' defense had also improved from last season, to offset the struggles. The Vikings improved on their five-win 2013 season with an overtime win over the New York Jets, who the Vikings hadn't beaten since 1975. That game saw wide receiver Jarius Wright Document [145] (Title: Tommy Kramer) Tommy Kramer Thomas Francis "Tommy" Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the NFL from 1977 to 1990. He played collegiately at Rice University and was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (27th overall) of the 1977 NFL Draft after being named MVP of the 1977 Senior Bowl. He was inducted with the 2012 class into the College Football Hall of Fame. Kramer played his high school football at Robert E. Lee High School in San Antonio. He guided the Volunteers to a state title in 1971 Document [146] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) of all players, behind five quarterbacks. After the Detroit Lions' rookie defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh went for surgery on an injured shoulder, Kevin Williams was called up as an alternate. However, due to the imminent arrival of a new baby to him and his wife, Williams himself withdrew from the roster on January 22; he was replaced by the Arizona Cardinals' DT Darnell Dockett. Two days later, CB Antoine Winfield was added to the NFC Pro Bowl roster to replace the Green Bay Packers' Charles Woodson and Tramon Williams, both of whom withdrew due to their participation in Super Bowl Document [147] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) and one touchdown. He finished the game 22-of-36 and 192 yards. Hasselbeck returned as the starter for the subsequent playoff game. Prior to the 2011 preseason, Whitehurst was named the backup to Tarvaris Jackson, the former Vikings quarterback whom Seattle acquired in the 2011 offseason. However, Jackson and Whitehurst were expected to compete for the starting job once Whitehurst became familiar with the new offensive schemes. Whitehurst went 14-of-19 passing with one touchdown to put Seattle on the board against the Vikings in 2011's second preseason action. Whitehurst took over for an injured Jackson during a Week 5 matchup at Document [148] (Title: 2010 Minnesota Vikings season) on the league's worst team from 2009, the St. Louis Rams. The Rams roster featured rookie quarterback Sam Bradford, signed as the #1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft. Meanwhile, the Vikings were without six members of their regular starting offense, including QB Brett Favre and RB Adrian Peterson. The Rams got the first touchdown of the game with 1:29 remaining in the first quarter, when Danny Amendola returned a Chris Kluwe punt for 93 yards. The Vikings responded with two TDs in the second quarter; first, backup QB Sage Rosenfels passed for two yards to wide receiver Logan Document [149] (Title: Sidney Rice) Rice finished his rookie season with 31 receptions for 396 yards and four touchdowns (second most receiving touchdowns by a 2007 rookie). He also completed two passes including a 79-yard pass, the longest for a non-quarterback in Vikings history. The next season, Rice was named a starter with the Vikings new wide receiver acquisition Bernard Berrian. He got off to a pretty good start scoring a 23-yard touchdown in week one against the Packers. However, Rice suffered a knee injury that kept him out until week 9. When he returned, most of his playing time was when the Vikings were Document [150] (Title: Trevor Siemian) Trevor Siemian Trevor John Siemian (born December 26, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Siemian played college football at Northwestern and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He earned a Super Bowl ring as a backup following the Broncos' Super Bowl 50 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Siemian was born on December 26, 1991, in Danbury, Connecticut, to Walter and Colleen Siemian. Siemian attended Olympia High School in Orlando, Florida. On the football team, he threw for an Orange County record Document [151] (Title: 2017 Chicago Bears season) On "Monday Night Football", Mitchell Trubisky made his NFL debut against the Minnesota Vikings, who led the all-time series 58–52–2, though the Bears had won all but two games at Soldier Field since 2007. Trubisky is the eleventh rookie quarterback in team history to start a game and the first since Kyle Orton in 2005, though only three won their first games (Jim McMahon, Rex Grossman, Craig Krenzel); furthermore, since 2009, only one of nine Bears quarterbacks won in their debuts with the team (Todd Collins). Jeff Joniak emphasized a focus on first down success; the Bears' rushing game, which Document [152] (Title: 2008 Minnesota Vikings season) run-ins with the law. He was due to receive $2.5 million and a $500,000 roster bonus this season. On February 27, the team released backup quarterback Kelly Holcomb. On February 29, the team traded wide receiver Troy Williamson to the Jacksonville Jaguars for a sixth-round pick in the 2008 draft On March 1, the Vikings' former defensive tackle Spencer Johnson joined the Buffalo Bills. On March 3, free agent running back Mewelde Moore left the team to join the Pittsburgh Steelers. On March 7, safety Tank Williams joined the New England Patriots and fullback Tony Richardson joined the New York Document [153] (Title: Chad Hutchinson) after Rex Grossman suffered a season-ending knee injury in the third game of the season, reuniting with quarterback coach Wade Wilson who also held that position with the Cowboys. He would become the fourth quarterback that year to start for the team, after Jonathan Quinn and Craig Krenzel were ineffective in their appearances. Grossman was the projected starter entering the 2005 season, until suffering a broken ankle in preseason. Although Hutchinson was initially named the starter, he was eventually replaced in favor of rookie Kyle Orton, after he had poor preseason performances and the decision to sign Jeff Blake to Document [154] (Title: 2014 Minnesota Vikings season) Chad Greenway and Shaun Prater each recording an interception. The Vikings' defense managed to hold the Chiefs to five points for a majority of the game until they got a touchdown in the final minute for a total of 12. For the third game running, Cassel was the starting quarterback and he played the majority of this game; he gained 152 passing yards with a touchdown pass to Cordarrelle Patterson, and threw a pick, the Vikings' only turnover of their preseason. Bridgewater also saw a little action; though he made few pass attempts, he gained 40 passing yards and made Document [155] (Title: Asad Abdul-Khaliq) Asad Abdul-Khaliq Asad Tajmmal Abdul-Khaliq (born August 4, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He was the starting quarterback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team from 2000 to 2003. The Gophers went 10-3 during his senior year in 2003 with Abdul-Khaliq under center – the first time they won that many games in a season since a 10-1 season in 1905. He also briefly played for the Chicago Rush and the New York Dragons of the AFL. Abdul-Khaliq was a four-year letter winner with Minnesota and was a two-year captain. He started as a freshman in 2000, although Document [156] (Title: Trevor Siemian) the Carolina Panthers in the 2016 regular season opener and Super Bowl 50 rematch, Siemian completed 18-of-26 passes for 178 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions in his first NFL start and 21-20 victory. He was the first quarterback in NFL history to start the season opener for the defending Super Bowl champion without having thrown an NFL pass. He was the first Northwestern quarterback since Randy Dean in 1979 to start an NFL game. The following week, Siemian threw for 266 yards in a 34–20 win over the Indianapolis Colts, 215 of those yards came in the first half. Document [157] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) still have a chance to make the playoffs, so we're still trying to do that. So it's obvious that Brad is still our quarterback so we can stay on that." Two weeks later in week 15, Johnson started the game but was benched in the fourth quarter when the Vikings had been underperforming the entire game losing by a score of 26-7 at the time Jackson went in late in the third quarter against the New York Jets. Although Johnson had not thrown an interception that game and had a respectable passer rating of 94.2 in the game, the Minnesota Document [158] (Title: 1998 Minnesota Vikings season) spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham, who had the best year of his NFL career, running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie Randy Moss, the Vikings set a then-NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points, never scoring fewer than 24 in a game. The Vikings finished the season 15–1, their only loss by three points to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in week nine. 12 of their 15 wins came by a margin of at least 10 points. According to Football Outsiders, "The Vikings led the league with 52 plays of 25+ yards. Document [159] (Title: Mike McMahon (American football)) Randall Cunningham in 1992. After taking over for McNabb, McMahon compiled a record of two wins and five losses in the games he started. His quarterback rating was 55.2 for the season. He was released on March 20, 2006, three days after the team signed quarterback Jeff Garcia. McMahon was signed to a two-year contract by the Minnesota Vikings on March 23, 2006, a move which reunited him with then-Vikings head coach Brad Childress, who was previously the offensive coordinator in Philadelphia. McMahon lost a training camp battle for the third-string job with fellow quarterbacks Tarvaris Jackson and Brooks Bollinger. Document [160] (Title: Brad Johnson (American football)) top 10 in the league out of more than 100 quarterbacks who performed. However, in the regular season, Johnson struggled worse than Daunte Culpepper did in 2005, throwing eight touchdowns to fifteen interceptions. Midway through the season, he had already set an NFL record for passes completed short of a first down on third down in a season. Many fans grew restless for the benching of Johnson because of his conservative checkdowns, immobility, and at the same time reckless decisions which plagued the Vikings offense. His quarterback-rating on 3rd downs, with a lead, from behind, and in the red zone Document [161] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) officially named the head coach on January 3, 2011, after signing a three-year contract. On January 17, Brett Favre retired for the third, and officially last, time, leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position. Wasting no time after being appointed head coach, Frazier began to restructure the team's coaching staff, including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator. Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder, a quarterback from Florida State University. The team finished with a 3–13 Document [162] (Title: Bill Musgrave) Michael Vick (2006), Matt Schaub (2006) and Matt Ryan (2008-10). Musgrave was hired by the Minnesota Vikings to the position of offensive coordinator under head coach Leslie Frazier on January 16, 2011. The Vikings posted the top-ranked rushing offense in the league over that span, and Adrian Peterson had his 2,000 rushing yards season and received the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award in 2012. After three seasons with the Vikings, he was not retained by new head coach Mike Zimmer after the 2013 season. Musgrave was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles as the team's quarterbacks coach on Document [163] (Title: Trent Dilfer) 2001) wild-card hopes ended when the Ravens beat the Minnesota Vikings 19–3 on Monday Night Football. At the end of the season, Dilfer's passer rating was 92.0 and he had won 15 straight starts. Partially because the Seattle Seahawks' starting quarterback, Hasselbeck, was coming off a season where he went 5–7 as a starter and threw eight interceptions and seven touchdowns, Dilfer was re-signed by the team to a four-year deal on March 1, and was slated as the starter heading into training camp. However, in an exhibition game against Indianapolis, Dilfer sprained his medial collateral ligament in his right Document [164] (Title: Gus Frerotte) NFL season, but was released on February 27, 2009, after the team traded for quarterback Sage Rosenfels. The Vikings, however, would end up signing Brett Favre to be their eventual starter. As of December 2010, Frerotte works for GAIMPlan Consulting which helps high school athletes pick a college. On January 19, 2011, Frerotte announced he would be taking over as head coach at John Burroughs School in the St. Louis area. His teams were runners up in the state championship game in 2011 and 2012. In 2017, Frerotte joined Coraopolis, PA-based startup RC21X, serving as the Vice President of Brain Document [165] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) Detroit to close 2010 at 6–10 and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1991, the last year Jerry Burns was the head coach. With Favre's retirement and Tarvaris Jackson's departures at the end of the season, Joe Webb was widely expected to take over as the starting QB. However, the Vikings front office reportedly did not believe he was suitable for the position and the team instead drafted Florida State QB Christian Ponder with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 draft. Aside from drafting Ponder, the Vikings also had to deal with Document [166] (Title: Tyler Thigpen) preseason. On May 18, 2007, Thigpen became the first of eight Vikings drafted in 2007 to sign a contract, agreeing to a four-year deal. Thigpen then competed with Brooks Bollinger, Tarvaris Jackson, and Drew Henson for a quarterback roster spot for the 2007 NFL season. The Vikings released Thigpen on September 1, 2007 along with several other players. The Vikings planned on signing Thigpen to their practice squad after passing waivers. Several NFL teams had just two quarterbacks on their active roster heading into the season, including the Kansas City Chiefs, who had just recently released quarterbacks Casey Printers and Document [167] (Title: Trevor Siemian) quarter and did not return. He was placed on injured reserve on December 15, 2017. On March 19, 2018, Siemian, along with a 2018 seventh-round draft pick, was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for a 2019 fifth-round draft pick. "Source": Trevor Siemian Trevor John Siemian (born December 26, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Siemian played college football at Northwestern and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He earned a Super Bowl ring as a backup following the Broncos' Document [168] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) playoff berth ended when they lost to the Washington Redskins 32–21 on NBC's "Sunday Night Football." The Vikings then dropped their final regular season game against the Denver Broncos at Invesco Field 22–19. However, unlike in 2004, the Vikings had an 8–8 record but did not make the playoffs. Adrian Peterson also won the NFL's Rookie of the Year award. To replace departing free agent quarterbacks Kelly Holcomb and Brooks Bollinger, the Vikings signed veteran Gus Frerotte, a former Vikings backup from 2003 to 2004, and drafted USC quarterback John David Booty. To amp up the passing attack, the Vikings Document [169] (Title: Kirk Cousins) Kirk Cousins Kirk Daniel Cousins (born August 19, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan State, where he was the Spartans' starter from 2009 to 2011, and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Originally drafted as a backup to fellow rookie Robert Griffin III, he would occasionally appear in games, along with a few starts, during his first three seasons with the team. In the 2015 preseason, Cousins replaced an injured Griffin and remained the team's Document [170] (Title: 2013 Minnesota Vikings season) the Packers, the Vikings, continuing with Christian Ponder as their quarterback, travel to Arlington, Texas to face the Dallas Cowboys. The first quarter was all field goals, as Dallas scored first with a 41-yarder by Dan Bailey, followed by a 23-yarder for the Vikings by Blair Walsh. In the second quarter, Bailey made another field goal from 44 yards to put the Cowboys up by 3, but the Vikings took a 10–6 lead into halftime, capping the ensuing 79-yard drive with a 6-yard run by Ponder. After the half, Cowboy quarterback Tony Romo completed two consecutive 26-yard passes to tight Document [171] (Title: Teddy Bridgewater) he was sacked only once. He led a game-tying drive to force overtime, where fellow first-round pick Anthony Barr made a fumble recovery on the Bucs' first overtime play, giving the Vikings a 19–13 win. His third win as a starter, a 29–26 comeback win over the Washington Redskins, broke a franchise record shared by Fran Tarkenton and Ponder for wins among starting rookie quarterbacks. Bridgewater added to this record with wins over the Carolina Panthers, New York Jets, and Chicago Bears in weeks 13, 14, and 17 respectively. The win over the Jets is notable for when wide receiver Document [172] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) Green Bay Packers, signed a two-year, $25 million deal with the Vikings. On October 5, 2009, the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time. With a 30–23 victory on Monday Night Football, the Vikings moved to a 4–0 record. Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter. Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game, beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 (18.6 million Document [173] (Title: 2015 Minnesota Vikings season) Griffen was called up to replace him, his first career Pro Bowl selection. Griffen was followed by a fellow first-time Pro Bowler, safety Harrison Smith, on January 25, after Earl Thomas of the Seattle Seahawks was ruled out of the game due to injury. The next day, quarterback Teddy Bridgewater and linebacker Anthony Barr were added to the Pro Bowl roster as replacements for injured Arizona Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer and New England Patriots linebacker Jamie Collins respectively. Source: Minnesota Vikings' official website Source: NFL.com. 2015 Minnesota Vikings season The 2015 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 55th season in the Document [174] (Title: Christian Ponder) a 14–21–1 record as a starter for the Vikings, having started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013. As of the 2016 season, Ponder is eighth in Vikings history in quarterback yards and 10th in passing touchdowns. He also holds multiple rookie quarterback records for the franchise. On March 13, 2015, Ponder signed with the Oakland Raiders on a one-year contract that included a $1.5 million signing bonus. In Oakland, he was reunited with offensive coordinator Bill Musgrave, who coordinated the offense on the Vikings during Ponder's first three seasons with Minnesota. Ponder entered training camp playing Document [175] (Title: Brooks Bollinger) tried to bring experience at the QB position to the team by signing veteran quarterback Vinny Testaverde. The 41-year-old Testaverde failed to perform up to expectations and was benched for Bollinger. Bollinger was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in 2006 for defensive tackle C. J. Mosley and a draft pick where he was reunited with new head coach Brad Childress, his offensive coordinator in college. After a game against the Chicago Bears in which Vikings starting quarterback Brad Johnson threw 4 interceptions, Bollinger came in and replaced him. He threw for 70 yards (with seven completions on nine attempts), before Document [176] (Title: Christian Ponder) with the Vikings on a rookie contract that included $10 million guaranteed. Ponder embraced the competition from McNabb. "The guy deserves a starting job. He's been in the league for a while," Ponder said of McNabb. "My mentality is to be able to go in and compete and try to get that job from him. He deserves to be the starting quarterback. Somewhere down the road I'm going to push to take that over and we'll see." Ponder announced at his introduction press conference that he intended to wear jersey number 7 in the NFL. Following a disastrous start to Document [177] (Title: Matt Cassel) and Ponder. However, on September 21, 2014 Cassel broke his foot against the New Orleans Saints and was placed on injured reserve. In only three games, he totaled 425 passing yards, three touchdowns, and four interceptions. On March 10, 2015, the Vikings traded Cassel along with a sixth round 2015 NFL Draft pick to the Buffalo Bills in exchange for a 2015 fifth round pick and a seventh round pick in 2016. Cassel was involved in a three-way quarterback competition between former Bills first round pick EJ Manuel and former Baltimore Ravens backup Tyrod Taylor. After losing the competition to Document [178] (Title: Wade Wilson (American football)) in Business Management. He finished his college career with 4,616 passing yards, 32 touchdowns and an 18-14-1 record as a starter. Wilson was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the eighth round (210th overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft. He was mostly the backup to quarterback Tommy Kramer until 1987, when Kramer started 5 games and Wilson 7 contests, including the playoffs, where the Vikings advanced to the NFC Championship Game after a tremendous upset of the 13-2 San Francisco 49ers in the Divisional Round, finally succumbing 17-10 to the eventual Super Bowl XXII champion Washington Redskins. In 1988, he Document [179] (Title: Philadelphia Eagles) Browns for the #2 pick and a 2017 fourth-round pick. They used the #2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz. On September 3, 2016, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings, who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season, for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick. Following the trade, the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season. First-time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3–0 start to the season. His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns, no interceptions and over 255 yards Document [180] (Title: Paul Justin) by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for Document [181] (Title: Todd Bouman) Todd Bouman Todd Matthew Bouman (; born August 1, 1972) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He played college football at St. Cloud State. Bouman also played for the New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Louis Rams and Baltimore Ravens. Bouman was born in Ruthton, Minnesota, and attended Russell-Tyler-Ruthton High School (class of 1991) and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. He won All-State honors in football and basketball, and in track & field, he qualified for the State Document [182] (Title: Juston Wood) He was a first-team All-Big Sky Conference selection at quarterback in 2001 and honorable mention in 2002, serving as team captain both seasons. He recorded career passing totals of 414 completions, 724 incompletions, 37 touchdowns and 5,653 yards. He graduated from Portland State with a bachelor's degree in public health education. He was rated the 14th best quarterback in the 2003 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. Wood signed with the Minnesota Vikings on April 28, 2003. He was released by the Vikings on August 25, 2003. Wood played for the Central Valley Coyotes of the af2 from 2004 to 2005. He Document [183] (Title: Paul Burmeister) holding two degrees from the University of Iowa (B.A., 1994, M.A., 1997), Burmeister also played quarterback for Hayden Fry from 1989 - 1993. He started the final 3 games of the 1992 season, and every game in 1993. Burmeister was named offensive captain prior to the 1993 season, and voted MVP at the conclusion of the season that ended with a berth in the inaugural Alamo Bowl. He was invited to participate in the NFL Scouting Combine, after his senior season, and in 1995 spent 5 months with the Minnesota Vikings as a free agent. Paul Burmeister has been an Document [184] (Title: Rich Gannon) for 91 yards and rushed 43 times for 236 yards, including two rushing touchdowns. Competing with Sean Salisbury for the starting job, Gannon ultimately became the Vikings' starting quarterback for 1992. In the final exhibition game of 1992, and with first-year coach Dennis Green, he led the Vikings to a 30–0 defeat of defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins in the Redskins' home field, completing 14 of 21 passes for 124 yards and three touchdowns. In the fourth quarter of the Week 5 (October 4) home game against the Chicago Bears, Gannon led a Vikings rally from a 20–0 deficit Document [185] (Title: Jeff George) season and was benched. George took over the starting role, in 10 games as a starter going 8–2 with 23 touchdowns, 8.6 yards per attempt and a 94.2 rating in leading Minnesota to the playoffs. George won his first career playoff game, throwing three touchdown passes to lead the Vikings over the Dallas Cowboys 27–10. The Vikings lost the next week to the eventual Super Bowl champion Rams 49–37. When George took too long to agree to terms with the Vikings in the offseason, they chose not to renew George's contract. George ended up signing with Washington. George hoped to Document [186] (Title: Kurt Warner) franchise record. Warner's performance earned him a $1 million bonus for the year, and he fell just short of attaining a 90.0+ passer rating, which would have given him an extra $500,000. Leinart was named the Cardinals' starting quarterback going into the 2008 off-season, but Ken Whisenhunt stated that it would be very possible for Warner to be the starter before week one of the regular season. Indeed, Warner was named the starter on August 30, 2008. That season, Warner had 4,583 passing yards, 30 touchdowns, and a completion percentage of 67.1%. He was the top ranked passer in the Document [187] (Title: History of the Minnesota Vikings) to sell the club. At first it appeared that Tom Clancy would become the new owner. However, his attempt to buy the team fell through. So in July 1998, the team was sold to McCombs, who was from San Antonio, Texas. 1998 was a year to remember for the Minnesota Vikings. After losing starting quarterback Brad Johnson to a broken leg on a non-play (false start penalty), the Vikings went on to a spectacular offensive season led by Randall Cunningham, who had his best NFL season ever, running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie wide Document [188] (Title: Minnesota Vikings) from 1989 to 1991. In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings, Green won four NFC Central division titles, had eight playoff appearances, two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all-time record of 97–62. The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s. 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise. With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham (who replaced an injured Brad Johnson), running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie Randy Moss, the Vikings set a then-NFL record Document [189] (Title: Donovan McNabb) the former Eagles offensive coordinator. Vikings punter Chris Kluwe agreed to give McNabb his number 5 jersey, in exchange for a $5,000 donation to Kick for a Cure, McNabb to promote Kluwe's band "Tripping Icarus" during a press conference, and an ice cream cone. After starting the 2011 season with a 1–5 record, on October 18, it was announced that McNabb would no longer be the starting quarterback for the Vikings, as the job was given to rookie Christian Ponder for the remainder of the season. McNabb requested and was granted his release from the team on December 1, 2011, Question: who is the current starting quarterback for the minnesota vikings

Answer: Case Keenum Long Answer: The Vikings have had 36 starting quarterbacks in the history of their franchise; they have never had more than three starting quarterbacks in one season . The Vikings' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Fran Tarkenton, Brett Favre and Warren Moon . The team's first starting quarterback was George Shaw; he was replaced by Tarkenton in the franchise's first game, and the future Hall of Famer retained the starting role for most of the remainder of the season . As of the 2017 season, Minnesota's starting quarterback is Case Keenum. Gold Document ID: 82

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Neltume) fired against the station. In October 1973, 12 people were executed in Valdivia for these actions and "guerrilla activities" in Neltume. On November 3, 1973 three young men were condemned in a court martial to death for their participation in the assault. In 1990 General Bravo qualified the execution of the three men as "terrible" as there had not been any proof of their participation in the assault. In the days around September 18, Chile's national day, of 1973 paratroop commandos under Alejandro Medina Lois searched through the Neltume zone in search for the leader of MCR, "Comandante Pepe", who Document [2] (Title: Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)) political polarization escalated, as did left-wing and right-wing violence. Before 1973, the organization may have staged few attacks compared to its urban guerrilla peers, but it tried to infiltrate the Chilean Armed Forces in anticipation of a coup d'état against Allende and discussed plans to replace the existing police and military with a militia recruited from the Popular Front's supporters. The MIR commanders, Oscar Garretón and Miguel Enríquez, were tasked with infiltrating Chilean Navy personnel. In August 1973, it formed the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta (JCR) with other South American revolutionary parties (the Argentine ERP, the Uruguayan Tupamaros and the Bolivian Document [3] (Title: Day of the Young Combatant) to refer to the event as the Día del Joven Delincuente (Day of the Young Delinquent). Generally, local media and government agencies have disseminated warnings to the public to stay indoors, expect power outages (particularly near the mentioned neighborhood "Villa Francia") and several institutions such as Universities end classes early for students to return home before nightfall, which is mostly when the violent attacks happen. It is also common to expect public transportation to be sparse due to frequent attacks on public buses. A similarly violent-prone and disruptive day is September 11, the day of the 1973 coup d'état. Day Document [4] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) the grounds of the University of Chile. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the "Cazadores", became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper. The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973. On 18 November 1974, guerrillas open fire on an army vehicle, killing Corporal Francisco Cifuentes Espinoza. On 17 November, MIR guerrillas shoot and kill army sergeant Waldo Morales Neal and private Clemente Santibáñez Vargas. On Document [5] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) 1973 Chilean coup d'état The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon, Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police. The military deposed Allende's Popular Unity government and later established a "junta" that suspended all political activity in Chile and repressed left-wing movements, especially the Communist and socialist parties and the Revolutionary Left Movement Document [6] (Title: LGBT in Chile) the fight against homophobia in the classroom. The homosexual protests in Chile emerged publicly under the government of Salvador Allende, months before the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. On April 22, 1973, in the Plaza de Armas in Santiago, about 30 homosexuals and transvestites were part of the first public demonstration for gay rights in the history of Chile. They gathered to protest against abuses by police, which continually jailed them for "indecency and bad manners." Chile became one of the pioneering countries in the world in political demonstrations of homosexuals. Despite the importance of this protest, it remains invisible at Document [7] (Title: Charles Horman) situation, such as removing Pedro Vuskovic from Corfo and replacing him by José Cademártori, there would be a coup d'état in September, 1973”. González's opposition to the abuses of the new authorities manifested itself since the dictatorship's first day, and “after the coup he saved dozens of supporters of the Unidad Popular from being unjustly dismissed from their jobs, imprisoned or from an assured death, as for instance the journalist Carlos Jorquera, whom on the very September 11 he saved from suffering the fate of his comrades at Peldehue”., all of which were assassinated on September 12 in the Regimiento Document [8] (Title: Miguel Enríquez (politician)) had also managed to infiltrate the Chilean Armed Forces. The MIR became the object of Pinochet’s paranoia. As a result, between 1973-1976 most of its young leaders like Miguel Enriquez and Bautista van Schouwen Vasey were killed. The Rettig report (Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation) emphasized the repression against the MIR. After the coup d'état by the armed forces against Allende's government on Tuesday 11 September 1973, Miguel was one of the main guerrilla leaders that remained after many fled the country. This proved to be a precarious existence and Miguel was killed in a Document [9] (Title: Víctor Jara) to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean right wing staged a coup d'état on September 11, 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. After the Document [10] (Title: Seguro Obrero massacre) Seguro Obrero massacre The Seguro Obrero massacre (, literally in English: Workers Insurance's Massacre) occurred on September 5, 1938, and was the Chilean government's response to an attempted coup d'état by the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCh), whose members were known at the time as "Nacistas". After a failed coup involving a stand-off and a shootout, about 60 Nacistas who had surrendered after being given assurances, were summarily shot. The Seguro Obrero Massacre took place on 5 September 1938, in the midst of a heated three-way election campaign between the liberal-conservative Gustavo Ross Santa María, the radical Popular Front's Document [11] (Title: Clarín (Chilean newspaper)) some copies of that day's newspaper managed to be delivered to regions. In 2008, the State of Chile was condemned to pay an indemnization of ten million dollars for the expropriation of the newspaper. The decision, however, was later revoked. On 11 September 2013, commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the coup d'état, "Clarín" released a special edition, in collaboration with the newspaper "El Ciudadano". Clarín (Chilean newspaper) Clarín was a Chilean newspaper published between 1954 and 1973, when it was closed following the coup d'état on 11 September. A new edition was published forty years later, on 11 September 2013, Document [12] (Title: Presidency of Salvador Allende) coup. After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told Nixon that the United States "didn't do it" (referring to the coup itself) but had "created the conditions as great as possible". In October 1972, Chile saw the first of what were to be a wave of confrontational strikes led by some of the historically well-off sectors of Chilean society; these received the open support of United States President Richard Nixon. A strike by trucking company owners, which the CIA supported by funding them with US$2 million within the frame of the "September Plan", began on 9 October Document [13] (Title: Chilekommittén) government. The founding nucleus of the Committee consisted of Latin Americans, Spaniards and a handful of Swedes. A few months later, the membership of the Committee was predominantly Swedish. The Committee met at "Club de los Cronopios", an association of Spanish republican émigrés. Throughout 1972 the Committee campaigned in favour of the nationalization of copper mines in Chile. Prior to the 1973 coup d'état in Chile, "Chile-bulletinen" presented an optimistic viewpoint of the possibilities to achieve socialism in Chile. The rumours about an impending coup d'état against Allende were discussed, however. In the immediate aftermath of the coup d'état "Chile-bulletinen" Document [14] (Title: Chile–Sweden relations) 11 September 1973, the government of President Allende suffered a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet who was backed by the government of the United States. President Allende was declared to have committed suicide during the coup and General Pinochet took over the government and became the new President of the country. Immediately, President Pinochet began arresting, torturing and executing followers of President Allende. During this time, thousands of Chileans sought refuge in mainly Latin American embassies in the Chilean capital. Under Ambassador Edelstam, Sweden opened its doors to asylee seekers. More than 500 Chileans, 40 Uruguayans and some Cubans Document [15] (Title: Latin American economy) of the copper industry. There was rising polarization and violence in Chile and increasing hostility of the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon. A military coup against Allende on September 11, 1973, during which he committed suicide. This marked the end of the transition to socialism and ushered in an era of political repression and economic course changes. The successful 1973 coup in Chile signaled that substantial political and change would not come without violence. Leftist revolutions in Nicaragua (1979) and the protracted warfare in El Salvador saw the U.S. back low-intensity warfare in the 1980s, one component of which Document [16] (Title: Carmen Rodríguez) Rodríguez describes Chile prior to the Chilean coup of 1973, as "a place of hope, a place where a peaceful road to socialism could have become a model for social justice around the world. It was not to be. Lost profits and the threat of diminished power spoke loudly and acted relentlessly". At the time of coup, which occurred on September 11, Rodríguez was teaching at the University of Austral in the south of Chile. On that day, the President of the Chilean government was overthrown by the military. Although she did not belong to any official political parties at Document [17] (Title: Chile–France relations) de Gaulle paid an official visit to Chile, becoming the first sitting French President to visit the country. In 1965, President Eduardo Frei Montalva became the first Chilean head-of-state to pay an official visit to France. In 1971, Pablo Neruda was named ambassador of Chile to France where he served until 1973. While in France, Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature. On 11 September 1973, Chile experienced a coup d'état when forces loyal to General Augusto Pinochet took over the government from President Salvador Allende. Thousands of Chileans fled the country fearing persecution. On the 28 September 1973, France Document [18] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) the Rettig Commission, a multi-partisan truth commission, in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers, among others, Colonia Dignidad, the tall ship "Esmeralda" and Víctor Jara Stadium. Later, in November 2004, the Valech Report confirmed the number as less than 3,000 killed, and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance; but some 28,000 people were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured. Sixty individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September, although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day. In all, 46 of Allende's guard (the GAP, "Grupo de Amigos Personales") were killed, some Document [19] (Title: Pampilla Festival) previous year's musical contests were re-performed. On this occasion, the station that broadcast the event for the rest of Chile was Radio Minería. The official announcer was , who was also the host of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival. In 1973 the festival was not held because the country was under a state of siege after the 11 September coup d'état that had overthrown President Salvador Allende. Among the outstanding artistic presentations of 1988 were those of "" (comprising , Marilú Cuevas, , and ) and Álvaro Scaramelli. , Largo Camino, and the Carén Folk Ensemble performed at Document [20] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) station was established in Chile out of the Australian embassy in July 1971 at the request of the CIA and authorised by then Liberal Party Foreign Minister William McMahon. Newly-elected Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was informed of the operation in February 1973 and signed a document ordering the closure of the operation several weeks later. It appears, however, the last ASIS agent did not leave Chile until October 1973, one month after the CIA-backed coup d'état had brought down the Allende Government. There were also two officers of Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australia's internal Document [21] (Title: Chile–Spain relations) the 1973 Chilean coup d'état which saw the removal (and suicide) of Salvador Allende; Franco recognized the government of Augusto Pinochet. In November 1975, Franco died and Pinochet was the only foreign head of state to attend his funeral. In March 1990, Pinochet transferred power to the newly elected President Patricio Aylwin and in October 1990, Spanish King Juan Carlos I paid his first official visit to Chile. The King would visit Chile on several occasions afterwards. There are currently 60,000 Spanish nationals residing in Chile. There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: Iberia, LATAM Chile Document [22] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) de Septiembre in 1980. In the 30th anniversary of the coup President Ricardo Lagos inaugurated the Morandé 80 entrance to La Moneda. This entrance to the presidential palace had been erased during the repairs the dictatorship did to the building after the bombing. The 40th anniversary of the coup in 2013 was particularly intense. That year the name of Avenida 11 de Septiembre was reversed to the original Avenida Nueva Providencia. The Association of Chilean Magistrates issued a public statement in early September 2013 recognizing the past unwillingness of judges to protect those persecuted by dictatorship. On September 11, 2013 Document [23] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) Santiago. On 27 July 1973, a farmer and member of the Christian Democrat Party, Jorge Mena, is surrounded by leftists and clubbed to death in Osorno. The next day, another farmer, Juan Luis Urrutia, dies resisting the takeover of his land in Bulnes. On 30 July, MIR guerrillas kill Manuel Garrido, an employee of "Paños Continental" in a confrontation that also involved Brazilian militants. On 27 August 1973, Sergio Aliaga, while driving through a confrontation between anti-Allende striking truckers and leftist militants, was killed after being caught in the crossfire and shot in the throat. On 29 August 1973, a Document [24] (Title: The Battle of Chile) strong too, up to 56 percent. The film has street interviews, speeches, the violent confrontations, the mobs and meetings, the parades with workers chanting. Part One finishes with newsreel footage from an Argentine cameraman Leonardo Henrichsen who was photographing street skirmishes. A soldier takes aim and kills the cameraman, and the image spins skyward. Part Two - "The Coup d'état" begins with the right wing violence of the winter of 1973 (June is winter in the southern hemisphere) against the government. Army troops seize control of downtown Santiago - but the attempted coup is snuffed out in a few hours. Document [25] (Title: Chile) now south-central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship that left more than 3,000 Document [26] (Title: Chile) the small business class. On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende "disruption of the legality of the nation". Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's soon-to-be seizure of power. A military coup overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende apparently committed suicide. After the coup, Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had "helped" the coup. A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet, took control of the country. The first years of Document [27] (Title: Phil Ochs) continued his trip, even recording a single in Kenya, "Bwatue". On September 11, 1973, the Allende government of Chile was overthrown in a "coup d'état". Allende committed suicide during the bombing of the presidential palace, and singer Victor Jara was publicly tortured and killed. When Ochs heard about the manner in which his friend had been killed, he was outraged and decided to organize a benefit concert to bring to public attention the situation in Chile, and raise funds for the people of Chile. The concert, "An Evening with Salvador Allende", included films of Allende; singers such as Pete Seeger, Document [28] (Title: Death of Salvador Allende) Death of Salvador Allende On September 11, 1973, Salvador Allende, President of Chile, died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds during a coup d'état led by the Chilean Army Commander-in-Chief Augusto Pinochet. After decades of suspicions that Allende might have been assassinated by the Chilean Armed Forces, a Chilean court in 2011 authorized the exhumation and autopsy of Allende's remains. A team of international experts examined the remains and concluded that Allende had shot himself with an AK-47 assault rifle. In December 2011, the judge in charge of the investigation affirmed the experts' findings and ruled Allende's death a suicide. On September Document [29] (Title: Orlando Letelier) the previous private ownership favored by the US government. During 1973, Letelier was recalled to Chile and served successively as minister of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defense. In the coup d'état of September 11, 1973, he was the first high-ranking member of the Allende administration to be arrested. He was held for twelve months in different concentration camps suffering severe torture: first at the Tacna Regiment, then at the Military Academy; later he was sent for eight months to a political prison on Dawson Island and from there he was transferred to the basement of the Air Force War Academy, Document [30] (Title: Gustavo Gac-Artigas) Chuquicamata mine, in the northern part of the country with the play "Freedom, Freedom", an adaptation by Gac-Artigas of Flavio Rengel’s play about a group opposed to the 1973 coup d'état. The presentation began on September 10, 1973 and ended with a forum attended by David Baytelman, manager of the mine, mineworkers, and some political leaders on September 11, day in which the group was supposed to continue their tour to present the play for the workers of the nitrate mine. Gac-Artigas was arrested on September 11 in the afternoon, and three days later led to Rancagua, 2,000 kilometers south, Document [31] (Title: Hernán Valdés) sea. Pablo Neruda was also traveling on the ship and Valdés brought the originals of his second novel: "Zoom". He left in 1971, under the Popular Unity government, and it would be the last work he published in Chile before departing for exile. After Pinochet's coup d'état, on 12 February 1974, armed civilian agents entered his apartment in Santiago in search of Miguel Enríquez, leader of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). Although they were mistaken – Valdés declared that he did not know anyone from the MIR – he was arrested and admitted the following day to the prison camp Document [32] (Title: 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off)) 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off) The 1973 play-off for a place in the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, between the national football teams of the Soviet Union and Chile, is notable for the political circumstances that marked the second leg of the play-off on 21 November 1973. It was scheduled to take place in the Estadio Nacional de Chile in Santiago, the Chilean capital. There had been a coup d'état in Chile two months before, immediately after which people deemed undesirable to the new regime of Augusto Pinochet had been held captive and executed in the Document [33] (Title: Seguro Obrero massacre) Pedro Aguirre Cerda, and the newly formed Popular Alliance candidate, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. The National Socialist Movement of Chile supported Ibáñez's candidacy, which had been announced on September 4. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a coup d'état that was intended to take down the right wing government of Arturo Alessandri Palma and place Ibáñez in power. At around 12:30 on September 5, 1938, approximately 30 armed youths affiliated with the National Socialist Movement occupied the Seguro Obrero building. José Luis Salazar, a carabinero (uniformed police) who was on watch, upon observing the situation, thought Document [34] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) is killed by MIR guerrillas in the MIR stronghold of Concepción. On 1 December 1971, 50,000-200,000 women took to the streets of Santiago to protest against Salvador Allende's UP government. Their peaceful march turned ugly when UP radicals attacked the women with rocks. However, their "March of the Empty Pots and Pans" signaled the beginning of a massive coordinated anti-Allende movement. To keep the memory afresh of the march, women in the middle-class and affluent suburbs of Santiago banged on pots every night for two hours for several months. On 30 August 1972, carabineer corporal Exequiel Aroca Cuevas was killed Document [35] (Title: Congreso) the Universidad Católica, which ensnared their group work, but without disrupting their live performances. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état cut soon the process of recording their second album, "Terra Incognita", only released two years later and with a limited diffusion, given the cultural space closure. The band did not lower his arms, and became one of the few groups who continued to work in Chile during the early years of the dictatorship. Fusion music and almost cryptic lyrics were their codes to survive the rigorous state surveillance: "Four black Horsemen / fly by / raising night / fog and fear" Document [36] (Title: Political violence in Chile) of September 11, 1973, the military coup occurred. Under Pinochet’s direction the military took over the nation’s radio stations, announcing to the Chilean people that they were taking control of the country and offering Allende the opportunity to surrender and a plane. Refusing, Allende went to the National Palace where he delivered his final address to the Chilean people at 9:30AM. Shortly thereafter the military bombed the National Palace and the former president was found dead due to a gunshot wound. It is still not known if it was self-inflicted or not. Pinochet quickly rose to power, denouncing all politicians Document [37] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) during the coup might have been relatively small, the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance, and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium. This was because the plans for the coup called for the arrest of every man, woman and child on the streets the morning of 11 September. Of these approximately 40,000 to 50,000 perfunctory arrests, several hundred individuals would later be detained, questioned, tortured, and in some cases murdered. While these deaths did not occur before the surrender Document [38] (Title: Richard Nixon) unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende. Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the head of state, among other leading Soviet officials. Nixon engaged Document [39] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) aid to Chile. CIA operatives in Santiago had been instructed by the Nixon administration to provide a military solution: "In sum, we want you to sponsor a military move which can take place, to the extent possible, in a climate of economic and political uncertainty." In September 1973, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état. During the coup, the deposed president died under disputed circumstances, and there were allegations of American involvement. According to diplomatic historian George Herring, "no evidence has ever been produced to prove conclusively that the United States instigated or actively participated in the Document [40] (Title: Hawker Hunter) 1973 Chilean coup d'état, some of the Hunters were used by military officers as part of the effort to successfully overthrow the socialist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, on 11 September 1973. On 10 September 1973, coup leaders ordered the Hunters to relocate to Talcahuano in preparation. The following morning, the aircraft were used to conduct bombing missions against Palacio de La Moneda, Allende's official residence in Santiago, and several radio stations loyal to the government. The UK had signed contracts prior to the Chilean coup d'état for delivery of a further seven Hunters, as well as performing engine overhauls Document [41] (Title: Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)) After the Chilean military takeover on 11 September 1973, the Chilean Army deployed the entire 4th Division under Major-General Héctor Bravo in the area of Neltume area after 60-80 local left-wing militants attacked with molotov cocktails the local police station with the aim of capturing the armoury. Between 3 and 4 October 1973 Major-General Bravo ordered the execution of 11 MIR members and sympathizers: José Liendo, Fernando Krauss, René Barrientos, Pedro Barría, Luis Pezo, Santiago García, Víctor Saavedra, Sergio Bravo, Rudemir Saavedra, Enrique Guzmán, Víctor Rudolph, Luis Valenzuela Krauss-Barrientos. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, Document [42] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) of the military coup, 29 carabineros were wounded in September 2008. In September 2009, 19 Carabineros were wounded in clashes with protestors marking the 36th anniversary of the coup. The lootings and other forms of appropriation that took place in the aftermath of the devastating 2010 earthquake in Chile, were in part promoted and legitimated by the MIR movement. Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) Beginning with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, an armed leftist resistance movement against Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) developed until 1990 when democracy was restored. The main armed resistance groups of the period were the Revolutionary Document [43] (Title: Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos) Chile Harald Edelstam and his heroic actions to protect the lives of over 1,200 people during and after the military coup. "The Black Pimpernel" was shot on location in Santiago. The 1982 film "Missing" by Greek filmmaker Costa-Gavras depicts the September 11, 1973 coup d'état and execution of American journalists Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi at the Estadio Nacional. In 2011, Chile set aside a section of the stadium, a section of old wooden bleachers called , to honor the prisoners who were detained there. On June 15, 2009, President Michelle Bachelet announced several infrastructure improvements in order to modernize Document [44] (Title: 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off)) overthrown by Augusto Pinochet in a coup d'état in September 1973, during which thousands of people deemed undesirable by the new regime were taken to the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, tortured and killed; this continued until 7 November. The football match between the Soviet Union and Chile in the same stadium was scheduled for 21 November. The Soviet's qualification started on 13 October 1972 with a 1–0 loss to France, away in Paris. Five days later they faced the Republic of Ireland in Dublin and won 2–1. Their home matches were played in May 1973. On 13 May they won Document [45] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) in the city of Concepción, when socialist militants open fire on the bus he was travelling. On 27 February 1973, MIR guerrillas attacked the Llanquihue police station, shooting and wounding 10 carabineers. In March 1973, 16-year-old Germán Enrique González and 17-year-old Sergio Oscar Vergara, both members of the Christian Democrat Party were killed while resisting the takeover of the La Reina estate. On 2 April 1973, MIR guerrillas operating in Santiago shoot and kill a police detective, Gabriel Rodríguez Alcaíno. In May 1973, Mario Aguilar, a member of the "Movimiento Patria y Libertad" is gunned down by leftists in downtown Document [46] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) security service, who were based in Santiago working as migration officers during this period. The failure of timely closure of Australia's covert operations was one of the reasons for the sacking of the Director of ASIS on 21 October 1975. This took effect on 7 November, just four days before Prime Minister's Whitlam's own dismissal in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis with allegations of CIA political interference. By 7:00 am on the 11th of September 1973, a date chosen to match the historical coup of September 11th, 1924, the Navy captured Valparaíso, strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the Document [47] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) generals at his house. General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day. In late August 1973, 100,000 Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against the government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels, but they were dispersed with tear gas. On 22 August 1973, with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members, the Chamber of Deputies passed 81–47 a resolution that asked "the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces" to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] Document [48] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) stay calm and "not do as Allende". Argentine students protested the coup at the Chilean embassy in Buenos Aires, where part of them chanted that they were "available to cross the Andes" ("dispuestos a cruzar la cordillera"). The commemoration of the coup is associated to competing narratives on its cause and effects. The coup has been commemorated by detractors and supporters in various ways. On September 11 of 1975 Pinochet lit the Llama de la Libertad (lit. Flame of Liberty) to commemorate the coup. This flame was extinguished in 2004. Avenida Nueva Providencia in Providencia, Santiago, was renamed Avenida 11 Document [49] (Title: Beatriz Allende) and four years and one month after her father died and the 1973 Chilean coup d'état of Augusto Pinochet, she finally committed suicide by shot on October 11, 1977. Her body was laid to rest in the Pantheon of Revolutionary Armed Forces in the Colon Cemetery in Havana. Beatriz Allende Beatriz Ximena Allende Bussi (; September 8, 1943 – October 11, 1977) was a Chilean Socialist politician, revolutionary and surgeon. She was the daughter of former president of Chile Salvador Allende, and his wife, Hortensia Bussi. She was of Basque, Belgian and Italian descent. Known affectionately as Tati to her Document [50] (Title: Frank Teruggi) It has been referred as the Chilean coup of 1973. Teruggi's death, as well as the death of fellow journalist Charles Horman, occurred as a part of the wave of killings, torture and kidnappings that took place as the military regime solidified its control over the government of Chile. Teruggi's death along with Horman's death were the subject of the 1982 Costa-Gavras film "Missing". On September 20, 1973, nine days after the coup d'état, Frank Teruggi, in the same way as Charles Horman, was seized by the Chilean military at his home and taken to the National Stadium in Santiago, Document [51] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) a coup d'état against President Allende. Despite the declining economy, President Allende's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2% in the March 1973 parliamentary elections; but, by then, the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended. The Christian Democrats allied with the right-wing National Party, who were opposed to Allende's government; the two right-wing parties formed the Confederation of Democracy (CODE). The internecine parliamentary conflict, between the legislature and the executive branch, paralyzed the activities of government. The CIA paid some U.S. $6.8–$8 million to right-wing opposition groups to "create pressures, exploit weaknesses, magnify obstacles" and Document [52] (Title: Salvador Allende) unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority. On 11 September 1973, the military moved to oust Allende in a "coup d'état" supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, he gave his last speech vowing not to resign. Later that day, Allende committed suicide with an assault rifle, according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international Document [53] (Title: History of Chile) to manifest in the countryside. The Tanquetazo was a failed military coup d'état attempted against Allende in June 1973. In its "", on August 22, 1973, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile asserted that Chilean democracy had broken down and called for "redirecting government activity", to restore constitutional rule. Less than a month later, on September 11, 1973, the Chilean military deposed Allende, who shot himself in the head to avoid capture as the Presidential Palace was surrounded and bombed. Subsequently, rather than restore governmental authority to the civilian legislature, Augusto Pinochet exploited his role as Commander of the Army Document [54] (Title: United States intervention in Chile) plotting reached two peak periods, one in the last week of June 1973 and the other during the end of August and the first two weeks in September. It is clear the CIA received intelligence reports on the coup planning of the group which carried out the successful September 11 coup throughout the months of July, August, and September 1973. The Church report also considered the allegation that the US government involved itself in the 1973 coup: Was the United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile? The Committee has found no evidence that it was. There Document [55] (Title: Alejandrina Cox incident) military intervention in the civilian government of President Salvador Allende. Due to this incident, the last senior officer opposed to military intervention in the increasingly polarized and disintegrating political situation of the Allende government was forced out, thus paving the way for an eventual coup d'état on September 11, 1973, exactly one month after Prats resigned. At the time of this incident, civil unrest was at its height in Chile, both in favor of and against Salvador Allende's policies. General Carlos Prats, Army Commander-in-chief and Interior minister, was responsible for maintaining order in an increasingly polarized country. On June 27, Document [56] (Title: Paulina Veloso) was the president of the Students Federation of the Universidad de Chile ("Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile"). After the Chilean coup d'état of Augusto Pinochet on September 11, 1973, Veloso's fiancé at the time (and later husband), Alexei Jaccard Siegler, was detained and tortured by agents of the DINA. In 1974, the two escaped together for an exile in Switzerland. On May 15, 1977, during a trip to Buenos Aires, Jaccard was detained in the name of Operation Condor for Chilean and Argentine agents. He was moved to the ESMA internment camp, tortured, and later was disappeared. Document [57] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) abuse of power, but the resolution still represented a challenge to Allende's legitimacy. The military seized on the widespread discontent and on the Deputies' resolution to then launch the September 11, 1973 "coup d'état"; as troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende died later that day of self-inflicted gunshot wounds. The military installed themselves in power as a Military Government Junta, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the Document [58] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) The Museum of Memory and Human Rights also displayed a collection of declassified CIA, FBI, Defense Department, and White House records illustrating the U.S. role in the dictatorship and the coup. Conferences and seminaries on the subject of coup were also held. Various series and interviews with politicians on the subject of the coup and the dictatorship were aired on Chilean TV in 2013. 1973 Chilean coup d'état The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Document [59] (Title: United States intervention in Chile) also a cable from CIA operative Jack Devine on September 10, 1973 made to top U.S. officials that confirms the coup will take place the following day. In ties with the coup a Defense Intelligence Agency summary dated also on September 8 and classified "Top Secret Umbra" provided detailed information on an agreement among the Chilean Army, Navy and Air Force to move against Allende on September 10. As the CIA denies its involvement in the coup another cable sent from the agency on September 8 classified "Secret" had information on the Chilean Navy time and date to overthrow the Document [60] (Title: Chile–Russia relations) to openly defy the Americans in their own hemisphere. Allende left the Soviet Union with advice to resolve conflicts with Washington, a new credit of $45 million, and agreements using previously agreed credits to increase the USSR’s technical assistance in developing Chile’s copper, chemical, and fishing industries. Unfortunately for Allende, instead of increasing aid in Chile, the Soviet Union reduced economic support from $144 million in 1972 to $63 million in 1973. Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, and relations with the Soviets were again cut on 22 September 1973, and it was not until Document [61] (Title: Solidarity Movement with Chile) Socialist Allende government of Chile fell to a U.S.-involved military "coup d'état" on September 11, 1973. The Pinochet regime targeted and forced the disappearance of political opposition. At least 200,000 people left Chile as exiles and settled, in highest numbers, in Europe and North America. In exile, the Chilean left established an "external front" to fight the dictatorship. They joined with allies and created a culturally vibrant and politically diverse solidarity movement with the Chilean Left. U.S. solidarity groups operated in New York, Berkeley, CA, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere. Movement groups operated out of Amsterdam, London, and other European cities. Document [62] (Title: Valdivia) the landslide; water levels of the lake slowly returned to normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the military's actions that followed brought dozens of detainees to Valdivia and saw the imposing of a nationwide curfew. In October a group of 12 young men, among them José Gregorio Liendo, were brought from the Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli in the Andes to be executed in Valdivia by firing squad due to alleged participation in the assault on Neltume police station and "guerrilla activities". After the Great Chilean Document [63] (Title: The Battle of Chile) The Battle of Chile The Battle of Chile is a documentary film directed by the Chilean Patricio Guzman, in three parts: "The Insurrection of the Bourgeoisie" (1975), "The Coup d'état" (1976), "Popular Power" (1979). It is a chronicle of the political tension in Chile in 1973 and of the violent counter revolution against the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende. It won the Grand Prix in 1975 and 1976 at the Grenoble International Film Festival. In 1996, "Chile, Obstinate Memory" was released and followed Guzmán back to Chile as he screened the 3-part documentary to Chileans who had never seen Document [64] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) coup, Chile had been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability for decades; whilst the rest of South America had been plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo. The collapse of Chilean democracy ended a streak of democratic governments in Chile, which had held democratic elections since 1932. Historian Peter Winn characterised the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in the history of Chile. A weak insurgent movement against the Pinochet regime was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government. An internationally supported plebiscite in 1988 held under the auspices of the Document [65] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) 40 years when they participated in the Tacnazo. The Tacnazo was not a proper coup, but a protest against under-funding. In retrospect General Carlos Prats considered that Christian Democrats who were in power in 1969 committed the error of not taking the military's grievances seriously. Governments of Argentina (1966), Bolivia (1969), Brazil (1964) and Peru (1968) were all overthrown in coups and replaced by military governments. In June 1973 Uruguay joined the coup d'état wave that swept through the region. The poor conditions of the Chilean military contrasted with the change of fortune the military of neighboring countries experienced as Document [66] (Title: Bicentennial of Chile) National Congress, which José Miguel Carrera overturned with a coup d'état. Bernardo O'Higgins was granted dictatorial powers as Supreme Director of Chile on February 16, 1817, and Chile officially declared its independence on February 12, 1818. The Plan Bicentenario () was started during the government of Ricardo Lagos and was scheduled to be completed on September 18, 2010. A committee called the Comisión Bicentenario was established on October 16, 2002, through Supreme Decree N° 176. Several plans were made for the event, amongst them: the construction of major roadworks and infrastructure, such as the Plaza de la Ciudadanía, and cultural Document [67] (Title: The Battle of Chile) General Augusto Pinochet among them. In July, the truck owners, funded by the CIA, begin their long strike, which paralyzes the distribution of food, gasoline, and fuel, and there is a call for Allende to resign. Instead Allende holds a rally - around 800,000 people arrive, but they have no weapons. On September 11, the Navy institutes the coup d'état, and the Air Force bombs the state radio station. The palace is bombarded from the air. The chiefs of the junta on television are seen announcing they'll return the country to order after three years of "Marxist cancer". Part Three Document [68] (Title: Government Junta of Chile (1973)) Government Junta of Chile (1973) The Government Junta of Chile () was the military junta established to rule Chile during the military dictatorship that followed the overthrow of President Salvador Allende in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état backed by the United States. It was the executive and legislative branch of government until December 17, 1974. After that date, it functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990. On September 11, 1973, the day of the coup, the military officers issued an "Act of Constitution". The act established a junta government that immediately suspended the constitution, Document [69] (Title: Socialist Party of Chile) his office at the Palace of La Moneda, during an intensive air bombardment of the historic edifice. The military coup d'état was devastating to the organization of the Chilean Socialist Party. Within a few weeks of the coup, four members of their Central Committee and seven regional secretaries of the Partido Social had been murdered. A further twelve members of the Central Committee were imprisoned, while the remaining members took refuge in various foreign embassies. The Socialist Party's Secretary General, Carlos Altamirano, managed to escape from Chile, appearing in Havana on 1 January 1974, during the anniversary of the Cuban Document [70] (Title: Canada–Chile relations) in 1941. In July 1942, Chile opened a diplomatic legation office in Ottawa. That same year, Canada also opened a legation office in Santiago. In June 1944, both nations upgraded their legation offices to embassies, respectively. On 11 September 1973, democratically elected Chilean President Salvador Allende was removed from power in a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet. Soon after the coup, several Chilean nationals fled to the Canadian embassy in Santiago for asylum. Canadian first secretary Marc Dolgin and David Adam allowed entry to the Chilean asylees and housed them at the embassy and at the Canadian ambassador's residence Document [71] (Title: Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile) them into Santiago's National Soccer Stadium on September 18, 1973. This Stadium, that symbolized Chile's greatest pastime, turned into a concentration camp within a few days. Many were tortured and gunned down, and several hundred bodies were shuttled into secret mass graves. These were victims of a well-organized program of official, yet clandestine, program of torture and murder. Many people were last seen in the detention and torture centers instituted by the intelligence agencies of the military regime. Following General Pinochet's arrest in 1998, Chile made a renewed effort to uncover the atrocities of the past. For the first time Document [72] (Title: Alejandrina Cox incident) his bravery during the Tanquetazo. After the public protests of the wives of his generals and officers in front of his home on August 22, 1973, he lost more support. His resignation as Army Commander-in-chief removed the last obstacle for the Chilean coup of 1973. Alejandrina Cox incident The Alejandrina Cox Incident was a traffic incident in Santiago, Chile on 27 June 1973 involving Army General Carlos Prats, then Minister of the Interior and commander-in-chief of the Chilean Armed Forces, and a civilian woman named Alejandrina Cox (born 1921, died 2015). It is historically significant because, due to the excessive Document [73] (Title: Government Junta of Chile (1973)) by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents. Government Junta of Chile (1973) The Government Junta of Chile () was the military junta established to rule Chile during the military dictatorship that followed the overthrow of President Salvador Allende in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état backed by the United States. It was the executive and legislative branch of government until December 17, 1974. After that date, it functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990. On September 11, 1973, the day of the coup, Document [74] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) inability to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats united with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order. For months, the government had feared calling upon the "Carabineros" national police, suspecting them of disloyalty. On 9 August, Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence. He was forced to resign both as defence minister and as the Army commander-in-chief on 24 August 1973, embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest of the wives of his Document [75] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) The military dictatorship of Chile () was an authoritarian military government that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990. The dictatorship was established after the democratically-elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was overthrown by a United States CIA-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973. During this time, the country was ruled by a military junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet. The military used the alleged breakdown of democracy and the economic crisis that took place during Allende's presidency to justify its seizure of power. The dictatorship presented its mission as a "national reconstruction." In reality, the Document [76] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) Armed Forces, which mentioned clashes with "extremists" on several occasions from 11 to 14 September. Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso De Ercilla in Colo Colo and San Martino Street, one block away from the Army and military police administrative headquarters. A recently published testimony about the clashes in Concepcion offers several plausible explanations for the reticence of witnesses to these actions. Besides political leaders and participants, the coup also affected many everyday Chilean citizens. Thousands were killed, went missing, and were injured. Because of the political instability in their country, many relocated elsewhere. Canada, among other countries, Document [77] (Title: Donald M. Kendall) CIA Director Richard Helms and, in the words of a 1976 "New York Times" article, said "that Chile was to be saved from Allende and he didn't care much how." According to "The Guardian":""...the October 1970 plot against Chile's President-elect Salvador Allende ... was the direct result of a plea for action a month earlier by Donald Kendall, chairman of PepsiCo, in two telephone calls to the company's former lawyer, President Richard Nixon. Kendall arranged for the owner of the company's Chilean bottling operation to meet National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger on September 15. Hours later, Nixon called in his Document [78] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) Beginning with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, an armed leftist resistance movement against Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) developed until 1990 when democracy was restored. The main armed resistance groups of the period were the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR), the armed wing of the Communist Party of Chile. These groups had a long-standing rivalry. Key events during the armed resistance were the attempt to set up guerrilla camps in Neltume in 1970-73 and 1980-81, the February 1986 sabotaging of the Limache train tracks, the Carrizal Bajo arms smuggling operation Document [79] (Title: Public holidays in Chile) agreed to celebrate them on the nearest Sunday. September 11 (the day of the military coup in 1973) was established as a holiday ("Día de la Liberación Nacional", "Day of National Liberation") by the military regime in 1981. In 1998 it was replaced by the "Día de la Unidad Nacional" ("Day of National Unity"), to be observed the first Monday in September. In March 2002 the latter was abolished. The holiday on June 29 (Saint Peter and Saint Paul) was reestablished in September 1985. In 1987, during a visit by Pope John Paul II, Corpus Christi was reestablished (although the Document [80] (Title: Mariana Callejas) conspired with the Cubans who worked at AAMCO, and tried to aid Fatherland and Liberty from Miami. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état, led by General Augusto Pinochet, allowed Callejas and Townley to return to Chile. Mariana took the first flight to Santiago after the coup, while Michael put his affairs in order so that he could leave with the children. The CIA had not contacted him, and, even though his wife assured him that he was not in any danger, he worried about the charges against him in Chile. He decided to travel under a false name, that of his Document [81] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) incendiary bombs and rocks and 36 were carabineros were wounded in violence related to the 25th anniversary commemorations of the military coup. In 2006, on the 33rd anniversary of the September 11, 1973, military coup, 79 carabineros were wounded in clashes with rioters. In September 2007, a carabinero policeman was killed after being shot in the face and around 40 were wounded during clashes with leftists marking the 34th anniversary of the military coup. The following month, MJL guerrillas killed carabineer Luis Moyano Farías during the robbery of Banco Security in Santiago. In clashes with protesters commemorating the 35th anniversary Document [82] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. Such actions had the effect of justifying the existence of heavily armed forces in Chile. And by extension, justified the dictatorship's conduct against such "violent" offenders. In the 1970s junta members Gustavo Leigh and Augusto Pinochet clashed on several occasions beginning in the day of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Leigh criticized Pinochet for having joined the coup very late and then pretending to keep all power for himself. In December 1974 Leigh opposed the proposal to name Pinochet president of Chile. Leigh recalls about that moment that, "Pinochet was furious, Document [83] (Title: 2011–13 Chilean student protests) of the student movement. On the 38th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état against socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11, 2011, police arrested around 280 people in protests in Santiago. One 15-year-old girl suffered a bullet wound. "There were more than 350 places with barricades and blocked streets, and 130,000 homes suffered power cuts," said Deputy Interior Minister Rodrigo Ubilla. A day later on September 12, 2011, 30 people stormed the headquarters of the Communist Party of Chile Central Committee assaulting party workers, and destroying computers and furniture. Carabineros attempted to storm the building on August 4. In Document [84] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) became a main point of refuge for many Chilean citizens. Through an operation known as “Special Movement Chile”, more than 7,000 Chileans were relocated to Canada in the months following September 11, 1973. These refugees are now known as Chilean Canadian people and have a population of over 38,000. The U.S. view of the coup continues to spark controversy. Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by then Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin, United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (CHDS), located at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., Document [85] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) said: ""sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking, which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them."" A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old army corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the "Cazadores", became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper. The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973. While fatalities in the battle Document [86] (Title: Clarín (Chilean newspaper)) to be printed again at the workshops of "La Nación". "Clarin" supported the candidacy of the Popular Unity's Salvador Allende for the 1970 elections. Once Allende was elected, the newspaper defended its government, calling to a "class struggle". It was purchased by Victor Pey during the Allende administration and became the largest newspaper in Chile. The final edition of "Clarín" circulated on 11 September 1973, the day of the coup d'état in Chile. That day, at 04:00 AM, army troops occupied "Clarín" workshops at Dieciocho street, number 263, and impeded the newspaper's distribution. The newspaper was not published again; however, Question: what happened in chile on september 11 1973 Answer: coup d'état Long Answer: 1973 Chilean coup d'état Part of Operation Condor, the history of Chile and the Cold War The bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973 by the Junta's Armed Forces Date 11 September 1973 Location Chile Action Armed forces put the country under military control . Little and unorganized civil resistance . Result Popular Unity government overthrown Salvador Allende committed suicide Military Junta Government led by General Augusto Pinochet assumed power Belligerents Chilean Government Revolutionary Left Movement "Group of Personal Friends" Other working - class militants Chilean Armed Forces Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Fatherland and Liberty Supported by: Soviet Union Cuba Supported by: United States Commanders and leaders Salvador Allende † Max Marambio Miguel Enríquez Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Casualties and losses 46 GAP 60 in total during the coup Gold Document ID: 86

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Neltume) fired against the station. In October 1973, 12 people were executed in Valdivia for these actions and "guerrilla activities" in Neltume. On November 3, 1973 three young men were condemned in a court martial to death for their participation in the assault. In 1990 General Bravo qualified the execution of the three men as "terrible" as there had not been any proof of their participation in the assault. In the days around September 18, Chile's national day, of 1973 paratroop commandos under Alejandro Medina Lois searched through the Neltume zone in search for the leader of MCR, "Comandante Pepe", who Document [2] (Title: Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)) political polarization escalated, as did left-wing and right-wing violence. Before 1973, the organization may have staged few attacks compared to its urban guerrilla peers, but it tried to infiltrate the Chilean Armed Forces in anticipation of a coup d'état against Allende and discussed plans to replace the existing police and military with a militia recruited from the Popular Front's supporters. The MIR commanders, Oscar Garretón and Miguel Enríquez, were tasked with infiltrating Chilean Navy personnel. In August 1973, it formed the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta (JCR) with other South American revolutionary parties (the Argentine ERP, the Uruguayan Tupamaros and the Bolivian Document [3] (Title: Day of the Young Combatant) to refer to the event as the Día del Joven Delincuente (Day of the Young Delinquent). Generally, local media and government agencies have disseminated warnings to the public to stay indoors, expect power outages (particularly near the mentioned neighborhood "Villa Francia") and several institutions such as Universities end classes early for students to return home before nightfall, which is mostly when the violent attacks happen. It is also common to expect public transportation to be sparse due to frequent attacks on public buses. A similarly violent-prone and disruptive day is September 11, the day of the 1973 coup d'état. Day Document [4] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) the grounds of the University of Chile. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the "Cazadores", became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper. The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973. On 18 November 1974, guerrillas open fire on an army vehicle, killing Corporal Francisco Cifuentes Espinoza. On 17 November, MIR guerrillas shoot and kill army sergeant Waldo Morales Neal and private Clemente Santibáñez Vargas. On Document [5] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) 1973 Chilean coup d'état The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon, Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police. The military deposed Allende's Popular Unity government and later established a "junta" that suspended all political activity in Chile and repressed left-wing movements, especially the Communist and socialist parties and the Revolutionary Left Movement Document [6] (Title: LGBT in Chile) the fight against homophobia in the classroom. The homosexual protests in Chile emerged publicly under the government of Salvador Allende, months before the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. On April 22, 1973, in the Plaza de Armas in Santiago, about 30 homosexuals and transvestites were part of the first public demonstration for gay rights in the history of Chile. They gathered to protest against abuses by police, which continually jailed them for "indecency and bad manners." Chile became one of the pioneering countries in the world in political demonstrations of homosexuals. Despite the importance of this protest, it remains invisible at Document [7] (Title: Charles Horman) situation, such as removing Pedro Vuskovic from Corfo and replacing him by José Cademártori, there would be a coup d'état in September, 1973”. González's opposition to the abuses of the new authorities manifested itself since the dictatorship's first day, and “after the coup he saved dozens of supporters of the Unidad Popular from being unjustly dismissed from their jobs, imprisoned or from an assured death, as for instance the journalist Carlos Jorquera, whom on the very September 11 he saved from suffering the fate of his comrades at Peldehue”., all of which were assassinated on September 12 in the Regimiento Document [8] (Title: Miguel Enríquez (politician)) had also managed to infiltrate the Chilean Armed Forces. The MIR became the object of Pinochet’s paranoia. As a result, between 1973-1976 most of its young leaders like Miguel Enriquez and Bautista van Schouwen Vasey were killed. The Rettig report (Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation) emphasized the repression against the MIR. After the coup d'état by the armed forces against Allende's government on Tuesday 11 September 1973, Miguel was one of the main guerrilla leaders that remained after many fled the country. This proved to be a precarious existence and Miguel was killed in a Document [9] (Title: Víctor Jara) to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean right wing staged a coup d'état on September 11, 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. After the Document [10] (Title: Seguro Obrero massacre) Seguro Obrero massacre The Seguro Obrero massacre (, literally in English: Workers Insurance's Massacre) occurred on September 5, 1938, and was the Chilean government's response to an attempted coup d'état by the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCh), whose members were known at the time as "Nacistas". After a failed coup involving a stand-off and a shootout, about 60 Nacistas who had surrendered after being given assurances, were summarily shot. The Seguro Obrero Massacre took place on 5 September 1938, in the midst of a heated three-way election campaign between the liberal-conservative Gustavo Ross Santa María, the radical Popular Front's Document [11] (Title: Clarín (Chilean newspaper)) some copies of that day's newspaper managed to be delivered to regions. In 2008, the State of Chile was condemned to pay an indemnization of ten million dollars for the expropriation of the newspaper. The decision, however, was later revoked. On 11 September 2013, commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the coup d'état, "Clarín" released a special edition, in collaboration with the newspaper "El Ciudadano". Clarín (Chilean newspaper) Clarín was a Chilean newspaper published between 1954 and 1973, when it was closed following the coup d'état on 11 September. A new edition was published forty years later, on 11 September 2013, Document [12] (Title: Presidency of Salvador Allende) coup. After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told Nixon that the United States "didn't do it" (referring to the coup itself) but had "created the conditions as great as possible". In October 1972, Chile saw the first of what were to be a wave of confrontational strikes led by some of the historically well-off sectors of Chilean society; these received the open support of United States President Richard Nixon. A strike by trucking company owners, which the CIA supported by funding them with US$2 million within the frame of the "September Plan", began on 9 October Document [13] (Title: Chilekommittén) government. The founding nucleus of the Committee consisted of Latin Americans, Spaniards and a handful of Swedes. A few months later, the membership of the Committee was predominantly Swedish. The Committee met at "Club de los Cronopios", an association of Spanish republican émigrés. Throughout 1972 the Committee campaigned in favour of the nationalization of copper mines in Chile. Prior to the 1973 coup d'état in Chile, "Chile-bulletinen" presented an optimistic viewpoint of the possibilities to achieve socialism in Chile. The rumours about an impending coup d'état against Allende were discussed, however. In the immediate aftermath of the coup d'état "Chile-bulletinen" Document [14] (Title: Chile–Sweden relations) 11 September 1973, the government of President Allende suffered a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet who was backed by the government of the United States. President Allende was declared to have committed suicide during the coup and General Pinochet took over the government and became the new President of the country. Immediately, President Pinochet began arresting, torturing and executing followers of President Allende. During this time, thousands of Chileans sought refuge in mainly Latin American embassies in the Chilean capital. Under Ambassador Edelstam, Sweden opened its doors to asylee seekers. More than 500 Chileans, 40 Uruguayans and some Cubans Document [15] (Title: Latin American economy) of the copper industry. There was rising polarization and violence in Chile and increasing hostility of the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon. A military coup against Allende on September 11, 1973, during which he committed suicide. This marked the end of the transition to socialism and ushered in an era of political repression and economic course changes. The successful 1973 coup in Chile signaled that substantial political and change would not come without violence. Leftist revolutions in Nicaragua (1979) and the protracted warfare in El Salvador saw the U.S. back low-intensity warfare in the 1980s, one component of which Document [16] (Title: Carmen Rodríguez) Rodríguez describes Chile prior to the Chilean coup of 1973, as "a place of hope, a place where a peaceful road to socialism could have become a model for social justice around the world. It was not to be. Lost profits and the threat of diminished power spoke loudly and acted relentlessly". At the time of coup, which occurred on September 11, Rodríguez was teaching at the University of Austral in the south of Chile. On that day, the President of the Chilean government was overthrown by the military. Although she did not belong to any official political parties at Document [17] (Title: Chile–France relations) de Gaulle paid an official visit to Chile, becoming the first sitting French President to visit the country. In 1965, President Eduardo Frei Montalva became the first Chilean head-of-state to pay an official visit to France. In 1971, Pablo Neruda was named ambassador of Chile to France where he served until 1973. While in France, Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature. On 11 September 1973, Chile experienced a coup d'état when forces loyal to General Augusto Pinochet took over the government from President Salvador Allende. Thousands of Chileans fled the country fearing persecution. On the 28 September 1973, France Document [18] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) the Rettig Commission, a multi-partisan truth commission, in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers, among others, Colonia Dignidad, the tall ship "Esmeralda" and Víctor Jara Stadium. Later, in November 2004, the Valech Report confirmed the number as less than 3,000 killed, and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance; but some 28,000 people were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured. Sixty individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September, although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day. In all, 46 of Allende's guard (the GAP, "Grupo de Amigos Personales") were killed, some Document [19] (Title: Pampilla Festival) previous year's musical contests were re-performed. On this occasion, the station that broadcast the event for the rest of Chile was Radio Minería. The official announcer was , who was also the host of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival. In 1973 the festival was not held because the country was under a state of siege after the 11 September coup d'état that had overthrown President Salvador Allende. Among the outstanding artistic presentations of 1988 were those of "" (comprising , Marilú Cuevas, , and ) and Álvaro Scaramelli. , Largo Camino, and the Carén Folk Ensemble performed at Document [20] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) station was established in Chile out of the Australian embassy in July 1971 at the request of the CIA and authorised by then Liberal Party Foreign Minister William McMahon. Newly-elected Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was informed of the operation in February 1973 and signed a document ordering the closure of the operation several weeks later. It appears, however, the last ASIS agent did not leave Chile until October 1973, one month after the CIA-backed coup d'état had brought down the Allende Government. There were also two officers of Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australia's internal Document [21] (Title: Chile–Spain relations) the 1973 Chilean coup d'état which saw the removal (and suicide) of Salvador Allende; Franco recognized the government of Augusto Pinochet. In November 1975, Franco died and Pinochet was the only foreign head of state to attend his funeral. In March 1990, Pinochet transferred power to the newly elected President Patricio Aylwin and in October 1990, Spanish King Juan Carlos I paid his first official visit to Chile. The King would visit Chile on several occasions afterwards. There are currently 60,000 Spanish nationals residing in Chile. There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: Iberia, LATAM Chile Document [22] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) de Septiembre in 1980. In the 30th anniversary of the coup President Ricardo Lagos inaugurated the Morandé 80 entrance to La Moneda. This entrance to the presidential palace had been erased during the repairs the dictatorship did to the building after the bombing. The 40th anniversary of the coup in 2013 was particularly intense. That year the name of Avenida 11 de Septiembre was reversed to the original Avenida Nueva Providencia. The Association of Chilean Magistrates issued a public statement in early September 2013 recognizing the past unwillingness of judges to protect those persecuted by dictatorship. On September 11, 2013 Document [23] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) Santiago. On 27 July 1973, a farmer and member of the Christian Democrat Party, Jorge Mena, is surrounded by leftists and clubbed to death in Osorno. The next day, another farmer, Juan Luis Urrutia, dies resisting the takeover of his land in Bulnes. On 30 July, MIR guerrillas kill Manuel Garrido, an employee of "Paños Continental" in a confrontation that also involved Brazilian militants. On 27 August 1973, Sergio Aliaga, while driving through a confrontation between anti-Allende striking truckers and leftist militants, was killed after being caught in the crossfire and shot in the throat. On 29 August 1973, a Document [24] (Title: The Battle of Chile) strong too, up to 56 percent. The film has street interviews, speeches, the violent confrontations, the mobs and meetings, the parades with workers chanting. Part One finishes with newsreel footage from an Argentine cameraman Leonardo Henrichsen who was photographing street skirmishes. A soldier takes aim and kills the cameraman, and the image spins skyward. Part Two - "The Coup d'état" begins with the right wing violence of the winter of 1973 (June is winter in the southern hemisphere) against the government. Army troops seize control of downtown Santiago - but the attempted coup is snuffed out in a few hours. Document [25] (Title: Chile) now south-central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship that left more than 3,000 Document [26] (Title: Chile) the small business class. On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende "disruption of the legality of the nation". Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's soon-to-be seizure of power. A military coup overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende apparently committed suicide. After the coup, Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had "helped" the coup. A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet, took control of the country. The first years of Document [27] (Title: Phil Ochs) continued his trip, even recording a single in Kenya, "Bwatue". On September 11, 1973, the Allende government of Chile was overthrown in a "coup d'état". Allende committed suicide during the bombing of the presidential palace, and singer Victor Jara was publicly tortured and killed. When Ochs heard about the manner in which his friend had been killed, he was outraged and decided to organize a benefit concert to bring to public attention the situation in Chile, and raise funds for the people of Chile. The concert, "An Evening with Salvador Allende", included films of Allende; singers such as Pete Seeger, Document [28] (Title: Death of Salvador Allende) Death of Salvador Allende On September 11, 1973, Salvador Allende, President of Chile, died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds during a coup d'état led by the Chilean Army Commander-in-Chief Augusto Pinochet. After decades of suspicions that Allende might have been assassinated by the Chilean Armed Forces, a Chilean court in 2011 authorized the exhumation and autopsy of Allende's remains. A team of international experts examined the remains and concluded that Allende had shot himself with an AK-47 assault rifle. In December 2011, the judge in charge of the investigation affirmed the experts' findings and ruled Allende's death a suicide. On September Document [29] (Title: Orlando Letelier) the previous private ownership favored by the US government. During 1973, Letelier was recalled to Chile and served successively as minister of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defense. In the coup d'état of September 11, 1973, he was the first high-ranking member of the Allende administration to be arrested. He was held for twelve months in different concentration camps suffering severe torture: first at the Tacna Regiment, then at the Military Academy; later he was sent for eight months to a political prison on Dawson Island and from there he was transferred to the basement of the Air Force War Academy, Document [30] (Title: Gustavo Gac-Artigas) Chuquicamata mine, in the northern part of the country with the play "Freedom, Freedom", an adaptation by Gac-Artigas of Flavio Rengel’s play about a group opposed to the 1973 coup d'état. The presentation began on September 10, 1973 and ended with a forum attended by David Baytelman, manager of the mine, mineworkers, and some political leaders on September 11, day in which the group was supposed to continue their tour to present the play for the workers of the nitrate mine. Gac-Artigas was arrested on September 11 in the afternoon, and three days later led to Rancagua, 2,000 kilometers south, Document [31] (Title: Hernán Valdés) sea. Pablo Neruda was also traveling on the ship and Valdés brought the originals of his second novel: "Zoom". He left in 1971, under the Popular Unity government, and it would be the last work he published in Chile before departing for exile. After Pinochet's coup d'état, on 12 February 1974, armed civilian agents entered his apartment in Santiago in search of Miguel Enríquez, leader of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). Although they were mistaken – Valdés declared that he did not know anyone from the MIR – he was arrested and admitted the following day to the prison camp Document [32] (Title: 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off)) 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off) The 1973 play-off for a place in the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, between the national football teams of the Soviet Union and Chile, is notable for the political circumstances that marked the second leg of the play-off on 21 November 1973. It was scheduled to take place in the Estadio Nacional de Chile in Santiago, the Chilean capital. There had been a coup d'état in Chile two months before, immediately after which people deemed undesirable to the new regime of Augusto Pinochet had been held captive and executed in the Document [33] (Title: Seguro Obrero massacre) Pedro Aguirre Cerda, and the newly formed Popular Alliance candidate, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. The National Socialist Movement of Chile supported Ibáñez's candidacy, which had been announced on September 4. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a coup d'état that was intended to take down the right wing government of Arturo Alessandri Palma and place Ibáñez in power. At around 12:30 on September 5, 1938, approximately 30 armed youths affiliated with the National Socialist Movement occupied the Seguro Obrero building. José Luis Salazar, a carabinero (uniformed police) who was on watch, upon observing the situation, thought Document [34] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) is killed by MIR guerrillas in the MIR stronghold of Concepción. On 1 December 1971, 50,000-200,000 women took to the streets of Santiago to protest against Salvador Allende's UP government. Their peaceful march turned ugly when UP radicals attacked the women with rocks. However, their "March of the Empty Pots and Pans" signaled the beginning of a massive coordinated anti-Allende movement. To keep the memory afresh of the march, women in the middle-class and affluent suburbs of Santiago banged on pots every night for two hours for several months. On 30 August 1972, carabineer corporal Exequiel Aroca Cuevas was killed Document [35] (Title: Congreso) the Universidad Católica, which ensnared their group work, but without disrupting their live performances. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état cut soon the process of recording their second album, "Terra Incognita", only released two years later and with a limited diffusion, given the cultural space closure. The band did not lower his arms, and became one of the few groups who continued to work in Chile during the early years of the dictatorship. Fusion music and almost cryptic lyrics were their codes to survive the rigorous state surveillance: "Four black Horsemen / fly by / raising night / fog and fear" Document [36] (Title: Political violence in Chile) of September 11, 1973, the military coup occurred. Under Pinochet’s direction the military took over the nation’s radio stations, announcing to the Chilean people that they were taking control of the country and offering Allende the opportunity to surrender and a plane. Refusing, Allende went to the National Palace where he delivered his final address to the Chilean people at 9:30AM. Shortly thereafter the military bombed the National Palace and the former president was found dead due to a gunshot wound. It is still not known if it was self-inflicted or not. Pinochet quickly rose to power, denouncing all politicians Document [37] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) during the coup might have been relatively small, the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance, and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium. This was because the plans for the coup called for the arrest of every man, woman and child on the streets the morning of 11 September. Of these approximately 40,000 to 50,000 perfunctory arrests, several hundred individuals would later be detained, questioned, tortured, and in some cases murdered. While these deaths did not occur before the surrender Document [38] (Title: Richard Nixon) unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende. Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the head of state, among other leading Soviet officials. Nixon engaged Document [39] (Title: Presidency of Richard Nixon) aid to Chile. CIA operatives in Santiago had been instructed by the Nixon administration to provide a military solution: "In sum, we want you to sponsor a military move which can take place, to the extent possible, in a climate of economic and political uncertainty." In September 1973, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état. During the coup, the deposed president died under disputed circumstances, and there were allegations of American involvement. According to diplomatic historian George Herring, "no evidence has ever been produced to prove conclusively that the United States instigated or actively participated in the Document [40] (Title: Hawker Hunter) 1973 Chilean coup d'état, some of the Hunters were used by military officers as part of the effort to successfully overthrow the socialist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, on 11 September 1973. On 10 September 1973, coup leaders ordered the Hunters to relocate to Talcahuano in preparation. The following morning, the aircraft were used to conduct bombing missions against Palacio de La Moneda, Allende's official residence in Santiago, and several radio stations loyal to the government. The UK had signed contracts prior to the Chilean coup d'état for delivery of a further seven Hunters, as well as performing engine overhauls Document [41] (Title: Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)) After the Chilean military takeover on 11 September 1973, the Chilean Army deployed the entire 4th Division under Major-General Héctor Bravo in the area of Neltume area after 60-80 local left-wing militants attacked with molotov cocktails the local police station with the aim of capturing the armoury. Between 3 and 4 October 1973 Major-General Bravo ordered the execution of 11 MIR members and sympathizers: José Liendo, Fernando Krauss, René Barrientos, Pedro Barría, Luis Pezo, Santiago García, Víctor Saavedra, Sergio Bravo, Rudemir Saavedra, Enrique Guzmán, Víctor Rudolph, Luis Valenzuela Krauss-Barrientos. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, Document [42] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) of the military coup, 29 carabineros were wounded in September 2008. In September 2009, 19 Carabineros were wounded in clashes with protestors marking the 36th anniversary of the coup. The lootings and other forms of appropriation that took place in the aftermath of the devastating 2010 earthquake in Chile, were in part promoted and legitimated by the MIR movement. Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) Beginning with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, an armed leftist resistance movement against Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) developed until 1990 when democracy was restored. The main armed resistance groups of the period were the Revolutionary Document [43] (Title: Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos) Chile Harald Edelstam and his heroic actions to protect the lives of over 1,200 people during and after the military coup. "The Black Pimpernel" was shot on location in Santiago. The 1982 film "Missing" by Greek filmmaker Costa-Gavras depicts the September 11, 1973 coup d'état and execution of American journalists Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi at the Estadio Nacional. In 2011, Chile set aside a section of the stadium, a section of old wooden bleachers called , to honor the prisoners who were detained there. On June 15, 2009, President Michelle Bachelet announced several infrastructure improvements in order to modernize Document [44] (Title: 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA–CONMEBOL play-off)) overthrown by Augusto Pinochet in a coup d'état in September 1973, during which thousands of people deemed undesirable by the new regime were taken to the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, tortured and killed; this continued until 7 November. The football match between the Soviet Union and Chile in the same stadium was scheduled for 21 November. The Soviet's qualification started on 13 October 1972 with a 1–0 loss to France, away in Paris. Five days later they faced the Republic of Ireland in Dublin and won 2–1. Their home matches were played in May 1973. On 13 May they won Document [45] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) in the city of Concepción, when socialist militants open fire on the bus he was travelling. On 27 February 1973, MIR guerrillas attacked the Llanquihue police station, shooting and wounding 10 carabineers. In March 1973, 16-year-old Germán Enrique González and 17-year-old Sergio Oscar Vergara, both members of the Christian Democrat Party were killed while resisting the takeover of the La Reina estate. On 2 April 1973, MIR guerrillas operating in Santiago shoot and kill a police detective, Gabriel Rodríguez Alcaíno. In May 1973, Mario Aguilar, a member of the "Movimiento Patria y Libertad" is gunned down by leftists in downtown Document [46] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) security service, who were based in Santiago working as migration officers during this period. The failure of timely closure of Australia's covert operations was one of the reasons for the sacking of the Director of ASIS on 21 October 1975. This took effect on 7 November, just four days before Prime Minister's Whitlam's own dismissal in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis with allegations of CIA political interference. By 7:00 am on the 11th of September 1973, a date chosen to match the historical coup of September 11th, 1924, the Navy captured Valparaíso, strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the Document [47] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) generals at his house. General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day. In late August 1973, 100,000 Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against the government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels, but they were dispersed with tear gas. On 22 August 1973, with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members, the Chamber of Deputies passed 81–47 a resolution that asked "the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces" to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] Document [48] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) stay calm and "not do as Allende". Argentine students protested the coup at the Chilean embassy in Buenos Aires, where part of them chanted that they were "available to cross the Andes" ("dispuestos a cruzar la cordillera"). The commemoration of the coup is associated to competing narratives on its cause and effects. The coup has been commemorated by detractors and supporters in various ways. On September 11 of 1975 Pinochet lit the Llama de la Libertad (lit. Flame of Liberty) to commemorate the coup. This flame was extinguished in 2004. Avenida Nueva Providencia in Providencia, Santiago, was renamed Avenida 11 Document [49] (Title: Beatriz Allende) and four years and one month after her father died and the 1973 Chilean coup d'état of Augusto Pinochet, she finally committed suicide by shot on October 11, 1977. Her body was laid to rest in the Pantheon of Revolutionary Armed Forces in the Colon Cemetery in Havana. Beatriz Allende Beatriz Ximena Allende Bussi (; September 8, 1943 – October 11, 1977) was a Chilean Socialist politician, revolutionary and surgeon. She was the daughter of former president of Chile Salvador Allende, and his wife, Hortensia Bussi. She was of Basque, Belgian and Italian descent. Known affectionately as Tati to her Document [50] (Title: Frank Teruggi) It has been referred as the Chilean coup of 1973. Teruggi's death, as well as the death of fellow journalist Charles Horman, occurred as a part of the wave of killings, torture and kidnappings that took place as the military regime solidified its control over the government of Chile. Teruggi's death along with Horman's death were the subject of the 1982 Costa-Gavras film "Missing". On September 20, 1973, nine days after the coup d'état, Frank Teruggi, in the same way as Charles Horman, was seized by the Chilean military at his home and taken to the National Stadium in Santiago, Document [51] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) a coup d'état against President Allende. Despite the declining economy, President Allende's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2% in the March 1973 parliamentary elections; but, by then, the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended. The Christian Democrats allied with the right-wing National Party, who were opposed to Allende's government; the two right-wing parties formed the Confederation of Democracy (CODE). The internecine parliamentary conflict, between the legislature and the executive branch, paralyzed the activities of government. The CIA paid some U.S. $6.8–$8 million to right-wing opposition groups to "create pressures, exploit weaknesses, magnify obstacles" and Document [52] (Title: Salvador Allende) unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority. On 11 September 1973, the military moved to oust Allende in a "coup d'état" supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, he gave his last speech vowing not to resign. Later that day, Allende committed suicide with an assault rifle, according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international Document [53] (Title: History of Chile) to manifest in the countryside. The Tanquetazo was a failed military coup d'état attempted against Allende in June 1973. In its "", on August 22, 1973, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile asserted that Chilean democracy had broken down and called for "redirecting government activity", to restore constitutional rule. Less than a month later, on September 11, 1973, the Chilean military deposed Allende, who shot himself in the head to avoid capture as the Presidential Palace was surrounded and bombed. Subsequently, rather than restore governmental authority to the civilian legislature, Augusto Pinochet exploited his role as Commander of the Army Document [54] (Title: United States intervention in Chile) plotting reached two peak periods, one in the last week of June 1973 and the other during the end of August and the first two weeks in September. It is clear the CIA received intelligence reports on the coup planning of the group which carried out the successful September 11 coup throughout the months of July, August, and September 1973. The Church report also considered the allegation that the US government involved itself in the 1973 coup: Was the United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile? The Committee has found no evidence that it was. There Document [55] (Title: Alejandrina Cox incident) military intervention in the civilian government of President Salvador Allende. Due to this incident, the last senior officer opposed to military intervention in the increasingly polarized and disintegrating political situation of the Allende government was forced out, thus paving the way for an eventual coup d'état on September 11, 1973, exactly one month after Prats resigned. At the time of this incident, civil unrest was at its height in Chile, both in favor of and against Salvador Allende's policies. General Carlos Prats, Army Commander-in-chief and Interior minister, was responsible for maintaining order in an increasingly polarized country. On June 27, Document [56] (Title: Paulina Veloso) was the president of the Students Federation of the Universidad de Chile ("Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile"). After the Chilean coup d'état of Augusto Pinochet on September 11, 1973, Veloso's fiancé at the time (and later husband), Alexei Jaccard Siegler, was detained and tortured by agents of the DINA. In 1974, the two escaped together for an exile in Switzerland. On May 15, 1977, during a trip to Buenos Aires, Jaccard was detained in the name of Operation Condor for Chilean and Argentine agents. He was moved to the ESMA internment camp, tortured, and later was disappeared. Document [57] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) abuse of power, but the resolution still represented a challenge to Allende's legitimacy. The military seized on the widespread discontent and on the Deputies' resolution to then launch the September 11, 1973 "coup d'état"; as troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende died later that day of self-inflicted gunshot wounds. The military installed themselves in power as a Military Government Junta, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the Document [58] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) The Museum of Memory and Human Rights also displayed a collection of declassified CIA, FBI, Defense Department, and White House records illustrating the U.S. role in the dictatorship and the coup. Conferences and seminaries on the subject of coup were also held. Various series and interviews with politicians on the subject of the coup and the dictatorship were aired on Chilean TV in 2013. 1973 Chilean coup d'état The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Document [59] (Title: United States intervention in Chile) also a cable from CIA operative Jack Devine on September 10, 1973 made to top U.S. officials that confirms the coup will take place the following day. In ties with the coup a Defense Intelligence Agency summary dated also on September 8 and classified "Top Secret Umbra" provided detailed information on an agreement among the Chilean Army, Navy and Air Force to move against Allende on September 10. As the CIA denies its involvement in the coup another cable sent from the agency on September 8 classified "Secret" had information on the Chilean Navy time and date to overthrow the Document [60] (Title: Chile–Russia relations) to openly defy the Americans in their own hemisphere. Allende left the Soviet Union with advice to resolve conflicts with Washington, a new credit of $45 million, and agreements using previously agreed credits to increase the USSR’s technical assistance in developing Chile’s copper, chemical, and fishing industries. Unfortunately for Allende, instead of increasing aid in Chile, the Soviet Union reduced economic support from $144 million in 1972 to $63 million in 1973. Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, and relations with the Soviets were again cut on 22 September 1973, and it was not until Document [61] (Title: Solidarity Movement with Chile) Socialist Allende government of Chile fell to a U.S.-involved military "coup d'état" on September 11, 1973. The Pinochet regime targeted and forced the disappearance of political opposition. At least 200,000 people left Chile as exiles and settled, in highest numbers, in Europe and North America. In exile, the Chilean left established an "external front" to fight the dictatorship. They joined with allies and created a culturally vibrant and politically diverse solidarity movement with the Chilean Left. U.S. solidarity groups operated in New York, Berkeley, CA, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere. Movement groups operated out of Amsterdam, London, and other European cities. Document [62] (Title: Valdivia) the landslide; water levels of the lake slowly returned to normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the military's actions that followed brought dozens of detainees to Valdivia and saw the imposing of a nationwide curfew. In October a group of 12 young men, among them José Gregorio Liendo, were brought from the Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli in the Andes to be executed in Valdivia by firing squad due to alleged participation in the assault on Neltume police station and "guerrilla activities". After the Great Chilean Document [63] (Title: The Battle of Chile) The Battle of Chile The Battle of Chile is a documentary film directed by the Chilean Patricio Guzman, in three parts: "The Insurrection of the Bourgeoisie" (1975), "The Coup d'état" (1976), "Popular Power" (1979). It is a chronicle of the political tension in Chile in 1973 and of the violent counter revolution against the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende. It won the Grand Prix in 1975 and 1976 at the Grenoble International Film Festival. In 1996, "Chile, Obstinate Memory" was released and followed Guzmán back to Chile as he screened the 3-part documentary to Chileans who had never seen Document [64] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) coup, Chile had been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability for decades; whilst the rest of South America had been plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo. The collapse of Chilean democracy ended a streak of democratic governments in Chile, which had held democratic elections since 1932. Historian Peter Winn characterised the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in the history of Chile. A weak insurgent movement against the Pinochet regime was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government. An internationally supported plebiscite in 1988 held under the auspices of the Document [65] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) 40 years when they participated in the Tacnazo. The Tacnazo was not a proper coup, but a protest against under-funding. In retrospect General Carlos Prats considered that Christian Democrats who were in power in 1969 committed the error of not taking the military's grievances seriously. Governments of Argentina (1966), Bolivia (1969), Brazil (1964) and Peru (1968) were all overthrown in coups and replaced by military governments. In June 1973 Uruguay joined the coup d'état wave that swept through the region. The poor conditions of the Chilean military contrasted with the change of fortune the military of neighboring countries experienced as Document [66] (Title: Bicentennial of Chile) National Congress, which José Miguel Carrera overturned with a coup d'état. Bernardo O'Higgins was granted dictatorial powers as Supreme Director of Chile on February 16, 1817, and Chile officially declared its independence on February 12, 1818. The Plan Bicentenario () was started during the government of Ricardo Lagos and was scheduled to be completed on September 18, 2010. A committee called the Comisión Bicentenario was established on October 16, 2002, through Supreme Decree N° 176. Several plans were made for the event, amongst them: the construction of major roadworks and infrastructure, such as the Plaza de la Ciudadanía, and cultural Document [67] (Title: The Battle of Chile) General Augusto Pinochet among them. In July, the truck owners, funded by the CIA, begin their long strike, which paralyzes the distribution of food, gasoline, and fuel, and there is a call for Allende to resign. Instead Allende holds a rally - around 800,000 people arrive, but they have no weapons. On September 11, the Navy institutes the coup d'état, and the Air Force bombs the state radio station. The palace is bombarded from the air. The chiefs of the junta on television are seen announcing they'll return the country to order after three years of "Marxist cancer". Part Three Document [68] (Title: Government Junta of Chile (1973)) Government Junta of Chile (1973) The Government Junta of Chile () was the military junta established to rule Chile during the military dictatorship that followed the overthrow of President Salvador Allende in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état backed by the United States. It was the executive and legislative branch of government until December 17, 1974. After that date, it functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990. On September 11, 1973, the day of the coup, the military officers issued an "Act of Constitution". The act established a junta government that immediately suspended the constitution, Document [69] (Title: Socialist Party of Chile) his office at the Palace of La Moneda, during an intensive air bombardment of the historic edifice. The military coup d'état was devastating to the organization of the Chilean Socialist Party. Within a few weeks of the coup, four members of their Central Committee and seven regional secretaries of the Partido Social had been murdered. A further twelve members of the Central Committee were imprisoned, while the remaining members took refuge in various foreign embassies. The Socialist Party's Secretary General, Carlos Altamirano, managed to escape from Chile, appearing in Havana on 1 January 1974, during the anniversary of the Cuban Document [70] (Title: Canada–Chile relations) in 1941. In July 1942, Chile opened a diplomatic legation office in Ottawa. That same year, Canada also opened a legation office in Santiago. In June 1944, both nations upgraded their legation offices to embassies, respectively. On 11 September 1973, democratically elected Chilean President Salvador Allende was removed from power in a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet. Soon after the coup, several Chilean nationals fled to the Canadian embassy in Santiago for asylum. Canadian first secretary Marc Dolgin and David Adam allowed entry to the Chilean asylees and housed them at the embassy and at the Canadian ambassador's residence Document [71] (Title: Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile) them into Santiago's National Soccer Stadium on September 18, 1973. This Stadium, that symbolized Chile's greatest pastime, turned into a concentration camp within a few days. Many were tortured and gunned down, and several hundred bodies were shuttled into secret mass graves. These were victims of a well-organized program of official, yet clandestine, program of torture and murder. Many people were last seen in the detention and torture centers instituted by the intelligence agencies of the military regime. Following General Pinochet's arrest in 1998, Chile made a renewed effort to uncover the atrocities of the past. For the first time Document [72] (Title: Alejandrina Cox incident) his bravery during the Tanquetazo. After the public protests of the wives of his generals and officers in front of his home on August 22, 1973, he lost more support. His resignation as Army Commander-in-chief removed the last obstacle for the Chilean coup of 1973. Alejandrina Cox incident The Alejandrina Cox Incident was a traffic incident in Santiago, Chile on 27 June 1973 involving Army General Carlos Prats, then Minister of the Interior and commander-in-chief of the Chilean Armed Forces, and a civilian woman named Alejandrina Cox (born 1921, died 2015). It is historically significant because, due to the excessive Document [73] (Title: Government Junta of Chile (1973)) by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents. Government Junta of Chile (1973) The Government Junta of Chile () was the military junta established to rule Chile during the military dictatorship that followed the overthrow of President Salvador Allende in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état backed by the United States. It was the executive and legislative branch of government until December 17, 1974. After that date, it functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990. On September 11, 1973, the day of the coup, Document [74] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) inability to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats united with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order. For months, the government had feared calling upon the "Carabineros" national police, suspecting them of disloyalty. On 9 August, Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence. He was forced to resign both as defence minister and as the Army commander-in-chief on 24 August 1973, embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest of the wives of his Document [75] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) The military dictatorship of Chile () was an authoritarian military government that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990. The dictatorship was established after the democratically-elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was overthrown by a United States CIA-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973. During this time, the country was ruled by a military junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet. The military used the alleged breakdown of democracy and the economic crisis that took place during Allende's presidency to justify its seizure of power. The dictatorship presented its mission as a "national reconstruction." In reality, the Document [76] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) Armed Forces, which mentioned clashes with "extremists" on several occasions from 11 to 14 September. Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso De Ercilla in Colo Colo and San Martino Street, one block away from the Army and military police administrative headquarters. A recently published testimony about the clashes in Concepcion offers several plausible explanations for the reticence of witnesses to these actions. Besides political leaders and participants, the coup also affected many everyday Chilean citizens. Thousands were killed, went missing, and were injured. Because of the political instability in their country, many relocated elsewhere. Canada, among other countries, Document [77] (Title: Donald M. Kendall) CIA Director Richard Helms and, in the words of a 1976 "New York Times" article, said "that Chile was to be saved from Allende and he didn't care much how." According to "The Guardian":""...the October 1970 plot against Chile's President-elect Salvador Allende ... was the direct result of a plea for action a month earlier by Donald Kendall, chairman of PepsiCo, in two telephone calls to the company's former lawyer, President Richard Nixon. Kendall arranged for the owner of the company's Chilean bottling operation to meet National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger on September 15. Hours later, Nixon called in his Document [78] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) Beginning with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, an armed leftist resistance movement against Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) developed until 1990 when democracy was restored. The main armed resistance groups of the period were the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR), the armed wing of the Communist Party of Chile. These groups had a long-standing rivalry. Key events during the armed resistance were the attempt to set up guerrilla camps in Neltume in 1970-73 and 1980-81, the February 1986 sabotaging of the Limache train tracks, the Carrizal Bajo arms smuggling operation Document [79] (Title: Public holidays in Chile) agreed to celebrate them on the nearest Sunday. September 11 (the day of the military coup in 1973) was established as a holiday ("Día de la Liberación Nacional", "Day of National Liberation") by the military regime in 1981. In 1998 it was replaced by the "Día de la Unidad Nacional" ("Day of National Unity"), to be observed the first Monday in September. In March 2002 the latter was abolished. The holiday on June 29 (Saint Peter and Saint Paul) was reestablished in September 1985. In 1987, during a visit by Pope John Paul II, Corpus Christi was reestablished (although the Document [80] (Title: Mariana Callejas) conspired with the Cubans who worked at AAMCO, and tried to aid Fatherland and Liberty from Miami. The 1973 Chilean coup d'état, led by General Augusto Pinochet, allowed Callejas and Townley to return to Chile. Mariana took the first flight to Santiago after the coup, while Michael put his affairs in order so that he could leave with the children. The CIA had not contacted him, and, even though his wife assured him that he was not in any danger, he worried about the charges against him in Chile. He decided to travel under a false name, that of his Document [81] (Title: Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)) incendiary bombs and rocks and 36 were carabineros were wounded in violence related to the 25th anniversary commemorations of the military coup. In 2006, on the 33rd anniversary of the September 11, 1973, military coup, 79 carabineros were wounded in clashes with rioters. In September 2007, a carabinero policeman was killed after being shot in the face and around 40 were wounded during clashes with leftists marking the 34th anniversary of the military coup. The following month, MJL guerrillas killed carabineer Luis Moyano Farías during the robbery of Banco Security in Santiago. In clashes with protesters commemorating the 35th anniversary Document [82] (Title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)) themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. Such actions had the effect of justifying the existence of heavily armed forces in Chile. And by extension, justified the dictatorship's conduct against such "violent" offenders. In the 1970s junta members Gustavo Leigh and Augusto Pinochet clashed on several occasions beginning in the day of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Leigh criticized Pinochet for having joined the coup very late and then pretending to keep all power for himself. In December 1974 Leigh opposed the proposal to name Pinochet president of Chile. Leigh recalls about that moment that, "Pinochet was furious, Document [83] (Title: 2011–13 Chilean student protests) of the student movement. On the 38th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état against socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11, 2011, police arrested around 280 people in protests in Santiago. One 15-year-old girl suffered a bullet wound. "There were more than 350 places with barricades and blocked streets, and 130,000 homes suffered power cuts," said Deputy Interior Minister Rodrigo Ubilla. A day later on September 12, 2011, 30 people stormed the headquarters of the Communist Party of Chile Central Committee assaulting party workers, and destroying computers and furniture. Carabineros attempted to storm the building on August 4. In Document [84] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) became a main point of refuge for many Chilean citizens. Through an operation known as “Special Movement Chile”, more than 7,000 Chileans were relocated to Canada in the months following September 11, 1973. These refugees are now known as Chilean Canadian people and have a population of over 38,000. The U.S. view of the coup continues to spark controversy. Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by then Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin, United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (CHDS), located at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., Document [85] (Title: 1973 Chilean coup d'état) said: ""sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking, which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them."" A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old army corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the "Cazadores", became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper. The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973. While fatalities in the battle Document [86] (Title: Clarín (Chilean newspaper)) to be printed again at the workshops of "La Nación". "Clarin" supported the candidacy of the Popular Unity's Salvador Allende for the 1970 elections. Once Allende was elected, the newspaper defended its government, calling to a "class struggle". It was purchased by Victor Pey during the Allende administration and became the largest newspaper in Chile. The final edition of "Clarín" circulated on 11 September 1973, the day of the coup d'état in Chile. That day, at 04:00 AM, army troops occupied "Clarín" workshops at Dieciocho street, number 263, and impeded the newspaper's distribution. The newspaper was not published again; however, Question: what happened in chile on september 11 1973

Answer: coup d'état Long Answer: 1973 Chilean coup d'état Part of Operation Condor, the history of Chile and the Cold War The bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973 by the Junta's Armed Forces Date 11 September 1973 Location Chile Action Armed forces put the country under military control . Little and unorganized civil resistance . Result Popular Unity government overthrown Salvador Allende committed suicide Military Junta Government led by General Augusto Pinochet assumed power Belligerents Chilean Government Revolutionary Left Movement "Group of Personal Friends" Other working - class militants Chilean Armed Forces Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Fatherland and Liberty Supported by: Soviet Union Cuba Supported by: United States Commanders and leaders Salvador Allende † Max Marambio Miguel Enríquez Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Casualties and losses 46 GAP 60 in total during the coup Gold Document ID: 86

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Nanny and the Professor) relatives (and some Nanny claimed as relatives because they were everybody's uncle) dropped by the Everett home for a visit. They include: The series first aired as a mid-season replacement on January 21, 1970, on ABC, and was last telecast on December 27, 1971. The series enjoyed initial success due to its Friday night timeslot when it was scheduled between "The Brady Bunch" and "The Partridge Family", which were shows aimed at similar demographics (largely young children and pre-teens). Ratings suffered in the third season when ABC moved the series to Monday night opposite "Gunsmoke" and "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In". Document [2] (Title: All in the Family) "All in the Family" is one of three television shows ("The Cosby Show" and "American Idol" being the others) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons. The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons. The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers. According to "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present", "All in the Family" has the most spin-offs for a prime-time television series, spawning five other shows, three of which were very successful and two of which are spin-offs from spin-offs. Document [3] (Title: These Are My Children) These Are My Children These Are My Children is an American television soap opera which ran on NBC from January 31, 1949, to February 25, 1949. The show was broadcast live from Chicago, Illinois, airing fifteen minutes a day, five days a week, at 5:00 p.m. EST. It is widely credited as the first soap opera broadcast on television. It may be more accurately described as the first daytime drama or the first soap opera strip, as it was preceded by DuMont series "Faraway Hill" in 1946 and "Highway to the Stars" in 1947, both of which are described as Document [4] (Title: All My Children) the daytime drama. The game sold more than 150,000 copies. A DVD was released on January 24, 2004, titled "Daytime's Greatest Weddings" which contained "All My Children" and other daytime soaps' weddings. A line of perfume and body lotion was produced based on this show as well. Long since discontinued though pieces may be able to be acquired from personal sale sites. All My Children All My Children (often shortened to AMC) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years, from January 5, 1970, to September 23, 2011, and on The Online Network (TOLN) from Document [5] (Title: All in the Family) character, and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael. Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular "rural" programming ("Mayberry R.F.D.", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Petticoat Junction", and "Green Acres") with more "urban", contemporary series and was interested in Lear's project. CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show "All in the Family". The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series' first episode. Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as "Till Death Us Do Document [6] (Title: Sitcom) share), according to "The New York Times". "Sanford and Son", which ran from 1972 to 1977, was included on the "Time" magazine's list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time" in 2007. "All in the Family", premiered on January 1971, is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach Document [7] (Title: The First Family (TV series)) The First Family (TV series) The First Family is an American sitcom that debuted in first-run syndication in the United States on September 22, 2012. Created by Byron Allen and produced by Allen's production company Entertainment Studios, the series (along with "Mr. Box Office", which debuted the same weekend and is also produced by Entertainment Studios) is the first situation comedy to air in first-run syndication since the 2000 cancellation of "Malibu, CA". The series centers on William Johnson (Christopher B. Duncan), a Democrat who attempts to balance his family life with his wife Katherine (Kellita Smith) and their two Document [8] (Title: All in the Family) special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of "All in the Family" during its summer schedule in 1991, garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it, Norman Lear's sitcom "Sunday Dinner". The latter was Lear's return to TV series producing after a seven-year absence, and was cancelled after the six-week tryout run due to being poorly received by audiences. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment) released the first six seasons of "All in the Family" on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. No further seasons were released, Document [9] (Title: All My Children) 1985 at 2:30 pm, with episodes four years behind the US in January 1987, it was moved to another channel, Rete 4, always at 2:30 pm At the end of the decade, "La valle dei pini" began airing in late afternoon (and from September 1990 with only half US episode each evening), after a bunch of Latin American telenovelas and before "General Hospital". Then, in September 1991, the show was moved to 9:00 am "All My Children" was canceled in May 1992, with episodes at that time six years behind the US. , New Zealand, started airing "All My Children" Document [10] (Title: All My Children) weekly ratings performance: "All My Children's" first online episode premiered with impressive numbers. On iTunes the show was the most downloaded TV season of the day, the 4th most downloaded episode of the day and on Hulu it was the most watched show of the day. Series Debut on OWN: 144,000 viewers The show aired on ABC Daytime for the entirety of its television run: From January 1970 to July 1975, the show aired for thirty minutes at 1 pm (12 p.m.), but when the new "Ryan's Hope" premiered, "All My Children" was bumped up a half-hour to 12:30 pm Document [11] (Title: All My Children) All My Children All My Children (often shortened to AMC) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years, from January 5, 1970, to September 23, 2011, and on The Online Network (TOLN) from April 29 to September 2, 2013, via Hulu, Hulu Plus, and iTunes. Created by Agnes Nixon, "All My Children" is set in Pine Valley, Pennsylvania, a fictional suburb of Philadelphia, which is modeled on the actual Philadelphia suburb of Rosemont. The original series featured Susan Lucci as Erica Kane, one of daytime television's most popular characters. The title of the series refers Document [12] (Title: Mass communication) and three-dimensional characters and plots. PBS launched in 1970, and was the home for programming that would not be suitable for network television. It operates on donations and little government funding, rather than having commercials. On January 12, 1971, the sitcom "All in the Family" premiered on CBS, and covered the issues of the day and portrayed a bigot named Archie Bunker. By 1972, the sales of color television sets surpassed that of black-and-white sets. In the 1980s, television became geared towards what has become known as the MTV Generation, with a surge in the number of cable channels. Photography Document [13] (Title: All My Children) My Children's" first success was its focus on young love. ABC wanted a soap opera that would bring in young viewers, and slowly the program was accomplishing that. The show's ratings did not start out strong, however. In its first year on the air, it ranked No. 17 out of 19 soap operas. Despite this, its audience grew with each passing year. The show was unique for its use of the Vietnam War. Before "All My Children" debuted, no show had discussed the war in any depth. There were traditional Phoebe and free-spirited Amy both butting heads over the war, Document [14] (Title: An American Family) Robert Pulcini, the cast includes Tim Robbins as Bill, Diane Lane as Pat, Thomas Dekker as Lance and James Gandolfini as Craig Gilbert. "An American Family" episode nine end-credits; rerun airdate April 24, 2011, 7 a.m., WNET-TV An American Family An American Family is an American television documentary filmed from May 30 through December 31, 1971, and first aired in the United States on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) from January 11, 1973, to March 29, 1973. After being edited down from about 300 hours of raw footage, the series ran one season of 12 episodes on Thursday nights at Document [15] (Title: The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family) The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family "The 200th Episode Celebration of "All in the Family"" is a 90-minute retrospective of the American television sitcom "All in the Family" starring Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers which aired on Sunday, March 4, 1979 at 8:00 p.m. EST on CBS. It was directed by Walter C. Miller, hosted by Norman Lear and videotaped on February 19, 1979 in front of a live audience at Mark Taper Forum of the Los Angeles Music Center in Los Angeles, California. The special celebrates the 200th episode of "All in Document [16] (Title: Family Viewing Hour) case. The show's cast responded by recording a satirical, never-aired rendition of the show's theme song, retitled "These Are the Days". On November 4, 1976, United States district court Judge Warren J. Ferguson declared the Family Viewing Hour null and void, starting with the fall 1977 season. Ferguson stated while the idea was good in theory, the FCC had overstepped its bounds in having it instituted; the FCC privately lobbied the three major networks to adopt the policy instead of holding public hearings on the matter, and Ferguson ruled on those grounds that the Family Viewing Hour had no binding Document [17] (Title: All My Children) and taping will resume on August 12, 2013. On June 25, 2013, TOLN stated that there will be a scheduling switch for "All My Children" and "One Life to Live". Starting July 1, 2013, all episodes of the week for both shows would be released on Mondays. Beginning July 15, 2013, "All My Children" and "One Life to Live" aired for a 10-week limited engagement on the Oprah Winfrey Network, Monday through Thursday at 1:00 PM and 3:00 PM. "All My Children" aired a season finale on September 2, 2013. In November 2013, Prospect Park indicated it was suspending further Document [18] (Title: Kyle XY) June 26, 2006, on the ABC Family cable channel. Episodes were also broadcast on the ABC network the first season, but only for part of the second season, after which it could only be seen on ABC Family. After the 10-episode debut season on ABC Family during summer 2006, news reported a total of 23 new episodes were ordered for the second season, which started on June 11, 2007, with rebroadcasts on ABC beginning on June 15, 2007. The second season’s 13th episode, "Leap of Faith", aired on Monday, September 3, 2007; the remaining 10 began airing on January 12, Document [19] (Title: 1970s in television) "social consciousness" programming, spearheaded by television producer Norman Lear. "All in the Family", his adaptation of the British television series "Till Death Us Do Part", broke down television barriers. When the series premiered in 1971, Americans heard the words "fag," "jigaboo," and "spic" on national television programming for the first time. "All in the Family" was the talk of countless dinner tables throughout the country; Americans hadn't seen anything like it on television before. The show became the highest-rated program on U.S. television schedules in the fall of 1971 and stayed in the top slot until 1976 — to date, Document [20] (Title: The Jeffersons) appear on "All in the Family" until 1975, when the spin-off "The Jeffersons", also created by Lear, premiered. The characters of Lionel's biracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, all of whom first appeared in the 1974 "All in the Family" episode "Lionel's Engagement", were also written into the new series. However, the roles were all recast, with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny, veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed from Louis, as it was in their first "AITF" appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen. During the January 11, Document [21] (Title: All My Children) marathon on Sunday nights at midnight (11 p.m.). Beginning April 29, 2013, new thirty-minute episodes are streamed on The OnLine Network (TOLN) via Hulu, Hulu Plus and iTunes at 2 am PST and 5 am EST every week, Monday through Thursday, and are available for viewing for one week on Hulu and indefinitely on Hulu Plus and iTunes. In Canada, also beginning on April 29, 2013, new episodes are available on cable network FX Canada at noon every Monday through Thursday. , new episodes are available for purchase worldwide via the iTunes store. In Australia, "All My Children" aired on Document [22] (Title: Ryan's Hope) was moved to 12:30 p.m. Eastern/11:30 a.m Central in January 1977, where it now followed the hit game show "Family Feud" and to allow "All My Children" to shift to hour-long episodes. The time change put it in competition with another soap for the first time, CBS' "Search for Tomorrow". The ratings slipped a bit (7.0 in the 1977–78 season) against a 7.5 rating for "Search for Tomorrow"; ultimately, "Ryan's Hope" never exceeded its peak 1976 achievement. By 1978, all the other ABC-developed soaps had stronger ratings than "RH". In 1979, "All My Children" was the number one daytime soap Document [23] (Title: All in the Family (Supernatural)) All in the Family (Supernatural) "All in the Family" is the twenty-first episode of the paranormal drama television series "Supernatural"s season 11, and the 239th overall. The episode was written by co-executive producers Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on May 11, 2016 on The CW. In the episode, Sam and Dean set to find Lucifer/Castiel as he continues being tortured by Amara while God has a new strategy as Metatron finds a new Prophet. The title is a reference to the hit TV show "All in the Family". The episode Document [24] (Title: The Hogan Family) 2017. The Christmas episode was the first to air on the network on December 16, during a marathon of holiday-themed episodes from Antenna TV programs throughout the month, before the show officially joined the lineup on January 2, 2018. The Hogan Family The Hogan Family (originally titled Valerie, and later, Valerie's Family) is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from March 1, 1986, to May 7, 1990, and on CBS from September 15, 1990, until July 20, 1991. It was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, along with Tal Productions, Inc. (1986–87), and in association with Lorimar Productions (1986), Lorimar-Telepictures (1986–88), Document [25] (Title: All in the Family) where many stations picked-up the show. In 1991, Columbia Pictures Television began syndicating the show, and Columbia's successor companies have continued to do so. Since the late 1980s, "All in the Family" has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS (although it held the rights locally in Atlanta, as well), TV Land, and Nick at Nite. From January 3, 2011 to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show began to air on GetTV. The cast forfeited their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run. Document [26] (Title: All My Children) at 12:30, with same-day repeats airing at 5:00 pm (followed by "One Life to Live" at 5:30 pm). It previously aired on CTV Two 12 p.m. PT, 1 p.m. ET in Canada until its 2011 cancellation and Citytv stations in Calgary CKAL-TV, Edmonton CKEM-TV, and Winnipeg CHMI-TV. "All My Children" aired on CTV from 1970 to 1982 and aired on the CBC Television network from 1982 to 1988. In Solomon Islands, "All My Children" aired on Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation Mondays to Friday at 1:00 pm In Israel, "All My Children" was broadcast on channel 2 from 1999 to 2005 Document [27] (Title: All That (season 1)) aired the series in 2008, possibly due to music rights involved with the musical guests expiring. This season was taped from January 1994 to September 1994 at Nickelodeon Studios. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> All That (season 1) The first season of the American sketch comedy-variety show All That ran on April 16, 1994 as a special preview, but officially ran from December 31, 1994 to April 1, 1995. The first season began in 1994-1995 with the pilot and 14 episodes. On April 16, 1994, Nickelodeon aired the "All That" pilot, which was the beginning of Season 1, the beginning of the "Golden Era", Document [28] (Title: All My Children) On April 29, 2013, the revived series moved five years into the future after the original series finale on ABC. On November 11, 2013, it was confirmed by some of its actors that the series had once again become cancelled, this time by its online revival team. In August 2010, Prospect Park announced that it was shopping for a cable network to air "All My Children" in complementary to its future internet television channel. Prospect Park officially began negotiations with the actors of "All My Children" on September 15, 2011. On September 19, 2011, Cameron Mathison and Lindsay Hartley became Document [29] (Title: All in the Family (Body of Proof)) Milne. Recurring cast members Jeffrey Nordling and Mary Mouser returned in this episode, with this being Mouser's first appearance since season one's fourth episode "Talking Heads" and Nordling's first appearance since seasons one's first episode, "Pilot". "All in the Family", along with the eight episode's from "Body of Proof"s first season, were released on a two-disc DVD set in the United States on September 20, 2011. The sets included brief audio commentaries from various crew and cast members for several episode's, a preview of season 2 and a 10-minute "featurette" on the making of the show, with commentaries from the Document [30] (Title: All in the Family) At the height of the show's popularity, Henry Fonda hosted a special one-hour retrospective of "All in the Family" and its impact on American television. It included clips from the show's most memorable episodes up to that time. It was titled "The Best of "All in the Family"", and aired on December 21, 1974. On February 16, 1991, CBS aired a 90-minute retrospective, "All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special", hosted by Norman Lear to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary. It featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments, and interviews with the four main cast members. The Document [31] (Title: All in the Family) Edith Justice. Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband, Richard. It was taped in October 1968 in New York City. After screening the first pilot, ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot, titled "Those Were the Days", which Lear taped in February 1969 in Hollywood. Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard. D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots. After stations' and viewers' complaints caused ABC to cancel "Turn-On" after only one episode in February 1969, the network became uneasy about airing a show with a "foul-mouthed, bigoted lead" Document [32] (Title: Together We Stand) adjustments that had to be made by all — Sam and Sally having parents for the first time, and Jack and Amy having to compete with the new arrivals for their parents' time and affection. Premiering on Monday, September 22, 1986 at 8:30 PM ET after "Kate and Allie" where its ratings were initially strong, "Together We Stand" moved to Wednesdays at 8:00 PM ET beginning on October 1 to make room for "My Sister Sam", putting it up against ABC's "Perfect Strangers" and NBC's "Highway to Heaven" instead. When the show's ratings plunged, CBS pulled the series after six Document [33] (Title: Maude (TV series)) billed as the first spin-off of "All in the Family", on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude, Edith Bunker's cousin. Like "All in the Family", "Maude" was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. Unusual for a U.S. sitcom, several episodes (such as "Maude's Night Out" and "The Convention") featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter, in what amounted to half-hour "two-hander" teleplays. Maude Findlay (Beatrice Arthur) first appears in two season-two episodes of "All in the Family": the first in December 1971 as a Document [34] (Title: A Touch of Grace) January 20, 1973. It faced tough competition in its time slot from CBSs "All in the Family" and drew low ratings despite its critical acclaim. It was cancelled after the broadcast of its thirteenth episode on April 21, 1973. The show aired at 8:30 p.m. on Saturday throughout its run. ABC broadcast reruns of the show in prime time on Saturday evenings on April 28, 1973, and from May 12 to June 16, 1973. Sources A Touch of Grace A Touch of Grace is an American sitcom that was based on the British series "For the Love of Ada" starring Document [35] (Title: Family (2003 TV series)) after a respectable start with 6.1 million viewers watching on 29 September, the programme lost nearly two million viewers, drawing only 4.3 million in the same slot four weeks later. Although there were only two more episodes to be aired, Nigel Pickard, Head of ITV's programming, ditched the show from its prime time slot and consigned it instead to a graveyard slot of 11:30pm on Wednesdays. This meant that the episode previously scheduled for 27 October 2003 was replaced with a re-run of "Airline". Family (2003 TV series) Family is an ITV crime drama series, first broadcast on 29 September Document [36] (Title: The First Family (TV series)) sons and two daughters as they adjust to living in the White House, while maintaining his duties as the second African-American and 45th President of the United States. William, in turn, also has to deal with other family members, including his father Alvin (John Witherspoon) and his boisterous sister-in-law Pauletta (Jackée Harry), who despite their constant bickering will sometimes partner up for various schemes. "The First Family" is primarily syndicated to stations affiliated with The CW and MyNetworkTV and to independent stations for broadcast in weekend primetime timeslots. The series was supposed to produce a total of 104 episodes, borrowing Document [37] (Title: All My Children) definition on February 3, 2010. "All My Children" became the third soap opera to be produced and broadcast in high definition. At one point, the program's popularity positioned it as the most widely recorded television show in the United States. Also, in a departure from societal norms at the time, "All My Children", in the mid-1970s, had an audience that was estimated to be 30% male. The show ranked No. 1 in the daytime Nielsen ratings in the 1978–79 season. Throughout most of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, "All My Children" was the No. 2 daytime soap opera Document [38] (Title: Families (TV series)) language and scenes of a sexual nature, all of which were screened, in most ITV regions, just before children's TV started at 15.50. In its later months the show was screened at 14.45–15.15. The series was given a full repeat on Granada Plus, when it launched on 1 October 1996, usually screened weeknights at 18:30. The run concluded on Friday 26 June 1998 and was replaced by Emmerdale from Monday 29 June 1998, with episodes beginning from 1989. Families (TV series) Families was a daytime soap opera, which was on ITV from 1990 to 1993 and created by Kay Mellor. Document [39] (Title: All My Children) her niece, Skye Chandler. The tragedy of the attack shows the extremes of violence that occur every day to victims of the disease. Cindy marries Stuart and he adopts her son, Scott. She dies early in 1989 in one of the show's most watched episodes. ABC wanted changes at "All My Children". The show was getting about 6.5 million viewers per episode, but there was sentiment that the program had lost its unique sense of humor and was simply copying other soaps with action/adventure storylines. Efforts were made to bring the show back to the glory days of the late Document [40] (Title: Hot l Baltimore) gay couples to be depicted on an American television series. Because of the subject matter, the show was the first ABC network show to have a warning at its opening, cautioning viewers about mature themes. ("All in the Family", also produced by Lear, ran a similar disclaimer when it debuted in 1971 on CBS, but ceased doing so with its second telecast.) The network supported the show and gave it a full publicity campaign, but it failed to win an audience and was canceled after 13 episodes. Its last telecast was June 6, 1975. WJZ-TV, then ABC's Baltimore affiliate, never Document [41] (Title: Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)) Galactica" initially was a ratings success. CBS counter programmed by moving its Sunday block of "All in the Family" and "Alice" an hour earlier, to compete with Galactica in the 8:00 timeslot. From October 1978 to March 1979, "All in the Family" averaged more than 40 percent of the 8:00 audience, against "Galactica's" 28 percent. In mid-April 1979, ABC executives canceled the show. An AP article reported "The decision to bump the expensive "Battlestar Galactica" was not surprising. The series ... had been broadcast irregularly in recent weeks, attracting slightly over a quarter of the audience in its Sunday night Document [42] (Title: Norman Lear) for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped. After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as "All in the Family". It premiered January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns, and it flourished in the 1971–72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years. After falling from the #1 spot, "All in the Family" still remained in the top ten, well Document [43] (Title: All My Children) had recently died). On December 19, 2008, a special episode ran for Herlie, showing clips from the past. On February 16, 2009, "All My Children" made daytime history with the nuptials of Reese Williams and Bianca Montgomery, the first legal same-sex marriage in American daytime television. After departing the show in February 2005, Riegel continued to return to the series for limited guest appearances, but permanently left the role in 2010. On November 20, 2009, Pratt was fired as head writer. Daytime Emmy-winning former head writer Lorraine Broderick was brought back to lead the writing team on an interim basis. Document [44] (Title: Wiping) and kept a complete archive of monochrome kinescopes until ABC bought the shows from her in 1975. When the network wanted to expand "All My Children" from 30 minutes to a full hour in the late 1970s, Nixon agreed on the condition that the network would begin saving the episodes. ABC complied, and full hour broadcasts began on April 25, 1977. However, a fire destroyed the vast majority of the early-1970s kinescopes, leaving only a few random episodes from each season. Virtually all episodes of "General Hospital", from its premiere in April 1963 through August 1970, are archived at UCLA. Document [45] (Title: The Golden Girls) with "All in the Family" and "Will and Grace" where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award. As a tribute to the success of "The Golden Girls", all four actresses were later named Disney Legends. Beginning July 3, 1989, NBC added daytime reruns of the show, replacing long-running "Wheel of Fortune" (it moved to CBS) on the NBC schedule at 11:00 a.m.(EST). It ran for a little over a year until September 1990. At this time, syndicated reruns began airing, distributed by Buena Vista Television (now Disney–ABC Domestic Television), the syndication arm of Disney, whose Touchstone Document [46] (Title: All My Children) on the air. However, like the rest of the soap operas in the United States, "All My Children" experienced unprecedented declines in its daytime ratings during the 2000s. By the 2010s, it had become one of the least watched soap operas in daytime television. On April 14, 2011, it was announced that ABC canceled "All My Children" after 41 years on the air due to low ratings. On July 7, 2011, ABC sold the licensing rights of "All My Children" to third-party production company Prospect Park with the show set to continue on the internet as a series of webisodes. Document [47] (Title: An American Family) An American Family An American Family is an American television documentary filmed from May 30 through December 31, 1971, and first aired in the United States on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) from January 11, 1973, to March 29, 1973. After being edited down from about 300 hours of raw footage, the series ran one season of 12 episodes on Thursday nights at 9:00 p.m. The groundbreaking documentary is considered the first "reality" series on American television. It was originally intended as a chronicle of the daily life of the Louds, an upper middle class family in Santa Barbara, California Document [48] (Title: All in the Family) so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast, as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ("Well, what the hell — he said it was in his contract!") to deliver after the kiss. (The line is usually cut in syndication.) During the show's sixth season, starting on December 1, 1975, CBS began airing reruns on weekdays at 3p.m. (EST), replacing long-running soap opera "The Edge of Night", which moved to ABC. The show would later move to 3:30p.m. and in September 1978, 10a.m. This lasted until September 1979, when Viacom distributed the reruns to the off-network market Document [49] (Title: All My Children) (11:30 am). It returned to its original time slot in January 1977 and remained there until its September 2011 finale, expanding to sixty-minute episodes on April 25, 1977. At the time of the show's cancellation, "All My Children" aired Monday through Friday at 1 pm Eastern, with an option to air the show at noon (11 a.m. Central Time) for stations that air news in that time slot. Encores were aired on SOAPnet in primetime at 8 pm (7 p.m.), late nights at 1 am (midnight), and early mornings at 7 am (6 a.m.). The week's episodes aired in a Document [50] (Title: All in the Family) often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years. The episode "Sammy's Visit" was ranked number 13 on "TV Guide's" 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. "TV Guide's "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked "All in the Document [51] (Title: The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family) The contest winners flew to Los Angeles on Saturday, February 17, 1979 and were treated to a holiday weekend of sightseeing and dinners. The "All in the Family" celebration, which included numerous other fans and supporters of the show, concluded on Monday, February 19 with a gathering at the Mark Taper Forum for a taping of the special followed by an after-show party at the Los Angeles Music Center attended by the cast members. Nominated: 1979 Primetime Emmy Award – Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series (Harvey W. Berger, Hal Collins) The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Document [52] (Title: Agnes Nixon) an hour in 1975, she resisted due to her own creative/quality concerns but later agreed under the condition that the tapes of the show would be archived and preserved by the network. Episodes began to be saved in 1976, and "All My Children" expanded to an hour on April 25, 1977. In 1992, ABC executives decided that "All My Children" needed new blood and promoted a Nixon protégé, Megan McTavish, to the position of head writer. Nixon continued to be involved with the show, but wanted to take a step back from the grueling day-to-day task of being a head Document [53] (Title: The Jeffersons) changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11-year run, unusual for a popular long running series. The most common time slot was on Sunday night. In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at number four, surpassed by its parent series "All in the Family" (which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row). The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), it fell out of the top 30. It returned to the Top 10 Document [54] (Title: All That (season 1)) All That (season 1) The first season of the American sketch comedy-variety show All That ran on April 16, 1994 as a special preview, but officially ran from December 31, 1994 to April 1, 1995. The first season began in 1994-1995 with the pilot and 14 episodes. On April 16, 1994, Nickelodeon aired the "All That" pilot, which was the beginning of Season 1, the beginning of the "Golden Era", and the start of the "All That" series. After "You Can't Do That on Television" ended production in 1990, Nickelodeon had interest in creating another sketch comedy series for the Document [55] (Title: I'm Telling!) that prize flashed. After both siblings had taken a turn, the team won all prizes they had matched; if they made at least 10 matches between them, they won all 20 prizes. Although the last first-run episode aired on March 5, 1988, repeats aired until August 27. Reruns were seen on The Family Channel from September 9, 1989 to September 8, 1990; August 29, 1994 to September 30, 1995; and October 30, 1995 to March 29, 1996. While most shows featured brother and sister teams, special episodes were also aired in order to accommodate siblings of the same gender, known Document [56] (Title: All My Children) taped its first scenes for Prospect Park TOLN on February 18, 2013, and its first episode on the network aired on April 29, 2013. However, the new series faced several behind-the-scene obstacles throughout its run. On November 11, 2013, several "All My Children" cast members announced that Prospect Park had closed production and canceled the series again. ABC regained the rights to "All My Children" in December 2016. Agnes Nixon, then head writer for "The Guiding Light", first came up with the idea for "All My Children" in the 1960s. When writing the story bible, she designed the show so Document [57] (Title: These Are My Children) and Felton produced primetime soaps "Dr. Kildare" and "Executive Suite". These Are My Children These Are My Children is an American television soap opera which ran on NBC from January 31, 1949, to February 25, 1949. The show was broadcast live from Chicago, Illinois, airing fifteen minutes a day, five days a week, at 5:00 p.m. EST. It is widely credited as the first soap opera broadcast on television. It may be more accurately described as the first daytime drama or the first soap opera strip, as it was preceded by DuMont series "Faraway Hill" in 1946 and "Highway to Document [58] (Title: All in the Family) All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series" Archie Bunker's Place", which picked up where "All in the Family" had ended and ran for four more seasons. "All in the Family" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his family. The show Document [59] (Title: Arnie (TV series)) The Family". At the last minute, a switch was made and "My Three Sons" left its comfortable Saturday night time slot and took over the 10:00 P.M. slot on Mondays with Arnie slotted at 10:30 P.M. Both shows sank in the ratings. "All In The Family" was moved to Saturday nights at 8:00 P.M. where it became the number one show for five consecutive years. At mid-season, "My Three Sons" was moved to Thursday nights and "Arnie" returned to the Saturday night prime-time schedule. The changes did not help. Both shows were canceled at the end of the 1971–1972 season. Document [60] (Title: Family Viewing Hour) to try the new policy. By the end of 1974, each network executive agreed to endorse the Family Viewing Hour, and to implement it by the fall 1975 season. Indeed, many television series suffered from the Family Viewing Hour mandate. "All in the Family", which was the runaway top-rated show in the U.S. since 1971, was moved to 9 p.m. on Mondays after five seasons leading the Saturday night lineup. Producer Norman Lear, citing an infringement on creative freedom and on his First Amendment rights, mounted a lawsuit. With the support of varying guilds, including the WGA, he won the Document [61] (Title: Rainbow Ruby) the series was premiered on April 23, 2016 on Family Jr.; it was then broadcast on its regular slot on Mondays starting April 25. The French language version debuted on April 9, 2018 on Télémagino; for its first week, Télémagino premiered each episode per day from April 9 to 13, but premieres the rest every Monday. Both Family Jr. and Télémagino are specialty television channels which DHX Media acquired in 2014. In South Korea, the series was premiered on March 2, 2017 on EBS1, a public service terrestrial television channel operated by the Educational Broadcasting System. From April of the Document [62] (Title: All My Children) on cartridge tape and then digitally since the late 1990s. A few early episodes were saved on kinescope in black and white, one of which aired on ABC in 1997 on a special "A Daytime To Remember", which showcased all TV shows that aired on ABC Daytime. But there are no known pre-1976 episodes to be still in existence on tape. Nixon personally owned all the early episodes on monochromatic kinescopes. When ABC purchased the rights to "All My Children" in late 1974, it also received the kinescopes from Nixon with a promise that the network will archive them. However, Document [63] (Title: All in the Family) impact on society. All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series" Archie Bunker's Place", which picked up where "All in the Family" had ended and ran for four more seasons. "All in the Family" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his Document [64] (Title: My Three Sons) aired the last episode in the series. This is the first time any US television station aired the entire series straight through from beginning to end. On August 6, 2018 MeTV started the series all over again. MacMurray and most of the cast took part in "Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons", which aired on ABC on November 25, 1977. The retrospective special looked back at the history of "My Three Sons" and "The Partridge Family" (other than featuring single parents with a large family, the two series had no narrative, or even a studio, link). Document [65] (Title: All in the Family) because the sales figures did not match Sony's expectations. On June 23, 2010, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and has since released the remaining three seasons. On October 30, 2012, Shout! Factory released "All in the Family - The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The 28-disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features. On February 6, 2018, Sony released "All in the Family- Seasons 1-5" on DVD in Region 1. The 15-disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons. As one of Document [66] (Title: Tandem Productions) 1971, Yorkin and Lear shot two unsold pilots for the series: one in 1968 called "Justice For All" and the other in 1969 titled "Those Were the Days". Production for the series began in late 1970, following the third pilot episode which was picked up by CBS. More successful shows were also produced by Tandem; they were "Maude" (1972–1978), "Good Times" (1974–1979), and finally "Sanford and Son" (1972–1977). In 1977, Viacom Enterprises secured domestic and international television syndication rights for "All in the Family" which hit off-network reruns in Fall 1979. Columbia Pictures Television took over distribution for the series Document [67] (Title: All My Children) to the bonds of humanity. "All My Children" was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s. Originally owned by Creative Horizons, Inc., the company created by Nixon and her husband, Bob, the show was sold to ABC in January 1975. The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length, then was expanded to a full hour on April 25, 1977. Earlier, the show had experimented with the full-hour format for one week starting on June 30, 1975, after which "Ryan's Hope" premiered. From 1970 to 1990, "All My Children" was recorded at ABC's TV18 at 101 Question: when did all in the family first air Answer: January 12, 1971 Long Answer: All in the Family Based on Till Death Us Do Part created by Johnny Speight Developed by Norman Lear Starring Carroll O'Connor Jean Stapleton Sally Struthers Rob Reiner Danielle Brisebois Theme music composer Lee Adams (lyrics), Charles Strouse (music), Roger Kellaway (ending theme) Opening theme "Those Were the Days" Performed by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton Ending theme "Remembering You" by Roger Kellaway, (music) and Carroll O'Connor (additional lyrics added in 1971; instrumental version) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 (list of episodes) Production Running time 25--26 minutes Production company (s) Tandem Productions Distributor Viacom Enterprises (1979--1990) Columbia Pictures Television (1990--1996) Columbia TriStar Television (1996--2002) Sony Pictures Television (2002--present) Release Original network CBS Picture format Color Original release January 12, 1971 (1971 - 01 - 12)--April 8, 1979 (1979 - 04 - 08) Chronology Followed by Archie Bunker's Place 704 Hauser Related shows Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In Gold Document ID: 63

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Nanny and the Professor) relatives (and some Nanny claimed as relatives because they were everybody's uncle) dropped by the Everett home for a visit. They include: The series first aired as a mid-season replacement on January 21, 1970, on ABC, and was last telecast on December 27, 1971. The series enjoyed initial success due to its Friday night timeslot when it was scheduled between "The Brady Bunch" and "The Partridge Family", which were shows aimed at similar demographics (largely young children and pre-teens). Ratings suffered in the third season when ABC moved the series to Monday night opposite "Gunsmoke" and "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In". Document [2] (Title: All in the Family) "All in the Family" is one of three television shows ("The Cosby Show" and "American Idol" being the others) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons. The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons. The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers. According to "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present", "All in the Family" has the most spin-offs for a prime-time television series, spawning five other shows, three of which were very successful and two of which are spin-offs from spin-offs. Document [3] (Title: These Are My Children) These Are My Children These Are My Children is an American television soap opera which ran on NBC from January 31, 1949, to February 25, 1949. The show was broadcast live from Chicago, Illinois, airing fifteen minutes a day, five days a week, at 5:00 p.m. EST. It is widely credited as the first soap opera broadcast on television. It may be more accurately described as the first daytime drama or the first soap opera strip, as it was preceded by DuMont series "Faraway Hill" in 1946 and "Highway to the Stars" in 1947, both of which are described as Document [4] (Title: All My Children) the daytime drama. The game sold more than 150,000 copies. A DVD was released on January 24, 2004, titled "Daytime's Greatest Weddings" which contained "All My Children" and other daytime soaps' weddings. A line of perfume and body lotion was produced based on this show as well. Long since discontinued though pieces may be able to be acquired from personal sale sites. All My Children All My Children (often shortened to AMC) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years, from January 5, 1970, to September 23, 2011, and on The Online Network (TOLN) from Document [5] (Title: All in the Family) character, and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael. Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular "rural" programming ("Mayberry R.F.D.", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Petticoat Junction", and "Green Acres") with more "urban", contemporary series and was interested in Lear's project. CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show "All in the Family". The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series' first episode. Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as "Till Death Us Do Document [6] (Title: Sitcom) share), according to "The New York Times". "Sanford and Son", which ran from 1972 to 1977, was included on the "Time" magazine's list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time" in 2007. "All in the Family", premiered on January 1971, is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach Document [7] (Title: The First Family (TV series)) The First Family (TV series) The First Family is an American sitcom that debuted in first-run syndication in the United States on September 22, 2012. Created by Byron Allen and produced by Allen's production company Entertainment Studios, the series (along with "Mr. Box Office", which debuted the same weekend and is also produced by Entertainment Studios) is the first situation comedy to air in first-run syndication since the 2000 cancellation of "Malibu, CA". The series centers on William Johnson (Christopher B. Duncan), a Democrat who attempts to balance his family life with his wife Katherine (Kellita Smith) and their two Document [8] (Title: All in the Family) special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of "All in the Family" during its summer schedule in 1991, garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it, Norman Lear's sitcom "Sunday Dinner". The latter was Lear's return to TV series producing after a seven-year absence, and was cancelled after the six-week tryout run due to being poorly received by audiences. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment) released the first six seasons of "All in the Family" on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. No further seasons were released, Document [9] (Title: All My Children) 1985 at 2:30 pm, with episodes four years behind the US in January 1987, it was moved to another channel, Rete 4, always at 2:30 pm At the end of the decade, "La valle dei pini" began airing in late afternoon (and from September 1990 with only half US episode each evening), after a bunch of Latin American telenovelas and before "General Hospital". Then, in September 1991, the show was moved to 9:00 am "All My Children" was canceled in May 1992, with episodes at that time six years behind the US. , New Zealand, started airing "All My Children" Document [10] (Title: All My Children) weekly ratings performance: "All My Children's" first online episode premiered with impressive numbers. On iTunes the show was the most downloaded TV season of the day, the 4th most downloaded episode of the day and on Hulu it was the most watched show of the day. Series Debut on OWN: 144,000 viewers The show aired on ABC Daytime for the entirety of its television run: From January 1970 to July 1975, the show aired for thirty minutes at 1 pm (12 p.m.), but when the new "Ryan's Hope" premiered, "All My Children" was bumped up a half-hour to 12:30 pm Document [11] (Title: All My Children) All My Children All My Children (often shortened to AMC) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years, from January 5, 1970, to September 23, 2011, and on The Online Network (TOLN) from April 29 to September 2, 2013, via Hulu, Hulu Plus, and iTunes. Created by Agnes Nixon, "All My Children" is set in Pine Valley, Pennsylvania, a fictional suburb of Philadelphia, which is modeled on the actual Philadelphia suburb of Rosemont. The original series featured Susan Lucci as Erica Kane, one of daytime television's most popular characters. The title of the series refers Document [12] (Title: Mass communication) and three-dimensional characters and plots. PBS launched in 1970, and was the home for programming that would not be suitable for network television. It operates on donations and little government funding, rather than having commercials. On January 12, 1971, the sitcom "All in the Family" premiered on CBS, and covered the issues of the day and portrayed a bigot named Archie Bunker. By 1972, the sales of color television sets surpassed that of black-and-white sets. In the 1980s, television became geared towards what has become known as the MTV Generation, with a surge in the number of cable channels. Photography Document [13] (Title: All My Children) My Children's" first success was its focus on young love. ABC wanted a soap opera that would bring in young viewers, and slowly the program was accomplishing that. The show's ratings did not start out strong, however. In its first year on the air, it ranked No. 17 out of 19 soap operas. Despite this, its audience grew with each passing year. The show was unique for its use of the Vietnam War. Before "All My Children" debuted, no show had discussed the war in any depth. There were traditional Phoebe and free-spirited Amy both butting heads over the war, Document [14] (Title: An American Family) Robert Pulcini, the cast includes Tim Robbins as Bill, Diane Lane as Pat, Thomas Dekker as Lance and James Gandolfini as Craig Gilbert. "An American Family" episode nine end-credits; rerun airdate April 24, 2011, 7 a.m., WNET-TV An American Family An American Family is an American television documentary filmed from May 30 through December 31, 1971, and first aired in the United States on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) from January 11, 1973, to March 29, 1973. After being edited down from about 300 hours of raw footage, the series ran one season of 12 episodes on Thursday nights at Document [15] (Title: The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family) The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family "The 200th Episode Celebration of "All in the Family"" is a 90-minute retrospective of the American television sitcom "All in the Family" starring Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers which aired on Sunday, March 4, 1979 at 8:00 p.m. EST on CBS. It was directed by Walter C. Miller, hosted by Norman Lear and videotaped on February 19, 1979 in front of a live audience at Mark Taper Forum of the Los Angeles Music Center in Los Angeles, California. The special celebrates the 200th episode of "All in Document [16] (Title: Family Viewing Hour) case. The show's cast responded by recording a satirical, never-aired rendition of the show's theme song, retitled "These Are the Days". On November 4, 1976, United States district court Judge Warren J. Ferguson declared the Family Viewing Hour null and void, starting with the fall 1977 season. Ferguson stated while the idea was good in theory, the FCC had overstepped its bounds in having it instituted; the FCC privately lobbied the three major networks to adopt the policy instead of holding public hearings on the matter, and Ferguson ruled on those grounds that the Family Viewing Hour had no binding Document [17] (Title: All My Children) and taping will resume on August 12, 2013. On June 25, 2013, TOLN stated that there will be a scheduling switch for "All My Children" and "One Life to Live". Starting July 1, 2013, all episodes of the week for both shows would be released on Mondays. Beginning July 15, 2013, "All My Children" and "One Life to Live" aired for a 10-week limited engagement on the Oprah Winfrey Network, Monday through Thursday at 1:00 PM and 3:00 PM. "All My Children" aired a season finale on September 2, 2013. In November 2013, Prospect Park indicated it was suspending further Document [18] (Title: Kyle XY) June 26, 2006, on the ABC Family cable channel. Episodes were also broadcast on the ABC network the first season, but only for part of the second season, after which it could only be seen on ABC Family. After the 10-episode debut season on ABC Family during summer 2006, news reported a total of 23 new episodes were ordered for the second season, which started on June 11, 2007, with rebroadcasts on ABC beginning on June 15, 2007. The second season’s 13th episode, "Leap of Faith", aired on Monday, September 3, 2007; the remaining 10 began airing on January 12, Document [19] (Title: 1970s in television) "social consciousness" programming, spearheaded by television producer Norman Lear. "All in the Family", his adaptation of the British television series "Till Death Us Do Part", broke down television barriers. When the series premiered in 1971, Americans heard the words "fag," "jigaboo," and "spic" on national television programming for the first time. "All in the Family" was the talk of countless dinner tables throughout the country; Americans hadn't seen anything like it on television before. The show became the highest-rated program on U.S. television schedules in the fall of 1971 and stayed in the top slot until 1976 — to date, Document [20] (Title: The Jeffersons) appear on "All in the Family" until 1975, when the spin-off "The Jeffersons", also created by Lear, premiered. The characters of Lionel's biracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, all of whom first appeared in the 1974 "All in the Family" episode "Lionel's Engagement", were also written into the new series. However, the roles were all recast, with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny, veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed from Louis, as it was in their first "AITF" appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen. During the January 11, Document [21] (Title: All My Children) marathon on Sunday nights at midnight (11 p.m.). Beginning April 29, 2013, new thirty-minute episodes are streamed on The OnLine Network (TOLN) via Hulu, Hulu Plus and iTunes at 2 am PST and 5 am EST every week, Monday through Thursday, and are available for viewing for one week on Hulu and indefinitely on Hulu Plus and iTunes. In Canada, also beginning on April 29, 2013, new episodes are available on cable network FX Canada at noon every Monday through Thursday. , new episodes are available for purchase worldwide via the iTunes store. In Australia, "All My Children" aired on Document [22] (Title: Ryan's Hope) was moved to 12:30 p.m. Eastern/11:30 a.m Central in January 1977, where it now followed the hit game show "Family Feud" and to allow "All My Children" to shift to hour-long episodes. The time change put it in competition with another soap for the first time, CBS' "Search for Tomorrow". The ratings slipped a bit (7.0 in the 1977–78 season) against a 7.5 rating for "Search for Tomorrow"; ultimately, "Ryan's Hope" never exceeded its peak 1976 achievement. By 1978, all the other ABC-developed soaps had stronger ratings than "RH". In 1979, "All My Children" was the number one daytime soap Document [23] (Title: All in the Family (Supernatural)) All in the Family (Supernatural) "All in the Family" is the twenty-first episode of the paranormal drama television series "Supernatural"s season 11, and the 239th overall. The episode was written by co-executive producers Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on May 11, 2016 on The CW. In the episode, Sam and Dean set to find Lucifer/Castiel as he continues being tortured by Amara while God has a new strategy as Metatron finds a new Prophet. The title is a reference to the hit TV show "All in the Family". The episode Document [24] (Title: The Hogan Family) 2017. The Christmas episode was the first to air on the network on December 16, during a marathon of holiday-themed episodes from Antenna TV programs throughout the month, before the show officially joined the lineup on January 2, 2018. The Hogan Family The Hogan Family (originally titled Valerie, and later, Valerie's Family) is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from March 1, 1986, to May 7, 1990, and on CBS from September 15, 1990, until July 20, 1991. It was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, along with Tal Productions, Inc. (1986–87), and in association with Lorimar Productions (1986), Lorimar-Telepictures (1986–88), Document [25] (Title: All in the Family) where many stations picked-up the show. In 1991, Columbia Pictures Television began syndicating the show, and Columbia's successor companies have continued to do so. Since the late 1980s, "All in the Family" has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS (although it held the rights locally in Atlanta, as well), TV Land, and Nick at Nite. From January 3, 2011 to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show began to air on GetTV. The cast forfeited their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run. Document [26] (Title: All My Children) at 12:30, with same-day repeats airing at 5:00 pm (followed by "One Life to Live" at 5:30 pm). It previously aired on CTV Two 12 p.m. PT, 1 p.m. ET in Canada until its 2011 cancellation and Citytv stations in Calgary CKAL-TV, Edmonton CKEM-TV, and Winnipeg CHMI-TV. "All My Children" aired on CTV from 1970 to 1982 and aired on the CBC Television network from 1982 to 1988. In Solomon Islands, "All My Children" aired on Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation Mondays to Friday at 1:00 pm In Israel, "All My Children" was broadcast on channel 2 from 1999 to 2005 Document [27] (Title: All That (season 1)) aired the series in 2008, possibly due to music rights involved with the musical guests expiring. This season was taped from January 1994 to September 1994 at Nickelodeon Studios. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> All That (season 1) The first season of the American sketch comedy-variety show All That ran on April 16, 1994 as a special preview, but officially ran from December 31, 1994 to April 1, 1995. The first season began in 1994-1995 with the pilot and 14 episodes. On April 16, 1994, Nickelodeon aired the "All That" pilot, which was the beginning of Season 1, the beginning of the "Golden Era", Document [28] (Title: All My Children) On April 29, 2013, the revived series moved five years into the future after the original series finale on ABC. On November 11, 2013, it was confirmed by some of its actors that the series had once again become cancelled, this time by its online revival team. In August 2010, Prospect Park announced that it was shopping for a cable network to air "All My Children" in complementary to its future internet television channel. Prospect Park officially began negotiations with the actors of "All My Children" on September 15, 2011. On September 19, 2011, Cameron Mathison and Lindsay Hartley became Document [29] (Title: All in the Family (Body of Proof)) Milne. Recurring cast members Jeffrey Nordling and Mary Mouser returned in this episode, with this being Mouser's first appearance since season one's fourth episode "Talking Heads" and Nordling's first appearance since seasons one's first episode, "Pilot". "All in the Family", along with the eight episode's from "Body of Proof"s first season, were released on a two-disc DVD set in the United States on September 20, 2011. The sets included brief audio commentaries from various crew and cast members for several episode's, a preview of season 2 and a 10-minute "featurette" on the making of the show, with commentaries from the Document [30] (Title: All in the Family) At the height of the show's popularity, Henry Fonda hosted a special one-hour retrospective of "All in the Family" and its impact on American television. It included clips from the show's most memorable episodes up to that time. It was titled "The Best of "All in the Family"", and aired on December 21, 1974. On February 16, 1991, CBS aired a 90-minute retrospective, "All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special", hosted by Norman Lear to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary. It featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments, and interviews with the four main cast members. The Document [31] (Title: All in the Family) Edith Justice. Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband, Richard. It was taped in October 1968 in New York City. After screening the first pilot, ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot, titled "Those Were the Days", which Lear taped in February 1969 in Hollywood. Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard. D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots. After stations' and viewers' complaints caused ABC to cancel "Turn-On" after only one episode in February 1969, the network became uneasy about airing a show with a "foul-mouthed, bigoted lead" Document [32] (Title: Together We Stand) adjustments that had to be made by all — Sam and Sally having parents for the first time, and Jack and Amy having to compete with the new arrivals for their parents' time and affection. Premiering on Monday, September 22, 1986 at 8:30 PM ET after "Kate and Allie" where its ratings were initially strong, "Together We Stand" moved to Wednesdays at 8:00 PM ET beginning on October 1 to make room for "My Sister Sam", putting it up against ABC's "Perfect Strangers" and NBC's "Highway to Heaven" instead. When the show's ratings plunged, CBS pulled the series after six Document [33] (Title: Maude (TV series)) billed as the first spin-off of "All in the Family", on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude, Edith Bunker's cousin. Like "All in the Family", "Maude" was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. Unusual for a U.S. sitcom, several episodes (such as "Maude's Night Out" and "The Convention") featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter, in what amounted to half-hour "two-hander" teleplays. Maude Findlay (Beatrice Arthur) first appears in two season-two episodes of "All in the Family": the first in December 1971 as a Document [34] (Title: A Touch of Grace) January 20, 1973. It faced tough competition in its time slot from CBSs "All in the Family" and drew low ratings despite its critical acclaim. It was cancelled after the broadcast of its thirteenth episode on April 21, 1973. The show aired at 8:30 p.m. on Saturday throughout its run. ABC broadcast reruns of the show in prime time on Saturday evenings on April 28, 1973, and from May 12 to June 16, 1973. Sources A Touch of Grace A Touch of Grace is an American sitcom that was based on the British series "For the Love of Ada" starring Document [35] (Title: Family (2003 TV series)) after a respectable start with 6.1 million viewers watching on 29 September, the programme lost nearly two million viewers, drawing only 4.3 million in the same slot four weeks later. Although there were only two more episodes to be aired, Nigel Pickard, Head of ITV's programming, ditched the show from its prime time slot and consigned it instead to a graveyard slot of 11:30pm on Wednesdays. This meant that the episode previously scheduled for 27 October 2003 was replaced with a re-run of "Airline". Family (2003 TV series) Family is an ITV crime drama series, first broadcast on 29 September Document [36] (Title: The First Family (TV series)) sons and two daughters as they adjust to living in the White House, while maintaining his duties as the second African-American and 45th President of the United States. William, in turn, also has to deal with other family members, including his father Alvin (John Witherspoon) and his boisterous sister-in-law Pauletta (Jackée Harry), who despite their constant bickering will sometimes partner up for various schemes. "The First Family" is primarily syndicated to stations affiliated with The CW and MyNetworkTV and to independent stations for broadcast in weekend primetime timeslots. The series was supposed to produce a total of 104 episodes, borrowing Document [37] (Title: All My Children) definition on February 3, 2010. "All My Children" became the third soap opera to be produced and broadcast in high definition. At one point, the program's popularity positioned it as the most widely recorded television show in the United States. Also, in a departure from societal norms at the time, "All My Children", in the mid-1970s, had an audience that was estimated to be 30% male. The show ranked No. 1 in the daytime Nielsen ratings in the 1978–79 season. Throughout most of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, "All My Children" was the No. 2 daytime soap opera Document [38] (Title: Families (TV series)) language and scenes of a sexual nature, all of which were screened, in most ITV regions, just before children's TV started at 15.50. In its later months the show was screened at 14.45–15.15. The series was given a full repeat on Granada Plus, when it launched on 1 October 1996, usually screened weeknights at 18:30. The run concluded on Friday 26 June 1998 and was replaced by Emmerdale from Monday 29 June 1998, with episodes beginning from 1989. Families (TV series) Families was a daytime soap opera, which was on ITV from 1990 to 1993 and created by Kay Mellor. Document [39] (Title: All My Children) her niece, Skye Chandler. The tragedy of the attack shows the extremes of violence that occur every day to victims of the disease. Cindy marries Stuart and he adopts her son, Scott. She dies early in 1989 in one of the show's most watched episodes. ABC wanted changes at "All My Children". The show was getting about 6.5 million viewers per episode, but there was sentiment that the program had lost its unique sense of humor and was simply copying other soaps with action/adventure storylines. Efforts were made to bring the show back to the glory days of the late Document [40] (Title: Hot l Baltimore) gay couples to be depicted on an American television series. Because of the subject matter, the show was the first ABC network show to have a warning at its opening, cautioning viewers about mature themes. ("All in the Family", also produced by Lear, ran a similar disclaimer when it debuted in 1971 on CBS, but ceased doing so with its second telecast.) The network supported the show and gave it a full publicity campaign, but it failed to win an audience and was canceled after 13 episodes. Its last telecast was June 6, 1975. WJZ-TV, then ABC's Baltimore affiliate, never Document [41] (Title: Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)) Galactica" initially was a ratings success. CBS counter programmed by moving its Sunday block of "All in the Family" and "Alice" an hour earlier, to compete with Galactica in the 8:00 timeslot. From October 1978 to March 1979, "All in the Family" averaged more than 40 percent of the 8:00 audience, against "Galactica's" 28 percent. In mid-April 1979, ABC executives canceled the show. An AP article reported "The decision to bump the expensive "Battlestar Galactica" was not surprising. The series ... had been broadcast irregularly in recent weeks, attracting slightly over a quarter of the audience in its Sunday night Document [42] (Title: Norman Lear) for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped. After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as "All in the Family". It premiered January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns, and it flourished in the 1971–72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years. After falling from the #1 spot, "All in the Family" still remained in the top ten, well Document [43] (Title: All My Children) had recently died). On December 19, 2008, a special episode ran for Herlie, showing clips from the past. On February 16, 2009, "All My Children" made daytime history with the nuptials of Reese Williams and Bianca Montgomery, the first legal same-sex marriage in American daytime television. After departing the show in February 2005, Riegel continued to return to the series for limited guest appearances, but permanently left the role in 2010. On November 20, 2009, Pratt was fired as head writer. Daytime Emmy-winning former head writer Lorraine Broderick was brought back to lead the writing team on an interim basis. Document [44] (Title: Wiping) and kept a complete archive of monochrome kinescopes until ABC bought the shows from her in 1975. When the network wanted to expand "All My Children" from 30 minutes to a full hour in the late 1970s, Nixon agreed on the condition that the network would begin saving the episodes. ABC complied, and full hour broadcasts began on April 25, 1977. However, a fire destroyed the vast majority of the early-1970s kinescopes, leaving only a few random episodes from each season. Virtually all episodes of "General Hospital", from its premiere in April 1963 through August 1970, are archived at UCLA. Document [45] (Title: The Golden Girls) with "All in the Family" and "Will and Grace" where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award. As a tribute to the success of "The Golden Girls", all four actresses were later named Disney Legends. Beginning July 3, 1989, NBC added daytime reruns of the show, replacing long-running "Wheel of Fortune" (it moved to CBS) on the NBC schedule at 11:00 a.m.(EST). It ran for a little over a year until September 1990. At this time, syndicated reruns began airing, distributed by Buena Vista Television (now Disney–ABC Domestic Television), the syndication arm of Disney, whose Touchstone Document [46] (Title: All My Children) on the air. However, like the rest of the soap operas in the United States, "All My Children" experienced unprecedented declines in its daytime ratings during the 2000s. By the 2010s, it had become one of the least watched soap operas in daytime television. On April 14, 2011, it was announced that ABC canceled "All My Children" after 41 years on the air due to low ratings. On July 7, 2011, ABC sold the licensing rights of "All My Children" to third-party production company Prospect Park with the show set to continue on the internet as a series of webisodes. Document [47] (Title: An American Family) An American Family An American Family is an American television documentary filmed from May 30 through December 31, 1971, and first aired in the United States on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) from January 11, 1973, to March 29, 1973. After being edited down from about 300 hours of raw footage, the series ran one season of 12 episodes on Thursday nights at 9:00 p.m. The groundbreaking documentary is considered the first "reality" series on American television. It was originally intended as a chronicle of the daily life of the Louds, an upper middle class family in Santa Barbara, California Document [48] (Title: All in the Family) so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast, as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ("Well, what the hell — he said it was in his contract!") to deliver after the kiss. (The line is usually cut in syndication.) During the show's sixth season, starting on December 1, 1975, CBS began airing reruns on weekdays at 3p.m. (EST), replacing long-running soap opera "The Edge of Night", which moved to ABC. The show would later move to 3:30p.m. and in September 1978, 10a.m. This lasted until September 1979, when Viacom distributed the reruns to the off-network market Document [49] (Title: All My Children) (11:30 am). It returned to its original time slot in January 1977 and remained there until its September 2011 finale, expanding to sixty-minute episodes on April 25, 1977. At the time of the show's cancellation, "All My Children" aired Monday through Friday at 1 pm Eastern, with an option to air the show at noon (11 a.m. Central Time) for stations that air news in that time slot. Encores were aired on SOAPnet in primetime at 8 pm (7 p.m.), late nights at 1 am (midnight), and early mornings at 7 am (6 a.m.). The week's episodes aired in a Document [50] (Title: All in the Family) often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years. The episode "Sammy's Visit" was ranked number 13 on "TV Guide's" 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. "TV Guide's "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked "All in the Document [51] (Title: The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family) The contest winners flew to Los Angeles on Saturday, February 17, 1979 and were treated to a holiday weekend of sightseeing and dinners. The "All in the Family" celebration, which included numerous other fans and supporters of the show, concluded on Monday, February 19 with a gathering at the Mark Taper Forum for a taping of the special followed by an after-show party at the Los Angeles Music Center attended by the cast members. Nominated: 1979 Primetime Emmy Award – Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series (Harvey W. Berger, Hal Collins) The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Document [52] (Title: Agnes Nixon) an hour in 1975, she resisted due to her own creative/quality concerns but later agreed under the condition that the tapes of the show would be archived and preserved by the network. Episodes began to be saved in 1976, and "All My Children" expanded to an hour on April 25, 1977. In 1992, ABC executives decided that "All My Children" needed new blood and promoted a Nixon protégé, Megan McTavish, to the position of head writer. Nixon continued to be involved with the show, but wanted to take a step back from the grueling day-to-day task of being a head Document [53] (Title: The Jeffersons) changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11-year run, unusual for a popular long running series. The most common time slot was on Sunday night. In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at number four, surpassed by its parent series "All in the Family" (which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row). The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), it fell out of the top 30. It returned to the Top 10 Document [54] (Title: All That (season 1)) All That (season 1) The first season of the American sketch comedy-variety show All That ran on April 16, 1994 as a special preview, but officially ran from December 31, 1994 to April 1, 1995. The first season began in 1994-1995 with the pilot and 14 episodes. On April 16, 1994, Nickelodeon aired the "All That" pilot, which was the beginning of Season 1, the beginning of the "Golden Era", and the start of the "All That" series. After "You Can't Do That on Television" ended production in 1990, Nickelodeon had interest in creating another sketch comedy series for the Document [55] (Title: I'm Telling!) that prize flashed. After both siblings had taken a turn, the team won all prizes they had matched; if they made at least 10 matches between them, they won all 20 prizes. Although the last first-run episode aired on March 5, 1988, repeats aired until August 27. Reruns were seen on The Family Channel from September 9, 1989 to September 8, 1990; August 29, 1994 to September 30, 1995; and October 30, 1995 to March 29, 1996. While most shows featured brother and sister teams, special episodes were also aired in order to accommodate siblings of the same gender, known Document [56] (Title: All My Children) taped its first scenes for Prospect Park TOLN on February 18, 2013, and its first episode on the network aired on April 29, 2013. However, the new series faced several behind-the-scene obstacles throughout its run. On November 11, 2013, several "All My Children" cast members announced that Prospect Park had closed production and canceled the series again. ABC regained the rights to "All My Children" in December 2016. Agnes Nixon, then head writer for "The Guiding Light", first came up with the idea for "All My Children" in the 1960s. When writing the story bible, she designed the show so Document [57] (Title: These Are My Children) and Felton produced primetime soaps "Dr. Kildare" and "Executive Suite". These Are My Children These Are My Children is an American television soap opera which ran on NBC from January 31, 1949, to February 25, 1949. The show was broadcast live from Chicago, Illinois, airing fifteen minutes a day, five days a week, at 5:00 p.m. EST. It is widely credited as the first soap opera broadcast on television. It may be more accurately described as the first daytime drama or the first soap opera strip, as it was preceded by DuMont series "Faraway Hill" in 1946 and "Highway to Document [58] (Title: All in the Family) All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series" Archie Bunker's Place", which picked up where "All in the Family" had ended and ran for four more seasons. "All in the Family" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his family. The show Document [59] (Title: Arnie (TV series)) The Family". At the last minute, a switch was made and "My Three Sons" left its comfortable Saturday night time slot and took over the 10:00 P.M. slot on Mondays with Arnie slotted at 10:30 P.M. Both shows sank in the ratings. "All In The Family" was moved to Saturday nights at 8:00 P.M. where it became the number one show for five consecutive years. At mid-season, "My Three Sons" was moved to Thursday nights and "Arnie" returned to the Saturday night prime-time schedule. The changes did not help. Both shows were canceled at the end of the 1971–1972 season. Document [60] (Title: Family Viewing Hour) to try the new policy. By the end of 1974, each network executive agreed to endorse the Family Viewing Hour, and to implement it by the fall 1975 season. Indeed, many television series suffered from the Family Viewing Hour mandate. "All in the Family", which was the runaway top-rated show in the U.S. since 1971, was moved to 9 p.m. on Mondays after five seasons leading the Saturday night lineup. Producer Norman Lear, citing an infringement on creative freedom and on his First Amendment rights, mounted a lawsuit. With the support of varying guilds, including the WGA, he won the Document [61] (Title: Rainbow Ruby) the series was premiered on April 23, 2016 on Family Jr.; it was then broadcast on its regular slot on Mondays starting April 25. The French language version debuted on April 9, 2018 on Télémagino; for its first week, Télémagino premiered each episode per day from April 9 to 13, but premieres the rest every Monday. Both Family Jr. and Télémagino are specialty television channels which DHX Media acquired in 2014. In South Korea, the series was premiered on March 2, 2017 on EBS1, a public service terrestrial television channel operated by the Educational Broadcasting System. From April of the Document [62] (Title: All My Children) on cartridge tape and then digitally since the late 1990s. A few early episodes were saved on kinescope in black and white, one of which aired on ABC in 1997 on a special "A Daytime To Remember", which showcased all TV shows that aired on ABC Daytime. But there are no known pre-1976 episodes to be still in existence on tape. Nixon personally owned all the early episodes on monochromatic kinescopes. When ABC purchased the rights to "All My Children" in late 1974, it also received the kinescopes from Nixon with a promise that the network will archive them. However, Document [63] (Title: All in the Family) impact on society. All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series" Archie Bunker's Place", which picked up where "All in the Family" had ended and ran for four more seasons. "All in the Family" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his Document [64] (Title: My Three Sons) aired the last episode in the series. This is the first time any US television station aired the entire series straight through from beginning to end. On August 6, 2018 MeTV started the series all over again. MacMurray and most of the cast took part in "Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons", which aired on ABC on November 25, 1977. The retrospective special looked back at the history of "My Three Sons" and "The Partridge Family" (other than featuring single parents with a large family, the two series had no narrative, or even a studio, link). Document [65] (Title: All in the Family) because the sales figures did not match Sony's expectations. On June 23, 2010, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and has since released the remaining three seasons. On October 30, 2012, Shout! Factory released "All in the Family - The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The 28-disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features. On February 6, 2018, Sony released "All in the Family- Seasons 1-5" on DVD in Region 1. The 15-disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons. As one of Document [66] (Title: Tandem Productions) 1971, Yorkin and Lear shot two unsold pilots for the series: one in 1968 called "Justice For All" and the other in 1969 titled "Those Were the Days". Production for the series began in late 1970, following the third pilot episode which was picked up by CBS. More successful shows were also produced by Tandem; they were "Maude" (1972–1978), "Good Times" (1974–1979), and finally "Sanford and Son" (1972–1977). In 1977, Viacom Enterprises secured domestic and international television syndication rights for "All in the Family" which hit off-network reruns in Fall 1979. Columbia Pictures Television took over distribution for the series Document [67] (Title: All My Children) to the bonds of humanity. "All My Children" was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s. Originally owned by Creative Horizons, Inc., the company created by Nixon and her husband, Bob, the show was sold to ABC in January 1975. The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length, then was expanded to a full hour on April 25, 1977. Earlier, the show had experimented with the full-hour format for one week starting on June 30, 1975, after which "Ryan's Hope" premiered. From 1970 to 1990, "All My Children" was recorded at ABC's TV18 at 101 Question: when did all in the family first air

Answer: January 12, 1971 Long Answer: All in the Family Based on Till Death Us Do Part created by Johnny Speight Developed by Norman Lear Starring Carroll O'Connor Jean Stapleton Sally Struthers Rob Reiner Danielle Brisebois Theme music composer Lee Adams (lyrics), Charles Strouse (music), Roger Kellaway (ending theme) Opening theme "Those Were the Days" Performed by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton Ending theme "Remembering You" by Roger Kellaway, (music) and Carroll O'Connor (additional lyrics added in 1971; instrumental version) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 (list of episodes) Production Running time 25--26 minutes Production company (s) Tandem Productions Distributor Viacom Enterprises (1979--1990) Columbia Pictures Television (1990--1996) Columbia TriStar Television (1996--2002) Sony Pictures Television (2002--present) Release Original network CBS Picture format Color Original release January 12, 1971 (1971 - 01 - 12)--April 8, 1979 (1979 - 04 - 08) Chronology Followed by Archie Bunker's Place 704 Hauser Related shows Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In Gold Document ID: 63

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Harvey Ball) Murray Spain designed and sold products with the phrase and logo in the early 1970s. They trademarked the combination and later changed the phrase to "Have a nice day", which itself has become a phrase in everyday use in North America The smiley was introduced to France in 1972 as a signal of a good news story in the newspaper "France Soir". Frenchman Franklin Loufrani used the image this way and made swift moves to trademark the image. His company now turns over $100 million a year and became embroiled in a copyright dispute with Walmart over the image in Document [2] (Title: Happy New Year (musical)) search of tunes that would fit "Holiday"'s plot. When the show previewed at the Stratford Festival in Canada, the score consisted of lesser-known Porter songs, and Shevelove decided to eliminate most of them in favor of music more familiar to audiences. He also opted to replace much of Barry's original repartee with songs that suited neither the characters nor the situations, and replaced the gaps with a narrator whose purpose was to explain what was missing from the plot, a device that ultimately proved to be clumsy and confusing. The Narrator introduces the Seton family, who in December 1933 live Document [3] (Title: First Happy Time) First Happy Time The early phase of the Battle of the Atlantic during which German Navy U-boats enjoyed significant success against the British Royal Navy and its Allies was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" (""Die Glückliche Zeit""), and later the First Happy Time, after a second successful period was encountered. It started in July 1940, almost immediately after the Fall of France, which brought the German U-boat fleet closer to the British shipping lanes in the Atlantic. From July 1940 to the end of October, 282 Allied ships were sunk off the north-west approaches to Ireland Document [4] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) a life-long stoner. The magazine came of age in the Jet Age--a time post-World War II when Americans were beginning to travel for leisure and joining the jet set was a glamorous aspiration. A Vanity Fair article in 2013 stated that "what Vogue did for fashion, Holiday did for destinations. Many remember the atmosphere of the editorial department as resembling Mad-Men. The son of executive editor Carl Biemiller described the atmosphere "there was one hell of a cocktail-party circuit..." E. B. White wrote his 7500-word essay on the city of New York, ""Here is New York"", for the magazine in Document [5] (Title: Happy Days) "honestly depict a wistful look back at adolescence". Initially a moderate hit, the series' ratings began to fall during its second season, causing Marshall to retool it emphasizing broad comedy and spotlighting the previously minor character of Fonzie, a "cool" biker and high school dropout. Following these changes, "Happy Days" became the number-one program in television in 1976–1977, Fonzie became one of the most merchandised characters of the 1970s, and Henry Winkler became a major star. The series also spawned a number of spin-offs, including the hit shows "Laverne & Shirley" and "Mork & Mindy". Set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Document [6] (Title: Franksgiving) 1939 had fit into the former tradition, and each year from 1942 on matched a new (and still current) fourth-Thursday approach. That new approach was embodied in a joint resolution of Congress, signed into law by President Roosevelt on November 26, 1941, and designating the fourth Thursday in November of each year as Thanksgiving Day. (Prior to that in the 20th century, the phrase "Thanksgiving Day" had been used in the prose of the presidential proclamation only in Calvin Coolidge's first, among his six.) In November 1942, Roosevelt's proclamation made mention of the joint resolution, and of the date it Document [7] (Title: Hilaria) Hilaria The Hilaria (; Latin "the cheerful ones", a term derived from the borrowed adjective "cheerful, merry") were ancient Roman religious festivals celebrated on the March equinox to honor Cybele. The term seems originally to have been a name which was given to any day or season of rejoicing. The "hilaria" were, therefore, according to Maximus the Confessor either private or public. Among the former, he thinks it the day on which a person married, and on which a son was born; among the latter, those days of public rejoicings appointed by a new emperor. Such days were devoted to Document [8] (Title: Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays) Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays" is a song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on November 29, 1998 as the first and only single from their second studio album, "Home for Christmas". The song charted at #37 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart. The single was also the second from NSYNC's European seasonal album, "The Winter Album". A cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in their 2016 Christmas album, "A Pentatonix Christmas". Stephen Thomas Erlewine reviewed the song in the context of "Home for Christmas", and gave the following review: The video for the track Document [9] (Title: Tom Flynn (author)) Both agreed that the subject demanded further research by the child-development community. Speaking to Point of Inquiry host Robert M. Price about the putative "War on Christmas," Flynn states that retailers have found "there is a lot more religious diversity... [they discovered] a lot of people with money to spend that aren't Christians." Therefore, retailers changed from greeting customers with "Merry Christmas" to "Happy Holidays," to the disapproval of conservatives. He added that as "the Christian dominance of the culture continues to decline, there's going to be a little more emphasis or openness to the idea that some people are Document [10] (Title: Happy Holiday (EP)) A two-track extension to the EP, "Holiday 2012", was released a year later in November 2012. Both "Happy Holiday" and "Holiday 2012" were included in their entirety on Detroit's 2013 Holiday album, "For the Holidays". Happy Holiday (EP) Happy Holiday is a Christmas EP by American singer-songwriter Marcella Detroit, released independently through digital retailers in November 2011. "Happy Holiday" is Detroit's first solo release since her "Dancing Madly Sideways" album in 2001. The EP consists of two original songs - including "You Better Be Good", first released as a single in 2009 - and two covers. On 3 December 2011, Document [11] (Title: Happy Merry-Go-Round) Happy Merry-Go-Round Happy Merry-Go-Round () is a long-running Soviet and Russian animated anthology series created by Anatoly Petrov and Galina Barinova for Soyuzmultfilm in 1969. It is presented as a collection of 2-4 experimental shorts by various young directors. The original series ran from 1969 to 2001 and was released theatrically during the Soviet days and on television in the Russian Federation. 2012 saw the revival of the series. The idea of the animated "newsreel" anthology (or a "children's animated magazine" as it was known in the Soviet Union) came to Anatoly Petrov and his wife Galina Barinova, both experienced Document [12] (Title: Hallmark Cards) to 120 people, and the line increased from holiday cards to include everyday greeting cards. In 1928, the company introduced the brand name Hallmark, after the hallmark symbol used by goldsmiths in London in the 14th century, and began printing the name on the back of every card. That same year, the company became the first in the greeting card industry to advertise their product nationally. Their first advertisement appeared in "Ladies' Home Journal" and was written by J.C. Hall himself. In 1931, the Canadian William E. Coutts Company, Ltd., a major card maker, became an affiliate of Hall Brothers Document [13] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) a "Rural Postal Station". In the same year, the park's Santa Claus and his reindeer participated in the Pageant of Peace in Washington, D.C. as well as Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. The Nativity Pageant was introduced at the park in 1954. In 1955, an advertisement encouraging children to call Santa Claus over a special telephone number was printed in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Due to an error, the phone number that was printed was that of the Continental Air Defense (CONAD). Colonel Harry Shoup was on duty on Christmas Eve 1955 and took many calls from children Document [14] (Title: Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown) The special aired again on November 23, 2012 (the day after Thanksgiving, so as not to directly compete with the other Peanuts specials) and December 17, 2013. The program special is particularly notable in that the characters/animation are drawn in a 1950s/early-1960s style, and it uses only characters from that time period (including Violet, Shermy, and Patty), except for the inclusion of one later character, Woodstock, and intermediate-era characters Frieda, Faron, 5, 4, and 3 appearing briefly as extras; and even pays homage to the very first "Peanuts" strip, from October 2, 1950 (when Charlie Brown has a flashback sequence). Document [15] (Title: Christmas) U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting "Merry Christmas" with "Happy Holidays", which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah. In the U.S. and Canada, where the use of the term "Holidays" is most prevalent, opponents have denounced its usage and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" as being politically correct. Groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union have initiated court cases to bar the display of images and other material referring to Christmas from public property, including schools. Such groups argue that government-funded displays of Christmas imagery and traditions violate Document [16] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the Document [17] (Title: Happy Nation) Happy Nation Happy Nation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group Ace of Base. It was initially released in Denmark on 16 November 1992 by Mega Records. During development of the record, the group was heavily influenced by a Jamaican reggae band residing in a nearby studio. In 1995, Guinness Book of World Records named the LP the best-selling debut studio effort in music history, at more than 19 million copies sold worldwide. By 2007, "Happy Nation"/"The Sign" had sold approximately 23 million units including 9 million in the US alone. "Happy Nation" was released in 1992 in Document [18] (Title: Happy Meal) fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979. Bernstein received #1136758 (Serial #73148046) for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at Document [19] (Title: Christmas controversies) demanding alcohol and food into one centered on the happiness of children. He notes that there was a deliberate effort to prevent children from becoming greedy in response. Christmas was not proclaimed a holiday by the United States Congress until 1870. In the early 20th century, Christian writers such as C. S. Lewis noted what he saw as a distinct split between the religious and commercialized observance of Christmas, the latter of which he deplored. In "Xmas and Christmas: A Lost Chapter from Herodotus", Lewis gives a satire of the observance of two simultaneous holidays in "Niatirb" ("Britain" spelled backwards) Document [20] (Title: Happy Days) Tom Bosley presented an introduction before each performance live on stage, and pop group Human Nature played a 1950s-style rock group. Another stage show, "Happy Days: A New Musical" began touring in 2008. Happy Days Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984 on ABC, with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning eleven seasons. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presented an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States, and starred Ron Howard as teenager Richie Cunningham, Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Document [21] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) been the subject of some controversy in the United States. Advocates claim that "happy holidays" is an inclusive greeting that is not intended as an attack on Christianity or other religions, but is rather a response to what they say is the reality of a growing non-Christian population. Critics of "happy holidays" generally claim it is a secular neologism. The greeting may be deemed materialistic, consumerist, atheistic, indifferentist, agnostic, politically correct or anti-Christian. Critics of the phrase have associated it with a larger cultural clash termed the "War on Christmas". "Season's greetings" is a greeting more commonly used as a Document [22] (Title: Ice Cream for Breakfast Day) said, 'Let's have ice cream for breakfast.'" The next year, they reminded her of the day and a tradition began. The exact year of the first ICFBD is unrecorded, but it is speculated to be 1966, when a huge blizzard hit Rochester in late January, dumping several feet of snow on Rochester and shutting down schools. When the siblings grew up, they held parties and introduced the tradition to friends while in college, and the tradition began to spread. The holiday began to spread across the world thanks to Florence's grandchildren, who have traveled extensively. Celebrations have been recorded in Document [23] (Title: Holiday (TV series)) "The Voyager". This theme was used throughout the 1990s and 2000s until the programme came to an end after 37 years in 2007. "Celebrity Holiday Memories" in 1999 Holiday (TV series) Holiday was a long-running UK television programme, which aired mainly on BBC One, sometimes airing on BBC Two. It was the oldest travel review series on UK television, showing every year from 1969 until its demise in 2007. The programme began in 1969 as "Holiday 69", and until the 1990s the year was included in the title in this way. The first presenter was Cliff Michelmore who remained with Document [24] (Title: Happy Holiday (EP)) Happy Holiday (EP) Happy Holiday is a Christmas EP by American singer-songwriter Marcella Detroit, released independently through digital retailers in November 2011. "Happy Holiday" is Detroit's first solo release since her "Dancing Madly Sideways" album in 2001. The EP consists of two original songs - including "You Better Be Good", first released as a single in 2009 - and two covers. On 3 December 2011, Detroit premiered a low-budget music video for the EP's title track on her official YouTube channel, featuring her and a band (also played by Detroit) performing in front of an animated snowy green screen backdrop. Document [25] (Title: Holiday (1930 film)) in 1938 as "Holiday". Directed by George Cukor, it starred Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant, with Horton reprising his role as Professor Nick Potter from the 1930 version. Holiday (1930 film) Holiday is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film which tells the story of a young man who is torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée's family. It stars Ann Harding, Mary Astor, Edward Everett Horton, Robert Ames and Hedda Hopper. It was produced and released by Pathé Exchange. The film was adapted by Horace Jackson from the play by Philip Barry. It was Document [26] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) first White House Christmas card, the first Christmas postage stamp, the first opera composed for television ("Amahl and the Night Visitors"), the first Christmas Day basketball game, and the first Elvis Presley Christmas album. The era saw the production and manufacture of toys that have become classics such as "Candy Land", Mr. Potato Head, and Barbie. During the post-War years, Americans could select their Christmas trees from a variety of offerings. Natural trees had become the preferred choice in America when Christmas tree farms began supplying them to large metropolitan areas in the 1920s. Artificial trees of bristles, aluminum trees, Document [27] (Title: Christmas) America. In America, interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving which appear in his "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." and "Old Christmas". Irving's stories depicted harmonious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall, Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned, and he used the tract "Vindication of Christmas" (1652) of Old English Christmas traditions, that he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories. In 1822, Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem "A Visit From St. Nicholas" (popularly known by its first Document [28] (Title: Happy Meal) to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week. This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they Document [29] (Title: Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)) of a Dr. King holiday, where "peace is celebrated throughout the world" and singing to King in the chorus, "Happy birthday to you". The holiday, he proposes, would facilitate the realization of Dr. King's dreams of integration and "love and unity for all of God's children". Wonder used the song to popularize the campaign, and continued his fight for the holiday, holding the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981. United States President Ronald Reagan approved the creation of the holiday, signing it into existence on November 2, 1983. The first official Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, held the third Document [30] (Title: Happy Holiday (song)) Happy Holiday (song) "Happy Holiday" (sometimes performed as "Happy Holidays") is a popular song composed by Irving Berlin during 1942 and published the following year. "Happy Holiday" was introduced by Bing Crosby and Marjorie Reynolds (dubbed by Martha Mears) in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn" in a scene when the Inn opens for the first time. While it is commonly regarded as a Christmas song, in the film it is performed on New Year's Eve, and expresses a wish for the listener to enjoy "happy holidays" throughout the entire year. Jo Stafford was the first to record and release it Document [31] (Title: Holiday (play)) Holiday (play) Holiday is a 1928 play by Philip Barry which was twice adapted to film. The original play opened in New York on November 26, 1928, at the Plymouth Theatre and closed in June 1929, after 229 performances. It was directed by Arthur Hopkins, set design by Robert Edmond Jones, and costume design by Margaret Pemberton. The story follows Johnny Case, a corporate lawyer on Wall Street. He has abundant financial prospects but little social background. Before the start of the play, Julia, the eldest daughter of the Seton family, has met Johnny at Lake Placid. During the ten-day Document [32] (Title: Happy Holiday (song)) on a Christmas album, on her album of the same title "Happy Holiday" in 1955. Kay Thompson wrote a song called "The Holiday Season" which is sometimes paired with "Happy Holiday" as a medley. This was first popularized by Andy Williams (who Thompson herself discovered and mentored). Other artists who have covered the "Happy Holiday"/"Holiday Season" medley include The Manhattan Transfer, She & Him, and Michael W. Smith. Happy Holiday (song) "Happy Holiday" (sometimes performed as "Happy Holidays") is a popular song composed by Irving Berlin during 1942 and published the following year. "Happy Holiday" was introduced by Bing Crosby Document [33] (Title: We Wish You a Merry Christmas) used by wassailers and other luck visitors"; no source or date is given. The greeting "a merry Christmas and a happy New Year" is recorded from the early eighteenth century. A closely related verse, dating from the 1830s, runs: It was sung by "mummers" -- i.e. children who would go about singing from door to door to request gifts. An example is given in the short story "The Christmas Mummers" (1858) by Charlotte Yonge: After they are allowed in and perform a Mummers play, the boys are served beer by the farmer's maid. Other sources show this greeting as current Document [34] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) Day/Boxing Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day and Epiphany, in recent times, this definition in the U.S. has begun to expand to include Yule, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday. The expansion of the holiday season in the U.S. to encompass Thanksgiving is believed to have begun in the 1920s, when in major department stores Macy's and Gimbels were launched dueling Thanksgiving Day parades to promote Christmas sales. Due to the phenomenon of Christmas creep and the informal inclusion of Thanksgiving, the Christmas and holiday season has begun to extend earlier into the year, overlapping Veterans/Remembrance/Armistice Day, Document [35] (Title: Rasmus Persson (radio personality)) hosting a 'Day of Happiness' to combat the negative impression of the area. Though it wasn't true, and thus fell under the 'Bullshit' category, members of the Munkfors Municipality Board contacted "P3" and Rasmus to ask if they could host the first annual Day of Happiness in Munkfors (Swedish: "Glädjens dag i Munkfors"). Owing to the humor of April Fools' Day, Munkfors proposed having the day on April 1 and will do so with Rasmus making a presentation to his home municipality. Rasmus Persson (radio personality) Rasmus Oskar Persson, born 21 September 1983 in Östanås, Värmland, is a Swedish radio Document [36] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) well as contemporary cultural images such as elves sporting Beatle haircuts and psychedelic Christmas trees in Warholesque colors. "Happy Christmas" replaced "Merry Christmas" here and there after clergymen decided the traditional greeting was associated with inebriation. In 1961, 50 billion Christmas cards were mailed by Americans, and, in 1962, America's first Christmas postage stamp was issued—causing a mild firestorm by those who felt the stamp violated separation of church and state. Mamie Eisenhower's Million-Dollar Fudge Recipe was a favorite holiday treat of the Eisenhower White House years. and first appeared in "Who Says We Can't Cook?", a spiral-bound collection of Document [37] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) in 1843, Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word "merry" was then beginning to take on its current meaning of "jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing." ""Merry Christmas"" in this new context figured prominently in "A Christmas Carol". The cynical Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: "If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding." After the visit from the ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; "I am as merry as a Document [38] (Title: The Andy Williams Christmas Album) print in 1833. "O Holy Night", with music by Adolphe Adam, originated in French as "Cantique de Noël" in 1847. The song that came to be known as "Jingle Bells" was published under the name "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857. The earliest printing of the lyrics to "Away In A Manger" dates back to 1885. Of the songs on the album composed in the 20th century, "Sweet Little Jesus Boy" is the oldest, written on Christmas Eve, 1932. In the 1942 film "Holiday Inn", Bing Crosby performed "White Christmas" and "Happy Holiday", with the former spending 11 weeks Document [39] (Title: Happy Hooligan) Happy Hooligan Happy Hooligan was a popular and influential early American comic strip, the first major strip by the already celebrated cartoonist Frederick Burr Opper. It debuted with a Sunday strip on March 11, 1900 in the William Randolph Hearst newspapers, and was one of the first popular comics with King Features Syndicate. The strip told the adventures of a well-meaning hobo who encountered a lot of misfortune and bad luck, partly because of his appearance and low position in society, but who did not lose his smile over it. He was contrasted by his two brothers, the sour Gloomy Document [40] (Title: Many happy returns (greeting)) Many happy returns (greeting) "Many happy returns" is a greeting which is used by some on birthdays, and by others in response to "Merry Christmas" and "Happy New Year". Since the 18th century this has been used as a salutation to offer the hope that a happy day being marked would recur many more times. It is now primarily used, by some, on birthdays. Prior to the mid-19th century, it was used at any celebratory or festive event. The phrase is more common in British English, Indian English, Hiberno English and to some degree in Canadian English than in American Document [41] (Title: Holiday (play)) a place in the country. Now the woman Johnny met and fell in love with at Lake Placid is gone; she is just as materialistic as her father. Produced and directed by Arthur Hopkins, Philip Barry's "Holiday" opened November 26, 1928, at the Plymouth Theatre. The three-act comedy featured scenic design by Robert Edmond Jones and costume design by Margaret Pemberton. It closed in June 1929 after 229 performances. Katharine Hepburn was the understudy to Williams. "Holiday" was included in Burns Mantle's "The Best Plays of 1928–29". The play was adapted for film twice: The first filmed "Holiday" was released Document [42] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) then followed by Christmas presentations through the holiday season. Rituals surrounding Santa Claus such as department store visits to the "jolly old elf", and letter writing to his North Pole workshop remained intact during the post-War era. New to the mix was Santa's Workshop (one of the first theme parks in the US), and NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh via radar on Christmas Eve. In Cleveland, Ohio, a costumed character called Mr. Jingeling entertained shoppers annually at Halle's Department Store during the season. In 1949, one of the first theme parks in the United States, Santa's Workshop, was constructed near Document [43] (Title: Happy Human) Happy Human The Happy Human is an icon that has been adopted as an international symbol of secular humanism. Created by Dennis Barrington, the figure was the winning design in a competition arranged by Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association) in 1965. Various forms of it are now used across the world by humanist organisations of all sizes including Humanists UK, International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) and The American Humanist Association (AHA). The trademark is still held by Humanists UK, which freely licenses use of the symbol by bona fide Humanist organisations worldwide. The Happy Human was created Document [44] (Title: Home for the Holidays (song)) Home for the Holidays (song) "(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays" is a popular song, commonly associated with the Christmas and holiday season. The music was composed by Robert Allen, while the lyrics were written by Al Stillman. The song was published during 1954. The best-known recordings were made by Perry Como, who recorded the song twice. The first recording, done on November 16, 1954, was released as a single for Christmas, 1954, by RCA Records. The flip side was "Silk Stockings" (which scored in the "Cash Box" magazine top 50). "Home for the Holidays" reached No. 8 Document [45] (Title: Christmas) In 1875, Louis Prang introduced the Christmas card to Americans. He has been called the "father of the American Christmas card". On June 28, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a United States federal holiday. Up to the 1950s in the UK, many Christmas customs were restricted to the upper classes and better-off families. The mass of the population had not adopted many of the Christmas rituals that later became general. The Christmas tree was rare. Christmas dinner might be beef—certainly not turkey. In their stockings children might get an apple, orange, and sweets. Full celebration of a family Christmas with Document [46] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) Christmas" and "happy Christmas" are traditionally used in English-speaking countries, starting a few weeks before Christmas (December 25) each year. Variations are: These greetings and their equivalents in other languages are popular not only in countries with large Christian populations, but also in the largely non-Christian nations of China and Japan, where Christmas is celebrated primarily due to cultural influences of predominantly Christian countries. They have somewhat decreased in popularity in the United States and Canada in recent decades, but polls in 2005 indicated that they remained more popular than "happy holidays" or other alternatives. "Merry," derived from the Old Document [47] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) 1885 to all federal employees. The original four holidays were: George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1968, the Monday Holiday Act of 1968 shifted several holidays to always fall on a Monday and saw the establishment of Columbus Day. Document [48] (Title: 4,000 Weeks' Holiday) 4,000 Weeks' Holiday 4,000 Weeks' Holiday is a 1984 album by Ian Dury & The Music Students for Polydor Records, released on 27 January 1984. Its title is a reference to the length of an average human lifespan (4000 weeks). In 1984 Ian Dury was an official face for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Britain and went so far as to shave a peace symbol into his hair, this can be seen on the cover to the album (and the "Ban the Bomb" Single). The symbol itself was created by the CND. The album's song credits and lyrics are Document [49] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) of the season have been "Merry Christmas", "Happy Christmas", and "Happy New Year". In the mid-to-late 20th century in the United States, more generic greetings such as "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" began to rise in cultural prominence, and this would later spread to other Western countries including Canada, Australia and to a lesser extent some European countries. A 2012 poll by Rasmussen Reports indicated that 68% of Americans prefer the use of "Merry Christmas", while 23% preferred "Happy Holidays". A similarly-timed Canadian poll conducted by Ipsos-Reid indicated that 72% of Canadians preferred "Merry Christmas". The greetings and farewells "merry Document [50] (Title: Holiday Inn (film)) a calendar with a visual symbol of the given holiday. For November, an animated turkey is shown running back and forth between the third and fourth Thursdays, finally shrugging its shoulders in confusion. This is a satirical reference to the "Franksgiving" controversy when President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to expand the Christmas shopping season by declaring Thanksgiving a week earlier than before, leading to Congress setting Thanksgiving as the fourth Thursday in November by law. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii occurred halfway through filming. As a result, the Fourth of July segment was expanded beyond Fred Astaire's Document [51] (Title: Comparison of American and British English) hungry". This divergence of use can lead to misunderstanding. It is increasingly common for Americans to say "Happy holidays", referring to all, or at least multiple, winter (in the Northern hemisphere) or summer (in the Southern hemisphere) holidays (Christmas, Hanukkah, Winter solstice, Kwanzaa, etc.) especially when one's religious observances are not known; the phrase is rarely heard in the UK. In Britain, the phrases "holiday season" and "holiday period" refer to the period in the summer when most people take time off from work, and travel; AmE does not use "holiday" in this sense, instead using "vacation" for recreational excursions. Document [52] (Title: Holiday) treat the relatively minor Jewish holiday of Hanukkah as a "working holiday", changing very little of their daily routines for this day. The word "holiday" has differing connotations in different regions. In the United States the word is used exclusively to refer to the nationally, religiously or culturally observed day(s) of rest or celebration, or the events themselves, whereas in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, the word may refer to the period of time where leave from one’s duties has been agreed, and is used as a synonym to the US preferred "vacation". This time is usually set Document [53] (Title: A Christmas Carol) around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – but Dickens's use of the phrase in "A Christmas Carol" popularised it among the Victorian public. The exclamation "Bah! Humbug!" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive; the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the "Oxford English Dictionary" as such in 1982. In the early 19th century the celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain with the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to the increasing urbanisation Document [54] (Title: Home for the Holidays (song)) on the "Billboard" magazine chart in the United States. The next Christmas it was released again, with "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" as the flip side. The same recorded version was released in the United Kingdom by HMV, with the flip side "Tina Marie". This recording has appeared on many compilation albums over the years and remains a Christmas radio regular. Como's second recording of the song, in stereo and with a different musical arrangement, was made on July 15, 1959. It was released as a 33rpm single, with flip side "Winter Wonderland" in the U.S., and as a 45rpm Document [55] (Title: White House Hanukkah Party) the Frontier". For two centuries after the time of the story about George Washington and Hanukkah, Christmas was the only winter religious holiday officially recognized by the White House. In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge began lighting an official White House Christmas Tree, and also delivered the first formal presidential message for the holiday. In 1927, his proclamation included the statement that, "Christmas is not a time or a season, but a state of mind". Focusing on the holiday's message, he continued, would guarantee that "there will be born in us a Savior and over us will shine a star sending Document [56] (Title: Smiley) has become the most iconic version. In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by Lee Adams's lyrics in "Put on a Happy Face" from the musical "Bye Bye Birdie". Stern, the man behind this campaign, also later incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993. The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon Document [57] (Title: Happy Xmas (War Is Over)) convey optimism while avoiding the sentimentality that he felt often characterised music of the holiday season. Lennon was the first among the former Beatles to release an original Christmas song after the group disbanded in 1970. "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" would be followed by George Harrison's "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" (1974), Paul McCartney's "Wonderful Christmastime" (1979) and Ringo Starr's album "I Wanna Be Santa Claus" (1999). From 1963 to 1969, the Beatles issued special recordings at Christmas directly to members of their fan club. In late October 1971, with not much more than bare-bones melody and half-formed lyrics, Lennon Document [58] (Title: Christmas) the era of Revolutionary France, Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake was renamed the "equality cake" under anticlerical government policies. In the UK, Christmas Day became a bank holiday in 1834, Boxing Day was added in 1871. In the early-19th century, writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel "A Christmas Carol" that helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment. Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion. Dickens sought to construct Christmas as Document [59] (Title: Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records) Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, carrying solely Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous holiday tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out before the end of the year. It was then sold digitally at online music stores, such as Sony Connect . Hidden in Plain View's "Christmas Song" (which Document [60] (Title: Happy Days) Happy Days Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984 on ABC, with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning eleven seasons. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presented an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States, and starred Ron Howard as teenager Richie Cunningham, Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Fonz" Fonzarelli, and Tom Bosley and Marion Ross as Richie's parents, Howard and Marion Cunningham. "Happy Days" became one of the biggest hits in television history and heavily influenced the television style of Document [61] (Title: Culture of England) from the tale, "Merry Christmas", was popularized following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! Humbug!" dismissive of the festive spirit. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's "Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern" (1833), with the first appearance in print of "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships", "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" and "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public. A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker Document [62] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) for a national performing arts center. Early in the post-War years, cards exhibited traditional sentiments and art that reassured war weary Americans. As the 1960s neared, however, sophisticated, adult-oriented cards called "Slim Jims" began appearing on the market. The cards displayed Santas driving fin-tailed convertibles and beatniks delivering greetings in hepcat lingo. The highly stylized cards remained popular well into the 1960s, poking fun at fads and world events. Family photo cards and newsletters (meticulously handwritten or typed by busy moms) became commonplace during the 1960s as well. Hallmark brought African American culture to greeting cards in the 1960s as Document [63] (Title: The Bing Boys Are Here) "The Happy Day" (1916), "The Boy" (1917), and "Yes, Uncle!" (1917). Audiences, which included soldiers on leave, wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it. The revue first opened on 19 April 1916, at the Alhambra Theatre, starring George Robey and Violet Lorraine, famous for their introduction of the song "If You Were the Only Girl (in the World)," and Alfred Lester. It was replaced at the Alhambra on 24 February 1917, after 378 performances, by "The Bing Girls are There", with a different cast. It changed once again on 16 February 1918 to "The Document [64] (Title: Smiley) first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design. In the UK, the happy face has been associated with psychedelic culture since Ubi Dwyer and the Windsor Free Festival in the 1970s and the electronic dance music culture, particularly with acid house, that emerged during the Second Summer of Love in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band Bomb the Bass used an extracted smiley from "Watchmen" on the centre of its "Beat Dis" hit single. The earliest known smiley-like image in a Document [65] (Title: Holiday (The Goodies)) Holiday (The Goodies) "Holiday" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series "The Goodies". This episode is also known as "Holidays" and as "The Holiday" and as "Holiday in Dunsquabbling". This episode was made by LWT for ITV. Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. Tim is fed up with being ignored by the overworked and short-tempered Bill and Graeme, and suggests a three-week holiday for two in a ramshackle, poorly designed, leaky cottage called Dunsquabblin. After battling dismal weather, boredom, indoor birdwatching and failed attempts at relaxation, the team decide to stage 'a Document [66] (Title: Christmas card) The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927. President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. Document [67] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) school-boy. A merry Christmas to everybody!" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets. The instant popularity of "A Christmas Carol", the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new meaning appearing in the book popularized the phrase "merry Christmas". The alternative "happy Christmas" gained usage in the late 19th century, and in the UK and Ireland is a common spoken greeting, along with "merry Christmas." One reason may be the Victorian middle-class influence in attempting to separate wholesome celebration of the Christmas season from public insobriety and associated asocial behaviour, at a time when "merry" also Document [68] (Title: Second Happy Time) Second Happy Time The Second Happy Time, also known among German submarine commanders as the "American shooting season", was the informal name for a phase in the Battle of the Atlantic during which Axis submarines attacked merchant shipping and Allied naval vessels along the east coast of North America. The first "Happy Time" was in 1940–41 in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941 so their navies could begin the Second Happy Time. The Second Happy Time lasted from January 1942 to about August of that Document [69] (Title: Secret Society of Happy People) or texts, share happy moments, philosophy, quotes, etc. HappyThon is the first online social media event that promotes happiness around the world. Since 1998 the Society have been organizing voting and announcing the Happiest Events and Moments of the Year. Before the end of the century, a vote for 100 of the Happiest Events, Inventions and Social Changes of the Century was organized. In the third week of January the Society hosted Hunt for Happiness Week. They asked the current governors for proclamation, and got it by seven of them. Secret Society of Happy People Secret Society of Happy People Document [70] (Title: Secret Society of Happy People) happiness “as loud as they want”. The Society was founded in August 1998 in Irving, Texas, by Pamela Gail Johnson. In December 1998, it gained international reception, when it challenged advice columnist Ann Landers for discouraging people from writing happy holiday newsletters enclosed with their holiday cards. In a letter to Landers, Johnson demanded an apology “to the millions of people you made feel bad for wanting to share their happy news.” The Society’s campaign persuaded Landers to change her advice on holiday letters, one of the rare occasions the columnist had a change of heart. Within the next few Document [71] (Title: TGI Fridays) had a birthday, the entire restaurant crew came around with a cake and sang TGI Fridays' traditional birthday song. The first location closed in 1994 and is now a British pub called "Baker Street"; the brass rails are still there. Although Malachy McCourt's nearby eponymous bar preceded TGI Fridays and Stillman credited the media for creating the term, he had unintentionally created one of the first singles bars. It benefited from the near-simultaneous availability of the birth-control pill and Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique": TGI Fridays was one of the first to use promotions such as ladies' night, and Document [72] (Title: Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records) both musically and lyrically pays homage to Jimmy Eat World's "Goodbye Sky Harbor") was also featured on the original soundtrack to "The Ice Harvest" the following year. Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, carrying solely Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous holiday tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out Document [73] (Title: Holiday (1930 film)) Holiday (1930 film) Holiday is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film which tells the story of a young man who is torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée's family. It stars Ann Harding, Mary Astor, Edward Everett Horton, Robert Ames and Hedda Hopper. It was produced and released by Pathé Exchange. The film was adapted by Horace Jackson from the play by Philip Barry. It was directed by Edward H. Griffith. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Ann Harding) and Best Writing, Adaptation. The film was remade Document [74] (Title: Rudolph's Shiny New Year) for Happy (who left after his hat accidentally fell off and revealing his big ears, causing the dinosaurs to laugh), they repeatedly encounter Eon. After other off-screen visits to the islands of 4000 B.C., 1492, 1893, and 1965 have been completed without success, Rudolph and O.M. head for the island of 1023 (pronounced ten-two-three), belonging to a knight named Sir 1023 whose island is filled with medieval trappings along with several fairy tale and Mother Goose characters. Meanwhile, Happy managed to befriend the Three Bears, but becomes saddened when he removes his hat and exposing his big ears to them, Document [75] (Title: Christmas) Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! Humbug!" dismissive of the festive spirit. In 1843, the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Sir Henry Cole. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's "Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern" (1833), with the first appearance in print of "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships", "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" and "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen", popularized in Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". In Britain, the Christmas tree was introduced in the early 19th century following the personal union with the Kingdom of Hanover by Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife Document [76] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) meant "intoxicated" – Queen Elizabeth II is said to prefer "happy Christmas" for this reason. In her annual Christmas messages to the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth has used "happy Christmas" far more often than "merry Christmas." Note: "merry Christmas" has been used only four times: in 1962, 1967, 1970 and 1999. "Happy Christmas" has been used on almost every broadcast since 1956. One year included both greetings, and "blessed Christmas" was used in 1954 and 2007) In the American poet Clement Moore's "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (1823), the final line, originally written as "Happy Christmas to all, and to all Document [77] (Title: Holiday (TV series)) Holiday (TV series) Holiday was a long-running UK television programme, which aired mainly on BBC One, sometimes airing on BBC Two. It was the oldest travel review series on UK television, showing every year from 1969 until its demise in 2007. The programme began in 1969 as "Holiday 69", and until the 1990s the year was included in the title in this way. The first presenter was Cliff Michelmore who remained with the series until 1986. In 1974 its popularity led to ITV launching a rival show, "Wish You Were Here...?". Each week the programme consisted of several reports, in Document [78] (Title: Compulsion Games) and the narrative, flowed from this concept. "We Happy Few" is a "cheerful" dystopia set in a fictional English city, Wellington Wells, which is inspired by the psychedelic London of the '60s. It is about a retrofuturistic-fashioned society formed following an alternate timeline of events within World War II, which is on the verge of collapse in the mid-1960s. The residents of the city, seeking to forget an unspeakable horror they committed, began taking a hallucinogenic drug called "Joy" that makes them happy, but also leaves them easily controlled and lacking morality and understanding of anything else. Players will control Document [79] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) States, which has caused a semantics controversy that continues to the present. By the late 20th century, the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah and the new African American cultural holiday of Kwanzaa began to be considered in the U.S. as being part of the "holiday season", a term that as of 2013 has become equally or more prevalent than "Christmas season" in U.S. sources to refer to the end-of-the-year festive period. "Holiday season" has also spread in varying degrees to Canada; however, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the phrase "holiday season" is not widely synonymous with the Christmas–New Year period, Document [80] (Title: Ally Sloper's Half Holiday) in the title was the practice in Victorian Britain of allowing the workers home at lunchtime on a Saturday, a practice that also established the kick-off times of football matches. The black-and-white weekly comic paper "Ally Sloper's Half Holiday", typically of eight tabloid pages and priced one penny, was first published on 3 May 1884, a short time after Ross, had sold the rights to the character to Gilbert Dalziel, an engraver and the publisher of "Judy". Initially launching the paper with proprietor W. J. Sinkins, Dalziel was soon in full control, publishing it from "The Sloperies", 99 Shoe Lane, Document [81] (Title: Many happy returns (greeting)) English. Current usage is often as a more formal option than "Happy Birthday". It is also often found on greetings cards. Its earliest attributable use was by Lady Newdigate in a letter written in 1789 (and published in "Newdigate-Newdegate Cheverels" in 1898) The letter was written in London on 31 May 1789 by Hester Margaretta, Lady Newdigate, to her husband, Sir Roger Newdigate, 5th Baronet, and refers to a wish for their wedding day. A much earlier reference is found in Joseph Addison's newspaper "The Freeholder": An alternative explanation is that "returns" here is used in the sense of "yield" Document [82] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) a good night", has been changed in many later editions to "Merry Christmas to all," perhaps indicating the relative popularity of the phrases in the US. In the United States, "happy holidays" (along with the similarly generalized "season's greetings") has become a common holiday greeting in the public sphere of department stores, public schools and greeting cards. Its use is generally confined to the period between United States Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. The phrase "happy holidays" has been used as a Christmas greeting in the United States for more than 100 years. The increasing usage of "happy holidays" has Document [83] (Title: Black Friday (shopping)) corner the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by eighteen percent. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was ruined. The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurs in the journal, "Factory Management and Maintenance", for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to Document [84] (Title: Happy (2011 film)) Happy (2011 film) Happy is a 2011 feature documentary film directed, written, and co-produced by Roko Belic. It explores human happiness through interviews with people from all walks of life in 14 different countries, weaving in the newest findings of positive psychology. Roko Belic was inspired to create the film after producer/director Tom Shadyac showed him an article in "The New York Times" titled "A New Measure of Well Being from a Happy Little Kingdom". The article ranks the United States as the 23rd-happiest country in the world. Shadyac then suggested that Belic make a documentary about happiness. Belic spent Document [85] (Title: Thanksgiving (United States)) the early development of the holiday. Bradford's "Of Plymouth Plantation" was not published until the 1850s. While the booklet "Mourt's Relation" was summarized by other publications without the now-familiar thanksgiving story. By the eighteenth century the original booklet appeared to be lost or forgotten. A copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820, with the first full reprinting in 1841. In a footnote the editor, Alexander Young, was the first person to identify the 1621 feast as the first Thanksgiving. According to historian James Baker, debates over where any "first Thanksgiving" took place on modern American territory are a "tempest in Document [86] (Title: Christmas) preceding Christmas Day. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year", much like that of the first commercial Christmas card, produced by Sir Henry Cole in London in 1843. The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging E-cards. Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities, and feature artwork, commercially designed and relevant to the season. The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative, with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus, or Christian symbols such as Document [87] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) "Dodge Dancing Party" and its succeeding television shows, becoming Larry Hooper's signature song. Oh Happy Day (1952 song) "Oh Happy Day" was a 1952 surprise hit song, one of the first whose initial popularity was driven by teenagers rather than support from the music industry. The song was originally recorded and copyrighted by Don Howard, a high school student who had learned the song secondhand; the song's originator, Nancy Binns Reed, heard the song and within weeks of its release sued to claim songwriter credit. Reed and Howard eventually settled, with each receiving co-writer credits. Concurrently with Howard's original acoustic Document [88] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) Oh Happy Day (1952 song) "Oh Happy Day" was a 1952 surprise hit song, one of the first whose initial popularity was driven by teenagers rather than support from the music industry. The song was originally recorded and copyrighted by Don Howard, a high school student who had learned the song secondhand; the song's originator, Nancy Binns Reed, heard the song and within weeks of its release sued to claim songwriter credit. Reed and Howard eventually settled, with each receiving co-writer credits. Concurrently with Howard's original acoustic pop recording, concurrent cover versions by two established acts, the Lawrence Welk Orchestra Document [89] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) concept is the same." The issue n°373 of "Holiday Magazine", first issue since the relaunch, was dedicated to the year 1969 and Ibiza. The issue n°373 includes contributions from photographers Josh Olins, Karim Sadli and Mark Peckmezian, a short novel about Ibiza by novelist Arthur Dreyfus, a story on Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin's New York loft, and the cover features a chosen fragment of Remed's painting "Leonogone". The first issue featured an essay about the history of the original "Holiday Magazine". Holiday (magazine) Holiday was an American travel magazine published from 1946 to 1977. Originally published by the Document [90] (Title: The Holidays) The Holidays The Holidays are an Australian indie pop/soul band. Formed in Sydney in 2006, the band consists of Simon Jones, Will Magnus, Alex Kortt and Andrew Kerridge. Their debut album "Post Paradise" was nominated for an Australian Music Prize. The Holidays formed in late 2006 and quickly established themselves in the Sydney music scene as an upbeat, energetic addition. Simon Jones and Will Magnus had attended high school together, previously playing in cover bands in their schools' band competition. They were often up against the band Roger Explosion in these competitions, who went on to become the Australian electropop Document [91] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) English "myrige", originally meant merely "pleasant, agreeable" rather than joyous or jolly (as in the phrase "merry month of May"). Christmas has been celebrated since the 4th century AD, the first known usage of any Christmas greeting dates was in 1534. ""Merry Christmas and a happy new year"" (thus incorporating two greetings) was in an informal letter written by an English admiral in 1699. The same phrase is contained in the title of the English carol "We Wish You a Merry Christmas," and also appears in the first commercial Christmas card, produced by Henry Cole in England in 1843. Also Document [92] (Title: Happy Xmas (War Is Over)) four weeks later. The second was released 12 December 2006 by American rock band The Fray as a digital download. It debuted at number 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 41 on the Pop 100 on the week ending 31 December 2006, but stayed on the respective charts for only one more week. Some of the earliest cover versions of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" appear on holiday albums released by major pop singers, such as "I Still Believe in Santa Claus" (1990) by Andy Williams, "The Christmas Album" (1992) by Neil Diamond, "A Very Special Season" (1994) Document [93] (Title: Holiday Beanie Babies) and white striped scarf. In 2005, Ty introduced a bear called Happy Hanukkah. Two versions were made: one with a dreidel and one with a menorah. While the one with the menorah was available in retail stores, the one with the dreidel had to be purchased online. In 2005, the first bear in honor of New Year's Day, called "New Year" was introduced. In each subsequent year, a bear called "New Year" followed by the upcoming year has been introduced (2007 and 2008). Some viewed Millennium and Ty2K as New Years bears in honor of New Years Day 2000. Countdown Document [94] (Title: Happy hour) phrase "happy hour," to refer to a scheduled period of entertainment is of much more recent vintage. One possible origin of the term "Happy Hour," in the sense of a scheduled period of entertainment, is from the United States Navy. In early 1913, a group of "home makers" called the "Happy Hour Social" organized "semi-weekly smokers" onboard . The name "Happy Hour Club," "Happy Hour Social Club," and similar variants, had been in use as the names of social clubs, primarily by women's social clubs, since at least the early 1880s. By June 1913, the crew of "Arkansas" had started Document [95] (Title: Thanksgiving) beginning of the 19th century, coinciding with and eventually superseding the existing holiday of Evacuation Day (a day commemorating the British exit from the United States following the Revolutionary War). Modern Thanksgiving was first officially called for in all states in 1863 by a presidential proclamation of Abraham Lincoln. Influenced by the campaigning of author Sarah Josepha Hale, who wrote letters to politicians for around 40 years trying to make it an official holiday, Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving on the final Thursday in November, explicitly in celebration of the bounties that had continued to fall on the Union and Document [96] (Title: Xmas) the entry: "Xmas. Christmas." Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. used the term in a letter dated 1923. Since at least the late 19th century, "Xmas" has been in use in various other English-language nations. Quotations with the word can be found in texts first written in Canada, and the word has been used in Australia, and in the Caribbean. "Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage" stated that modern use of the term is largely limited to advertisements, headlines and banners, where its conciseness is valued. The association with commerce "has done nothing for its reputation", according to the dictionary. In the United Document [97] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) settlement along with an agreement that Mrs. Reed and Mr. Kaplow share equal credit for the song's words and music. "Music Views" magazine reported in its June 1953 edition that Kaplow's girlfriend had graduated from a girl's camp, where Ms. Reed had served as a counselor. "Oh Happy Day" (not to be confused with the gospel hit of the same name) was known as the "people's hit" since it became a national United States hit song as well as an international hit without any initial support from the music industry. The song reached US #3 in Cashbox and #4 & Document [98] (Title: Holiday) aside for rest, travel or the participation in recreational activities, with entire industries targeted to coincide or enhance these experiences. The days of leave may not coincide with any specific customs or laws. Employers and educational institutes may designate ‘holidays’ themselves which may or may not overlap nationally or culturally relevant dates, which again comes under this connotation, but it is the first implication detailed that this article is concerned with. The word "holiday" comes from the Old English word "hāligdæg" ("hālig" "holy" + "dæg" "day"). The word originally referred only to special religious days. In modern use, it means Document [99] (Title: Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis) Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857. "Toyland" originated in the 1903 operetta "Babes in Toyland", and "Happy Holiday" was first performed in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn". Perry Como and the Fontane Sisters reached number 19 on "Billboard" magazine's Records Most Played by Disc Jockeys chart and number 23 on its list of the Best-Selling Pop Singles of the week in 1951 with the first recording of "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas". Peggy Lee's rendition of "It's Christmas Time Again" was released in 1953, and "Caroling, Caroling" first appeared on the 1954 LP "The Christmas Mood" by The Document [100] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) Holiday (magazine) Holiday was an American travel magazine published from 1946 to 1977. Originally published by the Curtis Publishing Company, "Holiday"'s circulation grew to more than one million subscribers at its height. The magazine employed writers such as Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Lawrence Durell, James Michener and E. B. White. The magazine was relaunched as a bi-annual magazine in 2014, located in Paris, but written in English. "Holiday" was an American travel magazine that was picked up and then introduced by the Curtis Publishing Company in 1946. By the end of the first year the circulation topped 425,000. The magazine Document [101] (Title: Smiley) it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar), which mutated into "Have a nice day". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972. In 1972, Frenchman Franklin Loufrani became the first person to legally trademark a use of a smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper "France Soir". He Document [102] (Title: Happy hour) referring to their regularly scheduled smokers as "Happy Hours." The "Happy Hours" included a variety of entertainment, including boxing and wrestling matches, music, dancing and movies. By the end of World War I, the practice of holding "Happy Hours" had spread throughout the entire Navy. The idea of drinking before dinner has its roots in the Prohibition era. When the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act were passed banning alcohol consumption, people would host "cocktail hours", also known as "happy hours," at a speakeasy before eating at restaurants where alcohol could not be served. Cocktail lounges continued the trend of Document [103] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) Howard Kaplow sang it accompanied by his guitar before his classmates at Cleveland Heights High School, in Cleveland, Ohio. At a Saturday high-school dance, the boys and girls called 13 times for "Oh Happy Day". This convinced Koplow to put the song on wax. Once it was played on the air, teenage fans besieged the disc jockey, Phil McLean of radio station WERE with requests that kept him spinning the song all week. Calls began coming in from nearby cities, and it was decided the record should go to market. A contract was signed in early November 1952 and "Oh Document [104] (Title: Christmas controversies) with greeting their customers with "Happy Holidays" or "Season's Greetings" rather than with "Merry Christmas". Supreme Court rulings, starting with "Lynch v. Donnelly" in 1984, have permitted religious themes in government-funded Christmas displays that had "legitimate secular purposes". Since these rulings have been splintered and have left governments uncertain of their limits, many such displays have included secular elements such as reindeer, snowmen and elves along with the religious elements. Other recent court cases have brought up additional issues such as the inclusion of Christmas carols in public school performances, but none of these cases have reached the Supreme Court Document [105] (Title: Christmas on Campus) It is considered by some to be an integral part of the campus' spirit. The roots of Christmas on Campus can be traced to 1962, when an event called Operation Joy was held in which 60 children between the ages of 4 and 12 were brought to campus as part of a Christmas party hosted by the senior class. In 1963, the first event referred to as Christmas on Campus was held. However, it was meant as a celebration for students before the beginning of Christmas break, and did not include inviting children. These two events were combined in 1966, Document [106] (Title: Father Christmas) in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. The custom of merrymaking and feasting at Christmastide first appears in the historical record during the High Middle Ages (c 1100–1300). This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian Ronald Hutton has pointed out—"we have no details at all." Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom. The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Document [107] (Title: Happy List) Happy List The Happy List is a list of 100 people in the United Kingdom "who give back, volunteer, and who make Britain a better balanced, happier country." It has been published annually in April by the "Independent on Sunday", a British national Sunday newspaper, since 2008. The BBC welcomed the first Happy List as "an antidote" to the Sunday Times Rich List, a longer-standing institution which is published on the same day. Following widespread comment in the UK and abroad, the "Independent" announced a week later that it would make the Happy List an annual fixture. The "Wall Street Question: when was the term happy holidays first used Answer: mid-to - late 20th century Long Answer: A selection of goodwill greetings are often used around the world to address strangers, family, colleagues or friends during the season . Some greetings are more prevalent than others, depending on culture and location . Traditionally, the predominant greetings of the season have been "Merry Christmas", "Happy Christmas", and "Happy New Year". In the mid-to - late 20th century in the United States, more generic greetings such as "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" began to rise in cultural prominence, and this would later spread to other Western countries including Canada, Australia and to a lesser extent some European countries . A 2012 poll by Rasmussen Reports indicated that 68% of Americans prefer the use of "Merry Christmas", while 23% preferred "Happy Holidays". A similarly - timed Canadian poll conducted by Ipsos - Reid indicated that 72% of Canadians preferred "Merry Christmas". Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Harvey Ball) Murray Spain designed and sold products with the phrase and logo in the early 1970s. They trademarked the combination and later changed the phrase to "Have a nice day", which itself has become a phrase in everyday use in North America The smiley was introduced to France in 1972 as a signal of a good news story in the newspaper "France Soir". Frenchman Franklin Loufrani used the image this way and made swift moves to trademark the image. His company now turns over $100 million a year and became embroiled in a copyright dispute with Walmart over the image in Document [2] (Title: Happy New Year (musical)) search of tunes that would fit "Holiday"'s plot. When the show previewed at the Stratford Festival in Canada, the score consisted of lesser-known Porter songs, and Shevelove decided to eliminate most of them in favor of music more familiar to audiences. He also opted to replace much of Barry's original repartee with songs that suited neither the characters nor the situations, and replaced the gaps with a narrator whose purpose was to explain what was missing from the plot, a device that ultimately proved to be clumsy and confusing. The Narrator introduces the Seton family, who in December 1933 live Document [3] (Title: First Happy Time) First Happy Time The early phase of the Battle of the Atlantic during which German Navy U-boats enjoyed significant success against the British Royal Navy and its Allies was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" (""Die Glückliche Zeit""), and later the First Happy Time, after a second successful period was encountered. It started in July 1940, almost immediately after the Fall of France, which brought the German U-boat fleet closer to the British shipping lanes in the Atlantic. From July 1940 to the end of October, 282 Allied ships were sunk off the north-west approaches to Ireland Document [4] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) a life-long stoner. The magazine came of age in the Jet Age--a time post-World War II when Americans were beginning to travel for leisure and joining the jet set was a glamorous aspiration. A Vanity Fair article in 2013 stated that "what Vogue did for fashion, Holiday did for destinations. Many remember the atmosphere of the editorial department as resembling Mad-Men. The son of executive editor Carl Biemiller described the atmosphere "there was one hell of a cocktail-party circuit..." E. B. White wrote his 7500-word essay on the city of New York, ""Here is New York"", for the magazine in Document [5] (Title: Happy Days) "honestly depict a wistful look back at adolescence". Initially a moderate hit, the series' ratings began to fall during its second season, causing Marshall to retool it emphasizing broad comedy and spotlighting the previously minor character of Fonzie, a "cool" biker and high school dropout. Following these changes, "Happy Days" became the number-one program in television in 1976–1977, Fonzie became one of the most merchandised characters of the 1970s, and Henry Winkler became a major star. The series also spawned a number of spin-offs, including the hit shows "Laverne & Shirley" and "Mork & Mindy". Set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Document [6] (Title: Franksgiving) 1939 had fit into the former tradition, and each year from 1942 on matched a new (and still current) fourth-Thursday approach. That new approach was embodied in a joint resolution of Congress, signed into law by President Roosevelt on November 26, 1941, and designating the fourth Thursday in November of each year as Thanksgiving Day. (Prior to that in the 20th century, the phrase "Thanksgiving Day" had been used in the prose of the presidential proclamation only in Calvin Coolidge's first, among his six.) In November 1942, Roosevelt's proclamation made mention of the joint resolution, and of the date it Document [7] (Title: Hilaria) Hilaria The Hilaria (; Latin "the cheerful ones", a term derived from the borrowed adjective "cheerful, merry") were ancient Roman religious festivals celebrated on the March equinox to honor Cybele. The term seems originally to have been a name which was given to any day or season of rejoicing. The "hilaria" were, therefore, according to Maximus the Confessor either private or public. Among the former, he thinks it the day on which a person married, and on which a son was born; among the latter, those days of public rejoicings appointed by a new emperor. Such days were devoted to Document [8] (Title: Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays) Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays" is a song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on November 29, 1998 as the first and only single from their second studio album, "Home for Christmas". The song charted at #37 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart. The single was also the second from NSYNC's European seasonal album, "The Winter Album". A cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in their 2016 Christmas album, "A Pentatonix Christmas". Stephen Thomas Erlewine reviewed the song in the context of "Home for Christmas", and gave the following review: The video for the track Document [9] (Title: Tom Flynn (author)) Both agreed that the subject demanded further research by the child-development community. Speaking to Point of Inquiry host Robert M. Price about the putative "War on Christmas," Flynn states that retailers have found "there is a lot more religious diversity... [they discovered] a lot of people with money to spend that aren't Christians." Therefore, retailers changed from greeting customers with "Merry Christmas" to "Happy Holidays," to the disapproval of conservatives. He added that as "the Christian dominance of the culture continues to decline, there's going to be a little more emphasis or openness to the idea that some people are Document [10] (Title: Happy Holiday (EP)) A two-track extension to the EP, "Holiday 2012", was released a year later in November 2012. Both "Happy Holiday" and "Holiday 2012" were included in their entirety on Detroit's 2013 Holiday album, "For the Holidays". Happy Holiday (EP) Happy Holiday is a Christmas EP by American singer-songwriter Marcella Detroit, released independently through digital retailers in November 2011. "Happy Holiday" is Detroit's first solo release since her "Dancing Madly Sideways" album in 2001. The EP consists of two original songs - including "You Better Be Good", first released as a single in 2009 - and two covers. On 3 December 2011, Document [11] (Title: Happy Merry-Go-Round) Happy Merry-Go-Round Happy Merry-Go-Round () is a long-running Soviet and Russian animated anthology series created by Anatoly Petrov and Galina Barinova for Soyuzmultfilm in 1969. It is presented as a collection of 2-4 experimental shorts by various young directors. The original series ran from 1969 to 2001 and was released theatrically during the Soviet days and on television in the Russian Federation. 2012 saw the revival of the series. The idea of the animated "newsreel" anthology (or a "children's animated magazine" as it was known in the Soviet Union) came to Anatoly Petrov and his wife Galina Barinova, both experienced Document [12] (Title: Hallmark Cards) to 120 people, and the line increased from holiday cards to include everyday greeting cards. In 1928, the company introduced the brand name Hallmark, after the hallmark symbol used by goldsmiths in London in the 14th century, and began printing the name on the back of every card. That same year, the company became the first in the greeting card industry to advertise their product nationally. Their first advertisement appeared in "Ladies' Home Journal" and was written by J.C. Hall himself. In 1931, the Canadian William E. Coutts Company, Ltd., a major card maker, became an affiliate of Hall Brothers Document [13] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) a "Rural Postal Station". In the same year, the park's Santa Claus and his reindeer participated in the Pageant of Peace in Washington, D.C. as well as Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. The Nativity Pageant was introduced at the park in 1954. In 1955, an advertisement encouraging children to call Santa Claus over a special telephone number was printed in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Due to an error, the phone number that was printed was that of the Continental Air Defense (CONAD). Colonel Harry Shoup was on duty on Christmas Eve 1955 and took many calls from children Document [14] (Title: Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown) The special aired again on November 23, 2012 (the day after Thanksgiving, so as not to directly compete with the other Peanuts specials) and December 17, 2013. The program special is particularly notable in that the characters/animation are drawn in a 1950s/early-1960s style, and it uses only characters from that time period (including Violet, Shermy, and Patty), except for the inclusion of one later character, Woodstock, and intermediate-era characters Frieda, Faron, 5, 4, and 3 appearing briefly as extras; and even pays homage to the very first "Peanuts" strip, from October 2, 1950 (when Charlie Brown has a flashback sequence). Document [15] (Title: Christmas) U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting "Merry Christmas" with "Happy Holidays", which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah. In the U.S. and Canada, where the use of the term "Holidays" is most prevalent, opponents have denounced its usage and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" as being politically correct. Groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union have initiated court cases to bar the display of images and other material referring to Christmas from public property, including schools. Such groups argue that government-funded displays of Christmas imagery and traditions violate Document [16] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) as visits to department store Santas and letter writing to Santa at the North Pole remained intact during America's post-War years, but the era generated contributions that have endured to become traditions. NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, for example, was initiated in 1955 and has become an annual tradition. The stop motion animated film, "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" remains an annual telecast on American television—more than fifty years after its debut, and Dr. Seuss's "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" of 1957 has become a literary Christmas classic. Several Christmas firsts mark the post-War era that include the Document [17] (Title: Happy Nation) Happy Nation Happy Nation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group Ace of Base. It was initially released in Denmark on 16 November 1992 by Mega Records. During development of the record, the group was heavily influenced by a Jamaican reggae band residing in a nearby studio. In 1995, Guinness Book of World Records named the LP the best-selling debut studio effort in music history, at more than 19 million copies sold worldwide. By 2007, "Happy Nation"/"The Sign" had sold approximately 23 million units including 9 million in the US alone. "Happy Nation" was released in 1992 in Document [18] (Title: Happy Meal) fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979. Bernstein received #1136758 (Serial #73148046) for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at Document [19] (Title: Christmas controversies) demanding alcohol and food into one centered on the happiness of children. He notes that there was a deliberate effort to prevent children from becoming greedy in response. Christmas was not proclaimed a holiday by the United States Congress until 1870. In the early 20th century, Christian writers such as C. S. Lewis noted what he saw as a distinct split between the religious and commercialized observance of Christmas, the latter of which he deplored. In "Xmas and Christmas: A Lost Chapter from Herodotus", Lewis gives a satire of the observance of two simultaneous holidays in "Niatirb" ("Britain" spelled backwards) Document [20] (Title: Happy Days) Tom Bosley presented an introduction before each performance live on stage, and pop group Human Nature played a 1950s-style rock group. Another stage show, "Happy Days: A New Musical" began touring in 2008. Happy Days Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984 on ABC, with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning eleven seasons. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presented an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States, and starred Ron Howard as teenager Richie Cunningham, Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Document [21] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) been the subject of some controversy in the United States. Advocates claim that "happy holidays" is an inclusive greeting that is not intended as an attack on Christianity or other religions, but is rather a response to what they say is the reality of a growing non-Christian population. Critics of "happy holidays" generally claim it is a secular neologism. The greeting may be deemed materialistic, consumerist, atheistic, indifferentist, agnostic, politically correct or anti-Christian. Critics of the phrase have associated it with a larger cultural clash termed the "War on Christmas". "Season's greetings" is a greeting more commonly used as a Document [22] (Title: Ice Cream for Breakfast Day) said, 'Let's have ice cream for breakfast.'" The next year, they reminded her of the day and a tradition began. The exact year of the first ICFBD is unrecorded, but it is speculated to be 1966, when a huge blizzard hit Rochester in late January, dumping several feet of snow on Rochester and shutting down schools. When the siblings grew up, they held parties and introduced the tradition to friends while in college, and the tradition began to spread. The holiday began to spread across the world thanks to Florence's grandchildren, who have traveled extensively. Celebrations have been recorded in Document [23] (Title: Holiday (TV series)) "The Voyager". This theme was used throughout the 1990s and 2000s until the programme came to an end after 37 years in 2007. "Celebrity Holiday Memories" in 1999 Holiday (TV series) Holiday was a long-running UK television programme, which aired mainly on BBC One, sometimes airing on BBC Two. It was the oldest travel review series on UK television, showing every year from 1969 until its demise in 2007. The programme began in 1969 as "Holiday 69", and until the 1990s the year was included in the title in this way. The first presenter was Cliff Michelmore who remained with Document [24] (Title: Happy Holiday (EP)) Happy Holiday (EP) Happy Holiday is a Christmas EP by American singer-songwriter Marcella Detroit, released independently through digital retailers in November 2011. "Happy Holiday" is Detroit's first solo release since her "Dancing Madly Sideways" album in 2001. The EP consists of two original songs - including "You Better Be Good", first released as a single in 2009 - and two covers. On 3 December 2011, Detroit premiered a low-budget music video for the EP's title track on her official YouTube channel, featuring her and a band (also played by Detroit) performing in front of an animated snowy green screen backdrop. Document [25] (Title: Holiday (1930 film)) in 1938 as "Holiday". Directed by George Cukor, it starred Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant, with Horton reprising his role as Professor Nick Potter from the 1930 version. Holiday (1930 film) Holiday is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film which tells the story of a young man who is torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée's family. It stars Ann Harding, Mary Astor, Edward Everett Horton, Robert Ames and Hedda Hopper. It was produced and released by Pathé Exchange. The film was adapted by Horace Jackson from the play by Philip Barry. It was Document [26] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) first White House Christmas card, the first Christmas postage stamp, the first opera composed for television ("Amahl and the Night Visitors"), the first Christmas Day basketball game, and the first Elvis Presley Christmas album. The era saw the production and manufacture of toys that have become classics such as "Candy Land", Mr. Potato Head, and Barbie. During the post-War years, Americans could select their Christmas trees from a variety of offerings. Natural trees had become the preferred choice in America when Christmas tree farms began supplying them to large metropolitan areas in the 1920s. Artificial trees of bristles, aluminum trees, Document [27] (Title: Christmas) America. In America, interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving which appear in his "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." and "Old Christmas". Irving's stories depicted harmonious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall, Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned, and he used the tract "Vindication of Christmas" (1652) of Old English Christmas traditions, that he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories. In 1822, Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem "A Visit From St. Nicholas" (popularly known by its first Document [28] (Title: Happy Meal) to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week. This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they Document [29] (Title: Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)) of a Dr. King holiday, where "peace is celebrated throughout the world" and singing to King in the chorus, "Happy birthday to you". The holiday, he proposes, would facilitate the realization of Dr. King's dreams of integration and "love and unity for all of God's children". Wonder used the song to popularize the campaign, and continued his fight for the holiday, holding the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981. United States President Ronald Reagan approved the creation of the holiday, signing it into existence on November 2, 1983. The first official Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, held the third Document [30] (Title: Happy Holiday (song)) Happy Holiday (song) "Happy Holiday" (sometimes performed as "Happy Holidays") is a popular song composed by Irving Berlin during 1942 and published the following year. "Happy Holiday" was introduced by Bing Crosby and Marjorie Reynolds (dubbed by Martha Mears) in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn" in a scene when the Inn opens for the first time. While it is commonly regarded as a Christmas song, in the film it is performed on New Year's Eve, and expresses a wish for the listener to enjoy "happy holidays" throughout the entire year. Jo Stafford was the first to record and release it Document [31] (Title: Holiday (play)) Holiday (play) Holiday is a 1928 play by Philip Barry which was twice adapted to film. The original play opened in New York on November 26, 1928, at the Plymouth Theatre and closed in June 1929, after 229 performances. It was directed by Arthur Hopkins, set design by Robert Edmond Jones, and costume design by Margaret Pemberton. The story follows Johnny Case, a corporate lawyer on Wall Street. He has abundant financial prospects but little social background. Before the start of the play, Julia, the eldest daughter of the Seton family, has met Johnny at Lake Placid. During the ten-day Document [32] (Title: Happy Holiday (song)) on a Christmas album, on her album of the same title "Happy Holiday" in 1955. Kay Thompson wrote a song called "The Holiday Season" which is sometimes paired with "Happy Holiday" as a medley. This was first popularized by Andy Williams (who Thompson herself discovered and mentored). Other artists who have covered the "Happy Holiday"/"Holiday Season" medley include The Manhattan Transfer, She & Him, and Michael W. Smith. Happy Holiday (song) "Happy Holiday" (sometimes performed as "Happy Holidays") is a popular song composed by Irving Berlin during 1942 and published the following year. "Happy Holiday" was introduced by Bing Crosby Document [33] (Title: We Wish You a Merry Christmas) used by wassailers and other luck visitors"; no source or date is given. The greeting "a merry Christmas and a happy New Year" is recorded from the early eighteenth century. A closely related verse, dating from the 1830s, runs: It was sung by "mummers" -- i.e. children who would go about singing from door to door to request gifts. An example is given in the short story "The Christmas Mummers" (1858) by Charlotte Yonge: After they are allowed in and perform a Mummers play, the boys are served beer by the farmer's maid. Other sources show this greeting as current Document [34] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) Day/Boxing Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day and Epiphany, in recent times, this definition in the U.S. has begun to expand to include Yule, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday. The expansion of the holiday season in the U.S. to encompass Thanksgiving is believed to have begun in the 1920s, when in major department stores Macy's and Gimbels were launched dueling Thanksgiving Day parades to promote Christmas sales. Due to the phenomenon of Christmas creep and the informal inclusion of Thanksgiving, the Christmas and holiday season has begun to extend earlier into the year, overlapping Veterans/Remembrance/Armistice Day, Document [35] (Title: Rasmus Persson (radio personality)) hosting a 'Day of Happiness' to combat the negative impression of the area. Though it wasn't true, and thus fell under the 'Bullshit' category, members of the Munkfors Municipality Board contacted "P3" and Rasmus to ask if they could host the first annual Day of Happiness in Munkfors (Swedish: "Glädjens dag i Munkfors"). Owing to the humor of April Fools' Day, Munkfors proposed having the day on April 1 and will do so with Rasmus making a presentation to his home municipality. Rasmus Persson (radio personality) Rasmus Oskar Persson, born 21 September 1983 in Östanås, Värmland, is a Swedish radio Document [36] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) well as contemporary cultural images such as elves sporting Beatle haircuts and psychedelic Christmas trees in Warholesque colors. "Happy Christmas" replaced "Merry Christmas" here and there after clergymen decided the traditional greeting was associated with inebriation. In 1961, 50 billion Christmas cards were mailed by Americans, and, in 1962, America's first Christmas postage stamp was issued—causing a mild firestorm by those who felt the stamp violated separation of church and state. Mamie Eisenhower's Million-Dollar Fudge Recipe was a favorite holiday treat of the Eisenhower White House years. and first appeared in "Who Says We Can't Cook?", a spiral-bound collection of Document [37] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) in 1843, Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word "merry" was then beginning to take on its current meaning of "jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing." ""Merry Christmas"" in this new context figured prominently in "A Christmas Carol". The cynical Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: "If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding." After the visit from the ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; "I am as merry as a Document [38] (Title: The Andy Williams Christmas Album) print in 1833. "O Holy Night", with music by Adolphe Adam, originated in French as "Cantique de Noël" in 1847. The song that came to be known as "Jingle Bells" was published under the name "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857. The earliest printing of the lyrics to "Away In A Manger" dates back to 1885. Of the songs on the album composed in the 20th century, "Sweet Little Jesus Boy" is the oldest, written on Christmas Eve, 1932. In the 1942 film "Holiday Inn", Bing Crosby performed "White Christmas" and "Happy Holiday", with the former spending 11 weeks Document [39] (Title: Happy Hooligan) Happy Hooligan Happy Hooligan was a popular and influential early American comic strip, the first major strip by the already celebrated cartoonist Frederick Burr Opper. It debuted with a Sunday strip on March 11, 1900 in the William Randolph Hearst newspapers, and was one of the first popular comics with King Features Syndicate. The strip told the adventures of a well-meaning hobo who encountered a lot of misfortune and bad luck, partly because of his appearance and low position in society, but who did not lose his smile over it. He was contrasted by his two brothers, the sour Gloomy Document [40] (Title: Many happy returns (greeting)) Many happy returns (greeting) "Many happy returns" is a greeting which is used by some on birthdays, and by others in response to "Merry Christmas" and "Happy New Year". Since the 18th century this has been used as a salutation to offer the hope that a happy day being marked would recur many more times. It is now primarily used, by some, on birthdays. Prior to the mid-19th century, it was used at any celebratory or festive event. The phrase is more common in British English, Indian English, Hiberno English and to some degree in Canadian English than in American Document [41] (Title: Holiday (play)) a place in the country. Now the woman Johnny met and fell in love with at Lake Placid is gone; she is just as materialistic as her father. Produced and directed by Arthur Hopkins, Philip Barry's "Holiday" opened November 26, 1928, at the Plymouth Theatre. The three-act comedy featured scenic design by Robert Edmond Jones and costume design by Margaret Pemberton. It closed in June 1929 after 229 performances. Katharine Hepburn was the understudy to Williams. "Holiday" was included in Burns Mantle's "The Best Plays of 1928–29". The play was adapted for film twice: The first filmed "Holiday" was released Document [42] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) then followed by Christmas presentations through the holiday season. Rituals surrounding Santa Claus such as department store visits to the "jolly old elf", and letter writing to his North Pole workshop remained intact during the post-War era. New to the mix was Santa's Workshop (one of the first theme parks in the US), and NORAD's tracking of Santa's sleigh via radar on Christmas Eve. In Cleveland, Ohio, a costumed character called Mr. Jingeling entertained shoppers annually at Halle's Department Store during the season. In 1949, one of the first theme parks in the United States, Santa's Workshop, was constructed near Document [43] (Title: Happy Human) Happy Human The Happy Human is an icon that has been adopted as an international symbol of secular humanism. Created by Dennis Barrington, the figure was the winning design in a competition arranged by Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association) in 1965. Various forms of it are now used across the world by humanist organisations of all sizes including Humanists UK, International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) and The American Humanist Association (AHA). The trademark is still held by Humanists UK, which freely licenses use of the symbol by bona fide Humanist organisations worldwide. The Happy Human was created Document [44] (Title: Home for the Holidays (song)) Home for the Holidays (song) "(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays" is a popular song, commonly associated with the Christmas and holiday season. The music was composed by Robert Allen, while the lyrics were written by Al Stillman. The song was published during 1954. The best-known recordings were made by Perry Como, who recorded the song twice. The first recording, done on November 16, 1954, was released as a single for Christmas, 1954, by RCA Records. The flip side was "Silk Stockings" (which scored in the "Cash Box" magazine top 50). "Home for the Holidays" reached No. 8 Document [45] (Title: Christmas) In 1875, Louis Prang introduced the Christmas card to Americans. He has been called the "father of the American Christmas card". On June 28, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a United States federal holiday. Up to the 1950s in the UK, many Christmas customs were restricted to the upper classes and better-off families. The mass of the population had not adopted many of the Christmas rituals that later became general. The Christmas tree was rare. Christmas dinner might be beef—certainly not turkey. In their stockings children might get an apple, orange, and sweets. Full celebration of a family Christmas with Document [46] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) Christmas" and "happy Christmas" are traditionally used in English-speaking countries, starting a few weeks before Christmas (December 25) each year. Variations are: These greetings and their equivalents in other languages are popular not only in countries with large Christian populations, but also in the largely non-Christian nations of China and Japan, where Christmas is celebrated primarily due to cultural influences of predominantly Christian countries. They have somewhat decreased in popularity in the United States and Canada in recent decades, but polls in 2005 indicated that they remained more popular than "happy holidays" or other alternatives. "Merry," derived from the Old Document [47] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) 1885 to all federal employees. The original four holidays were: George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1968, the Monday Holiday Act of 1968 shifted several holidays to always fall on a Monday and saw the establishment of Columbus Day. Document [48] (Title: 4,000 Weeks' Holiday) 4,000 Weeks' Holiday 4,000 Weeks' Holiday is a 1984 album by Ian Dury & The Music Students for Polydor Records, released on 27 January 1984. Its title is a reference to the length of an average human lifespan (4000 weeks). In 1984 Ian Dury was an official face for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Britain and went so far as to shave a peace symbol into his hair, this can be seen on the cover to the album (and the "Ban the Bomb" Single). The symbol itself was created by the CND. The album's song credits and lyrics are Document [49] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) of the season have been "Merry Christmas", "Happy Christmas", and "Happy New Year". In the mid-to-late 20th century in the United States, more generic greetings such as "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" began to rise in cultural prominence, and this would later spread to other Western countries including Canada, Australia and to a lesser extent some European countries. A 2012 poll by Rasmussen Reports indicated that 68% of Americans prefer the use of "Merry Christmas", while 23% preferred "Happy Holidays". A similarly-timed Canadian poll conducted by Ipsos-Reid indicated that 72% of Canadians preferred "Merry Christmas". The greetings and farewells "merry Document [50] (Title: Holiday Inn (film)) a calendar with a visual symbol of the given holiday. For November, an animated turkey is shown running back and forth between the third and fourth Thursdays, finally shrugging its shoulders in confusion. This is a satirical reference to the "Franksgiving" controversy when President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to expand the Christmas shopping season by declaring Thanksgiving a week earlier than before, leading to Congress setting Thanksgiving as the fourth Thursday in November by law. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii occurred halfway through filming. As a result, the Fourth of July segment was expanded beyond Fred Astaire's Document [51] (Title: Comparison of American and British English) hungry". This divergence of use can lead to misunderstanding. It is increasingly common for Americans to say "Happy holidays", referring to all, or at least multiple, winter (in the Northern hemisphere) or summer (in the Southern hemisphere) holidays (Christmas, Hanukkah, Winter solstice, Kwanzaa, etc.) especially when one's religious observances are not known; the phrase is rarely heard in the UK. In Britain, the phrases "holiday season" and "holiday period" refer to the period in the summer when most people take time off from work, and travel; AmE does not use "holiday" in this sense, instead using "vacation" for recreational excursions. Document [52] (Title: Holiday) treat the relatively minor Jewish holiday of Hanukkah as a "working holiday", changing very little of their daily routines for this day. The word "holiday" has differing connotations in different regions. In the United States the word is used exclusively to refer to the nationally, religiously or culturally observed day(s) of rest or celebration, or the events themselves, whereas in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, the word may refer to the period of time where leave from one’s duties has been agreed, and is used as a synonym to the US preferred "vacation". This time is usually set Document [53] (Title: A Christmas Carol) around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – but Dickens's use of the phrase in "A Christmas Carol" popularised it among the Victorian public. The exclamation "Bah! Humbug!" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive; the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the "Oxford English Dictionary" as such in 1982. In the early 19th century the celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain with the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to the increasing urbanisation Document [54] (Title: Home for the Holidays (song)) on the "Billboard" magazine chart in the United States. The next Christmas it was released again, with "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" as the flip side. The same recorded version was released in the United Kingdom by HMV, with the flip side "Tina Marie". This recording has appeared on many compilation albums over the years and remains a Christmas radio regular. Como's second recording of the song, in stereo and with a different musical arrangement, was made on July 15, 1959. It was released as a 33rpm single, with flip side "Winter Wonderland" in the U.S., and as a 45rpm Document [55] (Title: White House Hanukkah Party) the Frontier". For two centuries after the time of the story about George Washington and Hanukkah, Christmas was the only winter religious holiday officially recognized by the White House. In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge began lighting an official White House Christmas Tree, and also delivered the first formal presidential message for the holiday. In 1927, his proclamation included the statement that, "Christmas is not a time or a season, but a state of mind". Focusing on the holiday's message, he continued, would guarantee that "there will be born in us a Savior and over us will shine a star sending Document [56] (Title: Smiley) has become the most iconic version. In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by Lee Adams's lyrics in "Put on a Happy Face" from the musical "Bye Bye Birdie". Stern, the man behind this campaign, also later incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993. The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon Document [57] (Title: Happy Xmas (War Is Over)) convey optimism while avoiding the sentimentality that he felt often characterised music of the holiday season. Lennon was the first among the former Beatles to release an original Christmas song after the group disbanded in 1970. "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" would be followed by George Harrison's "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" (1974), Paul McCartney's "Wonderful Christmastime" (1979) and Ringo Starr's album "I Wanna Be Santa Claus" (1999). From 1963 to 1969, the Beatles issued special recordings at Christmas directly to members of their fan club. In late October 1971, with not much more than bare-bones melody and half-formed lyrics, Lennon Document [58] (Title: Christmas) the era of Revolutionary France, Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake was renamed the "equality cake" under anticlerical government policies. In the UK, Christmas Day became a bank holiday in 1834, Boxing Day was added in 1871. In the early-19th century, writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel "A Christmas Carol" that helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment. Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion. Dickens sought to construct Christmas as Document [59] (Title: Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records) Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, carrying solely Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous holiday tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out before the end of the year. It was then sold digitally at online music stores, such as Sony Connect . Hidden in Plain View's "Christmas Song" (which Document [60] (Title: Happy Days) Happy Days Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984 on ABC, with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning eleven seasons. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presented an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States, and starred Ron Howard as teenager Richie Cunningham, Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Fonz" Fonzarelli, and Tom Bosley and Marion Ross as Richie's parents, Howard and Marion Cunningham. "Happy Days" became one of the biggest hits in television history and heavily influenced the television style of Document [61] (Title: Culture of England) from the tale, "Merry Christmas", was popularized following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! Humbug!" dismissive of the festive spirit. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's "Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern" (1833), with the first appearance in print of "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships", "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" and "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public. A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker Document [62] (Title: Christmas in the post-war United States) for a national performing arts center. Early in the post-War years, cards exhibited traditional sentiments and art that reassured war weary Americans. As the 1960s neared, however, sophisticated, adult-oriented cards called "Slim Jims" began appearing on the market. The cards displayed Santas driving fin-tailed convertibles and beatniks delivering greetings in hepcat lingo. The highly stylized cards remained popular well into the 1960s, poking fun at fads and world events. Family photo cards and newsletters (meticulously handwritten or typed by busy moms) became commonplace during the 1960s as well. Hallmark brought African American culture to greeting cards in the 1960s as Document [63] (Title: The Bing Boys Are Here) "The Happy Day" (1916), "The Boy" (1917), and "Yes, Uncle!" (1917). Audiences, which included soldiers on leave, wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it. The revue first opened on 19 April 1916, at the Alhambra Theatre, starring George Robey and Violet Lorraine, famous for their introduction of the song "If You Were the Only Girl (in the World)," and Alfred Lester. It was replaced at the Alhambra on 24 February 1917, after 378 performances, by "The Bing Girls are There", with a different cast. It changed once again on 16 February 1918 to "The Document [64] (Title: Smiley) first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design. In the UK, the happy face has been associated with psychedelic culture since Ubi Dwyer and the Windsor Free Festival in the 1970s and the electronic dance music culture, particularly with acid house, that emerged during the Second Summer of Love in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band Bomb the Bass used an extracted smiley from "Watchmen" on the centre of its "Beat Dis" hit single. The earliest known smiley-like image in a Document [65] (Title: Holiday (The Goodies)) Holiday (The Goodies) "Holiday" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series "The Goodies". This episode is also known as "Holidays" and as "The Holiday" and as "Holiday in Dunsquabbling". This episode was made by LWT for ITV. Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. Tim is fed up with being ignored by the overworked and short-tempered Bill and Graeme, and suggests a three-week holiday for two in a ramshackle, poorly designed, leaky cottage called Dunsquabblin. After battling dismal weather, boredom, indoor birdwatching and failed attempts at relaxation, the team decide to stage 'a Document [66] (Title: Christmas card) The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927. President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. Document [67] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) school-boy. A merry Christmas to everybody!" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets. The instant popularity of "A Christmas Carol", the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new meaning appearing in the book popularized the phrase "merry Christmas". The alternative "happy Christmas" gained usage in the late 19th century, and in the UK and Ireland is a common spoken greeting, along with "merry Christmas." One reason may be the Victorian middle-class influence in attempting to separate wholesome celebration of the Christmas season from public insobriety and associated asocial behaviour, at a time when "merry" also Document [68] (Title: Second Happy Time) Second Happy Time The Second Happy Time, also known among German submarine commanders as the "American shooting season", was the informal name for a phase in the Battle of the Atlantic during which Axis submarines attacked merchant shipping and Allied naval vessels along the east coast of North America. The first "Happy Time" was in 1940–41 in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941 so their navies could begin the Second Happy Time. The Second Happy Time lasted from January 1942 to about August of that Document [69] (Title: Secret Society of Happy People) or texts, share happy moments, philosophy, quotes, etc. HappyThon is the first online social media event that promotes happiness around the world. Since 1998 the Society have been organizing voting and announcing the Happiest Events and Moments of the Year. Before the end of the century, a vote for 100 of the Happiest Events, Inventions and Social Changes of the Century was organized. In the third week of January the Society hosted Hunt for Happiness Week. They asked the current governors for proclamation, and got it by seven of them. Secret Society of Happy People Secret Society of Happy People Document [70] (Title: Secret Society of Happy People) happiness “as loud as they want”. The Society was founded in August 1998 in Irving, Texas, by Pamela Gail Johnson. In December 1998, it gained international reception, when it challenged advice columnist Ann Landers for discouraging people from writing happy holiday newsletters enclosed with their holiday cards. In a letter to Landers, Johnson demanded an apology “to the millions of people you made feel bad for wanting to share their happy news.” The Society’s campaign persuaded Landers to change her advice on holiday letters, one of the rare occasions the columnist had a change of heart. Within the next few Document [71] (Title: TGI Fridays) had a birthday, the entire restaurant crew came around with a cake and sang TGI Fridays' traditional birthday song. The first location closed in 1994 and is now a British pub called "Baker Street"; the brass rails are still there. Although Malachy McCourt's nearby eponymous bar preceded TGI Fridays and Stillman credited the media for creating the term, he had unintentionally created one of the first singles bars. It benefited from the near-simultaneous availability of the birth-control pill and Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique": TGI Fridays was one of the first to use promotions such as ladies' night, and Document [72] (Title: Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records) both musically and lyrically pays homage to Jimmy Eat World's "Goodbye Sky Harbor") was also featured on the original soundtrack to "The Ice Harvest" the following year. Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, carrying solely Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous holiday tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out Document [73] (Title: Holiday (1930 film)) Holiday (1930 film) Holiday is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film which tells the story of a young man who is torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée's family. It stars Ann Harding, Mary Astor, Edward Everett Horton, Robert Ames and Hedda Hopper. It was produced and released by Pathé Exchange. The film was adapted by Horace Jackson from the play by Philip Barry. It was directed by Edward H. Griffith. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Ann Harding) and Best Writing, Adaptation. The film was remade Document [74] (Title: Rudolph's Shiny New Year) for Happy (who left after his hat accidentally fell off and revealing his big ears, causing the dinosaurs to laugh), they repeatedly encounter Eon. After other off-screen visits to the islands of 4000 B.C., 1492, 1893, and 1965 have been completed without success, Rudolph and O.M. head for the island of 1023 (pronounced ten-two-three), belonging to a knight named Sir 1023 whose island is filled with medieval trappings along with several fairy tale and Mother Goose characters. Meanwhile, Happy managed to befriend the Three Bears, but becomes saddened when he removes his hat and exposing his big ears to them, Document [75] (Title: Christmas) Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! Humbug!" dismissive of the festive spirit. In 1843, the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Sir Henry Cole. The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's "Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern" (1833), with the first appearance in print of "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships", "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" and "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen", popularized in Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". In Britain, the Christmas tree was introduced in the early 19th century following the personal union with the Kingdom of Hanover by Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife Document [76] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) meant "intoxicated" – Queen Elizabeth II is said to prefer "happy Christmas" for this reason. In her annual Christmas messages to the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth has used "happy Christmas" far more often than "merry Christmas." Note: "merry Christmas" has been used only four times: in 1962, 1967, 1970 and 1999. "Happy Christmas" has been used on almost every broadcast since 1956. One year included both greetings, and "blessed Christmas" was used in 1954 and 2007) In the American poet Clement Moore's "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (1823), the final line, originally written as "Happy Christmas to all, and to all Document [77] (Title: Holiday (TV series)) Holiday (TV series) Holiday was a long-running UK television programme, which aired mainly on BBC One, sometimes airing on BBC Two. It was the oldest travel review series on UK television, showing every year from 1969 until its demise in 2007. The programme began in 1969 as "Holiday 69", and until the 1990s the year was included in the title in this way. The first presenter was Cliff Michelmore who remained with the series until 1986. In 1974 its popularity led to ITV launching a rival show, "Wish You Were Here...?". Each week the programme consisted of several reports, in Document [78] (Title: Compulsion Games) and the narrative, flowed from this concept. "We Happy Few" is a "cheerful" dystopia set in a fictional English city, Wellington Wells, which is inspired by the psychedelic London of the '60s. It is about a retrofuturistic-fashioned society formed following an alternate timeline of events within World War II, which is on the verge of collapse in the mid-1960s. The residents of the city, seeking to forget an unspeakable horror they committed, began taking a hallucinogenic drug called "Joy" that makes them happy, but also leaves them easily controlled and lacking morality and understanding of anything else. Players will control Document [79] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) States, which has caused a semantics controversy that continues to the present. By the late 20th century, the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah and the new African American cultural holiday of Kwanzaa began to be considered in the U.S. as being part of the "holiday season", a term that as of 2013 has become equally or more prevalent than "Christmas season" in U.S. sources to refer to the end-of-the-year festive period. "Holiday season" has also spread in varying degrees to Canada; however, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the phrase "holiday season" is not widely synonymous with the Christmas–New Year period, Document [80] (Title: Ally Sloper's Half Holiday) in the title was the practice in Victorian Britain of allowing the workers home at lunchtime on a Saturday, a practice that also established the kick-off times of football matches. The black-and-white weekly comic paper "Ally Sloper's Half Holiday", typically of eight tabloid pages and priced one penny, was first published on 3 May 1884, a short time after Ross, had sold the rights to the character to Gilbert Dalziel, an engraver and the publisher of "Judy". Initially launching the paper with proprietor W. J. Sinkins, Dalziel was soon in full control, publishing it from "The Sloperies", 99 Shoe Lane, Document [81] (Title: Many happy returns (greeting)) English. Current usage is often as a more formal option than "Happy Birthday". It is also often found on greetings cards. Its earliest attributable use was by Lady Newdigate in a letter written in 1789 (and published in "Newdigate-Newdegate Cheverels" in 1898) The letter was written in London on 31 May 1789 by Hester Margaretta, Lady Newdigate, to her husband, Sir Roger Newdigate, 5th Baronet, and refers to a wish for their wedding day. A much earlier reference is found in Joseph Addison's newspaper "The Freeholder": An alternative explanation is that "returns" here is used in the sense of "yield" Document [82] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) a good night", has been changed in many later editions to "Merry Christmas to all," perhaps indicating the relative popularity of the phrases in the US. In the United States, "happy holidays" (along with the similarly generalized "season's greetings") has become a common holiday greeting in the public sphere of department stores, public schools and greeting cards. Its use is generally confined to the period between United States Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. The phrase "happy holidays" has been used as a Christmas greeting in the United States for more than 100 years. The increasing usage of "happy holidays" has Document [83] (Title: Black Friday (shopping)) corner the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by eighteen percent. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was ruined. The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurs in the journal, "Factory Management and Maintenance", for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to Document [84] (Title: Happy (2011 film)) Happy (2011 film) Happy is a 2011 feature documentary film directed, written, and co-produced by Roko Belic. It explores human happiness through interviews with people from all walks of life in 14 different countries, weaving in the newest findings of positive psychology. Roko Belic was inspired to create the film after producer/director Tom Shadyac showed him an article in "The New York Times" titled "A New Measure of Well Being from a Happy Little Kingdom". The article ranks the United States as the 23rd-happiest country in the world. Shadyac then suggested that Belic make a documentary about happiness. Belic spent Document [85] (Title: Thanksgiving (United States)) the early development of the holiday. Bradford's "Of Plymouth Plantation" was not published until the 1850s. While the booklet "Mourt's Relation" was summarized by other publications without the now-familiar thanksgiving story. By the eighteenth century the original booklet appeared to be lost or forgotten. A copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820, with the first full reprinting in 1841. In a footnote the editor, Alexander Young, was the first person to identify the 1621 feast as the first Thanksgiving. According to historian James Baker, debates over where any "first Thanksgiving" took place on modern American territory are a "tempest in Document [86] (Title: Christmas) preceding Christmas Day. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year", much like that of the first commercial Christmas card, produced by Sir Henry Cole in London in 1843. The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging E-cards. Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities, and feature artwork, commercially designed and relevant to the season. The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative, with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus, or Christian symbols such as Document [87] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) "Dodge Dancing Party" and its succeeding television shows, becoming Larry Hooper's signature song. Oh Happy Day (1952 song) "Oh Happy Day" was a 1952 surprise hit song, one of the first whose initial popularity was driven by teenagers rather than support from the music industry. The song was originally recorded and copyrighted by Don Howard, a high school student who had learned the song secondhand; the song's originator, Nancy Binns Reed, heard the song and within weeks of its release sued to claim songwriter credit. Reed and Howard eventually settled, with each receiving co-writer credits. Concurrently with Howard's original acoustic Document [88] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) Oh Happy Day (1952 song) "Oh Happy Day" was a 1952 surprise hit song, one of the first whose initial popularity was driven by teenagers rather than support from the music industry. The song was originally recorded and copyrighted by Don Howard, a high school student who had learned the song secondhand; the song's originator, Nancy Binns Reed, heard the song and within weeks of its release sued to claim songwriter credit. Reed and Howard eventually settled, with each receiving co-writer credits. Concurrently with Howard's original acoustic pop recording, concurrent cover versions by two established acts, the Lawrence Welk Orchestra Document [89] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) concept is the same." The issue n°373 of "Holiday Magazine", first issue since the relaunch, was dedicated to the year 1969 and Ibiza. The issue n°373 includes contributions from photographers Josh Olins, Karim Sadli and Mark Peckmezian, a short novel about Ibiza by novelist Arthur Dreyfus, a story on Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin's New York loft, and the cover features a chosen fragment of Remed's painting "Leonogone". The first issue featured an essay about the history of the original "Holiday Magazine". Holiday (magazine) Holiday was an American travel magazine published from 1946 to 1977. Originally published by the Document [90] (Title: The Holidays) The Holidays The Holidays are an Australian indie pop/soul band. Formed in Sydney in 2006, the band consists of Simon Jones, Will Magnus, Alex Kortt and Andrew Kerridge. Their debut album "Post Paradise" was nominated for an Australian Music Prize. The Holidays formed in late 2006 and quickly established themselves in the Sydney music scene as an upbeat, energetic addition. Simon Jones and Will Magnus had attended high school together, previously playing in cover bands in their schools' band competition. They were often up against the band Roger Explosion in these competitions, who went on to become the Australian electropop Document [91] (Title: Christmas and holiday season) English "myrige", originally meant merely "pleasant, agreeable" rather than joyous or jolly (as in the phrase "merry month of May"). Christmas has been celebrated since the 4th century AD, the first known usage of any Christmas greeting dates was in 1534. ""Merry Christmas and a happy new year"" (thus incorporating two greetings) was in an informal letter written by an English admiral in 1699. The same phrase is contained in the title of the English carol "We Wish You a Merry Christmas," and also appears in the first commercial Christmas card, produced by Henry Cole in England in 1843. Also Document [92] (Title: Happy Xmas (War Is Over)) four weeks later. The second was released 12 December 2006 by American rock band The Fray as a digital download. It debuted at number 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 41 on the Pop 100 on the week ending 31 December 2006, but stayed on the respective charts for only one more week. Some of the earliest cover versions of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" appear on holiday albums released by major pop singers, such as "I Still Believe in Santa Claus" (1990) by Andy Williams, "The Christmas Album" (1992) by Neil Diamond, "A Very Special Season" (1994) Document [93] (Title: Holiday Beanie Babies) and white striped scarf. In 2005, Ty introduced a bear called Happy Hanukkah. Two versions were made: one with a dreidel and one with a menorah. While the one with the menorah was available in retail stores, the one with the dreidel had to be purchased online. In 2005, the first bear in honor of New Year's Day, called "New Year" was introduced. In each subsequent year, a bear called "New Year" followed by the upcoming year has been introduced (2007 and 2008). Some viewed Millennium and Ty2K as New Years bears in honor of New Years Day 2000. Countdown Document [94] (Title: Happy hour) phrase "happy hour," to refer to a scheduled period of entertainment is of much more recent vintage. One possible origin of the term "Happy Hour," in the sense of a scheduled period of entertainment, is from the United States Navy. In early 1913, a group of "home makers" called the "Happy Hour Social" organized "semi-weekly smokers" onboard . The name "Happy Hour Club," "Happy Hour Social Club," and similar variants, had been in use as the names of social clubs, primarily by women's social clubs, since at least the early 1880s. By June 1913, the crew of "Arkansas" had started Document [95] (Title: Thanksgiving) beginning of the 19th century, coinciding with and eventually superseding the existing holiday of Evacuation Day (a day commemorating the British exit from the United States following the Revolutionary War). Modern Thanksgiving was first officially called for in all states in 1863 by a presidential proclamation of Abraham Lincoln. Influenced by the campaigning of author Sarah Josepha Hale, who wrote letters to politicians for around 40 years trying to make it an official holiday, Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving on the final Thursday in November, explicitly in celebration of the bounties that had continued to fall on the Union and Document [96] (Title: Xmas) the entry: "Xmas. Christmas." Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. used the term in a letter dated 1923. Since at least the late 19th century, "Xmas" has been in use in various other English-language nations. Quotations with the word can be found in texts first written in Canada, and the word has been used in Australia, and in the Caribbean. "Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage" stated that modern use of the term is largely limited to advertisements, headlines and banners, where its conciseness is valued. The association with commerce "has done nothing for its reputation", according to the dictionary. In the United Document [97] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) settlement along with an agreement that Mrs. Reed and Mr. Kaplow share equal credit for the song's words and music. "Music Views" magazine reported in its June 1953 edition that Kaplow's girlfriend had graduated from a girl's camp, where Ms. Reed had served as a counselor. "Oh Happy Day" (not to be confused with the gospel hit of the same name) was known as the "people's hit" since it became a national United States hit song as well as an international hit without any initial support from the music industry. The song reached US #3 in Cashbox and #4 & Document [98] (Title: Holiday) aside for rest, travel or the participation in recreational activities, with entire industries targeted to coincide or enhance these experiences. The days of leave may not coincide with any specific customs or laws. Employers and educational institutes may designate ‘holidays’ themselves which may or may not overlap nationally or culturally relevant dates, which again comes under this connotation, but it is the first implication detailed that this article is concerned with. The word "holiday" comes from the Old English word "hāligdæg" ("hālig" "holy" + "dæg" "day"). The word originally referred only to special religious days. In modern use, it means Document [99] (Title: Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis) Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857. "Toyland" originated in the 1903 operetta "Babes in Toyland", and "Happy Holiday" was first performed in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn". Perry Como and the Fontane Sisters reached number 19 on "Billboard" magazine's Records Most Played by Disc Jockeys chart and number 23 on its list of the Best-Selling Pop Singles of the week in 1951 with the first recording of "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas". Peggy Lee's rendition of "It's Christmas Time Again" was released in 1953, and "Caroling, Caroling" first appeared on the 1954 LP "The Christmas Mood" by The Document [100] (Title: Holiday (magazine)) Holiday (magazine) Holiday was an American travel magazine published from 1946 to 1977. Originally published by the Curtis Publishing Company, "Holiday"'s circulation grew to more than one million subscribers at its height. The magazine employed writers such as Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Lawrence Durell, James Michener and E. B. White. The magazine was relaunched as a bi-annual magazine in 2014, located in Paris, but written in English. "Holiday" was an American travel magazine that was picked up and then introduced by the Curtis Publishing Company in 1946. By the end of the first year the circulation topped 425,000. The magazine Document [101] (Title: Smiley) it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar), which mutated into "Have a nice day". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972. In 1972, Frenchman Franklin Loufrani became the first person to legally trademark a use of a smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper "France Soir". He Document [102] (Title: Happy hour) referring to their regularly scheduled smokers as "Happy Hours." The "Happy Hours" included a variety of entertainment, including boxing and wrestling matches, music, dancing and movies. By the end of World War I, the practice of holding "Happy Hours" had spread throughout the entire Navy. The idea of drinking before dinner has its roots in the Prohibition era. When the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act were passed banning alcohol consumption, people would host "cocktail hours", also known as "happy hours," at a speakeasy before eating at restaurants where alcohol could not be served. Cocktail lounges continued the trend of Document [103] (Title: Oh Happy Day (1952 song)) Howard Kaplow sang it accompanied by his guitar before his classmates at Cleveland Heights High School, in Cleveland, Ohio. At a Saturday high-school dance, the boys and girls called 13 times for "Oh Happy Day". This convinced Koplow to put the song on wax. Once it was played on the air, teenage fans besieged the disc jockey, Phil McLean of radio station WERE with requests that kept him spinning the song all week. Calls began coming in from nearby cities, and it was decided the record should go to market. A contract was signed in early November 1952 and "Oh Document [104] (Title: Christmas controversies) with greeting their customers with "Happy Holidays" or "Season's Greetings" rather than with "Merry Christmas". Supreme Court rulings, starting with "Lynch v. Donnelly" in 1984, have permitted religious themes in government-funded Christmas displays that had "legitimate secular purposes". Since these rulings have been splintered and have left governments uncertain of their limits, many such displays have included secular elements such as reindeer, snowmen and elves along with the religious elements. Other recent court cases have brought up additional issues such as the inclusion of Christmas carols in public school performances, but none of these cases have reached the Supreme Court Document [105] (Title: Christmas on Campus) It is considered by some to be an integral part of the campus' spirit. The roots of Christmas on Campus can be traced to 1962, when an event called Operation Joy was held in which 60 children between the ages of 4 and 12 were brought to campus as part of a Christmas party hosted by the senior class. In 1963, the first event referred to as Christmas on Campus was held. However, it was meant as a celebration for students before the beginning of Christmas break, and did not include inviting children. These two events were combined in 1966, Document [106] (Title: Father Christmas) in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. The custom of merrymaking and feasting at Christmastide first appears in the historical record during the High Middle Ages (c 1100–1300). This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian Ronald Hutton has pointed out—"we have no details at all." Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom. The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Document [107] (Title: Happy List) Happy List The Happy List is a list of 100 people in the United Kingdom "who give back, volunteer, and who make Britain a better balanced, happier country." It has been published annually in April by the "Independent on Sunday", a British national Sunday newspaper, since 2008. The BBC welcomed the first Happy List as "an antidote" to the Sunday Times Rich List, a longer-standing institution which is published on the same day. Following widespread comment in the UK and abroad, the "Independent" announced a week later that it would make the Happy List an annual fixture. The "Wall Street Question: when was the term happy holidays first used

Answer: mid-to - late 20th century Long Answer: A selection of goodwill greetings are often used around the world to address strangers, family, colleagues or friends during the season . Some greetings are more prevalent than others, depending on culture and location . Traditionally, the predominant greetings of the season have been "Merry Christmas", "Happy Christmas", and "Happy New Year". In the mid-to - late 20th century in the United States, more generic greetings such as "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" began to rise in cultural prominence, and this would later spread to other Western countries including Canada, Australia and to a lesser extent some European countries . A 2012 poll by Rasmussen Reports indicated that 68% of Americans prefer the use of "Merry Christmas", while 23% preferred "Happy Holidays". A similarly - timed Canadian poll conducted by Ipsos - Reid indicated that 72% of Canadians preferred "Merry Christmas". Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) people are still able to start spitting out those lyrics on cue, its lasting appeal is undeniably impressive." Tom Eames of "Digital Spy" ranked the song 3rd in a list of 25 sitcom theme songs. and "Rolling Stone" readers ranked the song 6th out of a list of 10 television theme songs. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song) "Yo Home to Bel-Air", informally known as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme", is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". Music for the Document [2] (Title: So Fresh, So Clean) propelling the sales of "Stankonia" after the success of "Ms. Jackson". Among the things and people mentioned in the song are the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Cadillac Eldorado (both General Motors cars), the television show "Showtime At The Apollo" and its longtime host Kiki Shepard, and the R&B singers Teddy Pendergrass and Freddie Jackson and Anne Frank. In 2017, the song appeared in the first episode of Marvel's "Iron Fist". Also in 2017, it appeared on the soundtrack for the video game NBA 2K18. The official remix, "So Fresh, So Clean (Stankonia Remix)" features Snoop Dogg & Sleepy Brown. It Document [3] (Title: Susan Borowitz) Susan Borowitz Susan Stevenson Borowitz is an American writer and producer. She is best known for her work on "Family Ties, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Aliens in the Family", and "Pleasantville""." During her marriage to writer and comedian, Andy Borowitz (1982–2005), the two co-created "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." This series ran from 1990–1996 and led to Will Smith's stardom. It won NAACP's Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993. In addition, Susan and Andy co-created and produced many other television situation comedies. Susan is the author of the comedic novel, "When We’re in Public, Pretend You Don’t Document [4] (Title: Purple Rain (film)) his new song. The Kid returns to the club, to be greeted by the approval of his fellow musicians and the embrace of a teary-eyed Apollonia. The Kid returns to the stage for two encores with The Revolution, to the wild approval of the crowd (even Morris); overlaid scenes show the Kid visiting his father and mother in the hospital and sorting his father's compositions in the basement, accompanied by Apollonia. A montage of all the songs plays as the credits roll. "Purple Rain" was written by Albert Magnoli and William Blinn, and produced by Prince's managers Robert Cavallo, Joseph Document [5] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) lead single, "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson" was in the same vein as their other lead singles; with this one having Will say he could literally beat Mike Tyson in a boxing match. Jazzy Jeff is shown training Prince to perform this task, and after Prince loses, Jeff then claims that he might be able to do it himself. James Avery and Alfonso Ribeiro (co-stars of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") show up as Don King and member of the fighting crew's posse, respectively. The next single was "Jazzy's Groove", sampling "Nautilus" in the chorus and bridge. The Document [6] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) in Region 2 in Germany, and in the complete series boxset in the United Kingdom. On August 13, 2015, it was reported that a reboot of the show was in development by Overbrook Entertainment, with Will Smith serving as a producer. In August 2016, during a promotional interview with the E! television network, for his then upcoming film "Suicide Squad", Smith denied that a reboot was in development, saying that it would happen "...pretty close to when Hell freezes over." The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from Document [7] (Title: Jeff Pollack) the early 1980s, Jeff Pollack traveled through Asia both as a tourist and documentarian. After three years on the road—and in the rice fields and jungle—Pollack returned to the U.S., dabbling in real estate development before devoting himself to an entertainment career. Pollack co-created the NBC TV series "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" with friend and business partner Benny Medina, who was the inspiration for the show's title character played by then-rapper Will Smith. He wrote, produced and directed for the show until its end. Pollack and Medina also launched and ran a management/production company together, Medina/Pollack Entertainment (later Document [8] (Title: Don Lake) Dr. Carl Whitehorn on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". An actor, writer, and producer, Lake was born in Toronto, Ontario. He first arrived in Los Angeles to attend California Institute of the Arts, which counts John Lasseter, Ed Harris, Don Cheadle, and Tim Burton among its alumni. After graduating, Lake returned to Toronto to join the Second City Touring Company, and later was promoted to main stage as part of Second City, the world-famous improvisational theater company. During this time, he was a regular on two series for Showtime: "Bizarre" and "Super Dave", which ran for nine years total. He Document [9] (Title: Cinderella (1950 film)) Lost My Heart at the Ball" and the Prince would sing "The Face That I See in the Night." However, none of their songs were used. Two years later, Disney turned to Tin Pan Alley songwriters Mack David, Al Hoffman, and Jerry Livingston to compose the songs. They were the first professional composers hire outside the production company. The trio had previously written the song "Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba" that Walt heard the radio and decided would work well with the Fairy Godmother sequence. They finished the songs in March 1949. Oliver Wallace composed the score, but only after the animation was Document [10] (Title: Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)) to miss you, C." UGO editor Bryan Enk praised Will Smith's role as the character, stating "Rarely has there been a television series so perfectly tailor-made for its star than "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" [...] "Fresh Prince" fit Will Smith like a glove; it was obviously a showcase for him, but his co-stars were just as good, and Smith never hogged the spotlight (or the camera), allowing each cast member to shine in every episode." Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) William "Will" Smith (portrayed by Will Smith) is a fictional character in the NBC television series, "The Document [11] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) (Vivian Banks) guest starred as Dr. Maxwell Stanton's parents (Stanton was played by Ribeiro). Both Avery and Reid portrayed the parents of Ribeiro's "Fresh Prince" character. Joseph Marcell, who played the wisecracking Geoffrey Butler on "Fresh Prince", appeared as an officiating minister in the same episode. The show is notable for having a heavy celebrity guest presence with more than 40 celebrities guest starring throughout the series. Seasons 1 and 4 had the highest celebrity participation with 10 guest stars each. The series received mixed critical reviews. The series was produced by NBC Productions in association with the Stuffed Dog Document [12] (Title: Late Night with Jimmy Fallon) singing the theme to "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." Many of the sketches went viral; the first among these was Brian Williams' appearance for "Slow Jam the News," a bit where Fallon and The Roots turned news stories into a "sexy R&B song." Some of "Late Night" most famous musical moments included Paul McCartney joining Fallon to sing "Scrambled Eggs" – the working title of "Yesterday" – using the original whimsical filler lyrics, as well as President Barack Obama's appearance to "Slow Jam the News." An article in "The Huffington Post" credited music as crucial to the show's success: ""Late Document [13] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song) "Yo Home to Bel-Air", informally known as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme", is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". Music for the song was written by Quincy Jones (who also served as the TV show's executive producer). Lyrics were composed by Will Smith, performing under his stage name "The Fresh Prince", and the song was produced by Jeffrey Townes under his stage name "DJ Jazzy Jeff". The song was released in the Netherlands as Document [14] (Title: I Got You (I Feel Good)) "Miami Vice" episode "Missing Hours" in which Brown made a guest appearance as a former music star-turned-con man who promotes extraterrestrial life. In the series finale of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "I, Done", Philip Banks dances to the song on his birthday. Kids Incorporated covered "I Feel Good" in 1993 in the Season 9 episode "Dating Anxiety". It was also played on NTV7, a Malaysian television channel, as it plays the song accompanied by the clips of its programmes at the start and end of the day's broadcast since its launch in 1998 until around 2006. It reflects the Document [15] (Title: Tatyana Ali) various episodes of the show, including a heavily altered version of Aretha Franklin's "Respect" and the original song, "Make Up Your Mind" produced by Robert Jerald of N'Spyre Music Productions. Will Smith asked her if she seriously considered pursuing a musical career. Despite her singing ability, she concentrated on her acting career on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" the next few years. In the final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" (1995–96), Ali began preparing herself for her musical debut. The result was the album "Kiss The Sky", which was certified gold in early 1999. The album spawned the Document [16] (Title: It's Not Unusual) who actually played on the record, but the most likely candidates are: The late Brian Brocklehurst stated in 1995 that he played the upright bass on both "It's Not Unusual" and "Downtown". The song enjoyed a resurgence in the mid-1990s, as it was used in the hit sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" on several occasions. It typically features Carlton Banks, one of the lead characters, lip-synching to the lyrics and performing comedic choreography. Jones had guest-starred on the show on a few occasions, also performing and dancing alongside Banks in the episodes. Jones later made a guest appearance in Document [17] (Title: The Fresh Prince Project) The Fresh Prince Project "The Fresh Prince Project" is the pilot episode of the sitcom "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". It was aired on 10 September 1990. It guest-stars John Petlock and Helen Page Camp as Henry and Margaret Furth. Tatyana Ali was auditioned in New York City for Quincy Jones when he was 11 years old to play Ashley. This episode was followed by "Bang The Drum, Ashley". Street-smart teenager Will Smith is living in West Philadelphia with his mother Viola. When he gets into a fight with a bully named Omar he is sent to his wealthy relatives in Document [18] (Title: Getting By) Alan Plotkin as a non-writing producer, the team of Barry O'Brien and Cheryl Alu as co-executive producers, co-producer Michael J. Morris, and Scott Spencer Gorden, who had been executive story consultant during "Perfect Strangers"' final two seasons, and whom continued in the same role on "Getting By". Joel Zwick, a regular director on Miller/Boyett shows, garnered a rare producing credit in the second season as well. Eunetta T. Boone and P. Karen Raper, known for their work as script editors and consultants on predominantly black series such as "Roc" and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", also were added to the Document [19] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) the rich white family to a rich black family “That way we could explore Black-on-Black prejudice as well as Black class differences“ said Medina in an interview for "Ebony" magazine. Medina pitched the idea to Quincy Jones, who had just signed a TV deal with Time-Warner. Jones was impressed by the idea and arranged a meeting with NBC chief Brandon Tartikoff. Medina wanted Will Smith to portray him in the show. Smith was well known by then as his music career as The Fresh Prince had put him in the main stream radar. After Tartikoff subsequently communicated he was interested Document [20] (Title: Fresh Airs) the latter cut from the recordings due to space on the discs, though it was later released in the 'Exitary' section of the 'Bestiary of Flanders and Swann'. 'Jaguar' was re-written in animal version and released on the 'Bestiary'. Fresh Airs Fresh Airs was a revue produced by Laurier Lister that opened in Brighton in 1955. It was the last in his series of "Airs" revues before Flanders & Swann started performing for themselves in "At the Drop of a Hat". All the songs mentioned here were written by Flanders & Swann unless stated otherwise. Bottom Five Five numbers allegedly Document [21] (Title: Malcolm Prince) series 'Ain't No Mickey Mouse Business'. This was the beginning of a long and successful partnership with the writer and broadcaster, Brian Sibley. In 2000, Prince became a staff producer at BBC Radio 2 producing a variety of weekly programmes and documentaries. Today, he produces: 2017 2016 A Carpenters Christmas (Producer), presented by Petula Clark 2015 Radio 2 Eurovision - various programmes 2014 2013 Other notable productions include: 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004/3 2002-2000 Prior to 2000 He also produced The Russell Davies Song Show from 2002-2004. In September 2004, he created Elaine Paige on Sunday Document [22] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) first Grammy for a hip hop/rap song, which was met with mixed feelings. Nevertheless, the single was a success, launching the group into even more mainstream stardom. The video showed Prince's misadventures of trying to get around his parents' strict rules in a very comical way, very much like their first single "Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble". It gained much airplay on TV channels such as MTV, giving the group much attention. The song was played in an episode of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" ("Someday Your Prince Will Be In Effect (Part 1)"), and referenced in two other episodes Document [23] (Title: Fresh (1994 film)) by the Wu-Tang Clan and nine songs by old school hip hop artists, including The Cold Crush Brothers, Whodini, and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Allmusic editor Chris Witt gave the soundtrack album four-and-a-half out of five stars and noted its old school tracks as the highlights, writing that "The contrast between the life and color of the old school tracks and the unrelenting gloom of the Wu-Tang cuts, produced over ten years later, suggests that hip-hop may have lost something in the intervening years." Fresh (1994 film) Fresh is a 1994 American crime film written and directed by Document [24] (Title: Quincy Jones) company signed a 10-picture deal with Warner Brothers and a two-series deal with NBC Productions. The television show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was completed in 1990, but producers of "In the House" (from UPN) rejected its early concept stages. Jones produced the successful "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" (discovering Will Smith), UPN's "In the House", and FOX's "Madtv"which ran for 14 seasons.<ref name="http://www.quincyjones.com/about"></ref> In the early 1990s, he started a huge, ongoing project called "The Evolution of Black Music". QJE started a weekly talk show with Jones's friend the Reverend Jesse Jackson as the host. Beginning in the late Document [25] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) end of each episode. The music often used to bridge scenes together during the show is based on a similar chord structure. The theme song and opening sequence set the premise of the show. Will Smith is a street-smart teenager, West Philadelphia "born and raised". While playing street basketball, Will misses a shot and the ball hits a group of people, causing a confrontation that frightens his mother, who sends him to live with his wealthy aunt and uncle in the opulent neighborhood of Bel Air, Los Angeles. Will's working-class background ends up clashing in various humorous ways with the Document [26] (Title: The New Cup) series "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". The second song featured in the episode is "You Don't Have to Be a Prostitute." In an interview with The A.V. Club, Jemaine explained that the song was inspired by The Police's hit single "Roxanne". However, the duo wished to make a "judgmental" version that "makes a lot of assumptions about the profession. Singing a song about prostitution, like 'I'll stop you from being a prostitute with this song'". "The New Cup" debuted on HBO on January 25, 2009. The episode received over 500,000 viewers. This made the episode the third highest rated premium Document [27] (Title: Enygma) before and a young African living in London had a most unlikely introduction to the artform that is rapping. Enygma memorised all the lyrics and did the same for MC Hammer's "U Can't Touch This" and Will Smith's theme song to "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". in 1991, 11-year-old rapping duo Kris Kross emerged on the scene and because these boys looked like him (particularly the late Mac Daddy), Enygma felt encouraged that the craft was not inaccessible to little boys such as himself. Over the next decade, he collected music by 2pac, Notorious BIG, Jay-Z, Nas, Eminem, Xzibit, DMX, Document [28] (Title: Winifred Hervey) In the 1990s, she executive produced and wrote for "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" and "In the House". In 1996, she created, executive produced and served as head writer for "The Steve Harvey Show". The series won three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2001, 2002, and 2003. In 2002, she produced and wrote six episodes of the UPN series "Half & Half" for which she was nominated for a BET Comedy Award. In 2004, she was the first black recipient of the Beverly Hills Older American of the Year award. Winifred Hervey Winifred Hervey (born May 14, Document [29] (Title: Kiss the Sky (Tatyana Ali album)) the label in late 1999. The album was made with the help of her "Fresh Prince" co-star and rapper Will Smith. AllMusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five, claiming: "History has often taught us that when an actor or actress decides to record an album, consumers had best be on their guard and proceed with caution. But in some cases, actors are also worthwhile singers. A case in point is Tatyana Ali, who is best known for playing Ashley on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". After establishing herself as an actress, Document [30] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10, 1990 to May 20, 1996. The show stars Will "The Fresh Prince" Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight in his hometown. In the series, his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air. The series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes. In 1990, Document [31] (Title: Jeff Pollack) Jeff Pollack Jeffrey Ian Pollack (November 15, 1959 – December 23, 2013) was an American film director, screenwriter, television producer and writer. He was known as the co-creator, writer, and producer of the '90s sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". As a film director he directed the films "Above the Rim" (1994), "Booty Call" (1997) and "Lost & Found" (1999). Pollack served as executive consultant on "The Tyra Banks Show". He was a frequent collaborator with Benny Medina. He was an alum of University of Southern California film school. Following graduation from University of Southern California Film School in Document [32] (Title: The Fresh Prince Project) first episode. The cab driver in the opening sequence is Quincy Jones, the executive producer of the show. According to the retrospective included as an extra feature on the first season box set, Vivian Banks name was to be Wendy Banks. However, director Debbie Allen felt Vivian would be a better name and the producers loved it right away. In the opening scene when Will is doing his mockery of Geoffrey, the mirror over his right shoulder shows crew or equipment moving. The Fresh Prince Project "The Fresh Prince Project" is the pilot episode of the sitcom "Fresh Prince of Document [33] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) "Blossom" episode "Wake Up Little Suzy" as Hilary Banks. Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom "Out All Night" as Hilary. "In the House" and "Fresh Prince" were both executive-produced by Winifred Hervey, David Salzman and Quincy Jones. During the second season's first episode, Alfonso Ribeiro and Tatyana Ali appeared as their "Fresh Prince" characters (Carlton and Ashley Banks) in the crossover episode "Dog Catchers". Later that season, James Avery (Phillip Banks) appeared as a mediator in the episode "Love on a One-Way Street". In the Season 4 episode "My Pest Friend's Wedding", James Avery and Daphne Maxwell Reid Document [34] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1)) youngest cousin, and Geoffrey, the family's cynical English Butler. Will's lifestyle often clashes with that of his relatives there, and frequently got him or other members of the family into trouble as well. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1) The first season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 10, 1990, and concluded on May 6, 1991. In the pilot, Will Smith is revealed to be a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia, who is sent to live with his wealthy relatives in their Bel Air mansion. His relatives include Phillip Banks, Will's strict and gruff uncle, Document [35] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3) The third season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 14, 1992, and aired its season finale on May 10, 1993. This would be the last season for Janet Hubert-Whitten, who was fired from the show following her pregnancy and difficulties working with the cast. She was replaced by Daphne Maxwell Reid in the show's fourth season and for the remainder of the show's run. Additionally, the character Nicky Banks was added to the cast toward the end of the season as Phillip and Vivian's newborn son, due to Hubert-Whitten's pregnancy. Document [36] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6) The sixth and final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 18, 1995, and aired its final episodes on May 20, 1996. In the series finale, the main characters all move out of the Banks Mansion to move on with their lives. Hilary's talk show moves to New York City; Ashley moves to New York with Hilary; Carlton transfers to Princeton University; Geoffrey moves back to England to be with his son; Philip, Vivian and Nicky move to New York to be closer to the rest of the family; and Document [37] (Title: Daphne Maxwell Reid) Daphne Maxwell Reid Daphne Etta Maxwell-Reid (born July 13, 1948) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for her role as the second Vivian Banks on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" from 1993 until 1996. Reid was born in New York City, the daughter of Rosalee and Green Maxwell. She is a graduate of The Bronx High School of Science. She received a degree in interior design and architecture from Northwestern University, which she attended on a scholarship and where she became the first African-American woman to be named homecoming queen. While at Northwestern Document [38] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) simulate a casting room and after Tartikoff was satisfied with Smith’s performance contracts were signed on the spot to get the show started and bind Smith to the project. Less than two months later the pilot episode began taping on May 1, 1990. Season 1 first aired in September 1990, and ended in May 1991. The series finale was taped on Thursday, March 21, 1996. The theme song "Yo Home to Bel Air" was written and performed by Smith under his stage name, The Fresh Prince. The music was composed by Quincy Jones, who is credited with Smith at the Document [39] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Will Smith (the Fresh Prince) met disc jockey Jeff Townes (DJ Jazzy Jeff) in the 1980s, when they were both trying to make names for themselves in West Philadelphia's local hip hop scene. They had as a support live member Clarence Holmes (Ready Rock C) – who was not officially credited to the duo. Holmes left the group in 1990 and later sued unsuccessfully for earnings, claiming a breach of oral contract. The group received Document [40] (Title: New jack swing) to new jack swing with their nationally televised ceremony. The 1989 film "Ghostbusters II" helped spread new jack swing with its theme song, "On Our Own" by Bobby Brown (who was nicknamed "The King of New Jack Swing"). NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" also boosted the spread of this culture, as the star of the show, Will Smith, was known initially for his hip-hop duo with DJ Jazzy Jeff. During the first episode of the series, Will Smith dances to the Soul II Soul new jack swing single "Back to Life". "A Different World" and "In Living Document [41] (Title: Susan Borowitz) place. They hired black writers and crew members in order to be accurate in their depictions. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air resulted in a change of pop culture with its popularity, influencing America on the vast lifestyles of all races. It also successfully started many careers for other African American people inspiring networks and writers to further incorporate lead stars as being African American. "Out All Night" was co-created by Susan Borowitz, Andy Borowitz and Rob Edwards. The Borowitz's were also executive producers. The series starred Patti LaBelle and ran on NBC from September 1992 to July 1993. LaBelle played Document [42] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) and sentenced to pay this all back. For the first three seasons of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," Smith had 25% of his paycheck subjected to IRS garnishment. In 1990 Ready Rock C decided not to continue as support, and he later sued the duo, but lost. Still having a bit of extra money from starring in the successful sitcom, the duo decided to stage a comeback album in 1991, "Homebase". The platinum album featured a more mature sound from the group, with Smith rapping in a deeper, consistent voice and changed their sound to fit the era's trend of Document [43] (Title: For the Love of Money) was featured on "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" episode "Winner Takes Off" where Will and Carlton fake a lottery ticket, managing to convince their butler Geoffrey he has won $26,000,000. When they turn off the music as Geoffrey dances to celebrate, he snootily retorts "You can keep the tape, I'm buying The O'Jays!". The song was featured at the beginning of the 1997 comedy film "For Richer or Poorer." Beginning in 2004, the song was used as the theme to the reality television show "The Apprentice," with Donald Trump, and later as the theme to "The Celebrity Apprentice," and Document [44] (Title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance) The Fresh Prince for "Parents Just Don't Understand", J. J. Fad for "Supersonic" (from the album of the same name), Kool Moe Dee for "Wild Wild West", LL Cool J for "Going Back to Cali", and Salt-n-Pepa (the duo consisting of Cheryl James and Sandra Denton) for "Push It". The duo known as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince consisted of DJ Jazzy Jeff (birth name Jeffrey Townes) and actor Will Smith, whose nickname also appeared in the American television sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", in which he starred. "Parents Just Don't Understand" appeared on the duo's 1988 Document [45] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6)) Will remains in California to finish his college studies. Will Smith, James Avery, Alfonso Ribeiro, Tatyana Ali, and Joseph Marcell appear in all episodes. Karyn Parsons was absent for one episode (ep. 4). Daphne Maxwell Reid was absent for five episodes and Ross Bagley was absent for eight episodes. DJ Jazzy Jeff appears in five episodes this season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6) The sixth and final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 18, 1995, and aired its final episodes on May 20, 1996. In the series finale, the main characters all move Document [46] (Title: Prince of Belvedair) Bel-Air, an American television sitcom. All tracks were produced by Beatzarre and Djorkaeff, except track 2 ("Prince of Belvadair") was produced by 3Nity and Abaz, and track 3 ("Besser im Bett") was produced by Abaz. "I Need A Girl (Part Three)" was released as first single from album on March 2, 2012. It was recorded in Berlin, in studio of producer "Beatzarre". The musicvideo of the song was filmed in Miami and actually reached over 8 million views on YouTube. In German charts, the single reached position 29 and in Austrian charts it reached position 44. In Swiss charts, the Document [47] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3)) <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3) The third season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 14, 1992, and aired its season finale on May 10, 1993. This would be the last season for Janet Hubert-Whitten, who was fired from the show following her pregnancy and difficulties working with the cast. She was replaced by Daphne Maxwell Reid in the show's fourth season and for the remainder of the show's run. Additionally, the character Nicky Banks was added to the cast toward the end of the season as Phillip and Vivian's newborn son, due to Hubert-Whitten's Document [48] (Title: Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)) Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) William "Will" Smith (portrayed by Will Smith) is a fictional character in the NBC television series, "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". The character of Will Smith is loosely based on the life of his actor of the same name (although in the show 'Will' is short for William, while in real-life it is short for Willard). Smith's charming and mischievous personality earned him the nickname "Prince," which eventually became "Fresh Prince". Smith became a successful rapper, but lost most of his money because of poor budgeting. When NBC signed Smith up for the Document [49] (Title: Andy Borowitz) Life". He wrote for various television series through the 1980s. In 1990, Borowitz created "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", which ran for six seasons on NBC and launched the acting career of Will Smith. Borowitz received an NAACP Image Award for the series. In 1998, Borowitz co-produced the film "Pleasantville", starring Reese Witherspoon, Tobey Maguire, William H. Macy, Joan Allen, and Jeff Daniels. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Best Costume Design, and Best Music, Original Dramatic Score. In 2004 Borowitz appeared in Woody Allen's "Melinda and Melinda," starring Will Ferrell, and in "Marie Document [50] (Title: Bel Air (song)) called the video "snoozy", "an artform", and drew comparisons between Del Rey's work and neo-noir films. AOL's Spinner said: "Here's how we imagine the pitch meeting going for Lana Del Rey's new "Bel Air" video. Director: Lana, can you stand around in smoke for a little while and occasionally look at a camera? Lana: Yes. Director: Brilliant!" MTV pointed out the obvious parallels the song title gained with the television program "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". Noting that Del Rey was "stunning" in the video for "Bel Air", "Vibe" said it would "...definitely keep the Lana-obsessed occupied for a Document [51] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5)) the first episode to feature this change, Jazz (one of Will's friends) expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5) The fifth season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 19, 1994 and aired its season finale on May 15, 1995. The series opens with Will working in Philadelphia, before a worker from NBC shows up and kidnaps him, telling him that the show's called The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, not The Fresh Prince of Philadelphia. Ross Bagley was added to the show's cast, playing a now preschool-aged Document [52] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) upper class world of the Banks family – Will's uncle Phil and aunt Vivian and their children, Will's cousins: Hilary, Carlton, and Ashley. The premise is loosely based on the real-life story of the show's producer Benny Medina. During the fall 1991–1992 season, NBC gained two hit television shows to anchor their Monday night lineup ("Blossom" aired immediately after "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"). To gain popularity between the two shows, Will Smith appeared in the "Blossom" episode "I'm with the Band" as himself under his rap stage name, The Fresh Prince. That same season, Karyn Parsons appeared in the Document [53] (Title: Karyn Parsons) School. Parsons starred as Hilary Banks on the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", which aired on NBC from 1990 to 1996. She co-created, co-produced, co-wrote, and co-starred on the Fox sitcom "Lush Life" in 1996, which was later canceled after four episodes. In 2001, she starred in the critically acclaimed but short-lived television series "The Job" with Denis Leary. Besides television, Parsons has starred in several films, particularly in comedies such as "Late Nights" (1992), "Major Payne" (1995), and "The Ladies Man" (2000). Parsons is the creator of Sweet Blackberry, a line of animated films about unsung black heroes. Document [54] (Title: David Zuckerman (TV producer)) sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". As a writer and producer, he helped play a key role in the launch of the first seasons of the Fox animated series "King of the Hill", which he wrote for from 1997 until 1999, before leaving to develop the series "Family Guy". Zuckerman was partnered with Seth MacFarlane, the creator of "Family Guy", and served as the series's original showrunner, though has not a single writing credit. Afterward, Zuckerman was brought in to develop the Fox animated series "American Dad!", also created by MacFarlane. He would also go on to create two short-lived Document [55] (Title: Fresh (Kool & the Gang song)) a girl, Cinderella, cleaning the floor. Then suddenly Marilyn-lookalike Fairy appears and saves the day. This song was played on the 5733rd episode of the American television soap "General Hospital" on 14 August 1985, when Terri (Robyn Bernard) was going wild at the bar. On Edward Yang's 1986 film Terrorizers this song is played in a dance club when the young woman wants to attract a man so she and a criminal gang can steal his money. In 1996 Beat System released their version of Fresh, which is in contrast to the original backed by rap passages. Maxi-CD Maxi-CD "Fresh" Document [56] (Title: Don Geiss, America and Hope) you will have what I have because you are an amazing, strong, intelligent woman, like Hilary ... from "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"." "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was a series that previously aired on NBC, and the Hilary character was a dull-witted individual who lacked intelligence. Before going their separate ways, Liz discovers that Wesley's last name is Snipes, but Wesley tells her that it is a name more fitting for a "pale English guy", than actor Wesley Snipes. Liz and Wesley also attend a second run of the movie Hot Tub Time Machine, which provokes arguments between them despite Document [57] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) Company and Quincy Jones Entertainment (later Quincy Jones-David Salzman Entertainment in 1993). After the show was released to syndication in 1994, the series was distributed by Warner Bros. Television, which continues to distribute the show worldwide (although NBCUniversal does own the series' copyright). The series formerly aired reruns on WGN America, TBS, Nick at Nite, Disney XD, ABC Family, BET, Centric, MTV and VH1. Warner Home Video has released the complete series, seasons 1 to 6, on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 1 to 4 have been released in Regions 2 and 4. Seasons 5 to 6 have been released Document [58] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1) The first season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 10, 1990, and concluded on May 6, 1991. In the pilot, Will Smith is revealed to be a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia, who is sent to live with his wealthy relatives in their Bel Air mansion. His relatives include Phillip Banks, Will's strict and gruff uncle, and Vivian Banks, Will's no-nonsense, forthright, and career-minded aunt. Other members of the Banks family include Carlton Banks, Will's preppy and arrogant cousin, Hilary Banks, Will's attractive but dumb, eldest cousin, Ashley Banks, Will's Document [59] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) music manager Benny Medina, along with his partner real estate mogul Jeff Pollack, decided to market a TV story based on Medina’s life. Medina had grown up poor in East Los Angeles but his life changed when he befriended a rich white teenager, whose family lived in Beverly Hills and allowed Medina to live with them. Medina decided to use this part of his life as the main focus of the show. However, given that by then a black character living with a white family was a concept that had been done multiple times on TV, Medina decided to change Document [60] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) a single by Jive Records in 1992, with "Parents Just Don't Understand" as its B-side and re-released in 2016 by the record label Enjoy the Ride. The song also appeared on DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince's "Greatest Hits" album, along with a number of compilation albums. "A-side" "B-side" The single was released exclusively in the Netherlands in 1992, and it spent 10 weeks in the top 40 singles chart, peaking at number 3. An article on the "MTV.co.uk" website stated about the song, "Say what you want, but considering the sitcom wrapped up over 20 years ago and Document [61] (Title: Rocky) the fourth-season finale of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", as the credits roll at the end of the episode, Will is seen running up the same steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; however, as he celebrates after finishing his climb, he passes out in exhaustion, and while he lies unconscious on the ground, a pickpocket steals his wallet and his wool hat. In "The Nutty Professor", there is a scene where Sherman Klump (Eddie Murphy) struggles to and eventually succeeds at running up a lengthy flight of steps on his college campus, victoriously throwing punches at the top. In Document [62] (Title: Ben Vaughn) shows "Fresh Air" and "World Cafe". In 1995, Vaughn moved to L.A. and released "Instrumental Stylings," an album of instrumentals in a variety of styles. A guest appearance on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic" led directly to being hired as the theme music composer for the hit TV sitcom "3rd Rock from the Sun". "That 70s Show" soon followed, and for the next ten years Ben would provide award-winning music for a dozen other TV shows and pilots (including "Men Behaving Badly", "Normal, Ohio", and "Grounded for Life"). He also provided scores for several films ("Psycho Beach Party", "The Independent", "Scorpion Document [63] (Title: Dave Bartis) in 1988. He stayed on to run NACB for a short time after graduation in order to ensure the organization's transition to staff and student volunteers beyond the founders. Thanks to his subsequent professional connections (see Producer section below), Bartis secured Quincy Jones as the keynote speaker for NACB's third annual national conference in November 1990. Bartis was Director of Programming at Quincy Jones Entertainment, involved in launching "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". He then became Vice President of Creative Affairs at HBO Independent Productions, and then Vice President of Original Programming. In 1993 Bartis joined NBC Studios and Document [64] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) song features much more of Jazzy Jeff, like in "Brand New Funk"; Jazzy Jeff gives a 'math lesson' by making the sound clips add 1+1, 2+1, and 2+2. Due to a self-admitted spendthrift attitude, Smith felt he had nothing to lose when a producer from NBC and Quincy Jones approached him with an idea for a sitcom, with Townes appearing as a recurring character, named "Jazz". A popular running gag would have Uncle Phil (James Avery) literally throwing Jazz out of the house; however, this action is not restricted to Uncle Phil, as other characters, including Hilary Banks (Karyn Parsons), Document [65] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) of the same series ("The Fresh Prince Project" and "Not With My Pig, You Don't"). Another single, "Nightmare on My Street", showcased a fictional confrontation with movie villain Freddy Krueger. Coinciding with the release of the fourth "Nightmare on Elm Street" film (1988’s ""); New Line Cinema was not pleased. A video allegedly shot for the single was buried, and a disclaimer was hastily included on pressings of the album indicating that the record was not officially affiliated with any of the "Nightmare" films. (Jive Records ended up releasing the soundtrack to the next film in the series, "".) After Document [66] (Title: Susan Borowitz) comedy about Steven and Elyse Keaton, previous hippies in the 60's, who were attempting to raise their family in a normal suburban area. Their oldest child, played by Michael J. Fox, had different views from their own. He was conservative, in contrast to his radical liberal parents. The series starred Michael J. Fox, Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter and won many awards including Golden Globes and Emmys. "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was an instant hit and won many awards for its comedy aspects. In addition to its 1993 NAACP's Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, it also won the Document [67] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5) The fifth season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 19, 1994 and aired its season finale on May 15, 1995. The series opens with Will working in Philadelphia, before a worker from NBC shows up and kidnaps him, telling him that the show's called The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, not The Fresh Prince of Philadelphia. Ross Bagley was added to the show's cast, playing a now preschool-aged Nicky Banks despite the character being a newborn infant in the previous season. This is common in television series and soap operas. In Document [68] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) a hit. In 1998 the label released the compilation "Greatest Hits" with the hits and two previously unreleased songs. Despite this, the duo did not return or recorded any new material. Smith and Townes performed together in 2005 at the Philadelphia leg of Live 8. They performed in Croatia on August 26, 2017 and Blackpool on August 27. DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Will Smith (the Fresh Prince) met disc jockey Jeff Townes (DJ Jazzy Jeff) in the 1980s, when Document [69] (Title: Sitcom) to 1999, earned a Rose d'Or and one Emmy Award, out of a total of twelve nominations. The sitcom was the first new show delivered to CBS for the 1993 season and the highest-tested pilot at the network in years. The series was also hugely successful internationally, especially in Australia. "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was a sitcom which ran from 1990 to 1996. The series stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting Question: who produced the fresh prince of bel air theme song Answer: Townes Long Answer: "Yo Home to Bel - Air" Artwork for Dutch releases Single by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Released September 21, 1992 (1992 - 09 - 21) Format 7 ", 12", CD single Recorded Genre East Coast hip hop Length 2: 58 Label Jive / Zomba (1992) Enjoy the Ride (2016) Songwriter (s) Smith, Jones Producer (s) Townes DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince singles chronology "The Things That U Do" (1992) "Yo Home to Bel - Air" (1992) "I Wanna Rock" (1992) "The Things That U Do" (1992) "Yo Home to Bel - Air" (1992) "I Wanna Rock" (1992) Gold Document ID: 68

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) people are still able to start spitting out those lyrics on cue, its lasting appeal is undeniably impressive." Tom Eames of "Digital Spy" ranked the song 3rd in a list of 25 sitcom theme songs. and "Rolling Stone" readers ranked the song 6th out of a list of 10 television theme songs. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song) "Yo Home to Bel-Air", informally known as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme", is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". Music for the Document [2] (Title: So Fresh, So Clean) propelling the sales of "Stankonia" after the success of "Ms. Jackson". Among the things and people mentioned in the song are the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Cadillac Eldorado (both General Motors cars), the television show "Showtime At The Apollo" and its longtime host Kiki Shepard, and the R&B singers Teddy Pendergrass and Freddie Jackson and Anne Frank. In 2017, the song appeared in the first episode of Marvel's "Iron Fist". Also in 2017, it appeared on the soundtrack for the video game NBA 2K18. The official remix, "So Fresh, So Clean (Stankonia Remix)" features Snoop Dogg & Sleepy Brown. It Document [3] (Title: Susan Borowitz) Susan Borowitz Susan Stevenson Borowitz is an American writer and producer. She is best known for her work on "Family Ties, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Aliens in the Family", and "Pleasantville""." During her marriage to writer and comedian, Andy Borowitz (1982–2005), the two co-created "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." This series ran from 1990–1996 and led to Will Smith's stardom. It won NAACP's Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993. In addition, Susan and Andy co-created and produced many other television situation comedies. Susan is the author of the comedic novel, "When We’re in Public, Pretend You Don’t Document [4] (Title: Purple Rain (film)) his new song. The Kid returns to the club, to be greeted by the approval of his fellow musicians and the embrace of a teary-eyed Apollonia. The Kid returns to the stage for two encores with The Revolution, to the wild approval of the crowd (even Morris); overlaid scenes show the Kid visiting his father and mother in the hospital and sorting his father's compositions in the basement, accompanied by Apollonia. A montage of all the songs plays as the credits roll. "Purple Rain" was written by Albert Magnoli and William Blinn, and produced by Prince's managers Robert Cavallo, Joseph Document [5] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) lead single, "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson" was in the same vein as their other lead singles; with this one having Will say he could literally beat Mike Tyson in a boxing match. Jazzy Jeff is shown training Prince to perform this task, and after Prince loses, Jeff then claims that he might be able to do it himself. James Avery and Alfonso Ribeiro (co-stars of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air") show up as Don King and member of the fighting crew's posse, respectively. The next single was "Jazzy's Groove", sampling "Nautilus" in the chorus and bridge. The Document [6] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) in Region 2 in Germany, and in the complete series boxset in the United Kingdom. On August 13, 2015, it was reported that a reboot of the show was in development by Overbrook Entertainment, with Will Smith serving as a producer. In August 2016, during a promotional interview with the E! television network, for his then upcoming film "Suicide Squad", Smith denied that a reboot was in development, saying that it would happen "...pretty close to when Hell freezes over." The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from Document [7] (Title: Jeff Pollack) the early 1980s, Jeff Pollack traveled through Asia both as a tourist and documentarian. After three years on the road—and in the rice fields and jungle—Pollack returned to the U.S., dabbling in real estate development before devoting himself to an entertainment career. Pollack co-created the NBC TV series "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" with friend and business partner Benny Medina, who was the inspiration for the show's title character played by then-rapper Will Smith. He wrote, produced and directed for the show until its end. Pollack and Medina also launched and ran a management/production company together, Medina/Pollack Entertainment (later Document [8] (Title: Don Lake) Dr. Carl Whitehorn on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". An actor, writer, and producer, Lake was born in Toronto, Ontario. He first arrived in Los Angeles to attend California Institute of the Arts, which counts John Lasseter, Ed Harris, Don Cheadle, and Tim Burton among its alumni. After graduating, Lake returned to Toronto to join the Second City Touring Company, and later was promoted to main stage as part of Second City, the world-famous improvisational theater company. During this time, he was a regular on two series for Showtime: "Bizarre" and "Super Dave", which ran for nine years total. He Document [9] (Title: Cinderella (1950 film)) Lost My Heart at the Ball" and the Prince would sing "The Face That I See in the Night." However, none of their songs were used. Two years later, Disney turned to Tin Pan Alley songwriters Mack David, Al Hoffman, and Jerry Livingston to compose the songs. They were the first professional composers hire outside the production company. The trio had previously written the song "Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba" that Walt heard the radio and decided would work well with the Fairy Godmother sequence. They finished the songs in March 1949. Oliver Wallace composed the score, but only after the animation was Document [10] (Title: Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)) to miss you, C." UGO editor Bryan Enk praised Will Smith's role as the character, stating "Rarely has there been a television series so perfectly tailor-made for its star than "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" [...] "Fresh Prince" fit Will Smith like a glove; it was obviously a showcase for him, but his co-stars were just as good, and Smith never hogged the spotlight (or the camera), allowing each cast member to shine in every episode." Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) William "Will" Smith (portrayed by Will Smith) is a fictional character in the NBC television series, "The Document [11] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) (Vivian Banks) guest starred as Dr. Maxwell Stanton's parents (Stanton was played by Ribeiro). Both Avery and Reid portrayed the parents of Ribeiro's "Fresh Prince" character. Joseph Marcell, who played the wisecracking Geoffrey Butler on "Fresh Prince", appeared as an officiating minister in the same episode. The show is notable for having a heavy celebrity guest presence with more than 40 celebrities guest starring throughout the series. Seasons 1 and 4 had the highest celebrity participation with 10 guest stars each. The series received mixed critical reviews. The series was produced by NBC Productions in association with the Stuffed Dog Document [12] (Title: Late Night with Jimmy Fallon) singing the theme to "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." Many of the sketches went viral; the first among these was Brian Williams' appearance for "Slow Jam the News," a bit where Fallon and The Roots turned news stories into a "sexy R&B song." Some of "Late Night" most famous musical moments included Paul McCartney joining Fallon to sing "Scrambled Eggs" – the working title of "Yesterday" – using the original whimsical filler lyrics, as well as President Barack Obama's appearance to "Slow Jam the News." An article in "The Huffington Post" credited music as crucial to the show's success: ""Late Document [13] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song) "Yo Home to Bel-Air", informally known as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme", is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". Music for the song was written by Quincy Jones (who also served as the TV show's executive producer). Lyrics were composed by Will Smith, performing under his stage name "The Fresh Prince", and the song was produced by Jeffrey Townes under his stage name "DJ Jazzy Jeff". The song was released in the Netherlands as Document [14] (Title: I Got You (I Feel Good)) "Miami Vice" episode "Missing Hours" in which Brown made a guest appearance as a former music star-turned-con man who promotes extraterrestrial life. In the series finale of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "I, Done", Philip Banks dances to the song on his birthday. Kids Incorporated covered "I Feel Good" in 1993 in the Season 9 episode "Dating Anxiety". It was also played on NTV7, a Malaysian television channel, as it plays the song accompanied by the clips of its programmes at the start and end of the day's broadcast since its launch in 1998 until around 2006. It reflects the Document [15] (Title: Tatyana Ali) various episodes of the show, including a heavily altered version of Aretha Franklin's "Respect" and the original song, "Make Up Your Mind" produced by Robert Jerald of N'Spyre Music Productions. Will Smith asked her if she seriously considered pursuing a musical career. Despite her singing ability, she concentrated on her acting career on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" the next few years. In the final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" (1995–96), Ali began preparing herself for her musical debut. The result was the album "Kiss The Sky", which was certified gold in early 1999. The album spawned the Document [16] (Title: It's Not Unusual) who actually played on the record, but the most likely candidates are: The late Brian Brocklehurst stated in 1995 that he played the upright bass on both "It's Not Unusual" and "Downtown". The song enjoyed a resurgence in the mid-1990s, as it was used in the hit sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" on several occasions. It typically features Carlton Banks, one of the lead characters, lip-synching to the lyrics and performing comedic choreography. Jones had guest-starred on the show on a few occasions, also performing and dancing alongside Banks in the episodes. Jones later made a guest appearance in Document [17] (Title: The Fresh Prince Project) The Fresh Prince Project "The Fresh Prince Project" is the pilot episode of the sitcom "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". It was aired on 10 September 1990. It guest-stars John Petlock and Helen Page Camp as Henry and Margaret Furth. Tatyana Ali was auditioned in New York City for Quincy Jones when he was 11 years old to play Ashley. This episode was followed by "Bang The Drum, Ashley". Street-smart teenager Will Smith is living in West Philadelphia with his mother Viola. When he gets into a fight with a bully named Omar he is sent to his wealthy relatives in Document [18] (Title: Getting By) Alan Plotkin as a non-writing producer, the team of Barry O'Brien and Cheryl Alu as co-executive producers, co-producer Michael J. Morris, and Scott Spencer Gorden, who had been executive story consultant during "Perfect Strangers"' final two seasons, and whom continued in the same role on "Getting By". Joel Zwick, a regular director on Miller/Boyett shows, garnered a rare producing credit in the second season as well. Eunetta T. Boone and P. Karen Raper, known for their work as script editors and consultants on predominantly black series such as "Roc" and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", also were added to the Document [19] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) the rich white family to a rich black family “That way we could explore Black-on-Black prejudice as well as Black class differences“ said Medina in an interview for "Ebony" magazine. Medina pitched the idea to Quincy Jones, who had just signed a TV deal with Time-Warner. Jones was impressed by the idea and arranged a meeting with NBC chief Brandon Tartikoff. Medina wanted Will Smith to portray him in the show. Smith was well known by then as his music career as The Fresh Prince had put him in the main stream radar. After Tartikoff subsequently communicated he was interested Document [20] (Title: Fresh Airs) the latter cut from the recordings due to space on the discs, though it was later released in the 'Exitary' section of the 'Bestiary of Flanders and Swann'. 'Jaguar' was re-written in animal version and released on the 'Bestiary'. Fresh Airs Fresh Airs was a revue produced by Laurier Lister that opened in Brighton in 1955. It was the last in his series of "Airs" revues before Flanders & Swann started performing for themselves in "At the Drop of a Hat". All the songs mentioned here were written by Flanders & Swann unless stated otherwise. Bottom Five Five numbers allegedly Document [21] (Title: Malcolm Prince) series 'Ain't No Mickey Mouse Business'. This was the beginning of a long and successful partnership with the writer and broadcaster, Brian Sibley. In 2000, Prince became a staff producer at BBC Radio 2 producing a variety of weekly programmes and documentaries. Today, he produces: 2017 2016 A Carpenters Christmas (Producer), presented by Petula Clark 2015 Radio 2 Eurovision - various programmes 2014 2013 Other notable productions include: 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004/3 2002-2000 Prior to 2000 He also produced The Russell Davies Song Show from 2002-2004. In September 2004, he created Elaine Paige on Sunday Document [22] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) first Grammy for a hip hop/rap song, which was met with mixed feelings. Nevertheless, the single was a success, launching the group into even more mainstream stardom. The video showed Prince's misadventures of trying to get around his parents' strict rules in a very comical way, very much like their first single "Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble". It gained much airplay on TV channels such as MTV, giving the group much attention. The song was played in an episode of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" ("Someday Your Prince Will Be In Effect (Part 1)"), and referenced in two other episodes Document [23] (Title: Fresh (1994 film)) by the Wu-Tang Clan and nine songs by old school hip hop artists, including The Cold Crush Brothers, Whodini, and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Allmusic editor Chris Witt gave the soundtrack album four-and-a-half out of five stars and noted its old school tracks as the highlights, writing that "The contrast between the life and color of the old school tracks and the unrelenting gloom of the Wu-Tang cuts, produced over ten years later, suggests that hip-hop may have lost something in the intervening years." Fresh (1994 film) Fresh is a 1994 American crime film written and directed by Document [24] (Title: Quincy Jones) company signed a 10-picture deal with Warner Brothers and a two-series deal with NBC Productions. The television show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was completed in 1990, but producers of "In the House" (from UPN) rejected its early concept stages. Jones produced the successful "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" (discovering Will Smith), UPN's "In the House", and FOX's "Madtv"which ran for 14 seasons.<ref name="http://www.quincyjones.com/about"></ref> In the early 1990s, he started a huge, ongoing project called "The Evolution of Black Music". QJE started a weekly talk show with Jones's friend the Reverend Jesse Jackson as the host. Beginning in the late Document [25] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) end of each episode. The music often used to bridge scenes together during the show is based on a similar chord structure. The theme song and opening sequence set the premise of the show. Will Smith is a street-smart teenager, West Philadelphia "born and raised". While playing street basketball, Will misses a shot and the ball hits a group of people, causing a confrontation that frightens his mother, who sends him to live with his wealthy aunt and uncle in the opulent neighborhood of Bel Air, Los Angeles. Will's working-class background ends up clashing in various humorous ways with the Document [26] (Title: The New Cup) series "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". The second song featured in the episode is "You Don't Have to Be a Prostitute." In an interview with The A.V. Club, Jemaine explained that the song was inspired by The Police's hit single "Roxanne". However, the duo wished to make a "judgmental" version that "makes a lot of assumptions about the profession. Singing a song about prostitution, like 'I'll stop you from being a prostitute with this song'". "The New Cup" debuted on HBO on January 25, 2009. The episode received over 500,000 viewers. This made the episode the third highest rated premium Document [27] (Title: Enygma) before and a young African living in London had a most unlikely introduction to the artform that is rapping. Enygma memorised all the lyrics and did the same for MC Hammer's "U Can't Touch This" and Will Smith's theme song to "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". in 1991, 11-year-old rapping duo Kris Kross emerged on the scene and because these boys looked like him (particularly the late Mac Daddy), Enygma felt encouraged that the craft was not inaccessible to little boys such as himself. Over the next decade, he collected music by 2pac, Notorious BIG, Jay-Z, Nas, Eminem, Xzibit, DMX, Document [28] (Title: Winifred Hervey) In the 1990s, she executive produced and wrote for "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" and "In the House". In 1996, she created, executive produced and served as head writer for "The Steve Harvey Show". The series won three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2001, 2002, and 2003. In 2002, she produced and wrote six episodes of the UPN series "Half & Half" for which she was nominated for a BET Comedy Award. In 2004, she was the first black recipient of the Beverly Hills Older American of the Year award. Winifred Hervey Winifred Hervey (born May 14, Document [29] (Title: Kiss the Sky (Tatyana Ali album)) the label in late 1999. The album was made with the help of her "Fresh Prince" co-star and rapper Will Smith. AllMusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five, claiming: "History has often taught us that when an actor or actress decides to record an album, consumers had best be on their guard and proceed with caution. But in some cases, actors are also worthwhile singers. A case in point is Tatyana Ali, who is best known for playing Ashley on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". After establishing herself as an actress, Document [30] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10, 1990 to May 20, 1996. The show stars Will "The Fresh Prince" Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight in his hometown. In the series, his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air. The series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes. In 1990, Document [31] (Title: Jeff Pollack) Jeff Pollack Jeffrey Ian Pollack (November 15, 1959 – December 23, 2013) was an American film director, screenwriter, television producer and writer. He was known as the co-creator, writer, and producer of the '90s sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". As a film director he directed the films "Above the Rim" (1994), "Booty Call" (1997) and "Lost & Found" (1999). Pollack served as executive consultant on "The Tyra Banks Show". He was a frequent collaborator with Benny Medina. He was an alum of University of Southern California film school. Following graduation from University of Southern California Film School in Document [32] (Title: The Fresh Prince Project) first episode. The cab driver in the opening sequence is Quincy Jones, the executive producer of the show. According to the retrospective included as an extra feature on the first season box set, Vivian Banks name was to be Wendy Banks. However, director Debbie Allen felt Vivian would be a better name and the producers loved it right away. In the opening scene when Will is doing his mockery of Geoffrey, the mirror over his right shoulder shows crew or equipment moving. The Fresh Prince Project "The Fresh Prince Project" is the pilot episode of the sitcom "Fresh Prince of Document [33] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) "Blossom" episode "Wake Up Little Suzy" as Hilary Banks. Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom "Out All Night" as Hilary. "In the House" and "Fresh Prince" were both executive-produced by Winifred Hervey, David Salzman and Quincy Jones. During the second season's first episode, Alfonso Ribeiro and Tatyana Ali appeared as their "Fresh Prince" characters (Carlton and Ashley Banks) in the crossover episode "Dog Catchers". Later that season, James Avery (Phillip Banks) appeared as a mediator in the episode "Love on a One-Way Street". In the Season 4 episode "My Pest Friend's Wedding", James Avery and Daphne Maxwell Reid Document [34] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1)) youngest cousin, and Geoffrey, the family's cynical English Butler. Will's lifestyle often clashes with that of his relatives there, and frequently got him or other members of the family into trouble as well. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1) The first season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 10, 1990, and concluded on May 6, 1991. In the pilot, Will Smith is revealed to be a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia, who is sent to live with his wealthy relatives in their Bel Air mansion. His relatives include Phillip Banks, Will's strict and gruff uncle, Document [35] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3) The third season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 14, 1992, and aired its season finale on May 10, 1993. This would be the last season for Janet Hubert-Whitten, who was fired from the show following her pregnancy and difficulties working with the cast. She was replaced by Daphne Maxwell Reid in the show's fourth season and for the remainder of the show's run. Additionally, the character Nicky Banks was added to the cast toward the end of the season as Phillip and Vivian's newborn son, due to Hubert-Whitten's pregnancy. Document [36] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6) The sixth and final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 18, 1995, and aired its final episodes on May 20, 1996. In the series finale, the main characters all move out of the Banks Mansion to move on with their lives. Hilary's talk show moves to New York City; Ashley moves to New York with Hilary; Carlton transfers to Princeton University; Geoffrey moves back to England to be with his son; Philip, Vivian and Nicky move to New York to be closer to the rest of the family; and Document [37] (Title: Daphne Maxwell Reid) Daphne Maxwell Reid Daphne Etta Maxwell-Reid (born July 13, 1948) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for her role as the second Vivian Banks on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" from 1993 until 1996. Reid was born in New York City, the daughter of Rosalee and Green Maxwell. She is a graduate of The Bronx High School of Science. She received a degree in interior design and architecture from Northwestern University, which she attended on a scholarship and where she became the first African-American woman to be named homecoming queen. While at Northwestern Document [38] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) simulate a casting room and after Tartikoff was satisfied with Smith’s performance contracts were signed on the spot to get the show started and bind Smith to the project. Less than two months later the pilot episode began taping on May 1, 1990. Season 1 first aired in September 1990, and ended in May 1991. The series finale was taped on Thursday, March 21, 1996. The theme song "Yo Home to Bel Air" was written and performed by Smith under his stage name, The Fresh Prince. The music was composed by Quincy Jones, who is credited with Smith at the Document [39] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Will Smith (the Fresh Prince) met disc jockey Jeff Townes (DJ Jazzy Jeff) in the 1980s, when they were both trying to make names for themselves in West Philadelphia's local hip hop scene. They had as a support live member Clarence Holmes (Ready Rock C) – who was not officially credited to the duo. Holmes left the group in 1990 and later sued unsuccessfully for earnings, claiming a breach of oral contract. The group received Document [40] (Title: New jack swing) to new jack swing with their nationally televised ceremony. The 1989 film "Ghostbusters II" helped spread new jack swing with its theme song, "On Our Own" by Bobby Brown (who was nicknamed "The King of New Jack Swing"). NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" also boosted the spread of this culture, as the star of the show, Will Smith, was known initially for his hip-hop duo with DJ Jazzy Jeff. During the first episode of the series, Will Smith dances to the Soul II Soul new jack swing single "Back to Life". "A Different World" and "In Living Document [41] (Title: Susan Borowitz) place. They hired black writers and crew members in order to be accurate in their depictions. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air resulted in a change of pop culture with its popularity, influencing America on the vast lifestyles of all races. It also successfully started many careers for other African American people inspiring networks and writers to further incorporate lead stars as being African American. "Out All Night" was co-created by Susan Borowitz, Andy Borowitz and Rob Edwards. The Borowitz's were also executive producers. The series starred Patti LaBelle and ran on NBC from September 1992 to July 1993. LaBelle played Document [42] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) and sentenced to pay this all back. For the first three seasons of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," Smith had 25% of his paycheck subjected to IRS garnishment. In 1990 Ready Rock C decided not to continue as support, and he later sued the duo, but lost. Still having a bit of extra money from starring in the successful sitcom, the duo decided to stage a comeback album in 1991, "Homebase". The platinum album featured a more mature sound from the group, with Smith rapping in a deeper, consistent voice and changed their sound to fit the era's trend of Document [43] (Title: For the Love of Money) was featured on "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air" episode "Winner Takes Off" where Will and Carlton fake a lottery ticket, managing to convince their butler Geoffrey he has won $26,000,000. When they turn off the music as Geoffrey dances to celebrate, he snootily retorts "You can keep the tape, I'm buying The O'Jays!". The song was featured at the beginning of the 1997 comedy film "For Richer or Poorer." Beginning in 2004, the song was used as the theme to the reality television show "The Apprentice," with Donald Trump, and later as the theme to "The Celebrity Apprentice," and Document [44] (Title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance) The Fresh Prince for "Parents Just Don't Understand", J. J. Fad for "Supersonic" (from the album of the same name), Kool Moe Dee for "Wild Wild West", LL Cool J for "Going Back to Cali", and Salt-n-Pepa (the duo consisting of Cheryl James and Sandra Denton) for "Push It". The duo known as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince consisted of DJ Jazzy Jeff (birth name Jeffrey Townes) and actor Will Smith, whose nickname also appeared in the American television sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", in which he starred. "Parents Just Don't Understand" appeared on the duo's 1988 Document [45] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6)) Will remains in California to finish his college studies. Will Smith, James Avery, Alfonso Ribeiro, Tatyana Ali, and Joseph Marcell appear in all episodes. Karyn Parsons was absent for one episode (ep. 4). Daphne Maxwell Reid was absent for five episodes and Ross Bagley was absent for eight episodes. DJ Jazzy Jeff appears in five episodes this season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 6) The sixth and final season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 18, 1995, and aired its final episodes on May 20, 1996. In the series finale, the main characters all move Document [46] (Title: Prince of Belvedair) Bel-Air, an American television sitcom. All tracks were produced by Beatzarre and Djorkaeff, except track 2 ("Prince of Belvadair") was produced by 3Nity and Abaz, and track 3 ("Besser im Bett") was produced by Abaz. "I Need A Girl (Part Three)" was released as first single from album on March 2, 2012. It was recorded in Berlin, in studio of producer "Beatzarre". The musicvideo of the song was filmed in Miami and actually reached over 8 million views on YouTube. In German charts, the single reached position 29 and in Austrian charts it reached position 44. In Swiss charts, the Document [47] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3)) <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 3) The third season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 14, 1992, and aired its season finale on May 10, 1993. This would be the last season for Janet Hubert-Whitten, who was fired from the show following her pregnancy and difficulties working with the cast. She was replaced by Daphne Maxwell Reid in the show's fourth season and for the remainder of the show's run. Additionally, the character Nicky Banks was added to the cast toward the end of the season as Phillip and Vivian's newborn son, due to Hubert-Whitten's Document [48] (Title: Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air)) Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) William "Will" Smith (portrayed by Will Smith) is a fictional character in the NBC television series, "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". The character of Will Smith is loosely based on the life of his actor of the same name (although in the show 'Will' is short for William, while in real-life it is short for Willard). Smith's charming and mischievous personality earned him the nickname "Prince," which eventually became "Fresh Prince". Smith became a successful rapper, but lost most of his money because of poor budgeting. When NBC signed Smith up for the Document [49] (Title: Andy Borowitz) Life". He wrote for various television series through the 1980s. In 1990, Borowitz created "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", which ran for six seasons on NBC and launched the acting career of Will Smith. Borowitz received an NAACP Image Award for the series. In 1998, Borowitz co-produced the film "Pleasantville", starring Reese Witherspoon, Tobey Maguire, William H. Macy, Joan Allen, and Jeff Daniels. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Best Costume Design, and Best Music, Original Dramatic Score. In 2004 Borowitz appeared in Woody Allen's "Melinda and Melinda," starring Will Ferrell, and in "Marie Document [50] (Title: Bel Air (song)) called the video "snoozy", "an artform", and drew comparisons between Del Rey's work and neo-noir films. AOL's Spinner said: "Here's how we imagine the pitch meeting going for Lana Del Rey's new "Bel Air" video. Director: Lana, can you stand around in smoke for a little while and occasionally look at a camera? Lana: Yes. Director: Brilliant!" MTV pointed out the obvious parallels the song title gained with the television program "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". Noting that Del Rey was "stunning" in the video for "Bel Air", "Vibe" said it would "...definitely keep the Lana-obsessed occupied for a Document [51] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5)) the first episode to feature this change, Jazz (one of Will's friends) expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5) The fifth season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 19, 1994 and aired its season finale on May 15, 1995. The series opens with Will working in Philadelphia, before a worker from NBC shows up and kidnaps him, telling him that the show's called The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, not The Fresh Prince of Philadelphia. Ross Bagley was added to the show's cast, playing a now preschool-aged Document [52] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) upper class world of the Banks family – Will's uncle Phil and aunt Vivian and their children, Will's cousins: Hilary, Carlton, and Ashley. The premise is loosely based on the real-life story of the show's producer Benny Medina. During the fall 1991–1992 season, NBC gained two hit television shows to anchor their Monday night lineup ("Blossom" aired immediately after "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"). To gain popularity between the two shows, Will Smith appeared in the "Blossom" episode "I'm with the Band" as himself under his rap stage name, The Fresh Prince. That same season, Karyn Parsons appeared in the Document [53] (Title: Karyn Parsons) School. Parsons starred as Hilary Banks on the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", which aired on NBC from 1990 to 1996. She co-created, co-produced, co-wrote, and co-starred on the Fox sitcom "Lush Life" in 1996, which was later canceled after four episodes. In 2001, she starred in the critically acclaimed but short-lived television series "The Job" with Denis Leary. Besides television, Parsons has starred in several films, particularly in comedies such as "Late Nights" (1992), "Major Payne" (1995), and "The Ladies Man" (2000). Parsons is the creator of Sweet Blackberry, a line of animated films about unsung black heroes. Document [54] (Title: David Zuckerman (TV producer)) sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". As a writer and producer, he helped play a key role in the launch of the first seasons of the Fox animated series "King of the Hill", which he wrote for from 1997 until 1999, before leaving to develop the series "Family Guy". Zuckerman was partnered with Seth MacFarlane, the creator of "Family Guy", and served as the series's original showrunner, though has not a single writing credit. Afterward, Zuckerman was brought in to develop the Fox animated series "American Dad!", also created by MacFarlane. He would also go on to create two short-lived Document [55] (Title: Fresh (Kool & the Gang song)) a girl, Cinderella, cleaning the floor. Then suddenly Marilyn-lookalike Fairy appears and saves the day. This song was played on the 5733rd episode of the American television soap "General Hospital" on 14 August 1985, when Terri (Robyn Bernard) was going wild at the bar. On Edward Yang's 1986 film Terrorizers this song is played in a dance club when the young woman wants to attract a man so she and a criminal gang can steal his money. In 1996 Beat System released their version of Fresh, which is in contrast to the original backed by rap passages. Maxi-CD Maxi-CD "Fresh" Document [56] (Title: Don Geiss, America and Hope) you will have what I have because you are an amazing, strong, intelligent woman, like Hilary ... from "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"." "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was a series that previously aired on NBC, and the Hilary character was a dull-witted individual who lacked intelligence. Before going their separate ways, Liz discovers that Wesley's last name is Snipes, but Wesley tells her that it is a name more fitting for a "pale English guy", than actor Wesley Snipes. Liz and Wesley also attend a second run of the movie Hot Tub Time Machine, which provokes arguments between them despite Document [57] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) Company and Quincy Jones Entertainment (later Quincy Jones-David Salzman Entertainment in 1993). After the show was released to syndication in 1994, the series was distributed by Warner Bros. Television, which continues to distribute the show worldwide (although NBCUniversal does own the series' copyright). The series formerly aired reruns on WGN America, TBS, Nick at Nite, Disney XD, ABC Family, BET, Centric, MTV and VH1. Warner Home Video has released the complete series, seasons 1 to 6, on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 1 to 4 have been released in Regions 2 and 4. Seasons 5 to 6 have been released Document [58] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 1) The first season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 10, 1990, and concluded on May 6, 1991. In the pilot, Will Smith is revealed to be a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia, who is sent to live with his wealthy relatives in their Bel Air mansion. His relatives include Phillip Banks, Will's strict and gruff uncle, and Vivian Banks, Will's no-nonsense, forthright, and career-minded aunt. Other members of the Banks family include Carlton Banks, Will's preppy and arrogant cousin, Hilary Banks, Will's attractive but dumb, eldest cousin, Ashley Banks, Will's Document [59] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) music manager Benny Medina, along with his partner real estate mogul Jeff Pollack, decided to market a TV story based on Medina’s life. Medina had grown up poor in East Los Angeles but his life changed when he befriended a rich white teenager, whose family lived in Beverly Hills and allowed Medina to live with them. Medina decided to use this part of his life as the main focus of the show. However, given that by then a black character living with a white family was a concept that had been done multiple times on TV, Medina decided to change Document [60] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song)) a single by Jive Records in 1992, with "Parents Just Don't Understand" as its B-side and re-released in 2016 by the record label Enjoy the Ride. The song also appeared on DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince's "Greatest Hits" album, along with a number of compilation albums. "A-side" "B-side" The single was released exclusively in the Netherlands in 1992, and it spent 10 weeks in the top 40 singles chart, peaking at number 3. An article on the "MTV.co.uk" website stated about the song, "Say what you want, but considering the sitcom wrapped up over 20 years ago and Document [61] (Title: Rocky) the fourth-season finale of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", as the credits roll at the end of the episode, Will is seen running up the same steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; however, as he celebrates after finishing his climb, he passes out in exhaustion, and while he lies unconscious on the ground, a pickpocket steals his wallet and his wool hat. In "The Nutty Professor", there is a scene where Sherman Klump (Eddie Murphy) struggles to and eventually succeeds at running up a lengthy flight of steps on his college campus, victoriously throwing punches at the top. In Document [62] (Title: Ben Vaughn) shows "Fresh Air" and "World Cafe". In 1995, Vaughn moved to L.A. and released "Instrumental Stylings," an album of instrumentals in a variety of styles. A guest appearance on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic" led directly to being hired as the theme music composer for the hit TV sitcom "3rd Rock from the Sun". "That 70s Show" soon followed, and for the next ten years Ben would provide award-winning music for a dozen other TV shows and pilots (including "Men Behaving Badly", "Normal, Ohio", and "Grounded for Life"). He also provided scores for several films ("Psycho Beach Party", "The Independent", "Scorpion Document [63] (Title: Dave Bartis) in 1988. He stayed on to run NACB for a short time after graduation in order to ensure the organization's transition to staff and student volunteers beyond the founders. Thanks to his subsequent professional connections (see Producer section below), Bartis secured Quincy Jones as the keynote speaker for NACB's third annual national conference in November 1990. Bartis was Director of Programming at Quincy Jones Entertainment, involved in launching "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". He then became Vice President of Creative Affairs at HBO Independent Productions, and then Vice President of Original Programming. In 1993 Bartis joined NBC Studios and Document [64] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) song features much more of Jazzy Jeff, like in "Brand New Funk"; Jazzy Jeff gives a 'math lesson' by making the sound clips add 1+1, 2+1, and 2+2. Due to a self-admitted spendthrift attitude, Smith felt he had nothing to lose when a producer from NBC and Quincy Jones approached him with an idea for a sitcom, with Townes appearing as a recurring character, named "Jazz". A popular running gag would have Uncle Phil (James Avery) literally throwing Jazz out of the house; however, this action is not restricted to Uncle Phil, as other characters, including Hilary Banks (Karyn Parsons), Document [65] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) of the same series ("The Fresh Prince Project" and "Not With My Pig, You Don't"). Another single, "Nightmare on My Street", showcased a fictional confrontation with movie villain Freddy Krueger. Coinciding with the release of the fourth "Nightmare on Elm Street" film (1988’s ""); New Line Cinema was not pleased. A video allegedly shot for the single was buried, and a disclaimer was hastily included on pressings of the album indicating that the record was not officially affiliated with any of the "Nightmare" films. (Jive Records ended up releasing the soundtrack to the next film in the series, "".) After Document [66] (Title: Susan Borowitz) comedy about Steven and Elyse Keaton, previous hippies in the 60's, who were attempting to raise their family in a normal suburban area. Their oldest child, played by Michael J. Fox, had different views from their own. He was conservative, in contrast to his radical liberal parents. The series starred Michael J. Fox, Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter and won many awards including Golden Globes and Emmys. "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was an instant hit and won many awards for its comedy aspects. In addition to its 1993 NAACP's Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, it also won the Document [67] (Title: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5)) The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 5) The fifth season of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" premiered on September 19, 1994 and aired its season finale on May 15, 1995. The series opens with Will working in Philadelphia, before a worker from NBC shows up and kidnaps him, telling him that the show's called The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, not The Fresh Prince of Philadelphia. Ross Bagley was added to the show's cast, playing a now preschool-aged Nicky Banks despite the character being a newborn infant in the previous season. This is common in television series and soap operas. In Document [68] (Title: DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince) a hit. In 1998 the label released the compilation "Greatest Hits" with the hits and two previously unreleased songs. Despite this, the duo did not return or recorded any new material. Smith and Townes performed together in 2005 at the Philadelphia leg of Live 8. They performed in Croatia on August 26, 2017 and Blackpool on August 27. DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Will Smith (the Fresh Prince) met disc jockey Jeff Townes (DJ Jazzy Jeff) in the 1980s, when Document [69] (Title: Sitcom) to 1999, earned a Rose d'Or and one Emmy Award, out of a total of twelve nominations. The sitcom was the first new show delivered to CBS for the 1993 season and the highest-tested pilot at the network in years. The series was also hugely successful internationally, especially in Australia. "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was a sitcom which ran from 1990 to 1996. The series stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting Question: who produced the fresh prince of bel air theme song

Answer: Townes Long Answer: "Yo Home to Bel - Air" Artwork for Dutch releases Single by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Released September 21, 1992 (1992 - 09 - 21) Format 7 ", 12", CD single Recorded Genre East Coast hip hop Length 2: 58 Label Jive / Zomba (1992) Enjoy the Ride (2016) Songwriter (s) Smith, Jones Producer (s) Townes DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince singles chronology "The Things That U Do" (1992) "Yo Home to Bel - Air" (1992) "I Wanna Rock" (1992) "The Things That U Do" (1992) "Yo Home to Bel - Air" (1992) "I Wanna Rock" (1992) Gold Document ID: 68

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) Annealing (metallurgy) Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for a suitable amount of time, and then cooling. In annealing, atoms migrate in the crystal lattice and the number of dislocations decreases, leading to a change in ductility and hardness. As the material cools it recrystallizes. For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately Document [2] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) brittle as glass by quenching. However, in its hardened state, steel is usually far too brittle, lacking the fracture toughness to be useful for most applications. Tempering is a method used to decrease the hardness, thereby increasing the ductility of the quenched steel, to impart some springiness and malleability to the metal. This allows the metal to bend before breaking. Depending on how much temper is imparted to the steel, it may bend elastically (the steel returns to its original shape once the load is removed), or it may bend plastically (the steel does not return to its original shape, Document [3] (Title: Physical change) Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition. Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes including buckminsterfullerene. Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical properties of the metal including strength and ductility. Crystal type, shape and size can be altered by physical hammering, rolling and by heat Mixtures of substances that are not soluble are usually readily separated by physical sieving or settlement. However mixtures can have different properties from the individual components. One familiar Document [4] (Title: Solid) discusses some physical properties of materials in the solid state. The mechanical properties of materials describe characteristics such as their strength and resistance to deformation. For example, steel beams are used in construction because of their high strength, meaning that they neither break nor bend significantly under the applied load. Mechanical properties include elasticity and plasticity, tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, fracture toughness, ductility (low in brittle materials), and indentation hardness. Solid mechanics is the study of the behavior of solid matter under external actions such as external forces and temperature changes. A solid does not exhibit macroscopic flow, Document [5] (Title: Cupronickel) good thermal conductivity and ductility at cryogenic temperatures and beneficial antimicrobial touch surface properties. The alloys are: Subtle differences in corrosion resistance and strength determine which alloy is selected. Descending the table, the maximum allowable flow rate in piping increases, as does the tensile strength. In seawater, the alloys have excellent corrosion rates which remain low as long as the maximum design flow velocity is not exceeded. This velocity depends on geometry and pipe diameter. They have high resistance to crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement that can be troublesome to other alloy systems. Copper-nickels naturally form a Document [6] (Title: Metal) thought to contribute significantly to the ductility of most metallic solids. In contrast, in an ionic compound like table salt, when the planes of an ionic bond slide past one another, the resultant change in location shifts ions of the same charge into close proximity, resulting in the cleavage of the crystal. Such a shift is not observed in a covalently bonded crystal, such as a diamond, where fracture and crystal fragmentation occurs. Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described by Hooke's Law for restoring forces, where the stress is linearly proportional to the strain. Heat or forces larger Document [7] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) a stress-strain plot is accompanied by steady state sliding at failure, compared to the sharp stress drop observed in experiments during brittle failure. The brittle-ductile transition zone is characterized by a change in rock failure mode, at an approximate average depth of 10–15 km (~ 6.2–9.3 miles) in continental crust, below which rock becomes less likely to fracture and more likely to deform ductilely. The zone exists because as depth increases confining pressure increases, and brittle strength increases with confining pressure whilst ductile strength decreases with increasing temperature. The transition zone occurs at the point where brittle strength equals ductile Document [8] (Title: Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys) Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys are alloys that are designed to resist microstructural coarsening under various thermo-mechanical loading conditions. Many applications of metal materials require that they can maintain their structure and strength despite very high temperatures. Efforts to prevent deformations from long term stress, referred to as creep, consist of manipulating alloys to reduce coarsening and migration of individual grains within the metal. The small size of individual metal grains provides high interfacial surface energy which is what prompts coarsening, the increase in grain size, and eventually metallic softening. Nanocrystalline creep is considered to follow the Document [9] (Title: Wrought iron) other properties, wrought iron becomes soft at red heat, and can be easily forged and forge welded. It can be used to form temporary magnets, but cannot be magnetized permanently, and is ductile, malleable and tough. For most purposes, ductility is a more important measure of the quality of wrought iron than tensile strength. In tensile testing, the best irons are able to undergo considerable elongation before failure. Higher tensile wrought iron is brittle. Because of the large number of boiler explosions on steamboats, the U.S. Congress passed legislation in 1830 which approved funds for correcting the problem. The treasury Document [10] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) depend upon the chemical compositions of the metal couple. External parameters like temperature, strain rate, stress and time of exposure to the liquid metal prior to testing affect LME. Temperature produces a ductility trough and a ductile to brittle transition behaviour in the solid metal. The temperature range of the trough as well as the transition temperature are altered by the composition of the liquid and solid metals, the structure of the solid metal and other experimental parameters. The lower limit of the ductility trough generally coincides with the melting point of the liquid metal. The upper limit is strain Document [11] (Title: Ductility) increase in internal lattice defects and a corresponding decrease in ductility and increase in DBTT. The most accurate method of measuring the DBTT of a material is by fracture testing. Typically four point bend testing at a range of temperatures is performed on pre-cracked bars of polished material. For experiments conducted at higher temperatures, dislocation activity increases. At a certain temperature, dislocations shield the crack tip to such an extent that the applied deformation rate is not sufficient for the stress intensity at the crack-tip to reach the critical value for fracture (K). The temperature at which this occurs is Document [12] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) the strain to fracture when tested in the presence of liquid metals as compared to that obtained in tests. The reduction in fracture strain is generally temperature dependent and a “ductility trough” is observed as the test temperature is decreased. A ductile-to-brittle transition behaviour is also exhibited by many metal couples. The shape of the elastic region of the stress-strain curve is not altered, but the plastic region may be changed during LME. Very high crack propagation rates, varying from a few centimeters per second to several meters per second are induced in solid metals by the embrittling liquid metals. Document [13] (Title: Galling) same type will gall more readily. The propensity of a material to gall is also affected by the specific arrangement of the atoms, because crystals arranged in a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice will usually allow material-transfer to a greater degree than a body-centered cubic (BCC). This is because a face-centered cubic has a greater tendency to produce dislocations in the crystal lattice, which are defects that allow the lattice to shift, or "cross-slip," making the metal more prone to galling. However, if the metal has a high number of stacking faults (a difference in stacking sequence between atomic planes) it Document [14] (Title: Materials science) the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties, however. Cast Iron is defined as an iron–carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of Chromium. Nickel and Molybdenum are typically also found in stainless steels. Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and Document [15] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) resulting in permanent deformation), before fracturing. Tempering is used to precisely balance the mechanical properties of the metal, such as shear strength, yield strength, hardness, ductility and tensile strength, to achieve any number of a combination of properties, making the steel useful for a wide variety of applications. Tools such as hammers and wrenches require good resistance to abrasion, impact resistance, and resistance to deformation. Springs do not require as much wear resistance, but must deform elastically without breaking. Automotive parts tend to be a little less strong, but need to deform plastically before breaking. Except in rare cases where Document [16] (Title: Heat treating) once the change is complete. Therefore, the alloy must be heated above the critical temperature for a transformation to occur. The alloy will usually be held at this temperature long enough for the heat to completely penetrate the alloy, thereby bringing it into a complete solid solution. Because a smaller grain size usually enhances mechanical properties, such as toughness, shear strength and tensile strength, these metals are often heated to a temperature that is just above the upper critical-temperature, in order to prevent the grains of solution from growing too large. For instance, when steel is heated above the upper Document [17] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating, and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alter the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram, heat treatment can be used to adjust between harder and more brittle, to softer and more ductile. In the cases of copper, steel, silver, and brass, this process is performed by heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room temperature in still air. Copper, silver and Document [18] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) external conditions around the rock and the internal conditions sample. External conditions include temperature, confining pressure, presence of fluids, etc. while internal conditions include the arrangement of the crystal lattice, the chemical composition of the rock sample, the grain size of the material, etc. Ductilely Deformative behavior can be grouped into three categories: Elastic, Viscous, and Crystal-Plastic Deformation. Elastic Deformation Elastic Deformation is deformation which exhibits a linear stress-strain relationship (quantified by Young's Modulus) and is derived from Hooke's Law of spring forces (see Fig. 1.2). In elastic deformation, objects show no permanent deformation after the stress has been removed Document [19] (Title: Magnetostriction) has been observed that for polycrystalline alloys with a high area coverage of preferential grains for microstrain, the mechanical properties (ductility) of magnetostrictive alloys can be significantly improved. Targeted metallurgical processing steps promote abnormal grain growth of {011} grains in Galfenol and Alfenol thin sheets, which contain two easy axes for magnetic domain alignment during magnetostriction. This can be accomplished by adding particles such as boride species and niobium carbide () during initial chill casting of the ingot. For a polycrystalline alloy, an established formula for the magnetostriction λ from known directional microstrain measurements is: λ = 1/5(2λ+3λ) During subsequent Document [20] (Title: Ductility) the fracture energy passes below a predetermined value (for steels typically 40 J for a standard Charpy impact test). DBTT is important since, once a material is cooled below the DBTT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact instead of bending or deforming. For example, zamak 3 exhibits good ductility at room temperature but shatters when impacted at sub-zero temperatures. DBTT is a very important consideration in selecting materials that are subjected to mechanical stresses. A similar phenomenon, the glass transition temperature, occurs with glasses and polymers, although the mechanism is different in these amorphous materials. In Document [21] (Title: Ion) small number of electrons in excess of a stable, closed-shell electronic configuration. As such, they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration. This property is known as "electropositivity". Non-metals, on the other hand, are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration. As such, they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration. This tendency is known as "electronegativity". When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal, the extra electrons from the metal atoms are Document [22] (Title: Copper conductor) metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver. Because of copper’s high ductility, it is easy to draw down to diameters with very close tolerances. Usually, the stronger a metal is, the less pliable it is. This is not the case with copper. A unique combination of high strength and high ductility makes copper ideal for wiring systems. At junction boxes and at terminations, for example, copper can be bent, twisted, and pulled without stretching or breaking. Creep is the gradual deformation of a material from constant expansions and contractions under “load, no-load” conditions. This process has adverse effects Document [23] (Title: Cupules) of a rock to kinetic impact is determined by its hardness, toughness and strength. Hardness, in this context, is a complex articulation of several factors, essentially a measure of how resistant rock is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied to it. These factors include scratch or abrasion resistance (Rosiwal scale), toughness, strength, ductility, indentation hardness (measured by the Brinell scale and expressed in BHN, or measured by the Vickers test and expressed in kg/mm²) and brittleness factor. Abrasion hardness, indentation hardness and brittleness factor (ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength and the uniaxial Document [24] (Title: Alloy) crystals to deform as the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state, leaving those crystals very hard but much less ductile (more brittle). While the high strength of steel results when diffusion and precipitation is prevented (forming martinsite), most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, that depend on the diffusion of alloying elements to achieve their strength. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, but then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which Document [25] (Title: Alloy) in the size of the atoms create internal stresses in the lattice of the metallic crystals; stresses that often enhance its properties. For example, the combination of carbon with iron produces steel, which is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its base element, but engineering properties such as tensile strength, ductility, and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This Document [26] (Title: Amorphous metal) potential energy and lower chance of formation. The atomic radius of the components has to be significantly different (over 12%), to achieve high packing density and low free volume. The combination of components should have negative heat of mixing, inhibiting crystal nucleation and prolonging the time the molten metal stays in supercooled state. The alloys of boron, silicon, phosphorus, and other glass formers with magnetic metals (iron, cobalt, nickel) have high magnetic susceptibility, with low coercivity and high electrical resistance. Usually the conductivity of a metallic glass is of the same low order of magnitude as of a molten metal Document [27] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) great impact on the types of rocks and structures found at certain depths within the Earth's crust. As evident from Fig. 1.1, different geological formations and rocks are found in accordance to the dominant deformation process. Gouge and Breccia form in the uppermost, brittle regime while Cataclasite and Pseudotachylite form in the lower parts of the brittle regime, edging upon the transition zone. Mylonite forms in the more ductile regime at greater depths while Blastomylonite forms well past the transition zone and well into the ductile regime, even deeper into the crust. Ductility is a material property that can be Document [28] (Title: Tenacity (mineralogy)) Tenacity (mineralogy) In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken. Brittleness:<br> The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle. Malleability:<br> The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable. Ductility:<br> The mineral may be drawn into a wire. Ductile materials have to be malleable as well as tough. Sectility:<br> May be cut smoothly with a knife. Relatively few minerals are sectile. Sectility is a form of tenacity and can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance. Gold, for example, is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not. Elasticity:<br> Document [29] (Title: Metallic bonding) visible spectrum, which is why metals are often silvery white or grayish with the characteristic specular reflection of metallic luster. The balance between reflection and absorption determines how white or how gray they are, although surface tarnish can obscure such observations. Silver, a very good metal with high conductivity is one of the whitest. Notable exceptions are reddish copper and yellowish gold. The reason for their color is that there is an upper limit to the frequency of the light that metallic electrons can readily respond to, the plasmon frequency. At the plasmon frequency, the frequency-dependent dielectric function of the Document [30] (Title: Weldability) the electrode material, shielding gases, welding speed, and cooling rate. Weldability The weldability, also known as joinability, of a material refers to its ability to be welded. Many metals and thermoplastics can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others (see Rheological weldability). A material's weldability is used to determine the welding process and to compare the final weld quality to other materials. Weldability is often hard to define quantitatively, so most standards define it qualitatively. For instance the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines weldability in ISO standard 581-1980 as: "Metallic material is considered to be susceptible Document [31] (Title: Metal) Metal A metal (from Greek μέταλλον "métallon", "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). A metal may be a chemical element such as iron, or an alloy such as stainless steel. In physics, a metal is generally regarded as any substance capable of conducting electricity at a temperature of absolute zero. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under Document [32] (Title: Plasticity (physics)) many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions. Twinning is the plastic deformation which takes place along two planes due to a set of forces applied to a given metal piece. Most metals show more plasticity when hot than when cold. Lead shows sufficient plasticity at room temperature, while cast iron does not possess sufficient plasticity for any forging operation even when hot. This property is of importance in forming, shaping and extruding operations on metals. Most metals are rendered plastic by heating and hence shaped hot. Crystalline materials contain uniform planes of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may Document [33] (Title: Amorphous metal) directly from their non-crystalline structure, which does not have any of the defects (such as dislocations) that limit the strength of crystalline alloys. One modern amorphous metal, known as Vitreloy, has a tensile strength that is almost twice that of high-grade titanium. However, metallic glasses at room temperature are not ductile and tend to fail suddenly when loaded in tension, which limits the material applicability in reliability-critical applications, as the impending failure is not evident. Therefore, there is considerable interest in producing metal matrix composites consisting of a metallic glass matrix containing dendritic particles or fibers of a ductile crystalline Document [34] (Title: Tenacity (mineralogy)) If bent, will spring back to its original position when the stress is released. Plasticity:<br> If bent, will not spring back to its original position when the stress is released. It stays bent. In contrast, flexibility is the ability of a material to deform elastically and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Tenacity (mineralogy) In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken. Brittleness:<br> The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle. Malleability:<br> The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable. Ductility:<br> The mineral Document [35] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) between each individual sample. The two quantities are expressed in the form of a ratio or a percent. % Elongation of a Rock = formula_1 Where: formula_2 = Initial Length of Rock formula_3 = Final Length of Rock % Change in Area of a Rock = formula_4 Where: formula_5 = Initial Area formula_6 = Final Area For each of these methods of quantifying, one must take measurements of both the initial and final dimensions of the rock sample. For Elongation, the measurement is a uni-dimensional initial and final length, the former measured before any Stress is applied and the latter Document [36] (Title: Ductility) Ductility Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) "significant" denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability to be stretched into a wire. From examination of data in Tables A20, A21, A22, A23, and A24 in Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th Edition, for both ductile Document [37] (Title: Toughness) Toughness In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed. Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility. Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress-strain curve. It is the energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture. The explicit mathematical description is: where Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical energy up to Document [38] (Title: Ductility) the ductile–brittle transition temperature. If experiments are performed at a higher strain rate, more dislocation shielding is required to prevent brittle fracture, and the transition temperature is raised. Ductility Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) "significant" denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability Document [39] (Title: Welding) A reduction in fracture toughness may also be attributed to the embrittlement effect of impurities, or for body-centred cubic metals, from a reduction in temperature. Metals and in particular steels have a transitional temperature range where above this range the metal has acceptable notch-ductility while below this range the material becomes brittle. Within the range, the materials behavior is unpredictable. The reduction in fracture toughness is accompanied by a change in the fracture appearance. When above the transition, the fracture is primarily due to micro-void coalescence, which results in the fracture appearing fibrous. When the temperatures falls the fracture will Document [40] (Title: Liquid metal) (Fr)(estimated at 27 °C [81 °F]), and gallium (Ga)(30 °C [86 °F]). Alloy systems that are liquid at room temperature have thermal conductivity far superior to ordinary non-metallic liquids, allowing liquid metal to efficiently transfer energy from the heat source to the liquid. They also have a higher electrical conductivity that allows the liquid to be pumped by more efficient, electromagnetic pumps. This results in the use of these materials for specific heat conducting and/or dissipation applications. Another advantage of liquid alloy systems is their inherent high densities. Once oxides have been removed from the substrate surface, most liquid metals Document [41] (Title: Solid solution strengthening) Solid solution strengthening Solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the lattice due to the alloying element makes plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion. In contrast, alloying beyond the solubility limit can form a second phase, leading to strengthening via other mechanisms (e.g. the precipitation of intermetallic compounds). Depending on the size of the alloying Document [42] (Title: Stability constants of complexes) than with soft bases. In general terms hard–hard interactions are predominantly electrostatic in nature whereas soft–soft interactions are predominantly covalent in nature. The HSAB theory, though useful, is only semi-quantitative. The hardness of a metal ion increases with oxidation state. An example of this effect is given by the fact that Fe tends to form stronger complexes with "N"-donor ligands than with "O"-donor ligands, but the opposite is true for Fe. The [[Irving–Williams series]] refers to high-spin, octahedral, divalent metal ion of the first transition series. It places the stabilities of complexes in the order This order was found to Document [43] (Title: TRIP steel) to extend the uniform plastic ductility by delaying the onset of necking, thereby delaying the flow localization instability that follows the formation of a stable neck. The formation of a stable neck can be defined as when the fractional increase in true stress is equal to the fractional decrease in load-bearing area of a sample. This can also be described as the point at which the strain hardening rate in an engineering stress-strain curve becomes negative. This can be explained by a power law equation for stress-strain behavior for plastic flow: Where n is the strain hardening coefficient, is the Document [44] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) of structures in response to earthquakes and seismic waves. It has been shown that earthquake aftershocks can increase the peak ductility demand with respect to the mainshocks by up to 10%. Ductility (Earth science) In Earth science, as opposed to Materials Science, Ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing. Such behavior may occur in unlithified or poorly lithified sediments, in weak materials such as halite or at greater depths in all rock types where higher temperatures promote crystal plasticity and higher confining pressures suppress brittle fracture. In addition, when a material Document [45] (Title: Ductility) a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed without fracture. Also, these material properties are dependent on temperature and pressure (investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his Nobel Prize-winning work on high pressures). Ductility and malleability are not always coextensive – for instance, while gold has high ductility and malleability, lead has low ductility but high malleability. The word "ductility" is sometimes used to encompass both types of plasticity. Ductility is especially important in metalworking, as materials that crack, Document [46] (Title: Metal oxide adhesion) Metal oxide adhesion The strength of metal oxide adhesion effectively determines the wetting of the metal-oxide interface. The strength of this adhesion is important, for instance, in production of light bulbs and fiber-matrix composites that depend on the optimization of wetting to create metal-ceramic interfaces. The strength of adhesion also determines the extent of dispersion on catalytically active metal. Metal oxide adhesion is important for applications such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. These devices make possible the high packing densities of modern integrated circuits. The majority of the entropy of metal oxidation reactions is in O(g) because the gaseous Document [47] (Title: Alloy) name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble and dissolve into the mixture. The mechanical properties of alloys will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents. A metal that is normally very soft (malleable), such as aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal, such as copper. Although both metals are very soft and ductile, the resulting aluminium alloy will have much greater strength. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for Document [48] (Title: Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys) alloys16 and molybdenum alloys17’s great strength and ductility were also credited to these nanostructures. In 2007, a nickel (Ni) and tungsten (W) nanocrystalline alloy was reported to have resistance to coarsening. Experimental data reported that the alloy coarsened to 28 nm from its original grain size of 20 nm after 30 minutes of exposure to heat of 600 degrees Celsius. This growth was then compared to the coarsening rate of an individual grain of Ni placed in heat of 300 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. In 2012, a tungsten (W) and 20% titanium (Ti) nanocrystalline alloy after a week of Document [49] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) stresses and a decrease in brittleness. Tempering at higher temperatures, from , will produce a slight reduction in hardness, but will primarily relieve much of the internal stresses. In some steels with low alloy content, tempering in the range of causes a decrease in ductility and an increase in brittleness, and is referred to as the "tempered martensite embrittlement" (TME) range. Except in the case of blacksmithing, this range is usually avoided. Steel requiring more strength than toughness, such as tools, are usually not tempered above . Instead, a variation in hardness is usually produced by varying only the tempering Document [50] (Title: Copper conductor) stretching, neck-down, creep, nicks and breaks, and thereby also prevents failures and service interruptions. Copper is much heavier than aluminum for conductors of equal current carrying capacity, so the high tensile strength is offset by its increased weight. Ductility is a material's ability to deform under tensile stress. This is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. Ductility is especially important in metalworking because materials that crack or break under stress cannot be hammered, rolled, or drawn (drawing is a process that uses tensile forces to stretch metal). Copper has a higher ductility than alternate Document [51] (Title: White metal) characteristics for plain bearings. Most importantly for bearings, the material should be hard and wear-resistant and have a low coefficient of friction. It must also be shock-resistant, tough and sufficiently ductile to allow for slight misalignment prior to running-in. Pure metals are soft, tough and ductile with a high coefficient of friction. Intermetallic compounds are hard and wear-resistant but brittle. By themselves, these do not make ideal bearing materials. Alloys consist of small particles of a hard compound embedded in the tough, ductile background of a solid solution. In service the latter can wear away slightly leaving the hard compound Document [52] (Title: Metal) elemental metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is a wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense (0.534 g/cm) and osmium (22.59 g/cm) the most dense. Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm can be compared to those of the older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9 g/cm. An iron ball would thus weigh about as much as three aluminium balls. Metals are typically malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving. The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is Document [53] (Title: Thermal conductivity) electrons. In this case the mean velocity is the Fermi velocity which is temperature independent. The mean free path is determined by the impurities and the crystal imperfections which are temperature independent as well. So the only temperature-dependent quantity is the heat capacity "c", which, in this case, is proportional to "T". So with "k" a constant. For pure metals such as copper, silver, etc. "l" is large, so the thermal conductivity is high. At higher temperatures the mean free path is limited by the phonons, so the thermal conductivity tends to decrease with temperature. In alloys the density of Document [54] (Title: Iron–hydrogen alloy) may contribute up to 13 ppm in its weight. Varying the amount of hydrogen, as well as controlling its chemical and physical makeup in the final iron hydride (either as a solute element, or as a precipitated phase), hastens the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and undermines its qualities. Varying the other alloying elements and controlling their chemical and physical makeup also controls, but enhances its qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting iron-hydrogen alloy. The Document [55] (Title: Metal) is an A group element (mostly group IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14), and X is either carbon or nitrogen. Examples are HfSnC and TiAlN. Such alloys have some of the best properties of metals and ceramics. These properties include high electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, damage tolerance, machinability, high elastic stiffness, and low thermal expansion coefficients. They can be polished to a metallic luster because of their excellent electrical conductivities. During mechanical testing, it has been found that polycrystalline TiSiC cylinders can be repeatedly compressed at room temperature, up to stresses of 1 GPa, and Document [56] (Title: Portevin–Le Chatelier effect) however, the plasticity and ductility of a material afflicted by the PLC effect decrease drastically. The PLC effect is known to induce blue brittleness in steel; additionally, the loss of ductility may cause rough surfaces to develop during deformation (Al-Mg alloys are especially susceptible to this), rendering them useless for autobody or casting applications. Portevin–Le Chatelier effect The Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (PLC) describes a serrated stress–strain curve or jerky flow, which some materials exhibit as they undergo plastic deformation, specifically inhomogeneous deformation. This effect has been long associated with dynamic strain aging or the competition between diffusing solutes pinning dislocations Document [57] (Title: Green strength) Characteristics such as particle size and compressibility pose limits on the final green strength. There are currently various studies in place to improve the green strength of powder metallurgy. The use of advanced lubricants and the addition of high alloys have shown that it is possible to increase the green strength of these materials. Green strength Green strength, or handling strength, can be defined as the strength of a material it is processed to form its final ultimate tensile strength. This strength is usually considerably lower than the final ultimate strength of a material. The term green strength is usually Document [58] (Title: Carbon steel) modulus (elasticity) is unaffected. All treatments of steel trade ductility for increased strength and vice versa. Iron has a higher solubility for carbon in the austenite phase; therefore all heat treatments, except spheroidizing and process annealing, start by heating the steel to a temperature at which the austenitic phase can exist. The steel is then quenched (heat drawn out) at a moderate to low rate allowing carbon to diffuse out of the austenite forming iron-carbide (cementite) and leaving ferrite, or at a high rate, trapping the carbon within the iron thus forming martensite. The rate at which the steel is Document [59] (Title: Cold-formed steel) process but is also needed for plastic redistribution of stress in members and connections, where stress concentration would occur. The ductility criteria and performance of low-ductility steels for cold-formed members and connections have been studied by Dhalla, Winter, and Errera at Cornell University. It was found that the ductility measurement in a standard tension test includes local ductility and uniform ductility. Local ductility is designated as the localized elongation at the eventual fracture zone. Uniform ductility is the ability of a tension coupon to undergo sizeable plastic deformations along its entire length prior to necking. This study also revealed that Document [60] (Title: Denticity) In general, the stability of a metal complex correlates with the denticity of the ligands, which can be attributed to the chelate effect. Polydentate ligands such as hexa- or octadentate ligands tend to bind metal ions more strongly than ligands of lower denticity, primarily due to entropic factors. Stability constants are a quantitative measure to assess the thermodynamic stability of coordination complexes. Denticity Denticity refers to the number of donor groups in a single ligand that bind to a central atom in a coordination complex. In many cases, only one atom in the ligand binds to the metal, so the Document [61] (Title: Plating) industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. The excellent ductility of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for steel. Tin is also widely used in the electronics industry because of its ability to protect the base metal from oxidation thus preserving its solderability. In electronic applications, 3% to 7% lead may be added to improve solderability and to prevent the growth of metallic "whiskers" in compression stressed deposits, Document [62] (Title: Copper) greater strength than monocrystalline forms. The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×10 S/m) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×10 A/m of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a Document [63] (Title: Metallic bonding) the structure that function as cleavage points may get blocked and the material becomes harder. Gold, for example, is very soft in pure form (24-karat), which is why alloys of 18-karat or lower are preferred in jewelry. Metals are typically also good conductors of heat, but the conduction electrons only contribute partly to this phenomenon. Collective (i.e., delocalized) vibrations of the atoms known as phonons that travel through the solid as a wave, contribute strongly. However, the latter also holds for a substance like diamond. It conducts heat quite well but "not" electricity. The latter is "not" a consequence of Document [64] (Title: Heavy metals) gold: 2[Au(CN)] + Zn → K[Zn(CN)] + 2 Au. The gold precipitates out of solution as a sludge, and is filtered off and melted. Some general physical and chemical properties of light and heavy metals are summarised in the table. The comparison should be treated with caution since the terms light metal and heavy metal are not always consistently defined. Also the physical properties of hardness and tensile strength can vary widely depending on purity, grain size and pre-treatment. These properties make it relatively easy to distinguish a light metal like sodium from a heavy metal like tungsten, but the Document [65] (Title: Work hardening) deform using the only mechanism available: elastic deformation, the regular scheme of stretching or compressing of electrical bonds (without dislocation motion) continues to occur, and the modulus of elasticity is unchanged. Eventually the stress is great enough to overcome the strain-field interactions and plastic deformation resumes. However, ductility of a work-hardened material is decreased. Ductility is the extent to which a material can undergo plastic deformation, that is, it is how far a material can be plastically deformed before fracture. A cold-worked material is, in effect, a normal (brittle) material that has already been extended through part of its allowed Document [66] (Title: Hardness) perfectly brittle materials, yield strength and ultimate strength are the same, because they do not experience detectable plastic deformation. The opposite of brittleness is ductility. The toughness of a material is the maximum amount of energy it can absorb before fracturing, which is different from the amount of force that can be applied. Toughness tends to be small for brittle materials, because elastic and plastic deformations allow materials to absorb large amounts of energy. Hardness increases with decreasing particle size. This is known as the Hall-Petch relationship. However, below a critical grain-size, hardness decreases with decreasing grain size. This is Document [67] (Title: Lead) conditions. Characteristic properties of lead include high density, malleability, ductility, and high resistance to corrosion due to passivation. Lead's close-packed face-centered cubic structure and high atomic weight result in a density of 11.34 g/cm, which is greater than that of common metals such as iron (7.87 g/cm), copper (8.93 g/cm), and zinc (7.14 g/cm). This density is the origin of the idiom "to go over like a lead balloon". Some rarer metals are denser: tungsten and gold are both at 19.3 g/cm, and osmium—the densest metal known—has a density of 22.59 g/cm, almost twice that of lead. Lead is a Document [68] (Title: Dislocation) than that required to break all the bonds on an entire plane of atoms at once. Even this simple model of the force required to move a dislocation shows that plasticity is possible at much lower stresses than in a perfect crystal. In many materials, particularly ductile materials, dislocations are the "carrier" of plastic deformation, and the energy required to move them is less than the energy required to fracture the material. Dislocations give rise to the characteristic malleability of metals. When metals are subjected to "cold working" (deformation at temperatures which are relatively low as compared to the material's Document [69] (Title: Cold-formed steel) for the different ductility steels investigated, the elongation in 2-in. (50.8-mm) gage length did not correlate satisfactorily with either the local or the uniform ductility of the material. In order to be able to redistribute the stresses in the plastic range to avoid premature brittle fracture and to achieve full net-section strength in a tension member with stress concentrations, it is suggested that: Weldability refers to the capacity of steel to be welded into a satisfactory, crack free, sound joint under fabrication conditions without difficulty. Welding is possible in cold-formed steel elements, but it shall follow the standards given in Document [70] (Title: Nickel aluminide) and boron. Adding boron increases the ductility of the alloy by positively altering the grain boundary chemistry and promoting grain refinement. The Hall-Petch parameters for this material were σ = 163 MPa and k = 8.2 MPaˑcm. Boron increases the hardness of bulk NiAl by a similar mechanism. This alloy is extremely strong for its weight, five times stronger than common SAE 304 stainless steel. Unlike most alloys, IC-221M increases in strength from room temperature up to 800 °C. The alloy is very resistant to heat and corrosion, and finds use in heat-treating furnaces and other applications where its longer Document [71] (Title: Fracture toughness) considerably. This phenomenon is the unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a constant tensile stress in a corrosive environment. Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides, mild steel cracks in the presence of alkali (boiler cracking) and copper alloys crack in ammoniacal solutions (season cracking). Worse still, high-tensile structural steels crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially chloride. With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of "hydrogen cracking", all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical crack growth; i.e. Document [72] (Title: Metallurgy) balance between hardness and toughness in any steel; the harder the steel, the less tough or impact-resistant it is, and the more impact-resistant it is, the less hard it is. Tempering relieves stresses in the metal that were caused by the hardening process; tempering makes the metal less hard while making it better able to sustain impacts without breaking. Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what are known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high-alloy special steels, superalloys and titanium alloys. Electroplating is a chemical surface-treatment technique. Document [73] (Title: Steel) in the crystal lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases), slows the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behavior, need for annealing, tempering behavior, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared Document [74] (Title: High entropy alloys) of an alloy's mechanical properties may be an issue. The crystal structure of HEAs has been found to be the dominant factor in determining the mechanical properties. bcc HEAs typically have high yield strength and low ductility and vice versa for fcc HEAs. Some alloys have been particularly noted for their exceptional mechanical properties. A refractory alloy, VNbMoTaW maintains a high yield strength (>) even at a temperature of , significantly outperforming conventional superalloys such as Inconel 718. However, room temperature ductility is poor, less is known about other important high temperature properties such as creep resistance, and the density Document [75] (Title: Plasticity (physics)) d dimensions) is a function of the strain tensor. Although this description is accurate when a small part of matter is subjected to increasing loading (such as strain loading), this theory cannot account for irreversibility. Ductile materials can sustain large plastic deformations without fracture. However, even ductile metals will fracture when the strain becomes large enough - this is as a result of work hardening of the material, which causes it to become brittle. Heat treatment such as annealing can restore the ductility of a worked piece, so that shaping can continue. In 1934, Egon Orowan, Michael Polanyi and Geoffrey Document [76] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) strength. In glacial ice this zone is at approximately depth. Not all materials, however, abide by this transition. It is possible and not rare for material above the transition zone to deform ductilely, and for material below to deform in a brittle manner. The depth of the material does exert an influence on the mode of deformation, but other substances, such as loose soils in the upper crust, malleable rocks, biological debris, and more are just a few examples of that which does not deform in accordance to the transition zone. The type of dominating deformation process also has a Document [77] (Title: Ductility) Ductility can be quantified by the fracture strain formula_1, which is the engineering strain at which a test specimen fractures during a uniaxial tensile test. Another commonly used measure is the reduction of area at fracture formula_2. The ductility of steel varies depending on the alloying constituents. Increasing the levels of carbon decreases ductility. Many plastics and amorphous solids, such as Play-Doh, are also malleable. The most ductile metal is platinum and the most malleable metal is gold. The ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT), nil ductility temperature (NDT), or nil ductility transition temperature of a metal is the temperature at which Document [78] (Title: Hardness) Hardness Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics, wood). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: "scratch hardness", "indentation hardness", and "rebound hardness". Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter. There are three Document [79] (Title: Shaped charge) to its much higher density and very high ductility at high strain rates. Other high-density metals and alloys tend to have drawbacks in terms of price, toxicity, radioactivity, or lack of ductility. For the deepest penetrations, pure metals yield the best results, because they display the greatest ductility, which delays the breakup of the jet into particles as it stretches. In charges for oil well completion, however, it is essential that a solid slug or "carrot" not be formed, since it would plug the hole just penetrated and interfere with the influx of oil. In the petroleum industry, therefore, liners Document [80] (Title: Earthquake engineering) it is very important to assess ability of a structure to develop and maintain its bearing resistance in the inelastic range. A measure of this ability is ductility, which may be observed in a "material itself", in a "structural element", or to a "whole structure". As a consequence of Northridge earthquake experience, the American Institute of Steel Construction has introduced AISC 358 "Pre-Qualified Connections for Special and intermediate Steel Moment Frames." The AISC Seismic Design Provisions require that all Steel Moment Resisting Frames employ either connections contained in AISC 358, or the use of connections that have been subjected to Document [81] (Title: Cold-formed steel) steel, particularly for those compression elements having relatively large flat-width ratios and for compression members having relatively large slenderness ratios. The exceptions are bolted and welded connections, the strength of which depends not only on the yield point but also on the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Studies indicate that the effects of cold work on formed steel members depend largely upon the spread between the tensile and the yield strength of the virgin material. Ductility is defined as ‘‘an extent to which a material can sustain plastic deformation without rupture.’’ It is not only required in the forming Document [82] (Title: Solubility) of the matrix within the lattice (a substitutional position; for example, chromium in iron) or take a place in a space between the lattice points (an interstitial position; for example, carbon in iron). In microelectronic fabrication, solid solubility refers to the maximum concentration of impurities one can place into the substrate. Many substances dissolve congruently; i.e., the composition of the solid and the dissolved solute stoichiometrically match. However, some substances may dissolve incongruently, whereby the composition of the solute in solution does not match that of the solid. This solubilization is accompanied by alteration of the "primary solid" and possibly Document [83] (Title: Work hardening) not exhibit only one or the other, but rather a combination of the two. The following discussion mostly applies to metals, especially steels, which are well studied. Work hardening occurs most notably for ductile materials such as metals. Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformations before fracture (for example, bending a steel rod until it finally breaks). The tensile test is widely used to study deformation mechanisms. This is because under compression, most materials will experience trivial (lattice mismatch) and non-trivial (buckling) events before plastic deformation or fracture occur. Hence the intermediate processes that occur to Document [84] (Title: Heat capacity) a metal which has a density almost 36 times that of the metal lithium, but uranium's specific heat capacity on a volumetric basis (i.e. per given volume of metal) is only 18% larger than lithium's. Since the volume-specific corollary of the Dulong–Petit specific heat capacity relationship requires that atoms of all elements take up (on average) the same volume in solids, there are many departures from it, with most of these due to variations in atomic size. For instance, arsenic, which is only 14.5% less dense than antimony, has nearly 59% more specific heat capacity on a mass basis. In Document [85] (Title: Welding) Three of the most commonly used crystal lattice structures in metals are the body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic and close-packed hexagonal. Ferritic steel has a body-centred cubic structure and austenitic steel, non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper and nickel have the face-centred cubic structure. Ductility is an important factor in ensuring the integrity of structures by enabling them to sustain local stress concentrations without fracture. In addition, structures are required to be of an acceptable strength, which is related to a material's yield strength. In general, as the yield strength of a material increases, there is a corresponding reduction in fracture toughness. Document [86] (Title: Hardness) quantified as compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength depending on the direction of the forces involved. Ultimate strength is an engineering measure of the maximum load a part of a specific material and geometry can withstand. Brittleness, in technical usage, is the tendency of a material to fracture with very little or no detectable plastic deformation beforehand. Thus in technical terms, a material can be both brittle and strong. In everyday usage "brittleness" usually refers to the tendency to fracture under a small amount of force, which exhibits both brittleness and a lack of strength (in the technical sense). For Document [87] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) = Viscosity (In Pascals * Seconds) formula_15 = Strain Rate (In 1/Seconds) Crystal-Plastic Deformation Crystal-Plastic Deformation occurs at the atomic scale and is governed by its own set of specific mechanisms that deform crystals by the movements of atoms and atomic planes through the crystal lattice. Like viscous deformation, it is also a permanent form of deformation. Mechanisms of crystal-plastic deformation include Pressure solution, Dislocation creep, and Diffusion creep. In addition to rocks, biological materials such as wood, lumber, bone, etc. can be assessed for their ductility as well, for many behave in the same manner and possess the same Document [88] (Title: Machinability) the machinability of a material. Soft, ductile materials tend to form a built up edge. Stainless steel and other materials with a high strain hardening ability also want to form a built up edge. Aluminium alloys, cold worked steels, and free machining steels, as well as materials with a high shear zone don't tend to form built up edges, so these materials would rank as more machinable. The advantage of this method is that it is easily measured with the appropriate equipment. The disadvantage of this criterion is that it is often irrelevant. For instance when making a rough cut, Document [89] (Title: Oxygen-free copper) of the pure oxygen-free metal during processing. The method of producing OFHC copper ensures extra high grade of metal with a copper content of 99.99%. With so small a content of extraneous elements, the inherent properties of elemental copper are brought forth to a high degree. These characteristics are high ductility, high electrical and thermal conductivity, high impact strength, good creep resistance, ease of welding, and low relative volatility under high vacuum. Conductivity is generally specified relative to the 1913 International Annealed Copper Standard of 58 MS/m. Advances in the refining process now yield OF and ETP copper that can Document [90] (Title: Ductility) and brittle materials, it is possible to postulate a broader quantifiable definition of ductility that does not rely on percent elongation alone. In general, a ductile material must have a measurable yield strength, at which unrecoverable plastic deformation begins (see Yield (engineering)), and also must satisfy one of the following conditions: either have an elongation to failure of at least 5%, or area reduction to rupture at least 20%, or true strain to rupture at least 10%. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form Document [91] (Title: Bonding in solids) of metallic bonding, which allows atoms (and planes of atoms in a crystal lattice) to move past one another without disrupting their bonding interactions. Metals can be strengthened by introducing crystal defects (for example, by alloying) that interfere with the motion of dislocations that mediate plastic deformation. Further, some transition metals exhibit directional bonding in addition to metallic bonding; this increases shear strength and reduces ductility, imparting some of the characteristics of a covalent solid (an intermediate case below). A classic molecular solid consists of small, non-polar covalent molecules, and is held together by London dispersion forces (van der Waals Document [92] (Title: Weldability) during heat treatment. The hardenability of steel depends on its chemical composition, with greater quantities of carbon and other alloying elements resulting in a higher hardenability and thus a lower weldability. In order to be able to judge alloys made up of many distinct materials, a measure known as the equivalent carbon content is used to compare the relative weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their properties to a plain carbon steel. The effect on weldability of elements like chromium and vanadium, while not as great as carbon, is more significant than that of copper and nickel, for example. As Document [93] (Title: Iron) tensile strength. Because of the softness of iron, it is much easier to work with than its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium. Because of its significance for planetary cores, the physical properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively. The form of iron that is stable under standard conditions can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form, as described in the next section. Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal. At least four allotropic forms of iron are known as α, γ, δ, and ε; Document [94] (Title: Elasticity (physics)) as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are dependent on temperature. Elasticity (physics) In Physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size Document [95] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) Ductility (Earth science) In Earth science, as opposed to Materials Science, Ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing. Such behavior may occur in unlithified or poorly lithified sediments, in weak materials such as halite or at greater depths in all rock types where higher temperatures promote crystal plasticity and higher confining pressures suppress brittle fracture. In addition, when a material is behaving ductilely, it exhibits a linear stress vs strain relationship past the elastic limit. Ductile deformation is typically characterized by diffuse deformation (i.e. lacking a discrete fault plane) and on Document [96] (Title: Solid) a static load. Toughness indicates how much energy a material can absorb before mechanical failure, while fracture toughness (denoted K ) describes the ability of a material with inherent microstructural flaws to resist fracture via crack growth and propagation. If a material has a large value of fracture toughness, the basic principles of fracture mechanics suggest that it will most likely undergo ductile fracture. Brittle fracture is very characteristic of most ceramic and glass-ceramic materials that typically exhibit low (and inconsistent) values of K. For an example of applications of ceramics, the extreme hardness of zirconia is utilized in the Document [97] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) the longitudinal direction and the post-linear behavior was analyzed using plasticity theory. Controls included moisture content in the lumber, lack of defects such as knots or grain distortions, temperature at 20 C, relative humidity at 65%, and size of the cut shapes of the wood samples. Results obtained from the experiment exhibited a linear stress-strain relationship during elastic deformation but also an unexpected non-linear relationship between stress and strain for the lumber after the elastic limit was reached, deviating from the model of plasticity theory. Multiple reasons were suggested as to why this came about. First, since wood is a Document [98] (Title: Clinching) (ductility). Since metal ductility increases with temperature, heat assisted clinching processes have been developed, thus increasing the material ductility and extending the clinching "join ability". In addition, increasing the joining temperature results in a reduction in the material's yield stress and consequently a in reduction of the required joining force. Nevertheless, if prolonged heating is applied, an increase in the grain size as well as metallurgical changes of alloys may affect the mechanical behavior of the material at the joint vicinity. Different heating systems have been employed to heat the sheets before clinching: Although clinching has been widely employed for Document [99] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) measuring the length of the sample after fracture occurs. For Area, it is strongly preferable to use a rock that has been cut into a cylindrical shape before stress application so that the cross-sectional area of the sample can be taken. Cross-Sectional Area of a Cylinder = Area of a Circle = formula_7 Using this, the initial and final areas of the sample can be used to quantify the % change in the area of the rock. Any material is shown to be able to deform ductilely or brittlely, in which the type of deformation is governed by both the Document [100] (Title: Metal) ductile, a few—beryllium, chromium, manganese, gallium, and bismuth—are brittle. Arsenic, and antimony, if admitted as metals, are brittle. Low values of the ratio of bulk elastic modulus to shear modulus (Pugh's criterion) are indicative of intrinsic brittleness. In materials science, metallurgy, and engineering, a refractory metal is a metal that is extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a high hardness at room temperature. A white metal is any of range of white-coloured metals Document [101] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) steel like wire-drawn steel,Centrifugally cast ductile iron pipe etc. A full anneal typically results in the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy. Its purpose is to originate a uniform and stable microstructure that most closely resembles the metal's phase diagram equilibrium microstructure, thus letting the metal attain relatively low levels of hardness, yield strength and ultimate strength with high plasticity and toughness. To perform a full anneal on a steel for example, steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form austenite or Document [102] (Title: Superplasticity) are covalent and ionic. For metals, the chemical bond is called the metallic bond. The bonding of atoms together is much stronger in covalent and ionic bonding than in metallic. That is why, generally speaking, metals are ductile and ceramics are brittle. Due to ceramic materials wide range of properties, they are used for a multitude of applications. In general, most ceramics are: High-strain-rate superplasticity has been observed in aluminium-based and magnesium-based alloys. But for ceramic materials, superplastic deformation has been restricted to low strain rates for most oxides, and nitrides with the presence of cavities leading to premature failure. Document [103] (Title: Infrared and thermal testing) profound effect upon the ability of the surface to transfer energy. The ability of a material to radiate energy is measured by the emissivity of the material. This is defined as the ability of the material to release energy as compared to a perfect blackbody radiator. This is strictly a surface property. It normally exhibits itself in higher values for rough surfaces and lower values for smooth surfaces. For example, rough concrete may have an emissivity of 0.95 while a shiny piece of tinfoil may have an emissivity of only 0.05. In practical terms, this means that when looking at Document [104] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) expressed in a variety of ways. Mathematically, it is commonly expressed as a "total quantity of elongation" or a "total quantity of the change in cross sectional area" of a specific rock until macroscopic brittle behavior, such as fracturing, is observed. For accurate measurement, this must be done under several controlled conditions, including but not limited to Pressure, Temperature, Moisture Content, Sample Size, etc., for all can impact the measured ductility. It is important to understand that even the same type of rock or mineral may exhibit different behavior and degrees of ductility due to internal heterogeneities small scale differences Document [105] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) and distorted sample cutting. The conclusions of the research accurately showed that although biological materials can behave like rocks undergoing deformation, there are many other factors and variables that must be considered, making it difficult to standardize the ductility and material properties of a biological substance. Peak Ductility Demand is a quantity used particularly in the fields of architecture, geological engineering, and mechanical engineering. It is defined as the amount of ductile deformation a material must be able to withstand (when exposed to a stress) without brittle fracture or failure. This quantity is particularly useful in the analysis of failure Document [106] (Title: Coordination complex) constants vary widely. Large values indicate that the metal has high affinity for the ligand, provided the system is at equilibrium. Sometimes the stability constant will be in a different form known as the constant of destability. This constant is expressed as the inverse of the constant of formation and is denoted as K = 1/K . This constant represents the reverse reaction for the decomposition of a complex ion into its individual metal and ligand components. When comparing the values for K, the larger the value is the more unstable the complex ion is. As a result of these Document [107] (Title: Superhard material) However, defects can actually strengthen some covalent structures. Traditionally, high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions have been used to synthesize superhard materials, but recent superhard material syntheses aim at using less energy and lower cost materials. Historically, hardness was first defined as the ability of one material to scratch another and quantified by an integer (sometimes half-integer) from 0 to 10 on the Mohs scale. This scale was however quickly found too discrete and non-linear. Measuring the mechanical hardness of materials changed to using a nanoindenter (usually made of diamond) and evaluating bulk moduli, and the Brinell, Rockwell, Knoop and Vickers Document [108] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) springs are tempered to much higher temperatures. Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater toughness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. Tempering is usually performed after quenching, which is rapid cooling of the metal to put it in its hardest state. Tempering is accomplished by controlled heating of the quenched work-piece to a temperature below its "lower critical temperature". This is also called the lower transformation temperature or Document [109] (Title: Metal) in a metal's electron cloud are highly mobile and easily able to pass on heat-induced vibrational energy. The contribution of a metal's electrons to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and the electrical conductivity of the metal itself can be calculated from the free electron model, albeit this does not take into account the detailed structure of the metal's ion lattice. Taking into account the positive potential caused by the arrangement of the ion cores enables consideration of the electronic band structure and binding energy of a metal. Various mathematical models are applicable, the simplest being the nearly free electron Document [110] (Title: TRIP steel) drives significant improvement in uniform ductility. As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements. The TRIP effect can also be utilized in forming operations, where improvements to ductility enable greater bend angles and more aggressive forming operations without cracking. The most common TRIP range of steels comprises 2 cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade (TRIP 780), identified by their Document [111] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) Liquid metal embrittlement Liquid metal embrittlement, also known as liquid metal induced embrittlement, is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when exposed to specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress, either externally applied or internally present, is needed to induce embrittlement. Exceptions to this rule have been observed, as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gallium. This phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Many of its phenomenological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain Document [112] (Title: Metallurgy) such as cost, weight, strength, toughness, hardness, corrosion, fatigue resistance, and performance in temperature extremes. To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered. In a saltwater environment, ferrous metals and some aluminium alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or cryogenic conditions may endure a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from metal fatigue. Metals under constant stress at elevated temperatures can creep. Metals are shaped by processes such as: Cold-working processes, in which the product’s shape is altered by rolling, Document [113] (Title: Metal–organic framework) can be broadly classified as being one of two types: physisorption or chemisorption. Physisorption is characterized by weak van der Waals interactions, and bond enthalpies typically less than 20 kJ/mol. Chemisorption, alternatively, is defined by stronger covalent and ionic bonds, with bond enthalpies between 250 and 500 kJ/mol. In both cases, the adsorbate atoms or molecules (i.e. the particles which adhere to the surface) are attracted to the adsorbent (solid) surface because of the surface energy that results from unoccupied bonding locations at the surface. The degree of orbital overlap then determines if the interactions will be physisorptive or chemisorptive. Document [114] (Title: Lead) very soft metal with a Mohs hardness of 1.5; it can be scratched with a fingernail. It is quite malleable and somewhat ductile. The bulk modulus of lead—a measure of its ease of compressibility—is 45.8 GPa. In comparison, that of aluminium is 75.2 GPa; copper 137.8 GPa; and mild steel 160–169 GPa. Lead's tensile strength, at 12–17 MPa, is low (that of aluminium is 6 times higher, copper 10 times, and mild steel 15 times higher); it can be strengthened by adding small amounts of copper or antimony. The melting point of lead—at 327.5 °C (621.5 °F)—is very low compared Document [115] (Title: Hardness) known as the inverse Hall-Petch effect. Hardness of a material to deformation is dependent on its microdurability or small-scale shear modulus in any direction, not to any rigidity or stiffness properties such as its bulk modulus or Young's modulus. Stiffness is often confused for hardness. Some materials are stiffer than diamond (e.g. osmium) but are not harder, and are prone to spalling and flaking in squamose or acicular habits. The key to understanding the mechanism behind hardness is understanding the metallic microstructure, or the structure and arrangement of the atoms at the atomic level. In fact, most important metallic properties Document [116] (Title: Ductility) break or shatter under stress cannot be manipulated using metal-forming processes such as hammering, rolling, drawing or extruding. Malleable materials can be formed cold using stamping or pressing, whereas brittle materials may be cast or thermoformed. High degrees of ductility occur due to metallic bonds, which are found predominantly in metals, leading to the common perception that metals are ductile in general. In metallic bonds valence shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. The delocalized electrons allow metal atoms to slide past one another without being subjected to strong repulsive forces that would cause other materials to shatter. Document [117] (Title: Hydrogen embrittlement) e.g. beryllium copper) are not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement along with a few other metals. As an example of severe hydrogen embrittlement, the elongation at failure of 17-4PH precipitation hardened stainless steel was measured to drop from 17% to only 1.7% when smooth specimens were exposed to high-pressure hydrogen. However, recent computational research (using Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics) has shown that instead of leading to a decrease in ductility, there is local enhancement of ductility in areas that are hydrogen saturated. This increase in ductility leads to areas where there is a reduction in the critical tensile stress. This, in turn, Document [118] (Title: Post-transition metal) a metalloid. Despite its shortcomings, it has a good strength-to-weight ratio and excellent ductility; its mechanical strength can be improved considerably with the use of alloying additives; its very high thermal conductivity can be put to good use in heat sinks and heat exchangers; and it has a high electrical conductivity. At lower temperatures, aluminium increases its deformation strength (as do most materials) whilst maintaining ductility (as do face-centred cubic metals generally). Chemically, bulk aluminium is a strongly electropositive metal, with a high negative electrode potential. Gallium is a soft, brittle metal (MH 1.5) that melts at only a few Document [119] (Title: Ceramography) kg/mm (10 – 15 GPa), and many carbides are over 2000 (20 GPa). The method is specified in ASTM C849, C1326 & E384. Microindention hardness is also called microindentation hardness or simply microhardness. The hardness of very small particles and thin films of ceramics, on the order of 100 nm, can be measured by nanoindentation methods that use a Berkovich indenter. The toughness of ceramics can be determined from a Vickers test under a load of 10 – 20 kg. Toughness is the ability of a material to resist crack propagation. Several calculations have been formulated from the load (P), Document [120] (Title: Nanomaterials) atoms/clusters at about the 50 nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their polarization direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them useless for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles often have Document [121] (Title: Ductility) some materials, the transition is sharper than others and typically requires a temperature-sensitive deformation mechanism. For example, in materials with a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice the DBTT is readily apparent, as the motion of screw dislocations is very temperature sensitive because the rearrangement of the dislocation core prior to slip requires thermal activation. This can be problematic for steels with a high ferrite content. This famously resulted in serious hull cracking in Liberty ships in colder waters during World War II, causing many sinkings. DBTT can also be influenced by external factors such as neutron radiation, which leads to an Document [122] (Title: Nanostructured film) than 10 nm in size, were found to substantially strengthen the material by restricting the movement of dislocations and grains. The cores were also found to contribute to overall material strength by restricting the movement of shear bands in the material. This nanostructured film differs from both crystalline metals and amorphous metallic glasses, both of which exhibit behaviors such as the reverse Hall-Petch and shear-band softening effects that prevent them from reaching ideal strength values. Nanostructured films with superior mechanical properties allow previously unusable materials to be utilized in new applications, enabling advances fields where coatings are heavily utilized, such Document [123] (Title: Strengthening mechanisms of materials) Strengthening mechanisms of materials Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility, and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials. These strengthening mechanisms give engineers the ability to tailor the mechanical properties of materials to suit a variety of different applications. For example, the favorable properties of steel result from interstitial incorporation of carbon into the iron lattice. Brass, a binary alloy of copper and zinc, has superior mechanical properties compared to its constituent metals due to solution strengthening. Work hardening (such as beating a red-hot piece of metal on anvil) has also been used for centuries by Document [124] (Title: Brazing) metal, with correspondingly lower spreading force. Fine grain size gives eutectics both increased strength and increased ductility. Highly accurate melting temperature lets joining process be performed only slightly above the alloy's melting point. On solidifying, there is no mushy state where the alloy appears solid but is not yet; the chance of disturbing the joint by manipulation in such state is reduced (assuming the alloy did not significantly change its properties by dissolving the base metal). Eutectic behavior is especially beneficial for solders. Metals with fine grain structure before melting provide superior wetting to metals with large grains. Alloying additives Document [125] (Title: Hardness) critical to the manufacturing of today’s goods are determined by the microstructure of a material. At the atomic level, the atoms in a metal are arranged in an orderly three-dimensional array called a crystal lattice. In reality, however, a given specimen of a metal likely never contains a consistent single crystal lattice. A given sample of metal will contain many grains, with each grain having a fairly consistent array pattern. At an even smaller scale, each grain contains irregularities. There are two types of irregularities at the grain level of the microstructure that are responsible for the hardness of the Document [126] (Title: Hardness) of dislocations, a particular metal's hardness can be controlled. Although seemingly counter-intuitive, as the density of dislocations increases, there are more intersections created and consequently more anchor points. Similarly, as more interstitial atoms are added, more pinning points that impede the movements of dislocations are formed. As a result, the more anchor points added, the harder the material will become. Hardness Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics, wood). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but Document [127] (Title: Atomic packing factor) or ductility), similar to how a road is smoother when the stones are closer together, allowing metal atoms to slide past one another more easily. Common sphere packings taken on by atomic systems are listed below with their corresponding packing fraction. The majority of metals take on either the HCP, FCC, or BCC structure. The primitive unit cell for the body-centered cubic crystal structure contains several fractions taken from nine atoms (if the particles in the crystal are atoms): one on each corner of the cube and one atom in the center. Because the volume of each of the eight Document [128] (Title: Alkali metal) heavier alkali metals. Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to (but not equal to) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance. This quantity decreases going down the group, and so does the activation energy; thus, chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group. Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself. If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent, the pair of shared electrons Document [129] (Title: Mineralogy) have a hardness that depends significantly on direction. Hardness can also be measured on an absolute scale using a sclerometer; compared to the absolute scale, the Mohs scale is nonlinear. "Tenacity" refers to the way a mineral behaves when it is broken, crushed, bent or torn. A mineral can be brittle, malleable, sectile, ductile, flexible or elastic. An important influence on tenacity is the type of chemical bond ("e.g.," ionic or metallic). Of the other measures of mechanical cohesion, "cleavage" is the tendency to break along certain crystallographic planes. It is described by the quality ("e.g.", perfect or fair) and Document [130] (Title: Elasticity (physics)) Elasticity (physics) In Physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When Document [131] (Title: Metallic bonding) destroying the metallic bonding. However metals are often readily soluble in each other while retaining the metallic character of their bonding. Gold, for example, dissolves easily in mercury, even at room temperature. Even in solid metals, the solubility can be extensive. If the structures of the two metals are the same, there can even be complete solid solubility, as in the case of electrum, the alloys of silver and gold. At times, however, two metals will form alloys with different structures than either of the two parents. One could call these materials metal compounds, but, because materials with metallic bonding Document [132] (Title: Electronegativity) of an element's ability to donate electrons, and therefore form positive ions; thus, it is opposed to electronegativity. Mainly, this is an attribute of metals, meaning that, in general, the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity. Therefore, the alkali metals are most electropositive of all. This is because they have a single electron in their outer shell and, as this is relatively far from the nucleus of the atom, it is easily lost; in other words, these metals have low ionization energies. While electronegativity increases along periods in the periodic table, and decreases down groups, Document [133] (Title: Formability) Formability Formability is the ability of a given metal workpiece to undergo plastic deformation without being damaged. The plastic deformation capacity of metallic materials, however, is limited to a certain extent, at which point, the material could experience tearing or fracture (breakage). Processes affected by the formability of a material include: rolling, extrusion, forging, rollforming, stamping, and hydroforming. A general parameter that indicates the formability and ductility of a material is the fracture strain which is determined by a uniaxial tensile test (see also fracture toughness). The strain identified by this test is defined by elongation with respect to a Document [134] (Title: Liquid metal) will wet to most metallic surfaces. Specifically though, room-temperature liquid metal can be very reactive with certain metals. Liquid metal can dissolve most metals; however, at moderate temperatures, only some are slightly soluble, such as sodium, potassium, gold, magnesium, lead, nickel and mercury. Gallium is corrosive to all metals except tungsten and tantalum, which have a high resistance to corrosion, more so than niobium, titanium and molybdenum. Similar to indium, gallium and gallium-containing alloys have the ability to wet to many non-metallic surfaces such as glass and quartz. Gently rubbing the alloy into the surface may help induce wetting. However, Document [135] (Title: Welding) are constrained relative to each other, thereby resulting in the bond being characteristically brittle. Metallic bonding can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent atoms of the same type and do not combine with one another to form a chemical bond. Atoms will lose an electron(s) forming an array of positive ions. These electrons are shared by the lattice which makes the electron cluster mobile, as the electrons are free to move as well as the ions. For this, it gives metals their relatively high thermal and electrical conductivity as well as being characteristically ductile. Document [136] (Title: TRIP steel) minimum ultimate tensile strength expressed in MPa. TRIP steels are well suited to armor applications, where increases in uniform ductility (and therefore ballistic energy absorption) can improve protection against projectiles and ballistic threats while maintaining or reducing plate thicknesses. TRIP steel TRIP steel are a class of high-strength steel alloys typically used in naval and marine applications and in the automotive industry. TRIP stands for "Transformation induced plasticity," which implies a phase transformation in the material, typically when a stress is applied. These alloys are known to possess an outstanding combination of strength and ductility. TRIP steels possess a microstructure Document [137] (Title: Bismuth Indium) malleable, ductile and has a thermal conductivity value of 0.78 W/m°C (85 °C). It also has the capacity of wetting glass, quartz and other ceramic materials. It maintains the plasticity and ductility when exposed to cryogenic environments and has a big gap between the melting point and the boiling point (156.6 °C and 2080 °C respectively). Under compression, it has high plasticity that allows almost unlimited deformation (2.14 MPa of compression resistance) and under tensile it has low elongation (4 MPa of tensile resistance). Indium is used in dental alloys, semiconductor components, nuclear reactor panels, sodium lamps, strengthening factor in Document [138] (Title: Extrusion) extrusion of metal." Patent US3156043 A outlines that a number of important advantages can be achieved with warm extrusion of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys if a billet to be extruded is changed in its physical properties in response to physical forces by being heated to a temperature below the critical melting point. Warm extrusion is done above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material the temperatures ranges from 800 to 1800 °F (424 to 975 °C). It is usually used to achieve the proper balance of required forces, ductility and final extrusion properties. Friction Document [139] (Title: Self-healing material) the healing agent are of prime importance and thus govern the selection of the healing particles. When exposed for long times to high temperatures and moderate stresses, metals exhibit premature and low-ductility creep fracture, arising from the formation and growth of cavities. Those defects coalesce into cracks which ultimately cause macroscopic failure. Self-healing of early stage damage is thus a promising new approach to extend the lifetime of the metallic components. In metals, self-healing is intrinsically more difficult to achieve than in most other material classes, due to their high melting point and, as a result, low atom mobility. Generally, Document [140] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) characteristics as abiotic Earth materials. This assessment was done in Hiroshi Yoshihara's experiment, "Plasticity Analysis of the Strain in the Tangential Direction of Solid Woo Subjected to Compression Load in the Longitudinal Direction." The study aimed to analyze the behavioral rheology of 2 wood specimens, the Sitka Spruce and Japanese Birch. In the past, it was shown that solid wood, when subjected to compressional stresses, initially has a linear stress-strain diagram (indicative of elastic deformation) and later, under greater load, demonstrates a non-linear diagram indicative of ductile objects. To analyze the rheology, the stress was restricted to uniaxial compression in Document [141] (Title: Galling) a distinct sound. Galling often occurs with aluminium compounds and is a common cause of tool breakdown. Aluminium is a ductile metal, which means it possesses the ability for plastic flow with relative ease, which presupposes a relatively consistent and large plastic zone. High ductility and flowing material can be considered a general prerequisite for excessive material transfer and galling because frictional heating is closely linked to the structure of plastic zones around penetrating objects. Galling can occur even at relatively low loads and velocities, because it is the real energy-density in the system that induces a phase transition, which Document [142] (Title: Hardenability) Hardenability The hardenability of a metal alloy is the depth to which a material is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. The unit of hardenability is length. It is an indication of how deep into the material a certain hardness can be achieved. It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation or scratching. It is an important property for welding, since it is inversely proportional to weldability, that is, the ease of welding a material. When a hot steel work-piece is quenched, the area in contact with the Document [143] (Title: Neutron radiation) defect clusters, dislocation loops, voids, bubbles, and precipitates produced as a result of radiation in a material all contribute to the strengthening and embrittlement (loss of ductility) in the material Embrittlement is of particular concern for the material comprising the reactor pressure vessel, where as a result the energy required to fracture the vessel decreases significantly. It is possible to restore ductility by annealing the defects out, and much of the life-extension of nuclear reactors depends on the ability to safely do so. Creep is also greatly accelerated in irradiated materials, though not as a result of the enhanced diffusivities, Document [144] (Title: Solid) a significant portion of the fields of solid-state chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering. Metallic solids are held together by a high density of shared, delocalized electrons, known as "metallic bonding". In a metal, atoms readily lose their outermost ("valence") electrons, forming positive ions. The free electrons are spread over the entire solid, which is held together firmly by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud. The large number of free electrons gives metals their high values of electrical and thermal conductivity. The free electrons also prevent transmission of visible light, making metals opaque, shiny and lustrous. More Document [145] (Title: Copper) ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has Document [146] (Title: Metal) than a metal's elastic limit may cause a permanent (irreversible) deformation, known as plastic deformation or plasticity. An applied force may be a tensile (pulling) force, a compressive (pushing) force, or a shear, bending or torsion (twisting) force. A temperature change may affect the movement or displacement of structural defects in the metal such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw dislocations, stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline metals. Internal slip, creep, and metal fatigue may ensue. The atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic (bcc), Document [147] (Title: Machinability) phosphorus. Aluminium is a much softer metal than steel, and the techniques to improve its machinability usually rely on making it more brittle. Alloys 2007, 2011 and 6020 have very good machinability. Thermoplastics are difficult to machine because they have poor thermal conductivity. This creates heat that builds up in the cutting zone, which degrades the tool life and locally melts the plastic. Once the plastic melts, it just flows around the cutting edge instead of being removed by it. Machinability can be improved by using high lubricity coolant and keeping the cutting area free of chip build up. Composites Document [148] (Title: Electroless nickel) other coatings in terms of certain mechanical properties. Ductility is one of these. Electroless nickel is considered a very strong yet brittle material. The relatively low ductility is due to the various microcrystalline and amorphous structures that limit plastic deformation, i.e. the ability to “stretch” without fracture. It is not uncommon for heavy build deposits (in excess of 25 µm) to crack when exposed to severe loads. This is especially evident in lower phosphorus films or those plated from older baths (in excess of 150 g/l of orthophosphate) with high tensile stress. Internal stress is arguably one of the most Document [149] (Title: TRIP steel) hardening is an increase in strength observed when work hardening during part formation is followed by a thermal cycle such as paint-baking. Research to date has not shown much experimental evidence of the TRIP-effect enhancing ductility, since most of the austenite disappears in the first 5% of plastic strain, a regime where the steel has adequate ductility already. Many experiments show that TRIP steels are in fact simply a more complex dual-phase steel. The amount of carbon determines the strain level at which the retained austenite begins to transform to martensite. At lower carbon levels, the retained austenite begins to Document [150] (Title: Solid) advanced models of metal properties consider the effect of the positive ions cores on the delocalised electrons. As most metals have crystalline structure, those ions are usually arranged into a periodic lattice. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with Document [151] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) a heat treatment cycle that restores some of the ductility to a product being cold-worked so it can be cold-worked further without breaking. The temperature range for process annealing ranges from 260 °C (500 °F) to 760 °C (1400 °F), depending on the alloy in question. This process is mainly suited for low-carbon steel. The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel. Cold-worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility, making it difficult to work. Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics. This is mainly carried out on cold-rolled Question: ductility is the ability for a metal to be Answer: stretched into a wire Long Answer: Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test . According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design--10th Ed . significant denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2 - 12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction . Ductility is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. Gold Document ID: 50

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) Annealing (metallurgy) Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for a suitable amount of time, and then cooling. In annealing, atoms migrate in the crystal lattice and the number of dislocations decreases, leading to a change in ductility and hardness. As the material cools it recrystallizes. For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately Document [2] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) brittle as glass by quenching. However, in its hardened state, steel is usually far too brittle, lacking the fracture toughness to be useful for most applications. Tempering is a method used to decrease the hardness, thereby increasing the ductility of the quenched steel, to impart some springiness and malleability to the metal. This allows the metal to bend before breaking. Depending on how much temper is imparted to the steel, it may bend elastically (the steel returns to its original shape once the load is removed), or it may bend plastically (the steel does not return to its original shape, Document [3] (Title: Physical change) Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition. Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes including buckminsterfullerene. Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical properties of the metal including strength and ductility. Crystal type, shape and size can be altered by physical hammering, rolling and by heat Mixtures of substances that are not soluble are usually readily separated by physical sieving or settlement. However mixtures can have different properties from the individual components. One familiar Document [4] (Title: Solid) discusses some physical properties of materials in the solid state. The mechanical properties of materials describe characteristics such as their strength and resistance to deformation. For example, steel beams are used in construction because of their high strength, meaning that they neither break nor bend significantly under the applied load. Mechanical properties include elasticity and plasticity, tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, fracture toughness, ductility (low in brittle materials), and indentation hardness. Solid mechanics is the study of the behavior of solid matter under external actions such as external forces and temperature changes. A solid does not exhibit macroscopic flow, Document [5] (Title: Cupronickel) good thermal conductivity and ductility at cryogenic temperatures and beneficial antimicrobial touch surface properties. The alloys are: Subtle differences in corrosion resistance and strength determine which alloy is selected. Descending the table, the maximum allowable flow rate in piping increases, as does the tensile strength. In seawater, the alloys have excellent corrosion rates which remain low as long as the maximum design flow velocity is not exceeded. This velocity depends on geometry and pipe diameter. They have high resistance to crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement that can be troublesome to other alloy systems. Copper-nickels naturally form a Document [6] (Title: Metal) thought to contribute significantly to the ductility of most metallic solids. In contrast, in an ionic compound like table salt, when the planes of an ionic bond slide past one another, the resultant change in location shifts ions of the same charge into close proximity, resulting in the cleavage of the crystal. Such a shift is not observed in a covalently bonded crystal, such as a diamond, where fracture and crystal fragmentation occurs. Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described by Hooke's Law for restoring forces, where the stress is linearly proportional to the strain. Heat or forces larger Document [7] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) a stress-strain plot is accompanied by steady state sliding at failure, compared to the sharp stress drop observed in experiments during brittle failure. The brittle-ductile transition zone is characterized by a change in rock failure mode, at an approximate average depth of 10–15 km (~ 6.2–9.3 miles) in continental crust, below which rock becomes less likely to fracture and more likely to deform ductilely. The zone exists because as depth increases confining pressure increases, and brittle strength increases with confining pressure whilst ductile strength decreases with increasing temperature. The transition zone occurs at the point where brittle strength equals ductile Document [8] (Title: Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys) Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys are alloys that are designed to resist microstructural coarsening under various thermo-mechanical loading conditions. Many applications of metal materials require that they can maintain their structure and strength despite very high temperatures. Efforts to prevent deformations from long term stress, referred to as creep, consist of manipulating alloys to reduce coarsening and migration of individual grains within the metal. The small size of individual metal grains provides high interfacial surface energy which is what prompts coarsening, the increase in grain size, and eventually metallic softening. Nanocrystalline creep is considered to follow the Document [9] (Title: Wrought iron) other properties, wrought iron becomes soft at red heat, and can be easily forged and forge welded. It can be used to form temporary magnets, but cannot be magnetized permanently, and is ductile, malleable and tough. For most purposes, ductility is a more important measure of the quality of wrought iron than tensile strength. In tensile testing, the best irons are able to undergo considerable elongation before failure. Higher tensile wrought iron is brittle. Because of the large number of boiler explosions on steamboats, the U.S. Congress passed legislation in 1830 which approved funds for correcting the problem. The treasury Document [10] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) depend upon the chemical compositions of the metal couple. External parameters like temperature, strain rate, stress and time of exposure to the liquid metal prior to testing affect LME. Temperature produces a ductility trough and a ductile to brittle transition behaviour in the solid metal. The temperature range of the trough as well as the transition temperature are altered by the composition of the liquid and solid metals, the structure of the solid metal and other experimental parameters. The lower limit of the ductility trough generally coincides with the melting point of the liquid metal. The upper limit is strain Document [11] (Title: Ductility) increase in internal lattice defects and a corresponding decrease in ductility and increase in DBTT. The most accurate method of measuring the DBTT of a material is by fracture testing. Typically four point bend testing at a range of temperatures is performed on pre-cracked bars of polished material. For experiments conducted at higher temperatures, dislocation activity increases. At a certain temperature, dislocations shield the crack tip to such an extent that the applied deformation rate is not sufficient for the stress intensity at the crack-tip to reach the critical value for fracture (K). The temperature at which this occurs is Document [12] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) the strain to fracture when tested in the presence of liquid metals as compared to that obtained in tests. The reduction in fracture strain is generally temperature dependent and a “ductility trough” is observed as the test temperature is decreased. A ductile-to-brittle transition behaviour is also exhibited by many metal couples. The shape of the elastic region of the stress-strain curve is not altered, but the plastic region may be changed during LME. Very high crack propagation rates, varying from a few centimeters per second to several meters per second are induced in solid metals by the embrittling liquid metals. Document [13] (Title: Galling) same type will gall more readily. The propensity of a material to gall is also affected by the specific arrangement of the atoms, because crystals arranged in a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice will usually allow material-transfer to a greater degree than a body-centered cubic (BCC). This is because a face-centered cubic has a greater tendency to produce dislocations in the crystal lattice, which are defects that allow the lattice to shift, or "cross-slip," making the metal more prone to galling. However, if the metal has a high number of stacking faults (a difference in stacking sequence between atomic planes) it Document [14] (Title: Materials science) the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties, however. Cast Iron is defined as an iron–carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of Chromium. Nickel and Molybdenum are typically also found in stainless steels. Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and Document [15] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) resulting in permanent deformation), before fracturing. Tempering is used to precisely balance the mechanical properties of the metal, such as shear strength, yield strength, hardness, ductility and tensile strength, to achieve any number of a combination of properties, making the steel useful for a wide variety of applications. Tools such as hammers and wrenches require good resistance to abrasion, impact resistance, and resistance to deformation. Springs do not require as much wear resistance, but must deform elastically without breaking. Automotive parts tend to be a little less strong, but need to deform plastically before breaking. Except in rare cases where Document [16] (Title: Heat treating) once the change is complete. Therefore, the alloy must be heated above the critical temperature for a transformation to occur. The alloy will usually be held at this temperature long enough for the heat to completely penetrate the alloy, thereby bringing it into a complete solid solution. Because a smaller grain size usually enhances mechanical properties, such as toughness, shear strength and tensile strength, these metals are often heated to a temperature that is just above the upper critical-temperature, in order to prevent the grains of solution from growing too large. For instance, when steel is heated above the upper Document [17] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating, and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alter the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram, heat treatment can be used to adjust between harder and more brittle, to softer and more ductile. In the cases of copper, steel, silver, and brass, this process is performed by heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room temperature in still air. Copper, silver and Document [18] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) external conditions around the rock and the internal conditions sample. External conditions include temperature, confining pressure, presence of fluids, etc. while internal conditions include the arrangement of the crystal lattice, the chemical composition of the rock sample, the grain size of the material, etc. Ductilely Deformative behavior can be grouped into three categories: Elastic, Viscous, and Crystal-Plastic Deformation. Elastic Deformation Elastic Deformation is deformation which exhibits a linear stress-strain relationship (quantified by Young's Modulus) and is derived from Hooke's Law of spring forces (see Fig. 1.2). In elastic deformation, objects show no permanent deformation after the stress has been removed Document [19] (Title: Magnetostriction) has been observed that for polycrystalline alloys with a high area coverage of preferential grains for microstrain, the mechanical properties (ductility) of magnetostrictive alloys can be significantly improved. Targeted metallurgical processing steps promote abnormal grain growth of {011} grains in Galfenol and Alfenol thin sheets, which contain two easy axes for magnetic domain alignment during magnetostriction. This can be accomplished by adding particles such as boride species and niobium carbide () during initial chill casting of the ingot. For a polycrystalline alloy, an established formula for the magnetostriction λ from known directional microstrain measurements is: λ = 1/5(2λ+3λ) During subsequent Document [20] (Title: Ductility) the fracture energy passes below a predetermined value (for steels typically 40 J for a standard Charpy impact test). DBTT is important since, once a material is cooled below the DBTT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact instead of bending or deforming. For example, zamak 3 exhibits good ductility at room temperature but shatters when impacted at sub-zero temperatures. DBTT is a very important consideration in selecting materials that are subjected to mechanical stresses. A similar phenomenon, the glass transition temperature, occurs with glasses and polymers, although the mechanism is different in these amorphous materials. In Document [21] (Title: Ion) small number of electrons in excess of a stable, closed-shell electronic configuration. As such, they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration. This property is known as "electropositivity". Non-metals, on the other hand, are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration. As such, they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration. This tendency is known as "electronegativity". When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal, the extra electrons from the metal atoms are Document [22] (Title: Copper conductor) metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver. Because of copper’s high ductility, it is easy to draw down to diameters with very close tolerances. Usually, the stronger a metal is, the less pliable it is. This is not the case with copper. A unique combination of high strength and high ductility makes copper ideal for wiring systems. At junction boxes and at terminations, for example, copper can be bent, twisted, and pulled without stretching or breaking. Creep is the gradual deformation of a material from constant expansions and contractions under “load, no-load” conditions. This process has adverse effects Document [23] (Title: Cupules) of a rock to kinetic impact is determined by its hardness, toughness and strength. Hardness, in this context, is a complex articulation of several factors, essentially a measure of how resistant rock is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied to it. These factors include scratch or abrasion resistance (Rosiwal scale), toughness, strength, ductility, indentation hardness (measured by the Brinell scale and expressed in BHN, or measured by the Vickers test and expressed in kg/mm²) and brittleness factor. Abrasion hardness, indentation hardness and brittleness factor (ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength and the uniaxial Document [24] (Title: Alloy) crystals to deform as the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state, leaving those crystals very hard but much less ductile (more brittle). While the high strength of steel results when diffusion and precipitation is prevented (forming martinsite), most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, that depend on the diffusion of alloying elements to achieve their strength. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, but then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which Document [25] (Title: Alloy) in the size of the atoms create internal stresses in the lattice of the metallic crystals; stresses that often enhance its properties. For example, the combination of carbon with iron produces steel, which is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its base element, but engineering properties such as tensile strength, ductility, and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This Document [26] (Title: Amorphous metal) potential energy and lower chance of formation. The atomic radius of the components has to be significantly different (over 12%), to achieve high packing density and low free volume. The combination of components should have negative heat of mixing, inhibiting crystal nucleation and prolonging the time the molten metal stays in supercooled state. The alloys of boron, silicon, phosphorus, and other glass formers with magnetic metals (iron, cobalt, nickel) have high magnetic susceptibility, with low coercivity and high electrical resistance. Usually the conductivity of a metallic glass is of the same low order of magnitude as of a molten metal Document [27] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) great impact on the types of rocks and structures found at certain depths within the Earth's crust. As evident from Fig. 1.1, different geological formations and rocks are found in accordance to the dominant deformation process. Gouge and Breccia form in the uppermost, brittle regime while Cataclasite and Pseudotachylite form in the lower parts of the brittle regime, edging upon the transition zone. Mylonite forms in the more ductile regime at greater depths while Blastomylonite forms well past the transition zone and well into the ductile regime, even deeper into the crust. Ductility is a material property that can be Document [28] (Title: Tenacity (mineralogy)) Tenacity (mineralogy) In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken. Brittleness:<br> The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle. Malleability:<br> The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable. Ductility:<br> The mineral may be drawn into a wire. Ductile materials have to be malleable as well as tough. Sectility:<br> May be cut smoothly with a knife. Relatively few minerals are sectile. Sectility is a form of tenacity and can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance. Gold, for example, is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not. Elasticity:<br> Document [29] (Title: Metallic bonding) visible spectrum, which is why metals are often silvery white or grayish with the characteristic specular reflection of metallic luster. The balance between reflection and absorption determines how white or how gray they are, although surface tarnish can obscure such observations. Silver, a very good metal with high conductivity is one of the whitest. Notable exceptions are reddish copper and yellowish gold. The reason for their color is that there is an upper limit to the frequency of the light that metallic electrons can readily respond to, the plasmon frequency. At the plasmon frequency, the frequency-dependent dielectric function of the Document [30] (Title: Weldability) the electrode material, shielding gases, welding speed, and cooling rate. Weldability The weldability, also known as joinability, of a material refers to its ability to be welded. Many metals and thermoplastics can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others (see Rheological weldability). A material's weldability is used to determine the welding process and to compare the final weld quality to other materials. Weldability is often hard to define quantitatively, so most standards define it qualitatively. For instance the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines weldability in ISO standard 581-1980 as: "Metallic material is considered to be susceptible Document [31] (Title: Metal) Metal A metal (from Greek μέταλλον "métallon", "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). A metal may be a chemical element such as iron, or an alloy such as stainless steel. In physics, a metal is generally regarded as any substance capable of conducting electricity at a temperature of absolute zero. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under Document [32] (Title: Plasticity (physics)) many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions. Twinning is the plastic deformation which takes place along two planes due to a set of forces applied to a given metal piece. Most metals show more plasticity when hot than when cold. Lead shows sufficient plasticity at room temperature, while cast iron does not possess sufficient plasticity for any forging operation even when hot. This property is of importance in forming, shaping and extruding operations on metals. Most metals are rendered plastic by heating and hence shaped hot. Crystalline materials contain uniform planes of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may Document [33] (Title: Amorphous metal) directly from their non-crystalline structure, which does not have any of the defects (such as dislocations) that limit the strength of crystalline alloys. One modern amorphous metal, known as Vitreloy, has a tensile strength that is almost twice that of high-grade titanium. However, metallic glasses at room temperature are not ductile and tend to fail suddenly when loaded in tension, which limits the material applicability in reliability-critical applications, as the impending failure is not evident. Therefore, there is considerable interest in producing metal matrix composites consisting of a metallic glass matrix containing dendritic particles or fibers of a ductile crystalline Document [34] (Title: Tenacity (mineralogy)) If bent, will spring back to its original position when the stress is released. Plasticity:<br> If bent, will not spring back to its original position when the stress is released. It stays bent. In contrast, flexibility is the ability of a material to deform elastically and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Tenacity (mineralogy) In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken. Brittleness:<br> The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle. Malleability:<br> The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable. Ductility:<br> The mineral Document [35] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) between each individual sample. The two quantities are expressed in the form of a ratio or a percent. % Elongation of a Rock = formula_1 Where: formula_2 = Initial Length of Rock formula_3 = Final Length of Rock % Change in Area of a Rock = formula_4 Where: formula_5 = Initial Area formula_6 = Final Area For each of these methods of quantifying, one must take measurements of both the initial and final dimensions of the rock sample. For Elongation, the measurement is a uni-dimensional initial and final length, the former measured before any Stress is applied and the latter Document [36] (Title: Ductility) Ductility Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) "significant" denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability to be stretched into a wire. From examination of data in Tables A20, A21, A22, A23, and A24 in Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th Edition, for both ductile Document [37] (Title: Toughness) Toughness In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed. Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility. Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress-strain curve. It is the energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture. The explicit mathematical description is: where Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical energy up to Document [38] (Title: Ductility) the ductile–brittle transition temperature. If experiments are performed at a higher strain rate, more dislocation shielding is required to prevent brittle fracture, and the transition temperature is raised. Ductility Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) "significant" denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability Document [39] (Title: Welding) A reduction in fracture toughness may also be attributed to the embrittlement effect of impurities, or for body-centred cubic metals, from a reduction in temperature. Metals and in particular steels have a transitional temperature range where above this range the metal has acceptable notch-ductility while below this range the material becomes brittle. Within the range, the materials behavior is unpredictable. The reduction in fracture toughness is accompanied by a change in the fracture appearance. When above the transition, the fracture is primarily due to micro-void coalescence, which results in the fracture appearing fibrous. When the temperatures falls the fracture will Document [40] (Title: Liquid metal) (Fr)(estimated at 27 °C [81 °F]), and gallium (Ga)(30 °C [86 °F]). Alloy systems that are liquid at room temperature have thermal conductivity far superior to ordinary non-metallic liquids, allowing liquid metal to efficiently transfer energy from the heat source to the liquid. They also have a higher electrical conductivity that allows the liquid to be pumped by more efficient, electromagnetic pumps. This results in the use of these materials for specific heat conducting and/or dissipation applications. Another advantage of liquid alloy systems is their inherent high densities. Once oxides have been removed from the substrate surface, most liquid metals Document [41] (Title: Solid solution strengthening) Solid solution strengthening Solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the lattice due to the alloying element makes plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion. In contrast, alloying beyond the solubility limit can form a second phase, leading to strengthening via other mechanisms (e.g. the precipitation of intermetallic compounds). Depending on the size of the alloying Document [42] (Title: Stability constants of complexes) than with soft bases. In general terms hard–hard interactions are predominantly electrostatic in nature whereas soft–soft interactions are predominantly covalent in nature. The HSAB theory, though useful, is only semi-quantitative. The hardness of a metal ion increases with oxidation state. An example of this effect is given by the fact that Fe tends to form stronger complexes with "N"-donor ligands than with "O"-donor ligands, but the opposite is true for Fe. The [[Irving–Williams series]] refers to high-spin, octahedral, divalent metal ion of the first transition series. It places the stabilities of complexes in the order This order was found to Document [43] (Title: TRIP steel) to extend the uniform plastic ductility by delaying the onset of necking, thereby delaying the flow localization instability that follows the formation of a stable neck. The formation of a stable neck can be defined as when the fractional increase in true stress is equal to the fractional decrease in load-bearing area of a sample. This can also be described as the point at which the strain hardening rate in an engineering stress-strain curve becomes negative. This can be explained by a power law equation for stress-strain behavior for plastic flow: Where n is the strain hardening coefficient, is the Document [44] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) of structures in response to earthquakes and seismic waves. It has been shown that earthquake aftershocks can increase the peak ductility demand with respect to the mainshocks by up to 10%. Ductility (Earth science) In Earth science, as opposed to Materials Science, Ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing. Such behavior may occur in unlithified or poorly lithified sediments, in weak materials such as halite or at greater depths in all rock types where higher temperatures promote crystal plasticity and higher confining pressures suppress brittle fracture. In addition, when a material Document [45] (Title: Ductility) a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed without fracture. Also, these material properties are dependent on temperature and pressure (investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his Nobel Prize-winning work on high pressures). Ductility and malleability are not always coextensive – for instance, while gold has high ductility and malleability, lead has low ductility but high malleability. The word "ductility" is sometimes used to encompass both types of plasticity. Ductility is especially important in metalworking, as materials that crack, Document [46] (Title: Metal oxide adhesion) Metal oxide adhesion The strength of metal oxide adhesion effectively determines the wetting of the metal-oxide interface. The strength of this adhesion is important, for instance, in production of light bulbs and fiber-matrix composites that depend on the optimization of wetting to create metal-ceramic interfaces. The strength of adhesion also determines the extent of dispersion on catalytically active metal. Metal oxide adhesion is important for applications such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. These devices make possible the high packing densities of modern integrated circuits. The majority of the entropy of metal oxidation reactions is in O(g) because the gaseous Document [47] (Title: Alloy) name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble and dissolve into the mixture. The mechanical properties of alloys will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents. A metal that is normally very soft (malleable), such as aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal, such as copper. Although both metals are very soft and ductile, the resulting aluminium alloy will have much greater strength. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for Document [48] (Title: Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys) alloys16 and molybdenum alloys17’s great strength and ductility were also credited to these nanostructures. In 2007, a nickel (Ni) and tungsten (W) nanocrystalline alloy was reported to have resistance to coarsening. Experimental data reported that the alloy coarsened to 28 nm from its original grain size of 20 nm after 30 minutes of exposure to heat of 600 degrees Celsius. This growth was then compared to the coarsening rate of an individual grain of Ni placed in heat of 300 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. In 2012, a tungsten (W) and 20% titanium (Ti) nanocrystalline alloy after a week of Document [49] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) stresses and a decrease in brittleness. Tempering at higher temperatures, from , will produce a slight reduction in hardness, but will primarily relieve much of the internal stresses. In some steels with low alloy content, tempering in the range of causes a decrease in ductility and an increase in brittleness, and is referred to as the "tempered martensite embrittlement" (TME) range. Except in the case of blacksmithing, this range is usually avoided. Steel requiring more strength than toughness, such as tools, are usually not tempered above . Instead, a variation in hardness is usually produced by varying only the tempering Document [50] (Title: Copper conductor) stretching, neck-down, creep, nicks and breaks, and thereby also prevents failures and service interruptions. Copper is much heavier than aluminum for conductors of equal current carrying capacity, so the high tensile strength is offset by its increased weight. Ductility is a material's ability to deform under tensile stress. This is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. Ductility is especially important in metalworking because materials that crack or break under stress cannot be hammered, rolled, or drawn (drawing is a process that uses tensile forces to stretch metal). Copper has a higher ductility than alternate Document [51] (Title: White metal) characteristics for plain bearings. Most importantly for bearings, the material should be hard and wear-resistant and have a low coefficient of friction. It must also be shock-resistant, tough and sufficiently ductile to allow for slight misalignment prior to running-in. Pure metals are soft, tough and ductile with a high coefficient of friction. Intermetallic compounds are hard and wear-resistant but brittle. By themselves, these do not make ideal bearing materials. Alloys consist of small particles of a hard compound embedded in the tough, ductile background of a solid solution. In service the latter can wear away slightly leaving the hard compound Document [52] (Title: Metal) elemental metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is a wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense (0.534 g/cm) and osmium (22.59 g/cm) the most dense. Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm can be compared to those of the older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9 g/cm. An iron ball would thus weigh about as much as three aluminium balls. Metals are typically malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving. The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is Document [53] (Title: Thermal conductivity) electrons. In this case the mean velocity is the Fermi velocity which is temperature independent. The mean free path is determined by the impurities and the crystal imperfections which are temperature independent as well. So the only temperature-dependent quantity is the heat capacity "c", which, in this case, is proportional to "T". So with "k" a constant. For pure metals such as copper, silver, etc. "l" is large, so the thermal conductivity is high. At higher temperatures the mean free path is limited by the phonons, so the thermal conductivity tends to decrease with temperature. In alloys the density of Document [54] (Title: Iron–hydrogen alloy) may contribute up to 13 ppm in its weight. Varying the amount of hydrogen, as well as controlling its chemical and physical makeup in the final iron hydride (either as a solute element, or as a precipitated phase), hastens the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and undermines its qualities. Varying the other alloying elements and controlling their chemical and physical makeup also controls, but enhances its qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting iron-hydrogen alloy. The Document [55] (Title: Metal) is an A group element (mostly group IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14), and X is either carbon or nitrogen. Examples are HfSnC and TiAlN. Such alloys have some of the best properties of metals and ceramics. These properties include high electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, damage tolerance, machinability, high elastic stiffness, and low thermal expansion coefficients. They can be polished to a metallic luster because of their excellent electrical conductivities. During mechanical testing, it has been found that polycrystalline TiSiC cylinders can be repeatedly compressed at room temperature, up to stresses of 1 GPa, and Document [56] (Title: Portevin–Le Chatelier effect) however, the plasticity and ductility of a material afflicted by the PLC effect decrease drastically. The PLC effect is known to induce blue brittleness in steel; additionally, the loss of ductility may cause rough surfaces to develop during deformation (Al-Mg alloys are especially susceptible to this), rendering them useless for autobody or casting applications. Portevin–Le Chatelier effect The Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (PLC) describes a serrated stress–strain curve or jerky flow, which some materials exhibit as they undergo plastic deformation, specifically inhomogeneous deformation. This effect has been long associated with dynamic strain aging or the competition between diffusing solutes pinning dislocations Document [57] (Title: Green strength) Characteristics such as particle size and compressibility pose limits on the final green strength. There are currently various studies in place to improve the green strength of powder metallurgy. The use of advanced lubricants and the addition of high alloys have shown that it is possible to increase the green strength of these materials. Green strength Green strength, or handling strength, can be defined as the strength of a material it is processed to form its final ultimate tensile strength. This strength is usually considerably lower than the final ultimate strength of a material. The term green strength is usually Document [58] (Title: Carbon steel) modulus (elasticity) is unaffected. All treatments of steel trade ductility for increased strength and vice versa. Iron has a higher solubility for carbon in the austenite phase; therefore all heat treatments, except spheroidizing and process annealing, start by heating the steel to a temperature at which the austenitic phase can exist. The steel is then quenched (heat drawn out) at a moderate to low rate allowing carbon to diffuse out of the austenite forming iron-carbide (cementite) and leaving ferrite, or at a high rate, trapping the carbon within the iron thus forming martensite. The rate at which the steel is Document [59] (Title: Cold-formed steel) process but is also needed for plastic redistribution of stress in members and connections, where stress concentration would occur. The ductility criteria and performance of low-ductility steels for cold-formed members and connections have been studied by Dhalla, Winter, and Errera at Cornell University. It was found that the ductility measurement in a standard tension test includes local ductility and uniform ductility. Local ductility is designated as the localized elongation at the eventual fracture zone. Uniform ductility is the ability of a tension coupon to undergo sizeable plastic deformations along its entire length prior to necking. This study also revealed that Document [60] (Title: Denticity) In general, the stability of a metal complex correlates with the denticity of the ligands, which can be attributed to the chelate effect. Polydentate ligands such as hexa- or octadentate ligands tend to bind metal ions more strongly than ligands of lower denticity, primarily due to entropic factors. Stability constants are a quantitative measure to assess the thermodynamic stability of coordination complexes. Denticity Denticity refers to the number of donor groups in a single ligand that bind to a central atom in a coordination complex. In many cases, only one atom in the ligand binds to the metal, so the Document [61] (Title: Plating) industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. The excellent ductility of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for steel. Tin is also widely used in the electronics industry because of its ability to protect the base metal from oxidation thus preserving its solderability. In electronic applications, 3% to 7% lead may be added to improve solderability and to prevent the growth of metallic "whiskers" in compression stressed deposits, Document [62] (Title: Copper) greater strength than monocrystalline forms. The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×10 S/m) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×10 A/m of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a Document [63] (Title: Metallic bonding) the structure that function as cleavage points may get blocked and the material becomes harder. Gold, for example, is very soft in pure form (24-karat), which is why alloys of 18-karat or lower are preferred in jewelry. Metals are typically also good conductors of heat, but the conduction electrons only contribute partly to this phenomenon. Collective (i.e., delocalized) vibrations of the atoms known as phonons that travel through the solid as a wave, contribute strongly. However, the latter also holds for a substance like diamond. It conducts heat quite well but "not" electricity. The latter is "not" a consequence of Document [64] (Title: Heavy metals) gold: 2[Au(CN)] + Zn → K[Zn(CN)] + 2 Au. The gold precipitates out of solution as a sludge, and is filtered off and melted. Some general physical and chemical properties of light and heavy metals are summarised in the table. The comparison should be treated with caution since the terms light metal and heavy metal are not always consistently defined. Also the physical properties of hardness and tensile strength can vary widely depending on purity, grain size and pre-treatment. These properties make it relatively easy to distinguish a light metal like sodium from a heavy metal like tungsten, but the Document [65] (Title: Work hardening) deform using the only mechanism available: elastic deformation, the regular scheme of stretching or compressing of electrical bonds (without dislocation motion) continues to occur, and the modulus of elasticity is unchanged. Eventually the stress is great enough to overcome the strain-field interactions and plastic deformation resumes. However, ductility of a work-hardened material is decreased. Ductility is the extent to which a material can undergo plastic deformation, that is, it is how far a material can be plastically deformed before fracture. A cold-worked material is, in effect, a normal (brittle) material that has already been extended through part of its allowed Document [66] (Title: Hardness) perfectly brittle materials, yield strength and ultimate strength are the same, because they do not experience detectable plastic deformation. The opposite of brittleness is ductility. The toughness of a material is the maximum amount of energy it can absorb before fracturing, which is different from the amount of force that can be applied. Toughness tends to be small for brittle materials, because elastic and plastic deformations allow materials to absorb large amounts of energy. Hardness increases with decreasing particle size. This is known as the Hall-Petch relationship. However, below a critical grain-size, hardness decreases with decreasing grain size. This is Document [67] (Title: Lead) conditions. Characteristic properties of lead include high density, malleability, ductility, and high resistance to corrosion due to passivation. Lead's close-packed face-centered cubic structure and high atomic weight result in a density of 11.34 g/cm, which is greater than that of common metals such as iron (7.87 g/cm), copper (8.93 g/cm), and zinc (7.14 g/cm). This density is the origin of the idiom "to go over like a lead balloon". Some rarer metals are denser: tungsten and gold are both at 19.3 g/cm, and osmium—the densest metal known—has a density of 22.59 g/cm, almost twice that of lead. Lead is a Document [68] (Title: Dislocation) than that required to break all the bonds on an entire plane of atoms at once. Even this simple model of the force required to move a dislocation shows that plasticity is possible at much lower stresses than in a perfect crystal. In many materials, particularly ductile materials, dislocations are the "carrier" of plastic deformation, and the energy required to move them is less than the energy required to fracture the material. Dislocations give rise to the characteristic malleability of metals. When metals are subjected to "cold working" (deformation at temperatures which are relatively low as compared to the material's Document [69] (Title: Cold-formed steel) for the different ductility steels investigated, the elongation in 2-in. (50.8-mm) gage length did not correlate satisfactorily with either the local or the uniform ductility of the material. In order to be able to redistribute the stresses in the plastic range to avoid premature brittle fracture and to achieve full net-section strength in a tension member with stress concentrations, it is suggested that: Weldability refers to the capacity of steel to be welded into a satisfactory, crack free, sound joint under fabrication conditions without difficulty. Welding is possible in cold-formed steel elements, but it shall follow the standards given in Document [70] (Title: Nickel aluminide) and boron. Adding boron increases the ductility of the alloy by positively altering the grain boundary chemistry and promoting grain refinement. The Hall-Petch parameters for this material were σ = 163 MPa and k = 8.2 MPaˑcm. Boron increases the hardness of bulk NiAl by a similar mechanism. This alloy is extremely strong for its weight, five times stronger than common SAE 304 stainless steel. Unlike most alloys, IC-221M increases in strength from room temperature up to 800 °C. The alloy is very resistant to heat and corrosion, and finds use in heat-treating furnaces and other applications where its longer Document [71] (Title: Fracture toughness) considerably. This phenomenon is the unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a constant tensile stress in a corrosive environment. Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides, mild steel cracks in the presence of alkali (boiler cracking) and copper alloys crack in ammoniacal solutions (season cracking). Worse still, high-tensile structural steels crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially chloride. With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of "hydrogen cracking", all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical crack growth; i.e. Document [72] (Title: Metallurgy) balance between hardness and toughness in any steel; the harder the steel, the less tough or impact-resistant it is, and the more impact-resistant it is, the less hard it is. Tempering relieves stresses in the metal that were caused by the hardening process; tempering makes the metal less hard while making it better able to sustain impacts without breaking. Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what are known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high-alloy special steels, superalloys and titanium alloys. Electroplating is a chemical surface-treatment technique. Document [73] (Title: Steel) in the crystal lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases), slows the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behavior, need for annealing, tempering behavior, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared Document [74] (Title: High entropy alloys) of an alloy's mechanical properties may be an issue. The crystal structure of HEAs has been found to be the dominant factor in determining the mechanical properties. bcc HEAs typically have high yield strength and low ductility and vice versa for fcc HEAs. Some alloys have been particularly noted for their exceptional mechanical properties. A refractory alloy, VNbMoTaW maintains a high yield strength (>) even at a temperature of , significantly outperforming conventional superalloys such as Inconel 718. However, room temperature ductility is poor, less is known about other important high temperature properties such as creep resistance, and the density Document [75] (Title: Plasticity (physics)) d dimensions) is a function of the strain tensor. Although this description is accurate when a small part of matter is subjected to increasing loading (such as strain loading), this theory cannot account for irreversibility. Ductile materials can sustain large plastic deformations without fracture. However, even ductile metals will fracture when the strain becomes large enough - this is as a result of work hardening of the material, which causes it to become brittle. Heat treatment such as annealing can restore the ductility of a worked piece, so that shaping can continue. In 1934, Egon Orowan, Michael Polanyi and Geoffrey Document [76] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) strength. In glacial ice this zone is at approximately depth. Not all materials, however, abide by this transition. It is possible and not rare for material above the transition zone to deform ductilely, and for material below to deform in a brittle manner. The depth of the material does exert an influence on the mode of deformation, but other substances, such as loose soils in the upper crust, malleable rocks, biological debris, and more are just a few examples of that which does not deform in accordance to the transition zone. The type of dominating deformation process also has a Document [77] (Title: Ductility) Ductility can be quantified by the fracture strain formula_1, which is the engineering strain at which a test specimen fractures during a uniaxial tensile test. Another commonly used measure is the reduction of area at fracture formula_2. The ductility of steel varies depending on the alloying constituents. Increasing the levels of carbon decreases ductility. Many plastics and amorphous solids, such as Play-Doh, are also malleable. The most ductile metal is platinum and the most malleable metal is gold. The ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT), nil ductility temperature (NDT), or nil ductility transition temperature of a metal is the temperature at which Document [78] (Title: Hardness) Hardness Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics, wood). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: "scratch hardness", "indentation hardness", and "rebound hardness". Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter. There are three Document [79] (Title: Shaped charge) to its much higher density and very high ductility at high strain rates. Other high-density metals and alloys tend to have drawbacks in terms of price, toxicity, radioactivity, or lack of ductility. For the deepest penetrations, pure metals yield the best results, because they display the greatest ductility, which delays the breakup of the jet into particles as it stretches. In charges for oil well completion, however, it is essential that a solid slug or "carrot" not be formed, since it would plug the hole just penetrated and interfere with the influx of oil. In the petroleum industry, therefore, liners Document [80] (Title: Earthquake engineering) it is very important to assess ability of a structure to develop and maintain its bearing resistance in the inelastic range. A measure of this ability is ductility, which may be observed in a "material itself", in a "structural element", or to a "whole structure". As a consequence of Northridge earthquake experience, the American Institute of Steel Construction has introduced AISC 358 "Pre-Qualified Connections for Special and intermediate Steel Moment Frames." The AISC Seismic Design Provisions require that all Steel Moment Resisting Frames employ either connections contained in AISC 358, or the use of connections that have been subjected to Document [81] (Title: Cold-formed steel) steel, particularly for those compression elements having relatively large flat-width ratios and for compression members having relatively large slenderness ratios. The exceptions are bolted and welded connections, the strength of which depends not only on the yield point but also on the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Studies indicate that the effects of cold work on formed steel members depend largely upon the spread between the tensile and the yield strength of the virgin material. Ductility is defined as ‘‘an extent to which a material can sustain plastic deformation without rupture.’’ It is not only required in the forming Document [82] (Title: Solubility) of the matrix within the lattice (a substitutional position; for example, chromium in iron) or take a place in a space between the lattice points (an interstitial position; for example, carbon in iron). In microelectronic fabrication, solid solubility refers to the maximum concentration of impurities one can place into the substrate. Many substances dissolve congruently; i.e., the composition of the solid and the dissolved solute stoichiometrically match. However, some substances may dissolve incongruently, whereby the composition of the solute in solution does not match that of the solid. This solubilization is accompanied by alteration of the "primary solid" and possibly Document [83] (Title: Work hardening) not exhibit only one or the other, but rather a combination of the two. The following discussion mostly applies to metals, especially steels, which are well studied. Work hardening occurs most notably for ductile materials such as metals. Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformations before fracture (for example, bending a steel rod until it finally breaks). The tensile test is widely used to study deformation mechanisms. This is because under compression, most materials will experience trivial (lattice mismatch) and non-trivial (buckling) events before plastic deformation or fracture occur. Hence the intermediate processes that occur to Document [84] (Title: Heat capacity) a metal which has a density almost 36 times that of the metal lithium, but uranium's specific heat capacity on a volumetric basis (i.e. per given volume of metal) is only 18% larger than lithium's. Since the volume-specific corollary of the Dulong–Petit specific heat capacity relationship requires that atoms of all elements take up (on average) the same volume in solids, there are many departures from it, with most of these due to variations in atomic size. For instance, arsenic, which is only 14.5% less dense than antimony, has nearly 59% more specific heat capacity on a mass basis. In Document [85] (Title: Welding) Three of the most commonly used crystal lattice structures in metals are the body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic and close-packed hexagonal. Ferritic steel has a body-centred cubic structure and austenitic steel, non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper and nickel have the face-centred cubic structure. Ductility is an important factor in ensuring the integrity of structures by enabling them to sustain local stress concentrations without fracture. In addition, structures are required to be of an acceptable strength, which is related to a material's yield strength. In general, as the yield strength of a material increases, there is a corresponding reduction in fracture toughness. Document [86] (Title: Hardness) quantified as compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength depending on the direction of the forces involved. Ultimate strength is an engineering measure of the maximum load a part of a specific material and geometry can withstand. Brittleness, in technical usage, is the tendency of a material to fracture with very little or no detectable plastic deformation beforehand. Thus in technical terms, a material can be both brittle and strong. In everyday usage "brittleness" usually refers to the tendency to fracture under a small amount of force, which exhibits both brittleness and a lack of strength (in the technical sense). For Document [87] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) = Viscosity (In Pascals * Seconds) formula_15 = Strain Rate (In 1/Seconds) Crystal-Plastic Deformation Crystal-Plastic Deformation occurs at the atomic scale and is governed by its own set of specific mechanisms that deform crystals by the movements of atoms and atomic planes through the crystal lattice. Like viscous deformation, it is also a permanent form of deformation. Mechanisms of crystal-plastic deformation include Pressure solution, Dislocation creep, and Diffusion creep. In addition to rocks, biological materials such as wood, lumber, bone, etc. can be assessed for their ductility as well, for many behave in the same manner and possess the same Document [88] (Title: Machinability) the machinability of a material. Soft, ductile materials tend to form a built up edge. Stainless steel and other materials with a high strain hardening ability also want to form a built up edge. Aluminium alloys, cold worked steels, and free machining steels, as well as materials with a high shear zone don't tend to form built up edges, so these materials would rank as more machinable. The advantage of this method is that it is easily measured with the appropriate equipment. The disadvantage of this criterion is that it is often irrelevant. For instance when making a rough cut, Document [89] (Title: Oxygen-free copper) of the pure oxygen-free metal during processing. The method of producing OFHC copper ensures extra high grade of metal with a copper content of 99.99%. With so small a content of extraneous elements, the inherent properties of elemental copper are brought forth to a high degree. These characteristics are high ductility, high electrical and thermal conductivity, high impact strength, good creep resistance, ease of welding, and low relative volatility under high vacuum. Conductivity is generally specified relative to the 1913 International Annealed Copper Standard of 58 MS/m. Advances in the refining process now yield OF and ETP copper that can Document [90] (Title: Ductility) and brittle materials, it is possible to postulate a broader quantifiable definition of ductility that does not rely on percent elongation alone. In general, a ductile material must have a measurable yield strength, at which unrecoverable plastic deformation begins (see Yield (engineering)), and also must satisfy one of the following conditions: either have an elongation to failure of at least 5%, or area reduction to rupture at least 20%, or true strain to rupture at least 10%. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form Document [91] (Title: Bonding in solids) of metallic bonding, which allows atoms (and planes of atoms in a crystal lattice) to move past one another without disrupting their bonding interactions. Metals can be strengthened by introducing crystal defects (for example, by alloying) that interfere with the motion of dislocations that mediate plastic deformation. Further, some transition metals exhibit directional bonding in addition to metallic bonding; this increases shear strength and reduces ductility, imparting some of the characteristics of a covalent solid (an intermediate case below). A classic molecular solid consists of small, non-polar covalent molecules, and is held together by London dispersion forces (van der Waals Document [92] (Title: Weldability) during heat treatment. The hardenability of steel depends on its chemical composition, with greater quantities of carbon and other alloying elements resulting in a higher hardenability and thus a lower weldability. In order to be able to judge alloys made up of many distinct materials, a measure known as the equivalent carbon content is used to compare the relative weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their properties to a plain carbon steel. The effect on weldability of elements like chromium and vanadium, while not as great as carbon, is more significant than that of copper and nickel, for example. As Document [93] (Title: Iron) tensile strength. Because of the softness of iron, it is much easier to work with than its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium. Because of its significance for planetary cores, the physical properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively. The form of iron that is stable under standard conditions can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form, as described in the next section. Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal. At least four allotropic forms of iron are known as α, γ, δ, and ε; Document [94] (Title: Elasticity (physics)) as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are dependent on temperature. Elasticity (physics) In Physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size Document [95] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) Ductility (Earth science) In Earth science, as opposed to Materials Science, Ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing. Such behavior may occur in unlithified or poorly lithified sediments, in weak materials such as halite or at greater depths in all rock types where higher temperatures promote crystal plasticity and higher confining pressures suppress brittle fracture. In addition, when a material is behaving ductilely, it exhibits a linear stress vs strain relationship past the elastic limit. Ductile deformation is typically characterized by diffuse deformation (i.e. lacking a discrete fault plane) and on Document [96] (Title: Solid) a static load. Toughness indicates how much energy a material can absorb before mechanical failure, while fracture toughness (denoted K ) describes the ability of a material with inherent microstructural flaws to resist fracture via crack growth and propagation. If a material has a large value of fracture toughness, the basic principles of fracture mechanics suggest that it will most likely undergo ductile fracture. Brittle fracture is very characteristic of most ceramic and glass-ceramic materials that typically exhibit low (and inconsistent) values of K. For an example of applications of ceramics, the extreme hardness of zirconia is utilized in the Document [97] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) the longitudinal direction and the post-linear behavior was analyzed using plasticity theory. Controls included moisture content in the lumber, lack of defects such as knots or grain distortions, temperature at 20 C, relative humidity at 65%, and size of the cut shapes of the wood samples. Results obtained from the experiment exhibited a linear stress-strain relationship during elastic deformation but also an unexpected non-linear relationship between stress and strain for the lumber after the elastic limit was reached, deviating from the model of plasticity theory. Multiple reasons were suggested as to why this came about. First, since wood is a Document [98] (Title: Clinching) (ductility). Since metal ductility increases with temperature, heat assisted clinching processes have been developed, thus increasing the material ductility and extending the clinching "join ability". In addition, increasing the joining temperature results in a reduction in the material's yield stress and consequently a in reduction of the required joining force. Nevertheless, if prolonged heating is applied, an increase in the grain size as well as metallurgical changes of alloys may affect the mechanical behavior of the material at the joint vicinity. Different heating systems have been employed to heat the sheets before clinching: Although clinching has been widely employed for Document [99] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) measuring the length of the sample after fracture occurs. For Area, it is strongly preferable to use a rock that has been cut into a cylindrical shape before stress application so that the cross-sectional area of the sample can be taken. Cross-Sectional Area of a Cylinder = Area of a Circle = formula_7 Using this, the initial and final areas of the sample can be used to quantify the % change in the area of the rock. Any material is shown to be able to deform ductilely or brittlely, in which the type of deformation is governed by both the Document [100] (Title: Metal) ductile, a few—beryllium, chromium, manganese, gallium, and bismuth—are brittle. Arsenic, and antimony, if admitted as metals, are brittle. Low values of the ratio of bulk elastic modulus to shear modulus (Pugh's criterion) are indicative of intrinsic brittleness. In materials science, metallurgy, and engineering, a refractory metal is a metal that is extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a high hardness at room temperature. A white metal is any of range of white-coloured metals Document [101] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) steel like wire-drawn steel,Centrifugally cast ductile iron pipe etc. A full anneal typically results in the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy. Its purpose is to originate a uniform and stable microstructure that most closely resembles the metal's phase diagram equilibrium microstructure, thus letting the metal attain relatively low levels of hardness, yield strength and ultimate strength with high plasticity and toughness. To perform a full anneal on a steel for example, steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form austenite or Document [102] (Title: Superplasticity) are covalent and ionic. For metals, the chemical bond is called the metallic bond. The bonding of atoms together is much stronger in covalent and ionic bonding than in metallic. That is why, generally speaking, metals are ductile and ceramics are brittle. Due to ceramic materials wide range of properties, they are used for a multitude of applications. In general, most ceramics are: High-strain-rate superplasticity has been observed in aluminium-based and magnesium-based alloys. But for ceramic materials, superplastic deformation has been restricted to low strain rates for most oxides, and nitrides with the presence of cavities leading to premature failure. Document [103] (Title: Infrared and thermal testing) profound effect upon the ability of the surface to transfer energy. The ability of a material to radiate energy is measured by the emissivity of the material. This is defined as the ability of the material to release energy as compared to a perfect blackbody radiator. This is strictly a surface property. It normally exhibits itself in higher values for rough surfaces and lower values for smooth surfaces. For example, rough concrete may have an emissivity of 0.95 while a shiny piece of tinfoil may have an emissivity of only 0.05. In practical terms, this means that when looking at Document [104] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) expressed in a variety of ways. Mathematically, it is commonly expressed as a "total quantity of elongation" or a "total quantity of the change in cross sectional area" of a specific rock until macroscopic brittle behavior, such as fracturing, is observed. For accurate measurement, this must be done under several controlled conditions, including but not limited to Pressure, Temperature, Moisture Content, Sample Size, etc., for all can impact the measured ductility. It is important to understand that even the same type of rock or mineral may exhibit different behavior and degrees of ductility due to internal heterogeneities small scale differences Document [105] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) and distorted sample cutting. The conclusions of the research accurately showed that although biological materials can behave like rocks undergoing deformation, there are many other factors and variables that must be considered, making it difficult to standardize the ductility and material properties of a biological substance. Peak Ductility Demand is a quantity used particularly in the fields of architecture, geological engineering, and mechanical engineering. It is defined as the amount of ductile deformation a material must be able to withstand (when exposed to a stress) without brittle fracture or failure. This quantity is particularly useful in the analysis of failure Document [106] (Title: Coordination complex) constants vary widely. Large values indicate that the metal has high affinity for the ligand, provided the system is at equilibrium. Sometimes the stability constant will be in a different form known as the constant of destability. This constant is expressed as the inverse of the constant of formation and is denoted as K = 1/K . This constant represents the reverse reaction for the decomposition of a complex ion into its individual metal and ligand components. When comparing the values for K, the larger the value is the more unstable the complex ion is. As a result of these Document [107] (Title: Superhard material) However, defects can actually strengthen some covalent structures. Traditionally, high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions have been used to synthesize superhard materials, but recent superhard material syntheses aim at using less energy and lower cost materials. Historically, hardness was first defined as the ability of one material to scratch another and quantified by an integer (sometimes half-integer) from 0 to 10 on the Mohs scale. This scale was however quickly found too discrete and non-linear. Measuring the mechanical hardness of materials changed to using a nanoindenter (usually made of diamond) and evaluating bulk moduli, and the Brinell, Rockwell, Knoop and Vickers Document [108] (Title: Tempering (metallurgy)) springs are tempered to much higher temperatures. Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater toughness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. Tempering is usually performed after quenching, which is rapid cooling of the metal to put it in its hardest state. Tempering is accomplished by controlled heating of the quenched work-piece to a temperature below its "lower critical temperature". This is also called the lower transformation temperature or Document [109] (Title: Metal) in a metal's electron cloud are highly mobile and easily able to pass on heat-induced vibrational energy. The contribution of a metal's electrons to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and the electrical conductivity of the metal itself can be calculated from the free electron model, albeit this does not take into account the detailed structure of the metal's ion lattice. Taking into account the positive potential caused by the arrangement of the ion cores enables consideration of the electronic band structure and binding energy of a metal. Various mathematical models are applicable, the simplest being the nearly free electron Document [110] (Title: TRIP steel) drives significant improvement in uniform ductility. As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements. The TRIP effect can also be utilized in forming operations, where improvements to ductility enable greater bend angles and more aggressive forming operations without cracking. The most common TRIP range of steels comprises 2 cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade (TRIP 780), identified by their Document [111] (Title: Liquid metal embrittlement) Liquid metal embrittlement Liquid metal embrittlement, also known as liquid metal induced embrittlement, is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when exposed to specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress, either externally applied or internally present, is needed to induce embrittlement. Exceptions to this rule have been observed, as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gallium. This phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Many of its phenomenological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain Document [112] (Title: Metallurgy) such as cost, weight, strength, toughness, hardness, corrosion, fatigue resistance, and performance in temperature extremes. To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered. In a saltwater environment, ferrous metals and some aluminium alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or cryogenic conditions may endure a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from metal fatigue. Metals under constant stress at elevated temperatures can creep. Metals are shaped by processes such as: Cold-working processes, in which the product’s shape is altered by rolling, Document [113] (Title: Metal–organic framework) can be broadly classified as being one of two types: physisorption or chemisorption. Physisorption is characterized by weak van der Waals interactions, and bond enthalpies typically less than 20 kJ/mol. Chemisorption, alternatively, is defined by stronger covalent and ionic bonds, with bond enthalpies between 250 and 500 kJ/mol. In both cases, the adsorbate atoms or molecules (i.e. the particles which adhere to the surface) are attracted to the adsorbent (solid) surface because of the surface energy that results from unoccupied bonding locations at the surface. The degree of orbital overlap then determines if the interactions will be physisorptive or chemisorptive. Document [114] (Title: Lead) very soft metal with a Mohs hardness of 1.5; it can be scratched with a fingernail. It is quite malleable and somewhat ductile. The bulk modulus of lead—a measure of its ease of compressibility—is 45.8 GPa. In comparison, that of aluminium is 75.2 GPa; copper 137.8 GPa; and mild steel 160–169 GPa. Lead's tensile strength, at 12–17 MPa, is low (that of aluminium is 6 times higher, copper 10 times, and mild steel 15 times higher); it can be strengthened by adding small amounts of copper or antimony. The melting point of lead—at 327.5 °C (621.5 °F)—is very low compared Document [115] (Title: Hardness) known as the inverse Hall-Petch effect. Hardness of a material to deformation is dependent on its microdurability or small-scale shear modulus in any direction, not to any rigidity or stiffness properties such as its bulk modulus or Young's modulus. Stiffness is often confused for hardness. Some materials are stiffer than diamond (e.g. osmium) but are not harder, and are prone to spalling and flaking in squamose or acicular habits. The key to understanding the mechanism behind hardness is understanding the metallic microstructure, or the structure and arrangement of the atoms at the atomic level. In fact, most important metallic properties Document [116] (Title: Ductility) break or shatter under stress cannot be manipulated using metal-forming processes such as hammering, rolling, drawing or extruding. Malleable materials can be formed cold using stamping or pressing, whereas brittle materials may be cast or thermoformed. High degrees of ductility occur due to metallic bonds, which are found predominantly in metals, leading to the common perception that metals are ductile in general. In metallic bonds valence shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. The delocalized electrons allow metal atoms to slide past one another without being subjected to strong repulsive forces that would cause other materials to shatter. Document [117] (Title: Hydrogen embrittlement) e.g. beryllium copper) are not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement along with a few other metals. As an example of severe hydrogen embrittlement, the elongation at failure of 17-4PH precipitation hardened stainless steel was measured to drop from 17% to only 1.7% when smooth specimens were exposed to high-pressure hydrogen. However, recent computational research (using Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics) has shown that instead of leading to a decrease in ductility, there is local enhancement of ductility in areas that are hydrogen saturated. This increase in ductility leads to areas where there is a reduction in the critical tensile stress. This, in turn, Document [118] (Title: Post-transition metal) a metalloid. Despite its shortcomings, it has a good strength-to-weight ratio and excellent ductility; its mechanical strength can be improved considerably with the use of alloying additives; its very high thermal conductivity can be put to good use in heat sinks and heat exchangers; and it has a high electrical conductivity. At lower temperatures, aluminium increases its deformation strength (as do most materials) whilst maintaining ductility (as do face-centred cubic metals generally). Chemically, bulk aluminium is a strongly electropositive metal, with a high negative electrode potential. Gallium is a soft, brittle metal (MH 1.5) that melts at only a few Document [119] (Title: Ceramography) kg/mm (10 – 15 GPa), and many carbides are over 2000 (20 GPa). The method is specified in ASTM C849, C1326 & E384. Microindention hardness is also called microindentation hardness or simply microhardness. The hardness of very small particles and thin films of ceramics, on the order of 100 nm, can be measured by nanoindentation methods that use a Berkovich indenter. The toughness of ceramics can be determined from a Vickers test under a load of 10 – 20 kg. Toughness is the ability of a material to resist crack propagation. Several calculations have been formulated from the load (P), Document [120] (Title: Nanomaterials) atoms/clusters at about the 50 nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their polarization direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them useless for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles often have Document [121] (Title: Ductility) some materials, the transition is sharper than others and typically requires a temperature-sensitive deformation mechanism. For example, in materials with a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice the DBTT is readily apparent, as the motion of screw dislocations is very temperature sensitive because the rearrangement of the dislocation core prior to slip requires thermal activation. This can be problematic for steels with a high ferrite content. This famously resulted in serious hull cracking in Liberty ships in colder waters during World War II, causing many sinkings. DBTT can also be influenced by external factors such as neutron radiation, which leads to an Document [122] (Title: Nanostructured film) than 10 nm in size, were found to substantially strengthen the material by restricting the movement of dislocations and grains. The cores were also found to contribute to overall material strength by restricting the movement of shear bands in the material. This nanostructured film differs from both crystalline metals and amorphous metallic glasses, both of which exhibit behaviors such as the reverse Hall-Petch and shear-band softening effects that prevent them from reaching ideal strength values. Nanostructured films with superior mechanical properties allow previously unusable materials to be utilized in new applications, enabling advances fields where coatings are heavily utilized, such Document [123] (Title: Strengthening mechanisms of materials) Strengthening mechanisms of materials Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility, and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials. These strengthening mechanisms give engineers the ability to tailor the mechanical properties of materials to suit a variety of different applications. For example, the favorable properties of steel result from interstitial incorporation of carbon into the iron lattice. Brass, a binary alloy of copper and zinc, has superior mechanical properties compared to its constituent metals due to solution strengthening. Work hardening (such as beating a red-hot piece of metal on anvil) has also been used for centuries by Document [124] (Title: Brazing) metal, with correspondingly lower spreading force. Fine grain size gives eutectics both increased strength and increased ductility. Highly accurate melting temperature lets joining process be performed only slightly above the alloy's melting point. On solidifying, there is no mushy state where the alloy appears solid but is not yet; the chance of disturbing the joint by manipulation in such state is reduced (assuming the alloy did not significantly change its properties by dissolving the base metal). Eutectic behavior is especially beneficial for solders. Metals with fine grain structure before melting provide superior wetting to metals with large grains. Alloying additives Document [125] (Title: Hardness) critical to the manufacturing of today’s goods are determined by the microstructure of a material. At the atomic level, the atoms in a metal are arranged in an orderly three-dimensional array called a crystal lattice. In reality, however, a given specimen of a metal likely never contains a consistent single crystal lattice. A given sample of metal will contain many grains, with each grain having a fairly consistent array pattern. At an even smaller scale, each grain contains irregularities. There are two types of irregularities at the grain level of the microstructure that are responsible for the hardness of the Document [126] (Title: Hardness) of dislocations, a particular metal's hardness can be controlled. Although seemingly counter-intuitive, as the density of dislocations increases, there are more intersections created and consequently more anchor points. Similarly, as more interstitial atoms are added, more pinning points that impede the movements of dislocations are formed. As a result, the more anchor points added, the harder the material will become. Hardness Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics, wood). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but Document [127] (Title: Atomic packing factor) or ductility), similar to how a road is smoother when the stones are closer together, allowing metal atoms to slide past one another more easily. Common sphere packings taken on by atomic systems are listed below with their corresponding packing fraction. The majority of metals take on either the HCP, FCC, or BCC structure. The primitive unit cell for the body-centered cubic crystal structure contains several fractions taken from nine atoms (if the particles in the crystal are atoms): one on each corner of the cube and one atom in the center. Because the volume of each of the eight Document [128] (Title: Alkali metal) heavier alkali metals. Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to (but not equal to) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance. This quantity decreases going down the group, and so does the activation energy; thus, chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group. Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself. If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent, the pair of shared electrons Document [129] (Title: Mineralogy) have a hardness that depends significantly on direction. Hardness can also be measured on an absolute scale using a sclerometer; compared to the absolute scale, the Mohs scale is nonlinear. "Tenacity" refers to the way a mineral behaves when it is broken, crushed, bent or torn. A mineral can be brittle, malleable, sectile, ductile, flexible or elastic. An important influence on tenacity is the type of chemical bond ("e.g.," ionic or metallic). Of the other measures of mechanical cohesion, "cleavage" is the tendency to break along certain crystallographic planes. It is described by the quality ("e.g.", perfect or fair) and Document [130] (Title: Elasticity (physics)) Elasticity (physics) In Physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When Document [131] (Title: Metallic bonding) destroying the metallic bonding. However metals are often readily soluble in each other while retaining the metallic character of their bonding. Gold, for example, dissolves easily in mercury, even at room temperature. Even in solid metals, the solubility can be extensive. If the structures of the two metals are the same, there can even be complete solid solubility, as in the case of electrum, the alloys of silver and gold. At times, however, two metals will form alloys with different structures than either of the two parents. One could call these materials metal compounds, but, because materials with metallic bonding Document [132] (Title: Electronegativity) of an element's ability to donate electrons, and therefore form positive ions; thus, it is opposed to electronegativity. Mainly, this is an attribute of metals, meaning that, in general, the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity. Therefore, the alkali metals are most electropositive of all. This is because they have a single electron in their outer shell and, as this is relatively far from the nucleus of the atom, it is easily lost; in other words, these metals have low ionization energies. While electronegativity increases along periods in the periodic table, and decreases down groups, Document [133] (Title: Formability) Formability Formability is the ability of a given metal workpiece to undergo plastic deformation without being damaged. The plastic deformation capacity of metallic materials, however, is limited to a certain extent, at which point, the material could experience tearing or fracture (breakage). Processes affected by the formability of a material include: rolling, extrusion, forging, rollforming, stamping, and hydroforming. A general parameter that indicates the formability and ductility of a material is the fracture strain which is determined by a uniaxial tensile test (see also fracture toughness). The strain identified by this test is defined by elongation with respect to a Document [134] (Title: Liquid metal) will wet to most metallic surfaces. Specifically though, room-temperature liquid metal can be very reactive with certain metals. Liquid metal can dissolve most metals; however, at moderate temperatures, only some are slightly soluble, such as sodium, potassium, gold, magnesium, lead, nickel and mercury. Gallium is corrosive to all metals except tungsten and tantalum, which have a high resistance to corrosion, more so than niobium, titanium and molybdenum. Similar to indium, gallium and gallium-containing alloys have the ability to wet to many non-metallic surfaces such as glass and quartz. Gently rubbing the alloy into the surface may help induce wetting. However, Document [135] (Title: Welding) are constrained relative to each other, thereby resulting in the bond being characteristically brittle. Metallic bonding can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent atoms of the same type and do not combine with one another to form a chemical bond. Atoms will lose an electron(s) forming an array of positive ions. These electrons are shared by the lattice which makes the electron cluster mobile, as the electrons are free to move as well as the ions. For this, it gives metals their relatively high thermal and electrical conductivity as well as being characteristically ductile. Document [136] (Title: TRIP steel) minimum ultimate tensile strength expressed in MPa. TRIP steels are well suited to armor applications, where increases in uniform ductility (and therefore ballistic energy absorption) can improve protection against projectiles and ballistic threats while maintaining or reducing plate thicknesses. TRIP steel TRIP steel are a class of high-strength steel alloys typically used in naval and marine applications and in the automotive industry. TRIP stands for "Transformation induced plasticity," which implies a phase transformation in the material, typically when a stress is applied. These alloys are known to possess an outstanding combination of strength and ductility. TRIP steels possess a microstructure Document [137] (Title: Bismuth Indium) malleable, ductile and has a thermal conductivity value of 0.78 W/m°C (85 °C). It also has the capacity of wetting glass, quartz and other ceramic materials. It maintains the plasticity and ductility when exposed to cryogenic environments and has a big gap between the melting point and the boiling point (156.6 °C and 2080 °C respectively). Under compression, it has high plasticity that allows almost unlimited deformation (2.14 MPa of compression resistance) and under tensile it has low elongation (4 MPa of tensile resistance). Indium is used in dental alloys, semiconductor components, nuclear reactor panels, sodium lamps, strengthening factor in Document [138] (Title: Extrusion) extrusion of metal." Patent US3156043 A outlines that a number of important advantages can be achieved with warm extrusion of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys if a billet to be extruded is changed in its physical properties in response to physical forces by being heated to a temperature below the critical melting point. Warm extrusion is done above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material the temperatures ranges from 800 to 1800 °F (424 to 975 °C). It is usually used to achieve the proper balance of required forces, ductility and final extrusion properties. Friction Document [139] (Title: Self-healing material) the healing agent are of prime importance and thus govern the selection of the healing particles. When exposed for long times to high temperatures and moderate stresses, metals exhibit premature and low-ductility creep fracture, arising from the formation and growth of cavities. Those defects coalesce into cracks which ultimately cause macroscopic failure. Self-healing of early stage damage is thus a promising new approach to extend the lifetime of the metallic components. In metals, self-healing is intrinsically more difficult to achieve than in most other material classes, due to their high melting point and, as a result, low atom mobility. Generally, Document [140] (Title: Ductility (Earth science)) characteristics as abiotic Earth materials. This assessment was done in Hiroshi Yoshihara's experiment, "Plasticity Analysis of the Strain in the Tangential Direction of Solid Woo Subjected to Compression Load in the Longitudinal Direction." The study aimed to analyze the behavioral rheology of 2 wood specimens, the Sitka Spruce and Japanese Birch. In the past, it was shown that solid wood, when subjected to compressional stresses, initially has a linear stress-strain diagram (indicative of elastic deformation) and later, under greater load, demonstrates a non-linear diagram indicative of ductile objects. To analyze the rheology, the stress was restricted to uniaxial compression in Document [141] (Title: Galling) a distinct sound. Galling often occurs with aluminium compounds and is a common cause of tool breakdown. Aluminium is a ductile metal, which means it possesses the ability for plastic flow with relative ease, which presupposes a relatively consistent and large plastic zone. High ductility and flowing material can be considered a general prerequisite for excessive material transfer and galling because frictional heating is closely linked to the structure of plastic zones around penetrating objects. Galling can occur even at relatively low loads and velocities, because it is the real energy-density in the system that induces a phase transition, which Document [142] (Title: Hardenability) Hardenability The hardenability of a metal alloy is the depth to which a material is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. The unit of hardenability is length. It is an indication of how deep into the material a certain hardness can be achieved. It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation or scratching. It is an important property for welding, since it is inversely proportional to weldability, that is, the ease of welding a material. When a hot steel work-piece is quenched, the area in contact with the Document [143] (Title: Neutron radiation) defect clusters, dislocation loops, voids, bubbles, and precipitates produced as a result of radiation in a material all contribute to the strengthening and embrittlement (loss of ductility) in the material Embrittlement is of particular concern for the material comprising the reactor pressure vessel, where as a result the energy required to fracture the vessel decreases significantly. It is possible to restore ductility by annealing the defects out, and much of the life-extension of nuclear reactors depends on the ability to safely do so. Creep is also greatly accelerated in irradiated materials, though not as a result of the enhanced diffusivities, Document [144] (Title: Solid) a significant portion of the fields of solid-state chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering. Metallic solids are held together by a high density of shared, delocalized electrons, known as "metallic bonding". In a metal, atoms readily lose their outermost ("valence") electrons, forming positive ions. The free electrons are spread over the entire solid, which is held together firmly by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud. The large number of free electrons gives metals their high values of electrical and thermal conductivity. The free electrons also prevent transmission of visible light, making metals opaque, shiny and lustrous. More Document [145] (Title: Copper) ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has Document [146] (Title: Metal) than a metal's elastic limit may cause a permanent (irreversible) deformation, known as plastic deformation or plasticity. An applied force may be a tensile (pulling) force, a compressive (pushing) force, or a shear, bending or torsion (twisting) force. A temperature change may affect the movement or displacement of structural defects in the metal such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw dislocations, stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline metals. Internal slip, creep, and metal fatigue may ensue. The atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic (bcc), Document [147] (Title: Machinability) phosphorus. Aluminium is a much softer metal than steel, and the techniques to improve its machinability usually rely on making it more brittle. Alloys 2007, 2011 and 6020 have very good machinability. Thermoplastics are difficult to machine because they have poor thermal conductivity. This creates heat that builds up in the cutting zone, which degrades the tool life and locally melts the plastic. Once the plastic melts, it just flows around the cutting edge instead of being removed by it. Machinability can be improved by using high lubricity coolant and keeping the cutting area free of chip build up. Composites Document [148] (Title: Electroless nickel) other coatings in terms of certain mechanical properties. Ductility is one of these. Electroless nickel is considered a very strong yet brittle material. The relatively low ductility is due to the various microcrystalline and amorphous structures that limit plastic deformation, i.e. the ability to “stretch” without fracture. It is not uncommon for heavy build deposits (in excess of 25 µm) to crack when exposed to severe loads. This is especially evident in lower phosphorus films or those plated from older baths (in excess of 150 g/l of orthophosphate) with high tensile stress. Internal stress is arguably one of the most Document [149] (Title: TRIP steel) hardening is an increase in strength observed when work hardening during part formation is followed by a thermal cycle such as paint-baking. Research to date has not shown much experimental evidence of the TRIP-effect enhancing ductility, since most of the austenite disappears in the first 5% of plastic strain, a regime where the steel has adequate ductility already. Many experiments show that TRIP steels are in fact simply a more complex dual-phase steel. The amount of carbon determines the strain level at which the retained austenite begins to transform to martensite. At lower carbon levels, the retained austenite begins to Document [150] (Title: Solid) advanced models of metal properties consider the effect of the positive ions cores on the delocalised electrons. As most metals have crystalline structure, those ions are usually arranged into a periodic lattice. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with Document [151] (Title: Annealing (metallurgy)) a heat treatment cycle that restores some of the ductility to a product being cold-worked so it can be cold-worked further without breaking. The temperature range for process annealing ranges from 260 °C (500 °F) to 760 °C (1400 °F), depending on the alloy in question. This process is mainly suited for low-carbon steel. The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel. Cold-worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility, making it difficult to work. Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics. This is mainly carried out on cold-rolled Question: ductility is the ability for a metal to be

Answer: stretched into a wire Long Answer: Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test . According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design--10th Ed . significant denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2 - 12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction . Ductility is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. Gold Document ID: 50

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Television in South Africa) Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976. In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Document [2] (Title: Gestoorde hengelaar) comedy scene (with Lion Solser and Piet Hesse, who were then popular Dutch comedians) from the flyer which Slieker distributed. The film was shown in Slieker's cinema using a cinematograph, made by "H.O. Foersterling & Co" from Berlin, Germany. A fairground organ provided music during the film's showing. Gestoorde hengelaar Gestoorde hengelaar (English: Disturbed Angler) was the first Dutch fictional film, made by M.H. Laddé in 1896 and was produced by the studio "Eerst Nederlandsch Atelier tot het vervaardigen van Films voor de Bioscoop en Cinematograaf van M.H. Laddé en J.W. Merkelbach". The short silent film was first shown by Document [3] (Title: Liza Essers) (2005), the first African film to win an Academy Award (Best Foreign Language Picture, 2006). She also initiated a documentary series on contemporary South African art, the first feature being William Kentridge and Marlene Dumas in conversation. In her early 30s, Essers worked as an independent curator and film producer. Her interest in documentary filmmaking came from its closeness to contemporary art. Her passion for contemporary art stemmed from its ability to effect social change. In an interview, Essers has credited her experiences as the inspiration for her desire "to work in the contemporary art world with artists who make Document [4] (Title: Sound film) by Fritz Lang, which premiered May 11, 1931. As described by Roger Ebert, "Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time, but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives, providing a rat's-eye view." "Talking film is as little needed as a singing book." Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky, one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement, in 1927. While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art, others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity. The following year, a group of Soviet filmmakers, including Sergei Document [5] (Title: Cinema of Finland) for good. The first experiments with sound were done by Lahyn-Filmi, a provincial company operating in Turku. The first full-length sound film with song and talk was Lahyn's "Say It in Finnish" (1931), directed by company's leader Yrjö Nyberg (later Norta). This lost film was more a collection of musical revue numbers than a feature. Suomi-Filmi transformed its production from silent to sound films during the same year. The first Finnish film with soundtrack was the company's "Dressed Like Adam and a Bit Like Eve Too" (1931), based on a popular play by Agapetus (pseudonym of Yrjö Soini). There was Document [6] (Title: Sound film) produced a pair of talkies in 1929: "Taii no musume" ("The Captain's Daughter") and "Furusato" ("Hometown"), the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound-on-film talkies in 1931 using a variable-density process called Tsuchibashi. Two years later, however, more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents. Two of the country's leading directors, Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu, did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936, respectively. As late as 1938, over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue. The enduring Document [7] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931 film)) based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Kwee Tek Hoay, which had been published over several instalments in "Panorama" in 1927; this story had later been adapted as a stage play by the Union Dalia Opera. At the time, sound films had been shown in the Dutch East Indies for several years, beginning with "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929). The Dutch film director G. Kruger had released "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" the year before; although that film has been credited as the first talkie, the sinologist Leo Suryadinata gives "Boenga Roos dari Document [8] (Title: Sound film) film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ("Pandora's Box" [1929], "Zemlya" [1930], "City Lights" [1931]) and zero talkies in the "Time Out" poll. ("City Lights", like "Sunrise", was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a "silent"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French "L'Atalante" (1934), directed by Jean Vigo; the earliest Document [9] (Title: Eldorado Cinema (Oslo)) the same time, a sound system was installed. Eldorado was the first cinema in Norway with a sound system, and the first film with sound was The Singing Fool, with Al Jolson in the main role. Eldorado showed typical westerns and spy movies for many decades, and was one of the premiere theaters for James Bond films. Dr. No had its Norwegian premiere here on April 1, 1963. Up until 1986, the cinema had one theater with 1195 seats, divided between the balcony and the main floor. The cinema was rebuilt into a multiplex with five theaters with a capacity Document [10] (Title: Reza de Wet) he was reduced to writing farces. To counter the drought that hit Afrikaans Drama, the Afrikaans Language and Culture Organization (ATKV) started an annual Campus Festival to stimulate new student drama, and it is here that Reza, the actress from the small town of Senekal in the Free State, then a Professor of Drama from Rhodes University in Grahamstown, staged her first play. From this debut it was immediately clear that a major new voice had announced itself. African Gothic (Diepe Grond, 1985) understandably sparked off intense debate. Using a technique of literary model or reference that has served Reza Document [11] (Title: Tri-Ergon) "the first feature-length German sound film". On 29 October 1929 the Wall Street Crash occurred, triggering a worldwide financial crisis. Ufa's first major sound film, Melody of the Heart, was released in December 1929, followed in April 1930 by "The Blue Angel" with Dietrich and Emil Jannings, and music by Friedrich Hollaender; and in September that year "The Three from the Filling Station" with Lilian Harvey, Willy Fritsch and songs by the Comedian Harmonists. The success of these early sound films led the Berlin Chamber of Commerce to comment: "By now, sound film has become firmly established." The stalemate in Document [12] (Title: Welikathara) Welikathara Welikathara (Sinhala, "Desert") is a 1971 dramatic film made by Sri Lankan director D. B. Nihalsinghe. Screen play and script by Dr. Tissa Abeysekara.It was the first film directed by D. B. Nihalsingha. Since "Welikathara" was the first film in CinemaScope in Sri Lanka, it faced many obstacles, first of which was the lack of access to cinemas capable of showing that format. (Most of them had been reserved for US films). This was solved by arranging a cross circuit release, combining cinemas in the three competing circuits at that time- another first. The film was a box office Document [13] (Title: Njai Dasima (1929 film)) 1930). The critically acclaimed sequel followed an adult Nancy in a quest to avenge her mother's death, leading to Samiun falling down a well and Hayati killing herself. Tan's Film made another adaptation of "Njai Dasima" in 1932, which Armijn Pane described as the first talkie in the Indies with good sound quality. Yet another adaptation, entitled "Dasima", was directed by Tan Tjoei Hock in 1940. Njai Dasima (1929 film) Njai Dasima (Perfected Spelling: Nyai Dasima) is a 1929 silent film from the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia). It details the fall of a rich mistress at the hands Document [14] (Title: Sound film) Sound film A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were Document [15] (Title: Indonesia Malaise) that she had been fairly attractive. The film was among the first sound films released in the Indies, and the brothers' first sound film. The first such film, G. Kruger's "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" had been released the preceding year; The Teng Chun had followed with "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" ("Rose from Cikembang") in 1931, although whether it preceded "Indonesia Malaise" is not certain. These early films had poor sound and lots of static, but through repeated experimentation the quality was eventually brought to acceptable levels. "Indonesia Malaise" was released in 1931 and was advertised as a film which would "surely Document [16] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) films came from Schlesinger's company. AFP produced "the first sound advertisement films in South Africa for Joko Tea and Pegasus products" in 1930. The first films to stimulate internal tourism were produced by AFP in serial magazine form, entitled "Our Land". In the 1940s a special effects department was set up at Killarney. Reflecting the rise of Afrikaner nationalism, African Film Productions produced a plethora of popular light-hearted Afrikaans fare, such as "Kom Saam Vanaand" (Afrikaans, Come Along Tonight). The first South African and Afrikaans musical, this film was produced by in 1949. The studio also printed copies of international Document [17] (Title: Karnadi Anemer Bangkong) year and placed greater emphasis on sound. These early films had poor sound and lots of static, but through repeated experimentation the quality was eventually brought to acceptable levels. Footnotes Bibliography Karnadi Anemer Bangkong Karnadi Anemer Bangkong ("Karnadi the Frog Contractor"; also known as Karnadi Tangkep Bangkong, meaning "Karnadi Catches Frogs") is a 1930 comedy from the Dutch East Indies directed by G. Krugers. It is considered the country's first talkie, although parts were silent and the sound quality was poor. Based on a popular Sundanese novel, the film was considered controversial by the native audience. Karnadi is a young Document [18] (Title: G. Krugers) leading the laboratory at N.V. Java Film. He may have been one of its founders, together with the Dutchman L. Heuveldorp. The company exclusively produced documentaries until 1926, when Heuveldorp directed the colony's first feature film, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng". Krugers served as a cameraman for the film, which was based on a Sundanese folktale, also processing the film in his laboratory in Bandung. The following year, Krugers directed his own film, titled "Eulis Atjih", which followed the beautiful Eulis Atjih as she falls into poverty after being left by her husband. International release emphasised the ethnographic aspects of the film. The Document [19] (Title: Indonesia Malaise) "Katalog Film Indonesia" ("Indonesian Film Catalogue") records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service. Indonesia Malaise Indonesia Malaise is a 1931 film directed by the Wong brothers. It was the brothers' first sound film and one of the first such films in the Dutch East Indies. Billed as a comedy, the story follows a woman who is overcome by tragedy in her personal life. A commercial failure, it may be lost. A woman is forced to marry a man she does not love Document [20] (Title: Cinema of South India) 1931, The first Tamil silent film, "Keechaka Vadham", was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1918. The first talking motion picture, "Kalidas", was a multilingual and was released on 31 October 1931, less than seven months after India's first talking motion picture "Alam Ara". Popularly known as talkies, films with sound quickly grew in number and popularity. In 1934, the industry saw its first major commercial success with "Lavakusa". Directed by C. Pullaiah and starring Parupalli Subbarao and Sriranjani in lead roles, the film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theaters and thrust the young film industry into mainstream culture. Document [21] (Title: Huwen op Bevel) directed by Bachtiar Effendi. The film's dialogue was in Malay. Songs were sung by the "kroncong" group Tembang Ketjapi. "Huwen op Bevel" was released in 1931, although several sources list it as being from 1932. It screened in Batavia (now Jakarta) in August, reaching Medan in late September and Surabaya by mid-October. The film was advertised as having full sound, including music and singing. Later advertisements compared it with Tan's production, "Njai Dasima". It was advertised as the first sound film in the Indies and referred to as such by some later writings. Biran, however, writes that Krugers's earlier film Document [22] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) dance not being considered interesting to other ethnic groups, particularly the Javanese. William van der Heide, a lecturer on film studies at the University of Newcastle in Australia, notes that the tendency of European filmmakers to depict natives as primitives may also have influenced the poor ticket sales. Although Heuveldorp is not recorded as being involved in any more fiction film productions, Krugers went on to direct several films, including the area's first talkie, "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" (1931), before leaving the country in 1936. At least one of the cast members, Oemar, is recorded as continuing to act. "Lutung Kasarung" Document [23] (Title: Cinema of South Africa) served as the appropriate location for historical films such as "De Voortrekkers" (1916) and "The Symbol of Sacrifice" (1918). American filmmaker Lorimer Johnston directed several films in the area in the late 1910s which starred American actresses Edna Flugrath and Caroline Frances Cooke. Despite the participation of Johnson, Flugrath and Cooke, these were South African productions featuring local actors and stories. "", the first Afrikaans-language sound film, was released in 1931. Subsequent sound releases such as "Die Wildsboudjie" (1948), a 1949 "Sarie Marais" remake, and "Daar doer in die bosveld" (1950) continued to cater primarily to white, Afrikaans-speaking audiences. The Document [24] (Title: Cinema of South Africa) worldwide, and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards. Other notable films are "Tsotsi", which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as "U-Carmen eKhayelitsha", which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. The first film studio in South Africa, Killarney Film Studios, was established in 1915 in Johannesburg. During the 1910s and 1920s, many South African films were made in or around Durban. These films often made use of the dramatic scenery available in rural KwaZulu-Natal, particularly the Drakensberg region. KwaZulu-Natal also Document [25] (Title: G. Krugers) Dasima", an adaptation of G. Francis' 1896 novel "Tjerita Njai Dasima" ("Story of Njai Dasima"). He then directed and produced "Huwen op Bevel" ("Forced to Marry"; 1931), which was advertised as featuring songs and comedy. The film was a commercial failure, leading to all rights being acquired by Tan's. He is recorded as planning a further two films, "De Nona" ("Of Ladies") and "Raonah", but neither was made. During 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been produced by The Teng Chun. This situation was created by the Great Depression, which had led Document [26] (Title: Karnadi Anemer Bangkong) "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" was directed by G. Krugers, an Indo filmmaker who had worked on the Dutch East Indies' first domestic production, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", in 1926. The story was adapted from the best-selling novel "Roesia nu Goreng Patut", written by the Sundanese authors Joehana and Sukria. Krugers had previously adapted another of Joehana's works, "Eulis Atjih", in 1928. The film was released shortly after the first talkies shown in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929), were released. Attempting to capture this new technology, Krugers used a single system camera that he had obtained Document [27] (Title: Tan's Film) Filmbedrijf had previously released "Eulis Atjih" (1927) with native audiences in mind. Tan's Film released their first film, the silent "Njai Dasima", in November 1929. The work was an adaptation of the 1896 novel "Tjerita Njai Dasima" ("Story of Njai Dasima"), written by G. Francis, which had previously been made into a "tonil". It was a commercial success, to the point that the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that a cinema could make up several days losses with a single showing of the film. "Njai Dasima" was followed by two further adaptations of "tonils", the action film "Si Document [28] (Title: Cinema of Germany) as the film that made an international superstar of its lead actress Marlene Dietrich. Other notable early sound films, all from 1931, include Jutzi's adaptation to Alfred Döblin's novel "Berlin Alexanderplatz", Pabst's Bertolt Brecht adaptation "The Threepenny Opera" and Lang's "M," as well as Hochbaum's "Raid in St. Pauli" (1932). Brecht was also one of the creators of the explicitly communist film "Kuhle Wampe" (1932), which was banned soon after its release. In addition to developments in the industry itself, the Weimar period saw the birth of film criticism as a serious discipline whose practitioners included Rudolf Arnheim in "Die Document [29] (Title: Sound film) In Italy, whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s, the first talkie, "La Canzone dell'amore" ("The Song of Love"), also came out in October; within two years, Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival. The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well, "Tonka Šibenice" ("Tonka of the Gallows"). Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures—Belgium (in French), Denmark, Greece, and Romania. The Soviet Union's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930: Dziga Vertov's nonfiction "Entuziazm" had an experimental, Document [30] (Title: Cinema of Namibia) Cinema of Namibia The cinema of Namibia refers to cinema in the country of Namibia, which claimed independence from South Africa in 1990. Before independence, American anthropologist John Marshall made ethnographic films of the Ju/'hoansi for over four decades from 1950 onwards, resulting in documentary films such as "The Hunters" (1957) and "Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman" (1980). After independence, Namibian filmmakers have started to assert their own identity. Pioneers included Bridget Pickering, Richard Pakleppa and Cecil Moller. They have been joined by a younger generation including Joel Haikali, Oshosheni Hiveluah, Perivi Katjavivi, Tim Huebschle, and Krischka Stoffels. Document [31] (Title: Cinema of Bihar) Kothi, Patna, closed early in the sound era (1931). The first sound theatre in Patna was in the Babu Bazar in the southwestern part of the city and opened with "Veer Abhimanyu" in 1933 or 1934. The theatre was destroyed by a fire fed by nitrate film, and was never rebuilt. The first Bihari film was the silent "Life Divine" or 'Punarjanma' with Arati Devi, Mr. A. K. Prosad B.L., Miss Pratima Devi, and Mr. N. G. Bhattacharya. It was produced by Raja Rana Jagarnnath Prosad Sinha 'Kinkar' of Deo. Arati Devi was a Jewish girl of 19 years when Document [32] (Title: 1st National Film Awards) roles. All the female characters were also played by male artists. The release in 1931 of the first Indian talkie – "Alam Ara", produced by the Imperial Film Company, marked as beginning of new era in Indian film industry. The film was released at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai on 14 March 1931. Over the period, India produced many films and eventually became one of the largest film industries along with Hollywood and Chinese cinema. With the increasing numbers of films being made, government brought Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 for the censorship of the film and Central Board of Document [33] (Title: De Stem des Bloeds) De Stem des Bloeds De Stem des Bloeds ("The Voice of Blood"), also known as Njai Siti, is a 1930 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). It was directed by Ph. Carli and starred Annie Krohn, Sylvain Boekebinder, Vally Lank, and Jan Kruyt. The film follows a man and his mistress who reunite after their son and step-daughter unwittingly fall in love. The black-and-white film, which may now be lost, was tinted different colours for certain scenes. It was released in early 1930 to commercial success, although critical opinion was mixed. Van Kempen is a supervisor at a Document [34] (Title: Daar doer in die bosveld) Daar doer in die bosveld Daar Doer in Die Bosveld (English: "Far Away in the Bushveld") is the first film by the South African director Jamie Uys. It was originally released in 1951. The film is in the Afrikaans language, a language specific to Southern Africa. The film is a comedy about a shy farmer named Hans Botha who is asked to pick up a young school teacher named Martie du Toit. When Hans arrives at the bus stop to pick up Martie he is completely dumbstruck by her beauty and only able to say the phrases, "It looks like Document [35] (Title: Gestoorde hengelaar) Gestoorde hengelaar Gestoorde hengelaar (English: Disturbed Angler) was the first Dutch fictional film, made by M.H. Laddé in 1896 and was produced by the studio "Eerst Nederlandsch Atelier tot het vervaardigen van Films voor de Bioscoop en Cinematograaf van M.H. Laddé en J.W. Merkelbach". The short silent film was first shown by the traveling cinema "Grand Théatre Edison" of Christiaan Slieker on Sunday, November 29, 1896 in the "Parktuin Tivoli" in Utrecht. The film was not preserved and no known photos were taken of it. It is a lost film. It is only known that "Gestoorde hengelaar" was a slapstick Document [36] (Title: Cinema of Argentina) year, Ferreyra made a second sound film, El Cantar de mi ciudad, encouraging other early directors to make the transition to sound. Movietone arrived in 1933 and it allowed both voice and music in motion pictures. The first two Argentine cinematographic studios were created: Argentina Sono Film was founded by Ángel Mentasti; Lumitón was created by a partnership led by Enrique Susini, who was instrumental in the introduction of television to Argentina in 1951. The first disc-less sound film was "Tango" (1931), directed by Luis Maglia Barth and a key film of the period was the tango film Dancing which Document [37] (Title: Cinema of Germany) the late 1920s, sound production and distribution were starting to be adopted by the German film industry and by 1932 Germany had 3,800 cinemas equipped to play sound films. The first filmmakers who experimented with the new technology often shot the film in several versions, using several soundtracks in different languages. The film "The Blue angel" (1930), directed by the Austrian Josef von Sternberg and produced by Erich Pommer, was also shot in two versions - German and English, with a different supporting cast in each version. It is considered to be Germany's first "talkie" and will always be remembered Document [38] (Title: Sound film) dialogueless soundtrack; Abram Room's documentary "Plan velikikh rabot" ("The Plan of the Great Works") had music and spoken voiceovers. Both were made with locally developed sound-on-film systems, two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world. In June 1931, the Nikolai Ekk drama "Putevka v zhizn" ("The Road to Life" or "A Start in Life"), premiered as the Soviet Union's first true talking picture. Throughout much of Europe, conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity, requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many Document [39] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) Killarney Film Studios Killarney Film Studios was established in Johannesburg in 1915 as "the first motion picture studio in Africa". The studio was founded and funded in the Johannesburg suburb of Killarney by US citizen Isidore W. Schlesinger (d. 1949). Two years earlier Schlesinger had bought up Australian Rufus Naylor's Africa's Amalgamated Theatres (est. 1911) and Edgar Hyman's Empire Theatres Company (est. 1912) to form the African Theatres and Films Trusts on 10 April 1913. In this way Schlesinger obtained a monopoly over film importation and distribution throughout Southern Africa. Schlesinger set up African Film Productions (AFP), which on 5 Document [40] (Title: Tamil Nadu) 120 per ticket. The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916. The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, "Kalidas", which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture "Alam Ara". Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that Document [41] (Title: Cinema of China) initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film, "Laborer's Love" (1922). This soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including "Orphan Rescues Grandfather" (1923). Meanwhile, Tianyi shifted their model towards folklore dramas, and also pushed into foreign markets; their film "White Snake" (1926) proved a typical example of their success in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia. In 1931, the first Chinese sound film "Sing-Song Girl Red Peony" was made, the product of a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company's image production and Pathé Frères's sound technology. However, the sound was disc-recorded, and the Document [42] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed. Under pressure from imported works, in 1926 N.V. Java Film, a production house based in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) which had previously produced a single documentary, "Inlanders op de Krokodillenjacht" ("Native Crocodile Hunters"), chose to make a feature film based on the Sundanese folktale "Lutung Kasarung". The company's owner, L. Heuveldorp served as director and producer, while its laboratory head G. Krugers handled cinematography and processing. Little biographical information is available regarding the background of both men, although it Document [43] (Title: Cinema of Namibia) In 2000, the Namibian government passed the Namibian Film Commission Act to promote filmmaking in the country. Cinema of Namibia The cinema of Namibia refers to cinema in the country of Namibia, which claimed independence from South Africa in 1990. Before independence, American anthropologist John Marshall made ethnographic films of the Ju/'hoansi for over four decades from 1950 onwards, resulting in documentary films such as "The Hunters" (1957) and "Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman" (1980). After independence, Namibian filmmakers have started to assert their own identity. Pioneers included Bridget Pickering, Richard Pakleppa and Cecil Moller. They have been Document [44] (Title: Cinema of Norway) Cinema of Norway Norway has had a notable cinema industry for some time. The first film produced domestically in Norway was a short about fishermen, "Fiskerlivets farer", dating from 1907. The first feature was released in 1911, produced by Halfman Nobel Roede. In 1931 Tancred Ibsen, grandson of the playwright, presented Norway's first feature-length sound film, "Den store barnedåpen" ("The Great Christening"). Through the 1930s Ibsen "dominated" the nation's film industry, with Leif Sinding in second place. Ibsen produced conventional melodramas more or less on the model of Hollywood films. In the early 21st century a few Norwegian film directors Document [45] (Title: Sound film) by music." From its earliest days, Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical—"Alam Ara" featured seven songs; a year later, "Indrasabha" would feature seventy. While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood, ten years after the debut of "Alam Ara", over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country. Most of India's early talkies were shot in Bombay, which remains the leading production center, but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation. Within just a few weeks of "Alam Ara"'s March 1931 Document [46] (Title: Shaw Brothers Studio) they operated their own cinema in Tanjong Pagar in Singapore, expanded in Malaya, and opened four cinemas there. The number of cinemas owned by the Shaw chain in South East Asia would eventually reach 200 by the 1970s before it declined. In 1928 Run Run Shaw moved to Singapore to assist Runme. In 1931, the Tianyi Studio in Shanghai produced what is considered by some to be the very first sound-on-film Chinese talkie, "Spring on Stage" (歌場春色). In 1932, they teamed up with Cantonese opera singer Sit Gok-Sin () to make the first Cantonese talkie, "White Golden Dragon" (). This Document [47] (Title: Kuxa Kanema: The Birth of Cinema) provided by the Soviet Union offered the newsreels in the 16mm format. Machel's government, however, did not finance or encourage the creation of a film industry designed strictly for entertainment value. The film also details the struggle to get INC up and running: Mozambique had no film industry or film schools (Brazilian and Cuban instructors were flown in to offer on-the-spot educational training). The resulting newsreels were shot in black-in-white because color film was too expensive. Machel's death in an airplane crash in 1986, coupled with guerrilla attacks launched by the apartheid governments of South Africa and Rhodesia that destabilized Document [48] (Title: Afrikaans) showing signs of new vigour. The 2007 film ', the first full-length Afrikaans movie since "Paljas" in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as ' and ' (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film ', which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival. The film "" was also released in 2011. The Afrikaans Film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like Charlize Theron ("Monster") and Document [49] (Title: Sound film) Without Women"), premiered. A Tobis Filmkunst production, about one-quarter of the movie contained dialogue, which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music. The response was underwhelming. Sweden's first talkie, "Konstgjorda Svensson" ("Artificial Svensson"), premiered on October 14. Eight days later, Aubert Franco-Film came out with "Le Collier de la reine" ("The Queen's Necklace"), shot at the Épinay studio near Paris. Conceived as a silent film, it was given a Tobis-recorded score and a single talking sequence—the first dialogue scene in a French feature. On October 31, "Les Trois masques" debuted; a Pathé-Natan film, it is generally regarded as Document [50] (Title: Gujarati cinema) by Bhogilal Dave and Nanubhai Desai. Bhatt also financed Dadasaheb Phalke's Hindustan Cinema Film Company. Before the 1931 release of the first full-length Indian sound film, "Alam Ara", a short Gujarati sound film, "Chav Chavno Murabbo", was released on 4 February 1931 in Bombay. It included the song "Mane Mankad Karde" ("A Bug Bites Me"), the first sound in any Indian film. The film was produced by Maneklal Patel, with lyrics and dialogue by Natwar Shyam. The title, literally "Chew Chew's Marmalade", refers to having to chew marmalade to swallow it and probably has no specific connection to the plot. Document [51] (Title: Lutung Kasarung) wrongdoing and allowed them to remain in the palace. She and Guruminda were married, and lived happily ever after. It was first brought to the public in 1921 by Bandung regent RA Wiranatakusumah in the form of gending karesmen; a drama using traditional music. Five years later, NV Java Film Company produced a silent film, titled "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", the first ever movie in the country. It was made during the Dutch colonial era, under the direction of L. Heuveldorp. It was filmed in Bandung in 1926 and released there by the NV Java Film Company. It played from 31 December Document [52] (Title: Sound film) deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse, cinema, on equal terms with hearing people. The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again." On March 12, 1929, the first feature-length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere. The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production, it was not a drama, but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line: "Melodie der Welt" ("Melody of the World"), directed by Walter Ruttmann. This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound. As described Document [53] (Title: Sarie Marais) unwelcome. Shortly after this film's release, a group of Afrikaner nationalists established a film production organisation called the "Reddingsdaad-Bond-Amateur-Rolprent Organisasie" (Rescue Action League Amateur Film Organisation), which rallied against British and American films pervading the country. Francis Coley directed a remake of this film, again titled "Sarie Marais" in 1949 (). The contemporary Afrikaans women's magazine "Sarie" takes its name from this song. Originally entitled "Sarie Marais" – a name which at the time (1949) of its first publication was synonymous with the idea of empowered Afrikaans womanhood – it was the first Afrikaans magazine to focus on the female Document [54] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) Karang Hill. Heuveldorp, unable to force the actors to play their roles seriously, shot several scenes with them acting as they wished before showing them the results; upon realising that their acting had been disappointing, the cast began to listen to stage directions. Afterwards they began rehearsing each scene at least twice, with Kartabrata standing behind the cameraman and giving directions. The film was screened on 31 December 1926 at the Oriental and Elita Theatres in Bandung, making it the first domestically-produced feature film and the first with a native cast. The advertisements were in both Dutch- and Malay-language publications. Document [55] (Title: Cinema of Turkmenistan) 1930. This film was made for Vostokkino and was originally silent, but had a soundtrack added a few months later. The first feature-length film to be produced with sound was Alexander Ledashchev's 1935 film "I'll Be Back", which focused on the story of a young labourer, Kurban. According to Swetlana Slapke, the film "made an indelible impression on the audience, mainly because it was the first feature film in their lives and about their lives". Its release was accompanied by a kind of festival, with music from a military brass band. Other directors active at the studio at the time Document [56] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931 film)) Tjikembang" as the colony's first talkie. These early films had poor sound and lots of static. "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" was released in 1931. It was reportedly well received by its target audience, the ethnic Chinese, although tickets for natives remained unsold. The film critic Andjar Asmara, writing for "Doenia Film", was highly critical of the film as he considered its sound quality quite poor. By the following year they had returned with another Chinese-oriented film, "Sam Pek Eng Tay", based on the Chinese legend "The Butterfly Lovers". The film is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl Document [57] (Title: South India) 1916. In South India, the first Tamil talkie, "Kalidas", was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture "Alam Ara" Mudaliar also established South India's first film studio in Madras. Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore and introduced the concept of "tent cinema", the first of whose kind was established in Madras and was known as "Edison's Grand Cifnemamegaphone". Filmmakers K Balachandar, Balu Mahendra, Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema, and K. N. T. Sastry and Document [58] (Title: Sound film) filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld, who described its audiovisual aims: To render the half-musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature. In this film every intermediate stage can be found: such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music, the noises of the machine dominating the musical background, the music itself is the documentary, and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo. Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 "Entuziazm" and by Chaplin in Document [59] (Title: Njai Dasima (1932 film)) with "Indonesia Malaise". In order to ensure the quality of the sound, Tan's hired Krugers and his single-system camera to do the cinematography and sound direction for this black-and-white film. "Njai Dasima" was released by January 1932 and advertised as a "speaking, singing, dancing, and music talkie". It was open to audiences of all ages, including children. Critical reviews were mixed. One newspaper editorial, noting that the pamphlets described the film as "a hundred times better than [the contemporary film] "Huwen op Bevel"", was scornful, stating that such a claim had very little validity as "the quality of the native Document [60] (Title: The Dickson Experimental Sound Film) The Dickson Experimental Sound Film The Dickson Experimental Sound Film is a film made by William Dickson in late 1894 or early 1895. It is the first known film with live-recorded sound and appears to be the first motion picture made for the Kinetophone, the proto-sound-film system developed by Dickson and Thomas Edison. (The Kinetophone, consisting of a Kinetoscope accompanied by a cylinder-playing phonograph, was not a true sound-film system, for there was no attempt to synchronize picture and sound throughout playback.) The film was produced at the "Black Maria", Edison's New Jersey film studio. There is no evidence that Document [61] (Title: Sound film) Indian star Sulochana, excerpted from the silent feature "Madhuri" (1928), was released as a synchronized-sound short, the country's first. The following year, Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature, the Hindi-Urdu "Alam Ara", and produced "Kalidas", primarily in Tamil with some Telugu. Nineteen-thirty-one also saw the first Bengali-language film, "Jamai Sasthi", and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu, "Bhakta Prahlada". In 1932, "Ayodhyecha Raja" became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released (though "Sant Tukaram" was the first to go through the official censorship process); the first Gujarati-language film, "Narsimha Mehta", and all-Tamil talkie, Document [62] (Title: Dutch East Indies) 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first locally produced film, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The rate of production declined again after the Document [63] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) May 1913 screened the first of its weekly newsreels, African Mirror. AFP continued to produce African Mirror, which included features on African countries such as Tanzania, and interviews with notables such as Chris Barnard for South African consumption until 1984. Schlesinger imported Joseph Albrecht from Britain to run the African Mirror. In 1915 the Killarney Film Studios produced South Africa's first animated film, "Artist's Dream". The artist was portrayed by Dennis Santry and the director was Harold Shaw. Schlesinger's wife, Mabel May, starred as the artist's dream girl. Whether this production was inspired by Thomas Edison's 1900 film of the Document [64] (Title: Mandopop) followed a Western principle of composition to those that were done largely in a Western style, and they may be accompanied by traditional Chinese or Western instrumentation. In 1931, the first sound film was made in China in a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company and Pathé. The film industry took advantage of the sound era and engaged singers for acting and soundtrack roles, and Li Jinhui's Bright Moonlight Song and Dance Troup became the first modern musical division to be integrated into the Chinese film industry when it joined Lianhua Film Company in 1931. Amongst the best-known of the Document [65] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) same title is unclear, as no copies remain of the South African version. Five more animated short films followed, and film titles were also often animated. African Film Productions made 43 films between 1916 and 1922. The scarcity of international films during the First World War boosted the development of Schlesinger's company. As befits the political context of a newly unified state (the Union of South Africa, 1910) the earlier films aimed at the white market featured co-operation between Boer and Briton as a common theme. Once apartheid started in earnest after 1948, some films took up the theme of Document [66] (Title: Alam Ara) Alam Ara Alam Ara (translation: "The Ornament of the World") was a 1931 Indian film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film. Irani recognised the importance that sound would have on the cinema, and raced to complete "Alam Ara" before several contemporary sound films. "Alam Ara" debuted at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai (then Bombay) on 14 March 1931. The first Indian talkie was so popular that "police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds." The film was houseful for the next 8 weeks of its release. It was advertised with the tagline "All Document [67] (Title: Film industry) film, titled "The Landing of Sir M.M. Bhownuggree". "Pundalik" ("Shree Pundalik") (1912), by Dadasaheb Torne alias Rama Chandra Gopal, and "Raja Harishchandra" (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, were the first and second silent feature films respectively made in India. By the 1930s the industry was producing more than 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's "Alam Ara" (1931), was a major commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming. "Joymoti (1935 film)" by Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla was the first Indian dubbed Document [68] (Title: G. Krugers) talkie released in the country, but had poor technical quality. It was a critical failure, as the majority Sundanese audience felt that they were being insulted; contemporary director Joshua Wong suggested that this poor reception was partly owing to the main character eating a frog, something which is forbidden for Muslims. Following this failure, Krugers made the documentary "Atma De Vischer" (1931), which followed Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Hendrik on a trip through the Hague, before being signed to Tan's Film. With Tan's, Krugers made two films. First he was asked to handle cinematography on Bachtiar Effendi's 1932 talkie "Njai Document [69] (Title: Sound film) the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology. The Mandarin-language "Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān" (, "Singsong Girl Red Peony"), starring Butterfly Wu, premiered as China's first feature talkie in 1930. By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of "The Devil's Playground", arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner "Fellers" is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie. In September 1930, a song performed by Document [70] (Title: Cinema of Hungary) van a világon", crew members were able to borrow equipment from Fox Movietone News, whose employees worked in Budapest that day, recording a few musical and speaking scenes. While the movie was one of the last silent ones, ironically, it also became the first to use voice. The first voiced movie screening was held on 30 September 1929 in the Puskin theater (presenting the American The Singing Fool). Voiced, speaking scenes were inserted in more and more films, like in Mihály Kertész's "Noah's Ark", which featured a narrated introduction. The first full-length film with sound was Hunnia Film Studio's 1931 Document [71] (Title: G. Krugers) attended by numerous Dutch socialites, including Princess Juliana, and given an introduction by Dutch Orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje. The first talkies shown in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929), came from the United States and were screened in late 1929. This encouraged Krugers to make "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" ("Karnadi the Frog Contractor"), an adaptation of the book by Yuhana, in 1930. The comedy, made with a single system camera that Krugers had obtained with the help of his Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers membership, is generally thought the first locally produced Document [72] (Title: Experimental film in the Netherlands) underwent a renaissance in 1949 with the foundation of the Exprmntl Festival in Knokke-Le-Zoute. Later editions of the festival would screen films by Johan van der Keuken ('Lucebert, dichter-schilder', 1962) and Wim van der Linden/Wim T. Schippers, who filmed a motionless bunch of tulips that drops a single petal at the very end, for their sad movie 'Tulips' (1966). 1967 saw the founding of The New Electric Cinema in Eindhoven, which organised happenings involving music concrete made with vacuum cleaners combined with found footage material. In 1970, Frans Zwartjes started teaching at the Vrije Academie in The Hague where he Document [73] (Title: Lost in the Desert) shot in two versions, one in Afrikaans and the other in English. The Afrikaans version appeared in 1969 under the title "Dirkie", and the English version appeared in either 1969 or 1970 (possibly varying according to country) under the title "Dirkie Lost in the Desert", which was sometimes referred to and marketed as "Lost in the Desert", which is possibly an alternative official title for the English version. The film was released on DVD in 2005 (copyright 1999), and this disc contains both versions of the film, selectable from the front menu. The English version is about 70 minutes long, Document [74] (Title: Alberts Frères) Filmarchief (1919), the first audio-visual archive in the Netherlands. Beside showing films, Alberts Frères quickly started making them. An early film which generated headlines was made in Maastricht. On Friday, 13 September 1907, the brothers had filmed a practical joke in Maastricht, in which an actor by the name of Tünnes (from the local Schmidt theater), pulling a donkey by a rope, took off from the local market carrying a suckling pig under his arm without having paid for it. He proceeded to visit the vegetable stands, and the scene erupts with screaming housemaids, flying baskets and vegetables, and a Document [75] (Title: Cinema of Indonesia) and Majestic Theatres in Bandung. The following year, G. Krugers – who had served as a technician and cinematographer for "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" – released his directorial debut (the second film in the Indies), "Eulis Atjih". Owing to "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" limited release, Kruger was able to advertise his film as the colony's first. A year later, the second novel to be adapted to film in Indonesia, "Setangan Berloemoer Darah", was produced by Tan Boen Soan. Ethnic Chinese directors and producers, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, became involved in the colony's cinema beginning in 1928, when Nelson Document [76] (Title: Raymond Borremans) Grand-Bassam in 1931, he became so enchanted by the surroundings, that he settled there permanently in 1934, taking a room in the house in which has been established the foundation that bears his name. After some time he ceases his activities as a musician and buys a film projector, a movie screen and some films to travel with a mobile cinema through French West Africa to play films for an audience of local Africans from 1937 to 1974. Mid seventies, television had sufficiently been introduced in Africa for the interest in his cinema to decrease. He stopped with music and, Document [77] (Title: Njai Dasima (1932 film)) a scenario and, later, shooting script – two items which had, until then, never been used for a domestic production. This was the first sound film released by Tan's, but far from the first in the Indies. The earliest sound films released in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man", were both shown in 1929. The following year, a domestic part-talkie, G. Krugers' "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong", was also released, becoming the first domestic sound film. Two other directors had followed with full-talkies in 1931: The Teng Chun with "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" and the Wong brothers Document [78] (Title: Huwen op Bevel) "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" featured sound. "Huwen op Bevel" received negative reviews. One in the Batavia-based "Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië" found the film to lack contrast and have poor vocal synchronisation; the reviewer summarised that "turning the crank is not enough; a filmmaker must master the technique". The film was a commercial failure and proved Krugers's last film. He left the Indies in 1936 and moved to Hong Kong, where he died in 1937. "Huwen op Bevel" is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films made before 1950 are Document [79] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel)) not pay him for the right to use the story, and in the 1930 edition Kwee asked readers to help him enforce his copyright by informing "Panorama" of any illegal performances. Stage performances have continued into the 2000s. The novel has twice been adapted for film. The first adaptation, released in 1931, was directed by The Teng Chun. The sinologist Leo Suryadinata lists it as the first domestically produced sound film in the Dutch East Indies, although the film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggests that there was already a domestic talkie released in 1930. In 1975 an adaptation was made Document [80] (Title: Cinema of West Bengal) Debaki Bose directed "Chandidas" in 1932; this film is noted for its breakthrough in recording sound. Sound recordist Mukul Bose found a solution to the problem of spacing out dialogue and frequency modulation. The contribution of Bengali film industry to Indian film is quite significant. First Bengali talkies "Jamai Shashthi" (as short film) was released 11 April 1931 at Crown Cinema Hall in Calcutta and first Bengali talkies as full-length feature film "Dena Paona" was released 30 December 1931 at Chitra Cinema Hall in Calcutta. The industry was based in Tollygunge, an area of South Kolkata, West Bengal that is Document [81] (Title: Zuster Theresia) the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggests that the Wongs had little creative input. The film was the last to be produced by Halimoen Film. It was a sound film, but the sound was of low quality; the first talkie in the Dutch East Indies, "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong", had only been released in 1930. The film's poster emphasised its Dutchness and depicted only Flora, as Sister Theresia, praying, with text above and below the image. Ade Irwansyah, compiling a list of the best Indonesian film posters for "Tabloid Bintang", selected the poster for "Zuster Theresia" as the twentieth-best of Document [82] (Title: Sound film) Hollywood sound film to qualify is "Bringing Up Baby" (1938), directed by Howard Hawks. The first sound feature film to receive near-universal critical approbation was "Der Blaue Engel" ("The Blue Angel"); premiering on April 1, 1930, it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin's UFA studio. The first American talkie to be widely honored was "All Quiet on the Western Front", directed by Lewis Milestone, which premiered April 21. The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was "Westfront 1918", directed by G. W. Pabst for Nero-Film of Berlin. Historian Anton Kaes Document [83] (Title: Movie theater) a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s. At first, the sound films incorporating synchronized dialogue—known as "talking pictures", or "talkies"—were exclusively Document [84] (Title: Afrikaans) Afrikaans music channel, MK (') (lit. 'Music Channel'), in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, , , and . The Afrikaans film trilogy " (first released in 2008) caused a reawakening of the Afrikaans film Industry (which has been dead since the mid to late 1990s) and Belgian-born singer Karen Zoid's debut single "" (released 2001) caused a resurgence in the Afrikaans music industry as well as gave rise to the Afrikaans Rock genre. Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in Document [85] (Title: Cinema of Sri Lanka) in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries, was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio, it was really the film "Gambada Sundari", starring Kingsley Jayasekera and Sheela Peiris in 1950, which was the first film shot outside studios. It was also the first Sri Lankan film where, like in "Rekawa", the dialog was recorded on the spot. This was because the film was shot on 16mm, using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically, unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic Document [86] (Title: Sound film) was inevitable." On January 16, 1929, the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered: the German production "Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame" (I Kiss Your Hand, Madame). Dialogueless, it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber. The movie was made with the sound-on-film system controlled by the German-Dutch firm Tobis, corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern. With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film, Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor, Klangfilm, a joint subsidiary of Germany's two leading electrical manufacturers. Early in 1929, Tobis and Document [87] (Title: Albert Balink) in an old tapioca flour factory, first produced the documentary film "De Merapi Dreigt" ("Mount Merapi Looms"), in 1934. Advertised as the first documentary film with sound in the Dutch East Indies, it was a critical success. However, Balink's main interest was in feature films. All feature films released in the Dutch East Indies between 1934 and 1935 had been directed by The Teng Chun, based on Chinese mythology or martial arts, and targeted at low-class audiences, generally ethnic Chinese. Balink intended to reach an upper-class audience. The studio, working with Mannus Franken, then produced "Pareh" ("Rice"; 1936), an ethnographic Document [88] (Title: Sound film) premiere, the Calcutta-based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi "Shirin Farhad" and the Bengali "Jamai Sasthi". The Hindustani "Heer Ranjha" was produced in Lahore, Punjab, the following year. In 1934, "Sati Sulochana", the first Kannada talking picture to be released, was shot in Kolhapur, Maharashtra; "Srinivasa Kalyanam" became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu. Once the first talkie features appeared, the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States. Already by 1932, the majority of feature productions were in sound; two years later, 164 of the 172 Document [89] (Title: Musical film) and Parsi theatre. Early Bombay filmmakers combined these Indian musical theatre traditions with the musical film format that emerged from early Hollywood sound films. Other early influences on Bombay filmmakers included Urdu literature and the "Arabian Nights". The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's "Alam Ara" (1931), was a major commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming. In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of "Alam Ara" fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, "Kisan Kanya". The next year, he made another colour film, a Document [90] (Title: Sound film) by scholar William Moritz, the movie is "intricate, dynamic, fast-paced ... juxtapos[ing] similar cultural habits from countries around the world, with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects." Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film: ""Melodie der Welt" became the first important sound documentary, the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse." "Melodie der Welt" was a direct influence on the industrial film "Philips Radio" (1931), directed by Dutch avant-garde Document [91] (Title: Lily van Java) a lost film. The young daughter of a rich man, already in a loving relationship, is forced to marry someone she does not love. The first two films produced in the Dutch East Indies, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" (1926) and "Eulis Atjih" (1927), were made by the Dutch filmmakers L. Heuveldorp and G. Kruger, respectively. Ethnic Chinese businessmen, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, established two production houses, one in Batavia (modern day Jakarta) and the other in Surabaya. South Sea Film, the production house in Batavia established by Liem Goan Lian and Tjan Tjoen Lian, was advertised Document [92] (Title: Alam Ara) voices for the film. Google celebrated 80th anniversary of the film's release by means of Google Doodle on 14 March 2011. A 2015 calendar was released exhibiting posters of some of the first Indian films, including "Alam Ara". Alam Ara Alam Ara (translation: "The Ornament of the World") was a 1931 Indian film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film. Irani recognised the importance that sound would have on the cinema, and raced to complete "Alam Ara" before several contemporary sound films. "Alam Ara" debuted at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai (then Bombay) on 14 March Question: what was the first sound film in afrikaans Answer: 1931 Long Answer: Sarie Marais, the first Afrikaans - language sound film, was released in 1931 . Subsequent sound releases such as Die Wildsboudjie (1948), a 1949 Sarie Marais remake, and Daar doer in die bosveld (1950) continued to cater primarily to white, Afrikaans - speaking audiences. Gold Document ID: 92

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Television in South Africa) Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976. In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Document [2] (Title: Gestoorde hengelaar) comedy scene (with Lion Solser and Piet Hesse, who were then popular Dutch comedians) from the flyer which Slieker distributed. The film was shown in Slieker's cinema using a cinematograph, made by "H.O. Foersterling & Co" from Berlin, Germany. A fairground organ provided music during the film's showing. Gestoorde hengelaar Gestoorde hengelaar (English: Disturbed Angler) was the first Dutch fictional film, made by M.H. Laddé in 1896 and was produced by the studio "Eerst Nederlandsch Atelier tot het vervaardigen van Films voor de Bioscoop en Cinematograaf van M.H. Laddé en J.W. Merkelbach". The short silent film was first shown by Document [3] (Title: Liza Essers) (2005), the first African film to win an Academy Award (Best Foreign Language Picture, 2006). She also initiated a documentary series on contemporary South African art, the first feature being William Kentridge and Marlene Dumas in conversation. In her early 30s, Essers worked as an independent curator and film producer. Her interest in documentary filmmaking came from its closeness to contemporary art. Her passion for contemporary art stemmed from its ability to effect social change. In an interview, Essers has credited her experiences as the inspiration for her desire "to work in the contemporary art world with artists who make Document [4] (Title: Sound film) by Fritz Lang, which premiered May 11, 1931. As described by Roger Ebert, "Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time, but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives, providing a rat's-eye view." "Talking film is as little needed as a singing book." Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky, one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement, in 1927. While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art, others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity. The following year, a group of Soviet filmmakers, including Sergei Document [5] (Title: Cinema of Finland) for good. The first experiments with sound were done by Lahyn-Filmi, a provincial company operating in Turku. The first full-length sound film with song and talk was Lahyn's "Say It in Finnish" (1931), directed by company's leader Yrjö Nyberg (later Norta). This lost film was more a collection of musical revue numbers than a feature. Suomi-Filmi transformed its production from silent to sound films during the same year. The first Finnish film with soundtrack was the company's "Dressed Like Adam and a Bit Like Eve Too" (1931), based on a popular play by Agapetus (pseudonym of Yrjö Soini). There was Document [6] (Title: Sound film) produced a pair of talkies in 1929: "Taii no musume" ("The Captain's Daughter") and "Furusato" ("Hometown"), the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound-on-film talkies in 1931 using a variable-density process called Tsuchibashi. Two years later, however, more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents. Two of the country's leading directors, Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu, did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936, respectively. As late as 1938, over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue. The enduring Document [7] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931 film)) based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Kwee Tek Hoay, which had been published over several instalments in "Panorama" in 1927; this story had later been adapted as a stage play by the Union Dalia Opera. At the time, sound films had been shown in the Dutch East Indies for several years, beginning with "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929). The Dutch film director G. Kruger had released "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" the year before; although that film has been credited as the first talkie, the sinologist Leo Suryadinata gives "Boenga Roos dari Document [8] (Title: Sound film) film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ("Pandora's Box" [1929], "Zemlya" [1930], "City Lights" [1931]) and zero talkies in the "Time Out" poll. ("City Lights", like "Sunrise", was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a "silent"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French "L'Atalante" (1934), directed by Jean Vigo; the earliest Document [9] (Title: Eldorado Cinema (Oslo)) the same time, a sound system was installed. Eldorado was the first cinema in Norway with a sound system, and the first film with sound was The Singing Fool, with Al Jolson in the main role. Eldorado showed typical westerns and spy movies for many decades, and was one of the premiere theaters for James Bond films. Dr. No had its Norwegian premiere here on April 1, 1963. Up until 1986, the cinema had one theater with 1195 seats, divided between the balcony and the main floor. The cinema was rebuilt into a multiplex with five theaters with a capacity Document [10] (Title: Reza de Wet) he was reduced to writing farces. To counter the drought that hit Afrikaans Drama, the Afrikaans Language and Culture Organization (ATKV) started an annual Campus Festival to stimulate new student drama, and it is here that Reza, the actress from the small town of Senekal in the Free State, then a Professor of Drama from Rhodes University in Grahamstown, staged her first play. From this debut it was immediately clear that a major new voice had announced itself. African Gothic (Diepe Grond, 1985) understandably sparked off intense debate. Using a technique of literary model or reference that has served Reza Document [11] (Title: Tri-Ergon) "the first feature-length German sound film". On 29 October 1929 the Wall Street Crash occurred, triggering a worldwide financial crisis. Ufa's first major sound film, Melody of the Heart, was released in December 1929, followed in April 1930 by "The Blue Angel" with Dietrich and Emil Jannings, and music by Friedrich Hollaender; and in September that year "The Three from the Filling Station" with Lilian Harvey, Willy Fritsch and songs by the Comedian Harmonists. The success of these early sound films led the Berlin Chamber of Commerce to comment: "By now, sound film has become firmly established." The stalemate in Document [12] (Title: Welikathara) Welikathara Welikathara (Sinhala, "Desert") is a 1971 dramatic film made by Sri Lankan director D. B. Nihalsinghe. Screen play and script by Dr. Tissa Abeysekara.It was the first film directed by D. B. Nihalsingha. Since "Welikathara" was the first film in CinemaScope in Sri Lanka, it faced many obstacles, first of which was the lack of access to cinemas capable of showing that format. (Most of them had been reserved for US films). This was solved by arranging a cross circuit release, combining cinemas in the three competing circuits at that time- another first. The film was a box office Document [13] (Title: Njai Dasima (1929 film)) 1930). The critically acclaimed sequel followed an adult Nancy in a quest to avenge her mother's death, leading to Samiun falling down a well and Hayati killing herself. Tan's Film made another adaptation of "Njai Dasima" in 1932, which Armijn Pane described as the first talkie in the Indies with good sound quality. Yet another adaptation, entitled "Dasima", was directed by Tan Tjoei Hock in 1940. Njai Dasima (1929 film) Njai Dasima (Perfected Spelling: Nyai Dasima) is a 1929 silent film from the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia). It details the fall of a rich mistress at the hands Document [14] (Title: Sound film) Sound film A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were Document [15] (Title: Indonesia Malaise) that she had been fairly attractive. The film was among the first sound films released in the Indies, and the brothers' first sound film. The first such film, G. Kruger's "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" had been released the preceding year; The Teng Chun had followed with "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" ("Rose from Cikembang") in 1931, although whether it preceded "Indonesia Malaise" is not certain. These early films had poor sound and lots of static, but through repeated experimentation the quality was eventually brought to acceptable levels. "Indonesia Malaise" was released in 1931 and was advertised as a film which would "surely Document [16] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) films came from Schlesinger's company. AFP produced "the first sound advertisement films in South Africa for Joko Tea and Pegasus products" in 1930. The first films to stimulate internal tourism were produced by AFP in serial magazine form, entitled "Our Land". In the 1940s a special effects department was set up at Killarney. Reflecting the rise of Afrikaner nationalism, African Film Productions produced a plethora of popular light-hearted Afrikaans fare, such as "Kom Saam Vanaand" (Afrikaans, Come Along Tonight). The first South African and Afrikaans musical, this film was produced by in 1949. The studio also printed copies of international Document [17] (Title: Karnadi Anemer Bangkong) year and placed greater emphasis on sound. These early films had poor sound and lots of static, but through repeated experimentation the quality was eventually brought to acceptable levels. Footnotes Bibliography Karnadi Anemer Bangkong Karnadi Anemer Bangkong ("Karnadi the Frog Contractor"; also known as Karnadi Tangkep Bangkong, meaning "Karnadi Catches Frogs") is a 1930 comedy from the Dutch East Indies directed by G. Krugers. It is considered the country's first talkie, although parts were silent and the sound quality was poor. Based on a popular Sundanese novel, the film was considered controversial by the native audience. Karnadi is a young Document [18] (Title: G. Krugers) leading the laboratory at N.V. Java Film. He may have been one of its founders, together with the Dutchman L. Heuveldorp. The company exclusively produced documentaries until 1926, when Heuveldorp directed the colony's first feature film, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng". Krugers served as a cameraman for the film, which was based on a Sundanese folktale, also processing the film in his laboratory in Bandung. The following year, Krugers directed his own film, titled "Eulis Atjih", which followed the beautiful Eulis Atjih as she falls into poverty after being left by her husband. International release emphasised the ethnographic aspects of the film. The Document [19] (Title: Indonesia Malaise) "Katalog Film Indonesia" ("Indonesian Film Catalogue") records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service. Indonesia Malaise Indonesia Malaise is a 1931 film directed by the Wong brothers. It was the brothers' first sound film and one of the first such films in the Dutch East Indies. Billed as a comedy, the story follows a woman who is overcome by tragedy in her personal life. A commercial failure, it may be lost. A woman is forced to marry a man she does not love Document [20] (Title: Cinema of South India) 1931, The first Tamil silent film, "Keechaka Vadham", was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1918. The first talking motion picture, "Kalidas", was a multilingual and was released on 31 October 1931, less than seven months after India's first talking motion picture "Alam Ara". Popularly known as talkies, films with sound quickly grew in number and popularity. In 1934, the industry saw its first major commercial success with "Lavakusa". Directed by C. Pullaiah and starring Parupalli Subbarao and Sriranjani in lead roles, the film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theaters and thrust the young film industry into mainstream culture. Document [21] (Title: Huwen op Bevel) directed by Bachtiar Effendi. The film's dialogue was in Malay. Songs were sung by the "kroncong" group Tembang Ketjapi. "Huwen op Bevel" was released in 1931, although several sources list it as being from 1932. It screened in Batavia (now Jakarta) in August, reaching Medan in late September and Surabaya by mid-October. The film was advertised as having full sound, including music and singing. Later advertisements compared it with Tan's production, "Njai Dasima". It was advertised as the first sound film in the Indies and referred to as such by some later writings. Biran, however, writes that Krugers's earlier film Document [22] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) dance not being considered interesting to other ethnic groups, particularly the Javanese. William van der Heide, a lecturer on film studies at the University of Newcastle in Australia, notes that the tendency of European filmmakers to depict natives as primitives may also have influenced the poor ticket sales. Although Heuveldorp is not recorded as being involved in any more fiction film productions, Krugers went on to direct several films, including the area's first talkie, "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" (1931), before leaving the country in 1936. At least one of the cast members, Oemar, is recorded as continuing to act. "Lutung Kasarung" Document [23] (Title: Cinema of South Africa) served as the appropriate location for historical films such as "De Voortrekkers" (1916) and "The Symbol of Sacrifice" (1918). American filmmaker Lorimer Johnston directed several films in the area in the late 1910s which starred American actresses Edna Flugrath and Caroline Frances Cooke. Despite the participation of Johnson, Flugrath and Cooke, these were South African productions featuring local actors and stories. "", the first Afrikaans-language sound film, was released in 1931. Subsequent sound releases such as "Die Wildsboudjie" (1948), a 1949 "Sarie Marais" remake, and "Daar doer in die bosveld" (1950) continued to cater primarily to white, Afrikaans-speaking audiences. The Document [24] (Title: Cinema of South Africa) worldwide, and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards. Other notable films are "Tsotsi", which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as "U-Carmen eKhayelitsha", which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. The first film studio in South Africa, Killarney Film Studios, was established in 1915 in Johannesburg. During the 1910s and 1920s, many South African films were made in or around Durban. These films often made use of the dramatic scenery available in rural KwaZulu-Natal, particularly the Drakensberg region. KwaZulu-Natal also Document [25] (Title: G. Krugers) Dasima", an adaptation of G. Francis' 1896 novel "Tjerita Njai Dasima" ("Story of Njai Dasima"). He then directed and produced "Huwen op Bevel" ("Forced to Marry"; 1931), which was advertised as featuring songs and comedy. The film was a commercial failure, leading to all rights being acquired by Tan's. He is recorded as planning a further two films, "De Nona" ("Of Ladies") and "Raonah", but neither was made. During 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been produced by The Teng Chun. This situation was created by the Great Depression, which had led Document [26] (Title: Karnadi Anemer Bangkong) "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" was directed by G. Krugers, an Indo filmmaker who had worked on the Dutch East Indies' first domestic production, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", in 1926. The story was adapted from the best-selling novel "Roesia nu Goreng Patut", written by the Sundanese authors Joehana and Sukria. Krugers had previously adapted another of Joehana's works, "Eulis Atjih", in 1928. The film was released shortly after the first talkies shown in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929), were released. Attempting to capture this new technology, Krugers used a single system camera that he had obtained Document [27] (Title: Tan's Film) Filmbedrijf had previously released "Eulis Atjih" (1927) with native audiences in mind. Tan's Film released their first film, the silent "Njai Dasima", in November 1929. The work was an adaptation of the 1896 novel "Tjerita Njai Dasima" ("Story of Njai Dasima"), written by G. Francis, which had previously been made into a "tonil". It was a commercial success, to the point that the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that a cinema could make up several days losses with a single showing of the film. "Njai Dasima" was followed by two further adaptations of "tonils", the action film "Si Document [28] (Title: Cinema of Germany) as the film that made an international superstar of its lead actress Marlene Dietrich. Other notable early sound films, all from 1931, include Jutzi's adaptation to Alfred Döblin's novel "Berlin Alexanderplatz", Pabst's Bertolt Brecht adaptation "The Threepenny Opera" and Lang's "M," as well as Hochbaum's "Raid in St. Pauli" (1932). Brecht was also one of the creators of the explicitly communist film "Kuhle Wampe" (1932), which was banned soon after its release. In addition to developments in the industry itself, the Weimar period saw the birth of film criticism as a serious discipline whose practitioners included Rudolf Arnheim in "Die Document [29] (Title: Sound film) In Italy, whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s, the first talkie, "La Canzone dell'amore" ("The Song of Love"), also came out in October; within two years, Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival. The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well, "Tonka Šibenice" ("Tonka of the Gallows"). Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures—Belgium (in French), Denmark, Greece, and Romania. The Soviet Union's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930: Dziga Vertov's nonfiction "Entuziazm" had an experimental, Document [30] (Title: Cinema of Namibia) Cinema of Namibia The cinema of Namibia refers to cinema in the country of Namibia, which claimed independence from South Africa in 1990. Before independence, American anthropologist John Marshall made ethnographic films of the Ju/'hoansi for over four decades from 1950 onwards, resulting in documentary films such as "The Hunters" (1957) and "Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman" (1980). After independence, Namibian filmmakers have started to assert their own identity. Pioneers included Bridget Pickering, Richard Pakleppa and Cecil Moller. They have been joined by a younger generation including Joel Haikali, Oshosheni Hiveluah, Perivi Katjavivi, Tim Huebschle, and Krischka Stoffels. Document [31] (Title: Cinema of Bihar) Kothi, Patna, closed early in the sound era (1931). The first sound theatre in Patna was in the Babu Bazar in the southwestern part of the city and opened with "Veer Abhimanyu" in 1933 or 1934. The theatre was destroyed by a fire fed by nitrate film, and was never rebuilt. The first Bihari film was the silent "Life Divine" or 'Punarjanma' with Arati Devi, Mr. A. K. Prosad B.L., Miss Pratima Devi, and Mr. N. G. Bhattacharya. It was produced by Raja Rana Jagarnnath Prosad Sinha 'Kinkar' of Deo. Arati Devi was a Jewish girl of 19 years when Document [32] (Title: 1st National Film Awards) roles. All the female characters were also played by male artists. The release in 1931 of the first Indian talkie – "Alam Ara", produced by the Imperial Film Company, marked as beginning of new era in Indian film industry. The film was released at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai on 14 March 1931. Over the period, India produced many films and eventually became one of the largest film industries along with Hollywood and Chinese cinema. With the increasing numbers of films being made, government brought Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 for the censorship of the film and Central Board of Document [33] (Title: De Stem des Bloeds) De Stem des Bloeds De Stem des Bloeds ("The Voice of Blood"), also known as Njai Siti, is a 1930 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). It was directed by Ph. Carli and starred Annie Krohn, Sylvain Boekebinder, Vally Lank, and Jan Kruyt. The film follows a man and his mistress who reunite after their son and step-daughter unwittingly fall in love. The black-and-white film, which may now be lost, was tinted different colours for certain scenes. It was released in early 1930 to commercial success, although critical opinion was mixed. Van Kempen is a supervisor at a Document [34] (Title: Daar doer in die bosveld) Daar doer in die bosveld Daar Doer in Die Bosveld (English: "Far Away in the Bushveld") is the first film by the South African director Jamie Uys. It was originally released in 1951. The film is in the Afrikaans language, a language specific to Southern Africa. The film is a comedy about a shy farmer named Hans Botha who is asked to pick up a young school teacher named Martie du Toit. When Hans arrives at the bus stop to pick up Martie he is completely dumbstruck by her beauty and only able to say the phrases, "It looks like Document [35] (Title: Gestoorde hengelaar) Gestoorde hengelaar Gestoorde hengelaar (English: Disturbed Angler) was the first Dutch fictional film, made by M.H. Laddé in 1896 and was produced by the studio "Eerst Nederlandsch Atelier tot het vervaardigen van Films voor de Bioscoop en Cinematograaf van M.H. Laddé en J.W. Merkelbach". The short silent film was first shown by the traveling cinema "Grand Théatre Edison" of Christiaan Slieker on Sunday, November 29, 1896 in the "Parktuin Tivoli" in Utrecht. The film was not preserved and no known photos were taken of it. It is a lost film. It is only known that "Gestoorde hengelaar" was a slapstick Document [36] (Title: Cinema of Argentina) year, Ferreyra made a second sound film, El Cantar de mi ciudad, encouraging other early directors to make the transition to sound. Movietone arrived in 1933 and it allowed both voice and music in motion pictures. The first two Argentine cinematographic studios were created: Argentina Sono Film was founded by Ángel Mentasti; Lumitón was created by a partnership led by Enrique Susini, who was instrumental in the introduction of television to Argentina in 1951. The first disc-less sound film was "Tango" (1931), directed by Luis Maglia Barth and a key film of the period was the tango film Dancing which Document [37] (Title: Cinema of Germany) the late 1920s, sound production and distribution were starting to be adopted by the German film industry and by 1932 Germany had 3,800 cinemas equipped to play sound films. The first filmmakers who experimented with the new technology often shot the film in several versions, using several soundtracks in different languages. The film "The Blue angel" (1930), directed by the Austrian Josef von Sternberg and produced by Erich Pommer, was also shot in two versions - German and English, with a different supporting cast in each version. It is considered to be Germany's first "talkie" and will always be remembered Document [38] (Title: Sound film) dialogueless soundtrack; Abram Room's documentary "Plan velikikh rabot" ("The Plan of the Great Works") had music and spoken voiceovers. Both were made with locally developed sound-on-film systems, two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world. In June 1931, the Nikolai Ekk drama "Putevka v zhizn" ("The Road to Life" or "A Start in Life"), premiered as the Soviet Union's first true talking picture. Throughout much of Europe, conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity, requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many Document [39] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) Killarney Film Studios Killarney Film Studios was established in Johannesburg in 1915 as "the first motion picture studio in Africa". The studio was founded and funded in the Johannesburg suburb of Killarney by US citizen Isidore W. Schlesinger (d. 1949). Two years earlier Schlesinger had bought up Australian Rufus Naylor's Africa's Amalgamated Theatres (est. 1911) and Edgar Hyman's Empire Theatres Company (est. 1912) to form the African Theatres and Films Trusts on 10 April 1913. In this way Schlesinger obtained a monopoly over film importation and distribution throughout Southern Africa. Schlesinger set up African Film Productions (AFP), which on 5 Document [40] (Title: Tamil Nadu) 120 per ticket. The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916. The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, "Kalidas", which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture "Alam Ara". Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that Document [41] (Title: Cinema of China) initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film, "Laborer's Love" (1922). This soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including "Orphan Rescues Grandfather" (1923). Meanwhile, Tianyi shifted their model towards folklore dramas, and also pushed into foreign markets; their film "White Snake" (1926) proved a typical example of their success in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia. In 1931, the first Chinese sound film "Sing-Song Girl Red Peony" was made, the product of a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company's image production and Pathé Frères's sound technology. However, the sound was disc-recorded, and the Document [42] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed. Under pressure from imported works, in 1926 N.V. Java Film, a production house based in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) which had previously produced a single documentary, "Inlanders op de Krokodillenjacht" ("Native Crocodile Hunters"), chose to make a feature film based on the Sundanese folktale "Lutung Kasarung". The company's owner, L. Heuveldorp served as director and producer, while its laboratory head G. Krugers handled cinematography and processing. Little biographical information is available regarding the background of both men, although it Document [43] (Title: Cinema of Namibia) In 2000, the Namibian government passed the Namibian Film Commission Act to promote filmmaking in the country. Cinema of Namibia The cinema of Namibia refers to cinema in the country of Namibia, which claimed independence from South Africa in 1990. Before independence, American anthropologist John Marshall made ethnographic films of the Ju/'hoansi for over four decades from 1950 onwards, resulting in documentary films such as "The Hunters" (1957) and "Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman" (1980). After independence, Namibian filmmakers have started to assert their own identity. Pioneers included Bridget Pickering, Richard Pakleppa and Cecil Moller. They have been Document [44] (Title: Cinema of Norway) Cinema of Norway Norway has had a notable cinema industry for some time. The first film produced domestically in Norway was a short about fishermen, "Fiskerlivets farer", dating from 1907. The first feature was released in 1911, produced by Halfman Nobel Roede. In 1931 Tancred Ibsen, grandson of the playwright, presented Norway's first feature-length sound film, "Den store barnedåpen" ("The Great Christening"). Through the 1930s Ibsen "dominated" the nation's film industry, with Leif Sinding in second place. Ibsen produced conventional melodramas more or less on the model of Hollywood films. In the early 21st century a few Norwegian film directors Document [45] (Title: Sound film) by music." From its earliest days, Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical—"Alam Ara" featured seven songs; a year later, "Indrasabha" would feature seventy. While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood, ten years after the debut of "Alam Ara", over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country. Most of India's early talkies were shot in Bombay, which remains the leading production center, but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation. Within just a few weeks of "Alam Ara"'s March 1931 Document [46] (Title: Shaw Brothers Studio) they operated their own cinema in Tanjong Pagar in Singapore, expanded in Malaya, and opened four cinemas there. The number of cinemas owned by the Shaw chain in South East Asia would eventually reach 200 by the 1970s before it declined. In 1928 Run Run Shaw moved to Singapore to assist Runme. In 1931, the Tianyi Studio in Shanghai produced what is considered by some to be the very first sound-on-film Chinese talkie, "Spring on Stage" (歌場春色). In 1932, they teamed up with Cantonese opera singer Sit Gok-Sin () to make the first Cantonese talkie, "White Golden Dragon" (). This Document [47] (Title: Kuxa Kanema: The Birth of Cinema) provided by the Soviet Union offered the newsreels in the 16mm format. Machel's government, however, did not finance or encourage the creation of a film industry designed strictly for entertainment value. The film also details the struggle to get INC up and running: Mozambique had no film industry or film schools (Brazilian and Cuban instructors were flown in to offer on-the-spot educational training). The resulting newsreels were shot in black-in-white because color film was too expensive. Machel's death in an airplane crash in 1986, coupled with guerrilla attacks launched by the apartheid governments of South Africa and Rhodesia that destabilized Document [48] (Title: Afrikaans) showing signs of new vigour. The 2007 film ', the first full-length Afrikaans movie since "Paljas" in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as ' and ' (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film ', which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival. The film "" was also released in 2011. The Afrikaans Film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like Charlize Theron ("Monster") and Document [49] (Title: Sound film) Without Women"), premiered. A Tobis Filmkunst production, about one-quarter of the movie contained dialogue, which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music. The response was underwhelming. Sweden's first talkie, "Konstgjorda Svensson" ("Artificial Svensson"), premiered on October 14. Eight days later, Aubert Franco-Film came out with "Le Collier de la reine" ("The Queen's Necklace"), shot at the Épinay studio near Paris. Conceived as a silent film, it was given a Tobis-recorded score and a single talking sequence—the first dialogue scene in a French feature. On October 31, "Les Trois masques" debuted; a Pathé-Natan film, it is generally regarded as Document [50] (Title: Gujarati cinema) by Bhogilal Dave and Nanubhai Desai. Bhatt also financed Dadasaheb Phalke's Hindustan Cinema Film Company. Before the 1931 release of the first full-length Indian sound film, "Alam Ara", a short Gujarati sound film, "Chav Chavno Murabbo", was released on 4 February 1931 in Bombay. It included the song "Mane Mankad Karde" ("A Bug Bites Me"), the first sound in any Indian film. The film was produced by Maneklal Patel, with lyrics and dialogue by Natwar Shyam. The title, literally "Chew Chew's Marmalade", refers to having to chew marmalade to swallow it and probably has no specific connection to the plot. Document [51] (Title: Lutung Kasarung) wrongdoing and allowed them to remain in the palace. She and Guruminda were married, and lived happily ever after. It was first brought to the public in 1921 by Bandung regent RA Wiranatakusumah in the form of gending karesmen; a drama using traditional music. Five years later, NV Java Film Company produced a silent film, titled "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", the first ever movie in the country. It was made during the Dutch colonial era, under the direction of L. Heuveldorp. It was filmed in Bandung in 1926 and released there by the NV Java Film Company. It played from 31 December Document [52] (Title: Sound film) deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse, cinema, on equal terms with hearing people. The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again." On March 12, 1929, the first feature-length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere. The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production, it was not a drama, but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line: "Melodie der Welt" ("Melody of the World"), directed by Walter Ruttmann. This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound. As described Document [53] (Title: Sarie Marais) unwelcome. Shortly after this film's release, a group of Afrikaner nationalists established a film production organisation called the "Reddingsdaad-Bond-Amateur-Rolprent Organisasie" (Rescue Action League Amateur Film Organisation), which rallied against British and American films pervading the country. Francis Coley directed a remake of this film, again titled "Sarie Marais" in 1949 (). The contemporary Afrikaans women's magazine "Sarie" takes its name from this song. Originally entitled "Sarie Marais" – a name which at the time (1949) of its first publication was synonymous with the idea of empowered Afrikaans womanhood – it was the first Afrikaans magazine to focus on the female Document [54] (Title: Loetoeng Kasaroeng) Karang Hill. Heuveldorp, unable to force the actors to play their roles seriously, shot several scenes with them acting as they wished before showing them the results; upon realising that their acting had been disappointing, the cast began to listen to stage directions. Afterwards they began rehearsing each scene at least twice, with Kartabrata standing behind the cameraman and giving directions. The film was screened on 31 December 1926 at the Oriental and Elita Theatres in Bandung, making it the first domestically-produced feature film and the first with a native cast. The advertisements were in both Dutch- and Malay-language publications. Document [55] (Title: Cinema of Turkmenistan) 1930. This film was made for Vostokkino and was originally silent, but had a soundtrack added a few months later. The first feature-length film to be produced with sound was Alexander Ledashchev's 1935 film "I'll Be Back", which focused on the story of a young labourer, Kurban. According to Swetlana Slapke, the film "made an indelible impression on the audience, mainly because it was the first feature film in their lives and about their lives". Its release was accompanied by a kind of festival, with music from a military brass band. Other directors active at the studio at the time Document [56] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931 film)) Tjikembang" as the colony's first talkie. These early films had poor sound and lots of static. "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" was released in 1931. It was reportedly well received by its target audience, the ethnic Chinese, although tickets for natives remained unsold. The film critic Andjar Asmara, writing for "Doenia Film", was highly critical of the film as he considered its sound quality quite poor. By the following year they had returned with another Chinese-oriented film, "Sam Pek Eng Tay", based on the Chinese legend "The Butterfly Lovers". The film is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl Document [57] (Title: South India) 1916. In South India, the first Tamil talkie, "Kalidas", was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture "Alam Ara" Mudaliar also established South India's first film studio in Madras. Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore and introduced the concept of "tent cinema", the first of whose kind was established in Madras and was known as "Edison's Grand Cifnemamegaphone". Filmmakers K Balachandar, Balu Mahendra, Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema, and K. N. T. Sastry and Document [58] (Title: Sound film) filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld, who described its audiovisual aims: To render the half-musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature. In this film every intermediate stage can be found: such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music, the noises of the machine dominating the musical background, the music itself is the documentary, and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo. Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 "Entuziazm" and by Chaplin in Document [59] (Title: Njai Dasima (1932 film)) with "Indonesia Malaise". In order to ensure the quality of the sound, Tan's hired Krugers and his single-system camera to do the cinematography and sound direction for this black-and-white film. "Njai Dasima" was released by January 1932 and advertised as a "speaking, singing, dancing, and music talkie". It was open to audiences of all ages, including children. Critical reviews were mixed. One newspaper editorial, noting that the pamphlets described the film as "a hundred times better than [the contemporary film] "Huwen op Bevel"", was scornful, stating that such a claim had very little validity as "the quality of the native Document [60] (Title: The Dickson Experimental Sound Film) The Dickson Experimental Sound Film The Dickson Experimental Sound Film is a film made by William Dickson in late 1894 or early 1895. It is the first known film with live-recorded sound and appears to be the first motion picture made for the Kinetophone, the proto-sound-film system developed by Dickson and Thomas Edison. (The Kinetophone, consisting of a Kinetoscope accompanied by a cylinder-playing phonograph, was not a true sound-film system, for there was no attempt to synchronize picture and sound throughout playback.) The film was produced at the "Black Maria", Edison's New Jersey film studio. There is no evidence that Document [61] (Title: Sound film) Indian star Sulochana, excerpted from the silent feature "Madhuri" (1928), was released as a synchronized-sound short, the country's first. The following year, Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature, the Hindi-Urdu "Alam Ara", and produced "Kalidas", primarily in Tamil with some Telugu. Nineteen-thirty-one also saw the first Bengali-language film, "Jamai Sasthi", and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu, "Bhakta Prahlada". In 1932, "Ayodhyecha Raja" became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released (though "Sant Tukaram" was the first to go through the official censorship process); the first Gujarati-language film, "Narsimha Mehta", and all-Tamil talkie, Document [62] (Title: Dutch East Indies) 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first locally produced film, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng", was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The rate of production declined again after the Document [63] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) May 1913 screened the first of its weekly newsreels, African Mirror. AFP continued to produce African Mirror, which included features on African countries such as Tanzania, and interviews with notables such as Chris Barnard for South African consumption until 1984. Schlesinger imported Joseph Albrecht from Britain to run the African Mirror. In 1915 the Killarney Film Studios produced South Africa's first animated film, "Artist's Dream". The artist was portrayed by Dennis Santry and the director was Harold Shaw. Schlesinger's wife, Mabel May, starred as the artist's dream girl. Whether this production was inspired by Thomas Edison's 1900 film of the Document [64] (Title: Mandopop) followed a Western principle of composition to those that were done largely in a Western style, and they may be accompanied by traditional Chinese or Western instrumentation. In 1931, the first sound film was made in China in a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company and Pathé. The film industry took advantage of the sound era and engaged singers for acting and soundtrack roles, and Li Jinhui's Bright Moonlight Song and Dance Troup became the first modern musical division to be integrated into the Chinese film industry when it joined Lianhua Film Company in 1931. Amongst the best-known of the Document [65] (Title: Killarney Film Studios) same title is unclear, as no copies remain of the South African version. Five more animated short films followed, and film titles were also often animated. African Film Productions made 43 films between 1916 and 1922. The scarcity of international films during the First World War boosted the development of Schlesinger's company. As befits the political context of a newly unified state (the Union of South Africa, 1910) the earlier films aimed at the white market featured co-operation between Boer and Briton as a common theme. Once apartheid started in earnest after 1948, some films took up the theme of Document [66] (Title: Alam Ara) Alam Ara Alam Ara (translation: "The Ornament of the World") was a 1931 Indian film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film. Irani recognised the importance that sound would have on the cinema, and raced to complete "Alam Ara" before several contemporary sound films. "Alam Ara" debuted at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai (then Bombay) on 14 March 1931. The first Indian talkie was so popular that "police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds." The film was houseful for the next 8 weeks of its release. It was advertised with the tagline "All Document [67] (Title: Film industry) film, titled "The Landing of Sir M.M. Bhownuggree". "Pundalik" ("Shree Pundalik") (1912), by Dadasaheb Torne alias Rama Chandra Gopal, and "Raja Harishchandra" (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, were the first and second silent feature films respectively made in India. By the 1930s the industry was producing more than 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's "Alam Ara" (1931), was a major commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming. "Joymoti (1935 film)" by Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla was the first Indian dubbed Document [68] (Title: G. Krugers) talkie released in the country, but had poor technical quality. It was a critical failure, as the majority Sundanese audience felt that they were being insulted; contemporary director Joshua Wong suggested that this poor reception was partly owing to the main character eating a frog, something which is forbidden for Muslims. Following this failure, Krugers made the documentary "Atma De Vischer" (1931), which followed Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Hendrik on a trip through the Hague, before being signed to Tan's Film. With Tan's, Krugers made two films. First he was asked to handle cinematography on Bachtiar Effendi's 1932 talkie "Njai Document [69] (Title: Sound film) the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology. The Mandarin-language "Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān" (, "Singsong Girl Red Peony"), starring Butterfly Wu, premiered as China's first feature talkie in 1930. By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of "The Devil's Playground", arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner "Fellers" is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie. In September 1930, a song performed by Document [70] (Title: Cinema of Hungary) van a világon", crew members were able to borrow equipment from Fox Movietone News, whose employees worked in Budapest that day, recording a few musical and speaking scenes. While the movie was one of the last silent ones, ironically, it also became the first to use voice. The first voiced movie screening was held on 30 September 1929 in the Puskin theater (presenting the American The Singing Fool). Voiced, speaking scenes were inserted in more and more films, like in Mihály Kertész's "Noah's Ark", which featured a narrated introduction. The first full-length film with sound was Hunnia Film Studio's 1931 Document [71] (Title: G. Krugers) attended by numerous Dutch socialites, including Princess Juliana, and given an introduction by Dutch Orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje. The first talkies shown in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man" (both 1929), came from the United States and were screened in late 1929. This encouraged Krugers to make "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" ("Karnadi the Frog Contractor"), an adaptation of the book by Yuhana, in 1930. The comedy, made with a single system camera that Krugers had obtained with the help of his Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers membership, is generally thought the first locally produced Document [72] (Title: Experimental film in the Netherlands) underwent a renaissance in 1949 with the foundation of the Exprmntl Festival in Knokke-Le-Zoute. Later editions of the festival would screen films by Johan van der Keuken ('Lucebert, dichter-schilder', 1962) and Wim van der Linden/Wim T. Schippers, who filmed a motionless bunch of tulips that drops a single petal at the very end, for their sad movie 'Tulips' (1966). 1967 saw the founding of The New Electric Cinema in Eindhoven, which organised happenings involving music concrete made with vacuum cleaners combined with found footage material. In 1970, Frans Zwartjes started teaching at the Vrije Academie in The Hague where he Document [73] (Title: Lost in the Desert) shot in two versions, one in Afrikaans and the other in English. The Afrikaans version appeared in 1969 under the title "Dirkie", and the English version appeared in either 1969 or 1970 (possibly varying according to country) under the title "Dirkie Lost in the Desert", which was sometimes referred to and marketed as "Lost in the Desert", which is possibly an alternative official title for the English version. The film was released on DVD in 2005 (copyright 1999), and this disc contains both versions of the film, selectable from the front menu. The English version is about 70 minutes long, Document [74] (Title: Alberts Frères) Filmarchief (1919), the first audio-visual archive in the Netherlands. Beside showing films, Alberts Frères quickly started making them. An early film which generated headlines was made in Maastricht. On Friday, 13 September 1907, the brothers had filmed a practical joke in Maastricht, in which an actor by the name of Tünnes (from the local Schmidt theater), pulling a donkey by a rope, took off from the local market carrying a suckling pig under his arm without having paid for it. He proceeded to visit the vegetable stands, and the scene erupts with screaming housemaids, flying baskets and vegetables, and a Document [75] (Title: Cinema of Indonesia) and Majestic Theatres in Bandung. The following year, G. Krugers – who had served as a technician and cinematographer for "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" – released his directorial debut (the second film in the Indies), "Eulis Atjih". Owing to "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" limited release, Kruger was able to advertise his film as the colony's first. A year later, the second novel to be adapted to film in Indonesia, "Setangan Berloemoer Darah", was produced by Tan Boen Soan. Ethnic Chinese directors and producers, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, became involved in the colony's cinema beginning in 1928, when Nelson Document [76] (Title: Raymond Borremans) Grand-Bassam in 1931, he became so enchanted by the surroundings, that he settled there permanently in 1934, taking a room in the house in which has been established the foundation that bears his name. After some time he ceases his activities as a musician and buys a film projector, a movie screen and some films to travel with a mobile cinema through French West Africa to play films for an audience of local Africans from 1937 to 1974. Mid seventies, television had sufficiently been introduced in Africa for the interest in his cinema to decrease. He stopped with music and, Document [77] (Title: Njai Dasima (1932 film)) a scenario and, later, shooting script – two items which had, until then, never been used for a domestic production. This was the first sound film released by Tan's, but far from the first in the Indies. The earliest sound films released in the Indies, "Fox Movietone Follies of 1929" and "The Rainbow Man", were both shown in 1929. The following year, a domestic part-talkie, G. Krugers' "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong", was also released, becoming the first domestic sound film. Two other directors had followed with full-talkies in 1931: The Teng Chun with "Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang" and the Wong brothers Document [78] (Title: Huwen op Bevel) "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong" featured sound. "Huwen op Bevel" received negative reviews. One in the Batavia-based "Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië" found the film to lack contrast and have poor vocal synchronisation; the reviewer summarised that "turning the crank is not enough; a filmmaker must master the technique". The film was a commercial failure and proved Krugers's last film. He left the Indies in 1936 and moved to Hong Kong, where he died in 1937. "Huwen op Bevel" is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films made before 1950 are Document [79] (Title: Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel)) not pay him for the right to use the story, and in the 1930 edition Kwee asked readers to help him enforce his copyright by informing "Panorama" of any illegal performances. Stage performances have continued into the 2000s. The novel has twice been adapted for film. The first adaptation, released in 1931, was directed by The Teng Chun. The sinologist Leo Suryadinata lists it as the first domestically produced sound film in the Dutch East Indies, although the film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggests that there was already a domestic talkie released in 1930. In 1975 an adaptation was made Document [80] (Title: Cinema of West Bengal) Debaki Bose directed "Chandidas" in 1932; this film is noted for its breakthrough in recording sound. Sound recordist Mukul Bose found a solution to the problem of spacing out dialogue and frequency modulation. The contribution of Bengali film industry to Indian film is quite significant. First Bengali talkies "Jamai Shashthi" (as short film) was released 11 April 1931 at Crown Cinema Hall in Calcutta and first Bengali talkies as full-length feature film "Dena Paona" was released 30 December 1931 at Chitra Cinema Hall in Calcutta. The industry was based in Tollygunge, an area of South Kolkata, West Bengal that is Document [81] (Title: Zuster Theresia) the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggests that the Wongs had little creative input. The film was the last to be produced by Halimoen Film. It was a sound film, but the sound was of low quality; the first talkie in the Dutch East Indies, "Karnadi Anemer Bangkong", had only been released in 1930. The film's poster emphasised its Dutchness and depicted only Flora, as Sister Theresia, praying, with text above and below the image. Ade Irwansyah, compiling a list of the best Indonesian film posters for "Tabloid Bintang", selected the poster for "Zuster Theresia" as the twentieth-best of Document [82] (Title: Sound film) Hollywood sound film to qualify is "Bringing Up Baby" (1938), directed by Howard Hawks. The first sound feature film to receive near-universal critical approbation was "Der Blaue Engel" ("The Blue Angel"); premiering on April 1, 1930, it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin's UFA studio. The first American talkie to be widely honored was "All Quiet on the Western Front", directed by Lewis Milestone, which premiered April 21. The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was "Westfront 1918", directed by G. W. Pabst for Nero-Film of Berlin. Historian Anton Kaes Document [83] (Title: Movie theater) a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s. At first, the sound films incorporating synchronized dialogue—known as "talking pictures", or "talkies"—were exclusively Document [84] (Title: Afrikaans) Afrikaans music channel, MK (') (lit. 'Music Channel'), in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, , , and . The Afrikaans film trilogy " (first released in 2008) caused a reawakening of the Afrikaans film Industry (which has been dead since the mid to late 1990s) and Belgian-born singer Karen Zoid's debut single "" (released 2001) caused a resurgence in the Afrikaans music industry as well as gave rise to the Afrikaans Rock genre. Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in Document [85] (Title: Cinema of Sri Lanka) in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries, was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio, it was really the film "Gambada Sundari", starring Kingsley Jayasekera and Sheela Peiris in 1950, which was the first film shot outside studios. It was also the first Sri Lankan film where, like in "Rekawa", the dialog was recorded on the spot. This was because the film was shot on 16mm, using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically, unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic Document [86] (Title: Sound film) was inevitable." On January 16, 1929, the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered: the German production "Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame" (I Kiss Your Hand, Madame). Dialogueless, it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber. The movie was made with the sound-on-film system controlled by the German-Dutch firm Tobis, corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern. With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film, Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor, Klangfilm, a joint subsidiary of Germany's two leading electrical manufacturers. Early in 1929, Tobis and Document [87] (Title: Albert Balink) in an old tapioca flour factory, first produced the documentary film "De Merapi Dreigt" ("Mount Merapi Looms"), in 1934. Advertised as the first documentary film with sound in the Dutch East Indies, it was a critical success. However, Balink's main interest was in feature films. All feature films released in the Dutch East Indies between 1934 and 1935 had been directed by The Teng Chun, based on Chinese mythology or martial arts, and targeted at low-class audiences, generally ethnic Chinese. Balink intended to reach an upper-class audience. The studio, working with Mannus Franken, then produced "Pareh" ("Rice"; 1936), an ethnographic Document [88] (Title: Sound film) premiere, the Calcutta-based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi "Shirin Farhad" and the Bengali "Jamai Sasthi". The Hindustani "Heer Ranjha" was produced in Lahore, Punjab, the following year. In 1934, "Sati Sulochana", the first Kannada talking picture to be released, was shot in Kolhapur, Maharashtra; "Srinivasa Kalyanam" became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu. Once the first talkie features appeared, the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States. Already by 1932, the majority of feature productions were in sound; two years later, 164 of the 172 Document [89] (Title: Musical film) and Parsi theatre. Early Bombay filmmakers combined these Indian musical theatre traditions with the musical film format that emerged from early Hollywood sound films. Other early influences on Bombay filmmakers included Urdu literature and the "Arabian Nights". The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's "Alam Ara" (1931), was a major commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming. In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of "Alam Ara" fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, "Kisan Kanya". The next year, he made another colour film, a Document [90] (Title: Sound film) by scholar William Moritz, the movie is "intricate, dynamic, fast-paced ... juxtapos[ing] similar cultural habits from countries around the world, with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects." Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film: ""Melodie der Welt" became the first important sound documentary, the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse." "Melodie der Welt" was a direct influence on the industrial film "Philips Radio" (1931), directed by Dutch avant-garde Document [91] (Title: Lily van Java) a lost film. The young daughter of a rich man, already in a loving relationship, is forced to marry someone she does not love. The first two films produced in the Dutch East Indies, "Loetoeng Kasaroeng" (1926) and "Eulis Atjih" (1927), were made by the Dutch filmmakers L. Heuveldorp and G. Kruger, respectively. Ethnic Chinese businessmen, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, established two production houses, one in Batavia (modern day Jakarta) and the other in Surabaya. South Sea Film, the production house in Batavia established by Liem Goan Lian and Tjan Tjoen Lian, was advertised Document [92] (Title: Alam Ara) voices for the film. Google celebrated 80th anniversary of the film's release by means of Google Doodle on 14 March 2011. A 2015 calendar was released exhibiting posters of some of the first Indian films, including "Alam Ara". Alam Ara Alam Ara (translation: "The Ornament of the World") was a 1931 Indian film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film. Irani recognised the importance that sound would have on the cinema, and raced to complete "Alam Ara" before several contemporary sound films. "Alam Ara" debuted at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai (then Bombay) on 14 March Question: what was the first sound film in afrikaans

Answer: 1931 Long Answer: Sarie Marais, the first Afrikaans - language sound film, was released in 1931 . Subsequent sound releases such as Die Wildsboudjie (1948), a 1949 Sarie Marais remake, and Daar doer in die bosveld (1950) continued to cater primarily to white, Afrikaans - speaking audiences. Gold Document ID: 92

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers) President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers On April 15, 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, the President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, called for a 75,000-man militia to serve for three months following the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter. Some slave states refused to send troops against the neighboring Deep South slave states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas with the result that most such states in the Upper South of Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee also declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States, Missouri and Kentucky did Document [2] (Title: Confederate States of America) to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, it was to receive a sharp warning, with a strong hint of war: The United States government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy, but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict. On the part of the Document [3] (Title: American Civil War) Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, 1861. On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a "more perfect union" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". He had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property. The government would make no move to recover post Document [4] (Title: Andrew Napolitano) of routine surveillance of Russian intelligence assets, not from a targeted operation against Trump or his campaign. Napolitano has made numerous claims about the American Civil War, which are rejected by some historians. These claims include those that the Civil War was President Abraham Lincoln's war by choice, that slavery was dying anyway, that Lincoln could have freed the slaves by paying the slaveholders, and that Lincoln armed the slaves. More specifically, in a "Daily Show" segment, Napolitano said that Lincoln started the war "because he wanted to preserve the union, because he needed the tariffs from the southern states," Document [5] (Title: John Archibald Campbell) separate filibustering efforts to acquire Cuba and then Nicaragua, thus prioritizing national neutrality policies over southern efforts to gain more slaveholding states. In March and April 1861, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, Campbell tried to serve as a mediator between three commissioners representing the Confederacy (Martin Crawford, Andre Roman, and John Forsyth, Jr.), and the Lincoln administration. The commissioners were sent to settle any disputes arising from the secession of the southern states, but President Lincoln, denying that secession was valid, refused any official contact with them. The commissioners then turned to Campbell, who privately carried their Document [6] (Title: Abraham Lincoln) declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861. There were attempts at compromise. The Crittenden Compromise would have extended the Missouri Compromise line of 1820, dividing the territories into slave and free, contrary to the Republican Party's free-soil platform. Lincoln rejected the idea, saying, "I will Document [7] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) of Northern Aggression" has been used to indicate the Union side as the belligerent party in the war. Though sometimes used only jokingly today, the name arose in the 1950s during the Jim Crow era, when it was coined by segregationists who tried to equate contemporary efforts to end segregation with 19th century efforts to abolish slavery. This name has been criticized by historians such as James M. McPherson, as the Confederacy "took the initiative by seceding in defiance of an election of a president by a constitutional majority", and as "the Confederacy started the war by firing on the Document [8] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery. Outright war was a possibility in late 1861, when the U.S. Navy took control of a British mail ship and seized two Confederate diplomats. Confederate President Jefferson Davis had named James M. Mason and John Slidell as commissioners to represent Confederate interests in England and France. They went to Havana, in Spanish Cuba, where they took passage for England on the British mail steamer "Trent". The American warship USS "San Jacinto" under Captain Charles Wilkes was looking for them. It was generally then agreed that a nation at war had the right Document [9] (Title: Prince Romerson) people of color who served on segregated units during and shortly after the Civil War. In 2010, the Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu. After the outbreak of the American Civil War, King Kamehameha IV declared the Kingdom of Hawaii's neutrality on August26, 1861. Despite this stance of neutrality, many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of American missionaries) abroad and in the islands acted independently and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union Document [10] (Title: John Quincy Adams) States. After Taylor's forces clashed with Mexican soldiers north of the Rio Grande, Polk asked for a declaration of war in early 1846, asserting that Mexico had invaded American territory. Though some Whigs questioned whether Mexico had really begun an aggressive war against the United States, both houses of Congress declared war, with the House voting 174-to-14 to approve the declaration. Adams, who believed that Polk was seeking to wage an offensive war in order to extend the institution of slavery, was one of the 14 dissenting votes. After the start of the war, he supported the Wilmot Proviso, an Document [11] (Title: Settling Accounts: Return Engagement) in early 1941, Confederate President Jake Featherston breaks his solemn vow and re-militarizes them, essentially declaring war against the United States in act if not in word. US President Alfred Emanuel Smith hurries to prepare for war, but his country is sent reeling by Operation Blackbeard, the Confederate attack into Ohio at 3:30 am on June 22, 1941. Soon afterward, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the rest of the Entente powers announce hostilities against the U.S. The U.S. under General Abner Dowling and Colonel Irving Morrell fight desperately, but the 1930s-era unwillingness of the U.S. to adequately meet the Document [12] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) the Deep South, whose riverfront or coastal economies were all based on cotton cultivated using slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected, but before he took office. Nationalists (in the North and "Unionists" in the South) refused to recognize the declarations of secession. No foreign country's government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government under President James Buchanan refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter, a major U.S. fortress in the harbor of Charleston, Document [13] (Title: Turning point of the American Civil War) on July 21, 1861, was the first major land battle of the war. Until this time, the North was generally confident about its prospects for quickly crushing the rebellion with an easy, direct strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The embarrassing rout of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's army during the battle made clear the fallacy of this viewpoint. Many Northerners were shocked and realized that the war was going to be much lengthier and bloodier than they had anticipated. It steeled their determination. Lincoln immediately signed legislation that increased the Union Army by 500,000 men and allowed for Document [14] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas, when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the US. Throughout the war, all European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate Document [15] (Title: Stephen D. Lee) Union Maj. Robert Anderson, demanding the evacuation of Fort Sumter, which was refused and after bombardment the fort fell on April 14, precipitating the start of the Civil War. According to Carl Sandburg (Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3, pp. 208–9), Captain Lee and 3 other men with full power from Beauregard to decide what to answer Anderson heard him say he would be starved out in a few days. Anderson offered to "evacuate Fort Sumter in 3 days and avoid the useless effusion of blood." They could have taken Anderson's reply back to Beauregard, have it telegraphed to Jefferson Davis to Document [16] (Title: Robert Anderson (Civil War)) in the middle of Charleston Harbor. In February 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed and took charge. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, ordered the fort be captured. The artillery attack was commanded by Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who had been Anderson's student at West Point. The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The battle began the American Civil War. No one was killed in the battle on either side, but one Union soldier was killed and one mortally wounded during a 50-gun salute. Document [17] (Title: Origins of the War of 1812) the territorial expansion. On the first of June 1812, President James Madison gave a speech to the U.S. Congress, recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's speech, the House of Representatives quickly voted (79 to 49) to declare war, and the Senate by 19 to 13. The conflict formally began on 18 June 1812 when Madison signed the measure into law. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to declare war Document [18] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) resurfaced slightly in the late 20th century. This terminology aims to parallel usage of the term "American War for Independence". A popular poem published in the early stages of hostilities was "South Carolina". Its prologue referred to the war as the "Third War for Independence" (it named the War of 1812 as the second such war). On November 8, 1860, the "Charleston Mercury", a contemporary southern newspaper, stated that "The tea has been thrown overboard. The Revolution of 1860 has been initiated." Some Southern Unionists and northerners used "The War for the Union", the title of a December 1861 lecture Document [19] (Title: Constitution) War. Charles had rejected the propositions, but before the start of the Second Civil War, the Grandees of the New Model Army had presented the "Heads of Proposals" as their alternative to the more radical Agreement of the People presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the Putney Debates. On January 4, 1649 the Rump Parliament declared "that the people are, under God, the original of all just power; that the Commons of England, being chosen by and representing the people, have the supreme power in this nation". The "Instrument of Government" was adopted by Parliament on December Document [20] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) of 1828 and 1832 within the state. President Andrew Jackson responded firmly, declaring nullification an act of treason. He then took steps to strengthen federal forts in the state. Violence seemed a real possibility early in 1833 as Jacksonians in Congress introduced a "Force Bill" authorizing the President to use the Federal army and navy in order to enforce acts of Congress. No other state had come forward to support South Carolina, and the state itself was divided on willingness to continue the showdown with the Federal government. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun worked to devise a compromise Document [21] (Title: Conclusion of the American Civil War) to Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar in 1866 and renamed "El Majidi". Several of the crew moved to Argentina to become farmers and eventually returned to the United States. On August 20, 1866, President Andrew Johnson signed a "Proclamation—Declaring that Peace, Order, Tranquillity, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America". It cited the end of the insurrection in Texas, and declared Conclusion of the American Civil War This is a timeline of the conclusion of the American Civil War which includes important battles, skirmishes, raids and other events of 1865. Document [22] (Title: Ralph Waldo Emerson) in his conclusions." In these essays Emerson strongly embraced the idea of war as a means of national rebirth: "Civil war, national bankruptcy, or revolution, [are] more rich in the central tones than languid years of prosperity." Emerson visited Washington, D.C, at the end of January 1862. He gave a public lecture at the Smithsonian on January 31, 1862, and declared:, "The South calls slavery an institution... I call it destitution... Emancipation is the demand of civilization". The next day, February 1, his friend Charles Sumner took him to meet Lincoln at the White House. Lincoln was familiar with Emerson's Document [23] (Title: South Carolina) President a Hostile Act, 9 November 1860", and within weeks South Carolina became the first state to declare secession from the US. On April 12, 1861, Confederate (southern) batteries began shelling the Union (federal, northern, or US) Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, after US troops refusal to leave the fort peacefully, and the American Civil War began. In November of that year the Union attacked Port Royal Sound and soon occupied Beaufort County and the neighboring Sea Islands. For the rest of the war this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations. Whites abandoned their Document [24] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) and "War Between the States" have been used jointly in some formal contexts. For example, to mark the war's centenary in the 1960s, the State of Georgia created the "Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Commemorating the War Between the States". In 1994, the U.S. Postal Service issued a series of commemorative stamps entitled "The Civil War/The War Between the States". During and immediately after the war, U.S. officials, Southern Unionists, and pro-Union writers often referred to Confederates as "Rebels". The earliest histories published in northern U.S. states commonly refer to the American Civil War as "the Great Rebellion" or "the Document [25] (Title: Mexican–American War) invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment, but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no, including Rep. John Quincy Adams. In Mexico, although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war, Mexico officially declared war Document [26] (Title: Jefferson Davis) until it surrendered on April 14. No one was killed in the artillery duel, but the attack on the U.S. fortress meant the fighting had started. President Lincoln called up state militia to march south to recapture Federal property. In the North and South, massive rallies were held to demand immediate war. The Civil War had begun. When Virginia joined the Confederacy, Davis moved his government to Richmond in May 1861. He and his family took up his residence there at the White House of the Confederacy later that month. Having served since February as the provisional president, Davis was Document [27] (Title: Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)) result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The outbreak of the Civil War seems to be the Union firing on Charleston, South Carolina from Fort Sumter, rather than the other way around. Also, early in hostilities, General Winfield Scott is depicted as being overconfident of a quick victory (and something of a buffoon), when in reality he was one of the voices in the minority claiming the war would be long, costly, and bloody. Lincoln receives a report from the Secret Service that some copperheads in the North have issued threats against him. The Secret Service was not created until two months Document [28] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) which was indefensible, to the more modern, more defensible, Fort Sumter in the middle of Charleston Harbor. South Carolina leaders cried betrayal, while the North celebrated with enormous excitement at this show of defiance against secessionism. In February 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed and took charge. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, ordered the fort be captured. The artillery attack was commanded by Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who had been Anderson's student at West Point. The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The Document [29] (Title: Abraham Lincoln) authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort. In practice, the law had little effect, but it did signal political support for abolishing slavery in the Confederacy. In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting his superiors in Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri. He declared that any citizen found bearing arms could be court-martialed and shot, and that slaves of persons aiding the rebellion would be freed. Frémont was already under a cloud with charges of negligence in his command Document [30] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) Proclamation: On March 4, 1865, Lincoln said in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery was the cause of the War: Origins of the American Civil War Historians debating the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons why seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States (the Union), why they united to form the Confederate States of America (simply known as the "Confederacy"), and why the North refused to let them go. While most historians agree that conflicts over slavery caused the war, they disagree sharply regarding which kinds of conflict—ideological, economic, political, or social—were most Document [31] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy. The possibility of recognizing the Confederacy came to the fore late in the summer of 1862. At that time, as far as any European could see, the war seemed to be a stalemate. The US attempt to capture the Confederate capital had failed, and in the east and west alike, the Confederates were on the offensive. Charles Francis Adams, Sr., warned Washington that the British government might very soon offer to mediate the difficulty between North and South, which would be a polite Document [32] (Title: History of Western civilization) government, thus the advent of the American Civil War (1861–65). The Confederates had a skilled military that even succeeded in invading the northern state of Pennsylvania. However, the war began to turn around, with the defeat of Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and at Vicksburg, which gave the Union control of the important Mississippi River. Union forces invaded deep into the South, and the Confederacy's greatest general, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant of the Union in 1865. After that, the south came under Union occupation, ending the American Civil War. Lincoln was tragically assassinated in 1865, but his Document [33] (Title: Robert Cooper Grier) Scott case struck a blow to Justice Grier's historical reputation. During the American Civil War, Grier discontinued circuit riding in 1862, and in 1863 wrote the opinion on the "Prize Cases", which declared Lincoln's blockade of Southern ports constitutional. In the moments leading up to the Civil War, President Lincoln refused to ask Congress to officially declare war. Doing so, Lincoln believed, would recognize the Confederate States of America as an independent nation and imply the dissolution of the Union. As Commander in Chief, Lincoln acted as if war had been declared, though, issuing blockades of Southern ports that helped Document [34] (Title: Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861) killed and five wounded. United States president Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for the states to raise 75,000 volunteers for ninety days to suppress the South; in response to the proclamation, an additional four states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) seceded and joined the Confederacy, pledging troops to the volunteer forces it was raising. In the Eastern Theater, there were two major campaigns in Virginia. The first, the Western Virginia Campaign, started in May. Union forces commanded by Major General George B. McClellan invaded western Virginia and drove the Confederate forces from the area following a series of Document [35] (Title: William H. Watson) teaching in Louisiana, after hearing about the outbreak of rioting and loss of life as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania militia troops in Baltimore. The troops were marching between the President Street Station of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad west on Pratt Street to the Camden Street Station of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to get to Washington, D.C. in response to President Abraham Lincoln's request for 75,000 volunteers and proclamation of a state of rebellion after the shelling of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in South Carolina on April 14, 1861, at the beginning the Civil War. This "First Bloodshed Document [36] (Title: Prize Cases) Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Lincoln's Proclamation of Blockade was made on April 19, 1861, [Navy Official Records, Series 1, Volume 5, page 620] two days after Davis's call for privateers and it was founded upon acting against privateers, not an open policy of warfare as was later recommended by the ranking General of the Army, Winfield Scott. In making its decision, the Court looked to recent British interpretations of international law, and concluded that the Southern Confederacy was indeed a belligerent, but a belligerent did not have to be a nation and furthermore that the name of the war was Document [37] (Title: Neal Dow) growing chorus advocating the abolition of slavery. Several slaveholding states seceded after the election of Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln, and formed the Confederate States of America; even before the outbreak of the Civil War, Dow called for the rebellion to be crushed and slavery abolished. He was 57 years old at the outbreak of the war, and determined to stay home and tend to his business and care for his aging father. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, however, Dow felt compelled to join the Union cause. Governor Israel Washburn appointed him Colonel of the 13th Maine Volunteer Document [38] (Title: American Civil War) The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally, thus Lincoln was constitutionally elected president. He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency. However, before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, with a total of 49 percent. Of those states whose legislatures resolved for secession, the first seven voted with split majorities for unionist candidates Douglas and Bell (Georgia with 51% Document [39] (Title: Bagdad, Tamaulipas) map entitled "Map of the Country Adjacent to the Left Bank of the Rio Grande Below Matamoros, 1847." The Civil War began in 1861 when the Southern states seceded from the Union. With Abraham Lincoln's proclamation that he would hold Jefferson Davis' privateers "amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment of piracy," the War commenced. Mexico was the only foreign country to share a border with the Confederacy. Being neutral, Mexico could not be cut off by Lincoln's Federal blockade. The US Supreme Court, in the Prize cases, had declared Lincoln's blockades legal. However, Document [40] (Title: Issues of the American Civil War) secession. Slavery greatly increased the likelihood of secession which in turn made war probable, irrespective of the North's stated war aims, which at first addressed strategic military concerns as opposed to ultimate political and Constitutional ones. Hostilities began as an attempt, from the Northern perspective, to defend the nation after it was attacked at Fort Sumter. Lincoln's war goals evolved as the war progressed. Lincoln mentioned the need for national unity in his March 1861 inaugural address after seven states had already declared their secession. At first Lincoln stressed the Union as a war goal to unite the War Democrats, Document [41] (Title: Arkansas in the American Civil War) 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a "more perfect union" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". He stated he had no intent to invade the Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. The next day, the Arkansas Secession Convention convened in the State Document [42] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) the loyalty of the citizenry—almost since the founding of the republic. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, for example, had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts, and at the Hartford Convention, New England voiced its opposition to President James Madison and the War of 1812, and discussed secession from the Union. Although a minority of free Southerners owned slaves, free Southerners of all classes nevertheless defended the institution of slavery– threatened by the rise of free labor abolitionist movements in the Northern states– as the cornerstone of their social order. Per the 1860 census, the % of slaveholding families Document [43] (Title: History of the United States (1849–1865)) issue of slavery in the territories with a pro-slavery ruling in "Dred Scott v. Sandford" that angered the North. After the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861. The Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Union troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Four more states seceded as Lincoln called for troops to fight an insurrection. The next four years were the darkest in American history as the Document [44] (Title: Hawaii and the American Civil War) Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie advocated for a declaration of neutrality, following the one made by the previous king Kamehameha III during the Crimean War in 1854, while King Kamehameha IV and Minister of Finance David L. Gregg feared the diplomatic repercussions of recognizing the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America and were initially reluctant to risk displeasing the United States with any form of recognition of the Confederacy. After the United Kingdom and France declared their neutrality in the conflict, the King, and Gregg relented. On August 26, 1861, King Kamehameha IV signed the formal proclamation of Document [45] (Title: History of Tennessee) by President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to coerce the seceded states back into line, public sentiment turned dramatically against the Union. Historian Daniel Crofts wrote: "Unionists of all descriptions, both those who became Confederates and those who did not, considered the proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand troops 'disastrous.' Having consulted personally with Lincoln in March, Congressman Horace Maynard, the unconditional Unionist and future Republican from East Tennessee, felt assured that the administration would pursue a peaceful policy. Soon after April 15, a dismayed Maynard reported that 'the President's extraordinary proclamation' had unleashed 'a tornado of excitement that seems Document [46] (Title: Prize Cases) this decision, the Supreme Court upheld the President's executive powers to act in accordance with the Presidential oath of office, "to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States" and to act expediently as the Commander-in-Chief in time of war—a "de facto" war existing since April 12, 1861. The dissenting opinion by the Court noted that the President is not given authority by the Constitution to declare war; the power to declare war lies with Congress. The Civil War did not exist until it was declared so by Congress. Lincoln ordered the blockade "before" Congress had declared a Document [47] (Title: James A. Garfield) several Southern states announced their secession from the Union to form a new government, the Confederate States of America. Garfield read military texts while anxiously awaiting the war effort, which he regarded as a holy crusade against the Slave Power. In April 1861, the rebels bombarded Fort Sumter, one of the last federal outposts in the South, beginning the Civil War. Although he had no military training, Garfield knew that his place was in the Union Army. At Governor William Dennison's request, Garfield deferred his military ambitions to remain in the legislature, where he helped appropriate the funds to raise Document [48] (Title: Confederate States Army) Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. troops under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13, 1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The United States were outraged by the Confederacy's attack and demanded war. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the United States intact. Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. Document [49] (Title: Thornton Affair) of the incident, President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of war before a joint session of the United States Congress, and summed up his justification for war by famously stating: On May 13, 1846, the U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico, despite the Mexican government's position that Thornton had crossed the border into Mexican Texas, which Mexico maintained began south of the Nueces River (the historical border of the province of Texas). Opposition also existed in the United States, with one senator declaring that the affair had been "as much an act of aggression on our part as Document [50] (Title: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex) in battle. On 22 August 1642, Charles raised his standard at Nottingham Castle. This was a symbolic declaration of war against Parliament. It was clear from this point onwards that the two armies would engage in battle at some point, starting the English Civil War. However the majority of those supporting Parliament were still fearful of committing treason against the King and this inhibited them in the early years of the conflict. They were also well aware that an agreement with Charles would be necessary to achieve the future settlement of the kingdom once the war was over. A republican Document [51] (Title: Confederate States of America) war, following the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Before Lincoln took office in March, a new Confederate government was established in February 1861, which was considered illegal by the government of the United States. States volunteered militia units and the new government hastened to form its own Confederate States Army from scratch practically overnight. After the American Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—also declared their secession and joined the Document [52] (Title: Southern United States) was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861, there was an overwhelming demand, North and South, for war. Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as "combinations too powerful to Document [53] (Title: Battle of Fort Sumter) to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy. The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War. On December 20, 1860, shortly after Abraham Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and, by February 1861, six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Document [54] (Title: William H. Seward) taken. Lincoln sent a notification to South Carolina's governor of the expedition, and on April 12, Charleston's batteries began firing on Sumter, beginning the Civil War. When the war started Seward turned his attention to making sure that foreign powers did not interfere in the conflict. When in April 1861, the Confederacy announced that it would authorize privateers, Seward sent word to the American representatives abroad that the U.S. would become party to the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856, outlawing such vessels, but Britain required that, if the U.S. were to become a party, the ratification would not Document [55] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) American flag". Given that in the free states non-Yankee groups – Germans, Dutch-Americans, New York Irish and southern-leaning settlers in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois – showed majority opposition to waging the Civil War, other Confederate sympathizers have used the name "War of Yankee Aggression" or "Great War of Yankee Aggression" to indicate the Civil War as a Yankee war, not a Northern war "per se". Conversely, the "War of Southern Aggression" has been used by those who maintain that the Confederacy was the belligerent party. They maintain the thought that the Confederacy started the war when they initiated combat at Document [56] (Title: Presidency of Abraham Lincoln) United States Constitution, but with the 1776 Declaration of Independence. He defined the war as an effort dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy in the world would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a Document [57] (Title: C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America) secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) after Republican Abraham Lincoln is elected president in the 1860 election, due to fears over the abolition of the ownership of Negro slaves. The C.S.A. engage with the Union in "The War of Northern Aggression"; following the Union victory in the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issues a revolutionary proclamation entitled the "Emancipation Proclamation," but—within this alternate history—the proclamation fails. Confederate President Jefferson Davis takes this opportunity to counteract the Proclamation and send politician Judah P. Benjamin to persuade the United Kingdom and France to provide military and Document [58] (Title: William Henry Powell (soldier)) 1861, Powell was general superintendent and financial agent of this large iron works. He left the business in August to begin service as a cavalry captain. Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met Document [59] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) President, delivered his "Cornerstone Speech" in Savannah, Georgia. In the speech, he states that slavery was the cause of the secession crisis, and outlines the principal differences between Confederate ideology and U.S. ideology: In July 1863, as decisive campaigns were fought at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Republican senator Charles Sumner re-dedicated his speech and said that desire to preserve slavery was the sole cause of the war: Lincoln's war goals were reactions to the war, as opposed to causes. Abraham Lincoln explained the nationalist goal as the preservation of the Union on August 22, 1862, one month before his preliminary Emancipation Document [60] (Title: Opposition to the American Civil War) by saying Lincoln secretly went to war over slavery, and that abolitionists working with Lincoln started the war. In a last resort, Vallandigham proposed that the war stop by simply having both the Union and Confederacy withdraw their troops, have peace talks amongst officials, and restore social and economic order. He did not explain how this would be executed, and no agreement was reached. Vallandigham seemed to take sides with the South. He attempted to work with Confederate agents in Canada to start a revolution in the northwestern states, which would establish a Confederacy and ally with the South to Document [61] (Title: American Civil War) to slavery, reaffirming, "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Document [62] (Title: South Carolina in the American Civil War) the South Carolina General Assembly passed a "Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act" and stated its intention to declare secession from the United States. In December 1860, amid the secession crisis, former South Carolinian congressman John McQueen wrote to a group of civic leaders in Richmond, Virginia, regarding the reasons as to why South Carolina was contemplating secession from the United States. In the letter, McQueen claimed that U.S. president-elect Abraham Lincoln supported equality and civil rights for African Americans as well as the abolition of slavery, and thus South Carolina, being Document [63] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) highlight the significance of the religion issue for the famous phrase in Lincoln's second inaugural: "Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other." Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation and conquest. Of the states carved out of these territories by 1845, all had entered the union as slave states: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas, as well as the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi. And with the conquest of northern Mexico, including California, in 1848, slaveholding interests looked Document [64] (Title: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War) of the Civil War. In February 1861, the Peace Congress, a last-ditch attempt by delegates from 21 of the 34 states to avert what many saw as the impending Civil War, met in the city's Willard Hotel. The strenuous effort failed and the War started in April 1861. At first, it looked as though neighbouring Virginia would remain in the Union. When it unexpectedly voted Confederate, there was a serious danger that the divided state of Maryland would do the same, totally surrounding the capital with enemy states. President Abraham Lincoln’s act in jailing Maryland's pro-slavery leaders (without trial) saved Document [65] (Title: History of the United States) the border states. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In response to the attack, on April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect the capital, and "preserve the Union", which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas), ending in a Union defeat, but, more importantly, proved to both Document [66] (Title: Frémont Emancipation) by the St. Louis press. Frémont then issued papers to 21 other slaves. However, the greatest significance of the proclamation came in the form of political ramifications. The proclamation set a political precedent, over which there was tremendous disagreement, that the Civil War was a war against slavery. This threatened to tip the delicate political balance in border states. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland all might have been pushed towards secession if such a precedent had been backed by the federal government at the beginning of the war. Unionists in Missouri were divided in their reaction. Radical Republicans, who favored abolition, Document [67] (Title: George B. McClellan) the administration who believed he was attempting to implement the policies of the opposition party. The immediate problem with McClellan's war strategy was that he was convinced the Confederates were ready to attack him with overwhelming numbers. On August 8, believing that the Confederacy had over 100,000 troops facing him (in contrast to the 35,000 they had actually deployed at Bull Run a few weeks earlier), he declared a state of emergency in the capital. By August 19, he estimated 150,000 rebel soldiers on his front. McClellan's subsequent campaigns were strongly influenced by the overblown enemy strength estimates of his Document [68] (Title: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War) They were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas. After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion. This pushed the four other Upper South States (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) also to secede. These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America. Their addition to the Confederacy ensured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers. Several small skirmishes and battles as well as bloody riots in St. Louis and Baltimore took place in the early months of Document [69] (Title: American Civil War) American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate Document [70] (Title: Battle of Columbus (1865)) Place, North Carolina, marked the effective end of the war (as many state governments maintained), the Battle at Columbus was the last battle of the Civil War. President Andrew Johnson, who had succeeded Lincoln, declared the war over on May 10, 1865. This was the day that President Jefferson Davis was captured. Johnson characterized remaining resisters as no longer combatants, but "fugitives." The Battle of Palmito Ranch took place on May 13. Some claim that this was the last battle of the war, rejecting President Johnson's definition and preferring to refer to the Confederates there as "organized forces" of the Document [71] (Title: James Buchanan) with the emerging sectional crisis that eventually became the American Civil War. Three new states were admitted to the Union while Buchanan was in office: The Civil War erupted within two months of Buchanan's retirement. He supported the United States, writing to former colleagues that "the assault upon Sumter was the commencement of war by the Confederate states, and no alternative was left but to prosecute it with vigor on our part". He also wrote a letter to his fellow Pennsylvania Democrats, urging them to "join the many thousands of brave & patriotic volunteers who are already in the field". Document [72] (Title: First Battle of Bull Run) and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, committed only 18,000. On April 15, 1861, the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety-day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000. He later Document [73] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) and early summer of 1862, Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war. The Union itself was not enough; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full, vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery. The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction. Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it. The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory, Document [74] (Title: Charles Lucas) against the authors of the second civil war, but can neither be regarded as a breach of the capitulation, nor be specially attributed to Fairfax. Parliament by its votes of 20 June 1648 had declared all who took part in the new civil war guilty of high treason, and Henry Ireton used this argument to justify the sentence. "I am no traitor," answered Lucas, "but a true subject to my king and the laws of the kingdom ... I do plead before you all the laws of this kingdom. I have fought with a commission from those that were my Question: who declared war to start the civil war Answer: Confederates Long Answer: The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery. Gold Document ID: 70

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers) President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers On April 15, 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, the President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, called for a 75,000-man militia to serve for three months following the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter. Some slave states refused to send troops against the neighboring Deep South slave states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas with the result that most such states in the Upper South of Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee also declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States, Missouri and Kentucky did Document [2] (Title: Confederate States of America) to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, it was to receive a sharp warning, with a strong hint of war: The United States government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy, but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict. On the part of the Document [3] (Title: American Civil War) Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, 1861. On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a "more perfect union" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". He had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property. The government would make no move to recover post Document [4] (Title: Andrew Napolitano) of routine surveillance of Russian intelligence assets, not from a targeted operation against Trump or his campaign. Napolitano has made numerous claims about the American Civil War, which are rejected by some historians. These claims include those that the Civil War was President Abraham Lincoln's war by choice, that slavery was dying anyway, that Lincoln could have freed the slaves by paying the slaveholders, and that Lincoln armed the slaves. More specifically, in a "Daily Show" segment, Napolitano said that Lincoln started the war "because he wanted to preserve the union, because he needed the tariffs from the southern states," Document [5] (Title: John Archibald Campbell) separate filibustering efforts to acquire Cuba and then Nicaragua, thus prioritizing national neutrality policies over southern efforts to gain more slaveholding states. In March and April 1861, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, Campbell tried to serve as a mediator between three commissioners representing the Confederacy (Martin Crawford, Andre Roman, and John Forsyth, Jr.), and the Lincoln administration. The commissioners were sent to settle any disputes arising from the secession of the southern states, but President Lincoln, denying that secession was valid, refused any official contact with them. The commissioners then turned to Campbell, who privately carried their Document [6] (Title: Abraham Lincoln) declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861. There were attempts at compromise. The Crittenden Compromise would have extended the Missouri Compromise line of 1820, dividing the territories into slave and free, contrary to the Republican Party's free-soil platform. Lincoln rejected the idea, saying, "I will Document [7] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) of Northern Aggression" has been used to indicate the Union side as the belligerent party in the war. Though sometimes used only jokingly today, the name arose in the 1950s during the Jim Crow era, when it was coined by segregationists who tried to equate contemporary efforts to end segregation with 19th century efforts to abolish slavery. This name has been criticized by historians such as James M. McPherson, as the Confederacy "took the initiative by seceding in defiance of an election of a president by a constitutional majority", and as "the Confederacy started the war by firing on the Document [8] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery. Outright war was a possibility in late 1861, when the U.S. Navy took control of a British mail ship and seized two Confederate diplomats. Confederate President Jefferson Davis had named James M. Mason and John Slidell as commissioners to represent Confederate interests in England and France. They went to Havana, in Spanish Cuba, where they took passage for England on the British mail steamer "Trent". The American warship USS "San Jacinto" under Captain Charles Wilkes was looking for them. It was generally then agreed that a nation at war had the right Document [9] (Title: Prince Romerson) people of color who served on segregated units during and shortly after the Civil War. In 2010, the Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu. After the outbreak of the American Civil War, King Kamehameha IV declared the Kingdom of Hawaii's neutrality on August26, 1861. Despite this stance of neutrality, many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of American missionaries) abroad and in the islands acted independently and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union Document [10] (Title: John Quincy Adams) States. After Taylor's forces clashed with Mexican soldiers north of the Rio Grande, Polk asked for a declaration of war in early 1846, asserting that Mexico had invaded American territory. Though some Whigs questioned whether Mexico had really begun an aggressive war against the United States, both houses of Congress declared war, with the House voting 174-to-14 to approve the declaration. Adams, who believed that Polk was seeking to wage an offensive war in order to extend the institution of slavery, was one of the 14 dissenting votes. After the start of the war, he supported the Wilmot Proviso, an Document [11] (Title: Settling Accounts: Return Engagement) in early 1941, Confederate President Jake Featherston breaks his solemn vow and re-militarizes them, essentially declaring war against the United States in act if not in word. US President Alfred Emanuel Smith hurries to prepare for war, but his country is sent reeling by Operation Blackbeard, the Confederate attack into Ohio at 3:30 am on June 22, 1941. Soon afterward, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the rest of the Entente powers announce hostilities against the U.S. The U.S. under General Abner Dowling and Colonel Irving Morrell fight desperately, but the 1930s-era unwillingness of the U.S. to adequately meet the Document [12] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) the Deep South, whose riverfront or coastal economies were all based on cotton cultivated using slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected, but before he took office. Nationalists (in the North and "Unionists" in the South) refused to recognize the declarations of secession. No foreign country's government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government under President James Buchanan refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter, a major U.S. fortress in the harbor of Charleston, Document [13] (Title: Turning point of the American Civil War) on July 21, 1861, was the first major land battle of the war. Until this time, the North was generally confident about its prospects for quickly crushing the rebellion with an easy, direct strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The embarrassing rout of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's army during the battle made clear the fallacy of this viewpoint. Many Northerners were shocked and realized that the war was going to be much lengthier and bloodier than they had anticipated. It steeled their determination. Lincoln immediately signed legislation that increased the Union Army by 500,000 men and allowed for Document [14] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas, when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the US. Throughout the war, all European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate Document [15] (Title: Stephen D. Lee) Union Maj. Robert Anderson, demanding the evacuation of Fort Sumter, which was refused and after bombardment the fort fell on April 14, precipitating the start of the Civil War. According to Carl Sandburg (Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3, pp. 208–9), Captain Lee and 3 other men with full power from Beauregard to decide what to answer Anderson heard him say he would be starved out in a few days. Anderson offered to "evacuate Fort Sumter in 3 days and avoid the useless effusion of blood." They could have taken Anderson's reply back to Beauregard, have it telegraphed to Jefferson Davis to Document [16] (Title: Robert Anderson (Civil War)) in the middle of Charleston Harbor. In February 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed and took charge. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, ordered the fort be captured. The artillery attack was commanded by Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who had been Anderson's student at West Point. The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The battle began the American Civil War. No one was killed in the battle on either side, but one Union soldier was killed and one mortally wounded during a 50-gun salute. Document [17] (Title: Origins of the War of 1812) the territorial expansion. On the first of June 1812, President James Madison gave a speech to the U.S. Congress, recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's speech, the House of Representatives quickly voted (79 to 49) to declare war, and the Senate by 19 to 13. The conflict formally began on 18 June 1812 when Madison signed the measure into law. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to declare war Document [18] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) resurfaced slightly in the late 20th century. This terminology aims to parallel usage of the term "American War for Independence". A popular poem published in the early stages of hostilities was "South Carolina". Its prologue referred to the war as the "Third War for Independence" (it named the War of 1812 as the second such war). On November 8, 1860, the "Charleston Mercury", a contemporary southern newspaper, stated that "The tea has been thrown overboard. The Revolution of 1860 has been initiated." Some Southern Unionists and northerners used "The War for the Union", the title of a December 1861 lecture Document [19] (Title: Constitution) War. Charles had rejected the propositions, but before the start of the Second Civil War, the Grandees of the New Model Army had presented the "Heads of Proposals" as their alternative to the more radical Agreement of the People presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the Putney Debates. On January 4, 1649 the Rump Parliament declared "that the people are, under God, the original of all just power; that the Commons of England, being chosen by and representing the people, have the supreme power in this nation". The "Instrument of Government" was adopted by Parliament on December Document [20] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) of 1828 and 1832 within the state. President Andrew Jackson responded firmly, declaring nullification an act of treason. He then took steps to strengthen federal forts in the state. Violence seemed a real possibility early in 1833 as Jacksonians in Congress introduced a "Force Bill" authorizing the President to use the Federal army and navy in order to enforce acts of Congress. No other state had come forward to support South Carolina, and the state itself was divided on willingness to continue the showdown with the Federal government. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun worked to devise a compromise Document [21] (Title: Conclusion of the American Civil War) to Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar in 1866 and renamed "El Majidi". Several of the crew moved to Argentina to become farmers and eventually returned to the United States. On August 20, 1866, President Andrew Johnson signed a "Proclamation—Declaring that Peace, Order, Tranquillity, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America". It cited the end of the insurrection in Texas, and declared Conclusion of the American Civil War This is a timeline of the conclusion of the American Civil War which includes important battles, skirmishes, raids and other events of 1865. Document [22] (Title: Ralph Waldo Emerson) in his conclusions." In these essays Emerson strongly embraced the idea of war as a means of national rebirth: "Civil war, national bankruptcy, or revolution, [are] more rich in the central tones than languid years of prosperity." Emerson visited Washington, D.C, at the end of January 1862. He gave a public lecture at the Smithsonian on January 31, 1862, and declared:, "The South calls slavery an institution... I call it destitution... Emancipation is the demand of civilization". The next day, February 1, his friend Charles Sumner took him to meet Lincoln at the White House. Lincoln was familiar with Emerson's Document [23] (Title: South Carolina) President a Hostile Act, 9 November 1860", and within weeks South Carolina became the first state to declare secession from the US. On April 12, 1861, Confederate (southern) batteries began shelling the Union (federal, northern, or US) Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, after US troops refusal to leave the fort peacefully, and the American Civil War began. In November of that year the Union attacked Port Royal Sound and soon occupied Beaufort County and the neighboring Sea Islands. For the rest of the war this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations. Whites abandoned their Document [24] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) and "War Between the States" have been used jointly in some formal contexts. For example, to mark the war's centenary in the 1960s, the State of Georgia created the "Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Commemorating the War Between the States". In 1994, the U.S. Postal Service issued a series of commemorative stamps entitled "The Civil War/The War Between the States". During and immediately after the war, U.S. officials, Southern Unionists, and pro-Union writers often referred to Confederates as "Rebels". The earliest histories published in northern U.S. states commonly refer to the American Civil War as "the Great Rebellion" or "the Document [25] (Title: Mexican–American War) invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment, but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no, including Rep. John Quincy Adams. In Mexico, although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war, Mexico officially declared war Document [26] (Title: Jefferson Davis) until it surrendered on April 14. No one was killed in the artillery duel, but the attack on the U.S. fortress meant the fighting had started. President Lincoln called up state militia to march south to recapture Federal property. In the North and South, massive rallies were held to demand immediate war. The Civil War had begun. When Virginia joined the Confederacy, Davis moved his government to Richmond in May 1861. He and his family took up his residence there at the White House of the Confederacy later that month. Having served since February as the provisional president, Davis was Document [27] (Title: Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)) result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The outbreak of the Civil War seems to be the Union firing on Charleston, South Carolina from Fort Sumter, rather than the other way around. Also, early in hostilities, General Winfield Scott is depicted as being overconfident of a quick victory (and something of a buffoon), when in reality he was one of the voices in the minority claiming the war would be long, costly, and bloody. Lincoln receives a report from the Secret Service that some copperheads in the North have issued threats against him. The Secret Service was not created until two months Document [28] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) which was indefensible, to the more modern, more defensible, Fort Sumter in the middle of Charleston Harbor. South Carolina leaders cried betrayal, while the North celebrated with enormous excitement at this show of defiance against secessionism. In February 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed and took charge. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, ordered the fort be captured. The artillery attack was commanded by Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who had been Anderson's student at West Point. The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The Document [29] (Title: Abraham Lincoln) authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort. In practice, the law had little effect, but it did signal political support for abolishing slavery in the Confederacy. In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting his superiors in Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri. He declared that any citizen found bearing arms could be court-martialed and shot, and that slaves of persons aiding the rebellion would be freed. Frémont was already under a cloud with charges of negligence in his command Document [30] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) Proclamation: On March 4, 1865, Lincoln said in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery was the cause of the War: Origins of the American Civil War Historians debating the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons why seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States (the Union), why they united to form the Confederate States of America (simply known as the "Confederacy"), and why the North refused to let them go. While most historians agree that conflicts over slavery caused the war, they disagree sharply regarding which kinds of conflict—ideological, economic, political, or social—were most Document [31] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy. The possibility of recognizing the Confederacy came to the fore late in the summer of 1862. At that time, as far as any European could see, the war seemed to be a stalemate. The US attempt to capture the Confederate capital had failed, and in the east and west alike, the Confederates were on the offensive. Charles Francis Adams, Sr., warned Washington that the British government might very soon offer to mediate the difficulty between North and South, which would be a polite Document [32] (Title: History of Western civilization) government, thus the advent of the American Civil War (1861–65). The Confederates had a skilled military that even succeeded in invading the northern state of Pennsylvania. However, the war began to turn around, with the defeat of Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and at Vicksburg, which gave the Union control of the important Mississippi River. Union forces invaded deep into the South, and the Confederacy's greatest general, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant of the Union in 1865. After that, the south came under Union occupation, ending the American Civil War. Lincoln was tragically assassinated in 1865, but his Document [33] (Title: Robert Cooper Grier) Scott case struck a blow to Justice Grier's historical reputation. During the American Civil War, Grier discontinued circuit riding in 1862, and in 1863 wrote the opinion on the "Prize Cases", which declared Lincoln's blockade of Southern ports constitutional. In the moments leading up to the Civil War, President Lincoln refused to ask Congress to officially declare war. Doing so, Lincoln believed, would recognize the Confederate States of America as an independent nation and imply the dissolution of the Union. As Commander in Chief, Lincoln acted as if war had been declared, though, issuing blockades of Southern ports that helped Document [34] (Title: Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861) killed and five wounded. United States president Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for the states to raise 75,000 volunteers for ninety days to suppress the South; in response to the proclamation, an additional four states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) seceded and joined the Confederacy, pledging troops to the volunteer forces it was raising. In the Eastern Theater, there were two major campaigns in Virginia. The first, the Western Virginia Campaign, started in May. Union forces commanded by Major General George B. McClellan invaded western Virginia and drove the Confederate forces from the area following a series of Document [35] (Title: William H. Watson) teaching in Louisiana, after hearing about the outbreak of rioting and loss of life as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania militia troops in Baltimore. The troops were marching between the President Street Station of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad west on Pratt Street to the Camden Street Station of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to get to Washington, D.C. in response to President Abraham Lincoln's request for 75,000 volunteers and proclamation of a state of rebellion after the shelling of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in South Carolina on April 14, 1861, at the beginning the Civil War. This "First Bloodshed Document [36] (Title: Prize Cases) Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Lincoln's Proclamation of Blockade was made on April 19, 1861, [Navy Official Records, Series 1, Volume 5, page 620] two days after Davis's call for privateers and it was founded upon acting against privateers, not an open policy of warfare as was later recommended by the ranking General of the Army, Winfield Scott. In making its decision, the Court looked to recent British interpretations of international law, and concluded that the Southern Confederacy was indeed a belligerent, but a belligerent did not have to be a nation and furthermore that the name of the war was Document [37] (Title: Neal Dow) growing chorus advocating the abolition of slavery. Several slaveholding states seceded after the election of Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln, and formed the Confederate States of America; even before the outbreak of the Civil War, Dow called for the rebellion to be crushed and slavery abolished. He was 57 years old at the outbreak of the war, and determined to stay home and tend to his business and care for his aging father. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, however, Dow felt compelled to join the Union cause. Governor Israel Washburn appointed him Colonel of the 13th Maine Volunteer Document [38] (Title: American Civil War) The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally, thus Lincoln was constitutionally elected president. He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency. However, before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, with a total of 49 percent. Of those states whose legislatures resolved for secession, the first seven voted with split majorities for unionist candidates Douglas and Bell (Georgia with 51% Document [39] (Title: Bagdad, Tamaulipas) map entitled "Map of the Country Adjacent to the Left Bank of the Rio Grande Below Matamoros, 1847." The Civil War began in 1861 when the Southern states seceded from the Union. With Abraham Lincoln's proclamation that he would hold Jefferson Davis' privateers "amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment of piracy," the War commenced. Mexico was the only foreign country to share a border with the Confederacy. Being neutral, Mexico could not be cut off by Lincoln's Federal blockade. The US Supreme Court, in the Prize cases, had declared Lincoln's blockades legal. However, Document [40] (Title: Issues of the American Civil War) secession. Slavery greatly increased the likelihood of secession which in turn made war probable, irrespective of the North's stated war aims, which at first addressed strategic military concerns as opposed to ultimate political and Constitutional ones. Hostilities began as an attempt, from the Northern perspective, to defend the nation after it was attacked at Fort Sumter. Lincoln's war goals evolved as the war progressed. Lincoln mentioned the need for national unity in his March 1861 inaugural address after seven states had already declared their secession. At first Lincoln stressed the Union as a war goal to unite the War Democrats, Document [41] (Title: Arkansas in the American Civil War) 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a "more perfect union" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". He stated he had no intent to invade the Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. The next day, the Arkansas Secession Convention convened in the State Document [42] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) the loyalty of the citizenry—almost since the founding of the republic. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, for example, had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts, and at the Hartford Convention, New England voiced its opposition to President James Madison and the War of 1812, and discussed secession from the Union. Although a minority of free Southerners owned slaves, free Southerners of all classes nevertheless defended the institution of slavery– threatened by the rise of free labor abolitionist movements in the Northern states– as the cornerstone of their social order. Per the 1860 census, the % of slaveholding families Document [43] (Title: History of the United States (1849–1865)) issue of slavery in the territories with a pro-slavery ruling in "Dred Scott v. Sandford" that angered the North. After the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861. The Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Union troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Four more states seceded as Lincoln called for troops to fight an insurrection. The next four years were the darkest in American history as the Document [44] (Title: Hawaii and the American Civil War) Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie advocated for a declaration of neutrality, following the one made by the previous king Kamehameha III during the Crimean War in 1854, while King Kamehameha IV and Minister of Finance David L. Gregg feared the diplomatic repercussions of recognizing the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America and were initially reluctant to risk displeasing the United States with any form of recognition of the Confederacy. After the United Kingdom and France declared their neutrality in the conflict, the King, and Gregg relented. On August 26, 1861, King Kamehameha IV signed the formal proclamation of Document [45] (Title: History of Tennessee) by President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to coerce the seceded states back into line, public sentiment turned dramatically against the Union. Historian Daniel Crofts wrote: "Unionists of all descriptions, both those who became Confederates and those who did not, considered the proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand troops 'disastrous.' Having consulted personally with Lincoln in March, Congressman Horace Maynard, the unconditional Unionist and future Republican from East Tennessee, felt assured that the administration would pursue a peaceful policy. Soon after April 15, a dismayed Maynard reported that 'the President's extraordinary proclamation' had unleashed 'a tornado of excitement that seems Document [46] (Title: Prize Cases) this decision, the Supreme Court upheld the President's executive powers to act in accordance with the Presidential oath of office, "to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States" and to act expediently as the Commander-in-Chief in time of war—a "de facto" war existing since April 12, 1861. The dissenting opinion by the Court noted that the President is not given authority by the Constitution to declare war; the power to declare war lies with Congress. The Civil War did not exist until it was declared so by Congress. Lincoln ordered the blockade "before" Congress had declared a Document [47] (Title: James A. Garfield) several Southern states announced their secession from the Union to form a new government, the Confederate States of America. Garfield read military texts while anxiously awaiting the war effort, which he regarded as a holy crusade against the Slave Power. In April 1861, the rebels bombarded Fort Sumter, one of the last federal outposts in the South, beginning the Civil War. Although he had no military training, Garfield knew that his place was in the Union Army. At Governor William Dennison's request, Garfield deferred his military ambitions to remain in the legislature, where he helped appropriate the funds to raise Document [48] (Title: Confederate States Army) Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. troops under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13, 1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The United States were outraged by the Confederacy's attack and demanded war. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the United States intact. Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. Document [49] (Title: Thornton Affair) of the incident, President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of war before a joint session of the United States Congress, and summed up his justification for war by famously stating: On May 13, 1846, the U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico, despite the Mexican government's position that Thornton had crossed the border into Mexican Texas, which Mexico maintained began south of the Nueces River (the historical border of the province of Texas). Opposition also existed in the United States, with one senator declaring that the affair had been "as much an act of aggression on our part as Document [50] (Title: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex) in battle. On 22 August 1642, Charles raised his standard at Nottingham Castle. This was a symbolic declaration of war against Parliament. It was clear from this point onwards that the two armies would engage in battle at some point, starting the English Civil War. However the majority of those supporting Parliament were still fearful of committing treason against the King and this inhibited them in the early years of the conflict. They were also well aware that an agreement with Charles would be necessary to achieve the future settlement of the kingdom once the war was over. A republican Document [51] (Title: Confederate States of America) war, following the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Before Lincoln took office in March, a new Confederate government was established in February 1861, which was considered illegal by the government of the United States. States volunteered militia units and the new government hastened to form its own Confederate States Army from scratch practically overnight. After the American Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—also declared their secession and joined the Document [52] (Title: Southern United States) was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861, there was an overwhelming demand, North and South, for war. Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as "combinations too powerful to Document [53] (Title: Battle of Fort Sumter) to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy. The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War. On December 20, 1860, shortly after Abraham Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and, by February 1861, six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Document [54] (Title: William H. Seward) taken. Lincoln sent a notification to South Carolina's governor of the expedition, and on April 12, Charleston's batteries began firing on Sumter, beginning the Civil War. When the war started Seward turned his attention to making sure that foreign powers did not interfere in the conflict. When in April 1861, the Confederacy announced that it would authorize privateers, Seward sent word to the American representatives abroad that the U.S. would become party to the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856, outlawing such vessels, but Britain required that, if the U.S. were to become a party, the ratification would not Document [55] (Title: Names of the American Civil War) American flag". Given that in the free states non-Yankee groups – Germans, Dutch-Americans, New York Irish and southern-leaning settlers in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois – showed majority opposition to waging the Civil War, other Confederate sympathizers have used the name "War of Yankee Aggression" or "Great War of Yankee Aggression" to indicate the Civil War as a Yankee war, not a Northern war "per se". Conversely, the "War of Southern Aggression" has been used by those who maintain that the Confederacy was the belligerent party. They maintain the thought that the Confederacy started the war when they initiated combat at Document [56] (Title: Presidency of Abraham Lincoln) United States Constitution, but with the 1776 Declaration of Independence. He defined the war as an effort dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy in the world would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a Document [57] (Title: C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America) secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) after Republican Abraham Lincoln is elected president in the 1860 election, due to fears over the abolition of the ownership of Negro slaves. The C.S.A. engage with the Union in "The War of Northern Aggression"; following the Union victory in the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issues a revolutionary proclamation entitled the "Emancipation Proclamation," but—within this alternate history—the proclamation fails. Confederate President Jefferson Davis takes this opportunity to counteract the Proclamation and send politician Judah P. Benjamin to persuade the United Kingdom and France to provide military and Document [58] (Title: William Henry Powell (soldier)) 1861, Powell was general superintendent and financial agent of this large iron works. He left the business in August to begin service as a cavalry captain. Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met Document [59] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) President, delivered his "Cornerstone Speech" in Savannah, Georgia. In the speech, he states that slavery was the cause of the secession crisis, and outlines the principal differences between Confederate ideology and U.S. ideology: In July 1863, as decisive campaigns were fought at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Republican senator Charles Sumner re-dedicated his speech and said that desire to preserve slavery was the sole cause of the war: Lincoln's war goals were reactions to the war, as opposed to causes. Abraham Lincoln explained the nationalist goal as the preservation of the Union on August 22, 1862, one month before his preliminary Emancipation Document [60] (Title: Opposition to the American Civil War) by saying Lincoln secretly went to war over slavery, and that abolitionists working with Lincoln started the war. In a last resort, Vallandigham proposed that the war stop by simply having both the Union and Confederacy withdraw their troops, have peace talks amongst officials, and restore social and economic order. He did not explain how this would be executed, and no agreement was reached. Vallandigham seemed to take sides with the South. He attempted to work with Confederate agents in Canada to start a revolution in the northwestern states, which would establish a Confederacy and ally with the South to Document [61] (Title: American Civil War) to slavery, reaffirming, "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Document [62] (Title: South Carolina in the American Civil War) the South Carolina General Assembly passed a "Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act" and stated its intention to declare secession from the United States. In December 1860, amid the secession crisis, former South Carolinian congressman John McQueen wrote to a group of civic leaders in Richmond, Virginia, regarding the reasons as to why South Carolina was contemplating secession from the United States. In the letter, McQueen claimed that U.S. president-elect Abraham Lincoln supported equality and civil rights for African Americans as well as the abolition of slavery, and thus South Carolina, being Document [63] (Title: Origins of the American Civil War) highlight the significance of the religion issue for the famous phrase in Lincoln's second inaugural: "Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other." Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation and conquest. Of the states carved out of these territories by 1845, all had entered the union as slave states: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas, as well as the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi. And with the conquest of northern Mexico, including California, in 1848, slaveholding interests looked Document [64] (Title: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War) of the Civil War. In February 1861, the Peace Congress, a last-ditch attempt by delegates from 21 of the 34 states to avert what many saw as the impending Civil War, met in the city's Willard Hotel. The strenuous effort failed and the War started in April 1861. At first, it looked as though neighbouring Virginia would remain in the Union. When it unexpectedly voted Confederate, there was a serious danger that the divided state of Maryland would do the same, totally surrounding the capital with enemy states. President Abraham Lincoln’s act in jailing Maryland's pro-slavery leaders (without trial) saved Document [65] (Title: History of the United States) the border states. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In response to the attack, on April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect the capital, and "preserve the Union", which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas), ending in a Union defeat, but, more importantly, proved to both Document [66] (Title: Frémont Emancipation) by the St. Louis press. Frémont then issued papers to 21 other slaves. However, the greatest significance of the proclamation came in the form of political ramifications. The proclamation set a political precedent, over which there was tremendous disagreement, that the Civil War was a war against slavery. This threatened to tip the delicate political balance in border states. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland all might have been pushed towards secession if such a precedent had been backed by the federal government at the beginning of the war. Unionists in Missouri were divided in their reaction. Radical Republicans, who favored abolition, Document [67] (Title: George B. McClellan) the administration who believed he was attempting to implement the policies of the opposition party. The immediate problem with McClellan's war strategy was that he was convinced the Confederates were ready to attack him with overwhelming numbers. On August 8, believing that the Confederacy had over 100,000 troops facing him (in contrast to the 35,000 they had actually deployed at Bull Run a few weeks earlier), he declared a state of emergency in the capital. By August 19, he estimated 150,000 rebel soldiers on his front. McClellan's subsequent campaigns were strongly influenced by the overblown enemy strength estimates of his Document [68] (Title: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War) They were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas. After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion. This pushed the four other Upper South States (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) also to secede. These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America. Their addition to the Confederacy ensured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers. Several small skirmishes and battles as well as bloody riots in St. Louis and Baltimore took place in the early months of Document [69] (Title: American Civil War) American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate Document [70] (Title: Battle of Columbus (1865)) Place, North Carolina, marked the effective end of the war (as many state governments maintained), the Battle at Columbus was the last battle of the Civil War. President Andrew Johnson, who had succeeded Lincoln, declared the war over on May 10, 1865. This was the day that President Jefferson Davis was captured. Johnson characterized remaining resisters as no longer combatants, but "fugitives." The Battle of Palmito Ranch took place on May 13. Some claim that this was the last battle of the war, rejecting President Johnson's definition and preferring to refer to the Confederates there as "organized forces" of the Document [71] (Title: James Buchanan) with the emerging sectional crisis that eventually became the American Civil War. Three new states were admitted to the Union while Buchanan was in office: The Civil War erupted within two months of Buchanan's retirement. He supported the United States, writing to former colleagues that "the assault upon Sumter was the commencement of war by the Confederate states, and no alternative was left but to prosecute it with vigor on our part". He also wrote a letter to his fellow Pennsylvania Democrats, urging them to "join the many thousands of brave & patriotic volunteers who are already in the field". Document [72] (Title: First Battle of Bull Run) and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, committed only 18,000. On April 15, 1861, the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety-day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000. He later Document [73] (Title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War) and early summer of 1862, Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war. The Union itself was not enough; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full, vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery. The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction. Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it. The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory, Document [74] (Title: Charles Lucas) against the authors of the second civil war, but can neither be regarded as a breach of the capitulation, nor be specially attributed to Fairfax. Parliament by its votes of 20 June 1648 had declared all who took part in the new civil war guilty of high treason, and Henry Ireton used this argument to justify the sentence. "I am no traitor," answered Lucas, "but a true subject to my king and the laws of the kingdom ... I do plead before you all the laws of this kingdom. I have fought with a commission from those that were my Question: who declared war to start the civil war

Answer: Confederates Long Answer: The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery. Gold Document ID: 70

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Steel Breeze) Lowe and Robbie Bickford on guitar, Toner on keyboards and Paul Ojeda on drums. In 1991, "Still Warrior" was released with yet another lineup, just as Chalfant had a small hit with a similar act, The Storm. In 1994, "Peace Of Mind" was issued. Richard "Ric" L. Jacobs (born 30 December 1956, Moline, Illinois; died 17 January 2018, Oakwood Hills, Illinois) died at age 61. Steel Breeze Steel Breeze is an American rock group that had a popular video on MTV with "You Don't Want Me Anymore" in 1982, followed by "Dreamin' is Easy" the following year. Taking their name Document [2] (Title: Take It Easy) fashion. And, what's more, arranged it in a way that was far superior to what I had written." The song was recorded at the Olympic Studios in London with producer Glyn Johns. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal on the Eagles recording of "Take It Easy". Bass player Randy Meisner sings the harmony vocal in the beginning of the second verse with Frey, but drummer Don Henley sings harmony at the end of the verse ("Though we will never be here again...). Bernie Leadon provides the lead guitar and distinctive banjo parts, as well as harmony vocals. The track's producer Document [3] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) and was later included on the band's 1995 "Greatest Hits" album. B. W. Stevenson also recorded "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and released it on his 1972 album "Lead Free" (RCA Victor 4794) and later included it on his 1977 LP "The Best of B. W. Stevenson" (RCA Victor APL-1-2394). Folk singer Kate Wolf included a slow, acoustic cover of "Peaceful Easy Feeling" on her 1982 live album "Give Yourself to Love". Country singer Vince Gill covered this song live at the Grand Ole Opry following the death of Glenn Frey. 1978 episode of HEE HAW Buck Owens and the Buckaroos performed Document [4] (Title: The Freedom Song) handled by Joe Chiccarelli. It was originally penned by Luc Reynaud of the Seattle music band Luc & the Lovingtons whilst assisting in the Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts. The song caught Jason Mraz's attention and inspired by its optimistic message of how music can uplift the human spirit, the singer-songwriter started performing it in his concerts. "I picture something, it's beautiful/ It's full of life and it is all blue", he sings in the beginning. "I see a sunset on the beach/yeah, it makes me feel calm," he also sings, continuing, "when I’m calm I feel good/when I feel good Document [5] (Title: Glenn Frey) Frey playing guitar and keyboards and Henley playing drums. The band went on to become one of the world's best-selling groups of all time. Frey wrote or co-wrote (often with Henley) many of the group's songs, and sang the lead vocals on a number of Eagles hits including "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Already Gone", "Tequila Sunrise", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", "Heartache Tonight" and "How Long". The Eagles broke up around 1980 and reunited in 1994, when they released a new album titled "Hell Freezes Over". The album had live tracks and four new songs. The Hell Document [6] (Title: Easy (Sheryl Crow song)) Easy (Sheryl Crow song) "Easy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow recorded for her ninth studio album, "Feels Like Home" (2013). The song, announced as the lead single, made its airplay debut on February 21, 2013 and was released on March 12. The song combines elements of rock and roll and country music and also is her first release through Warner Music Nashville. In an interview, Crow described the single as her "staycation (staying home) song" and stated it was about "making your home feel like you're getting away" as opposed to vacationing in exotic places. The song Document [7] (Title: Carl Dixon) demo song Fool's Paradise was heard in the 1989 horror film "Freakshow". His music was also featured in "Heaven Before I Die", a feature film with Omar Sharif. "Feel the Feeling Again" written by Dixon was featured on an episode of television series "Degrassi High". In 1997, Dixon was invited to join The Guess Who as lead singer; he performed and recorded with the band until the spring of 2000, then again from early 2004 until he was sustained serious injuries in a car accident in Australia in April 2008. He remained hospitalised for five months. He was replaced in Document [8] (Title: I Feel Free) Dave Grohl on drums. Gregorian's 2006 album "Masters of Chant Chapter V" includes this song in Gregorian style. I Feel Free "I Feel Free" is a song first recorded by the British rock band Cream. The song's lyrics were written by Pete Brown, its music by Jack Bruce. It was the first track on the U.S. issue of their debut album, "Fresh Cream" (1966), and the band's second hit single (the first being "Wrapping Paper"). As with all tracks on Cream's U.S. debut, producer's credit went to Robert Stigwood. "I Feel Free" showcases the band's musical diversity, effectively combining blues Document [9] (Title: Peaceful (song)) second consecutive number 2 Easy Listening hit: the follow-up "Delta Dawn" would be Reddy's first Easy Listening #1 (the first of six consecutive and eight overall). In Canada, "Peaceful" spent two weeks at number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In September 1996 Rhino issued a retrospective Kenny Rankin album with "Peaceful" as the title cut, the full title being "Peaceful: The Best of Kenny Rankin". Georgie Fame version Helen Reddy version Peaceful (song) "Peaceful" is a song written by Kenny Rankin, and recorded by several artists. It is best known in the hit singles for Georgie Fame (1969) and Document [10] (Title: Peace (band)) received by the "BBC" and "NME", the four-track extended play featured "California Daze", a track made available as a free download by the band in August of that year. On 9 December 2012, the BBC announced that Peace had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll. The band released the lead single from their upcoming studio album "Wraith" on 13 January 2013, where it debuted at number seventy-five on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 26 January 2013. In February 2013, the band performed in an opening slot on the NME Awards Tour 2013 alongside Palma Violets, Document [11] (Title: Rebelution (band)) Lauryn Hill. They also performed at All Good Music Festival, Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Austin City Limits and Wakarusa music festivals in 2010. On January 10, 2012, Rebelution released their third studio album, "Peace Of Mind", through their own label 87 Music. "Peace of Mind: Acoustic" features all twelve original album tracks stripped down acoustic as well as "Peace of Mind: Dub" remixed by Easy Star’s Michael Goldwasser ("Dub Side of The Moon", "Radiodread", "Easy Star’s Lonely Hearts Dub Band"). The album debuted at no. 13 on the "Billboard" 200 charts, no. 1 Independent and no. 1 Reggae, and the no. 4 Document [12] (Title: Dance Gavin Dance) playing lead guitar, and Jason Ellis, formerly of Five Minute Ride, replaced Lodge on bass guitar. The group filmed a music video for the song "Me and Zoloft Get Along Just Fine" with director Robby Starbuck, which was released November 18, 2008. Jon Mess' vocals were lip-synced by Will Swan in the music video. In February 2009, the band went into the studio as a five-piece to record the follow-up to their self-titled album, yet again with producer Kris Crummett. The resulting album, "Happiness", was released on June 9, 2009. Bassist Jason Ellis appears on "Happiness", but left the band Document [13] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) about the helicopter accident that took Vaughan's life. Jack Tempchin wrote the song during a period in which he was performing at folk coffee shops around his hometown of San Diego. A friend had created a poster to advertise his performances, which included fake quotes from famous individuals attesting to Tempchin's talent, which landed in the hands of a shop owner in nearby El Centro. Tempchin slept on the floor of the club the night of his show, and wrote an early version of "Peaceful Easy Feeling" on the back of the poster. Back in San Diego, Tempchin was rooming Document [14] (Title: Taylor Hawkins) Feel Free," which appeared as the b-side of "DOA" and on the EP "Five Songs and a Cover". Hawkins also sang lead vocals for the band's cover of Joe Walsh's "Life of Illusion." Most recently, he sang lead vocals for "Sunday Rain," a track on the Foo Fighters' 2017 album Concrete and Gold. Many Foo Fighters live shows feature Hawkins singing lead vocals on at least one cover song. In 2006, Hawkins released a self-titled LP with his side project, Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders. He occasionally plays with a Police cover band alternately called "The Cops" and "Fallout." Document [15] (Title: Peaceful World (album)) Peaceful World (album) Peaceful World is the eighth studio album (a double-LP) by rock band The Rascals, released in May 1971. It peaked at number 122 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The single "Love Me" reached number 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Vocalist Eddie Brigati left the Rascals in August 1970, with guitarist Gene Cornish leaving the following month. By October, a new lineup of the Rascals was assembled featuring original members Felix Cavaliere (vocals/keyboards) and Dino Danelli (drums), and several new players, including ex-Paul Butterfield Blues Band guitarist Buzz Feiten and vocalist Annie Sutton. "Peaceful World" was the Document [16] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) on episode. In 2017, Tristen released a digital single via Instant Records. Peaceful Easy Feeling "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles. It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album "Eagles". The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three-part harmony. Tommy Shannon, the former bass player for Stevie Ray Vaughan, stated that Document [17] (Title: Upturn) for their song "Thanks for..." from their album "Feel the Vibes" (2008), and has worked with the likes of singer-songwriter Koda Kumi. After Lead celebrated their tenth anniversary with the "Leader's Party 10!" concert for their fan club in March 2013, vocalist Hiroki Nakadoi stepped away from the group. His final single release with Lead was for their single "Still," which had been released on December 12, 2012, and his departure was in April the following year. Hiroki began to discuss his feelings about leaving to the other members prior to his departure, explaining how he felt that they had Document [18] (Title: Don Felder) distancing themselves from their initial country rock style and moving more in the direction of full-fledged rock music. On the band's fourth album, "One of These Nights", Felder sang lead vocal on the song "Visions" (the only song to have him singing lead), which he co-wrote with Don Henley, and arranged the title track's distinctive guitar solo and bass line. After founding member Bernie Leadon departed in 1975 following the tour to support the album, Joe Walsh joined the band. Felder had previously jammed with Walsh while Leadon was still a member of Eagles, and together as dual guitar leads, Document [19] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) was attempting to break into the music industry alongside Jackson Browne, Glenn Frey, and J.D. Souther. Frey heard Tempchin's "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and asked if he could develop it further, adding that his new band, the Eagles, had only just formed eight days prior. He presented Tempchin with a cassette demo on the track the next day, who later remarked, "It was so good I couldn’t believe it." On the 1993 album "", country music band Little Texas recorded a cover of "Peaceful Easy Feeling". This cover version charted at No. 74 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts Document [20] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) Peaceful Easy Feeling "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles. It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album "Eagles". The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three-part harmony. Tommy Shannon, the former bass player for Stevie Ray Vaughan, stated that "Peaceful Easy Feeling" was playing on the radio when he found out Document [21] (Title: Stevie Wright) Happy" (track on "Easyfever" EP, No. 1, 1966), and "Sorry" (No. 1, 1966). He was lead vocalist on their only international hit, "Friday on My Mind", which peaked at No. 1 in Australia in 1966. It also made No. 6 in the United Kingdom, the Top 10 in France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, No.13 in Canada, and the Top 20 in the United States in 1967. After the Easybeats disbanded in 1969, Wright fronted numerous groups including Stevie Wright Band and Stevie Wright & the Allstars; his solo career included the 1974 single, "Evie (Parts 1, 2 & 3)", Document [22] (Title: Easy (Sheryl Crow song)) Radio 2 for the week commencing January 4, 2014 and debuted at number 80 on the Official Singles Chart. Easy (Sheryl Crow song) "Easy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow recorded for her ninth studio album, "Feels Like Home" (2013). The song, announced as the lead single, made its airplay debut on February 21, 2013 and was released on March 12. The song combines elements of rock and roll and country music and also is her first release through Warner Music Nashville. In an interview, Crow described the single as her "staycation (staying home) song" and stated it Document [23] (Title: Eagles (band)) girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford, slowin' down to take a look at me," and Browne carried on to finish the song. The song reached number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and propelled the Eagles to stardom. The single was followed by the bluesy "Witchy Woman" and the soft country rock ballad "Peaceful Easy Feeling," charting at number 9 and number 22 respectively. The group supported the album with a US tour as the opening act for Yes. Their second album, "Desperado", took Old West outlaws for its theme, drawing comparisons between their lifestyles and modern rock stars. Document [24] (Title: Cam-Pact) drums. In March 1968 they issued their debut single, "Something Easy", on Festival Records followed by a four-track extended play of the same name. The track was written by Glass. Their second single, "Drawing Room", appeared in May and was also written by Glass. It was followed by a third single, "Good Good Feelin'", in September, which was co-written by Cook and Courtney. Late that year Barnes left and Glass took up bass guitar. The group issued a fourth single, "Potion of Love", in June 1969. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described these singles as "fine examples of late 1960s psychedelic Document [25] (Title: Ain't No Big Thing, But It's Growing) who also doubled on percussion, and, a down-sized version consisting solely of The Nite-Liters, Londee Loren, Bobby Downs, Allen Frey and the group Love, Peace & Happiness, which featured Ann Bogan, formerly of The Marvelettes, Leslie Wilson (who would later lead on "I Can Understand It", "Wildflower" and "It's Been A Long Time") and his brother Melvin. Ann can be heard leading "Honeybee", vocally working out with Londee Loren (and Tanita Gaines) on the exciting "How Good It Feels" and the entire Love, Peace & Happiness" backs the scaled-down group on their classic take on Perry Como's "It's Impossible". This Document [26] (Title: Grant Geissman) and James Bradley Jr. on drums. Geissman appeared on the album "Feels So Good" (1977), which sold two million copies. On radio, the single "Feels So Good", featuring Geissman's guitar solo, was an international hit. A 1980 issue of "Current Biography" called it the most recognized tune since "Michelle" by The Beatles. In 1978 Geissman released his first solo album, "Good Stuff" (Concord Jazz), which featured fellow Northridge alumnus Gordon Goodwin on sax, Tom Ranier on piano, Bob Magnussen on bass guitar, and Steve Shaeffer on drums. Grant left Mangione's band in 1981 to pursue other endeavors, including his own Document [27] (Title: Bernie Leadon) singles, "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and "Witchy Woman" (co-written by Leadon and Henley), all of which highlighted Leadon's multi-instrumental talent on electric guitar, B-Bender, banjo, and harmony vocals. Their follow-up, "Desperado", was another strong country-rock venture highlighted by the classics "Tequila Sunrise" and the title track. Leadon had a prominent role on the album, but it was met by surprisingly lukewarm reviews and lackluster sales. As a result, the band attempted to distance itself from the "country rock" label for their third album "On the Border". In doing so, Leadon encouraged the group to recruit his old friend, Question: who sings lead vocals on peaceful easy feeling Answer: Bernie Leadon Long Answer: "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles . It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album Eagles . The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs . Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three - part harmony. Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Steel Breeze) Lowe and Robbie Bickford on guitar, Toner on keyboards and Paul Ojeda on drums. In 1991, "Still Warrior" was released with yet another lineup, just as Chalfant had a small hit with a similar act, The Storm. In 1994, "Peace Of Mind" was issued. Richard "Ric" L. Jacobs (born 30 December 1956, Moline, Illinois; died 17 January 2018, Oakwood Hills, Illinois) died at age 61. Steel Breeze Steel Breeze is an American rock group that had a popular video on MTV with "You Don't Want Me Anymore" in 1982, followed by "Dreamin' is Easy" the following year. Taking their name Document [2] (Title: Take It Easy) fashion. And, what's more, arranged it in a way that was far superior to what I had written." The song was recorded at the Olympic Studios in London with producer Glyn Johns. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal on the Eagles recording of "Take It Easy". Bass player Randy Meisner sings the harmony vocal in the beginning of the second verse with Frey, but drummer Don Henley sings harmony at the end of the verse ("Though we will never be here again...). Bernie Leadon provides the lead guitar and distinctive banjo parts, as well as harmony vocals. The track's producer Document [3] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) and was later included on the band's 1995 "Greatest Hits" album. B. W. Stevenson also recorded "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and released it on his 1972 album "Lead Free" (RCA Victor 4794) and later included it on his 1977 LP "The Best of B. W. Stevenson" (RCA Victor APL-1-2394). Folk singer Kate Wolf included a slow, acoustic cover of "Peaceful Easy Feeling" on her 1982 live album "Give Yourself to Love". Country singer Vince Gill covered this song live at the Grand Ole Opry following the death of Glenn Frey. 1978 episode of HEE HAW Buck Owens and the Buckaroos performed Document [4] (Title: The Freedom Song) handled by Joe Chiccarelli. It was originally penned by Luc Reynaud of the Seattle music band Luc & the Lovingtons whilst assisting in the Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts. The song caught Jason Mraz's attention and inspired by its optimistic message of how music can uplift the human spirit, the singer-songwriter started performing it in his concerts. "I picture something, it's beautiful/ It's full of life and it is all blue", he sings in the beginning. "I see a sunset on the beach/yeah, it makes me feel calm," he also sings, continuing, "when I’m calm I feel good/when I feel good Document [5] (Title: Glenn Frey) Frey playing guitar and keyboards and Henley playing drums. The band went on to become one of the world's best-selling groups of all time. Frey wrote or co-wrote (often with Henley) many of the group's songs, and sang the lead vocals on a number of Eagles hits including "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Already Gone", "Tequila Sunrise", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", "Heartache Tonight" and "How Long". The Eagles broke up around 1980 and reunited in 1994, when they released a new album titled "Hell Freezes Over". The album had live tracks and four new songs. The Hell Document [6] (Title: Easy (Sheryl Crow song)) Easy (Sheryl Crow song) "Easy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow recorded for her ninth studio album, "Feels Like Home" (2013). The song, announced as the lead single, made its airplay debut on February 21, 2013 and was released on March 12. The song combines elements of rock and roll and country music and also is her first release through Warner Music Nashville. In an interview, Crow described the single as her "staycation (staying home) song" and stated it was about "making your home feel like you're getting away" as opposed to vacationing in exotic places. The song Document [7] (Title: Carl Dixon) demo song Fool's Paradise was heard in the 1989 horror film "Freakshow". His music was also featured in "Heaven Before I Die", a feature film with Omar Sharif. "Feel the Feeling Again" written by Dixon was featured on an episode of television series "Degrassi High". In 1997, Dixon was invited to join The Guess Who as lead singer; he performed and recorded with the band until the spring of 2000, then again from early 2004 until he was sustained serious injuries in a car accident in Australia in April 2008. He remained hospitalised for five months. He was replaced in Document [8] (Title: I Feel Free) Dave Grohl on drums. Gregorian's 2006 album "Masters of Chant Chapter V" includes this song in Gregorian style. I Feel Free "I Feel Free" is a song first recorded by the British rock band Cream. The song's lyrics were written by Pete Brown, its music by Jack Bruce. It was the first track on the U.S. issue of their debut album, "Fresh Cream" (1966), and the band's second hit single (the first being "Wrapping Paper"). As with all tracks on Cream's U.S. debut, producer's credit went to Robert Stigwood. "I Feel Free" showcases the band's musical diversity, effectively combining blues Document [9] (Title: Peaceful (song)) second consecutive number 2 Easy Listening hit: the follow-up "Delta Dawn" would be Reddy's first Easy Listening #1 (the first of six consecutive and eight overall). In Canada, "Peaceful" spent two weeks at number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In September 1996 Rhino issued a retrospective Kenny Rankin album with "Peaceful" as the title cut, the full title being "Peaceful: The Best of Kenny Rankin". Georgie Fame version Helen Reddy version Peaceful (song) "Peaceful" is a song written by Kenny Rankin, and recorded by several artists. It is best known in the hit singles for Georgie Fame (1969) and Document [10] (Title: Peace (band)) received by the "BBC" and "NME", the four-track extended play featured "California Daze", a track made available as a free download by the band in August of that year. On 9 December 2012, the BBC announced that Peace had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll. The band released the lead single from their upcoming studio album "Wraith" on 13 January 2013, where it debuted at number seventy-five on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 26 January 2013. In February 2013, the band performed in an opening slot on the NME Awards Tour 2013 alongside Palma Violets, Document [11] (Title: Rebelution (band)) Lauryn Hill. They also performed at All Good Music Festival, Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Austin City Limits and Wakarusa music festivals in 2010. On January 10, 2012, Rebelution released their third studio album, "Peace Of Mind", through their own label 87 Music. "Peace of Mind: Acoustic" features all twelve original album tracks stripped down acoustic as well as "Peace of Mind: Dub" remixed by Easy Star’s Michael Goldwasser ("Dub Side of The Moon", "Radiodread", "Easy Star’s Lonely Hearts Dub Band"). The album debuted at no. 13 on the "Billboard" 200 charts, no. 1 Independent and no. 1 Reggae, and the no. 4 Document [12] (Title: Dance Gavin Dance) playing lead guitar, and Jason Ellis, formerly of Five Minute Ride, replaced Lodge on bass guitar. The group filmed a music video for the song "Me and Zoloft Get Along Just Fine" with director Robby Starbuck, which was released November 18, 2008. Jon Mess' vocals were lip-synced by Will Swan in the music video. In February 2009, the band went into the studio as a five-piece to record the follow-up to their self-titled album, yet again with producer Kris Crummett. The resulting album, "Happiness", was released on June 9, 2009. Bassist Jason Ellis appears on "Happiness", but left the band Document [13] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) about the helicopter accident that took Vaughan's life. Jack Tempchin wrote the song during a period in which he was performing at folk coffee shops around his hometown of San Diego. A friend had created a poster to advertise his performances, which included fake quotes from famous individuals attesting to Tempchin's talent, which landed in the hands of a shop owner in nearby El Centro. Tempchin slept on the floor of the club the night of his show, and wrote an early version of "Peaceful Easy Feeling" on the back of the poster. Back in San Diego, Tempchin was rooming Document [14] (Title: Taylor Hawkins) Feel Free," which appeared as the b-side of "DOA" and on the EP "Five Songs and a Cover". Hawkins also sang lead vocals for the band's cover of Joe Walsh's "Life of Illusion." Most recently, he sang lead vocals for "Sunday Rain," a track on the Foo Fighters' 2017 album Concrete and Gold. Many Foo Fighters live shows feature Hawkins singing lead vocals on at least one cover song. In 2006, Hawkins released a self-titled LP with his side project, Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders. He occasionally plays with a Police cover band alternately called "The Cops" and "Fallout." Document [15] (Title: Peaceful World (album)) Peaceful World (album) Peaceful World is the eighth studio album (a double-LP) by rock band The Rascals, released in May 1971. It peaked at number 122 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The single "Love Me" reached number 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Vocalist Eddie Brigati left the Rascals in August 1970, with guitarist Gene Cornish leaving the following month. By October, a new lineup of the Rascals was assembled featuring original members Felix Cavaliere (vocals/keyboards) and Dino Danelli (drums), and several new players, including ex-Paul Butterfield Blues Band guitarist Buzz Feiten and vocalist Annie Sutton. "Peaceful World" was the Document [16] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) on episode. In 2017, Tristen released a digital single via Instant Records. Peaceful Easy Feeling "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles. It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album "Eagles". The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three-part harmony. Tommy Shannon, the former bass player for Stevie Ray Vaughan, stated that Document [17] (Title: Upturn) for their song "Thanks for..." from their album "Feel the Vibes" (2008), and has worked with the likes of singer-songwriter Koda Kumi. After Lead celebrated their tenth anniversary with the "Leader's Party 10!" concert for their fan club in March 2013, vocalist Hiroki Nakadoi stepped away from the group. His final single release with Lead was for their single "Still," which had been released on December 12, 2012, and his departure was in April the following year. Hiroki began to discuss his feelings about leaving to the other members prior to his departure, explaining how he felt that they had Document [18] (Title: Don Felder) distancing themselves from their initial country rock style and moving more in the direction of full-fledged rock music. On the band's fourth album, "One of These Nights", Felder sang lead vocal on the song "Visions" (the only song to have him singing lead), which he co-wrote with Don Henley, and arranged the title track's distinctive guitar solo and bass line. After founding member Bernie Leadon departed in 1975 following the tour to support the album, Joe Walsh joined the band. Felder had previously jammed with Walsh while Leadon was still a member of Eagles, and together as dual guitar leads, Document [19] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) was attempting to break into the music industry alongside Jackson Browne, Glenn Frey, and J.D. Souther. Frey heard Tempchin's "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and asked if he could develop it further, adding that his new band, the Eagles, had only just formed eight days prior. He presented Tempchin with a cassette demo on the track the next day, who later remarked, "It was so good I couldn’t believe it." On the 1993 album "", country music band Little Texas recorded a cover of "Peaceful Easy Feeling". This cover version charted at No. 74 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts Document [20] (Title: Peaceful Easy Feeling) Peaceful Easy Feeling "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles. It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album "Eagles". The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs. Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three-part harmony. Tommy Shannon, the former bass player for Stevie Ray Vaughan, stated that "Peaceful Easy Feeling" was playing on the radio when he found out Document [21] (Title: Stevie Wright) Happy" (track on "Easyfever" EP, No. 1, 1966), and "Sorry" (No. 1, 1966). He was lead vocalist on their only international hit, "Friday on My Mind", which peaked at No. 1 in Australia in 1966. It also made No. 6 in the United Kingdom, the Top 10 in France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, No.13 in Canada, and the Top 20 in the United States in 1967. After the Easybeats disbanded in 1969, Wright fronted numerous groups including Stevie Wright Band and Stevie Wright & the Allstars; his solo career included the 1974 single, "Evie (Parts 1, 2 & 3)", Document [22] (Title: Easy (Sheryl Crow song)) Radio 2 for the week commencing January 4, 2014 and debuted at number 80 on the Official Singles Chart. Easy (Sheryl Crow song) "Easy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow recorded for her ninth studio album, "Feels Like Home" (2013). The song, announced as the lead single, made its airplay debut on February 21, 2013 and was released on March 12. The song combines elements of rock and roll and country music and also is her first release through Warner Music Nashville. In an interview, Crow described the single as her "staycation (staying home) song" and stated it Document [23] (Title: Eagles (band)) girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford, slowin' down to take a look at me," and Browne carried on to finish the song. The song reached number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and propelled the Eagles to stardom. The single was followed by the bluesy "Witchy Woman" and the soft country rock ballad "Peaceful Easy Feeling," charting at number 9 and number 22 respectively. The group supported the album with a US tour as the opening act for Yes. Their second album, "Desperado", took Old West outlaws for its theme, drawing comparisons between their lifestyles and modern rock stars. Document [24] (Title: Cam-Pact) drums. In March 1968 they issued their debut single, "Something Easy", on Festival Records followed by a four-track extended play of the same name. The track was written by Glass. Their second single, "Drawing Room", appeared in May and was also written by Glass. It was followed by a third single, "Good Good Feelin'", in September, which was co-written by Cook and Courtney. Late that year Barnes left and Glass took up bass guitar. The group issued a fourth single, "Potion of Love", in June 1969. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described these singles as "fine examples of late 1960s psychedelic Document [25] (Title: Ain't No Big Thing, But It's Growing) who also doubled on percussion, and, a down-sized version consisting solely of The Nite-Liters, Londee Loren, Bobby Downs, Allen Frey and the group Love, Peace & Happiness, which featured Ann Bogan, formerly of The Marvelettes, Leslie Wilson (who would later lead on "I Can Understand It", "Wildflower" and "It's Been A Long Time") and his brother Melvin. Ann can be heard leading "Honeybee", vocally working out with Londee Loren (and Tanita Gaines) on the exciting "How Good It Feels" and the entire Love, Peace & Happiness" backs the scaled-down group on their classic take on Perry Como's "It's Impossible". This Document [26] (Title: Grant Geissman) and James Bradley Jr. on drums. Geissman appeared on the album "Feels So Good" (1977), which sold two million copies. On radio, the single "Feels So Good", featuring Geissman's guitar solo, was an international hit. A 1980 issue of "Current Biography" called it the most recognized tune since "Michelle" by The Beatles. In 1978 Geissman released his first solo album, "Good Stuff" (Concord Jazz), which featured fellow Northridge alumnus Gordon Goodwin on sax, Tom Ranier on piano, Bob Magnussen on bass guitar, and Steve Shaeffer on drums. Grant left Mangione's band in 1981 to pursue other endeavors, including his own Document [27] (Title: Bernie Leadon) singles, "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling" and "Witchy Woman" (co-written by Leadon and Henley), all of which highlighted Leadon's multi-instrumental talent on electric guitar, B-Bender, banjo, and harmony vocals. Their follow-up, "Desperado", was another strong country-rock venture highlighted by the classics "Tequila Sunrise" and the title track. Leadon had a prominent role on the album, but it was met by surprisingly lukewarm reviews and lackluster sales. As a result, the band attempted to distance itself from the "country rock" label for their third album "On the Border". In doing so, Leadon encouraged the group to recruit his old friend, Question: who sings lead vocals on peaceful easy feeling

Answer: Bernie Leadon Long Answer: "Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a song written by Jack Tempchin and recorded by the Eagles . It was the third single from the band's 1972 debut album Eagles . The single reached No. 22 on the charts and is one of the band's most popular songs . Glenn Frey sings the lead vocal, with Bernie Leadon providing the main harmony vocal (starting in the beginning of the second verse) and Randy Meisner completing this three - part harmony. Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pilot (Hot Streets)) It was produced by Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions, Stoopid Buddy Stoodios, and Williams Street. "Rick and Morty" co-creator Justin Roiland plays a cowardly talking dog, Chubby Webbers. Animation was created in Burbank, California by Stoopid Buddy Stoodios and Salty Dog Pictures in Ireland and produced using Toon Boom Harmony. In 2016, Adult Swim uploaded four television pilots: "Apollo Gauntlet", "Bad Guys", "The Hindenburg Explodes!", and "Hot Streets". Viewers were asked to vote with a ratings system ranging from "Laugh," "Boo," "Costanza," "Tomatoes," to "Kill This." French finds a ghostly baby head which bewilders him. Nonplussed, Branski answers a Document [2] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) every episode, and seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, the origins of "Rick and Morty", "inside the episode" material and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. "Game of Thrones" star Peter Dinklage and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss recorded audio commentary for the episode "Pickle Rick". Other guest commentaries include Marilyn Manson, Courtney Love, Russell Brand, and the winner of a crowdfunding campaign launched by Justin Roiland and Dan Document [3] (Title: Rixty Minutes) Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for the quality of modern television, he replaces the Smith family's Document [4] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered on December 2, 2013 with "Pilot" and ended on April 14, 2014 with "Ricksy Business", with a total of eleven episodes. The first season received critical acclaim. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Eric Bauza, Dan Harmon, Phil Hendrie, Brandon Johnson, Ryan Ridley, Document [5] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Adult Swim's history and was the top-rated comedy among millennials on television. The season received largely positive reviews, with many critics highlighting its focus on character development. The season has also received a number of awards and nominations, including the win of a Critics' Choice Award for Best Animated Series, and the show's first Emmy Award which it won for the third-season's standout episode "Pickle Rick", in the category for Outstanding Animated Program. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or Document [6] (Title: Morty Smith) ideas for a family element and Rick being a grandfather to Morty were developed. The character has received positive reception. VerbStomp described Morty as "Perhaps the picture of childhood innocence, or perhaps the product of parental neglect. Morty is unintelligent, skiddish [...] and distressed, likely due to his traumatic experiences while venturing into new worlds with Rick." Morty Smith Morty Smith is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Morty is an anxious teen based on Marty McFly from "Back to the Future". Known for Document [7] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) of the episode, drawing comparisons to "Doctor Who" and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", some of Harmon's inspirations. Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by Document [8] (Title: Justin Roiland) Comedy Central as "Blonde Craig". He now works as a voice actor, including voicing the title characters of "Rick and Morty", for which he is also co-creator, co-writer and executive producer with Dan Harmon. In addition, he has voiced several other characters in "Rick and Morty". Since 2010, he has co-hosted The Grandma's Virginity Podcast with "Rick and Morty" writer, Ryan Ridley, and "Steven Universe" producer, Jackie Buscarino. He stated at the "Rick and Morty" panel at San Diego Comic-Con International 2014 that one of his main influences was Pendleton Ward and that he enjoyed watching "The Ren & Stimpy Document [9] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) sauce once available at McDonald's as a promotional item for the film "Mulan". Rick is a polymath who is agnostic about scientific specialties; he seems to dabble in everything from electrical engineering to nanomedicine to quantum mechanics to nuclear biology. Rick has been stated to be pansexual by Justin Roiland, one of the show's creators and executive producers. This was shown in "Auto Erotic Assimilation", when Rick connects with Unity, an ex-lover who is a collective hive mind of assimilated individuals from the planet they occupy. Throughout the series, Rick's sexuality has also been heavily hinted at, mostly in his Document [10] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Beth Smith, and the grandfather of Morty and Summer Smith. He is said to have been away from the family for several years prior to the events of the show. He frequently travels on adventures through space and other planets and dimensions with his grandson Morty. In the third season of the show, it is revealed that he is 70 years old. Rick is portrayed as a mad scientist; utilizing his mathematical and scientific prowess in conjunction with apathy and egotistical cynicism, he emerges safely from any situation, regardless of the consequences of his self-preservation. Rick also, in some episodes, Document [11] (Title: Rick and Morty) to get up and go home and he said, 'Wait, if you go home, it might take us three months to write this thing. Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours.' He just had a premonition about that," recalled Harmon. Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices, partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty. Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo. Adult Swim placed a tamer TV-14 rating on the program, which initially was met with Document [12] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) season, both because he thought it was paced well, and due to the fact that he loved how insane it got in the end. Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen Document [13] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Jennings, Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, Ryan Ridley, Kari Wahlgren, John Kassir, Dawnn Lewis, Nolan North, Rob Paulsen, Gary Anthony Williams, Tony Barbieri, Kevin Michael Richardson, Jevin Smith, Tara Strong, Dan Benson, Dan Harmon, Jess Harnell, Phil Hendrie, William Holmes, Cassie Steele, Mike McCaffery, Brandon Johnson, James Atkinson, Rob Schrab and Arin Hanson. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season that began on July 26, 2015. Wes Archer, Dominic Polcino, Bryan Newton and Juan Meza-León served as directors, while series co-creators Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Matt Roller, David Phillips, Ryan Ridley, Mike McMahan, Tom Kauffman, Document [14] (Title: Rick and Morty) season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 "Rick and Morty" Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The show is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom and Australia, while the first three seasons are available to stream on Hulu. Following the conclusion of the show's Document [15] (Title: Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality) Detergent by combining the seed and baby-alien goo, and do the laundry to perfection. The idea for Owlchemy Labs to work on a virtual reality video game for "Rick and Morty" came after series co-creator Justin Roiland invited the development team to his residence to play games. The first drafts of dialog were written by Owlchemy Labs and rough voice recordings by CEO Alex Schwartz were sent to Roiland as a template for the final performance. "Virtual Rick-ality" was met with "generally favourable" reviews, according to Metacritic. Destructoid's Chris Carter thought the game exemplified the potential of virtual reality adventure Document [16] (Title: Rick and Morty) Rick and Morty Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures. The series premiered on December 2, 2013, and the third season concluded on October 1, 2017. In May 2018, the series was picked up for an additional 70 episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Roiland voices the eponymous characters, with Chris Document [17] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) times where he has been proven wrong. He is formally referred to as Rick Sanchez C-137 (alias: "Terror Rick") by the Trans-Dimensional Council of Ricks, in reference to his original universe, "C-137", and penchant for instigating wars with inter-galactic empires. Both Rick and Morty are voiced by Roiland. Volume 1 of the "Rick and Morty" comic series follows the Rick and Morty of Dimension C-132 while most issues of subsequent instalments follow the Rick and Morty of "C-137"; the video game "Pocket Mortys" follows the Rick and Morty of C-123. Rick Sanchez from Earth dimension C-137 is the father of Document [18] (Title: Rick Jones (voice actor)) Bears in the Land Without Feelings". Rick Jones (voice actor) Richard "Rick" Jones (born c. 1957) is a Canadian voice actor, voice director, writer, content developer and comedian. Since 1983, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1988 and 2003. During his early years, Rick obtained an undergrad in biology. Whilst he was working on a geology thesis, a friend from Carleton University working at the school radio station asked him to do a voice for an ad, which helped start Rick's career. His first work Document [19] (Title: Dan Harmon) In an interview on Collider writer, Adam Chitwood said, "The show ["Rick and Morty"] debuted in 2013 to a serious degree of anticipation, as it marked a new animated venture for "Community" creator Dan Harmon, but it was the marriage of Harmon's adeptness for structure and character and co-creator Justin Roiland's insanely creative/sometimes insane mind that made Rick and Morty much more than just another animated TV series for adults." Fans and critics have retroactively applied Harmon's Story Circle to other shows, such as "Breaking Bad". Harmon's technique has been adopted by Irish sitcom writer Graham Linehan, the creator of Document [20] (Title: Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality) Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality is a virtual reality game compatible with HTC Vive, Playstation VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs and published by Adult Swim Games for Microsoft Windows on April 20, 2017. It is based on the American animated series "Rick and Morty", whose series co-creator Justin Roiland aided in the development. A port for the PlayStation 4 has been released on April 10, 2018. Using HTC Vive, Playstation VR or Oculus Rift, the player controls V.R. Morty, the clone of Morty Smith, the grandson of mad scientist Rick Sanchez. The Document [21] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption", which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. As a result of production delays, the remaining episodes began airing weekly nearly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season comprised ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on October 1, 2017. The premiere picks up where the second-season finale left Document [22] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty) Rick Sanchez is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Sanchez is a genius misanthropic alcoholic scientist inspired by Emmett "Doc" Brown from "Back to the Future". Known for his reckless, nihilistic behavior and his rude, pessimistic personality, the character has been well received. He is a mad scientist who seems to know everything in the universe and thus finds life a traumatizing and pointless experience. However, despite assuming to be the smartest person in the universe, there have been Document [23] (Title: Rick and Morty) their children Summer and Morty, and Beth's father, Rick Sanchez, who lives with them as a guest. According to Justin Roiland, the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The adventures of "Rick and Morty", however, take place across an infinite number of realities, with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick's flying car. Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist, who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school, marriage, love, and family. He frequently goes on adventures with his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, a kind-hearted but easily distressed boy, whose Document [24] (Title: Acceptable.TV) composed of various Channel 101 contributors. The series is also known for the segments "Mr.sprinkles", created by Justin Roiland and produced by Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!, known for the creation of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty" Users would also be able to submit their own 2.5 minute mini-episodes. Each week five of the user-created shows would be selected by the show's creators and people would be allowed to vote for their favorite user-created episode. The mini-episode with the highest votes would be air on television alongside the staff created mini-episodes. Critical reception for the show was mixed, with Document [25] (Title: Morty Smith) Morty Smith Morty Smith is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Morty is an anxious teen based on Marty McFly from "Back to the Future". Known for his awkward, anxious, second-guessing, and doubtful personality, the character has been well-received. He is a young, good-natured, and impressionable boy who can be somewhat easily manipulated. He is formally referred to as Morty Smith C-137 by the Trans-Dimensional Council of Ricks, in reference to his original universe, "C-137". Both Morty and Rick are voiced by Roiland. Volume Document [26] (Title: Justin Roiland) and voice actor Justin Roiland. The studio is best known for producing "Rick and Morty" for Adult Swim. In August 2016, Roiland set up a video game studio, initially named Squanchtendo, and later renamed to Squanch Games in December 2017. Justin Roiland Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer and director. He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty", in which he voices the show's titular characters, the voice of Oscar on Disney Channel's "Fish Hooks", the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's "Adventure Time" and Document [27] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) see "Rick and Morty" join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes", and Justin Roiland added "I am blown away by the seemingly instant success of "Rick and Morty". I look forward to continuing their adventures!" In an October 2015 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Roiland revealed that the team had received a lot of scripts from female writers for the upcoming season, which had never happened before. He stated that "We've gone from having zero spec scripts [in the running from female] candidates, to having five or six of them, so it's looking very likely that season Document [28] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by about 1.1 million viewers when airing. Rick establishes himself as a bad influence on his grandson Morty when it Document [29] (Title: Rick and Morty) vary from one reality to another. The show's original Rick identifies himself as "Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C-137", in reference to his original universe, but this does not necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household. For instance, in the first-season episode "Rick Potion #9", after turning the entire world population into monsters, Rick and Morty move to a different dimension, leaving Summer, Beth and Jerry behind. Following the conclusion of the third season, co-creators Harmon and Roiland wanted to have assurance that there would be many more seasons of "Rick and Morty" in the future, so Document [30] (Title: Rixty Minutes) shows (especially improvised ones), the output is hit or miss." Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for Document [31] (Title: Justin Roiland) Justin Roiland Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer and director. He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty", in which he voices the show's titular characters, the voice of Oscar on Disney Channel's "Fish Hooks", the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's "Adventure Time" and Blendin Blandin on "Gravity Falls". Roiland grew up on an almond orchard in Manteca, California. He attended Sierra High School for all of his time in high school up to the first quarter of his senior year and then transferred Document [32] (Title: Rick and Morty) that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects. After prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators in May 2018, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Talking about the upcoming fourth season a few months earlier, Harmon had said that he wishes for it to consist of more than ten episodes, and writer Ryan Ridley had said that he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019. "Rick and Morty" was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo Document [33] (Title: Morty Smith) than his grandfather in terms of understanding people's feelings, and is capable of explosive anger and moral outrage in objection to Rick's attitude and actions. The character was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, who first met at Channel 101 in the early 2000s. In 2006, Roiland created "The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti", an animated short parodying the "Back to the Future" characters Doc Brown and Marty McFly, and the precursor to "Rick and Morty". The idea for "Rick and Morty", in the form of "Doc and Mharti" was brought up to Adult Swim, and the Document [34] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise. Adult Swim renewed "Rick and Morty" for a third season on August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere. Talking about the renewal, the two co-creators and executive producers expressed their delight at the series' popularity. Dan Harmon stated that it is "an honor to Document [35] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) backstory. The character was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, who first met at Channel 101 in the early 2000s. In 2006, Roiland created "The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti", an animated short parodying the "Back to the Future" characters Doc Brown and Marty McFly, and the precursor to "Rick and Morty". The idea for "Rick and Morty", in the form of "Doc and Mharti" was brought up to Adult Swim, and the ideas for a family element and Rick being a grandfather to Morty were developed. Roiland considers his voice for Rick to be a "horrible Document [36] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Kari Wahlgren, Melique Berger, Jess Harnell, Smith Harrison, Maurice LaMarche, Rob Paulsen, Jesse Mendel, Dan Benson, Jackie Buscarino, Echo Kellum, Patricia Lentz, Rob Schrab, Gary Anthony Williams, Steve Agee, Tom Kenny, Vatche Panos, Cree Summer, Reagan Gomez, Megan Adams, Will Jennings, Finnegan Perry, Jeff Bergman, Adam Ray, Scott Chernoff, Rich Fulcher, Tress MacNeille, Nolan North, Alejandra Gollas, Lauren Hillman and Chris Romano. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Series co-creator Justin Roiland, John Rice, Jeff Myers, Bryan Newton and Stephen Sandoval served as directors, while Roiland, series co-creator Dan Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph and Eric Acosta served as writers; writer's assistant Mike Document [37] (Title: Dan Harmon) SXSW on March 8, 2014. Harmon and co-showrunner, Justin Roiland, began developing ideas for an animated show during Harmon's yearlong break from "Community". For its fall 2012 season, Adult Swim ordered a 30-minute animated pilot from Harmon and Roiland. The pilot, "Rick and Morty", is about the adventures of a brilliant but mean-spirited inventor and his less-than-genius grandson. The show premiered on December 2, 2013 and was renewed for a second season. The series' third season concluded in October 2017. Harmon voiced the recurring character of Bird Person. In May 2018, Rick and Morty was renewed for a further 70 Document [38] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "tend to suck all the oxygen out of the virtual room." Series co-creator Justin Roiland said on his Twitter account that he sees more good than bad in the series' fanbase, and chooses to focus on that. "Rick and Morty" received a total of eight nominations for its third season in 2017 and 2018, of which it won an IGN Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award, both in the categories for "Best Animated Series". Furthermore, the episode "Pickle Rick" received three nominations, of which it won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program" and an Annie Award for "Best Document [39] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October 4 with "The Wedding Squanchers". This season aired a total of ten episodes. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Jay Johnson, Tom Kenny, Jill Talley, Paul F. Tompkins, Scott Chernoff, Ryan Elder, Will Document [40] (Title: Rick and Morty) inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series. Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters, renamed Rick and Morty. Roiland initially wanted the show's run time to consist of one eleven-minute segment, but Adult Swim pushed for a half-hour program. Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters, while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty's grandfather. Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground, Roiland was initially very unreceptive to Document [41] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen by about 1.7 million viewers when airing. The title of the episode is in reference to the 1959 song "Love Potion No. 9" by Document [42] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production". With two nominations, "The Ricklantis Mixup" was another awarded episode of the season, that won its writers Ryan Ridley and Dan Guterman an Annie Award for "Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production". Justin Roiland won an IGN Award for "Best Comedic TV Performance", while Christian Slater was nominated for a BTVA Voice Acting Award for his performance in "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender". Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Document [43] (Title: Rick Jones (voice actor)) Rick Jones (voice actor) Richard "Rick" Jones (born c. 1957) is a Canadian voice actor, voice director, writer, content developer and comedian. Since 1983, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1988 and 2003. During his early years, Rick obtained an undergrad in biology. Whilst he was working on a geology thesis, a friend from Carleton University working at the school radio station asked him to do a voice for an ad, which helped start Rick's career. His first work was in the special "The Care Document [44] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty) Rick Sanchez is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Sanchez is a genius misanthropic alcoholic scientist inspired by Emmett "Doc" Brown from "Back to the Future". Known for his reckless, nihilistic behavior and his rude, pessimistic personality, the character has been well received. He is a mad scientist who seems to know everything in the universe and thus finds life a traumatizing and pointless experience. However, despite assuming to be the smartest person in the universe, there have been Document [45] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Doc Brown manic impression". The character has received positive reception. Speaking of Rick's relatability and likability, Dan Harmon stated that "we’ve all been Rick. But Rick really does have bigger fish to fry than anybody. He understands everything better than us. So you give him the right to be jaded and dismissive and narcissistic and sociopathic". Emily Gaudette of "Inverse" wrote that fans have "come to love [Rick] over two seasons of misadventures". David Sims of "The Atlantic" noted Rick's "bitter amorality" and called the character "a genius who comfortably thinks of himself as the universe's cleverest man and is Question: who does rick's voice on rick and morty Answer: Justin Roiland Long Answer: Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American voice actor, animator, writer, producer, and director . He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of the Adult Swim animated series Rick and Morty, in which he voices both of the show's eponymous characters, the voice of Oscar on the Disney Channel's animated television show Fish Hooks, as well as the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's Adventure Time, and several characters (most notably the character of Blendin Blandin) on Gravity Falls. Gold Document ID: 44

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pilot (Hot Streets)) It was produced by Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions, Stoopid Buddy Stoodios, and Williams Street. "Rick and Morty" co-creator Justin Roiland plays a cowardly talking dog, Chubby Webbers. Animation was created in Burbank, California by Stoopid Buddy Stoodios and Salty Dog Pictures in Ireland and produced using Toon Boom Harmony. In 2016, Adult Swim uploaded four television pilots: "Apollo Gauntlet", "Bad Guys", "The Hindenburg Explodes!", and "Hot Streets". Viewers were asked to vote with a ratings system ranging from "Laugh," "Boo," "Costanza," "Tomatoes," to "Kill This." French finds a ghostly baby head which bewilders him. Nonplussed, Branski answers a Document [2] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) every episode, and seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, the origins of "Rick and Morty", "inside the episode" material and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. "Game of Thrones" star Peter Dinklage and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss recorded audio commentary for the episode "Pickle Rick". Other guest commentaries include Marilyn Manson, Courtney Love, Russell Brand, and the winner of a crowdfunding campaign launched by Justin Roiland and Dan Document [3] (Title: Rixty Minutes) Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for the quality of modern television, he replaces the Smith family's Document [4] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered on December 2, 2013 with "Pilot" and ended on April 14, 2014 with "Ricksy Business", with a total of eleven episodes. The first season received critical acclaim. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Eric Bauza, Dan Harmon, Phil Hendrie, Brandon Johnson, Ryan Ridley, Document [5] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Adult Swim's history and was the top-rated comedy among millennials on television. The season received largely positive reviews, with many critics highlighting its focus on character development. The season has also received a number of awards and nominations, including the win of a Critics' Choice Award for Best Animated Series, and the show's first Emmy Award which it won for the third-season's standout episode "Pickle Rick", in the category for Outstanding Animated Program. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or Document [6] (Title: Morty Smith) ideas for a family element and Rick being a grandfather to Morty were developed. The character has received positive reception. VerbStomp described Morty as "Perhaps the picture of childhood innocence, or perhaps the product of parental neglect. Morty is unintelligent, skiddish [...] and distressed, likely due to his traumatic experiences while venturing into new worlds with Rick." Morty Smith Morty Smith is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Morty is an anxious teen based on Marty McFly from "Back to the Future". Known for Document [7] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) of the episode, drawing comparisons to "Doctor Who" and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", some of Harmon's inspirations. Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by Document [8] (Title: Justin Roiland) Comedy Central as "Blonde Craig". He now works as a voice actor, including voicing the title characters of "Rick and Morty", for which he is also co-creator, co-writer and executive producer with Dan Harmon. In addition, he has voiced several other characters in "Rick and Morty". Since 2010, he has co-hosted The Grandma's Virginity Podcast with "Rick and Morty" writer, Ryan Ridley, and "Steven Universe" producer, Jackie Buscarino. He stated at the "Rick and Morty" panel at San Diego Comic-Con International 2014 that one of his main influences was Pendleton Ward and that he enjoyed watching "The Ren & Stimpy Document [9] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) sauce once available at McDonald's as a promotional item for the film "Mulan". Rick is a polymath who is agnostic about scientific specialties; he seems to dabble in everything from electrical engineering to nanomedicine to quantum mechanics to nuclear biology. Rick has been stated to be pansexual by Justin Roiland, one of the show's creators and executive producers. This was shown in "Auto Erotic Assimilation", when Rick connects with Unity, an ex-lover who is a collective hive mind of assimilated individuals from the planet they occupy. Throughout the series, Rick's sexuality has also been heavily hinted at, mostly in his Document [10] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Beth Smith, and the grandfather of Morty and Summer Smith. He is said to have been away from the family for several years prior to the events of the show. He frequently travels on adventures through space and other planets and dimensions with his grandson Morty. In the third season of the show, it is revealed that he is 70 years old. Rick is portrayed as a mad scientist; utilizing his mathematical and scientific prowess in conjunction with apathy and egotistical cynicism, he emerges safely from any situation, regardless of the consequences of his self-preservation. Rick also, in some episodes, Document [11] (Title: Rick and Morty) to get up and go home and he said, 'Wait, if you go home, it might take us three months to write this thing. Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours.' He just had a premonition about that," recalled Harmon. Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices, partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty. Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo. Adult Swim placed a tamer TV-14 rating on the program, which initially was met with Document [12] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) season, both because he thought it was paced well, and due to the fact that he loved how insane it got in the end. Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen Document [13] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Jennings, Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, Ryan Ridley, Kari Wahlgren, John Kassir, Dawnn Lewis, Nolan North, Rob Paulsen, Gary Anthony Williams, Tony Barbieri, Kevin Michael Richardson, Jevin Smith, Tara Strong, Dan Benson, Dan Harmon, Jess Harnell, Phil Hendrie, William Holmes, Cassie Steele, Mike McCaffery, Brandon Johnson, James Atkinson, Rob Schrab and Arin Hanson. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season that began on July 26, 2015. Wes Archer, Dominic Polcino, Bryan Newton and Juan Meza-León served as directors, while series co-creators Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Matt Roller, David Phillips, Ryan Ridley, Mike McMahan, Tom Kauffman, Document [14] (Title: Rick and Morty) season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 "Rick and Morty" Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The show is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom and Australia, while the first three seasons are available to stream on Hulu. Following the conclusion of the show's Document [15] (Title: Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality) Detergent by combining the seed and baby-alien goo, and do the laundry to perfection. The idea for Owlchemy Labs to work on a virtual reality video game for "Rick and Morty" came after series co-creator Justin Roiland invited the development team to his residence to play games. The first drafts of dialog were written by Owlchemy Labs and rough voice recordings by CEO Alex Schwartz were sent to Roiland as a template for the final performance. "Virtual Rick-ality" was met with "generally favourable" reviews, according to Metacritic. Destructoid's Chris Carter thought the game exemplified the potential of virtual reality adventure Document [16] (Title: Rick and Morty) Rick and Morty Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures. The series premiered on December 2, 2013, and the third season concluded on October 1, 2017. In May 2018, the series was picked up for an additional 70 episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Roiland voices the eponymous characters, with Chris Document [17] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) times where he has been proven wrong. He is formally referred to as Rick Sanchez C-137 (alias: "Terror Rick") by the Trans-Dimensional Council of Ricks, in reference to his original universe, "C-137", and penchant for instigating wars with inter-galactic empires. Both Rick and Morty are voiced by Roiland. Volume 1 of the "Rick and Morty" comic series follows the Rick and Morty of Dimension C-132 while most issues of subsequent instalments follow the Rick and Morty of "C-137"; the video game "Pocket Mortys" follows the Rick and Morty of C-123. Rick Sanchez from Earth dimension C-137 is the father of Document [18] (Title: Rick Jones (voice actor)) Bears in the Land Without Feelings". Rick Jones (voice actor) Richard "Rick" Jones (born c. 1957) is a Canadian voice actor, voice director, writer, content developer and comedian. Since 1983, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1988 and 2003. During his early years, Rick obtained an undergrad in biology. Whilst he was working on a geology thesis, a friend from Carleton University working at the school radio station asked him to do a voice for an ad, which helped start Rick's career. His first work Document [19] (Title: Dan Harmon) In an interview on Collider writer, Adam Chitwood said, "The show ["Rick and Morty"] debuted in 2013 to a serious degree of anticipation, as it marked a new animated venture for "Community" creator Dan Harmon, but it was the marriage of Harmon's adeptness for structure and character and co-creator Justin Roiland's insanely creative/sometimes insane mind that made Rick and Morty much more than just another animated TV series for adults." Fans and critics have retroactively applied Harmon's Story Circle to other shows, such as "Breaking Bad". Harmon's technique has been adopted by Irish sitcom writer Graham Linehan, the creator of Document [20] (Title: Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality) Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality is a virtual reality game compatible with HTC Vive, Playstation VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs and published by Adult Swim Games for Microsoft Windows on April 20, 2017. It is based on the American animated series "Rick and Morty", whose series co-creator Justin Roiland aided in the development. A port for the PlayStation 4 has been released on April 10, 2018. Using HTC Vive, Playstation VR or Oculus Rift, the player controls V.R. Morty, the clone of Morty Smith, the grandson of mad scientist Rick Sanchez. The Document [21] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption", which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. As a result of production delays, the remaining episodes began airing weekly nearly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season comprised ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on October 1, 2017. The premiere picks up where the second-season finale left Document [22] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty) Rick Sanchez is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Sanchez is a genius misanthropic alcoholic scientist inspired by Emmett "Doc" Brown from "Back to the Future". Known for his reckless, nihilistic behavior and his rude, pessimistic personality, the character has been well received. He is a mad scientist who seems to know everything in the universe and thus finds life a traumatizing and pointless experience. However, despite assuming to be the smartest person in the universe, there have been Document [23] (Title: Rick and Morty) their children Summer and Morty, and Beth's father, Rick Sanchez, who lives with them as a guest. According to Justin Roiland, the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The adventures of "Rick and Morty", however, take place across an infinite number of realities, with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick's flying car. Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist, who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school, marriage, love, and family. He frequently goes on adventures with his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, a kind-hearted but easily distressed boy, whose Document [24] (Title: Acceptable.TV) composed of various Channel 101 contributors. The series is also known for the segments "Mr.sprinkles", created by Justin Roiland and produced by Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!, known for the creation of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty" Users would also be able to submit their own 2.5 minute mini-episodes. Each week five of the user-created shows would be selected by the show's creators and people would be allowed to vote for their favorite user-created episode. The mini-episode with the highest votes would be air on television alongside the staff created mini-episodes. Critical reception for the show was mixed, with Document [25] (Title: Morty Smith) Morty Smith Morty Smith is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Morty is an anxious teen based on Marty McFly from "Back to the Future". Known for his awkward, anxious, second-guessing, and doubtful personality, the character has been well-received. He is a young, good-natured, and impressionable boy who can be somewhat easily manipulated. He is formally referred to as Morty Smith C-137 by the Trans-Dimensional Council of Ricks, in reference to his original universe, "C-137". Both Morty and Rick are voiced by Roiland. Volume Document [26] (Title: Justin Roiland) and voice actor Justin Roiland. The studio is best known for producing "Rick and Morty" for Adult Swim. In August 2016, Roiland set up a video game studio, initially named Squanchtendo, and later renamed to Squanch Games in December 2017. Justin Roiland Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer and director. He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty", in which he voices the show's titular characters, the voice of Oscar on Disney Channel's "Fish Hooks", the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's "Adventure Time" and Document [27] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) see "Rick and Morty" join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes", and Justin Roiland added "I am blown away by the seemingly instant success of "Rick and Morty". I look forward to continuing their adventures!" In an October 2015 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Roiland revealed that the team had received a lot of scripts from female writers for the upcoming season, which had never happened before. He stated that "We've gone from having zero spec scripts [in the running from female] candidates, to having five or six of them, so it's looking very likely that season Document [28] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by about 1.1 million viewers when airing. Rick establishes himself as a bad influence on his grandson Morty when it Document [29] (Title: Rick and Morty) vary from one reality to another. The show's original Rick identifies himself as "Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C-137", in reference to his original universe, but this does not necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household. For instance, in the first-season episode "Rick Potion #9", after turning the entire world population into monsters, Rick and Morty move to a different dimension, leaving Summer, Beth and Jerry behind. Following the conclusion of the third season, co-creators Harmon and Roiland wanted to have assurance that there would be many more seasons of "Rick and Morty" in the future, so Document [30] (Title: Rixty Minutes) shows (especially improvised ones), the output is hit or miss." Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for Document [31] (Title: Justin Roiland) Justin Roiland Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer and director. He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty", in which he voices the show's titular characters, the voice of Oscar on Disney Channel's "Fish Hooks", the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's "Adventure Time" and Blendin Blandin on "Gravity Falls". Roiland grew up on an almond orchard in Manteca, California. He attended Sierra High School for all of his time in high school up to the first quarter of his senior year and then transferred Document [32] (Title: Rick and Morty) that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects. After prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators in May 2018, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Talking about the upcoming fourth season a few months earlier, Harmon had said that he wishes for it to consist of more than ten episodes, and writer Ryan Ridley had said that he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019. "Rick and Morty" was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo Document [33] (Title: Morty Smith) than his grandfather in terms of understanding people's feelings, and is capable of explosive anger and moral outrage in objection to Rick's attitude and actions. The character was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, who first met at Channel 101 in the early 2000s. In 2006, Roiland created "The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti", an animated short parodying the "Back to the Future" characters Doc Brown and Marty McFly, and the precursor to "Rick and Morty". The idea for "Rick and Morty", in the form of "Doc and Mharti" was brought up to Adult Swim, and the Document [34] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise. Adult Swim renewed "Rick and Morty" for a third season on August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere. Talking about the renewal, the two co-creators and executive producers expressed their delight at the series' popularity. Dan Harmon stated that it is "an honor to Document [35] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) backstory. The character was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, who first met at Channel 101 in the early 2000s. In 2006, Roiland created "The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti", an animated short parodying the "Back to the Future" characters Doc Brown and Marty McFly, and the precursor to "Rick and Morty". The idea for "Rick and Morty", in the form of "Doc and Mharti" was brought up to Adult Swim, and the ideas for a family element and Rick being a grandfather to Morty were developed. Roiland considers his voice for Rick to be a "horrible Document [36] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Kari Wahlgren, Melique Berger, Jess Harnell, Smith Harrison, Maurice LaMarche, Rob Paulsen, Jesse Mendel, Dan Benson, Jackie Buscarino, Echo Kellum, Patricia Lentz, Rob Schrab, Gary Anthony Williams, Steve Agee, Tom Kenny, Vatche Panos, Cree Summer, Reagan Gomez, Megan Adams, Will Jennings, Finnegan Perry, Jeff Bergman, Adam Ray, Scott Chernoff, Rich Fulcher, Tress MacNeille, Nolan North, Alejandra Gollas, Lauren Hillman and Chris Romano. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Series co-creator Justin Roiland, John Rice, Jeff Myers, Bryan Newton and Stephen Sandoval served as directors, while Roiland, series co-creator Dan Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph and Eric Acosta served as writers; writer's assistant Mike Document [37] (Title: Dan Harmon) SXSW on March 8, 2014. Harmon and co-showrunner, Justin Roiland, began developing ideas for an animated show during Harmon's yearlong break from "Community". For its fall 2012 season, Adult Swim ordered a 30-minute animated pilot from Harmon and Roiland. The pilot, "Rick and Morty", is about the adventures of a brilliant but mean-spirited inventor and his less-than-genius grandson. The show premiered on December 2, 2013 and was renewed for a second season. The series' third season concluded in October 2017. Harmon voiced the recurring character of Bird Person. In May 2018, Rick and Morty was renewed for a further 70 Document [38] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "tend to suck all the oxygen out of the virtual room." Series co-creator Justin Roiland said on his Twitter account that he sees more good than bad in the series' fanbase, and chooses to focus on that. "Rick and Morty" received a total of eight nominations for its third season in 2017 and 2018, of which it won an IGN Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award, both in the categories for "Best Animated Series". Furthermore, the episode "Pickle Rick" received three nominations, of which it won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program" and an Annie Award for "Best Document [39] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October 4 with "The Wedding Squanchers". This season aired a total of ten episodes. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Jay Johnson, Tom Kenny, Jill Talley, Paul F. Tompkins, Scott Chernoff, Ryan Elder, Will Document [40] (Title: Rick and Morty) inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series. Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters, renamed Rick and Morty. Roiland initially wanted the show's run time to consist of one eleven-minute segment, but Adult Swim pushed for a half-hour program. Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters, while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty's grandfather. Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground, Roiland was initially very unreceptive to Document [41] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen by about 1.7 million viewers when airing. The title of the episode is in reference to the 1959 song "Love Potion No. 9" by Document [42] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production". With two nominations, "The Ricklantis Mixup" was another awarded episode of the season, that won its writers Ryan Ridley and Dan Guterman an Annie Award for "Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production". Justin Roiland won an IGN Award for "Best Comedic TV Performance", while Christian Slater was nominated for a BTVA Voice Acting Award for his performance in "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender". Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Document [43] (Title: Rick Jones (voice actor)) Rick Jones (voice actor) Richard "Rick" Jones (born c. 1957) is a Canadian voice actor, voice director, writer, content developer and comedian. Since 1983, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1988 and 2003. During his early years, Rick obtained an undergrad in biology. Whilst he was working on a geology thesis, a friend from Carleton University working at the school radio station asked him to do a voice for an ad, which helped start Rick's career. His first work was in the special "The Care Document [44] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty) Rick Sanchez is one of the title characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Sanchez is a genius misanthropic alcoholic scientist inspired by Emmett "Doc" Brown from "Back to the Future". Known for his reckless, nihilistic behavior and his rude, pessimistic personality, the character has been well received. He is a mad scientist who seems to know everything in the universe and thus finds life a traumatizing and pointless experience. However, despite assuming to be the smartest person in the universe, there have been Document [45] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Doc Brown manic impression". The character has received positive reception. Speaking of Rick's relatability and likability, Dan Harmon stated that "we’ve all been Rick. But Rick really does have bigger fish to fry than anybody. He understands everything better than us. So you give him the right to be jaded and dismissive and narcissistic and sociopathic". Emily Gaudette of "Inverse" wrote that fans have "come to love [Rick] over two seasons of misadventures". David Sims of "The Atlantic" noted Rick's "bitter amorality" and called the character "a genius who comfortably thinks of himself as the universe's cleverest man and is Question: who does rick's voice on rick and morty

Answer: Justin Roiland Long Answer: Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American voice actor, animator, writer, producer, and director . He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of the Adult Swim animated series Rick and Morty, in which he voices both of the show's eponymous characters, the voice of Oscar on the Disney Channel's animated television show Fish Hooks, as well as the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network's Adventure Time, and several characters (most notably the character of Blendin Blandin) on Gravity Falls. Gold Document ID: 44

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of television) notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the Document [2] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Super Bowl XLIII, there will be less of a chance of an acute hardware shortage from people waiting until the last minute to purchase an ATSC tuner than there would have been with a January 1 cutoff. The original deadline of January 1, 2006 was abolished when it was realized that TV stations and customers would not be able to meet the earlier deadline. In March 2008, the FCC requested public comment on turning the bandwidth currently occupied by analog television channels 5 and 6 (76–88 MHz) over to extending the FM broadcast band when the digital television transition was Document [3] (Title: KJRH-TV) station in the Tulsa market to transmit a digital broadcast feed. That day, it became the first television station in the Tulsa market to broadcast local content in high definition, when it televised station promotions filmed in the format that aired during NBC's coverage of the 2002 Winter Olympics. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal operated on a high-band UHF channel (in the 52 Document [4] (Title: Terrestrial television) December 2009. Two member states (not specified in the announcement) have expressed concerns that they might not be able to proceed to the switchover by 2012 due to technical limitations; the rest of the EU member states had stopped analogue television transmissions by the end 2012. Many countries are developing and evaluating digital terrestrial television systems. Australia has adopted the DVB-T standard and the government's industry regulator, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, has mandated that all analogue transmissions will cease by 2012. Mandated digital conversion started early in 2009 with a graduated program. The first centre to experience analog Document [5] (Title: Television in the United States) 12 of that year (originally set for February 17, before Congress delayed it due to concerns about national household penetration of digital television by viewers reliant on antennas for receive programming in advance the transition). Low-power television stations originally had until September 2015 to terminate analog broadcasts, a deadline that was later postponed and currently is slated to take effect in April 2021; most have already transitioned to digital as of 2014, with the exception of the "87.7 FM" outlets, which operate primarily as radio stations by using the audio of analog channel 6 to broadcast to FM radios. There Document [6] (Title: WMYV) in that deal, which were predicated on the closure of the Sinclair–Tribune merger. WMYV previously carried TheCoolTV until August 31, 2012, when parent company Sinclair dropped the network from 35 of its stations. On February 2, 2009, Sinclair told cable and satellite television providers via e-mail that regardless of the exact mandatory switchover date to digital-only broadcasting for full-power stations (which Congress rescheduled for June 12 days later), the station would shut down its analog signal on the original transition date of February 17, making WMYV and WXLV the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. Document [7] (Title: Television in the United States) being the standard transmission method for over-the-air broadcasts. The major broadcast networks began transitioning to recording their programs in high definition (HD); prime time programs were the first to convert to the format, with daytime shows eventually being converted to HD beginning in the mid-2000s; the upgrade to full high-definition network schedules, at least among the conventional English language broadcast networks, was fully completed by September 2014 when the last standard-definition programs upgraded to HD. A law passed by Congress in 2006 required over-the-air stations to cease analog broadcasts in 2009, with the end of analog television arriving on June Document [8] (Title: KFOX-TV) shutting down its analog feed at 6:25 a.m., 12:25 and 6:25 p.m. that day to prepare viewers for the pending digital television transition the following month by make sure they had necessary equipment to be able to continue receiving the station post-transition. KFOX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 14, at midnight on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the Document [9] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) size, until full national coverage is reached on December 31, 2015. At that point analog broadcasts will officially end. In the United States on 12 June 2009, all full-power U.S. television broadcasts became exclusively digital, under the Digital Television and Public Safety Act of 2005. Furthermore, since 1 March 2007, new television sets that receive signals over the air, including pocket-sized portable televisions, include ATSC digital tuners for digital broadcasts. Prior to 12 June 2009, most U.S. broadcasters were transmitting in both analog and digital formats; a few were digital only. Most U.S. stations were not permitted to shut down Document [10] (Title: Analog television) analog broadcasts on 31 August 2011. China is scheduled to end analog broadcasting between 2015 and 2018, due to the large size of the country. Brazil switched to digital television on 2 December 2007 in its major cities. It is now estimated that Brazil will end analog broadcasting in 2023. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission (MCMC) advertised for tender bids to be submitted in the third quarter of 2009 for the 470 through 742 MHz UHF allocation, to enable Malaysia's broadcast system to move into DTV. The new broadcast band allocation would result in Malaysia's having to Document [11] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) terminated at 12:30pm, on 31 July 2013 in the central part of Hungary, and October 2013 in the rest of the country. M1, M2, Duna TV, Duna World, RTL Klub, TV2 and Euronews are available as free-view. M1, M2 and Duna TV are also available in HD. On both of the 2013 shutoff dates, all analog channels ceased normal programming at 12:30pm and showed a silent ASO information screen that has a phone number to call for help. It was kept on for a few days, after which the analog transmitters are permanently shut down. In Ireland DTT has been Document [12] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines In the Philippines, digital terrestrial television (DTT) services are in development by the major broadcasting companies of the Philippines. The Philippines uses the American NTSC standard for analog television since color television arrived in November 1966. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) announced in June 2010 that the Philippines would use the Japanese ISDB-T standard for DTT, and issued a circular stating that the country's broadcasters must discontinue their analog services by the transition deadline of 11:59 p.m. (Philippine Standard Time, UTC+8) on December 31, 2015. But due to delay of the release of the Document [13] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) will be allowed to use their analog signal to inform unprepared viewers of the new transition date, or for emergency situations such as severe weather (called "nightlighting"). The FCC concluded that the other 123 stations who applied present a "significant risk of substantial public harm," if they go all digital on February 17. The FCC stated "We considered the presence of major networks and their affiliates critical to ensuring that viewers have access to local news and public affairs available over the air because the major network affiliates are the primary source of local broadcast news and public affairs programming". Document [14] (Title: WBBH-TV) WBBH-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 20, on February 17, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). As part of the SAFER Act, WBBH-TV kept its analog signal on the air until February 21 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Digital television receivers display the Document [15] (Title: Analog television) a well insulated high voltage multiplier unit. The high frequency (15 kHz or so) of the horizontal scanning allows reasonably small components to be used. The first country to make a wholesale switch to digital over-the-air (terrestrial television) broadcasting was Luxembourg in 2006, followed later in 2006 by the Netherlands; in 2007 by Finland, Andorra, Sweden and Switzerland; in 2008 by Belgium (Flanders) and Germany; in 2009 by the United States (high power stations), southern Canada, the Isle of Man, Norway, and Denmark. In 2010, Belgium (Wallonia), Spain, Wales, Latvia, Estonia, the Channel Islands, San Marino, Croatia and Slovenia; in Document [16] (Title: WITI (TV)) WITI shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 33. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. As part of the SAFER Act, WITI kept its analog signal on the air until June 25 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of English and Spanish Document [17] (Title: WVII-TV) since 2001; however, National Football League rules required WVII to show them on tape delay, despite several efforts by the station to carry live telecasts. WVII has been digital-only since February 17, 2009, the original date when all television stations in the United States transitioned from analog broadcasts to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (the date would later change to June 12, 2009). Initially, the digital signal remained on UHF channel 14 (where it broadcast before the transition), but it subsequently returned to its former analog channel, 7. The station received national attention when the station's main anchor team, Cindy Document [18] (Title: KGW) 29. On July 18, 2008 at 6:14 p.m., KGW conducted a test for viewers to determine whether their television sets were ready for the digital transition by turning off its analog signal for 10 seconds, which the station conducted other times through the spring of 2009. In early 2009, KGW, along with other stations that had already added digital television technology, began broadcasting on its digital channel and those without cable or satellite service could purchase "DTA" (Digital to Analog) converter boxes. The U.S. government distributed credit-card "coupons" to get as much as a $50 discount on the boxes, with Document [19] (Title: WLVI) official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 41. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 56, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. On February 15, 2017, Sunbeam Television owner Ed Ansin told "The Boston Globe" that he had sold WLVI's broadcast frequency in the FCC's spectrum auction for Document [20] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) made this conversion by August 31, 2011, a handful of stations had delays and were permitted to remain broadcasting in analog. In February 2012, CFTU-TV converted its transmitter to digital, marking the last of the mandatory market transmitters planned to become digital, to finally make the switch. This left 23 CBC and SRC rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets being required to transition to digital by August 31, 2012, though the CBC shut down all of its remaining analog television transmitters on July 31, 2012, with no further transmitters made digital. Following the August 31, 2011 deadline, some channels requested to Document [21] (Title: Analog television) The first commercial television systems were black-and-white; the beginning of color television was in the 1950s. A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance (in a color system), synchronization (horizontal and vertical), and audio signals, and broadcast them over a radio transmission. The transmission system must include a means of television channel selection. Analog broadcast television systems come in a variety of frame rates and resolutions. Further differences exist in the frequency and modulation of the audio carrier. The monochrome combinations still existing in the 1950s are standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as capital letters A through Document [22] (Title: KGW) a limit of two coupons per household. The boxes would accept the digital signal and convert it back to analog so that older televisions could pick up the signal. It is estimated that 20% of television watching households in the Portland area use the over-the-air signal for TV services, making the coupon program very popular in Portland. KGW shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, at 3:04 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated Document [23] (Title: KUPU) FCC finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997 , the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television signal. On January 15, 2009, KUPU shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 15, on January 15, 2009, the date in which full-power television stations in Hawaii transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts (six months earlier than the June 12 transition date for stations on the U.S. mainland). The station flash-cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 15; its former analog channel 56 was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed Document [24] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) to broadcast beyond December 31, 2010 and all certified digital broadcast providers will relinquish their individual analog frequencies upon the termination of its analog television broadcast transmission by 11:59 p.m., December 31, 2015. However, since the last quarter of 2014, the digitization deadline has been postponed to 2019 and should be expected that all analog broadcasts will be shut off on December 31, 2023. Certain mobile phones and tablets carry the ability to receive digital TV signals. The following brands are: With the advent of digital streaming systems at the start of mid-2010s, there are active video streaming services available Document [25] (Title: Analog television) in Carmarthenshire. </REF> The Digital television transition in the United States for high-powered transmission was completed on 12 June 2009, the date that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set. Almost two million households could no longer watch television because they had not prepared for the transition. The switchover had been delayed by the DTV Delay Act. While the majority of the viewers of over-the-air broadcast television in the U.S. watch full-power stations (which number about 1800), there are three other categories of television stations in the U.S.: low-power broadcasting stations, class A stations, and television translator stations. They were given Document [26] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 1.5 million, 1.3 percent, and after nearly 2 months, the number was down to just over one million, or 1.1 percent. As of August 30, 2009, the number was 710,000, as 572,000 had upgraded in August and 1.8 million since June 12. In some cases where digital frequencies moved, people have been advised not only to re-scan but to "double-scan", in order to clear outdated information from the digital TV or converter box memory. Calls to the FCC decreased from 43,000 a day in the week ending June 15 to 21,000 the next week. Reception problems, representing nearly a third Document [27] (Title: High-definition video) (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard (which included both HD and SD video standards) in 1996, with the first broadcasts on October 28, 1998. In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting. High definition Document [28] (Title: KXAS-TV) kept its analog signal on the air starting with a brief test pattern at 12:00 p.m. that day, followed by a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) to inform viewers of the digital transition. The analog signal remained in lame-duck operation until June 26. On March 14, 2018, it was announced that the station's parent NBC Owned Television Stations and telecommunication giant T-Mobile US is having an agreement to accelerate of relocating their 600 MHz spectrum of the station to its new frequency in the end of May, instead of the original FCC deadline Document [29] (Title: Digital television adapter) its model connected to a Zenith TV from 1980, while Thomson Consumer Electronics used an RCA TV from 1987 for its demonstration. Both boxes shown used electronic program guides using Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP). The devices showed program details, V-chip ratings and signal strength. Thomson's model stored three days of TV listings, allowed parental controls, and could set a VCR. Cable TV systems are under no deadline to convert to digital TV. However, many Comcast (and some other cable TV) customers are finding all of their non-local and non-shopping networks eliminated on various dates, even though only a Document [30] (Title: Digital television transition) broadcasts. In the United States, the government subsidized the purchase of such boxes for consumers via their coupon-eligible converter box program in 2009, funded by a small part of the billions of dollars brought in by a spectrum auction. The program was managed by the Department of Commerce through its National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Digital television transition The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover, the analog switch-off (ASO), or the analog shutdown, is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television. This primarily involves the conversion of analog terrestrial Document [31] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) in the Philippines namely: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines In the Philippines, digital terrestrial television (DTT) services are in development by the major broadcasting companies of the Philippines. The Philippines uses the American NTSC standard for analog television since color television arrived in November 1966. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) announced in June 2010 that the Philippines would use the Japanese ISDB-T standard for DTT, and issued a circular stating that the country's broadcasters must discontinue their analog services by the transition deadline of 11:59 p.m. (Philippine Standard Time, UTC+8) on December 31, 2015. But due to delay of Document [32] (Title: Analog television) N. When color television was introduced, the hue and saturation information was added to the monochrome signals in a way that black and white televisions ignore. In this way backwards compatibility was achieved. That concept is true for all analog television standards. There were three standards for the way the additional color information can be encoded and transmitted. The first was the American NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) color television system. The European/Australian PAL (Phase Alternation Line rate) and the French-former Soviet Union SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire) standard were developed later and attempt to cure certain defects of the Document [33] (Title: History of television) digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible, that is, 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line. William F. Schreiber, who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology. Digital television transition started in the late Document [34] (Title: Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005) Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 The Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 is a United States Congress legislation enacted on October 20, 2005. This act deals with the cessation of the broadcasting of analog television and the subsequent implementation of digital television. This transition took place on June 12, 2009, which had been scheduled for February 17, 2009. The act was a part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (S.1932), Title III. It also provided for an auction of the recovered frequencies, and for a sum of $7.3 billion to be transferred to Document [35] (Title: DVB-T2) digital terrestrial television, and now DVB-T2 signal is available to over 90 percent of the population of Serbia. In June 2015, transition to DVB-T2 finished. In December 2013, MediaCorp started the first phase of switchover to digital broadcasting. Existing analogue TV signals will continue to be broadcast simultaneously with digital TV signals until end-2017 to facilitate consumers migration to digital TV equipment. MediaCorp estimates that the switchover of all seven free-to-air channels to digital broadcasting will be completed by the end of 2016. On November 6, 2017, the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) announced that the end of analogue broadcasting Document [36] (Title: WMYA-TV) February 17, making WLOS and WMYA the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. WMYA discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 40, at midnight on February 18, 2009, one day after the original date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which Congress had moved the previous month to June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 14. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel Document [37] (Title: WQPT-TV) from analog (NTSC) to digital (ATSC) television transmission in United States. Specifically, an unfunded federal mandate for US television stations. See Digital television transition. Since 1993, auctions of former television spectrum to the wireless (cellular) telephone and broadband service companies by the FCC generated $52 billion. That revenue was not used to mitigate the digital transition costs for the non-commercial, educational television stations. For comparison, Iowa Public Television, which operates a statewide television and telecommunications network with 9 high-power digital transmitters and 8 translators spent $47,000,000 to complete the digital television conversion. That capital expenditure was financially supported by the Document [38] (Title: KSDK) on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 35. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. KSDK dominated the news ratings in St. Louis for the better part of its first six decades on the air. KMOX-TV (now KMOV) took the lead in the late 1960s, but KSDK regained the #1 spot in the early 1980s and kept Document [39] (Title: Digital television) same thing.) The adoption of a broadcast standard incompatible with existing analog receivers has created the problem of large numbers of analog receivers being discarded during digital television transition. One superintendent of public works was quoted in 2009 saying; "some of the studies I’ve read in the trade magazines say up to a quarter of American households could be throwing a TV out in the next two years following the regulation change". In 2009, an estimated 99 million analog TV receivers were sitting unused in homes in the US alone and, while some obsolete receivers are being retrofitted with converters, Document [40] (Title: KMBC-TV) have experienced interference from KMBC-TV as both stations' transmitters are away from each other, a fairly shorter distance than the advised separation between two stations operating on a shared channel). The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12 of that year, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States were federally mandated to transition from analog to digital broadcasts (which was originally scheduled for February 17, but was pushed back after both Congressional branches passed measures to delay the complete conversion to ensure that all consumers receiving television broadcasts over-the-air Document [41] (Title: WVUE-DT) the United States to create a managerial position for a subchannel, with the hiring of Curtis Pace as general manager of digital channel 8.2. WVUE shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on December 15, 2008, becoming the first New Orleans television station to cease analog transmission of its signal and exclusively broadcast a digital signal, and the second, after Telemundo affiliate KGLA-DT (channel 42, which signed on in June 2007 without a companion analog signal), to become a digital-only station prior to the June 12, 2009 digital television transition. One week later on December 22, the station's Document [42] (Title: Digital Video Broadcasting) decision to migrate from the analog television implemented in 1954 to Digital Terrestrial Television (DVB-T2). This measure allows the viewers access to the open television (OTA) of public and private channels, with video quality in HD. As planned, analogue television broadcasts will end on December 31, 2019. Companies that manufacture a product which is compliant to one or more DVB standards have the option of registering a declaration of conformity for that product. Wherever the DVB trademark is used in relation to a product – be it a broadcast, a service, an application or equipment – the product must be Document [43] (Title: KJRH-TV) to 69 channel range) that was removed from broadcast use after the official June 12, 2009 transition date, its analog channel assignment was in the low-band VHF range (channels 2 to 6) and therefore prone to signal interference from impulse noise; as a result, KJRH selected VHF channel 8 (the former channel allocation used by KTUL's analog signal) for its post-transition digital operations. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. As part of the SAFER Act, KJRH kept its analog signal on the air until June 26 Document [44] (Title: Technology of television) occupied by the highest numbered channels was auctioned off by the United States' Federal Communications Commission for other uses. PAL and SECAM are expected not to be broadcast in Europe and Eurasia by the mid-2020s. PAL-M may have a similar decommissioning timeline. The European Union has recommended its members to close down analogue terrestrial television by 2012. Luxembourg and the Netherlands already completed their closedowns in 2006, and Finland and Sweden closed down their analogue broadcasts in 2007. Britain started its digital switch in October 2007. At 2am on Wednesday 17 October 2007, the BBC2 transmitter covering the Whitehaven and Document [45] (Title: Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom) Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom The digital switchover is the name given to the process by which analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom was replaced with digital terrestrial television. It is sometimes referred to as the "analogue switch off". In the United Kingdom, the terrestrial switchover started on 17 October 2007 and was completed on 24 October 2012. Each group of transmitters within each TV region had its analogue broadcasts switched off at a certain point between those dates. The process was co-ordinated by an independent body, Digital UK. Stage 1 – Known as DSO1 - Analogue Document [46] (Title: Television in South Africa) are carried both terrestrially on local analogue frequencies as well as nationally on pay-TV platforms, principally DStv. The first digital television implementation in South Africa was a satellite-based system launched by pay-TV operator MultiChoice in 1995. On 22 February 2007, the South African government announced that the country's public TV operators would be broadcasting in digital by 1 November 2008, followed by a three-year dual-illumination period which would end on 1 November 2011. On 11 August 2008, the Department of Communications announced its Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy. The policy will govern the switchover from analogue to digital transmission, and states Document [47] (Title: Television in France) Guiana and Martinique) also terminated all analog broadcasts on the same day. By 2008, 34% of the French population was using analogue TV as an only reception mode. The next year, the city of Coulommiers switched to digital-only TV, serving as a test city for TDF. By the end of 2009, analog TV was shut off in the Nord Cotentin, and TDF reported no major reception problems. Citizens in TNT test zones were informed that analog TV would shut down by early 2009, and consequently they adapted their installation. For the rest of the country, the shut-off progressed by regions, Document [48] (Title: KELO-TV) in South Dakota. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 32 to VHF channel 11 for post-transition operations. KDLO was originally scheduled to shut down its analog signal and broadcast in digital only on February 17, 2009, while KELO, KPLO and KCLO's broadcasts would become digital-only effective June 12, 2009; however, the FCC rejected Young Broadcasting's petition for early termination of Document [49] (Title: Television) television transition started in late 2000s. All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low, as the first digital tuner-equipped TVs were costly. But soon, as the price of digital-capable TVs dropped, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as "connected TV" or "hybrid TV", is a television set or set-top box with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, Document [50] (Title: KYW-TV) Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3. KYW-TV was the only Philadelphia market station participating in the "Analog Nightlight" program, and did so through July 12, 2009. The analog-to-digital conversion began way back to a series of experimental patterns starting with the B&W wheel followed by Jackie Johnson announcing "You're watching KYW-TV. The switch to digital is happening now." Then the next pattern is a man holding a Zappos ad, then back to an original W3XE Philco test pattern with "KYW-TV Philadelphia" added at the bottom for Document [51] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 12, 2009. However, the House of Representatives voted on and defeated a similar measure on January 28. Rep. Joe Barton led the movement in the House to defeat the measure, saying that "the DTV transition is neither stuck nor broke", and that any problems with the DTV transition can be fixed. Barton also said, "I guarantee you, no matter when you set the date— February 17, June 12, July the Fourth, Valentine's Day— there are going to be some people that aren't ready." On January 29, the DTV Delay Act passed in the Senate. On February 4, the House also Document [52] (Title: Digital television transition) Digital television transition The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover, the analog switch-off (ASO), or the analog shutdown, is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television. This primarily involves the conversion of analog terrestrial television to digital terrestrial. However, it also involves analog cable conversion to digital cable or internet protocol television, as well as analog to digital satellite television. Begun by some countries around 2000, this is an involved process because the existing analog television receivers owned by viewers cannot receive digital broadcasts; viewers must either purchase new Document [53] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) that if a Mux operator requests the restriction to be lifted, their multiplex may carry pay TV services. Ofcom says that the digital television market has changed significantly since 2002. Consequently, it believes that this restriction is no longer required. During the consultation, 9 of the 12 responses from broadcasters were in favour of removing the restriction. These included the BBC. The BBC agreed that the digital television market had changed substantially since 2002, and that Top Up TV probably couldn't afford the current cost of DTT slots anyway. The BBC suggested that the deregulation should be conditional on a Document [54] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) and deployment issues given the tumultuous financial climate of the late 1920s and 1930s. Most patents were expiring by the end of World War II leaving no worldwide standard for television. The standards introduced in the early 1950s stayed for over half a century. When Europe resumed TV transmissions after WWII (i.e. in the late 1940s and early 1950s) most countries standardized on a 576i (625-line) television system. The two exceptions were the British 405-line system, which had already been introduced in 1936, and the French 819-line system. During the 1940s René Barthélemy already reached 1015-lines and even 1042-lines. On Document [55] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) Two frequency, and began broadcasting a temporary digital service for the main channels. On 14 November, all analogue signals were switched off, and the permanent three-multiplex digital service began (albeit with Channel 5 only on the Whitehaven transmitter, until 2009). Unfortunately, as had been feared, a small number of homes among the hills, which had received "fuzzy" analogue signals, particularly in Eskdale, were unable to receive a decodable Freeview signal. The only other serious problem resulted from the "rescan" command in some models of set-top box defaulting to frequencies used by the nearest main transmitter, instead of the strongest digital Document [56] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) other DVB-T capable digital receiver). Where an analogue TV recording device was in use this ideally would require a separate Freeview set-top box, to replicate the previous functionality of recording and watching different programme sources. The progress towards digital switchover in the UK was long. The then Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Chris Smith, announced in 1999 that the Government's intention was to achieve switchover "between 2006 and 2010". Work started in earnest with the setting up of the Digital Action Plan, a body working across industry, government and consumer groups to advise on the best way Document [57] (Title: History of television) 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low. But soon, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as "connected TV" or "hybrid television", is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets Document [58] (Title: Terrestrial television) new plan for DTT broadcasting only in its place. In December 2005, the European Union decided to cease all analogue audio and analogue video television transmissions by 2012 and switch all terrestrial television broadcasting to digital audio and digital video (all EU countries have agreed on using DVB-T). The Netherlands completed the transition in December 2006, and some EU member states decided to complete their switchover as early as 2008 (Sweden), and (Denmark) in 2009. While the UK began the switch in late 2007, it was not completed until 24 October 2012. Norway ceased all analogue television transmissions on 1 Document [59] (Title: Digital television) digital signals. In the United States, a government-sponsored coupon was available to offset the cost of an external converter box. Analog switch-off (of full-power stations) took place on December 11, 2006 in The Netherlands, June 12, 2009 in the United States for full-power stations, and later for Class-A Stations on September 1, 2016, July 24, 2011 in Japan, August 31, 2011 in Canada, February 13, 2012 in Arab states, May 1, 2012 in Germany, October 24, 2012 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, October 31, 2012 in selected Indian cities, and December 10, 2013 in Australia. Completion of analog switch-off Document [60] (Title: WEWS-TV) June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. WEWS carried the 90-minute ABC premiere of "The Edge of Night" on December 1, 1975. On December 3, it started "Edge" at 10:00 a.m. on a one-day delay, and then later pushed up to 10:30 to make way for the national syndication of Document [61] (Title: WRDC) in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. It was one of three stations in the Triangle market, along with WLFL and WRAY-TV, that decided to switch on that date, even though the official transition date had been changed to June 12, 2009. Although it had an assigned digital channel that it would move to post-transition that differed from its original digital channel, WRDC continued to broadcast its digital signal on its pre-transition allocation (UHF channel 27). At noon on June 12, the station's digital signal relocated to UHF channel 28. In 1986, WPTF erected Document [62] (Title: Television in Croatia) territory of Croatia was split into nine digital-TV allotment regions. The analog broadcast network was switched off gradually (by the digital-TV allotment regions) beginning on 26 January 2010. The process was completed, achieving digital switchover on 5 October 2010, but geographically isolated areas were left with analog broadcasts. The last analog TV transmitter in Croatia was shut down on 30 September 2011, as DVB-T coverage was extended to 98.5 percent of households in Croatia and no less than 95 percent of households in each of the allotment regions. Approximately 6,000 households were left with no reception of DVB-T or analog Document [63] (Title: Television) the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or for use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Due to data compression digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology Document [64] (Title: High-definition television) teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting. In 1986, the European Community proposed HD-MAC, an analog HDTV system with 1,152 lines. A public demonstration took place for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. However HD-MAC was scrapped in 1993 and the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project was formed, which would foresee development of a digital HDTV standard. In 1979, the Japanese public broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its multiple Document [65] (Title: WQMY) 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 53, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. Syndicated programming on this station includes "The People's Court", "Judge Mathis" and "Family Feud". Document [66] (Title: KENS) KENS was retained by the latter company, named Tegna. The station's digital channel is multiplexed: KENS discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station moved its digital signal from its pre-transition UHF channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition and was vacated early by the station in November 2008 to allow Qualcomm to begin Document [67] (Title: WRNN-TV) the channel allocation assigned to their analog signal, using PSIP to display WRNN-TV's virtual channel 48 on digital television receivers. The early analog shutoff authority was granted during a time when the full transition from analog to digital television had been tentatively scheduled for the end of 2006. Full-powered analog television broadcasts in the United States ended on June 12, 2009. In January 2007, it was announced that WRNN and "The Journal News" would partner to create a two-hour "daily in-depth newscast" titled "Newscenter Now" beginning in mid-March 2007. The newscast was broadcast from WRNN's Rye Brook studios and aired Document [68] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Digital terrestrial television in the United States In the United States, digital television broadcasts, or DTV, can be received via cable, via internet, via satellite, or via digital terrestrial television - much like analog television broadcasts have been. Full-power analog television broadcasts, however, were required by U.S. federal law to cease by June 12, 2009. Low-power, Class A, and TV Translator stations are not currently required to cease analog broadcasts. Also by law, digital broadcasts - when transmitted as OTA signals - must conform to ATSC standards.; it is unclear whether satellite operators are free to use their own proprietary Document [69] (Title: Digital television) Digital television Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals. It is an innovative advance that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV can transmit in HDTV with greater resolution than analog TV, in a wide screen aspect ratio similar to recent movies. It makes more economical use of scarce radio spectrum space; it can transmit multiple channels in the same bandwidth occupied Document [70] (Title: WXEL-TV) on July 16, would enable the two stations to pool resources and fundraising efforts to offer more program content. WXEL-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as 42. WHDT subsequently moved its digital signal to UHF channel 42, moving from channel 59 which was removed from Document [71] (Title: Digital television) electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format. DirecTV in the U.S. launched the first commercial digital satellite platform in May 1994, using the Digital Satellite System (DSS) standard. Digital cable broadcasts were tested and launched in the U.S. in 1996 by TCI and Time Warner. The first digital terrestrial platform was launched in November Document [72] (Title: Television) have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s. Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by coaxial cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and, since the 2000s via the Internet. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, but a transition to digital television is expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s. A standard Document [73] (Title: KTLA) for the first time along with its analog channel. KTLA-DT went on to do the first HD Rose Parade and the first HD Dodgers baseball game broadcasts in the several months that followed. KTLA shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 31, using PSIP to display KTLA's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers. Veteran newsman Stan Chambers, who was hired by KTLA almost a year after its 1947 launch and Document [74] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) Digital terrestrial television Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT) is a technology for broadcast television in which land-based (terrestrial) television stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers' residences in a digital format. DTTV is a major technological advance over the previous analog television, and has largely replaced analog which had been in common use since the middle of the last century. Test broadcasts began in 1998 with the changeover to DTTV (aka Analog Switchoff (ASO) or Digital Switchover (DSO)) beginning in 2006 and is now complete in many countries. The advantages of "digital" terrestrial television are Document [75] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) June 12 cutoff date. On February 11, 2009 President Obama signed the bill into law, officially moving the cutoff date to June 12, 2009. In total, 191 stations already had turned off their analog transmitters for good. On February 20, 2009, the FCC released an order stating that stations that wish to go all digital before the final June 12, 2009 date must inform the FCC of that decision by March 17, 2009. While 93 large-city network owned and operated stations (controlled by CBS, ABC, Fox TV and NBC) would continue analog broadcasts until June 12, many small-market broadcasters were Document [76] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) year was suspended, pending the then-upcoming spectrum auction. After the auction's completion in 2017, on May 17 of that year the FCC announced July 13, 2021 as the new analog low-power shutoff date. The study of how to increase spectrum for wireless broadband began in 2009. Some plans called for eliminating broadcast TV entirely, but opponents of such a plan said the efforts made during the DTV transition would become pointless. By 2010, voluntary efforts were planned. Sharing channels, made possible by the first transition, was approved in 2012. A spectrum auction planned for 2014 (and delayed to 2016) became Document [77] (Title: WJAC-TV) best make use of the new programming options afforded by Digital OTA broadcast. WJAC-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 34. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. The nearby mountain ridges had prevented most of Altoona and all of State College from receiving the analog signal; conversely, many Document [78] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) services, and that the eventual termination of analogue PAL services should be driven by market factors and subject to regular review. The year 2000 was highlighted as a potential target date for the commencement of permanent digital terrestrial broadcasting. The Australian Broadcasting Authority's response, titled "Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting", recommended that the Australian Government support the early introduction of digital broadcasting as a free-to-air service with the loan of a 7 MHz channel for each broadcaster, in order to enable high-definition television from the outset. The Federation of Australian Commercial Television Stations supported this, as well as freedom for its Document [79] (Title: History of television) its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images.(7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV Document [80] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) States. Nevertheless, not every household took advantage of the offer, as reports indicate half of all households already had at least one digital TV. In January 2009, the NTIA began placing coupon requests on a waiting list after the program reached its maximum allowed funding. New requests for coupons were fulfilled only after unredeemed coupons expired. These coupons could be redeemed toward the purchase of a digital-to-analog converter at brick and mortar, on-line, and telephone retailers that had completed the NTIA certification process. Retail prices for the boxes range from $40 to $70 (plus tax and/or shipping); after applying the Document [81] (Title: Multi-channel transition) Multi-channel transition According to Amanda D. Lotz, the multi-channel transition began in the early 1980s and lasted about 20 years. Many changes happened during this transition such as the invention of the remote control, the video cassette player, and analog cable systems expanded viewer's choice and control. This era gave viewers more choice and control over what and when they wanted to view a program. Viewers were able to defy the networks' schedules, because they could record the program and watch it whenever they wanted, using the VCR and later the DVR. Producers adjusted to the government regulations and networks Document [82] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) digital TV started on 17 October 2007 and was completed on 24 October 2012. Each group of regional transmitters had its analogue broadcasts switched off at a certain point between those dates. Digital Terrestrial Television is commonly received by means of a compatible set-top box or integrated digital television (IDTV), connected to an appropriate receiving antenna. In most cases, reception is possible using aerials originally used for analogue television. Transmissions may be recorded in many ways – such as via the connection of a set-top-box to an existing 'analogue' video or DVD recorder, or by the use of newer models Document [83] (Title: KSWO-TV) February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station cited the need to place its digital antenna where the analog transmitter was located for its decision to go forward with the transition on the originally scheduled date, despite a Congressional vote the previous month that pushed back the analog-to-digital cutoff for full-power stations to June 12. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel Document [84] (Title: WISC-TV) transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 50. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3. The analog channel 3 continued to serve as a "nightlight," broadcasting a loop of digital transition information and instructions in addition to any local news programming and emergency information, until signing off for good the final week of March 2009. In 2000, WISC-TV launched TVW on digital subchannel 3.2. Before that Document [85] (Title: Digital television) digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "simulcast" on Document [86] (Title: RabbitEars) site down, Clear Channel/M Street Publications stepped in and purchased it in late 2002, after which it became subscription-only. It was at that time that Trip Ericson decided to develop a replacement. After the digital television transition started in 2008, RabbitEars began tracking digital subchannels, Digital Transition Reports, and Analog Termination Requests made to the FCC. These pages were attached to an incomplete design that Ericson had begun to implement in 2004, but that had never been finished due to lack of coding knowledge. As the transition related pages in particular received attention, corrections were sent to add to and Document [87] (Title: Television) since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became feasible. In the mid-1980s, as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies' technologies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard, based on an analog system, was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American Document [88] (Title: Iowa Public Television) shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital channel allocations post-transition are as follows: Since August 31, 2013, IPTV has gone off-the-air nightly from midnight to 5 a.m. over-the-air due to budget concerns, reduced from a 24-hour schedule. Mediacom continues to carry the network in their markets with 24-hour programming due to their direct fiber connection from IPTV in Johnston to their Des Moines headend, which distributes the four IPTV channels statewide. The national satellite Document [89] (Title: Telecommunication) (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analog television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting color TV (see a map on adoption ). These are known as PAL (German designed), NTSC (American designed), and SECAM (French designed). For analog radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analog radio is typically between amplitude (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve Document [90] (Title: KPIX-TV) 5" branding and reverted to being branded as "KPIX 5". The station's digital channel is multiplexed: KPIX-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using PSIP to display KPIX-TV's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers. KPIX originated the concept for the entertainment and lifestyle program, "Evening Magazine". "Evening Magazine" debuted on the station in August 1976, and within a year, the concept expanded to the other Group W stations. Document [91] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) their analog transmissions prior to 16 February 2009 unless doing so was required in order to complete work on a station's permanent digital facilities. In 2009, the FCC finished auctioning channels 52–59 (the lower half of the 700 MHz band) for other communications services, completing the reallocation of broadcast channels 52–69 that began in the late 1990s. The analog switch-off rendered all non-digital television sets unable to receive most over-the-air television channels without an external setbox receiver; however, low-power television stations and cable TV systems were not required to convert to digital until 1 September 2015. Beginning 1 January 2008, Document [92] (Title: KDKA-TV) analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, during that night's broadcast of the "Late Show with David Letterman". The station showed the "High Flight" video clip, and a compilation of their analog history with "The Star-Spangled Banner" as background music, before shutting off. As part of the SAFER Act, KDKA-TV turned their analog signal on to repeat a series of public service announcements through July 12, 2009. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its Document [93] (Title: KTAZ) receive a companion channel for its digital signal. Instead, at the end of the digital conversion period for full-power television stations, KTAZ was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash-cut"). The station's digital signal went into operation on its former analog-era UHF channel 39 on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The first news on Telemundo Phoenix debuted in October 1997, produced by local ABC affiliate KNXV. Several years later, after then-KDRX had Document [94] (Title: Terrestrial television) vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the early 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backwards-compatible standard for color television. The NTSC standard was exclusively being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT). While Mexico have ended all its analogue television broadcasts and the US and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analogue TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries while testing their DTT platform. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Advanced Television Systems Committee developed Document [95] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) Digital terrestrial television in Australia Digital terrestrial television in Australia commenced on 1 January 2001 in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth using DVB-T standards. The phase out of analogue PAL transmissions began in 2010 and was completed by 10 December 2013. Digital terrestrial television brought a number of enhancements over the previous analogue television, primarily higher-quality picture and sound, as well as datacasting and multi-view services such as video program guides, high definition, and now-and-next program information. There are a number of additional channels, datacasting, as well as high definition services, available to digital terrestrial television viewers in Australia. Document [96] (Title: KDLH) the only one in the area still broadcasting in analog after February 19 as KBJR, WDSE, WDIO, and KQDS-TV all went digital-only on that date. On June 12 at around 7 p.m., KDLH ceased normal broadcasting operations on its analog signal. At that time, the analog station began a nightlight signal consisting of a ten-minute digital television informational video on a constant loop. On June 26, two weeks after regular broadcasts had ended, the nightlight signal was terminated with the help of Bob Peterson (a former engineer at the station who helped launch KDLH in 1954) bringing an end to Document [97] (Title: WMYD) network in September 2015. In an ironic twist, Cozi TV, which previously occupied 20.2, then moved to WADL 38.4. WMYD shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 20, on February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. As a result, WMYD was the only major television station in Detroit and one of two commercial stations in Detroit overall (alongside WPXD-TV, channel 31) to terminate its analog signal before June 12, the date which Congress chose to reschedule the completion of the digital Document [98] (Title: KARD) end analog operations sooner than June 12, 2009 (the earliest they could do so is April 16). KARD stated that a transmitter tube failed, bringing power down to 50%; KTVE claimed that its power was at 40%. Used parts were deemed unreliable, and staffers had travel to the transmitter from the studio, two to three visits per week were required to monitor the analog facilities, according to Nexstar. The FCC denied the request based on the fact that they are the last two analog channels in the market. KARD shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 14, on April Document [99] (Title: Digital broadcasting) to 25% in 2007. Some countries have completed a Digital television transition. <nowiki>"</nowiki>For more information on the premise of digital broadcasting refer to the 2002 edition of the World Radio TV Handbook.<nowiki>"</nowiki> Digital broadcasting has been helped greatly by the presence of computers. In fact, with the invention of the integrated circuit in the 1960s and the microprocessor in the 1970s, digital broadcasting seems to have taken a footing in the global village that is broadcasting. However, most broadcasters are switching to digital broadcasting mostly because of a lack of frequency space. Thus, because of these problems, most broadcasters are Document [100] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) Analog high-definition television system Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines. On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular analog high-definition television service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. John Logie Baird, Philo T. Farnsworth, and Vladimir Zworykin had each developed competing TV systems, but resolution was not the issue that separated their substantially different technologies, it was patent interference lawsuits Document [101] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) pay DTT service, became available in 2004 when Inview launched the first DTT (Freeview) EPG service. On 30 March 2005, the older analogue signals began to be phased out on a region-by-region basis (a process known as the Digital switchover, or DSO), beginning with a technical trial at the Ferryside television relay station. The first full transmitter to switch to digital-only transmission was the Whitehaven transmitter in Cumbria, which completed its transition on Wednesday 17 October 2007. The switchover to digital-only broadcasting was completed on 24 October 2012 when the transmitters in Northern Ireland turned off their analogue broadcasts (which Document [102] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) TV from other transmitters- hence the importance of the on-screen warning captions). Two or three months later, the first stage of the switchover began with the analogue BBC Two replaced with the new BBC A multiplex. At some locations, during the period between stage one and stage two, BBC One, ITV or Channel 4 moved to the analogue BBC Two frequency where that channel's frequency was required for the digital transmission of Multiplex 1. At the same time, captions appeared on the remaining analogue channels reminding viewers of the impending switchover. Finally, the second stage saw the remaining analogue transmissions Document [103] (Title: Analog television) Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal. Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver. Thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality. Analog television Document [104] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) antennas, in contrast to analog sets available in years past). It was estimated that as of April 2007, 28% of American households had an HDTV set, a total of 35 million sets, and that 86% of owners were highly satisfied with the HDTV programming Estimates are that by the end of 2010, some 59% of American TVs had transitioned to HDTVs. All TV stations currently broadcast in both digital and analog and major networks broadcast in HD in most markets. While many in the industry wanted a flexible or delayed deadline, the FCC forced the issue at the behest of Document [105] (Title: WGBH-TV) the DT3 feed in 2010. WGBH-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to be broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 19. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. As part of the SAFER Act, WGBH-TV kept its analog signal on the air – albeit operating at a lower power – until it permanently ceased Document [106] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) the first step in what amounted to a second digital transition. Digital television transition in the United States The digital transition in the United States was the switchover from analog to exclusively digital broadcasting of terrestial television television programming. According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced." For full-power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11:59 p.m. local time that day. Under Document [107] (Title: UHF television broadcasting) all VHF channels to digital UHF channels before December 31, 2015, though this was delayed until 2020 or 2023. Digital terrestrial television services are currently in development by the major broadcasting companies before the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) will be passed by law. South Africa only received analog TV service in the 1970s There were four TV channels: TV1 (now SABC1), TV2 (now SABC2), TV3 (now SABC3), and later came Etv. Later M-Net, a satellite pay TV service launched. In the UK, UHF television began in 1964 following a plan by the General Post Office to allocate sets of Document [108] (Title: KEJB) and eventually went off the air. Because it was granted an original construction permit after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997, KEJB did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station. Instead, on or before June 12, 2009, which is the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KEJB was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash-cut"). While a digital signal did go on the air (though it shut down on June 4, 2010 due to equipment failure), Document [109] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) LPTVs and translators still broadcasting in analog had been suspended until further notice, due to economic problems that may arise from the then-upcoming spectrum auction; however, Class A low-powered stations were still required to convert by the original deadline date of September 1, 2015. After the auction's completion in 2017, the FCC announced on May 17 of that year that all analog low-power stations and transmitters must convert by July 13, 2021. The Congressional deadline to transition to digital broadcasts was pushed back several times. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 with the original transition date of December 31, Document [110] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) on February 17. The FCC reserved final say on which stations would be allowed to transition on February 17 and which ones would be required to continue analog broadcasts, depending on how many viewers in each market have been determined not ready for the transition Owned & Operated stations of five major networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and Telemundo, plus The CW, MyNetworkTV and independent stations owned by CBS and MyNetworkTV stations owned by Fox), as well as the station groups of Gannett, Hearst-Argyle and Meredith, committed to keeping all or most of their analog signals active until the new Document [111] (Title: Federal Communications Commission) of an analog TV station license. All stations were required to buy and install all new equipment (transmitters, TV antennas, and even entirely new broadcast towers), and operate for years on both channels. Each licensee was required to return one of their two channels following the end of the digital television transition. After delaying the original deadlines of 2006, 2008, and eventually February 17, 2009, on concerns about elderly and rural folk, on June 12, 2009 all full-power analog terrestrial TV licenses in the U.S. were terminated as part of the DTV transition, leaving terrestrial television available only from digital Document [112] (Title: Television in Spain) schedule in 2006. In 2009, the analog service started its closure in a process that lasted one year. On 3 April 2010 the analog service was officially discontinued but there are still some small local analog channels operating, most of them the unlicensed analog channels. The development of digital terrestrial television was very similar to the failure of ITV Digital in the United Kingdom. Digital terrestrial television was introduced in the country by the pay per view platform Quiero Television. In May 2002, statewide operators were required to start broadcasting in DVB-T. Yet, Quiero TV ceased transmissions in 2002 after Document [113] (Title: Analog passthrough) switches between coax and other sources, ensuring no problems when using both sets of connections simultaneously. In the US, conversion to digital TV from analog was complete by June 12, 2009. There are exceptions, however: Many will want to continue to receive analog stations both before and beyond the February, 2009 transition date. In setting its requirements for coupon-eligible converter boxes (CECBs), the NTIA permits, but does not require, analog passthrough as an available feature. Unfortunately, only one of the initially available converter boxes included this feature, and a year before the original transition date of Feb. 17, 2009, Community Document [114] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) indicated their intention to go digital-only in February 2009, 123 affiliates of four major U.S. commercial networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC) were targeted by Federal Communications Commission opposition, precluding or applying additional restrictions to the shutdown of their analog signals in markets where the only analog service remaining after the February 17 shutdown would have been an independent or educational broadcaster, an adjacent-market station or a low-power station. Of approximately 1800 U.S. full-service TV stations, an additional 190 were already digital-only before February 2009; these included Hawaii (digital since January 2009) and Wilmington, North Carolina (the FCC's 2008 digital test Document [115] (Title: Digital television in the United Kingdom) broadcasts sessions of the National Assembly for Wales. Digital transmissions for this pilot commenced in December 2004, at which time a message was added to the analogue picture advising viewers that the analogue services would end in February 2005. The pilot paved the way for full switch-over to digital television signals throughout the United Kingdom by the Government's deadline of 2012. The year 2005 also saw the announcement by Ofcom of the proposed analogue switch off plans for the UK. It is proposed that the switch off will progress on an ITV region by region basis starting in 2008 starting Document [116] (Title: Digital television) is scheduled for December 31, 2017 in the whole of India, December 2018 in Costa Rica and around 2020 for the Philippines. Prior to the conversion to digital TV, analog television broadcast audio for TV channels on a separate FM carrier signal from the video signal. This FM audio signal could be heard using standard radios equipped with the appropriate tuning circuits. However, after the transition of many countries to digital TV, no portable radio manufacturer has yet developed an alternative method for portable radios to play just the audio signal of digital TV channels. (DTV radio is not the Document [117] (Title: Media pluralism) source, but only by 28 per cent of users 55 and older. According to the Arab Youth Survey, in 2016, 45 per cent of the young people interviewed considered social media as a major source of news. Digital transition is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television.The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has been mapping the progress in digital switchovers across the globe. According to them, the switch from analogue television to digital television has been completed in 56 countries in 2017, and was ongoing in 68, steadily increasing the range of Document [118] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) the end of 2018 - early 2019 Switzerland is digital. On December 14, 2011, national public broadcaster ZNS-TV announced it would be upgrading to ATSC digital television with mobile DTV capabilities, in line with its neighbours, the United States and Puerto Rico. Bermuda has plans to convert its three broadcast stations to ATSC digital terrestrial television in the future. In Canada, analogue switch-off was mandated by regulatory authorities for all provincial capital cities and all multi-station markets. Analogue would continue in single-station markets and remote areas. With an exception, analogue switch-off in the mandated areas took place on 31 August Document [119] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) Department of Commerce through its National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) division handled requests from households for up to two $40 coupons for digital-to-analog converter boxes beginning January 1, 2008 via a toll free number or a website. The program was paid for with a small part of the $20 billion taken in from the DTV spectrum auction. However, these government coupons were limited to an initial sum of $890 million (22,250,000 coupons) with the option to grow to $1.34 billion (33,500,000 coupons), which is far short of the estimated 112 million households (224 million redeemable coupons) in the United Document [120] (Title: Television in the United States) was an uptick in the number of "87.7" stations after the full-power transition, as low-power stations above channel 51 (UHF channels 52 to 69 were removed from the television spectrum as part of the transition) were required to choose a new channel allocation; many chose channel 6, as it allowed for the usage of the 87.7 audio channel to reach a wider audience. The late 1990s also saw the invention of digital video recorders. While the ability to record a television program for home viewing was possible with the earlier VCRs, that medium was a bulky mechanical tape medium that Document [121] (Title: Multi-channel transition) reach the home. Multi-channel transition According to Amanda D. Lotz, the multi-channel transition began in the early 1980s and lasted about 20 years. Many changes happened during this transition such as the invention of the remote control, the video cassette player, and analog cable systems expanded viewer's choice and control. This era gave viewers more choice and control over what and when they wanted to view a program. Viewers were able to defy the networks' schedules, because they could record the program and watch it whenever they wanted, using the VCR and later the DVR. Producers adjusted to the government Document [122] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) approved this measure. The bill was submitted to President Obama on February 4, who did not immediately sign it into law. On February 9, President Obama posted the bill on whitehouse.gov, giving the public five days to weigh in on it. Under a midnight February 10 deadline imposed by the FCC, broadcasters disclosed whether they would still cease broadcasting analog signals on the original date of February 17, or if they would delay until June 12, should the DTV Delay Act be signed into law. On February 10, the FCC published the list. 491 stations stated they intended to transition Document [123] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) television broadcasting. The switch-off occurred on an ITV sub-region basis. In March 2005, a technical trial in Ferryside, Wales, resulted in viewers losing three out of the four available analogue channels in favour of going digital, leaving only analogue BBC Two Wales until switchover at Preseli in August 2009 (at the time, BBC 2W on digital offered a different schedule to BBC Two Wales on analogue). In October 2007, following a 15-month publicity and information campaign, and an early digital launch in August by Channel 5, the Whitehaven, Eskdale Green and Gosforth transmitters switched off analogue signals on the BBC Document [124] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) signals in both analog and digital formats, though a few were already digital-only. Digital stations transmitted on another channel, which was assigned to each full-power broadcaster in a three-round digital channel election. The transition from the analog NTSC format to the digital ATSC format was originally required to be completed on February 17, 2009, as set by Congress in the Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005. Following the analog switch-off, the FCC reallocated channels 52 through 69 (the 700 MHz band) for other communications traffic, completing the reallocation of broadcast channels 52–69 that began in the late 1990s. Document [125] (Title: Digital television transition) August 2003, Berlin became the world's first city to switch off terrestrial analogue signals. Luxembourg was the first country to complete its terrestrial switchover, in September 2006. Technically the United Kingdom and Ireland were the first countries that turned off analogue signals - in the form of satellite television on 28 September 2001 - but terrestrial signals in the two countries were not switched until 2012. The Geneva 2006 Agreement set 17 June 2015 as the date after which countries may use frequencies currently assigned for analog television transmission for digital services, without being required to protect the analog services Document [126] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Congress. Congress wanted to reclaim some of the spectrum used for analog and repurpose that for emergency services. They also wanted to auction off bandwidth between 76-88 MHz frequencies (channels 5 and 6) and old analog UHF channels 60 to 69, and channels 52 to 59 by mandating DTV tuners be phased into all new TV sets. Many transition dates were proposed, but Congress finally fixed February 17, 2009 (later extending it until June 12, 2009), in law as the maximum end date for analog television authorizations. Because this date comes after the NCAA's Bowl Championship Series and the NFL's Document [127] (Title: Television in Poland) digitalization schedule"”, dated January 2009, set out plan for the digital broadcast switch-on to be made in three steps and analog broadcast switch-off in six steps. First regular digital broadcast started on 30 September 2010. Analog broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and the transition to digital broadcasting finished on 23 July 2013. The period of time between digital broadcast switch-on and analog broadcast switch-off will allow people time to buy new integrated Digital TVs or set-top boxes. The shutdown of analog broadcast took place in 7 steps between 7 November 2012 and 23 July 2013. Most operators of Document [128] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) analogue television transmissions by January 1, 2012. Some EU member states decided to complete the transition as early as 2006 for Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and 2007 for Finland. Latvia stopped broadcasting analogue television from June 1, 2010. Poland completed the transition on 23 July 2013 and Bulgaria completed the transition on 30 September 2013. Malta switched on 1 November 2011. ASO was mostly completed in Europe in 2013 though small hilly underpopulated isolated terrain areas awaited DTT rollout beyond that date. Many TV-viewers TV-equipment in Europe might experience TV-interference and blocking because of 800MHz broadband usage. Bulgaria launched a Document [129] (Title: WPXM-TV) (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). On February 18, the station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 26 to channel 35. WPXM was the only Miami-licensed station that applied to cease analog transmissions on the original transition date, despite the DTV Delay Act having extended the deadline to June 12. WPXM elected to use UHF channel 35 as its post-transition allocation during the first round of the digital channel elections, and was allowed to keep the allocation despite a conflict with another station. WPXM-TV WPXM-TV, virtual and UHF digital channel 35, is an Ion Television Document [130] (Title: Helen Coonan) 24 November 2007. In July 2004, Australia was in a transitional phase: digital television was broadcast in parallel to the old analog television signals. The stated plan was full handover to digital by 2008 and shutdown of all analog television broadcast. In September 2005, Coonan announced a review of the digital television situation. It was noted that the government had spent 1 billion dollars supporting the change from analog TV to digital TV. The current plan to switch off analog TV by 2008 in metropolitan areas and by 2011 in regional markets was unlikely to be workable because takeup of Document [131] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their new digital channels and facilities. While broadcasters may now apply for DTS facilities, this decision was made far too late to allow the extra transmitter sites to be constructed and operational before the original February 17, 2009 analog shutoff. Digital TV encoding allows stations to offer higher definition video and better sound quality than analog, as well as allowing the option of programming multiple digital subchannels (multicasting). However, it provides these advantages at the cost of a severe limitation of broadcast range. Digital signals do not have 'grade b' signal areas, and are either 'in perfectly' or 'not in Document [132] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) for larger markets or those where reliance on over the air broadcasts exceeds 30%. More disturbingly, while many calls from viewers were straightforward questions about installation of antennas and converters, or the need to scan for channels before being able to watch digital television, hundreds more were from viewers who had installed converters and UHF antennas correctly but had still lost existing channels. Most affected were full-power broadcasters which had been on low-VHF channels. WECT (NBC 6 Wilmington), a signal which in its analog form reached to the edge of Myrtle Beach, could no longer be received by many who Document [133] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) down schedule on 24 July 2011 will be unchanged, with the exception being the close down having to be postponed by a maximum one year. Analog television shut down on March 31, 2012, in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, which were heavily damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the nuclear accidents that followed it. Analog television stations are required to cease normal programming at noon and shut down their signals at midnight. Digital TV was available in Malaysia in June 2015 by MYTV broadcasting. Malaysia government gives free MYTV set top box if your income is under Document [134] (Title: KENV-DT) Media Bureau approved a request by KENV to "flash cut" from analog to digital by the end of the DTV transition and the permit was extended to February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). On January 18, 2009, KENV suffered a problem with the analog transmitter, forcing the station reduce its power by 60-70%. On March 27, the analog antenna suffered a complete failure, forcing the station to go to digital three months Document [135] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) because millions of Americans would not be ready for the cutoff on February 17 due to a shortage of converter box coupons, and planning that the transition date be moved to June 12. Rockefeller, chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, and Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, worked together on the bill. Hutchison supported the idea because Rockefeller did not intend to ask for another postponement. On January 22, The Nielsen Company said 6.5 million Americans had not prepared for the switch. Opponents pointed out that TV stations would face extra operating expenses, and those who paid to use Document [136] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 2006. However, the transition to digital television was set back three times: first to December 31, 2008, then to February 17, 2009, and then finally to June 12, 2009. All U.S. full-power analog TV broadcasts were required by law to end on June 12, 2009. Since March 1, 2007, all new television devices that receive signals over-the-air, including pocket-sized portable televisions, personal computer video capture card tuners, and DVD recorders, have been required to include digital ATSC tuners. Prior to this, the requirement was phased-in starting with larger screen sizes. Until the transition was completed, most U.S. broadcasters transmitted their Document [137] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) moratorium on future television stations using Channel 51 for broadcast use, to prevent ACI to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band. Now that the switch from analog to digital broadcasts is complete, analog TVs are incapable of receiving over-the-air broadcasts without the addition of a set-top converter box. Consequently, a digital-to-analog converter, an electronic device that connects to an analog television, must be used in order to allow the television to receive digital broadcasts. The box may also be called a "set-top" converter, "digital TV adapter" (DTA), or "digital set-top box" (DSTB). To assist consumers through the conversion, the Document [138] (Title: WWBT) since been replaced with MeTV. WWBT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television station in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 54, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 12 for post-transition operations. Following the switch, it applied to increase power to 26 kW stating in the application that more than 10,000 Document [139] (Title: High-definition television) and electronic companies who invested heavily into the analog system. As a result, he took back his statement the next day saying that the government will continue to promote Hi-Vision/MUSE. That year NHK started development of digital television in an attempt to catch back up to America and Europe. This resulted in the ISDB format. Japan started digital satellite and HDTV broadcasting in December 2000. Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. Document [140] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) delay the end of analog TV. Gene Kimmelman of Consumers Union, which wanted a delay, feared older people, those outside cities and the poor needed help. Speaking to a group of area residents as part of a nationwide campaign to persuade people to upgrade, FCC chair Kevin Martin said in Raleigh, North Carolina that a delay was "unlikely," and that it would be "unfair" to all those who made the effort to switch, and to those who bought the reallocated spectrum that was sold with the understanding analog broadcasts would end February 17, 2009. The delay passed Congress despite this Document [141] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) prediction (see Extension of transition to June 12). As part of a test by the FCC to iron out transition and reception concerns before the nationwide shutoff, all of the major network stations in the Wilmington, North Carolina market ceased transmission of their analog signals on September 8, 2008, making it the first market in the nation to go digital-only. Wilmington was chosen as the test city in part because the area's digital channel positions would remain unchanged after the transition. Wilmington was also appropriate because it had no hills to cause reception problems and all of the stations would Document [142] (Title: Analogue television in the United Kingdom) analogue service in June 2001 – just three years after digital satellite was launched. Although some of the channels which had been part of their package, such as CNN and CNBC Europe, have continued broadcasting unaffected by Sky's departure. It was originally planned for the analogue switch-off to occur on 31 December 2002, but this was achieved 15 months earlier. The last three channels, Sky Premier, Sky One and Sky Sports 2, were switched off at 00:01 on 28 September 2001. Sky analogue equipment could still pick up German channels until 30 April 2012 when they were shut down. Cable Document [143] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) November 20, 1948, François Mitterrand, the then Secretary of State for Information, decreed a broadcast standard of 819-lines developed by Henri de France; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. This was arguably the world's first high-definition television system, and, by today's standards, it could be called 737i (as it had 737-lines active) with a maximum theoretical resolution of 408×368-line pairs (which in digital terms can be expressed as equivalent to 816×736 pixels) with a 4:3 aspect ratio (and thus a slightly wide effective "pixel aspect ratio" of 6:5, square pixel recording needing approx 980x736 instead). It Document [144] (Title: Digital television transition) of neighbouring countries against interference. This date was generally viewed as an internationally mandated analog switch-off date, at least along national borders. The European Commission has recommended that digital switchover should be completed by 1 January 2012 - Commission Recommendation 2009/848/EC, of 28 October 2009. After the switch from analog to digital broadcasts is complete, analog TVs will be incapable of receiving over-the-air broadcasts without the addition of a set-top converter box. Consequently, a digital converter box – an electronic device that connects to an analog television – must be used in order to allow the television to receive digital Document [145] (Title: WXLV-TV) rescheduled for June 12 days later), the station would shut down its analog signal on the original transition date of February 17, making WXLV and WMYV the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. WXLV-TV shut down its analog signal at 11:59 p.m. on that date. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using PSIP to display WXLV-TV's virtual channel as 45 on digital television receivers. As part of the SAFER Act, WXLV-TV kept its analog signal on the air until March 13 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through Document [146] (Title: KTHV) digital channel beginning September 30, 2015. KTHV shut down its analog signal, over VHF, channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 11. As part of the SAFER Act, KTHV kept its analog signal on the air until June 27 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop Document [147] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their users in analog. This requirement lasts until 2012, when the FCC will review the case again. This was necessary since many cable companies, including major ones like Comcast, have been taking analog channels away from customers. In 2007, a bill in the U.S. Congress called the DTV Border Fix Act was introduced. It would have allowed all television stations within 80 kilometers (50 miles) of the Mexican border, in areas such as San Diego and the Rio Grande Valley, to keep their analog signals active for another five years. The bill passed the Senate but did not pass the Document [148] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) of analog television in the United States was initially planned to have ceased after February 17, 2009. To help U.S. consumers through the conversion, the Act also established a federally sponsored DTV Converter Box Coupon Program. The DTV Delay Act changed the mandatory analog cutoff date to June 12, although stations were permitted to cease analog transmissions before the new mandatory cutoff date. The legislation was enacted on February 4, 2009, and on February 11, 2009, President Barack Obama signed it into law. The purpose of the extension was to help the millions of households who had not been able Document [149] (Title: Robert M. McDowell) about the digital television transition and wrote numerous op-eds on the topic. He was especially critical that the Commission lacked a coordinated call center response only one month prior to the original February 17, 2009 cut-off date. In a January 14, 2009 letter to then-Chairman Martin he expressed his concern about the Commission's lack of readiness, emphasizing that "the Commission must be better organized, more energetic and must coordinate its efforts in a more open and collaborative manner." The DTV transition deadline was later extended by Congress to June 12, 2009. In early 2009, McDowell initiated an effort with then-Acting Document [150] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) to get their coupons for converters because demand for coupons exceeded the funding provided for in the initial bill, leaving millions on a waiting list to receive coupons. Funding for extra coupons was provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. By midnight on the original cut-off date of February 17, 2009, 641 stations representing 36 percent of U.S. full-power broadcasters were transmitting exclusively in digital. Analog broadcasting did not cease entirely following the June 12 deadline: under the provisions of the Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act, approximately 120 full-power stations briefly maintained analog "nightlight" service, Document [151] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) analogue to digital at the transition deadline rather than spending on the infrastructure and energy costs needed to broadcast the station in analogue and digital at the same time. Leading up to the transition deadline, CRTC expressed concern that "if all broadcasters wait until the last moment to proceed to the transition, there could be a shortage of professional engineers and competent technicians capable of assuming the development of new plans and the installation of new systems and structures". Due to limited engineering resources, Global Television Network flash cut its transmitters over a 2-month period leading up to the deadline Document [152] (Title: KPPX-TV) where it would move at the end of the digital transition, which, at the time, was scheduled for February 17, 2009. Although the DTV Delay Act became law on February 11, 2009 postponing the required analog shutoff until June 12, 2009, KPPX made the decision to proceed with final conversion on February 17, which was approved by the FCC. KPPX-TV shut down its analog signal on February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which Congress had moved the previous month to June Document [153] (Title: Digital television) 2009, one recycler estimated that as many as one household in four would dispose of or recycle a TV set in the following year. The digital television transition, migration to high-definition television receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flatscreens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based television receivers. Digital television Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals. It is an innovative advance that represents the first Document [154] (Title: Coupon-eligible converter box) said he would introduce a bill requiring the transition to digital television "sometime in the spring", saying he wanted analog broadcasting to end on December 31, 2006. Included in his plan was a $400–$500 million subsidy for converter boxes, which were expected to cost $50 each. The subsidies were intended only for people who could not afford a pay service such as cable or satellite television. Each home would receive a rebate coupon for one box, which could be mailed to the United States Treasury for redemption. Barton estimated that 8 to 10 million converters would be needed. The United Document [155] (Title: Analog passthrough) (at the reduced screen resolution of the analog standard), outputs that signal onto analog channel 3 or 4 (set by the user to avoid any conflict with local over-the-air channels) and sends that signal to the analog tuner in the TV. With a box that lacks analog passthrough, no other signals are sent to the output, so all analog stations are lost. In the US, this primarily affects low-power and broadcast translator stations, as these are exempt from the FCC mandate to switch to digital broadcasting in 2009, as well as foreign signals that will remain in analog form. A Document [156] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) convert its transmitters, publicly stating that it was not planning on converting these transmitters. CBC later announced that all its analogue transmitters will be permanently shut down on July 31, 2012 and will not be replaced. In the case of CTV's Access transmitters, the network chose to shut them down at the transition deadline rather than converting them to digital. Broadcasting digital terrestrial signals instead of analog offers numerous advantages to the viewer, such as the following: support for high definition (HD) picture, support for 5 speaker surround sound, support for information on the current and the next few programs Document [157] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) the European Union (EU). The PAL-converted signal was used by mainstream broadcasters such as SWR, BR and 3Sat. The HD-MAC standard was abandoned in 1993, and since then all EU and EBU efforts have focused on the DVB system ("Digital Video Broadcasting"), which allows both SDTV and HDTV. The analog TV systems these systems were meant to replace Related standards <br> Analog high-definition television system Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines. On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first Document [158] (Title: Digital television adapter) direct-broadcast satellites (DBS). In North America, these ATSC tuner boxes convert from ATSC to NTSC, while in most of Europe and other places such as Australia, they convert from Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) to PAL. Because the DTV transition did nothing to reduce the number of broadcast television system standards (and in fact further complicated them), and due to varying frequency allocations and bandplans, there are many other combinations specific to other countries. On June 12, 2009, all full-power analog television transmissions ended in the United States. Viewers who watch broadcast television on older analog TV sets must use a Document [159] (Title: Technology of television) Copeland areas (NW England) was disabled. The remaining four analogue channels ceased broadcasting shortly after. The original five channels are now available only in digital form, alongside approximately 15 additional free-to-air channels. In the early days of television, cabinets were made of wood grain (often simulated particularly in the later years), however, they went out of style in the 1980s. Up until the late 1970s, console TV/Hi Fi's were common. These were large (about 6' wide by 4' high) wooden cabinets containing a television, speakers, radio and a turntable. Technology of television The technology of television has evolved since its Document [160] (Title: Analog television) build an infrastructure for all broadcasters, using a single digital terrestrial transmission/television broadcast (DTTB) channel. Large portions of Malaysia are covered by television broadcasts from Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia (from Borneo and Batam). In Singapore, digital television under DVB-T2 began on 16 December 2013. The switchover has been delayed many times until 31 December 2018. In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission required all broadcasting companies to end analog broadcasting on December 31, 2015 at 11:59 p.m. Due to delay of the release of the implementing rules and regulations for digital television broadcast, the target date was moved to Document [161] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) ending no later than July 12. In a separate category, low power television stations were permitted to continue analog broadcasts for several more years. On July 15, 2011, the FCC posted the required transition deadlines for low power television. Stations broadcasting on channels 52 to 69 were required to vacate those channels by December 31, 2011, and all analog television transmitters (primarily low-powered (LP), and Class-A low-powered (-CA) stations, and also broadcast translator (TX) repeaters in rural communities) were required to shut down by September 1, 2015. On April 24, 2015, it was announced that the conversion date for standard Document [162] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their individual local stations. Many local markets, ranging from Burlington, Vermont and Sioux City, Iowa to San Diego, lost analog signals from most or all major U.S. stations. Some stations in coastal regions such as Fort Myers, Florida had chosen not to wait until June 12 so as to ensure transition is complete before hurricane season. In some cases, the Federal Communications Commission forced stations to continue full-power analog broadcast of at least a local newscast and information on the digital transition for an additional sixty days – a costly move for individual affected broadcasters. Of 491 stations which had Document [163] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) Digital television transition in the United States The digital transition in the United States was the switchover from analog to exclusively digital broadcasting of terrestial television television programming. According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced." For full-power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11:59 p.m. local time that day. Under the Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005, full-power broadcasting Document [164] (Title: WFWA) February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 40. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 39. As part of the SAFER Act, WFWA kept its analog signal on the air for 2+ weeks to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from Document [165] (Title: KIDA) the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997, the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station. Instead, on or before June 12, 2009, which was the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KIDA was to have turned off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash cut"). Marcia Turner, doing business as Turner Enterprises, filed for special temporary authority to remain silent on June 18, 2009 citing financial reasons and its inability to construct the digital facilities required by June 12, 2009. However, KIDA did not even Document [166] (Title: High-definition television) an outdated system and had already made it clear that it would develop an all-digital system. Experts thought the commercial Hi-Vision system in 1992 was already eclipsed by digital technology developed in the U.S. since 1990. This was an American victory against the Japanese in terms of technological dominance. By mid-1993 prices of receivers were still as high as 1.5 million yen (US$15,000). On February 23, 1994, a top broadcasting administrator in Japan admitted failure of its analog-based HDTV system, saying the U.S. digital format would be more likely a worldwide standard. However this announcement drew angry protests from broadcasters Document [167] (Title: Digital television adapter) a program to offer consumers a $40 "coupon" which could be used toward the purchase of a coupon-eligible converter box; that program ended in July 2006. At the Consumer Electronics Association's Entertainment Technology Policy Summit in January 2006, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commissioner Jonathan Adelstein said many Americans did not know about the February 17, 2006, deadline for ending analog TV. Furthermore, he said, too many people were still buying analog TV sets, meaning more demand for converter boxes. And even if people found out what they would have to do, converter boxes might not do the job adequately. Tribune Document [168] (Title: Television in France) more precisely France 3 regions. It means that every transmitters broadcasting "France 3 Méditerranée Provence-Alpes" went digital on the same date, another date for those that broadcast "France 3 Bourgogne Franche-Comté". The analog shut-off occurred in 2010 in the north; the south was the last to phase out analog television broadcasts. For three months before shutting down an analogue transmitter, it transmitted the TNT multiplexes so that viewers could adapt their installation on time. Also, a message was displayed as marquee on analog channels warning the viewer that he would no longer receive TV if he or she did not Document [169] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) switch off, as follows: Digital terrestrial television in Australia Digital terrestrial television in Australia commenced on 1 January 2001 in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth using DVB-T standards. The phase out of analogue PAL transmissions began in 2010 and was completed by 10 December 2013. Digital terrestrial television brought a number of enhancements over the previous analogue television, primarily higher-quality picture and sound, as well as datacasting and multi-view services such as video program guides, high definition, and now-and-next program information. There are a number of additional channels, datacasting, as well as high definition services, available to digital terrestrial Document [170] (Title: Technology of television) of each line within the image and to identify when a complete image has been transmitted and a new image is to follow. While mechanically-scanned systems were experimentally used, television as a mass medium was made practical by the development of electronic camera tubes and displays. By the turn of the 20th century, it was technically feasible to replace the analog signals for television broadcasting with digital signals. Many television viewers no longer use an antenna to receive over-the-air broadcasts, instead relying on cable television systems. Increasingly these are integrated with telephone and Internet services. The elements of a simple Document [171] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 3.1% of Americans were still completely unprepared for the transition. On June 11, 2009, one day before the analog shutoff, the National Association of Broadcasters reported that 1.75 million Americans were still not ready. 971 TV stations made the final switch to digital on June 12. It was believed Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Austin and Dallas would be the least prepared markets, but this turned out not to be the case, as most of the difficulties were in the Northeast, primarily with stations that changed their digital frequencies from UHF to VHF. On June 13, 2009, the FCC said their help Document [172] (Title: ATSC tuner) Viewers who did not upgrade, either to a television with a digital tuner or a set-top box, ended up losing their only source of television, unless they relied only upon the aforementioned non-full-power broadcasters. A Congressional bill authorized subsidized converter boxes in a way that allowed viewers to receive the new digital broadcasts on their old TVs. The actual transition proceeded smoothly with about 235,000 people requesting coupons after the June 12, 2009 transition date. Two $40 coupons were made available per US address nominally from January 1, 2008 through March 31, 2009; each coupon could be used toward the Document [173] (Title: Terrestrial television systems) or in process of shutdown; see Digital television transition for a timeline of the analog shutdown. A number of experimental and broadcast pre WW2 systems were tested. The first ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later TV systems were electronic. On an international conference in Stockholm in 1961, the International Telecommunication Union designated standards for broadcast television systems. Each standard is designated a letter (A-M); in combination with a color system (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), this completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for example, PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). The Document [174] (Title: KSCW-DT) (FCC) finalized the digital television allotment plan on April 21, 1997, the station did not receive a companion channel for its digital signal. Instead, at the end of the digital conversion period for full-power television stations, KSCW was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (an action called a "flash-cut"). The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 33, on February 17 of that year, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were federally mandated to transition from analog to digital broadcasts (which was later pushed Document [175] (Title: Analog television) may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters. All broadcast television systems used analog signals before the arrival of digital television (DTV). Motivated by the lower bandwidth requirements of compressed digital signals, since the 2000s a digital television transition is proceeding in most countries of the world, with different deadlines for cessation of analog broadcasts. The earliest systems of analog television were mechanical television systems, which used spinning disks with patterns of holes punched into the disc to scan an image. A similar disk reconstructed the image at the receiver. Synchronization of the receiver Document [176] (Title: Digital television in Indonesia) within 14 days after court decision date.NOTE: BUT Until now. Digital Television still On-Air On May 15, 2018, KEMENKOMINFO will be switching off the analog terrestrial TV in 20 phases, starting on 17 February 2019 and finishing on 12 June 2019. Digital area of Communication and Information Ministry Regulation Number 32 Year 2013: Whenever the licence digital broadcasters ready to serve, it can use the table above. Not as the previous regulation which stated clearly the termination of analog broadcasts and certain time frame for analog broadcasts move to digital broadcasts, the new regulation mentions that both analog and digital Document [177] (Title: United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction) the auction. All bidding was required by law to commence by January 28. Full-power TV stations were forced to transition to digital broadcasting in order to free 108 MHz of radio spectrum for newer wireless services. Most analog broadcasts ceased on June 12, 2009. The 700 MHz spectrum was previously used for analog television broadcasting, specifically UHF channels 52 through 69. The FCC ruled that the digital television transition would no longer be necessary because of the improved spectral efficiency of digital broadcasts. Digital broadcasts allow TV channels to be broadcast on adjacent channels without having to leave empty TV Document [178] (Title: Technology of television) which avoid the need for either "letterboxing" or the severe loss of information caused by conventional "pan-and-scan" cropping. In North America, the basic signal standards since 1941 had been compatible enough in 2007 that even the oldest monochrome televisions could still receive color broadcasts. However, the United States Congress passed a law which required the cessation of all conventional television broadcast signals by February 2009. After that date all NTSC standard televisions with analog-only tuners went dark unless fitted with a digital ATSC tuner. The digital channels occupy the same spectrum as the analog channels. Some of the spectrum previously Document [179] (Title: Norkring) and that all home boxes can support high definition. The first areas received DVB-T coverage in 2007. When the analog shut-down took place in late 2009, these frequencies were freed up and used for two additional multiplexes for digital television. At the same time TV 2 went from being a free-to-air to an encrypted pay television channel. Because of late implementation, RiksTV received a significantly lower penetration than estimated, as cable and satellite television had largely captured the market for viewers willing to pay for television. Installation of the network cost NOK 2 billion. As the digitization of television in Document [180] (Title: KATU) conducted a test for viewers to determine whether their television sets were ready for the digital television transition by turning off its analog signal for 10 seconds, which the station conducted other times through the spring of 2009. KATU shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. During Document [181] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) and some other minimal function. On July 24, 2010, at noon, analog TV transmission officially stopped in Suzu and parts of Noto (approximately 8,800 homes) as the rehearsal plan that took place one year ahead of the nationwide shutdown, which is scheduled on July 24, 2011. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications shall watch what type of problem arise in transition to DTT which might apply to the nationwide shutdown. On April 20, 2011, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications confirmed, and made the resolution by the House of Councillors on June 8, 2011, that the analog terrestrial TV close Document [182] (Title: Television in Mexico) the government adopted the same ATSC standard as the United States and sought to end analog television by December 31, 2016. In major markets, particularly in central Mexico and along the US border, digital television stations began to come on air. A revised plan in 2013 saw a change to switching off television markets separately until a national analog shutoff, set for December 31, 2015. The first market to meet the conditions of 90% digital penetration was Tijuana. After a one-month delay to ensure that digital penetration had crossed the 90% threshold, signals were turned off on May 28. However, Document [183] (Title: WHSV-TV) on turning off its analog transmitter of February 17, 2009, the original deadline of the federally mandated digital conversion. The station restored the signal the following Friday however, because several translator stations in communities such as Bergton that are owned by local cooperatives and county governments were unable to convert their transmitters to reconvert the digital signal into analog form, along with viewers who could receive Channel 3 signal well on analog, but not at all digitally. WHSV's broadcasts became digital-only, effective June 12, 2009. As part of the 2016–17 spectrum reallocation auction, U.S. full power television stations will no Document [184] (Title: Vermont PBS) statement, the network said that its other signals would be upgraded to cover the area served by WVTA. The stations' digital signals are multiplexed: VPBS' stations shut down their analog signals on February 17, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). As part of the SAFER Act, the stations, as rarities for members of PBS, kept their analog signals on the air until April 18 to inform viewers of the digital television transition. Each Document [185] (Title: History of television) availability of inexpensive, high-performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms developed HDTV technology, and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay Document [186] (Title: Television in Italy) sources are considered more reliable than television ones for information. Digital terrestrial television technology has expanded rapidly and now every major network in Italy (including RAI and Mediaset) transmits in DVB-T format, while analog broadcasts were continued until the end of the transition, originally set by law to December 31, 2006 but later pushed back to the end of 2012. The Berlusconi II Cabinet started promoting the digital format in December 2003 by granting a public financial contribution for the purchase of a MHP digital television decoder. Starting from January 2005 Mediaset and Telecom Italia Media started offering pay TV Document [187] (Title: Digital television) by a single channel of analog television, and provides many new features that analog television cannot. A switchover from analog to digital broadcasting began around 2006 in some countries, and many industrial countries have now completed the changeover, while other countries are in various stages of adaptation. Different digital television broadcasting standards have been adopted in different parts of the world; below are the more widely used standards: Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s, as Document [188] (Title: CBC Television) in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital. On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011." On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off Document [189] (Title: Analog television) 2020. Full digital broadcast is expected in 2021. Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal. Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver. Thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong Document [190] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) The following switch-offs are in cooperation with Digea, so the dates are the same. Digea: Digital Union: ERT - NOVA (pay TV platform): TV1 Syros started its first pilot broadcasts on November 1, 2008 in Cyclades (Syros): 60 UHF. As of February 6, 2015, Greece has completed its transition to digital TV.. Experimental DTT broadcast has started in December 2008. The program of Duna Televízió was broadcast during the trials. Originally analog television was planned to be shut down on 1 January 2012, but this deadline was first pushed out to 2014 then brought forward to 2013. Analogue broadcast was Document [191] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) August 31, 2011, just over two years after the American transition date of June 12, 2009. Mandatory markets with a transmitter that does not transition to digital by the deadline will lose the over-the-air signal for the corresponding station permanently or until a digital transmitter is brought on-the-air for that station in that area. Note that the transition deadline only concerns over-the-air signals and does not impact other televisions reception methods in Canada such as over the Internet (already digital), cable (some analog, most digital), or satellite (already digital). On July 6, 2009, the CRTC issued a decision that limited Question: when did tv go from analog to digital Answer: June 12, 2009 Long Answer: The DTV (an abbreviation of digital television, also called digital broadcast) transition in the United States was the switchover from analog (the traditional method of transmitting television signals) to exclusively digital broadcasting of free over-the - air television programming . According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced ." For full - power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11: 59pm local time that day. Gold Document ID: 191

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: History of television) notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the Document [2] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Super Bowl XLIII, there will be less of a chance of an acute hardware shortage from people waiting until the last minute to purchase an ATSC tuner than there would have been with a January 1 cutoff. The original deadline of January 1, 2006 was abolished when it was realized that TV stations and customers would not be able to meet the earlier deadline. In March 2008, the FCC requested public comment on turning the bandwidth currently occupied by analog television channels 5 and 6 (76–88 MHz) over to extending the FM broadcast band when the digital television transition was Document [3] (Title: KJRH-TV) station in the Tulsa market to transmit a digital broadcast feed. That day, it became the first television station in the Tulsa market to broadcast local content in high definition, when it televised station promotions filmed in the format that aired during NBC's coverage of the 2002 Winter Olympics. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal operated on a high-band UHF channel (in the 52 Document [4] (Title: Terrestrial television) December 2009. Two member states (not specified in the announcement) have expressed concerns that they might not be able to proceed to the switchover by 2012 due to technical limitations; the rest of the EU member states had stopped analogue television transmissions by the end 2012. Many countries are developing and evaluating digital terrestrial television systems. Australia has adopted the DVB-T standard and the government's industry regulator, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, has mandated that all analogue transmissions will cease by 2012. Mandated digital conversion started early in 2009 with a graduated program. The first centre to experience analog Document [5] (Title: Television in the United States) 12 of that year (originally set for February 17, before Congress delayed it due to concerns about national household penetration of digital television by viewers reliant on antennas for receive programming in advance the transition). Low-power television stations originally had until September 2015 to terminate analog broadcasts, a deadline that was later postponed and currently is slated to take effect in April 2021; most have already transitioned to digital as of 2014, with the exception of the "87.7 FM" outlets, which operate primarily as radio stations by using the audio of analog channel 6 to broadcast to FM radios. There Document [6] (Title: WMYV) in that deal, which were predicated on the closure of the Sinclair–Tribune merger. WMYV previously carried TheCoolTV until August 31, 2012, when parent company Sinclair dropped the network from 35 of its stations. On February 2, 2009, Sinclair told cable and satellite television providers via e-mail that regardless of the exact mandatory switchover date to digital-only broadcasting for full-power stations (which Congress rescheduled for June 12 days later), the station would shut down its analog signal on the original transition date of February 17, making WMYV and WXLV the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. Document [7] (Title: Television in the United States) being the standard transmission method for over-the-air broadcasts. The major broadcast networks began transitioning to recording their programs in high definition (HD); prime time programs were the first to convert to the format, with daytime shows eventually being converted to HD beginning in the mid-2000s; the upgrade to full high-definition network schedules, at least among the conventional English language broadcast networks, was fully completed by September 2014 when the last standard-definition programs upgraded to HD. A law passed by Congress in 2006 required over-the-air stations to cease analog broadcasts in 2009, with the end of analog television arriving on June Document [8] (Title: KFOX-TV) shutting down its analog feed at 6:25 a.m., 12:25 and 6:25 p.m. that day to prepare viewers for the pending digital television transition the following month by make sure they had necessary equipment to be able to continue receiving the station post-transition. KFOX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 14, at midnight on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the Document [9] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) size, until full national coverage is reached on December 31, 2015. At that point analog broadcasts will officially end. In the United States on 12 June 2009, all full-power U.S. television broadcasts became exclusively digital, under the Digital Television and Public Safety Act of 2005. Furthermore, since 1 March 2007, new television sets that receive signals over the air, including pocket-sized portable televisions, include ATSC digital tuners for digital broadcasts. Prior to 12 June 2009, most U.S. broadcasters were transmitting in both analog and digital formats; a few were digital only. Most U.S. stations were not permitted to shut down Document [10] (Title: Analog television) analog broadcasts on 31 August 2011. China is scheduled to end analog broadcasting between 2015 and 2018, due to the large size of the country. Brazil switched to digital television on 2 December 2007 in its major cities. It is now estimated that Brazil will end analog broadcasting in 2023. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission (MCMC) advertised for tender bids to be submitted in the third quarter of 2009 for the 470 through 742 MHz UHF allocation, to enable Malaysia's broadcast system to move into DTV. The new broadcast band allocation would result in Malaysia's having to Document [11] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) terminated at 12:30pm, on 31 July 2013 in the central part of Hungary, and October 2013 in the rest of the country. M1, M2, Duna TV, Duna World, RTL Klub, TV2 and Euronews are available as free-view. M1, M2 and Duna TV are also available in HD. On both of the 2013 shutoff dates, all analog channels ceased normal programming at 12:30pm and showed a silent ASO information screen that has a phone number to call for help. It was kept on for a few days, after which the analog transmitters are permanently shut down. In Ireland DTT has been Document [12] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines In the Philippines, digital terrestrial television (DTT) services are in development by the major broadcasting companies of the Philippines. The Philippines uses the American NTSC standard for analog television since color television arrived in November 1966. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) announced in June 2010 that the Philippines would use the Japanese ISDB-T standard for DTT, and issued a circular stating that the country's broadcasters must discontinue their analog services by the transition deadline of 11:59 p.m. (Philippine Standard Time, UTC+8) on December 31, 2015. But due to delay of the release of the Document [13] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) will be allowed to use their analog signal to inform unprepared viewers of the new transition date, or for emergency situations such as severe weather (called "nightlighting"). The FCC concluded that the other 123 stations who applied present a "significant risk of substantial public harm," if they go all digital on February 17. The FCC stated "We considered the presence of major networks and their affiliates critical to ensuring that viewers have access to local news and public affairs available over the air because the major network affiliates are the primary source of local broadcast news and public affairs programming". Document [14] (Title: WBBH-TV) WBBH-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 20, on February 17, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). As part of the SAFER Act, WBBH-TV kept its analog signal on the air until February 21 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Digital television receivers display the Document [15] (Title: Analog television) a well insulated high voltage multiplier unit. The high frequency (15 kHz or so) of the horizontal scanning allows reasonably small components to be used. The first country to make a wholesale switch to digital over-the-air (terrestrial television) broadcasting was Luxembourg in 2006, followed later in 2006 by the Netherlands; in 2007 by Finland, Andorra, Sweden and Switzerland; in 2008 by Belgium (Flanders) and Germany; in 2009 by the United States (high power stations), southern Canada, the Isle of Man, Norway, and Denmark. In 2010, Belgium (Wallonia), Spain, Wales, Latvia, Estonia, the Channel Islands, San Marino, Croatia and Slovenia; in Document [16] (Title: WITI (TV)) WITI shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 33. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. As part of the SAFER Act, WITI kept its analog signal on the air until June 25 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of English and Spanish Document [17] (Title: WVII-TV) since 2001; however, National Football League rules required WVII to show them on tape delay, despite several efforts by the station to carry live telecasts. WVII has been digital-only since February 17, 2009, the original date when all television stations in the United States transitioned from analog broadcasts to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (the date would later change to June 12, 2009). Initially, the digital signal remained on UHF channel 14 (where it broadcast before the transition), but it subsequently returned to its former analog channel, 7. The station received national attention when the station's main anchor team, Cindy Document [18] (Title: KGW) 29. On July 18, 2008 at 6:14 p.m., KGW conducted a test for viewers to determine whether their television sets were ready for the digital transition by turning off its analog signal for 10 seconds, which the station conducted other times through the spring of 2009. In early 2009, KGW, along with other stations that had already added digital television technology, began broadcasting on its digital channel and those without cable or satellite service could purchase "DTA" (Digital to Analog) converter boxes. The U.S. government distributed credit-card "coupons" to get as much as a $50 discount on the boxes, with Document [19] (Title: WLVI) official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 41. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 56, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. On February 15, 2017, Sunbeam Television owner Ed Ansin told "The Boston Globe" that he had sold WLVI's broadcast frequency in the FCC's spectrum auction for Document [20] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) made this conversion by August 31, 2011, a handful of stations had delays and were permitted to remain broadcasting in analog. In February 2012, CFTU-TV converted its transmitter to digital, marking the last of the mandatory market transmitters planned to become digital, to finally make the switch. This left 23 CBC and SRC rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets being required to transition to digital by August 31, 2012, though the CBC shut down all of its remaining analog television transmitters on July 31, 2012, with no further transmitters made digital. Following the August 31, 2011 deadline, some channels requested to Document [21] (Title: Analog television) The first commercial television systems were black-and-white; the beginning of color television was in the 1950s. A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance (in a color system), synchronization (horizontal and vertical), and audio signals, and broadcast them over a radio transmission. The transmission system must include a means of television channel selection. Analog broadcast television systems come in a variety of frame rates and resolutions. Further differences exist in the frequency and modulation of the audio carrier. The monochrome combinations still existing in the 1950s are standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as capital letters A through Document [22] (Title: KGW) a limit of two coupons per household. The boxes would accept the digital signal and convert it back to analog so that older televisions could pick up the signal. It is estimated that 20% of television watching households in the Portland area use the over-the-air signal for TV services, making the coupon program very popular in Portland. KGW shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, at 3:04 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated Document [23] (Title: KUPU) FCC finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997 , the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television signal. On January 15, 2009, KUPU shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 15, on January 15, 2009, the date in which full-power television stations in Hawaii transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts (six months earlier than the June 12 transition date for stations on the U.S. mainland). The station flash-cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 15; its former analog channel 56 was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed Document [24] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) to broadcast beyond December 31, 2010 and all certified digital broadcast providers will relinquish their individual analog frequencies upon the termination of its analog television broadcast transmission by 11:59 p.m., December 31, 2015. However, since the last quarter of 2014, the digitization deadline has been postponed to 2019 and should be expected that all analog broadcasts will be shut off on December 31, 2023. Certain mobile phones and tablets carry the ability to receive digital TV signals. The following brands are: With the advent of digital streaming systems at the start of mid-2010s, there are active video streaming services available Document [25] (Title: Analog television) in Carmarthenshire. </REF> The Digital television transition in the United States for high-powered transmission was completed on 12 June 2009, the date that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set. Almost two million households could no longer watch television because they had not prepared for the transition. The switchover had been delayed by the DTV Delay Act. While the majority of the viewers of over-the-air broadcast television in the U.S. watch full-power stations (which number about 1800), there are three other categories of television stations in the U.S.: low-power broadcasting stations, class A stations, and television translator stations. They were given Document [26] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 1.5 million, 1.3 percent, and after nearly 2 months, the number was down to just over one million, or 1.1 percent. As of August 30, 2009, the number was 710,000, as 572,000 had upgraded in August and 1.8 million since June 12. In some cases where digital frequencies moved, people have been advised not only to re-scan but to "double-scan", in order to clear outdated information from the digital TV or converter box memory. Calls to the FCC decreased from 43,000 a day in the week ending June 15 to 21,000 the next week. Reception problems, representing nearly a third Document [27] (Title: High-definition video) (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard (which included both HD and SD video standards) in 1996, with the first broadcasts on October 28, 1998. In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting. High definition Document [28] (Title: KXAS-TV) kept its analog signal on the air starting with a brief test pattern at 12:00 p.m. that day, followed by a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) to inform viewers of the digital transition. The analog signal remained in lame-duck operation until June 26. On March 14, 2018, it was announced that the station's parent NBC Owned Television Stations and telecommunication giant T-Mobile US is having an agreement to accelerate of relocating their 600 MHz spectrum of the station to its new frequency in the end of May, instead of the original FCC deadline Document [29] (Title: Digital television adapter) its model connected to a Zenith TV from 1980, while Thomson Consumer Electronics used an RCA TV from 1987 for its demonstration. Both boxes shown used electronic program guides using Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP). The devices showed program details, V-chip ratings and signal strength. Thomson's model stored three days of TV listings, allowed parental controls, and could set a VCR. Cable TV systems are under no deadline to convert to digital TV. However, many Comcast (and some other cable TV) customers are finding all of their non-local and non-shopping networks eliminated on various dates, even though only a Document [30] (Title: Digital television transition) broadcasts. In the United States, the government subsidized the purchase of such boxes for consumers via their coupon-eligible converter box program in 2009, funded by a small part of the billions of dollars brought in by a spectrum auction. The program was managed by the Department of Commerce through its National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Digital television transition The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover, the analog switch-off (ASO), or the analog shutdown, is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television. This primarily involves the conversion of analog terrestrial Document [31] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines) in the Philippines namely: Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines In the Philippines, digital terrestrial television (DTT) services are in development by the major broadcasting companies of the Philippines. The Philippines uses the American NTSC standard for analog television since color television arrived in November 1966. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) announced in June 2010 that the Philippines would use the Japanese ISDB-T standard for DTT, and issued a circular stating that the country's broadcasters must discontinue their analog services by the transition deadline of 11:59 p.m. (Philippine Standard Time, UTC+8) on December 31, 2015. But due to delay of Document [32] (Title: Analog television) N. When color television was introduced, the hue and saturation information was added to the monochrome signals in a way that black and white televisions ignore. In this way backwards compatibility was achieved. That concept is true for all analog television standards. There were three standards for the way the additional color information can be encoded and transmitted. The first was the American NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) color television system. The European/Australian PAL (Phase Alternation Line rate) and the French-former Soviet Union SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire) standard were developed later and attempt to cure certain defects of the Document [33] (Title: History of television) digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible, that is, 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line. William F. Schreiber, who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology. Digital television transition started in the late Document [34] (Title: Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005) Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 The Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 is a United States Congress legislation enacted on October 20, 2005. This act deals with the cessation of the broadcasting of analog television and the subsequent implementation of digital television. This transition took place on June 12, 2009, which had been scheduled for February 17, 2009. The act was a part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (S.1932), Title III. It also provided for an auction of the recovered frequencies, and for a sum of $7.3 billion to be transferred to Document [35] (Title: DVB-T2) digital terrestrial television, and now DVB-T2 signal is available to over 90 percent of the population of Serbia. In June 2015, transition to DVB-T2 finished. In December 2013, MediaCorp started the first phase of switchover to digital broadcasting. Existing analogue TV signals will continue to be broadcast simultaneously with digital TV signals until end-2017 to facilitate consumers migration to digital TV equipment. MediaCorp estimates that the switchover of all seven free-to-air channels to digital broadcasting will be completed by the end of 2016. On November 6, 2017, the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) announced that the end of analogue broadcasting Document [36] (Title: WMYA-TV) February 17, making WLOS and WMYA the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. WMYA discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 40, at midnight on February 18, 2009, one day after the original date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which Congress had moved the previous month to June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 14. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel Document [37] (Title: WQPT-TV) from analog (NTSC) to digital (ATSC) television transmission in United States. Specifically, an unfunded federal mandate for US television stations. See Digital television transition. Since 1993, auctions of former television spectrum to the wireless (cellular) telephone and broadband service companies by the FCC generated $52 billion. That revenue was not used to mitigate the digital transition costs for the non-commercial, educational television stations. For comparison, Iowa Public Television, which operates a statewide television and telecommunications network with 9 high-power digital transmitters and 8 translators spent $47,000,000 to complete the digital television conversion. That capital expenditure was financially supported by the Document [38] (Title: KSDK) on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 35. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. KSDK dominated the news ratings in St. Louis for the better part of its first six decades on the air. KMOX-TV (now KMOV) took the lead in the late 1960s, but KSDK regained the #1 spot in the early 1980s and kept Document [39] (Title: Digital television) same thing.) The adoption of a broadcast standard incompatible with existing analog receivers has created the problem of large numbers of analog receivers being discarded during digital television transition. One superintendent of public works was quoted in 2009 saying; "some of the studies I’ve read in the trade magazines say up to a quarter of American households could be throwing a TV out in the next two years following the regulation change". In 2009, an estimated 99 million analog TV receivers were sitting unused in homes in the US alone and, while some obsolete receivers are being retrofitted with converters, Document [40] (Title: KMBC-TV) have experienced interference from KMBC-TV as both stations' transmitters are away from each other, a fairly shorter distance than the advised separation between two stations operating on a shared channel). The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12 of that year, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States were federally mandated to transition from analog to digital broadcasts (which was originally scheduled for February 17, but was pushed back after both Congressional branches passed measures to delay the complete conversion to ensure that all consumers receiving television broadcasts over-the-air Document [41] (Title: WVUE-DT) the United States to create a managerial position for a subchannel, with the hiring of Curtis Pace as general manager of digital channel 8.2. WVUE shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on December 15, 2008, becoming the first New Orleans television station to cease analog transmission of its signal and exclusively broadcast a digital signal, and the second, after Telemundo affiliate KGLA-DT (channel 42, which signed on in June 2007 without a companion analog signal), to become a digital-only station prior to the June 12, 2009 digital television transition. One week later on December 22, the station's Document [42] (Title: Digital Video Broadcasting) decision to migrate from the analog television implemented in 1954 to Digital Terrestrial Television (DVB-T2). This measure allows the viewers access to the open television (OTA) of public and private channels, with video quality in HD. As planned, analogue television broadcasts will end on December 31, 2019. Companies that manufacture a product which is compliant to one or more DVB standards have the option of registering a declaration of conformity for that product. Wherever the DVB trademark is used in relation to a product – be it a broadcast, a service, an application or equipment – the product must be Document [43] (Title: KJRH-TV) to 69 channel range) that was removed from broadcast use after the official June 12, 2009 transition date, its analog channel assignment was in the low-band VHF range (channels 2 to 6) and therefore prone to signal interference from impulse noise; as a result, KJRH selected VHF channel 8 (the former channel allocation used by KTUL's analog signal) for its post-transition digital operations. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. As part of the SAFER Act, KJRH kept its analog signal on the air until June 26 Document [44] (Title: Technology of television) occupied by the highest numbered channels was auctioned off by the United States' Federal Communications Commission for other uses. PAL and SECAM are expected not to be broadcast in Europe and Eurasia by the mid-2020s. PAL-M may have a similar decommissioning timeline. The European Union has recommended its members to close down analogue terrestrial television by 2012. Luxembourg and the Netherlands already completed their closedowns in 2006, and Finland and Sweden closed down their analogue broadcasts in 2007. Britain started its digital switch in October 2007. At 2am on Wednesday 17 October 2007, the BBC2 transmitter covering the Whitehaven and Document [45] (Title: Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom) Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom The digital switchover is the name given to the process by which analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom was replaced with digital terrestrial television. It is sometimes referred to as the "analogue switch off". In the United Kingdom, the terrestrial switchover started on 17 October 2007 and was completed on 24 October 2012. Each group of transmitters within each TV region had its analogue broadcasts switched off at a certain point between those dates. The process was co-ordinated by an independent body, Digital UK. Stage 1 – Known as DSO1 - Analogue Document [46] (Title: Television in South Africa) are carried both terrestrially on local analogue frequencies as well as nationally on pay-TV platforms, principally DStv. The first digital television implementation in South Africa was a satellite-based system launched by pay-TV operator MultiChoice in 1995. On 22 February 2007, the South African government announced that the country's public TV operators would be broadcasting in digital by 1 November 2008, followed by a three-year dual-illumination period which would end on 1 November 2011. On 11 August 2008, the Department of Communications announced its Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy. The policy will govern the switchover from analogue to digital transmission, and states Document [47] (Title: Television in France) Guiana and Martinique) also terminated all analog broadcasts on the same day. By 2008, 34% of the French population was using analogue TV as an only reception mode. The next year, the city of Coulommiers switched to digital-only TV, serving as a test city for TDF. By the end of 2009, analog TV was shut off in the Nord Cotentin, and TDF reported no major reception problems. Citizens in TNT test zones were informed that analog TV would shut down by early 2009, and consequently they adapted their installation. For the rest of the country, the shut-off progressed by regions, Document [48] (Title: KELO-TV) in South Dakota. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 32 to VHF channel 11 for post-transition operations. KDLO was originally scheduled to shut down its analog signal and broadcast in digital only on February 17, 2009, while KELO, KPLO and KCLO's broadcasts would become digital-only effective June 12, 2009; however, the FCC rejected Young Broadcasting's petition for early termination of Document [49] (Title: Television) television transition started in late 2000s. All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low, as the first digital tuner-equipped TVs were costly. But soon, as the price of digital-capable TVs dropped, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as "connected TV" or "hybrid TV", is a television set or set-top box with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, Document [50] (Title: KYW-TV) Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3. KYW-TV was the only Philadelphia market station participating in the "Analog Nightlight" program, and did so through July 12, 2009. The analog-to-digital conversion began way back to a series of experimental patterns starting with the B&W wheel followed by Jackie Johnson announcing "You're watching KYW-TV. The switch to digital is happening now." Then the next pattern is a man holding a Zappos ad, then back to an original W3XE Philco test pattern with "KYW-TV Philadelphia" added at the bottom for Document [51] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 12, 2009. However, the House of Representatives voted on and defeated a similar measure on January 28. Rep. Joe Barton led the movement in the House to defeat the measure, saying that "the DTV transition is neither stuck nor broke", and that any problems with the DTV transition can be fixed. Barton also said, "I guarantee you, no matter when you set the date— February 17, June 12, July the Fourth, Valentine's Day— there are going to be some people that aren't ready." On January 29, the DTV Delay Act passed in the Senate. On February 4, the House also Document [52] (Title: Digital television transition) Digital television transition The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover, the analog switch-off (ASO), or the analog shutdown, is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television. This primarily involves the conversion of analog terrestrial television to digital terrestrial. However, it also involves analog cable conversion to digital cable or internet protocol television, as well as analog to digital satellite television. Begun by some countries around 2000, this is an involved process because the existing analog television receivers owned by viewers cannot receive digital broadcasts; viewers must either purchase new Document [53] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) that if a Mux operator requests the restriction to be lifted, their multiplex may carry pay TV services. Ofcom says that the digital television market has changed significantly since 2002. Consequently, it believes that this restriction is no longer required. During the consultation, 9 of the 12 responses from broadcasters were in favour of removing the restriction. These included the BBC. The BBC agreed that the digital television market had changed substantially since 2002, and that Top Up TV probably couldn't afford the current cost of DTT slots anyway. The BBC suggested that the deregulation should be conditional on a Document [54] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) and deployment issues given the tumultuous financial climate of the late 1920s and 1930s. Most patents were expiring by the end of World War II leaving no worldwide standard for television. The standards introduced in the early 1950s stayed for over half a century. When Europe resumed TV transmissions after WWII (i.e. in the late 1940s and early 1950s) most countries standardized on a 576i (625-line) television system. The two exceptions were the British 405-line system, which had already been introduced in 1936, and the French 819-line system. During the 1940s René Barthélemy already reached 1015-lines and even 1042-lines. On Document [55] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) Two frequency, and began broadcasting a temporary digital service for the main channels. On 14 November, all analogue signals were switched off, and the permanent three-multiplex digital service began (albeit with Channel 5 only on the Whitehaven transmitter, until 2009). Unfortunately, as had been feared, a small number of homes among the hills, which had received "fuzzy" analogue signals, particularly in Eskdale, were unable to receive a decodable Freeview signal. The only other serious problem resulted from the "rescan" command in some models of set-top box defaulting to frequencies used by the nearest main transmitter, instead of the strongest digital Document [56] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) other DVB-T capable digital receiver). Where an analogue TV recording device was in use this ideally would require a separate Freeview set-top box, to replicate the previous functionality of recording and watching different programme sources. The progress towards digital switchover in the UK was long. The then Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Chris Smith, announced in 1999 that the Government's intention was to achieve switchover "between 2006 and 2010". Work started in earnest with the setting up of the Digital Action Plan, a body working across industry, government and consumer groups to advise on the best way Document [57] (Title: History of television) 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low. But soon, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as "connected TV" or "hybrid television", is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets Document [58] (Title: Terrestrial television) new plan for DTT broadcasting only in its place. In December 2005, the European Union decided to cease all analogue audio and analogue video television transmissions by 2012 and switch all terrestrial television broadcasting to digital audio and digital video (all EU countries have agreed on using DVB-T). The Netherlands completed the transition in December 2006, and some EU member states decided to complete their switchover as early as 2008 (Sweden), and (Denmark) in 2009. While the UK began the switch in late 2007, it was not completed until 24 October 2012. Norway ceased all analogue television transmissions on 1 Document [59] (Title: Digital television) digital signals. In the United States, a government-sponsored coupon was available to offset the cost of an external converter box. Analog switch-off (of full-power stations) took place on December 11, 2006 in The Netherlands, June 12, 2009 in the United States for full-power stations, and later for Class-A Stations on September 1, 2016, July 24, 2011 in Japan, August 31, 2011 in Canada, February 13, 2012 in Arab states, May 1, 2012 in Germany, October 24, 2012 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, October 31, 2012 in selected Indian cities, and December 10, 2013 in Australia. Completion of analog switch-off Document [60] (Title: WEWS-TV) June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. WEWS carried the 90-minute ABC premiere of "The Edge of Night" on December 1, 1975. On December 3, it started "Edge" at 10:00 a.m. on a one-day delay, and then later pushed up to 10:30 to make way for the national syndication of Document [61] (Title: WRDC) in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. It was one of three stations in the Triangle market, along with WLFL and WRAY-TV, that decided to switch on that date, even though the official transition date had been changed to June 12, 2009. Although it had an assigned digital channel that it would move to post-transition that differed from its original digital channel, WRDC continued to broadcast its digital signal on its pre-transition allocation (UHF channel 27). At noon on June 12, the station's digital signal relocated to UHF channel 28. In 1986, WPTF erected Document [62] (Title: Television in Croatia) territory of Croatia was split into nine digital-TV allotment regions. The analog broadcast network was switched off gradually (by the digital-TV allotment regions) beginning on 26 January 2010. The process was completed, achieving digital switchover on 5 October 2010, but geographically isolated areas were left with analog broadcasts. The last analog TV transmitter in Croatia was shut down on 30 September 2011, as DVB-T coverage was extended to 98.5 percent of households in Croatia and no less than 95 percent of households in each of the allotment regions. Approximately 6,000 households were left with no reception of DVB-T or analog Document [63] (Title: Television) the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or for use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Due to data compression digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology Document [64] (Title: High-definition television) teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting. In 1986, the European Community proposed HD-MAC, an analog HDTV system with 1,152 lines. A public demonstration took place for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. However HD-MAC was scrapped in 1993 and the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project was formed, which would foresee development of a digital HDTV standard. In 1979, the Japanese public broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its multiple Document [65] (Title: WQMY) 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 53, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. Syndicated programming on this station includes "The People's Court", "Judge Mathis" and "Family Feud". Document [66] (Title: KENS) KENS was retained by the latter company, named Tegna. The station's digital channel is multiplexed: KENS discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station moved its digital signal from its pre-transition UHF channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition and was vacated early by the station in November 2008 to allow Qualcomm to begin Document [67] (Title: WRNN-TV) the channel allocation assigned to their analog signal, using PSIP to display WRNN-TV's virtual channel 48 on digital television receivers. The early analog shutoff authority was granted during a time when the full transition from analog to digital television had been tentatively scheduled for the end of 2006. Full-powered analog television broadcasts in the United States ended on June 12, 2009. In January 2007, it was announced that WRNN and "The Journal News" would partner to create a two-hour "daily in-depth newscast" titled "Newscenter Now" beginning in mid-March 2007. The newscast was broadcast from WRNN's Rye Brook studios and aired Document [68] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Digital terrestrial television in the United States In the United States, digital television broadcasts, or DTV, can be received via cable, via internet, via satellite, or via digital terrestrial television - much like analog television broadcasts have been. Full-power analog television broadcasts, however, were required by U.S. federal law to cease by June 12, 2009. Low-power, Class A, and TV Translator stations are not currently required to cease analog broadcasts. Also by law, digital broadcasts - when transmitted as OTA signals - must conform to ATSC standards.; it is unclear whether satellite operators are free to use their own proprietary Document [69] (Title: Digital television) Digital television Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals. It is an innovative advance that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV can transmit in HDTV with greater resolution than analog TV, in a wide screen aspect ratio similar to recent movies. It makes more economical use of scarce radio spectrum space; it can transmit multiple channels in the same bandwidth occupied Document [70] (Title: WXEL-TV) on July 16, would enable the two stations to pool resources and fundraising efforts to offer more program content. WXEL-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as 42. WHDT subsequently moved its digital signal to UHF channel 42, moving from channel 59 which was removed from Document [71] (Title: Digital television) electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format. DirecTV in the U.S. launched the first commercial digital satellite platform in May 1994, using the Digital Satellite System (DSS) standard. Digital cable broadcasts were tested and launched in the U.S. in 1996 by TCI and Time Warner. The first digital terrestrial platform was launched in November Document [72] (Title: Television) have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s. Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by coaxial cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and, since the 2000s via the Internet. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, but a transition to digital television is expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s. A standard Document [73] (Title: KTLA) for the first time along with its analog channel. KTLA-DT went on to do the first HD Rose Parade and the first HD Dodgers baseball game broadcasts in the several months that followed. KTLA shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 31, using PSIP to display KTLA's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers. Veteran newsman Stan Chambers, who was hired by KTLA almost a year after its 1947 launch and Document [74] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) Digital terrestrial television Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT) is a technology for broadcast television in which land-based (terrestrial) television stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers' residences in a digital format. DTTV is a major technological advance over the previous analog television, and has largely replaced analog which had been in common use since the middle of the last century. Test broadcasts began in 1998 with the changeover to DTTV (aka Analog Switchoff (ASO) or Digital Switchover (DSO)) beginning in 2006 and is now complete in many countries. The advantages of "digital" terrestrial television are Document [75] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) June 12 cutoff date. On February 11, 2009 President Obama signed the bill into law, officially moving the cutoff date to June 12, 2009. In total, 191 stations already had turned off their analog transmitters for good. On February 20, 2009, the FCC released an order stating that stations that wish to go all digital before the final June 12, 2009 date must inform the FCC of that decision by March 17, 2009. While 93 large-city network owned and operated stations (controlled by CBS, ABC, Fox TV and NBC) would continue analog broadcasts until June 12, many small-market broadcasters were Document [76] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) year was suspended, pending the then-upcoming spectrum auction. After the auction's completion in 2017, on May 17 of that year the FCC announced July 13, 2021 as the new analog low-power shutoff date. The study of how to increase spectrum for wireless broadband began in 2009. Some plans called for eliminating broadcast TV entirely, but opponents of such a plan said the efforts made during the DTV transition would become pointless. By 2010, voluntary efforts were planned. Sharing channels, made possible by the first transition, was approved in 2012. A spectrum auction planned for 2014 (and delayed to 2016) became Document [77] (Title: WJAC-TV) best make use of the new programming options afforded by Digital OTA broadcast. WJAC-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 34. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. The nearby mountain ridges had prevented most of Altoona and all of State College from receiving the analog signal; conversely, many Document [78] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) services, and that the eventual termination of analogue PAL services should be driven by market factors and subject to regular review. The year 2000 was highlighted as a potential target date for the commencement of permanent digital terrestrial broadcasting. The Australian Broadcasting Authority's response, titled "Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting", recommended that the Australian Government support the early introduction of digital broadcasting as a free-to-air service with the loan of a 7 MHz channel for each broadcaster, in order to enable high-definition television from the outset. The Federation of Australian Commercial Television Stations supported this, as well as freedom for its Document [79] (Title: History of television) its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images.(7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV Document [80] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) States. Nevertheless, not every household took advantage of the offer, as reports indicate half of all households already had at least one digital TV. In January 2009, the NTIA began placing coupon requests on a waiting list after the program reached its maximum allowed funding. New requests for coupons were fulfilled only after unredeemed coupons expired. These coupons could be redeemed toward the purchase of a digital-to-analog converter at brick and mortar, on-line, and telephone retailers that had completed the NTIA certification process. Retail prices for the boxes range from $40 to $70 (plus tax and/or shipping); after applying the Document [81] (Title: Multi-channel transition) Multi-channel transition According to Amanda D. Lotz, the multi-channel transition began in the early 1980s and lasted about 20 years. Many changes happened during this transition such as the invention of the remote control, the video cassette player, and analog cable systems expanded viewer's choice and control. This era gave viewers more choice and control over what and when they wanted to view a program. Viewers were able to defy the networks' schedules, because they could record the program and watch it whenever they wanted, using the VCR and later the DVR. Producers adjusted to the government regulations and networks Document [82] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) digital TV started on 17 October 2007 and was completed on 24 October 2012. Each group of regional transmitters had its analogue broadcasts switched off at a certain point between those dates. Digital Terrestrial Television is commonly received by means of a compatible set-top box or integrated digital television (IDTV), connected to an appropriate receiving antenna. In most cases, reception is possible using aerials originally used for analogue television. Transmissions may be recorded in many ways – such as via the connection of a set-top-box to an existing 'analogue' video or DVD recorder, or by the use of newer models Document [83] (Title: KSWO-TV) February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station cited the need to place its digital antenna where the analog transmitter was located for its decision to go forward with the transition on the originally scheduled date, despite a Congressional vote the previous month that pushed back the analog-to-digital cutoff for full-power stations to June 12. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel Document [84] (Title: WISC-TV) transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 50. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3. The analog channel 3 continued to serve as a "nightlight," broadcasting a loop of digital transition information and instructions in addition to any local news programming and emergency information, until signing off for good the final week of March 2009. In 2000, WISC-TV launched TVW on digital subchannel 3.2. Before that Document [85] (Title: Digital television) digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "simulcast" on Document [86] (Title: RabbitEars) site down, Clear Channel/M Street Publications stepped in and purchased it in late 2002, after which it became subscription-only. It was at that time that Trip Ericson decided to develop a replacement. After the digital television transition started in 2008, RabbitEars began tracking digital subchannels, Digital Transition Reports, and Analog Termination Requests made to the FCC. These pages were attached to an incomplete design that Ericson had begun to implement in 2004, but that had never been finished due to lack of coding knowledge. As the transition related pages in particular received attention, corrections were sent to add to and Document [87] (Title: Television) since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became feasible. In the mid-1980s, as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies' technologies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard, based on an analog system, was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American Document [88] (Title: Iowa Public Television) shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital channel allocations post-transition are as follows: Since August 31, 2013, IPTV has gone off-the-air nightly from midnight to 5 a.m. over-the-air due to budget concerns, reduced from a 24-hour schedule. Mediacom continues to carry the network in their markets with 24-hour programming due to their direct fiber connection from IPTV in Johnston to their Des Moines headend, which distributes the four IPTV channels statewide. The national satellite Document [89] (Title: Telecommunication) (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analog television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting color TV (see a map on adoption ). These are known as PAL (German designed), NTSC (American designed), and SECAM (French designed). For analog radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analog radio is typically between amplitude (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve Document [90] (Title: KPIX-TV) 5" branding and reverted to being branded as "KPIX 5". The station's digital channel is multiplexed: KPIX-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using PSIP to display KPIX-TV's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers. KPIX originated the concept for the entertainment and lifestyle program, "Evening Magazine". "Evening Magazine" debuted on the station in August 1976, and within a year, the concept expanded to the other Group W stations. Document [91] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) their analog transmissions prior to 16 February 2009 unless doing so was required in order to complete work on a station's permanent digital facilities. In 2009, the FCC finished auctioning channels 52–59 (the lower half of the 700 MHz band) for other communications services, completing the reallocation of broadcast channels 52–69 that began in the late 1990s. The analog switch-off rendered all non-digital television sets unable to receive most over-the-air television channels without an external setbox receiver; however, low-power television stations and cable TV systems were not required to convert to digital until 1 September 2015. Beginning 1 January 2008, Document [92] (Title: KDKA-TV) analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, during that night's broadcast of the "Late Show with David Letterman". The station showed the "High Flight" video clip, and a compilation of their analog history with "The Star-Spangled Banner" as background music, before shutting off. As part of the SAFER Act, KDKA-TV turned their analog signal on to repeat a series of public service announcements through July 12, 2009. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its Document [93] (Title: KTAZ) receive a companion channel for its digital signal. Instead, at the end of the digital conversion period for full-power television stations, KTAZ was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash-cut"). The station's digital signal went into operation on its former analog-era UHF channel 39 on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The first news on Telemundo Phoenix debuted in October 1997, produced by local ABC affiliate KNXV. Several years later, after then-KDRX had Document [94] (Title: Terrestrial television) vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the early 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backwards-compatible standard for color television. The NTSC standard was exclusively being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT). While Mexico have ended all its analogue television broadcasts and the US and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analogue TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries while testing their DTT platform. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Advanced Television Systems Committee developed Document [95] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) Digital terrestrial television in Australia Digital terrestrial television in Australia commenced on 1 January 2001 in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth using DVB-T standards. The phase out of analogue PAL transmissions began in 2010 and was completed by 10 December 2013. Digital terrestrial television brought a number of enhancements over the previous analogue television, primarily higher-quality picture and sound, as well as datacasting and multi-view services such as video program guides, high definition, and now-and-next program information. There are a number of additional channels, datacasting, as well as high definition services, available to digital terrestrial television viewers in Australia. Document [96] (Title: KDLH) the only one in the area still broadcasting in analog after February 19 as KBJR, WDSE, WDIO, and KQDS-TV all went digital-only on that date. On June 12 at around 7 p.m., KDLH ceased normal broadcasting operations on its analog signal. At that time, the analog station began a nightlight signal consisting of a ten-minute digital television informational video on a constant loop. On June 26, two weeks after regular broadcasts had ended, the nightlight signal was terminated with the help of Bob Peterson (a former engineer at the station who helped launch KDLH in 1954) bringing an end to Document [97] (Title: WMYD) network in September 2015. In an ironic twist, Cozi TV, which previously occupied 20.2, then moved to WADL 38.4. WMYD shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 20, on February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. As a result, WMYD was the only major television station in Detroit and one of two commercial stations in Detroit overall (alongside WPXD-TV, channel 31) to terminate its analog signal before June 12, the date which Congress chose to reschedule the completion of the digital Document [98] (Title: KARD) end analog operations sooner than June 12, 2009 (the earliest they could do so is April 16). KARD stated that a transmitter tube failed, bringing power down to 50%; KTVE claimed that its power was at 40%. Used parts were deemed unreliable, and staffers had travel to the transmitter from the studio, two to three visits per week were required to monitor the analog facilities, according to Nexstar. The FCC denied the request based on the fact that they are the last two analog channels in the market. KARD shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 14, on April Document [99] (Title: Digital broadcasting) to 25% in 2007. Some countries have completed a Digital television transition. <nowiki>"</nowiki>For more information on the premise of digital broadcasting refer to the 2002 edition of the World Radio TV Handbook.<nowiki>"</nowiki> Digital broadcasting has been helped greatly by the presence of computers. In fact, with the invention of the integrated circuit in the 1960s and the microprocessor in the 1970s, digital broadcasting seems to have taken a footing in the global village that is broadcasting. However, most broadcasters are switching to digital broadcasting mostly because of a lack of frequency space. Thus, because of these problems, most broadcasters are Document [100] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) Analog high-definition television system Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines. On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular analog high-definition television service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. John Logie Baird, Philo T. Farnsworth, and Vladimir Zworykin had each developed competing TV systems, but resolution was not the issue that separated their substantially different technologies, it was patent interference lawsuits Document [101] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) pay DTT service, became available in 2004 when Inview launched the first DTT (Freeview) EPG service. On 30 March 2005, the older analogue signals began to be phased out on a region-by-region basis (a process known as the Digital switchover, or DSO), beginning with a technical trial at the Ferryside television relay station. The first full transmitter to switch to digital-only transmission was the Whitehaven transmitter in Cumbria, which completed its transition on Wednesday 17 October 2007. The switchover to digital-only broadcasting was completed on 24 October 2012 when the transmitters in Northern Ireland turned off their analogue broadcasts (which Document [102] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) TV from other transmitters- hence the importance of the on-screen warning captions). Two or three months later, the first stage of the switchover began with the analogue BBC Two replaced with the new BBC A multiplex. At some locations, during the period between stage one and stage two, BBC One, ITV or Channel 4 moved to the analogue BBC Two frequency where that channel's frequency was required for the digital transmission of Multiplex 1. At the same time, captions appeared on the remaining analogue channels reminding viewers of the impending switchover. Finally, the second stage saw the remaining analogue transmissions Document [103] (Title: Analog television) Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal. Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver. Thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality. Analog television Document [104] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) antennas, in contrast to analog sets available in years past). It was estimated that as of April 2007, 28% of American households had an HDTV set, a total of 35 million sets, and that 86% of owners were highly satisfied with the HDTV programming Estimates are that by the end of 2010, some 59% of American TVs had transitioned to HDTVs. All TV stations currently broadcast in both digital and analog and major networks broadcast in HD in most markets. While many in the industry wanted a flexible or delayed deadline, the FCC forced the issue at the behest of Document [105] (Title: WGBH-TV) the DT3 feed in 2010. WGBH-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to be broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 19. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. As part of the SAFER Act, WGBH-TV kept its analog signal on the air – albeit operating at a lower power – until it permanently ceased Document [106] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) the first step in what amounted to a second digital transition. Digital television transition in the United States The digital transition in the United States was the switchover from analog to exclusively digital broadcasting of terrestial television television programming. According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced." For full-power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11:59 p.m. local time that day. Under Document [107] (Title: UHF television broadcasting) all VHF channels to digital UHF channels before December 31, 2015, though this was delayed until 2020 or 2023. Digital terrestrial television services are currently in development by the major broadcasting companies before the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) will be passed by law. South Africa only received analog TV service in the 1970s There were four TV channels: TV1 (now SABC1), TV2 (now SABC2), TV3 (now SABC3), and later came Etv. Later M-Net, a satellite pay TV service launched. In the UK, UHF television began in 1964 following a plan by the General Post Office to allocate sets of Document [108] (Title: KEJB) and eventually went off the air. Because it was granted an original construction permit after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997, KEJB did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station. Instead, on or before June 12, 2009, which is the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KEJB was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash-cut"). While a digital signal did go on the air (though it shut down on June 4, 2010 due to equipment failure), Document [109] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) LPTVs and translators still broadcasting in analog had been suspended until further notice, due to economic problems that may arise from the then-upcoming spectrum auction; however, Class A low-powered stations were still required to convert by the original deadline date of September 1, 2015. After the auction's completion in 2017, the FCC announced on May 17 of that year that all analog low-power stations and transmitters must convert by July 13, 2021. The Congressional deadline to transition to digital broadcasts was pushed back several times. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 with the original transition date of December 31, Document [110] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) on February 17. The FCC reserved final say on which stations would be allowed to transition on February 17 and which ones would be required to continue analog broadcasts, depending on how many viewers in each market have been determined not ready for the transition Owned & Operated stations of five major networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and Telemundo, plus The CW, MyNetworkTV and independent stations owned by CBS and MyNetworkTV stations owned by Fox), as well as the station groups of Gannett, Hearst-Argyle and Meredith, committed to keeping all or most of their analog signals active until the new Document [111] (Title: Federal Communications Commission) of an analog TV station license. All stations were required to buy and install all new equipment (transmitters, TV antennas, and even entirely new broadcast towers), and operate for years on both channels. Each licensee was required to return one of their two channels following the end of the digital television transition. After delaying the original deadlines of 2006, 2008, and eventually February 17, 2009, on concerns about elderly and rural folk, on June 12, 2009 all full-power analog terrestrial TV licenses in the U.S. were terminated as part of the DTV transition, leaving terrestrial television available only from digital Document [112] (Title: Television in Spain) schedule in 2006. In 2009, the analog service started its closure in a process that lasted one year. On 3 April 2010 the analog service was officially discontinued but there are still some small local analog channels operating, most of them the unlicensed analog channels. The development of digital terrestrial television was very similar to the failure of ITV Digital in the United Kingdom. Digital terrestrial television was introduced in the country by the pay per view platform Quiero Television. In May 2002, statewide operators were required to start broadcasting in DVB-T. Yet, Quiero TV ceased transmissions in 2002 after Document [113] (Title: Analog passthrough) switches between coax and other sources, ensuring no problems when using both sets of connections simultaneously. In the US, conversion to digital TV from analog was complete by June 12, 2009. There are exceptions, however: Many will want to continue to receive analog stations both before and beyond the February, 2009 transition date. In setting its requirements for coupon-eligible converter boxes (CECBs), the NTIA permits, but does not require, analog passthrough as an available feature. Unfortunately, only one of the initially available converter boxes included this feature, and a year before the original transition date of Feb. 17, 2009, Community Document [114] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) indicated their intention to go digital-only in February 2009, 123 affiliates of four major U.S. commercial networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC) were targeted by Federal Communications Commission opposition, precluding or applying additional restrictions to the shutdown of their analog signals in markets where the only analog service remaining after the February 17 shutdown would have been an independent or educational broadcaster, an adjacent-market station or a low-power station. Of approximately 1800 U.S. full-service TV stations, an additional 190 were already digital-only before February 2009; these included Hawaii (digital since January 2009) and Wilmington, North Carolina (the FCC's 2008 digital test Document [115] (Title: Digital television in the United Kingdom) broadcasts sessions of the National Assembly for Wales. Digital transmissions for this pilot commenced in December 2004, at which time a message was added to the analogue picture advising viewers that the analogue services would end in February 2005. The pilot paved the way for full switch-over to digital television signals throughout the United Kingdom by the Government's deadline of 2012. The year 2005 also saw the announcement by Ofcom of the proposed analogue switch off plans for the UK. It is proposed that the switch off will progress on an ITV region by region basis starting in 2008 starting Document [116] (Title: Digital television) is scheduled for December 31, 2017 in the whole of India, December 2018 in Costa Rica and around 2020 for the Philippines. Prior to the conversion to digital TV, analog television broadcast audio for TV channels on a separate FM carrier signal from the video signal. This FM audio signal could be heard using standard radios equipped with the appropriate tuning circuits. However, after the transition of many countries to digital TV, no portable radio manufacturer has yet developed an alternative method for portable radios to play just the audio signal of digital TV channels. (DTV radio is not the Document [117] (Title: Media pluralism) source, but only by 28 per cent of users 55 and older. According to the Arab Youth Survey, in 2016, 45 per cent of the young people interviewed considered social media as a major source of news. Digital transition is the process in which older analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital television.The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has been mapping the progress in digital switchovers across the globe. According to them, the switch from analogue television to digital television has been completed in 56 countries in 2017, and was ongoing in 68, steadily increasing the range of Document [118] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) the end of 2018 - early 2019 Switzerland is digital. On December 14, 2011, national public broadcaster ZNS-TV announced it would be upgrading to ATSC digital television with mobile DTV capabilities, in line with its neighbours, the United States and Puerto Rico. Bermuda has plans to convert its three broadcast stations to ATSC digital terrestrial television in the future. In Canada, analogue switch-off was mandated by regulatory authorities for all provincial capital cities and all multi-station markets. Analogue would continue in single-station markets and remote areas. With an exception, analogue switch-off in the mandated areas took place on 31 August Document [119] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) Department of Commerce through its National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) division handled requests from households for up to two $40 coupons for digital-to-analog converter boxes beginning January 1, 2008 via a toll free number or a website. The program was paid for with a small part of the $20 billion taken in from the DTV spectrum auction. However, these government coupons were limited to an initial sum of $890 million (22,250,000 coupons) with the option to grow to $1.34 billion (33,500,000 coupons), which is far short of the estimated 112 million households (224 million redeemable coupons) in the United Document [120] (Title: Television in the United States) was an uptick in the number of "87.7" stations after the full-power transition, as low-power stations above channel 51 (UHF channels 52 to 69 were removed from the television spectrum as part of the transition) were required to choose a new channel allocation; many chose channel 6, as it allowed for the usage of the 87.7 audio channel to reach a wider audience. The late 1990s also saw the invention of digital video recorders. While the ability to record a television program for home viewing was possible with the earlier VCRs, that medium was a bulky mechanical tape medium that Document [121] (Title: Multi-channel transition) reach the home. Multi-channel transition According to Amanda D. Lotz, the multi-channel transition began in the early 1980s and lasted about 20 years. Many changes happened during this transition such as the invention of the remote control, the video cassette player, and analog cable systems expanded viewer's choice and control. This era gave viewers more choice and control over what and when they wanted to view a program. Viewers were able to defy the networks' schedules, because they could record the program and watch it whenever they wanted, using the VCR and later the DVR. Producers adjusted to the government Document [122] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) approved this measure. The bill was submitted to President Obama on February 4, who did not immediately sign it into law. On February 9, President Obama posted the bill on whitehouse.gov, giving the public five days to weigh in on it. Under a midnight February 10 deadline imposed by the FCC, broadcasters disclosed whether they would still cease broadcasting analog signals on the original date of February 17, or if they would delay until June 12, should the DTV Delay Act be signed into law. On February 10, the FCC published the list. 491 stations stated they intended to transition Document [123] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom) television broadcasting. The switch-off occurred on an ITV sub-region basis. In March 2005, a technical trial in Ferryside, Wales, resulted in viewers losing three out of the four available analogue channels in favour of going digital, leaving only analogue BBC Two Wales until switchover at Preseli in August 2009 (at the time, BBC 2W on digital offered a different schedule to BBC Two Wales on analogue). In October 2007, following a 15-month publicity and information campaign, and an early digital launch in August by Channel 5, the Whitehaven, Eskdale Green and Gosforth transmitters switched off analogue signals on the BBC Document [124] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) signals in both analog and digital formats, though a few were already digital-only. Digital stations transmitted on another channel, which was assigned to each full-power broadcaster in a three-round digital channel election. The transition from the analog NTSC format to the digital ATSC format was originally required to be completed on February 17, 2009, as set by Congress in the Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005. Following the analog switch-off, the FCC reallocated channels 52 through 69 (the 700 MHz band) for other communications traffic, completing the reallocation of broadcast channels 52–69 that began in the late 1990s. Document [125] (Title: Digital television transition) August 2003, Berlin became the world's first city to switch off terrestrial analogue signals. Luxembourg was the first country to complete its terrestrial switchover, in September 2006. Technically the United Kingdom and Ireland were the first countries that turned off analogue signals - in the form of satellite television on 28 September 2001 - but terrestrial signals in the two countries were not switched until 2012. The Geneva 2006 Agreement set 17 June 2015 as the date after which countries may use frequencies currently assigned for analog television transmission for digital services, without being required to protect the analog services Document [126] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in the United States) Congress. Congress wanted to reclaim some of the spectrum used for analog and repurpose that for emergency services. They also wanted to auction off bandwidth between 76-88 MHz frequencies (channels 5 and 6) and old analog UHF channels 60 to 69, and channels 52 to 59 by mandating DTV tuners be phased into all new TV sets. Many transition dates were proposed, but Congress finally fixed February 17, 2009 (later extending it until June 12, 2009), in law as the maximum end date for analog television authorizations. Because this date comes after the NCAA's Bowl Championship Series and the NFL's Document [127] (Title: Television in Poland) digitalization schedule"”, dated January 2009, set out plan for the digital broadcast switch-on to be made in three steps and analog broadcast switch-off in six steps. First regular digital broadcast started on 30 September 2010. Analog broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and the transition to digital broadcasting finished on 23 July 2013. The period of time between digital broadcast switch-on and analog broadcast switch-off will allow people time to buy new integrated Digital TVs or set-top boxes. The shutdown of analog broadcast took place in 7 steps between 7 November 2012 and 23 July 2013. Most operators of Document [128] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) analogue television transmissions by January 1, 2012. Some EU member states decided to complete the transition as early as 2006 for Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and 2007 for Finland. Latvia stopped broadcasting analogue television from June 1, 2010. Poland completed the transition on 23 July 2013 and Bulgaria completed the transition on 30 September 2013. Malta switched on 1 November 2011. ASO was mostly completed in Europe in 2013 though small hilly underpopulated isolated terrain areas awaited DTT rollout beyond that date. Many TV-viewers TV-equipment in Europe might experience TV-interference and blocking because of 800MHz broadband usage. Bulgaria launched a Document [129] (Title: WPXM-TV) (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). On February 18, the station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 26 to channel 35. WPXM was the only Miami-licensed station that applied to cease analog transmissions on the original transition date, despite the DTV Delay Act having extended the deadline to June 12. WPXM elected to use UHF channel 35 as its post-transition allocation during the first round of the digital channel elections, and was allowed to keep the allocation despite a conflict with another station. WPXM-TV WPXM-TV, virtual and UHF digital channel 35, is an Ion Television Document [130] (Title: Helen Coonan) 24 November 2007. In July 2004, Australia was in a transitional phase: digital television was broadcast in parallel to the old analog television signals. The stated plan was full handover to digital by 2008 and shutdown of all analog television broadcast. In September 2005, Coonan announced a review of the digital television situation. It was noted that the government had spent 1 billion dollars supporting the change from analog TV to digital TV. The current plan to switch off analog TV by 2008 in metropolitan areas and by 2011 in regional markets was unlikely to be workable because takeup of Document [131] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their new digital channels and facilities. While broadcasters may now apply for DTS facilities, this decision was made far too late to allow the extra transmitter sites to be constructed and operational before the original February 17, 2009 analog shutoff. Digital TV encoding allows stations to offer higher definition video and better sound quality than analog, as well as allowing the option of programming multiple digital subchannels (multicasting). However, it provides these advantages at the cost of a severe limitation of broadcast range. Digital signals do not have 'grade b' signal areas, and are either 'in perfectly' or 'not in Document [132] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) for larger markets or those where reliance on over the air broadcasts exceeds 30%. More disturbingly, while many calls from viewers were straightforward questions about installation of antennas and converters, or the need to scan for channels before being able to watch digital television, hundreds more were from viewers who had installed converters and UHF antennas correctly but had still lost existing channels. Most affected were full-power broadcasters which had been on low-VHF channels. WECT (NBC 6 Wilmington), a signal which in its analog form reached to the edge of Myrtle Beach, could no longer be received by many who Document [133] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) down schedule on 24 July 2011 will be unchanged, with the exception being the close down having to be postponed by a maximum one year. Analog television shut down on March 31, 2012, in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, which were heavily damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the nuclear accidents that followed it. Analog television stations are required to cease normal programming at noon and shut down their signals at midnight. Digital TV was available in Malaysia in June 2015 by MYTV broadcasting. Malaysia government gives free MYTV set top box if your income is under Document [134] (Title: KENV-DT) Media Bureau approved a request by KENV to "flash cut" from analog to digital by the end of the DTV transition and the permit was extended to February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). On January 18, 2009, KENV suffered a problem with the analog transmitter, forcing the station reduce its power by 60-70%. On March 27, the analog antenna suffered a complete failure, forcing the station to go to digital three months Document [135] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) because millions of Americans would not be ready for the cutoff on February 17 due to a shortage of converter box coupons, and planning that the transition date be moved to June 12. Rockefeller, chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, and Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, worked together on the bill. Hutchison supported the idea because Rockefeller did not intend to ask for another postponement. On January 22, The Nielsen Company said 6.5 million Americans had not prepared for the switch. Opponents pointed out that TV stations would face extra operating expenses, and those who paid to use Document [136] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 2006. However, the transition to digital television was set back three times: first to December 31, 2008, then to February 17, 2009, and then finally to June 12, 2009. All U.S. full-power analog TV broadcasts were required by law to end on June 12, 2009. Since March 1, 2007, all new television devices that receive signals over-the-air, including pocket-sized portable televisions, personal computer video capture card tuners, and DVD recorders, have been required to include digital ATSC tuners. Prior to this, the requirement was phased-in starting with larger screen sizes. Until the transition was completed, most U.S. broadcasters transmitted their Document [137] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) moratorium on future television stations using Channel 51 for broadcast use, to prevent ACI to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band. Now that the switch from analog to digital broadcasts is complete, analog TVs are incapable of receiving over-the-air broadcasts without the addition of a set-top converter box. Consequently, a digital-to-analog converter, an electronic device that connects to an analog television, must be used in order to allow the television to receive digital broadcasts. The box may also be called a "set-top" converter, "digital TV adapter" (DTA), or "digital set-top box" (DSTB). To assist consumers through the conversion, the Document [138] (Title: WWBT) since been replaced with MeTV. WWBT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television station in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 54, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 12 for post-transition operations. Following the switch, it applied to increase power to 26 kW stating in the application that more than 10,000 Document [139] (Title: High-definition television) and electronic companies who invested heavily into the analog system. As a result, he took back his statement the next day saying that the government will continue to promote Hi-Vision/MUSE. That year NHK started development of digital television in an attempt to catch back up to America and Europe. This resulted in the ISDB format. Japan started digital satellite and HDTV broadcasting in December 2000. Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. Document [140] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) delay the end of analog TV. Gene Kimmelman of Consumers Union, which wanted a delay, feared older people, those outside cities and the poor needed help. Speaking to a group of area residents as part of a nationwide campaign to persuade people to upgrade, FCC chair Kevin Martin said in Raleigh, North Carolina that a delay was "unlikely," and that it would be "unfair" to all those who made the effort to switch, and to those who bought the reallocated spectrum that was sold with the understanding analog broadcasts would end February 17, 2009. The delay passed Congress despite this Document [141] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) prediction (see Extension of transition to June 12). As part of a test by the FCC to iron out transition and reception concerns before the nationwide shutoff, all of the major network stations in the Wilmington, North Carolina market ceased transmission of their analog signals on September 8, 2008, making it the first market in the nation to go digital-only. Wilmington was chosen as the test city in part because the area's digital channel positions would remain unchanged after the transition. Wilmington was also appropriate because it had no hills to cause reception problems and all of the stations would Document [142] (Title: Analogue television in the United Kingdom) analogue service in June 2001 – just three years after digital satellite was launched. Although some of the channels which had been part of their package, such as CNN and CNBC Europe, have continued broadcasting unaffected by Sky's departure. It was originally planned for the analogue switch-off to occur on 31 December 2002, but this was achieved 15 months earlier. The last three channels, Sky Premier, Sky One and Sky Sports 2, were switched off at 00:01 on 28 September 2001. Sky analogue equipment could still pick up German channels until 30 April 2012 when they were shut down. Cable Document [143] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) November 20, 1948, François Mitterrand, the then Secretary of State for Information, decreed a broadcast standard of 819-lines developed by Henri de France; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. This was arguably the world's first high-definition television system, and, by today's standards, it could be called 737i (as it had 737-lines active) with a maximum theoretical resolution of 408×368-line pairs (which in digital terms can be expressed as equivalent to 816×736 pixels) with a 4:3 aspect ratio (and thus a slightly wide effective "pixel aspect ratio" of 6:5, square pixel recording needing approx 980x736 instead). It Document [144] (Title: Digital television transition) of neighbouring countries against interference. This date was generally viewed as an internationally mandated analog switch-off date, at least along national borders. The European Commission has recommended that digital switchover should be completed by 1 January 2012 - Commission Recommendation 2009/848/EC, of 28 October 2009. After the switch from analog to digital broadcasts is complete, analog TVs will be incapable of receiving over-the-air broadcasts without the addition of a set-top converter box. Consequently, a digital converter box – an electronic device that connects to an analog television – must be used in order to allow the television to receive digital Document [145] (Title: WXLV-TV) rescheduled for June 12 days later), the station would shut down its analog signal on the original transition date of February 17, making WXLV and WMYV the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions. WXLV-TV shut down its analog signal at 11:59 p.m. on that date. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using PSIP to display WXLV-TV's virtual channel as 45 on digital television receivers. As part of the SAFER Act, WXLV-TV kept its analog signal on the air until March 13 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through Document [146] (Title: KTHV) digital channel beginning September 30, 2015. KTHV shut down its analog signal, over VHF, channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 11. As part of the SAFER Act, KTHV kept its analog signal on the air until June 27 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop Document [147] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their users in analog. This requirement lasts until 2012, when the FCC will review the case again. This was necessary since many cable companies, including major ones like Comcast, have been taking analog channels away from customers. In 2007, a bill in the U.S. Congress called the DTV Border Fix Act was introduced. It would have allowed all television stations within 80 kilometers (50 miles) of the Mexican border, in areas such as San Diego and the Rio Grande Valley, to keep their analog signals active for another five years. The bill passed the Senate but did not pass the Document [148] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) of analog television in the United States was initially planned to have ceased after February 17, 2009. To help U.S. consumers through the conversion, the Act also established a federally sponsored DTV Converter Box Coupon Program. The DTV Delay Act changed the mandatory analog cutoff date to June 12, although stations were permitted to cease analog transmissions before the new mandatory cutoff date. The legislation was enacted on February 4, 2009, and on February 11, 2009, President Barack Obama signed it into law. The purpose of the extension was to help the millions of households who had not been able Document [149] (Title: Robert M. McDowell) about the digital television transition and wrote numerous op-eds on the topic. He was especially critical that the Commission lacked a coordinated call center response only one month prior to the original February 17, 2009 cut-off date. In a January 14, 2009 letter to then-Chairman Martin he expressed his concern about the Commission's lack of readiness, emphasizing that "the Commission must be better organized, more energetic and must coordinate its efforts in a more open and collaborative manner." The DTV transition deadline was later extended by Congress to June 12, 2009. In early 2009, McDowell initiated an effort with then-Acting Document [150] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) to get their coupons for converters because demand for coupons exceeded the funding provided for in the initial bill, leaving millions on a waiting list to receive coupons. Funding for extra coupons was provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. By midnight on the original cut-off date of February 17, 2009, 641 stations representing 36 percent of U.S. full-power broadcasters were transmitting exclusively in digital. Analog broadcasting did not cease entirely following the June 12 deadline: under the provisions of the Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act, approximately 120 full-power stations briefly maintained analog "nightlight" service, Document [151] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) analogue to digital at the transition deadline rather than spending on the infrastructure and energy costs needed to broadcast the station in analogue and digital at the same time. Leading up to the transition deadline, CRTC expressed concern that "if all broadcasters wait until the last moment to proceed to the transition, there could be a shortage of professional engineers and competent technicians capable of assuming the development of new plans and the installation of new systems and structures". Due to limited engineering resources, Global Television Network flash cut its transmitters over a 2-month period leading up to the deadline Document [152] (Title: KPPX-TV) where it would move at the end of the digital transition, which, at the time, was scheduled for February 17, 2009. Although the DTV Delay Act became law on February 11, 2009 postponing the required analog shutoff until June 12, 2009, KPPX made the decision to proceed with final conversion on February 17, which was approved by the FCC. KPPX-TV shut down its analog signal on February 17, 2009, the original target date for full-power television stations in the United States to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which Congress had moved the previous month to June Document [153] (Title: Digital television) 2009, one recycler estimated that as many as one household in four would dispose of or recycle a TV set in the following year. The digital television transition, migration to high-definition television receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flatscreens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based television receivers. Digital television Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals. It is an innovative advance that represents the first Document [154] (Title: Coupon-eligible converter box) said he would introduce a bill requiring the transition to digital television "sometime in the spring", saying he wanted analog broadcasting to end on December 31, 2006. Included in his plan was a $400–$500 million subsidy for converter boxes, which were expected to cost $50 each. The subsidies were intended only for people who could not afford a pay service such as cable or satellite television. Each home would receive a rebate coupon for one box, which could be mailed to the United States Treasury for redemption. Barton estimated that 8 to 10 million converters would be needed. The United Document [155] (Title: Analog passthrough) (at the reduced screen resolution of the analog standard), outputs that signal onto analog channel 3 or 4 (set by the user to avoid any conflict with local over-the-air channels) and sends that signal to the analog tuner in the TV. With a box that lacks analog passthrough, no other signals are sent to the output, so all analog stations are lost. In the US, this primarily affects low-power and broadcast translator stations, as these are exempt from the FCC mandate to switch to digital broadcasting in 2009, as well as foreign signals that will remain in analog form. A Document [156] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) convert its transmitters, publicly stating that it was not planning on converting these transmitters. CBC later announced that all its analogue transmitters will be permanently shut down on July 31, 2012 and will not be replaced. In the case of CTV's Access transmitters, the network chose to shut them down at the transition deadline rather than converting them to digital. Broadcasting digital terrestrial signals instead of analog offers numerous advantages to the viewer, such as the following: support for high definition (HD) picture, support for 5 speaker surround sound, support for information on the current and the next few programs Document [157] (Title: Analog high-definition television system) the European Union (EU). The PAL-converted signal was used by mainstream broadcasters such as SWR, BR and 3Sat. The HD-MAC standard was abandoned in 1993, and since then all EU and EBU efforts have focused on the DVB system ("Digital Video Broadcasting"), which allows both SDTV and HDTV. The analog TV systems these systems were meant to replace Related standards <br> Analog high-definition television system Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines. On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first Document [158] (Title: Digital television adapter) direct-broadcast satellites (DBS). In North America, these ATSC tuner boxes convert from ATSC to NTSC, while in most of Europe and other places such as Australia, they convert from Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) to PAL. Because the DTV transition did nothing to reduce the number of broadcast television system standards (and in fact further complicated them), and due to varying frequency allocations and bandplans, there are many other combinations specific to other countries. On June 12, 2009, all full-power analog television transmissions ended in the United States. Viewers who watch broadcast television on older analog TV sets must use a Document [159] (Title: Technology of television) Copeland areas (NW England) was disabled. The remaining four analogue channels ceased broadcasting shortly after. The original five channels are now available only in digital form, alongside approximately 15 additional free-to-air channels. In the early days of television, cabinets were made of wood grain (often simulated particularly in the later years), however, they went out of style in the 1980s. Up until the late 1970s, console TV/Hi Fi's were common. These were large (about 6' wide by 4' high) wooden cabinets containing a television, speakers, radio and a turntable. Technology of television The technology of television has evolved since its Document [160] (Title: Analog television) build an infrastructure for all broadcasters, using a single digital terrestrial transmission/television broadcast (DTTB) channel. Large portions of Malaysia are covered by television broadcasts from Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia (from Borneo and Batam). In Singapore, digital television under DVB-T2 began on 16 December 2013. The switchover has been delayed many times until 31 December 2018. In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission required all broadcasting companies to end analog broadcasting on December 31, 2015 at 11:59 p.m. Due to delay of the release of the implementing rules and regulations for digital television broadcast, the target date was moved to Document [161] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) ending no later than July 12. In a separate category, low power television stations were permitted to continue analog broadcasts for several more years. On July 15, 2011, the FCC posted the required transition deadlines for low power television. Stations broadcasting on channels 52 to 69 were required to vacate those channels by December 31, 2011, and all analog television transmitters (primarily low-powered (LP), and Class-A low-powered (-CA) stations, and also broadcast translator (TX) repeaters in rural communities) were required to shut down by September 1, 2015. On April 24, 2015, it was announced that the conversion date for standard Document [162] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) their individual local stations. Many local markets, ranging from Burlington, Vermont and Sioux City, Iowa to San Diego, lost analog signals from most or all major U.S. stations. Some stations in coastal regions such as Fort Myers, Florida had chosen not to wait until June 12 so as to ensure transition is complete before hurricane season. In some cases, the Federal Communications Commission forced stations to continue full-power analog broadcast of at least a local newscast and information on the digital transition for an additional sixty days – a costly move for individual affected broadcasters. Of 491 stations which had Document [163] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) Digital television transition in the United States The digital transition in the United States was the switchover from analog to exclusively digital broadcasting of terrestial television television programming. According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced." For full-power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11:59 p.m. local time that day. Under the Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005, full-power broadcasting Document [164] (Title: WFWA) February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 40. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 39. As part of the SAFER Act, WFWA kept its analog signal on the air for 2+ weeks to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from Document [165] (Title: KIDA) the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997, the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station. Instead, on or before June 12, 2009, which was the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KIDA was to have turned off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash cut"). Marcia Turner, doing business as Turner Enterprises, filed for special temporary authority to remain silent on June 18, 2009 citing financial reasons and its inability to construct the digital facilities required by June 12, 2009. However, KIDA did not even Document [166] (Title: High-definition television) an outdated system and had already made it clear that it would develop an all-digital system. Experts thought the commercial Hi-Vision system in 1992 was already eclipsed by digital technology developed in the U.S. since 1990. This was an American victory against the Japanese in terms of technological dominance. By mid-1993 prices of receivers were still as high as 1.5 million yen (US$15,000). On February 23, 1994, a top broadcasting administrator in Japan admitted failure of its analog-based HDTV system, saying the U.S. digital format would be more likely a worldwide standard. However this announcement drew angry protests from broadcasters Document [167] (Title: Digital television adapter) a program to offer consumers a $40 "coupon" which could be used toward the purchase of a coupon-eligible converter box; that program ended in July 2006. At the Consumer Electronics Association's Entertainment Technology Policy Summit in January 2006, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commissioner Jonathan Adelstein said many Americans did not know about the February 17, 2006, deadline for ending analog TV. Furthermore, he said, too many people were still buying analog TV sets, meaning more demand for converter boxes. And even if people found out what they would have to do, converter boxes might not do the job adequately. Tribune Document [168] (Title: Television in France) more precisely France 3 regions. It means that every transmitters broadcasting "France 3 Méditerranée Provence-Alpes" went digital on the same date, another date for those that broadcast "France 3 Bourgogne Franche-Comté". The analog shut-off occurred in 2010 in the north; the south was the last to phase out analog television broadcasts. For three months before shutting down an analogue transmitter, it transmitted the TNT multiplexes so that viewers could adapt their installation on time. Also, a message was displayed as marquee on analog channels warning the viewer that he would no longer receive TV if he or she did not Document [169] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Australia) switch off, as follows: Digital terrestrial television in Australia Digital terrestrial television in Australia commenced on 1 January 2001 in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth using DVB-T standards. The phase out of analogue PAL transmissions began in 2010 and was completed by 10 December 2013. Digital terrestrial television brought a number of enhancements over the previous analogue television, primarily higher-quality picture and sound, as well as datacasting and multi-view services such as video program guides, high definition, and now-and-next program information. There are a number of additional channels, datacasting, as well as high definition services, available to digital terrestrial Document [170] (Title: Technology of television) of each line within the image and to identify when a complete image has been transmitted and a new image is to follow. While mechanically-scanned systems were experimentally used, television as a mass medium was made practical by the development of electronic camera tubes and displays. By the turn of the 20th century, it was technically feasible to replace the analog signals for television broadcasting with digital signals. Many television viewers no longer use an antenna to receive over-the-air broadcasts, instead relying on cable television systems. Increasingly these are integrated with telephone and Internet services. The elements of a simple Document [171] (Title: Digital television transition in the United States) 3.1% of Americans were still completely unprepared for the transition. On June 11, 2009, one day before the analog shutoff, the National Association of Broadcasters reported that 1.75 million Americans were still not ready. 971 TV stations made the final switch to digital on June 12. It was believed Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Austin and Dallas would be the least prepared markets, but this turned out not to be the case, as most of the difficulties were in the Northeast, primarily with stations that changed their digital frequencies from UHF to VHF. On June 13, 2009, the FCC said their help Document [172] (Title: ATSC tuner) Viewers who did not upgrade, either to a television with a digital tuner or a set-top box, ended up losing their only source of television, unless they relied only upon the aforementioned non-full-power broadcasters. A Congressional bill authorized subsidized converter boxes in a way that allowed viewers to receive the new digital broadcasts on their old TVs. The actual transition proceeded smoothly with about 235,000 people requesting coupons after the June 12, 2009 transition date. Two $40 coupons were made available per US address nominally from January 1, 2008 through March 31, 2009; each coupon could be used toward the Document [173] (Title: Terrestrial television systems) or in process of shutdown; see Digital television transition for a timeline of the analog shutdown. A number of experimental and broadcast pre WW2 systems were tested. The first ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later TV systems were electronic. On an international conference in Stockholm in 1961, the International Telecommunication Union designated standards for broadcast television systems. Each standard is designated a letter (A-M); in combination with a color system (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), this completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for example, PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). The Document [174] (Title: KSCW-DT) (FCC) finalized the digital television allotment plan on April 21, 1997, the station did not receive a companion channel for its digital signal. Instead, at the end of the digital conversion period for full-power television stations, KSCW was required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (an action called a "flash-cut"). The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 33, on February 17 of that year, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were federally mandated to transition from analog to digital broadcasts (which was later pushed Document [175] (Title: Analog television) may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters. All broadcast television systems used analog signals before the arrival of digital television (DTV). Motivated by the lower bandwidth requirements of compressed digital signals, since the 2000s a digital television transition is proceeding in most countries of the world, with different deadlines for cessation of analog broadcasts. The earliest systems of analog television were mechanical television systems, which used spinning disks with patterns of holes punched into the disc to scan an image. A similar disk reconstructed the image at the receiver. Synchronization of the receiver Document [176] (Title: Digital television in Indonesia) within 14 days after court decision date.NOTE: BUT Until now. Digital Television still On-Air On May 15, 2018, KEMENKOMINFO will be switching off the analog terrestrial TV in 20 phases, starting on 17 February 2019 and finishing on 12 June 2019. Digital area of Communication and Information Ministry Regulation Number 32 Year 2013: Whenever the licence digital broadcasters ready to serve, it can use the table above. Not as the previous regulation which stated clearly the termination of analog broadcasts and certain time frame for analog broadcasts move to digital broadcasts, the new regulation mentions that both analog and digital Document [177] (Title: United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction) the auction. All bidding was required by law to commence by January 28. Full-power TV stations were forced to transition to digital broadcasting in order to free 108 MHz of radio spectrum for newer wireless services. Most analog broadcasts ceased on June 12, 2009. The 700 MHz spectrum was previously used for analog television broadcasting, specifically UHF channels 52 through 69. The FCC ruled that the digital television transition would no longer be necessary because of the improved spectral efficiency of digital broadcasts. Digital broadcasts allow TV channels to be broadcast on adjacent channels without having to leave empty TV Document [178] (Title: Technology of television) which avoid the need for either "letterboxing" or the severe loss of information caused by conventional "pan-and-scan" cropping. In North America, the basic signal standards since 1941 had been compatible enough in 2007 that even the oldest monochrome televisions could still receive color broadcasts. However, the United States Congress passed a law which required the cessation of all conventional television broadcast signals by February 2009. After that date all NTSC standard televisions with analog-only tuners went dark unless fitted with a digital ATSC tuner. The digital channels occupy the same spectrum as the analog channels. Some of the spectrum previously Document [179] (Title: Norkring) and that all home boxes can support high definition. The first areas received DVB-T coverage in 2007. When the analog shut-down took place in late 2009, these frequencies were freed up and used for two additional multiplexes for digital television. At the same time TV 2 went from being a free-to-air to an encrypted pay television channel. Because of late implementation, RiksTV received a significantly lower penetration than estimated, as cable and satellite television had largely captured the market for viewers willing to pay for television. Installation of the network cost NOK 2 billion. As the digitization of television in Document [180] (Title: KATU) conducted a test for viewers to determine whether their television sets were ready for the digital television transition by turning off its analog signal for 10 seconds, which the station conducted other times through the spring of 2009. KATU shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. During Document [181] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) and some other minimal function. On July 24, 2010, at noon, analog TV transmission officially stopped in Suzu and parts of Noto (approximately 8,800 homes) as the rehearsal plan that took place one year ahead of the nationwide shutdown, which is scheduled on July 24, 2011. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications shall watch what type of problem arise in transition to DTT which might apply to the nationwide shutdown. On April 20, 2011, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications confirmed, and made the resolution by the House of Councillors on June 8, 2011, that the analog terrestrial TV close Document [182] (Title: Television in Mexico) the government adopted the same ATSC standard as the United States and sought to end analog television by December 31, 2016. In major markets, particularly in central Mexico and along the US border, digital television stations began to come on air. A revised plan in 2013 saw a change to switching off television markets separately until a national analog shutoff, set for December 31, 2015. The first market to meet the conditions of 90% digital penetration was Tijuana. After a one-month delay to ensure that digital penetration had crossed the 90% threshold, signals were turned off on May 28. However, Document [183] (Title: WHSV-TV) on turning off its analog transmitter of February 17, 2009, the original deadline of the federally mandated digital conversion. The station restored the signal the following Friday however, because several translator stations in communities such as Bergton that are owned by local cooperatives and county governments were unable to convert their transmitters to reconvert the digital signal into analog form, along with viewers who could receive Channel 3 signal well on analog, but not at all digitally. WHSV's broadcasts became digital-only, effective June 12, 2009. As part of the 2016–17 spectrum reallocation auction, U.S. full power television stations will no Document [184] (Title: Vermont PBS) statement, the network said that its other signals would be upgraded to cover the area served by WVTA. The stations' digital signals are multiplexed: VPBS' stations shut down their analog signals on February 17, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). As part of the SAFER Act, the stations, as rarities for members of PBS, kept their analog signals on the air until April 18 to inform viewers of the digital television transition. Each Document [185] (Title: History of television) availability of inexpensive, high-performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms developed HDTV technology, and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay Document [186] (Title: Television in Italy) sources are considered more reliable than television ones for information. Digital terrestrial television technology has expanded rapidly and now every major network in Italy (including RAI and Mediaset) transmits in DVB-T format, while analog broadcasts were continued until the end of the transition, originally set by law to December 31, 2006 but later pushed back to the end of 2012. The Berlusconi II Cabinet started promoting the digital format in December 2003 by granting a public financial contribution for the purchase of a MHP digital television decoder. Starting from January 2005 Mediaset and Telecom Italia Media started offering pay TV Document [187] (Title: Digital television) by a single channel of analog television, and provides many new features that analog television cannot. A switchover from analog to digital broadcasting began around 2006 in some countries, and many industrial countries have now completed the changeover, while other countries are in various stages of adaptation. Different digital television broadcasting standards have been adopted in different parts of the world; below are the more widely used standards: Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s, as Document [188] (Title: CBC Television) in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital. On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011." On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off Document [189] (Title: Analog television) 2020. Full digital broadcast is expected in 2021. Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal. Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver. Thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong Document [190] (Title: Digital terrestrial television) The following switch-offs are in cooperation with Digea, so the dates are the same. Digea: Digital Union: ERT - NOVA (pay TV platform): TV1 Syros started its first pilot broadcasts on November 1, 2008 in Cyclades (Syros): 60 UHF. As of February 6, 2015, Greece has completed its transition to digital TV.. Experimental DTT broadcast has started in December 2008. The program of Duna Televízió was broadcast during the trials. Originally analog television was planned to be shut down on 1 January 2012, but this deadline was first pushed out to 2014 then brought forward to 2013. Analogue broadcast was Document [191] (Title: Digital terrestrial television in Canada) August 31, 2011, just over two years after the American transition date of June 12, 2009. Mandatory markets with a transmitter that does not transition to digital by the deadline will lose the over-the-air signal for the corresponding station permanently or until a digital transmitter is brought on-the-air for that station in that area. Note that the transition deadline only concerns over-the-air signals and does not impact other televisions reception methods in Canada such as over the Internet (already digital), cable (some analog, most digital), or satellite (already digital). On July 6, 2009, the CRTC issued a decision that limited Question: when did tv go from analog to digital

Answer: June 12, 2009 Long Answer: The DTV (an abbreviation of digital television, also called digital broadcast) transition in the United States was the switchover from analog (the traditional method of transmitting television signals) to exclusively digital broadcasting of free over-the - air television programming . According to David Rehr, then president and CEO of the National Association of Broadcasters, this transition represented "the most significant advancement of television technology since color TV was introduced ." For full - power TV stations, the transition went into effect on June 12, 2009, with stations ending regular programming on their analog signals no later than 11: 59pm local time that day. Gold Document ID: 191

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) exam, amazingly managing to get by after driving them all crazy. Stockdale gets the wristwatch as a reward. Blanchard convinces King to get Stockdale drunk so that he will fail the next day's inspection. But Stockdale, used to strong homemade whiskey, stays sober while King and Blanchard get drunk. They begin a barroom brawl with equally drunk infantrymen, but Stockdale leaves and return to the base avoiding the M.P.s. Blanchard is arrested and King is missing when the colonel and captain inspect the latrine and barracks the next day. Stockdale has mechanically rigged all the toilet seats to open simultaneously Document [2] (Title: Leonard Carey) Leonard Carey Leonard Carey (25 February 1887 – 11 September 1977) was an English character actor who very often played butlers in Hollywood films of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He was also active in television during the 1950s. He is perhaps best known for his role as the beach hermit, Ben, in Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca" (1940). One of his biggest roles was as "Dusty" in the film, "Moon Over Her Shoulder" (1941) with John Sutton. Other memorable appearances included roles in "The Awful Truth" (1937), "Heaven Can Wait" (1943), Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" (1951), "Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1952) Document [3] (Title: Dragnet (radio series)) more brash and forceful than his later usually flat demeanor). Gradually, Friday's deadpan, fast-talking persona emerged, described by John Dunning as "a cop's cop, tough but not hard, conservative but caring." Friday's first partner was Sergeant Ben Romero, portrayed by Barton Yarborough, a longtime radio actor. After Yarborough's death in 1951 (and therefore Romero's, who died of a heart attack, on the December 27, 1951 episode "The Big Sorrow"), Friday was partnered with Sergeant Ed Jacobs (December 27, 1951 - April 10, 1952, subsequently transferred to the Police Academy as an instructor), played by Barney Phillips; Officer Bill Lockwood (Ben Document [4] (Title: Any Questions for Ben?) received lukewarm reviews. Leigh Paatsch, writing in the Melbourne "Herald-Sun", felt that the film's strongest point was the banter between the characters, which was funny and engaging, but Paatsch said that Lawson's central performance was marred at times by "an air of self-satisfied smarm" and the character's path to enlightenment was unfocused and unconvincing. He concluded, "And I sense that others who similarly fell hard for the soulful sincerity of "The Castle" and "The Dish" will feel a little quizzical about the comparative slickness of "Any Questions for Ben?" ". Tom Ryan in the "Sydney Morning Herald" wrote that the Document [5] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) 1958. The film was directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starred Griffith, McCormick, Knotts, and most of the rest of the original Broadway cast. Warner Brothers contract stars Nick Adams as Stockdale's fellow draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge and Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard joined the cast. "No Time for Sergeants" came to the small screen in the fall of 1964. By this point, Griffith and Knotts were both established as stars of "The Andy Griffith Show" and were no longer available. The television series "No Time for Sergeants" starred Sammy Jackson who had had one line in the film version. Document [6] (Title: Mac Hyman) Mac Hyman Mac Hyman (born Mackenzie Hooks Hyman; August 25, 1923July 17, 1963), was an American fiction writer who is known for his best-selling novel "No Time for Sergeants", which was adapted into a popular Broadway play and a motion picture. Hyman was born in Cordele, Georgia, where he discovered his passion for writing as a student in high school, and first displayed his skill in a humorous article published in the school newspaper. Following a year at North Georgia College and State University, he attended Duke University starting in 1941. He interrupted his studies to serve in the United Document [7] (Title: Ben Nealon) Ben Nealon Benjamin Nealon (born 29 December 1966) is best known for playing 2nd Lt/Lt/Capt Jeremy Forsythe in the ITV award-winning series "Soldier Soldier". Nealon was attracted to a career in acting at the age of 7 when he saw Peter O'Toole's performance in "Lawrence of Arabia" but his part in "Soldier Soldier" was his second television role, having appeared in an episode of "Between the Lines" the previous year. He has since been in TV series such as "Bugs", "Casualty", "The Bill", "I Shouldn't Be Alive", and "EastEnders". Nealon was also in the Indian films "Lagaan" and "". In Document [8] (Title: Ben Knight (actor)) with Natalie Bassingthwaighte. His other credits include the short film "Road to Ramadi", the television series "Review with Myles Barlow", "City Homicide", and "Neighbours". Ben Knight (actor) Ben Knight (born 1 December 1975) is an Australian actor. Knight, often credited as Ben Kermode commenced his career as an actor in 1997, when he made a guest appearance in the Australian television series "State Coroner". What followed was two further guest roles on the series "Good Guys Bad Guys" and "Introducing Gary Petty" before his career took a five-year hiatus. In 2005, Knight returned to acting with the short film "Smacked Document [9] (Title: Paul Smith (American actor, born 1929)) 34 episodes and 17 repeats in its Monday night at 8:30 time slot, but in a programming coincidence, was scheduled directly opposite Andy Griffith's sitcom on CBS and could not overcome the top-rated competition from the original Will Stockdale. The final repeat episode of "No Time for Sergeants" aired on September 6, 1965, 51 weeks after its premiere. Three and a half months later, on Christmas Eve, Smith was seen as an unnamed captain in a similar scene with a similar character in the "Gomer Pyle, P.O.W." episode of the more-successful show patterned after "No Time for Sergeants", CBS' "Gomer Document [10] (Title: Ben Knight (actor)) Ben Knight (actor) Ben Knight (born 1 December 1975) is an Australian actor. Knight, often credited as Ben Kermode commenced his career as an actor in 1997, when he made a guest appearance in the Australian television series "State Coroner". What followed was two further guest roles on the series "Good Guys Bad Guys" and "Introducing Gary Petty" before his career took a five-year hiatus. In 2005, Knight returned to acting with the short film "Smacked Out Kisses". In 2009, he received a short recurring role on Seven Network soap opera "Home and Away", for which he played Hazem Kassir, Document [11] (Title: Ben Kirk) to play. Ben spends the day fixing a bike with Tyler and his father Russell (Russell Kiefel). They play practical jokes on him, but when Ben pulls Russell's trousers down, Russell loses his temper and threatens him. Karl stops Russell from hurting Ben. Ben befriends Piper Willis (Mavournee Hazel) and helps her to film a segment for her vlog. He accidentally leaves the door to the garage unlocked, leading to the theft of the tools and Tyler's bike. After Libby comes back from China, Ben goes home. A few weeks later, Ben returns to help out with the protest to Document [12] (Title: Ben Williams (actor)) in the 1933 film "The Good Companions". Later appearances included roles in "Tiger Bay" (1934), "Java Head" (1934), "Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor" (1935), "Boys Will Be Boys" (1935), "Flame in the Heather" (1935), "The Man Without a Face" (1935), "Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle" (1935), "Gay Old Dog" (1935), "Blue Smoke" (1935), and "Find the Lady" (1936. Other film appearances include "" (1936), "The Crimes of Stephen Hawke" (1936), "Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel" (1937), "The Gables Mystery" (1938), "The Saint in London" (1939), "The Stars Look Down" (1940), "The Proud Valley" (1940), "Let George Do It!" (1940), Document [13] (Title: Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation)) it is revealed that not only is Ben socially awkward around police officers, but he is afraid of them, saying "I am not afraid of cops. I have no reason to be. I never break any laws ever because I'm deathly afraid of cops." Towards the end of the campaign, Ben is offered a job working for a congressional campaign in Washington, D.C.. Initially conflicted, as it would mean several months away from Pawnee, Ben is ultimately convinced by Leslie to take the job. Jonathan Banks and Glenne Headly guest starred as Ben's parents in the fifth season. He successfully Document [14] (Title: Johnny Crawford) occasional actor. His rank was sergeant at the time of his honorable discharge in December 1967. In 1968, Crawford played a soldier wanted for murder in "By the Numbers", an episode of the popular TV series "Hawaii Five-O". "The Resurrection of Broncho Billy" was a USC student film Crawford agreed to do as a favor to his close friend, producer John Longenecker. It won the 1970 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject. "The Naked Ape" was a partially animated 1973 feature film starring Crawford and Victoria Principal, produced by Hugh Hefner. In 1976, Johnny Crawford co-starred as Ben Document [15] (Title: Richard Cant) Sergeant Ben Jones; Richard had previously appeared with Jason Hughes in an episode of the cult BBC 2 TV series "This Life", where he played Phil, a friend of Hughes's character Warren. Other television appearances include "The Way We Live Now", "Bleak House", "Gimme Gimme Gimme", and "Gunpowder Treason and Plot". In 2007 he appeared in an episode of "Doctor Who", "Blink". He has worked on stage for The National Theatre, RSC, Royal Court, Cheek by Jowl, and Sheffield Crucible. Richard has also directed regularly at Arts Educational School of Acting, including 3rd year productions of "An Experiment With an Document [16] (Title: Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)) A tape Ben made proves Caspar killed a crusading newspaperman supporting Jansen, and Caspar is forced to leave the city. Ben takes over the rackets, unbeknownst to June. Meanwhile, her sexually charged sister is attracted to Ben. She makes a play for him at a beach house previously belonging to Caspar and nearly kills Ben by accident with a spear gun. She goes for a swim in a leopard-pattern bathing suit, and afterwards we see them on the sofa, her fully dressed and looking very satisfied, while Ben looks guilty. Learning that he's never taken June there, Dorothy says "Score Document [17] (Title: Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)) gives himself up on condition June and Dorothy won't be hurt, and mocks Caspar, who shoots him several times--not realizing Ben has called his friend Dietz, the chief of police, and he is just arriving on the scene with a full squad. The police enter the house and arrest Caspar and his men, breaking the gang once and for all. A badly wounded Ben is taken to the hospital, his fate uncertain, and June goes with him, leaving Dorothy with Jansen. The film was made when prolific director Allan Dwan was seventy years old. Dwan directed 386 films in his Document [18] (Title: Ben Lawson) Ben Lawson Ben Lawson (born 6 February 1980) is an Australian actor, known for his role as Frazer Yeats in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" from 2006 to 2008. Lawson has since appeared in several American television series, including "The Deep End", "Covert Affairs", and "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23". In 2011, he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher in the film "No Strings Attached". Recently, he starred as Damien Rennett on the ABC political drama "Designated Survivor" and as Larry Hemsworth on "The Good Place". Ben was born and raised in Brisbane, Queensland. He attended St. Document [19] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) by Pat Collins "The Hip Hypnotist") from backstage and are accidentally hypnotized to respond to code words that will turn them into World War II bomber pilots or revert them to their own selves. Under the effects of hypnosis, the two airmen appropriate a bomber loaded with weapons, with which they attempt to nuke the now-friendly Germans. Part of the William T. Orr-produced stable of Warner Bros. Television programs, the series was produced by George Burns's production company. It preceded Burns' own "Wendy and Me" sitcom (which starred Burns and Connie Stevens) on ABC's Monday night schedule. But, opposite "The Document [20] (Title: Ben Shenkman) opposite Larry David, and later Jason Alexander, in David's hit comedy "Fish in the Dark", which had a sold-out six-month limited run at the Cort Theater. Since 2016 Shenkman has played the recurring role of Ira Schirmer on the Showtime series "Billions." 2016 also saw him as Desk Sgt. Klein in the acclaimed HBO limited series "The Night Of." He is currently a series regular in the Shondaland drama For the People (2017 TV series). Ben Shenkman Benjamin "Ben" Shenkman (born September 26, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the USA Network drama series Document [21] (Title: Sammy Jackson) also had been in the "No Time for Sergeants" film. The series was produced by George Burns's production company and shown in the UK on ITV from 1965 to 1969. It also preceded Burns' own "Wendy and Me" sitcom, with Connie Stevens, which aired on the Monday night ABC schedule. Jackson also appeared in "None but the Brave" for Frank Sinatra as a Marine who makes friends with an enemy soldier by swapping his cigarettes for the Japanese's soldiers' fish catch. In 1966 Jackson starred in unsold television pilots in the title role of "Li'l Abner" and also playing alongside Document [22] (Title: Private Benjamin (TV series)) the cast as Colonel Lawrence Fielding, the pompous, well-meaning, but ineffectual, head of the camp. In late 1982, Eileen Brennan was struck by a car and Polly Holliday was brought in as Captain Amanda Allen, intended as a temporary replacement for Brennan's Captain Lewis character, but the show was cancelled shortly thereafter. Private Benjamin (TV series) Private Benjamin is an American sitcom based on the movie of the same name that aired on CBS from April 6, 1981, to January 10, 1983. Eileen Brennan, who reprised her role from the film, won an Emmy and Golden Globe Award for her Document [23] (Title: Mad Dogs (UK TV series)) as Ben Chaplin, who appeared in the British "Mad Dogs" series in the role of Alvo, played by Zane in the US series. The pilot episode is 55 minutes long and has been rated 18, compared to the 15 rating provided to the original series. The American pilot also ends at a different point to the original. The pilot has led to a 10-episode full season, that began airing 21 January 2016 although the promotional release date was slated for the following day. On 28 February 2016 "Mad Dogs" executive producer Shawn Ryan announced that the series would not be Document [24] (Title: Ben Aris) and films including "The Plague of the Zombies", "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and "Hamlet". Aris was in the 1960 production of "Pieces of Eight" at the Apollo Theatre in London as well as the 1969 production of "Hamlet" at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York. His first television role was in the sitcom "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" in 1973. The following year he appeared in "Invasion of the Dinosaurs", a 1974 "Doctor Who" serial. His other early television roles included "Sam and the River" (1975), "Crown Court", "Wodehouse Playhouse" and "Target". During that time he also appeared Document [25] (Title: Ben Matlock) Ben Matlock Benjamin Leighton "Ben" Matlock is a fictional character from the television series, "Matlock", played by Andy Griffith. Matlock is a renowned, folksy yet cantankerous defense attorney who is worth every penny of his $100,000 fee. Known for visiting the scene of the crime to discover clues otherwise overlooked and his down-home style of coming up with viable, alternative theories of the crime in question (usually murder) while sitting in his office playing the banjo or polishing his shoes. Matlock also had conspicuously finicky fashion sense, and an insatiable appetite for hot dogs. Despite his high fees and apparent Document [26] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) scandal then ensues in Court when false accusations are made by Brad's sister that a sexual relationship between him and Susie was the real reason for the shooting. Ben was cleared of the charges and despite the seemingly resolved issues, Marrissa breaks off their engagement. Ben also finally gained promotion to the rank of Sergeant at the start of season 11. After the Station bombing in season 11 and the subsequent death of close friend Jo, Ben blames himself for her death as he made her stay at the station, Ben and Susie grieve Jo's death by going on to Document [27] (Title: Ben Barber) Ben Barber Ben Barber (born 25 August 1984) is an Australian actor best known for playing Rhys Lawson in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". Barber grew up in Warrnambool. He took part in amateur dramatics while he attended Brauer College. After graduating, he chose not to pursue acting and joined the army reserve. Upon leaving the army, Barber took a part-time acting course at the Victorian College of the Arts, before he was accepted into the National Institute of Dramatic Arts. Barber's first major television appearance was in Australian soap opera "Home and Away". He was later cast in fellow Document [28] (Title: Patrick McVey) Saddles" as Lieutenant Colonel Wesley Hayes. After the series ended in 1958, McVey was cast as police reporter Ben Andrews in another syndicated series, "Manhunt". "Manhunt" was canceled in 1961, and McVey continued his career with guest roles on various television series including "General Electric Theater", "Cheyenne", "Tombstone Territory", "The Rifleman", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "The Virginian", "Gunsmoke" and three appearances on "Perry Mason", including the role of District Attorney Covington in the 1959 episode, "The Case of the Dubious Bridegroom." McVey's last television roles were in the CBS drama "The Nurses", and as the character John Harris in Document [29] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) in a "salute". King is found filthy after he sneaks into the latrine and sets off the toilet lids. King is summarily reduced to private rank and sent to gunnery school along with Stockdale and Whitledge. As King goes back to his office dejected, he admits to Stockdale that he has grown to like Stockdale. Stockdale gives the watch back to King. At gunnery school, Stockdale is at the bottom of the class and Whitledge is next to the bottom. King graduates as the top man and is assigned to the staff of General Eugene Bush (Howard Smith) at his Document [30] (Title: Ben Aris) as acting with Penelope Keith in "To the Manor Born", he also appeared with her in "Executive Stress" and "No Job for a Lady". One of most memorable stage performances was in the West End playing Geoffrey in "Stepping Out" by Richard Harris. His final stage appearance was in "The Lady in the Van" by Alan Bennett, opposite Dame Maggie Smith. His final TV appearance was in the 2002 drama "Ready". He died in Surrey in 2003 aged 66. His son Jonathan Aris followed him into acting. Ben Aris Benjamin Patrick Aris (16 March 1937 – 4 September 2003) was Document [31] (Title: There Should Have Been Castles) the Army agrees to an honorable discharge Ben on a technicality. Ben sleeps with Maggie one last time and then heads back to New York, where he and Ginnie begin a passionate affair. With one another's support, Ginnie becomes a locally renowned dancer, and Ben manages to get one of his scripts read by a television executive, who buys it and turns it into a movie of the week. However, Ginnie's increasingly busy schedule, coupled with Ben's self-destructive nature, leads to the pair splitting after a disastrous night. While Ben makes a financially successful but debauched trip to Hollywood, Ginnie Document [32] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) When Jackson read that Warner Brothers was going to produce a television sitcom version of "No Time for Sergeants" for ABC he wrote directly to Jack L. Warner saying that he was the best choice for the role and asked Warner to watch a certain episode of the series "Maverick" as proof. Ten days later Jackson was told to come to the studio to test for the role. Jackson won the role over several actors including the better known Will Hutchins, a Warner Brothers Television contract star who formerly played the sympathetic "Sugarfoot" and had also been in the "No Document [33] (Title: Matt Lacey) BBC Three in 2014 and was a recurring character in seasons 2 and 3 alongside Greg Davies, Helen Baxendale and "Twilight" star Taylor Lautner. In 2018 Lacey was touring on stage in a Bill Kenwright production of the Edgar Wallace play "The Case of the Frightened Lady", he joined the cast as Detective Sergeant Totty in September 2018. Matt Lacey Matt Lacey (born 1987) is a British actor and comedian. He is best known for his recurring role as Ben in the BBC television series "Cuckoo" and as Orlando in the Gap Yah viral comedy sketch. Lacey was born in Document [34] (Title: Ira Levin) career of Andy Griffith. The play was turned into a movie in 1958, and co-starred Nick Adams; it was later developed into a 1964 television comedy series starring Sammy Jackson. "No Time for Sergeants" is generally considered the precursor to "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.". Levin's best-known play is "Deathtrap", which holds the record as the longest running comedy thriller on Broadway and brought Levin his second Edgar Award. In 1982, it was made into a film starring Christopher Reeve and Michael Caine. Levin's first novel, "A Kiss Before Dying", was well received, earning him the 1954 Edgar Award for Best First Document [35] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) was responsible for the murder, as well as the attempted framing of Ben Stewart, Ben assaulted Pepi while Pepi was handcuffed, which led to Pepi being dismissed from the force and charged, and Ben was demoted back into uniform as a Senior Constable. Shortly after, he was then posted to Mount Thomas permanently. In the series, he fell for Maggie Doyle upon arriving and the two had a brief relationship, but later on in the series, Maggie chose P.J. Hasham instead. Ben is divorced from his wife Rachael, and has three children: Madeline, Emma and Josh. While they live with Document [36] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) Andy Griffith Show", the series headlined by the original star of all the earlier versions of "No Time For Sergeants", it was trounced in the ratings and only lasted one season. It was also shown in the UK on ITV from 1965 to 1969. Andy Clyde, formerly of "The Real McCoys", had a supporting role in the television series as Grandpa Jim Anderson. Ann McCrea, while also appearing as a regular on "The Donna Reed Show" was cast as Amelia Taggert in the 1964 episode "O Krupnick, My Krupnick". A Dell Four Color Issue 914 comic book version of this Document [37] (Title: Ben Gazzara) Traveller without Luggage" in 1964. He also guest starred on "Kraft Suspense Theatre". Gazzara was the male lead in "A Rage to Live" (1965) with Suzanne Pleshette. He gained fame in the TV series "Run for Your Life" which ran from 1965 to 1968 on NBC, in which he played a terminally ill man trying to get the most out of the last two years of his life. For his work in the series, Gazzara received two Emmy nominations for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series" and three Golden Globe nominations for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Document [38] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) Time for Sergeants" film. Unlike Jim Nabors' "Gomer Pyle" (of the "Andy Griffith Show" spin off of the same name, inspired by "No Time for Sergeants"), Jackson's Stockdale was no idiot; rather he had an unlimited amount of common sense, which was displayed in various episodes. The series had an unusual episode, "Two Aces in a Hole", which resembled the 1964's films "Dr Strangelove" and "Fail Safe" (displaying nuclear destruction wrought by the US Air Force) combined with a black comedy parody of the hypnosis of "The Manchurian Candidate". Stockdale and his friend Ben witness a stage hypnotist's show (played Document [39] (Title: Mac Hyman) heavily on his personal experiences from the army, Hyman worked on "No Time for Sergeants", the misadventures of a country bumpkin draftee named Will Stockdale, whose hometown of Callville closely resembles Cordele, and who narrates his own story in an uneducated southern dialect. Several publishers rejected the manuscript before it was finally accepted by Random House and published in 1954. The popularity of the book resulted in a Broadway show and a film, which launched the career of Andy Griffith. Hyman, who was living in Cordele with his wife and three children, had published just three short stories and was Document [40] (Title: Ben Whitehead) of The BBC Proms. Ben Whitehead Benjamin "Ben" Whitehead is an English actor who has been working on films with Aardman Animations since 2005. Along with voicing roles for characters, he is Aardman's read-in artist and became the voice of Wallace after Peter Sallis's retirement. In 2008, he took over the role of Wallace from Peter Sallis to become the official voice for Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures", the four part episodic adventure game by Telltale Games. After Sallis returned to the role in 2010, Whitehead later performed as Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels", Prom 20 Document [41] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) King gets into hot water, however, when Stockdale reveals that the sergeant kept him on permanent bathroom duty while neglecting to have the recruit complete all the required military exams. The company commander orders King to help Stockdale through his training in one week, or else he will be demoted and made "P. L. O." himself. Rushing him through testing, King bribes Stockdale by promising to give him his wristwatch if he can pass. Stockdale takes a manual dexterity test from Corporal John C. Brown (Don Knotts), a psychiatric test from Maj. Royal B. Demming (James Millhollin), and an eye Document [42] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) One of the stories offered is the original movie adaptation. No Time for Sergeants No Time for Sergeants is a 1954 best-selling novel by Mac Hyman, which was later adapted into a teleplay on "The United States Steel Hour", a popular Broadway play and 1958 motion picture, as well as a 1964 television series. The book chronicles the misadventures of a country bumpkin named Will Stockdale who is drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II and assigned to the United States Army Air Forces. Hyman was in the Army Air Forces during World War II when it was Document [43] (Title: Ben James-Ellis) New Theatre from Thursday 10 December 2009 – Sunday 10 January 2010. Ben starred as the Cockney soldier in Brendan Behan's The Hostage at Southwark Playhouse from 3 to 20 February 2010. The play garnered many strong reviews. Ben joined the West End cast of Dreamboats and Petticoats as Norman in July 2010. After finishing his stint in Dreamboats Ben went into panto starring as the Prince in "Snow White" at the Hawth Theatre Crawley with Craig Revel Horwood in December 2010, they worked together again in 2011 when Craig directed Ben in The Brother Loves Travelling Salvation Show, a Document [44] (Title: Ben Kirk) Ben struggled as he watched Susan trying to deal with the aftermath. Although Piper urges him to keep quiet, Ben owns up to what he did and is charged with reckless conduct. As he realises that he is going to end up with a criminal record and a possible custodial sentence, Ben decides to run away with Piper. They get jobs as fruit pickers to raise money, but Piper has to work alone, as Ben struggles with pain from his fractured ribs, which he sustained after being struck by Sheila Canning's (Colette Mann) car. He later collapses. On 26 February Document [45] (Title: Robert Scott Wilson) 2014, he is signed with LA Models. In April 2014, "Days of Our Lives" announced that Wilson had been hired as a recast for the role of Ben, previously portrayed by Justin Gaston. Wilson vacated the role in December 2015. In January 2016, it was announced that Wilson would reprise his role as Ben in March to facilitate the exit of his former co-star Kate Mansi who played Abigail Deveraux. Wilson concluded his run with the series on June 24, 2016. In July 2017, Wilson was cast in the Rob Malenfant directed thriller, "The Girl Who Cried Wolf". Wilson once Document [46] (Title: Don Knotts) 1955 through September 14, 1957, Knotts appeared in the Broadway play version of "No Time for Sergeants", in which he played two roles, listed on the playbill as a Corporal Manual Dexterity and a Preacher. In 1958, Knotts appeared for the first time on film with Andy Griffith in the film version of "No Time for Sergeants". In that film, Knotts reprises his Broadway role and plays a high-strung Air Force test administrator whose routine is disrupted by the hijinks of a provincial new recruit. In 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, "The Andy Document [47] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) equally dim Ben Whitledge (Nick Adams) and an obnoxious bully Irving S. Blanchard (Murray Hamilton). The unhappy Whitledge wants to be assigned to the infantry where his six brothers served. At boot camp, Stockdale proceeds to make life miserable for the man in charge, Master Sergeant Orville C. King (Myron McCormick), who likes his barracks to be quiet and calm. In exasperation, the sergeant places Stockdale on full-time latrine duty. Stockdale believes his new position of "P.L.O." (Permanent Latrine Orderly) to be a promotion. A company inspection takes a surprising turn when Stockdale's immaculately clean latrine impresses King's company commander. Document [48] (Title: Andy Griffith) he has to do is walk on the stage and look the audience straight in the face. If the armed forces cannot cope with Will Stockdale, neither can the audience resist Andy Griffith." Griffith later reprised his role for the film version (1958) of "No Time for Sergeants"; the film also featured Don Knotts, as a corporal in charge of manual-dexterity tests, marking the beginning of a lifelong association between Griffith and Knotts. "No Time for Sergeants" is considered the direct inspiration for the later television situation comedy "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." His only other New York stage appearance was the Document [49] (Title: Ben Whitehead) Ben Whitehead Benjamin "Ben" Whitehead is an English actor who has been working on films with Aardman Animations since 2005. Along with voicing roles for characters, he is Aardman's read-in artist and became the voice of Wallace after Peter Sallis's retirement. In 2008, he took over the role of Wallace from Peter Sallis to become the official voice for Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures", the four part episodic adventure game by Telltale Games. After Sallis returned to the role in 2010, Whitehead later performed as Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels", Prom 20 of the 2012 season Document [50] (Title: Ben Small) Ben Small Benjamin "Ben" Small (born 1971) is a British voice actor. Small is best known for voicing Thomas in the UK version of the CGI episodes of the children's television series "Thomas & Friends" from 2009 to 2015. Small also provided voices for Toby (in which he based the character's voice on "Dad's Army" actor Clive Dunn) and Ferdinand in the UK version while voicing Rheneas, Flynn, the Troublesome Trucks and Owen in both the UK and US versions of the series. In the US version, Small voiced Stanley and Charlie, who are voiced by Small's co-star Matt Wilkinson Document [51] (Title: Tom Berenger) Tom Berenger Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an American television and motion picture actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Staff Sergeant Bob Barnes in "Platoon" (1986). He is also known for playing Jake Taylor in the "Major League" films and Thomas Beckett in the "Sniper" films. Other films he appeared in include "Looking for Mr. Goodbar" (1977), "The Dogs of War" (1980), "The Big Chill" (1983), "Eddie and the Cruisers" (1983), "Betrayed" (1988), "The Field" (1990), "Gettysburg" (1993), "The Substitute" (1996), "One Man's Hero" (1999), Document [52] (Title: The Lineup (film)) shootout between Dancer and the police. In the film Warner Anderson and Marshall Reed reprise their roles as Lieutenant Ben Guthrie and Inspector Fred Asher from the TV series. However, Tom Tully's character, Inspector Matt Grebb, is replaced by Inspector Al Quine, played by Emile Meyer. Tully, the T.V. series co-star, was not seen in the film. Anderson, the star of the TV series, is given co-star billing in the movie instead of star billing; star billing was instead given to Wallach, who played the movie's main villain. The film contains the line, "When you live outside the law, you Document [53] (Title: Ben Miles) while "thinking about 'finding the one'". He trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He moved into television roles in the 1990s, playing supporting roles in such series as "Zorro", "Soldier Soldier", "Is It Legal?", "The Bill", "Peak Practice" and "Wonderful You". Miles played a very small part as a journalist, with just a few words of dialogue, in the 1997 motion picture "The Wings of the Dove". In 2000, he was cast as the womanizing Patrick Maitland in the comedy series "Coupling", a role which he played until the series ended in 2004. He continued other television Document [54] (Title: Ben (song)) Ben (song) "Ben" is a song written by Don Black and composed by Walter Scharf for the 1972 film of the same name (the sequel to the 1971 killer rat film "Willard"). It was performed in the film by Lee Montgomery and by Michael Jackson over the closing credits. Jackson's single, recorded for the Motown label in 1972, spent one week at the top of the U.S. pop chart. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1972. It also reached number one on the Australian pop chart, spending eight weeks at the top spot. The song also later Document [55] (Title: Michael Caine) "No Wreath for the General", but was then cast in the play "The Compartment", written by Johnny Speight, a two-hander also starring Frank Finlay. This was followed by main roles in other plays including the character Tosh in "Somewhere for the Night", a "Sunday-Night Play" written by Bill Naughton televised on Sunday 3 December 1961, another two-hander by Johnny Speight, "The Playmates", and two editions of BBC plays strand "First Night", "Funny Noises with Their Mouths" and "The Way with Reggie" (both 1963). He also acted in radio plays, including Bill Naughton's "Looking for Frankie" on the BBC Home Service Document [56] (Title: Ben Turner (actor)) appeared in many productions in television, film, theatre and radio, including Michael Grandage's production of "Richard II". He has also appeared in several charity shows such as Children in Need, 2009 in the "Casualty" special as Staff Nurse Jay Faldren and also "Let's Dance for Sport Relief" 2010. Ben appeared in the first of the live shows along with "Casualty" stars Charles Dale (Big Mac) and Tony Marshall (Noel Garcia) as well as Holby City stars Rosie Marcel (Jac Naylor) and Luke Roberts (Joseph Byrne). He left "Casualty" in December 2011, along with co-star Georgia Taylor, who played his main Document [57] (Title: Ben Geurens) Ben Geurens Ben Geurens (born 24 December 1979, in Melbourne, Australia) is an actor. Geurens graduated from NIDA in 2004. At drama school his credits include "The Return", "Romeo and Juliet", "Much Ado About Nothing", and "Who's Afraid of the Working Class". Geurens is best known for playing suburban rascal Toby Mangel on the soap opera "Neighbours" from 1990 to 1993. He then appeared in the television series "The Man from Snowy River" as Michael O'Neil and the movie "Body Melt" as Brandon Noble. He made guest appearances in other series such as "Blue Heelers". Geurens played constable Ash Nader Document [58] (Title: Josh Lawson) he played the title role in "". In 2006, Lawson made his feature film debut in "BoyTown". He had the starring role in the 2012 Australian comedy film "Any Questions for Ben?", created by Working Dog Productions. He also appeared alongside Will Ferrell and Zach Galifianakis in the 2010 comedy film "The Campaign", as well as "" and "Crave". His feature directing debut "The Little Death" which he also wrote and starred in, was released in 2014. Lawson was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2018 for "The Eleven O'Clock", a short film he Document [59] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) story, illustrated by Alex Toth and published in July 1958, follows the movie's narrative. Three follow up issues in the 1960s tied into the short-lived TV series that starred Sammy Jackson. Greg Theakston's Pure Imagination released "The Alex Toth Reader, v2" in 2005. The art has been painstakingly reproduced from the originals by a process that has been come to be known as Theakstonization, a process by which the original comics have the color leached out, leaving only the black and white line art, which is then reproduced to appear exactly as it did at the time of original publication. Document [60] (Title: Ben Mitchell (EastEnders)) Phil is arrested on suspicion of attempting to kill Ronnie, he puts Ben in charge of his garage. Max Branning (Jake Wood) starts helping him with deals, only to trick Ben into signing over the garage to him as revenge for the death of his girlfriend Emma Summerhayes (Anna Acton), which Max has blamed Phil for, though Phil eventually gets the garage back. Ben then starts a sexual relationship with Paul Coker (Jonny Labey), whilst maintaining his relationship with Abi. Ben grows frustrated with Abi's controlling behaviour, and she is suspicious, so Ben has sex with her to allay her Document [61] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) General Bush heartily approves and has King transferred with them. The film was a major hit, and was largely responsible for launching the careers of Griffith and Knotts. No Time for Sergeants (1958 film) No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast. Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard. The film is based on a play inspired by the original Document [62] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) No Time for Sergeants No Time for Sergeants is a 1954 best-selling novel by Mac Hyman, which was later adapted into a teleplay on "The United States Steel Hour", a popular Broadway play and 1958 motion picture, as well as a 1964 television series. The book chronicles the misadventures of a country bumpkin named Will Stockdale who is drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II and assigned to the United States Army Air Forces. Hyman was in the Army Air Forces during World War II when it was part of the US Army. Ira Levin adapted Hyman's novel Document [63] (Title: Ben Aris) Ben Aris Benjamin Patrick Aris (16 March 1937 – 4 September 2003) was an English actor who was best known for his parts in "Hi-de-Hi!" and "To the Manor Born", and was also very active on stage. He was often cast as an eccentric, upper-class, or upper-middle class, man. Aris was born in London, and following the Second World War, he trained at the Arts Educational School. At the age of 16, he joined a national tour of the show "Zip Goes a Million". He then did his national service in the Army and after that appeared in many musicals Document [64] (Title: Paul Smith (American actor, born 1929)) going to work in rubbish, you might as well get paid for it". One of the later episodes in the renamed series, "Goodbye, Mr. Howell", broadcast on February 15, 1962, actually centers around Paul Smith's character, as George Howell encounters unexpected problems and has to consider selling his house. Three years following "Mrs. G." and, after having spent a couple of 1963 episodes playing Commander Carter in the World War II-set military sitcom "McHale's Navy", Paul Smith was back in uniform as a clueless captain at Andrews Airforce Base, during peacetime, in "No Time for Sergeants", his third regular role Document [65] (Title: Jack Webb) also picked up as a television series by NBC, which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959. Webb played Sgt. Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt. Ben Romero. After Yarborough's death, Ben Alexander joined the cast. Webb was a stickler for attention to detail. He believed viewers wanted "realism" and tried to give it to them. Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement. He often said, in interviews, that he was angry about the "ridiculous amount" of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public. Webb was also impressed by the Document [66] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) move on and accept that the two of them are over. This coupled with the current case he's working on lead Ben to question his life not only as a policeman but in general which leaves him at breaking point and even contemplating suicide until he receives a call from his son that changes his mind. Ben immediately leaves the police force and moves to Perth to be closer to his kids. He is the fourth-longest-serving character of the series, behind Tom Croydon, Chris Riley and P.J. Hasham. Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers) Benjamin 'Ben' Stewart was a fictional character in Document [67] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) play, written by Ira Levin, opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on October 20, 1955, produced by Maurice Evans and directed by Morton DaCosta. Griffith reprised his role, Myron McCormick played Sgt. King, Roddy McDowell played Will's army buddy Ben, and Don Knotts made his Broadway debut as Corporal Manual Dexterity. Scenic designer Peter Larkin won a Tony Award in 1956, and Andy Griffith was nominated for a Tony for Best Featured Actor. The play ran for a total of 796 performances, closing on September 14, 1957. "No Time for Sergeants" was filmed and released by Warner Bros. in Document [68] (Title: Ben Mansfield) Harold Pinter Theatre for a limited season from 19 March to 21 June 2014. In July 2016, it was announced that Mansfield will be playing the role of 'Larry' in Mart Crawley's 'The Boys In the Band'. Ben Mansfield Ben Mansfield (born 29 May 1983) is an English actor, best known for playing Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama "Primeval". Mansfield portrayed Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama "Primeval", depicting the Captain of a special unit from the military which works with the ARC. Mansfield was spotted for the role when auditioning for the part of Arthur in Document [69] (Title: Ben Nealon) Ben Nealon Benjamin Nealon (born 29 December 1966) is best known for playing 2nd Lt/Lt/Capt Jeremy Forsythe in the ITV award-winning series "Soldier Soldier". Nealon was attracted to a career in acting at the age of 7 when he saw Peter O'Toole's performance in "Lawrence of Arabia" but his part in "Soldier Soldier" was his second television role, having appeared in an episode of "Between the Lines" the previous year. He has since been in TV series such as "Bugs", "Casualty", "The Bill", "I Shouldn't Be Alive", and "EastEnders". Nealon was also in the Indian films "Lagaan" and "". In Document [70] (Title: Ben Matlock) Ben Matlock Benjamin Leighton "Ben" Matlock is a fictional character from the television series, "Matlock", played by Andy Griffith. Matlock is a renowned, folksy yet cantankerous defense attorney who is worth every penny of his $100,000 fee. Known for visiting the scene of the crime to discover clues otherwise overlooked and his down-home style of coming up with viable, alternative theories of the crime in question (usually murder) while sitting in his office playing the banjo or polishing his shoes. Matlock also had conspicuously finicky fashion sense, and an insatiable appetite for hot dogs. Despite his high fees and apparent Document [71] (Title: Ben Cartwright (actor)) Ben Cartwright (actor) Ben Cartwright (born 17 June 1976) is a British actor who has made guest appearances on some of Britain's most popular television shows. He appeared in "Judge John Deed" in 2001, playing Paul Bailey. He also had a small part in "EastEnders" in 2003, playing Tony Jamison. He played Heath Gambol in "Casualty" in 2005. His fifth and most recent role in "Casualty" was as Felix Barstow, in July 2018. In 2009 he appeared in the film version of "Sherlock Holmes" as a graveside policeman, and also played the role of a policeman in another 2009 release, Document [72] (Title: Any Questions for Ben?) Any Questions for Ben? Any Questions for Ben? is a 2012 Australian comedy film created by Working Dog Productions, directed by Rob Sitch. It stars Josh Lawson, Rachael Taylor, Felicity Ward, Daniel Henshall, and Christian Clark. It was written by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner, and Rob Sitch. When high-flying 27-year-old Melbourne-based brand manager Ben (Josh Lawson) returns to his old high school to talk to students about careers, he reunites with other former students, including international human rights lawyer Alexis (Rachael Taylor), now working with the United Nations in Yemen, and Olympic archery medallist Jim (Ed Kavalee). Ben soon realises Document [73] (Title: Ben Lawson) His character Yeats left in April 2008. Lawson had a small role in the 2011 film "No Strings Attached", which starred Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher. In August 2012, he landed a recurring role in the ABC sitcom "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23" as Benjamin, a love interest for main character Chloe (Krysten Ritter). In 2017, Lawson starred in the short lived CBS drama "Doubt" opposite Laverne Cox. On "The Talk", Cox said that Lawson was "an amazing actor". In July 2017, Lawson was cast as MI6 agent Damien Rennett on the second season of the ABC political Document [74] (Title: Ben Kirk) the show. Mallard said that his first impression of Ben was that he was "a pretty chilled-out country sort of kid, and he then comes to Erinsborough and gets into a bit of trouble..." Mallard reprised the role in July 2015, and Ben moved in with his grandparents Karl (Alan Fletcher) and Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) on Ramsay Street. Following several appearances as Ben during 2015, Mallard reprised the role on a permanent basis and Ben returned in March 2016. One of Ben's early storylines upon his 2015 return was dealing with the consequences of sending naked pictures to his Document [75] (Title: Ben Alexander (actor)) Detective Romero opposite Webb's Sgt. Joe Friday. Webb selected Alexander, but had to wait until he was available. A few actors filled in as Friday's partners until Alexander appeared in the newly created role of Officer Frank Smith, first in the radio series, then reprised the role in film and on television. The popular series ran until 1959. When Webb revived it in 1966, he wanted Alexander to rejoin him, but Alexander had just signed to play the role of Sgt. Dan Briggs on the weekly ABC series "Felony Squad". In 1969, Alexander was found dead of heart attack in Document [76] (Title: Ben McKenzie) Ben McKenzie Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan (born September 12, 1978), known professionally as Ben McKenzie, is an American actor, writer and director. He is known as Ryan Atwood in the television series "The O.C." and as Ben Sherman in "Southland". He appeared in the films "Junebug" and "88 Minutes". His first starring role in a feature film was in the 2008 indie release "Johnny Got His Gun". Since 2014, McKenzie has been starring as James Gordon in the television series "Gotham", for which he also wrote and directed episodes. Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan was born in Austin, Texas. He is of Dutch-Jewish, Document [77] (Title: Ben Lawson) drama, "Designated Survivor". In 2018, Lawson played high school coach Rick on the second season of the Netflix original series, "13 Reasons Why". Ben Lawson Ben Lawson (born 6 February 1980) is an Australian actor, known for his role as Frazer Yeats in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" from 2006 to 2008. Lawson has since appeared in several American television series, including "The Deep End", "Covert Affairs", and "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23". In 2011, he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher in the film "No Strings Attached". Recently, he starred as Damien Rennett on the ABC Document [78] (Title: Yvonne Jeffries) Sydney. Yvonne, Maia and Jay returned in May 2012 en route to a Jeffries family reunion for Yvonne's birthday. They ended up staying for a longer period when Libby's (Fleur Saville) husband Gerald Tippett (Harry McNaughton) suffered heart failure. In 2009, Shaun Edwards-Brown was cast as the role of Ben Goodall, a paramedic Yvonne meets whilst caught in a bank robbery. The two characters both survived the ordeal and Yvonne set Ben up with her youngest daughter Tania. When Yvonne organised a book group, Ben attended and Yvonne was touched by a short story he wrote to deal with the Document [79] (Title: Ben Kirk) not like him. Libby meets with his teacher and she learns that Ben has been writing lots of stories. Libby gets Ben tested as she thinks he is bright and when he passes the test, he is accepted into an arts school in the country. Almost four years later, Ben returns to Erinsborough with his mother when she accepts the role of acting deputy principal at Erinsborough High for three weeks. Ben enrols at the school and befriends Bailey Turner (Calen Mackenzie), when he notices he is being bullied by Jayden Warley (Khan Oxenham). Ben later gets into a fight Document [80] (Title: Ben Cartwright (actor)) DS Chris Henney in "By Any Means". He has starred in the CBBC programme "Eve" as Nick Clarke. He also starred in "Coronation Street" as Neil Clifton, a police officer involved in the sexual exploitation and sexual grooming of Bethany Platt. Cartwright was cast in the first series of ITV Drama "Fearless" in 2017. He played Phil Simms in the series and was hiding crucial information about his niece's disappearance. Ben Cartwright (actor) Ben Cartwright (born 17 June 1976) is a British actor who has made guest appearances on some of Britain's most popular television shows. He appeared in "Judge Document [81] (Title: Ben Shockley) revealed that the two were collaborating on The Blazing Cannon's. Ben Shockley Ben Shockley (born 3 February 1965) is an English actor. Shockley (born David White) grew up in Hythe, Kent, the son of Alan Richard White (deceased) and Elsie Alice White. Shockley has appeared in films such as "On the Ropes", "Ten Dead Men" and "Bad Day". In 2011, Shockley was interviewed for the book "The Good Bad Guys". Ink Pixel Films released a video in July 2012 featuring Shockley and British director Mark Noyce. During the discussion it was revealed that filming had begun on the comedy "This Document [82] (Title: The United States Steel Hour) Johnny Washbrook. Washbrook played Johnny Sullivan in "The Roads Home" in his first ever screen role. Griffith made his onscreen debut in the show's production of "No Time For Sergeants", and would reprise the lead role in the 1958 big screen adaptation. In 1956-57, Read Morgan made his television debut on the "Steel Hour" as a young boxer named Joey in two episodes entitled "Sideshow". Child actor Darryl Richard, later of "The Donna Reed Show", also made his acting debut on the "Steel Hour" as Tony in the episode "The Bogey Man," which aired January 18, 1955. In 1960 Johnny Document [83] (Title: Ben Geurens) Ben Geurens Ben Geurens (born 24 December 1979, in Melbourne, Australia) is an actor. Geurens graduated from NIDA in 2004. At drama school his credits include "The Return", "Romeo and Juliet", "Much Ado About Nothing", and "Who's Afraid of the Working Class". Geurens is best known for playing suburban rascal Toby Mangel on the soap opera "Neighbours" from 1990 to 1993. He then appeared in the television series "The Man from Snowy River" as Michael O'Neil and the movie "Body Melt" as Brandon Noble. He made guest appearances in other series such as "Blue Heelers". Geurens played constable Ash Nader Document [84] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) No Time for Sergeants (1958 film) No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast. Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard. The film is based on a play inspired by the original novel. Will Stockdale (Griffith) is a backwoods rube from Georgia, who is drafted into the United States Air Force. Other draftees being transported to basic training include the Document [85] (Title: Ben Greaves-Neal) Ben Greaves-Neal Benjamin Greaves-Neal is an English actor. His career dates back to 2010 when he made a guest appearance in the award-winning BBC sitcom My Family. Since then Ben has appeared in 2011's horror The Awakening and Donald Rice's period drama Cheerful Weather for The Wedding. He is also known for his recurring role as Cousin Max in Grandpa in my Pocket. In 2013, Ben Greaves-Neal made a guest appearance in the BBC hospital soap Casualty as a child suffering from a vitamin overdose. The episode was titled "Hidden". Ben is best known for portraying Oliver in the BBC Question: who played ben in no time for sergeants Answer: Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams Long Answer: No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast . Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard . The film is based on a play inspired by the original novel. Gold Document ID: 84

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) exam, amazingly managing to get by after driving them all crazy. Stockdale gets the wristwatch as a reward. Blanchard convinces King to get Stockdale drunk so that he will fail the next day's inspection. But Stockdale, used to strong homemade whiskey, stays sober while King and Blanchard get drunk. They begin a barroom brawl with equally drunk infantrymen, but Stockdale leaves and return to the base avoiding the M.P.s. Blanchard is arrested and King is missing when the colonel and captain inspect the latrine and barracks the next day. Stockdale has mechanically rigged all the toilet seats to open simultaneously Document [2] (Title: Leonard Carey) Leonard Carey Leonard Carey (25 February 1887 – 11 September 1977) was an English character actor who very often played butlers in Hollywood films of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He was also active in television during the 1950s. He is perhaps best known for his role as the beach hermit, Ben, in Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca" (1940). One of his biggest roles was as "Dusty" in the film, "Moon Over Her Shoulder" (1941) with John Sutton. Other memorable appearances included roles in "The Awful Truth" (1937), "Heaven Can Wait" (1943), Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" (1951), "Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1952) Document [3] (Title: Dragnet (radio series)) more brash and forceful than his later usually flat demeanor). Gradually, Friday's deadpan, fast-talking persona emerged, described by John Dunning as "a cop's cop, tough but not hard, conservative but caring." Friday's first partner was Sergeant Ben Romero, portrayed by Barton Yarborough, a longtime radio actor. After Yarborough's death in 1951 (and therefore Romero's, who died of a heart attack, on the December 27, 1951 episode "The Big Sorrow"), Friday was partnered with Sergeant Ed Jacobs (December 27, 1951 - April 10, 1952, subsequently transferred to the Police Academy as an instructor), played by Barney Phillips; Officer Bill Lockwood (Ben Document [4] (Title: Any Questions for Ben?) received lukewarm reviews. Leigh Paatsch, writing in the Melbourne "Herald-Sun", felt that the film's strongest point was the banter between the characters, which was funny and engaging, but Paatsch said that Lawson's central performance was marred at times by "an air of self-satisfied smarm" and the character's path to enlightenment was unfocused and unconvincing. He concluded, "And I sense that others who similarly fell hard for the soulful sincerity of "The Castle" and "The Dish" will feel a little quizzical about the comparative slickness of "Any Questions for Ben?" ". Tom Ryan in the "Sydney Morning Herald" wrote that the Document [5] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) 1958. The film was directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starred Griffith, McCormick, Knotts, and most of the rest of the original Broadway cast. Warner Brothers contract stars Nick Adams as Stockdale's fellow draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge and Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard joined the cast. "No Time for Sergeants" came to the small screen in the fall of 1964. By this point, Griffith and Knotts were both established as stars of "The Andy Griffith Show" and were no longer available. The television series "No Time for Sergeants" starred Sammy Jackson who had had one line in the film version. Document [6] (Title: Mac Hyman) Mac Hyman Mac Hyman (born Mackenzie Hooks Hyman; August 25, 1923July 17, 1963), was an American fiction writer who is known for his best-selling novel "No Time for Sergeants", which was adapted into a popular Broadway play and a motion picture. Hyman was born in Cordele, Georgia, where he discovered his passion for writing as a student in high school, and first displayed his skill in a humorous article published in the school newspaper. Following a year at North Georgia College and State University, he attended Duke University starting in 1941. He interrupted his studies to serve in the United Document [7] (Title: Ben Nealon) Ben Nealon Benjamin Nealon (born 29 December 1966) is best known for playing 2nd Lt/Lt/Capt Jeremy Forsythe in the ITV award-winning series "Soldier Soldier". Nealon was attracted to a career in acting at the age of 7 when he saw Peter O'Toole's performance in "Lawrence of Arabia" but his part in "Soldier Soldier" was his second television role, having appeared in an episode of "Between the Lines" the previous year. He has since been in TV series such as "Bugs", "Casualty", "The Bill", "I Shouldn't Be Alive", and "EastEnders". Nealon was also in the Indian films "Lagaan" and "". In Document [8] (Title: Ben Knight (actor)) with Natalie Bassingthwaighte. His other credits include the short film "Road to Ramadi", the television series "Review with Myles Barlow", "City Homicide", and "Neighbours". Ben Knight (actor) Ben Knight (born 1 December 1975) is an Australian actor. Knight, often credited as Ben Kermode commenced his career as an actor in 1997, when he made a guest appearance in the Australian television series "State Coroner". What followed was two further guest roles on the series "Good Guys Bad Guys" and "Introducing Gary Petty" before his career took a five-year hiatus. In 2005, Knight returned to acting with the short film "Smacked Document [9] (Title: Paul Smith (American actor, born 1929)) 34 episodes and 17 repeats in its Monday night at 8:30 time slot, but in a programming coincidence, was scheduled directly opposite Andy Griffith's sitcom on CBS and could not overcome the top-rated competition from the original Will Stockdale. The final repeat episode of "No Time for Sergeants" aired on September 6, 1965, 51 weeks after its premiere. Three and a half months later, on Christmas Eve, Smith was seen as an unnamed captain in a similar scene with a similar character in the "Gomer Pyle, P.O.W." episode of the more-successful show patterned after "No Time for Sergeants", CBS' "Gomer Document [10] (Title: Ben Knight (actor)) Ben Knight (actor) Ben Knight (born 1 December 1975) is an Australian actor. Knight, often credited as Ben Kermode commenced his career as an actor in 1997, when he made a guest appearance in the Australian television series "State Coroner". What followed was two further guest roles on the series "Good Guys Bad Guys" and "Introducing Gary Petty" before his career took a five-year hiatus. In 2005, Knight returned to acting with the short film "Smacked Out Kisses". In 2009, he received a short recurring role on Seven Network soap opera "Home and Away", for which he played Hazem Kassir, Document [11] (Title: Ben Kirk) to play. Ben spends the day fixing a bike with Tyler and his father Russell (Russell Kiefel). They play practical jokes on him, but when Ben pulls Russell's trousers down, Russell loses his temper and threatens him. Karl stops Russell from hurting Ben. Ben befriends Piper Willis (Mavournee Hazel) and helps her to film a segment for her vlog. He accidentally leaves the door to the garage unlocked, leading to the theft of the tools and Tyler's bike. After Libby comes back from China, Ben goes home. A few weeks later, Ben returns to help out with the protest to Document [12] (Title: Ben Williams (actor)) in the 1933 film "The Good Companions". Later appearances included roles in "Tiger Bay" (1934), "Java Head" (1934), "Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor" (1935), "Boys Will Be Boys" (1935), "Flame in the Heather" (1935), "The Man Without a Face" (1935), "Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle" (1935), "Gay Old Dog" (1935), "Blue Smoke" (1935), and "Find the Lady" (1936. Other film appearances include "" (1936), "The Crimes of Stephen Hawke" (1936), "Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel" (1937), "The Gables Mystery" (1938), "The Saint in London" (1939), "The Stars Look Down" (1940), "The Proud Valley" (1940), "Let George Do It!" (1940), Document [13] (Title: Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation)) it is revealed that not only is Ben socially awkward around police officers, but he is afraid of them, saying "I am not afraid of cops. I have no reason to be. I never break any laws ever because I'm deathly afraid of cops." Towards the end of the campaign, Ben is offered a job working for a congressional campaign in Washington, D.C.. Initially conflicted, as it would mean several months away from Pawnee, Ben is ultimately convinced by Leslie to take the job. Jonathan Banks and Glenne Headly guest starred as Ben's parents in the fifth season. He successfully Document [14] (Title: Johnny Crawford) occasional actor. His rank was sergeant at the time of his honorable discharge in December 1967. In 1968, Crawford played a soldier wanted for murder in "By the Numbers", an episode of the popular TV series "Hawaii Five-O". "The Resurrection of Broncho Billy" was a USC student film Crawford agreed to do as a favor to his close friend, producer John Longenecker. It won the 1970 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject. "The Naked Ape" was a partially animated 1973 feature film starring Crawford and Victoria Principal, produced by Hugh Hefner. In 1976, Johnny Crawford co-starred as Ben Document [15] (Title: Richard Cant) Sergeant Ben Jones; Richard had previously appeared with Jason Hughes in an episode of the cult BBC 2 TV series "This Life", where he played Phil, a friend of Hughes's character Warren. Other television appearances include "The Way We Live Now", "Bleak House", "Gimme Gimme Gimme", and "Gunpowder Treason and Plot". In 2007 he appeared in an episode of "Doctor Who", "Blink". He has worked on stage for The National Theatre, RSC, Royal Court, Cheek by Jowl, and Sheffield Crucible. Richard has also directed regularly at Arts Educational School of Acting, including 3rd year productions of "An Experiment With an Document [16] (Title: Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)) A tape Ben made proves Caspar killed a crusading newspaperman supporting Jansen, and Caspar is forced to leave the city. Ben takes over the rackets, unbeknownst to June. Meanwhile, her sexually charged sister is attracted to Ben. She makes a play for him at a beach house previously belonging to Caspar and nearly kills Ben by accident with a spear gun. She goes for a swim in a leopard-pattern bathing suit, and afterwards we see them on the sofa, her fully dressed and looking very satisfied, while Ben looks guilty. Learning that he's never taken June there, Dorothy says "Score Document [17] (Title: Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)) gives himself up on condition June and Dorothy won't be hurt, and mocks Caspar, who shoots him several times--not realizing Ben has called his friend Dietz, the chief of police, and he is just arriving on the scene with a full squad. The police enter the house and arrest Caspar and his men, breaking the gang once and for all. A badly wounded Ben is taken to the hospital, his fate uncertain, and June goes with him, leaving Dorothy with Jansen. The film was made when prolific director Allan Dwan was seventy years old. Dwan directed 386 films in his Document [18] (Title: Ben Lawson) Ben Lawson Ben Lawson (born 6 February 1980) is an Australian actor, known for his role as Frazer Yeats in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" from 2006 to 2008. Lawson has since appeared in several American television series, including "The Deep End", "Covert Affairs", and "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23". In 2011, he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher in the film "No Strings Attached". Recently, he starred as Damien Rennett on the ABC political drama "Designated Survivor" and as Larry Hemsworth on "The Good Place". Ben was born and raised in Brisbane, Queensland. He attended St. Document [19] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) by Pat Collins "The Hip Hypnotist") from backstage and are accidentally hypnotized to respond to code words that will turn them into World War II bomber pilots or revert them to their own selves. Under the effects of hypnosis, the two airmen appropriate a bomber loaded with weapons, with which they attempt to nuke the now-friendly Germans. Part of the William T. Orr-produced stable of Warner Bros. Television programs, the series was produced by George Burns's production company. It preceded Burns' own "Wendy and Me" sitcom (which starred Burns and Connie Stevens) on ABC's Monday night schedule. But, opposite "The Document [20] (Title: Ben Shenkman) opposite Larry David, and later Jason Alexander, in David's hit comedy "Fish in the Dark", which had a sold-out six-month limited run at the Cort Theater. Since 2016 Shenkman has played the recurring role of Ira Schirmer on the Showtime series "Billions." 2016 also saw him as Desk Sgt. Klein in the acclaimed HBO limited series "The Night Of." He is currently a series regular in the Shondaland drama For the People (2017 TV series). Ben Shenkman Benjamin "Ben" Shenkman (born September 26, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the USA Network drama series Document [21] (Title: Sammy Jackson) also had been in the "No Time for Sergeants" film. The series was produced by George Burns's production company and shown in the UK on ITV from 1965 to 1969. It also preceded Burns' own "Wendy and Me" sitcom, with Connie Stevens, which aired on the Monday night ABC schedule. Jackson also appeared in "None but the Brave" for Frank Sinatra as a Marine who makes friends with an enemy soldier by swapping his cigarettes for the Japanese's soldiers' fish catch. In 1966 Jackson starred in unsold television pilots in the title role of "Li'l Abner" and also playing alongside Document [22] (Title: Private Benjamin (TV series)) the cast as Colonel Lawrence Fielding, the pompous, well-meaning, but ineffectual, head of the camp. In late 1982, Eileen Brennan was struck by a car and Polly Holliday was brought in as Captain Amanda Allen, intended as a temporary replacement for Brennan's Captain Lewis character, but the show was cancelled shortly thereafter. Private Benjamin (TV series) Private Benjamin is an American sitcom based on the movie of the same name that aired on CBS from April 6, 1981, to January 10, 1983. Eileen Brennan, who reprised her role from the film, won an Emmy and Golden Globe Award for her Document [23] (Title: Mad Dogs (UK TV series)) as Ben Chaplin, who appeared in the British "Mad Dogs" series in the role of Alvo, played by Zane in the US series. The pilot episode is 55 minutes long and has been rated 18, compared to the 15 rating provided to the original series. The American pilot also ends at a different point to the original. The pilot has led to a 10-episode full season, that began airing 21 January 2016 although the promotional release date was slated for the following day. On 28 February 2016 "Mad Dogs" executive producer Shawn Ryan announced that the series would not be Document [24] (Title: Ben Aris) and films including "The Plague of the Zombies", "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and "Hamlet". Aris was in the 1960 production of "Pieces of Eight" at the Apollo Theatre in London as well as the 1969 production of "Hamlet" at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York. His first television role was in the sitcom "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" in 1973. The following year he appeared in "Invasion of the Dinosaurs", a 1974 "Doctor Who" serial. His other early television roles included "Sam and the River" (1975), "Crown Court", "Wodehouse Playhouse" and "Target". During that time he also appeared Document [25] (Title: Ben Matlock) Ben Matlock Benjamin Leighton "Ben" Matlock is a fictional character from the television series, "Matlock", played by Andy Griffith. Matlock is a renowned, folksy yet cantankerous defense attorney who is worth every penny of his $100,000 fee. Known for visiting the scene of the crime to discover clues otherwise overlooked and his down-home style of coming up with viable, alternative theories of the crime in question (usually murder) while sitting in his office playing the banjo or polishing his shoes. Matlock also had conspicuously finicky fashion sense, and an insatiable appetite for hot dogs. Despite his high fees and apparent Document [26] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) scandal then ensues in Court when false accusations are made by Brad's sister that a sexual relationship between him and Susie was the real reason for the shooting. Ben was cleared of the charges and despite the seemingly resolved issues, Marrissa breaks off their engagement. Ben also finally gained promotion to the rank of Sergeant at the start of season 11. After the Station bombing in season 11 and the subsequent death of close friend Jo, Ben blames himself for her death as he made her stay at the station, Ben and Susie grieve Jo's death by going on to Document [27] (Title: Ben Barber) Ben Barber Ben Barber (born 25 August 1984) is an Australian actor best known for playing Rhys Lawson in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". Barber grew up in Warrnambool. He took part in amateur dramatics while he attended Brauer College. After graduating, he chose not to pursue acting and joined the army reserve. Upon leaving the army, Barber took a part-time acting course at the Victorian College of the Arts, before he was accepted into the National Institute of Dramatic Arts. Barber's first major television appearance was in Australian soap opera "Home and Away". He was later cast in fellow Document [28] (Title: Patrick McVey) Saddles" as Lieutenant Colonel Wesley Hayes. After the series ended in 1958, McVey was cast as police reporter Ben Andrews in another syndicated series, "Manhunt". "Manhunt" was canceled in 1961, and McVey continued his career with guest roles on various television series including "General Electric Theater", "Cheyenne", "Tombstone Territory", "The Rifleman", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "The Virginian", "Gunsmoke" and three appearances on "Perry Mason", including the role of District Attorney Covington in the 1959 episode, "The Case of the Dubious Bridegroom." McVey's last television roles were in the CBS drama "The Nurses", and as the character John Harris in Document [29] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) in a "salute". King is found filthy after he sneaks into the latrine and sets off the toilet lids. King is summarily reduced to private rank and sent to gunnery school along with Stockdale and Whitledge. As King goes back to his office dejected, he admits to Stockdale that he has grown to like Stockdale. Stockdale gives the watch back to King. At gunnery school, Stockdale is at the bottom of the class and Whitledge is next to the bottom. King graduates as the top man and is assigned to the staff of General Eugene Bush (Howard Smith) at his Document [30] (Title: Ben Aris) as acting with Penelope Keith in "To the Manor Born", he also appeared with her in "Executive Stress" and "No Job for a Lady". One of most memorable stage performances was in the West End playing Geoffrey in "Stepping Out" by Richard Harris. His final stage appearance was in "The Lady in the Van" by Alan Bennett, opposite Dame Maggie Smith. His final TV appearance was in the 2002 drama "Ready". He died in Surrey in 2003 aged 66. His son Jonathan Aris followed him into acting. Ben Aris Benjamin Patrick Aris (16 March 1937 – 4 September 2003) was Document [31] (Title: There Should Have Been Castles) the Army agrees to an honorable discharge Ben on a technicality. Ben sleeps with Maggie one last time and then heads back to New York, where he and Ginnie begin a passionate affair. With one another's support, Ginnie becomes a locally renowned dancer, and Ben manages to get one of his scripts read by a television executive, who buys it and turns it into a movie of the week. However, Ginnie's increasingly busy schedule, coupled with Ben's self-destructive nature, leads to the pair splitting after a disastrous night. While Ben makes a financially successful but debauched trip to Hollywood, Ginnie Document [32] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) When Jackson read that Warner Brothers was going to produce a television sitcom version of "No Time for Sergeants" for ABC he wrote directly to Jack L. Warner saying that he was the best choice for the role and asked Warner to watch a certain episode of the series "Maverick" as proof. Ten days later Jackson was told to come to the studio to test for the role. Jackson won the role over several actors including the better known Will Hutchins, a Warner Brothers Television contract star who formerly played the sympathetic "Sugarfoot" and had also been in the "No Document [33] (Title: Matt Lacey) BBC Three in 2014 and was a recurring character in seasons 2 and 3 alongside Greg Davies, Helen Baxendale and "Twilight" star Taylor Lautner. In 2018 Lacey was touring on stage in a Bill Kenwright production of the Edgar Wallace play "The Case of the Frightened Lady", he joined the cast as Detective Sergeant Totty in September 2018. Matt Lacey Matt Lacey (born 1987) is a British actor and comedian. He is best known for his recurring role as Ben in the BBC television series "Cuckoo" and as Orlando in the Gap Yah viral comedy sketch. Lacey was born in Document [34] (Title: Ira Levin) career of Andy Griffith. The play was turned into a movie in 1958, and co-starred Nick Adams; it was later developed into a 1964 television comedy series starring Sammy Jackson. "No Time for Sergeants" is generally considered the precursor to "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.". Levin's best-known play is "Deathtrap", which holds the record as the longest running comedy thriller on Broadway and brought Levin his second Edgar Award. In 1982, it was made into a film starring Christopher Reeve and Michael Caine. Levin's first novel, "A Kiss Before Dying", was well received, earning him the 1954 Edgar Award for Best First Document [35] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) was responsible for the murder, as well as the attempted framing of Ben Stewart, Ben assaulted Pepi while Pepi was handcuffed, which led to Pepi being dismissed from the force and charged, and Ben was demoted back into uniform as a Senior Constable. Shortly after, he was then posted to Mount Thomas permanently. In the series, he fell for Maggie Doyle upon arriving and the two had a brief relationship, but later on in the series, Maggie chose P.J. Hasham instead. Ben is divorced from his wife Rachael, and has three children: Madeline, Emma and Josh. While they live with Document [36] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) Andy Griffith Show", the series headlined by the original star of all the earlier versions of "No Time For Sergeants", it was trounced in the ratings and only lasted one season. It was also shown in the UK on ITV from 1965 to 1969. Andy Clyde, formerly of "The Real McCoys", had a supporting role in the television series as Grandpa Jim Anderson. Ann McCrea, while also appearing as a regular on "The Donna Reed Show" was cast as Amelia Taggert in the 1964 episode "O Krupnick, My Krupnick". A Dell Four Color Issue 914 comic book version of this Document [37] (Title: Ben Gazzara) Traveller without Luggage" in 1964. He also guest starred on "Kraft Suspense Theatre". Gazzara was the male lead in "A Rage to Live" (1965) with Suzanne Pleshette. He gained fame in the TV series "Run for Your Life" which ran from 1965 to 1968 on NBC, in which he played a terminally ill man trying to get the most out of the last two years of his life. For his work in the series, Gazzara received two Emmy nominations for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series" and three Golden Globe nominations for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Document [38] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) Time for Sergeants" film. Unlike Jim Nabors' "Gomer Pyle" (of the "Andy Griffith Show" spin off of the same name, inspired by "No Time for Sergeants"), Jackson's Stockdale was no idiot; rather he had an unlimited amount of common sense, which was displayed in various episodes. The series had an unusual episode, "Two Aces in a Hole", which resembled the 1964's films "Dr Strangelove" and "Fail Safe" (displaying nuclear destruction wrought by the US Air Force) combined with a black comedy parody of the hypnosis of "The Manchurian Candidate". Stockdale and his friend Ben witness a stage hypnotist's show (played Document [39] (Title: Mac Hyman) heavily on his personal experiences from the army, Hyman worked on "No Time for Sergeants", the misadventures of a country bumpkin draftee named Will Stockdale, whose hometown of Callville closely resembles Cordele, and who narrates his own story in an uneducated southern dialect. Several publishers rejected the manuscript before it was finally accepted by Random House and published in 1954. The popularity of the book resulted in a Broadway show and a film, which launched the career of Andy Griffith. Hyman, who was living in Cordele with his wife and three children, had published just three short stories and was Document [40] (Title: Ben Whitehead) of The BBC Proms. Ben Whitehead Benjamin "Ben" Whitehead is an English actor who has been working on films with Aardman Animations since 2005. Along with voicing roles for characters, he is Aardman's read-in artist and became the voice of Wallace after Peter Sallis's retirement. In 2008, he took over the role of Wallace from Peter Sallis to become the official voice for Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures", the four part episodic adventure game by Telltale Games. After Sallis returned to the role in 2010, Whitehead later performed as Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels", Prom 20 Document [41] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) King gets into hot water, however, when Stockdale reveals that the sergeant kept him on permanent bathroom duty while neglecting to have the recruit complete all the required military exams. The company commander orders King to help Stockdale through his training in one week, or else he will be demoted and made "P. L. O." himself. Rushing him through testing, King bribes Stockdale by promising to give him his wristwatch if he can pass. Stockdale takes a manual dexterity test from Corporal John C. Brown (Don Knotts), a psychiatric test from Maj. Royal B. Demming (James Millhollin), and an eye Document [42] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) One of the stories offered is the original movie adaptation. No Time for Sergeants No Time for Sergeants is a 1954 best-selling novel by Mac Hyman, which was later adapted into a teleplay on "The United States Steel Hour", a popular Broadway play and 1958 motion picture, as well as a 1964 television series. The book chronicles the misadventures of a country bumpkin named Will Stockdale who is drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II and assigned to the United States Army Air Forces. Hyman was in the Army Air Forces during World War II when it was Document [43] (Title: Ben James-Ellis) New Theatre from Thursday 10 December 2009 – Sunday 10 January 2010. Ben starred as the Cockney soldier in Brendan Behan's The Hostage at Southwark Playhouse from 3 to 20 February 2010. The play garnered many strong reviews. Ben joined the West End cast of Dreamboats and Petticoats as Norman in July 2010. After finishing his stint in Dreamboats Ben went into panto starring as the Prince in "Snow White" at the Hawth Theatre Crawley with Craig Revel Horwood in December 2010, they worked together again in 2011 when Craig directed Ben in The Brother Loves Travelling Salvation Show, a Document [44] (Title: Ben Kirk) Ben struggled as he watched Susan trying to deal with the aftermath. Although Piper urges him to keep quiet, Ben owns up to what he did and is charged with reckless conduct. As he realises that he is going to end up with a criminal record and a possible custodial sentence, Ben decides to run away with Piper. They get jobs as fruit pickers to raise money, but Piper has to work alone, as Ben struggles with pain from his fractured ribs, which he sustained after being struck by Sheila Canning's (Colette Mann) car. He later collapses. On 26 February Document [45] (Title: Robert Scott Wilson) 2014, he is signed with LA Models. In April 2014, "Days of Our Lives" announced that Wilson had been hired as a recast for the role of Ben, previously portrayed by Justin Gaston. Wilson vacated the role in December 2015. In January 2016, it was announced that Wilson would reprise his role as Ben in March to facilitate the exit of his former co-star Kate Mansi who played Abigail Deveraux. Wilson concluded his run with the series on June 24, 2016. In July 2017, Wilson was cast in the Rob Malenfant directed thriller, "The Girl Who Cried Wolf". Wilson once Document [46] (Title: Don Knotts) 1955 through September 14, 1957, Knotts appeared in the Broadway play version of "No Time for Sergeants", in which he played two roles, listed on the playbill as a Corporal Manual Dexterity and a Preacher. In 1958, Knotts appeared for the first time on film with Andy Griffith in the film version of "No Time for Sergeants". In that film, Knotts reprises his Broadway role and plays a high-strung Air Force test administrator whose routine is disrupted by the hijinks of a provincial new recruit. In 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, "The Andy Document [47] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) equally dim Ben Whitledge (Nick Adams) and an obnoxious bully Irving S. Blanchard (Murray Hamilton). The unhappy Whitledge wants to be assigned to the infantry where his six brothers served. At boot camp, Stockdale proceeds to make life miserable for the man in charge, Master Sergeant Orville C. King (Myron McCormick), who likes his barracks to be quiet and calm. In exasperation, the sergeant places Stockdale on full-time latrine duty. Stockdale believes his new position of "P.L.O." (Permanent Latrine Orderly) to be a promotion. A company inspection takes a surprising turn when Stockdale's immaculately clean latrine impresses King's company commander. Document [48] (Title: Andy Griffith) he has to do is walk on the stage and look the audience straight in the face. If the armed forces cannot cope with Will Stockdale, neither can the audience resist Andy Griffith." Griffith later reprised his role for the film version (1958) of "No Time for Sergeants"; the film also featured Don Knotts, as a corporal in charge of manual-dexterity tests, marking the beginning of a lifelong association between Griffith and Knotts. "No Time for Sergeants" is considered the direct inspiration for the later television situation comedy "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." His only other New York stage appearance was the Document [49] (Title: Ben Whitehead) Ben Whitehead Benjamin "Ben" Whitehead is an English actor who has been working on films with Aardman Animations since 2005. Along with voicing roles for characters, he is Aardman's read-in artist and became the voice of Wallace after Peter Sallis's retirement. In 2008, he took over the role of Wallace from Peter Sallis to become the official voice for Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures", the four part episodic adventure game by Telltale Games. After Sallis returned to the role in 2010, Whitehead later performed as Wallace in "Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels", Prom 20 of the 2012 season Document [50] (Title: Ben Small) Ben Small Benjamin "Ben" Small (born 1971) is a British voice actor. Small is best known for voicing Thomas in the UK version of the CGI episodes of the children's television series "Thomas & Friends" from 2009 to 2015. Small also provided voices for Toby (in which he based the character's voice on "Dad's Army" actor Clive Dunn) and Ferdinand in the UK version while voicing Rheneas, Flynn, the Troublesome Trucks and Owen in both the UK and US versions of the series. In the US version, Small voiced Stanley and Charlie, who are voiced by Small's co-star Matt Wilkinson Document [51] (Title: Tom Berenger) Tom Berenger Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an American television and motion picture actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Staff Sergeant Bob Barnes in "Platoon" (1986). He is also known for playing Jake Taylor in the "Major League" films and Thomas Beckett in the "Sniper" films. Other films he appeared in include "Looking for Mr. Goodbar" (1977), "The Dogs of War" (1980), "The Big Chill" (1983), "Eddie and the Cruisers" (1983), "Betrayed" (1988), "The Field" (1990), "Gettysburg" (1993), "The Substitute" (1996), "One Man's Hero" (1999), Document [52] (Title: The Lineup (film)) shootout between Dancer and the police. In the film Warner Anderson and Marshall Reed reprise their roles as Lieutenant Ben Guthrie and Inspector Fred Asher from the TV series. However, Tom Tully's character, Inspector Matt Grebb, is replaced by Inspector Al Quine, played by Emile Meyer. Tully, the T.V. series co-star, was not seen in the film. Anderson, the star of the TV series, is given co-star billing in the movie instead of star billing; star billing was instead given to Wallach, who played the movie's main villain. The film contains the line, "When you live outside the law, you Document [53] (Title: Ben Miles) while "thinking about 'finding the one'". He trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He moved into television roles in the 1990s, playing supporting roles in such series as "Zorro", "Soldier Soldier", "Is It Legal?", "The Bill", "Peak Practice" and "Wonderful You". Miles played a very small part as a journalist, with just a few words of dialogue, in the 1997 motion picture "The Wings of the Dove". In 2000, he was cast as the womanizing Patrick Maitland in the comedy series "Coupling", a role which he played until the series ended in 2004. He continued other television Document [54] (Title: Ben (song)) Ben (song) "Ben" is a song written by Don Black and composed by Walter Scharf for the 1972 film of the same name (the sequel to the 1971 killer rat film "Willard"). It was performed in the film by Lee Montgomery and by Michael Jackson over the closing credits. Jackson's single, recorded for the Motown label in 1972, spent one week at the top of the U.S. pop chart. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1972. It also reached number one on the Australian pop chart, spending eight weeks at the top spot. The song also later Document [55] (Title: Michael Caine) "No Wreath for the General", but was then cast in the play "The Compartment", written by Johnny Speight, a two-hander also starring Frank Finlay. This was followed by main roles in other plays including the character Tosh in "Somewhere for the Night", a "Sunday-Night Play" written by Bill Naughton televised on Sunday 3 December 1961, another two-hander by Johnny Speight, "The Playmates", and two editions of BBC plays strand "First Night", "Funny Noises with Their Mouths" and "The Way with Reggie" (both 1963). He also acted in radio plays, including Bill Naughton's "Looking for Frankie" on the BBC Home Service Document [56] (Title: Ben Turner (actor)) appeared in many productions in television, film, theatre and radio, including Michael Grandage's production of "Richard II". He has also appeared in several charity shows such as Children in Need, 2009 in the "Casualty" special as Staff Nurse Jay Faldren and also "Let's Dance for Sport Relief" 2010. Ben appeared in the first of the live shows along with "Casualty" stars Charles Dale (Big Mac) and Tony Marshall (Noel Garcia) as well as Holby City stars Rosie Marcel (Jac Naylor) and Luke Roberts (Joseph Byrne). He left "Casualty" in December 2011, along with co-star Georgia Taylor, who played his main Document [57] (Title: Ben Geurens) Ben Geurens Ben Geurens (born 24 December 1979, in Melbourne, Australia) is an actor. Geurens graduated from NIDA in 2004. At drama school his credits include "The Return", "Romeo and Juliet", "Much Ado About Nothing", and "Who's Afraid of the Working Class". Geurens is best known for playing suburban rascal Toby Mangel on the soap opera "Neighbours" from 1990 to 1993. He then appeared in the television series "The Man from Snowy River" as Michael O'Neil and the movie "Body Melt" as Brandon Noble. He made guest appearances in other series such as "Blue Heelers". Geurens played constable Ash Nader Document [58] (Title: Josh Lawson) he played the title role in "". In 2006, Lawson made his feature film debut in "BoyTown". He had the starring role in the 2012 Australian comedy film "Any Questions for Ben?", created by Working Dog Productions. He also appeared alongside Will Ferrell and Zach Galifianakis in the 2010 comedy film "The Campaign", as well as "" and "Crave". His feature directing debut "The Little Death" which he also wrote and starred in, was released in 2014. Lawson was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2018 for "The Eleven O'Clock", a short film he Document [59] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) story, illustrated by Alex Toth and published in July 1958, follows the movie's narrative. Three follow up issues in the 1960s tied into the short-lived TV series that starred Sammy Jackson. Greg Theakston's Pure Imagination released "The Alex Toth Reader, v2" in 2005. The art has been painstakingly reproduced from the originals by a process that has been come to be known as Theakstonization, a process by which the original comics have the color leached out, leaving only the black and white line art, which is then reproduced to appear exactly as it did at the time of original publication. Document [60] (Title: Ben Mitchell (EastEnders)) Phil is arrested on suspicion of attempting to kill Ronnie, he puts Ben in charge of his garage. Max Branning (Jake Wood) starts helping him with deals, only to trick Ben into signing over the garage to him as revenge for the death of his girlfriend Emma Summerhayes (Anna Acton), which Max has blamed Phil for, though Phil eventually gets the garage back. Ben then starts a sexual relationship with Paul Coker (Jonny Labey), whilst maintaining his relationship with Abi. Ben grows frustrated with Abi's controlling behaviour, and she is suspicious, so Ben has sex with her to allay her Document [61] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) General Bush heartily approves and has King transferred with them. The film was a major hit, and was largely responsible for launching the careers of Griffith and Knotts. No Time for Sergeants (1958 film) No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast. Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard. The film is based on a play inspired by the original Document [62] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) No Time for Sergeants No Time for Sergeants is a 1954 best-selling novel by Mac Hyman, which was later adapted into a teleplay on "The United States Steel Hour", a popular Broadway play and 1958 motion picture, as well as a 1964 television series. The book chronicles the misadventures of a country bumpkin named Will Stockdale who is drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II and assigned to the United States Army Air Forces. Hyman was in the Army Air Forces during World War II when it was part of the US Army. Ira Levin adapted Hyman's novel Document [63] (Title: Ben Aris) Ben Aris Benjamin Patrick Aris (16 March 1937 – 4 September 2003) was an English actor who was best known for his parts in "Hi-de-Hi!" and "To the Manor Born", and was also very active on stage. He was often cast as an eccentric, upper-class, or upper-middle class, man. Aris was born in London, and following the Second World War, he trained at the Arts Educational School. At the age of 16, he joined a national tour of the show "Zip Goes a Million". He then did his national service in the Army and after that appeared in many musicals Document [64] (Title: Paul Smith (American actor, born 1929)) going to work in rubbish, you might as well get paid for it". One of the later episodes in the renamed series, "Goodbye, Mr. Howell", broadcast on February 15, 1962, actually centers around Paul Smith's character, as George Howell encounters unexpected problems and has to consider selling his house. Three years following "Mrs. G." and, after having spent a couple of 1963 episodes playing Commander Carter in the World War II-set military sitcom "McHale's Navy", Paul Smith was back in uniform as a clueless captain at Andrews Airforce Base, during peacetime, in "No Time for Sergeants", his third regular role Document [65] (Title: Jack Webb) also picked up as a television series by NBC, which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959. Webb played Sgt. Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt. Ben Romero. After Yarborough's death, Ben Alexander joined the cast. Webb was a stickler for attention to detail. He believed viewers wanted "realism" and tried to give it to them. Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement. He often said, in interviews, that he was angry about the "ridiculous amount" of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public. Webb was also impressed by the Document [66] (Title: Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers)) move on and accept that the two of them are over. This coupled with the current case he's working on lead Ben to question his life not only as a policeman but in general which leaves him at breaking point and even contemplating suicide until he receives a call from his son that changes his mind. Ben immediately leaves the police force and moves to Perth to be closer to his kids. He is the fourth-longest-serving character of the series, behind Tom Croydon, Chris Riley and P.J. Hasham. Ben Stewart (Blue Heelers) Benjamin 'Ben' Stewart was a fictional character in Document [67] (Title: No Time for Sergeants) play, written by Ira Levin, opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on October 20, 1955, produced by Maurice Evans and directed by Morton DaCosta. Griffith reprised his role, Myron McCormick played Sgt. King, Roddy McDowell played Will's army buddy Ben, and Don Knotts made his Broadway debut as Corporal Manual Dexterity. Scenic designer Peter Larkin won a Tony Award in 1956, and Andy Griffith was nominated for a Tony for Best Featured Actor. The play ran for a total of 796 performances, closing on September 14, 1957. "No Time for Sergeants" was filmed and released by Warner Bros. in Document [68] (Title: Ben Mansfield) Harold Pinter Theatre for a limited season from 19 March to 21 June 2014. In July 2016, it was announced that Mansfield will be playing the role of 'Larry' in Mart Crawley's 'The Boys In the Band'. Ben Mansfield Ben Mansfield (born 29 May 1983) is an English actor, best known for playing Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama "Primeval". Mansfield portrayed Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama "Primeval", depicting the Captain of a special unit from the military which works with the ARC. Mansfield was spotted for the role when auditioning for the part of Arthur in Document [69] (Title: Ben Nealon) Ben Nealon Benjamin Nealon (born 29 December 1966) is best known for playing 2nd Lt/Lt/Capt Jeremy Forsythe in the ITV award-winning series "Soldier Soldier". Nealon was attracted to a career in acting at the age of 7 when he saw Peter O'Toole's performance in "Lawrence of Arabia" but his part in "Soldier Soldier" was his second television role, having appeared in an episode of "Between the Lines" the previous year. He has since been in TV series such as "Bugs", "Casualty", "The Bill", "I Shouldn't Be Alive", and "EastEnders". Nealon was also in the Indian films "Lagaan" and "". In Document [70] (Title: Ben Matlock) Ben Matlock Benjamin Leighton "Ben" Matlock is a fictional character from the television series, "Matlock", played by Andy Griffith. Matlock is a renowned, folksy yet cantankerous defense attorney who is worth every penny of his $100,000 fee. Known for visiting the scene of the crime to discover clues otherwise overlooked and his down-home style of coming up with viable, alternative theories of the crime in question (usually murder) while sitting in his office playing the banjo or polishing his shoes. Matlock also had conspicuously finicky fashion sense, and an insatiable appetite for hot dogs. Despite his high fees and apparent Document [71] (Title: Ben Cartwright (actor)) Ben Cartwright (actor) Ben Cartwright (born 17 June 1976) is a British actor who has made guest appearances on some of Britain's most popular television shows. He appeared in "Judge John Deed" in 2001, playing Paul Bailey. He also had a small part in "EastEnders" in 2003, playing Tony Jamison. He played Heath Gambol in "Casualty" in 2005. His fifth and most recent role in "Casualty" was as Felix Barstow, in July 2018. In 2009 he appeared in the film version of "Sherlock Holmes" as a graveside policeman, and also played the role of a policeman in another 2009 release, Document [72] (Title: Any Questions for Ben?) Any Questions for Ben? Any Questions for Ben? is a 2012 Australian comedy film created by Working Dog Productions, directed by Rob Sitch. It stars Josh Lawson, Rachael Taylor, Felicity Ward, Daniel Henshall, and Christian Clark. It was written by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner, and Rob Sitch. When high-flying 27-year-old Melbourne-based brand manager Ben (Josh Lawson) returns to his old high school to talk to students about careers, he reunites with other former students, including international human rights lawyer Alexis (Rachael Taylor), now working with the United Nations in Yemen, and Olympic archery medallist Jim (Ed Kavalee). Ben soon realises Document [73] (Title: Ben Lawson) His character Yeats left in April 2008. Lawson had a small role in the 2011 film "No Strings Attached", which starred Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher. In August 2012, he landed a recurring role in the ABC sitcom "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23" as Benjamin, a love interest for main character Chloe (Krysten Ritter). In 2017, Lawson starred in the short lived CBS drama "Doubt" opposite Laverne Cox. On "The Talk", Cox said that Lawson was "an amazing actor". In July 2017, Lawson was cast as MI6 agent Damien Rennett on the second season of the ABC political Document [74] (Title: Ben Kirk) the show. Mallard said that his first impression of Ben was that he was "a pretty chilled-out country sort of kid, and he then comes to Erinsborough and gets into a bit of trouble..." Mallard reprised the role in July 2015, and Ben moved in with his grandparents Karl (Alan Fletcher) and Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) on Ramsay Street. Following several appearances as Ben during 2015, Mallard reprised the role on a permanent basis and Ben returned in March 2016. One of Ben's early storylines upon his 2015 return was dealing with the consequences of sending naked pictures to his Document [75] (Title: Ben Alexander (actor)) Detective Romero opposite Webb's Sgt. Joe Friday. Webb selected Alexander, but had to wait until he was available. A few actors filled in as Friday's partners until Alexander appeared in the newly created role of Officer Frank Smith, first in the radio series, then reprised the role in film and on television. The popular series ran until 1959. When Webb revived it in 1966, he wanted Alexander to rejoin him, but Alexander had just signed to play the role of Sgt. Dan Briggs on the weekly ABC series "Felony Squad". In 1969, Alexander was found dead of heart attack in Document [76] (Title: Ben McKenzie) Ben McKenzie Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan (born September 12, 1978), known professionally as Ben McKenzie, is an American actor, writer and director. He is known as Ryan Atwood in the television series "The O.C." and as Ben Sherman in "Southland". He appeared in the films "Junebug" and "88 Minutes". His first starring role in a feature film was in the 2008 indie release "Johnny Got His Gun". Since 2014, McKenzie has been starring as James Gordon in the television series "Gotham", for which he also wrote and directed episodes. Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan was born in Austin, Texas. He is of Dutch-Jewish, Document [77] (Title: Ben Lawson) drama, "Designated Survivor". In 2018, Lawson played high school coach Rick on the second season of the Netflix original series, "13 Reasons Why". Ben Lawson Ben Lawson (born 6 February 1980) is an Australian actor, known for his role as Frazer Yeats in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" from 2006 to 2008. Lawson has since appeared in several American television series, including "The Deep End", "Covert Affairs", and "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23". In 2011, he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher in the film "No Strings Attached". Recently, he starred as Damien Rennett on the ABC Document [78] (Title: Yvonne Jeffries) Sydney. Yvonne, Maia and Jay returned in May 2012 en route to a Jeffries family reunion for Yvonne's birthday. They ended up staying for a longer period when Libby's (Fleur Saville) husband Gerald Tippett (Harry McNaughton) suffered heart failure. In 2009, Shaun Edwards-Brown was cast as the role of Ben Goodall, a paramedic Yvonne meets whilst caught in a bank robbery. The two characters both survived the ordeal and Yvonne set Ben up with her youngest daughter Tania. When Yvonne organised a book group, Ben attended and Yvonne was touched by a short story he wrote to deal with the Document [79] (Title: Ben Kirk) not like him. Libby meets with his teacher and she learns that Ben has been writing lots of stories. Libby gets Ben tested as she thinks he is bright and when he passes the test, he is accepted into an arts school in the country. Almost four years later, Ben returns to Erinsborough with his mother when she accepts the role of acting deputy principal at Erinsborough High for three weeks. Ben enrols at the school and befriends Bailey Turner (Calen Mackenzie), when he notices he is being bullied by Jayden Warley (Khan Oxenham). Ben later gets into a fight Document [80] (Title: Ben Cartwright (actor)) DS Chris Henney in "By Any Means". He has starred in the CBBC programme "Eve" as Nick Clarke. He also starred in "Coronation Street" as Neil Clifton, a police officer involved in the sexual exploitation and sexual grooming of Bethany Platt. Cartwright was cast in the first series of ITV Drama "Fearless" in 2017. He played Phil Simms in the series and was hiding crucial information about his niece's disappearance. Ben Cartwright (actor) Ben Cartwright (born 17 June 1976) is a British actor who has made guest appearances on some of Britain's most popular television shows. He appeared in "Judge Document [81] (Title: Ben Shockley) revealed that the two were collaborating on The Blazing Cannon's. Ben Shockley Ben Shockley (born 3 February 1965) is an English actor. Shockley (born David White) grew up in Hythe, Kent, the son of Alan Richard White (deceased) and Elsie Alice White. Shockley has appeared in films such as "On the Ropes", "Ten Dead Men" and "Bad Day". In 2011, Shockley was interviewed for the book "The Good Bad Guys". Ink Pixel Films released a video in July 2012 featuring Shockley and British director Mark Noyce. During the discussion it was revealed that filming had begun on the comedy "This Document [82] (Title: The United States Steel Hour) Johnny Washbrook. Washbrook played Johnny Sullivan in "The Roads Home" in his first ever screen role. Griffith made his onscreen debut in the show's production of "No Time For Sergeants", and would reprise the lead role in the 1958 big screen adaptation. In 1956-57, Read Morgan made his television debut on the "Steel Hour" as a young boxer named Joey in two episodes entitled "Sideshow". Child actor Darryl Richard, later of "The Donna Reed Show", also made his acting debut on the "Steel Hour" as Tony in the episode "The Bogey Man," which aired January 18, 1955. In 1960 Johnny Document [83] (Title: Ben Geurens) Ben Geurens Ben Geurens (born 24 December 1979, in Melbourne, Australia) is an actor. Geurens graduated from NIDA in 2004. At drama school his credits include "The Return", "Romeo and Juliet", "Much Ado About Nothing", and "Who's Afraid of the Working Class". Geurens is best known for playing suburban rascal Toby Mangel on the soap opera "Neighbours" from 1990 to 1993. He then appeared in the television series "The Man from Snowy River" as Michael O'Neil and the movie "Body Melt" as Brandon Noble. He made guest appearances in other series such as "Blue Heelers". Geurens played constable Ash Nader Document [84] (Title: No Time for Sergeants (1958 film)) No Time for Sergeants (1958 film) No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast. Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard. The film is based on a play inspired by the original novel. Will Stockdale (Griffith) is a backwoods rube from Georgia, who is drafted into the United States Air Force. Other draftees being transported to basic training include the Document [85] (Title: Ben Greaves-Neal) Ben Greaves-Neal Benjamin Greaves-Neal is an English actor. His career dates back to 2010 when he made a guest appearance in the award-winning BBC sitcom My Family. Since then Ben has appeared in 2011's horror The Awakening and Donald Rice's period drama Cheerful Weather for The Wedding. He is also known for his recurring role as Cousin Max in Grandpa in my Pocket. In 2013, Ben Greaves-Neal made a guest appearance in the BBC hospital soap Casualty as a child suffering from a vitamin overdose. The episode was titled "Hidden". Ben is best known for portraying Oliver in the BBC Question: who played ben in no time for sergeants

Answer: Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams Long Answer: No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy starring Andy Griffith and featuring Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast . Warner Bros. contract player Nick Adams joined the cast as Stockdale's fellow military draftee Benjamin B. Whitledge, as did Murray Hamilton as Irving S. Blanchard . The film is based on a play inspired by the original novel. Gold Document ID: 84

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) received multiple nominations in the same year was Steven Soderbergh for "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic" in 2000, winning the award for the latter. The Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have been awarded Best Picture, 64 have also been awarded Best Director. Since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four. William Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. Damien Chazelle became the youngest Document [2] (Title: David Lynch) Best Director, and has won France's César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival. In 2016, "Mulholland Drive", was named the top film of the 21st century by the BBC following a poll of 177 film critics from 36 countries. Born to a middle-class family in Missoula, Montana, Lynch spent his childhood traveling around the United States before he studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where he first made the transition to Document [3] (Title: Warren Beatty) directed by Richard Brooks; "The Parallax View" (1974), directed by Alan Pakula; and "The Fortune" (1975), directed by Mike Nichols. Beatty produced, co-wrote and acted in "Shampoo" (1975), directed by Hal Ashby, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Original Screenplay, as well as five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture and Best Actor. In 1978, Beatty directed, produced, wrote and acted in "Heaven Can Wait" (1978) (sharing co-directing credit with Buck Henry). The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Adapted Screenplay. It also won three Golden Globe Awards, including Document [4] (Title: 82nd Academy Awards) announced during the awards ceremony on March 7, 2010. Kathryn Bigelow made history as the first female to win the Oscar for Best Director. "Up" became the second animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. 1991's "Beauty and the Beast" was the first such film to achieve this feat. Best Adapted Screenplay winner Geoffrey Fletcher was the first African American winner of a screenwriting Oscar. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). The Academy held its 1st Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 14, 2009, during which the following awards were presented. Document [5] (Title: 58th Academy Awards) and "Ran" with one. The nominees for the 58th Academy Awards were announced on February 5, 1986. "The Color Purple" and "Out of Africa" led all nominees with eleven each. Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 1986. With its 11 nominations and zero wins, "The Color Purple" joined "The Turning Point" as the most nominated films in Oscar history without a single win. At age 79, John Huston became the oldest person nominated for Best Director. By virtue of his father Walter's previous wins, John's daughter Anjelica's victory in the Best Supporting Actress category made her Document [6] (Title: Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)) president of the Jury for the 2014 festival and oversaw a rare decision, in which the Jury Prize was awarded to two films: "Mommy", by 25-year-old Xavier Dolan, and "Goodbye to Language", by 83-year-old Jean-Luc Godard. UK directors Andrea Arnold and Ken Loach are tied for the record for most Jury Prizes. As of 2016 Arnold was awarded the prize for her films "Red Road", "Fish Tank", and "American Honey", while Loach was awarded the prize for his films "Hidden Agenda", "Raining Stones", and "The Angels' Share". Michelangelo Antonioni, René Clément, Masaki Kobayashi, and Samira Makhmalbaf have each won the Document [7] (Title: 87th Academy Awards) nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. "Birdman" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since "Ordinary People" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming "Gravity". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on "Gravity" Document [8] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) Film in 2003. Since 1976, Felipe Cazals has been nominated at least once every decade, winning three times for "El Año de la Peste" (1980), "Bajo la metralla" (1984), and "Las Vueltas del Citrillo" (2006). Buñuel and Amat Escalante won the Ariel for Best Director and the same award at the Cannes Film Festival for "Los Olvidados" and "Heli", respectively. Alejandro González Iñárritu was awarded the Ariel for "Amores Perros", and received the Academy Award for Best Director for "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Revenant". Since its inception, the award has been given to 38 directors. Document [9] (Title: 86th Academy Awards) won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón. Other winners included "Dallas Buyers Club" also with three awards, "Frozen", and "The Great Gatsby" with two, and "Blue Jasmine", "The Great Beauty", "Helium", "Her", "The Lady in Number 6", "Mr Hublot", and "20 Feet from Stardom" with one. The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000. The nominees for the 86th Academy Awards were announced on January 16, 2014, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater Document [10] (Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) it was nominated, therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep. The wins included the awards for Best Picture, the first time a fantasy film had done so; it was also the second sequel to win Oscars for Best Picture and Best Director (following "The Godfather Part II"). The film jointly holds the record for the largest number of Academy Awards won with "Ben-Hur" (1959) and "Titanic" (1997). The film has been re-released three times: in 2011, 2017, and 2018. Two Hobbits, Sméagol and Déagol, are fishing when Déagol discovers the One Ring in the river. Sméagol is ensnared by Document [11] (Title: Krzysztof Kieślowski) Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Kieślowski (; 27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He is known internationally for "Dekalog" (1989), "The Double Life of Veronique" (1991), and the "Three Colors" trilogy (1993–1994). Kieślowski received numerous awards during his career, including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1988), FIPRESCI Prize (1988, 1991), and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1991); the Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1989), Golden Lion (1993), and OCIC Award (1993); and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear (1994). In 1995, he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Writing. Document [12] (Title: New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honour the finest achievements in filmmaking. In the last three decades (1970s, 1980s, and 1990s), the New York Film Critics have rarely made the same choice as the Academy Awards. Both associations have agreed on the same winner, over the period 1970–1999, on the following: Woody Allen for "Annie Hall" (1977) and Jonathan Demme for "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991). It’s notable that from 2000 to Document [13] (Title: 71st Academy Awards) "Z" in 1969). Moreover, its seven nominations were the most for a foreign language film, to date. Best Actor winner Roberto Benigni was the second person to direct himself to an acting Oscar win. Laurence Olivier first achieved this feat for his performance in 1948's "Hamlet". He also became the fourth individual to earn acting, directing, screenwriting nominations for the same film. In addition, Benigni was the third performer to win an Oscar for a non-English speaking role. By virtue of their nominations for portraying Queen Elizabeth I of England, Best Actress nominee Cate Blanchett and Best Supporting Actress winner Document [14] (Title: Golden Globe Award) Kazan leads with four wins, followed by Clint Eastwood, Oliver Stone, Miloš Forman, David Lean and Martin Scorsese with three wins each. Steven Spielberg holds the record for most nominations with twelve (as of the 2017 nominations). Francis Ford Coppola, Clint Eastwood and Steven Soderbergh are the only directors to receive two nominations in the same year. As of the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Barbra Streisand is the only woman to have won in this category; she won for "Yentl" in 1983. Notes: Notes: The HFPA has had a lucrative contract with NBC for decades, which began broadcasting the award Document [15] (Title: Guldbagge Award for Best Director) history. Of the 55 films that have been awarded Best Film, 24 have also been awarded Best Director. The first one to achieve this was Ingmar Bergman, whose film "The Silence" won the Best Film award at the first 1st Guldbagge Awards. The last one who achieved this was Magnus von Horn through his film, "The Here After" at the 51st Guldbagge Awards (2015). The first woman who won the award for Best Director was Marianne Ahrne, for the film "Near and Far Away" (1976). Besides her, only nine women have ever been awarded for Best Director: Suzanne Osten for Document [16] (Title: Steven Spielberg) Hewitt. Jonathan Norman was arrested after making two attempts to enter Spielberg's Pacific Palisades home in June and July 1997. Norman was jailed for 25 years in California. Spielberg told the court: "Had Jonathan Norman actually confronted me, I genuinely, in my heart of hearts, believe that I would have been raped or maimed or killed." Spielberg has won three Academy Awards. He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards for the category of Best Director, winning two of them ("Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan"), and ten of the films he directed were up for the Best Picture Oscar Document [17] (Title: Cabaret (1972 film)) the lyrics differently. The film earned a total of eight Academy Awards: It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, losing both to "The Godfather". "Cabaret" holds the record for most Academy Awards won by a film which did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Shortly before the Academy Awards, Fosse won two Tonys for directing and choreographing "Pippin", his biggest stage hit to date. When, months later, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for choreographing and directing Minnelli's television special "Liza with a Z", he became Document [18] (Title: 79th Academy Awards) earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 10, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Maggie Gyllenhaal. "The Departed" won four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Martin Scorsese. Other winners included "Pan's Labyrinth" with three, "An Inconvenient Truth", "Dreamgirls" and "Little Miss Sunshine" with two, and "Babel", "The Blood of Yingzhou District", "The Danish Poet", "Happy Feet", "The Last King of Scotland", "Letters from Iwo Jima", "The Lives of Others", "Marie Antoinette", "", "The Queen" and "West Bank Story" with one. The telecast garnered nearly Document [19] (Title: Paul Thomas Anderson) Country for Old Men" for the most nominations that year. Anderson was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay, losing all three to the Coen Brothers for "No Country for Old Men". Daniel Day-Lewis won the Oscar for Best Actor. Paul Dano received a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Anderson was nominated for Best Director from the Directors Guild of America. "There Will Be Blood" was regarded by some critics as one of the greatest films of the decade, some parties further declaring it one of the most accomplished American films of the modern era. David Document [20] (Title: John Ford) on four occasions. William Wyler and Frank Capra come in second having won the award three times. Ford was the first director to win consecutive Best Director awards, in 1940 and 1941. This feat was later matched by Joseph L. Mankiewicz exactly ten years later, when he won consecutive awards for Best Director in 1950 and 1951. As a producer he received nominations for Best Picture for "The Quiet Man" and "The Long Voyage Home". In 1955 and 1957, Ford was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. He Document [21] (Title: 41st Academy Awards) 1937 ("The Good Earth"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 ("Captains Courageous") and 1938 ("Boys Town"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". As the special effects director and designer for "", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in "Charly" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, "TIME" mentioned Document [22] (Title: Clarence Brown) the main directors of their female stars; he directed Joan Crawford six times and Greta Garbo seven. He was nominated five times (see below) for the Academy Award as a director and once as a producer, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for "Anna Karenina", starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival. Brown's films gained a total of 38 Academy Award nominations and earned nine Oscars. Brown himself received six Academy Award nominations and in 1949, he won the British Academy Award for the film version of William Faulkner's "Intruder in the Document [23] (Title: Vikas Swarup) Best Picture and Best Director. From "The NY Times" report: "[T]hough it had no actors nominated for prizes, [it also] swept many awards other than those on the top line, including prizes for cinematography, sound mixing, score and film editing. "Slumdog"'s eight Oscars was the largest total won by a single film since "" won 11 in 2004." The film was released in the UK on 9 January 2009 and in India on 23 January with William Losch. Swarup's second novel "Six Suspects", published by Transworld, was released on 28 July 2008 and has been translated into more than 30 Document [24] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) Academy Award for Best Director The Academy Award for Best Director (officially known as the Academy Award for Best Directing) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into "Dramatic" and "Comedy" categories; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won for "7th Heaven" and "Two Arabian Knights", respectively. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies. Nominees are determined Document [25] (Title: Cecil B. DeMille) man fighting the forces of nature. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama "The Greatest Show on Earth" (1952), which won both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. His last and most famous film, "The Ten Commandments" (1956), also a Best Picture Academy Award nominee, is currently the seventh-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. In addition to his Best Picture Award, he received an Academy Honorary Award for his film contributions, the Palme d'Or (posthumously) Document [26] (Title: 51st Academy Awards) Wait" tied for the most nominations with nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on April 9. Best Director nominees Warren Beatty and Buck Henry became the second pair of directors nominated in that category for the same film; Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise had won for co-directing 1961's "West Side Story". Furthermore, Beatty was the first person since Orson Welles to earn acting, directing, producing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year. With Jon Voight and Jane Fonda's respective wins in the Best Actor and Best Actress categories, "Coming Home" was the fourth film to win Document [27] (Title: 32nd Academy Awards) in 2004. Director William Wyler became the third (and most recent) person to win more than two Best Director awards (following Frank Capra and John Ford), as well as the only person to direct three Best Picture winners. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 32nd Academy Awards The 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, was held on April 4, 1960 and took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre to honor the best films of 1959. The epic drama "Ben-Hur" won Document [28] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) directing "Apollo 13"); 2000 (Steven Soderbergh won the Oscar for directing "Traffic"); 2002 (Roman Polanski won the Oscar for directing "The Pianist"); and 2012 (Ang Lee won the Oscar for directing "Life of Pi" as Ben Affleck was not nominated for directing "Argo"). This does not count 1948–49, when the DGA used a non-calendar award year (unlike the Academy Awards); both 1948 and 1949 DGA winners competed for the 1949 Academy Award for Best Director, which went to the 1948 DGA winner (Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "A Letter to Three Wives"). Conversely, sixteen times has the representing film directed by Document [29] (Title: Lady for a Day) Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in "Morning Glory", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for "Little Women". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, "Come up and get it, Frank!" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for "Cavalcade", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage. Document [30] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture, 63 have also been awarded Best Director. Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination: "Wings" (1927/28), "Grand Hotel" (1931/32), "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and "Argo" (2012). The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards: Lewis Milestone for "Two Arabian Knights" (1927/28), and Frank Lloyd for "The Divine Lady" (1928/29). On June 24, 2009, Document [31] (Title: Toronto International Film Festival) films in 2016, and also eliminate two venues that had been used in prior years. Films such as "American Beauty", "Ray", "Mr. Nobody", "127 Hours", "Black Swan", "The Five Obstructions", "Singapore Sling", and "I Am Love" have premiered at TIFF. Jamie Foxx's portrayal of Ray Charles ultimately won him the Academy Award for Best Actor while "Slumdog Millionaire" went on to win eight Oscars at the 2009 Academy Awards. "Precious", which won the 2009 TIFF People's Choice Award, went on to win two Oscars at the 82nd Academy Awards. "The King's Speech", the winner of the 2010 TIFF People's Choice Document [32] (Title: Jonathan Demme) New York City for fifteen years. Demme won the Academy Award for "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991)—one of only three films to win all the major categories (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor, and Best Actress). Inspired by his friend Juan Suárez Botas's illness with AIDS and fueled by his own moral convictions, Demme then used his influence to make "Philadelphia" (1993), one of the first major films to address the AIDS crisis and which garnered star Tom Hanks his first Best Actor Oscar. He also co-directed (with his nephew Ted) the music video for Bruce Springsteen's Document [33] (Title: Steven Soderbergh) with "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic". Both films would be nominated at the 2001 Academy Awards, making him the only director to have been nominated in the same year for Best Director for two different films. He was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director for "Traffic" and received best director nominations at the year's Golden Globe and the Directors Guild of America Awards.In early 2001, he was approached to direct a reboot of the 1960s Rat Pack-movie, "Ocean's 11" by Ted Griffin. After Griffin wrote the screenplay, Soderbergh signed on to direct "Ocean's Eleven". The film opened to critical acclaim Document [34] (Title: 25th Academy Awards) nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ("The Bad and the Beautiful" and "Hans Christian Andersen", both with six). This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards. Shirley Booth became the last person born in the 19th century to win an Oscar in a Leading Role. She is also the first woman in her 50s to win the award, at the age of 54 (the second woman in her 50s to win, Julianne Moore, was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards). John Ford's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins Document [35] (Title: Clint Eastwood) Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in "Unforgiven", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in "Mystic River", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in "Million Dollar Baby". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from Document [36] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) The Best Director Award () is an annual award presented at the Cannes Film Festival for best directing achievements in a feature film screened as part of festival's official selection (i.e. films selected for the competition program which compete for the festival's main prize Palme d'Or). Awarded by festival's jury, it was first given in 1946. The prize was not awarded on 12 occasions (1947, 1953–54, 1960, 1962–64, 1971, 1973–74, 1977, 1980). In addition, the festival was not held at all in 1948 and 1950, while in 1968 no awards were given as the Document [37] (Title: Golden Globe Award) 1977), and directing "Yentl" in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each. Behind them are Ed Asner, Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. At the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred: a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Sigourney Weaver for "Gorillas in the Mist," Jodie Foster for "The Accused," and Shirley MacLaine for "Madame Sousatzka"). Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty-one (as of the 2017 nominations) and John Williams is second with twenty-six. In the category Best Director, Elia Document [38] (Title: Cinema of Mexico) the Charles Dickens contemporary adaptation "Great expectations" (1998), "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (2004) and, highly acclaimed dystopian thriller "Children of Men" (2006). He also won the Academy Award for Best Director for his film "Gravity" (2013). His six feature films—"Amores perros" (2000), "21 Grams" (2003), "Babel" (2006) (comprising the "Death Trilogy"), "Biutiful" (2010), "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" (2014), and "The Revenant" (2015)—have garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades. Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture for "Birdman". Film director Guillermo del Toro directed his film debut "Cronos" Document [39] (Title: Martin Scorsese) Academy Award nominations for both as well as them winning several other prestigious awards. Scorsese's other film work includes the biographical drama "The Aviator" (2004), the psychological thriller "Shutter Island" (2010), the historical adventure drama "Hugo" (2011) and the religious epic "Silence" (2016). His work in television includes the pilot episodes of the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire" and "Vinyl", the latter of which he also co-created. With eight Best Director Oscar nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second-most nominations overall. As a fan of rock music, he has directed several Document [40] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) the DGA winner not gone on to win Best Picture, as recently as 2016 (for "La La Land"). Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film The Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures is one of the annual Directors Guild of America Awards given by the Directors Guild of America. With 3 wins out of 11 nominations, Steven Spielberg is both the most awarded and most nominated director for this category in the history of DGA. Additionally, Alejandro G. Iñárritu is the only director to win consecutive awards. He was awarded Document [41] (Title: Miskolc International Film Festival) of directors created New Hollywood. The 1956 Hungarian émigré, who had the European cinema culture at his fingertips, was the right man on the right place - and became the cinematographer of the greatest directors: Robert Altman, Michael Cimino, John Boorman, Brian De Palma, and Steven Spielberg. The Close Encounters of the Third Kind brought him the Oscar in 1977. One year later, his next movie, The Deer Hunter, won five Oscars, including Best Picture. He was nominated for the Oscar in 1985 and in 2007 as well. In 1999 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society Document [42] (Title: John Huston) he didn't miss a trick." Huston received 15 Oscar nominations in the course of his career, and is the oldest person ever to be nominated for the Best Director Oscar when, at 79 years old, he was nominated for "Prizzi's Honor" (1985). He won two Oscars, for directing and writing the screenplay for "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre". Huston also won a Golden Globe for that film. He received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 1983, and the Career Achievement Award from the U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures in 1984. He also Document [43] (Title: Stanley Kramer) the 2015 Golden Globes, honored Kramer's work, calling him "one of the great filmmakers of all time." Despite uneven critical reception, both then and now, Kramer's body of work has received many awards, including 16 Academy Awards and 80 nominations, and he was nominated nine times as either producer or director. In 1961, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1963, he was a member of the jury at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival. In 1998, he was awarded the first NAACP Vanguard Award in recognition of "the strong social themes that ran through his body of Document [44] (Title: 72nd Academy Awards) 26, 2000. Sam Mendes was the sixth person to win Best Director for his directorial debut. Best Actor winner Kevin Spacey became the tenth performer to win acting Oscars in both lead and supporting categories. By virtue of her father Jon Voight's Best Lead Actor win for 1978's "Coming Home", Best Supporting Actress winner Angelina Jolie and Voight became the second father-daughter Oscar acting winners. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed Document [45] (Title: John Ford) as the second-highest-grossing film of the year in the US and taking almost $3 million against its sizable budget of $1,250,000. Ford was also named Best Director by the New York Film Critics, and this was one of the few awards of his career that he collected in person (he generally shunned the Oscar ceremony). During World War II, Ford served as head of the photographic unit for the Office of Strategic Services and made documentaries for the Navy Department. He was commissioned as a commander in the United States Navy Reserve. He won two more Academy Awards during this Document [46] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) Best Picture: "The Exorcist" (1973), "Jaws" (1975), "The Sixth Sense" (1999), "Black Swan" (2010), and "Get Out" (2017). No documentary has yet been nominated for Best Picture, although "Chang" was nominated in the "Unique and Artistic Production" category at the 1927/28 awards. In 2017, at the 89th Academy Awards, presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read "La La Land" as the winner of the award. However, they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the "Best Actress in a Leading Role" award, which Emma Stone had won for her role in "La La Land" moments prior. When the mistake was Document [47] (Title: Cinema of the United Kingdom) the Venice Film Festival. In 2006 Stephen Frears directed "The Queen" based on the events surrounding the death of Princess Diana, which won the Best Actress prize at the Venice Film Festival and Academy Awards and the BAFTA for Best Film. In 2006, Ken Loach won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival with his account of the struggle for Irish Independence in "The Wind That Shakes the Barley". Joe Wright's adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel "Atonement" was nominated for 7 Academy Awards, including Best Film and won the Golden Globe and BAFTA for Best Film. "Slumdog Millionaire" Document [48] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) Awards, six Hispanic/Latino directors have been nominated a total of eight times in this category with four wins among them. Academy Award for Best Director The Academy Award for Best Director (officially known as the Academy Award for Best Directing) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into "Dramatic" and "Comedy" categories; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won Document [49] (Title: 62nd Academy Awards) Director nomination. At age 80, Jessica Tandy became the oldest winner of competitive acting Oscar at the time. Kenneth Branagh was the fifth person nominated for Best Lead Actor and Best Director for the same film. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double-dagger (). The following 19 films received multiple nominations: The following five films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. After the negative reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, AMPAS created an Awards Presentation Review Committee to evaluate and determine why the telecast earned such a negative Document [50] (Title: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director) Malick, Steven Spielberg, and François Truffaut each won the award twice. National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Raging Bull" (1980), and "Goodfellas" (1990); Bergman won for "Persona" (1967), "Shame (Skammen)" + "Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)" (1968), and "The Passion of Anna (En passion)" (1970). Document [51] (Title: King Vidor) George Cukor on "Gone with the Wind", but did not receive screen credit. In 1962, he was head of the jury at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1969 he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Vidor was entered in the "Guinness Book of World Records" for the longest career as a film director: beginning in 1913 with "Hurricane in Galveston" and ending in 1980 with "The Metaphor", a 36-minute documentary featuring the painter Andrew Wyeth. He was nominated five times for an Oscar but never won in direct competition; he received Document [52] (Title: 85th Academy Awards) won three awards, including Best Picture, the fourth film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture without its director nominated. Other winners included "Les Misérables" also with three awards, "Django Unchained", "Lincoln", and "Skyfall" with two, and "Amour", "Anna Karenina", "Brave", "Curfew", "Inocente", "Paperman", "Searching for Sugar Man", "Silver Linings Playbook" and "Zero Dark Thirty" with one. The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 85th Academy Awards were announced on January 10, 2013, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Seth Document [53] (Title: No Country for Old Men (film)) Cinematography (Roger Deakins), Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing. Javier Bardem became the first Spanish actor to win an Oscar. "Thank you to the Coens for being crazy enough to think I could do that and put one of the most horrible hair cuts in history on my head," Bardem said in his acceptance speech at the 80th Academy Awards. He dedicated the award to Spain and to his mother, actress Pilar Bardem, who accompanied him to the ceremony. While accepting the award for Best Director at the 80th Academy Awards, Joel Coen said that "Ethan and I have Document [54] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) the five directors nominated were Caucasian. Activist and former attorney April Reign, who was credited with starting the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, tweeted, "It's actually worse than last year. Best Documentary and Best Original Screenplay. That's it. #OscarsSoWhite." She also noted that while the Caucasian screenwriters of the film "Straight Outta Compton" earned nominations, the African American cast of the film was overlooked. As a result, the Academy was ridiculed again over social media with the aforementioned hashtag. Moreover, actress Jada Pinkett Smith and director and newly minted Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient Spike Lee announced plans to boycott the ceremony and Document [55] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) 30th Academy Awards The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26, 1958, to honor the best films of 1957. The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for "The Bridge on the River Kwai", despite the fact that he did not know English. The actual writers, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work. Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions. "Peyton Place" tied the record for the most nominations without a win Document [56] (Title: Stanley Kubrick) to be "perhaps the most brilliant piece of cinematic art I've ever seen, and believed it to present an "intellectual argument rather than a sadistic spectacle" in its depiction of violence, but acknowledged that many would not agree. Negative media hype over the film notwithstanding, "A Clockwork Orange" received four Academy Award nominations, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Editing, and was named by the New York Film Critics Circle as the Best Film of 1971. After William Friedkin won Best Director for "The French Connection" that year, he told the press: "Speaking personally, I think Stanley Document [57] (Title: Henry King (director)) Henry King (director) Henry King (January 24, 1886June 29, 1982) was an American film director. Seven of his films were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Before coming to film, King worked as an actor in various repertoire theatres, and first started to take small film roles in 1912. He directed for the first time in 1915, and grew to become one of the most commercially successful Hollywood directors of the 1920s and '30s. He was twice nominated for the Best Director Oscar. In 1944, he was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Director for his Document [58] (Title: Francis Ford Coppola) with Mario Puzo), Best Picture, and his first nomination for Best Director. He followed with "The Godfather Part II" in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Highly regarded by critics, it brought him three more Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director and Best Picture, and made him the second director, after Billy Wilder, to be honored three times for the same film. "The Conversation", which he directed, produced and wrote, was released that same year, winning the Palme d'Or at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. He next directed 1979's "Apocalypse Now". Document [59] (Title: Elia Kazan) aged 94. Kazan became known as an "actor's director" because he was able to elicit some of the best performances in the careers of many of his stars. Under his direction, his actors received 21 Academy Award nominations and won nine Oscars. He won as Best Director for "Gentleman's Agreement" (1947) and for "On the Waterfront" (1954). Both "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951) and "On the Waterfront" were nominated for twelve Academy Awards, respectively winning four and eight. Kazan never lost his identification with the oppressed people he remembered from the depths of the Great Depression. With his many years Document [60] (Title: Frank Capra) themes instead of people." In 1938, Capra won his third Director Oscar in five years for "You Can't Take It with You", which also won Best Picture. In addition to his three directing wins, Capra received directing nominations for three other films ("Lady for a Day", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", and "It's a Wonderful Life"). On May 5, 1936, Capra hosted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony. Although "It's a Wonderful Life" is his best-known film, Friedman notes that it was "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), which most represented the "Capra myth." That film expressed Capra's patriotism more than Document [61] (Title: Sofia Coppola) to be nominated in that category, and the third woman overall, after Lina Wertmüller and Jane Campion. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow became the fourth woman to be nominated, and the first to win the award. Coppola, however, remains the youngest woman to be nominated in the Best Director category. Coppola's win for Best Original Screenplay (along with her cousin Nicolas Cage's 1996 win for Best Actor) resulted in her family's becoming the second three-generation Oscar-winning family, her grandfather Carmine Coppola and her father Francis Ford Coppola having previously won Oscars. The first family to achieve this feat was the Huston Document [62] (Title: 81st Academy Awards) telecast garnered almost 37 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 81st Academy Awards were announced on January 22, 2009, at 5:38 p.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and the actor Forest Whitaker. "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" received the most nominations with thirteen (the ninth film to garner that many nominations); "Slumdog Millionaire" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2009. "Slumdog Millionaire" was the eleventh film, and last to date, to Document [63] (Title: George Stevens) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for "A Place in the Sun" and in 1956 for "Giant". He was also nominated in 1943 for "The More the Merrier", in 1954 for "Shane", and in 1959 for "The Diary of Anne Frank". The moving image collection of George Stevens is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the George Stevens papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. George Stevens George Cooper Stevens (December 18, Document [64] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) Emmanuel Lubezki became the first person to win three consecutive Best Cinematography awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The Academy held its 7th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 14, 2015, during which the following awards were presented: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Due to the mixed reception and lower ratings resulting from the previous year's ceremony, producers Neil Meron and Craig Zadan declined to helm the upcoming festivities. Shortly afterwards, actor Neil Patrick Harris announced that he would not host the Oscars for a second time. Document [65] (Title: James Cameron) 2010). Cameron did not receive any major mainstream filmmaking awards prior to "Titanic". For "Titanic", he won several, including Academy Awards for Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau), Best Director and Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris). Cameron is one of the few filmmakers to win three Oscars in a single evening and Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director. In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University, Ottawa, awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998. Cameron accepted the degree Document [66] (Title: Amadeus (film)) and won four, including awards to Forman, Abraham, Shaffer, and Golden Globe Award for Best Picture – Drama. Jeffrey Jones was nominated for Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Drama. Forman also received the Directors Guild of America Award for his work. At the end of the Oscar ceremony, Laurence Olivier came on stage to present the Oscar for Best Picture. As Olivier thanked the Academy for inviting him, he was already opening the envelope. Instead of announcing the nominees, he simply read, "The winner for this is "Amadeus"." An AMPAS official quickly went onstage to confirm Document [67] (Title: Golden Globe Award for Best Director) Golden Globe Award for Best Director The Golden Globe Award for Best Director has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for publications based outside North America, since 1943. Having won all four of his nominations, Elia Kazan has been honored most often in this category. Martin Scorsese, Clint Eastwood, David Lean, Miloš Forman, and Oliver Stone tie for second place with three wins each. Steven Spielberg has had the most nominations (twelve) and has received the award twice. Barbra Streisand is the only woman to Document [68] (Title: Norman Jewison) a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1992. Also in 1992, Jewison received the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Performing Arts, a companion award of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. Jewison has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times in three separate decades for "In the Heat of the Night" (1967), "Fiddler on the Roof" (1971) and "Moonstruck" (1987). He has also won the prestigious Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin Film Festival and has earned Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Directors Document [69] (Title: 85th Academy Awards) MacFarlane, host of the ceremony, and actress Emma Stone. "Lincoln" received the most nominations with twelve total, and "Life of Pi" came in second with eleven. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 24, 2013. "Argo" was the fourth film to win Best Picture without a directing nomination, following 1927's "Wings", 1932's "Grand Hotel", and 1989's "Driving Miss Daisy". As co-producer of "Argo", George Clooney became the third individual to win Oscars for both acting and producing. By virtue of his nomination for Best Original Song in "Ted", host Seth MacFarlane became the first person since James Document [70] (Title: 70th Academy Awards) The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history. The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Geena Davis. "Titanic" received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's "All About Eve", and later 2016's "La La Land", also achieved this distinction); "Good Will Hunting" and "L.A. Confidential" came in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, Document [71] (Title: Guillermo del Toro) the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Golden Lion for best film, making Del Toro the first Mexican director to win the award. For his work, del Toro won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Picture. Del Toro collaborated with Japanese video game designer, Hideo Kojima, to produce "P.T.", a video game intended to be a "playable trailer" for the ninth "Silent Hill" game, which was cancelled. The demo was also removed from the PlayStation Network. At the D23 Expo in 2009, his Double Dare Document [72] (Title: 79th Academy Awards) 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 79th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2007, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and the actress Salma Hayek. "Dreamgirls" received the most nominations with eight, and "Babel" came in second with seven. This marked the first and only occurrence that the film with the most nominations was not a Best Picture nominee. This year was the third (and, to date, last) year in which two films "not" nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner—"Dreamgirls" Document [73] (Title: Kirk Shaw) Pearce, Ralph Fiennes and Evangeline Lilly, which reached international acclaim at the 82nd Academy Awards. It was nominated for nine Oscars including Best Picture and won six including Best Director for Bigelow, the first woman to win this award. The film earned numerous awards and honours from critics' organizations, festivals and groups, including six BAFTA Awards, and was also nominated for three Golden Globes in 2010. Shaw also produced such notable films such as "Battle in Seattle" in 2007, Directed by Stuart Townsend and starring Charlize Theron, Woody Harrelson and Joshua Jackson; the 2008 film "Kill Switch" with Steven Seagal; Document [74] (Title: Bennett Miller) nominated for the David Lean Award for Direction at the BAFTAs in 2006. He won the Best Director Award () at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival for "Foxcatcher", which was also part of the main competition for the Palme d'Or. Miller also directs commercials. Bennett Miller Bennett Miller (born December 30, 1966) is an American film director, known for directing the acclaimed films "Capote" (2005), "Moneyball" (2011), and "Foxcatcher" (2014). He has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Director. Miller was born in New York City, to a painter mother and an engineer father. In his youth Document [75] (Title: Néstor Almendros) after silent films, which often used natural light. In 1979, Almendros won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for "Days of Heaven". Almendros received Academy Award nominations for his work on "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979), "The Blue Lagoon" (1980) and "Sophie's Choice" (1982). Almendros was the cinematographer for the John Lennon documentary, "" (1988), directed by Andrew Solt. In his later years, Almendros co-directed two documentaries about the human rights situation in Cuba: "Mauvaise Conduite" (1984) ("Improper Conduct") about the persecution of gay people in Cuba; and "Nadie escuchaba" ("Nobody Was Listening"), about the alleged arrest, imprisonment and torture of Document [76] (Title: Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography) award is Alfonso Cuarón for "Roma". Roger Deakins is the cinematographer with the most nominations (12); those have resulted in 3 wins. Emmanuel Lubezki has the most wins (4) from 8 nominations, while Janusz Kamiński also has 8 nominations, but has only resulted in 1 win. Other notable achievers include Robert Richardson (7 nominations, 2 wins) and Michael Ballhaus (4 nominations, 1 win). Five cinematographers have been nominated multiple times, but never received the award. Those include Conrad Hall, Robert Elswit, and Claudio Miranda; Mandy Walker was the first female cinematographer to have received a nomination for the award. The Document [77] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) 30th Academy Awards The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26, 1958, to honor the best films of 1957. The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for "The Bridge on the River Kwai", despite the fact that he did not know English. The actual writers, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work. Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions. "Peyton Place" tied the record for the most nominations without a win Document [78] (Title: Steven Spielberg filmography) trade, civil rights, war, and terrorism. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for "Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan", as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—"Jaws", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", and "Jurassic Park"—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $10 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history and the first to ever pass this milestone (on approximately April 16th 2018). Spielberg has worked as a producer, executive producer, director, or in an otherwise creative capacity on several films where he Document [79] (Title: Saturn Award for Best Director) honor film directors in science fiction, fantasy and horror. It has been given 36 times, including a tie for the 1977 film year. James Cameron holds the record of the most wins with five (for six nominations), while Steven Spielberg is the most nominated director with twelve nominations (for four wins). Only three other directors have won the award more than once: Peter Jackson (three times), Bryan Singer and Ridley Scott (two times). At the 22nd Saturn Awards (for the 1995 film year), Kathryn Bigelow became the first woman to win the award, 15 years before becoming the first woman Document [80] (Title: Big Golden Arena for Best Film) Jadran Film of Zagreb and Avala Film of Belgrade were the most successful studios in the Yugoslav period (1957–1990) winning 11 and 8 awards respectively. In the 1990s the award was intermittently merged with the Best Director award, until 1999 when the old format was briefly re-introduced. Between 2003 and 2007 film directors were credited with the Best Film award, while still being eligible for the separate Best Director award (although on four out of five occasions in this period the same director won both awards for the same film). Since 2008 the award is given to the film's producer. Document [81] (Title: Andrew Davis (director)) Award nominations including Best Picture in 1993. Jones received a nomination and won for best supporting actor that year, which is his only Oscar win to date. The Academy ultimately gave the 1993 Best Picture award to "Schindler's List". That year Davis was also honored with a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director by the Hollywood Foreign Press. The Directors Guild of America nominated him for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Theatrical Direction. Roger Ebert reviewed "The Fugitive" in 1993, he begins his review with, "Andrew Davis' "The Fugitive" is one of the best entertainments of the year, a tense, taut Document [82] (Title: Coen brothers) "West Side Story" in 1961), and Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (who were nominated for "Heaven Can Wait" in 1978). Only seven other directors have won three Oscars for the same film, a distinction the duo shares with Billy Wilder, James L. Brooks, Francis Ford Coppola, James Cameron, Peter Jackson, and Alejandro G. Iñárritu. With eight Academy Award nominations for "No Country for Old Men", including Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, and Film Editing the Coen brothers have tied the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an "established duo" as one nominee) for the same film. Document [83] (Title: 78th Academy Awards) ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. "Crash" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's "Rocky" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his Document [84] (Title: 89th Academy Awards) Actress for Emma Stone and Best Director for Damien Chazelle. "Hacksaw Ridge" and "Manchester by the Sea" won two awards each with Casey Affleck winning Best Actor for the latter. Viola Davis won the Best Supporting Actress honor for "Fences". The telecast garnered 33 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 89th Academy Awards were announced on January 24, 2017, via global live stream from the Academy. "La La Land" received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's "All About Eve" and 1997's "Titanic" also achieved this distinction); "Arrival" and "Moonlight" came in second with eight Document [85] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on "La La Land". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for "West Side Story" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for "No Country for Old Men" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's "The Hurt Locker". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on "The Shape Document [86] (Title: 73rd Academy Awards) of the Academy, and Academy Award-winning actress Kathy Bates. "Gladiator" received the most nominations with twelve. "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 2001. "Gladiator" became the first film to win Best Picture without a directing or screenwriting win since 1949's "All the King's Men". Best Director winner Steven Soderbergh, who received nominations for both "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic" (for which he won the award), was the third person to receive double directing nominations in the same year. "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" became the third film nominated Document [87] (Title: Sidney Lumet) was nominated for ten, winning four. "The Encyclopedia of Hollywood" states that Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era, having directed more than one movie a year on average since his directorial debut in 1957. He was noted by Turner Classic Movies for his "strong direction of actors," "vigorous storytelling" and the "social realism" in his best work. Film critic Roger Ebert described him as having been "one of the finest craftsmen and warmest humanitarians among all film directors." Lumet was also known as an "actor's director," having worked with the best of them during Document [88] (Title: Academy Award for Best Film Editing) respectively. Directors David Lean, Steve James, Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (under the alias "Roderick Jaynes"), Michel Hazanavicius and Jean-Marc Vallée (under the alias "John Mac McMurphy") have been nominated for editing their own films, with Cameron, Cuarón, and the Coens each being nominated for the award twice. Additionally, Best Film Editing winner, Walter Murch, although known for film editing and sound, directed the Oscar nominated "Return to Oz" and is, to date, the only person with Oscars for both sound engineering and film editing, winning them in the same year for his work on "The English Patient". Also, nominated Document [89] (Title: Peter O'Toole) bestow the award whether he wanted it or not. He told "Charlie Rose" in January 2007 that his children admonished him, saying that it was the highest honour one could receive in the filmmaking industry. O'Toole agreed to appear at the ceremony and receive his Honorary Oscar. It was presented to him by Meryl Streep, who has the most Oscar nominations of any actor or actress (19). He joked with Robert Osborne, during an interview at Turner Classic Movie's film festival that he's the "Biggest Loser of All Time", due to his lack of an Academy Award, after many nominations. Document [90] (Title: Visions of Eight) Alan Hume shot the segment "The Fastest" for director Kon Ichikawa. Arthur Wooster shot "The Longest" for director John Schlesinger, and Walter Lassally directed the photography for Arthur Penn's segment "The Highest". "Visions of Eight" won the best documentary award at the Golden Globe Awards, held in 1974 for films which were released in 1973. Peter Rainer of Bloomberg News wrote that, "Schlesinger’s is the only segment that fully acknowledges the Black September terrorist attacks, in which 11 Israeli athletes and coaches, and a West German policeman, were murdered." Rainer continues, "Penn’s entry begins daringly. Not only is the imagery Document [91] (Title: James Cameron filmography) Best Director, the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, and shared the Academy Award for Best Picture with the other producers. It had a total of 14 Oscar nominations (tying the record set by the 1950 drama "All About Eve") and won 11 (tying the record set by the 1959 epic historical drama "Ben-Hur"). Cameron also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and shared the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama with the other producers. He followed this by directing, and producing two underwater documentaries: "Ghosts of the Abyss" (2003), and "Aliens of the Deep" Document [92] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's "West Side Story". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's "Two Women". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh Document [93] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for "The Reader." the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions, noting they take place only in "rare and extraordinary circumstance[s]." Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at ten, winning one, while Kathleen Kennedy holds the record for most nominations without a win at eight. Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for the most wins with three each. As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations. The Academy Awards Document [94] (Title: William Wyler) "Ben-Hur" (1959), and Barbra Streisand in her debut film, "Funny Girl" (1968). Wyler's films garnered more awards for participating artists and actors than any other director in the history of Hollywood. He received 12 Oscar nominations for Best Director, while dozens of his collaborators and actors won Oscars or were nominated. In 1965, Wyler won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement. Eleven years later, he received the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. In addition to his Best Picture and Best Director Oscar wins, 13 of Wyler's films earned Best Picture nominations. Other late Wyler films include Document [95] (Title: Francis Ford Coppola) the third director to have two nominations for Best Picture in the same year. Victor Fleming was the first in 1939 with "Gone with the Wind" and "The Wizard of Oz"; Alfred Hitchcock repeated the feat the next year with "Foreign Correspondent" and "Rebecca". Since Coppola, two other directors have done the same: Herbert Ross in 1977 with "The Goodbye Girl" and "The Turning Point", and Steven Soderbergh in 2000 with "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic". Coppola, however, is the only one to have produced the pictures. Following the success of "The Godfather", "The Conversation" and "The Godfather Part II", Coppola Document [96] (Title: John P. Livadary) and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for "One Night of Love" (1934), the second for "The Jolson Story" (1946) and the third for "From Here to Eternity" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared Document [97] (Title: John Waters (director born 1893)) the MGM contingent. Ultimately, there were seven winners that year, one of them Dorian. The following year, after considerable streamlining, the nominations were pared down to three and categorized according to each nominee's work on a specific film. Only John Waters, among the previous year's eighteen nominees, was renominated, as his contribution to Wallace Beery's portrayal of Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa won against two Claudette Colbert-Warren William titles represented by assistant directors Scott Beal ("Imitation of Life") and Cullen Tate ("Cleopatra"). Although known in the industry, Waters, along with other studio-employed assistant directors and second unit directors, did not Document [98] (Title: 75th Academy Awards) rated televised Oscar ceremony at the time. The nominees for the 75th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 2003, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and actress Marisa Tomei. "Chicago" received the most nominations with thirteen. It was the eighth film to receive that many nominations. "Gangs of New York" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 2003. "Chicago" became the first musical film to win Best Picture since 1968's "Oliver!" At age 29, Adrien Brody was the youngest person Document [99] (Title: Elia Kazan) the direction of Lee Strasberg. Kazan acted in a few films, including "City for Conquest" (1940). Noted for drawing out the best dramatic performances from his actors, he directed 21 actors to Oscar nominations, resulting in nine wins. He directed a string of successful films, including "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "On the Waterfront" (1954), and "East of Eden" (1955). During his career, he won two Oscars as Best Director, three Tony Awards, and four Golden Globes. He also received an Honorary Oscar. His films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I Document [100] (Title: 76th Academy Awards) awards ceremony on February 29, 2004. With eleven awards, "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" tied with "Ben-Hur" and "Titanic" as the most awarded films in Oscar history. Moreover, its clean sweep of its eleven nominations surpassed "Gigi" and "The Last Emperor"'s nine awards for the largest sweep for a single film in Oscar history. The film was also the tenth film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. Best Director nominee Sofia Coppola became the first American woman and third woman overall to be nominated in that category. By virtue of her father, Francis Document [101] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) and Best Director at the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Producers Guild of America Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Independent Spirit Awards, among others. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, the most nominations at the 78th Academy Awards, where it won three—Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score—though it lost the Best Picture award to "Crash" in a controversial Oscars upset. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It is currently the most Document [102] (Title: 71st British Academy Film Awards) on 9 January 2018 by actresses Natalie Dormer and Letitia Wright. "The Shape of Water" had the most nominations of any film, with twelve; "Darkest Hour" and "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" followed with nine nominations each. As with the 75th Golden Globe Awards, there was criticism for the lack of female nominees in the best director category, with Greta Gerwig notably not nominated for "Lady Bird". The nominees were announced on 9 January 2018. The winners were announced on 18 February 2018. 71st British Academy Film Awards The 71st British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, Document [103] (Title: Patton (film)) the voting process and the concept of acting competitions. He was the first actor to do so. The film won six additional Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound (Douglas Williams and Don Bassman), and Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Urie McCleary and Gil Parrondo; Set Decoration: Antonio Mateos and Pierre-Louis Thévenet). The Best Picture Oscar is on display at the George C. Marshall Museum at the Virginia Military Institute, courtesy of Frank McCarthy. It was nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects and Best Music, Original Score. In 2006, the Writers Document [104] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) 78th ceremony held in 2006. Two weeks earlier in a gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 9, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba. "No Country for Old Men" won the most awards of the ceremony with four including Best Picture. Other winners included "The Bourne Ultimatum" with three awards, "La Vie en Rose (La môme)" and "There Will Be Blood" with two awards, and "Atonement", "The Counterfeiters", "", "Freeheld", "The Golden Compass", "Juno", "Michael Clayton", "The Mozart of Pickpockets", "Once", "Peter and the Wolf", "Ratatouille", "", and Document [105] (Title: AACTA Award for Best Direction) Academy in 2011, it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards, with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Direction. Bruce Beresford, Rolf de Heer, Ray Lawrence, Baz Luhrmann, George Miller, Fred Schepisi and Peter Weir have received the award the most times with two each. Paul Cox has been nominated seven times, more than any other director with one win. In the following table, the years listed correspond to the year of film release; the ceremonies are usually held the same year. The director in bold and in dark blue background have received Document [106] (Title: Thelma Schoonmaker) directed many classic films, including "The Red Shoes". With seven Academy Award nominations, Schoonmaker is the second most-nominated editor in Academy Awards history, after Michael Kahn who has eight nominations. Tied with Kahn, Daniel Mandell, and Ralph Dawson, she also holds the record for the most wins in the category of Best Editing, with three. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. Three films edited by Schoonmaker with Scorsese are on this list: "Raging Bull" (1980), listed first, "Goodfellas" (1990), listed fifteenth, Document [107] (Title: 89th Academy Awards) Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy "Skippy". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for "Hacksaw Ridge". "Moonlight"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for "12 Years a Slave". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double Document [108] (Title: Saturn Award for Best Director) to win the Academy Award for Best Director. Spielberg was also the first to win Best Director from both the Saturn Awards and the Academy Awards at the same year, but for different movies (Saturn Award for "Jurassic Park", and Academy Award for "Schindler's List", both in 1993); Peter Jackson was the first to win both for the same film ("", in 2003) while Alfonso Cuarón was the second (for "Gravity" in 2013). Notes: "†" indicates an Academy Award-winning movie on the same category. "‡" indicates an Academy Award-nominated movie on the same category. Saturn Award for Best Director The Document [109] (Title: 40th Academy Awards) Sound). "The Graduate" is, as of the 90th Academy Awards, the last film to win Best Director and nothing else. Due to an all-out push by Academy President Gregory Peck, 18 of the 20 acting nominees were present at the ceremony. Only Katharine Hepburn and the late Spencer Tracy, who was nominated posthumously, were missing. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). Gregory Peck Alfred Hitchcock Arthur Freed was presented for distinguished service to the Academy and the production of six top-rated Awards telecasts. These films had multiple nominations: The following films received Document [110] (Title: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Raging Bull" (1980), and "Goodfellas" (1990); Bergman won for "Persona" (1967), "Shame (Skammen)" + "Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)" (1968), and "The Passion of Anna (En passion)" (1970). Robert Altman, Luis Buñuel, David Cronenberg, Clint Eastwood, Mike Leigh, Terence Document [111] (Title: Karl Struss) Struss was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography four times. The first time, and the only time he won, was for F. W. Murnau's "" in 1929, sharing that award with Charles Rosher. He was nominated again in 1932 for "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", in 1934 for "The Sign of the Cross", and in 1942 for "Aloma of the South Seas" with Wilfred M. Cline, A.S.C. and William E. Snyder, A.S.C. Karl Struss Karl Struss, A.S.C. (November 30, 1886 – December 15, 1981) was an American photographer and a cinematographer of the 1900s through the 1950s. He Document [112] (Title: Norman Jewison) "A Soldier's Story" (1984), "Agnes of God" (1985), "Other People's Money" (1991), "The Hurricane" (1999) and "The Statement" (2003). Jewison has addressed important social and political issues throughout his directing and producing career, often making controversial or complicated subjects accessible to mainstream audiences. He has won accolades around the world, including numerous Golden Globe nominations, a BAFTA Award, the Silver Bear for Best Director at the prestigious Berlin Film Festival, Lifetime Achievement Awards from both the Directors Guild of Canada and America, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the 71st annual Academy Awards. In 2003, Jewison received the Document [113] (Title: 66th Academy Awards) at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on February 26, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern. "Schindler's List" won seven awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg. Other winners included "Jurassic Park" and "The Piano" with three awards each, "Philadelphia" with two awards, and "The Age of Innocence", "Belle Epoque", "Defending Our Lives", "The Fugitive", "", "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Schwarzfahrer" and "The Wrong Trousers" with one. The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 66th Academy Awards were announced on February Document [114] (Title: Alejandro González Iñárritu) Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing, and the first to win the Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, Iñárritu won, among many other accolades, the Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directing, the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture, and the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing for "Birdman", becoming the first Mexican to win three Academy awards. In 2016, Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on Document [115] (Title: Hungarian Americans) "Ship of Fools". Andrew Laszlo, worked first in television (Ed Sullivan's "Beatles at Shea Stadium" and the miniseries "Shogun" with Richard Chamberlain) and made over 30 films including the cult classic "The Warriors". Director Frank Darabont, nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times, is most popular for Stephen King adaptations, including "The Shawshank Redemption", ranked among audience polls as one of the greatest films of all time. Michael Curtiz was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Directing four times, finally winning for "Casablanca", considered by many critic polls to be one of the greatest films ever Document [116] (Title: 70th British Academy Film Awards) both sides of the camera. However, there was again criticism at the lack of representation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) actors, directors and films in the nominations. In the leading actor, actress and director fields there were no BAME nominees, with the omission of director Barry Jenkins for "Moonlight" and actor/director Denzel Washington for "Fences" highlighted as particularly noteworthy. "La La Land" won the most awards at the event, winning five including Best Film. Damien Chazelle won Best Director, Emma Stone won Best Actress in a Leading Role, Linus Sandgren won Best Cinematography, and Justin Hurwitz won Best Document [117] (Title: 1st Academy Awards) Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command"); Janet Gaynor for Best Actress ("7th Heaven", "Street Angel", and ""); Frank Borzage for Best Director, Drama ("7th Heaven"); Lewis Milestone for Best Director, Comedy ("Two Arabian Knights"); and "Wings" for Best Picture (the most expensive film of its time). Two presentations were made of a Special Award: Charlie Chaplin, a multiple nominee for one movie (Best Actor, Best Writer and Best Director, Comedy; all for "The Circus") having been removed from the list so as to recognize his total contribution to the industry; and Warner Brothers, an award for pioneering talking Document [118] (Title: Michael Kahn (film editor)) most wins (three) in the category of the Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, tied with Thelma Schoonmaker, Daniel Mandell, and Ralph Dawson. All of the films for which he won Oscars were directed by Steven Spielberg: "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), "Schindler's List" (1993), and "Saving Private Ryan" (1998). He has also received six BAFTA nominations for Best Editing, winning two for "Schindler's List" and "Fatal Attraction". Kahn has been selected for membership in the American Cinema Editors (ACE). In 2011, he received the Career Achievement Award of the American Cinema Editors. At the ceremony, Steven Spielberg said Document [119] (Title: Warren Beatty) earned 53 Academy nominations, and in 1999, he was awarded the Academy's highest honor, the Irving G. Thalberg Award. Beatty has been nominated for eighteen Golden Globe Awards, winning six, including the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, which he was honored with in 2007. Among his Golden Globe-nominated films are "Splendor in the Grass" (1961), his screen debut, and "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), "Shampoo" (1975), "Heaven Can Wait" (1978), "Reds" (1981), "Dick Tracy" (1990), "Bugsy" (1991), "Bulworth" (1998) and "Rules Don't Apply" (2016), all of which he also produced. Director and collaborator Arthur Penn described Beatty as "the perfect Document [120] (Title: Martin Scorsese) Aviator" became the most-nominated film of the 77th Academy Awards nominations, nominated in 11 categories including Best Picture. The film also garnered nominations in nearly all of the other major categories, including a fifth Best Director nomination for Scorsese, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Leonardo DiCaprio), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Cate Blanchett), and Alan Alda for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Despite having a leading tally, the film ended up with only five Oscars: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, Best Film Editing and Best Cinematography. Scorsese lost again, this Document [121] (Title: Vincente Minnelli) Matter of Time" (1976). During the course of his career he directed seven different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Spencer Tracy, Gloria Grahame, Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn, Arthur Kennedy, Shirley MacLaine and Martha Hyer. Grahame and Quinn won. Minnelli received an Oscar nomination as Best Director for "An American in Paris" (1951) and later won the Best Director Oscar for "Gigi" (1958). According to Peter Bart in his book "The Gross", Minnelli's films having 11 first-place finishes on Variety's opening release box office rankings. He was awarded France's highest civilian honor, Commandeur of the Legion of Honor, only weeks before his Document [122] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film The Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures is one of the annual Directors Guild of America Awards given by the Directors Guild of America. With 3 wins out of 11 nominations, Steven Spielberg is both the most awarded and most nominated director for this category in the history of DGA. Additionally, Alejandro G. Iñárritu is the only director to win consecutive awards. He was awarded in 2015 and 2016 for his directorial work in "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Document [123] (Title: 81st Academy Awards) show for the first time. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 7, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Biel. "Slumdog Millionaire" won eight awards, the most of the evening, including Best Picture and Best Director for Danny Boyle. Other winners were "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" with three awards, "The Dark Knight" and "Milk" with two awards, and "Departures", "The Duchess", "La Maison en Petits Cubes", "Man on Wire", "The Reader", "Smile Pinki", "Toyland", "Vicky Cristina Barcelona", and "WALL-E" with one. The Document [124] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year. However, after the nomination of Michael Curtiz for two films, "Angels with Dirty Faces" and "Four Daughters", at the 11th Academy Awards, the rules were revised so that an individual could only be nominated for one film at each ceremony. That rule has since been amended, although the only director who has Document [125] (Title: Miloš Forman) for the United States, two of his films, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975) and "Amadeus" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after "It Happened One Night" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by "The Silence of the Lambs". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for "The People vs. Larry Flynt" (1996). He also won Golden Globe, Document [126] (Title: Directors Guild of America) each of these protections is to help offset the power that producers can have over a director during the film-making process. The DGA hosts the annual DGA Awards, an important precursor to the Academy Awards. In its 69-year history, the DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film has been a near perfect barometer for both the Best Director, and in some cases, the Best Picture Academy Award. Only seven times has the DGA Award winner not won the corresponding Best Director Academy Award. Honorees are awarded with a statue manufactured by Society Awards. The rule that a film Document [127] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) for "Barton Fink", and in 2003, when Gus Van Sant won for his film "Elephant". Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) The Best Director Award () is an annual award presented at the Cannes Film Festival for best directing achievements in a feature film screened as part of festival's official selection (i.e. films selected for the competition program which compete for the festival's main prize Palme d'Or). Awarded by festival's jury, it was first given in 1946. The prize was not awarded on 12 occasions (1947, 1953–54, 1960, 1962–64, 1971, 1973–74, 1977, 1980). In addition, the festival was not held Document [128] (Title: 77th Academy Awards) United States. The nominees for the 77th Academy Awards were announced on January 25, 2005 at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and actor Adrien Brody. "The Aviator" received the most nominations with eleven; "Finding Neverland" and "Million Dollar Baby" tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 27, 2005. At age 74, Clint Eastwood became the oldest winner for Best Director in Oscar history. With his latest unsuccessful nomination for directing "The Aviator", nominee Martin Scorsese joined Robert Altman, Clarence Brown, Document [129] (Title: 77th Academy Awards) Alfred Hitchcock, and King Vidor as the most nominated individuals in the Best Director category without a single win at the time. Best Actor winner Jamie Foxx became the second actor and tenth individual overall to earn two acting nominations in the same year. By virtue of her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn, Best Supporting Actress winner Cate Blanchett was the first performer to portray a previous Oscar winner. "Al otro lado del río" from "The Motorcycle Diaries" became the second song with non-English lyrics to win Best Original Song. The first to achieve this feat was the titular song from Document [130] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) from "Matinee", "Casablanca", and "A Streetcar Named Desire" depicting audiences inside a movie theater. Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Documentary filmmaker Arnold Schwartzman designed the official ceremony poster featuring the titles of the previous 68 Best Picture winners superimposed in the shape of an Oscar statuette. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director of the ceremony. Choreographer Otis Sallid supervised the "That Thing You Do" musical number. Michael Flatley and the cast of the musical "Lord of the Dance" performed a dance number during a montage saluting the Document [131] (Title: Empire Award for Best Director) Academy Award-winning direction. "‡" indicates Academy Award-nominated direction. The following individuals received two or more Best Director awards: The following individuals received two or more Best Director nominations: Empire Award for Best Director The Empire Award for Best Director is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine "Empire" to honor directors working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Director is one of five ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 (the others being Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Film and Best British Film) with Danny Boyle receiving Document [132] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) when the Ariel Awards were suspended, the award has been given annually. Nominees and winners are determined by a committee formed every year consisting of academy members (active and honorary), previous winners and individuals with at least two Ariel nominations; the committee members submit their votes through the official AMACC website. In 1953, filmmakers Luis Buñuel, Alfredo B. Crevenna and Gavaldón were nominated, but no winner was declared. Carlos Carrera and Fernández hold the record for most wins in the category, with four each. Carerra's "El Crimen del Padre Amaro" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Document [133] (Title: Alfred Hitchcock) "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him." He won two Golden Globes, eight Laurel Awards, and five lifetime achievement awards, including the first BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award and, in 1979, an AFI Life Achievement Award. He was nominated five times for an Academy Award for Best Director. "Rebecca", nominated for 11 Oscars, won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940; another Hitchcock film, "Foreign Correspondent", was also nominated that year. By 2016 seven of his films had been selected for Document [134] (Title: 76th Academy Awards) "The Thief of Bagdad", composed by Miklós Rózsa ("Ben-Hur", "Spellbound", "Quo Vadis", "King of Kings", "El Cid"). A separate tribute to comedian, actor, and veteran Oscar host Bob Hope was presented by Tom Hanks. Later, actress Julia Roberts presented one to actress Katharine Hepburn. 76th Academy Awards The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards Document [135] (Title: Latin American cinema) Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu, Alfonso Cuarón ("Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"), Guillermo del Toro and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga have gone on to Hollywood success, with Cuaron and González Iñárritu becoming the only Latin Americans to win both the Academy Award and the Directors Guild of America award for Best Director. The Argentine economic crisis affected the production of films in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but many Argentine movies produced during those years were internationally acclaimed, including "El abrazo partido" (2004), "Roma" (2004) and "Nueve reinas" (2000), which was the basis for the Document [136] (Title: 67th Academy Awards) in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983. The nominees for the 67th Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1995, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, the president of the Academy, and actress Angela Bassett. "Forrest Gump" earned the most nominations with thirteen. It was the most nominated film since 1966's "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" and the fifth film to earn that many nominations. "Bullets over Broadway", "The Shawshank Redemption", "Pulp Fiction" tied for second with seven each. The winners were announced Document [137] (Title: 13th Academy Awards) Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. "Rebecca" was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being "Foreign Correspondent". Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood ("Our Town" and "Kitty Foyle") and John Ford ("The Long Voyage Home" and "The Grapes of Wrath", which won Best Director). "Pinocchio" was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long Document [138] (Title: The Departed) 2007, "The Departed" won four Academy Awards: Best Picture (Graham King), Best Director (Martin Scorsese), Best Film Editing (Thelma Schoonmaker), and Best Adapted Screenplay (William Monahan). Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance, but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in "Little Miss Sunshine". The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses. Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts. Some have even gone further, calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film. Scorsese himself joked that he won because: Document [139] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) As of the 2018 ceremony, Amat Escalante is the most recent winner in this category for his work on "La Región Salvaje". The following individuals have received multiple Best Director awards: The following directors received four or more Best Director nominations: Ariel Award for Best Director The Ariel Award for Best Director (Spanish: Premio Ariel a la Mejor Dirección) (officially known as the Ariel Award for Best Directing) is an award presented by the Academia Mexicana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas (AMACC) in Mexico. It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working Document [140] (Title: Jerome Robbins) and Nora Kaye to Buzz Miller and Jess Gerstein. Robbins shared the Best Director Oscar with Robert Wise for the film version of "West Side Story" (1961). Robbins was only the second director to win the Academy Award for Best Director for a film debut (after Delbert Mann for "Marty"). That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special award for his choreographic achievements on film. In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards, the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Document [141] (Title: Denys Arcand) for Best Original Screenplay, losing to Sofia Coppola for "Lost in Translation". During his four decades career, he became the most globally recognized director from Quebec, winning many awards from the Cannes Film Festival, including the Best Screenplay Award, the Jury Prize, and many other prestigious awards worldwide. He won three César Awards in 2004 for "The Barbarian Invasions": Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film, being the only Canadian director to have accomplished this. Arcand has directed three Canadian films that have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Film and three films in the Toronto International Document [142] (Title: James B. Clark (director)) in 1941, which won Academy Awards for both best picture and best director, and for which Clark received a nomination for best editing. In 1942 he edited Henry Hathaway's Oscar-nominated "Ten Gentlemen from West Point", and the musical film "Stormy Weather" (which featured an all-African American cast) in 1943. Throughout the 1940s and the 1950s, he was one of Hollywood's most reliable film editors, working on such high-profile projects as Nunnally Johnson's Oscar-nominated "Holy Matrimony" (1943), the religious epic "The Keys of the Kingdom" (1944), John M. Stahl's Oscar-winning "Leave Her to Heaven" (1945), Howard Hawks' comedy "I Was a Document [143] (Title: Golden Globe Award for Best Director) have won the award. In the following lists, the first names, listed in bold type against a blue background, are the winners, and the following names are the remaining nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which takes place in January of the following year. Notes: Golden Globe Award for Best Director The Golden Globe Award for Best Director has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for publications based outside North America, Document [144] (Title: Frank Capra) three times. He briefly held the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars when he won for the third time in 1938, until this record was matched by John Ford in 1941, and then later surpassed by Ford in 1952. William Wyler also matched this record upon winning his third Oscar in 1959. The Academy Film Archive has preserved two of Capra's films, "The Matinee Idol" (1928) and "Two Down and One to Go!" (1945). Frank Capra Frank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an Italian American film director, producer and Document [145] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) festival was called off mid-way due to the May 1968 events in France. Also, the jury vote was tied and prize was shared by two directors on seven occasions (1955, 1969, 1975, 1983, 2001, 2002 and 2016). The winner of Best Director Award rarely wins the Palme d'Or, the main prize at the festival (note that the Palme d'Or is awarded to the film's director as well; the only exception is the case of "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", where the actresses were also awarded with the director). This happened only twice, in 1991, when Joel Coen won both awards Document [146] (Title: Gladiator (2000 film)) won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since "All the King's Men" at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. In 2003, "Chicago" became another Best Picture winner which didn't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. Due to Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score, and not Lisa Gerrard at the time. However, the Document [147] (Title: Michel Hazanavicius) for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing. Hazanavicius said winning an Oscar would be "like dreaming of going to the moon – you don't really believe it could ever happen." Hazanavicius won the Academy Award for Best Director for "The Artist", at the 84th Academy Awards. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals. He contributed a section to the omnibus film "The Players" ("Les Infidèles") starring Jean Dujardin. He then announced that his next feature film would be a remake of the 1948 Document [148] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) in 1990 and had last hosted the 65th ceremony held in 1993. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on March 1, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Helen Hunt. "The English Patient" won the most awards of the evening with nine including Best Picture. Other winners included "Fargo" with two awards, and "", "Dear Diary", "Emma", "Evita", "The Ghost and the Darkness", "Independence Day", "Jerry Maguire", "Kolya", "The Nutty Professor", "Quest", "Shine", "Sling Blade", and "When We Were Kings" with one. The nominees for the Document [149] (Title: Richard H. Kline) the Academy Award for Best Cinematography on two occasions. Much of his work was in the realm of genre cinema, and he collaborated with directors like Michael Winner, Richard Fleischer, Robert Wise, and Brian De Palma. Kline also worked alongside other cinematographers such as Charles Lawton Jr., Burnett Guffey, James Wong Howe, and Philip H. Lathrop. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Camelot in 1967, and for another Oscar for his work on King Kong in 1976, and was the recipient for the 20th annual ASC Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. He died from natural Document [150] (Title: 50th Academy Awards) by Vanessa Redgrave. "The Turning Point" set the record for the most nominations without a win (11), previously held by "Peyton Place" and "The Little Foxes", which each had 9 nominations with no wins. This record, later tied by "The Color Purple", still stands . "Annie Hall" was the last Best Picture winner to be nominated for just five awards until "The Departed" 29 years later in 2006. Jason Robards became the fourth actor to win back-to-back Oscars, following Luise Rainer, Spencer Tracy, and Katharine Hepburn. For the only time to date, both Best Actor and Best Actress winners won Document [151] (Title: William Friedkin) Best Director. Friedkin followed up with 1973's "The Exorcist", based on William Peter Blatty's best-selling novel, which revolutionized the horror genre and is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest horror movies of all time. "The Exorcist" was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It won the Best Screenplay and Best Sound. Following these two pictures, Friedkin, along with Francis Ford Coppola and Peter Bogdanovich, was deemed one of the premier directors of New Hollywood; In 1973, the trio announced the formation of an independent production company at Paramount, The Directors Company. Document [152] (Title: Mike Leigh) film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for "Naked" in 1993 and the "Palme d'Or" in 1996 for "Secrets & Lies". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with "Vera Drake". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for "Secrets & Lies" and "Vera Drake" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for "Topsy-Turvy", "Happy-Go-Lucky", and "Another Year" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected Document [153] (Title: John Waters (director born 1893)) the talkie revolution transformed Hollywood, Waters, now an MGM contractee, returned to his former profession as assistant director, an industry job title which, during a brief period covering five Academy Award cycles (1932–33 to 1937), became eligible for an Oscar. On March 16, 1934, at the first Awards ceremony featuring the new category, John Waters was among eighteen nominees who were singled out for the totality of their achievement at the studio which employed them, rather than for a single feature. Each studio had two or three nominees, with Charles Dorian and Orville O. Dull rounding out, along with Waters, Document [154] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) Oscars, "Spotlight" was the first film since 1952's "The Greatest Show on Earth" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's "Rocky", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for "Gravity" and "Birdman", Document [155] (Title: University of California, Berkeley) design (for "An American in Paris"). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley. Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film "Avatar" and the Peter Jackson films "King Kong", "", and "". Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Document [156] (Title: Harold Hecht) Hecht), the Academy Award for Best Director (Delbert Mann), the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Ernest Borgnine), the Academy Award for Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay (Paddy Chayefsky), the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, the Bodil Award for Best American Film, the Palme d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival (the first film to technically win the Palme d'Or, as the top prize had recently changed title, and also the first film to win by unanimous votes), the Document [157] (Title: Charles Lang) Marlon Brando, "How the West Was Won" (1962) in Cinerama, "Charade" (1963) with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn, "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1969), and "Butterflies Are Free" (1972). Lang received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers in 1991, for a career which included at least 114 feature films. Lang won an Academy Award the second time he was nominated, early in his career; he received a total of 18 nominations, tying with Leon Shamroy for the most Academy Award for Best Cinematography nominations ever. According to IMDb, Lang also received Oscar nominations for Document [158] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Director) announcing of nominations became regular after 1959. Filmfare Award for Best Director The Filmfare Best Director Award is one of the main awards presented given by the annual Filmfare Awards to recognise directors working in the Hindi film Industry. It was first presented in 1954 in the inaugural year. Bimal Roy has the record of winning most Awards 7 and distinction of winning the Award thrice in a row, on two separate occasions (1954–1956 and 1959–1961). He won the Award whenever he was nominated. Yash Chopra, Raj Kapoor and Sanjay Leela Bhansali have received the Award four times each. Yash Document [159] (Title: Billy Wilder) history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for "The Lost Weekend" and "The Apartment", Best Screenplay for "The Lost Weekend", "Sunset Boulevard", and "The Apartment", and Best Picture for "The Apartment". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most Document [160] (Title: 62nd Academy Awards) with one. The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 62nd Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1990, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Geena Davis. "Driving Miss Daisy" received the most nominations with nine total; "Born on the Fourth of July" came in second with eight. Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 26, 1990. "Driving Miss Daisy" became the third film to win Best Picture without a Best Document [161] (Title: New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director) 2009, the critics’ group have agreed with the Academy on six occasions: Steven Soderbergh for "Traffic" (2000), Clint Eastwood for "Million Dollar Baby" (2004), Ang Lee for "Brokeback Mountain" (2005), Martin Scorsese for "The Departed" (2006), Joel Coen and Ethan Coen for "No Country for Old Men" (2007), and Kathryn Bigelow for "The Hurt Locker" (2009). Oscar winner denoted by * New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honour the finest achievements in filmmaking. Document [162] (Title: Gravity (2013 film)) The film is second only to "Cabaret" (1972) to receive the most Academy Awards in its year without winning Best Picture, and to date is the most awarded film since 2008's "Slumdog Millionaire". Cuarón won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the film was also nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama for Bullock and Best Original Score. "Gravity" received eleven nominations at the 67th British Academy Film Awards, more than any other film of 2013. Its nominations included Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Actress in a Document [163] (Title: 60th Academy Awards) for the 60th Academy Awards were announced on February 16, 1988, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Wise, president of the Academy, and actress Shirley MacLaine. "The Last Emperor" received the most nominations with nine total; "Broadcast News" came in second with seven. The winners were announced at the awards ceremony on April 11, 1988. "The Last Emperor" became the second film after 1958's "Gigi" to earn nine Oscar nominations and win all of them. For the first time in Oscar history, all five Best Director nominees were born Document [164] (Title: Cinema of Mexico) awards, including the 63rd Venice International Film Festival for Best Technical Contribution. Lubezki has also worked with a variety of major directors, including Mike Nichols ("The Birdcage", 1996), Tim Burton ("Sleepy Hollow", 1999), Michael Mann ("Ali", 2001), Terrence Malick ("The New World", 2005, "The Tree of Life", 2011). Martin Scorsese ("Shine a Light", 2007, as camera operator under supervision of cinematographer Robert Richardson) and The Coen Brothers ("Burn After Reading", 2008). He has been nominated for a total of eight Academy Awards, winning two. Demián Bichir American debut occurred in the movie "In the Time of the Butterflies" (2001) starring Document [165] (Title: John Ford) film left on the floor when I'm finished. Ford won a total of six Academy Awards. Four of these were for Best Director for "The Informer" (1935), "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), "How Green Was My Valley" (1941), and "The Quiet Man" (1952)—none of them Westerns (also starring in the last two was Maureen O'Hara, "his favorite actress"). He was also nominated as Best Director for "Stagecoach" (1939). He won two Oscars for Best Documentary for "The Battle of Midway" and "". To this day Ford holds the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars, having won the award Document [166] (Title: You'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again) seven Academy Awards, making Julia the first woman to win a Best Picture Oscar. Their third film, "Taxi Driver", brought them a second Oscar nomination and won the Palme d'Or in 1976. In 1977 they co-produced their most financially successful movie, Steven Spielberg's $300 million-grossing "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". However, Julia had long indulged in a self-destructive lifestyle of excessive drug consumption, and it had begun to affect her work. François Truffaut, one of French cinema's most iconic directors and a star of "Close Encounters", blamed her for that film's budget difficulties, and she was eventually fired during Document [167] (Title: Anne Bauchens) Academy Award for Best Film Editing was created in 1934, Bauchens received one of the three nominations for her editing of "Cleopatra". She later won the Academy Award for "North West Mounted Police" (1940) and became the first woman to win the Oscar in that category. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing again twice, first for "The Greatest Show on Earth" in 1952 and then for "The Ten Commandments" in 1956. In total, Bauchens is credited with editing on 41 films directed by DeMille and on 20 films with other directors. Despite her long career and Document [168] (Title: 87th Academy Awards) "The Phone Call", "Selma", "Still Alice", and "The Theory of Everything" with one. The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15, 2015, at 5:30 a.m. PST (13:30 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine. For the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced. "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Grand Budapest Hotel" tied for the most nominations with Document [169] (Title: 65th Academy Awards) Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Mercedes Ruehl. "Howards End" and "Unforgiven" led all nominees with nine nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 29, 1993. Best Director winner Clint Eastwood became the seventh person nominated for lead acting and directing for the same film. Best Actor winner Al Pacino was the sixth performer to receive nominations in the lead and supporting categories in the same year. He also became the first person to win in the lead acting category after achieving the aforementioned feat. By Document [170] (Title: Empire Award for Best Director) Christopher Nolan has received the most awards in this category with three awards. Christopher Nolan and Peter Jackson were nominated on seven occasions, more than any other director. Kathryn Bigelow and Patty Jenkins are the only female directors to be nominated for the award. Rian Johnson is the most recent winner in this category for his direction of "". In the list below, winners are listed first in boldface, followed by the other nominees. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article (if any) on that ceremony. "†" indicates Document [171] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) multiple Best Director awards: The following directors have received four or more Best Director nominations (* indicates no wins): As of the 90th Academy Awards, four Asian directors have been nominated a total of six times in this category, and one director has won the award twice. As of the 90th Academy Awards, five black directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and none have won the award. As of the 90th Academy Awards, five female directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and one has won the award. As of the 90th Academy Document [172] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) "Taxi to the Dark Side" with one. The telecast garnered 31 million viewers, making it the least watched Oscar broadcast since 1974, when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership. The nominations were announced on January 22, 2008, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Kathy Bates. "No Country for Old Men" and "There Will Be Blood" tied for the most nominations with eight each. The winners were announced during the award ceremony of February 24, 2008. Best Director winners Joel and Ethan Coen became the second pair of directors Document [173] (Title: Pulp Fiction) Tarantino was named Best Director by all seven of those organizations as well as by the New York Film Critics Circle and Chicago Film Critics Association. The screenplay won several prizes, with various awarding bodies ascribing credit differently. At the 52nd Golden Globe Awards, Tarantino, named as sole recipient of the Best Screenplay honor, failed to mention Avary in his acceptance speech. In February 1995, the film received seven Oscar nominations — Best Picture, Director, Actor (Travolta), Supporting Actor (Jackson), Supporting Actress (Thurman), Original Screenplay, and Film Editing. Travolta, Jackson, and Thurman were each nominated as well for the 1st Document [174] (Title: 63rd Academy Awards) Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and actor Denzel Washington. "Dances with Wolves" led the nominations with twelve total; "Dick Tracy" and "The Godfather Part III" tied for second with seven each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 1991. Kevin Costner became the fifth person to earn the Best Director Award for his directorial debut and to earn nominations for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film. Best Supporting Actress winner Whoopi Goldberg was the second African American woman to win an award. Hattie McDaniel Document [175] (Title: California State University, Long Beach) and VR Troopers Power Rangers. Former students have won at least five Academy Awards. Steven Spielberg (Class of 1969, BA 2002) won two Oscars for Best Directing for "Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan" and has directed a number of other successful movies such as "Jaws", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", and "Jurassic Park". Former industrial design major John Dykstra, who has been nominated five times for Academy Awards, won two Oscars for his special effects work on the George Lucas film "Star Wars" and the Sam Raimi film "Spider-Man 2". Deborah L. Scott (BA) won an Oscar for costume design for Document [176] (Title: Annie Hall) critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Annie Hall won four Oscars at the 50th Academy Awards on April 3, 1978, and was nominated for five in total. Producer Charles H. Joffe received the statue for Best Picture, Allen for Best Director and, with Brickman, for Best Original Screenplay, and Keaton for Best Actress. Allen was also nominated for Best Actor. Many had expected "Star Wars" to win the major awards, including Brickman and Executive Producer Robert Greenhut. The film was also honored four times at the BAFTA awards. Along with the top award for Best Film, Keaton won for Best Actress, Document [177] (Title: John Ford filmography) Cinerama epic "How the West Was Won" (both 1962). Ford’s final film as a director was "" (1970), a documentary short about Marine Corps lieutenant general Lewis "Chesty" Puller. Ford is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential film-makers of his generation. Ingmar Bergman called him the greatest movie director of all time and Orson Welles regarded him highly. With four Academy Awards, he is the most honored director in film history. On February 8, 1960, Ford was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On March 31, 1973, Ford was honored with the Medal Document [178] (Title: Billy Wilder) "The Artist" by saying "I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder." Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for "Deconstructing Harry". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the Document [179] (Title: Jerome Hellman) starring Marsha Mason, Ned Beatty; and "The Mosquito Coast" (1986) starring Harrison Ford, Helen Mirren and River Phoenix. His collaboration with director John Schlesinger and screenwriter Waldo Salt in the production of "Midnight Cowboy" garnered seven Academy Award nominations and won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Screenplay. This creative team would last through "The Day of the Locust" and the early production stages of "Coming Home". "Coming Home" was directed by Hal Ashby and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. It won Academy Awards for Jon Voight (Best Actor), Jane Fonda (Best Actress) and Document [180] (Title: Miss Julie (1951 film)) for "I Confess" in 1952, after seeing her in "Miss Julie". However, when Björk arrived in Hollywood with her lover Stig Dagerman and their baby, Jack L. Warner, head of Warner Brothers. insisted that Hitchcock find another actress. Alf Sjöberg won the highest honour of the Cannes Film Festival, the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the equivalent of the Palme d'Or in later years. Sjöberg, who won earlier for "Torment", was the first Swedish director to win the award, and the only until 2017, when Ruben Östlund won for "The Square". "Miss Julie" was also nominated for the Document [181] (Title: Jack Nicholson) and Laurence Olivier (1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties with Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ingrid Bergman, and Meryl Streep for the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. Only Katharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. In 2012, Nicholson co-presented the Academy Award for Best Picture with First Lady Michelle Obama. This ceremony marked the eighth time he has presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2012). Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Document [182] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) Revenant", respectively. The Directors Guild of America Award for Feature Film has traditionally been a near perfect barometer for both Best Director and Best Picture Academy Awards. Only seven times since the DGA Award's inception has the DGA Award winner not won the Academy Award; in 1968 (Carol Reed won the Oscar for directing "Oliver!"); 1972 (Bob Fosse won the Oscar for directing "Cabaret"); 1985 (Sydney Pollack won the Oscar for directing "Out of Africa", as Steven Spielberg was not nominated for directing "The Color Purple"); 1995 (Mel Gibson won for directing "Braveheart", as Ron Howard was not nominated for Document [183] (Title: William Wyler) "Mrs. Miniver". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing Document [184] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) 69th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 1997, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino. "The English Patient" received the most nominations with twelve; "Fargo" and "Shine" came in second with seven apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 1997. Saul Zaentz became the third person to produce three Best Picture winners, having previously produced "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus". He also became the seventh individual to receive an Oscar and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in Document [185] (Title: 56th Academy Awards) his first Best Cinematography nomination for "Zelig". Joe I. Tompkins becomes the first African-American to be nominated in Best Costume Design. James L. Brooks won three Academy Awards this year, winning as producer, director and writer of Best Picture winner "Terms of Endearment". Of its other eight nominations (the movie led all nominees with 11), two were for Best Actress; Shirley MacLaine won over Debra Winger in that category. The movie won five Oscars, the fifth being Jack Nicholson's second career Oscar (he won for Best Supporting Actor). This ceremony ended with Sammy Davis Jr. and Liza Minnelli leading the Document [186] (Title: Ang Lee) Mountain" also won Best Film and Best Director at the 2006 British Academy Awards (BAFTA). "Brokeback Mountain" was nominated for a leading eight Oscars and was the front runner for Best Picture heading into the 5 March ceremony, but lost out to "Crash", a story about race relations in Los Angeles, in a controversial upset. He became the first non-white person to win the Best Director at the Academy Awards (when he won again for "Life of Pi", he became the second non-white person to win). In 2006, following his Best Director Oscar, Ang Lee was bestowed the Order of Document [187] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) (9) set by "The Little Foxes" (1941). This record would stand until 1977 when "The Turning Point" received 11 nominations without a win, which is the record to date ("The Color Purple" tied the record in 1985). "Peyton Place" also set the record for most unsuccessful acting nominations with five; this record has been tied once, by "Tom Jones" at the 36th Academy Awards. This was the first time all five Best Picture nominations were nominated for Best Director as well. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. Question: who won the most oscars for best director Answer: John Ford Long Answer: Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been directors that have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Directing . As of 2015 (88th Academy Awards), 20 directors have received two or more Academy Awards for Best Directing . Three of these directors have received more than two Academy Awards for Best Directing: John Ford (four Best Directing awards), Frank Capra (three Best Directing awards), and William Wyler (three Best Directing awards). Gold Document ID: 183

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) received multiple nominations in the same year was Steven Soderbergh for "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic" in 2000, winning the award for the latter. The Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have been awarded Best Picture, 64 have also been awarded Best Director. Since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four. William Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. Damien Chazelle became the youngest Document [2] (Title: David Lynch) Best Director, and has won France's César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival. In 2016, "Mulholland Drive", was named the top film of the 21st century by the BBC following a poll of 177 film critics from 36 countries. Born to a middle-class family in Missoula, Montana, Lynch spent his childhood traveling around the United States before he studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where he first made the transition to Document [3] (Title: Warren Beatty) directed by Richard Brooks; "The Parallax View" (1974), directed by Alan Pakula; and "The Fortune" (1975), directed by Mike Nichols. Beatty produced, co-wrote and acted in "Shampoo" (1975), directed by Hal Ashby, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Original Screenplay, as well as five Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture and Best Actor. In 1978, Beatty directed, produced, wrote and acted in "Heaven Can Wait" (1978) (sharing co-directing credit with Buck Henry). The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Adapted Screenplay. It also won three Golden Globe Awards, including Document [4] (Title: 82nd Academy Awards) announced during the awards ceremony on March 7, 2010. Kathryn Bigelow made history as the first female to win the Oscar for Best Director. "Up" became the second animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. 1991's "Beauty and the Beast" was the first such film to achieve this feat. Best Adapted Screenplay winner Geoffrey Fletcher was the first African American winner of a screenwriting Oscar. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). The Academy held its 1st Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 14, 2009, during which the following awards were presented. Document [5] (Title: 58th Academy Awards) and "Ran" with one. The nominees for the 58th Academy Awards were announced on February 5, 1986. "The Color Purple" and "Out of Africa" led all nominees with eleven each. Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 1986. With its 11 nominations and zero wins, "The Color Purple" joined "The Turning Point" as the most nominated films in Oscar history without a single win. At age 79, John Huston became the oldest person nominated for Best Director. By virtue of his father Walter's previous wins, John's daughter Anjelica's victory in the Best Supporting Actress category made her Document [6] (Title: Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)) president of the Jury for the 2014 festival and oversaw a rare decision, in which the Jury Prize was awarded to two films: "Mommy", by 25-year-old Xavier Dolan, and "Goodbye to Language", by 83-year-old Jean-Luc Godard. UK directors Andrea Arnold and Ken Loach are tied for the record for most Jury Prizes. As of 2016 Arnold was awarded the prize for her films "Red Road", "Fish Tank", and "American Honey", while Loach was awarded the prize for his films "Hidden Agenda", "Raining Stones", and "The Angels' Share". Michelangelo Antonioni, René Clément, Masaki Kobayashi, and Samira Makhmalbaf have each won the Document [7] (Title: 87th Academy Awards) nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. "Birdman" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since "Ordinary People" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming "Gravity". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on "Gravity" Document [8] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) Film in 2003. Since 1976, Felipe Cazals has been nominated at least once every decade, winning three times for "El Año de la Peste" (1980), "Bajo la metralla" (1984), and "Las Vueltas del Citrillo" (2006). Buñuel and Amat Escalante won the Ariel for Best Director and the same award at the Cannes Film Festival for "Los Olvidados" and "Heli", respectively. Alejandro González Iñárritu was awarded the Ariel for "Amores Perros", and received the Academy Award for Best Director for "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Revenant". Since its inception, the award has been given to 38 directors. Document [9] (Title: 86th Academy Awards) won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón. Other winners included "Dallas Buyers Club" also with three awards, "Frozen", and "The Great Gatsby" with two, and "Blue Jasmine", "The Great Beauty", "Helium", "Her", "The Lady in Number 6", "Mr Hublot", and "20 Feet from Stardom" with one. The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000. The nominees for the 86th Academy Awards were announced on January 16, 2014, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater Document [10] (Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) it was nominated, therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep. The wins included the awards for Best Picture, the first time a fantasy film had done so; it was also the second sequel to win Oscars for Best Picture and Best Director (following "The Godfather Part II"). The film jointly holds the record for the largest number of Academy Awards won with "Ben-Hur" (1959) and "Titanic" (1997). The film has been re-released three times: in 2011, 2017, and 2018. Two Hobbits, Sméagol and Déagol, are fishing when Déagol discovers the One Ring in the river. Sméagol is ensnared by Document [11] (Title: Krzysztof Kieślowski) Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Kieślowski (; 27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He is known internationally for "Dekalog" (1989), "The Double Life of Veronique" (1991), and the "Three Colors" trilogy (1993–1994). Kieślowski received numerous awards during his career, including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1988), FIPRESCI Prize (1988, 1991), and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1991); the Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1989), Golden Lion (1993), and OCIC Award (1993); and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear (1994). In 1995, he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Writing. Document [12] (Title: New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honour the finest achievements in filmmaking. In the last three decades (1970s, 1980s, and 1990s), the New York Film Critics have rarely made the same choice as the Academy Awards. Both associations have agreed on the same winner, over the period 1970–1999, on the following: Woody Allen for "Annie Hall" (1977) and Jonathan Demme for "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991). It’s notable that from 2000 to Document [13] (Title: 71st Academy Awards) "Z" in 1969). Moreover, its seven nominations were the most for a foreign language film, to date. Best Actor winner Roberto Benigni was the second person to direct himself to an acting Oscar win. Laurence Olivier first achieved this feat for his performance in 1948's "Hamlet". He also became the fourth individual to earn acting, directing, screenwriting nominations for the same film. In addition, Benigni was the third performer to win an Oscar for a non-English speaking role. By virtue of their nominations for portraying Queen Elizabeth I of England, Best Actress nominee Cate Blanchett and Best Supporting Actress winner Document [14] (Title: Golden Globe Award) Kazan leads with four wins, followed by Clint Eastwood, Oliver Stone, Miloš Forman, David Lean and Martin Scorsese with three wins each. Steven Spielberg holds the record for most nominations with twelve (as of the 2017 nominations). Francis Ford Coppola, Clint Eastwood and Steven Soderbergh are the only directors to receive two nominations in the same year. As of the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Barbra Streisand is the only woman to have won in this category; she won for "Yentl" in 1983. Notes: Notes: The HFPA has had a lucrative contract with NBC for decades, which began broadcasting the award Document [15] (Title: Guldbagge Award for Best Director) history. Of the 55 films that have been awarded Best Film, 24 have also been awarded Best Director. The first one to achieve this was Ingmar Bergman, whose film "The Silence" won the Best Film award at the first 1st Guldbagge Awards. The last one who achieved this was Magnus von Horn through his film, "The Here After" at the 51st Guldbagge Awards (2015). The first woman who won the award for Best Director was Marianne Ahrne, for the film "Near and Far Away" (1976). Besides her, only nine women have ever been awarded for Best Director: Suzanne Osten for Document [16] (Title: Steven Spielberg) Hewitt. Jonathan Norman was arrested after making two attempts to enter Spielberg's Pacific Palisades home in June and July 1997. Norman was jailed for 25 years in California. Spielberg told the court: "Had Jonathan Norman actually confronted me, I genuinely, in my heart of hearts, believe that I would have been raped or maimed or killed." Spielberg has won three Academy Awards. He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards for the category of Best Director, winning two of them ("Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan"), and ten of the films he directed were up for the Best Picture Oscar Document [17] (Title: Cabaret (1972 film)) the lyrics differently. The film earned a total of eight Academy Awards: It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, losing both to "The Godfather". "Cabaret" holds the record for most Academy Awards won by a film which did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Shortly before the Academy Awards, Fosse won two Tonys for directing and choreographing "Pippin", his biggest stage hit to date. When, months later, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for choreographing and directing Minnelli's television special "Liza with a Z", he became Document [18] (Title: 79th Academy Awards) earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 10, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Maggie Gyllenhaal. "The Departed" won four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Martin Scorsese. Other winners included "Pan's Labyrinth" with three, "An Inconvenient Truth", "Dreamgirls" and "Little Miss Sunshine" with two, and "Babel", "The Blood of Yingzhou District", "The Danish Poet", "Happy Feet", "The Last King of Scotland", "Letters from Iwo Jima", "The Lives of Others", "Marie Antoinette", "", "The Queen" and "West Bank Story" with one. The telecast garnered nearly Document [19] (Title: Paul Thomas Anderson) Country for Old Men" for the most nominations that year. Anderson was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay, losing all three to the Coen Brothers for "No Country for Old Men". Daniel Day-Lewis won the Oscar for Best Actor. Paul Dano received a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Anderson was nominated for Best Director from the Directors Guild of America. "There Will Be Blood" was regarded by some critics as one of the greatest films of the decade, some parties further declaring it one of the most accomplished American films of the modern era. David Document [20] (Title: John Ford) on four occasions. William Wyler and Frank Capra come in second having won the award three times. Ford was the first director to win consecutive Best Director awards, in 1940 and 1941. This feat was later matched by Joseph L. Mankiewicz exactly ten years later, when he won consecutive awards for Best Director in 1950 and 1951. As a producer he received nominations for Best Picture for "The Quiet Man" and "The Long Voyage Home". In 1955 and 1957, Ford was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. He Document [21] (Title: 41st Academy Awards) 1937 ("The Good Earth"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 ("Captains Courageous") and 1938 ("Boys Town"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". As the special effects director and designer for "", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in "Charly" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, "TIME" mentioned Document [22] (Title: Clarence Brown) the main directors of their female stars; he directed Joan Crawford six times and Greta Garbo seven. He was nominated five times (see below) for the Academy Award as a director and once as a producer, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for "Anna Karenina", starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival. Brown's films gained a total of 38 Academy Award nominations and earned nine Oscars. Brown himself received six Academy Award nominations and in 1949, he won the British Academy Award for the film version of William Faulkner's "Intruder in the Document [23] (Title: Vikas Swarup) Best Picture and Best Director. From "The NY Times" report: "[T]hough it had no actors nominated for prizes, [it also] swept many awards other than those on the top line, including prizes for cinematography, sound mixing, score and film editing. "Slumdog"'s eight Oscars was the largest total won by a single film since "" won 11 in 2004." The film was released in the UK on 9 January 2009 and in India on 23 January with William Losch. Swarup's second novel "Six Suspects", published by Transworld, was released on 28 July 2008 and has been translated into more than 30 Document [24] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) Academy Award for Best Director The Academy Award for Best Director (officially known as the Academy Award for Best Directing) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into "Dramatic" and "Comedy" categories; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won for "7th Heaven" and "Two Arabian Knights", respectively. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies. Nominees are determined Document [25] (Title: Cecil B. DeMille) man fighting the forces of nature. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama "The Greatest Show on Earth" (1952), which won both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. His last and most famous film, "The Ten Commandments" (1956), also a Best Picture Academy Award nominee, is currently the seventh-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. In addition to his Best Picture Award, he received an Academy Honorary Award for his film contributions, the Palme d'Or (posthumously) Document [26] (Title: 51st Academy Awards) Wait" tied for the most nominations with nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on April 9. Best Director nominees Warren Beatty and Buck Henry became the second pair of directors nominated in that category for the same film; Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise had won for co-directing 1961's "West Side Story". Furthermore, Beatty was the first person since Orson Welles to earn acting, directing, producing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year. With Jon Voight and Jane Fonda's respective wins in the Best Actor and Best Actress categories, "Coming Home" was the fourth film to win Document [27] (Title: 32nd Academy Awards) in 2004. Director William Wyler became the third (and most recent) person to win more than two Best Director awards (following Frank Capra and John Ford), as well as the only person to direct three Best Picture winners. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 32nd Academy Awards The 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, was held on April 4, 1960 and took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre to honor the best films of 1959. The epic drama "Ben-Hur" won Document [28] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) directing "Apollo 13"); 2000 (Steven Soderbergh won the Oscar for directing "Traffic"); 2002 (Roman Polanski won the Oscar for directing "The Pianist"); and 2012 (Ang Lee won the Oscar for directing "Life of Pi" as Ben Affleck was not nominated for directing "Argo"). This does not count 1948–49, when the DGA used a non-calendar award year (unlike the Academy Awards); both 1948 and 1949 DGA winners competed for the 1949 Academy Award for Best Director, which went to the 1948 DGA winner (Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "A Letter to Three Wives"). Conversely, sixteen times has the representing film directed by Document [29] (Title: Lady for a Day) Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in "Morning Glory", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for "Little Women". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, "Come up and get it, Frank!" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for "Cavalcade", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage. Document [30] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture, 63 have also been awarded Best Director. Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination: "Wings" (1927/28), "Grand Hotel" (1931/32), "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and "Argo" (2012). The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards: Lewis Milestone for "Two Arabian Knights" (1927/28), and Frank Lloyd for "The Divine Lady" (1928/29). On June 24, 2009, Document [31] (Title: Toronto International Film Festival) films in 2016, and also eliminate two venues that had been used in prior years. Films such as "American Beauty", "Ray", "Mr. Nobody", "127 Hours", "Black Swan", "The Five Obstructions", "Singapore Sling", and "I Am Love" have premiered at TIFF. Jamie Foxx's portrayal of Ray Charles ultimately won him the Academy Award for Best Actor while "Slumdog Millionaire" went on to win eight Oscars at the 2009 Academy Awards. "Precious", which won the 2009 TIFF People's Choice Award, went on to win two Oscars at the 82nd Academy Awards. "The King's Speech", the winner of the 2010 TIFF People's Choice Document [32] (Title: Jonathan Demme) New York City for fifteen years. Demme won the Academy Award for "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991)—one of only three films to win all the major categories (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor, and Best Actress). Inspired by his friend Juan Suárez Botas's illness with AIDS and fueled by his own moral convictions, Demme then used his influence to make "Philadelphia" (1993), one of the first major films to address the AIDS crisis and which garnered star Tom Hanks his first Best Actor Oscar. He also co-directed (with his nephew Ted) the music video for Bruce Springsteen's Document [33] (Title: Steven Soderbergh) with "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic". Both films would be nominated at the 2001 Academy Awards, making him the only director to have been nominated in the same year for Best Director for two different films. He was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director for "Traffic" and received best director nominations at the year's Golden Globe and the Directors Guild of America Awards.In early 2001, he was approached to direct a reboot of the 1960s Rat Pack-movie, "Ocean's 11" by Ted Griffin. After Griffin wrote the screenplay, Soderbergh signed on to direct "Ocean's Eleven". The film opened to critical acclaim Document [34] (Title: 25th Academy Awards) nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ("The Bad and the Beautiful" and "Hans Christian Andersen", both with six). This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards. Shirley Booth became the last person born in the 19th century to win an Oscar in a Leading Role. She is also the first woman in her 50s to win the award, at the age of 54 (the second woman in her 50s to win, Julianne Moore, was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards). John Ford's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins Document [35] (Title: Clint Eastwood) Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in "Unforgiven", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in "Mystic River", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in "Million Dollar Baby". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from Document [36] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) The Best Director Award () is an annual award presented at the Cannes Film Festival for best directing achievements in a feature film screened as part of festival's official selection (i.e. films selected for the competition program which compete for the festival's main prize Palme d'Or). Awarded by festival's jury, it was first given in 1946. The prize was not awarded on 12 occasions (1947, 1953–54, 1960, 1962–64, 1971, 1973–74, 1977, 1980). In addition, the festival was not held at all in 1948 and 1950, while in 1968 no awards were given as the Document [37] (Title: Golden Globe Award) 1977), and directing "Yentl" in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each. Behind them are Ed Asner, Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. At the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred: a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Sigourney Weaver for "Gorillas in the Mist," Jodie Foster for "The Accused," and Shirley MacLaine for "Madame Sousatzka"). Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty-one (as of the 2017 nominations) and John Williams is second with twenty-six. In the category Best Director, Elia Document [38] (Title: Cinema of Mexico) the Charles Dickens contemporary adaptation "Great expectations" (1998), "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (2004) and, highly acclaimed dystopian thriller "Children of Men" (2006). He also won the Academy Award for Best Director for his film "Gravity" (2013). His six feature films—"Amores perros" (2000), "21 Grams" (2003), "Babel" (2006) (comprising the "Death Trilogy"), "Biutiful" (2010), "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" (2014), and "The Revenant" (2015)—have garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades. Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture for "Birdman". Film director Guillermo del Toro directed his film debut "Cronos" Document [39] (Title: Martin Scorsese) Academy Award nominations for both as well as them winning several other prestigious awards. Scorsese's other film work includes the biographical drama "The Aviator" (2004), the psychological thriller "Shutter Island" (2010), the historical adventure drama "Hugo" (2011) and the religious epic "Silence" (2016). His work in television includes the pilot episodes of the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire" and "Vinyl", the latter of which he also co-created. With eight Best Director Oscar nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second-most nominations overall. As a fan of rock music, he has directed several Document [40] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) the DGA winner not gone on to win Best Picture, as recently as 2016 (for "La La Land"). Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film The Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures is one of the annual Directors Guild of America Awards given by the Directors Guild of America. With 3 wins out of 11 nominations, Steven Spielberg is both the most awarded and most nominated director for this category in the history of DGA. Additionally, Alejandro G. Iñárritu is the only director to win consecutive awards. He was awarded Document [41] (Title: Miskolc International Film Festival) of directors created New Hollywood. The 1956 Hungarian émigré, who had the European cinema culture at his fingertips, was the right man on the right place - and became the cinematographer of the greatest directors: Robert Altman, Michael Cimino, John Boorman, Brian De Palma, and Steven Spielberg. The Close Encounters of the Third Kind brought him the Oscar in 1977. One year later, his next movie, The Deer Hunter, won five Oscars, including Best Picture. He was nominated for the Oscar in 1985 and in 2007 as well. In 1999 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society Document [42] (Title: John Huston) he didn't miss a trick." Huston received 15 Oscar nominations in the course of his career, and is the oldest person ever to be nominated for the Best Director Oscar when, at 79 years old, he was nominated for "Prizzi's Honor" (1985). He won two Oscars, for directing and writing the screenplay for "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre". Huston also won a Golden Globe for that film. He received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 1983, and the Career Achievement Award from the U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures in 1984. He also Document [43] (Title: Stanley Kramer) the 2015 Golden Globes, honored Kramer's work, calling him "one of the great filmmakers of all time." Despite uneven critical reception, both then and now, Kramer's body of work has received many awards, including 16 Academy Awards and 80 nominations, and he was nominated nine times as either producer or director. In 1961, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1963, he was a member of the jury at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival. In 1998, he was awarded the first NAACP Vanguard Award in recognition of "the strong social themes that ran through his body of Document [44] (Title: 72nd Academy Awards) 26, 2000. Sam Mendes was the sixth person to win Best Director for his directorial debut. Best Actor winner Kevin Spacey became the tenth performer to win acting Oscars in both lead and supporting categories. By virtue of her father Jon Voight's Best Lead Actor win for 1978's "Coming Home", Best Supporting Actress winner Angelina Jolie and Voight became the second father-daughter Oscar acting winners. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed Document [45] (Title: John Ford) as the second-highest-grossing film of the year in the US and taking almost $3 million against its sizable budget of $1,250,000. Ford was also named Best Director by the New York Film Critics, and this was one of the few awards of his career that he collected in person (he generally shunned the Oscar ceremony). During World War II, Ford served as head of the photographic unit for the Office of Strategic Services and made documentaries for the Navy Department. He was commissioned as a commander in the United States Navy Reserve. He won two more Academy Awards during this Document [46] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) Best Picture: "The Exorcist" (1973), "Jaws" (1975), "The Sixth Sense" (1999), "Black Swan" (2010), and "Get Out" (2017). No documentary has yet been nominated for Best Picture, although "Chang" was nominated in the "Unique and Artistic Production" category at the 1927/28 awards. In 2017, at the 89th Academy Awards, presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read "La La Land" as the winner of the award. However, they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the "Best Actress in a Leading Role" award, which Emma Stone had won for her role in "La La Land" moments prior. When the mistake was Document [47] (Title: Cinema of the United Kingdom) the Venice Film Festival. In 2006 Stephen Frears directed "The Queen" based on the events surrounding the death of Princess Diana, which won the Best Actress prize at the Venice Film Festival and Academy Awards and the BAFTA for Best Film. In 2006, Ken Loach won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival with his account of the struggle for Irish Independence in "The Wind That Shakes the Barley". Joe Wright's adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel "Atonement" was nominated for 7 Academy Awards, including Best Film and won the Golden Globe and BAFTA for Best Film. "Slumdog Millionaire" Document [48] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) Awards, six Hispanic/Latino directors have been nominated a total of eight times in this category with four wins among them. Academy Award for Best Director The Academy Award for Best Director (officially known as the Academy Award for Best Directing) is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into "Dramatic" and "Comedy" categories; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won Document [49] (Title: 62nd Academy Awards) Director nomination. At age 80, Jessica Tandy became the oldest winner of competitive acting Oscar at the time. Kenneth Branagh was the fifth person nominated for Best Lead Actor and Best Director for the same film. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double-dagger (). The following 19 films received multiple nominations: The following five films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. After the negative reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, AMPAS created an Awards Presentation Review Committee to evaluate and determine why the telecast earned such a negative Document [50] (Title: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director) Malick, Steven Spielberg, and François Truffaut each won the award twice. National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Raging Bull" (1980), and "Goodfellas" (1990); Bergman won for "Persona" (1967), "Shame (Skammen)" + "Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)" (1968), and "The Passion of Anna (En passion)" (1970). Document [51] (Title: King Vidor) George Cukor on "Gone with the Wind", but did not receive screen credit. In 1962, he was head of the jury at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1969 he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Vidor was entered in the "Guinness Book of World Records" for the longest career as a film director: beginning in 1913 with "Hurricane in Galveston" and ending in 1980 with "The Metaphor", a 36-minute documentary featuring the painter Andrew Wyeth. He was nominated five times for an Oscar but never won in direct competition; he received Document [52] (Title: 85th Academy Awards) won three awards, including Best Picture, the fourth film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture without its director nominated. Other winners included "Les Misérables" also with three awards, "Django Unchained", "Lincoln", and "Skyfall" with two, and "Amour", "Anna Karenina", "Brave", "Curfew", "Inocente", "Paperman", "Searching for Sugar Man", "Silver Linings Playbook" and "Zero Dark Thirty" with one. The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 85th Academy Awards were announced on January 10, 2013, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Seth Document [53] (Title: No Country for Old Men (film)) Cinematography (Roger Deakins), Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing. Javier Bardem became the first Spanish actor to win an Oscar. "Thank you to the Coens for being crazy enough to think I could do that and put one of the most horrible hair cuts in history on my head," Bardem said in his acceptance speech at the 80th Academy Awards. He dedicated the award to Spain and to his mother, actress Pilar Bardem, who accompanied him to the ceremony. While accepting the award for Best Director at the 80th Academy Awards, Joel Coen said that "Ethan and I have Document [54] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) the five directors nominated were Caucasian. Activist and former attorney April Reign, who was credited with starting the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, tweeted, "It's actually worse than last year. Best Documentary and Best Original Screenplay. That's it. #OscarsSoWhite." She also noted that while the Caucasian screenwriters of the film "Straight Outta Compton" earned nominations, the African American cast of the film was overlooked. As a result, the Academy was ridiculed again over social media with the aforementioned hashtag. Moreover, actress Jada Pinkett Smith and director and newly minted Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient Spike Lee announced plans to boycott the ceremony and Document [55] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) 30th Academy Awards The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26, 1958, to honor the best films of 1957. The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for "The Bridge on the River Kwai", despite the fact that he did not know English. The actual writers, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work. Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions. "Peyton Place" tied the record for the most nominations without a win Document [56] (Title: Stanley Kubrick) to be "perhaps the most brilliant piece of cinematic art I've ever seen, and believed it to present an "intellectual argument rather than a sadistic spectacle" in its depiction of violence, but acknowledged that many would not agree. Negative media hype over the film notwithstanding, "A Clockwork Orange" received four Academy Award nominations, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Editing, and was named by the New York Film Critics Circle as the Best Film of 1971. After William Friedkin won Best Director for "The French Connection" that year, he told the press: "Speaking personally, I think Stanley Document [57] (Title: Henry King (director)) Henry King (director) Henry King (January 24, 1886June 29, 1982) was an American film director. Seven of his films were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Before coming to film, King worked as an actor in various repertoire theatres, and first started to take small film roles in 1912. He directed for the first time in 1915, and grew to become one of the most commercially successful Hollywood directors of the 1920s and '30s. He was twice nominated for the Best Director Oscar. In 1944, he was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Director for his Document [58] (Title: Francis Ford Coppola) with Mario Puzo), Best Picture, and his first nomination for Best Director. He followed with "The Godfather Part II" in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Highly regarded by critics, it brought him three more Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director and Best Picture, and made him the second director, after Billy Wilder, to be honored three times for the same film. "The Conversation", which he directed, produced and wrote, was released that same year, winning the Palme d'Or at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. He next directed 1979's "Apocalypse Now". Document [59] (Title: Elia Kazan) aged 94. Kazan became known as an "actor's director" because he was able to elicit some of the best performances in the careers of many of his stars. Under his direction, his actors received 21 Academy Award nominations and won nine Oscars. He won as Best Director for "Gentleman's Agreement" (1947) and for "On the Waterfront" (1954). Both "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951) and "On the Waterfront" were nominated for twelve Academy Awards, respectively winning four and eight. Kazan never lost his identification with the oppressed people he remembered from the depths of the Great Depression. With his many years Document [60] (Title: Frank Capra) themes instead of people." In 1938, Capra won his third Director Oscar in five years for "You Can't Take It with You", which also won Best Picture. In addition to his three directing wins, Capra received directing nominations for three other films ("Lady for a Day", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", and "It's a Wonderful Life"). On May 5, 1936, Capra hosted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony. Although "It's a Wonderful Life" is his best-known film, Friedman notes that it was "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), which most represented the "Capra myth." That film expressed Capra's patriotism more than Document [61] (Title: Sofia Coppola) to be nominated in that category, and the third woman overall, after Lina Wertmüller and Jane Campion. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow became the fourth woman to be nominated, and the first to win the award. Coppola, however, remains the youngest woman to be nominated in the Best Director category. Coppola's win for Best Original Screenplay (along with her cousin Nicolas Cage's 1996 win for Best Actor) resulted in her family's becoming the second three-generation Oscar-winning family, her grandfather Carmine Coppola and her father Francis Ford Coppola having previously won Oscars. The first family to achieve this feat was the Huston Document [62] (Title: 81st Academy Awards) telecast garnered almost 37 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 81st Academy Awards were announced on January 22, 2009, at 5:38 p.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and the actor Forest Whitaker. "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" received the most nominations with thirteen (the ninth film to garner that many nominations); "Slumdog Millionaire" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2009. "Slumdog Millionaire" was the eleventh film, and last to date, to Document [63] (Title: George Stevens) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for "A Place in the Sun" and in 1956 for "Giant". He was also nominated in 1943 for "The More the Merrier", in 1954 for "Shane", and in 1959 for "The Diary of Anne Frank". The moving image collection of George Stevens is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the George Stevens papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. George Stevens George Cooper Stevens (December 18, Document [64] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) Emmanuel Lubezki became the first person to win three consecutive Best Cinematography awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The Academy held its 7th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 14, 2015, during which the following awards were presented: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Due to the mixed reception and lower ratings resulting from the previous year's ceremony, producers Neil Meron and Craig Zadan declined to helm the upcoming festivities. Shortly afterwards, actor Neil Patrick Harris announced that he would not host the Oscars for a second time. Document [65] (Title: James Cameron) 2010). Cameron did not receive any major mainstream filmmaking awards prior to "Titanic". For "Titanic", he won several, including Academy Awards for Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau), Best Director and Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris). Cameron is one of the few filmmakers to win three Oscars in a single evening and Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director. In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University, Ottawa, awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998. Cameron accepted the degree Document [66] (Title: Amadeus (film)) and won four, including awards to Forman, Abraham, Shaffer, and Golden Globe Award for Best Picture – Drama. Jeffrey Jones was nominated for Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Drama. Forman also received the Directors Guild of America Award for his work. At the end of the Oscar ceremony, Laurence Olivier came on stage to present the Oscar for Best Picture. As Olivier thanked the Academy for inviting him, he was already opening the envelope. Instead of announcing the nominees, he simply read, "The winner for this is "Amadeus"." An AMPAS official quickly went onstage to confirm Document [67] (Title: Golden Globe Award for Best Director) Golden Globe Award for Best Director The Golden Globe Award for Best Director has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for publications based outside North America, since 1943. Having won all four of his nominations, Elia Kazan has been honored most often in this category. Martin Scorsese, Clint Eastwood, David Lean, Miloš Forman, and Oliver Stone tie for second place with three wins each. Steven Spielberg has had the most nominations (twelve) and has received the award twice. Barbra Streisand is the only woman to Document [68] (Title: Norman Jewison) a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1992. Also in 1992, Jewison received the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Performing Arts, a companion award of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. Jewison has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times in three separate decades for "In the Heat of the Night" (1967), "Fiddler on the Roof" (1971) and "Moonstruck" (1987). He has also won the prestigious Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin Film Festival and has earned Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Directors Document [69] (Title: 85th Academy Awards) MacFarlane, host of the ceremony, and actress Emma Stone. "Lincoln" received the most nominations with twelve total, and "Life of Pi" came in second with eleven. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 24, 2013. "Argo" was the fourth film to win Best Picture without a directing nomination, following 1927's "Wings", 1932's "Grand Hotel", and 1989's "Driving Miss Daisy". As co-producer of "Argo", George Clooney became the third individual to win Oscars for both acting and producing. By virtue of his nomination for Best Original Song in "Ted", host Seth MacFarlane became the first person since James Document [70] (Title: 70th Academy Awards) The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history. The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Geena Davis. "Titanic" received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's "All About Eve", and later 2016's "La La Land", also achieved this distinction); "Good Will Hunting" and "L.A. Confidential" came in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, Document [71] (Title: Guillermo del Toro) the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Golden Lion for best film, making Del Toro the first Mexican director to win the award. For his work, del Toro won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Picture. Del Toro collaborated with Japanese video game designer, Hideo Kojima, to produce "P.T.", a video game intended to be a "playable trailer" for the ninth "Silent Hill" game, which was cancelled. The demo was also removed from the PlayStation Network. At the D23 Expo in 2009, his Double Dare Document [72] (Title: 79th Academy Awards) 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 79th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2007, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and the actress Salma Hayek. "Dreamgirls" received the most nominations with eight, and "Babel" came in second with seven. This marked the first and only occurrence that the film with the most nominations was not a Best Picture nominee. This year was the third (and, to date, last) year in which two films "not" nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner—"Dreamgirls" Document [73] (Title: Kirk Shaw) Pearce, Ralph Fiennes and Evangeline Lilly, which reached international acclaim at the 82nd Academy Awards. It was nominated for nine Oscars including Best Picture and won six including Best Director for Bigelow, the first woman to win this award. The film earned numerous awards and honours from critics' organizations, festivals and groups, including six BAFTA Awards, and was also nominated for three Golden Globes in 2010. Shaw also produced such notable films such as "Battle in Seattle" in 2007, Directed by Stuart Townsend and starring Charlize Theron, Woody Harrelson and Joshua Jackson; the 2008 film "Kill Switch" with Steven Seagal; Document [74] (Title: Bennett Miller) nominated for the David Lean Award for Direction at the BAFTAs in 2006. He won the Best Director Award () at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival for "Foxcatcher", which was also part of the main competition for the Palme d'Or. Miller also directs commercials. Bennett Miller Bennett Miller (born December 30, 1966) is an American film director, known for directing the acclaimed films "Capote" (2005), "Moneyball" (2011), and "Foxcatcher" (2014). He has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Director. Miller was born in New York City, to a painter mother and an engineer father. In his youth Document [75] (Title: Néstor Almendros) after silent films, which often used natural light. In 1979, Almendros won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for "Days of Heaven". Almendros received Academy Award nominations for his work on "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979), "The Blue Lagoon" (1980) and "Sophie's Choice" (1982). Almendros was the cinematographer for the John Lennon documentary, "" (1988), directed by Andrew Solt. In his later years, Almendros co-directed two documentaries about the human rights situation in Cuba: "Mauvaise Conduite" (1984) ("Improper Conduct") about the persecution of gay people in Cuba; and "Nadie escuchaba" ("Nobody Was Listening"), about the alleged arrest, imprisonment and torture of Document [76] (Title: Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography) award is Alfonso Cuarón for "Roma". Roger Deakins is the cinematographer with the most nominations (12); those have resulted in 3 wins. Emmanuel Lubezki has the most wins (4) from 8 nominations, while Janusz Kamiński also has 8 nominations, but has only resulted in 1 win. Other notable achievers include Robert Richardson (7 nominations, 2 wins) and Michael Ballhaus (4 nominations, 1 win). Five cinematographers have been nominated multiple times, but never received the award. Those include Conrad Hall, Robert Elswit, and Claudio Miranda; Mandy Walker was the first female cinematographer to have received a nomination for the award. The Document [77] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) 30th Academy Awards The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26, 1958, to honor the best films of 1957. The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for "The Bridge on the River Kwai", despite the fact that he did not know English. The actual writers, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work. Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions. "Peyton Place" tied the record for the most nominations without a win Document [78] (Title: Steven Spielberg filmography) trade, civil rights, war, and terrorism. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for "Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan", as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—"Jaws", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", and "Jurassic Park"—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $10 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history and the first to ever pass this milestone (on approximately April 16th 2018). Spielberg has worked as a producer, executive producer, director, or in an otherwise creative capacity on several films where he Document [79] (Title: Saturn Award for Best Director) honor film directors in science fiction, fantasy and horror. It has been given 36 times, including a tie for the 1977 film year. James Cameron holds the record of the most wins with five (for six nominations), while Steven Spielberg is the most nominated director with twelve nominations (for four wins). Only three other directors have won the award more than once: Peter Jackson (three times), Bryan Singer and Ridley Scott (two times). At the 22nd Saturn Awards (for the 1995 film year), Kathryn Bigelow became the first woman to win the award, 15 years before becoming the first woman Document [80] (Title: Big Golden Arena for Best Film) Jadran Film of Zagreb and Avala Film of Belgrade were the most successful studios in the Yugoslav period (1957–1990) winning 11 and 8 awards respectively. In the 1990s the award was intermittently merged with the Best Director award, until 1999 when the old format was briefly re-introduced. Between 2003 and 2007 film directors were credited with the Best Film award, while still being eligible for the separate Best Director award (although on four out of five occasions in this period the same director won both awards for the same film). Since 2008 the award is given to the film's producer. Document [81] (Title: Andrew Davis (director)) Award nominations including Best Picture in 1993. Jones received a nomination and won for best supporting actor that year, which is his only Oscar win to date. The Academy ultimately gave the 1993 Best Picture award to "Schindler's List". That year Davis was also honored with a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director by the Hollywood Foreign Press. The Directors Guild of America nominated him for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Theatrical Direction. Roger Ebert reviewed "The Fugitive" in 1993, he begins his review with, "Andrew Davis' "The Fugitive" is one of the best entertainments of the year, a tense, taut Document [82] (Title: Coen brothers) "West Side Story" in 1961), and Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (who were nominated for "Heaven Can Wait" in 1978). Only seven other directors have won three Oscars for the same film, a distinction the duo shares with Billy Wilder, James L. Brooks, Francis Ford Coppola, James Cameron, Peter Jackson, and Alejandro G. Iñárritu. With eight Academy Award nominations for "No Country for Old Men", including Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, and Film Editing the Coen brothers have tied the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an "established duo" as one nominee) for the same film. Document [83] (Title: 78th Academy Awards) ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. "Crash" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's "Rocky" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his Document [84] (Title: 89th Academy Awards) Actress for Emma Stone and Best Director for Damien Chazelle. "Hacksaw Ridge" and "Manchester by the Sea" won two awards each with Casey Affleck winning Best Actor for the latter. Viola Davis won the Best Supporting Actress honor for "Fences". The telecast garnered 33 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 89th Academy Awards were announced on January 24, 2017, via global live stream from the Academy. "La La Land" received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's "All About Eve" and 1997's "Titanic" also achieved this distinction); "Arrival" and "Moonlight" came in second with eight Document [85] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on "La La Land". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for "West Side Story" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for "No Country for Old Men" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's "The Hurt Locker". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on "The Shape Document [86] (Title: 73rd Academy Awards) of the Academy, and Academy Award-winning actress Kathy Bates. "Gladiator" received the most nominations with twelve. "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 2001. "Gladiator" became the first film to win Best Picture without a directing or screenwriting win since 1949's "All the King's Men". Best Director winner Steven Soderbergh, who received nominations for both "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic" (for which he won the award), was the third person to receive double directing nominations in the same year. "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" became the third film nominated Document [87] (Title: Sidney Lumet) was nominated for ten, winning four. "The Encyclopedia of Hollywood" states that Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era, having directed more than one movie a year on average since his directorial debut in 1957. He was noted by Turner Classic Movies for his "strong direction of actors," "vigorous storytelling" and the "social realism" in his best work. Film critic Roger Ebert described him as having been "one of the finest craftsmen and warmest humanitarians among all film directors." Lumet was also known as an "actor's director," having worked with the best of them during Document [88] (Title: Academy Award for Best Film Editing) respectively. Directors David Lean, Steve James, Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (under the alias "Roderick Jaynes"), Michel Hazanavicius and Jean-Marc Vallée (under the alias "John Mac McMurphy") have been nominated for editing their own films, with Cameron, Cuarón, and the Coens each being nominated for the award twice. Additionally, Best Film Editing winner, Walter Murch, although known for film editing and sound, directed the Oscar nominated "Return to Oz" and is, to date, the only person with Oscars for both sound engineering and film editing, winning them in the same year for his work on "The English Patient". Also, nominated Document [89] (Title: Peter O'Toole) bestow the award whether he wanted it or not. He told "Charlie Rose" in January 2007 that his children admonished him, saying that it was the highest honour one could receive in the filmmaking industry. O'Toole agreed to appear at the ceremony and receive his Honorary Oscar. It was presented to him by Meryl Streep, who has the most Oscar nominations of any actor or actress (19). He joked with Robert Osborne, during an interview at Turner Classic Movie's film festival that he's the "Biggest Loser of All Time", due to his lack of an Academy Award, after many nominations. Document [90] (Title: Visions of Eight) Alan Hume shot the segment "The Fastest" for director Kon Ichikawa. Arthur Wooster shot "The Longest" for director John Schlesinger, and Walter Lassally directed the photography for Arthur Penn's segment "The Highest". "Visions of Eight" won the best documentary award at the Golden Globe Awards, held in 1974 for films which were released in 1973. Peter Rainer of Bloomberg News wrote that, "Schlesinger’s is the only segment that fully acknowledges the Black September terrorist attacks, in which 11 Israeli athletes and coaches, and a West German policeman, were murdered." Rainer continues, "Penn’s entry begins daringly. Not only is the imagery Document [91] (Title: James Cameron filmography) Best Director, the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, and shared the Academy Award for Best Picture with the other producers. It had a total of 14 Oscar nominations (tying the record set by the 1950 drama "All About Eve") and won 11 (tying the record set by the 1959 epic historical drama "Ben-Hur"). Cameron also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and shared the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama with the other producers. He followed this by directing, and producing two underwater documentaries: "Ghosts of the Abyss" (2003), and "Aliens of the Deep" Document [92] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's "West Side Story". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's "Two Women". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh Document [93] (Title: Academy Award for Best Picture) Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for "The Reader." the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions, noting they take place only in "rare and extraordinary circumstance[s]." Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at ten, winning one, while Kathleen Kennedy holds the record for most nominations without a win at eight. Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for the most wins with three each. As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations. The Academy Awards Document [94] (Title: William Wyler) "Ben-Hur" (1959), and Barbra Streisand in her debut film, "Funny Girl" (1968). Wyler's films garnered more awards for participating artists and actors than any other director in the history of Hollywood. He received 12 Oscar nominations for Best Director, while dozens of his collaborators and actors won Oscars or were nominated. In 1965, Wyler won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement. Eleven years later, he received the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. In addition to his Best Picture and Best Director Oscar wins, 13 of Wyler's films earned Best Picture nominations. Other late Wyler films include Document [95] (Title: Francis Ford Coppola) the third director to have two nominations for Best Picture in the same year. Victor Fleming was the first in 1939 with "Gone with the Wind" and "The Wizard of Oz"; Alfred Hitchcock repeated the feat the next year with "Foreign Correspondent" and "Rebecca". Since Coppola, two other directors have done the same: Herbert Ross in 1977 with "The Goodbye Girl" and "The Turning Point", and Steven Soderbergh in 2000 with "Erin Brockovich" and "Traffic". Coppola, however, is the only one to have produced the pictures. Following the success of "The Godfather", "The Conversation" and "The Godfather Part II", Coppola Document [96] (Title: John P. Livadary) and Technical Award once (shared). John P. Livadary John Paul Livadary (born 20 May 1896, Istanbul, Turkey, died 7 April 1987, Newport Beach, California, USA ) was a sound designer. He started work in 1928 at Columbia Pictures and won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing three times and was nominated another 14 times, in a career that spanned 30 years. The first Oscar was for "One Night of Love" (1934), the second for "The Jolson Story" (1946) and the third for "From Here to Eternity" (1953). He also won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement three times (shared Document [97] (Title: John Waters (director born 1893)) the MGM contingent. Ultimately, there were seven winners that year, one of them Dorian. The following year, after considerable streamlining, the nominations were pared down to three and categorized according to each nominee's work on a specific film. Only John Waters, among the previous year's eighteen nominees, was renominated, as his contribution to Wallace Beery's portrayal of Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa won against two Claudette Colbert-Warren William titles represented by assistant directors Scott Beal ("Imitation of Life") and Cullen Tate ("Cleopatra"). Although known in the industry, Waters, along with other studio-employed assistant directors and second unit directors, did not Document [98] (Title: 75th Academy Awards) rated televised Oscar ceremony at the time. The nominees for the 75th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 2003, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and actress Marisa Tomei. "Chicago" received the most nominations with thirteen. It was the eighth film to receive that many nominations. "Gangs of New York" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 2003. "Chicago" became the first musical film to win Best Picture since 1968's "Oliver!" At age 29, Adrien Brody was the youngest person Document [99] (Title: Elia Kazan) the direction of Lee Strasberg. Kazan acted in a few films, including "City for Conquest" (1940). Noted for drawing out the best dramatic performances from his actors, he directed 21 actors to Oscar nominations, resulting in nine wins. He directed a string of successful films, including "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "On the Waterfront" (1954), and "East of Eden" (1955). During his career, he won two Oscars as Best Director, three Tony Awards, and four Golden Globes. He also received an Honorary Oscar. His films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I Document [100] (Title: 76th Academy Awards) awards ceremony on February 29, 2004. With eleven awards, "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" tied with "Ben-Hur" and "Titanic" as the most awarded films in Oscar history. Moreover, its clean sweep of its eleven nominations surpassed "Gigi" and "The Last Emperor"'s nine awards for the largest sweep for a single film in Oscar history. The film was also the tenth film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. Best Director nominee Sofia Coppola became the first American woman and third woman overall to be nominated in that category. By virtue of her father, Francis Document [101] (Title: Brokeback Mountain) and Best Director at the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Producers Guild of America Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Independent Spirit Awards, among others. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, the most nominations at the 78th Academy Awards, where it won three—Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score—though it lost the Best Picture award to "Crash" in a controversial Oscars upset. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It is currently the most Document [102] (Title: 71st British Academy Film Awards) on 9 January 2018 by actresses Natalie Dormer and Letitia Wright. "The Shape of Water" had the most nominations of any film, with twelve; "Darkest Hour" and "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" followed with nine nominations each. As with the 75th Golden Globe Awards, there was criticism for the lack of female nominees in the best director category, with Greta Gerwig notably not nominated for "Lady Bird". The nominees were announced on 9 January 2018. The winners were announced on 18 February 2018. 71st British Academy Film Awards The 71st British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, Document [103] (Title: Patton (film)) the voting process and the concept of acting competitions. He was the first actor to do so. The film won six additional Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound (Douglas Williams and Don Bassman), and Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Urie McCleary and Gil Parrondo; Set Decoration: Antonio Mateos and Pierre-Louis Thévenet). The Best Picture Oscar is on display at the George C. Marshall Museum at the Virginia Military Institute, courtesy of Frank McCarthy. It was nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects and Best Music, Original Score. In 2006, the Writers Document [104] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) 78th ceremony held in 2006. Two weeks earlier in a gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 9, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba. "No Country for Old Men" won the most awards of the ceremony with four including Best Picture. Other winners included "The Bourne Ultimatum" with three awards, "La Vie en Rose (La môme)" and "There Will Be Blood" with two awards, and "Atonement", "The Counterfeiters", "", "Freeheld", "The Golden Compass", "Juno", "Michael Clayton", "The Mozart of Pickpockets", "Once", "Peter and the Wolf", "Ratatouille", "", and Document [105] (Title: AACTA Award for Best Direction) Academy in 2011, it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards, with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Direction. Bruce Beresford, Rolf de Heer, Ray Lawrence, Baz Luhrmann, George Miller, Fred Schepisi and Peter Weir have received the award the most times with two each. Paul Cox has been nominated seven times, more than any other director with one win. In the following table, the years listed correspond to the year of film release; the ceremonies are usually held the same year. The director in bold and in dark blue background have received Document [106] (Title: Thelma Schoonmaker) directed many classic films, including "The Red Shoes". With seven Academy Award nominations, Schoonmaker is the second most-nominated editor in Academy Awards history, after Michael Kahn who has eight nominations. Tied with Kahn, Daniel Mandell, and Ralph Dawson, she also holds the record for the most wins in the category of Best Editing, with three. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. Three films edited by Schoonmaker with Scorsese are on this list: "Raging Bull" (1980), listed first, "Goodfellas" (1990), listed fifteenth, Document [107] (Title: 89th Academy Awards) Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy "Skippy". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for "Hacksaw Ridge". "Moonlight"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for "12 Years a Slave". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double Document [108] (Title: Saturn Award for Best Director) to win the Academy Award for Best Director. Spielberg was also the first to win Best Director from both the Saturn Awards and the Academy Awards at the same year, but for different movies (Saturn Award for "Jurassic Park", and Academy Award for "Schindler's List", both in 1993); Peter Jackson was the first to win both for the same film ("", in 2003) while Alfonso Cuarón was the second (for "Gravity" in 2013). Notes: "†" indicates an Academy Award-winning movie on the same category. "‡" indicates an Academy Award-nominated movie on the same category. Saturn Award for Best Director The Document [109] (Title: 40th Academy Awards) Sound). "The Graduate" is, as of the 90th Academy Awards, the last film to win Best Director and nothing else. Due to an all-out push by Academy President Gregory Peck, 18 of the 20 acting nominees were present at the ceremony. Only Katharine Hepburn and the late Spencer Tracy, who was nominated posthumously, were missing. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). Gregory Peck Alfred Hitchcock Arthur Freed was presented for distinguished service to the Academy and the production of six top-rated Awards telecasts. These films had multiple nominations: The following films received Document [110] (Title: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual award given by National Society of Film Critics to honor the best film director of the year. American director Martin Scorsese and Swedish director Ingmar Bergman won this award a record three times. Scorsese won for "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Raging Bull" (1980), and "Goodfellas" (1990); Bergman won for "Persona" (1967), "Shame (Skammen)" + "Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen)" (1968), and "The Passion of Anna (En passion)" (1970). Robert Altman, Luis Buñuel, David Cronenberg, Clint Eastwood, Mike Leigh, Terence Document [111] (Title: Karl Struss) Struss was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography four times. The first time, and the only time he won, was for F. W. Murnau's "" in 1929, sharing that award with Charles Rosher. He was nominated again in 1932 for "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", in 1934 for "The Sign of the Cross", and in 1942 for "Aloma of the South Seas" with Wilfred M. Cline, A.S.C. and William E. Snyder, A.S.C. Karl Struss Karl Struss, A.S.C. (November 30, 1886 – December 15, 1981) was an American photographer and a cinematographer of the 1900s through the 1950s. He Document [112] (Title: Norman Jewison) "A Soldier's Story" (1984), "Agnes of God" (1985), "Other People's Money" (1991), "The Hurricane" (1999) and "The Statement" (2003). Jewison has addressed important social and political issues throughout his directing and producing career, often making controversial or complicated subjects accessible to mainstream audiences. He has won accolades around the world, including numerous Golden Globe nominations, a BAFTA Award, the Silver Bear for Best Director at the prestigious Berlin Film Festival, Lifetime Achievement Awards from both the Directors Guild of Canada and America, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the 71st annual Academy Awards. In 2003, Jewison received the Document [113] (Title: 66th Academy Awards) at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on February 26, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern. "Schindler's List" won seven awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg. Other winners included "Jurassic Park" and "The Piano" with three awards each, "Philadelphia" with two awards, and "The Age of Innocence", "Belle Epoque", "Defending Our Lives", "The Fugitive", "", "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Schwarzfahrer" and "The Wrong Trousers" with one. The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 66th Academy Awards were announced on February Document [114] (Title: Alejandro González Iñárritu) Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing, and the first to win the Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, Iñárritu won, among many other accolades, the Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directing, the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture, and the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing for "Birdman", becoming the first Mexican to win three Academy awards. In 2016, Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on Document [115] (Title: Hungarian Americans) "Ship of Fools". Andrew Laszlo, worked first in television (Ed Sullivan's "Beatles at Shea Stadium" and the miniseries "Shogun" with Richard Chamberlain) and made over 30 films including the cult classic "The Warriors". Director Frank Darabont, nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times, is most popular for Stephen King adaptations, including "The Shawshank Redemption", ranked among audience polls as one of the greatest films of all time. Michael Curtiz was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Directing four times, finally winning for "Casablanca", considered by many critic polls to be one of the greatest films ever Document [116] (Title: 70th British Academy Film Awards) both sides of the camera. However, there was again criticism at the lack of representation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) actors, directors and films in the nominations. In the leading actor, actress and director fields there were no BAME nominees, with the omission of director Barry Jenkins for "Moonlight" and actor/director Denzel Washington for "Fences" highlighted as particularly noteworthy. "La La Land" won the most awards at the event, winning five including Best Film. Damien Chazelle won Best Director, Emma Stone won Best Actress in a Leading Role, Linus Sandgren won Best Cinematography, and Justin Hurwitz won Best Document [117] (Title: 1st Academy Awards) Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command"); Janet Gaynor for Best Actress ("7th Heaven", "Street Angel", and ""); Frank Borzage for Best Director, Drama ("7th Heaven"); Lewis Milestone for Best Director, Comedy ("Two Arabian Knights"); and "Wings" for Best Picture (the most expensive film of its time). Two presentations were made of a Special Award: Charlie Chaplin, a multiple nominee for one movie (Best Actor, Best Writer and Best Director, Comedy; all for "The Circus") having been removed from the list so as to recognize his total contribution to the industry; and Warner Brothers, an award for pioneering talking Document [118] (Title: Michael Kahn (film editor)) most wins (three) in the category of the Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, tied with Thelma Schoonmaker, Daniel Mandell, and Ralph Dawson. All of the films for which he won Oscars were directed by Steven Spielberg: "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), "Schindler's List" (1993), and "Saving Private Ryan" (1998). He has also received six BAFTA nominations for Best Editing, winning two for "Schindler's List" and "Fatal Attraction". Kahn has been selected for membership in the American Cinema Editors (ACE). In 2011, he received the Career Achievement Award of the American Cinema Editors. At the ceremony, Steven Spielberg said Document [119] (Title: Warren Beatty) earned 53 Academy nominations, and in 1999, he was awarded the Academy's highest honor, the Irving G. Thalberg Award. Beatty has been nominated for eighteen Golden Globe Awards, winning six, including the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, which he was honored with in 2007. Among his Golden Globe-nominated films are "Splendor in the Grass" (1961), his screen debut, and "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), "Shampoo" (1975), "Heaven Can Wait" (1978), "Reds" (1981), "Dick Tracy" (1990), "Bugsy" (1991), "Bulworth" (1998) and "Rules Don't Apply" (2016), all of which he also produced. Director and collaborator Arthur Penn described Beatty as "the perfect Document [120] (Title: Martin Scorsese) Aviator" became the most-nominated film of the 77th Academy Awards nominations, nominated in 11 categories including Best Picture. The film also garnered nominations in nearly all of the other major categories, including a fifth Best Director nomination for Scorsese, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Leonardo DiCaprio), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Cate Blanchett), and Alan Alda for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Despite having a leading tally, the film ended up with only five Oscars: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, Best Film Editing and Best Cinematography. Scorsese lost again, this Document [121] (Title: Vincente Minnelli) Matter of Time" (1976). During the course of his career he directed seven different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Spencer Tracy, Gloria Grahame, Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn, Arthur Kennedy, Shirley MacLaine and Martha Hyer. Grahame and Quinn won. Minnelli received an Oscar nomination as Best Director for "An American in Paris" (1951) and later won the Best Director Oscar for "Gigi" (1958). According to Peter Bart in his book "The Gross", Minnelli's films having 11 first-place finishes on Variety's opening release box office rankings. He was awarded France's highest civilian honor, Commandeur of the Legion of Honor, only weeks before his Document [122] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film The Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures is one of the annual Directors Guild of America Awards given by the Directors Guild of America. With 3 wins out of 11 nominations, Steven Spielberg is both the most awarded and most nominated director for this category in the history of DGA. Additionally, Alejandro G. Iñárritu is the only director to win consecutive awards. He was awarded in 2015 and 2016 for his directorial work in "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Document [123] (Title: 81st Academy Awards) show for the first time. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 7, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Biel. "Slumdog Millionaire" won eight awards, the most of the evening, including Best Picture and Best Director for Danny Boyle. Other winners were "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" with three awards, "The Dark Knight" and "Milk" with two awards, and "Departures", "The Duchess", "La Maison en Petits Cubes", "Man on Wire", "The Reader", "Smile Pinki", "Toyland", "Vicky Cristina Barcelona", and "WALL-E" with one. The Document [124] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year. However, after the nomination of Michael Curtiz for two films, "Angels with Dirty Faces" and "Four Daughters", at the 11th Academy Awards, the rules were revised so that an individual could only be nominated for one film at each ceremony. That rule has since been amended, although the only director who has Document [125] (Title: Miloš Forman) for the United States, two of his films, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975) and "Amadeus" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after "It Happened One Night" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by "The Silence of the Lambs". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for "The People vs. Larry Flynt" (1996). He also won Golden Globe, Document [126] (Title: Directors Guild of America) each of these protections is to help offset the power that producers can have over a director during the film-making process. The DGA hosts the annual DGA Awards, an important precursor to the Academy Awards. In its 69-year history, the DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film has been a near perfect barometer for both the Best Director, and in some cases, the Best Picture Academy Award. Only seven times has the DGA Award winner not won the corresponding Best Director Academy Award. Honorees are awarded with a statue manufactured by Society Awards. The rule that a film Document [127] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) for "Barton Fink", and in 2003, when Gus Van Sant won for his film "Elephant". Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) The Best Director Award () is an annual award presented at the Cannes Film Festival for best directing achievements in a feature film screened as part of festival's official selection (i.e. films selected for the competition program which compete for the festival's main prize Palme d'Or). Awarded by festival's jury, it was first given in 1946. The prize was not awarded on 12 occasions (1947, 1953–54, 1960, 1962–64, 1971, 1973–74, 1977, 1980). In addition, the festival was not held Document [128] (Title: 77th Academy Awards) United States. The nominees for the 77th Academy Awards were announced on January 25, 2005 at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and actor Adrien Brody. "The Aviator" received the most nominations with eleven; "Finding Neverland" and "Million Dollar Baby" tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 27, 2005. At age 74, Clint Eastwood became the oldest winner for Best Director in Oscar history. With his latest unsuccessful nomination for directing "The Aviator", nominee Martin Scorsese joined Robert Altman, Clarence Brown, Document [129] (Title: 77th Academy Awards) Alfred Hitchcock, and King Vidor as the most nominated individuals in the Best Director category without a single win at the time. Best Actor winner Jamie Foxx became the second actor and tenth individual overall to earn two acting nominations in the same year. By virtue of her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn, Best Supporting Actress winner Cate Blanchett was the first performer to portray a previous Oscar winner. "Al otro lado del río" from "The Motorcycle Diaries" became the second song with non-English lyrics to win Best Original Song. The first to achieve this feat was the titular song from Document [130] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) from "Matinee", "Casablanca", and "A Streetcar Named Desire" depicting audiences inside a movie theater. Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Documentary filmmaker Arnold Schwartzman designed the official ceremony poster featuring the titles of the previous 68 Best Picture winners superimposed in the shape of an Oscar statuette. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director of the ceremony. Choreographer Otis Sallid supervised the "That Thing You Do" musical number. Michael Flatley and the cast of the musical "Lord of the Dance" performed a dance number during a montage saluting the Document [131] (Title: Empire Award for Best Director) Academy Award-winning direction. "‡" indicates Academy Award-nominated direction. The following individuals received two or more Best Director awards: The following individuals received two or more Best Director nominations: Empire Award for Best Director The Empire Award for Best Director is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine "Empire" to honor directors working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Director is one of five ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 (the others being Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Film and Best British Film) with Danny Boyle receiving Document [132] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) when the Ariel Awards were suspended, the award has been given annually. Nominees and winners are determined by a committee formed every year consisting of academy members (active and honorary), previous winners and individuals with at least two Ariel nominations; the committee members submit their votes through the official AMACC website. In 1953, filmmakers Luis Buñuel, Alfredo B. Crevenna and Gavaldón were nominated, but no winner was declared. Carlos Carrera and Fernández hold the record for most wins in the category, with four each. Carerra's "El Crimen del Padre Amaro" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Document [133] (Title: Alfred Hitchcock) "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him." He won two Golden Globes, eight Laurel Awards, and five lifetime achievement awards, including the first BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award and, in 1979, an AFI Life Achievement Award. He was nominated five times for an Academy Award for Best Director. "Rebecca", nominated for 11 Oscars, won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940; another Hitchcock film, "Foreign Correspondent", was also nominated that year. By 2016 seven of his films had been selected for Document [134] (Title: 76th Academy Awards) "The Thief of Bagdad", composed by Miklós Rózsa ("Ben-Hur", "Spellbound", "Quo Vadis", "King of Kings", "El Cid"). A separate tribute to comedian, actor, and veteran Oscar host Bob Hope was presented by Tom Hanks. Later, actress Julia Roberts presented one to actress Katharine Hepburn. 76th Academy Awards The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards Document [135] (Title: Latin American cinema) Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu, Alfonso Cuarón ("Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"), Guillermo del Toro and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga have gone on to Hollywood success, with Cuaron and González Iñárritu becoming the only Latin Americans to win both the Academy Award and the Directors Guild of America award for Best Director. The Argentine economic crisis affected the production of films in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but many Argentine movies produced during those years were internationally acclaimed, including "El abrazo partido" (2004), "Roma" (2004) and "Nueve reinas" (2000), which was the basis for the Document [136] (Title: 67th Academy Awards) in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983. The nominees for the 67th Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1995, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, the president of the Academy, and actress Angela Bassett. "Forrest Gump" earned the most nominations with thirteen. It was the most nominated film since 1966's "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" and the fifth film to earn that many nominations. "Bullets over Broadway", "The Shawshank Redemption", "Pulp Fiction" tied for second with seven each. The winners were announced Document [137] (Title: 13th Academy Awards) Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. "Rebecca" was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being "Foreign Correspondent". Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood ("Our Town" and "Kitty Foyle") and John Ford ("The Long Voyage Home" and "The Grapes of Wrath", which won Best Director). "Pinocchio" was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long Document [138] (Title: The Departed) 2007, "The Departed" won four Academy Awards: Best Picture (Graham King), Best Director (Martin Scorsese), Best Film Editing (Thelma Schoonmaker), and Best Adapted Screenplay (William Monahan). Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance, but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in "Little Miss Sunshine". The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses. Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts. Some have even gone further, calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film. Scorsese himself joked that he won because: Document [139] (Title: Ariel Award for Best Director) As of the 2018 ceremony, Amat Escalante is the most recent winner in this category for his work on "La Región Salvaje". The following individuals have received multiple Best Director awards: The following directors received four or more Best Director nominations: Ariel Award for Best Director The Ariel Award for Best Director (Spanish: Premio Ariel a la Mejor Dirección) (officially known as the Ariel Award for Best Directing) is an award presented by the Academia Mexicana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas (AMACC) in Mexico. It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working Document [140] (Title: Jerome Robbins) and Nora Kaye to Buzz Miller and Jess Gerstein. Robbins shared the Best Director Oscar with Robert Wise for the film version of "West Side Story" (1961). Robbins was only the second director to win the Academy Award for Best Director for a film debut (after Delbert Mann for "Marty"). That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special award for his choreographic achievements on film. In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards, the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Document [141] (Title: Denys Arcand) for Best Original Screenplay, losing to Sofia Coppola for "Lost in Translation". During his four decades career, he became the most globally recognized director from Quebec, winning many awards from the Cannes Film Festival, including the Best Screenplay Award, the Jury Prize, and many other prestigious awards worldwide. He won three César Awards in 2004 for "The Barbarian Invasions": Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film, being the only Canadian director to have accomplished this. Arcand has directed three Canadian films that have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Film and three films in the Toronto International Document [142] (Title: James B. Clark (director)) in 1941, which won Academy Awards for both best picture and best director, and for which Clark received a nomination for best editing. In 1942 he edited Henry Hathaway's Oscar-nominated "Ten Gentlemen from West Point", and the musical film "Stormy Weather" (which featured an all-African American cast) in 1943. Throughout the 1940s and the 1950s, he was one of Hollywood's most reliable film editors, working on such high-profile projects as Nunnally Johnson's Oscar-nominated "Holy Matrimony" (1943), the religious epic "The Keys of the Kingdom" (1944), John M. Stahl's Oscar-winning "Leave Her to Heaven" (1945), Howard Hawks' comedy "I Was a Document [143] (Title: Golden Globe Award for Best Director) have won the award. In the following lists, the first names, listed in bold type against a blue background, are the winners, and the following names are the remaining nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which takes place in January of the following year. Notes: Golden Globe Award for Best Director The Golden Globe Award for Best Director has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for publications based outside North America, Document [144] (Title: Frank Capra) three times. He briefly held the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars when he won for the third time in 1938, until this record was matched by John Ford in 1941, and then later surpassed by Ford in 1952. William Wyler also matched this record upon winning his third Oscar in 1959. The Academy Film Archive has preserved two of Capra's films, "The Matinee Idol" (1928) and "Two Down and One to Go!" (1945). Frank Capra Frank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an Italian American film director, producer and Document [145] (Title: Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)) festival was called off mid-way due to the May 1968 events in France. Also, the jury vote was tied and prize was shared by two directors on seven occasions (1955, 1969, 1975, 1983, 2001, 2002 and 2016). The winner of Best Director Award rarely wins the Palme d'Or, the main prize at the festival (note that the Palme d'Or is awarded to the film's director as well; the only exception is the case of "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", where the actresses were also awarded with the director). This happened only twice, in 1991, when Joel Coen won both awards Document [146] (Title: Gladiator (2000 film)) won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since "All the King's Men" at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. In 2003, "Chicago" became another Best Picture winner which didn't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. Due to Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score, and not Lisa Gerrard at the time. However, the Document [147] (Title: Michel Hazanavicius) for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing. Hazanavicius said winning an Oscar would be "like dreaming of going to the moon – you don't really believe it could ever happen." Hazanavicius won the Academy Award for Best Director for "The Artist", at the 84th Academy Awards. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals. He contributed a section to the omnibus film "The Players" ("Les Infidèles") starring Jean Dujardin. He then announced that his next feature film would be a remake of the 1948 Document [148] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) in 1990 and had last hosted the 65th ceremony held in 1993. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on March 1, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Helen Hunt. "The English Patient" won the most awards of the evening with nine including Best Picture. Other winners included "Fargo" with two awards, and "", "Dear Diary", "Emma", "Evita", "The Ghost and the Darkness", "Independence Day", "Jerry Maguire", "Kolya", "The Nutty Professor", "Quest", "Shine", "Sling Blade", and "When We Were Kings" with one. The nominees for the Document [149] (Title: Richard H. Kline) the Academy Award for Best Cinematography on two occasions. Much of his work was in the realm of genre cinema, and he collaborated with directors like Michael Winner, Richard Fleischer, Robert Wise, and Brian De Palma. Kline also worked alongside other cinematographers such as Charles Lawton Jr., Burnett Guffey, James Wong Howe, and Philip H. Lathrop. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Camelot in 1967, and for another Oscar for his work on King Kong in 1976, and was the recipient for the 20th annual ASC Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. He died from natural Document [150] (Title: 50th Academy Awards) by Vanessa Redgrave. "The Turning Point" set the record for the most nominations without a win (11), previously held by "Peyton Place" and "The Little Foxes", which each had 9 nominations with no wins. This record, later tied by "The Color Purple", still stands . "Annie Hall" was the last Best Picture winner to be nominated for just five awards until "The Departed" 29 years later in 2006. Jason Robards became the fourth actor to win back-to-back Oscars, following Luise Rainer, Spencer Tracy, and Katharine Hepburn. For the only time to date, both Best Actor and Best Actress winners won Document [151] (Title: William Friedkin) Best Director. Friedkin followed up with 1973's "The Exorcist", based on William Peter Blatty's best-selling novel, which revolutionized the horror genre and is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest horror movies of all time. "The Exorcist" was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It won the Best Screenplay and Best Sound. Following these two pictures, Friedkin, along with Francis Ford Coppola and Peter Bogdanovich, was deemed one of the premier directors of New Hollywood; In 1973, the trio announced the formation of an independent production company at Paramount, The Directors Company. Document [152] (Title: Mike Leigh) film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for "Naked" in 1993 and the "Palme d'Or" in 1996 for "Secrets & Lies". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with "Vera Drake". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for "Secrets & Lies" and "Vera Drake" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for "Topsy-Turvy", "Happy-Go-Lucky", and "Another Year" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected Document [153] (Title: John Waters (director born 1893)) the talkie revolution transformed Hollywood, Waters, now an MGM contractee, returned to his former profession as assistant director, an industry job title which, during a brief period covering five Academy Award cycles (1932–33 to 1937), became eligible for an Oscar. On March 16, 1934, at the first Awards ceremony featuring the new category, John Waters was among eighteen nominees who were singled out for the totality of their achievement at the studio which employed them, rather than for a single feature. Each studio had two or three nominees, with Charles Dorian and Orville O. Dull rounding out, along with Waters, Document [154] (Title: 88th Academy Awards) Oscars, "Spotlight" was the first film since 1952's "The Greatest Show on Earth" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's "Rocky", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for "Gravity" and "Birdman", Document [155] (Title: University of California, Berkeley) design (for "An American in Paris"). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley. Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film "Avatar" and the Peter Jackson films "King Kong", "", and "". Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Document [156] (Title: Harold Hecht) Hecht), the Academy Award for Best Director (Delbert Mann), the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Ernest Borgnine), the Academy Award for Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay (Paddy Chayefsky), the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, the Bodil Award for Best American Film, the Palme d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival (the first film to technically win the Palme d'Or, as the top prize had recently changed title, and also the first film to win by unanimous votes), the Document [157] (Title: Charles Lang) Marlon Brando, "How the West Was Won" (1962) in Cinerama, "Charade" (1963) with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn, "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1969), and "Butterflies Are Free" (1972). Lang received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers in 1991, for a career which included at least 114 feature films. Lang won an Academy Award the second time he was nominated, early in his career; he received a total of 18 nominations, tying with Leon Shamroy for the most Academy Award for Best Cinematography nominations ever. According to IMDb, Lang also received Oscar nominations for Document [158] (Title: Filmfare Award for Best Director) announcing of nominations became regular after 1959. Filmfare Award for Best Director The Filmfare Best Director Award is one of the main awards presented given by the annual Filmfare Awards to recognise directors working in the Hindi film Industry. It was first presented in 1954 in the inaugural year. Bimal Roy has the record of winning most Awards 7 and distinction of winning the Award thrice in a row, on two separate occasions (1954–1956 and 1959–1961). He won the Award whenever he was nominated. Yash Chopra, Raj Kapoor and Sanjay Leela Bhansali have received the Award four times each. Yash Document [159] (Title: Billy Wilder) history of the Academy Awards, behind William Wyler, and the second most nominated screenwriter, behind Woody Allen. Wilder won a total of six Oscars: Best Director for "The Lost Weekend" and "The Apartment", Best Screenplay for "The Lost Weekend", "Sunset Boulevard", and "The Apartment", and Best Picture for "The Apartment". In addition, he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1988. Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most Document [160] (Title: 62nd Academy Awards) with one. The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 62nd Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1990, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Geena Davis. "Driving Miss Daisy" received the most nominations with nine total; "Born on the Fourth of July" came in second with eight. Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 26, 1990. "Driving Miss Daisy" became the third film to win Best Picture without a Best Document [161] (Title: New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director) 2009, the critics’ group have agreed with the Academy on six occasions: Steven Soderbergh for "Traffic" (2000), Clint Eastwood for "Million Dollar Baby" (2004), Ang Lee for "Brokeback Mountain" (2005), Martin Scorsese for "The Departed" (2006), Joel Coen and Ethan Coen for "No Country for Old Men" (2007), and Kathryn Bigelow for "The Hurt Locker" (2009). Oscar winner denoted by * New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honour the finest achievements in filmmaking. Document [162] (Title: Gravity (2013 film)) The film is second only to "Cabaret" (1972) to receive the most Academy Awards in its year without winning Best Picture, and to date is the most awarded film since 2008's "Slumdog Millionaire". Cuarón won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the film was also nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama for Bullock and Best Original Score. "Gravity" received eleven nominations at the 67th British Academy Film Awards, more than any other film of 2013. Its nominations included Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Actress in a Document [163] (Title: 60th Academy Awards) for the 60th Academy Awards were announced on February 16, 1988, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Wise, president of the Academy, and actress Shirley MacLaine. "The Last Emperor" received the most nominations with nine total; "Broadcast News" came in second with seven. The winners were announced at the awards ceremony on April 11, 1988. "The Last Emperor" became the second film after 1958's "Gigi" to earn nine Oscar nominations and win all of them. For the first time in Oscar history, all five Best Director nominees were born Document [164] (Title: Cinema of Mexico) awards, including the 63rd Venice International Film Festival for Best Technical Contribution. Lubezki has also worked with a variety of major directors, including Mike Nichols ("The Birdcage", 1996), Tim Burton ("Sleepy Hollow", 1999), Michael Mann ("Ali", 2001), Terrence Malick ("The New World", 2005, "The Tree of Life", 2011). Martin Scorsese ("Shine a Light", 2007, as camera operator under supervision of cinematographer Robert Richardson) and The Coen Brothers ("Burn After Reading", 2008). He has been nominated for a total of eight Academy Awards, winning two. Demián Bichir American debut occurred in the movie "In the Time of the Butterflies" (2001) starring Document [165] (Title: John Ford) film left on the floor when I'm finished. Ford won a total of six Academy Awards. Four of these were for Best Director for "The Informer" (1935), "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), "How Green Was My Valley" (1941), and "The Quiet Man" (1952)—none of them Westerns (also starring in the last two was Maureen O'Hara, "his favorite actress"). He was also nominated as Best Director for "Stagecoach" (1939). He won two Oscars for Best Documentary for "The Battle of Midway" and "". To this day Ford holds the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars, having won the award Document [166] (Title: You'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again) seven Academy Awards, making Julia the first woman to win a Best Picture Oscar. Their third film, "Taxi Driver", brought them a second Oscar nomination and won the Palme d'Or in 1976. In 1977 they co-produced their most financially successful movie, Steven Spielberg's $300 million-grossing "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". However, Julia had long indulged in a self-destructive lifestyle of excessive drug consumption, and it had begun to affect her work. François Truffaut, one of French cinema's most iconic directors and a star of "Close Encounters", blamed her for that film's budget difficulties, and she was eventually fired during Document [167] (Title: Anne Bauchens) Academy Award for Best Film Editing was created in 1934, Bauchens received one of the three nominations for her editing of "Cleopatra". She later won the Academy Award for "North West Mounted Police" (1940) and became the first woman to win the Oscar in that category. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing again twice, first for "The Greatest Show on Earth" in 1952 and then for "The Ten Commandments" in 1956. In total, Bauchens is credited with editing on 41 films directed by DeMille and on 20 films with other directors. Despite her long career and Document [168] (Title: 87th Academy Awards) "The Phone Call", "Selma", "Still Alice", and "The Theory of Everything" with one. The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15, 2015, at 5:30 a.m. PST (13:30 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine. For the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced. "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" and "The Grand Budapest Hotel" tied for the most nominations with Document [169] (Title: 65th Academy Awards) Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Mercedes Ruehl. "Howards End" and "Unforgiven" led all nominees with nine nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 29, 1993. Best Director winner Clint Eastwood became the seventh person nominated for lead acting and directing for the same film. Best Actor winner Al Pacino was the sixth performer to receive nominations in the lead and supporting categories in the same year. He also became the first person to win in the lead acting category after achieving the aforementioned feat. By Document [170] (Title: Empire Award for Best Director) Christopher Nolan has received the most awards in this category with three awards. Christopher Nolan and Peter Jackson were nominated on seven occasions, more than any other director. Kathryn Bigelow and Patty Jenkins are the only female directors to be nominated for the award. Rian Johnson is the most recent winner in this category for his direction of "". In the list below, winners are listed first in boldface, followed by the other nominees. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article (if any) on that ceremony. "†" indicates Document [171] (Title: Academy Award for Best Director) multiple Best Director awards: The following directors have received four or more Best Director nominations (* indicates no wins): As of the 90th Academy Awards, four Asian directors have been nominated a total of six times in this category, and one director has won the award twice. As of the 90th Academy Awards, five black directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and none have won the award. As of the 90th Academy Awards, five female directors have been nominated in this category one time each, and one has won the award. As of the 90th Academy Document [172] (Title: 80th Academy Awards) "Taxi to the Dark Side" with one. The telecast garnered 31 million viewers, making it the least watched Oscar broadcast since 1974, when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership. The nominations were announced on January 22, 2008, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Kathy Bates. "No Country for Old Men" and "There Will Be Blood" tied for the most nominations with eight each. The winners were announced during the award ceremony of February 24, 2008. Best Director winners Joel and Ethan Coen became the second pair of directors Document [173] (Title: Pulp Fiction) Tarantino was named Best Director by all seven of those organizations as well as by the New York Film Critics Circle and Chicago Film Critics Association. The screenplay won several prizes, with various awarding bodies ascribing credit differently. At the 52nd Golden Globe Awards, Tarantino, named as sole recipient of the Best Screenplay honor, failed to mention Avary in his acceptance speech. In February 1995, the film received seven Oscar nominations — Best Picture, Director, Actor (Travolta), Supporting Actor (Jackson), Supporting Actress (Thurman), Original Screenplay, and Film Editing. Travolta, Jackson, and Thurman were each nominated as well for the 1st Document [174] (Title: 63rd Academy Awards) Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and actor Denzel Washington. "Dances with Wolves" led the nominations with twelve total; "Dick Tracy" and "The Godfather Part III" tied for second with seven each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 1991. Kevin Costner became the fifth person to earn the Best Director Award for his directorial debut and to earn nominations for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film. Best Supporting Actress winner Whoopi Goldberg was the second African American woman to win an award. Hattie McDaniel Document [175] (Title: California State University, Long Beach) and VR Troopers Power Rangers. Former students have won at least five Academy Awards. Steven Spielberg (Class of 1969, BA 2002) won two Oscars for Best Directing for "Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan" and has directed a number of other successful movies such as "Jaws", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", and "Jurassic Park". Former industrial design major John Dykstra, who has been nominated five times for Academy Awards, won two Oscars for his special effects work on the George Lucas film "Star Wars" and the Sam Raimi film "Spider-Man 2". Deborah L. Scott (BA) won an Oscar for costume design for Document [176] (Title: Annie Hall) critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Annie Hall won four Oscars at the 50th Academy Awards on April 3, 1978, and was nominated for five in total. Producer Charles H. Joffe received the statue for Best Picture, Allen for Best Director and, with Brickman, for Best Original Screenplay, and Keaton for Best Actress. Allen was also nominated for Best Actor. Many had expected "Star Wars" to win the major awards, including Brickman and Executive Producer Robert Greenhut. The film was also honored four times at the BAFTA awards. Along with the top award for Best Film, Keaton won for Best Actress, Document [177] (Title: John Ford filmography) Cinerama epic "How the West Was Won" (both 1962). Ford’s final film as a director was "" (1970), a documentary short about Marine Corps lieutenant general Lewis "Chesty" Puller. Ford is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential film-makers of his generation. Ingmar Bergman called him the greatest movie director of all time and Orson Welles regarded him highly. With four Academy Awards, he is the most honored director in film history. On February 8, 1960, Ford was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On March 31, 1973, Ford was honored with the Medal Document [178] (Title: Billy Wilder) "The Artist" by saying "I would like to thank the following three people, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, I would like to thank Billy Wilder, and I would like to thank Billy Wilder." Wilder's 12 Academy Award nominations for screenwriting were a record until 1997 when Woody Allen received a 13th nomination for "Deconstructing Harry". Wilder received twenty-one Academy Award nominations; eight for Best Director, twelve for writing, and one as the producer of Best Picture. With eight nominations for Academy Award for Best Director, Wilder is, together with Martin Scorsese, the second most nominated director in the Document [179] (Title: Jerome Hellman) starring Marsha Mason, Ned Beatty; and "The Mosquito Coast" (1986) starring Harrison Ford, Helen Mirren and River Phoenix. His collaboration with director John Schlesinger and screenwriter Waldo Salt in the production of "Midnight Cowboy" garnered seven Academy Award nominations and won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Screenplay. This creative team would last through "The Day of the Locust" and the early production stages of "Coming Home". "Coming Home" was directed by Hal Ashby and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. It won Academy Awards for Jon Voight (Best Actor), Jane Fonda (Best Actress) and Document [180] (Title: Miss Julie (1951 film)) for "I Confess" in 1952, after seeing her in "Miss Julie". However, when Björk arrived in Hollywood with her lover Stig Dagerman and their baby, Jack L. Warner, head of Warner Brothers. insisted that Hitchcock find another actress. Alf Sjöberg won the highest honour of the Cannes Film Festival, the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the equivalent of the Palme d'Or in later years. Sjöberg, who won earlier for "Torment", was the first Swedish director to win the award, and the only until 2017, when Ruben Östlund won for "The Square". "Miss Julie" was also nominated for the Document [181] (Title: Jack Nicholson) and Laurence Olivier (1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties with Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ingrid Bergman, and Meryl Streep for the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. Only Katharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. In 2012, Nicholson co-presented the Academy Award for Best Picture with First Lady Michelle Obama. This ceremony marked the eighth time he has presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2012). Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Document [182] (Title: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film) Revenant", respectively. The Directors Guild of America Award for Feature Film has traditionally been a near perfect barometer for both Best Director and Best Picture Academy Awards. Only seven times since the DGA Award's inception has the DGA Award winner not won the Academy Award; in 1968 (Carol Reed won the Oscar for directing "Oliver!"); 1972 (Bob Fosse won the Oscar for directing "Cabaret"); 1985 (Sydney Pollack won the Oscar for directing "Out of Africa", as Steven Spielberg was not nominated for directing "The Color Purple"); 1995 (Mel Gibson won for directing "Braveheart", as Ron Howard was not nominated for Document [183] (Title: William Wyler) "Mrs. Miniver". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing Document [184] (Title: 69th Academy Awards) 69th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 1997, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino. "The English Patient" received the most nominations with twelve; "Fargo" and "Shine" came in second with seven apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 1997. Saul Zaentz became the third person to produce three Best Picture winners, having previously produced "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus". He also became the seventh individual to receive an Oscar and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in Document [185] (Title: 56th Academy Awards) his first Best Cinematography nomination for "Zelig". Joe I. Tompkins becomes the first African-American to be nominated in Best Costume Design. James L. Brooks won three Academy Awards this year, winning as producer, director and writer of Best Picture winner "Terms of Endearment". Of its other eight nominations (the movie led all nominees with 11), two were for Best Actress; Shirley MacLaine won over Debra Winger in that category. The movie won five Oscars, the fifth being Jack Nicholson's second career Oscar (he won for Best Supporting Actor). This ceremony ended with Sammy Davis Jr. and Liza Minnelli leading the Document [186] (Title: Ang Lee) Mountain" also won Best Film and Best Director at the 2006 British Academy Awards (BAFTA). "Brokeback Mountain" was nominated for a leading eight Oscars and was the front runner for Best Picture heading into the 5 March ceremony, but lost out to "Crash", a story about race relations in Los Angeles, in a controversial upset. He became the first non-white person to win the Best Director at the Academy Awards (when he won again for "Life of Pi", he became the second non-white person to win). In 2006, following his Best Director Oscar, Ang Lee was bestowed the Order of Document [187] (Title: 30th Academy Awards) (9) set by "The Little Foxes" (1941). This record would stand until 1977 when "The Turning Point" received 11 nominations without a win, which is the record to date ("The Color Purple" tied the record in 1985). "Peyton Place" also set the record for most unsuccessful acting nominations with five; this record has been tied once, by "Tom Jones" at the 36th Academy Awards. This was the first time all five Best Picture nominations were nominated for Best Director as well. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. Question: who won the most oscars for best director

Answer: John Ford Long Answer: Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been directors that have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Directing . As of 2015 (88th Academy Awards), 20 directors have received two or more Academy Awards for Best Directing . Three of these directors have received more than two Academy Awards for Best Directing: John Ford (four Best Directing awards), Frank Capra (three Best Directing awards), and William Wyler (three Best Directing awards). Gold Document ID: 183

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) statistical analysis. NIBRS data are submitted electronically in the form of ASCII text files. These files are then processed without the need for a person to input the data (except at the originating agency's initial filing of the report into their computer system). As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI. At that time 26 state programs had been certified by the FBI. Twelve states were in various stages of testing their NIBRS solutions and either other states Document [2] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) violations. There are fundamental limitations of the UCR system, including: As a response to these and other limitations, a new system of crime data collection was established in 1988 as an outgrowth of the UCR system. The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system that will collect more comprehensive and detailed data on crime from local, state and federal law enforcement agencies. As it is still under development, NIBRS coverage is not yet nationwide. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) program, established in 1972, is a national survey of a representative sample of households in the Document [3] (Title: National Crime Information Center) and concerns regarding arrests and seizures pursuant to mistaken beliefs in the existence of warrants and warrantless probable cause based on inaccurate NCIC information. National Crime Information Center The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the United States' central database for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices. The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The purpose of Document [4] (Title: National Crime Information Center) National Crime Information Center The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the United States' central database for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices. The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The purpose of the system was to create a centralized information system to facilitate information flow between the numerous law enforcement branches. The original infrastructure cost is Document [5] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) Established in 1927, the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) program is a summary-based reporting system that collects data on crime reported to local and state law enforcement agencies across the US. The UCR system indexes crimes under two headings: Part I and Part II offenses. Part I offenses include: murder and non-negligent homicide; non-lethal violent crimes comprising robbery, forcible rape and aggravated assault; and property crimes comprising burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft and arson. Part II offenses include fraud, forgery/counterfeiting, embezzlement, simple assault, sex offenses, offenses against the family, drug and liquor offenses, weapons offenses and other non-violent offenses excluding traffic Document [6] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) National Incident-Based Reporting System National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. These Group A offenses are 49 offenses grouped in 23 crime categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, 10 Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. Document [7] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) UCR matters. The Board operated until 1993 when it combined with the National Crime Information Center Advisory Policy Board to form a single Advisory Policy Board (APB) to address all issues regarding the FBI's criminal justice information services. In addition, the Association of State UCR Programs (ASUCRP) focuses on UCR issues within individual state law enforcement associations and promotes interest in the UCR Program. These organizations foster widespread and responsible use of UCR statistics and assist data contributors when needed. The UCR itself warns that it reflects crime reports by police, not later adjudication. Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Document [8] (Title: National Crime Records Bureau) of criminal justice system. The main objective of the Crime Records Branch is to collect, collate and disseminate information on Crime, Criminals, Persons and Property for matching purposes. The branch utilizes following software systems: NCRB brings out three annual reports i.e. Crime in India, Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India and Prison Statistics India. These reports are principal reference points for police officers, researchers, media& policy makers. Besides, the Bureau is also collecting Crime Statistics and Anti-human Trafficking statistics on monthly basis. The complete software package of ‘Monthly Crime Statistics’ has been released in the month of December, 2016. After Document [9] (Title: Crime statistics) definition. The U.S. has two major data collection programs, the Uniform Crime Reports from the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. However, the U.S. has no comprehensive infrastructure to monitor crime trends and report the information to related parties such as law enforcement. Research using a series of victim surveys in 18 countries of the European Union, funded by the European Commission, has reported (2005) that the level of crime in Europe has fallen back to the levels of 1990, and notes that levels of common crime have shown declining trends in the Document [10] (Title: Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook) and well as the Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police. The most recent revision of the manual was published in 2004. Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook Frequently referred to as "The Green Book" due to its green cover, the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook is a publication of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The manual instructs law enforcement officers on the proper method for filling out the monthly Uniform Crime Reports returns for police records and statistics. The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs Document [11] (Title: Supplementary Homicide Reports) Supplementary Homicide Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (abbreviated SHR) is a database of homicides in the United States maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its Uniform Crime Reports program. The database consists of detailed reports of homicides reported to the FBI by local law enforcement agencies in 49 states and the District of Columbia. The only state that does not participate is Florida, which records homicides in a separate tally that is included in a separate spreadsheet online. Each SHR is more detailed than other UCR system reports, because, as Fox & Pierce noted, SHRs include Document [12] (Title: National Crime Recording Standards in England and Wales) Chief Officer in that police for the ‘accuracy and integrity of crime recording processes’. Police Compliance The reports about crime recording standards by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Service still demonstrate different standards throughout the country. For example, reports published early in 2018 record Devon and Cornwall police as ‘good’, Greater Manchester Police as ‘requiring improvement’, and Thames Valley Police as ‘inadequate’. The national media has taken an interest in police forces incorrectly recording crime, for example mentioning that in 2017 the North Yorkshire Police failed to record 9,200 notifiable offences, 1 in 5 crimes reported Document [13] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) revisions and then implement them. The result of these conferences was the release of a "Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program" release in May 1985, detailing the necessary revisions. The report proposed splitting reported data into two separate categories, the eight serious crimes (which later became known as "Part I index crimes") and 21 less commonly reported crimes (which later became known as "Part II index crimes"). In 2003, FBI UCR data were compiled from more than 16,000 agencies, representing 93 percent of the population in 46 states and the District of Columbia. While nationally reporting Document [14] (Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States) attempted to create comprehensive databases of police shootings in the United States. The National Violent Death Reporting System is a more complete database to track police homicides than either the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) or the Centers for Disease Control's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). This is because both the SHR and NVSS under-report the number of police killings. Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, specifically Section 210402, the U.S. Congress mandated that the attorney general collect data on the use of excessive force by police and publish an annual report from the data. Document [15] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data. Preliminary Annual "Uniform Crime Report" for 2006 was released on June 4, 2006. The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3%, but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9% compared to 2005. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by Document [16] (Title: Crime) (in particular), they are divided into federal crimes and under state crimes. In the United States since 1930, the FBI has tabulated Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually from crime data submitted by law enforcement agencies across the United States. Officials compile this data at the city, county, and state levels into the UCR. They classify violations of laws based on common law as Part I (index) crimes in UCR data. These are further categorized as violent or property crimes. Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property Document [17] (Title: ODIS) over a network to all departments in an agency. The core of the application includes the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) module which is designed to replace Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and strictly adheres to the reporting standards of the federal government and the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (OSBI). The ODIS application also allows the entry of digital images of individuals, scars, marks and tattoos. An entire history of a person's involvement with the agency - whether it be for a booking, arrest, citation, warrant, missing person, owner of a piece of stolen property, etc. - can be Document [18] (Title: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968) "Church Committee") was established to investigate abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In 1975 and 1976, the Church Committee published 14 reports on various U.S. intelligence agencies' operations, and a report on the FBI's COINTELPRO program stated that ""the Fourth Amendment did apply to searches and seizures of conversations and protected all conversations of an individual as to which he had a reasonable expectation of privacy...At no time, however, were the Justice Department's standards and procedures ever applied to NSA's electronic monitoring system and Document [19] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) 1930, through IACP lobbying, the United States Congress passed legislation enacting 28 U.S.C. § 534, which granted the office of the Attorney General the ability to "acquire, collect, classify, and preserve identification, criminal identification, crime, and other records" with the ability to appoint officials to oversee this duty, including the subordinate members of the Bureau of Investigation. The Attorney General, in turn, designated the FBI to serve as the national clearinghouse for the data collected, and the FBI assumed responsibility for managing the UCR Program in September 1930. The July 1930 issue of the IACP crime report announced the FBI's Document [20] (Title: National Crime Records Bureau) and National Police Commission by merging the Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC), Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI and Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI. Earlier Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) was also merged with NCRB, but was later de-merged. Mission To Empower Indian Police with Information Technology and criminal Intelligence to enable them to uphold law and protect people. To provide leadership and excellence in crime analysis particularly for serious and organized crime. Objectives Evolution of NCRB Crime and Criminal Information System (CCIS) was implemented at district level during the period 1995-2004. Common Integrated Document [21] (Title: National Identification Service) maintaining the national database of criminal records until 1995 but, since then, each police force in England and Wales has been responsible for updating its own records on the Police National Computer. The NIS continues to provide a number of centralised maintenance and disclosure services for police forces. SO4 also conducts background checks on London residents or former residents who have applied to the Criminal Records Bureau for an enhanced disclosure, deals with subject access requests under the Data Protection Act and publishes the "Police Gazette" on behalf of the UK Police Forces. National Identification Service The National Identification Service Document [22] (Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States) was involved. The FBI maintains the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), which relies on state and local law enforcement agencies voluntarily submitting crime reports. A study of the years 1976 to 1998 found that both national systems under-report justifiable homicides by police officers, but for different reasons. In addition, from 2007 to 2012, more than 550 homicides by the country's 105 largest law enforcement agencies were missing from FBI records. Records in the NVSS did not consistently include documentation of police officer involvement. The UCR database did not receive reports of all applicable incidents. The authors concluded that "reliable estimates Document [23] (Title: Criminal record) and recording of criminal history information. Individuals may normally obtain their own records from the state, but to obtain the records of another person, a private individual will normally need to obtain a release from the subject of the record search. The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center) is a database of criminal history information that is maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Criminal records may be used for many purposes, mostly for background checks, including identification, employment, Document [24] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention". Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the "Crime in the United States" series. The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which Document [25] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) In 1927, the IACP created the Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting to determine statistics for national comparisons. The committee determined seven crimes fundamental to comparing crime rates: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny and motor vehicle theft (the eighth, arson, was added under a congressional directive in 1979). The early program was managed by the IACP, prior to FBI involvement, done through a monthly report. The first report in January 1930 reported data from 400 cities throughout 43 states, covering more than 20 million individuals, approximately twenty percent of the total U.S. population. On June 11, Document [26] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) began in the late 1920s when the Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the "Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook". With this initiative, the Uniform Crime Reports program began under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Over the years, the uniform crime report developed into a broad utility for summary-based reporting of crimes. By the late 1970s, the law enforcement community saw the need for a more detailed crime reporting program that would meet the needs of law enforcement agencies Document [27] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) criminal burglarizes a residence and assaults the inhabitant, only the assault is reported as it takes precedence over the burglary on the "Hierarchy Rule". NIBRS reports all offenses involved in a particular incident. SRS has only two crime categories: Crimes Against Persons (e.g., murder, rape, assault, robbery) and Crimes Against Property (e.g., car theft, burglary, larceny, arson). NIBRS adds a third category titled Crimes Against Society for activities such as drug or narcotic offenses and other activities prohibited by society's rules. Finally, agencies submit SRS data in written documents that must then be hand entered into a computer system for Document [28] (Title: Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook) Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook Frequently referred to as "The Green Book" due to its green cover, the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook is a publication of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The manual instructs law enforcement officers on the proper method for filling out the monthly Uniform Crime Reports returns for police records and statistics. The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the manual in 1929. At that time, the manual defined Part I and Part II offenses Document [29] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) programs for the "National Crime Information Center" (NCIC), "Uniform Crime Reporting" (UCR), "Fingerprint Identification", "Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System" (IAFIS), "NCIC 2000", and the "National Incident-Based Reporting System" (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. FBI is in charge of National Virtual Translation Center, which provides "timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community." , the FBI Document [30] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) then compiles the Reports. The Uniform Crime Reports program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media. The UCR Program consists of four parts: The FBI publishes annual data from these collections in "Crime in the United States", "Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted", and "Hate Crime Statistics". The UCR Program was based upon work by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) throughout the 1920s to create a uniform national set of crime statistics, reliable for analysis. Document [31] (Title: Supplementary Homicide Reports) offender's age, gender, or race, which was omitted from 31% of SHR reports filed in 2011. In 2000, the National Vital Statistics System's homicide estimates exactly matched those of the SHR in 22% of U.S. counties. The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) generally produced higher estimates than the SHR does, but in 28% of U.S. counties, the opposite was true. Supplementary Homicide Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (abbreviated SHR) is a database of homicides in the United States maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its Uniform Crime Reports program. The database consists of detailed reports of Document [32] (Title: Law enforcement in India) levels. The National Police Commission in 1979 recommended the creation of a "Nodal Agency" which suggested the maintenance of criminal records at all the police stations in the country and to create shareable databases at police stations and districts and at state and federal Level. On this recommendation NCRB was created in 1986 with amalgamation of the Directorate of Coordination Police Computers, Central Finger Print Bureau, Data Section of Coordination Division of Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistical Section of the Bureau of Police Research and Development. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) is a wing of the Indian Ministry Document [33] (Title: Crime statistics in the United Kingdom) of the Metropolitan Police Service: In April 2013, the framework for reporting of official police statistics was amended to address these issues. The Home Office delegated the responsibility for auditing a police forces compliance with the National Crime Recording Standard to Her Majesty's Chief Inspectorate of Constabulary, later renamed Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service. The first statistics using the new framework were published in July 2014. After the 2014 changes, five yearly rolling compliance audits by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service found that police force still do not uniformly comply with The Document [34] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) contribute to the UCR. In Part II, the following categories are tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses. Two property reports are also included with the Return A. The first is the Property Stolen by Classification report. This report details the number of actual crimes of each type in the Return A and the monetary value of property stolen in conjunction with that crime. Some offenses are Document [35] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) is not mandated, many states have instituted laws requiring law enforcement within those states to provide UCR data. Each month, law enforcement agencies report the number of known index crimes in their jurisdiction to the FBI. This mainly includes crimes reported to the police by the general public, but may also include crimes that police officers discover, and known through other sources. Law enforcement agencies also report the number of crime cases cleared. For reporting purposes, criminal offenses are divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses. In Part I, the UCR indexes reported incidents of Document [36] (Title: National Crime Agency) the Home Office in 1998 to identify the potential emergence of serial killers and serial rapists at the earliest stage of their offending. This scope has since broadened to include the analysis by specialist staff of rapes, serious sexual assaults and motiveless or sexually motivated murders. Criminal case files are received by SCAS from all police forces in the UK at an early stage in the investigations. The information is coded and placed on a single database, ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System). The system was developed in Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The investigating officer receives a Document [37] (Title: Police IT) crime occurrence. GIS Based Crime Analysis and Reporting Engine is a desktop based Geographic Information System (GIS) developed for State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB), Karnataka State Police by the Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC). With this application, the information stored in the Crime Criminal Information System (CCIS) database can be viewed against spatial background over a map. The main functionalities in G-CARE are Crime mapping, Crime Analysis, Village Analysis and Hotspot Analysis. The Data Capture involves creation of point data by capturing each and every FIR number on the correct location of the map. In Crime analysis, the Document [38] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) takeover of the program. While the IACP discontinued oversight of the program, they continued to advise the FBI to better the UCR. Since 1935, the FBI served as a data clearinghouse; organizing, collecting, and disseminating information voluntarily submitted by local, state, federal and tribal law enforcement agencies. The UCR remained the primary tool for collection and analysis of data for the next half century. Throughout the 1980s, a series of National UCR Conferences were with members from the IACP, Department of Justice, including the FBI, and newly formed Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The purpose was to determine necessary system Document [39] (Title: Criminal records in the United States) from the registry under state law. In Texas, the Department of Public Safety maintains the Computerized Criminal History System (CCH) and Texas Public Sex Offender Registry. The criteria for inclusion in the CCH is outlined as being convictions and deferred adjudications that are "reported to the Department on an offense." The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center) is a repository of criminal history information that has been reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The NCIC stores information regarding Document [40] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) The arrestee's age, sex, race, ethnicity and resident status are reported along with any weapons with which the arrestee was armed. A disposition code for arrestees under 18 years of age is also reported. National Incident-Based Reporting System National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. These Group A offenses are 49 offenses grouped in Document [41] (Title: Gardena Police Department) to an in-house Intranet, and printed for watch commanders prior to patrol shift deployments. The reports contain crime maps displaying current and 30-day trends with accompanying information about the crimes. The reports contain detailed information about crime descriptors, heavy police call-for-service locations, and a log through which all police employees share important information. The system places a heavy emphasis on the use of technology and real-time information systems (computer statistics) to put police resources where they are needed to reduce and prevent crime. The foundation of this process creates an environment that puts officers back in the business of proactively Document [42] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) major sources: The Uniform Crime Reports represent the primary source of data used in the calculation of official statistics regarding serious crimes such as murder and homicide, which is supplemented by the information provided through the NCVS and self-report studies, the latter being the best indicator of actual crime rates for minor offenses such as illegal substance abuse and petty theft. These crime data collection programs provide most of the statistical information utilized by criminologists and sociologists in their analysis of crime and the extent of its relationship to race. Another form of data is that regarding the prison population. Document [43] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) police in the first place—the Department of Justice developed an alternative method of tallying crime, the victimization survey. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as "uniform" as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case Document [44] (Title: National Crime Agency) internationally. It is responsible for cross-matching missing persons with unidentified persons or bodies, as well as maintaining an index of dental records of missing persons and unidentified bodies. The MPB also manages a missing persons and Child Rescue Alert website, and analyses data to identify trends and patterns in disappearances. The National Injuries Database also transferred from the NPIA. It provides additional support to police forces by providing analysis of weapons and wounds, and seeking to identify similarities to aid investigators in determining which weapon may have been used. The database holds over 4,000 cases of suspicious deaths, murders and Document [45] (Title: Joe Arpaio) Uniform Code "<nowiki>[sic]</nowiki>" Reporting handbook, which is a voluntary crime-reporting program to compile statistical information and reports. The UCR is not intended for oversight on how law enforcement agencies clear cases... The Sheriff's Office has its own criteria for clearing cases." The Arizona Department of Public Safety, which serves as the repository for Arizona case clearance statistics, told 12 News that the guidelines in the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook are mandatory for all Arizona law enforcement agencies. Those guidelines specify that a case can be cleared by exception only when a perpetrator's identity and location is known and there Question: the uniform crime reports is a service provided to police agencies throughout the country by the Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Long Answer: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention". Gold Document ID: 39

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) statistical analysis. NIBRS data are submitted electronically in the form of ASCII text files. These files are then processed without the need for a person to input the data (except at the originating agency's initial filing of the report into their computer system). As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI. At that time 26 state programs had been certified by the FBI. Twelve states were in various stages of testing their NIBRS solutions and either other states Document [2] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) violations. There are fundamental limitations of the UCR system, including: As a response to these and other limitations, a new system of crime data collection was established in 1988 as an outgrowth of the UCR system. The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system that will collect more comprehensive and detailed data on crime from local, state and federal law enforcement agencies. As it is still under development, NIBRS coverage is not yet nationwide. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) program, established in 1972, is a national survey of a representative sample of households in the Document [3] (Title: National Crime Information Center) and concerns regarding arrests and seizures pursuant to mistaken beliefs in the existence of warrants and warrantless probable cause based on inaccurate NCIC information. National Crime Information Center The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the United States' central database for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices. The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The purpose of Document [4] (Title: National Crime Information Center) National Crime Information Center The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the United States' central database for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices. The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The purpose of the system was to create a centralized information system to facilitate information flow between the numerous law enforcement branches. The original infrastructure cost is Document [5] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) Established in 1927, the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) program is a summary-based reporting system that collects data on crime reported to local and state law enforcement agencies across the US. The UCR system indexes crimes under two headings: Part I and Part II offenses. Part I offenses include: murder and non-negligent homicide; non-lethal violent crimes comprising robbery, forcible rape and aggravated assault; and property crimes comprising burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft and arson. Part II offenses include fraud, forgery/counterfeiting, embezzlement, simple assault, sex offenses, offenses against the family, drug and liquor offenses, weapons offenses and other non-violent offenses excluding traffic Document [6] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) National Incident-Based Reporting System National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. These Group A offenses are 49 offenses grouped in 23 crime categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, 10 Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. Document [7] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) UCR matters. The Board operated until 1993 when it combined with the National Crime Information Center Advisory Policy Board to form a single Advisory Policy Board (APB) to address all issues regarding the FBI's criminal justice information services. In addition, the Association of State UCR Programs (ASUCRP) focuses on UCR issues within individual state law enforcement associations and promotes interest in the UCR Program. These organizations foster widespread and responsible use of UCR statistics and assist data contributors when needed. The UCR itself warns that it reflects crime reports by police, not later adjudication. Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Document [8] (Title: National Crime Records Bureau) of criminal justice system. The main objective of the Crime Records Branch is to collect, collate and disseminate information on Crime, Criminals, Persons and Property for matching purposes. The branch utilizes following software systems: NCRB brings out three annual reports i.e. Crime in India, Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India and Prison Statistics India. These reports are principal reference points for police officers, researchers, media& policy makers. Besides, the Bureau is also collecting Crime Statistics and Anti-human Trafficking statistics on monthly basis. The complete software package of ‘Monthly Crime Statistics’ has been released in the month of December, 2016. After Document [9] (Title: Crime statistics) definition. The U.S. has two major data collection programs, the Uniform Crime Reports from the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. However, the U.S. has no comprehensive infrastructure to monitor crime trends and report the information to related parties such as law enforcement. Research using a series of victim surveys in 18 countries of the European Union, funded by the European Commission, has reported (2005) that the level of crime in Europe has fallen back to the levels of 1990, and notes that levels of common crime have shown declining trends in the Document [10] (Title: Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook) and well as the Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police. The most recent revision of the manual was published in 2004. Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook Frequently referred to as "The Green Book" due to its green cover, the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook is a publication of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The manual instructs law enforcement officers on the proper method for filling out the monthly Uniform Crime Reports returns for police records and statistics. The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs Document [11] (Title: Supplementary Homicide Reports) Supplementary Homicide Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (abbreviated SHR) is a database of homicides in the United States maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its Uniform Crime Reports program. The database consists of detailed reports of homicides reported to the FBI by local law enforcement agencies in 49 states and the District of Columbia. The only state that does not participate is Florida, which records homicides in a separate tally that is included in a separate spreadsheet online. Each SHR is more detailed than other UCR system reports, because, as Fox & Pierce noted, SHRs include Document [12] (Title: National Crime Recording Standards in England and Wales) Chief Officer in that police for the ‘accuracy and integrity of crime recording processes’. Police Compliance The reports about crime recording standards by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Service still demonstrate different standards throughout the country. For example, reports published early in 2018 record Devon and Cornwall police as ‘good’, Greater Manchester Police as ‘requiring improvement’, and Thames Valley Police as ‘inadequate’. The national media has taken an interest in police forces incorrectly recording crime, for example mentioning that in 2017 the North Yorkshire Police failed to record 9,200 notifiable offences, 1 in 5 crimes reported Document [13] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) revisions and then implement them. The result of these conferences was the release of a "Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program" release in May 1985, detailing the necessary revisions. The report proposed splitting reported data into two separate categories, the eight serious crimes (which later became known as "Part I index crimes") and 21 less commonly reported crimes (which later became known as "Part II index crimes"). In 2003, FBI UCR data were compiled from more than 16,000 agencies, representing 93 percent of the population in 46 states and the District of Columbia. While nationally reporting Document [14] (Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States) attempted to create comprehensive databases of police shootings in the United States. The National Violent Death Reporting System is a more complete database to track police homicides than either the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) or the Centers for Disease Control's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). This is because both the SHR and NVSS under-report the number of police killings. Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, specifically Section 210402, the U.S. Congress mandated that the attorney general collect data on the use of excessive force by police and publish an annual report from the data. Document [15] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data. Preliminary Annual "Uniform Crime Report" for 2006 was released on June 4, 2006. The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3%, but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9% compared to 2005. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by Document [16] (Title: Crime) (in particular), they are divided into federal crimes and under state crimes. In the United States since 1930, the FBI has tabulated Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually from crime data submitted by law enforcement agencies across the United States. Officials compile this data at the city, county, and state levels into the UCR. They classify violations of laws based on common law as Part I (index) crimes in UCR data. These are further categorized as violent or property crimes. Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property Document [17] (Title: ODIS) over a network to all departments in an agency. The core of the application includes the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) module which is designed to replace Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and strictly adheres to the reporting standards of the federal government and the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (OSBI). The ODIS application also allows the entry of digital images of individuals, scars, marks and tattoos. An entire history of a person's involvement with the agency - whether it be for a booking, arrest, citation, warrant, missing person, owner of a piece of stolen property, etc. - can be Document [18] (Title: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968) "Church Committee") was established to investigate abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In 1975 and 1976, the Church Committee published 14 reports on various U.S. intelligence agencies' operations, and a report on the FBI's COINTELPRO program stated that ""the Fourth Amendment did apply to searches and seizures of conversations and protected all conversations of an individual as to which he had a reasonable expectation of privacy...At no time, however, were the Justice Department's standards and procedures ever applied to NSA's electronic monitoring system and Document [19] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) 1930, through IACP lobbying, the United States Congress passed legislation enacting 28 U.S.C. § 534, which granted the office of the Attorney General the ability to "acquire, collect, classify, and preserve identification, criminal identification, crime, and other records" with the ability to appoint officials to oversee this duty, including the subordinate members of the Bureau of Investigation. The Attorney General, in turn, designated the FBI to serve as the national clearinghouse for the data collected, and the FBI assumed responsibility for managing the UCR Program in September 1930. The July 1930 issue of the IACP crime report announced the FBI's Document [20] (Title: National Crime Records Bureau) and National Police Commission by merging the Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC), Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI and Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI. Earlier Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) was also merged with NCRB, but was later de-merged. Mission To Empower Indian Police with Information Technology and criminal Intelligence to enable them to uphold law and protect people. To provide leadership and excellence in crime analysis particularly for serious and organized crime. Objectives Evolution of NCRB Crime and Criminal Information System (CCIS) was implemented at district level during the period 1995-2004. Common Integrated Document [21] (Title: National Identification Service) maintaining the national database of criminal records until 1995 but, since then, each police force in England and Wales has been responsible for updating its own records on the Police National Computer. The NIS continues to provide a number of centralised maintenance and disclosure services for police forces. SO4 also conducts background checks on London residents or former residents who have applied to the Criminal Records Bureau for an enhanced disclosure, deals with subject access requests under the Data Protection Act and publishes the "Police Gazette" on behalf of the UK Police Forces. National Identification Service The National Identification Service Document [22] (Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States) was involved. The FBI maintains the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), which relies on state and local law enforcement agencies voluntarily submitting crime reports. A study of the years 1976 to 1998 found that both national systems under-report justifiable homicides by police officers, but for different reasons. In addition, from 2007 to 2012, more than 550 homicides by the country's 105 largest law enforcement agencies were missing from FBI records. Records in the NVSS did not consistently include documentation of police officer involvement. The UCR database did not receive reports of all applicable incidents. The authors concluded that "reliable estimates Document [23] (Title: Criminal record) and recording of criminal history information. Individuals may normally obtain their own records from the state, but to obtain the records of another person, a private individual will normally need to obtain a release from the subject of the record search. The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center) is a database of criminal history information that is maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Criminal records may be used for many purposes, mostly for background checks, including identification, employment, Document [24] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention". Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the "Crime in the United States" series. The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which Document [25] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) In 1927, the IACP created the Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting to determine statistics for national comparisons. The committee determined seven crimes fundamental to comparing crime rates: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny and motor vehicle theft (the eighth, arson, was added under a congressional directive in 1979). The early program was managed by the IACP, prior to FBI involvement, done through a monthly report. The first report in January 1930 reported data from 400 cities throughout 43 states, covering more than 20 million individuals, approximately twenty percent of the total U.S. population. On June 11, Document [26] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) began in the late 1920s when the Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the "Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook". With this initiative, the Uniform Crime Reports program began under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Over the years, the uniform crime report developed into a broad utility for summary-based reporting of crimes. By the late 1970s, the law enforcement community saw the need for a more detailed crime reporting program that would meet the needs of law enforcement agencies Document [27] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) criminal burglarizes a residence and assaults the inhabitant, only the assault is reported as it takes precedence over the burglary on the "Hierarchy Rule". NIBRS reports all offenses involved in a particular incident. SRS has only two crime categories: Crimes Against Persons (e.g., murder, rape, assault, robbery) and Crimes Against Property (e.g., car theft, burglary, larceny, arson). NIBRS adds a third category titled Crimes Against Society for activities such as drug or narcotic offenses and other activities prohibited by society's rules. Finally, agencies submit SRS data in written documents that must then be hand entered into a computer system for Document [28] (Title: Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook) Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook Frequently referred to as "The Green Book" due to its green cover, the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook is a publication of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The manual instructs law enforcement officers on the proper method for filling out the monthly Uniform Crime Reports returns for police records and statistics. The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the manual in 1929. At that time, the manual defined Part I and Part II offenses Document [29] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) programs for the "National Crime Information Center" (NCIC), "Uniform Crime Reporting" (UCR), "Fingerprint Identification", "Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System" (IAFIS), "NCIC 2000", and the "National Incident-Based Reporting System" (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. FBI is in charge of National Virtual Translation Center, which provides "timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community." , the FBI Document [30] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) then compiles the Reports. The Uniform Crime Reports program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media. The UCR Program consists of four parts: The FBI publishes annual data from these collections in "Crime in the United States", "Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted", and "Hate Crime Statistics". The UCR Program was based upon work by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) throughout the 1920s to create a uniform national set of crime statistics, reliable for analysis. Document [31] (Title: Supplementary Homicide Reports) offender's age, gender, or race, which was omitted from 31% of SHR reports filed in 2011. In 2000, the National Vital Statistics System's homicide estimates exactly matched those of the SHR in 22% of U.S. counties. The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) generally produced higher estimates than the SHR does, but in 28% of U.S. counties, the opposite was true. Supplementary Homicide Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (abbreviated SHR) is a database of homicides in the United States maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its Uniform Crime Reports program. The database consists of detailed reports of Document [32] (Title: Law enforcement in India) levels. The National Police Commission in 1979 recommended the creation of a "Nodal Agency" which suggested the maintenance of criminal records at all the police stations in the country and to create shareable databases at police stations and districts and at state and federal Level. On this recommendation NCRB was created in 1986 with amalgamation of the Directorate of Coordination Police Computers, Central Finger Print Bureau, Data Section of Coordination Division of Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistical Section of the Bureau of Police Research and Development. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) is a wing of the Indian Ministry Document [33] (Title: Crime statistics in the United Kingdom) of the Metropolitan Police Service: In April 2013, the framework for reporting of official police statistics was amended to address these issues. The Home Office delegated the responsibility for auditing a police forces compliance with the National Crime Recording Standard to Her Majesty's Chief Inspectorate of Constabulary, later renamed Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service. The first statistics using the new framework were published in July 2014. After the 2014 changes, five yearly rolling compliance audits by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service found that police force still do not uniformly comply with The Document [34] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) contribute to the UCR. In Part II, the following categories are tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses. Two property reports are also included with the Return A. The first is the Property Stolen by Classification report. This report details the number of actual crimes of each type in the Return A and the monetary value of property stolen in conjunction with that crime. Some offenses are Document [35] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) is not mandated, many states have instituted laws requiring law enforcement within those states to provide UCR data. Each month, law enforcement agencies report the number of known index crimes in their jurisdiction to the FBI. This mainly includes crimes reported to the police by the general public, but may also include crimes that police officers discover, and known through other sources. Law enforcement agencies also report the number of crime cases cleared. For reporting purposes, criminal offenses are divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses. In Part I, the UCR indexes reported incidents of Document [36] (Title: National Crime Agency) the Home Office in 1998 to identify the potential emergence of serial killers and serial rapists at the earliest stage of their offending. This scope has since broadened to include the analysis by specialist staff of rapes, serious sexual assaults and motiveless or sexually motivated murders. Criminal case files are received by SCAS from all police forces in the UK at an early stage in the investigations. The information is coded and placed on a single database, ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System). The system was developed in Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The investigating officer receives a Document [37] (Title: Police IT) crime occurrence. GIS Based Crime Analysis and Reporting Engine is a desktop based Geographic Information System (GIS) developed for State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB), Karnataka State Police by the Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC). With this application, the information stored in the Crime Criminal Information System (CCIS) database can be viewed against spatial background over a map. The main functionalities in G-CARE are Crime mapping, Crime Analysis, Village Analysis and Hotspot Analysis. The Data Capture involves creation of point data by capturing each and every FIR number on the correct location of the map. In Crime analysis, the Document [38] (Title: Uniform Crime Reports) takeover of the program. While the IACP discontinued oversight of the program, they continued to advise the FBI to better the UCR. Since 1935, the FBI served as a data clearinghouse; organizing, collecting, and disseminating information voluntarily submitted by local, state, federal and tribal law enforcement agencies. The UCR remained the primary tool for collection and analysis of data for the next half century. Throughout the 1980s, a series of National UCR Conferences were with members from the IACP, Department of Justice, including the FBI, and newly formed Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The purpose was to determine necessary system Document [39] (Title: Criminal records in the United States) from the registry under state law. In Texas, the Department of Public Safety maintains the Computerized Criminal History System (CCH) and Texas Public Sex Offender Registry. The criteria for inclusion in the CCH is outlined as being convictions and deferred adjudications that are "reported to the Department on an offense." The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center) is a repository of criminal history information that has been reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The NCIC stores information regarding Document [40] (Title: National Incident-Based Reporting System) The arrestee's age, sex, race, ethnicity and resident status are reported along with any weapons with which the arrestee was armed. A disposition code for arrestees under 18 years of age is also reported. National Incident-Based Reporting System National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. These Group A offenses are 49 offenses grouped in Document [41] (Title: Gardena Police Department) to an in-house Intranet, and printed for watch commanders prior to patrol shift deployments. The reports contain crime maps displaying current and 30-day trends with accompanying information about the crimes. The reports contain detailed information about crime descriptors, heavy police call-for-service locations, and a log through which all police employees share important information. The system places a heavy emphasis on the use of technology and real-time information systems (computer statistics) to put police resources where they are needed to reduce and prevent crime. The foundation of this process creates an environment that puts officers back in the business of proactively Document [42] (Title: Race and crime in the United States) major sources: The Uniform Crime Reports represent the primary source of data used in the calculation of official statistics regarding serious crimes such as murder and homicide, which is supplemented by the information provided through the NCVS and self-report studies, the latter being the best indicator of actual crime rates for minor offenses such as illegal substance abuse and petty theft. These crime data collection programs provide most of the statistical information utilized by criminologists and sociologists in their analysis of crime and the extent of its relationship to race. Another form of data is that regarding the prison population. Document [43] (Title: Federal Bureau of Investigation) police in the first place—the Department of Justice developed an alternative method of tallying crime, the victimization survey. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as "uniform" as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case Document [44] (Title: National Crime Agency) internationally. It is responsible for cross-matching missing persons with unidentified persons or bodies, as well as maintaining an index of dental records of missing persons and unidentified bodies. The MPB also manages a missing persons and Child Rescue Alert website, and analyses data to identify trends and patterns in disappearances. The National Injuries Database also transferred from the NPIA. It provides additional support to police forces by providing analysis of weapons and wounds, and seeking to identify similarities to aid investigators in determining which weapon may have been used. The database holds over 4,000 cases of suspicious deaths, murders and Document [45] (Title: Joe Arpaio) Uniform Code "<nowiki>[sic]</nowiki>" Reporting handbook, which is a voluntary crime-reporting program to compile statistical information and reports. The UCR is not intended for oversight on how law enforcement agencies clear cases... The Sheriff's Office has its own criteria for clearing cases." The Arizona Department of Public Safety, which serves as the repository for Arizona case clearance statistics, told 12 News that the guidelines in the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook are mandatory for all Arizona law enforcement agencies. Those guidelines specify that a case can be cleared by exception only when a perpetrator's identity and location is known and there Question: the uniform crime reports is a service provided to police agencies throughout the country by the

Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Long Answer: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention". Gold Document ID: 39

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Vinton Hayworth) he was an announcer on "The Buick-Berle Show" on NBC. He appeared in "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Gunsmoke", "Perry Mason", "Dennis the Menace", "Petticoat Junction", "Ripcord", "Hazel", "The Munsters", "Green Acres" (1965) and "Dick Tracy" (1967). He played Magistrado Carlos Galindo on Disney's "Zorro" (1957-1959). His final role was as General Winfield Schaeffer on "I Dream of Jeannie" between 1969 and 1970. Hayworth replaced Barton MacLane, who had played General Martin Peterson until his death in 1969. Coincidentally, both Hayworth and MacLane died before the final episodes in which they appeared had been broadcast. Shortly after completing his recurring role of Document [2] (Title: Burt Gummer) Burt Gummer Burt Gummer is a fictional character, played by actor Michael Gross, from the "Tremors" film series and the short lived SciFi Channel TV program of the same name. Appearing in "Tremors", "", "", "","", and most episodes of the TV series, Burt Gummer is a firearms enthusiast and a paranoid survivalist (described as an "anti-social paramilitary paranoid" in the TV series, and as a doomsday prepper in "Bloodlines"). He and his former wife, Heather Gummer (played by Reba McEntire), were the first persons in the film series to directly kill a Graboid. He has an "overkill" approach to Document [3] (Title: Norman Macdonnell) an anthology series they had done. Their boss at CBS, Harry Ackerman, and other network executives dismissed that title, preferring "Gunsmoke", a program heading that Ackerman himself was credited with conceiving. Once given permission to proceed with "Gunsmoke", Macdonnell began developing a detailed production schedule for the new series' 30-minute episodes and arranging auditions to cast its recurring characters. His and Meston’s "Jeff Spain" soon became United States Marshal Matt Dillon, and veteran voice actor William Conrad was chosen by Macdonnell, Meston, and two other CBS screeners to portray that lead character. Other seasoned actors soon filled the needed regular Document [4] (Title: Gunsmoke) to entrap him. In 1990, the second telefilm, "Gunsmoke: The Last Apache", premiered. Since Amanda Blake had died the year before, the writers decided to revisit a 1973 episode for the movie. The episode was based on "Matt's Love Story", which was noted for the marshal's first overnight visit to a female's lodgings. In the episode, Matt loses his memory and his heart during a brief liaison with "Mike" Yardner (played by Michael Learned). In the film, Learned returns as Mike, who reveals to Marshal Dillon that he is the father of their daughter. Beth (played by Amy Stock-Poynton) and Document [5] (Title: Paul Richards (actor)) "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "Trackdown", "Rawhide", "The Virginian", "The Loner", and "The Guns of Will Sonnett." Richards also performed four times as a guest star on "Gunsmoke". In 1955, in that long-running CBS series' very first episode, “Matt Gets It,” he portrays a gunfighter who outdraws and nearly kills Marshal Matt Dillon. The next year, in the episode “Mr. and Mrs. Amber”, he delivered another memorable performance playing a poor, desperate homesteader beleaguered by his rich, self-righteous brother-in-law. His other two appearances on "Gunsmoke" are in 1958 and 1968 episodes. Richards guest-starred three times in 1956 on the NBC western anthology series Document [6] (Title: Burt Reynolds) 1961, he returned to Broadway to appear in "Look, We've Come Through" under the direction of José Quintero, but it lasted only five performances. Reynolds continued to guest star on shows such as "Naked City", "Ripcord", "Everglades", "Route 66", "Perry Mason", and "The Twilight Zone" ("The Bard"). He later said, "I learned more about my craft in these guest shots than I did standing around and looking virile on "Riverboat"." In 1962, Dennis Weaver wanted to leave the cast of "Gunsmoke", one of the top rated shows in the country. The producers developed a new character, "halfbreed" blacksmith Quint Asper: Document [7] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Reynolds was cast, beating over 300 other contenders. Reynolds announced he would stay on the show "until it ends. I think it's a terrible mistake for an actor to leave a series in the middle of it". Reynolds left "Gunsmoke" in 1965. He later said the show was "the happiest period of my life. I hated to leave that show but I felt I had served my apprenticeship and there wasn't room for two leading men." He was cast in his first lead role in a film, the low budget action film "Operation CIA" (1965). He guest starred on "Flipper", Document [8] (Title: Ken Curtis) & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Curtis' last acting role was as the aging cattle rancher "Seaborn Tay" in the television production "Conagher" (1991), by western author Louis L'Amour. Sam Elliott starred in the lead role, and Curtis' "Gunsmoke" co-star Buck Taylor (Newly O'Brien) played a bad man in the same film. Buck Taylor's father, Dub Taylor, had a minor role in it. He joined the "Gunsmoke" cast in 1967, superseding the previous deputy, Thaddeus "Thad" Greenwood, played by Roger Ewing. Curtis married Torrie Connelly in 1966. They were married until his death in 1991 and he had Document [9] (Title: Burt Reynolds) body was cremated at the Gold Coast Crematory in Florida. Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Document [10] (Title: John Meston) and refined the main characters who would populate his and Macdonnell's radio portrayal of Dodge. Jeff Spain soon became United States Marshal Matt Dillon, and veteran voice actor William Conrad was chosen by Meston, Macdonnell, and two other network audition judges to be the lawman and the series' central figure. Other seasoned actors filled the needed regular supporting roles, including Parley Baer as Marshal Dillon's trusty assistant Chester Proudfoot, Howard McNear as Dr. Charles "Doc" Adams, and Georgia Ellis, whose role in the series' early episodes would quickly evolve into the saloon "hostess" Kitty Russell. "Gunsmoke" was broadcast for the Document [11] (Title: Gunsmoke) Dillon (on the recommendation of Wayne, who also introduced the pilot); Dennis Weaver playing Chester Goode; Milburn Stone being cast as Dr. G. "Doc" Adams (later Galen "Doc" Adams); and Amanda Blake taking on the role of Miss Kitty Russell. Macdonnell became the associate producer of the TV show and later the producer. Meston was named head writer. Chester and Festus Haggen are perhaps Dillon's most recognizable sidekicks, though others became acting deputies for - to -year stints: Quint Asper (Burt Reynolds) (1962–65), Thad Greenwood (Roger Ewing) (1966–68), and Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor) (1967–75), who served as both back-up deputy Document [12] (Title: Gunsmoke) and doctor-in-training, having some studies in medicine via his uncle, which then continued under Doc Adams. In 1962, Burt Reynolds was added to the show's lineup, as the "halfbreed" blacksmith Quint Asper, and performed that role from the year just before the departure of Chester Goode and to just after the appearance of Festus Haggen. Three of the actors, who played Dodge deputies, Ken Curtis, Roger Ewing, and Buck Taylor, had previous guest roles. Curtis, a big band and Western singer (Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, Shep Fields Band, Sons of the Pioneers), had five previous guest roles, including one in 1963 Document [13] (Title: Conagher) Buck Taylor as Deputy Festus Haggen on "Gunsmoke". Tay (Curtis) tells Conagher (Elliott), "Well, I'm up into my 70s . . . got a bum ticker to boot. I was kind of hoping to just live out my days and not die out on some sandy slope with lead in my guts. If they get me out on that range, they'll kill me for sure. And then just take my cattle as they please... with nobody to stop 'em." Ellott was the executive producer of "Conagher", John A Kuri was the film producer and Reynaldo Villalobos was the director. The Document [14] (Title: William Fawcett (actor)) "Maverick", "Dundee and the Culhane", "The Investigators", "Gunsmoke" (nine times), "Daniel Boone" (three times), "The Rifleman" (twice), "Mr. Lucky", "Wagon Train" (five times), "Bonanza" (seven times), "Harrigan and Son", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", "The Virginian" (nine times), "The Road West", "Rawhide" "77 Sunset Strip" and "The Twilight Zone" (episode: "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank"). Fawcett also had a lead as Jed McNabb in a dramatic episode of "Fireside Theatre" titled "To Stand Alone". He portrayed a motel owner in the 1962 "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Bluffing Blast," and a pawn shop owner in the 1964 Document [15] (Title: Jack Lambert (American actor)) Was Won". Lambert also appeared in many television series of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Rod Cameron's "State Trooper", "Gunsmoke" (season 4, episode 35, 1959), "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Sugarfoot", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Daniel Boone", "Wagon Train", "Bonanza", "Get Smart" (season 1, episode 18, 1966) and "The Andy Griffith Show". From 1959 to 1960, he was a regular cast member (as Joshua Walcek, sometimes called "Joshua MacGregor"), in 23 of the 42 episodes of the Darren McGavin series, "Riverboat". Lambert is often confused with the British character actor who died in 1976 and is credited by the Document [16] (Title: Gunsmoke) as a shady ladies' man named Kyle Kelly ("Lover Boy," season 9, show two [episode 307]). Curtis first appeared in the 1959 episode "Jayhawkers" (season four, episode 21 [episode 138]), where he played Phil Jacks, a Texas cowboy, with Jack Elam as his boss during a cattle drive from Texas. The second was another 1959 episode entitled "Change of Heart" (season four, episode 32 [episode 149]), where he played Brisco. The third appearance is the 1960 episode "The Ex-Urbanites" (season five, episode 30 [episode 186]), where he plays Jesse. He also had a small role as an Indian named Scout Document [17] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). After a number of Document [18] (Title: Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)) (Milburn Stone), and saloon-keeper Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake). These three individuals were among Matt's few real friends because he knew that he could trust them in any situation. In the television version, Chester was eventually replaced by Festus Haggen (Ken Curtis), an uneducated country-boy, but savvy plainsman who ultimately became a badge-wearing Deputy U.S. Marshal; a position that always eluded Chester. In both the radio and television versions, the exact nature of Matt's relationship with Kitty Russell was deliberately kept somewhat vague. Kitty was portrayed by Georgia Ellis in the radio version and by Amanda Blake in the television version. Document [19] (Title: Gunsmoke (film)) Gunsmoke (film) Gunsmoke is a 1953 Western film directed by Nathan Juran and starring Audie Murphy, Susan Cabot, and Paul Kelly. "Gunsmoke" is a Technicolor film for action star and war hero Audie Murphy. The film has no connection to the contemporary radio and later TV series of the same name. The film was based on the 1951 novel "Roughshod" by Norman A. Fox. Murphy stars as Reb Kittridge, a wandering hired gun who is hired to kill a rancher (played by Paul Kelly). The gunman has also fallen in love with the rancher's daughter (Susan Cabot). Reb mends his Question: what was burt reynold's character name on gunsmoke Answer: Quint Asper Long Answer: Chester and Festus Haggen are perhaps Dillon's most recognizable sidekicks, though others became acting deputies for ​ 2 ⁄ - to ​ 7 ⁄ - year stints: Quint Asper (Burt Reynolds) (1962--65), Thad Greenwood (Roger Ewing) (1966--68), and Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor) (1967--75), who served as both back - up deputy and doctor - in - training, having some studies in medicine via his uncle, which then continued under Doc Adams. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Vinton Hayworth) he was an announcer on "The Buick-Berle Show" on NBC. He appeared in "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Gunsmoke", "Perry Mason", "Dennis the Menace", "Petticoat Junction", "Ripcord", "Hazel", "The Munsters", "Green Acres" (1965) and "Dick Tracy" (1967). He played Magistrado Carlos Galindo on Disney's "Zorro" (1957-1959). His final role was as General Winfield Schaeffer on "I Dream of Jeannie" between 1969 and 1970. Hayworth replaced Barton MacLane, who had played General Martin Peterson until his death in 1969. Coincidentally, both Hayworth and MacLane died before the final episodes in which they appeared had been broadcast. Shortly after completing his recurring role of Document [2] (Title: Burt Gummer) Burt Gummer Burt Gummer is a fictional character, played by actor Michael Gross, from the "Tremors" film series and the short lived SciFi Channel TV program of the same name. Appearing in "Tremors", "", "", "","", and most episodes of the TV series, Burt Gummer is a firearms enthusiast and a paranoid survivalist (described as an "anti-social paramilitary paranoid" in the TV series, and as a doomsday prepper in "Bloodlines"). He and his former wife, Heather Gummer (played by Reba McEntire), were the first persons in the film series to directly kill a Graboid. He has an "overkill" approach to Document [3] (Title: Norman Macdonnell) an anthology series they had done. Their boss at CBS, Harry Ackerman, and other network executives dismissed that title, preferring "Gunsmoke", a program heading that Ackerman himself was credited with conceiving. Once given permission to proceed with "Gunsmoke", Macdonnell began developing a detailed production schedule for the new series' 30-minute episodes and arranging auditions to cast its recurring characters. His and Meston’s "Jeff Spain" soon became United States Marshal Matt Dillon, and veteran voice actor William Conrad was chosen by Macdonnell, Meston, and two other CBS screeners to portray that lead character. Other seasoned actors soon filled the needed regular Document [4] (Title: Gunsmoke) to entrap him. In 1990, the second telefilm, "Gunsmoke: The Last Apache", premiered. Since Amanda Blake had died the year before, the writers decided to revisit a 1973 episode for the movie. The episode was based on "Matt's Love Story", which was noted for the marshal's first overnight visit to a female's lodgings. In the episode, Matt loses his memory and his heart during a brief liaison with "Mike" Yardner (played by Michael Learned). In the film, Learned returns as Mike, who reveals to Marshal Dillon that he is the father of their daughter. Beth (played by Amy Stock-Poynton) and Document [5] (Title: Paul Richards (actor)) "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "Trackdown", "Rawhide", "The Virginian", "The Loner", and "The Guns of Will Sonnett." Richards also performed four times as a guest star on "Gunsmoke". In 1955, in that long-running CBS series' very first episode, “Matt Gets It,” he portrays a gunfighter who outdraws and nearly kills Marshal Matt Dillon. The next year, in the episode “Mr. and Mrs. Amber”, he delivered another memorable performance playing a poor, desperate homesteader beleaguered by his rich, self-righteous brother-in-law. His other two appearances on "Gunsmoke" are in 1958 and 1968 episodes. Richards guest-starred three times in 1956 on the NBC western anthology series Document [6] (Title: Burt Reynolds) 1961, he returned to Broadway to appear in "Look, We've Come Through" under the direction of José Quintero, but it lasted only five performances. Reynolds continued to guest star on shows such as "Naked City", "Ripcord", "Everglades", "Route 66", "Perry Mason", and "The Twilight Zone" ("The Bard"). He later said, "I learned more about my craft in these guest shots than I did standing around and looking virile on "Riverboat"." In 1962, Dennis Weaver wanted to leave the cast of "Gunsmoke", one of the top rated shows in the country. The producers developed a new character, "halfbreed" blacksmith Quint Asper: Document [7] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Reynolds was cast, beating over 300 other contenders. Reynolds announced he would stay on the show "until it ends. I think it's a terrible mistake for an actor to leave a series in the middle of it". Reynolds left "Gunsmoke" in 1965. He later said the show was "the happiest period of my life. I hated to leave that show but I felt I had served my apprenticeship and there wasn't room for two leading men." He was cast in his first lead role in a film, the low budget action film "Operation CIA" (1965). He guest starred on "Flipper", Document [8] (Title: Ken Curtis) & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Curtis' last acting role was as the aging cattle rancher "Seaborn Tay" in the television production "Conagher" (1991), by western author Louis L'Amour. Sam Elliott starred in the lead role, and Curtis' "Gunsmoke" co-star Buck Taylor (Newly O'Brien) played a bad man in the same film. Buck Taylor's father, Dub Taylor, had a minor role in it. He joined the "Gunsmoke" cast in 1967, superseding the previous deputy, Thaddeus "Thad" Greenwood, played by Roger Ewing. Curtis married Torrie Connelly in 1966. They were married until his death in 1991 and he had Document [9] (Title: Burt Reynolds) body was cremated at the Gold Coast Crematory in Florida. Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Document [10] (Title: John Meston) and refined the main characters who would populate his and Macdonnell's radio portrayal of Dodge. Jeff Spain soon became United States Marshal Matt Dillon, and veteran voice actor William Conrad was chosen by Meston, Macdonnell, and two other network audition judges to be the lawman and the series' central figure. Other seasoned actors filled the needed regular supporting roles, including Parley Baer as Marshal Dillon's trusty assistant Chester Proudfoot, Howard McNear as Dr. Charles "Doc" Adams, and Georgia Ellis, whose role in the series' early episodes would quickly evolve into the saloon "hostess" Kitty Russell. "Gunsmoke" was broadcast for the Document [11] (Title: Gunsmoke) Dillon (on the recommendation of Wayne, who also introduced the pilot); Dennis Weaver playing Chester Goode; Milburn Stone being cast as Dr. G. "Doc" Adams (later Galen "Doc" Adams); and Amanda Blake taking on the role of Miss Kitty Russell. Macdonnell became the associate producer of the TV show and later the producer. Meston was named head writer. Chester and Festus Haggen are perhaps Dillon's most recognizable sidekicks, though others became acting deputies for - to -year stints: Quint Asper (Burt Reynolds) (1962–65), Thad Greenwood (Roger Ewing) (1966–68), and Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor) (1967–75), who served as both back-up deputy Document [12] (Title: Gunsmoke) and doctor-in-training, having some studies in medicine via his uncle, which then continued under Doc Adams. In 1962, Burt Reynolds was added to the show's lineup, as the "halfbreed" blacksmith Quint Asper, and performed that role from the year just before the departure of Chester Goode and to just after the appearance of Festus Haggen. Three of the actors, who played Dodge deputies, Ken Curtis, Roger Ewing, and Buck Taylor, had previous guest roles. Curtis, a big band and Western singer (Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, Shep Fields Band, Sons of the Pioneers), had five previous guest roles, including one in 1963 Document [13] (Title: Conagher) Buck Taylor as Deputy Festus Haggen on "Gunsmoke". Tay (Curtis) tells Conagher (Elliott), "Well, I'm up into my 70s . . . got a bum ticker to boot. I was kind of hoping to just live out my days and not die out on some sandy slope with lead in my guts. If they get me out on that range, they'll kill me for sure. And then just take my cattle as they please... with nobody to stop 'em." Ellott was the executive producer of "Conagher", John A Kuri was the film producer and Reynaldo Villalobos was the director. The Document [14] (Title: William Fawcett (actor)) "Maverick", "Dundee and the Culhane", "The Investigators", "Gunsmoke" (nine times), "Daniel Boone" (three times), "The Rifleman" (twice), "Mr. Lucky", "Wagon Train" (five times), "Bonanza" (seven times), "Harrigan and Son", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", "The Virginian" (nine times), "The Road West", "Rawhide" "77 Sunset Strip" and "The Twilight Zone" (episode: "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank"). Fawcett also had a lead as Jed McNabb in a dramatic episode of "Fireside Theatre" titled "To Stand Alone". He portrayed a motel owner in the 1962 "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Bluffing Blast," and a pawn shop owner in the 1964 Document [15] (Title: Jack Lambert (American actor)) Was Won". Lambert also appeared in many television series of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Rod Cameron's "State Trooper", "Gunsmoke" (season 4, episode 35, 1959), "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Sugarfoot", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Daniel Boone", "Wagon Train", "Bonanza", "Get Smart" (season 1, episode 18, 1966) and "The Andy Griffith Show". From 1959 to 1960, he was a regular cast member (as Joshua Walcek, sometimes called "Joshua MacGregor"), in 23 of the 42 episodes of the Darren McGavin series, "Riverboat". Lambert is often confused with the British character actor who died in 1976 and is credited by the Document [16] (Title: Gunsmoke) as a shady ladies' man named Kyle Kelly ("Lover Boy," season 9, show two [episode 307]). Curtis first appeared in the 1959 episode "Jayhawkers" (season four, episode 21 [episode 138]), where he played Phil Jacks, a Texas cowboy, with Jack Elam as his boss during a cattle drive from Texas. The second was another 1959 episode entitled "Change of Heart" (season four, episode 32 [episode 149]), where he played Brisco. The third appearance is the 1960 episode "The Ex-Urbanites" (season five, episode 30 [episode 186]), where he plays Jesse. He also had a small role as an Indian named Scout Document [17] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). After a number of Document [18] (Title: Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)) (Milburn Stone), and saloon-keeper Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake). These three individuals were among Matt's few real friends because he knew that he could trust them in any situation. In the television version, Chester was eventually replaced by Festus Haggen (Ken Curtis), an uneducated country-boy, but savvy plainsman who ultimately became a badge-wearing Deputy U.S. Marshal; a position that always eluded Chester. In both the radio and television versions, the exact nature of Matt's relationship with Kitty Russell was deliberately kept somewhat vague. Kitty was portrayed by Georgia Ellis in the radio version and by Amanda Blake in the television version. Document [19] (Title: Gunsmoke (film)) Gunsmoke (film) Gunsmoke is a 1953 Western film directed by Nathan Juran and starring Audie Murphy, Susan Cabot, and Paul Kelly. "Gunsmoke" is a Technicolor film for action star and war hero Audie Murphy. The film has no connection to the contemporary radio and later TV series of the same name. The film was based on the 1951 novel "Roughshod" by Norman A. Fox. Murphy stars as Reb Kittridge, a wandering hired gun who is hired to kill a rancher (played by Paul Kelly). The gunman has also fallen in love with the rancher's daughter (Susan Cabot). Reb mends his Question: what was burt reynold's character name on gunsmoke

Answer: Quint Asper Long Answer: Chester and Festus Haggen are perhaps Dillon's most recognizable sidekicks, though others became acting deputies for ​ 2 ⁄ - to ​ 7 ⁄ - year stints: Quint Asper (Burt Reynolds) (1962--65), Thad Greenwood (Roger Ewing) (1966--68), and Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor) (1967--75), who served as both back - up deputy and doctor - in - training, having some studies in medicine via his uncle, which then continued under Doc Adams. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Iliad) truce by wounding Menelaus with an arrow. Agamemnon rouses the Greeks, and battle is joined. () In the fighting, Diomedes kills many Trojans, including Pandaros, and defeats Aeneas, whom Aphrodite rescues, but Diomedes attacks and wounds the goddess. Apollo faces Diomedes and warns him against warring with gods. Many heroes and commanders join in, including Hector, and the gods supporting each side try to influence the battle. Emboldened by Athena, Diomedes wounds Ares and puts him out of action. () Hector rallies the Trojans and prevents a rout; the Greek Diomedes and the Trojan Glaukos find common ground and exchange Document [2] (Title: Apollo) the Trojans. During the war, Agamemnon, a Greek hero captured Chryseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses. Angered, Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment. He demanded to return the girl, and the Achaeans (Greeks) complied, indirectly causing the "anger of Achilles", which is the theme of the "Iliad". Receiving the aegis from Zeus, Apollo entered the battlefield, causing great terror to the enemy with his war cry, pushing them back and destroying many of them. He is described as "the rouser of armies", because he rallied the Trojan army when they were falling apart. When Document [3] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) any damage to Sentry. The battle then comes to a violent conclusion when the Sentry rips Ares in half before the horrified eyes of the combatants on both sides. Alexander, after finding out about his father's death, recalls a time when he asked Ares if they would always be together, Ares responded that, as they are gods, they can be killed, but they "will never truly die" and tells him that he has experienced "this many, many times", having been "to Hades and through the Underworld to awaken in the fair Fields of Elysium...". Ares tells Alexander that he would Document [4] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) most recurrent enemies of Wonder Woman. He was depicted as a Greco-Roman warrior in orange armor. Ares, who eventually became known as Mars, sought to realize his vision of eternal war and conflict in the world of man. He was chiefly opposed by Aphrodite, goddess of love, who sought to realize a contrary vision of loving civilization. Meanwhile, the men who worshipped Ares killed each other and their weaker brothers, selling women cheaper than cattle. When Ares taunted Aphrodite with the success of his plans, Aphrodite created a new race of women, the Amazons, whom she modeled from clay which Document [5] (Title: Hera) aid the Achaeans in battle and she agrees to assist with interfering on their behalf. In book 5, Hera and Athena plot to harm Ares, who had been seen by Diomedes in assisting the Trojans. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares' mother, saw Ares' interference and asked Zeus, Ares' father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares and he threw his spear at the god. Athena drove the spear into Ares' body, and he bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall Document [6] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) of Olympus, Zeus called upon his son Ares who defeated Hades' army almost single-handedly. Hoping that this would allow him to join his kind in Olympus, Ares was disappointed to hear his parents and the other gods disparage his "crude" and "dishonorable" nature. He abandoned his brethren to live amongst mortal men, but did not completely give up his god nature yet. Ares tired of his own warmongering when he realized that was why the other gods despised him and decided to live a normal life. He gave up his position as god of war, but maintained his skills, weaponry, Document [7] (Title: Siphnian Treasury) of the two sides. To the right one sees Athena as leader of the pro-Greek faction. To the left are seated the gods protecting the Trojans: Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite and Artemis. In the middle sits Zeus on his throne. At another part of this frieze one discerns a scene of dual battle around the body of a dead warrior with the Achaeans standing to the left and the Trojans standing to the right. The West side shows the story of the Judgment of Paris, depicting three chariots groups (each attributed to Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera). The north side displays the Document [8] (Title: Ares) Enyo (Discord) accompanied him on his war chariot. In the "Iliad," his father Zeus tells him that he is the god most hateful to him. An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. His value as a war god is placed in doubt: during the Trojan War, Ares was on the losing side, while Athena, often depicted in Greek art as holding Nike (Victory) in her hand, favoured the triumphant Greeks. Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as represented in literary narratives, though his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring Document [9] (Title: Ares) of the Achaeans, disregarding Zeus's order that no Olympic god should enter the battle, but Athena stopped him (XV.110–128). Later, when Zeus allowed the gods to fight in the war again (XX.20–29), Ares was the first to act, attacking Athena to avenge himself for his previous injury. Athena overpowered him by striking Ares with a boulder (XXI.391–408). In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art, Ares's symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is a dog, and his bird is the vulture. In literary works of these eras, Ares is replaced by the Roman Mars, a romantic emblem of manly Document [10] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) in the "Siege" limited series. During the "Chaos War" storyline, Ares appeared in a one-shot comic titles "Chaos War: Ares". Ares is the son of Zeus and is the Olympian God of War. Ares reveled in war and combat in all its forms, not caring about sides or victims, supporting Troy in the Trojan war. Ares has hated Hercules ever since Hercules killed Ares' pets, the monstrous Stymphalian birds, and his hatred increased when he noticed Hercules being favored by their father, while he was shunned for his brutal behavior. Further adding to his hatred, is that in modern times, Document [11] (Title: Apollo) Zeus allowed the other gods to get involved in the war, Apollo was provoked by Poseidon to a duel. However, Apollo declined to fight him, saying that he wouldn't fight his uncle for the sake of mortals. When Diomedes, the Greek hero, injured Aeneas, a Trojan ally, Aphrodite tried to rescue him but Diomedes injured her as well. Apollo then enveloped Aeneas in a cloud to protect him. He repelled the attacks Diomedes made on him and gave the hero a stern warning to abstain himself from attacking a god. Aeneas was then taken to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Document [12] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) the world with love from the hatred and warfare of Ares, meaning he opposed their creation. Recently, through his deceit and manipulations, Ares deposed Hades and became ruler of the underworld. Ares did his best to destroy the Amazons, using Hercules against them, who sacked the island, but Diana was born and raised just in time to fight Ares as Steve Trevor's plane, driven by one of Ares's human puppets, crashed into Paradise Island. His plot was to fire the missiles between the United States and Russia at the same time, provoking World War III, but Diana managed to make Document [13] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) duel with Hercules, forming an alliance with the Enchantress to make Hercules her slave and ally against the Avengers using water from the Spring of Eros, which led to Hercules being exiled from Olympus for a year. Ares organized the Warhawks, which included Satyrs whose pipes caused violence in humans, and with them battled the Avengers. He dispatched Kratos and Bia to capture Hercules. After allying with the Enchantress again, he used the Black Knight's Ebony Blade to quench the Promethean Flame and conquer Olympus, by turning all the other Olympians to crystal, although Hercules was not transformed, but exiled Document [14] (Title: Rise of the Olympian) Gargareans joined forces with the Amazons in defending their nations. During this battle Diana deduced that Ares was the grand manipulator and confronted him. Not allowing Ares much time to gloat in his latest masterpiece of war, Diana took a battle axe and used it to strike Ares' head, splitting his helmet in two. The then dead Ares falls to his knees uttering in his last breath, "Amazon...what have you done?" Achilles wishes to kill Euphemus as well for his treachery, but is convinced by Jason to simply exile him instead. Euphemus then enters the ocean, leaving with his fellow Document [15] (Title: Ares) Ares Ares (; , "Áres" ) is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, the son of Zeus and Hera. In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship. The Greeks were toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." His sons Phobos (Fear) and Deimos (Terror) and his lover, or sister, Document [16] (Title: Trojan War) Apollodorus, arrived to aid the Trojans. He killed Machaon and Peneleos, but was slain by Neoptolemus. Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognized by Helen. Homesick, Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium. The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse—a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena, from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo, with the inscription: The hollow horse was Document [17] (Title: Ares) of Thebes: Ares was the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus, for the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi. To propitiate Ares, Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia, a daughter of Ares's union with Aphrodite. In this way, Cadmus harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes. In the tale sung by the bard in the hall of Alcinous, the Sun-god Helios once spied Ares and Aphrodite enjoying each other secretly in the hall of Hephaestus, her husband. He reported the incident to Hephaestus. Document [18] (Title: Ares) the Aloadae into slaying each other. In Nonnus's "Dionysiaca" Ares also killed Ekhidnades, the giant son of Echidna, and a great enemy of the gods. Scholars have not concluded whether the nameless Ekhidnades ("of Echidna's lineage") was entirely Nonnus's invention or not. In the "Iliad", Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances, rewarding courage on both sides: he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans ("Iliad" V.830–834, XXI.410–414), but Aphrodite persuaded Ares to side with the Trojans. During the war, Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Document [19] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) plotted with Pluto and Ares' daughter Hippolyta to marry Hercules and Venus to Hippolyta and himself. It was revealed that in ancient times, he took part in the Trojan War. Alongside Zeus, Ares struck an alliance with Odin against the Eternals, and battled the Eternal Ikaris. He frequently battled teams and individuals while working as a villain, and continued to battle heroes like the Avengers. Ares' uncle Pluto sought to overwhelm Mount Olympus with an army of the dead, leading to a stalemate that the gods and demigods (including Achilles) were unable to break. In desperation to end the siege Document [20] (Title: Greek mythology) "On the Trojan side:" "On the Greek side:" Mythology was at the heart of everyday life in Ancient Greece. Greeks regarded mythology as a part of their history. They used myth to explain natural phenomena, cultural variations, traditional enmities and friendships. It was a source of pride to be able to trace the descent of one's leaders from a mythological hero or a god. Few ever doubted that there was truth behind the account of the Trojan War in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". According to Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian, columnist, political essayist and former classics professor, and John Document [21] (Title: Trojan War) including Machaon (according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by Eurypylus), and according to one version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. In another version, Penthesilia was killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes. Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto. While they were away, Memnon of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Eos, came Document [22] (Title: Greek mythology) two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos. Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow in the heel. Achilles' heel was the only part of his body which was not invulnerable to damage by human weaponry. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium). Finally, with Athena's help, they built the Trojan Horse. Despite the warnings of Priam's daughter Cassandra, the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon, a Document [23] (Title: Apollo) his wise and artistic nature. In the Trojan war, as Zeus' executive, Apollo is seen holding the aegis like Athena usually does. Apollo's decisions were usually approved by his sister Athena, and they both worked to establish the law and order set forth by Zeus. In Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war. Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover. Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes Document [24] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) enlisted his descendant Helen Alexandros to become the Silver Swan. His final scheme before the history-changing battle of the Crisis on Infinite Earths was to ally himself with Hades and the Anti-Monitor to subdue the Gods of Olympus. As Wonder Woman engaged him in final battle, Steve Trevor freed the gods and Hades's wife Kore appealed to her husband with a message of love, leaving Mars isolated. Despite being Zeus's son, Ares never fit in with the other gods of Olympus and created his own realm, the Areopagus. Aphrodite, the patron of the Amazons, swore that her women would save Document [25] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) to Earth with amnesia, due to being brutally beaten by Ares' henchman the Yellow-crested Titans and drifting between Olympus and Earth for six days and nights. Ares sent the two gods, Kratos and Bia, after Hercules, and despite the Avenger's efforts Hercules was captured and taken back to Olympus. Ares again battled the Avengers who had come to rescue the captive Hercules, and was defeated by Thor and the Black Knight. Ares also battled Namor the Sub-Mariner and Venus. He formed another alliance with Pluto, and kidnapped Krista in an attempt to foment war between Olympus and Asgard. He also Document [26] (Title: Diomedes) her mother about Diomedes' handiwork. The latter reminded her of mighty Heracles (now, an Olympian himself) who held the record of wounding not one but two Olympians as a human. The transgression of Diomedes by attacking Apollo had its consequences. Urged by Apollo, Ares came to the battlefield to help Trojans. Identifying the god of war, Diomedes protected the Achaeans by ordering them to withdraw towards their ships. Hera saw the havoc created by her son and together with Athena, she came to the Achaeans' aid. When Athena saw Diomedes resting near his horses, she mocked him, reminding him of Document [27] (Title: Ares) and continuing into the Classical period, attest to Enyalios as another name for the god of war. Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition represented by the "Iliad" and "Odyssey." Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the battlefield at Troy: Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him:<br>"Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced liar.<br>To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold Olympus.<br>Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and battles.<br>...<br>And yet I will Document [28] (Title: Ares (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess)) the god Strife, kills Serena and he and Ares attempt to frame Hercules for her murder. He is saved by the intervention of Xena and Zeus. Ares' main goal on "Hercules" is to kill his demi-god half-brother, both because Hercules constantly stands in his way by preventing wars and because he resents his father Zeus' preference for Hercules. Ares' schemes are invariably thwarted. In later episodes of "Hercules", he changes from a dark villain to a more comical one. This is especially true following the rise of evil entities such as Dahak, or the rise of a more powerful God Document [29] (Title: Trojan War) successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The Document [30] (Title: Trojan War) next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armour and lead his army. Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armour from the body of Patroclus. Document [31] (Title: Ares) Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly (V.590–605). Athene or Athena, Ares's sister, saw his interference and asked Zeus, his father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield, which Zeus granted (V.711–769). Hera and Athena encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares (V.780–834). Diomedes thrust with his spear at Ares, with Athena driving it home, and Ares's cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble (V.855–864). Ares fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back. When Hera mentioned to Zeus that Ares's son, Ascalaphus, was killed, Ares overheard and wanted to join the fight on the side Document [32] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) demigod daughter of Zeus, their new dynamic is that of brother and sister. War's calves and feet are permanently smeared with blood. He appears in a bar in Darfur, where his brother Apollo tries to convince him to side with him in his quest to take over the rein of Olympus. His attitude also seems to be more pessimistic and uncaring. He is revealed to be Diana's former mentor in "Wonder Woman" #0, a stand-alone issue published in September 2012 set in the past. He takes Diana under his tutelage because of her vast potential in combat and teaches her Document [33] (Title: Iliad) Trojans and their allies. () The armies approach each other, but before they meet, Paris offers to end the war by fighting a duel with Menelaus, urged by his brother and head of the Trojan army, Hector. While Helen tells Priam about the Greek commanders from the walls of Troy, both sides swear a truce and promise to abide by the outcome of the duel. Paris is beaten, but Aphrodite rescues him and leads him to bed with Helen before Menelaus can kill him. () Pressured by Hera's hatred of Troy, Zeus arranges for the Trojan Pandaros to break the Document [34] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) war is shunned and disliked, whereas Hercules is still beloved by the masses, despite his own history of death and destruction. As the Romans took on worship of Greek gods and renamed them, Ares is also the deity Mars. After Zeus allowed the worship of the Greek/Roman gods to cease, the dissatisfied Ares held a deep grudge and would try to overthrow Olympus more than once. He refused to battle against Pluto on behalf of Hercules, and aided Pluto instead. Hercules teamed up with the Asgardian god Thor in order to defeat Ares, leading to Ares' retreat. Ares fought a Document [35] (Title: Thracian warfare) Troy, came from the Aegean coast. In the Odyssey there is only one instance of Thracians, that of Cicones again on the coast, but they are weak. The Thracians were a particularly fierce culture in terms of violence and conflict and so they appeared in Greek Mythology as mostly associated with its stories of strife. The god of war Ares was said to have been born in Thrace and was also heavily worshiped there; in contrast to the revulsion of his worship by many other Balkan city states. Homer recounts in the book of Odyssey that an embarrassed Ares retreated Document [36] (Title: Zeus (Marvel Comics)) of Ares, and brainwashed Alexander into becoming his personal God of War. In the end though, thanks to Ares' love for his son, and the power of Zeus, Alexander broke free and apparently slew Mikaboshi. It came with a heavy price though, as Zeus apparently sacrificed his life to do so, he was stabbed twice by Mikaboshi's dark tendrils, and his body was not found. During the "Dark Reign" storyline, it was revealed that Pluto has Zeus prisoner and holds a trial against him with Hercules helping his father. The jury consists of Zeus' enemies, with Pluto as a prosecutor. Document [37] (Title: Amazons) Theseus when he touched upon their coasts. Amazons attacked the Phrygians, who were assisted by Priam, then a young man. In his later years, however, towards the end of the Trojan War, his old opponents took his side against the Greeks under their queen Penthesilea "of Thracian birth", who was slain by Achilles. The god Dionysus and his entourage fought the amazons at Ephesus, the Amazons fled to Samos, but Dionysus pursued them and at Samos he killed a great number of them on a spot which was, from that occurrence, called Panaema (), which means blood-soaked field. In another Document [38] (Title: Agamemnon) in the Crimean Peninsula. Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate. Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source. But in the "Iliad" itself, he's shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book 11 during his "aristea" loosely translated to "day of glory" which is the most similar to Achilles' "aristea" in Book 21 (they both are compared to lions and destructive fires in battle, their hands are described as "splattered with gore" and "invincible," the Trojans flee to the walls, they both Document [39] (Title: Ares) valor rather than the cruel and blood-thirsty god of Greek mythology. Ares Ares (; , "Áres" ) is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, the son of Zeus and Hera. In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship. The Greeks were toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." His Document [40] (Title: Trojan War) seduced by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes. Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achaean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the Cypria, Achilles forced the army to stay. According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of Anius, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army. Chryses, a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis, came to Document [41] (Title: Ancient Greek religion) gods could only lengthen his journey and make it harder for him, but they could not stop him. The gods acted like humans and had human vices. They would interact with humans, sometimes even spawning children with them. At times certain gods would be opposed to others, and they would try to outdo each other. In the "Iliad", Aphrodite, Ares and Apollo support the Trojan side in the Trojan War, while Hera, Athena and Poseidon support the Greeks (see theomachy). Some gods were specifically associated with a certain city. Athena was associated with the city of Athens, Apollo with Delphi Document [42] (Title: Artemis) on the ears with her own quiver, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled crying to Zeus, Leto gathered up the bow and arrows. Artemis played quite a large part in this war. Like her mother and brother, who was widely worshipped at Troy, Artemis took the side of the Trojans. At the Greek's journey to Troy, Artemis becalmed the sea and stopped the journey until an oracle came and said they could win the goddess' heart by sacrificing Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter. Agamemnon once promised the goddess he would sacrifice the dearest thing to him, which was Iphigenia, Document [43] (Title: Posthomerica) They are buried next to one another, their headstones facing opposite ways. The battle evens out for both sides. Apollo pushes Aeneas and Eurymachos to fight like madmen against the Greeks, pushing them back until they are rallied by Neoptolemos. The Greeks surge forwards and Aeneas manages to rally the Trojans and check the Greek advance. A dust storm settles over the battle. The next morning, the Argives hide under their shields to get to the gates of Troy, led by Odysseus. Ares gives Aeneas the strength to retaliate by throwing huge rocks. Aeneas exhorts the Trojans to leave the Document [44] (Title: Trojan War) Achilles, maddened with grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and Question: who did ares side with in the trojan war Answer: the Trojan side Long Answer: Participants on the Greek side (Achaeans) Participants on the Trojan side Gods Humans Gods Humans Athena Hera Poseidon Hermes Hephaestus Thetis Abantes Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Alcmaeon Amphidamas Amphimachus Anticlus Antilochus Antimachus Antiphates Antiphus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Asclepius Automedon Calchas Canopus Clonius Cyanippus Demophon Diomedes Diores Echion Epeius Epistrophus Eteoneus Eumelus Eurymedon Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurymachus Eurypylus Guneus Halaesus Ialmenus Iasus Idomeneus Iphidamas Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Meleager Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Patroclus Peneleos Pheidippus Philoctetes Podalirius Podarces Podalirius Polypoetes Protesilaus Prothoenor Prothous Schedius Sinon Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thalpius Thersander Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Aphrodite Ares Apollo Artemis Scamander Leto Phobos Deimos Eris Zeus Acamas Adrestus Aeneas Ainia Agenor Amphimachus Amphius Anchises Andromache Antenor Antibrote Antiphus Archilochus Ascanius Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Axylus Calesius Caletor Cassandra Cebriones Chromis Clete Coroebus Cycnus Deiphobus Dolon Ennomus Epistrophus Eteoneus Euphemus Euphorbus Eurypylus Eurytion Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hicetaon Hippothous Iapyx Ilioneus Imbrius Laocoon Lycaon Memnon Mentes (King of the Cicones) Mentes (King of the Taphians) Mesthles Mygdon of Phrygia Mynes Nastes Odius Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Penthesilea Phorcys Polites Poludamas Polyxena Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus Sarpedon Scylaceus Tenes Troilus Ucalegon Gold Document ID: 41

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Iliad) truce by wounding Menelaus with an arrow. Agamemnon rouses the Greeks, and battle is joined. () In the fighting, Diomedes kills many Trojans, including Pandaros, and defeats Aeneas, whom Aphrodite rescues, but Diomedes attacks and wounds the goddess. Apollo faces Diomedes and warns him against warring with gods. Many heroes and commanders join in, including Hector, and the gods supporting each side try to influence the battle. Emboldened by Athena, Diomedes wounds Ares and puts him out of action. () Hector rallies the Trojans and prevents a rout; the Greek Diomedes and the Trojan Glaukos find common ground and exchange Document [2] (Title: Apollo) the Trojans. During the war, Agamemnon, a Greek hero captured Chryseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses. Angered, Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment. He demanded to return the girl, and the Achaeans (Greeks) complied, indirectly causing the "anger of Achilles", which is the theme of the "Iliad". Receiving the aegis from Zeus, Apollo entered the battlefield, causing great terror to the enemy with his war cry, pushing them back and destroying many of them. He is described as "the rouser of armies", because he rallied the Trojan army when they were falling apart. When Document [3] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) any damage to Sentry. The battle then comes to a violent conclusion when the Sentry rips Ares in half before the horrified eyes of the combatants on both sides. Alexander, after finding out about his father's death, recalls a time when he asked Ares if they would always be together, Ares responded that, as they are gods, they can be killed, but they "will never truly die" and tells him that he has experienced "this many, many times", having been "to Hades and through the Underworld to awaken in the fair Fields of Elysium...". Ares tells Alexander that he would Document [4] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) most recurrent enemies of Wonder Woman. He was depicted as a Greco-Roman warrior in orange armor. Ares, who eventually became known as Mars, sought to realize his vision of eternal war and conflict in the world of man. He was chiefly opposed by Aphrodite, goddess of love, who sought to realize a contrary vision of loving civilization. Meanwhile, the men who worshipped Ares killed each other and their weaker brothers, selling women cheaper than cattle. When Ares taunted Aphrodite with the success of his plans, Aphrodite created a new race of women, the Amazons, whom she modeled from clay which Document [5] (Title: Hera) aid the Achaeans in battle and she agrees to assist with interfering on their behalf. In book 5, Hera and Athena plot to harm Ares, who had been seen by Diomedes in assisting the Trojans. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares' mother, saw Ares' interference and asked Zeus, Ares' father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares and he threw his spear at the god. Athena drove the spear into Ares' body, and he bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall Document [6] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) of Olympus, Zeus called upon his son Ares who defeated Hades' army almost single-handedly. Hoping that this would allow him to join his kind in Olympus, Ares was disappointed to hear his parents and the other gods disparage his "crude" and "dishonorable" nature. He abandoned his brethren to live amongst mortal men, but did not completely give up his god nature yet. Ares tired of his own warmongering when he realized that was why the other gods despised him and decided to live a normal life. He gave up his position as god of war, but maintained his skills, weaponry, Document [7] (Title: Siphnian Treasury) of the two sides. To the right one sees Athena as leader of the pro-Greek faction. To the left are seated the gods protecting the Trojans: Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite and Artemis. In the middle sits Zeus on his throne. At another part of this frieze one discerns a scene of dual battle around the body of a dead warrior with the Achaeans standing to the left and the Trojans standing to the right. The West side shows the story of the Judgment of Paris, depicting three chariots groups (each attributed to Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera). The north side displays the Document [8] (Title: Ares) Enyo (Discord) accompanied him on his war chariot. In the "Iliad," his father Zeus tells him that he is the god most hateful to him. An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. His value as a war god is placed in doubt: during the Trojan War, Ares was on the losing side, while Athena, often depicted in Greek art as holding Nike (Victory) in her hand, favoured the triumphant Greeks. Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as represented in literary narratives, though his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring Document [9] (Title: Ares) of the Achaeans, disregarding Zeus's order that no Olympic god should enter the battle, but Athena stopped him (XV.110–128). Later, when Zeus allowed the gods to fight in the war again (XX.20–29), Ares was the first to act, attacking Athena to avenge himself for his previous injury. Athena overpowered him by striking Ares with a boulder (XXI.391–408). In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art, Ares's symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is a dog, and his bird is the vulture. In literary works of these eras, Ares is replaced by the Roman Mars, a romantic emblem of manly Document [10] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) in the "Siege" limited series. During the "Chaos War" storyline, Ares appeared in a one-shot comic titles "Chaos War: Ares". Ares is the son of Zeus and is the Olympian God of War. Ares reveled in war and combat in all its forms, not caring about sides or victims, supporting Troy in the Trojan war. Ares has hated Hercules ever since Hercules killed Ares' pets, the monstrous Stymphalian birds, and his hatred increased when he noticed Hercules being favored by their father, while he was shunned for his brutal behavior. Further adding to his hatred, is that in modern times, Document [11] (Title: Apollo) Zeus allowed the other gods to get involved in the war, Apollo was provoked by Poseidon to a duel. However, Apollo declined to fight him, saying that he wouldn't fight his uncle for the sake of mortals. When Diomedes, the Greek hero, injured Aeneas, a Trojan ally, Aphrodite tried to rescue him but Diomedes injured her as well. Apollo then enveloped Aeneas in a cloud to protect him. He repelled the attacks Diomedes made on him and gave the hero a stern warning to abstain himself from attacking a god. Aeneas was then taken to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Document [12] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) the world with love from the hatred and warfare of Ares, meaning he opposed their creation. Recently, through his deceit and manipulations, Ares deposed Hades and became ruler of the underworld. Ares did his best to destroy the Amazons, using Hercules against them, who sacked the island, but Diana was born and raised just in time to fight Ares as Steve Trevor's plane, driven by one of Ares's human puppets, crashed into Paradise Island. His plot was to fire the missiles between the United States and Russia at the same time, provoking World War III, but Diana managed to make Document [13] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) duel with Hercules, forming an alliance with the Enchantress to make Hercules her slave and ally against the Avengers using water from the Spring of Eros, which led to Hercules being exiled from Olympus for a year. Ares organized the Warhawks, which included Satyrs whose pipes caused violence in humans, and with them battled the Avengers. He dispatched Kratos and Bia to capture Hercules. After allying with the Enchantress again, he used the Black Knight's Ebony Blade to quench the Promethean Flame and conquer Olympus, by turning all the other Olympians to crystal, although Hercules was not transformed, but exiled Document [14] (Title: Rise of the Olympian) Gargareans joined forces with the Amazons in defending their nations. During this battle Diana deduced that Ares was the grand manipulator and confronted him. Not allowing Ares much time to gloat in his latest masterpiece of war, Diana took a battle axe and used it to strike Ares' head, splitting his helmet in two. The then dead Ares falls to his knees uttering in his last breath, "Amazon...what have you done?" Achilles wishes to kill Euphemus as well for his treachery, but is convinced by Jason to simply exile him instead. Euphemus then enters the ocean, leaving with his fellow Document [15] (Title: Ares) Ares Ares (; , "Áres" ) is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, the son of Zeus and Hera. In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship. The Greeks were toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." His sons Phobos (Fear) and Deimos (Terror) and his lover, or sister, Document [16] (Title: Trojan War) Apollodorus, arrived to aid the Trojans. He killed Machaon and Peneleos, but was slain by Neoptolemus. Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognized by Helen. Homesick, Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium. The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse—a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena, from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo, with the inscription: The hollow horse was Document [17] (Title: Ares) of Thebes: Ares was the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus, for the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi. To propitiate Ares, Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia, a daughter of Ares's union with Aphrodite. In this way, Cadmus harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes. In the tale sung by the bard in the hall of Alcinous, the Sun-god Helios once spied Ares and Aphrodite enjoying each other secretly in the hall of Hephaestus, her husband. He reported the incident to Hephaestus. Document [18] (Title: Ares) the Aloadae into slaying each other. In Nonnus's "Dionysiaca" Ares also killed Ekhidnades, the giant son of Echidna, and a great enemy of the gods. Scholars have not concluded whether the nameless Ekhidnades ("of Echidna's lineage") was entirely Nonnus's invention or not. In the "Iliad", Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances, rewarding courage on both sides: he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans ("Iliad" V.830–834, XXI.410–414), but Aphrodite persuaded Ares to side with the Trojans. During the war, Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Document [19] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) plotted with Pluto and Ares' daughter Hippolyta to marry Hercules and Venus to Hippolyta and himself. It was revealed that in ancient times, he took part in the Trojan War. Alongside Zeus, Ares struck an alliance with Odin against the Eternals, and battled the Eternal Ikaris. He frequently battled teams and individuals while working as a villain, and continued to battle heroes like the Avengers. Ares' uncle Pluto sought to overwhelm Mount Olympus with an army of the dead, leading to a stalemate that the gods and demigods (including Achilles) were unable to break. In desperation to end the siege Document [20] (Title: Greek mythology) "On the Trojan side:" "On the Greek side:" Mythology was at the heart of everyday life in Ancient Greece. Greeks regarded mythology as a part of their history. They used myth to explain natural phenomena, cultural variations, traditional enmities and friendships. It was a source of pride to be able to trace the descent of one's leaders from a mythological hero or a god. Few ever doubted that there was truth behind the account of the Trojan War in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". According to Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian, columnist, political essayist and former classics professor, and John Document [21] (Title: Trojan War) including Machaon (according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by Eurypylus), and according to one version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. In another version, Penthesilia was killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes. Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto. While they were away, Memnon of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Eos, came Document [22] (Title: Greek mythology) two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos. Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow in the heel. Achilles' heel was the only part of his body which was not invulnerable to damage by human weaponry. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium). Finally, with Athena's help, they built the Trojan Horse. Despite the warnings of Priam's daughter Cassandra, the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon, a Document [23] (Title: Apollo) his wise and artistic nature. In the Trojan war, as Zeus' executive, Apollo is seen holding the aegis like Athena usually does. Apollo's decisions were usually approved by his sister Athena, and they both worked to establish the law and order set forth by Zeus. In Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war. Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover. Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes Document [24] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) enlisted his descendant Helen Alexandros to become the Silver Swan. His final scheme before the history-changing battle of the Crisis on Infinite Earths was to ally himself with Hades and the Anti-Monitor to subdue the Gods of Olympus. As Wonder Woman engaged him in final battle, Steve Trevor freed the gods and Hades's wife Kore appealed to her husband with a message of love, leaving Mars isolated. Despite being Zeus's son, Ares never fit in with the other gods of Olympus and created his own realm, the Areopagus. Aphrodite, the patron of the Amazons, swore that her women would save Document [25] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) to Earth with amnesia, due to being brutally beaten by Ares' henchman the Yellow-crested Titans and drifting between Olympus and Earth for six days and nights. Ares sent the two gods, Kratos and Bia, after Hercules, and despite the Avenger's efforts Hercules was captured and taken back to Olympus. Ares again battled the Avengers who had come to rescue the captive Hercules, and was defeated by Thor and the Black Knight. Ares also battled Namor the Sub-Mariner and Venus. He formed another alliance with Pluto, and kidnapped Krista in an attempt to foment war between Olympus and Asgard. He also Document [26] (Title: Diomedes) her mother about Diomedes' handiwork. The latter reminded her of mighty Heracles (now, an Olympian himself) who held the record of wounding not one but two Olympians as a human. The transgression of Diomedes by attacking Apollo had its consequences. Urged by Apollo, Ares came to the battlefield to help Trojans. Identifying the god of war, Diomedes protected the Achaeans by ordering them to withdraw towards their ships. Hera saw the havoc created by her son and together with Athena, she came to the Achaeans' aid. When Athena saw Diomedes resting near his horses, she mocked him, reminding him of Document [27] (Title: Ares) and continuing into the Classical period, attest to Enyalios as another name for the god of war. Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition represented by the "Iliad" and "Odyssey." Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the battlefield at Troy: Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him:<br>"Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced liar.<br>To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold Olympus.<br>Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and battles.<br>...<br>And yet I will Document [28] (Title: Ares (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess)) the god Strife, kills Serena and he and Ares attempt to frame Hercules for her murder. He is saved by the intervention of Xena and Zeus. Ares' main goal on "Hercules" is to kill his demi-god half-brother, both because Hercules constantly stands in his way by preventing wars and because he resents his father Zeus' preference for Hercules. Ares' schemes are invariably thwarted. In later episodes of "Hercules", he changes from a dark villain to a more comical one. This is especially true following the rise of evil entities such as Dahak, or the rise of a more powerful God Document [29] (Title: Trojan War) successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The Document [30] (Title: Trojan War) next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armour and lead his army. Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armour from the body of Patroclus. Document [31] (Title: Ares) Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly (V.590–605). Athene or Athena, Ares's sister, saw his interference and asked Zeus, his father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield, which Zeus granted (V.711–769). Hera and Athena encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares (V.780–834). Diomedes thrust with his spear at Ares, with Athena driving it home, and Ares's cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble (V.855–864). Ares fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back. When Hera mentioned to Zeus that Ares's son, Ascalaphus, was killed, Ares overheard and wanted to join the fight on the side Document [32] (Title: Ares (DC Comics)) demigod daughter of Zeus, their new dynamic is that of brother and sister. War's calves and feet are permanently smeared with blood. He appears in a bar in Darfur, where his brother Apollo tries to convince him to side with him in his quest to take over the rein of Olympus. His attitude also seems to be more pessimistic and uncaring. He is revealed to be Diana's former mentor in "Wonder Woman" #0, a stand-alone issue published in September 2012 set in the past. He takes Diana under his tutelage because of her vast potential in combat and teaches her Document [33] (Title: Iliad) Trojans and their allies. () The armies approach each other, but before they meet, Paris offers to end the war by fighting a duel with Menelaus, urged by his brother and head of the Trojan army, Hector. While Helen tells Priam about the Greek commanders from the walls of Troy, both sides swear a truce and promise to abide by the outcome of the duel. Paris is beaten, but Aphrodite rescues him and leads him to bed with Helen before Menelaus can kill him. () Pressured by Hera's hatred of Troy, Zeus arranges for the Trojan Pandaros to break the Document [34] (Title: Ares (Marvel Comics)) war is shunned and disliked, whereas Hercules is still beloved by the masses, despite his own history of death and destruction. As the Romans took on worship of Greek gods and renamed them, Ares is also the deity Mars. After Zeus allowed the worship of the Greek/Roman gods to cease, the dissatisfied Ares held a deep grudge and would try to overthrow Olympus more than once. He refused to battle against Pluto on behalf of Hercules, and aided Pluto instead. Hercules teamed up with the Asgardian god Thor in order to defeat Ares, leading to Ares' retreat. Ares fought a Document [35] (Title: Thracian warfare) Troy, came from the Aegean coast. In the Odyssey there is only one instance of Thracians, that of Cicones again on the coast, but they are weak. The Thracians were a particularly fierce culture in terms of violence and conflict and so they appeared in Greek Mythology as mostly associated with its stories of strife. The god of war Ares was said to have been born in Thrace and was also heavily worshiped there; in contrast to the revulsion of his worship by many other Balkan city states. Homer recounts in the book of Odyssey that an embarrassed Ares retreated Document [36] (Title: Zeus (Marvel Comics)) of Ares, and brainwashed Alexander into becoming his personal God of War. In the end though, thanks to Ares' love for his son, and the power of Zeus, Alexander broke free and apparently slew Mikaboshi. It came with a heavy price though, as Zeus apparently sacrificed his life to do so, he was stabbed twice by Mikaboshi's dark tendrils, and his body was not found. During the "Dark Reign" storyline, it was revealed that Pluto has Zeus prisoner and holds a trial against him with Hercules helping his father. The jury consists of Zeus' enemies, with Pluto as a prosecutor. Document [37] (Title: Amazons) Theseus when he touched upon their coasts. Amazons attacked the Phrygians, who were assisted by Priam, then a young man. In his later years, however, towards the end of the Trojan War, his old opponents took his side against the Greeks under their queen Penthesilea "of Thracian birth", who was slain by Achilles. The god Dionysus and his entourage fought the amazons at Ephesus, the Amazons fled to Samos, but Dionysus pursued them and at Samos he killed a great number of them on a spot which was, from that occurrence, called Panaema (), which means blood-soaked field. In another Document [38] (Title: Agamemnon) in the Crimean Peninsula. Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate. Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source. But in the "Iliad" itself, he's shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book 11 during his "aristea" loosely translated to "day of glory" which is the most similar to Achilles' "aristea" in Book 21 (they both are compared to lions and destructive fires in battle, their hands are described as "splattered with gore" and "invincible," the Trojans flee to the walls, they both Document [39] (Title: Ares) valor rather than the cruel and blood-thirsty god of Greek mythology. Ares Ares (; , "Áres" ) is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, the son of Zeus and Hera. In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship. The Greeks were toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." His Document [40] (Title: Trojan War) seduced by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes. Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achaean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the Cypria, Achilles forced the army to stay. According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of Anius, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army. Chryses, a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis, came to Document [41] (Title: Ancient Greek religion) gods could only lengthen his journey and make it harder for him, but they could not stop him. The gods acted like humans and had human vices. They would interact with humans, sometimes even spawning children with them. At times certain gods would be opposed to others, and they would try to outdo each other. In the "Iliad", Aphrodite, Ares and Apollo support the Trojan side in the Trojan War, while Hera, Athena and Poseidon support the Greeks (see theomachy). Some gods were specifically associated with a certain city. Athena was associated with the city of Athens, Apollo with Delphi Document [42] (Title: Artemis) on the ears with her own quiver, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled crying to Zeus, Leto gathered up the bow and arrows. Artemis played quite a large part in this war. Like her mother and brother, who was widely worshipped at Troy, Artemis took the side of the Trojans. At the Greek's journey to Troy, Artemis becalmed the sea and stopped the journey until an oracle came and said they could win the goddess' heart by sacrificing Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter. Agamemnon once promised the goddess he would sacrifice the dearest thing to him, which was Iphigenia, Document [43] (Title: Posthomerica) They are buried next to one another, their headstones facing opposite ways. The battle evens out for both sides. Apollo pushes Aeneas and Eurymachos to fight like madmen against the Greeks, pushing them back until they are rallied by Neoptolemos. The Greeks surge forwards and Aeneas manages to rally the Trojans and check the Greek advance. A dust storm settles over the battle. The next morning, the Argives hide under their shields to get to the gates of Troy, led by Odysseus. Ares gives Aeneas the strength to retaliate by throwing huge rocks. Aeneas exhorts the Trojans to leave the Document [44] (Title: Trojan War) Achilles, maddened with grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and Question: who did ares side with in the trojan war

Answer: the Trojan side Long Answer: Participants on the Greek side (Achaeans) Participants on the Trojan side Gods Humans Gods Humans Athena Hera Poseidon Hermes Hephaestus Thetis Abantes Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Alcmaeon Amphidamas Amphimachus Anticlus Antilochus Antimachus Antiphates Antiphus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Asclepius Automedon Calchas Canopus Clonius Cyanippus Demophon Diomedes Diores Echion Epeius Epistrophus Eteoneus Eumelus Eurymedon Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurymachus Eurypylus Guneus Halaesus Ialmenus Iasus Idomeneus Iphidamas Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Meleager Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Patroclus Peneleos Pheidippus Philoctetes Podalirius Podarces Podalirius Polypoetes Protesilaus Prothoenor Prothous Schedius Sinon Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thalpius Thersander Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Aphrodite Ares Apollo Artemis Scamander Leto Phobos Deimos Eris Zeus Acamas Adrestus Aeneas Ainia Agenor Amphimachus Amphius Anchises Andromache Antenor Antibrote Antiphus Archilochus Ascanius Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Axylus Calesius Caletor Cassandra Cebriones Chromis Clete Coroebus Cycnus Deiphobus Dolon Ennomus Epistrophus Eteoneus Euphemus Euphorbus Eurypylus Eurytion Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hicetaon Hippothous Iapyx Ilioneus Imbrius Laocoon Lycaon Memnon Mentes (King of the Cicones) Mentes (King of the Taphians) Mesthles Mygdon of Phrygia Mynes Nastes Odius Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Penthesilea Phorcys Polites Poludamas Polyxena Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus Sarpedon Scylaceus Tenes Troilus Ucalegon Gold Document ID: 41

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)) Indian shooters won two Olympic medals (Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won Silver in Athens Olympics 2004 and Abhinav Bindra won Gold in the Beijing games 2008.) during this time. While he was a minister at the Central Government, Digvijay Singh was instrumental in getting the Sports Authority of India to open a Special Area Games Center in his hometown of Gidhaur. Digvijay Singh built the Sona Devi Charitable Hospital in his home town of Gidhaur. He also created a foundation, the Gidhaur Foundation, which organises social and cultural functions every year. Between 2001 – 2007, the Gidhaur foundation organised the 'Gidhaur Document [2] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) started with a shot of 10.7, and none of his shots were below 10.0. Bindra was tied with Henri Häkkinen heading into his final shot. Bindra scored his highest of the finals – 10.8 while Hakkinen shot 9.7 to settle for the Bronze medal. It has been alleged that Abhinav Bindra's gun was tampered with between the qualifying and final round of the event, though no official complaint was filed by the Indian contingent. This was India's first individual gold medal at the Olympics, and the first gold in 28 years, since the men's field hockey team won the gold Document [3] (Title: Athletics in India) till now no Indian athlete won any medal at the Olympics. At 2016 Summer Olympics Lalita Babar becomes the first Indian athlete since 1984 to reach Olympics finale in the event of Women's 3000 metres steeplechase, before her, P.T. Usha reach the finale of Women's 400 metres hurdles at 1984 Summer Olympics. P.T. Usha won multiple gold medals in different editions of Asian Games and Asian Athletics Championships. Lavy Pinto was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Asian Games which he won in the first Asian Games held at New Delhi in 1951 in 100 and Document [4] (Title: Shankar Lakshman) gold medallist, however, this is factually inaccurate, as he was only a two-time Olympic gold medallist. Shankar Lakshman Shankar Lakshman (7 July 1933 – 29 April 2006) was an Indian hockey player. He was goalkeeper of the Indian team in the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics, that won two gold medals and one silver medal. He was the first goalkeeper to become captain of an international hockey team and was awarded the Arjuna award and the Padmasri by the Indian government. He was captain of the Indian team which won the gold in the 1966 Asian Games. After missing the Document [5] (Title: M. P. Ganesh) Indian team that won a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. He twice represented India in the Asian Games, first in 1970 in Bangkok and then in 1974 in Tehran. Both the times India returned home with a Silver medal. He was in the Indian team that won Bronze at the first World Cup at Barcelona in 1971 and captained the team that won Silver at the next World Cup in Amsterdam. He played for India at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, finishing third and settling for a Bronze. He also played for World XI in Document [6] (Title: Indian women at the Olympics) a medal in Badminton at the Olympics, by winning the Bronze medal at the London Olympics 2012 on 4 August 2012. Geeta Phogat became the first ever Indian woman to qualify for the women's 55kg wrestling in the London Olympics 2012. Women's wrestling was announced in 2004. P.V. Sindhu became the first ever Indian woman to win the Silver medal at the Olympics, by reaching the Badminton final at Rio Olympics 2016. However, she lost to Carolina Marín of Spain in the final on 19 August 2016. She became the youngest Indian woman to win an Olympic medal. Indian women Document [7] (Title: India at the 1964 Winter Olympics) University of Denver. On 30 January, he participated in the men's downhill, but failed to finish his run; the gold medal was won by Egon Zimmermann of Austria, the silver by Léo Lacroix of France, and the bronze was taken by Wolfgang Bartels of the German Unified Team. Bujakowski would go on to represent India at the 1968 Winter Olympics. India at the 1964 Winter Olympics India sent a delegation to compete at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria from 29 January to 9 February 1968. This was India's debut at the Winter Olympic Games. The sole athlete representing Document [8] (Title: Milkha Singh) At the 1962 Asian Games, held in Jakarta, Singh won gold in the 400m and in the 4 x 400m relay. He attended the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where he was entered to compete in the 400m, the 4 x 100m relay and the 4 x 400m relay. He did not take part in either the 400m or the 4 x 100m relay and the Indian team of Milkha Singh, Makhan Singh, Amrit Pal and Ajmer Singh were eliminated when they finished fourth in the heat stages of the 4 x 400m. There have been claims that Singh won Document [9] (Title: A Shot at History) A Shot at History A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold is 2011 autobiography of Indian Olympic Gold medalist Abhinav Bindra. He won the medal in the 10-metre air rifle category, which made him India's first ever individual gold medalist; this victory came after received the seventh rank at the 2004 Athens Olympics. However, due to Bindra's inexperience in writing, he co-authored the book with sportswriter Rohit Brijnath, which took them two years to complete. After it was released on October 20, 2011, at nationwide stores by Hapercollins, Union Sports minister Ajay Maken formally released the book Document [10] (Title: Ram Singh Yadav) athlete ever to be qualified for the marathon event of the Olympics. Shivnath Singh of Bihar was the first Indian athlete to participate in the Olympics marathon. He participated twice in the Olympic Games—1976 and 1980. At the London 2012 Olympic Games, he completed the marathon with a time of 2:30:06 which placed him 78th in the final rankings. From a field of 105 starters, as many as 20 runners failed to finish the grueling marathon final, which was won by Uganda's Stephen Kiprotich in a time of 2:08:01. Ram Singh Yadav Ram Singh Yadav (born 7 November 1984) is Document [11] (Title: Yogeshwar Dutt) win an Olympic medal after K D Jadhav in 1952 and Sushil Kumar in 2008 and 2012. He had defeated North Korean Ri Jong-Myong in the bronze medal bout thus winning the fifth medal for Indian contingent at the London Olympics 2012. Earlier, Yogeshwar qualified for the 2012 Olympics by winning a silver medal at an Asian qualification tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan where he lost to Iranian Masoud Esmaeilpour (2–3, 0–1) in the final. At the Olympics he lost to the Russian B Kudukhov 1–0, 2–0 and was knocked out from the pre-quarterfinal round. He got a chance to contest Document [12] (Title: India at the Olympics) over 50 sportspersons representing several sport, each selected by its sports federation, to the Summer Olympics. The delegation was headed by a chef-de-mission. Thus, India's Summer Olympic delegation in the early Olympic Games was as follows: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category. The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83-member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new Document [13] (Title: India at the Olympics) best for the country with a total of six medals. Wrestler Sushil Kumar became the first Indian with multiple individual Olympic medals (bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since Norman Pritchard in 1900. Saina Nehwal won bronze medal in badminton in Women's singles getting the country's first Olympic medal in badminton. Pugilist Mary Kom became the first Indian woman to win a medal in boxing with her bronze medal finish in Women's flyweight. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, a record number of 118 athletes competed. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman wrestler Document [14] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) in the men's single sculls for the Olympics at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju, South Korea. Indian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finish at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the 2015 ISSF World Cup series and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 31 March 2016. On 19 March 2016, National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) had announced the squad of eleven Indian shooters for the Games, featuring four-time Olympian and Beijing 2008 air rifle champion Abhinav Bindra, Document [15] (Title: Khajan Singh) Gold, five of them gleaming with the additional lustre of new records. He also contributed to a Silver and a Bronze for the police relay team. The ace swimmer, master free style and Arjuna Awardee of 1984, Khajan scored Silver at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul in 200m Butterfly. That was the first time since 1951 that India won a medal at the Asiad. The next medal in swimming came 24 years later, when Virdhawal Khade won a bronze in the same event at 2010 Asian Games. His most outstanding international performance was at the South Asian Federation Games Document [16] (Title: Chandgi Ram) the world championships medallist Abolfazl Anvari of Iran. In the final, he defeated Japan's Shizuo Yada, there by winning gold medal. For the 1972 Summer Olympics, he shifted to lower weight category and represented India in the 90 kg freestyle event. He lost his first bout to Canada's George Saunders. And was eliminated after losing his next bout to the eventual silver medallist Gennady Strakhov. After participating in the 1972 Olympics, he shifted from Haryana to Delhi, where he opened up his wrestling training centre in 1975 – "Chandgi Ram Vyayamshala". Ram's struggle to introduce women's wrestling in India begun Document [17] (Title: Rahi Sarnobat) 2011 and got selected for the London Olympics in 2012, thereby becoming the first Indian shooter to qualify for the 25 meters sports pistol event in the Olympics. In May 2015, Rahi was recommended for the country's prestigious, Arjuna Award by the National Rifle Association of India(NRAI). On 22 August 2018, she became the first Indian woman individual Asian games gold medalist in shooting by winning the 25 meter pistol event with a game's record score of 34. She won the shoot off against her Thai opponent to bag the Gold. Rahi Sarnobat Rahi Jeevan Sarnobat (Marathi:राही सरनोबत) is a Document [18] (Title: Milkha Singh) the Partition of India, Singh has become a sporting icon in his country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as "the finest athlete India has ever produced". In July 2012, "The Independent" said that "India's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser" and noted the paucity of success at that time — 20 medals — achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion. Milkha Singh was born on 20 November 1929 according to records in Pakistan, although other official records various state 17 October 1935 and 20 November Document [19] (Title: Harbinder Singh) 1967 and won the gold medal in 4x100M Relay Race. It is a very rare feat to win gold medals in two different sports, i.e., hockey and athletics. He was conferred with 'Arjuna Award' in 1967, 'Railway Minister Award' in 1966 and 'Best Sporstman Of The Railways' in 1972. He was member of the Selection Committee of Indian Hockey Federation for juniors [1980-1984 and 1994–1998] and Women Hockey Federation for juniors and seniors [2004-2009]. Presently he is the member of the Selection Committee of 'Hockey India' and was Manager of the Indian Junior Men Hockey Team toured to Kenya [1984]. Document [20] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) and to immortalize in his memory at Vijayawada. The stadium was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Tanguturi Anjaiah. Dandamudi Rajagopal Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao (14 October 1916 – 6 August 1981) was an Indian Asian Games Medallist, Olympic Weightlifter, Bodybuilder, Film Actor, Sports Administrator and Coach. In 1946, he won 1st place in XII Olympic Sports Event of India held in Banglore for the Heavyweight class He annexed Kerala title in 1942 and the Bombay provincial honours in 1944 breaking all the previous records. He has represented India in International competitions held in Burma in 1947. He won Document [21] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) Open National Championships Arjun became the first Indian swimmer to break the 28-second barrier in the 50 m backstroke clocking a national record time of 27.97. He was also judged the Best Swimmer of the meet with 4 gold medals. Training in Quebec under the aegis of Sports Authority of India and the central government, Arjun along with elder brother Amar, participated under the banner of Laval University in the Speedo Eastern Canadian swimming championships held from 16–19 February in Montreal. Arjun won the gold in the 100 m butterfly event with the best-ever Indian performance of 0:56.20 seconds. The Document [22] (Title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics) featured several Olympic medalists from Beijing, including rifle shooter and Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, who failed to advance into the final rounds of his event in London. Wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist Sushil Kumar managed to claim another medal by winning silver in the men's freestyle wrestling. The Indian Olympic Association also appointed him to be the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. This was India's most successful Olympics in terms of total medal tally, having won a total of 6 medals (2 silver and 4 bronze), doubling the nation's previous record (3 medals at the 2008 Beijing Document [23] (Title: Sport in India) Olympic Games, and India's first gold medal since 1980, when the men's field hockey team won the gold. India has won very few Olympic medals, despite a population exceeding one billion, around half of them under the age of 25. Numerous explanations have been offered for the dearth, including poverty, malnutrition, neglected infrastructure, the lack of sponsorship, the theft of money and equipment, political corruption, institutional disorganisation, social immobility, the predominance of cricket, and other cultural factors. According to several informal statistics, India is the country with the lowest number of total Olympic medals per capita (out of those countries Document [24] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) and was the only player below 100 points. His sub-par finals dropped him from third to seventh. On 24 July 2006, Bindra became the first Indian shooter to win a World Championship gold in Zagreb. Dr. Karni Singh's Silver in 1962 was the previous best by an Indian in a World Championship meet. At the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, he won the Gold in the Pairs event and the Bronze in the Singles event. Abhinav missed the 2006 Asian Games at Doha because of a back injury. After these successes he started suffering from a severe back injury, so much Document [25] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) titles at the same time, a feat he accomplished by capturing the Gold Medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, after having won the gold at the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships. Bindra also won the Gold Medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. In 2014, Abhinav Bindra joined the GoSports Foundation, Bangalore as a member of their board of advisors. In collaboration with the GoSports Foundation, he will also provide support to India's up and coming talented shooters through the Abhinav Bindra Shooting Development Programme. In May 2016, the Indian Olympics Association (IOA) appointed Abhinav Bindra as Document [26] (Title: Randhir Singh (sport shooter)) He went on to win multiple titles at national level in both skeet and trap shooting. He became the first Indian shooter to win continental gold at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok. On home soil four years later, he won team silver at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi. He competed at five Olympic Games from 1968 to 1984 in Mixed Trap. He was the second Indian, after Karni Singh, to compete at five Olympics. His best Olympic performance was 17th at the 1968 Olympics, two points behind Karni Singh and four points from bronze. He also competed Document [27] (Title: Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games) the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants. On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially participate as an Independent Olympic Participant. On 11 February 2014 the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of Document [28] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) Dandamudi Rajagopal Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao (14 October 1916 – 6 August 1981) was an Indian Asian Games Medallist, Olympic Weightlifter, Bodybuilder, Film Actor, Sports Administrator and Coach. In 1946, he won 1st place in XII Olympic Sports Event of India held in Banglore for the Heavyweight class He annexed Kerala title in 1942 and the Bombay provincial honours in 1944 breaking all the previous records. He has represented India in International competitions held in Burma in 1947. He won Gold medal in Indian Olympic Sports Event held at Delhi in 1952. He has lifted 780 pounds in the Heavyweight Category. Document [29] (Title: Satheesha Rai) Satheesha Rai Satheesha Rai is an Indian weightlifter and Olympian from Mangalore, Karnataka. He is also a recipient of the Arjuna Award given in 1999. He won a gold medal and two silver medals in the 1998 Commonwealth Games. He also won two gold medals and a bronze medal in 2002 Commonwealth Games but the medal he won in 2002 was stripped because he tested positive for intaking a banned substance. Rai pleaded innocence and stated, "I have participated in over 16 International events including the Olympics and the World championships the Asian Games, the Commonwealth Games besides a host Document [30] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) athletes making the cut. Among the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's artistic gymnastics. The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London, including badminton star Saina Nehwal, freestyle wrestler and four-time Olympian Yogeshwar Dutt, and rifle shooter Gagan Narang. Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist Leander Paes topped the roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics, while air rifle marksman Abhinav Bindra, who became the nation's first and only individual gold medalist in history (2008), led the Indian delegation as the flag bearer Document [31] (Title: Saurabh Chaudhary) won the total three gold medal- First in the 10m air pistol competition then team competition and last he won the gold medal in the mixed team 10m pistol. He is the only indian shooter to won gold medal in the Youth Olympic, Asian games, Junior ISSF world championship and Asian Airgun championship. Saurabh Chaudhary is an introvert & calm personality concentrated on his aim unaffected with materialistic life. Shooter Saurabh Chaudhary Donates Youth Olympics Gold-clinching Pistol to IOC Museum. Saurabh Chaudhary Saurabh Chaudhary (born 25 May 2002 in a village named Kalina in district Meerut of UP, India) is Document [32] (Title: Sport in India) and out of funds. Following is a list of international sports events held in India: A single athlete, Norman Pritchard, represented India in the 1900 Olympics, winning two silver medals. India sent its first national team to the Olympics in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Olympic Games ever since. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964. India has won a total of 26 Olympic medals. India won its first gold medal in men's field hockey in the 1928 Olympic Games. Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Document [33] (Title: Field hockey in India) International Hockey Federation. In 1928, the team won its first Olympic gold medal. From 1928 to 1956, was the golden period for the Indian Hockey team. The Indian men's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, gaining six gold medals in a row. The Indian team has won a total of eight gold, one silver and two bronze medals in Olympics. On 9 March 2008, India lost 2–0 to Britain at Santiago, Chile in the final of one of the three qualifying tournaments for the Beijing Olympics. With only the winner advancing to the 12-team event, the Indian men's team was Document [34] (Title: Karni Singh) two daughters. Their daughter Princess Rajyashree Kumari was also a first class shooting sportswoman who received the Arjuna Award in 1968. Singh won the National Championship in Clay Pigeon Trap and Skeet seventeen times and represented India at all levels of international competition. He was the first Indian to compete at five Olympic Games, which he did from 1960 to 1980, missing the Games of 1976, representing India at clay pigeon shooting at the Summer Olympics in Rome, 1960, Tokyo, 1964 (Captain), Mexico, 1968, Munich, 1972, and Moscow, 1980. His best positions in competition were eighth in 1960 and tenth Document [35] (Title: India at the Olympics) 1980. The run included 8 gold medals total and six successive gold medals from 1928–1956. India sent its first athlete to the Summer Olympics for the 1900 Games, but an Indian national team did not compete at the Summer Olympics until 1920. Ahead of the 1920 Games, Sir Dorabji Tata and Governor of Bombay George Lloyd helped India secure representation at the International Olympic Council, enabling it to participate in the Games (see India at the 1920 Olympic Games). India then sent a team to the 1920 Olympics, comprising four athletes, two wrestlers, and managers Sohrab Bhoot and A. H. Document [36] (Title: India at the 2006 Winter Olympics) and was also making his Olympic debut. He competed in the men's giant slalom on 20 February, but did not finish the first run. The gold medal in this race was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria, the silver was taken by Joël Chenal of France, and the bronze was won by a second Austrian, Hermann Maier. Bahadur Gupta was 29 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and making his only Olympic appearance. In the qualifying round of the men's sprint on 22 February, he finished the race with a time of 2 minutes and 43.30 seconds, Document [37] (Title: Gaurav Solanki) male boxer to win a gold medal in 2018 Commonwealth Games. After winning the gold medal, he said, "Today I am dedicating my medal to my mother and I want to represent Tokyo Olympics 2020 and I want to stay there when the Indian flag is raised." Gaurav Solanki Gaurav Solanki (born 21 January 1997) is an Indian Boxer. He competes in the 52 kg category. In the year 2018, at the Commonwealth Games held in Gold Coast, Queensland, he won the gold medal in boxing's flyweight 52 kg category.He hails from Ballabgarh, Faridabad, Haryana. Gaurav Solanki was born on Document [38] (Title: Balbir Singh Sr.) two goals and India won by 4–0. Singh was vice-captain of 1952 Olympic team, with K. D. Singh as the Captain. Balbir was India's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. He scored a hat trick against Britain in semi-final, which India won 3–1. He scored five goals in India's 6–1 win against the Netherlands setting a new Olympic record for most goals scored by an individual in an Olympic final in men's field hockey. The previous holder of this record was England's Reggie Pridmore with his four goals in England's 8–1 victory over Ireland in the 1908 Olympic final. Singh Document [39] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) Abhinav Bindra Abhinav Bindra (born 28 September 1982 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India) is an Indian businessman and retired professional shooter who is a former World and Olympic champion in the 10 metre Air Rifle event. By winning the gold in the 10 metre Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. It was also India's first gold medal since 1980, when the Men's Field Hockey Team won the gold. He is the first and only Indian to have held both the World and Olympic Document [40] (Title: C. C. Machaiah) gold. He is the recipient of the "Arjuna Award" in 1978-79, the highest sports honour for a sportsman in India. C. C. Machaiah Chenanda C. Machaiah, is an accomplished boxer from Karnataka, India. He was one of the earliest boxers to represent India internationally. He represented India as a boxer in the 1976 at Montreal, losing in the first round in the Light Welterweight (– 63.5 kg) category (see: Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics). He also represented India on 11 occasions, including the Asian Boxing Championships at Jakarta (1977), the Indo-USSR Tournament in USSR (1977), the XIth Commonwealth Games Document [41] (Title: Vasudevan Baskaran) He was awarded the Arjuna Award in (1979–1980) for his performance as a player in Olympic Games. Vasudevan Baskaran Vasudevan Baskaran (born 17 August 1950) is a former field hockey player from Tamil Nadu, India. He captained the Indian team, which won the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. Thereafter he coached and mentored several players for the Indian team. Now he lives with his family in Besant Nagar in Chennai, India. After the Olympic gold victory, Baskaran had coached the Indian National Team several times, the last time at the 2006 Men's Hockey World Document [42] (Title: Sushil Kumar (wrestler)) Kumar placed fourth at the 2003 World Championships, but this went largely unnoticed by the Indian media as he fared badly in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, placing 14th in the 60 kg weight class. He won gold medals at the Commonwealth wrestling championships in 2005 and 2007. He placed seventh in the 2007 World Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first person to win two Olympic medals for independent India. Kumar was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2006 and Document [43] (Title: Bajrang Lal Takhar) Bajrang Lal Takhar Bajrang Lal Takhar (born 5 January 1981 in Sikar district, Rajasthan) is an Indian rower who won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Games held in Guangzhou. Takhar is a Naib Subedar in the Rajputana Rifles regiment of the Indian Army. Bajrang Lal won the first individual rowing silver medal for India at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha He contested in the men's single sculls rowing event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but failed to reach the finals. He finished with a rank of 21. He then Document [44] (Title: Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav) Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav January 15, 1926 – August 14, 1984) was an Indian athlete. He is best known as a wrestler who won a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He was one of the first athletes from India to win a medal in the Olympics After Norman Pritchard who won two silver medals in athletics in 1900, Khashaba was the first individual athlete from India to win a medal at the Olympics. In the years before Khashaba, India would only win gold medals in field hockey, a team sport. He is the only Document [45] (Title: Balkrishan Singh) Indian traits in the concept of total hockey which earned him many laurels in the 80s. Balkrishan Singh Balkrishan Singh (10 March 1933 – 31 December 2004) was field hockey player from India who won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Balkrishan Singh is perhaps the only player in the country to have won the gold medal both as a player and as a coach. He was a member of the gold medal-winning team in the 1956 Olympics and was chief coach of the team that won the gold in the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Balkrishan went to Australia Document [46] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) in 2001. In 2000 he was honoured with the Arjuna Award and the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 2001. In the Air Rifle event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, Manchester, he won Gold in the Pairs event. Bindra also won Silver in the individual event. In the 2004 Athens Olympics, despite breaking the Olympic record Bindra failed to win a medal. He scored 597 in the qualification round and was placed third behind Qinan Zhu (599 – new Olympic Record) and Li Jie (598). In the finals, Abhinav finished with 97.6 points, last in the field of eight, Document [47] (Title: Sanjeev Rajput) also Conferred with Arjuna Award in Aug 2010 and is also adjudged the Services Best Sports Person for the year 2009–2010 and was awarded the Trophy. In 2011, he won gold medal in world cup held in Changwon, Korea. He also made a New National Record in the same event by again breaking his own record 3rd time. By winning this gold he became the third Indian to qualify for the London Olympics. He finished 8th place at the ISSF World Cup finals in Poland in his Pet event. He also won 05 Gold and a Silver medal in the Document [48] (Title: Sushil Kumar (wrestler)) Muhammad Salman 10–0 in 46 seconds. Kumar won a silver medal after losing the final to Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu. Earlier, he had entered the final amid some controversy by beating Kazakhastan's Akzhurek Tanatarov in the semifinal. The Kazakh athlete claimed that Kumar had bitten his ear, which was denied by the latter. Kumar was the Olympic flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony. Kumar defeated Qamar Abbas in the 74 kg final to win the gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. He won in 107 seconds by fall. Kumar won gold in 74 kg category on Document [49] (Title: Shooting sports in India) in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The second medal came from the unheralded army man Vijay Kumar when he won the silver in the 25m rapid fire pistol event after finishing 4th in the qualification rounds. He had to fend off some tough competition from the third placed Chinese Ding Feng. A notable performance was made by Joydeep Karmakar who finished 4th in the 50m rifle prone event. Document [50] (Title: India at the 1948 Summer Olympics) India at the 1948 Summer Olympics India competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Wembley Park, London, England. 79 competitors, all men, took part in 39 events in 10 sports. It was the first time that India competed as an independent nation at the Olympic Games. Ten cyclists represented India in 1948 Also represented India: Netai Chand Bysack Sohrab Bhoot and Nariman Saugar were administrators for the cycling team. The Indian field hockey team defeated the British team to win the country's first gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. It was the country's first Olympic gold medal since India Document [51] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) Andhra Olympic team. He was the Founder of Andhra Olympic Association and several other important sports associations in Andhra Pradesh which helped in upliftment of sports in the state and in India as well. He represented India thrice in the Olympic Games in the Heavyweight Category of Weightlifting; First in London Games in 1948, Second in Finland Games in 1952 and Last in Melbourne Games in 1956. He finished 16th in London Games, 9th in Melbourne Games and 6th in Finland which was his best performance in the Premier Sporting Exhibition in the World. He established Free Gymnasia by the Document [52] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) Commonwealth Games. However the Olympic Champion had to settle for silver in the individual event. His countryman Gagan Narang, who shot a perfect 600 to equal his own world record in men's 10m individual air rifle qualification, won the Gold. Abhinav Bindra won the Gold medal in the Men's 10-metre Air rifle event at the 12th Asian Shooting Championships, which was held in Doha Qatar. Abhinav Bindra lost in the qualification round in 2012 London Olympics finishing with a score of 594 placing him in 16th, though his compatriot Gagan Narang made it to the finals in 3rd place, and Document [53] (Title: Jitu Rai) the process, he won three medals in nine days at the World Cup and also became the first person to have won two medals at a single world cup for India. Following his achievements, he was ranked number 1 in the world, in 10 metre air pistol and number 4, in 50 metre pistol, in July 2014. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Rai created the Games record in the qualification round of the 50 metre pistol event, having scored 562 points. He went on to win the gold medal in the event, scoring 194.1 points in the final, thus creating Document [54] (Title: 1936 Summer Olympics) marathon, the ethnic Koreans Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong won one gold and one bronze medal; as Korea was annexed by Japan at the time, they were running for Japan. India won the gold medal in the field hockey event once again (they won the gold in all Olympics from 1928 to 1956), defeating Germany 8–1 in the final. However, Indians were considered Indo-Aryans by the Germans and there was no controversy regarding their victory. Rie Mastenbroek of the Netherlands won three gold medals and a silver in swimming. Estonia's Kristjan Palusalu won gold medals in both Men's heavyweight Wrestling Document [55] (Title: Manpreet Singh (field hockey)) that won Gold medal after defeating arch rival Pakistan in final by 4-2. In 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow in Scotland, India won silver medal after losing to Australia in final by 4-0. In 2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy at London, India won silver medal after losing to Australia in final by 3-1, where India had made to finals after 38 years. In 2016 Summer Olympics, he was named in the Indian squad. Few hours before the 6 April 2016 Japan vs India opening match 2016 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, which India won 1-2, he received the news of his Document [56] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) In 1954 Indian Olympic Sports Event he won Gold medal again and established three records. He won Bronze medal in 1951 Asian Games held in New Delhi in Weightlifting which was one of the best performances of an Indian athlete considering the strong competition in the field and the number of countries participating Dandamudi was the 1st Indian Weightlifting Champion and held the title continuously for 13 years from 1945 to 1958. Dandamudi won Mr. Asia title in 1948 at Calcutta in Asian bodybuilding competition. He was the 1st President of Andhra Olympic Association. He has been the captain of Document [57] (Title: Gagan Narang) the Men's 10 m Air Rifle singles event, he shot a perfect 600 which was a new record. Gagan also clinched a silver medal in his pet event at the Asian Games 2010. He also combined with Abhinav Bindra and Sanjeev Rajput to win the country another silver, in the team event behind champions, China. He won both of his silvers on the opening day of Asian Games. Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics with a total score of 701.1 becoming India's first medal winner at the 2012 games. Gagan Document [58] (Title: India at the Olympics) games to the Summer Olympics. Thus, at the 1928 national games, it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics, with Sondhi as manager. By this time, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics. The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to the 1932 Games (four athletes and one swimmer) and 1936 (four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter), along with three officials headed by team manager Sondhi. From 1948 onward, because of the IOA's wider outreach, India began sending delegations of Document [59] (Title: Sudhir Saha) devoted his time to coaching and judge/refereeing. During his early coaching career, K.P. Rai and Nirmal Bose, from Panchanan Bayam Samity, one of India's oldest wrestling club, represented India in the 1948 London Olympics. Four years later, the 1952 Helsinki Olympic training camp was held at Panchanan Bayam Samity. Two of Sudhir's trainees, Nirmal Bose and Niranjan Das, from Panchanan Bayam Samity represented India in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. One of Sudhir's trainees, K.D. Jadhav, won the bronze medal in the Bantam weight Category in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. This was independent India's first individual Olympic medal. In 1957, Sudhir Document [60] (Title: Charles Borromeo (athlete)) record time of 1:46:81 seconds (Sri Ram Singh holds national record 1:45.77 did in Montreal Olympics 1976)He was the first Tata employee to win a Gold in the Asian Games. In 1984 Tata honored him as the Best Sportsman. Borromeo later represented India at a number of track and field meets around the world, including Japan and China, where he again won gold. He represented India at the 1984 Summer Olympics at Los Angeles. He was eliminated in the first round after finishing fifth with a time of 1:51.52. Borromeo was the captain of the Indian team at the Asian Document [61] (Title: Virdhawal Khade) his heat (Heat 3) and set a new personal best of 50.07 seconds, placing him 42nd overall. He came 48th in the 200 m freestyle and 32nd in the 50 m. On 16 November 2010 Virdhawal Khade to win a medal at the Asian Games when he went on to capture the Bronze in the 50m Butterfly event at the 16th Asian Games. Sachin Nag was the first Indian to win a swimming gold medal in 1951 Asian games held in New Delhi. India had won five more medals (1 silver and 4 bronze in this game. , Guangzhou, China. Document [62] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) scheduled to compete, but she withdrew from the competition after failing the drug test. On 9 August 2008, IWF declared that she was clean, but the event she was supposed to participate in, had already closed. On 11 August 2008, Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the men's 10 m air rifle shooting event. In doing so, he won the first ever individual gold medal for India, and the first medal in any event for India at the Beijing Games. The previous highest individual achievements for India were two silver medals won by Norman Pritchard, an Englishman born in Document [63] (Title: Russell Mark) India's first ever individual Olympic medalist at the Athens Olympics by winning a silver medal. In 2006 Mark competed at the Melbourne Commonwealth Games where he won a gold medal. He participated in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing where he finished 5th in Olympic men's double trap. He declared in 2010 that he would attempt to make his sixth Olympic Games as a competitor at the 2012 London Games. On 7 June 2012, Mark was named in the Olympic team. As well as Mark's six Olympic Appearances he also contested a total of six Commonwealth Games (1990, 1994, Document [64] (Title: Ilyas Babar) Sriram Singh, Tarlok Singh, Charles Borromeo, Bagicha Singh, Harlal Singh, Ram Narayan Singh and Geeta Zutshi. Between them, they won 17 gold medals in Asian Games and Asian Track and Field meets, three Padma Shri and five Arjuna awards. Sriram Singh finished seventh in the 800m in the Montreal Olympics and set an Indian record that still stands. Babar went to the Montreal Olympics on his own expense, having to sell his scooter and various household goods and borrow from his friends to reach Montreal. Babar was given the Dronacharya Award in 1994. In the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok Document [65] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) went on to win the bronze medal for India, thereby opening the medal tally for India in London Olympics 2012. In 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow, Abhinav Bindra again won Gold in the Men's 10m air rifle singles event. At the 2016 Olympic Games at Rio de Janeiro, he came fourth in the Men's 10m Air Rifle singles event after losing a shoot-off for the top 3 to Serhiy Kulish, who eventually won the silver. He holds a B.B.A. (Bachelor of Business Administration) from the University of Colorado, US. Bindra is the CEO of Abhinav Futuristics, the sole distributor of Document [66] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) at the 53rd All India Police Aquatic Championships held at Talkatora Complex, New Delhi In 2005 at the 1st Asian Indoor Games held from 13 to 17 November 2005 at the SAT Swimming Pool, Huamark Sports Complex in Bangkok, Thailand Arjun became the first Indian swimmer to win a silver medal in the 200 meters butterfly event clocking 2:03.33 behind Won Jae-Yun of Korea. Participating in the World Police and Fire Games in Quebec, Arjun beat the 20-year-old 100 m butterfly Indian best set by Khazan Singh, clocking 56.74 seconds to wipe out Singh's 1985 record of 56.84. In 2005 Document [67] (Title: Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav) inspire and Mammadbeyov cashed in on the chance to reach the final. Defeating the wrestlers from Canada, Mexico and Germany, he won bronze medal on 23rd July 1952 thereby creating history by becoming Independent India's first individual medal winner. Khashaba’s colleague, Krishnarao Mangave a wrestler, also participated in the same Olympics in another category but missed the bronze medal by just one point. ! Res. ! Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! Location ! Notes Although India’s hockey team bagged a gold at the Helsinki games, Jadhav was the primary attraction of India’s contingent that returned home after Document [68] (Title: Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)) 1740, two behind gold medalists China. For winning the silver medal at 2012 London Olympics, cash award was awarded by the Government of Himachal Pradesh and by the Government of Rajasthan. Vijay Kumar (sport shooter) Hon. Captain Subedar Major Vijay Kumar Sharma AVSM, SM (born 19 August 1985) is a sport shooter from India. He won the silver medal in the individual 25 metre rapid fire pistol event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Kumar hails from Barsar village of Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh and is a serving Subedar Major (Warrant Officer Class I) in the Dogra Regiment (16th Battalion) Document [69] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) London 2012 bronze medalist Gagan Narang, and multiple-time Worlds medalist Jitu Rai. Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics, Manavjit Singh Sandhu became the twelfth Indian to join the team, as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions (won by Sanjeev Rajput) with the men's trap. India has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics. India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian Soumyajit Ghosh and Manika Batra secured the Olympic spot each in the Document [70] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) so that he was unable to compete or even lift a rifle for a year, upsetting his preparations for the Beijing Games. However, Bindra came back strongly and booked his place in the 2008 Olympics by winning the gold medal at the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships with a score of 699.1. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won the gold in the Men's 10m Air Rifle event after shooting a total of 700.5. He scored 596 (fourth) in the qualifying round and out-scored all other shooters in the finals with a round of 104.5. In the finals, he Document [71] (Title: Gagan Narang) medal Gagan Narang Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian shooter, supported by the Olympic Gold Quest. He was the first Indian to qualify for the London Olympics. He won the Bronze Medal in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle Event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London with a final score of 701.1 on 30 July 2012. Gagan was born to Bhimsen Narang and his wife Amarjit to a Punjabi family in Chennai on the 6 May 1983. His father is a retired chief manager of the Air India. Gagan's family hail from the Simla Gujran village Document [72] (Title: India at the 2006 Winter Olympics) and he was 78th out of 80 competitors to finish. Only the top 30 qualified for the next round, and Gupta was eliminated, the slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 20.46 seconds. The gold medal was eventually won by Björn Lind of Sweden, the silver by Roddy Darragon of France, and the silver by Thobias Fredriksson, also of Sweden. Shiva Keshavan was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his third Olympic appearance, after representing India at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. The men's singles was held Document [73] (Title: Manu Bhaker) the Gold in this event. Youth Olympics 2018, Manu Bhaker shot 236.5 to stand at the top of the points table in the women’s 10m air pistol event. The Indian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the Youth Olympics is also the World Cup and Commonwealth Games gold medalist.The 16-year-old Manu became the first shooter from India and the first female athlete from India to grab a gold medal at the Youth Olympics games. Manu Bhaker Manu Bhaker is an Indian sport shooter. She represented India at the 2018 ISSF World Cup and won two gold medals. She is Document [74] (Title: Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres) upright had his body ahead of Kaufmann. After a suspenseful pause, Davis was ruled the winner. The photo made further famous after being published in Life Magazine. In fourth place, Milkha Singh ran the Indian national record that lasted 44 years until the 2004 Olympics. There is potential confusion with two athletes in the competition named Malcolm Spence, both qualifying to the second semifinal. The (one year) younger Malcolm Spence representing South Africa eventually netted the Bronze medal, while the senior Malcolm Spence from Jamaica, shortened his name to "Mal" while representing the British West Indies, achieved a Bronze as Document [75] (Title: Sports in Andhra Pradesh) Indian woman Grandmaster (after Koneru Humpy). She was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2007. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg. Pullela Gopichand, is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships (2001), to becoming the second Indian to achieve it after Prakash Padukone. He won his National Badminton Championship 5 times in a row (1996-2000). He won two gold and one silver at Document [76] (Title: Mairaj Ahmad Khan) a feat he accomplished by capturing the Silver Medal at the 2016 ISSF World Cup Championship in Rio as well as a quota place for the shotgun skeet event for the Olympics in 2016. He is the first Indian athlete to represent India in the SK125 Event during the Rio Olympic Games. Currently he is ranked 10th in the world and 6th in Asia; he has been an international level shooter for over 15 years and has multiple accolades behind him including medals won during the Commonwealth Shooting Championship, Asian Championship, South Asian Federation and National & International Championships. Mairaj Document [77] (Title: Makhan Singh (sprinter)) Games in Delhi the following year when he won a gold in the short sprint and a silver in the 300 metres. He was to continue with this success in subsequent National Games, winning a gold and a silver at Madras in 1960, four golds at Jabalpur in 1962 and two golds and one silver at Trivandrurn in 1963. His greatest triumph was the 1962 National Games in Calcutta where, apart from scoring a sensational win over Milkha, he picked up four gold medals. He represented India in the 1962 Asian Games in Jakarta where he won a relay gold Document [78] (Title: Gymnastics in India) won by Aruna Reddy at FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup Melbourne, where she secured the bronze medal in the individual vaults. Gymnastics in India Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics, he won a bronze medal. However, soon after the win, the President of the Gymnastics Federation of India asked Ashish's Chief Coach from the Soviet Union, Vladimir Chertkov: "Is this all that you can deliver, a bronze?" The comment was widely reported in the press. Later, the coach revealed that "In August 2009, we had no Document [79] (Title: India at the Olympics) India at the Olympics India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games beginning in 1964. Indian athletes have won a total of 28 medals so far, all at the Summer Games. For a period of time, India national field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition, winning eleven medals in twelve Olympics between 1920 and Document [80] (Title: Sport in India) in the 2008 Olympics. Indian shooters who have excelled at the world stage include Abhinav Bindra, Jitu Rai, Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Vijay Kumar, Gagan Narang, Apurvi Chandela, Ronjan Sodhi and Anjali Bhagwat. The Indian shooting contingent for the 2012 London was one of the largest to date. There were a total of 11 shooters including 4 female shooters. India's first medal in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The Document [81] (Title: Pamela Rai) world of Indian ancestry, and the first Indo-Canadian to win an Olympic medal. In 1964, Rai's father, Harinder Jit Singh Rai was the first Indo-Canadian to qualify for an Olympic Games (field hockey). His stellar skills led him to score the only goal at the qualifying match enabling Canada's field hockey team entry to the Olympic games for the first time. Just prior to the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, he was removed from the team by officials who favoured an all-white contingent. Rai dedicated her 1984 Olympic success to her father who died from leukemia 3 months prior Document [82] (Title: Karnam Malleswari) woman to win an Olympic medal. She is also the first and only Indian woman weightlifter to win an Olympic medal. Malleswari was born in Voosavanipeta, a hamlet in Andhra Pradesh. She has four sisters and all are well trained in weightlifting. She started her career when she was 12 and was trained under coach Neelamshetty Appanna. She moved to Delhi with her sister and was soon spotted by the Sports Authority of India. Then in 1990, Malleshwari joined the national camp and four years later, she was a world championship winner in the 54-kg class. In 1997, she married Document [83] (Title: Limba Ram) in second place at the Asian Cup in Individuals and India got team Gold. In 1990, he helped India finish fourth at the Beijing Asian Games. He represented India in three Olympics. In 1992, he equalled the world record of Takayoshi Matsushita in the Beijing Asian Archery Championships in the 30 meters event, with a score of 357/360 to bag the gold medal. After receiving this news Parliament of India congratulated Limba Ram. In 1992 at the Barcelona Olympics, Ram missed the Bronze medal by one point in the 70-meter segment and finished with 10th rank. In 1995, he stood Document [84] (Title: India at the Olympics) to win an Olympic medal with her bronze medal finish in Women's freestyle 58 kg category. Shuttler P. V. Sindhu became the first Indian woman to win a silver medal in Olympics and also the youngest Indian Olympic medallist. This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the summer Olympic games. This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the winter Olympic games. India at the Olympics India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. The Document [85] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) Montreal. He is also the first Indian swimmer to win a bronze medal at the Commonwealth Youth Games held at Bendigo, Australia, in 2004 and a silver medal in the Asian Indoor Games held at Bangkok in 2005. In the 2006 Asian Games held at Doha, Qatar, Arjun smashed his own national record in the 100 m butterfly. Arjun has won several Canadian National Championship medals and a gold medal in the 200 m butterfly at Canada Cup 2008. Born in Pune, Maharashtra, India Arjun started swimming at the age of 5 coached by his father G Muralidharan a former Document [86] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) two bronze medals), surpassing the two silvers by Norman Pritchard in 1900 Paris Olympics and the gold and bronze medals won by the Indian field hockey team and Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav respectively, at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. India at the 2008 Summer Olympics India competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. India was represented by the Indian Olympic Association (IOA). A contingent of 57 athletes in 12 sports represented India, and had a support-staff of 42 officials. For the first time since 1928, the men's national field hockey team was unable to take part in Document [87] (Title: Parduman Singh Brar) events, thus becoming the first athlete in Asia to achieve the feat. He continued his performance in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo, winning a gold in the shot put event and bronze in the discus throw event. In his last games appearance in 1962 in Jakarta, he won a silver medal in discus throw, thus completing his medal tally of five medals in three Asian games events. He was given the Arjuna Award by the Government of India in 1999 recognizing his contribution to Indian sports. Brar, paralysed after an accident in the early 1980s, died on 22 March Document [88] (Title: Dalip Singh (athlete)) in the Olympics. The 1924 Olympic Games were held in Paris in which India sent a contingent of seven athletes. In this seven-man squad, two Sikhs, Dalip and Palam made their debut. The Sikh had missed the bus only four years ago when six Indian athletes had participated in the 1920 Antwerp Olympics. Dalip Singh could not have made to the Paris Olympic Games but for the patronage and help coming in from the late Maharajadhiraj Bhupinder Singh of Patiala. It may be recalled that Dalip Singh besides being a fine athlete was a good hockey player also. When the Document [89] (Title: Yogeshwar Dutt) the 15th Asian Games at Doha. At the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games, Yogeshwar overcame a career-threatening knee injury to win the 60 kg title. Yogeshwar, who went past Australian Farzad Tarash (16–0, 17–0), South African Marius Loots (7–1) and England's Sasha Madyarchyk (4–4, 8–0) on his way to the final, came up with an exceptionally skillful performance to win the gold for India. On 12 August 2012, Yogeshwar Dutt provided a late boost to India's medals tally in the 2012 London Olympics by claiming a memorable bronze in the Men's freestyle 60 kg, thus becoming the third Indian wrestler to Document [90] (Title: Bajrang Lal Takhar) went on to bag gold at the Asian Championships in Korea last year 2007. He won the quota place by winning gold at the Asian qualifying championships in Shanghai. He has won two gold medals in the single and double scull races in South Asian Games 2006. In November 2010, he won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Games held in Guangzhou. Bajrang Lal Takhar Bajrang Lal Takhar (born 5 January 1981 in Sikar district, Rajasthan) is an Indian rower who won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Document [91] (Title: Sport in India) Arunaabh Shah from Delhi became the 1st Indian male and the youngest Indian to finish Ultraman, at Ultraman Australia. Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics for India in the form of bronze. However, soon after the win, the president of the Gymnastics Federation of India, controversially asked Kumar's chief coach from the Soviet Union, Vladimir Chertkov, "Is this all that you can deliver, a bronze?" The comment was widely reported in the press. Later, the coach revealed that, "In August 2009, we had no equipment. Ashish Document [92] (Title: Saurabh Chaudhary) championship. . He later has broken his own World Record with a score of 245.5 and claimed Gold in Junior Men 10m Air Pistol at 2018 World Championship in Changwon, Korea. Firstly he won the gold medal in Asian games 2018.after the Asian games he participate in the Junior ISSF World Championship 2018 and he won the gold medal.he went to Argentina to participate in the Youth olympic Games 2018 and he won the gold medal and become first Indian shooter to win gold medal in Olympics. After a month rest he participate in Asian Airgun Championship 2018 and confidently Document [93] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Bindra was rewarded by various Indian state governments and private organisations for his achievement. When the 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in New-Delhi, Abhinav Bindra got the honour of being the Indian contingent's flag-bearer at the opening ceremony. He also got the honour of taking the athletes' oath on behalf of the 6,700 participants from 71 countries and territories on that occasion. Abhinav Bindra along with Gagan Narang shot in unison to set a Games record 1193 in 10m air rifle pair's event for men to win the first gold for India in the 19th Document [94] (Title: India men's national field hockey team) and two bronze medals till date. After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics, the team's performance declined through the next three decades, with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup. In 2016, the Indian men's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years. As of 2018, the team is ranked fifth in the world. From February 2018, the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team, both men and women Document [95] (Title: Randhir Singh Gentle) Randhir Singh Gentle Randhir Singh Gentle (September 22, 1922 – September 25, 1981) was an Indian field hockey player. He was a part of the Indian team that won three consecutive gold medals in the Summer Olympics, from 1948 to 1956. Gentle is one among only five Indians to have won three gold medals at the Games. Gentle played for India at three Olympic Games, in London in 1948, in Helsinki in 1952 and in Melbourne in 1956. He captained the Indian team at the Melbourne Olympics, following the injury of captain Balbir Singh, Sr. in the first game of Document [96] (Title: 1951 Asian Games) of 11, but here Indian athletes finished just one medal behind to Japan with 10 golds. Toyoko Yoshino, a Japanese woman athlete, won all the golds in three throwing sports— shot put, discus throw, and javelin throw. Lavy Pinto of India was the only man who achieved multiple gold medals, he finished at the top podium in men's 100 m and 200 m sprint running events. In basketball, five Asian teams—Burma, India, Iran, Japan, and Philippines—participated. In the matches, the round-robin format was employed and on the basis of final points table top three podium places were decided. Philippines team Document [97] (Title: Sawarn Singh) in Men's Quadruple sculls. London Olympics was the maiden Olympics appearance for the Jharkhand National Games gold medallist. Sawarn Singh Sawarn Singh (in Punjabi ਸਵਰਨ ਸਿਂਘ) is an Indian rower. He was born on 20 February 1990 at Dalelwala Mansa in Punjab, India. He primarily competes in single scull events. He has qualified for 2012 Summer Olympics in Men's single scull event and reached last eight (7:00.49, 2 km). Swarn Singh Virk secured his spot in the London Olympics by winning his event at the FISA Olympic Continental Qualification Regatta for Asia in Chung Ju, Korea. The 21-year-old Virk qualified Document [98] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) India, at the 1900 Paris Olympics and one silver medal won by the 2008 flagbearer Rajyavardhan Rathore at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Sushil Kumar won the second ever wrestling medal for India, the first being the bronze earned by Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. Vijender Singh won a bronze medal in the middleweight boxing category, having lost in the semifinals. This was India's first-ever Olympic medal in boxing. The 2008 Beijing Olympics saw the best ever performance by an Indian contingent, in terms of the number of medals. They won three medals in all (one gold and Document [99] (Title: Andhra Pradesh) former Indian captain Mohammad Azharuddin, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V. V. S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao and Hanuma Vihari. Humpy Koneru, from Gudivada in Krishna district, is an Indian chess Grandmaster. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg. Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, is a four-time world record holder. He Document [100] (Title: M. Bimoljit Singh) gold medals including two consecutive Bronze medals for India at 15th Asian games, Doha (lone Indian Wushu medalist), 2006 and 16th Guangzhou Asian Games, 2010. As he was the first and the lone Indian Wushu medalist at the Doha Asian Games, Ministry of Youth and Sports,Government of India recognized Wushu event in the priority list. For his exceptional contribution in Wushu sports, the Delhi Government conferred him with the ‘Rajiv Gandhi State Award’, in Delhi in 2011.He was also honored with Arjuna Award, the Nation's highest sports award in 2012 by the Government of India, for his effort, performance, and Document [101] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) more greater than winning the Olympics itself.According to him, most Indian parents do not consider sports as a profession. Bindra wants people to look up sports as a serious profession in India. Awards for 2008 Olympics Gold medal Abhinav Bindra Abhinav Bindra (born 28 September 1982 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India) is an Indian businessman and retired professional shooter who is a former World and Olympic champion in the 10 metre Air Rifle event. By winning the gold in the 10 metre Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual gold Document [102] (Title: Shankar Lakshman) gold and India's only medal at the 1956 Olympics at the iconic Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). The finals was setup between arch-rivals India and Pakistan, where Shankar kept goal, the only goal came from Randhir Singh Gentle, to beat Pakistan 1–0 and India claimed its 6th consecutive Gold in Field Hockey, while Lakshman was praised for his great saves, against Pakistan's forwards. Captained by Anglo-Indian wizard Leslie Walter Claudius, and marching towards their 7th consecutive Gold medal, the team was brimming with a rare mixture of youth and experience. Strong in the defence where the legendary goalkeeper Shankar Lakshman made Document [103] (Title: Feroze Khan (field hockey)) Feroze Khan (field hockey) Feroze Khan (9 September 1904 – 21 April 2005) was a field hockey player who represented India at the Summer Olympic Games. At the time of his death, he was the world's oldest Olympic gold medal winner, following the death of U.S. athlete James Rockefeller in 2004. Khan was part of India's Olympic hockey team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, who won the gold medal for the event. At the club level, Khan played for Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh University and the Bombay Customs. After his death, Roger Beaufrand of France became the Document [104] (Title: Milkha Singh) methods. In 1958, Singh set records for the 200m and 400m in the National Games of India, held at Cuttack, and also won gold medals in the same events at the Asian Games. He then won a gold medal in the 400m (440 yards at this time) competition at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games with a time of 46.6 seconds. This latter achievement made him the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India. Before Vikas Gowda won the gold in 2014, Milkha was the only Indian male to have won an individual athletics gold medal Document [105] (Title: Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)) Olympics and brought home the Gold Medal after a long hiatus. Further, he had the honour of carrying the Indian Tricolour off the Indian Squad at the Opening Ceremony of the Los Angeles Olympics 1984. He also won the bronze medal for the country at the Champion’s Trophy 1982 in Holland and won many other tournaments against Pakistan, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, West Germany and other European nations. Born in 1956, he was brought up in an erudite family of the AMU. His father, Professor Mohammed Shahabuddin Ahmed, served as the Chairman of the Department of Chemistry in the University. Document [106] (Title: Sriram Singh) In the year 1974, he was awarded the prestigious civil award of Padma Shri as recognition to his contribution to the field of sport. He retained his 800 m gold medal in the 1978 Asian Games (1:48.80), but was eliminated in the heats of the same event in the Moscow Olympics. He also won 800m Silver medal in 1973 Asian Athletics Championships and 3 Gold medals for 400 m, 800 m and 4×400 m relay in 1975 Asian Athletics Championships. Post retirement he has taken up the job of mentoring talented youth in the sport and garners a lot of Document [107] (Title: Indian women at the Olympics) category in Weightlifting. In the London Olympics, women's boxing was featured as a sport for the first time. India was represented by five-time world champion Mary Kom who was the only Indian to qualify for the event. However, she lost to Nicola Adams of the UK in the semi-final. She stood third in the competition and earned herself an Olympic Bronze medal. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman to win a medal in Wrestling. She won the Bronze medal in Women's 58 kg freestyle wrestling in 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio.Saina Nehwal was the first Indian to win Document [108] (Title: Norman Pritchard) Indian athlete to participate in the Olympic Games and was also the first to win an Olympic medal and also represent an Asian nation. He won two silver medals at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, coming second in the 200 metres behind Walter Tewksbury of the United States and second in the 200 metres hurdles behind the legendary Alvin Kraenzlein, also of the United States. He reached the final of the 110 metres hurdles, but did not finish, and also participated in the 60 metres and 100 metres sprints, in which he failed to qualify for the finals. In Document [109] (Title: India at the 1960 Summer Olympics) India at the 1960 Summer Olympics India competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 45 competitors, all men, took part in 20 events in 6 sports. This was the first time since 1928 that the Men's team failed to achieve a gold medal in field hockey. They lost 1-0 to Pakistan by a goal Ahmad nasir to secure the second position. In Athletics Milkha Singh finished second in all of the 400m rounds prior to the final, improving his time on each occasion. In the final he finished fourth with a time of 45.6, this being a decision Document [110] (Title: Muniswamy Rajgopal) in 2000. Muniswamy Rajgopal Muniswamy Rajgopal (March 24, 1926 – March 3, 2004 in Bangalore) was an Indian field hockey player. This Olympic gold medal winner in 1952, Helsinki, was the first Olympic winner for Karnataka. A member of the undivided Indian team that toured East Africa in 1945, Rajagopal was renowned for his prodiguous stickwork skills and hence rightly called the "Artful Dodger". Having made his mark on that tour of East Africa under the legendary Dhyan Chand, Rajagopal moved from strength to strength in his reputation as a remarkable play-maker on the left flank. A member of the Document [111] (Title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics) Olympics). Two medals each were awarded to the athletes in shooting and wrestling. India also set a historical milestone for the female athletes who won two Olympic medals. Badminton player and world junior champion Saina Nehwal became the first Indian athlete to win an Olympic bronze medal in the women's singles. Boxer Mary Kom, on the other hand, lost to Great Britain's Nicola Adams in the semi-final match, but settled for the bronze in the first ever women's flyweight event. Six Indian archers qualified for the London Olympics – 3 in women's recurve and 3 in men's recurve. Fourteen Indian Document [112] (Title: India at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games) the men's welterweight division (74 kg), Lachmi Kant Pandey gave India a silver medal. India at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1958 was the fourth time India participated in Commonwealth Games. India won its first gold medal in these games. India won its first medal in athletics during these games. The legendary Indian athlete Milkha Singh won gold in the men's 440-yard run. India participated in at least 12 athletics events in these games. India participated in boxing for the first time, in the men's lightweight division (60 kg) and the men's middleweight division (75 kg). India won Document [113] (Title: Lila Ram) Lila Ram Lila Ram Sangwan (30 November 1930 – 11 October 2003) was an Indian wrestler from Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana, who was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Commonwealth Games. He won gold medal in the heavyweight (100 kg) category in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Lila Ram competed in the freestyle wrestling in heavyweight and super heavyweight categories at the national as well as international level. Lila Ram was on 30 November 1930, in Mandola village of Charkhi Dadri district in a farmer’s family. In 1948, he joined the Grenadiers Regimental Document [114] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) in the opening ceremony at his fifth consecutive Games. Other notable Indian athletes also included tennis player Sania Mirza in the women's doubles, artistic gymnast and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist Dipa Karmakar, and multiple-time world medalist Jitu Rai in men's pistol shooting. India left Rio de Janeiro with only two medals, saving its pride from the humiliation of returning empty-handed for the first time since Barcelona 1992. These medals were awarded only to female athletes for the first time in history, a silver to badminton player P. V. Sindhu in the women's singles, and a bronze to freestyle wrestler Sakshi Document [115] (Title: Balkrishan Singh) Balkrishan Singh Balkrishan Singh (10 March 1933 – 31 December 2004) was field hockey player from India who won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Balkrishan Singh is perhaps the only player in the country to have won the gold medal both as a player and as a coach. He was a member of the gold medal-winning team in the 1956 Olympics and was chief coach of the team that won the gold in the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Balkrishan went to Australia in 1965 to train the women’s national squad. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser was so impressed Document [116] (Title: Vijender Singh) Chomphuphuang of Thailand 13–3 to reach the Middleweight Boxing Quarterfinals. He beat southpaw Carlos Góngora of Ecuador 9–4 in the quarterfinals on 20 August 2008 which guaranteed him a medal, the first ever Olympic medal for an Indian boxer. He lost 5–8 to Cuba's Emilio Correa in the semi-finals on 22 August 2008 and shared a bronze medal. Vijender, and Indian wrestler Sushil Kumar—who won a bronze at the men's wrestling competitions—were welcomed grandly to India after their victory. In July 2009, Vijender accompanied by Sushil and boxer Mary Kom were garlanded with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award—India's highest Document [117] (Title: Sport in India) second medal came from the unheralded army man Vijay Kumar when he won the silver in the 25m rapid fire pistol event after finishing 4th in the qualification rounds. He had to fend off some tough competition from the third-placed Chinese Ding Feng. A notable performance was made by Joydeep Karmakar who finished 4th in the 50m rifle prone event. A strong medal prospect Ronjan Sodhi who is an Asian Games gold medallist, however, crashed out in the qualification rounds of the Double trap event. Field Hockey is a popular sport in India. Until the mid-1970s, India men's team dominated Document [118] (Title: Joseph Phillips (field hockey)) year, India won its third consecutive Olympic gold medal. Joseph Phillips, along with Baboo Nimal, was amongst the two of the players from Pune who participated in the 1936 Indian Olympic team. Most of the residents of his local town appeared on the Khadki Railway Station to bid farewell to Phillips and Baburao, for the 1936 Olympic expedition. It was a huge honour for both Joseph Phillips and Baburao Narasappa Nimal. Joe Phillips died in 1986 at the age of 75. Joseph Phillips (field hockey) Joseph "Joe" Phillips (March 24, 1911 – 1986) was an Indian field hockey player who Document [119] (Title: Suranjoy Singh) was also the lone Indian boxer to win a gold medal at that event. The last gold medal for India in the Asian championship came in the 1994 edition in Tehran where Rajkumar Sangwan finished on top in the super heavyweight category. He also became the first Indian boxer to win the Gold Medal in the 51 kg Flyweight Category at the Inter-Continental President's Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan in December 2009, the first-ever by an Indian in an Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) organised event. He was also the first Indian to be declared the 'best boxer' of any Senior Question: first indian man to win olympic gold medal Answer: Abhinav Bindra Long Answer: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games . Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category. Gold Document ID: 101

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)) Indian shooters won two Olympic medals (Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won Silver in Athens Olympics 2004 and Abhinav Bindra won Gold in the Beijing games 2008.) during this time. While he was a minister at the Central Government, Digvijay Singh was instrumental in getting the Sports Authority of India to open a Special Area Games Center in his hometown of Gidhaur. Digvijay Singh built the Sona Devi Charitable Hospital in his home town of Gidhaur. He also created a foundation, the Gidhaur Foundation, which organises social and cultural functions every year. Between 2001 – 2007, the Gidhaur foundation organised the 'Gidhaur Document [2] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) started with a shot of 10.7, and none of his shots were below 10.0. Bindra was tied with Henri Häkkinen heading into his final shot. Bindra scored his highest of the finals – 10.8 while Hakkinen shot 9.7 to settle for the Bronze medal. It has been alleged that Abhinav Bindra's gun was tampered with between the qualifying and final round of the event, though no official complaint was filed by the Indian contingent. This was India's first individual gold medal at the Olympics, and the first gold in 28 years, since the men's field hockey team won the gold Document [3] (Title: Athletics in India) till now no Indian athlete won any medal at the Olympics. At 2016 Summer Olympics Lalita Babar becomes the first Indian athlete since 1984 to reach Olympics finale in the event of Women's 3000 metres steeplechase, before her, P.T. Usha reach the finale of Women's 400 metres hurdles at 1984 Summer Olympics. P.T. Usha won multiple gold medals in different editions of Asian Games and Asian Athletics Championships. Lavy Pinto was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Asian Games which he won in the first Asian Games held at New Delhi in 1951 in 100 and Document [4] (Title: Shankar Lakshman) gold medallist, however, this is factually inaccurate, as he was only a two-time Olympic gold medallist. Shankar Lakshman Shankar Lakshman (7 July 1933 – 29 April 2006) was an Indian hockey player. He was goalkeeper of the Indian team in the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics, that won two gold medals and one silver medal. He was the first goalkeeper to become captain of an international hockey team and was awarded the Arjuna award and the Padmasri by the Indian government. He was captain of the Indian team which won the gold in the 1966 Asian Games. After missing the Document [5] (Title: M. P. Ganesh) Indian team that won a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. He twice represented India in the Asian Games, first in 1970 in Bangkok and then in 1974 in Tehran. Both the times India returned home with a Silver medal. He was in the Indian team that won Bronze at the first World Cup at Barcelona in 1971 and captained the team that won Silver at the next World Cup in Amsterdam. He played for India at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, finishing third and settling for a Bronze. He also played for World XI in Document [6] (Title: Indian women at the Olympics) a medal in Badminton at the Olympics, by winning the Bronze medal at the London Olympics 2012 on 4 August 2012. Geeta Phogat became the first ever Indian woman to qualify for the women's 55kg wrestling in the London Olympics 2012. Women's wrestling was announced in 2004. P.V. Sindhu became the first ever Indian woman to win the Silver medal at the Olympics, by reaching the Badminton final at Rio Olympics 2016. However, she lost to Carolina Marín of Spain in the final on 19 August 2016. She became the youngest Indian woman to win an Olympic medal. Indian women Document [7] (Title: India at the 1964 Winter Olympics) University of Denver. On 30 January, he participated in the men's downhill, but failed to finish his run; the gold medal was won by Egon Zimmermann of Austria, the silver by Léo Lacroix of France, and the bronze was taken by Wolfgang Bartels of the German Unified Team. Bujakowski would go on to represent India at the 1968 Winter Olympics. India at the 1964 Winter Olympics India sent a delegation to compete at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria from 29 January to 9 February 1968. This was India's debut at the Winter Olympic Games. The sole athlete representing Document [8] (Title: Milkha Singh) At the 1962 Asian Games, held in Jakarta, Singh won gold in the 400m and in the 4 x 400m relay. He attended the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where he was entered to compete in the 400m, the 4 x 100m relay and the 4 x 400m relay. He did not take part in either the 400m or the 4 x 100m relay and the Indian team of Milkha Singh, Makhan Singh, Amrit Pal and Ajmer Singh were eliminated when they finished fourth in the heat stages of the 4 x 400m. There have been claims that Singh won Document [9] (Title: A Shot at History) A Shot at History A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold is 2011 autobiography of Indian Olympic Gold medalist Abhinav Bindra. He won the medal in the 10-metre air rifle category, which made him India's first ever individual gold medalist; this victory came after received the seventh rank at the 2004 Athens Olympics. However, due to Bindra's inexperience in writing, he co-authored the book with sportswriter Rohit Brijnath, which took them two years to complete. After it was released on October 20, 2011, at nationwide stores by Hapercollins, Union Sports minister Ajay Maken formally released the book Document [10] (Title: Ram Singh Yadav) athlete ever to be qualified for the marathon event of the Olympics. Shivnath Singh of Bihar was the first Indian athlete to participate in the Olympics marathon. He participated twice in the Olympic Games—1976 and 1980. At the London 2012 Olympic Games, he completed the marathon with a time of 2:30:06 which placed him 78th in the final rankings. From a field of 105 starters, as many as 20 runners failed to finish the grueling marathon final, which was won by Uganda's Stephen Kiprotich in a time of 2:08:01. Ram Singh Yadav Ram Singh Yadav (born 7 November 1984) is Document [11] (Title: Yogeshwar Dutt) win an Olympic medal after K D Jadhav in 1952 and Sushil Kumar in 2008 and 2012. He had defeated North Korean Ri Jong-Myong in the bronze medal bout thus winning the fifth medal for Indian contingent at the London Olympics 2012. Earlier, Yogeshwar qualified for the 2012 Olympics by winning a silver medal at an Asian qualification tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan where he lost to Iranian Masoud Esmaeilpour (2–3, 0–1) in the final. At the Olympics he lost to the Russian B Kudukhov 1–0, 2–0 and was knocked out from the pre-quarterfinal round. He got a chance to contest Document [12] (Title: India at the Olympics) over 50 sportspersons representing several sport, each selected by its sports federation, to the Summer Olympics. The delegation was headed by a chef-de-mission. Thus, India's Summer Olympic delegation in the early Olympic Games was as follows: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category. The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83-member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new Document [13] (Title: India at the Olympics) best for the country with a total of six medals. Wrestler Sushil Kumar became the first Indian with multiple individual Olympic medals (bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since Norman Pritchard in 1900. Saina Nehwal won bronze medal in badminton in Women's singles getting the country's first Olympic medal in badminton. Pugilist Mary Kom became the first Indian woman to win a medal in boxing with her bronze medal finish in Women's flyweight. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, a record number of 118 athletes competed. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman wrestler Document [14] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) in the men's single sculls for the Olympics at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju, South Korea. Indian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finish at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the 2015 ISSF World Cup series and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 31 March 2016. On 19 March 2016, National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) had announced the squad of eleven Indian shooters for the Games, featuring four-time Olympian and Beijing 2008 air rifle champion Abhinav Bindra, Document [15] (Title: Khajan Singh) Gold, five of them gleaming with the additional lustre of new records. He also contributed to a Silver and a Bronze for the police relay team. The ace swimmer, master free style and Arjuna Awardee of 1984, Khajan scored Silver at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul in 200m Butterfly. That was the first time since 1951 that India won a medal at the Asiad. The next medal in swimming came 24 years later, when Virdhawal Khade won a bronze in the same event at 2010 Asian Games. His most outstanding international performance was at the South Asian Federation Games Document [16] (Title: Chandgi Ram) the world championships medallist Abolfazl Anvari of Iran. In the final, he defeated Japan's Shizuo Yada, there by winning gold medal. For the 1972 Summer Olympics, he shifted to lower weight category and represented India in the 90 kg freestyle event. He lost his first bout to Canada's George Saunders. And was eliminated after losing his next bout to the eventual silver medallist Gennady Strakhov. After participating in the 1972 Olympics, he shifted from Haryana to Delhi, where he opened up his wrestling training centre in 1975 – "Chandgi Ram Vyayamshala". Ram's struggle to introduce women's wrestling in India begun Document [17] (Title: Rahi Sarnobat) 2011 and got selected for the London Olympics in 2012, thereby becoming the first Indian shooter to qualify for the 25 meters sports pistol event in the Olympics. In May 2015, Rahi was recommended for the country's prestigious, Arjuna Award by the National Rifle Association of India(NRAI). On 22 August 2018, she became the first Indian woman individual Asian games gold medalist in shooting by winning the 25 meter pistol event with a game's record score of 34. She won the shoot off against her Thai opponent to bag the Gold. Rahi Sarnobat Rahi Jeevan Sarnobat (Marathi:राही सरनोबत) is a Document [18] (Title: Milkha Singh) the Partition of India, Singh has become a sporting icon in his country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as "the finest athlete India has ever produced". In July 2012, "The Independent" said that "India's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser" and noted the paucity of success at that time — 20 medals — achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion. Milkha Singh was born on 20 November 1929 according to records in Pakistan, although other official records various state 17 October 1935 and 20 November Document [19] (Title: Harbinder Singh) 1967 and won the gold medal in 4x100M Relay Race. It is a very rare feat to win gold medals in two different sports, i.e., hockey and athletics. He was conferred with 'Arjuna Award' in 1967, 'Railway Minister Award' in 1966 and 'Best Sporstman Of The Railways' in 1972. He was member of the Selection Committee of Indian Hockey Federation for juniors [1980-1984 and 1994–1998] and Women Hockey Federation for juniors and seniors [2004-2009]. Presently he is the member of the Selection Committee of 'Hockey India' and was Manager of the Indian Junior Men Hockey Team toured to Kenya [1984]. Document [20] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) and to immortalize in his memory at Vijayawada. The stadium was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Tanguturi Anjaiah. Dandamudi Rajagopal Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao (14 October 1916 – 6 August 1981) was an Indian Asian Games Medallist, Olympic Weightlifter, Bodybuilder, Film Actor, Sports Administrator and Coach. In 1946, he won 1st place in XII Olympic Sports Event of India held in Banglore for the Heavyweight class He annexed Kerala title in 1942 and the Bombay provincial honours in 1944 breaking all the previous records. He has represented India in International competitions held in Burma in 1947. He won Document [21] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) Open National Championships Arjun became the first Indian swimmer to break the 28-second barrier in the 50 m backstroke clocking a national record time of 27.97. He was also judged the Best Swimmer of the meet with 4 gold medals. Training in Quebec under the aegis of Sports Authority of India and the central government, Arjun along with elder brother Amar, participated under the banner of Laval University in the Speedo Eastern Canadian swimming championships held from 16–19 February in Montreal. Arjun won the gold in the 100 m butterfly event with the best-ever Indian performance of 0:56.20 seconds. The Document [22] (Title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics) featured several Olympic medalists from Beijing, including rifle shooter and Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, who failed to advance into the final rounds of his event in London. Wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist Sushil Kumar managed to claim another medal by winning silver in the men's freestyle wrestling. The Indian Olympic Association also appointed him to be the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. This was India's most successful Olympics in terms of total medal tally, having won a total of 6 medals (2 silver and 4 bronze), doubling the nation's previous record (3 medals at the 2008 Beijing Document [23] (Title: Sport in India) Olympic Games, and India's first gold medal since 1980, when the men's field hockey team won the gold. India has won very few Olympic medals, despite a population exceeding one billion, around half of them under the age of 25. Numerous explanations have been offered for the dearth, including poverty, malnutrition, neglected infrastructure, the lack of sponsorship, the theft of money and equipment, political corruption, institutional disorganisation, social immobility, the predominance of cricket, and other cultural factors. According to several informal statistics, India is the country with the lowest number of total Olympic medals per capita (out of those countries Document [24] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) and was the only player below 100 points. His sub-par finals dropped him from third to seventh. On 24 July 2006, Bindra became the first Indian shooter to win a World Championship gold in Zagreb. Dr. Karni Singh's Silver in 1962 was the previous best by an Indian in a World Championship meet. At the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, he won the Gold in the Pairs event and the Bronze in the Singles event. Abhinav missed the 2006 Asian Games at Doha because of a back injury. After these successes he started suffering from a severe back injury, so much Document [25] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) titles at the same time, a feat he accomplished by capturing the Gold Medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, after having won the gold at the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships. Bindra also won the Gold Medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. In 2014, Abhinav Bindra joined the GoSports Foundation, Bangalore as a member of their board of advisors. In collaboration with the GoSports Foundation, he will also provide support to India's up and coming talented shooters through the Abhinav Bindra Shooting Development Programme. In May 2016, the Indian Olympics Association (IOA) appointed Abhinav Bindra as Document [26] (Title: Randhir Singh (sport shooter)) He went on to win multiple titles at national level in both skeet and trap shooting. He became the first Indian shooter to win continental gold at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok. On home soil four years later, he won team silver at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi. He competed at five Olympic Games from 1968 to 1984 in Mixed Trap. He was the second Indian, after Karni Singh, to compete at five Olympics. His best Olympic performance was 17th at the 1968 Olympics, two points behind Karni Singh and four points from bronze. He also competed Document [27] (Title: Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games) the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants. On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially participate as an Independent Olympic Participant. On 11 February 2014 the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of Document [28] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) Dandamudi Rajagopal Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao (14 October 1916 – 6 August 1981) was an Indian Asian Games Medallist, Olympic Weightlifter, Bodybuilder, Film Actor, Sports Administrator and Coach. In 1946, he won 1st place in XII Olympic Sports Event of India held in Banglore for the Heavyweight class He annexed Kerala title in 1942 and the Bombay provincial honours in 1944 breaking all the previous records. He has represented India in International competitions held in Burma in 1947. He won Gold medal in Indian Olympic Sports Event held at Delhi in 1952. He has lifted 780 pounds in the Heavyweight Category. Document [29] (Title: Satheesha Rai) Satheesha Rai Satheesha Rai is an Indian weightlifter and Olympian from Mangalore, Karnataka. He is also a recipient of the Arjuna Award given in 1999. He won a gold medal and two silver medals in the 1998 Commonwealth Games. He also won two gold medals and a bronze medal in 2002 Commonwealth Games but the medal he won in 2002 was stripped because he tested positive for intaking a banned substance. Rai pleaded innocence and stated, "I have participated in over 16 International events including the Olympics and the World championships the Asian Games, the Commonwealth Games besides a host Document [30] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) athletes making the cut. Among the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's artistic gymnastics. The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London, including badminton star Saina Nehwal, freestyle wrestler and four-time Olympian Yogeshwar Dutt, and rifle shooter Gagan Narang. Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist Leander Paes topped the roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics, while air rifle marksman Abhinav Bindra, who became the nation's first and only individual gold medalist in history (2008), led the Indian delegation as the flag bearer Document [31] (Title: Saurabh Chaudhary) won the total three gold medal- First in the 10m air pistol competition then team competition and last he won the gold medal in the mixed team 10m pistol. He is the only indian shooter to won gold medal in the Youth Olympic, Asian games, Junior ISSF world championship and Asian Airgun championship. Saurabh Chaudhary is an introvert & calm personality concentrated on his aim unaffected with materialistic life. Shooter Saurabh Chaudhary Donates Youth Olympics Gold-clinching Pistol to IOC Museum. Saurabh Chaudhary Saurabh Chaudhary (born 25 May 2002 in a village named Kalina in district Meerut of UP, India) is Document [32] (Title: Sport in India) and out of funds. Following is a list of international sports events held in India: A single athlete, Norman Pritchard, represented India in the 1900 Olympics, winning two silver medals. India sent its first national team to the Olympics in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Olympic Games ever since. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964. India has won a total of 26 Olympic medals. India won its first gold medal in men's field hockey in the 1928 Olympic Games. Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Document [33] (Title: Field hockey in India) International Hockey Federation. In 1928, the team won its first Olympic gold medal. From 1928 to 1956, was the golden period for the Indian Hockey team. The Indian men's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, gaining six gold medals in a row. The Indian team has won a total of eight gold, one silver and two bronze medals in Olympics. On 9 March 2008, India lost 2–0 to Britain at Santiago, Chile in the final of one of the three qualifying tournaments for the Beijing Olympics. With only the winner advancing to the 12-team event, the Indian men's team was Document [34] (Title: Karni Singh) two daughters. Their daughter Princess Rajyashree Kumari was also a first class shooting sportswoman who received the Arjuna Award in 1968. Singh won the National Championship in Clay Pigeon Trap and Skeet seventeen times and represented India at all levels of international competition. He was the first Indian to compete at five Olympic Games, which he did from 1960 to 1980, missing the Games of 1976, representing India at clay pigeon shooting at the Summer Olympics in Rome, 1960, Tokyo, 1964 (Captain), Mexico, 1968, Munich, 1972, and Moscow, 1980. His best positions in competition were eighth in 1960 and tenth Document [35] (Title: India at the Olympics) 1980. The run included 8 gold medals total and six successive gold medals from 1928–1956. India sent its first athlete to the Summer Olympics for the 1900 Games, but an Indian national team did not compete at the Summer Olympics until 1920. Ahead of the 1920 Games, Sir Dorabji Tata and Governor of Bombay George Lloyd helped India secure representation at the International Olympic Council, enabling it to participate in the Games (see India at the 1920 Olympic Games). India then sent a team to the 1920 Olympics, comprising four athletes, two wrestlers, and managers Sohrab Bhoot and A. H. Document [36] (Title: India at the 2006 Winter Olympics) and was also making his Olympic debut. He competed in the men's giant slalom on 20 February, but did not finish the first run. The gold medal in this race was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria, the silver was taken by Joël Chenal of France, and the bronze was won by a second Austrian, Hermann Maier. Bahadur Gupta was 29 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and making his only Olympic appearance. In the qualifying round of the men's sprint on 22 February, he finished the race with a time of 2 minutes and 43.30 seconds, Document [37] (Title: Gaurav Solanki) male boxer to win a gold medal in 2018 Commonwealth Games. After winning the gold medal, he said, "Today I am dedicating my medal to my mother and I want to represent Tokyo Olympics 2020 and I want to stay there when the Indian flag is raised." Gaurav Solanki Gaurav Solanki (born 21 January 1997) is an Indian Boxer. He competes in the 52 kg category. In the year 2018, at the Commonwealth Games held in Gold Coast, Queensland, he won the gold medal in boxing's flyweight 52 kg category.He hails from Ballabgarh, Faridabad, Haryana. Gaurav Solanki was born on Document [38] (Title: Balbir Singh Sr.) two goals and India won by 4–0. Singh was vice-captain of 1952 Olympic team, with K. D. Singh as the Captain. Balbir was India's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. He scored a hat trick against Britain in semi-final, which India won 3–1. He scored five goals in India's 6–1 win against the Netherlands setting a new Olympic record for most goals scored by an individual in an Olympic final in men's field hockey. The previous holder of this record was England's Reggie Pridmore with his four goals in England's 8–1 victory over Ireland in the 1908 Olympic final. Singh Document [39] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) Abhinav Bindra Abhinav Bindra (born 28 September 1982 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India) is an Indian businessman and retired professional shooter who is a former World and Olympic champion in the 10 metre Air Rifle event. By winning the gold in the 10 metre Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. It was also India's first gold medal since 1980, when the Men's Field Hockey Team won the gold. He is the first and only Indian to have held both the World and Olympic Document [40] (Title: C. C. Machaiah) gold. He is the recipient of the "Arjuna Award" in 1978-79, the highest sports honour for a sportsman in India. C. C. Machaiah Chenanda C. Machaiah, is an accomplished boxer from Karnataka, India. He was one of the earliest boxers to represent India internationally. He represented India as a boxer in the 1976 at Montreal, losing in the first round in the Light Welterweight (– 63.5 kg) category (see: Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics). He also represented India on 11 occasions, including the Asian Boxing Championships at Jakarta (1977), the Indo-USSR Tournament in USSR (1977), the XIth Commonwealth Games Document [41] (Title: Vasudevan Baskaran) He was awarded the Arjuna Award in (1979–1980) for his performance as a player in Olympic Games. Vasudevan Baskaran Vasudevan Baskaran (born 17 August 1950) is a former field hockey player from Tamil Nadu, India. He captained the Indian team, which won the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. Thereafter he coached and mentored several players for the Indian team. Now he lives with his family in Besant Nagar in Chennai, India. After the Olympic gold victory, Baskaran had coached the Indian National Team several times, the last time at the 2006 Men's Hockey World Document [42] (Title: Sushil Kumar (wrestler)) Kumar placed fourth at the 2003 World Championships, but this went largely unnoticed by the Indian media as he fared badly in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, placing 14th in the 60 kg weight class. He won gold medals at the Commonwealth wrestling championships in 2005 and 2007. He placed seventh in the 2007 World Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first person to win two Olympic medals for independent India. Kumar was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2006 and Document [43] (Title: Bajrang Lal Takhar) Bajrang Lal Takhar Bajrang Lal Takhar (born 5 January 1981 in Sikar district, Rajasthan) is an Indian rower who won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Games held in Guangzhou. Takhar is a Naib Subedar in the Rajputana Rifles regiment of the Indian Army. Bajrang Lal won the first individual rowing silver medal for India at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha He contested in the men's single sculls rowing event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but failed to reach the finals. He finished with a rank of 21. He then Document [44] (Title: Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav) Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav January 15, 1926 – August 14, 1984) was an Indian athlete. He is best known as a wrestler who won a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He was one of the first athletes from India to win a medal in the Olympics After Norman Pritchard who won two silver medals in athletics in 1900, Khashaba was the first individual athlete from India to win a medal at the Olympics. In the years before Khashaba, India would only win gold medals in field hockey, a team sport. He is the only Document [45] (Title: Balkrishan Singh) Indian traits in the concept of total hockey which earned him many laurels in the 80s. Balkrishan Singh Balkrishan Singh (10 March 1933 – 31 December 2004) was field hockey player from India who won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Balkrishan Singh is perhaps the only player in the country to have won the gold medal both as a player and as a coach. He was a member of the gold medal-winning team in the 1956 Olympics and was chief coach of the team that won the gold in the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Balkrishan went to Australia Document [46] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) in 2001. In 2000 he was honoured with the Arjuna Award and the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 2001. In the Air Rifle event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, Manchester, he won Gold in the Pairs event. Bindra also won Silver in the individual event. In the 2004 Athens Olympics, despite breaking the Olympic record Bindra failed to win a medal. He scored 597 in the qualification round and was placed third behind Qinan Zhu (599 – new Olympic Record) and Li Jie (598). In the finals, Abhinav finished with 97.6 points, last in the field of eight, Document [47] (Title: Sanjeev Rajput) also Conferred with Arjuna Award in Aug 2010 and is also adjudged the Services Best Sports Person for the year 2009–2010 and was awarded the Trophy. In 2011, he won gold medal in world cup held in Changwon, Korea. He also made a New National Record in the same event by again breaking his own record 3rd time. By winning this gold he became the third Indian to qualify for the London Olympics. He finished 8th place at the ISSF World Cup finals in Poland in his Pet event. He also won 05 Gold and a Silver medal in the Document [48] (Title: Sushil Kumar (wrestler)) Muhammad Salman 10–0 in 46 seconds. Kumar won a silver medal after losing the final to Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu. Earlier, he had entered the final amid some controversy by beating Kazakhastan's Akzhurek Tanatarov in the semifinal. The Kazakh athlete claimed that Kumar had bitten his ear, which was denied by the latter. Kumar was the Olympic flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony. Kumar defeated Qamar Abbas in the 74 kg final to win the gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. He won in 107 seconds by fall. Kumar won gold in 74 kg category on Document [49] (Title: Shooting sports in India) in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The second medal came from the unheralded army man Vijay Kumar when he won the silver in the 25m rapid fire pistol event after finishing 4th in the qualification rounds. He had to fend off some tough competition from the third placed Chinese Ding Feng. A notable performance was made by Joydeep Karmakar who finished 4th in the 50m rifle prone event. Document [50] (Title: India at the 1948 Summer Olympics) India at the 1948 Summer Olympics India competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Wembley Park, London, England. 79 competitors, all men, took part in 39 events in 10 sports. It was the first time that India competed as an independent nation at the Olympic Games. Ten cyclists represented India in 1948 Also represented India: Netai Chand Bysack Sohrab Bhoot and Nariman Saugar were administrators for the cycling team. The Indian field hockey team defeated the British team to win the country's first gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. It was the country's first Olympic gold medal since India Document [51] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) Andhra Olympic team. He was the Founder of Andhra Olympic Association and several other important sports associations in Andhra Pradesh which helped in upliftment of sports in the state and in India as well. He represented India thrice in the Olympic Games in the Heavyweight Category of Weightlifting; First in London Games in 1948, Second in Finland Games in 1952 and Last in Melbourne Games in 1956. He finished 16th in London Games, 9th in Melbourne Games and 6th in Finland which was his best performance in the Premier Sporting Exhibition in the World. He established Free Gymnasia by the Document [52] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) Commonwealth Games. However the Olympic Champion had to settle for silver in the individual event. His countryman Gagan Narang, who shot a perfect 600 to equal his own world record in men's 10m individual air rifle qualification, won the Gold. Abhinav Bindra won the Gold medal in the Men's 10-metre Air rifle event at the 12th Asian Shooting Championships, which was held in Doha Qatar. Abhinav Bindra lost in the qualification round in 2012 London Olympics finishing with a score of 594 placing him in 16th, though his compatriot Gagan Narang made it to the finals in 3rd place, and Document [53] (Title: Jitu Rai) the process, he won three medals in nine days at the World Cup and also became the first person to have won two medals at a single world cup for India. Following his achievements, he was ranked number 1 in the world, in 10 metre air pistol and number 4, in 50 metre pistol, in July 2014. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Rai created the Games record in the qualification round of the 50 metre pistol event, having scored 562 points. He went on to win the gold medal in the event, scoring 194.1 points in the final, thus creating Document [54] (Title: 1936 Summer Olympics) marathon, the ethnic Koreans Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong won one gold and one bronze medal; as Korea was annexed by Japan at the time, they were running for Japan. India won the gold medal in the field hockey event once again (they won the gold in all Olympics from 1928 to 1956), defeating Germany 8–1 in the final. However, Indians were considered Indo-Aryans by the Germans and there was no controversy regarding their victory. Rie Mastenbroek of the Netherlands won three gold medals and a silver in swimming. Estonia's Kristjan Palusalu won gold medals in both Men's heavyweight Wrestling Document [55] (Title: Manpreet Singh (field hockey)) that won Gold medal after defeating arch rival Pakistan in final by 4-2. In 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow in Scotland, India won silver medal after losing to Australia in final by 4-0. In 2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy at London, India won silver medal after losing to Australia in final by 3-1, where India had made to finals after 38 years. In 2016 Summer Olympics, he was named in the Indian squad. Few hours before the 6 April 2016 Japan vs India opening match 2016 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, which India won 1-2, he received the news of his Document [56] (Title: Dandamudi Rajagopal) In 1954 Indian Olympic Sports Event he won Gold medal again and established three records. He won Bronze medal in 1951 Asian Games held in New Delhi in Weightlifting which was one of the best performances of an Indian athlete considering the strong competition in the field and the number of countries participating Dandamudi was the 1st Indian Weightlifting Champion and held the title continuously for 13 years from 1945 to 1958. Dandamudi won Mr. Asia title in 1948 at Calcutta in Asian bodybuilding competition. He was the 1st President of Andhra Olympic Association. He has been the captain of Document [57] (Title: Gagan Narang) the Men's 10 m Air Rifle singles event, he shot a perfect 600 which was a new record. Gagan also clinched a silver medal in his pet event at the Asian Games 2010. He also combined with Abhinav Bindra and Sanjeev Rajput to win the country another silver, in the team event behind champions, China. He won both of his silvers on the opening day of Asian Games. Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics with a total score of 701.1 becoming India's first medal winner at the 2012 games. Gagan Document [58] (Title: India at the Olympics) games to the Summer Olympics. Thus, at the 1928 national games, it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics, with Sondhi as manager. By this time, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics. The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to the 1932 Games (four athletes and one swimmer) and 1936 (four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter), along with three officials headed by team manager Sondhi. From 1948 onward, because of the IOA's wider outreach, India began sending delegations of Document [59] (Title: Sudhir Saha) devoted his time to coaching and judge/refereeing. During his early coaching career, K.P. Rai and Nirmal Bose, from Panchanan Bayam Samity, one of India's oldest wrestling club, represented India in the 1948 London Olympics. Four years later, the 1952 Helsinki Olympic training camp was held at Panchanan Bayam Samity. Two of Sudhir's trainees, Nirmal Bose and Niranjan Das, from Panchanan Bayam Samity represented India in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. One of Sudhir's trainees, K.D. Jadhav, won the bronze medal in the Bantam weight Category in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. This was independent India's first individual Olympic medal. In 1957, Sudhir Document [60] (Title: Charles Borromeo (athlete)) record time of 1:46:81 seconds (Sri Ram Singh holds national record 1:45.77 did in Montreal Olympics 1976)He was the first Tata employee to win a Gold in the Asian Games. In 1984 Tata honored him as the Best Sportsman. Borromeo later represented India at a number of track and field meets around the world, including Japan and China, where he again won gold. He represented India at the 1984 Summer Olympics at Los Angeles. He was eliminated in the first round after finishing fifth with a time of 1:51.52. Borromeo was the captain of the Indian team at the Asian Document [61] (Title: Virdhawal Khade) his heat (Heat 3) and set a new personal best of 50.07 seconds, placing him 42nd overall. He came 48th in the 200 m freestyle and 32nd in the 50 m. On 16 November 2010 Virdhawal Khade to win a medal at the Asian Games when he went on to capture the Bronze in the 50m Butterfly event at the 16th Asian Games. Sachin Nag was the first Indian to win a swimming gold medal in 1951 Asian games held in New Delhi. India had won five more medals (1 silver and 4 bronze in this game. , Guangzhou, China. Document [62] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) scheduled to compete, but she withdrew from the competition after failing the drug test. On 9 August 2008, IWF declared that she was clean, but the event she was supposed to participate in, had already closed. On 11 August 2008, Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the men's 10 m air rifle shooting event. In doing so, he won the first ever individual gold medal for India, and the first medal in any event for India at the Beijing Games. The previous highest individual achievements for India were two silver medals won by Norman Pritchard, an Englishman born in Document [63] (Title: Russell Mark) India's first ever individual Olympic medalist at the Athens Olympics by winning a silver medal. In 2006 Mark competed at the Melbourne Commonwealth Games where he won a gold medal. He participated in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing where he finished 5th in Olympic men's double trap. He declared in 2010 that he would attempt to make his sixth Olympic Games as a competitor at the 2012 London Games. On 7 June 2012, Mark was named in the Olympic team. As well as Mark's six Olympic Appearances he also contested a total of six Commonwealth Games (1990, 1994, Document [64] (Title: Ilyas Babar) Sriram Singh, Tarlok Singh, Charles Borromeo, Bagicha Singh, Harlal Singh, Ram Narayan Singh and Geeta Zutshi. Between them, they won 17 gold medals in Asian Games and Asian Track and Field meets, three Padma Shri and five Arjuna awards. Sriram Singh finished seventh in the 800m in the Montreal Olympics and set an Indian record that still stands. Babar went to the Montreal Olympics on his own expense, having to sell his scooter and various household goods and borrow from his friends to reach Montreal. Babar was given the Dronacharya Award in 1994. In the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok Document [65] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) went on to win the bronze medal for India, thereby opening the medal tally for India in London Olympics 2012. In 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow, Abhinav Bindra again won Gold in the Men's 10m air rifle singles event. At the 2016 Olympic Games at Rio de Janeiro, he came fourth in the Men's 10m Air Rifle singles event after losing a shoot-off for the top 3 to Serhiy Kulish, who eventually won the silver. He holds a B.B.A. (Bachelor of Business Administration) from the University of Colorado, US. Bindra is the CEO of Abhinav Futuristics, the sole distributor of Document [66] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) at the 53rd All India Police Aquatic Championships held at Talkatora Complex, New Delhi In 2005 at the 1st Asian Indoor Games held from 13 to 17 November 2005 at the SAT Swimming Pool, Huamark Sports Complex in Bangkok, Thailand Arjun became the first Indian swimmer to win a silver medal in the 200 meters butterfly event clocking 2:03.33 behind Won Jae-Yun of Korea. Participating in the World Police and Fire Games in Quebec, Arjun beat the 20-year-old 100 m butterfly Indian best set by Khazan Singh, clocking 56.74 seconds to wipe out Singh's 1985 record of 56.84. In 2005 Document [67] (Title: Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav) inspire and Mammadbeyov cashed in on the chance to reach the final. Defeating the wrestlers from Canada, Mexico and Germany, he won bronze medal on 23rd July 1952 thereby creating history by becoming Independent India's first individual medal winner. Khashaba’s colleague, Krishnarao Mangave a wrestler, also participated in the same Olympics in another category but missed the bronze medal by just one point. ! Res. ! Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! Location ! Notes Although India’s hockey team bagged a gold at the Helsinki games, Jadhav was the primary attraction of India’s contingent that returned home after Document [68] (Title: Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)) 1740, two behind gold medalists China. For winning the silver medal at 2012 London Olympics, cash award was awarded by the Government of Himachal Pradesh and by the Government of Rajasthan. Vijay Kumar (sport shooter) Hon. Captain Subedar Major Vijay Kumar Sharma AVSM, SM (born 19 August 1985) is a sport shooter from India. He won the silver medal in the individual 25 metre rapid fire pistol event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Kumar hails from Barsar village of Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh and is a serving Subedar Major (Warrant Officer Class I) in the Dogra Regiment (16th Battalion) Document [69] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) London 2012 bronze medalist Gagan Narang, and multiple-time Worlds medalist Jitu Rai. Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics, Manavjit Singh Sandhu became the twelfth Indian to join the team, as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions (won by Sanjeev Rajput) with the men's trap. India has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics. India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian Soumyajit Ghosh and Manika Batra secured the Olympic spot each in the Document [70] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) so that he was unable to compete or even lift a rifle for a year, upsetting his preparations for the Beijing Games. However, Bindra came back strongly and booked his place in the 2008 Olympics by winning the gold medal at the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships with a score of 699.1. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won the gold in the Men's 10m Air Rifle event after shooting a total of 700.5. He scored 596 (fourth) in the qualifying round and out-scored all other shooters in the finals with a round of 104.5. In the finals, he Document [71] (Title: Gagan Narang) medal Gagan Narang Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian shooter, supported by the Olympic Gold Quest. He was the first Indian to qualify for the London Olympics. He won the Bronze Medal in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle Event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London with a final score of 701.1 on 30 July 2012. Gagan was born to Bhimsen Narang and his wife Amarjit to a Punjabi family in Chennai on the 6 May 1983. His father is a retired chief manager of the Air India. Gagan's family hail from the Simla Gujran village Document [72] (Title: India at the 2006 Winter Olympics) and he was 78th out of 80 competitors to finish. Only the top 30 qualified for the next round, and Gupta was eliminated, the slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 20.46 seconds. The gold medal was eventually won by Björn Lind of Sweden, the silver by Roddy Darragon of France, and the silver by Thobias Fredriksson, also of Sweden. Shiva Keshavan was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his third Olympic appearance, after representing India at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. The men's singles was held Document [73] (Title: Manu Bhaker) the Gold in this event. Youth Olympics 2018, Manu Bhaker shot 236.5 to stand at the top of the points table in the women’s 10m air pistol event. The Indian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the Youth Olympics is also the World Cup and Commonwealth Games gold medalist.The 16-year-old Manu became the first shooter from India and the first female athlete from India to grab a gold medal at the Youth Olympics games. Manu Bhaker Manu Bhaker is an Indian sport shooter. She represented India at the 2018 ISSF World Cup and won two gold medals. She is Document [74] (Title: Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres) upright had his body ahead of Kaufmann. After a suspenseful pause, Davis was ruled the winner. The photo made further famous after being published in Life Magazine. In fourth place, Milkha Singh ran the Indian national record that lasted 44 years until the 2004 Olympics. There is potential confusion with two athletes in the competition named Malcolm Spence, both qualifying to the second semifinal. The (one year) younger Malcolm Spence representing South Africa eventually netted the Bronze medal, while the senior Malcolm Spence from Jamaica, shortened his name to "Mal" while representing the British West Indies, achieved a Bronze as Document [75] (Title: Sports in Andhra Pradesh) Indian woman Grandmaster (after Koneru Humpy). She was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2007. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg. Pullela Gopichand, is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships (2001), to becoming the second Indian to achieve it after Prakash Padukone. He won his National Badminton Championship 5 times in a row (1996-2000). He won two gold and one silver at Document [76] (Title: Mairaj Ahmad Khan) a feat he accomplished by capturing the Silver Medal at the 2016 ISSF World Cup Championship in Rio as well as a quota place for the shotgun skeet event for the Olympics in 2016. He is the first Indian athlete to represent India in the SK125 Event during the Rio Olympic Games. Currently he is ranked 10th in the world and 6th in Asia; he has been an international level shooter for over 15 years and has multiple accolades behind him including medals won during the Commonwealth Shooting Championship, Asian Championship, South Asian Federation and National & International Championships. Mairaj Document [77] (Title: Makhan Singh (sprinter)) Games in Delhi the following year when he won a gold in the short sprint and a silver in the 300 metres. He was to continue with this success in subsequent National Games, winning a gold and a silver at Madras in 1960, four golds at Jabalpur in 1962 and two golds and one silver at Trivandrurn in 1963. His greatest triumph was the 1962 National Games in Calcutta where, apart from scoring a sensational win over Milkha, he picked up four gold medals. He represented India in the 1962 Asian Games in Jakarta where he won a relay gold Document [78] (Title: Gymnastics in India) won by Aruna Reddy at FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup Melbourne, where she secured the bronze medal in the individual vaults. Gymnastics in India Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics, he won a bronze medal. However, soon after the win, the President of the Gymnastics Federation of India asked Ashish's Chief Coach from the Soviet Union, Vladimir Chertkov: "Is this all that you can deliver, a bronze?" The comment was widely reported in the press. Later, the coach revealed that "In August 2009, we had no Document [79] (Title: India at the Olympics) India at the Olympics India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games beginning in 1964. Indian athletes have won a total of 28 medals so far, all at the Summer Games. For a period of time, India national field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition, winning eleven medals in twelve Olympics between 1920 and Document [80] (Title: Sport in India) in the 2008 Olympics. Indian shooters who have excelled at the world stage include Abhinav Bindra, Jitu Rai, Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Vijay Kumar, Gagan Narang, Apurvi Chandela, Ronjan Sodhi and Anjali Bhagwat. The Indian shooting contingent for the 2012 London was one of the largest to date. There were a total of 11 shooters including 4 female shooters. India's first medal in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The Document [81] (Title: Pamela Rai) world of Indian ancestry, and the first Indo-Canadian to win an Olympic medal. In 1964, Rai's father, Harinder Jit Singh Rai was the first Indo-Canadian to qualify for an Olympic Games (field hockey). His stellar skills led him to score the only goal at the qualifying match enabling Canada's field hockey team entry to the Olympic games for the first time. Just prior to the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, he was removed from the team by officials who favoured an all-white contingent. Rai dedicated her 1984 Olympic success to her father who died from leukemia 3 months prior Document [82] (Title: Karnam Malleswari) woman to win an Olympic medal. She is also the first and only Indian woman weightlifter to win an Olympic medal. Malleswari was born in Voosavanipeta, a hamlet in Andhra Pradesh. She has four sisters and all are well trained in weightlifting. She started her career when she was 12 and was trained under coach Neelamshetty Appanna. She moved to Delhi with her sister and was soon spotted by the Sports Authority of India. Then in 1990, Malleshwari joined the national camp and four years later, she was a world championship winner in the 54-kg class. In 1997, she married Document [83] (Title: Limba Ram) in second place at the Asian Cup in Individuals and India got team Gold. In 1990, he helped India finish fourth at the Beijing Asian Games. He represented India in three Olympics. In 1992, he equalled the world record of Takayoshi Matsushita in the Beijing Asian Archery Championships in the 30 meters event, with a score of 357/360 to bag the gold medal. After receiving this news Parliament of India congratulated Limba Ram. In 1992 at the Barcelona Olympics, Ram missed the Bronze medal by one point in the 70-meter segment and finished with 10th rank. In 1995, he stood Document [84] (Title: India at the Olympics) to win an Olympic medal with her bronze medal finish in Women's freestyle 58 kg category. Shuttler P. V. Sindhu became the first Indian woman to win a silver medal in Olympics and also the youngest Indian Olympic medallist. This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the summer Olympic games. This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the winter Olympic games. India at the Olympics India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. The Document [85] (Title: Arjun Muralidharan) Montreal. He is also the first Indian swimmer to win a bronze medal at the Commonwealth Youth Games held at Bendigo, Australia, in 2004 and a silver medal in the Asian Indoor Games held at Bangkok in 2005. In the 2006 Asian Games held at Doha, Qatar, Arjun smashed his own national record in the 100 m butterfly. Arjun has won several Canadian National Championship medals and a gold medal in the 200 m butterfly at Canada Cup 2008. Born in Pune, Maharashtra, India Arjun started swimming at the age of 5 coached by his father G Muralidharan a former Document [86] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) two bronze medals), surpassing the two silvers by Norman Pritchard in 1900 Paris Olympics and the gold and bronze medals won by the Indian field hockey team and Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav respectively, at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. India at the 2008 Summer Olympics India competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. India was represented by the Indian Olympic Association (IOA). A contingent of 57 athletes in 12 sports represented India, and had a support-staff of 42 officials. For the first time since 1928, the men's national field hockey team was unable to take part in Document [87] (Title: Parduman Singh Brar) events, thus becoming the first athlete in Asia to achieve the feat. He continued his performance in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo, winning a gold in the shot put event and bronze in the discus throw event. In his last games appearance in 1962 in Jakarta, he won a silver medal in discus throw, thus completing his medal tally of five medals in three Asian games events. He was given the Arjuna Award by the Government of India in 1999 recognizing his contribution to Indian sports. Brar, paralysed after an accident in the early 1980s, died on 22 March Document [88] (Title: Dalip Singh (athlete)) in the Olympics. The 1924 Olympic Games were held in Paris in which India sent a contingent of seven athletes. In this seven-man squad, two Sikhs, Dalip and Palam made their debut. The Sikh had missed the bus only four years ago when six Indian athletes had participated in the 1920 Antwerp Olympics. Dalip Singh could not have made to the Paris Olympic Games but for the patronage and help coming in from the late Maharajadhiraj Bhupinder Singh of Patiala. It may be recalled that Dalip Singh besides being a fine athlete was a good hockey player also. When the Document [89] (Title: Yogeshwar Dutt) the 15th Asian Games at Doha. At the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games, Yogeshwar overcame a career-threatening knee injury to win the 60 kg title. Yogeshwar, who went past Australian Farzad Tarash (16–0, 17–0), South African Marius Loots (7–1) and England's Sasha Madyarchyk (4–4, 8–0) on his way to the final, came up with an exceptionally skillful performance to win the gold for India. On 12 August 2012, Yogeshwar Dutt provided a late boost to India's medals tally in the 2012 London Olympics by claiming a memorable bronze in the Men's freestyle 60 kg, thus becoming the third Indian wrestler to Document [90] (Title: Bajrang Lal Takhar) went on to bag gold at the Asian Championships in Korea last year 2007. He won the quota place by winning gold at the Asian qualifying championships in Shanghai. He has won two gold medals in the single and double scull races in South Asian Games 2006. In November 2010, he won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Games held in Guangzhou. Bajrang Lal Takhar Bajrang Lal Takhar (born 5 January 1981 in Sikar district, Rajasthan) is an Indian rower who won the first individual rowing Gold medal for India at the 2010 Asian Document [91] (Title: Sport in India) Arunaabh Shah from Delhi became the 1st Indian male and the youngest Indian to finish Ultraman, at Ultraman Australia. Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics for India in the form of bronze. However, soon after the win, the president of the Gymnastics Federation of India, controversially asked Kumar's chief coach from the Soviet Union, Vladimir Chertkov, "Is this all that you can deliver, a bronze?" The comment was widely reported in the press. Later, the coach revealed that, "In August 2009, we had no equipment. Ashish Document [92] (Title: Saurabh Chaudhary) championship. . He later has broken his own World Record with a score of 245.5 and claimed Gold in Junior Men 10m Air Pistol at 2018 World Championship in Changwon, Korea. Firstly he won the gold medal in Asian games 2018.after the Asian games he participate in the Junior ISSF World Championship 2018 and he won the gold medal.he went to Argentina to participate in the Youth olympic Games 2018 and he won the gold medal and become first Indian shooter to win gold medal in Olympics. After a month rest he participate in Asian Airgun Championship 2018 and confidently Document [93] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Bindra was rewarded by various Indian state governments and private organisations for his achievement. When the 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in New-Delhi, Abhinav Bindra got the honour of being the Indian contingent's flag-bearer at the opening ceremony. He also got the honour of taking the athletes' oath on behalf of the 6,700 participants from 71 countries and territories on that occasion. Abhinav Bindra along with Gagan Narang shot in unison to set a Games record 1193 in 10m air rifle pair's event for men to win the first gold for India in the 19th Document [94] (Title: India men's national field hockey team) and two bronze medals till date. After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics, the team's performance declined through the next three decades, with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup. In 2016, the Indian men's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years. As of 2018, the team is ranked fifth in the world. From February 2018, the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team, both men and women Document [95] (Title: Randhir Singh Gentle) Randhir Singh Gentle Randhir Singh Gentle (September 22, 1922 – September 25, 1981) was an Indian field hockey player. He was a part of the Indian team that won three consecutive gold medals in the Summer Olympics, from 1948 to 1956. Gentle is one among only five Indians to have won three gold medals at the Games. Gentle played for India at three Olympic Games, in London in 1948, in Helsinki in 1952 and in Melbourne in 1956. He captained the Indian team at the Melbourne Olympics, following the injury of captain Balbir Singh, Sr. in the first game of Document [96] (Title: 1951 Asian Games) of 11, but here Indian athletes finished just one medal behind to Japan with 10 golds. Toyoko Yoshino, a Japanese woman athlete, won all the golds in three throwing sports— shot put, discus throw, and javelin throw. Lavy Pinto of India was the only man who achieved multiple gold medals, he finished at the top podium in men's 100 m and 200 m sprint running events. In basketball, five Asian teams—Burma, India, Iran, Japan, and Philippines—participated. In the matches, the round-robin format was employed and on the basis of final points table top three podium places were decided. Philippines team Document [97] (Title: Sawarn Singh) in Men's Quadruple sculls. London Olympics was the maiden Olympics appearance for the Jharkhand National Games gold medallist. Sawarn Singh Sawarn Singh (in Punjabi ਸਵਰਨ ਸਿਂਘ) is an Indian rower. He was born on 20 February 1990 at Dalelwala Mansa in Punjab, India. He primarily competes in single scull events. He has qualified for 2012 Summer Olympics in Men's single scull event and reached last eight (7:00.49, 2 km). Swarn Singh Virk secured his spot in the London Olympics by winning his event at the FISA Olympic Continental Qualification Regatta for Asia in Chung Ju, Korea. The 21-year-old Virk qualified Document [98] (Title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics) India, at the 1900 Paris Olympics and one silver medal won by the 2008 flagbearer Rajyavardhan Rathore at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Sushil Kumar won the second ever wrestling medal for India, the first being the bronze earned by Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. Vijender Singh won a bronze medal in the middleweight boxing category, having lost in the semifinals. This was India's first-ever Olympic medal in boxing. The 2008 Beijing Olympics saw the best ever performance by an Indian contingent, in terms of the number of medals. They won three medals in all (one gold and Document [99] (Title: Andhra Pradesh) former Indian captain Mohammad Azharuddin, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V. V. S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao and Hanuma Vihari. Humpy Koneru, from Gudivada in Krishna district, is an Indian chess Grandmaster. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg. Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, is a four-time world record holder. He Document [100] (Title: M. Bimoljit Singh) gold medals including two consecutive Bronze medals for India at 15th Asian games, Doha (lone Indian Wushu medalist), 2006 and 16th Guangzhou Asian Games, 2010. As he was the first and the lone Indian Wushu medalist at the Doha Asian Games, Ministry of Youth and Sports,Government of India recognized Wushu event in the priority list. For his exceptional contribution in Wushu sports, the Delhi Government conferred him with the ‘Rajiv Gandhi State Award’, in Delhi in 2011.He was also honored with Arjuna Award, the Nation's highest sports award in 2012 by the Government of India, for his effort, performance, and Document [101] (Title: Abhinav Bindra) more greater than winning the Olympics itself.According to him, most Indian parents do not consider sports as a profession. Bindra wants people to look up sports as a serious profession in India. Awards for 2008 Olympics Gold medal Abhinav Bindra Abhinav Bindra (born 28 September 1982 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India) is an Indian businessman and retired professional shooter who is a former World and Olympic champion in the 10 metre Air Rifle event. By winning the gold in the 10 metre Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual gold Document [102] (Title: Shankar Lakshman) gold and India's only medal at the 1956 Olympics at the iconic Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). The finals was setup between arch-rivals India and Pakistan, where Shankar kept goal, the only goal came from Randhir Singh Gentle, to beat Pakistan 1–0 and India claimed its 6th consecutive Gold in Field Hockey, while Lakshman was praised for his great saves, against Pakistan's forwards. Captained by Anglo-Indian wizard Leslie Walter Claudius, and marching towards their 7th consecutive Gold medal, the team was brimming with a rare mixture of youth and experience. Strong in the defence where the legendary goalkeeper Shankar Lakshman made Document [103] (Title: Feroze Khan (field hockey)) Feroze Khan (field hockey) Feroze Khan (9 September 1904 – 21 April 2005) was a field hockey player who represented India at the Summer Olympic Games. At the time of his death, he was the world's oldest Olympic gold medal winner, following the death of U.S. athlete James Rockefeller in 2004. Khan was part of India's Olympic hockey team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, who won the gold medal for the event. At the club level, Khan played for Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh University and the Bombay Customs. After his death, Roger Beaufrand of France became the Document [104] (Title: Milkha Singh) methods. In 1958, Singh set records for the 200m and 400m in the National Games of India, held at Cuttack, and also won gold medals in the same events at the Asian Games. He then won a gold medal in the 400m (440 yards at this time) competition at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games with a time of 46.6 seconds. This latter achievement made him the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India. Before Vikas Gowda won the gold in 2014, Milkha was the only Indian male to have won an individual athletics gold medal Document [105] (Title: Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)) Olympics and brought home the Gold Medal after a long hiatus. Further, he had the honour of carrying the Indian Tricolour off the Indian Squad at the Opening Ceremony of the Los Angeles Olympics 1984. He also won the bronze medal for the country at the Champion’s Trophy 1982 in Holland and won many other tournaments against Pakistan, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, West Germany and other European nations. Born in 1956, he was brought up in an erudite family of the AMU. His father, Professor Mohammed Shahabuddin Ahmed, served as the Chairman of the Department of Chemistry in the University. Document [106] (Title: Sriram Singh) In the year 1974, he was awarded the prestigious civil award of Padma Shri as recognition to his contribution to the field of sport. He retained his 800 m gold medal in the 1978 Asian Games (1:48.80), but was eliminated in the heats of the same event in the Moscow Olympics. He also won 800m Silver medal in 1973 Asian Athletics Championships and 3 Gold medals for 400 m, 800 m and 4×400 m relay in 1975 Asian Athletics Championships. Post retirement he has taken up the job of mentoring talented youth in the sport and garners a lot of Document [107] (Title: Indian women at the Olympics) category in Weightlifting. In the London Olympics, women's boxing was featured as a sport for the first time. India was represented by five-time world champion Mary Kom who was the only Indian to qualify for the event. However, she lost to Nicola Adams of the UK in the semi-final. She stood third in the competition and earned herself an Olympic Bronze medal. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman to win a medal in Wrestling. She won the Bronze medal in Women's 58 kg freestyle wrestling in 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio.Saina Nehwal was the first Indian to win Document [108] (Title: Norman Pritchard) Indian athlete to participate in the Olympic Games and was also the first to win an Olympic medal and also represent an Asian nation. He won two silver medals at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, coming second in the 200 metres behind Walter Tewksbury of the United States and second in the 200 metres hurdles behind the legendary Alvin Kraenzlein, also of the United States. He reached the final of the 110 metres hurdles, but did not finish, and also participated in the 60 metres and 100 metres sprints, in which he failed to qualify for the finals. In Document [109] (Title: India at the 1960 Summer Olympics) India at the 1960 Summer Olympics India competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 45 competitors, all men, took part in 20 events in 6 sports. This was the first time since 1928 that the Men's team failed to achieve a gold medal in field hockey. They lost 1-0 to Pakistan by a goal Ahmad nasir to secure the second position. In Athletics Milkha Singh finished second in all of the 400m rounds prior to the final, improving his time on each occasion. In the final he finished fourth with a time of 45.6, this being a decision Document [110] (Title: Muniswamy Rajgopal) in 2000. Muniswamy Rajgopal Muniswamy Rajgopal (March 24, 1926 – March 3, 2004 in Bangalore) was an Indian field hockey player. This Olympic gold medal winner in 1952, Helsinki, was the first Olympic winner for Karnataka. A member of the undivided Indian team that toured East Africa in 1945, Rajagopal was renowned for his prodiguous stickwork skills and hence rightly called the "Artful Dodger". Having made his mark on that tour of East Africa under the legendary Dhyan Chand, Rajagopal moved from strength to strength in his reputation as a remarkable play-maker on the left flank. A member of the Document [111] (Title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics) Olympics). Two medals each were awarded to the athletes in shooting and wrestling. India also set a historical milestone for the female athletes who won two Olympic medals. Badminton player and world junior champion Saina Nehwal became the first Indian athlete to win an Olympic bronze medal in the women's singles. Boxer Mary Kom, on the other hand, lost to Great Britain's Nicola Adams in the semi-final match, but settled for the bronze in the first ever women's flyweight event. Six Indian archers qualified for the London Olympics – 3 in women's recurve and 3 in men's recurve. Fourteen Indian Document [112] (Title: India at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games) the men's welterweight division (74 kg), Lachmi Kant Pandey gave India a silver medal. India at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1958 was the fourth time India participated in Commonwealth Games. India won its first gold medal in these games. India won its first medal in athletics during these games. The legendary Indian athlete Milkha Singh won gold in the men's 440-yard run. India participated in at least 12 athletics events in these games. India participated in boxing for the first time, in the men's lightweight division (60 kg) and the men's middleweight division (75 kg). India won Document [113] (Title: Lila Ram) Lila Ram Lila Ram Sangwan (30 November 1930 – 11 October 2003) was an Indian wrestler from Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana, who was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Commonwealth Games. He won gold medal in the heavyweight (100 kg) category in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Lila Ram competed in the freestyle wrestling in heavyweight and super heavyweight categories at the national as well as international level. Lila Ram was on 30 November 1930, in Mandola village of Charkhi Dadri district in a farmer’s family. In 1948, he joined the Grenadiers Regimental Document [114] (Title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics) in the opening ceremony at his fifth consecutive Games. Other notable Indian athletes also included tennis player Sania Mirza in the women's doubles, artistic gymnast and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist Dipa Karmakar, and multiple-time world medalist Jitu Rai in men's pistol shooting. India left Rio de Janeiro with only two medals, saving its pride from the humiliation of returning empty-handed for the first time since Barcelona 1992. These medals were awarded only to female athletes for the first time in history, a silver to badminton player P. V. Sindhu in the women's singles, and a bronze to freestyle wrestler Sakshi Document [115] (Title: Balkrishan Singh) Balkrishan Singh Balkrishan Singh (10 March 1933 – 31 December 2004) was field hockey player from India who won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Balkrishan Singh is perhaps the only player in the country to have won the gold medal both as a player and as a coach. He was a member of the gold medal-winning team in the 1956 Olympics and was chief coach of the team that won the gold in the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Balkrishan went to Australia in 1965 to train the women’s national squad. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser was so impressed Document [116] (Title: Vijender Singh) Chomphuphuang of Thailand 13–3 to reach the Middleweight Boxing Quarterfinals. He beat southpaw Carlos Góngora of Ecuador 9–4 in the quarterfinals on 20 August 2008 which guaranteed him a medal, the first ever Olympic medal for an Indian boxer. He lost 5–8 to Cuba's Emilio Correa in the semi-finals on 22 August 2008 and shared a bronze medal. Vijender, and Indian wrestler Sushil Kumar—who won a bronze at the men's wrestling competitions—were welcomed grandly to India after their victory. In July 2009, Vijender accompanied by Sushil and boxer Mary Kom were garlanded with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award—India's highest Document [117] (Title: Sport in India) second medal came from the unheralded army man Vijay Kumar when he won the silver in the 25m rapid fire pistol event after finishing 4th in the qualification rounds. He had to fend off some tough competition from the third-placed Chinese Ding Feng. A notable performance was made by Joydeep Karmakar who finished 4th in the 50m rifle prone event. A strong medal prospect Ronjan Sodhi who is an Asian Games gold medallist, however, crashed out in the qualification rounds of the Double trap event. Field Hockey is a popular sport in India. Until the mid-1970s, India men's team dominated Document [118] (Title: Joseph Phillips (field hockey)) year, India won its third consecutive Olympic gold medal. Joseph Phillips, along with Baboo Nimal, was amongst the two of the players from Pune who participated in the 1936 Indian Olympic team. Most of the residents of his local town appeared on the Khadki Railway Station to bid farewell to Phillips and Baburao, for the 1936 Olympic expedition. It was a huge honour for both Joseph Phillips and Baburao Narasappa Nimal. Joe Phillips died in 1986 at the age of 75. Joseph Phillips (field hockey) Joseph "Joe" Phillips (March 24, 1911 – 1986) was an Indian field hockey player who Document [119] (Title: Suranjoy Singh) was also the lone Indian boxer to win a gold medal at that event. The last gold medal for India in the Asian championship came in the 1994 edition in Tehran where Rajkumar Sangwan finished on top in the super heavyweight category. He also became the first Indian boxer to win the Gold Medal in the 51 kg Flyweight Category at the Inter-Continental President's Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan in December 2009, the first-ever by an Indian in an Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) organised event. He was also the first Indian to be declared the 'best boxer' of any Senior Question: first indian man to win olympic gold medal

Answer: Abhinav Bindra Long Answer: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games . Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category. Gold Document ID: 101

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Catholic Church in Canada) other eparchies and 2 exarchates in Canada: A few Eastern particular church communities are pastorally served from the United States: Saint Joseph is Patron Saint of Canada. Catholic Church in Canada The Catholic Church in Canada is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope. , it has the largest number of adherents to a Christian denomination and a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (12.81 million) baptized as Catholics. There are 73 dioceses and about 7,000 priests in Canada. Catholicism arrived in the territory later known as Canada in 1497, when John Cabot Document [2] (Title: Saint Joseph's Oratory) Saint Joseph's Oratory Saint Joseph's Oratory of Mount Royal () is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and national shrine on Mount Royal's Westmount Summit in Montreal, Quebec. It is Canada's largest church and claims to have one of the largest domes in the world. The basilica enshrines a statue of Saint Joseph, which was authorised a Canonical coronation by Pope Pius X on 19 March 1910 via Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli (extinct) and another from an Apostolic brief dated 9 July 1955 by Pope Pius XII who crowned the new statue on 9 August 1955 via Cardinal Paul-Émile Léger now located Document [3] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) but did not become a widely known song for many years. English words were later written for a royal tour in 1901. In 1980, "O Canada" became the official national anthem of Canada. In 1908, Pope Pius X designated St. John the Baptist as the patron saint of French Canadians. From 1914 to 1923 the processions were not held. In 1925, 91 years after the Ludger Duvernay's banquet in Montreal, June 24 became provincially a legal holiday in Quebec. In Quebec, June 24 (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day), or National Holiday, is officially a paid statutory public holiday covered under the "Act Respecting Document [4] (Title: Saint Joseph's Oratory) 'Saint Joseph's Oratory, Quebec' in the 2004 Tourist Attractions series. The stamp was designed by Catharine Bradbury & William Stewart based on a photograph by Bernard Brault. The 49¢ stamps are perforated kiss cut and were printed by Lowe-Martin Company Inc. Saint Joseph's Oratory Saint Joseph's Oratory of Mount Royal () is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and national shrine on Mount Royal's Westmount Summit in Montreal, Quebec. It is Canada's largest church and claims to have one of the largest domes in the world. The basilica enshrines a statue of Saint Joseph, which was authorised a Canonical coronation by Document [5] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day () is a holiday celebrated on June 24 in the Canadian province of Quebec and by French Canadians across Canada and the United States. It was brought to Canada by French settlers celebrating the traditional feast day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. It has been declared a public holiday in Quebec with publicly financed events organized province-wide by a "Comité organisateur de la fête nationale du Québec". The feast day of Saint John the Baptist or Midsummer was a very popular event in the "Ancien Régime" of France, and it is still celebrated Document [6] (Title: Isaac Jogues) death he thought would follow, as allowing him to imitate, and thus participate in, the passion of Jesus. Jogues was canonized on 29 June 1930 by Pope Pius XI along with seven other Canadian Martyrs. His feast day is celebrated on 19 October in the General Roman Calendar, and on 26 September in Canada. Jogues and companions are patron saints of North America. There are a number of buildings and monuments dedicated to Jogues. The largest of these monuments is the Shrine of the North American Martyrs, built in Auriesville, New York in 1930. It honors Jogues, René Goupil, Louis Document [7] (Title: Joseph Calasanz) affirmed that Saint Joseph Calasanz took as a model Christ, and he tried to transmit to the youth, besides the profane sciences, the wisdom of the Gospel, teaching them to grasp the loving harmony of God. Calasanz's liturgical feast day has been celebrated on August 25, the day of his death, in the General Roman Calendar since 1970. The 1769 to 1969 editions of that calendar placed it on August 27, which was then the nearest free day to August 25. Parishes are dedicated to St. Joseph Calasanctius in Jefferson, Ohio and North Battleford, Saskatchewan. There is also the Church Document [8] (Title: Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré) "Marie de L'Incarnation", "Saint Joseph", "The Virgin with Jesus", ""François de Laval", and "St. Joachim", in addition to a bronze sculpture of Kateri Tekakwitha, 6' 4" high. Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a basilica set along the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, east of Quebec City, and one of the five national shrines of Canada. It has been credited by the Catholic Church with many miracles of curing the sick and disabled. It is an important Catholic sanctuary, which receives about a half-million pilgrims each year. Since 1933 they have included members of the Anna Fusco Document [9] (Title: Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter) Saint John the Baptist for the Canadian parishes and the ordinary appointed Kenyon as its first dean, with the approval of the Holy See and the support of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. The name, first proposed by then-ACCC bishop Peter Wilkinson, is that of a patron saint of Canada whose feast was significant in the discovery of Canada by both the English and the French. On 8 December 2012, the day after the announcement of the extension of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter to Canada, Peter Wilkinson, the former Metropolitan Bishop of Canada of Document [10] (Title: Saints Cosmas and Damian) in the Third Week of Lent, as the station church for this day is Santi Cosma e Damiano. Their feast day in the General Roman Calendar, which had been on September 27, was moved in 1969 to September 26, because September 27 is the "dies natalis" ("day of birth" into Heaven) of Saint Vincent de Paul, now more widely venerated in the Latin Church. In Canada it has been moved to Sept. 25 (as Sept. 26 is the Feast of the Canadian Martyrs in Canada). Sts Cosmas and Damian are regarded as the patrons of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists and Document [11] (Title: Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré) Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a basilica set along the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, east of Quebec City, and one of the five national shrines of Canada. It has been credited by the Catholic Church with many miracles of curing the sick and disabled. It is an important Catholic sanctuary, which receives about a half-million pilgrims each year. Since 1933 they have included members of the Anna Fusco Pilgrimage from Connecticut, United States of America. The peak period of pilgrimage is around July 26, the feast of Saint Anne, the patron saint of Quebec. St. Document [12] (Title: Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)) venerable in 1874. She was then beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 June 1980. She was canonized by Pope Francis on 2 April 2014. The Pontiff waived the requirement of two miracles for Marie and she was granted "equivalent canonization" alongside François de Laval, the first Bishop of Quebec. Marie of the Incarnation is a celebrated founder of the Ursuline Order in colonial New France. Her work with the Amerindians has been recognized by the Anglican Church of Canada and they celebrate her life with a feast day on 30 April. A number of Catholic schools have been Document [13] (Title: Midsummer) "La Minerve" took the leadership of an effort to make June 24 the national holiday of the "Canadiens" (French Canadians). In 1908, Pope Pius X designated John the Baptist as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. In 1925, June 24 became a legal holiday in Quebec and in 1977, it became the secular National Holiday of Quebec. It still is the tradition to light great fires on the night of the 24th of June. In Denmark, the solstitial celebration is called "sankthans" or "sankthansaften" ("St. John's Eve"). It was an official holiday until 1770, and in accordance with the Danish Document [14] (Title: Jean-Baptiste de La Salle) in the General Roman Calendar in 1904 for celebration on 15 May. Because of his life and inspirational writings, Pope Pius XII proclaimed him patron saint of teachers on 15 May 1950. In the 1969 revision of the Church calendar, Pope Paul VI moved his feast day to 7 April, the day of his death or birth to heaven, his "dies natalis". De La Salle was a pioneer in programs for training lay teachers. Of his writings on education, Matthew Arnold remarked: “Later works on the same subject have little improved the , about 3,800 Brothers and 92,000 lay and Document [15] (Title: Isidore the Laborer) keep the March 22 date. In Corrales, New Mexico, the town celebrates the San Ysidro Feast day on May 15. Matachinas dance through the streets and the fiesta is a big part of the celebrations in the city. Isidore the Laborer Isidore the Farm Labourer, also known as Isidore the Farmer () (c. 1070 – May 15, 1130), was a Spanish farmworker known for his piety toward the poor and animals. He is the Catholic patron saint of farmers and of Madrid, and of La Ceiba, Honduras. His feast day is celebrated on May 15. The Spanish word "labrador" means Document [16] (Title: Joseph Marchand) feast day is November 30 and his joint feast day with the Vietnamese Martyrs is November 24. Joseph Marchand Saint Joseph Marchand (August 17, 1803 – November 30, 1835) was a French missionary in Vietnam and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He is now a Roman Catholic saint, celebrated on the 30th of November. Marchand was born in Passavant, in the Doubs department of France. At the age of 25 he joins the Paris Foreign Mission, whose primary goal was (and still is) to evangelize countries in Asia. In 1833, he joined the Lê Văn Khôi revolt Document [17] (Title: Chad of Mercia) later English official, Thomas More, the patron of politicians. The "Spa Research Fellowship" states that Chad is the patron saint of medicinal springs, although other listings do not mention this patronage. St. Chad's Day (2 March) is traditionally considered the most propitious day to sow broad beans in England. Chad of Mercia Chad (died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th century Anglo-Saxon churchman, who became abbot of several monasteries, Bishop of the Northumbrians and subsequently Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People. He was later canonised as a saint. He was the brother of Cedd, also a saint. He Document [18] (Title: Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)) the nearest day before or after for which no special provision has been made." Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada) Prior to the revision of the Anglican Church of Canada's (ACC) Book of Common Prayer (BCP) in 1962, the national church followed the liturgical calendar of the 1918 Canadian Book of Common Prayer. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the situation in Canada resembled that which pertained in much of the Anglican Communion: There was uncertainty as to whether post-Reformation figures (with the exception of the martyred Charles I) could or should be commemorated. In the words of the Document [19] (Title: André Bessette) September, 2018 serving students in grades 9-12. André Bessette André Bessette, C.S.C. (9 August 1845 – 6 January 1937), more commonly known as Brother André (), and since his canonization as Saint André of Montreal, was a lay brother of the Congregation of Holy Cross and a significant figure of the Roman Catholic Church among French-Canadians, credited with thousands of reported miraculous oil healings associated with his pious devotion to Saint Joseph. Bessette was declared venerable in 1978 and was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Pope Benedict XVI approved the decree of sainthood for Blessed André on Document [20] (Title: Gabriel) 1856, where the feast was celebrated on April 7th for unknown reasons (a parentheses notes that the day is normally celebrated on March 18). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated in March 18 the year of 1588 in her 2013 book: "The Lead Books of Granada". One of the oldest out of print sources pronouncing the feast for March 18th, was first published in 1608 and has the name "Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ..." by the Spanish Document [21] (Title: Gemma Galgani) and Latin America. She is a patron saint of students (said to be the top of her class before having to leave school) and of pharmacists. Gemma Galgani Maria Gemma Umberta Galgani (March 12, 1878 – April 11, 1903) was an Italian mystic, venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church since 1940. She has been called the "Daughter of Passion" because of her profound imitation of the Passion of Christ. Gemma Umberta Maria Galgani was born on March 12, 1878, in the hamlet of Camigliano in the provincial town of Capannori. Gemma was the fifth of eight children; Document [22] (Title: Canadian Martyrs) American Martyrs. The martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930. They are collectively the secondary patron saints of Canada. St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande are the first three U.S. saints, martyred at Ossernenon, 9 miles west of the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers. Their feast day is celebrated in the General Roman Calendar and in the United States on October 19 under the title of "John de Brébeuf and Isaac Jogues, Priests, and Companions, Martyrs," and in Canada on September 26. The Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario, the site of Document [23] (Title: Saint Joseph) Saint Joseph in Western Christianity since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans and other denominations. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ. In the Roman Catholic church, the Feast of St. Joseph (19 March) is a solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week). In 1870, Pope Pius IX declared Joseph patron of the Universal Church and instituted another feast, a solemnity with an Document [24] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) March 20, unless another solemnity (e.g., a church's patronal saint) falls on that day. Since 2008, if Saint Joseph's Day falls during Holy Week, it is moved to the closest possible day "before" 19 March, usually the Saturday before Holy Week. This change was announced by the Congregation for Divine Worship in "Notitiae" March–April, 2006 (475-476, page 96) in order to avoid occurrences of the feasts of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation both being moved to just after the Easter octave. This decision does not apply to those using the 1962 Missal according to the provisions of "Summorum Pontificum"; when Document [25] (Title: André Bessette) André Bessette André Bessette, C.S.C. (9 August 1845 – 6 January 1937), more commonly known as Brother André (), and since his canonization as Saint André of Montreal, was a lay brother of the Congregation of Holy Cross and a significant figure of the Roman Catholic Church among French-Canadians, credited with thousands of reported miraculous oil healings associated with his pious devotion to Saint Joseph. Bessette was declared venerable in 1978 and was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Pope Benedict XVI approved the decree of sainthood for Blessed André on 19 February 2010, with the formal canonization Document [26] (Title: Alfred Pampalon) is inscribed on the tomb of Alfred Pampalon, which is located in the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec City. Father Pampalon was declared "Venerable" by Pope John Paul II on May 14, 1991. He is a Patron of Alcoholics and Drug Addicts. Alfred Pampalon Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions. Alfred Pampalon was born 24 November 1867 Document [27] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) that missal is used, its particular rubrics, which require the feast to be transferred to the next available date "after" 19 March, must be observed. In practice, the 1962 rubrics lead to the observance of St. Joseph's Day on the Tuesday following Low Sunday, as the Feast of the Annunciation (which must also be transferred in years when its assigned date, 25 March, falls during either Holy Week or the octave of Easter) is observed on the Monday after Low Sunday. In Sicily, where Saint Joseph is regarded by many as their Patron saint, and in many Italian-American communities, thanks Document [28] (Title: Roland Doré (sculptor)) decided to commission a statue of Joseph for the chapel he had placed under that saint's patronage and he chose Doré to execute the statue. In 1921, Pope Grégoire XV had ordered that the 19th March be devoted as a feast day to the Virgin Mary's husband, and the Saint Joseph cult grew rapidly. In 1624, Quebec, in Canada, named St Joseph as their patron saint. When the chapel fell into ruin, the St Joseph statue was taken into the Église Saint-Joseph in Plougonven. Doré was the sculptor of the calvary in Quéven's old cemetery in the Rue du docteur Document [29] (Title: Saint Joseph) of Saint Joseph the Worker (1 May) is an Optional Memorial, and so is omitted if impeded, unless the day is raised to a higher rank because Saint Joseph is the patron of the church, diocese, place, or institution. (However, the 1 May celebration is 1st class in the Tridentine calendar, so in it Saint Joseph the Worker was celebrated on 2 May in 2008 because 1 May was Ascension Thursday and in 2011 because 1 May was in the Easter octave.) Pope Pius IX proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron of the Universal Church in 1870. Having died in the Document [30] (Title: John Francis Regis) to devote himself to the conversion of the indigenous inhabitants of Canada, he remained in France all his life. Regis walked from town to town, in rough mountainous areas where travel was difficult, especially in the winter. He died of pneumonia at age forty-three on 31 December 1640, at Lalouvesc (Ardèche), in France's Dauphiné region. John Francis Regis was beatified by Pope Clement XI on 18 May 1716, and canonized by Pope Clement XII on 5 April 1737. John Francis Regis is the patron saint of lacemakers, medical social workers, and illegitimate children. In a 1997 letter to the Bishop Document [31] (Title: Marguerite Bourgeoys) Church in 1982, the first female saint of Canada. The process was begun nearly 100 years before in 1878, when Pope Leo XIII gave her the title of "venerable" via papal decree. In November 1950, Pope Pius XII beatified her, giving her the title "Blessed Marguerite Bourgeoys". The two miracles that led to her beatification both involved a miraculous cure from gangrene of the foot, gained by Joseph Descoteaux of St. Celestin, Quebec, and John Ludger Lacroix of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. On 2 April 1982, Pope John Paul II issued the Decree of Miracle for a cure attributed to her Document [32] (Title: Camuy, Puerto Rico) but most notably are their baseball teams. Many of them are part of the little league and the intermediate system but at the top the two professional Class A and Double AA baseball teams called "Los Arenosos" (Referring to the abundance of sand from the coastline). The patron saint of Camuy is San José. His day is celebrated on March 1. The patron saint festivities (Fiestas Patronales) are celebrated every year around the last 2 weeks of the month of March, the month of Saint Joseph. His official liturgical day is March 1. Agriculture (sugarcane some time ago) Cattle and Document [33] (Title: Patrick Burns (businessman)) Rifles Regiment) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen, for the Canadian Government's war effort. In 1914 Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, the first Canadian to receive such an honour. He was also a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary colonel in Calgary's 31st Regiment. In honour of his 75th birthday, a huge cake (said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the city's underprivileged citizens. Further to that, he celebrated his birthday Document [34] (Title: Clemente Marchisio) Clemente Marchisio Blessed Clemente Marchisio (1 March 1833 - 16 December 1903) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest who served as a parish priest in the Archdiocese of Turin. Marchisio served as an assistant priest before travelling across Italian cities as word of his mission and holiness spread. In the spirit of evangelical and devotional zeal he established the Daughters of Saint Joseph of Rivalba to suit the religious needs of females. The order had an emphasis on the Eucharist and on Saint Joseph himself. On 30 September 1984 he was beatified after one healing was recognized as a miracle Document [35] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) carpenters. It is also Father's Day in some Catholic countries, mainly Spain, Portugal, and Italy. It is a holiday of obligation for Catholics, unless the particular Episcopal Conference has waived the obligation. 19 March was dedicated to Saint Joseph in several Western calendars by the 10th century, and this custom was established in Rome by 1479. Pope Pius V extended its use to the entire Roman Rite by his Apostolic Constitution "Quo primum" (14 July 1570). Originally a double of the second class and a feast of precept, it was re-raised to be of precept in 1917 after having this Document [36] (Title: Paul Marchand) from 1967 to 1973 (again from 1979 to 1982) and Director of the Maison d'Accueil and Director of the Sanctuary of Marie-Reine-des-Coeurs in Montreal from 1973 to 1987. He was appointed Provincial Superior of the Montfort Fathers of Canada in 1990. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Ottawa in 1993 and eventually became bishop of the Timmins Diocese in 1999 (succeeded Rev. Gilles Cazabon). Paul Marchand Paul Marchard (April 17, 1937 – July 24, 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Timmins, Canada. Marchand was born in Lafontaine, Ontario and grew up Document [37] (Title: Pope Gregory I) and the Anglican Church of Canada on 12 March. A traditional procession is held in Żejtun, Malta, in honour of Saint Gregory (San Girgor) on Easter Wednesday, which most often falls in April, the range of possible dates being 25 March to 28 April. The feast day of Saint Gregory also serves as a commemorative day for the former pupils of Downside School, called Old Gregorians. Traditionally, OG ties are worn by all of the society's members on this day. Pope Gregory I Pope Gregory I (; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was Pope Document [38] (Title: Saint George's Day) Church in England and Wales has a similar practice. The Scout movement has been celebrating St George's Day on 23 April since its first years, and St George is the patron saint of many other organisations. St. George's Day is celebrated on 23 April. St. George's Day is not an official national holiday in Canada. It is, however, a provincial holiday in Newfoundland and Labrador, where it is usually observed on the Monday nearest 23 April. In sport, April 23 is also the anniversary of the St George Dragons Rugby League Football Club. The St George club coincidentally played their Document [39] (Title: Saint Joseph) "arms of Jesus and Mary" according to Catholic tradition, he is considered the model of the pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death, in other words, the patron of a happy death. Saint Joseph is the patron saint of a number of cities, regions and countries, among them the Americas, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Indonesia, Mexico, Korea, Peru, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as of families, fathers, expectant mothers (pregnant women), explorer, pilgrim, traveller, immigrants, house sellers and buyers, craftsmen, engineers, and working people in general. Many cities, towns, and locations are named after Saint Document [40] (Title: Stephen Harding) first two abbots of Cîteaux, the Roman Catholic Church celebrates Stephen Harding's feast day on 26 January. His feast is celebrated on March 28 (in the Julian calendar, now 17 April) in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. There is a Catholic Baroque Church established by 1785, the patron saint of which is Stephen Harding, it is located in Hungary, in the village Apátistvánfalva. The north aisle of the Church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in London was formerly a chapel dedicated to him (it became the Musicians' Chapel in the 20th century). He was canonized by the Catholic church in 1623. Document [41] (Title: Assumption of Mary) Republic, Ireland, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia. In many places, religious parades and popular festivals are held to celebrate this day. In Canada, Assumption Day is the Fête Nationale of the Acadians, of whom she is the patron saint. Some businesses close on that day in heavily francophone parts of New Brunswick, Canada. The Virgin Assumed in Heaven is also patroness of the Maltese Islands and her feast, celebrated on 15 August, apart from being a public holiday in Malta is also celebrated with great solemnity in the local churches especially in the seven localities known as the Seba' Santa Document [42] (Title: Joachim) General Roman Calendar in 1584, for celebration on 20 March, the day after the feast day of Saint Joseph. In 1738, it was transferred to the Sunday after the Octave of the Assumption of Mary. As part of his effort to allow the liturgy of Sundays to be celebrated, Pope Pius X transferred it to 16 August, the day after the Assumption, so that Joachim may be remembered in the celebration of Mary's triumph. It was then celebrated as a Double of the 2nd Class, a rank that was changed in 1960 to that of 2nd Class Feast. In the Document [43] (Title: Catherine of St. Augustine) for the native inhabitants, Mother Catherine came to be honoured as one of the six founders of the Catholic Church in Canada, representing the contributions of the Augustinian canonesses. The cause for her canonization was presented to the Holy See in Vatican City. Mother Catherine was declared to have lived a life of extraordinary virtue on 9 March 1984 by Pope John Paul II. Declaring that she offered her life for the establishment of the Catholic faith in Canada, this same pope, on 23 April 1989, beatified her. The Blessed Catherine's feast day is celebrated in Quebec on 8 May. Document [44] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) Saint Joseph's Day Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March, the Feast of Saint Joseph is in Western Christianity the principal feast day of Saint Joseph, husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary and legal father of Jesus Christ. It has the rank of a solemnity in the Catholic Church. It is a feast or commemoration in the provinces of the Anglican Communion, and a feast or festival in the Lutheran Church. Saint Joseph's Day is the Patronal Feast day for Poland as well as for Canada, persons named Joseph, Josephine, etc., for religious institutes, schools and parishes bearing his name, and for Document [45] (Title: Turibius of Mogrovejo) ""Quoniam Spiritus"". His liturgical feast was once celebrated on 27 April but is now celebrated on 23 March. His cult was once confined for the most part to South America but is now more widespread because of his pioneering reforms. Pope John Paul II proclaimed him the patron saint for the Latin American episcopate in 1983. He is honored along with Saint Martin de Porres and Saint Rose of Lima with a liturgical feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on 23 August. He is also venerated in the Anglican Communion. Turibius of Mogrovejo Saint Toribio Alfonso de Document [46] (Title: Antoine Daniel) takes place on September 26 in Canada and October 19 in the universal Church. St. Anthony Daniel Roman Catholic church and parish, Kitchener, Ontario, is named for him. Antoine Daniel Saint Antoine Daniel (May 27, 1601 – July 4, 1648) was a Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, and one of the eight Canadian Martyrs. Daniel was born at Dieppe, in Normandy, on May 27, 1601. After two years' study of philosophy and one year of law, Daniel entered the Society of Jesus in Rouen on October 1, 1621. He was a teacher of junior classes at the Collège Document [47] (Title: Marco da Montegallo) a spontaneous and enduring popular devotion on the part of the faithful. His feast is celebrated on 20 March rather than his death date of 19 March due to it being the feast of Saint Joseph. Marco da Montegallo was born in 1425 in Montegallo - in the province of Ascoli Piceno - to a nobleman from the Marches of Ancona. Marco studied under the humanist Enoch d'Ascoli and later studied at universities in both Perugia and Bologna where he received his doctorate in both law and medicine. From 1448 he worked as a doctor in his home province. He Document [48] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society) in Montreal with AI technologies. The Mayor was dealing with foreign investors who communicated in english. The society was created by Ludger Duvernay, a journalist for "La Minerve," in Lower Canada. It evolved from the Société "Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera" ("help yourself and Heaven will help you") founded by Duvernay on March 8, 1834. Most notably, it made June 24, St. John the Baptist day, the national day of the Quebecers. In 1922, June 24 became a public holiday in Quebec, and since 1977 it has been the national holiday of Quebec. In the 1830s, Lower Canadians of British Document [49] (Title: Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions) commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The Anglican Church of Canada, however, historically commemorated them on 6 March ("The Book of Common Prayer", 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date (Book of Alternative Services, 1985). In the Eastern Orthodox Church the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the catechumens Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is February 1. The account of Saint Perpetua comforting her dead brother has been a point of controversy. The text specifically says that the child had not been baptized. Renatus Document [50] (Title: Emiliano Tardif) Emiliano Tardif Father Emiliano Tardif (June 6, 1928 in the City of St-Zacharie, Quebec, Canada – June 8, 1999) was a missionary who is in the process of being beatified. Father Emiliano Tardif was born on June 6, 1928, in the province of Quebec, Canada. He made his religious profession as a member of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart on September 8, 1949, and was ordained a priest on June 24, 1955. After his ordination he was sent to the Dominican Republic, where he became one of the founders of the Missionary Seminary of San Jose de Las Matas. Document [51] (Title: John of God) saint of hospitals, the sick, nurses, firefighters, alcoholics, and booksellers. His feast day is celebrated on March 8. A church was erected in 1757 to house his remains. On October 26, 1757, they were transferred to that church, now protected by the Knights of Saint John of God. The church has been raised to the rank of a basilica. In the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, a Byzantine Rite Lutheran Church, Saint John of God is commemorated in the calendar of saints on 26 November. The Order maintains a presence in 53 countries, operating more than 300 hospitals, services, and centers serving Document [52] (Title: Benedict of Nursia) 1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co-patron of Europe, together with Saints Cyril and Methodius. In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar, his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by the observance of Lent, the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth Document [53] (Title: René Goupil) killed. Goupil is venerated as the first Jesuit martyr of Canada and one of three martyrs of the territory of the present United States. He was canonized on 29 June 1930 by Pope Pius XI along with the seven other Canadian Martyrs or "North American Martyrs". He is the patron saint of anesthetists. At Fordham University's Rose Hill Campus in the Bronx, New York, a freshman dormitory—Martyrs' Court—has three sections, which are named for the three US martyr-saints: René Goupil, Isaac Jogues, and Jean Lalande. Goupil is also honored at the Catholic youth camp Camp Ondessonk, where a unit is Document [54] (Title: Marco da Montegallo) on 20 September 1839. His feast is not celebrated on the date of his death as is the norm but rather on 20 March because 19 March is the feast of Saint Joseph. Marco da Montegallo Blessed Marco da Montegallo (1425 - 19 March 1496) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest from the Order of Friars Minor. He was born to a nobleman and served as a doctor in Ascoli Piceno before he was pressured into marriage in 1451 - the couple annulled their marriage after both entered the religious life. Father Marco is best known for establishing pawnshops for Document [55] (Title: Wladyslaw Lizon) to establish Pope John Paul II Day, also called by its short title: "Pope John Paul II Day Act". A similar bill was first introduced in October 2010 by Liberal MP Andrew Kania. Both bills sought to recognize April 2 as a day to honour the memory of the late Pope John Paul II. Bill C-266 received Royal Assent on December 16, 2014, becoming law. April 2, 2015 marked the 10 year anniversary since the passing of Pope John Paul II and was incidentally the first Pope John Paul II Day observed in Canada. In 2012, Lizon was criticized by Question: who is the patron saint of canada whos feast day march 19 Answer: Saint Joseph Long Answer: March 19, Saint Joseph's Day, has been the principal feast day of Saint Joseph in Western Christianity since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans and other denominations . In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ . In the Roman Catholic church, the Feast of St. Joseph (19 March) is a Solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week). Gold Document ID: 54

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Catholic Church in Canada) other eparchies and 2 exarchates in Canada: A few Eastern particular church communities are pastorally served from the United States: Saint Joseph is Patron Saint of Canada. Catholic Church in Canada The Catholic Church in Canada is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope. , it has the largest number of adherents to a Christian denomination and a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (12.81 million) baptized as Catholics. There are 73 dioceses and about 7,000 priests in Canada. Catholicism arrived in the territory later known as Canada in 1497, when John Cabot Document [2] (Title: Saint Joseph's Oratory) Saint Joseph's Oratory Saint Joseph's Oratory of Mount Royal () is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and national shrine on Mount Royal's Westmount Summit in Montreal, Quebec. It is Canada's largest church and claims to have one of the largest domes in the world. The basilica enshrines a statue of Saint Joseph, which was authorised a Canonical coronation by Pope Pius X on 19 March 1910 via Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli (extinct) and another from an Apostolic brief dated 9 July 1955 by Pope Pius XII who crowned the new statue on 9 August 1955 via Cardinal Paul-Émile Léger now located Document [3] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) but did not become a widely known song for many years. English words were later written for a royal tour in 1901. In 1980, "O Canada" became the official national anthem of Canada. In 1908, Pope Pius X designated St. John the Baptist as the patron saint of French Canadians. From 1914 to 1923 the processions were not held. In 1925, 91 years after the Ludger Duvernay's banquet in Montreal, June 24 became provincially a legal holiday in Quebec. In Quebec, June 24 (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day), or National Holiday, is officially a paid statutory public holiday covered under the "Act Respecting Document [4] (Title: Saint Joseph's Oratory) 'Saint Joseph's Oratory, Quebec' in the 2004 Tourist Attractions series. The stamp was designed by Catharine Bradbury & William Stewart based on a photograph by Bernard Brault. The 49¢ stamps are perforated kiss cut and were printed by Lowe-Martin Company Inc. Saint Joseph's Oratory Saint Joseph's Oratory of Mount Royal () is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and national shrine on Mount Royal's Westmount Summit in Montreal, Quebec. It is Canada's largest church and claims to have one of the largest domes in the world. The basilica enshrines a statue of Saint Joseph, which was authorised a Canonical coronation by Document [5] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day () is a holiday celebrated on June 24 in the Canadian province of Quebec and by French Canadians across Canada and the United States. It was brought to Canada by French settlers celebrating the traditional feast day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. It has been declared a public holiday in Quebec with publicly financed events organized province-wide by a "Comité organisateur de la fête nationale du Québec". The feast day of Saint John the Baptist or Midsummer was a very popular event in the "Ancien Régime" of France, and it is still celebrated Document [6] (Title: Isaac Jogues) death he thought would follow, as allowing him to imitate, and thus participate in, the passion of Jesus. Jogues was canonized on 29 June 1930 by Pope Pius XI along with seven other Canadian Martyrs. His feast day is celebrated on 19 October in the General Roman Calendar, and on 26 September in Canada. Jogues and companions are patron saints of North America. There are a number of buildings and monuments dedicated to Jogues. The largest of these monuments is the Shrine of the North American Martyrs, built in Auriesville, New York in 1930. It honors Jogues, René Goupil, Louis Document [7] (Title: Joseph Calasanz) affirmed that Saint Joseph Calasanz took as a model Christ, and he tried to transmit to the youth, besides the profane sciences, the wisdom of the Gospel, teaching them to grasp the loving harmony of God. Calasanz's liturgical feast day has been celebrated on August 25, the day of his death, in the General Roman Calendar since 1970. The 1769 to 1969 editions of that calendar placed it on August 27, which was then the nearest free day to August 25. Parishes are dedicated to St. Joseph Calasanctius in Jefferson, Ohio and North Battleford, Saskatchewan. There is also the Church Document [8] (Title: Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré) "Marie de L'Incarnation", "Saint Joseph", "The Virgin with Jesus", ""François de Laval", and "St. Joachim", in addition to a bronze sculpture of Kateri Tekakwitha, 6' 4" high. Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a basilica set along the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, east of Quebec City, and one of the five national shrines of Canada. It has been credited by the Catholic Church with many miracles of curing the sick and disabled. It is an important Catholic sanctuary, which receives about a half-million pilgrims each year. Since 1933 they have included members of the Anna Fusco Document [9] (Title: Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter) Saint John the Baptist for the Canadian parishes and the ordinary appointed Kenyon as its first dean, with the approval of the Holy See and the support of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. The name, first proposed by then-ACCC bishop Peter Wilkinson, is that of a patron saint of Canada whose feast was significant in the discovery of Canada by both the English and the French. On 8 December 2012, the day after the announcement of the extension of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter to Canada, Peter Wilkinson, the former Metropolitan Bishop of Canada of Document [10] (Title: Saints Cosmas and Damian) in the Third Week of Lent, as the station church for this day is Santi Cosma e Damiano. Their feast day in the General Roman Calendar, which had been on September 27, was moved in 1969 to September 26, because September 27 is the "dies natalis" ("day of birth" into Heaven) of Saint Vincent de Paul, now more widely venerated in the Latin Church. In Canada it has been moved to Sept. 25 (as Sept. 26 is the Feast of the Canadian Martyrs in Canada). Sts Cosmas and Damian are regarded as the patrons of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists and Document [11] (Title: Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré) Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a basilica set along the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, east of Quebec City, and one of the five national shrines of Canada. It has been credited by the Catholic Church with many miracles of curing the sick and disabled. It is an important Catholic sanctuary, which receives about a half-million pilgrims each year. Since 1933 they have included members of the Anna Fusco Pilgrimage from Connecticut, United States of America. The peak period of pilgrimage is around July 26, the feast of Saint Anne, the patron saint of Quebec. St. Document [12] (Title: Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)) venerable in 1874. She was then beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 June 1980. She was canonized by Pope Francis on 2 April 2014. The Pontiff waived the requirement of two miracles for Marie and she was granted "equivalent canonization" alongside François de Laval, the first Bishop of Quebec. Marie of the Incarnation is a celebrated founder of the Ursuline Order in colonial New France. Her work with the Amerindians has been recognized by the Anglican Church of Canada and they celebrate her life with a feast day on 30 April. A number of Catholic schools have been Document [13] (Title: Midsummer) "La Minerve" took the leadership of an effort to make June 24 the national holiday of the "Canadiens" (French Canadians). In 1908, Pope Pius X designated John the Baptist as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. In 1925, June 24 became a legal holiday in Quebec and in 1977, it became the secular National Holiday of Quebec. It still is the tradition to light great fires on the night of the 24th of June. In Denmark, the solstitial celebration is called "sankthans" or "sankthansaften" ("St. John's Eve"). It was an official holiday until 1770, and in accordance with the Danish Document [14] (Title: Jean-Baptiste de La Salle) in the General Roman Calendar in 1904 for celebration on 15 May. Because of his life and inspirational writings, Pope Pius XII proclaimed him patron saint of teachers on 15 May 1950. In the 1969 revision of the Church calendar, Pope Paul VI moved his feast day to 7 April, the day of his death or birth to heaven, his "dies natalis". De La Salle was a pioneer in programs for training lay teachers. Of his writings on education, Matthew Arnold remarked: “Later works on the same subject have little improved the , about 3,800 Brothers and 92,000 lay and Document [15] (Title: Isidore the Laborer) keep the March 22 date. In Corrales, New Mexico, the town celebrates the San Ysidro Feast day on May 15. Matachinas dance through the streets and the fiesta is a big part of the celebrations in the city. Isidore the Laborer Isidore the Farm Labourer, also known as Isidore the Farmer () (c. 1070 – May 15, 1130), was a Spanish farmworker known for his piety toward the poor and animals. He is the Catholic patron saint of farmers and of Madrid, and of La Ceiba, Honduras. His feast day is celebrated on May 15. The Spanish word "labrador" means Document [16] (Title: Joseph Marchand) feast day is November 30 and his joint feast day with the Vietnamese Martyrs is November 24. Joseph Marchand Saint Joseph Marchand (August 17, 1803 – November 30, 1835) was a French missionary in Vietnam and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He is now a Roman Catholic saint, celebrated on the 30th of November. Marchand was born in Passavant, in the Doubs department of France. At the age of 25 he joins the Paris Foreign Mission, whose primary goal was (and still is) to evangelize countries in Asia. In 1833, he joined the Lê Văn Khôi revolt Document [17] (Title: Chad of Mercia) later English official, Thomas More, the patron of politicians. The "Spa Research Fellowship" states that Chad is the patron saint of medicinal springs, although other listings do not mention this patronage. St. Chad's Day (2 March) is traditionally considered the most propitious day to sow broad beans in England. Chad of Mercia Chad (died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th century Anglo-Saxon churchman, who became abbot of several monasteries, Bishop of the Northumbrians and subsequently Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People. He was later canonised as a saint. He was the brother of Cedd, also a saint. He Document [18] (Title: Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)) the nearest day before or after for which no special provision has been made." Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada) Prior to the revision of the Anglican Church of Canada's (ACC) Book of Common Prayer (BCP) in 1962, the national church followed the liturgical calendar of the 1918 Canadian Book of Common Prayer. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the situation in Canada resembled that which pertained in much of the Anglican Communion: There was uncertainty as to whether post-Reformation figures (with the exception of the martyred Charles I) could or should be commemorated. In the words of the Document [19] (Title: André Bessette) September, 2018 serving students in grades 9-12. André Bessette André Bessette, C.S.C. (9 August 1845 – 6 January 1937), more commonly known as Brother André (), and since his canonization as Saint André of Montreal, was a lay brother of the Congregation of Holy Cross and a significant figure of the Roman Catholic Church among French-Canadians, credited with thousands of reported miraculous oil healings associated with his pious devotion to Saint Joseph. Bessette was declared venerable in 1978 and was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Pope Benedict XVI approved the decree of sainthood for Blessed André on Document [20] (Title: Gabriel) 1856, where the feast was celebrated on April 7th for unknown reasons (a parentheses notes that the day is normally celebrated on March 18). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated in March 18 the year of 1588 in her 2013 book: "The Lead Books of Granada". One of the oldest out of print sources pronouncing the feast for March 18th, was first published in 1608 and has the name "Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ..." by the Spanish Document [21] (Title: Gemma Galgani) and Latin America. She is a patron saint of students (said to be the top of her class before having to leave school) and of pharmacists. Gemma Galgani Maria Gemma Umberta Galgani (March 12, 1878 – April 11, 1903) was an Italian mystic, venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church since 1940. She has been called the "Daughter of Passion" because of her profound imitation of the Passion of Christ. Gemma Umberta Maria Galgani was born on March 12, 1878, in the hamlet of Camigliano in the provincial town of Capannori. Gemma was the fifth of eight children; Document [22] (Title: Canadian Martyrs) American Martyrs. The martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930. They are collectively the secondary patron saints of Canada. St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande are the first three U.S. saints, martyred at Ossernenon, 9 miles west of the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers. Their feast day is celebrated in the General Roman Calendar and in the United States on October 19 under the title of "John de Brébeuf and Isaac Jogues, Priests, and Companions, Martyrs," and in Canada on September 26. The Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario, the site of Document [23] (Title: Saint Joseph) Saint Joseph in Western Christianity since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans and other denominations. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ. In the Roman Catholic church, the Feast of St. Joseph (19 March) is a solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week). In 1870, Pope Pius IX declared Joseph patron of the Universal Church and instituted another feast, a solemnity with an Document [24] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) March 20, unless another solemnity (e.g., a church's patronal saint) falls on that day. Since 2008, if Saint Joseph's Day falls during Holy Week, it is moved to the closest possible day "before" 19 March, usually the Saturday before Holy Week. This change was announced by the Congregation for Divine Worship in "Notitiae" March–April, 2006 (475-476, page 96) in order to avoid occurrences of the feasts of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation both being moved to just after the Easter octave. This decision does not apply to those using the 1962 Missal according to the provisions of "Summorum Pontificum"; when Document [25] (Title: André Bessette) André Bessette André Bessette, C.S.C. (9 August 1845 – 6 January 1937), more commonly known as Brother André (), and since his canonization as Saint André of Montreal, was a lay brother of the Congregation of Holy Cross and a significant figure of the Roman Catholic Church among French-Canadians, credited with thousands of reported miraculous oil healings associated with his pious devotion to Saint Joseph. Bessette was declared venerable in 1978 and was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Pope Benedict XVI approved the decree of sainthood for Blessed André on 19 February 2010, with the formal canonization Document [26] (Title: Alfred Pampalon) is inscribed on the tomb of Alfred Pampalon, which is located in the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec City. Father Pampalon was declared "Venerable" by Pope John Paul II on May 14, 1991. He is a Patron of Alcoholics and Drug Addicts. Alfred Pampalon Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions. Alfred Pampalon was born 24 November 1867 Document [27] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) that missal is used, its particular rubrics, which require the feast to be transferred to the next available date "after" 19 March, must be observed. In practice, the 1962 rubrics lead to the observance of St. Joseph's Day on the Tuesday following Low Sunday, as the Feast of the Annunciation (which must also be transferred in years when its assigned date, 25 March, falls during either Holy Week or the octave of Easter) is observed on the Monday after Low Sunday. In Sicily, where Saint Joseph is regarded by many as their Patron saint, and in many Italian-American communities, thanks Document [28] (Title: Roland Doré (sculptor)) decided to commission a statue of Joseph for the chapel he had placed under that saint's patronage and he chose Doré to execute the statue. In 1921, Pope Grégoire XV had ordered that the 19th March be devoted as a feast day to the Virgin Mary's husband, and the Saint Joseph cult grew rapidly. In 1624, Quebec, in Canada, named St Joseph as their patron saint. When the chapel fell into ruin, the St Joseph statue was taken into the Église Saint-Joseph in Plougonven. Doré was the sculptor of the calvary in Quéven's old cemetery in the Rue du docteur Document [29] (Title: Saint Joseph) of Saint Joseph the Worker (1 May) is an Optional Memorial, and so is omitted if impeded, unless the day is raised to a higher rank because Saint Joseph is the patron of the church, diocese, place, or institution. (However, the 1 May celebration is 1st class in the Tridentine calendar, so in it Saint Joseph the Worker was celebrated on 2 May in 2008 because 1 May was Ascension Thursday and in 2011 because 1 May was in the Easter octave.) Pope Pius IX proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron of the Universal Church in 1870. Having died in the Document [30] (Title: John Francis Regis) to devote himself to the conversion of the indigenous inhabitants of Canada, he remained in France all his life. Regis walked from town to town, in rough mountainous areas where travel was difficult, especially in the winter. He died of pneumonia at age forty-three on 31 December 1640, at Lalouvesc (Ardèche), in France's Dauphiné region. John Francis Regis was beatified by Pope Clement XI on 18 May 1716, and canonized by Pope Clement XII on 5 April 1737. John Francis Regis is the patron saint of lacemakers, medical social workers, and illegitimate children. In a 1997 letter to the Bishop Document [31] (Title: Marguerite Bourgeoys) Church in 1982, the first female saint of Canada. The process was begun nearly 100 years before in 1878, when Pope Leo XIII gave her the title of "venerable" via papal decree. In November 1950, Pope Pius XII beatified her, giving her the title "Blessed Marguerite Bourgeoys". The two miracles that led to her beatification both involved a miraculous cure from gangrene of the foot, gained by Joseph Descoteaux of St. Celestin, Quebec, and John Ludger Lacroix of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. On 2 April 1982, Pope John Paul II issued the Decree of Miracle for a cure attributed to her Document [32] (Title: Camuy, Puerto Rico) but most notably are their baseball teams. Many of them are part of the little league and the intermediate system but at the top the two professional Class A and Double AA baseball teams called "Los Arenosos" (Referring to the abundance of sand from the coastline). The patron saint of Camuy is San José. His day is celebrated on March 1. The patron saint festivities (Fiestas Patronales) are celebrated every year around the last 2 weeks of the month of March, the month of Saint Joseph. His official liturgical day is March 1. Agriculture (sugarcane some time ago) Cattle and Document [33] (Title: Patrick Burns (businessman)) Rifles Regiment) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen, for the Canadian Government's war effort. In 1914 Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, the first Canadian to receive such an honour. He was also a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary colonel in Calgary's 31st Regiment. In honour of his 75th birthday, a huge cake (said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the city's underprivileged citizens. Further to that, he celebrated his birthday Document [34] (Title: Clemente Marchisio) Clemente Marchisio Blessed Clemente Marchisio (1 March 1833 - 16 December 1903) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest who served as a parish priest in the Archdiocese of Turin. Marchisio served as an assistant priest before travelling across Italian cities as word of his mission and holiness spread. In the spirit of evangelical and devotional zeal he established the Daughters of Saint Joseph of Rivalba to suit the religious needs of females. The order had an emphasis on the Eucharist and on Saint Joseph himself. On 30 September 1984 he was beatified after one healing was recognized as a miracle Document [35] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) carpenters. It is also Father's Day in some Catholic countries, mainly Spain, Portugal, and Italy. It is a holiday of obligation for Catholics, unless the particular Episcopal Conference has waived the obligation. 19 March was dedicated to Saint Joseph in several Western calendars by the 10th century, and this custom was established in Rome by 1479. Pope Pius V extended its use to the entire Roman Rite by his Apostolic Constitution "Quo primum" (14 July 1570). Originally a double of the second class and a feast of precept, it was re-raised to be of precept in 1917 after having this Document [36] (Title: Paul Marchand) from 1967 to 1973 (again from 1979 to 1982) and Director of the Maison d'Accueil and Director of the Sanctuary of Marie-Reine-des-Coeurs in Montreal from 1973 to 1987. He was appointed Provincial Superior of the Montfort Fathers of Canada in 1990. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Ottawa in 1993 and eventually became bishop of the Timmins Diocese in 1999 (succeeded Rev. Gilles Cazabon). Paul Marchand Paul Marchard (April 17, 1937 – July 24, 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Timmins, Canada. Marchand was born in Lafontaine, Ontario and grew up Document [37] (Title: Pope Gregory I) and the Anglican Church of Canada on 12 March. A traditional procession is held in Żejtun, Malta, in honour of Saint Gregory (San Girgor) on Easter Wednesday, which most often falls in April, the range of possible dates being 25 March to 28 April. The feast day of Saint Gregory also serves as a commemorative day for the former pupils of Downside School, called Old Gregorians. Traditionally, OG ties are worn by all of the society's members on this day. Pope Gregory I Pope Gregory I (; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was Pope Document [38] (Title: Saint George's Day) Church in England and Wales has a similar practice. The Scout movement has been celebrating St George's Day on 23 April since its first years, and St George is the patron saint of many other organisations. St. George's Day is celebrated on 23 April. St. George's Day is not an official national holiday in Canada. It is, however, a provincial holiday in Newfoundland and Labrador, where it is usually observed on the Monday nearest 23 April. In sport, April 23 is also the anniversary of the St George Dragons Rugby League Football Club. The St George club coincidentally played their Document [39] (Title: Saint Joseph) "arms of Jesus and Mary" according to Catholic tradition, he is considered the model of the pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death, in other words, the patron of a happy death. Saint Joseph is the patron saint of a number of cities, regions and countries, among them the Americas, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Indonesia, Mexico, Korea, Peru, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as of families, fathers, expectant mothers (pregnant women), explorer, pilgrim, traveller, immigrants, house sellers and buyers, craftsmen, engineers, and working people in general. Many cities, towns, and locations are named after Saint Document [40] (Title: Stephen Harding) first two abbots of Cîteaux, the Roman Catholic Church celebrates Stephen Harding's feast day on 26 January. His feast is celebrated on March 28 (in the Julian calendar, now 17 April) in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. There is a Catholic Baroque Church established by 1785, the patron saint of which is Stephen Harding, it is located in Hungary, in the village Apátistvánfalva. The north aisle of the Church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in London was formerly a chapel dedicated to him (it became the Musicians' Chapel in the 20th century). He was canonized by the Catholic church in 1623. Document [41] (Title: Assumption of Mary) Republic, Ireland, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia. In many places, religious parades and popular festivals are held to celebrate this day. In Canada, Assumption Day is the Fête Nationale of the Acadians, of whom she is the patron saint. Some businesses close on that day in heavily francophone parts of New Brunswick, Canada. The Virgin Assumed in Heaven is also patroness of the Maltese Islands and her feast, celebrated on 15 August, apart from being a public holiday in Malta is also celebrated with great solemnity in the local churches especially in the seven localities known as the Seba' Santa Document [42] (Title: Joachim) General Roman Calendar in 1584, for celebration on 20 March, the day after the feast day of Saint Joseph. In 1738, it was transferred to the Sunday after the Octave of the Assumption of Mary. As part of his effort to allow the liturgy of Sundays to be celebrated, Pope Pius X transferred it to 16 August, the day after the Assumption, so that Joachim may be remembered in the celebration of Mary's triumph. It was then celebrated as a Double of the 2nd Class, a rank that was changed in 1960 to that of 2nd Class Feast. In the Document [43] (Title: Catherine of St. Augustine) for the native inhabitants, Mother Catherine came to be honoured as one of the six founders of the Catholic Church in Canada, representing the contributions of the Augustinian canonesses. The cause for her canonization was presented to the Holy See in Vatican City. Mother Catherine was declared to have lived a life of extraordinary virtue on 9 March 1984 by Pope John Paul II. Declaring that she offered her life for the establishment of the Catholic faith in Canada, this same pope, on 23 April 1989, beatified her. The Blessed Catherine's feast day is celebrated in Quebec on 8 May. Document [44] (Title: Saint Joseph's Day) Saint Joseph's Day Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March, the Feast of Saint Joseph is in Western Christianity the principal feast day of Saint Joseph, husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary and legal father of Jesus Christ. It has the rank of a solemnity in the Catholic Church. It is a feast or commemoration in the provinces of the Anglican Communion, and a feast or festival in the Lutheran Church. Saint Joseph's Day is the Patronal Feast day for Poland as well as for Canada, persons named Joseph, Josephine, etc., for religious institutes, schools and parishes bearing his name, and for Document [45] (Title: Turibius of Mogrovejo) ""Quoniam Spiritus"". His liturgical feast was once celebrated on 27 April but is now celebrated on 23 March. His cult was once confined for the most part to South America but is now more widespread because of his pioneering reforms. Pope John Paul II proclaimed him the patron saint for the Latin American episcopate in 1983. He is honored along with Saint Martin de Porres and Saint Rose of Lima with a liturgical feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on 23 August. He is also venerated in the Anglican Communion. Turibius of Mogrovejo Saint Toribio Alfonso de Document [46] (Title: Antoine Daniel) takes place on September 26 in Canada and October 19 in the universal Church. St. Anthony Daniel Roman Catholic church and parish, Kitchener, Ontario, is named for him. Antoine Daniel Saint Antoine Daniel (May 27, 1601 – July 4, 1648) was a Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, and one of the eight Canadian Martyrs. Daniel was born at Dieppe, in Normandy, on May 27, 1601. After two years' study of philosophy and one year of law, Daniel entered the Society of Jesus in Rouen on October 1, 1621. He was a teacher of junior classes at the Collège Document [47] (Title: Marco da Montegallo) a spontaneous and enduring popular devotion on the part of the faithful. His feast is celebrated on 20 March rather than his death date of 19 March due to it being the feast of Saint Joseph. Marco da Montegallo was born in 1425 in Montegallo - in the province of Ascoli Piceno - to a nobleman from the Marches of Ancona. Marco studied under the humanist Enoch d'Ascoli and later studied at universities in both Perugia and Bologna where he received his doctorate in both law and medicine. From 1448 he worked as a doctor in his home province. He Document [48] (Title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society) in Montreal with AI technologies. The Mayor was dealing with foreign investors who communicated in english. The society was created by Ludger Duvernay, a journalist for "La Minerve," in Lower Canada. It evolved from the Société "Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera" ("help yourself and Heaven will help you") founded by Duvernay on March 8, 1834. Most notably, it made June 24, St. John the Baptist day, the national day of the Quebecers. In 1922, June 24 became a public holiday in Quebec, and since 1977 it has been the national holiday of Quebec. In the 1830s, Lower Canadians of British Document [49] (Title: Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions) commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The Anglican Church of Canada, however, historically commemorated them on 6 March ("The Book of Common Prayer", 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date (Book of Alternative Services, 1985). In the Eastern Orthodox Church the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the catechumens Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is February 1. The account of Saint Perpetua comforting her dead brother has been a point of controversy. The text specifically says that the child had not been baptized. Renatus Document [50] (Title: Emiliano Tardif) Emiliano Tardif Father Emiliano Tardif (June 6, 1928 in the City of St-Zacharie, Quebec, Canada – June 8, 1999) was a missionary who is in the process of being beatified. Father Emiliano Tardif was born on June 6, 1928, in the province of Quebec, Canada. He made his religious profession as a member of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart on September 8, 1949, and was ordained a priest on June 24, 1955. After his ordination he was sent to the Dominican Republic, where he became one of the founders of the Missionary Seminary of San Jose de Las Matas. Document [51] (Title: John of God) saint of hospitals, the sick, nurses, firefighters, alcoholics, and booksellers. His feast day is celebrated on March 8. A church was erected in 1757 to house his remains. On October 26, 1757, they were transferred to that church, now protected by the Knights of Saint John of God. The church has been raised to the rank of a basilica. In the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, a Byzantine Rite Lutheran Church, Saint John of God is commemorated in the calendar of saints on 26 November. The Order maintains a presence in 53 countries, operating more than 300 hospitals, services, and centers serving Document [52] (Title: Benedict of Nursia) 1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co-patron of Europe, together with Saints Cyril and Methodius. In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar, his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by the observance of Lent, the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth Document [53] (Title: René Goupil) killed. Goupil is venerated as the first Jesuit martyr of Canada and one of three martyrs of the territory of the present United States. He was canonized on 29 June 1930 by Pope Pius XI along with the seven other Canadian Martyrs or "North American Martyrs". He is the patron saint of anesthetists. At Fordham University's Rose Hill Campus in the Bronx, New York, a freshman dormitory—Martyrs' Court—has three sections, which are named for the three US martyr-saints: René Goupil, Isaac Jogues, and Jean Lalande. Goupil is also honored at the Catholic youth camp Camp Ondessonk, where a unit is Document [54] (Title: Marco da Montegallo) on 20 September 1839. His feast is not celebrated on the date of his death as is the norm but rather on 20 March because 19 March is the feast of Saint Joseph. Marco da Montegallo Blessed Marco da Montegallo (1425 - 19 March 1496) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest from the Order of Friars Minor. He was born to a nobleman and served as a doctor in Ascoli Piceno before he was pressured into marriage in 1451 - the couple annulled their marriage after both entered the religious life. Father Marco is best known for establishing pawnshops for Document [55] (Title: Wladyslaw Lizon) to establish Pope John Paul II Day, also called by its short title: "Pope John Paul II Day Act". A similar bill was first introduced in October 2010 by Liberal MP Andrew Kania. Both bills sought to recognize April 2 as a day to honour the memory of the late Pope John Paul II. Bill C-266 received Royal Assent on December 16, 2014, becoming law. April 2, 2015 marked the 10 year anniversary since the passing of Pope John Paul II and was incidentally the first Pope John Paul II Day observed in Canada. In 2012, Lizon was criticized by Question: who is the patron saint of canada whos feast day march 19

Answer: Saint Joseph Long Answer: March 19, Saint Joseph's Day, has been the principal feast day of Saint Joseph in Western Christianity since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans and other denominations . In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ . In the Roman Catholic church, the Feast of St. Joseph (19 March) is a Solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week). Gold Document ID: 54

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009–10 NBA season) Miami Heat's Dwyane Wade being named the MVP. The game had record-breaking attendance, with 108,713. In the Rookie Challenge game, the Rookies defeated the Sophomores. Tyreke Evans was named the game's MVP. This is the first time the Rookies won the Rookie Challenge since 2002. During the NBA All-Star Weekend, Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks won the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest for the third time in his career; Kevin Durant, who also won the inaugural event, won this year's H.O.R.S.E Competition and Boston's Paul Pierce beat rookie Stephen Curry to win the Three-Point Shootout. Steve Nash won the Document [2] (Title: Adrian Dantley) Rookie of the Year Award when he won it after the 1977 season. Buffalo traded Dantley to the Indiana Pacers before the 1977–78 NBA season, making him the first NBA Rookie of the Year to be traded following his rookie season. Indiana traded him after 23 games to the Los Angeles Lakers. He stayed with the Lakers through the following season before being traded again, this time to the Utah Jazz. It was the third time in two years that he had been traded; the Jazz were his fourth team in as many years in the league. In Utah, Dantley Document [3] (Title: Derrick Rose) Rose played in the Rookie Challenge, and won the Skills Challenge, where he beat out several All-Stars to become the first rookie to claim the trophy. Overcoming a January and February slump, Rose returned to form and won monthly rookie honors in March. Meanwhile, the Bulls, re-energized by the trade deadline acquisitions of John Salmons and Brad Miller, finished the regular season on a 12–4 spurt to qualify as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference. Rose won Rookie of the Year, joining Michael Jordan (1985) and Elton Brand (2000) as the only Bulls to do so. He was also Document [4] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) points in a 122–114 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. On February 19, 2017, he became the Bucks' first All-Star since Michael Redd in 2004, and the first starter since Sidney Moncrief in 1986. At 22 years and 74 days old, he became the youngest player in franchise history to start in an All-Star Game. He also became the first Greek NBA All-Star. In the game, he led the East with 30 points in a 192–182 loss to the West. On April 3, 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for games played in March. The award Document [5] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) the only winner trained totally outside the U.S. Prior to the season, the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers; however, the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners. The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994–95 edition of the "Official NBA Guide" and the 1994 "Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia", but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications. NBA Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the top rookie(s) of the regular season. Initiated following Document [6] (Title: Karl-Anthony Towns) a game since Kevin Durant did so in 2008. On February 2, he was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for January—his third consecutive rookie of the month honor. On February 10, he scored a career-high 35 points in a 117–112 win over the Toronto Raptors. Three days later, he won the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend Skills Challenge over point guard Isaiah Thomas, becoming the tallest, heaviest, and youngest winner of the event. On February 27, he had a 30-point, 15-rebound game in a 112–110 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. He was subsequently named Western Conference Rookie of Document [7] (Title: Malcolm Brogdon) named the 2016–17 NBA Rookie of the Year, along with being a unanimous selection to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Brogdon joined Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1969–70) as the only players in Bucks history to win Rookie of the Year, and became the first player drafted in the second round to win Rookie of the Year since 1965. Brogdon averaged both the fewest points per game and fewest minutes per game of any winner in the award's history. In the Bucks' season opener on October 18, 2017, Brogdon scored 19 points in a 108–100 win over the Boston Celtics. On November 3, Document [8] (Title: Tyler Ulis) April 2, he had a near triple-double with career highs of 34 points and nine rebounds as well as nine assists in a 123–116 loss to the Houston Rockets. The 34 points was a 2016–17 season single-game high for all NBA rookies. Ulis was subsequently named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for April, becoming the second Suns rookie to win the award during the 2016–17 season (after Marquese Chriss in January). It was the first time two different Suns earned the award in the same season since the 1987–88 NBA season. Ulis ended April by leading all rookies in Document [9] (Title: Portland Trail Blazers) rookies (Geoff Petrie, Sidney Wicks, Brandon Roy and Damian Lillard) have won the NBA Rookie of the Year award. Three players have earned the Most Improved Player award: Kevin Duckworth (1988), Zach Randolph (2004), and CJ McCollum (2016). Two Hall of Fame coaches, Lenny Wilkens and Jack Ramsay, have patrolled the sidelines for the Blazers, and two others, Mike Schuler and Mike Dunleavy, have won the NBA Coach of the Year Award with the team. Sports promoter Harry Glickman sought a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise for Portland as far back as 1955 when he proposed two new expansion teams, Document [10] (Title: Andrew Bogut) with the Utah Utes, and earned national player of the year honors in 2005. He declared for the NBA draft, and became the first Australian to be the NBA's first overall pick. In his first year with the Bucks, Bogut was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2006. He earned all-league honors in 2010 after averaging a career-high 15.9 points along with 10.2 rebounds per game. He missed most of 2011–12 with an ankle injury, when he was traded to Golden State. After winning the NBA Finals in 2015, Bogut helped the Warriors win an NBA-record 73 games Document [11] (Title: History of the Philadelphia 76ers) his first week, being the second rookie after Shaquille O'Neal to accomplish that. He went on to win the Rookie of the Year award, becoming the first rookie drafted 10th or later to win the award since Mark Jackson in 1987 for the Knicks. In the 2014 NBA draft, the Sixers selected Joel Embiid with the third overall pick, and traded with Orlando for Croatian prospect Dario Šarić, the twelfth pick of the draft. Neither prospect was expected to make an immediate impact for the Sixers, as Embiid was recovering from a stress fracture in the navicular bone, while Šarić Document [12] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) award. The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Ben Simmons. Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall. Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in their careers; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season. Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Three seasons had joint winners—Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999–2000 season. Five players won the award unanimously (by capturing Document [13] (Title: Blake Griffin) the season, Griffin captured all six of the Western Conference Rookie of the Month honors, the first time a rookie has swept an entire season of Rookie of the Month awards since Chris Paul during the 2005–06 season. He played in all 82 regular season games and became the first rookie to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds since Elton Brand did it in the 1999–2000 season. He led all rookies in points, rebounds, and double-doubles, earning him the Rookie of the Year award, and was the first unanimous winner for the award since David Robinson in 1990. Document [14] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) all of the first-place votes) – Ralph Sampson, David Robinson, Blake Griffin, Damian Lillard, and Karl-Anthony Towns. Patrick Ewing of Jamaica, Pau Gasol of Spain, Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia and Andrew Wiggins of Canada are the only winners not born in the United States. Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth—Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers, and both of Irving's parents are Americans. Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 11, Irving moved to the United States at age 2, and Wiggins and Simmons moved to the U.S. while in high school. Gasol is Document [15] (Title: Kevin Durant) year-end awards and became the first freshman to be named Naismith College Player of the Year. As a professional, he has won two NBA championships, an NBA Most Valuable Player Award, two Finals MVP Awards, the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award, four NBA scoring titles, the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, and two Olympic gold medals. Durant has also been selected to eight All-NBA teams and nine NBA All-Star teams. Off the court, Durant is one of the highest-earning basketball players in the world, due in part to endorsement deals with companies such as Foot Locker and Document [16] (Title: Dario Šarić) over the Chicago Bulls. On 3 April 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for the second straight month. Following the season, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team and finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting, behind Malcolm Brogdon. On 7 November 2017, Šarić scored a then season-high 25 points in a 104–97 win over the Utah Jazz. It was the 76ers' fifth straight win, their longest since the 2011–12 season. On 18 December 2017, he scored 20 of his 27 points in the second half of the 76ers' 117–115 loss to Document [17] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) same season. As of 2011, six Rookie of the Year recipients have gone on to become a member of a WNBA championship team. WNBA Rookie of the Year Award The Women's National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the 1998 WNBA season, to the top rookie of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth Document [18] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) league in each of the five major categories in a regular season. As a result of his efforts, Antetokounmpo was named to the All-NBA Second Team, earning his first All-NBA honor. He was also named the recipient of the NBA Most Improved Player Award for the 2016–17 season, becoming the first player in Bucks history to be named Most Improved Player. On April 15, 2017, Antetokounmpo scored a playoff career-high 28 points in a 97–83 win over the Toronto Raptors in Game 1 of their first-round playoff series. Playing his second career playoff series, Antetokounmpo made 13 of 18 shots, Document [19] (Title: Dario Šarić) 112–111 win over Orlando. On 17 February 2017, he participated in the Rising Stars Challenge during the All-Star Weekend. On March 2, 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in February, after his injured teammate, Joel Embiid, had won each month prior. On 9 March 2017, he had a 28-point effort in a 114–108 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. Three days later, he scored a career-high 29 points in a 118–116 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He surpassed that mark on 24 March 2017, scoring 32 points in a 117–107 win Document [20] (Title: Eric Gordon) bench in 2016–17 set an NBA record—the previous record was 179 set by Mirza Teletović in 78 games as a reserve in 2015–16. Gordon finished the 2016–17 season averaging 16.2 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists in 75 games (60 games as their primary reserve). He was subsequently named the recipient of the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, becoming the first player in franchise history to receive the award. On October 25, 2017, Gordon scored a then season-high 29 points and hit the game-winning buzzer-beating 3-pointer to lift the Rockets to a 105–104 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Document [21] (Title: Kyle Kuzma) was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On October 22, 2018, Kuzma scored a season-high 37 points against the San Antonio Spurs in a 143–142 overtime loss. Kyle Kuzma Kyle Alexander Kuzma (born July 24, 1995) is an American professional basketball forward for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He grew up in the Flint, Michigan area and attended the University of Utah, where he played college basketball for the Utah Utes. Kuzma was named first-team all-conference in the Pac-12 as a junior in 2016–17. He was selected with the 27th overall pick by the Document [22] (Title: New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award) of the Year opened up to any player under the age of 20, with guard Jarrod Kenny (age 19) winning the 2005 Young Player of the Year. This was changed back to Rookie of the Year in 2006, and remained every year until it was not awarded in 2017. The award was brought back in 2018. Current NBA player, Steven Adams, won the 2011 Rookie of the Year award; Steven is the half-brother of two-time Young Player of the Year, Warren Adams. New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball League Rookie of the Year is an Document [23] (Title: Grant Hill) Dallas Mavericks, becoming the first Piston since Dave Bing in 1966–67 to win the award. Hill also won the "Sporting News" Rookie of the Year Award. He was named to the all-NBA First Team in 1997, and all-NBA Second Teams in 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000. Hill also regularly played in the NBA All-Star Game, where he made history by being the first rookie to lead an NBA All-Star fan balloting in (1994–95) with 1,289,585 votes, narrowly defeating Shaquille O'Neal. In addition, he became the first rookie in any of the four major professional sports leagues to lead all-star fan Document [24] (Title: Abdel Nader) June 24, 2016, Nader was drafted by the Boston Celtics with the 58th overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft. He then joined the Celtics for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Maine Red Claws of the NBA Development League. On April 14, 2017, he was named the 2016–17 NBA Development League Rookie of the Year, becoming the first internationally-born player to be named NBA D-League Rookie of the Year and the third Red Claws player to earn the honor. Nader averaged 21.3 points, 6.2 rebounds and 3.9 assists in 40 games, Document [25] (Title: Big East Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year) were eligible for the award alongside freshmen. The award once again became "Freshman of the Year" in 2016, with eligibility restricted to freshmen. The award has been shared twice—first after the 2004–05 season by Rudy Gay and Jeff Green, and again after the 2007–08 season by Jonny Flynn and DeJuan Blair. As such, the award has been presented 40 times. As only freshmen are eligible (with first-year transfers also eligible from 1989–2015), it is impossible to win the award more than once. However, the coaches in the conference also award a Preseason Rookie of the Year to one or more Document [26] (Title: Luka Dončić) We get a guy we think is franchise foundation piece." He signed his rookie contract with the Mavericks on July 9, 2018. Dončić did not play at the 2018 NBA Summer League due to his late buyout from Real Madrid. Before the 2018–19 season, ESPN considered him to be the favorite to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. On September 29, Dončić made his preseason debut for Dallas, recording 16 points, 6 rebounds, and 3 blocks against Chinese team Beijing Ducks. In his first preseason match-up against an NBA team on October 5, he scored 11 points as Document [27] (Title: Joel Embiid) he scored a career-high 26 points in 20 minutes in a 120–105 win over the Phoenix Suns. On 1 December, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in October and November. On 18 December, he set a new career high with 33 points in a 108–107 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On 3 January 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in December. On 11 January 2017, Embiid grabbed a career-high 14 rebounds in a 98–97 win over the New York Knicks. On 23 January, he was named Eastern Document [28] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) WNBA Rookie of the Year Award The Women's National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the 1998 WNBA season, to the top rookie of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth three points; and each third-place vote is worth one point. The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place Document [29] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) surpassed Karl Malone for most 20+ points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20+ point game. On February 2, 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns, becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40-point games since Allen Iverson in 1996-97. On February 5, 2018, Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon (strained left hip flexor) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round, then Document [30] (Title: Anthony Davis) in the 2012 Olympics. After his rookie season, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The next season, he became an All-Star for the first time and led the NBA in blocked shots per game. He has since become a five-time All-Star and the youngest player to score 59 or more points in an NBA game. In 2017, he was named the recipient of the NBA All-Star Game MVP Award after setting an All-Star Game scoring record of 52 points en route. Davis is from the South Side of Chicago and played high school basketball for Perspectives Charter Document [31] (Title: NBA All-Rookie Team) had four centers (two of which were forward-centers) and one guard in 2016. Nine All-Rookie Team members have won both the Rookie of the Year Award and the Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) during their careers. Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld are the only players to accomplish this feat in the same season. As of the end of the , 29 members of the All-Rookie Team have been elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, 28 members were not born in the United States and 120 members are active in the NBA. NBA All-Rookie Team The NBA All-Rookie Document [32] (Title: Norman Powell) he was the only rookie to be named to the All-NBA Summer League First Team. Powell received playing time early in 2015–16 due to injuries to Terrence Ross and DeMarre Carroll. He later received multiple assignments to Raptors 905, Toronto's D-League affiliate. With Carroll out after knee surgery and James Johnson sidelined with a sprained ankle, Powell made his first NBA start on February 2, 2016, going scoreless with two steals in 15 minutes in a 104–97 win over the Phoenix Suns. On March 15, he made his eighth career start and scored a then season-high 17 points in a Document [33] (Title: Kenneth Faried) went on to be named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for April. He finished third in NBA Rookie of the Year voting for the 2011–12 season, and earned NBA All-Rookie Team honors. On November 12, 2012, Faried was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, November 5, through Sunday, November 11. It was his first and so far only player of the week award of his career. Three days later, he posted 16 points and a career-high 20 rebounds (career-high 11 offensive) in 36 minutes against the Miami Heat. On December 12, he recorded a Document [34] (Title: NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award) of first-place votes, wins the award. Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to have won the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Rudy Gobert of the Utah Jazz. Although five of the first six winners were perimeter players, the award has traditionally been given to big men who rebound and block Document [35] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) NBA Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the top rookie(s) of the regular season. Initiated following the 1952–53 NBA season, it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy, named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach. The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters, each casting first, second, and third place votes (worth five points, three points, and one point respectively). The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the Document [36] (Title: IBM Award) same season; he did this in both the 1999–00 and 2000–01 NBA seasons. Jordan and Robinson are the only players to win the IBM Award during their respective rookie seasons, both also won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in those years. Two of the award winners were born outside the United States: Olajuwon (Nigeria) and Mutombo (Zaire). Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The award was discontinued in 2002. With Tim Duncan's retirement following the 2015-16 NBA season, there are no more IBM Award winners currently playing in the NBA. The IBM Award was originally named Document [37] (Title: NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award) NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award The NBA G League Rookie of the Year is an annual NBA G League (formerly known as the NBA Development League) award given since the league's inaugural season to the top rookie of the regular season. The league's head coaches determine the award by voting and it is usually presented to the honoree during the playoffs. Fred House was the inaugural winner while playing for the North Charleston Lowgators. Two international players have won the award: Edwin Ubiles of Puerto Rico in 2012, and Abdel Nader of Egypt in 2017. By position, Document [38] (Title: Willy Hernangómez) in 2017 Rising Stars Challenge. On March 25, 2017, he had a career-high 24 points and 13 rebounds in a 106–98 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On April 9, 2017, he tied his career high with 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in a 110–97 loss to the Toronto Raptors. Five days later, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in April after leading all Eastern Conference rookies in rebounding (8.5 rpg) and ranked second in scoring (12.5 ppg). At the season's end, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On February Document [39] (Title: New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award) New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball League Rookie of the Year is an annual National Basketball League (NBL) award given since the 1992 New Zealand NBL season to the best performing rookie New Zealander of the regular season. The award was originally given to the best Young Player of the Year from 1986 until 1991, with centre Warren Adams winning the award twice within four years. In 1992, forward Pero Cameron won the league's first Rookie of the Year award. This name stood until 2005, when a slight adjustment to the rules saw the Rookie Document [40] (Title: Amar'e Stoudemire) in the Rookie Challenge. In the game, Stoudemire recorded 18 points, 7 rebounds and 4 steals. Stoudemire won the NBA's Rookie of the Year award, beating out Yao Ming and Caron Butler and becoming the first player drafted out of high school to win the award. Stoudemire also was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The Suns, led by Stoudemire, Stephon Marbury, Shawn Marion, Anfernee Hardaway and Joe Johnson, made it to the playoffs but were defeated in six games by the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs. The following season, Stoudemire improved statistically, but his team stumbled to Document [41] (Title: Major League Baseball Rookie of the Month Award) won the Rookie of the Month award four times while Jason Bay (2004, NL), José Abreu (2014, AL), and Juan Soto (2018 NL) both won it three times. A number of players have won it twice. Major League Baseball Rookie of the Month Award The Rookie of the Month award is a Major League Baseball award named by each league every month of the regular season. "Italics" denote the winner of that year's Rookie of the Year Award. Huston Street (2005, AL), Michael Fulmer (2016, AL) and Hanley Ramírez (2006, NL) are the only Rookie of the Year winners to Document [42] (Title: Karl-Anthony Towns) the season's six months, becoming the first Timberwolves player to do so. In addition, he became just the fifth unanimous NBA Rookie of the Year, and with teammate Andrew Wiggins winning the award in 2014–15, Minnesota became the first team with back-to-back Rookie of the Year winners since the Buffalo Braves in 1972–73 (Bob McAdoo) and 1973–74 (Ernie DiGregorio), as well as the first team with back-to-back No. 1 draft picks earning Rookie of the Year honors. He also earned NBA All-Rookie First Team honors. On November 30, 2016, Towns recorded a career-high 47 points and 18 rebounds in a Document [43] (Title: Derrick Rose) the first number-one draft pick since LeBron James to win the award. He averaged 16.8 points on 47.5% field goal shooting, 6.3 assists (leading all rookies) and 3.9 rebounds per game and was also named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. In his playoff debut against the defending champion Boston Celtics, Rose recorded 36 points (tying Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's NBA record for points scored by a rookie in his playoff debut, set in 1970), 11 assists, and 4 rebounds as the Bulls prevailed in a 105–103 overtime win on the road. Rose became the second player in NBA history to record Document [44] (Title: Damian Lillard) to score 1,500 points and he led all rookies in scoring (19.0 ppg), assists (6.5 apg), field goals (553) and free throws (271). Lillard averaged 19.0 points, 3.1 rebounds, 6.5 assists, 0.90 steals and 38.6 minutes in 82 games (all starts), as he won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, joining Blake Griffin (2011), David Robinson (1990) and Ralph Sampson (1984) as the only players to win the award unanimously. He became the fourth Trail Blazer to win the award and joined Robertson and Iverson as the only rookies in NBA history to record 1,500 points and 500 assists Document [45] (Title: NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award) the award. Kevin McHale, Ricky Pierce, Detlef Schrempf and Lou Williams have each won the award two times. Bobby Jones was the inaugural winner of the award for the 1982–83 NBA season. McHale and Bill Walton are the only Hall of Famers who have won the award; Walton, along with James Harden, are the only award winners to have earned NBA MVP honors in their careers. Manu Ginóbili, Detlef Schrempf, Leandro Barbosa, Toni Kukoč and Ben Gordon are the only award winners not born in the United States. Gordon was the first player to win the award as a rookie. Document [46] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) votes, wins the award. The 2003 award winner Cheryl Ford and 2011 award winner Maya Moore are the only players to win both the WNBA Rookie of the Year award and a WNBA championship in the same season. The 2008 award winner was Candace Parker who became the first player to win the award after garnering all possible votes and also the first player to win the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season. In the NBA, only Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld have won the Most Valuable Player Award and Rookie of the Year Award in the Document [47] (Title: Emeka Okafor) win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. On June 24, 2005, the Bobcats picked up the option for the fourth year on Okafor's contract, as he quickly established himself as the face of the franchise, and a solid player for years to come. Okafor finished his rookie season with 44.7% field goal percentage and per-game averages of 15.1 points, 10.9 rebounds (ranked 4th in the league), and 1.7 blocks. In the 2005 offseason, Okafor's weight increased from 260 to 280 lbs. It was this weight gain which he felt caused him to have trouble rehabbing his early season ankle Document [48] (Title: 2004 NBA draft) franchise, was named Rookie of the Year, while Ben Gordon earned the Sixth Man Award, becoming the first rookie in NBA history to do so. Dwight Howard has become an eight-time All-Star and has received seven All-NBA selections, and a three-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year. He also had the distinction as the only NBA player straight out of high school to start all 82 games as a rookie. There are also four other players that would be named All-Stars at some point in their careers, and Al Jefferson would be named to an All-NBA team. The draft is Document [49] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) shooting. His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games, behind only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain. His 38 points in Game 6 (on 14-of-26 shooting) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series-clinching win since 1980. On May 22, 2018, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. During the 2017–18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called "Rookie on the Rise". The docu-series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year. Document [50] (Title: Bill Russell) because the former was named the 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year. Many people thought that Russell was more important, but Russell had only played half the season. Russell also ignored Heinsohn's plea to give his cousin an autograph, and openly said to Heinsohn that he deserved half of his $300 Rookie of the Year check. The relationship between the two rookies remained reserved. However, despite their different ethnic backgrounds and lack of common off-court interests, his relationship with Celtics point guard and fan favorite Bob Cousy was amicable. In Game 1 of the Eastern Division Finals, the Celtics met Document [51] (Title: 2004–05 Chicago Bulls season) NBA Finals, as well as when they won their last NBA championship. Second-year star Kirk Hinrich averaged 15.7 points, 6.4 assists and 1.6 steals per game. Top draft pick Ben Gordon became the first rookie to win the Sixth Man of The Year Award, as he and Luol Deng were both selected to the All-Rookie First Team. However, injuries were an issue as Deng was out for April and the postseason with a wrist injury, and Eddy Curry was sidelined due to a heart ailment. In the first round of the playoffs, the Bulls took a 2–0 lead over the Document [52] (Title: Mike Miller (basketball player)) Rookie of the Year Award while being the only first-year player to appear in all 82 regular season games during the 2000–01 NBA season. He was traded to Memphis midway through 2002–03 NBA season. He was the recipient of the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award for the 2005–06 season. He averaged 13.7 points 5.4 rebounds 2.7 assists while shooting 47% from the field and 41% from three-point range, while playing 30.6 minutes per game. On January 3, 2007, Miller made nine three-pointers in a win over the Golden State Warriors, breaking Sam Mack's Grizzlies franchise record of eight Document [53] (Title: Damon Stoudamire) rookie. He ranked second in scoring among all rookies in 1995–96, and led all rookies in minutes played and assists. He received the "Schick Rookie of the Month" award twice and unanimously made the Schick All Rookie First Team, and eventually won the "Rookie of the Year" award, receiving 76 of the possible 113 votes, and the MVP award of the Rookie All-Star Game. He holds the record for being the third-lowest draft pick (7th overall) to ever win the Rookie of the Year award, with the lowest being Malcolm Brogdon (36th in the second round.) He is also known Document [54] (Title: Stephen Curry) steals in 36.2 minutes. His second half of the season vaulted him into the rookie of the year race. He was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for January, March and April, finishing as the only Western Conference rookie to win the award three times. He finished runner-up for the NBA Rookie of the Year Award behind Tyreke Evans and was a unanimous NBA All-Rookie First Team selection, becoming the first Warriors player since Jason Richardson in 2001–02 to earn All-Rookie First Team honors. He scored 30-plus points eight times, setting the most 30-point games by any rookie in Document [55] (Title: NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award) guards have won nine times and forwards eight times. No centers have been awarded the Rookie of the Year. NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award The NBA G League Rookie of the Year is an annual NBA G League (formerly known as the NBA Development League) award given since the league's inaugural season to the top rookie of the regular season. The league's head coaches determine the award by voting and it is usually presented to the honoree during the playoffs. Fred House was the inaugural winner while playing for the North Charleston Lowgators. Two international players have Document [56] (Title: Jahlil Okafor) named national player of the year by "Parade", "USA Today" and McDonald's among other players. He signed with Duke as a package with Tyus Jones, with widespread recognition as the preseason Collegiate National Player of the Year. At Duke, he earned the USBWA National Freshman of the Year and ACC Player of the Year, and a unanimous 2015 NCAA Men's Basketball All-American first-team selection. In the week following Duke's victory in the championship game of the 2015 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament against Wisconsin, Okafor announced that he would enter the NBA draft. Okafor's father, Chukwudi, known as Chuck, Document [57] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February. On April 10, he set a rookie record for most three-pointers in a season with 186 three-pointers during a 119–79 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April. In Mitchell's playoff debut against the Question: who won 2017 nba rookie of the year Answer: Malcolm Brogdon Long Answer: Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1952--53 Meineke, Don Don Meineke Forward / Center United States Fort Wayne Pistons 12! 12 1952 1953--54 Felix, Ray Ray Felix Center United States Baltimore Bullets 01! 1 1953 1954--55 Pettit, Bob Bob Pettit * Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 02! 2 1954 1955--56 Stokes, Maurice Maurice Stokes * Forward / Center United States Rochester Royals 02! 2 1955 1956--57 Heinsohn, Tom Tom Heinsohn * Forward United States Boston Celtics 99! T 1956 1957--58 Sauldsberry, Woody Woody Sauldsberry Forward / Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 60! 60 1957 1958--59 Baylor, Elgin Elgin Baylor * Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers 01! 1 1958 1959--60 Chamberlain, Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 99! T 1959 1960--61 Robertson, Oscar Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 01! 1 / T 1960 1961--62 Bellamy, Walt Walt Bellamy * Center United States Chicago Packers 01! 1 1961 1962--63 Dischinger, Terry Terry Dischinger Forward / Guard United States Chicago Zephyrs 08! 8 1962 1963--64 Lucas, Jerry Jerry Lucas * Forward / Center United States Cincinnati Royals 99! T 1962 1964--65 Reed, Willis Willis Reed * Center / Forward United States New York Knicks 08! 8 1964 1965--66 Barry, Rick Rick Barry * Forward United States San Francisco Warriors 02! 2 1965 1966--67 Bing, Dave Dave Bing * Guard United States Detroit Pistons 02! 2 1966 1967--68 Monroe, Earl Earl Monroe * Guard United States Baltimore Bullets 02! 2 1967 1968--69 Unseld, Wes Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 02! 2 1968 1969--70 Alcindor, Lew Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 01! 1 1969 1970--71 Cowens, Dave Dave Cowens * Center / Forward United States Boston Celtics 04! 4 1970 1970--71 Petrie, Geoff Geoff Petrie Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 08! 8 1970 1971--72 Wicks, Sidney Sidney Wicks Forward / Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 02! 2 1971 1972--73 McAdoo, Bob Bob McAdoo * Center / Forward United States Buffalo Braves 02! 2 1972 1973--74 DiGregorio, Ernie Ernie DiGregorio Guard United States Buffalo Braves 03! 3 1973 1974--75 Wilkes, Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * Forward / Guard United States Golden State Warriors 11! 11 1975--76 Adams, Alvan Alvan Adams Center / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 04! 4 1976--77 Dantley, Adrian Adrian Dantley * Forward / Guard United States Buffalo Braves 06! 6 1976 1977--78 Davis, Walter Walter Davis Guard / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 05! 5 1977 1978--79 Ford, Phil Phil Ford Guard United States Kansas City Kings 02! 2 1978 1979--80 Bird, Larry Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics 06! 6 1978 1980--81 Griffith, Darrell Darrell Griffith Guard United States Utah Jazz 02! 2 1980 1981--82 Williams, Buck Buck Williams Forward / Center United States New Jersey Nets 03! 3 1981 1982--83 Cummings, Terry Terry Cummings Forward United States San Diego Clippers 02! 2 1982 1983--84 Sampson, Ralph Ralph Sampson * Center / Forward United States Houston Rockets 01! 1 1984--85 Jordan, Michael Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 03! 3 1984 1985--86 Ewing, Patrick Patrick Ewing * Center United States New York Knicks 01! 1 1985 1986--87 Person, Chuck Chuck Person Forward United States Indiana Pacers 04! 4 1986 1987--88 Jackson, Mark Mark Jackson Guard United States New York Knicks 18! 18 1988--89 Richmond, Mitch Mitch Richmond * Guard United States Golden State Warriors 05! 5 1989--90 Robinson, David David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01! 1 1990--91 Coleman, Derrick Derrick Coleman Forward United States New Jersey Nets 01! 1 1991--92 Johnson, Larry Larry Johnson Forward United States Charlotte Hornets 01! 1 1991 1992--93 O'Neal, Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Orlando Magic 01! 1 1993--94 Webber, Chris Chris Webber Forward / Center United States Golden State Warriors 01! 1 1994--95 Hill, Grant Grant Hill * Forward / Guard United States Detroit Pistons 03! 3 1994 1994--95 Kidd, Jason Jason Kidd * Guard United States Dallas Mavericks 02! 2 1994 1995--96 Stoudamire, Damon Damon Stoudamire Guard United States Toronto Raptors 07! 7 1995 1996--97 Iverson, Allen Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 01! 1 1997--98 Duncan, Tim Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01! 1 1998--99 Carter, Vince Vince Carter ^ Guard / Forward United States Toronto Raptors 05! 5 1998 1999--00 Brand, Elton Elton Brand Forward United States Chicago Bulls 01! 1 1999 1999--00 Francis, Steve Steve Francis Guard United States Houston Rockets 02! 2 1999 2000--01 Miller, Mike Mike Miller Forward / Guard United States Orlando Magic 05! 5 2000 2001--02 Gasol, Pau Pau Gasol ^ Forward / Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 03! 3 2002--03 Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire Forward / Center United States Phoenix Suns 09! 9 2002 2003--04 James, LeBron LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01! 1 2003 2004--05 Okafor, Emeka Emeka Okafor ^ Center / Forward United States Charlotte Bobcats 02! 2 2005--06 Paul, Chris Chris Paul ^ Guard United States New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 04! 4 2005 2006--07 Roy, Brandon Brandon Roy Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06! 6 2006 2007--08 Durant, Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Seattle SuperSonics 02! 2 2007 2008--09 Rose, Derrick Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls 01! 1 2008 2009--10 Evans, Tyreke Tyreke Evans ^ Guard / Forward United States Sacramento Kings 04! 4 2009 2010--11 Griffin, Blake Blake Griffin ^ Forward United States Los Angeles Clippers 01! 1 2009 2011--12 Irving, Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ Guard United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01! 1 2011 2012--13 Lillard, Damian Damian Lillard ^ Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06! 6 2012 2013--14 Carter - Williams, Michael Michael Carter - Williams ^ Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 11! 11 2013 2014--15 Wiggins, Andrew Andrew Wiggins ^ Forward / Guard Canada Minnesota Timberwolves 01! 1 2014 2015--16 Towns, Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ^ Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 01! 1 2015 2016--17 Brogdon, Malcolm Malcolm Brogdon ^ Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 36! 36 2016 Gold Document ID: 53

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009–10 NBA season) Miami Heat's Dwyane Wade being named the MVP. The game had record-breaking attendance, with 108,713. In the Rookie Challenge game, the Rookies defeated the Sophomores. Tyreke Evans was named the game's MVP. This is the first time the Rookies won the Rookie Challenge since 2002. During the NBA All-Star Weekend, Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks won the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest for the third time in his career; Kevin Durant, who also won the inaugural event, won this year's H.O.R.S.E Competition and Boston's Paul Pierce beat rookie Stephen Curry to win the Three-Point Shootout. Steve Nash won the Document [2] (Title: Adrian Dantley) Rookie of the Year Award when he won it after the 1977 season. Buffalo traded Dantley to the Indiana Pacers before the 1977–78 NBA season, making him the first NBA Rookie of the Year to be traded following his rookie season. Indiana traded him after 23 games to the Los Angeles Lakers. He stayed with the Lakers through the following season before being traded again, this time to the Utah Jazz. It was the third time in two years that he had been traded; the Jazz were his fourth team in as many years in the league. In Utah, Dantley Document [3] (Title: Derrick Rose) Rose played in the Rookie Challenge, and won the Skills Challenge, where he beat out several All-Stars to become the first rookie to claim the trophy. Overcoming a January and February slump, Rose returned to form and won monthly rookie honors in March. Meanwhile, the Bulls, re-energized by the trade deadline acquisitions of John Salmons and Brad Miller, finished the regular season on a 12–4 spurt to qualify as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference. Rose won Rookie of the Year, joining Michael Jordan (1985) and Elton Brand (2000) as the only Bulls to do so. He was also Document [4] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) points in a 122–114 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. On February 19, 2017, he became the Bucks' first All-Star since Michael Redd in 2004, and the first starter since Sidney Moncrief in 1986. At 22 years and 74 days old, he became the youngest player in franchise history to start in an All-Star Game. He also became the first Greek NBA All-Star. In the game, he led the East with 30 points in a 192–182 loss to the West. On April 3, 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for games played in March. The award Document [5] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) the only winner trained totally outside the U.S. Prior to the season, the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers; however, the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners. The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994–95 edition of the "Official NBA Guide" and the 1994 "Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia", but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications. NBA Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the top rookie(s) of the regular season. Initiated following Document [6] (Title: Karl-Anthony Towns) a game since Kevin Durant did so in 2008. On February 2, he was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for January—his third consecutive rookie of the month honor. On February 10, he scored a career-high 35 points in a 117–112 win over the Toronto Raptors. Three days later, he won the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend Skills Challenge over point guard Isaiah Thomas, becoming the tallest, heaviest, and youngest winner of the event. On February 27, he had a 30-point, 15-rebound game in a 112–110 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. He was subsequently named Western Conference Rookie of Document [7] (Title: Malcolm Brogdon) named the 2016–17 NBA Rookie of the Year, along with being a unanimous selection to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Brogdon joined Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1969–70) as the only players in Bucks history to win Rookie of the Year, and became the first player drafted in the second round to win Rookie of the Year since 1965. Brogdon averaged both the fewest points per game and fewest minutes per game of any winner in the award's history. In the Bucks' season opener on October 18, 2017, Brogdon scored 19 points in a 108–100 win over the Boston Celtics. On November 3, Document [8] (Title: Tyler Ulis) April 2, he had a near triple-double with career highs of 34 points and nine rebounds as well as nine assists in a 123–116 loss to the Houston Rockets. The 34 points was a 2016–17 season single-game high for all NBA rookies. Ulis was subsequently named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for April, becoming the second Suns rookie to win the award during the 2016–17 season (after Marquese Chriss in January). It was the first time two different Suns earned the award in the same season since the 1987–88 NBA season. Ulis ended April by leading all rookies in Document [9] (Title: Portland Trail Blazers) rookies (Geoff Petrie, Sidney Wicks, Brandon Roy and Damian Lillard) have won the NBA Rookie of the Year award. Three players have earned the Most Improved Player award: Kevin Duckworth (1988), Zach Randolph (2004), and CJ McCollum (2016). Two Hall of Fame coaches, Lenny Wilkens and Jack Ramsay, have patrolled the sidelines for the Blazers, and two others, Mike Schuler and Mike Dunleavy, have won the NBA Coach of the Year Award with the team. Sports promoter Harry Glickman sought a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise for Portland as far back as 1955 when he proposed two new expansion teams, Document [10] (Title: Andrew Bogut) with the Utah Utes, and earned national player of the year honors in 2005. He declared for the NBA draft, and became the first Australian to be the NBA's first overall pick. In his first year with the Bucks, Bogut was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2006. He earned all-league honors in 2010 after averaging a career-high 15.9 points along with 10.2 rebounds per game. He missed most of 2011–12 with an ankle injury, when he was traded to Golden State. After winning the NBA Finals in 2015, Bogut helped the Warriors win an NBA-record 73 games Document [11] (Title: History of the Philadelphia 76ers) his first week, being the second rookie after Shaquille O'Neal to accomplish that. He went on to win the Rookie of the Year award, becoming the first rookie drafted 10th or later to win the award since Mark Jackson in 1987 for the Knicks. In the 2014 NBA draft, the Sixers selected Joel Embiid with the third overall pick, and traded with Orlando for Croatian prospect Dario Šarić, the twelfth pick of the draft. Neither prospect was expected to make an immediate impact for the Sixers, as Embiid was recovering from a stress fracture in the navicular bone, while Šarić Document [12] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) award. The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Ben Simmons. Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall. Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in their careers; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season. Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Three seasons had joint winners—Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999–2000 season. Five players won the award unanimously (by capturing Document [13] (Title: Blake Griffin) the season, Griffin captured all six of the Western Conference Rookie of the Month honors, the first time a rookie has swept an entire season of Rookie of the Month awards since Chris Paul during the 2005–06 season. He played in all 82 regular season games and became the first rookie to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds since Elton Brand did it in the 1999–2000 season. He led all rookies in points, rebounds, and double-doubles, earning him the Rookie of the Year award, and was the first unanimous winner for the award since David Robinson in 1990. Document [14] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) all of the first-place votes) – Ralph Sampson, David Robinson, Blake Griffin, Damian Lillard, and Karl-Anthony Towns. Patrick Ewing of Jamaica, Pau Gasol of Spain, Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia and Andrew Wiggins of Canada are the only winners not born in the United States. Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth—Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers, and both of Irving's parents are Americans. Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 11, Irving moved to the United States at age 2, and Wiggins and Simmons moved to the U.S. while in high school. Gasol is Document [15] (Title: Kevin Durant) year-end awards and became the first freshman to be named Naismith College Player of the Year. As a professional, he has won two NBA championships, an NBA Most Valuable Player Award, two Finals MVP Awards, the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award, four NBA scoring titles, the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, and two Olympic gold medals. Durant has also been selected to eight All-NBA teams and nine NBA All-Star teams. Off the court, Durant is one of the highest-earning basketball players in the world, due in part to endorsement deals with companies such as Foot Locker and Document [16] (Title: Dario Šarić) over the Chicago Bulls. On 3 April 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for the second straight month. Following the season, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team and finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting, behind Malcolm Brogdon. On 7 November 2017, Šarić scored a then season-high 25 points in a 104–97 win over the Utah Jazz. It was the 76ers' fifth straight win, their longest since the 2011–12 season. On 18 December 2017, he scored 20 of his 27 points in the second half of the 76ers' 117–115 loss to Document [17] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) same season. As of 2011, six Rookie of the Year recipients have gone on to become a member of a WNBA championship team. WNBA Rookie of the Year Award The Women's National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the 1998 WNBA season, to the top rookie of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth Document [18] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) league in each of the five major categories in a regular season. As a result of his efforts, Antetokounmpo was named to the All-NBA Second Team, earning his first All-NBA honor. He was also named the recipient of the NBA Most Improved Player Award for the 2016–17 season, becoming the first player in Bucks history to be named Most Improved Player. On April 15, 2017, Antetokounmpo scored a playoff career-high 28 points in a 97–83 win over the Toronto Raptors in Game 1 of their first-round playoff series. Playing his second career playoff series, Antetokounmpo made 13 of 18 shots, Document [19] (Title: Dario Šarić) 112–111 win over Orlando. On 17 February 2017, he participated in the Rising Stars Challenge during the All-Star Weekend. On March 2, 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in February, after his injured teammate, Joel Embiid, had won each month prior. On 9 March 2017, he had a 28-point effort in a 114–108 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. Three days later, he scored a career-high 29 points in a 118–116 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He surpassed that mark on 24 March 2017, scoring 32 points in a 117–107 win Document [20] (Title: Eric Gordon) bench in 2016–17 set an NBA record—the previous record was 179 set by Mirza Teletović in 78 games as a reserve in 2015–16. Gordon finished the 2016–17 season averaging 16.2 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists in 75 games (60 games as their primary reserve). He was subsequently named the recipient of the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, becoming the first player in franchise history to receive the award. On October 25, 2017, Gordon scored a then season-high 29 points and hit the game-winning buzzer-beating 3-pointer to lift the Rockets to a 105–104 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Document [21] (Title: Kyle Kuzma) was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On October 22, 2018, Kuzma scored a season-high 37 points against the San Antonio Spurs in a 143–142 overtime loss. Kyle Kuzma Kyle Alexander Kuzma (born July 24, 1995) is an American professional basketball forward for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He grew up in the Flint, Michigan area and attended the University of Utah, where he played college basketball for the Utah Utes. Kuzma was named first-team all-conference in the Pac-12 as a junior in 2016–17. He was selected with the 27th overall pick by the Document [22] (Title: New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award) of the Year opened up to any player under the age of 20, with guard Jarrod Kenny (age 19) winning the 2005 Young Player of the Year. This was changed back to Rookie of the Year in 2006, and remained every year until it was not awarded in 2017. The award was brought back in 2018. Current NBA player, Steven Adams, won the 2011 Rookie of the Year award; Steven is the half-brother of two-time Young Player of the Year, Warren Adams. New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball League Rookie of the Year is an Document [23] (Title: Grant Hill) Dallas Mavericks, becoming the first Piston since Dave Bing in 1966–67 to win the award. Hill also won the "Sporting News" Rookie of the Year Award. He was named to the all-NBA First Team in 1997, and all-NBA Second Teams in 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000. Hill also regularly played in the NBA All-Star Game, where he made history by being the first rookie to lead an NBA All-Star fan balloting in (1994–95) with 1,289,585 votes, narrowly defeating Shaquille O'Neal. In addition, he became the first rookie in any of the four major professional sports leagues to lead all-star fan Document [24] (Title: Abdel Nader) June 24, 2016, Nader was drafted by the Boston Celtics with the 58th overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft. He then joined the Celtics for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Maine Red Claws of the NBA Development League. On April 14, 2017, he was named the 2016–17 NBA Development League Rookie of the Year, becoming the first internationally-born player to be named NBA D-League Rookie of the Year and the third Red Claws player to earn the honor. Nader averaged 21.3 points, 6.2 rebounds and 3.9 assists in 40 games, Document [25] (Title: Big East Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year) were eligible for the award alongside freshmen. The award once again became "Freshman of the Year" in 2016, with eligibility restricted to freshmen. The award has been shared twice—first after the 2004–05 season by Rudy Gay and Jeff Green, and again after the 2007–08 season by Jonny Flynn and DeJuan Blair. As such, the award has been presented 40 times. As only freshmen are eligible (with first-year transfers also eligible from 1989–2015), it is impossible to win the award more than once. However, the coaches in the conference also award a Preseason Rookie of the Year to one or more Document [26] (Title: Luka Dončić) We get a guy we think is franchise foundation piece." He signed his rookie contract with the Mavericks on July 9, 2018. Dončić did not play at the 2018 NBA Summer League due to his late buyout from Real Madrid. Before the 2018–19 season, ESPN considered him to be the favorite to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. On September 29, Dončić made his preseason debut for Dallas, recording 16 points, 6 rebounds, and 3 blocks against Chinese team Beijing Ducks. In his first preseason match-up against an NBA team on October 5, he scored 11 points as Document [27] (Title: Joel Embiid) he scored a career-high 26 points in 20 minutes in a 120–105 win over the Phoenix Suns. On 1 December, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in October and November. On 18 December, he set a new career high with 33 points in a 108–107 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On 3 January 2017, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in December. On 11 January 2017, Embiid grabbed a career-high 14 rebounds in a 98–97 win over the New York Knicks. On 23 January, he was named Eastern Document [28] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) WNBA Rookie of the Year Award The Women's National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the 1998 WNBA season, to the top rookie of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth three points; and each third-place vote is worth one point. The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place Document [29] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) surpassed Karl Malone for most 20+ points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20+ point game. On February 2, 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns, becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40-point games since Allen Iverson in 1996-97. On February 5, 2018, Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon (strained left hip flexor) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round, then Document [30] (Title: Anthony Davis) in the 2012 Olympics. After his rookie season, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The next season, he became an All-Star for the first time and led the NBA in blocked shots per game. He has since become a five-time All-Star and the youngest player to score 59 or more points in an NBA game. In 2017, he was named the recipient of the NBA All-Star Game MVP Award after setting an All-Star Game scoring record of 52 points en route. Davis is from the South Side of Chicago and played high school basketball for Perspectives Charter Document [31] (Title: NBA All-Rookie Team) had four centers (two of which were forward-centers) and one guard in 2016. Nine All-Rookie Team members have won both the Rookie of the Year Award and the Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) during their careers. Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld are the only players to accomplish this feat in the same season. As of the end of the , 29 members of the All-Rookie Team have been elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, 28 members were not born in the United States and 120 members are active in the NBA. NBA All-Rookie Team The NBA All-Rookie Document [32] (Title: Norman Powell) he was the only rookie to be named to the All-NBA Summer League First Team. Powell received playing time early in 2015–16 due to injuries to Terrence Ross and DeMarre Carroll. He later received multiple assignments to Raptors 905, Toronto's D-League affiliate. With Carroll out after knee surgery and James Johnson sidelined with a sprained ankle, Powell made his first NBA start on February 2, 2016, going scoreless with two steals in 15 minutes in a 104–97 win over the Phoenix Suns. On March 15, he made his eighth career start and scored a then season-high 17 points in a Document [33] (Title: Kenneth Faried) went on to be named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for April. He finished third in NBA Rookie of the Year voting for the 2011–12 season, and earned NBA All-Rookie Team honors. On November 12, 2012, Faried was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, November 5, through Sunday, November 11. It was his first and so far only player of the week award of his career. Three days later, he posted 16 points and a career-high 20 rebounds (career-high 11 offensive) in 36 minutes against the Miami Heat. On December 12, he recorded a Document [34] (Title: NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award) of first-place votes, wins the award. Since its inception, the award has been given to 21 different players. Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times. Dwight Howard is the only player to have won the award in three consecutive seasons. Sidney Moncrief, Mark Eaton, Dennis Rodman, Hakeem Olajuwon, Alonzo Mourning, and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice. The most recent award recipient is Rudy Gobert of the Utah Jazz. Although five of the first six winners were perimeter players, the award has traditionally been given to big men who rebound and block Document [35] (Title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award) NBA Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the top rookie(s) of the regular season. Initiated following the 1952–53 NBA season, it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy, named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach. The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters, each casting first, second, and third place votes (worth five points, three points, and one point respectively). The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the Document [36] (Title: IBM Award) same season; he did this in both the 1999–00 and 2000–01 NBA seasons. Jordan and Robinson are the only players to win the IBM Award during their respective rookie seasons, both also won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in those years. Two of the award winners were born outside the United States: Olajuwon (Nigeria) and Mutombo (Zaire). Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The award was discontinued in 2002. With Tim Duncan's retirement following the 2015-16 NBA season, there are no more IBM Award winners currently playing in the NBA. The IBM Award was originally named Document [37] (Title: NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award) NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award The NBA G League Rookie of the Year is an annual NBA G League (formerly known as the NBA Development League) award given since the league's inaugural season to the top rookie of the regular season. The league's head coaches determine the award by voting and it is usually presented to the honoree during the playoffs. Fred House was the inaugural winner while playing for the North Charleston Lowgators. Two international players have won the award: Edwin Ubiles of Puerto Rico in 2012, and Abdel Nader of Egypt in 2017. By position, Document [38] (Title: Willy Hernangómez) in 2017 Rising Stars Challenge. On March 25, 2017, he had a career-high 24 points and 13 rebounds in a 106–98 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On April 9, 2017, he tied his career high with 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in a 110–97 loss to the Toronto Raptors. Five days later, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in April after leading all Eastern Conference rookies in rebounding (8.5 rpg) and ranked second in scoring (12.5 ppg). At the season's end, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On February Document [39] (Title: New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award) New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year Award The National Basketball League Rookie of the Year is an annual National Basketball League (NBL) award given since the 1992 New Zealand NBL season to the best performing rookie New Zealander of the regular season. The award was originally given to the best Young Player of the Year from 1986 until 1991, with centre Warren Adams winning the award twice within four years. In 1992, forward Pero Cameron won the league's first Rookie of the Year award. This name stood until 2005, when a slight adjustment to the rules saw the Rookie Document [40] (Title: Amar'e Stoudemire) in the Rookie Challenge. In the game, Stoudemire recorded 18 points, 7 rebounds and 4 steals. Stoudemire won the NBA's Rookie of the Year award, beating out Yao Ming and Caron Butler and becoming the first player drafted out of high school to win the award. Stoudemire also was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The Suns, led by Stoudemire, Stephon Marbury, Shawn Marion, Anfernee Hardaway and Joe Johnson, made it to the playoffs but were defeated in six games by the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs. The following season, Stoudemire improved statistically, but his team stumbled to Document [41] (Title: Major League Baseball Rookie of the Month Award) won the Rookie of the Month award four times while Jason Bay (2004, NL), José Abreu (2014, AL), and Juan Soto (2018 NL) both won it three times. A number of players have won it twice. Major League Baseball Rookie of the Month Award The Rookie of the Month award is a Major League Baseball award named by each league every month of the regular season. "Italics" denote the winner of that year's Rookie of the Year Award. Huston Street (2005, AL), Michael Fulmer (2016, AL) and Hanley Ramírez (2006, NL) are the only Rookie of the Year winners to Document [42] (Title: Karl-Anthony Towns) the season's six months, becoming the first Timberwolves player to do so. In addition, he became just the fifth unanimous NBA Rookie of the Year, and with teammate Andrew Wiggins winning the award in 2014–15, Minnesota became the first team with back-to-back Rookie of the Year winners since the Buffalo Braves in 1972–73 (Bob McAdoo) and 1973–74 (Ernie DiGregorio), as well as the first team with back-to-back No. 1 draft picks earning Rookie of the Year honors. He also earned NBA All-Rookie First Team honors. On November 30, 2016, Towns recorded a career-high 47 points and 18 rebounds in a Document [43] (Title: Derrick Rose) the first number-one draft pick since LeBron James to win the award. He averaged 16.8 points on 47.5% field goal shooting, 6.3 assists (leading all rookies) and 3.9 rebounds per game and was also named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. In his playoff debut against the defending champion Boston Celtics, Rose recorded 36 points (tying Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's NBA record for points scored by a rookie in his playoff debut, set in 1970), 11 assists, and 4 rebounds as the Bulls prevailed in a 105–103 overtime win on the road. Rose became the second player in NBA history to record Document [44] (Title: Damian Lillard) to score 1,500 points and he led all rookies in scoring (19.0 ppg), assists (6.5 apg), field goals (553) and free throws (271). Lillard averaged 19.0 points, 3.1 rebounds, 6.5 assists, 0.90 steals and 38.6 minutes in 82 games (all starts), as he won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, joining Blake Griffin (2011), David Robinson (1990) and Ralph Sampson (1984) as the only players to win the award unanimously. He became the fourth Trail Blazer to win the award and joined Robertson and Iverson as the only rookies in NBA history to record 1,500 points and 500 assists Document [45] (Title: NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award) the award. Kevin McHale, Ricky Pierce, Detlef Schrempf and Lou Williams have each won the award two times. Bobby Jones was the inaugural winner of the award for the 1982–83 NBA season. McHale and Bill Walton are the only Hall of Famers who have won the award; Walton, along with James Harden, are the only award winners to have earned NBA MVP honors in their careers. Manu Ginóbili, Detlef Schrempf, Leandro Barbosa, Toni Kukoč and Ben Gordon are the only award winners not born in the United States. Gordon was the first player to win the award as a rookie. Document [46] (Title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award) votes, wins the award. The 2003 award winner Cheryl Ford and 2011 award winner Maya Moore are the only players to win both the WNBA Rookie of the Year award and a WNBA championship in the same season. The 2008 award winner was Candace Parker who became the first player to win the award after garnering all possible votes and also the first player to win the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season. In the NBA, only Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld have won the Most Valuable Player Award and Rookie of the Year Award in the Document [47] (Title: Emeka Okafor) win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. On June 24, 2005, the Bobcats picked up the option for the fourth year on Okafor's contract, as he quickly established himself as the face of the franchise, and a solid player for years to come. Okafor finished his rookie season with 44.7% field goal percentage and per-game averages of 15.1 points, 10.9 rebounds (ranked 4th in the league), and 1.7 blocks. In the 2005 offseason, Okafor's weight increased from 260 to 280 lbs. It was this weight gain which he felt caused him to have trouble rehabbing his early season ankle Document [48] (Title: 2004 NBA draft) franchise, was named Rookie of the Year, while Ben Gordon earned the Sixth Man Award, becoming the first rookie in NBA history to do so. Dwight Howard has become an eight-time All-Star and has received seven All-NBA selections, and a three-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year. He also had the distinction as the only NBA player straight out of high school to start all 82 games as a rookie. There are also four other players that would be named All-Stars at some point in their careers, and Al Jefferson would be named to an All-NBA team. The draft is Document [49] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) shooting. His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games, behind only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain. His 38 points in Game 6 (on 14-of-26 shooting) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series-clinching win since 1980. On May 22, 2018, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. During the 2017–18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called "Rookie on the Rise". The docu-series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year. Document [50] (Title: Bill Russell) because the former was named the 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year. Many people thought that Russell was more important, but Russell had only played half the season. Russell also ignored Heinsohn's plea to give his cousin an autograph, and openly said to Heinsohn that he deserved half of his $300 Rookie of the Year check. The relationship between the two rookies remained reserved. However, despite their different ethnic backgrounds and lack of common off-court interests, his relationship with Celtics point guard and fan favorite Bob Cousy was amicable. In Game 1 of the Eastern Division Finals, the Celtics met Document [51] (Title: 2004–05 Chicago Bulls season) NBA Finals, as well as when they won their last NBA championship. Second-year star Kirk Hinrich averaged 15.7 points, 6.4 assists and 1.6 steals per game. Top draft pick Ben Gordon became the first rookie to win the Sixth Man of The Year Award, as he and Luol Deng were both selected to the All-Rookie First Team. However, injuries were an issue as Deng was out for April and the postseason with a wrist injury, and Eddy Curry was sidelined due to a heart ailment. In the first round of the playoffs, the Bulls took a 2–0 lead over the Document [52] (Title: Mike Miller (basketball player)) Rookie of the Year Award while being the only first-year player to appear in all 82 regular season games during the 2000–01 NBA season. He was traded to Memphis midway through 2002–03 NBA season. He was the recipient of the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award for the 2005–06 season. He averaged 13.7 points 5.4 rebounds 2.7 assists while shooting 47% from the field and 41% from three-point range, while playing 30.6 minutes per game. On January 3, 2007, Miller made nine three-pointers in a win over the Golden State Warriors, breaking Sam Mack's Grizzlies franchise record of eight Document [53] (Title: Damon Stoudamire) rookie. He ranked second in scoring among all rookies in 1995–96, and led all rookies in minutes played and assists. He received the "Schick Rookie of the Month" award twice and unanimously made the Schick All Rookie First Team, and eventually won the "Rookie of the Year" award, receiving 76 of the possible 113 votes, and the MVP award of the Rookie All-Star Game. He holds the record for being the third-lowest draft pick (7th overall) to ever win the Rookie of the Year award, with the lowest being Malcolm Brogdon (36th in the second round.) He is also known Document [54] (Title: Stephen Curry) steals in 36.2 minutes. His second half of the season vaulted him into the rookie of the year race. He was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for January, March and April, finishing as the only Western Conference rookie to win the award three times. He finished runner-up for the NBA Rookie of the Year Award behind Tyreke Evans and was a unanimous NBA All-Rookie First Team selection, becoming the first Warriors player since Jason Richardson in 2001–02 to earn All-Rookie First Team honors. He scored 30-plus points eight times, setting the most 30-point games by any rookie in Document [55] (Title: NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award) guards have won nine times and forwards eight times. No centers have been awarded the Rookie of the Year. NBA G League Rookie of the Year Award The NBA G League Rookie of the Year is an annual NBA G League (formerly known as the NBA Development League) award given since the league's inaugural season to the top rookie of the regular season. The league's head coaches determine the award by voting and it is usually presented to the honoree during the playoffs. Fred House was the inaugural winner while playing for the North Charleston Lowgators. Two international players have Document [56] (Title: Jahlil Okafor) named national player of the year by "Parade", "USA Today" and McDonald's among other players. He signed with Duke as a package with Tyus Jones, with widespread recognition as the preseason Collegiate National Player of the Year. At Duke, he earned the USBWA National Freshman of the Year and ACC Player of the Year, and a unanimous 2015 NCAA Men's Basketball All-American first-team selection. In the week following Duke's victory in the championship game of the 2015 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament against Wisconsin, Okafor announced that he would enter the NBA draft. Okafor's father, Chukwudi, known as Chuck, Document [57] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February. On April 10, he set a rookie record for most three-pointers in a season with 186 three-pointers during a 119–79 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April. In Mitchell's playoff debut against the Question: who won 2017 nba rookie of the year

Answer: Malcolm Brogdon Long Answer: Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1952--53 Meineke, Don Don Meineke Forward / Center United States Fort Wayne Pistons 12! 12 1952 1953--54 Felix, Ray Ray Felix Center United States Baltimore Bullets 01! 1 1953 1954--55 Pettit, Bob Bob Pettit * Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 02! 2 1954 1955--56 Stokes, Maurice Maurice Stokes * Forward / Center United States Rochester Royals 02! 2 1955 1956--57 Heinsohn, Tom Tom Heinsohn * Forward United States Boston Celtics 99! T 1956 1957--58 Sauldsberry, Woody Woody Sauldsberry Forward / Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 60! 60 1957 1958--59 Baylor, Elgin Elgin Baylor * Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers 01! 1 1958 1959--60 Chamberlain, Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 99! T 1959 1960--61 Robertson, Oscar Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 01! 1 / T 1960 1961--62 Bellamy, Walt Walt Bellamy * Center United States Chicago Packers 01! 1 1961 1962--63 Dischinger, Terry Terry Dischinger Forward / Guard United States Chicago Zephyrs 08! 8 1962 1963--64 Lucas, Jerry Jerry Lucas * Forward / Center United States Cincinnati Royals 99! T 1962 1964--65 Reed, Willis Willis Reed * Center / Forward United States New York Knicks 08! 8 1964 1965--66 Barry, Rick Rick Barry * Forward United States San Francisco Warriors 02! 2 1965 1966--67 Bing, Dave Dave Bing * Guard United States Detroit Pistons 02! 2 1966 1967--68 Monroe, Earl Earl Monroe * Guard United States Baltimore Bullets 02! 2 1967 1968--69 Unseld, Wes Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 02! 2 1968 1969--70 Alcindor, Lew Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 01! 1 1969 1970--71 Cowens, Dave Dave Cowens * Center / Forward United States Boston Celtics 04! 4 1970 1970--71 Petrie, Geoff Geoff Petrie Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 08! 8 1970 1971--72 Wicks, Sidney Sidney Wicks Forward / Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 02! 2 1971 1972--73 McAdoo, Bob Bob McAdoo * Center / Forward United States Buffalo Braves 02! 2 1972 1973--74 DiGregorio, Ernie Ernie DiGregorio Guard United States Buffalo Braves 03! 3 1973 1974--75 Wilkes, Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * Forward / Guard United States Golden State Warriors 11! 11 1975--76 Adams, Alvan Alvan Adams Center / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 04! 4 1976--77 Dantley, Adrian Adrian Dantley * Forward / Guard United States Buffalo Braves 06! 6 1976 1977--78 Davis, Walter Walter Davis Guard / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 05! 5 1977 1978--79 Ford, Phil Phil Ford Guard United States Kansas City Kings 02! 2 1978 1979--80 Bird, Larry Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics 06! 6 1978 1980--81 Griffith, Darrell Darrell Griffith Guard United States Utah Jazz 02! 2 1980 1981--82 Williams, Buck Buck Williams Forward / Center United States New Jersey Nets 03! 3 1981 1982--83 Cummings, Terry Terry Cummings Forward United States San Diego Clippers 02! 2 1982 1983--84 Sampson, Ralph Ralph Sampson * Center / Forward United States Houston Rockets 01! 1 1984--85 Jordan, Michael Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 03! 3 1984 1985--86 Ewing, Patrick Patrick Ewing * Center United States New York Knicks 01! 1 1985 1986--87 Person, Chuck Chuck Person Forward United States Indiana Pacers 04! 4 1986 1987--88 Jackson, Mark Mark Jackson Guard United States New York Knicks 18! 18 1988--89 Richmond, Mitch Mitch Richmond * Guard United States Golden State Warriors 05! 5 1989--90 Robinson, David David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01! 1 1990--91 Coleman, Derrick Derrick Coleman Forward United States New Jersey Nets 01! 1 1991--92 Johnson, Larry Larry Johnson Forward United States Charlotte Hornets 01! 1 1991 1992--93 O'Neal, Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Orlando Magic 01! 1 1993--94 Webber, Chris Chris Webber Forward / Center United States Golden State Warriors 01! 1 1994--95 Hill, Grant Grant Hill * Forward / Guard United States Detroit Pistons 03! 3 1994 1994--95 Kidd, Jason Jason Kidd * Guard United States Dallas Mavericks 02! 2 1994 1995--96 Stoudamire, Damon Damon Stoudamire Guard United States Toronto Raptors 07! 7 1995 1996--97 Iverson, Allen Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 01! 1 1997--98 Duncan, Tim Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01! 1 1998--99 Carter, Vince Vince Carter ^ Guard / Forward United States Toronto Raptors 05! 5 1998 1999--00 Brand, Elton Elton Brand Forward United States Chicago Bulls 01! 1 1999 1999--00 Francis, Steve Steve Francis Guard United States Houston Rockets 02! 2 1999 2000--01 Miller, Mike Mike Miller Forward / Guard United States Orlando Magic 05! 5 2000 2001--02 Gasol, Pau Pau Gasol ^ Forward / Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 03! 3 2002--03 Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire Forward / Center United States Phoenix Suns 09! 9 2002 2003--04 James, LeBron LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01! 1 2003 2004--05 Okafor, Emeka Emeka Okafor ^ Center / Forward United States Charlotte Bobcats 02! 2 2005--06 Paul, Chris Chris Paul ^ Guard United States New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 04! 4 2005 2006--07 Roy, Brandon Brandon Roy Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06! 6 2006 2007--08 Durant, Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Seattle SuperSonics 02! 2 2007 2008--09 Rose, Derrick Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls 01! 1 2008 2009--10 Evans, Tyreke Tyreke Evans ^ Guard / Forward United States Sacramento Kings 04! 4 2009 2010--11 Griffin, Blake Blake Griffin ^ Forward United States Los Angeles Clippers 01! 1 2009 2011--12 Irving, Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ Guard United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01! 1 2011 2012--13 Lillard, Damian Damian Lillard ^ Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06! 6 2012 2013--14 Carter - Williams, Michael Michael Carter - Williams ^ Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 11! 11 2013 2014--15 Wiggins, Andrew Andrew Wiggins ^ Forward / Guard Canada Minnesota Timberwolves 01! 1 2014 2015--16 Towns, Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ^ Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 01! 1 2015 2016--17 Brogdon, Malcolm Malcolm Brogdon ^ Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 36! 36 2016 Gold Document ID: 53

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Jon Horford) Dome that Al had won the championship at in 2007. Michigan reached the championship game. On November 8, 2013, Horford posted a career high 12 rebounds against the UMass Lowell in the season opener. In the subsequent game against South Carolina State on November 12, Horford again established a career high of 15 rebounds and added 9 points leaving him a point shy of a double-double. Prior to the game, the last time a Michigan Wolverine had posted 15 or more rebounds was when Manny Harris posted 16 on December 29, 2008 against North Carolina Central. In the January 2 Document [2] (Title: 2008–09 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) while Michigan made 13 of its last 14 free throws to defend its lead. The fourth three-pointer cut the lead to 75–71 with 51.3 seconds remaining. The game was the first time Michigan had defeated multiple top five teams in the same season since 1986–87 when it upended fifth-ranked Syracuse, 91–88 (January 18, 1987), second-ranked Iowa, 100–92 (January 31, 1987), and third-ranked Purdue, 104–68 (March 7, 1987). At that point in the season, Michigan's two wins against top five teams were as many as the rest of the nation combined. Then, after beating Eastern Michigan the following week, they welcomed Document [3] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) 1996, 1998), which is also an NCAA record. In 2011, the team was invited to the NCAA tournament for a record 21st year in a row. In 2011, Michigan reached the national semi-finals (now referred to as the "Frozen Four") for an unmatched 24th time. Vic Heyliger led Michigan to a record six NCAA titles, including the first one in college hockey history in 1948. Heyliger, who played for the Wolverines from 1935–37, also won national titles as Michigan coach in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 and 1956. He was inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974, in Document [4] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) in the championship game came in the last seconds as Michigan's Chris Webber tried to call a timeout with his team down by 2 points when double-teamed by North Carolina. Michigan had already used all of its timeouts, so Webber's gaffe resulted in a technical foul. Michigan subsequently vacated its entire 1992–93 schedule, including its six NCAA Tournament games, after it emerged that Webber had received under-the-table payments from a booster. In a game that featured two great individual battles (one between Bobby Hurley and Jason Kidd, and the other between Grant Hill and Lamond Murray), two-time defending champion Duke Document [5] (Title: John Beilein) against ranked opponents on the season. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 Big Ten season, Michigan was given a seven seed in the 2009 Big Ten Tournament. A win over Iowa in the Big Ten Tournament on March 12 was the Wolverines' twentieth of the season. With that win, Beilein had achieved a 20-win season at seven different schools, including four at the Division I level (Canisius, Richmond, West Virginia, Michigan). Three days later, Beilein's Wolverines earned a bid to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, the school's first appearance in 11 years. There, tenth-seeded Michigan defeated the seventh-seeded Clemson Tigers 62–59 Document [6] (Title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament) week before Selection Sunday. On six occasions, the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament (Michigan State in 1999 and 2000, Illinois in 2005, Ohio State in 2007, Wisconsin in 2015, and Michigan in 2018). In 2000, champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament. The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times, the most of any seed. The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017. The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first Document [7] (Title: 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) left to send the game to overtime and Michigan would then win to advance to the Elite Eight. Michigan routed Florida 79-59 to advance to the Final Four for the 1st time since 1993. Against Syracuse, with Michigan leading 58-56 with 19.2 seconds left, Jordan Morgan took the charge and Brandon Triche was called for an offensive foul. Then, Jon Horford made 1 of 2 free throws for a 59-56 lead. With 6 seconds left, Trevor Cooney missed a jump shot and Tim Hardaway Jr. got the rebound, then Caris LeVert threw it all the way to Morgan who would Document [8] (Title: 1956–57 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) school’s first trip to the Final Four. In the National Semifinal, the Spartans faced No. 1 North Carolina. In a game that would be referred to as one of the greatest games in college basketball history, the lead changed 31 times. Jack Quiggle made a half-court shot after regulation expired that would have won the game for the Spartans, but was ruled too late. Johnny Green missed a free throw at the end of the first overtime that also would have sealed the win for the Spartans. North Carolina's Pete Brennan made a basket as time expired to force a Document [9] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) (22). Michigan State has the seventh most all-time Final Four appearances with nine (1957, 1979, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2015). The program is also ninth all-time in NCAA tournament winning percentage (.677, through 2018). The first established coach for Michigan Agricultural College (MSU's name at the time), Charles Bemies was also the first athletic director in school history, while also coaching the football, baseball, and track teams. His two-year stint as basketball head coach ended in 1901. MAC’s second basketball coach was George Denman. Denman is the only basketball coach to go undefeated during his tenure, posting Document [10] (Title: Kevin Ollie) Michigan State to become the first #7 seed to reach the Final Four since the tournament expanded in 1985. On April 5, 2014, the Huskies defeated top-ranked Florida in the First Final Four national semifinal of the NCAA Tournament 63-53. The Huskies then defeated the Kentucky Wildcats 60-54 in the championship game on April 7 for Connecticut's fourth NCAA men's championship in fifteen years. On May 22, 2014, Ollie signed a new five-year contract with UConn, worth $2.8 million per year. He was fired with "just cause" on March 10, 2018 due to a pending investigation by the NCAA. In Document [11] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season) Dame in the National Semifinals after captain Jake Evans scored the game-winning goal with six seconds remaining. When the team reached the Frozen Four it marked the sixth time a school had reached the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). During the 2016–17 ice hockey season Michigan went 13–19–3, including 6–12–2 in Big Ten Play. Michigan lost in the first round of the 2017 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to eventual tournament winner Document [12] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) as of 2018. However, there was much less of a division between "major" and "mid-major" conferences in 1962, and the MVC was often seen in that day as a major basketball conference. The last time the Final Four was composed, as of 2018, of at least 75% of mid-major teams (3/4), i.e. excluding all present-day major conferences or their predecessors, was 1979, where Indiana State, then as now of the Missouri Valley Conference (which had lost several of its most prominent programs, among them Cincinnati, earlier in the decade); Penn, then as now in the Ivy League; and DePaul, then Document [13] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky, 75–72. During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin. It was the first time that a #8 seed had won the Big Ten Tournament During the Document [14] (Title: 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Spartans with 21 points. As of 2018, Michigan State's 2000 team is the last Big Ten Conference team to win a National Championship. 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The National title game was played on April 3, 2000 at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The game matched No. 1-seeded Michigan State against No. 5-seeded Florida. The Spartans defeated the Gators, Document [15] (Title: 2008–09 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) Final Four for the fifth time in 11 seasons. "Detroit, here we come," said coach Tom Izzo, a Michigan native. "I can't tell you how much I'm looking forward to that." Durrell Summers contributed 10 second-half points in the win. In Detroit for the Final Four, the Spartans practiced before a crowd of over 30,000 fans as they were clearly the hometown favorites. In the national semifinals, Michigan State faced Connecticut, another No. 1 seed, for the right to play for the national championship. Kalin Lucas led the Spartans with 21 points and Raymar Morgan added 18 as the smaller Document [16] (Title: Dale Brown (basketball)) Jason Kidd, on a last second shot, 66–64 in the first round. In spite of all the talent and five straight 20-win seasons between 1988 and 1993, Brown failed to get any of these teams to the Sweet 16. In fact, the 1993 NCAA tournament appearance would be the last post-season appearance of the Dale Brown era, and the school's last until 2000. Dale Brown's final four years at LSU were mostly forgettable. All four seasons ended in losing records. Brown was still bringing talented players into the program, but things did not work out due to the loss of Document [17] (Title: Michigan Wolverines women's basketball) it was not officially sanctioned by the Big Ten until 1982–83. Michigan did not qualify for postseason play until earning an NCAA Tournament bid in 1990 under head coach Bud VanDeWege, which would remain its only tournament appearance until Sue Guevara led the Wolverines to five straight postseason appearances (in both the NCAA and WNIT tournaments) between 1998 and 2002. The team's best postseason performance in the NCAA Tournament is advancing to the Second Round, which it has done four times, in 1990, 2001, 2013, and 2018. The Wolverines won the WNIT tournament in 2017, and have also reached the Document [18] (Title: 2014–15 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Michigan defeated Oregon. The next day, Michigan lost to (#12 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) Villanova in the championship game. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the quarterfinals of the 1985 NCAAA Tournament, which Villanova also won. Villanova went on a 9–0 run to end the first half, and led by as many as 13 points early in the second half. Michigan cut the lead to 35–31 following an 11–2 run. Michigan led by as many as eight points with just under six minutes left in the game, before Villanova came back to retake the lead for Document [19] (Title: 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) A&M, and Florida State to advance to the Final Four. In the National semifinal, they defeated Loyola-Chicago before losing to Villanova in the championship game. Muhammad-Ali Abdur-Rahkman, Duncan Robinson, and graduate transfer Jaaron Simmons graduated during their senior seasons for the 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. On April 10, walk-on Brent Hibbitts announced that he would graduate and transfer with two years of eligibility remaining. On April 12, Ibi Watson announced his intention to transfer from the program. On April 14, Moritz Wagner declared for the 2018 NBA draft and hired an agent. On April 20, Charles Matthews declared Document [20] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) the Spartans to their fourth Final Four in seven seasons. MSU would again fall in the Final Four, this time to No. 2-ranked and No. 1-seeded North Carolina. The 2005–06 Spartans opened the season with a loss to Hawaii before losing to No. 8 Gonzaga led by Adam Morrison in triple overtime in the Maui Classic. Despite this, MSU ended the non-conference schedule at 12–2 and ranked No. 7 in the country. Early Big Ten losses followed by late season losses in conference left the Spartans 8–8 in the Big Ten. In the Big Ten Tournament, MSU defeated Purdue and Document [21] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) 28, 2013, marking the first time since November 30, 1992, that Michigan held that position. The team also made program history for the best season start, at 21–2. On March 31, The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79–59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992–93 season. The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61–56 in the Final Four. In the 2013 National Championship game, the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82–76. The 2013–14 team had another strong season, winning Michigan's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to Document [22] (Title: Tom Izzo) the NCAA Tournament. In 1999, Izzo won his first of five Big Ten Tournament titles, and went to his first Final Four, the first of three straight Final Four appearances, joining Krzyzewski and Ben Howland as the only three coaches who have made three consecutive Final Fours since the NCAA Tournament bracket expanded to 64 teams in 1985. In the instate rivalry with Michigan, Izzo's official record against the Wolverines is 24–14, although Michigan vacated five of their wins in the series at the start of his head coaching career. In 2000, Izzo led MSU to its second NCAA national Document [23] (Title: Fab Five (University of Michigan)) Ice Hockey Tournament) that the basketball team went to the championship game. In addition, the basketball team had won the championship two years before the Fab Five arrived on campus. Originally, the players rebelled against the moniker and attempted to give themselves the nickname Five Times' (written 5X's). In the elite eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan earned a rematch against a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes team that had beaten them twice during the regular season by double digits. Michigan won the rematch as all but two Wolverines points were scored by the Document [24] (Title: 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Oklahoma State by a 92–91 margin on the strength of a school NCAA Tournament record 16 three point shots (on 29 attempts, including 11–15 three point shooting in the second half). Michigan's 16 three point field goals also tied the Big Ten record for an NCAA Tournament game. The team was led by Derrick Walton's 26 points. With 26 points, 11 assists and five rebounds, Walton was the first player with at least 25 points, ten assists and five rebounds Document [25] (Title: 2004–05 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) the game to overtime. Both teams only managed six points in the overtime period, scoring none in the final minute to force double overtime. On the strength of free throw shooting in the second overtime, the Spartans pulled out the win, 94–88. The win meant the Spartans advanced to their fourth Final Four in seven years. With Illinois also advancing to the Final Four to face Louisville, the Big Ten had two teams in the Final Four for the first time since 2000 when Michigan State defeated Wisconsin on the way to the National Championship. No. 2-ranked and No. 1-seeded Document [26] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament) Regional, who were also appearing in their first ever Final Four. The Final Four included four teams who had never been in a Final Four before, the first time that had happened since the very first NCAA Final Four in 1982. In one semifinal, second seeded Texas Tech faced a number one seed in Vanderbilt, but Texas Tech would win easily, 60–46, while Vanderbilt set a tournament record for fewest points in a half, of a semi-final game, with only 20 points in the second half. In the other semifinal, two Big Ten teams faced each other. Ohio State and Document [27] (Title: Glenn Robinson III) by the coaches. As a number four seed, Michigan defeated its first NCAA tournament opponent, South Dakota State, 71–56. Michigan Robinson tied his career-high again with 21 points. The 27th victory of the season gave the team its most wins in 20 years and matched head coach John Beilein's career high. Michigan had held a narrow 30–26 lead at the half, but Robinson made two 3-pointers to open the second half. He scored Michigan's first eleven-second half points as South Dakota only made one field goal in that time. In the first two tournament games against South Dakota State and Document [28] (Title: 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season) the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Regular season !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Exhibition !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Regular season 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season The 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's hockey team will be the Wolverines' 97th season. They represent the University of Michigan in the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season. The team will be coached by Mel Pearson, in his second year as head coach, and play Document [29] (Title: Dean Smith) a see-saw battle throughout, but is remembered best for Chris Webber calling a time-out that Michigan didn't have with seconds left and Michigan trailing by only 2. Michigan was assessed a technical foul and North Carolina ended up winning 77-71, giving Smith his second national championship due to an unforced error or intentional give-away by the opposing team. After a six-year investigation by the NCAA, Webber's association and financial dealings with Ed Martin determined that there had been a series of violations and direct payments to players and was termed "the University of Michigan basketball scandal" and resulted in Michigan Document [30] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Player and was joined on the West Region All-tournament team by Wagner and Abdur-Rahkman. With the Wolverines men's basketball team advancing to the Final Four and the 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team advancing to the Frozen Four, this year marks the fourth instance that both programs are in their respective final four tournaments during the same season, and just the sixth time overall. On March 31, Michigan defeated Loyola–Chicago 69–57 in the national semifinals. Michigan was led by Wagner with 24 points and a career-high 15 rebounds, for his eighth double-double of the season, while Matthews added 17 Document [31] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) its Big 10 Conference Championship destiny in its own hands, Michigan defeated Purdue to set up a championship showdown with Indiana on March 10. Michigan concluded its road schedule with a 5–5 record. Michigan closed out the season by losing to Indiana (#2 AP/#2 Coaches) on March 10, failing its pursuit of defense of its conference co-championship. Michigan led by 5 with 52 seconds to go, but then missed 3 free throws, including the first attempt during 2 one-and-one situations. Burke and Morgan also missed last-second shots at the rim. Michigan wound down its regular season with its fifteenth sellout Document [32] (Title: Chris Webber) Five, sporting long, baggy shorts and black socks, became immensely popular as they were seen as bringing a hip hop flavor to the game. Four of the Fab Five (Webber, Rose, Howard, and King) made it to the NBA. In their first season, Michigan lost to Duke in the championship game. On April 5, 1993, at Michigan's second consecutive appearance at the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game with 11 seconds remaining, Webber brought the ball up the court into a half court trap. Michigan was down 73–71. Webber attempted to call for a timeout while his team had Document [33] (Title: John Beilein) for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76. Document [34] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) players to have won a state high school championship, NCAA title and NBA championship. During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal, described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history, when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $616,000. Due to NCAA sanctions, records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93 season, and 1995–99 seasons have been vacated. Throughout this article asterisks denote awards, records and honors that have been vacated. As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team, Michigan fielded a team of members of the Document [35] (Title: 2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) defeated Long Beach State in the first round of the 2013 Puerto Rico Tip-Off on November 21, as Michigan set a tournament record by making 14 three-point shots. The next day (against Florida State in the semifinals), Michigan was behind by 10 points at halftime, 16 points with 17:16 remaining and 63–54 with a few minutes left before winning 82–80 in overtime. In the final four minutes, Michigan used a 1-3-1 zone to force five turnovers during a 13–5 spurt to make up a 64–56 deficit. On November 24, the team lost the championship game to Charlotte on a last Document [36] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) in 1988. Unlike the situation with "March Madness", the KHSAA has retained sole ownership of the "Sweet Sixteen" trademark; it licenses the term to the NCAA for use in collegiate tournaments. The term Final Four refers to the last four teams remaining in the playoff tournament. These are the champions of the tournament's four regional brackets, and are the only teams remaining on the tournament's final weekend. (While the term "Final Four" was not used during the early decades of the tournament, the term has been applied retroactively to include the last four teams in tournaments from earlier years, even Document [37] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) tournament. MSU defeated Valparaiso and Memphis to advance to their fifth Sweet Sixteen in six years and their 11th trip in 16 years. However, the Spartans were defeated by Duke, who was led by Seth Curry, in the Sweet Sixteen. Michigan State began the 2013–14 season looking to continue Tom Izzo's Final Four streak: every player who had played four years for Izzo had made at least one Final Four. After beating No. 1 Kentucky in the Champions Classic, the Spartans moved to the No. 1 spot in the country. The Spartans held the No. 1 spot for three weeks Document [38] (Title: Bill Frieder) wins and 1 NCAA Tournament loss were later vacated" "** Record at Arizona State includes vacated games" "*** Final record includes vacated games" Bill Frieder William Samuel Frieder (born March 3, 1942) is a former basketball coach at Michigan (1981–1989) and Arizona State (1989–1997). Frieder's 1985–86 team was the last Michigan team to win a Big Ten Championship until the 2011–12 team. Just before the 1989 NCAA Tournament, Frieder announced that he would leave Michigan for Arizona State at the end of the season. Michigan athletic director Bo Schembechler ordered Frieder to leave immediately, and named top assistant Steve Fisher Document [39] (Title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament) not include results of the teams in which records were vacated. <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1998 championship vacated by Michigan<br>^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002) "Through 2018 tournament" Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins. Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men's college basketball regular season. The tournament has been played each year since 1998. The winner Document [40] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) an independent, participated in the Final Four, only to see Indiana State lose to Michigan State. The last time, as of 2018, the Final Four has been composed of at least 50% of mid-major teams (2/4) was 2011, when VCU, then of the Colonial Athletic Association, and Butler, then of the Horizon League, participated in the Final Four, only to see Butler lose to Connecticut. The two most recent Final Fours have involved a single "mid-major" team by the definition used here—the 2017 and 2018 tournaments, in which Gonzaga and Loyola–Chicago were respectively involved (although Gonzaga is arguably not a Document [41] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) 2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62. As of November 16, 2018 § – Conference co-champions Totals through December 4, Document [42] (Title: The Ten Year War) close call and what would become Schembechler's only unbeaten and untied regular-season team. Despite the 11–0 regular season, Michigan's national championship hopes were a long shot at best thanks to the presence of undefeated powerhouses at Nebraska and Alabama, as well as an Oklahoma team whose only loss was to Nebraska, but those faint hopes died with an upset defeat to an 8–3 Stanford squad minus 1970 Heisman Trophy recipient Jim Plunkett in the Rose Bowl. The Wolverines fell for a fake punt and eventually lost 13–12 on a last-second field goal. They would finish the season ranked #6. Ohio Document [43] (Title: 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) With the win, Michigan advanced to the Big Ten Tournament final for the first time since 2014 and the third time in program history. Seeded eighth, Michigan is the lowest seed to reach the Big Ten Tournament Final since 2008. On March 12, Michigan defeated (#23/#24) Wisconsin 71–56 to claim their first Big Ten Tournament championship since 1998. Michigan was led by Walton with a game-high 22 points, and seven assists, and was named tournament MVP. Irvin recorded 15 points, seven rebounds and five assists, and was named to the All-Tournament Team. As the No. 8 seed, Michigan became the Document [44] (Title: 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) related to both players on this team, as well as potential recruits. This decision was upheld on February 20, 2018. Michigan, who was led by 2013 national player of the year Trey Burke, was a #4 seed in the South Regional of the 2013 NCAA Tournament. In the 2nd round, Glenn Robinson III scored 21 points to lead the Wolverines past South Dakota State 71-56. In the 3rd Round, Michigan crushed VCU with a 78-53 win to advance to the Sweet 16 for the 1st time since 1994. Against Kansas, Burke made a long game-tying three pointer with 4.2 seconds Document [45] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) later forfeited due to NCAA violations. The team has appeared in the NCAA Final Four on eight occasions (1964, 1965, 1976, 1989, 1992*, 1993*, 2013, 2018) and won the National Championship in 1989 under Steve Fisher. The program later vacated its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances due to NCAA violations. Other notable players who played for Michigan include Roy Tarpley, Loy Vaught, Gary Grant, Terry Mills, Glen Rice, Jalen Rose, Rumeal Robinson, Rickey Green, Phil Hubbard, Jamal Crawford, Juwan Howard, Chris Webber, Jimmy King, Ray Jackson, Cazzie Russell, Daniel Horton, Campy Russell, and Mark Hughes. During the 1990s, the Document [46] (Title: 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament) couldn't win their final game. Magic Johnson of Michigan State was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Michigan State's victory over Indiana State was its first over a number one ranked team, and remained its only victory over a number one ranked team until 2007 (Wisconsin). The final game marked the beginning of the rivalry between future Hall of Famers Johnson and Larry Bird. As of 2016, it remains the highest-rated game in the history of televised college basketball. Both Johnson and Bird would enter the NBA in the fall of 1979, and the rivalry between them and their teams Document [47] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year All-Americans National Coach of the Year Big Ten Coach of the Year The University of Michigan has an all-time 59–27* (52–23) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28* (24) appearances. Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989. The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition. The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a Document [48] (Title: 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the 2000 NCAA Tournament. Cleaves sprained his ankle with 16:18 to play in the second half, and this was after Florida had trimmed Michigan State's double digit halftime lead to 50–44. Cleaves returned about four minutes later, and immediately helped lead the Spartans on a 16–6 run to put the game out of reach. The lone top-seed remaining would bring order to a tournament filled with upsets as they salted away the victory for the school's second National Championship (1979). Michigan State coach Tom Izzo earned his first title in his second straight final four appearance. Morris Peterson led the Document [49] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating Document [50] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) win the tournament for the third consecutive year. They received their third consecutive No. 1 seed, in the South Region of the NCAA Tournament. Seeking a repeat National Championship, MSU easily dispatched Alabama State and Fresno State to reach the Sweet Sixteen for the fourth consecutive year. A win over Gonzaga and Temple led to the school's third straight trip to the Final Four. However, they were unable to repeat as National Champions, losing to Arizona in the National Semifinal. Following the season, Randolph and Richardson each left school early and declared for the NBA Draft. As a result of Document [51] (Title: John Beilein) season at Michigan, in his 1,000th game as a head coach. As a #8 seed in the 2011 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Tennessee 75–45, establishing two NCAA Tournament records: the largest victory margin by an eight seed, and becoming the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw. Michigan won by its third-largest margin in its NCAA tournament history (second-most if vacated games are excluded), and the game marked the ninth straight time that John Beilein led a team victory in its first game of a postseason tournament (5 NCAA and 4 NIT). In the Document [52] (Title: 1998 Stanley Cup Finals) was the Wings' ninth Stanley Cup, and the most recent time when a Finals concluded with a sweep (as of 2018). This was also the last time until that a Stanley Cup Finals ended after an NBA Finals in the same season had concluded. Detroit coach Scotty Bowman won his eighth Stanley Cup in that capacity (having previously done so with the Montreal Canadiens in , , , , and , the Pittsburgh Penguins in , and the Wings the previous year), tying him with former Canadiens coach Toe Blake for the record of most Cups won by a coach Document [53] (Title: Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery) Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery is a young adult novel by John Feinstein. It tells the story of two young reporters, Stevie Thomas and Susan Carol Anderson, who stumble upon a plot to blackmail fictional Minnesota State basketball player Chip Graber into throwing the Final Four in New Orleans Though reluctant, Stevie's parents allow him to skip school and travel to New Orleans where he will write alongside the other winner of the contest, Susan Carol. Together, they stumble across a scandal between gamblers and a star NCAA basketball player Chip Graber. They Document [54] (Title: 1963 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament) Ed Jucker. Art Heyman, of Duke University, was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. This tournament marked the last time that a city was host to two straight Final Fours. For the fourth time, Louisville and Freedom Hall hosted the Final Four, the last time a host repeated in back-to-back years. Like the preceding year, all nine venues were either on-campus arenas or the primary off-campus arena for college teams. The tournament saw three new venues being used. For the first time, the tournament came to the state of Michigan, when Jenison Fieldhouse on the campus of Michigan State University Document [55] (Title: Michigan Wolverines field hockey) The achievement was the first NCAA title won by a women's sports team at the University of Michigan, and was also just the second time a Midwestern university had claimed the championship after Iowa had done it first in 1986. "Season-by-season results through the end of the 2018 season" As of February 22, 2018 Michigan has accumulated a total of 11 appearances in the NCAA tournament, including three Final Fours. In 2001, the Wolverines won their first NCAA championship by defeating Maryland in the final by a score of 2–0. The victory made them the first women's team at the Document [56] (Title: 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) no new host cities or venues used for the tournament. Additionally, no venues were retired after this year. <nowiki>*</nowiki> – Denotes overtime period CBS Sports ESPN and NCAA Productions CBS Radio The story of the Wolverines' success was cited as inspiration in another sport. When the Spain national football team manager Julen Lopetegui was sacked days before the 2018 FIFA World Cup started after agreeing to join Real Madrid after the tournament, Spanish defender Gerard Piqué drew parallels with Michigan's NCAA win amid similar circumstances. 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Document [57] (Title: 1991–92 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Final Four appearance in the wake of a major scandal involving many years of improper payments from a major booster to several former players, among them Webber. As Michigan celebrated Midnight Madness on October 15, 1991, there was already talk that at least four of the five freshmen would be starting before the season ended. (The five eventually started in a combined 304 of a possible 350 man-games among them during their first two seasons.) In the Elite Eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan earned a rematch against a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes Document [58] (Title: 1992–93 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) littered with upsets, as the #12, #13, and #15 seeds had all won in the first round. Michigan drew #12 seeded and won, then faced for the second consecutive year (having defeated them as a #6 seed the year before) and beating them 77–72 to join Kentucky, Kansas, and North Carolina in the Final Four in New Orleans. In their national semifinal at the Superdome on April 3, the team defeated Southeast Regional winner Kentucky 81–78 in overtime. In the championship game at the Superdome on April 5, the Wolverines lost to East Regional winner North Carolina 77–71. Michigan's final Document [59] (Title: 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game) emerged with an 84–79 win. That led to a winning streak; Michigan State ran off wins in their next nine games, defeating four of the teams that had beaten them in the process. Wisconsin snapped the Spartans' streak in their final game before the NCAA tournament, winning 83–81 on a long-range shot at the buzzer. The Spartans' 13–5 Big Ten record put them in a three-way tie with Iowa and Purdue for first in the conference, and they won 21 of 27 games in all regular season play; their final AP poll ranking was third. Michigan State was awarded the Document [60] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) advances to its third Elite Eight in six years. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the regional finals. Michigan was led by Matthews with 17 points. With the win, Michigan advances to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and for the first time since 2013. Michigan set a single-season program record with its 32nd victory of the season, surpassing the previous record of 31 wins set by the 1992–93 and 2012–13 teams. Michigan's defense held Florida State to just 23.3% (7-of-30) shooting in the second half. Matthews was named West Region Most Outstanding Document [61] (Title: Fab Five (University of Michigan)) Fab Five. Despite their talent, they never won a single championship, be it the Big Ten Regular Season Championship or NCAA Championship. They reached the NCAA championship game as freshmen in 1992 and again as sophomores in 1993. They lost to Duke 71–51 in the 1992 title game and lost 77–71 to North Carolina in 1993, a game which is remembered mostly for Chris Webber's costly "timeout", which resulted in a technical foul as Michigan had no timeouts remaining. Webber earned second team All-Big Ten Conference recognition in 1992 and first team recognition in 1993. Howard an honorable mention in Document [62] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Cinderella run, and Michigan State, back in the Final Four for the first time since 2001. North Carolina emerged as the national champions for a fourth time, defeating Illinois in the final 75-70. North Carolina's Sean May was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Roy Williams won his first national championship. For the first time since 1999, when Weber State defeated North Carolina, a #14 seed defeated a #3 seed when Bucknell upset Kansas. A #13 seed, Vermont, advanced by defeating Syracuse in the first round and a #12 seed, Wisconsin-Milwaukee, advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the Chicago Document [63] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey) to the NCAA tournament came in 2016, which was also his last conference championship (this time in the Big Ten). Berenson announced his retirement on April 10, 2017. On April 24, 2017, Mel Pearson was announced as the new head coach at the University of Michigan. In his first season the team went 22-15-3, 11-10-3 in Big Ten play. They lost in the 2018 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to Ohio State 3-2 in overtime. The team qualified for the NCAA Tournament and went to the final four and lost to Notre Dame 4 to 3 on a last-second Document [64] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) the Final Four and the national title game since the 1989 national championship season; appearances in 1992 and 1993 were vacated due to a scandal. Following the season, at the 2013 NBA Draft, Burke and Hardaway were selected ninth and twenty-fourth, respectively, becoming the first pair of first-round NBA draft choices from Michigan since the 1994 NBA Draft. The team lost both of its captains from the prior season to graduation after they completed their eligibility. Senior two-time captain Douglass turned pro, joining Basket Navarra Club of the Liga Española de Baloncesto. Senior three-time captain Novak graduated to play for Document [65] (Title: 1964–65 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) opening round bye. Then it defeated the 98–71 and the 87–85 to win the Mideast region. In the final four, the team defeated the Bill Bradley-led Princeton Tigers team 93–76 bowing to UCLA. In the championship game, Michigan had three players disqualified, which was an NCAA tournament championship game record that stood until March 31, 1997. The season marked John Wooden's second consecutive championship as UCLA coach and the second of what would become nine championships in ten seasons. Various members of the team earned significant recognitions: Strack earned the UPI College Basketball Coach of the Year. Russell won the Document [66] (Title: John Beilein) has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set Document [67] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Michigan basketball scandal ended on May 8, 2013. Bartelstein blogged for the team from October 15, 2010, until April 11, 2013. His blogs from this season were turned into an ebook about the season entitled "We On: Behind the Scenes of Michigan's Final Four Run". 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at the Crisler Center. This season marked the team's 96th consecutive year as a member Document [68] (Title: Jordan Poole) section) held a "Poole party" in the stands, but Poole missed all four of his field goal attempts. Poole finished the regular season with three straight double digit scoring efforts, making 9 of 12 three-point shots against (#8 AP Poll/#9 Coaches Poll) Ohio State on February 18, Penn State on February 21, and Maryland on February 24. On March 4, a victory over (#8 AP Poll/#8 Coaches Poll) Purdue gave Michigan its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament championship since the game was the championship game of the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, even though Poole slumped during the Document [69] (Title: 1951–52 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Jim Skala scored 11 points while Milt Mead added seven and Paul Groffsky and Doug Lawrence each scored six. With the defeat, the Wolverines fell to a 3-10 conference record and a tie with Purdue for last place in the Big Ten. Game 22: Purdue. On March 3, 1952, the Wolverines won the final game of their season by a 68-60 score against Purdue at Yost Field House. The game matched teams that had been tied for last place in the Big Ten, and the victory saved the Wolverines from finishing the season in last place. In his final game Document [70] (Title: 1988–89 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, number three seeded Michigan won the tournament by defeating the fourteen-seeded 92–87, the six-seeded 91–82, the two-seeded , who had ousted them the prior two years, 92–87, the five-seeded 102–65, the one-seeded Illinois 83–81 and three-seeded Seton Hall 80–79 in overtime. Against North Carolina, the team set the school record of 13 three-point field goals made, which would last until February 22, 1998. They became the first team in school history to win 30 games. They held the wins record until the 2018 team won 32 games making it to the Final Four. The team Document [71] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) there, the Spartans cruised to their third consecutive Sweet Sixteen with wins over Valparaiso, and Utah. MSU continued their National Championship push by reaching their second consecutive Final Four with wins over Syracuse and Iowa State. MSU won every game by double digits despite playing the best possible seed in each round. In their Final Four matchup, Michigan State faced off against fellow Big Ten foe, Wisconsin, beating them in a hard fought game, 53–41. In the National Championship game, the Spartans triumphed over the Florida 89–76, despite losing Cleaves to an ankle injury 3:42 into the second half. The Document [72] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) points. Wagner became the third player with at least 20 points and 15 rebounds in a national semifinal game, and the first to do so since Hakeem Olajuwon in 1983. With the win, Michigan advances to its seventh national championship game, and first since 2013, and set a single season record with its 33rd victory. On April 2, Michigan lost to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova 62–79 in the National Championship Game. The loss snapped Michigan's 14-game win streak that dated back to February 6, and was the longest active winning streak in the nation. This was Michigan's longest Document [73] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) tournament championship. Michigan State earned a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament's East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the third straight year and the 12th time in 17 years. They defeated No. 1-seeded Virginia in the Sweet Sixteen to advance to the Elite Eight for the first time since 2010. There they fell to No. 7 seed and eventual National Champion, Connecticut. With the loss, the Tom Izzo's Final Four streak ended. Shortly after the season, Gary Harris declared for the NBA Draft. In 2015, MSU started the season well, Document [74] (Title: Mitch Albom) that two college basketball players were in the crowd at an NCAA tournament game when in fact they were not. In a column printed in the April 3, 2005 edition, Albom described two former Michigan State basketball players, both then in the NBA, attending an NCAA Final Four semifinal game on Saturday to cheer for their school. The players had told Albom they planned to attend, so Albom, filing on his normal Friday deadline but knowing the column could not come out until Sunday (after the game was over) wrote that the players were there. But the players' plans changed Document [75] (Title: Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery) also stop Chip Graber from throwing the game away. Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery is a young adult novel by John Feinstein. It tells the story of two young reporters, Stevie Thomas and Susan Carol Anderson, who stumble upon a plot to blackmail fictional Minnesota State basketball player Chip Graber into throwing the Final Four in New Orleans Though reluctant, Stevie's parents allow him to skip school and travel to New Orleans where he will write alongside the other winner of the contest, Susan Carol. Together, they stumble across a scandal between gamblers Document [76] (Title: University of Michigan) while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The men's basketball program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. The men's basketball team has most recently won back to back Big Ten Tournament Championships against Wisconsin in Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Robinson III and Trey Burke did so for the 2012–13 National Runner-up Wolverines on January 6, 2013. On November 29, Michigan lost to (#13 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) North Carolina 71–86 in the ACC–Big Ten Challenge. Michigan was led by Wagner with a team-high 20 points. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 Big Ten Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for the 2018 Big East Tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took Document [78] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999–2008. They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under current head coach John Beilein. In 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. The program reached another Final Four in 2018, its second under Beilein. Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. They took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53. In their second game, they faced Washington State and won Document [79] (Title: 2015 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) four upsets the previous day. Michigan State reached its seventh Final Four in the last 18 seasons—the best mark in the nation during that time span. For the first time since 2009, multiple 1 seeds reached the Final Four. For the first time since 2008, two 1 seeds reached the Championship, between Kansas and Memphis (later vacated by Memphis). Wisconsin was in its first final since 1941, and lost; and Duke in its first final since 2010, and won. The Wisconsin loss extended the Big Ten Conference's losing streak in National Championship games to six. As of 2015, Michigan State Document [80] (Title: Juwan Howard) ball consistently enough to hold him to 8 shots. His biggest contribution in the game was getting his hand on a loose ball to force a jump ball with 16 seconds left and Michigan leading by only three points. In the Elite Eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan faced a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes team that had beaten them twice during the regular season by double-digit margins. Michigan won the rematch, during which the Fab Five scored all but two of the Wolverines' points. The victory gave the 24–8 Wolverines a berth in Document [81] (Title: 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) It was Michigan's first tournament appearance in 11 years after the school was rocked with sanctions and punishments from the Chris Webber scandal in the mid-2000s. All final four teams in the tournament had won at least one national championship. Entering the tournament, North Carolina had the most, with four (1957, 1982, 1993, 2005); Connecticut had two; (1999, 2004); Michigan State also had two; (1979, 2000), and Villanova won one; (1985). The Spartans had home court advantage by playing in their home state. Six teams have played the Final Four in their home states, but only four of them won. Document [82] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) championship team had to win six games. In 10* (9) National Invitation Tournament appearances, Michigan is 25*–7 (20–7) overall all-time and 3*–1 (2–1) in the championship game. 16*–0 (14–0) at Crisler Arena and 8*–2 (6–2) at Madison Square Garden. The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013. Entering the 2013–14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana (54) and Ohio State (37). Two Michigan teams (December 14, 1964 87–85 over Wichita State at Detroit and Document [83] (Title: Jordan Poole) 4-game run, missing all 9 of his three-point shots. On March 17, 2018, Michigan defeated (#21 AP Poll/#19 Coaches Poll) Houston 64–63 in the second round of the 2018 NCAA Tournament, following a game-winning buzzer beater three-point shot by Poole, giving Michigan its fourth Sweet 16 in six years. The shot was described as nearly identical to the buzzer beater he had made a year earlier in the Dick's National Championship game. Poole finished the game with 8 points and 2 rebounds, but his only field goal attempt in his four minutes of play in the second half was the Document [84] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) when only two brackets existed.) Some claim that the phrase Final Four was first used to describe the final games of Indiana's annual high school basketball tournament. But the NCAA, which has a trademark on the term, says Final Four was originated by a "Plain Dealer" sportswriter, Ed Chay, in a 1975 article that appeared in the Official Collegiate Basketball Guide. The article stated that Marquette University "was one of the final four" of the 1974 tournament. The NCAA started capitalizing the term during 1978 and converting it to a trademark several years later. During recent years, the term Final Document [85] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) St. Mary's, and Mississippi to advance to their second straight Sweet Sixteen. A win over Oklahoma and Kentucky led MSU to the Final Four for the first time since 1978. However, MSU fell short in their bid for an NCAA championship, losing to Duke in the Final Four. In 1999–2000. Seniors Mateen Cleaves and Morris Peterson led the way for the Spartans as they began the season ranked No. 3 in the country. However, Cleaves sustained a stress fracture in his right foot prior to the season which forced him to miss the non-conference schedule and MSU fell to 9–4 Question: when's the last time michigan won the final four Answer: 2018 Long Answer: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball 2018--19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team University University of Michigan First season 1909 All - time record 1,474--1,034 (. 588) Head coach John Beilein (12th season) Conference Big Ten Location Ann Arbor, Michigan Arena Crisler Center (Capacity: 12,707) Nickname Wolverines Student section Maize Rage Colors Maize and Blue Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1989 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1965, 1976, 1992 *, 1993 *, 2013, 2018 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1964, 1965, 1976, 1989, 1992 *, 1993 *, 2013, 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1989, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 1995, 1996 *, 1998 *, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018 Conference tournament champions 1998 *, 2017, 2018 Conference regular season champions 1921, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1985, 1986, 2012, 2014 * vacated by NCAA Gold Document ID: 83

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Jon Horford) Dome that Al had won the championship at in 2007. Michigan reached the championship game. On November 8, 2013, Horford posted a career high 12 rebounds against the UMass Lowell in the season opener. In the subsequent game against South Carolina State on November 12, Horford again established a career high of 15 rebounds and added 9 points leaving him a point shy of a double-double. Prior to the game, the last time a Michigan Wolverine had posted 15 or more rebounds was when Manny Harris posted 16 on December 29, 2008 against North Carolina Central. In the January 2 Document [2] (Title: 2008–09 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) while Michigan made 13 of its last 14 free throws to defend its lead. The fourth three-pointer cut the lead to 75–71 with 51.3 seconds remaining. The game was the first time Michigan had defeated multiple top five teams in the same season since 1986–87 when it upended fifth-ranked Syracuse, 91–88 (January 18, 1987), second-ranked Iowa, 100–92 (January 31, 1987), and third-ranked Purdue, 104–68 (March 7, 1987). At that point in the season, Michigan's two wins against top five teams were as many as the rest of the nation combined. Then, after beating Eastern Michigan the following week, they welcomed Document [3] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) 1996, 1998), which is also an NCAA record. In 2011, the team was invited to the NCAA tournament for a record 21st year in a row. In 2011, Michigan reached the national semi-finals (now referred to as the "Frozen Four") for an unmatched 24th time. Vic Heyliger led Michigan to a record six NCAA titles, including the first one in college hockey history in 1948. Heyliger, who played for the Wolverines from 1935–37, also won national titles as Michigan coach in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 and 1956. He was inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974, in Document [4] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) in the championship game came in the last seconds as Michigan's Chris Webber tried to call a timeout with his team down by 2 points when double-teamed by North Carolina. Michigan had already used all of its timeouts, so Webber's gaffe resulted in a technical foul. Michigan subsequently vacated its entire 1992–93 schedule, including its six NCAA Tournament games, after it emerged that Webber had received under-the-table payments from a booster. In a game that featured two great individual battles (one between Bobby Hurley and Jason Kidd, and the other between Grant Hill and Lamond Murray), two-time defending champion Duke Document [5] (Title: John Beilein) against ranked opponents on the season. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 Big Ten season, Michigan was given a seven seed in the 2009 Big Ten Tournament. A win over Iowa in the Big Ten Tournament on March 12 was the Wolverines' twentieth of the season. With that win, Beilein had achieved a 20-win season at seven different schools, including four at the Division I level (Canisius, Richmond, West Virginia, Michigan). Three days later, Beilein's Wolverines earned a bid to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, the school's first appearance in 11 years. There, tenth-seeded Michigan defeated the seventh-seeded Clemson Tigers 62–59 Document [6] (Title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament) week before Selection Sunday. On six occasions, the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament (Michigan State in 1999 and 2000, Illinois in 2005, Ohio State in 2007, Wisconsin in 2015, and Michigan in 2018). In 2000, champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament. The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times, the most of any seed. The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017. The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first Document [7] (Title: 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) left to send the game to overtime and Michigan would then win to advance to the Elite Eight. Michigan routed Florida 79-59 to advance to the Final Four for the 1st time since 1993. Against Syracuse, with Michigan leading 58-56 with 19.2 seconds left, Jordan Morgan took the charge and Brandon Triche was called for an offensive foul. Then, Jon Horford made 1 of 2 free throws for a 59-56 lead. With 6 seconds left, Trevor Cooney missed a jump shot and Tim Hardaway Jr. got the rebound, then Caris LeVert threw it all the way to Morgan who would Document [8] (Title: 1956–57 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) school’s first trip to the Final Four. In the National Semifinal, the Spartans faced No. 1 North Carolina. In a game that would be referred to as one of the greatest games in college basketball history, the lead changed 31 times. Jack Quiggle made a half-court shot after regulation expired that would have won the game for the Spartans, but was ruled too late. Johnny Green missed a free throw at the end of the first overtime that also would have sealed the win for the Spartans. North Carolina's Pete Brennan made a basket as time expired to force a Document [9] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) (22). Michigan State has the seventh most all-time Final Four appearances with nine (1957, 1979, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2015). The program is also ninth all-time in NCAA tournament winning percentage (.677, through 2018). The first established coach for Michigan Agricultural College (MSU's name at the time), Charles Bemies was also the first athletic director in school history, while also coaching the football, baseball, and track teams. His two-year stint as basketball head coach ended in 1901. MAC’s second basketball coach was George Denman. Denman is the only basketball coach to go undefeated during his tenure, posting Document [10] (Title: Kevin Ollie) Michigan State to become the first #7 seed to reach the Final Four since the tournament expanded in 1985. On April 5, 2014, the Huskies defeated top-ranked Florida in the First Final Four national semifinal of the NCAA Tournament 63-53. The Huskies then defeated the Kentucky Wildcats 60-54 in the championship game on April 7 for Connecticut's fourth NCAA men's championship in fifteen years. On May 22, 2014, Ollie signed a new five-year contract with UConn, worth $2.8 million per year. He was fired with "just cause" on March 10, 2018 due to a pending investigation by the NCAA. In Document [11] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season) Dame in the National Semifinals after captain Jake Evans scored the game-winning goal with six seconds remaining. When the team reached the Frozen Four it marked the sixth time a school had reached the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). During the 2016–17 ice hockey season Michigan went 13–19–3, including 6–12–2 in Big Ten Play. Michigan lost in the first round of the 2017 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to eventual tournament winner Document [12] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) as of 2018. However, there was much less of a division between "major" and "mid-major" conferences in 1962, and the MVC was often seen in that day as a major basketball conference. The last time the Final Four was composed, as of 2018, of at least 75% of mid-major teams (3/4), i.e. excluding all present-day major conferences or their predecessors, was 1979, where Indiana State, then as now of the Missouri Valley Conference (which had lost several of its most prominent programs, among them Cincinnati, earlier in the decade); Penn, then as now in the Ivy League; and DePaul, then Document [13] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky, 75–72. During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin. It was the first time that a #8 seed had won the Big Ten Tournament During the Document [14] (Title: 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) Spartans with 21 points. As of 2018, Michigan State's 2000 team is the last Big Ten Conference team to win a National Championship. 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The National title game was played on April 3, 2000 at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The game matched No. 1-seeded Michigan State against No. 5-seeded Florida. The Spartans defeated the Gators, Document [15] (Title: 2008–09 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) Final Four for the fifth time in 11 seasons. "Detroit, here we come," said coach Tom Izzo, a Michigan native. "I can't tell you how much I'm looking forward to that." Durrell Summers contributed 10 second-half points in the win. In Detroit for the Final Four, the Spartans practiced before a crowd of over 30,000 fans as they were clearly the hometown favorites. In the national semifinals, Michigan State faced Connecticut, another No. 1 seed, for the right to play for the national championship. Kalin Lucas led the Spartans with 21 points and Raymar Morgan added 18 as the smaller Document [16] (Title: Dale Brown (basketball)) Jason Kidd, on a last second shot, 66–64 in the first round. In spite of all the talent and five straight 20-win seasons between 1988 and 1993, Brown failed to get any of these teams to the Sweet 16. In fact, the 1993 NCAA tournament appearance would be the last post-season appearance of the Dale Brown era, and the school's last until 2000. Dale Brown's final four years at LSU were mostly forgettable. All four seasons ended in losing records. Brown was still bringing talented players into the program, but things did not work out due to the loss of Document [17] (Title: Michigan Wolverines women's basketball) it was not officially sanctioned by the Big Ten until 1982–83. Michigan did not qualify for postseason play until earning an NCAA Tournament bid in 1990 under head coach Bud VanDeWege, which would remain its only tournament appearance until Sue Guevara led the Wolverines to five straight postseason appearances (in both the NCAA and WNIT tournaments) between 1998 and 2002. The team's best postseason performance in the NCAA Tournament is advancing to the Second Round, which it has done four times, in 1990, 2001, 2013, and 2018. The Wolverines won the WNIT tournament in 2017, and have also reached the Document [18] (Title: 2014–15 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Michigan defeated Oregon. The next day, Michigan lost to (#12 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) Villanova in the championship game. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the quarterfinals of the 1985 NCAAA Tournament, which Villanova also won. Villanova went on a 9–0 run to end the first half, and led by as many as 13 points early in the second half. Michigan cut the lead to 35–31 following an 11–2 run. Michigan led by as many as eight points with just under six minutes left in the game, before Villanova came back to retake the lead for Document [19] (Title: 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) A&M, and Florida State to advance to the Final Four. In the National semifinal, they defeated Loyola-Chicago before losing to Villanova in the championship game. Muhammad-Ali Abdur-Rahkman, Duncan Robinson, and graduate transfer Jaaron Simmons graduated during their senior seasons for the 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. On April 10, walk-on Brent Hibbitts announced that he would graduate and transfer with two years of eligibility remaining. On April 12, Ibi Watson announced his intention to transfer from the program. On April 14, Moritz Wagner declared for the 2018 NBA draft and hired an agent. On April 20, Charles Matthews declared Document [20] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) the Spartans to their fourth Final Four in seven seasons. MSU would again fall in the Final Four, this time to No. 2-ranked and No. 1-seeded North Carolina. The 2005–06 Spartans opened the season with a loss to Hawaii before losing to No. 8 Gonzaga led by Adam Morrison in triple overtime in the Maui Classic. Despite this, MSU ended the non-conference schedule at 12–2 and ranked No. 7 in the country. Early Big Ten losses followed by late season losses in conference left the Spartans 8–8 in the Big Ten. In the Big Ten Tournament, MSU defeated Purdue and Document [21] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) 28, 2013, marking the first time since November 30, 1992, that Michigan held that position. The team also made program history for the best season start, at 21–2. On March 31, The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79–59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992–93 season. The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61–56 in the Final Four. In the 2013 National Championship game, the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82–76. The 2013–14 team had another strong season, winning Michigan's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to Document [22] (Title: Tom Izzo) the NCAA Tournament. In 1999, Izzo won his first of five Big Ten Tournament titles, and went to his first Final Four, the first of three straight Final Four appearances, joining Krzyzewski and Ben Howland as the only three coaches who have made three consecutive Final Fours since the NCAA Tournament bracket expanded to 64 teams in 1985. In the instate rivalry with Michigan, Izzo's official record against the Wolverines is 24–14, although Michigan vacated five of their wins in the series at the start of his head coaching career. In 2000, Izzo led MSU to its second NCAA national Document [23] (Title: Fab Five (University of Michigan)) Ice Hockey Tournament) that the basketball team went to the championship game. In addition, the basketball team had won the championship two years before the Fab Five arrived on campus. Originally, the players rebelled against the moniker and attempted to give themselves the nickname Five Times' (written 5X's). In the elite eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan earned a rematch against a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes team that had beaten them twice during the regular season by double digits. Michigan won the rematch as all but two Wolverines points were scored by the Document [24] (Title: 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Oklahoma State by a 92–91 margin on the strength of a school NCAA Tournament record 16 three point shots (on 29 attempts, including 11–15 three point shooting in the second half). Michigan's 16 three point field goals also tied the Big Ten record for an NCAA Tournament game. The team was led by Derrick Walton's 26 points. With 26 points, 11 assists and five rebounds, Walton was the first player with at least 25 points, ten assists and five rebounds Document [25] (Title: 2004–05 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team) the game to overtime. Both teams only managed six points in the overtime period, scoring none in the final minute to force double overtime. On the strength of free throw shooting in the second overtime, the Spartans pulled out the win, 94–88. The win meant the Spartans advanced to their fourth Final Four in seven years. With Illinois also advancing to the Final Four to face Louisville, the Big Ten had two teams in the Final Four for the first time since 2000 when Michigan State defeated Wisconsin on the way to the National Championship. No. 2-ranked and No. 1-seeded Document [26] (Title: 1993 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament) Regional, who were also appearing in their first ever Final Four. The Final Four included four teams who had never been in a Final Four before, the first time that had happened since the very first NCAA Final Four in 1982. In one semifinal, second seeded Texas Tech faced a number one seed in Vanderbilt, but Texas Tech would win easily, 60–46, while Vanderbilt set a tournament record for fewest points in a half, of a semi-final game, with only 20 points in the second half. In the other semifinal, two Big Ten teams faced each other. Ohio State and Document [27] (Title: Glenn Robinson III) by the coaches. As a number four seed, Michigan defeated its first NCAA tournament opponent, South Dakota State, 71–56. Michigan Robinson tied his career-high again with 21 points. The 27th victory of the season gave the team its most wins in 20 years and matched head coach John Beilein's career high. Michigan had held a narrow 30–26 lead at the half, but Robinson made two 3-pointers to open the second half. He scored Michigan's first eleven-second half points as South Dakota only made one field goal in that time. In the first two tournament games against South Dakota State and Document [28] (Title: 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season) the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Regular season !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Exhibition !colspan="8" style="background:#; color:#;"| Regular season 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season The 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's hockey team will be the Wolverines' 97th season. They represent the University of Michigan in the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season. The team will be coached by Mel Pearson, in his second year as head coach, and play Document [29] (Title: Dean Smith) a see-saw battle throughout, but is remembered best for Chris Webber calling a time-out that Michigan didn't have with seconds left and Michigan trailing by only 2. Michigan was assessed a technical foul and North Carolina ended up winning 77-71, giving Smith his second national championship due to an unforced error or intentional give-away by the opposing team. After a six-year investigation by the NCAA, Webber's association and financial dealings with Ed Martin determined that there had been a series of violations and direct payments to players and was termed "the University of Michigan basketball scandal" and resulted in Michigan Document [30] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Player and was joined on the West Region All-tournament team by Wagner and Abdur-Rahkman. With the Wolverines men's basketball team advancing to the Final Four and the 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team advancing to the Frozen Four, this year marks the fourth instance that both programs are in their respective final four tournaments during the same season, and just the sixth time overall. On March 31, Michigan defeated Loyola–Chicago 69–57 in the national semifinals. Michigan was led by Wagner with 24 points and a career-high 15 rebounds, for his eighth double-double of the season, while Matthews added 17 Document [31] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) its Big 10 Conference Championship destiny in its own hands, Michigan defeated Purdue to set up a championship showdown with Indiana on March 10. Michigan concluded its road schedule with a 5–5 record. Michigan closed out the season by losing to Indiana (#2 AP/#2 Coaches) on March 10, failing its pursuit of defense of its conference co-championship. Michigan led by 5 with 52 seconds to go, but then missed 3 free throws, including the first attempt during 2 one-and-one situations. Burke and Morgan also missed last-second shots at the rim. Michigan wound down its regular season with its fifteenth sellout Document [32] (Title: Chris Webber) Five, sporting long, baggy shorts and black socks, became immensely popular as they were seen as bringing a hip hop flavor to the game. Four of the Fab Five (Webber, Rose, Howard, and King) made it to the NBA. In their first season, Michigan lost to Duke in the championship game. On April 5, 1993, at Michigan's second consecutive appearance at the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game with 11 seconds remaining, Webber brought the ball up the court into a half court trap. Michigan was down 73–71. Webber attempted to call for a timeout while his team had Document [33] (Title: John Beilein) for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76. Document [34] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) players to have won a state high school championship, NCAA title and NBA championship. During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal, described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history, when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $616,000. Due to NCAA sanctions, records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93 season, and 1995–99 seasons have been vacated. Throughout this article asterisks denote awards, records and honors that have been vacated. As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team, Michigan fielded a team of members of the Document [35] (Title: 2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) defeated Long Beach State in the first round of the 2013 Puerto Rico Tip-Off on November 21, as Michigan set a tournament record by making 14 three-point shots. The next day (against Florida State in the semifinals), Michigan was behind by 10 points at halftime, 16 points with 17:16 remaining and 63–54 with a few minutes left before winning 82–80 in overtime. In the final four minutes, Michigan used a 1-3-1 zone to force five turnovers during a 13–5 spurt to make up a 64–56 deficit. On November 24, the team lost the championship game to Charlotte on a last Document [36] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) in 1988. Unlike the situation with "March Madness", the KHSAA has retained sole ownership of the "Sweet Sixteen" trademark; it licenses the term to the NCAA for use in collegiate tournaments. The term Final Four refers to the last four teams remaining in the playoff tournament. These are the champions of the tournament's four regional brackets, and are the only teams remaining on the tournament's final weekend. (While the term "Final Four" was not used during the early decades of the tournament, the term has been applied retroactively to include the last four teams in tournaments from earlier years, even Document [37] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) tournament. MSU defeated Valparaiso and Memphis to advance to their fifth Sweet Sixteen in six years and their 11th trip in 16 years. However, the Spartans were defeated by Duke, who was led by Seth Curry, in the Sweet Sixteen. Michigan State began the 2013–14 season looking to continue Tom Izzo's Final Four streak: every player who had played four years for Izzo had made at least one Final Four. After beating No. 1 Kentucky in the Champions Classic, the Spartans moved to the No. 1 spot in the country. The Spartans held the No. 1 spot for three weeks Document [38] (Title: Bill Frieder) wins and 1 NCAA Tournament loss were later vacated" "** Record at Arizona State includes vacated games" "*** Final record includes vacated games" Bill Frieder William Samuel Frieder (born March 3, 1942) is a former basketball coach at Michigan (1981–1989) and Arizona State (1989–1997). Frieder's 1985–86 team was the last Michigan team to win a Big Ten Championship until the 2011–12 team. Just before the 1989 NCAA Tournament, Frieder announced that he would leave Michigan for Arizona State at the end of the season. Michigan athletic director Bo Schembechler ordered Frieder to leave immediately, and named top assistant Steve Fisher Document [39] (Title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament) not include results of the teams in which records were vacated. <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1998 championship vacated by Michigan<br>^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002) "Through 2018 tournament" Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins. Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men's college basketball regular season. The tournament has been played each year since 1998. The winner Document [40] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) an independent, participated in the Final Four, only to see Indiana State lose to Michigan State. The last time, as of 2018, the Final Four has been composed of at least 50% of mid-major teams (2/4) was 2011, when VCU, then of the Colonial Athletic Association, and Butler, then of the Horizon League, participated in the Final Four, only to see Butler lose to Connecticut. The two most recent Final Fours have involved a single "mid-major" team by the definition used here—the 2017 and 2018 tournaments, in which Gonzaga and Loyola–Chicago were respectively involved (although Gonzaga is arguably not a Document [41] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) 2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62. As of November 16, 2018 § – Conference co-champions Totals through December 4, Document [42] (Title: The Ten Year War) close call and what would become Schembechler's only unbeaten and untied regular-season team. Despite the 11–0 regular season, Michigan's national championship hopes were a long shot at best thanks to the presence of undefeated powerhouses at Nebraska and Alabama, as well as an Oklahoma team whose only loss was to Nebraska, but those faint hopes died with an upset defeat to an 8–3 Stanford squad minus 1970 Heisman Trophy recipient Jim Plunkett in the Rose Bowl. The Wolverines fell for a fake punt and eventually lost 13–12 on a last-second field goal. They would finish the season ranked #6. Ohio Document [43] (Title: 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) With the win, Michigan advanced to the Big Ten Tournament final for the first time since 2014 and the third time in program history. Seeded eighth, Michigan is the lowest seed to reach the Big Ten Tournament Final since 2008. On March 12, Michigan defeated (#23/#24) Wisconsin 71–56 to claim their first Big Ten Tournament championship since 1998. Michigan was led by Walton with a game-high 22 points, and seven assists, and was named tournament MVP. Irvin recorded 15 points, seven rebounds and five assists, and was named to the All-Tournament Team. As the No. 8 seed, Michigan became the Document [44] (Title: 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) related to both players on this team, as well as potential recruits. This decision was upheld on February 20, 2018. Michigan, who was led by 2013 national player of the year Trey Burke, was a #4 seed in the South Regional of the 2013 NCAA Tournament. In the 2nd round, Glenn Robinson III scored 21 points to lead the Wolverines past South Dakota State 71-56. In the 3rd Round, Michigan crushed VCU with a 78-53 win to advance to the Sweet 16 for the 1st time since 1994. Against Kansas, Burke made a long game-tying three pointer with 4.2 seconds Document [45] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) later forfeited due to NCAA violations. The team has appeared in the NCAA Final Four on eight occasions (1964, 1965, 1976, 1989, 1992*, 1993*, 2013, 2018) and won the National Championship in 1989 under Steve Fisher. The program later vacated its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances due to NCAA violations. Other notable players who played for Michigan include Roy Tarpley, Loy Vaught, Gary Grant, Terry Mills, Glen Rice, Jalen Rose, Rumeal Robinson, Rickey Green, Phil Hubbard, Jamal Crawford, Juwan Howard, Chris Webber, Jimmy King, Ray Jackson, Cazzie Russell, Daniel Horton, Campy Russell, and Mark Hughes. During the 1990s, the Document [46] (Title: 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament) couldn't win their final game. Magic Johnson of Michigan State was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Michigan State's victory over Indiana State was its first over a number one ranked team, and remained its only victory over a number one ranked team until 2007 (Wisconsin). The final game marked the beginning of the rivalry between future Hall of Famers Johnson and Larry Bird. As of 2016, it remains the highest-rated game in the history of televised college basketball. Both Johnson and Bird would enter the NBA in the fall of 1979, and the rivalry between them and their teams Document [47] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year All-Americans National Coach of the Year Big Ten Coach of the Year The University of Michigan has an all-time 59–27* (52–23) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28* (24) appearances. Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989. The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition. The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a Document [48] (Title: 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) the 2000 NCAA Tournament. Cleaves sprained his ankle with 16:18 to play in the second half, and this was after Florida had trimmed Michigan State's double digit halftime lead to 50–44. Cleaves returned about four minutes later, and immediately helped lead the Spartans on a 16–6 run to put the game out of reach. The lone top-seed remaining would bring order to a tournament filled with upsets as they salted away the victory for the school's second National Championship (1979). Michigan State coach Tom Izzo earned his first title in his second straight final four appearance. Morris Peterson led the Document [49] (Title: 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game) NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating Document [50] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) win the tournament for the third consecutive year. They received their third consecutive No. 1 seed, in the South Region of the NCAA Tournament. Seeking a repeat National Championship, MSU easily dispatched Alabama State and Fresno State to reach the Sweet Sixteen for the fourth consecutive year. A win over Gonzaga and Temple led to the school's third straight trip to the Final Four. However, they were unable to repeat as National Champions, losing to Arizona in the National Semifinal. Following the season, Randolph and Richardson each left school early and declared for the NBA Draft. As a result of Document [51] (Title: John Beilein) season at Michigan, in his 1,000th game as a head coach. As a #8 seed in the 2011 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Tennessee 75–45, establishing two NCAA Tournament records: the largest victory margin by an eight seed, and becoming the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw. Michigan won by its third-largest margin in its NCAA tournament history (second-most if vacated games are excluded), and the game marked the ninth straight time that John Beilein led a team victory in its first game of a postseason tournament (5 NCAA and 4 NIT). In the Document [52] (Title: 1998 Stanley Cup Finals) was the Wings' ninth Stanley Cup, and the most recent time when a Finals concluded with a sweep (as of 2018). This was also the last time until that a Stanley Cup Finals ended after an NBA Finals in the same season had concluded. Detroit coach Scotty Bowman won his eighth Stanley Cup in that capacity (having previously done so with the Montreal Canadiens in , , , , and , the Pittsburgh Penguins in , and the Wings the previous year), tying him with former Canadiens coach Toe Blake for the record of most Cups won by a coach Document [53] (Title: Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery) Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery is a young adult novel by John Feinstein. It tells the story of two young reporters, Stevie Thomas and Susan Carol Anderson, who stumble upon a plot to blackmail fictional Minnesota State basketball player Chip Graber into throwing the Final Four in New Orleans Though reluctant, Stevie's parents allow him to skip school and travel to New Orleans where he will write alongside the other winner of the contest, Susan Carol. Together, they stumble across a scandal between gamblers and a star NCAA basketball player Chip Graber. They Document [54] (Title: 1963 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament) Ed Jucker. Art Heyman, of Duke University, was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. This tournament marked the last time that a city was host to two straight Final Fours. For the fourth time, Louisville and Freedom Hall hosted the Final Four, the last time a host repeated in back-to-back years. Like the preceding year, all nine venues were either on-campus arenas or the primary off-campus arena for college teams. The tournament saw three new venues being used. For the first time, the tournament came to the state of Michigan, when Jenison Fieldhouse on the campus of Michigan State University Document [55] (Title: Michigan Wolverines field hockey) The achievement was the first NCAA title won by a women's sports team at the University of Michigan, and was also just the second time a Midwestern university had claimed the championship after Iowa had done it first in 1986. "Season-by-season results through the end of the 2018 season" As of February 22, 2018 Michigan has accumulated a total of 11 appearances in the NCAA tournament, including three Final Fours. In 2001, the Wolverines won their first NCAA championship by defeating Maryland in the final by a score of 2–0. The victory made them the first women's team at the Document [56] (Title: 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) no new host cities or venues used for the tournament. Additionally, no venues were retired after this year. <nowiki>*</nowiki> – Denotes overtime period CBS Sports ESPN and NCAA Productions CBS Radio The story of the Wolverines' success was cited as inspiration in another sport. When the Spain national football team manager Julen Lopetegui was sacked days before the 2018 FIFA World Cup started after agreeing to join Real Madrid after the tournament, Spanish defender Gerard Piqué drew parallels with Michigan's NCAA win amid similar circumstances. 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Document [57] (Title: 1991–92 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Final Four appearance in the wake of a major scandal involving many years of improper payments from a major booster to several former players, among them Webber. As Michigan celebrated Midnight Madness on October 15, 1991, there was already talk that at least four of the five freshmen would be starting before the season ended. (The five eventually started in a combined 304 of a possible 350 man-games among them during their first two seasons.) In the Elite Eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan earned a rematch against a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes Document [58] (Title: 1992–93 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) littered with upsets, as the #12, #13, and #15 seeds had all won in the first round. Michigan drew #12 seeded and won, then faced for the second consecutive year (having defeated them as a #6 seed the year before) and beating them 77–72 to join Kentucky, Kansas, and North Carolina in the Final Four in New Orleans. In their national semifinal at the Superdome on April 3, the team defeated Southeast Regional winner Kentucky 81–78 in overtime. In the championship game at the Superdome on April 5, the Wolverines lost to East Regional winner North Carolina 77–71. Michigan's final Document [59] (Title: 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game) emerged with an 84–79 win. That led to a winning streak; Michigan State ran off wins in their next nine games, defeating four of the teams that had beaten them in the process. Wisconsin snapped the Spartans' streak in their final game before the NCAA tournament, winning 83–81 on a long-range shot at the buzzer. The Spartans' 13–5 Big Ten record put them in a three-way tie with Iowa and Purdue for first in the conference, and they won 21 of 27 games in all regular season play; their final AP poll ranking was third. Michigan State was awarded the Document [60] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) advances to its third Elite Eight in six years. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the regional finals. Michigan was led by Matthews with 17 points. With the win, Michigan advances to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and for the first time since 2013. Michigan set a single-season program record with its 32nd victory of the season, surpassing the previous record of 31 wins set by the 1992–93 and 2012–13 teams. Michigan's defense held Florida State to just 23.3% (7-of-30) shooting in the second half. Matthews was named West Region Most Outstanding Document [61] (Title: Fab Five (University of Michigan)) Fab Five. Despite their talent, they never won a single championship, be it the Big Ten Regular Season Championship or NCAA Championship. They reached the NCAA championship game as freshmen in 1992 and again as sophomores in 1993. They lost to Duke 71–51 in the 1992 title game and lost 77–71 to North Carolina in 1993, a game which is remembered mostly for Chris Webber's costly "timeout", which resulted in a technical foul as Michigan had no timeouts remaining. Webber earned second team All-Big Ten Conference recognition in 1992 and first team recognition in 1993. Howard an honorable mention in Document [62] (Title: 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) Cinderella run, and Michigan State, back in the Final Four for the first time since 2001. North Carolina emerged as the national champions for a fourth time, defeating Illinois in the final 75-70. North Carolina's Sean May was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Roy Williams won his first national championship. For the first time since 1999, when Weber State defeated North Carolina, a #14 seed defeated a #3 seed when Bucknell upset Kansas. A #13 seed, Vermont, advanced by defeating Syracuse in the first round and a #12 seed, Wisconsin-Milwaukee, advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the Chicago Document [63] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey) to the NCAA tournament came in 2016, which was also his last conference championship (this time in the Big Ten). Berenson announced his retirement on April 10, 2017. On April 24, 2017, Mel Pearson was announced as the new head coach at the University of Michigan. In his first season the team went 22-15-3, 11-10-3 in Big Ten play. They lost in the 2018 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to Ohio State 3-2 in overtime. The team qualified for the NCAA Tournament and went to the final four and lost to Notre Dame 4 to 3 on a last-second Document [64] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) the Final Four and the national title game since the 1989 national championship season; appearances in 1992 and 1993 were vacated due to a scandal. Following the season, at the 2013 NBA Draft, Burke and Hardaway were selected ninth and twenty-fourth, respectively, becoming the first pair of first-round NBA draft choices from Michigan since the 1994 NBA Draft. The team lost both of its captains from the prior season to graduation after they completed their eligibility. Senior two-time captain Douglass turned pro, joining Basket Navarra Club of the Liga Española de Baloncesto. Senior three-time captain Novak graduated to play for Document [65] (Title: 1964–65 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) opening round bye. Then it defeated the 98–71 and the 87–85 to win the Mideast region. In the final four, the team defeated the Bill Bradley-led Princeton Tigers team 93–76 bowing to UCLA. In the championship game, Michigan had three players disqualified, which was an NCAA tournament championship game record that stood until March 31, 1997. The season marked John Wooden's second consecutive championship as UCLA coach and the second of what would become nine championships in ten seasons. Various members of the team earned significant recognitions: Strack earned the UPI College Basketball Coach of the Year. Russell won the Document [66] (Title: John Beilein) has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set Document [67] (Title: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Michigan basketball scandal ended on May 8, 2013. Bartelstein blogged for the team from October 15, 2010, until April 11, 2013. His blogs from this season were turned into an ebook about the season entitled "We On: Behind the Scenes of Michigan's Final Four Run". 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at the Crisler Center. This season marked the team's 96th consecutive year as a member Document [68] (Title: Jordan Poole) section) held a "Poole party" in the stands, but Poole missed all four of his field goal attempts. Poole finished the regular season with three straight double digit scoring efforts, making 9 of 12 three-point shots against (#8 AP Poll/#9 Coaches Poll) Ohio State on February 18, Penn State on February 21, and Maryland on February 24. On March 4, a victory over (#8 AP Poll/#8 Coaches Poll) Purdue gave Michigan its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament championship since the game was the championship game of the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, even though Poole slumped during the Document [69] (Title: 1951–52 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Jim Skala scored 11 points while Milt Mead added seven and Paul Groffsky and Doug Lawrence each scored six. With the defeat, the Wolverines fell to a 3-10 conference record and a tie with Purdue for last place in the Big Ten. Game 22: Purdue. On March 3, 1952, the Wolverines won the final game of their season by a 68-60 score against Purdue at Yost Field House. The game matched teams that had been tied for last place in the Big Ten, and the victory saved the Wolverines from finishing the season in last place. In his final game Document [70] (Title: 1988–89 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, number three seeded Michigan won the tournament by defeating the fourteen-seeded 92–87, the six-seeded 91–82, the two-seeded , who had ousted them the prior two years, 92–87, the five-seeded 102–65, the one-seeded Illinois 83–81 and three-seeded Seton Hall 80–79 in overtime. Against North Carolina, the team set the school record of 13 three-point field goals made, which would last until February 22, 1998. They became the first team in school history to win 30 games. They held the wins record until the 2018 team won 32 games making it to the Final Four. The team Document [71] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) there, the Spartans cruised to their third consecutive Sweet Sixteen with wins over Valparaiso, and Utah. MSU continued their National Championship push by reaching their second consecutive Final Four with wins over Syracuse and Iowa State. MSU won every game by double digits despite playing the best possible seed in each round. In their Final Four matchup, Michigan State faced off against fellow Big Ten foe, Wisconsin, beating them in a hard fought game, 53–41. In the National Championship game, the Spartans triumphed over the Florida 89–76, despite losing Cleaves to an ankle injury 3:42 into the second half. The Document [72] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) points. Wagner became the third player with at least 20 points and 15 rebounds in a national semifinal game, and the first to do so since Hakeem Olajuwon in 1983. With the win, Michigan advances to its seventh national championship game, and first since 2013, and set a single season record with its 33rd victory. On April 2, Michigan lost to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova 62–79 in the National Championship Game. The loss snapped Michigan's 14-game win streak that dated back to February 6, and was the longest active winning streak in the nation. This was Michigan's longest Document [73] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) tournament championship. Michigan State earned a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament's East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the third straight year and the 12th time in 17 years. They defeated No. 1-seeded Virginia in the Sweet Sixteen to advance to the Elite Eight for the first time since 2010. There they fell to No. 7 seed and eventual National Champion, Connecticut. With the loss, the Tom Izzo's Final Four streak ended. Shortly after the season, Gary Harris declared for the NBA Draft. In 2015, MSU started the season well, Document [74] (Title: Mitch Albom) that two college basketball players were in the crowd at an NCAA tournament game when in fact they were not. In a column printed in the April 3, 2005 edition, Albom described two former Michigan State basketball players, both then in the NBA, attending an NCAA Final Four semifinal game on Saturday to cheer for their school. The players had told Albom they planned to attend, so Albom, filing on his normal Friday deadline but knowing the column could not come out until Sunday (after the game was over) wrote that the players were there. But the players' plans changed Document [75] (Title: Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery) also stop Chip Graber from throwing the game away. Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery Last Shot: A Final Four Mystery is a young adult novel by John Feinstein. It tells the story of two young reporters, Stevie Thomas and Susan Carol Anderson, who stumble upon a plot to blackmail fictional Minnesota State basketball player Chip Graber into throwing the Final Four in New Orleans Though reluctant, Stevie's parents allow him to skip school and travel to New Orleans where he will write alongside the other winner of the contest, Susan Carol. Together, they stumble across a scandal between gamblers Document [76] (Title: University of Michigan) while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The men's basketball program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. The men's basketball team has most recently won back to back Big Ten Tournament Championships against Wisconsin in Document [77] (Title: 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) Robinson III and Trey Burke did so for the 2012–13 National Runner-up Wolverines on January 6, 2013. On November 29, Michigan lost to (#13 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) North Carolina 71–86 in the ACC–Big Ten Challenge. Michigan was led by Wagner with a team-high 20 points. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 Big Ten Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for the 2018 Big East Tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took Document [78] (Title: Michigan Wolverines) then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999–2008. They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under current head coach John Beilein. In 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. The program reached another Final Four in 2018, its second under Beilein. Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. They took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53. In their second game, they faced Washington State and won Document [79] (Title: 2015 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) four upsets the previous day. Michigan State reached its seventh Final Four in the last 18 seasons—the best mark in the nation during that time span. For the first time since 2009, multiple 1 seeds reached the Final Four. For the first time since 2008, two 1 seeds reached the Championship, between Kansas and Memphis (later vacated by Memphis). Wisconsin was in its first final since 1941, and lost; and Duke in its first final since 2010, and won. The Wisconsin loss extended the Big Ten Conference's losing streak in National Championship games to six. As of 2015, Michigan State Document [80] (Title: Juwan Howard) ball consistently enough to hold him to 8 shots. His biggest contribution in the game was getting his hand on a loose ball to force a jump ball with 16 seconds left and Michigan leading by only three points. In the Elite Eight round of the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Michigan faced a Jimmy Jackson-led Ohio State Buckeyes team that had beaten them twice during the regular season by double-digit margins. Michigan won the rematch, during which the Fab Five scored all but two of the Wolverines' points. The victory gave the 24–8 Wolverines a berth in Document [81] (Title: 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) It was Michigan's first tournament appearance in 11 years after the school was rocked with sanctions and punishments from the Chris Webber scandal in the mid-2000s. All final four teams in the tournament had won at least one national championship. Entering the tournament, North Carolina had the most, with four (1957, 1982, 1993, 2005); Connecticut had two; (1999, 2004); Michigan State also had two; (1979, 2000), and Villanova won one; (1985). The Spartans had home court advantage by playing in their home state. Six teams have played the Final Four in their home states, but only four of them won. Document [82] (Title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball) championship team had to win six games. In 10* (9) National Invitation Tournament appearances, Michigan is 25*–7 (20–7) overall all-time and 3*–1 (2–1) in the championship game. 16*–0 (14–0) at Crisler Arena and 8*–2 (6–2) at Madison Square Garden. The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013. Entering the 2013–14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana (54) and Ohio State (37). Two Michigan teams (December 14, 1964 87–85 over Wichita State at Detroit and Document [83] (Title: Jordan Poole) 4-game run, missing all 9 of his three-point shots. On March 17, 2018, Michigan defeated (#21 AP Poll/#19 Coaches Poll) Houston 64–63 in the second round of the 2018 NCAA Tournament, following a game-winning buzzer beater three-point shot by Poole, giving Michigan its fourth Sweet 16 in six years. The shot was described as nearly identical to the buzzer beater he had made a year earlier in the Dick's National Championship game. Poole finished the game with 8 points and 2 rebounds, but his only field goal attempt in his four minutes of play in the second half was the Document [84] (Title: NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament) when only two brackets existed.) Some claim that the phrase Final Four was first used to describe the final games of Indiana's annual high school basketball tournament. But the NCAA, which has a trademark on the term, says Final Four was originated by a "Plain Dealer" sportswriter, Ed Chay, in a 1975 article that appeared in the Official Collegiate Basketball Guide. The article stated that Marquette University "was one of the final four" of the 1974 tournament. The NCAA started capitalizing the term during 1978 and converting it to a trademark several years later. During recent years, the term Final Document [85] (Title: Michigan State Spartans men's basketball) St. Mary's, and Mississippi to advance to their second straight Sweet Sixteen. A win over Oklahoma and Kentucky led MSU to the Final Four for the first time since 1978. However, MSU fell short in their bid for an NCAA championship, losing to Duke in the Final Four. In 1999–2000. Seniors Mateen Cleaves and Morris Peterson led the way for the Spartans as they began the season ranked No. 3 in the country. However, Cleaves sustained a stress fracture in his right foot prior to the season which forced him to miss the non-conference schedule and MSU fell to 9–4 Question: when's the last time michigan won the final four

Answer: 2018 Long Answer: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball 2018--19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team University University of Michigan First season 1909 All - time record 1,474--1,034 (. 588) Head coach John Beilein (12th season) Conference Big Ten Location Ann Arbor, Michigan Arena Crisler Center (Capacity: 12,707) Nickname Wolverines Student section Maize Rage Colors Maize and Blue Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1989 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1965, 1976, 1992 *, 1993 *, 2013, 2018 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1964, 1965, 1976, 1989, 1992 *, 1993 *, 2013, 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1989, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 *, 1994, 1995, 1996 *, 1998 *, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018 Conference tournament champions 1998 *, 2017, 2018 Conference regular season champions 1921, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1948, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1985, 1986, 2012, 2014 * vacated by NCAA Gold Document ID: 83

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Taylor Swift) former, she became the first act to have four albums sell one million copies within one week in the US. Swift is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums—including 27.8 million in the US—and 130 million single downloads. As a songwriter, she has received awards from the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and was included in "Rolling Stone" 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. She is also the recipient of 10 Grammys, one Emmy, 23 "Billboard" Music Awards, and 12 Country Music Association Awards, and Document [2] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) pure copies in the US, becoming the first album to do so in two years. After selling 50,000 copies in Canada during its first day of availability, the record also became Swift's fifth album to top the Canadian Albums Chart, entering at number one with 80,000 copies among 81,000 consumption units. It had the country's largest opening for an album since Drake's "Views" in 2016. The record then sold 15,000 more copies and earned another 17,000 consumption units over the following week, giving Swift her fourth consecutive album to spend more than one week at Canada's top spot. After receiving Document [3] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) sales of 6.11 million copies as of December 2017, while selling 10.1 million worldwide. Seven singles were released from the album: "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood" all reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, with other singles reaching the chart's top-ten ("Style" and "Wildest Dreams") and top-20 ("Out of the Woods"). The first five singles all received a multi-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "1989" won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2016, making Swift the first female artist to win the award twice as lead solo artist, Document [4] (Title: Fearless (Taylor Swift album)) sold more than 8.68 million copies worldwide as of March 2011. "Fearless" is also the most awarded album in the history of country music, winning Album of the Year at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, the American Music Awards of 2009, the Country Music Association Awards and the Academy of Country Music Awards. Winning Album of the Year at age 20, Swift became the youngest artist in the history of the Grammy Awards to win the award. She would later win her second Album of the Year six years later. On December 11, 2017, "Fearless" became the 121st album to Document [5] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) 10th largest overall sales week in the nation for an album since Nielsen SoundScan tracked its sales, and became the first album since "25" to sell a million copies there within a week. It additionally sold more that week than all other albums on the chart combined. With 256,000 more album-equivalent units earned and another 232,000 copies sold the next week, "Reputation" stayed at number one and became the first album to top the country's chart for two weeks since Jay-Z's "" earlier that year, the first by a female to overall spend more than one week at the summit Document [6] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) and Best Country Album at the 56th Grammy Awards. "Red" was a huge commercial success. In the United States, "Red" became the fastest-selling album in over a decade after selling 1.21 million copies in its first week, and earned Swift her third No. 1 album on the "Billboard" 200. "Red" has the second highest first week sum by a female artist, only behind Britney Spears' "Oops!... I Did It Again" (2000), which opened with 1.3 million units. "Red" had the biggest sales week in 2012 and outsold the top 52 albums in the "Billboard" 200 on its first week. It Document [7] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) with sales of 37,000, bringing its two-week sales total to 144,000 copies. It went on to become Canada's best-selling album of the year, having sold 314,000 copies. In the UK, "1989" sold 90,000 in its first week and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It became her second number-one album in the UK, following "Red" (2012), and was the fastest-selling female solo album in 2014. To date, the album has sold 1.127 million copies in the UK. As of October 2017, "1989" has sold 10.1 million copies worldwide. In 2015, "1989" was ranked as the number one Document [8] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) ending January 19, 2008, the album reached its charting peak at number five due to sales of 47,000 copies. "Taylor Swift" marked the longest stay on the "Billboard" 200 by any album released in the decade. As of June 3, 2011, the album has stayed on the chart for 275 weeks. The album topped "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top Country Albums Chart for twenty-four non-consecutive weeks. On the week ending August 2, 2008, Swift's EP "Beautiful Eyes" replaced "Taylor Swift" as the chart's number one album. With "Taylor Swift" charting at number two, Swift became the first artist to hold the first two Document [9] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) 19th album to sell over one million copies in a single week since SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. It was the seventh-highest sales week in history, and the highest sales week since 2002, when Eminem's "The Eminem Show" sold 1.3 million units. Swift also became the first artist to release three albums that sold one million or more copies within a single week. The album remained at the top spot of the "Billboard" 200 during the second and third week of release, surpassing 2 million copies sold. In its fourth week, the album was replaced by One Direction's "Four", Document [10] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, giving Swift her third consecutive chart-topper in the US. Its first week sales of 1.21 million copies was the third biggest debut for a female artist in US history and became the fastest-selling album in over a decade in the United States. It made music history for claiming the biggest first week sales of all time by a country act, the record previously held by Garth Brooks. "Red" is just the 18th album in United States history to sell one million copies in a single week. It was also a huge global success, becoming Document [11] (Title: Taylor Swift discography) to the RIAA, Swift is the third-best-selling digital singles artist in the United States, with cumulative single certifications of 120 million digital downloads and on-demand streaming. Meanwhile, US total album sales stand at 46.5 million copies. With estimated sales of over 87 million albums and 153 million singles worldwide, Swift is one of the best-selling music artists. Taylor Swift discography American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's career began with a record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 and the release of her eponymous debut album the following year. In the United States, "Taylor Swift" peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Document [12] (Title: Susan Boyle) six straight weeks and although it narrowly failed to become the best-selling album of 2009, with sales of 3,104,000 compared to 3,217,000 for Taylor Swift's "Fearless", it was one of only two albums to sell over 3 million copies in the US, and was also the top selling "physical" album of 2009, with only 86,000 of its sales coming from digital downloads. This has in turn garnered more media attention, as mentioned by "People" magazine. In Italy, it was the first album of the month in the Italian No. 1 Account by a non-Italian artist ever. In only a week, Document [13] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) were both nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance. "1989" also won Album of the Year at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards. In the United States, "1989" sold 1,287,000 copies during its first week of release, debuting atop the "Billboard" 200 chart. Additional copies were sold for US$0.99 through a Microsoft promotion but were not included in the total due to a Nielsen SoundScan policy of not including sales priced under $3.99 within the first four weeks of a release. The album's performance broke Swift's own personal sales record, and became the Document [14] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) 200 throughout her career, tying her with Adele as the woman with most weeks at No. 1 since SoundScan began tabulating the "Billboard" 200 in May 1991. Swift later surpassed this record with the release of her next album, "1989". "Red" finished 2012 as the second biggest album despite being out for only two months, selling 3.11 million. It makes the fourth time she has an album ranked in the year's top three sellers. , the album has sold 4,385,600 copies in the US. In Canada, "Red" ranks Swift's third No. 1 album as well selling 93,000 copies on its Document [15] (Title: Taylor Swift) critical and commercial success, and debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 1.21 million copies. This marked the highest opening sales in a decade in the United States, and made Swift the first female to have two million-selling album openings, a record recognized by the "Guinness Book of World Records". The Red Tour ran from March 2013 to June 2014 and grossed over $150 million. "Red" earned several accolades, including four nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Its single "I Knew You Were Trouble" won Best Female Video at the 2013 MTV Video Music Document [16] (Title: Katy Perry discography) Katy Perry discography American singer Katy Perry has released five studio albums, one live album, two extended plays (EP), 27 singles (including three as featured artist), and five promotional singles. Perry has been certified for 98 million digital singles and 6 million albums in the United States. She is also the fourth best selling digital singles artist in the US according to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Throughout her career, Perry has sold over 40 million albums and 125 million singles globally. She currently holds the record for most 5-million-selling singles in the United States, with six of her Document [17] (Title: Taylor Swift discography) the internationally successful singles "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble", with the former reaching number one in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Swift's fifth studio album, "1989" (2014), debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 1.287 million copies, making her the first artist to release three albums (after "Speak Now" and "Red") with sales of one million within a single week. The album reached number one in several other countries, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom; as of 2016, it has sold a total of 10.1 million copies worldwide. Document [18] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) has also the biggest one week sales for a country album beating Garth Brooks' "Double Live" which sold 1.085 million copies in 1998. "Red" sold 465,000 digital copies in its first week in the US, which is the second biggest after Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" (2011). It sold around 1.459 million copies worldwide in its first week of sales. In its second week on the "Billboard" 200, the album remained at No. 1 and sold 344,000 copies (down 72%). Next week "Red" held atop the "Billboard" 200 and sold a further 196,000 copies (down 43%) which brought its sales Document [19] (Title: Taylor Swift) was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" 200, and becoming the 16th album to achieve opening week sales of one million copies. It became the fastest-selling digital album by a female artist, with 278,000 downloads in a week, earning Swift an entry in the 2010 "Guinness World Records." She earned another Guinness World Record entry after she became the first woman to achieve 10 track debuts on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Three of the album's singles, "Mine", "Back to December", and "Mean", peaked in the top ten in Canada. "Mean" won Best Country Song and Best Document [20] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for the shipment of 80,000 copies. In Australia, "Taylor Swift" peaked at number thirty-three on the main chart and at number three on the country-genre chart. On the week ending September 5, 2009, it entered the UK Albums Chart at number 88; the following week, it reached its peak at number 81. The album has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of more than 100,000 copies. Notes Credits are adapted from liner notes of "Taylor Swift". !scope="row"|Worldwide Taylor Swift (album) Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American Document [21] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) Swift's first chart-topper in the United Kingdom, and also topped the album charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, while also charting in the top ten in every other major music market, including China. Worldwide, "Red" has sold 7 million copies as of December 2017. It was Swift's third consecutive top-selling album of the year in the United States, managing to be the second best-selling album of 2012 across all genres only two months after its release. This made it the fourth time Swift had an album ranked in the year's top three sellers in the United States. According Document [22] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) to 1.749 million, thus ranking the third biggest selling album of 2012 behind Adele's "21" and One Direction's "Up All Night". The album was dethroned by One Direction's "Take Me Home" on its fourth week. In its seventh week, "Red" climbed back to No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 selling 167,000 and with that, Swift became tied with Jay-Z and Whitney Houston for fourth most-weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking in 1991. Swift held the "Billboard" 200 top spot the next two weeks, thus making Swift the first artist since The Beatles in Document [23] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) 1 and spent a total of three consecutive weeks at the top, becoming Swift's longest running No. 1 album in Australia; "Red" was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 280,000 copies. In New Zealand, the album also became Swift's third No. 1 album, and has been certified platinum by the RIANZ. Worldwide, Swift set a new worldwide iTunes Store record for highest ever first-week album sales with 566,000 copies sold digitally around the globe. Later, this record was beat by Justin Timberlake's album "The 20/20 Experience" (580,000 copies during its first week). The album's Document [24] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) in the US. The album ultimately became Swift's fifth number-one album on the US "Billboard" 200 when it debuted atop the chart with 1.238 million album-equivalent units that consisted of 1.216 million traditional sales, becoming her fourth album to sell a million copies in the country in its first week. As a result, Swift became the only act to have four albums sell more than a million copies there within a week since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. "Reputation" also had the largest album opening in the United States since Adele's "25" in 2015 as well as the Document [25] (Title: Taylor Swift) with the highest worldwide digital sales. Swift's studio albums "Taylor Swift", "Fearless", "Speak Now", "Red", and "1989" have all sold over 4 million copies in the US. She is the third best-selling digital singles artist in the US with a total of 106.5 million equivalent units certified according to Recording Industry Association of America. Taylor Swift Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. One of the world's leading contemporary recording artists, she is known for narrative songs about her personal life, which have received widespread media coverage. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Swift moved Document [26] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) positions on Top Country Albums since LeAnn Rimes charted in 1997 with "Blue" (1996) and "" (1997). In December 2017, the album was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for the shipment and sales of 7,000,000 copies. As of July 2015, the album has sold 5.52 million copies in the United States. Six years after its release, "Taylor Swift" debuted at number thirty-eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart. "Taylor Swift" peaked at number fourteen on the Canadian Albums Chart and at number-one on the Canadian Country Albums Chart. "Taylor Swift" was certified platinum by Question: how many albums has taylor swift sold overall Answer: over 40 million albums Long Answer: According to RIAA, Swift is the second - best - selling digital singles artist in the United States, with cumulative single certifications of 106.5 million digital downloads and on - demand streaming . Meanwhile, US total album sales stand at 31.4 million copies . With estimated sales of over 40 million albums and 130 million singles worldwide, Swift is one of the best - selling music artists. Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Taylor Swift) former, she became the first act to have four albums sell one million copies within one week in the US. Swift is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums—including 27.8 million in the US—and 130 million single downloads. As a songwriter, she has received awards from the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and was included in "Rolling Stone" 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. She is also the recipient of 10 Grammys, one Emmy, 23 "Billboard" Music Awards, and 12 Country Music Association Awards, and Document [2] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) pure copies in the US, becoming the first album to do so in two years. After selling 50,000 copies in Canada during its first day of availability, the record also became Swift's fifth album to top the Canadian Albums Chart, entering at number one with 80,000 copies among 81,000 consumption units. It had the country's largest opening for an album since Drake's "Views" in 2016. The record then sold 15,000 more copies and earned another 17,000 consumption units over the following week, giving Swift her fourth consecutive album to spend more than one week at Canada's top spot. After receiving Document [3] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) sales of 6.11 million copies as of December 2017, while selling 10.1 million worldwide. Seven singles were released from the album: "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood" all reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, with other singles reaching the chart's top-ten ("Style" and "Wildest Dreams") and top-20 ("Out of the Woods"). The first five singles all received a multi-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "1989" won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2016, making Swift the first female artist to win the award twice as lead solo artist, Document [4] (Title: Fearless (Taylor Swift album)) sold more than 8.68 million copies worldwide as of March 2011. "Fearless" is also the most awarded album in the history of country music, winning Album of the Year at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, the American Music Awards of 2009, the Country Music Association Awards and the Academy of Country Music Awards. Winning Album of the Year at age 20, Swift became the youngest artist in the history of the Grammy Awards to win the award. She would later win her second Album of the Year six years later. On December 11, 2017, "Fearless" became the 121st album to Document [5] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) 10th largest overall sales week in the nation for an album since Nielsen SoundScan tracked its sales, and became the first album since "25" to sell a million copies there within a week. It additionally sold more that week than all other albums on the chart combined. With 256,000 more album-equivalent units earned and another 232,000 copies sold the next week, "Reputation" stayed at number one and became the first album to top the country's chart for two weeks since Jay-Z's "" earlier that year, the first by a female to overall spend more than one week at the summit Document [6] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) and Best Country Album at the 56th Grammy Awards. "Red" was a huge commercial success. In the United States, "Red" became the fastest-selling album in over a decade after selling 1.21 million copies in its first week, and earned Swift her third No. 1 album on the "Billboard" 200. "Red" has the second highest first week sum by a female artist, only behind Britney Spears' "Oops!... I Did It Again" (2000), which opened with 1.3 million units. "Red" had the biggest sales week in 2012 and outsold the top 52 albums in the "Billboard" 200 on its first week. It Document [7] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) with sales of 37,000, bringing its two-week sales total to 144,000 copies. It went on to become Canada's best-selling album of the year, having sold 314,000 copies. In the UK, "1989" sold 90,000 in its first week and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It became her second number-one album in the UK, following "Red" (2012), and was the fastest-selling female solo album in 2014. To date, the album has sold 1.127 million copies in the UK. As of October 2017, "1989" has sold 10.1 million copies worldwide. In 2015, "1989" was ranked as the number one Document [8] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) ending January 19, 2008, the album reached its charting peak at number five due to sales of 47,000 copies. "Taylor Swift" marked the longest stay on the "Billboard" 200 by any album released in the decade. As of June 3, 2011, the album has stayed on the chart for 275 weeks. The album topped "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top Country Albums Chart for twenty-four non-consecutive weeks. On the week ending August 2, 2008, Swift's EP "Beautiful Eyes" replaced "Taylor Swift" as the chart's number one album. With "Taylor Swift" charting at number two, Swift became the first artist to hold the first two Document [9] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) 19th album to sell over one million copies in a single week since SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. It was the seventh-highest sales week in history, and the highest sales week since 2002, when Eminem's "The Eminem Show" sold 1.3 million units. Swift also became the first artist to release three albums that sold one million or more copies within a single week. The album remained at the top spot of the "Billboard" 200 during the second and third week of release, surpassing 2 million copies sold. In its fourth week, the album was replaced by One Direction's "Four", Document [10] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, giving Swift her third consecutive chart-topper in the US. Its first week sales of 1.21 million copies was the third biggest debut for a female artist in US history and became the fastest-selling album in over a decade in the United States. It made music history for claiming the biggest first week sales of all time by a country act, the record previously held by Garth Brooks. "Red" is just the 18th album in United States history to sell one million copies in a single week. It was also a huge global success, becoming Document [11] (Title: Taylor Swift discography) to the RIAA, Swift is the third-best-selling digital singles artist in the United States, with cumulative single certifications of 120 million digital downloads and on-demand streaming. Meanwhile, US total album sales stand at 46.5 million copies. With estimated sales of over 87 million albums and 153 million singles worldwide, Swift is one of the best-selling music artists. Taylor Swift discography American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's career began with a record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 and the release of her eponymous debut album the following year. In the United States, "Taylor Swift" peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Document [12] (Title: Susan Boyle) six straight weeks and although it narrowly failed to become the best-selling album of 2009, with sales of 3,104,000 compared to 3,217,000 for Taylor Swift's "Fearless", it was one of only two albums to sell over 3 million copies in the US, and was also the top selling "physical" album of 2009, with only 86,000 of its sales coming from digital downloads. This has in turn garnered more media attention, as mentioned by "People" magazine. In Italy, it was the first album of the month in the Italian No. 1 Account by a non-Italian artist ever. In only a week, Document [13] (Title: 1989 (Taylor Swift album)) were both nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance. "1989" also won Album of the Year at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards. In the United States, "1989" sold 1,287,000 copies during its first week of release, debuting atop the "Billboard" 200 chart. Additional copies were sold for US$0.99 through a Microsoft promotion but were not included in the total due to a Nielsen SoundScan policy of not including sales priced under $3.99 within the first four weeks of a release. The album's performance broke Swift's own personal sales record, and became the Document [14] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) 200 throughout her career, tying her with Adele as the woman with most weeks at No. 1 since SoundScan began tabulating the "Billboard" 200 in May 1991. Swift later surpassed this record with the release of her next album, "1989". "Red" finished 2012 as the second biggest album despite being out for only two months, selling 3.11 million. It makes the fourth time she has an album ranked in the year's top three sellers. , the album has sold 4,385,600 copies in the US. In Canada, "Red" ranks Swift's third No. 1 album as well selling 93,000 copies on its Document [15] (Title: Taylor Swift) critical and commercial success, and debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 1.21 million copies. This marked the highest opening sales in a decade in the United States, and made Swift the first female to have two million-selling album openings, a record recognized by the "Guinness Book of World Records". The Red Tour ran from March 2013 to June 2014 and grossed over $150 million. "Red" earned several accolades, including four nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Its single "I Knew You Were Trouble" won Best Female Video at the 2013 MTV Video Music Document [16] (Title: Katy Perry discography) Katy Perry discography American singer Katy Perry has released five studio albums, one live album, two extended plays (EP), 27 singles (including three as featured artist), and five promotional singles. Perry has been certified for 98 million digital singles and 6 million albums in the United States. She is also the fourth best selling digital singles artist in the US according to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Throughout her career, Perry has sold over 40 million albums and 125 million singles globally. She currently holds the record for most 5-million-selling singles in the United States, with six of her Document [17] (Title: Taylor Swift discography) the internationally successful singles "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble", with the former reaching number one in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Swift's fifth studio album, "1989" (2014), debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 1.287 million copies, making her the first artist to release three albums (after "Speak Now" and "Red") with sales of one million within a single week. The album reached number one in several other countries, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom; as of 2016, it has sold a total of 10.1 million copies worldwide. Document [18] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) has also the biggest one week sales for a country album beating Garth Brooks' "Double Live" which sold 1.085 million copies in 1998. "Red" sold 465,000 digital copies in its first week in the US, which is the second biggest after Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" (2011). It sold around 1.459 million copies worldwide in its first week of sales. In its second week on the "Billboard" 200, the album remained at No. 1 and sold 344,000 copies (down 72%). Next week "Red" held atop the "Billboard" 200 and sold a further 196,000 copies (down 43%) which brought its sales Document [19] (Title: Taylor Swift) was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" 200, and becoming the 16th album to achieve opening week sales of one million copies. It became the fastest-selling digital album by a female artist, with 278,000 downloads in a week, earning Swift an entry in the 2010 "Guinness World Records." She earned another Guinness World Record entry after she became the first woman to achieve 10 track debuts on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Three of the album's singles, "Mine", "Back to December", and "Mean", peaked in the top ten in Canada. "Mean" won Best Country Song and Best Document [20] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for the shipment of 80,000 copies. In Australia, "Taylor Swift" peaked at number thirty-three on the main chart and at number three on the country-genre chart. On the week ending September 5, 2009, it entered the UK Albums Chart at number 88; the following week, it reached its peak at number 81. The album has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of more than 100,000 copies. Notes Credits are adapted from liner notes of "Taylor Swift". !scope="row"|Worldwide Taylor Swift (album) Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American Document [21] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) Swift's first chart-topper in the United Kingdom, and also topped the album charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, while also charting in the top ten in every other major music market, including China. Worldwide, "Red" has sold 7 million copies as of December 2017. It was Swift's third consecutive top-selling album of the year in the United States, managing to be the second best-selling album of 2012 across all genres only two months after its release. This made it the fourth time Swift had an album ranked in the year's top three sellers in the United States. According Document [22] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) to 1.749 million, thus ranking the third biggest selling album of 2012 behind Adele's "21" and One Direction's "Up All Night". The album was dethroned by One Direction's "Take Me Home" on its fourth week. In its seventh week, "Red" climbed back to No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 selling 167,000 and with that, Swift became tied with Jay-Z and Whitney Houston for fourth most-weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking in 1991. Swift held the "Billboard" 200 top spot the next two weeks, thus making Swift the first artist since The Beatles in Document [23] (Title: Red (Taylor Swift album)) 1 and spent a total of three consecutive weeks at the top, becoming Swift's longest running No. 1 album in Australia; "Red" was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 280,000 copies. In New Zealand, the album also became Swift's third No. 1 album, and has been certified platinum by the RIANZ. Worldwide, Swift set a new worldwide iTunes Store record for highest ever first-week album sales with 566,000 copies sold digitally around the globe. Later, this record was beat by Justin Timberlake's album "The 20/20 Experience" (580,000 copies during its first week). The album's Document [24] (Title: Reputation (Taylor Swift album)) in the US. The album ultimately became Swift's fifth number-one album on the US "Billboard" 200 when it debuted atop the chart with 1.238 million album-equivalent units that consisted of 1.216 million traditional sales, becoming her fourth album to sell a million copies in the country in its first week. As a result, Swift became the only act to have four albums sell more than a million copies there within a week since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991. "Reputation" also had the largest album opening in the United States since Adele's "25" in 2015 as well as the Document [25] (Title: Taylor Swift) with the highest worldwide digital sales. Swift's studio albums "Taylor Swift", "Fearless", "Speak Now", "Red", and "1989" have all sold over 4 million copies in the US. She is the third best-selling digital singles artist in the US with a total of 106.5 million equivalent units certified according to Recording Industry Association of America. Taylor Swift Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. One of the world's leading contemporary recording artists, she is known for narrative songs about her personal life, which have received widespread media coverage. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Swift moved Document [26] (Title: Taylor Swift (album)) positions on Top Country Albums since LeAnn Rimes charted in 1997 with "Blue" (1996) and "" (1997). In December 2017, the album was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for the shipment and sales of 7,000,000 copies. As of July 2015, the album has sold 5.52 million copies in the United States. Six years after its release, "Taylor Swift" debuted at number thirty-eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart. "Taylor Swift" peaked at number fourteen on the Canadian Albums Chart and at number-one on the Canadian Country Albums Chart. "Taylor Swift" was certified platinum by Question: how many albums has taylor swift sold overall

Answer: over 40 million albums Long Answer: According to RIAA, Swift is the second - best - selling digital singles artist in the United States, with cumulative single certifications of 106.5 million digital downloads and on - demand streaming . Meanwhile, US total album sales stand at 31.4 million copies . With estimated sales of over 40 million albums and 130 million singles worldwide, Swift is one of the best - selling music artists. Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Life That I Have) The Life That I Have The Life That I Have (sometimes referred to as Yours) is a short poem written by Leo Marks and used as a poem code in the Second World War. In the war, famous poems were used to encrypt messages. This was, however, found to be insecure because enemy cryptanalysts were able to locate the original from published sources. Marks countered this by using his own written creations. "The Life That I Have" was an original poem composed on Christmas Eve 1943 and was originally written by Marks in memory of his girlfriend Ruth, who had Document [2] (Title: My Life as a Man) My Life as a Man My Life as a Man (1974) is American writer Philip Roth's seventh novel. The work is split into two sections: the first section, "Useful Fictions," consisting of two short stories, titled "Salad Days" and "Courting Disaster, (or Serious in the Fifties)." about a character named Nathan Zuckerman, and the second section, "My True Story," which takes the form of a first-person memoir by Peter Tarnopol, a Jewish writer who authored the two stories in the first section. "My Life as a Man" is the first of Roth's work that tackles the issue of the writer's Document [3] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) Hemingway's work, "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which included "My Old Man". During the "great suitcase debacle" of the previous year, when a suitcase containing all of Hemingway's manuscripts was stolen from Hadley at a Paris train station, "My Old Man" was one of two stories to survive because it was in the post to editors. In 1925 the story was reprinted in the New York edition of "In Our Time", published by Boni & Liveright. The story opens with Joe living in Italy with his father, Butler, who is a steeplechase jockey, riding in races on tracks in the Document [4] (Title: Ernest Hemingway) at the critical reception of "Across the River and Into the Trees", he wrote the draft of "The Old Man and the Sea" in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". "The Old Man and the Sea" became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as Document [5] (Title: Days of Pearly Spencer) where people walked through rubble bare-foot looking old beyond their years. Due to the title of the song, many listeners believed that the song pertained to an individual harrowed by a poor lifestyle and poor-quality alcohol; McWilliams said he had written the song about a homeless man encountered in Ballymena. Some of those close to McWilliams, however, claimed he was writing about two ladies from his hometown. The recording was produced by Mike Leander who formed a sweeping orchestral arrangement for the song. Leander had previously provided arrangements for such records as "She's Leaving Home" by The Beatles and Marianne Document [6] (Title: Bits of What I Have) who is in utter need of inspiration and happens to seek it in the arms of an anguished writer. The old man is a well-known and celebrated writer of his generation, but since the death of his wife and his daughter he has not been able to complete his book due to the bitterness, which he has also developed over the years for the world and the people which inherit it. The book that he is working on is said to be a masterpiece like his earlier work or perhaps even of a much higher caliber. The old man has Document [7] (Title: I'm Your Man (Leonard Cohen album)) yet funny, or, more strongly, a "bleak prophecy about the end of the world as we know it." The lyrics include references to AIDS, social problems, and relationship and religion issues. The album's opening track, "First We Take Manhattan" (originally called "In Old Berlin"), deals with geo-political ideas, specifically extremism, as he explained himself in a backstage interview: "Take This Waltz" was originally released as part the 1986 Federico García Lorca tribute album "Poets in New York (Poetas en Nueva York)" and as a single. It reached number one in Spain in 1986. The song appears on "I'm Your Man" Document [8] (Title: Fred Godfrey) for Florrie Forde, Mark Sheridan, Dorothy Ward, Shaun Glenville, Ella Retford and Vesta Victoria. Godfrey only got a few guineas for each song, a common occurrence at the time. During World War I, he gained a reputation as a writer of war songs. His song "Take Me Back To Dear Old Blighty" was recorded by Dorothy Ward in 1916 and quickly became a hit. On 26 January 1917 he was conscripted into the Royal Naval Air Service. He was transferred to the Royal Air Force in 1918, who released him from service to continue songwriting. In 1917, while he was Document [9] (Title: Jan Slepian) was the noted mathematician David Slepian. Her 2009 book, "Astonishment: Life in the slow lane" (), self-published when she was 88, is a collection of twenty brief essays on aging and life in a retirement community. In 2010, Laura Ekstrand, artistic director of Dreamcatcher Repertory Theater in South Orange, adapted the work into a stage production which was subsequently performed at various venues in New Jersey. In 2012, Slepian published a follow-up to "Astonishment" called "How to Be Old". Slepian began writing poetry at age 91, and published her first volume, "Jellybeans in Space", in 2016, Jan Slepian Janice Slepian Document [10] (Title: Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man) to a distinguished career." Tim Adams, writing for The Guardian, was more positive, calling it a "moderate success" and describing it as a "caustic self-parody". "My lord came home from the wars today and pleasured me twice with his boots on" -- Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. This quote influenced the main character (Eugene Pota) to write about his sex book or "The Sexual Biography of My Wife." Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man is a novel by Joseph Heller, published posthumously in 2000. His final work, it depicts an Document [11] (Title: Take a Look Around (album)) himself and Biz (who reportedly couldn't make it to the studio for the actual collaboration he desired). Music Man I Got Ta Letter to the Better Me and the Biz The Other Side Of Town Ace Iz Wild Four Minus Three Can't Stop The Bumrush Movin' On Brooklyn Battles Maybe Next Time Postin' High As I Reminisce Take a Look Around Together "Me And The Biz" was featured on "" as a song in rotation on the fictional radio station "" Take a Look Around (album) Take a Look Around is the debut album from hip hop artist Masta Ace, Document [12] (Title: My Life (Phil Ochs song)) revealed that the FBI had a file of nearly 500 pages on Ochs. My Life (Phil Ochs song) "My Life" is a 1969 song by Phil Ochs, a U.S. singer-songwriter best known for the protest songs he wrote in the 1960s. "My Life" is the fifth song on "Rehearsals for Retirement", an album Ochs recorded in the aftermath of the protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In the song, Ochs says that his life, which had once been a joy, had become like death to him. In "My Life", Ochs sings "Take everything I own/Take your tap Document [13] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) Old Man" has continued to be anthologized, often because of the unusual narrative structure, according to Sipiora. "In Our Time" received good reviews; Edmund Wilson described the writing as "of the first distinction"; and biographer Mellow writes the volume is a Hemingway's masterpiece. My Old Man (short story) "My Old Man" is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway, published in his 1923 book "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which published by a small Paris imprint. The story was also included in his next collection of stories, "In Our Time", published in New York in 1925 by Boni & Liveright. Document [14] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) My Old Man (short story) "My Old Man" is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway, published in his 1923 book "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which published by a small Paris imprint. The story was also included in his next collection of stories, "In Our Time", published in New York in 1925 by Boni & Liveright. The story tells of a boy named Joe whose father is a steeplechase jockey, and is narrated from Joe's point-of-view. "My Old Man" was written in 1922. As one of Hemingway's earliest stories, it is generally regarded by critics as juvenilia, along with Document [15] (Title: Life (magazine)) Old Man and the Sea", the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella, "The Dangerous Summer". In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S. Truman announced that "Life" magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to Document [16] (Title: The Man Who Liked to Look at Himself) The Man Who Liked to Look at Himself The Man Who Liked To Look at Himself is a crime novel by the American writer K.C. Constantine set in 1970s Rocksburg, a fictional, blue-collar, Rustbelt town in Western Pennsylvania (modeled on the author's hometown of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, adjacent to Pittsburgh). Mario Balzic is the protagonist, an atypical detective for the genre, a Serbo-Italian American cop, middle-aged, unpretentious, a family man who asks questions and uses more sense than force. As the novel opens, Balzic and Lt. Harry Minyon of the state police are hunting pheasant at the Rocksburg Rod and Document [17] (Title: Wallace Stevens) the exchange in Key West in February 1940 included the following comments: By late February 1947 with Stevens approaching 67 years of age, it became apparent that Stevens had completed the most productive ten years of his life in writing poetry. February 1947 saw the publication of his volume of poems titled "Transport to Summer", which was positively received by F. O. Mathiessen writing for "The New York Times". In the eleven years immediately preceding its publication, Stevens had written three volumes of poems including "Ideas of Order", "The Man with the Blue Guitar", "Parts of the World", along with Document [18] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels". In 2007 the book was featured as a plot element in an episode of "South Park" (series 11, episode 6). The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Document [19] (Title: Dear Old Pal of Mine) Ypres, France. Bibliography Dear Old Pal of Mine Dear Old Pal of Mine is a World War I song written by Harold Robe and Gitz Rice. The song was first published in 1916 by G. Ricordi & Co. in New York, NY. Irish tenor John McCormack earned the nickname the "Singing Prophet of Victory" by popularizing this wartime song. It was in the top 20 from January to March 1919 and reached number 10 in February. The idea for the song, according to an editorial note on the sheet music, was conceived by Rice while on sentry duty at the Document [20] (Title: My Life as a Man) as it goes on tormenting him. My Life as a Man My Life as a Man (1974) is American writer Philip Roth's seventh novel. The work is split into two sections: the first section, "Useful Fictions," consisting of two short stories, titled "Salad Days" and "Courting Disaster, (or Serious in the Fifties)." about a character named Nathan Zuckerman, and the second section, "My True Story," which takes the form of a first-person memoir by Peter Tarnopol, a Jewish writer who authored the two stories in the first section. "My Life as a Man" is the first of Roth's work that Document [21] (Title: The Old Man & the Gun) The Old Man & the Gun The Old Man & the Gun is a 2018 American biographical film written and directed by David Lowery, based on the true-life story of Forrest Tucker, a career criminal and prison escape artist. The script is based on David Grann's 2003 article in "The New Yorker" titled "The Old Man and the Gun", which was later collected in Grann's 2010 book "The Devil and Sherlock Holmes". It stars Robert Redford, Casey Affleck, Danny Glover, Tika Sumpter, Tom Waits and Sissy Spacek. It is Redford's final role, as he announced his intent to retire from Document [22] (Title: Older Than My Old Man Now) all of us, and that’s been the situation with the songs I've written throughout my career. Whether it’s declining powers or family skirmishes or too much hanging out in the bar, this is all material that I’m assuming my audience knows about, and is going through. Or if they’re not going through it at the time, they’ll eventually get there." Two of the songs from the album, "Older Than My Old Man Now" and "The Days That We Die", feature spoken word performances of prose written by Loudon Wainwright Jr. for "Life" magazine in the early 80s. Regarding his father's Document [23] (Title: The Man With the Blue Guitar) its title and epigraph from the poem. The Man With the Blue Guitar The Man With the Blue Guitar is a poem published in 1937 by Wallace Stevens. It is divided into thirty-three lengthy sections, or cantos. The poem has been discussed as taking the form of an imaginary conversation with the subject of Pablo Picasso's 1904 painting "The Old Guitarist", which Stevens may have viewed when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1934. But Stevens insisted this influence was only peripheral. In a letter dated July 1, 1953, to Professor Renato Poggioli, who had Document [24] (Title: G. M. Young) the British Museum. "Portrait of an Age" was an expanded version of the 89-page conclusion to "Early Victorian England", a two-volume collection which Young had edited in 1934. Simon Schama has described it as "An immortal classic, the greatest long essay ever written." When his 1952 biography of Stanley Baldwin (which he had been asked to write by Baldwin) was published, both Churchill and Beaverbrook threatened to sue if certain passages in the biography were not removed or altered. With the help of lawyer Arnold Goodman an agreement was reached to replace the offending sentences, and the publisher Rupert Hart-Davis Document [25] (Title: The Man With the Blue Guitar) The Man With the Blue Guitar The Man With the Blue Guitar is a poem published in 1937 by Wallace Stevens. It is divided into thirty-three lengthy sections, or cantos. The poem has been discussed as taking the form of an imaginary conversation with the subject of Pablo Picasso's 1904 painting "The Old Guitarist", which Stevens may have viewed when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1934. But Stevens insisted this influence was only peripheral. In a letter dated July 1, 1953, to Professor Renato Poggioli, who had recently translated his poem into Italian, Stevens Document [26] (Title: Look at Life (film)) King Jr., Nikita Khrushchev, American race riots, the Ku Klux Klan, Buddhist monks, and bodies of dead soldiers. The only narration in the film is a man's voice yelling the text of Proverbs 10:12, "Hate stirreth up strife, while love covereth all sins." The film ends with written text: "ANYONE FOR SURVIVAL", followed by "End" and "?". The film is included in the documentary "A Legacy of Filmmakers: The Early Years of American Zoetrope", which was released on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Lucas' first feature film, "THX 1138". Look at Life (film) Look at Life is a short Document [27] (Title: Notes of a Dirty Old Man) Notes of a Dirty Old Man Notes of a Dirty Old Man (1969) is a collection of underground newspaper columns written by Charles Bukowski for the "Open City" newspaper that were collated and published by Essex House in 1969. His short articles were marked by his trademark crude humor, as well as his attempts to present a "truthful" or objective viewpoint of various events in his life and his own subjective responses to those events. The series is currently published by City Lights Publishing Company but can also be found in "", which is a collection of all of Bukowski's Document [28] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) what those bums said, Joe. Your old man was one swell guy." Joe is unconvinced. The story ends with these lines: "But I don't know. Seems like when they get started, they don't leave a guy nothing." "My Old Man" has received little critical attention, and is more often thought of as one of Hemingway's apprentice story, or as juvenilia. Yet in 1924, only two years later, he would write two of the strongest stories in his canon, "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River". Hemingway critic Thomas Strychaz writes that "My Old Man" is generally accepted as the weakest story Document [29] (Title: The Words (film)) agrees to meet her after the ceremony and returns to the stage, where he continues to read the book. The second part of the reading details Rory’s encounter with "The Old Man" (Jeremy Irons) in New York City's Central Park, who reveals himself as the true author of the manuscript and that it was based on his life in Paris. He explains that he was a young man (Ben Barnes) when first stationed in France by the U.S. Army in the final days of World War II, where he fell in love with Celia (Nora Arnezeder), a French waitress. They Document [30] (Title: Old Man in New World) spirit. In witnessing this event, however, the Old Man sees the seeds of the very things he, in his youth, fought against — falsehood, political will and religiosity. Old Man in New World "Old Man in New World" is a short story by British writer Olaf Stapledon, published as a separate volume by George Allen and Unwin in 1944. It was published through PEN, the international writers' association. The story is set in the late 1990s, and tells of the world that has been rebuilt from the devastation of the Second World War, as seen through the eyes of an Document [31] (Title: James Agee) photographer Walker Evans, living among sharecroppers in Alabama. While "Fortune" did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book titled "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" (1941). It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered. Another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titled "Cotton Tenants," is believed to be the essay submitted to "Fortune" editors. The 30,000 word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013. John Jeremiah Sullivan writes in the Summer 2013 issue of BookForum that, "This is not merely an early, partial draft of Famous Document [32] (Title: Old Man (song)) Taylor played six-string banjo (tuned like a guitar) and sang on the song, and Linda Ronstadt also contributed vocals. In the film "", Young introduces the song as follows: He tells a similar story when introducing the song at a February 23, 1971 performance broadcast by the BBC (in which he says that he purchased the ranch from "two lawyers"). Old Man (song) "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album "Harvest". "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the "Billboard" Document [33] (Title: Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man) Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man is a novel by Joseph Heller, published posthumously in 2000. His final work, it depicts an elderly author as he tries to write a novel that is as successful as his earlier work, mirroring Heller's own career after the success of "Catch-22". The story is of Eugene Pota, a prominent writer who, in his old age, is struggling for that last piece of fiction that could be his magnum opus, or at least on par with his earlier writings. Littered throughout the novel are Document [34] (Title: Look at Life (film)) Look at Life (film) Look at Life is a short student film by George Lucas, produced for a course in animation while Lucas was a film student at USC Film School. The film's running time of exactly one minute was required by the course. This was the first film made by George Lucas, and was heavily influenced by Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett. The film is a montage of various iconic photographs focusing mostly on common themes from youth culture in the 1960s, with a frenetic percussion soundtrack taken from the film "Black Orpheus". The imagery includes photographs of Martin Luther Document [35] (Title: The Old Dude's Ticker) The Old Dude's Ticker "The Old Dude's Ticker" is a short story by American writer Stephen King. Although written decades earlier, it was first published in the "NECON XX Commemorative Volume" in 2000 and later reprinted in "The Big Book of Necon" in 2009. It is a homage to Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", adapted to take place in the Vietnam War era and incorporating the slang of the time Richard Drogan, a veteran of the Vietnam War, lives with an elderly man referred to only as "The Old Dude". The Old Dude has a cataract in one eye Document [36] (Title: My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)) My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) My Old Man is a music hall song written in 1919 by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins, made popular by Marie Lloyd. The song, although humorous, also reflects some of the hardships of working class life in London at the beginning of the 20th century. It joined a music hall tradition of dealing with life in a determinedly upbeat fashion. In the song a couple are obliged to move house, after dark, because they cannot pay their rent. At the time the song was written, most London houses were rented, so moving Document [37] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) "Up in Michigan", also published in "Three Stories and Ten Poems". Critical attention focuses chiefly on three issues: Sherwood Anderson's influence, the story's narrative structure, and the question of whether Joe's father is moral or immoral. The story was the basis for the 1950 film "Under My Skin", and the 1979 television film "My Old Man". Hemingway and his wife Hadley lived in Paris, where he was foreign correspondent for the "Toronto Star" from 1922 until Hadley became pregnant in 1923 when they returned to Toronto. During his absence, Bill Bird's Parisian Three Mountains Press published a small collection of Document [38] (Title: Old Man in New World) Old Man in New World "Old Man in New World" is a short story by British writer Olaf Stapledon, published as a separate volume by George Allen and Unwin in 1944. It was published through PEN, the international writers' association. The story is set in the late 1990s, and tells of the world that has been rebuilt from the devastation of the Second World War, as seen through the eyes of an old revolutionary. The "Old Man" is invited to London to see "The Procession of The Peoples", an event celebrating the new order and the triumph of the human Document [39] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early dust jacket, called the novel a "new classic", and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner's short story "The Bear" and Herman Melville's novel "Moby-Dick". Gregorio Fuentes, who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago, was a blue-eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports, he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. After 82 years in Cuba, Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001. Critics have Document [40] (Title: Man of Constant Sorrow) Man of Constant Sorrow "Man of Constant Sorrow" (also known as "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow") is a traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett, a partially blind fiddler from Kentucky. The song was originally titled "Farewell Song" in a songbook by Burnett dated to around 1913. An early version was recorded by Emry Arthur in 1928, which gave the song its current titles. There exist a number of versions of the song that differ in their lyrics and melodies. The song was popularized by The Stanley Brothers who recorded the song in the 1950s, and Document [41] (Title: James Thurber) Greatest Man in the World", "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox". "The Middle-Aged Man on the Flying Trapeze" has several short stories with a tense undercurrent of marital discord. The book was published the year of his divorce and remarriage. His 1941 story "You Could Look It Up", about a three-foot adult being brought in to take a walk in a baseball game, is said to have inspired Bill Veeck's stunt with Eddie Gaedel with the St. Louis Browns in 1951. Veeck claimed an older provenance for the stunt, but was certainly aware of the Thurber story. In addition Document [42] (Title: Joyce Maynard) an article, which was published under the title "An Eighteen Year Old Looks Back on Life" in the magazine's April 23, 1972 issue. After the article was published, she got a letter from fiction writer J. D. Salinger, then 53 years old, who complimented her writing and warned her of the dangers of publicity. Maynard and Salinger exchanged letters. After her freshman year at Yale, she moved into his house in Cornish, New Hampshire. Salinger and his wife had divorced in 1967. While living with him for eight months, mid-1972 till March 1973, Maynard wrote her first book, a memoir Document [43] (Title: Older Than My Old Man Now) influence on "Older Than My Old Man Now" and the inclusion of his writing, Wainwright noted, "He died in 1988, and I have powerful memories of him. He was a huge presence in my life, and we had difficulties... very typical father-son oedipal clashes, but he was a remarkable guy, and a fine writer. And that’s why I was so excited to be able to include some of his writing on the record, to bring him into the record. Both of my parents are dead, and in a way they've become bigger than ever, more important than ever. I don’t Document [44] (Title: My Old Man's a Dustman) My Old Man's a Dustman "My Old Man's a Dustman" is a song first recorded by the British skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan. It reached number one in the British, Irish, Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand singles charts in 1960. The chorus of the song is: The song was written by Lonnie Donegan, Peter Buchanan (Donegan's manager between 1956 and 1962), and Beverly Thorn; Thorn was not credited on the original release. According to his autobiography, Beverley Thorn was a pseudonym of Leslie Bricusse, the songwriter who wrote hit shows with Anthony Newley. It probably has its origins in "My Father Document [45] (Title: Willard Motley) in 1960. Ella Fitzgerald's music for the film was released on the album "Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from "Let No Man Write My Epitaph"". According to the citation statement for the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame awards, "Motley was criticized in his life for being a black man writing about white characters, a middle-class man writing about the lower class, and a closeted homosexual writing about heterosexual urges. But those more kindly disposed to his work, and there were plenty, admired his grit and heart...Chicago was more complicated than just its racial or sexual tensions, and as a writer his Document [46] (Title: Wilhelm von Kügelgen) from a severe mental illness. During these years, he increasingly turned from painting to writing. In 1870, his memoirs were published by Philipp von Nathusius. They were given the title "Jugenderinnerungen eines alten Mannes" (Childhood Memories of an Old Man). These stories from his youth quickly became popular reading for the German middle-class. Their 230th edition appeared in 1922. An English translation was made under the title "Bygone Days: Or, an Old Man's Reminiscences of His Youth". Several editions in German and English are available as reprints. Since 1993, the Kunstkreis Sachsen-Anhalt in Bernburg has awarded an annual "Wilhelm von Document [47] (Title: Mort Dixon) Mort Dixon Mort Dixon (March 20, 1892 – March 23, 1956) was a noted lyricist. Born in New York City, Dixon began writing songs in the early 1920s, and was active into the 1930s. He achieved success with his first published effort, 1923's "That Old Gang of Mine". His chief composer collaborators were Ray Henderson, Harry Warren, Harry M. Woods and Allie Wrubel. Among his lyrics are: "That Old Gang Of Mine" (1923), "Bye Bye Blackbird" (1926), "I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover" (1927), "Nagasaki" (1928), "Would You Like to Take a Walk?" (1930), "I Found a Million Dollar Document [48] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba. In 1953, "The Old Man and the Sea" was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by Document [49] (Title: Old Man (song)) Old Man (song) "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album "Harvest". "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for the week ending June 3. The song was written for the caretaker of the Northern California Broken Arrow Ranch, which Young purchased for $350,000 in 1970. The song compares a young man's life to an old man's and shows that the young man has, to some extent, the same needs as the old one. James Document [50] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) , "The Old Man and the Sea" is Hemingway's final full-length work published during his lifetime. The book, dedicated to "Charlie Scribner" and to Hemingway's literary editor "Max Perkins", was featured in "Life" magazine on September 1, 1952, and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days. "The Old Man and the Sea" became a Book of the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity. Published in book form on September 1, 1952, the first edition print run was 50,000 copies. The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard. In Document [51] (Title: An Englishman Looks at the World) An Englishman Looks at the World An Englishman Looks at the World is a 1914 essay collection by H. G. Wells containing journalistic pieces written between 1909 and 1914. The book consists of twenty-six pieces ranging from five to sixty-two pages in length. An American edition was published the same year by Harper and Brothers under the title Social Forces in England and America. Wells organized the essays thematically, inserting a fanciful "synopsis" after the table of contents conveying his view that the book constituted an argument: "Blériot arrives and sets him thinking. (1) He flies, (2) and deduces certain Document [52] (Title: Look at Me (John Lennon song)) Look at Me (John Lennon song) "Look at Me" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, from his debut solo album "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band". Lennon began writing "Look at Me" in India in 1968, during the extended sessions for the Beatles' self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album". He then shelved the song until 1970, when he recorded it for his debut solo album. A different recording of the song was later released on the "John Lennon Anthology" and the compilation album "Acoustic". The pattern of the song is fairly prominent throughout the track. It Document [53] (Title: Charles Fletcher Lummis) but dropped out during his senior year. While at Harvard he worked during the summer as a printer and published his first work, "Birch Bark Poems." This small volume was printed on paper-thin sheets of birch bark; he won acclaim from "Life" magazine and recognition from some of the day's leading poets. He sold the books by subscription and used the money to pay for college. A poem from this work, "My Cigarette", highlighted tobacco as one of his life's obsessions. In 1880, at the age of 21, Lummis married Dorothea Rhodes of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1884, Lummis was working Document [54] (Title: Looks at Life) Looks at Life Looks at Life is singer-songwriter-multi-instrumentalist John Hartford's debut album. It essentially set the pattern for all of his RCA albums over the next four years: a combination of dry wit and superb musicianship, delivered with a warm conversational baritone. This, along with the next five albums, were repackaged in three "twofer" CDs on BMG's Camden Deluxe label in 2002, immediately following his death. Music critic Richie Unterberger, writing for Allmusic, wrote "Though occasional songs skirted commercial country-pop ("Like Unto a Mockingbird," "Minus the Woman") and novelty tunes ("I Shoulda Wore My Birthday Suit" and the kazoo-laden "Jack's Document [55] (Title: Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood) Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood The lives of Bruhs Mero (February 15, 1911 - August 10, 1995) and L. Eugene "Gean" Harwood (1909-2006) are recounted in the book by Harwood, "The Oldest Gay Couple in America: A Seventy-Year Journey Through Same-Sex America". L. Eugene "Gean" Harwood was born in Auburn, New York, where he first studied music. Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood were partners in life and music. They wrote their first composition, "Come and Take My Hand", in 1933. The text was a poem by Mero, who was forced to live alone in Florida for a period due to Document [56] (Title: Old Folks (Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid song)) Old Folks (Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid song) "Old Folks" is a song recorded by American country music artists Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid, the latter of whom wrote the song. It was released in March 1988 as the third single from the album "Heart & Soul". The song reached number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song pays homage to two elderly people: a gentleman who, despite being 80 years old still works daily and is still bitter over the Brooklyn Dodgers' franchise move to Los Angeles; and a grandmother who maintains a sweet Question: who wrote old man take a look at my life Answer: Neil Young Long Answer: "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album Harvest. "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the week ending June 3. Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Life That I Have) The Life That I Have The Life That I Have (sometimes referred to as Yours) is a short poem written by Leo Marks and used as a poem code in the Second World War. In the war, famous poems were used to encrypt messages. This was, however, found to be insecure because enemy cryptanalysts were able to locate the original from published sources. Marks countered this by using his own written creations. "The Life That I Have" was an original poem composed on Christmas Eve 1943 and was originally written by Marks in memory of his girlfriend Ruth, who had Document [2] (Title: My Life as a Man) My Life as a Man My Life as a Man (1974) is American writer Philip Roth's seventh novel. The work is split into two sections: the first section, "Useful Fictions," consisting of two short stories, titled "Salad Days" and "Courting Disaster, (or Serious in the Fifties)." about a character named Nathan Zuckerman, and the second section, "My True Story," which takes the form of a first-person memoir by Peter Tarnopol, a Jewish writer who authored the two stories in the first section. "My Life as a Man" is the first of Roth's work that tackles the issue of the writer's Document [3] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) Hemingway's work, "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which included "My Old Man". During the "great suitcase debacle" of the previous year, when a suitcase containing all of Hemingway's manuscripts was stolen from Hadley at a Paris train station, "My Old Man" was one of two stories to survive because it was in the post to editors. In 1925 the story was reprinted in the New York edition of "In Our Time", published by Boni & Liveright. The story opens with Joe living in Italy with his father, Butler, who is a steeplechase jockey, riding in races on tracks in the Document [4] (Title: Ernest Hemingway) at the critical reception of "Across the River and Into the Trees", he wrote the draft of "The Old Man and the Sea" in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". "The Old Man and the Sea" became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as Document [5] (Title: Days of Pearly Spencer) where people walked through rubble bare-foot looking old beyond their years. Due to the title of the song, many listeners believed that the song pertained to an individual harrowed by a poor lifestyle and poor-quality alcohol; McWilliams said he had written the song about a homeless man encountered in Ballymena. Some of those close to McWilliams, however, claimed he was writing about two ladies from his hometown. The recording was produced by Mike Leander who formed a sweeping orchestral arrangement for the song. Leander had previously provided arrangements for such records as "She's Leaving Home" by The Beatles and Marianne Document [6] (Title: Bits of What I Have) who is in utter need of inspiration and happens to seek it in the arms of an anguished writer. The old man is a well-known and celebrated writer of his generation, but since the death of his wife and his daughter he has not been able to complete his book due to the bitterness, which he has also developed over the years for the world and the people which inherit it. The book that he is working on is said to be a masterpiece like his earlier work or perhaps even of a much higher caliber. The old man has Document [7] (Title: I'm Your Man (Leonard Cohen album)) yet funny, or, more strongly, a "bleak prophecy about the end of the world as we know it." The lyrics include references to AIDS, social problems, and relationship and religion issues. The album's opening track, "First We Take Manhattan" (originally called "In Old Berlin"), deals with geo-political ideas, specifically extremism, as he explained himself in a backstage interview: "Take This Waltz" was originally released as part the 1986 Federico García Lorca tribute album "Poets in New York (Poetas en Nueva York)" and as a single. It reached number one in Spain in 1986. The song appears on "I'm Your Man" Document [8] (Title: Fred Godfrey) for Florrie Forde, Mark Sheridan, Dorothy Ward, Shaun Glenville, Ella Retford and Vesta Victoria. Godfrey only got a few guineas for each song, a common occurrence at the time. During World War I, he gained a reputation as a writer of war songs. His song "Take Me Back To Dear Old Blighty" was recorded by Dorothy Ward in 1916 and quickly became a hit. On 26 January 1917 he was conscripted into the Royal Naval Air Service. He was transferred to the Royal Air Force in 1918, who released him from service to continue songwriting. In 1917, while he was Document [9] (Title: Jan Slepian) was the noted mathematician David Slepian. Her 2009 book, "Astonishment: Life in the slow lane" (), self-published when she was 88, is a collection of twenty brief essays on aging and life in a retirement community. In 2010, Laura Ekstrand, artistic director of Dreamcatcher Repertory Theater in South Orange, adapted the work into a stage production which was subsequently performed at various venues in New Jersey. In 2012, Slepian published a follow-up to "Astonishment" called "How to Be Old". Slepian began writing poetry at age 91, and published her first volume, "Jellybeans in Space", in 2016, Jan Slepian Janice Slepian Document [10] (Title: Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man) to a distinguished career." Tim Adams, writing for The Guardian, was more positive, calling it a "moderate success" and describing it as a "caustic self-parody". "My lord came home from the wars today and pleasured me twice with his boots on" -- Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. This quote influenced the main character (Eugene Pota) to write about his sex book or "The Sexual Biography of My Wife." Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man is a novel by Joseph Heller, published posthumously in 2000. His final work, it depicts an Document [11] (Title: Take a Look Around (album)) himself and Biz (who reportedly couldn't make it to the studio for the actual collaboration he desired). Music Man I Got Ta Letter to the Better Me and the Biz The Other Side Of Town Ace Iz Wild Four Minus Three Can't Stop The Bumrush Movin' On Brooklyn Battles Maybe Next Time Postin' High As I Reminisce Take a Look Around Together "Me And The Biz" was featured on "" as a song in rotation on the fictional radio station "" Take a Look Around (album) Take a Look Around is the debut album from hip hop artist Masta Ace, Document [12] (Title: My Life (Phil Ochs song)) revealed that the FBI had a file of nearly 500 pages on Ochs. My Life (Phil Ochs song) "My Life" is a 1969 song by Phil Ochs, a U.S. singer-songwriter best known for the protest songs he wrote in the 1960s. "My Life" is the fifth song on "Rehearsals for Retirement", an album Ochs recorded in the aftermath of the protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In the song, Ochs says that his life, which had once been a joy, had become like death to him. In "My Life", Ochs sings "Take everything I own/Take your tap Document [13] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) Old Man" has continued to be anthologized, often because of the unusual narrative structure, according to Sipiora. "In Our Time" received good reviews; Edmund Wilson described the writing as "of the first distinction"; and biographer Mellow writes the volume is a Hemingway's masterpiece. My Old Man (short story) "My Old Man" is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway, published in his 1923 book "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which published by a small Paris imprint. The story was also included in his next collection of stories, "In Our Time", published in New York in 1925 by Boni & Liveright. Document [14] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) My Old Man (short story) "My Old Man" is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway, published in his 1923 book "Three Stories and Ten Poems", which published by a small Paris imprint. The story was also included in his next collection of stories, "In Our Time", published in New York in 1925 by Boni & Liveright. The story tells of a boy named Joe whose father is a steeplechase jockey, and is narrated from Joe's point-of-view. "My Old Man" was written in 1922. As one of Hemingway's earliest stories, it is generally regarded by critics as juvenilia, along with Document [15] (Title: Life (magazine)) Old Man and the Sea", the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella, "The Dangerous Summer". In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S. Truman announced that "Life" magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to Document [16] (Title: The Man Who Liked to Look at Himself) The Man Who Liked to Look at Himself The Man Who Liked To Look at Himself is a crime novel by the American writer K.C. Constantine set in 1970s Rocksburg, a fictional, blue-collar, Rustbelt town in Western Pennsylvania (modeled on the author's hometown of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, adjacent to Pittsburgh). Mario Balzic is the protagonist, an atypical detective for the genre, a Serbo-Italian American cop, middle-aged, unpretentious, a family man who asks questions and uses more sense than force. As the novel opens, Balzic and Lt. Harry Minyon of the state police are hunting pheasant at the Rocksburg Rod and Document [17] (Title: Wallace Stevens) the exchange in Key West in February 1940 included the following comments: By late February 1947 with Stevens approaching 67 years of age, it became apparent that Stevens had completed the most productive ten years of his life in writing poetry. February 1947 saw the publication of his volume of poems titled "Transport to Summer", which was positively received by F. O. Mathiessen writing for "The New York Times". In the eleven years immediately preceding its publication, Stevens had written three volumes of poems including "Ideas of Order", "The Man with the Blue Guitar", "Parts of the World", along with Document [18] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels". In 2007 the book was featured as a plot element in an episode of "South Park" (series 11, episode 6). The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Document [19] (Title: Dear Old Pal of Mine) Ypres, France. Bibliography Dear Old Pal of Mine Dear Old Pal of Mine is a World War I song written by Harold Robe and Gitz Rice. The song was first published in 1916 by G. Ricordi & Co. in New York, NY. Irish tenor John McCormack earned the nickname the "Singing Prophet of Victory" by popularizing this wartime song. It was in the top 20 from January to March 1919 and reached number 10 in February. The idea for the song, according to an editorial note on the sheet music, was conceived by Rice while on sentry duty at the Document [20] (Title: My Life as a Man) as it goes on tormenting him. My Life as a Man My Life as a Man (1974) is American writer Philip Roth's seventh novel. The work is split into two sections: the first section, "Useful Fictions," consisting of two short stories, titled "Salad Days" and "Courting Disaster, (or Serious in the Fifties)." about a character named Nathan Zuckerman, and the second section, "My True Story," which takes the form of a first-person memoir by Peter Tarnopol, a Jewish writer who authored the two stories in the first section. "My Life as a Man" is the first of Roth's work that Document [21] (Title: The Old Man & the Gun) The Old Man & the Gun The Old Man & the Gun is a 2018 American biographical film written and directed by David Lowery, based on the true-life story of Forrest Tucker, a career criminal and prison escape artist. The script is based on David Grann's 2003 article in "The New Yorker" titled "The Old Man and the Gun", which was later collected in Grann's 2010 book "The Devil and Sherlock Holmes". It stars Robert Redford, Casey Affleck, Danny Glover, Tika Sumpter, Tom Waits and Sissy Spacek. It is Redford's final role, as he announced his intent to retire from Document [22] (Title: Older Than My Old Man Now) all of us, and that’s been the situation with the songs I've written throughout my career. Whether it’s declining powers or family skirmishes or too much hanging out in the bar, this is all material that I’m assuming my audience knows about, and is going through. Or if they’re not going through it at the time, they’ll eventually get there." Two of the songs from the album, "Older Than My Old Man Now" and "The Days That We Die", feature spoken word performances of prose written by Loudon Wainwright Jr. for "Life" magazine in the early 80s. Regarding his father's Document [23] (Title: The Man With the Blue Guitar) its title and epigraph from the poem. The Man With the Blue Guitar The Man With the Blue Guitar is a poem published in 1937 by Wallace Stevens. It is divided into thirty-three lengthy sections, or cantos. The poem has been discussed as taking the form of an imaginary conversation with the subject of Pablo Picasso's 1904 painting "The Old Guitarist", which Stevens may have viewed when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1934. But Stevens insisted this influence was only peripheral. In a letter dated July 1, 1953, to Professor Renato Poggioli, who had Document [24] (Title: G. M. Young) the British Museum. "Portrait of an Age" was an expanded version of the 89-page conclusion to "Early Victorian England", a two-volume collection which Young had edited in 1934. Simon Schama has described it as "An immortal classic, the greatest long essay ever written." When his 1952 biography of Stanley Baldwin (which he had been asked to write by Baldwin) was published, both Churchill and Beaverbrook threatened to sue if certain passages in the biography were not removed or altered. With the help of lawyer Arnold Goodman an agreement was reached to replace the offending sentences, and the publisher Rupert Hart-Davis Document [25] (Title: The Man With the Blue Guitar) The Man With the Blue Guitar The Man With the Blue Guitar is a poem published in 1937 by Wallace Stevens. It is divided into thirty-three lengthy sections, or cantos. The poem has been discussed as taking the form of an imaginary conversation with the subject of Pablo Picasso's 1904 painting "The Old Guitarist", which Stevens may have viewed when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1934. But Stevens insisted this influence was only peripheral. In a letter dated July 1, 1953, to Professor Renato Poggioli, who had recently translated his poem into Italian, Stevens Document [26] (Title: Look at Life (film)) King Jr., Nikita Khrushchev, American race riots, the Ku Klux Klan, Buddhist monks, and bodies of dead soldiers. The only narration in the film is a man's voice yelling the text of Proverbs 10:12, "Hate stirreth up strife, while love covereth all sins." The film ends with written text: "ANYONE FOR SURVIVAL", followed by "End" and "?". The film is included in the documentary "A Legacy of Filmmakers: The Early Years of American Zoetrope", which was released on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Lucas' first feature film, "THX 1138". Look at Life (film) Look at Life is a short Document [27] (Title: Notes of a Dirty Old Man) Notes of a Dirty Old Man Notes of a Dirty Old Man (1969) is a collection of underground newspaper columns written by Charles Bukowski for the "Open City" newspaper that were collated and published by Essex House in 1969. His short articles were marked by his trademark crude humor, as well as his attempts to present a "truthful" or objective viewpoint of various events in his life and his own subjective responses to those events. The series is currently published by City Lights Publishing Company but can also be found in "", which is a collection of all of Bukowski's Document [28] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) what those bums said, Joe. Your old man was one swell guy." Joe is unconvinced. The story ends with these lines: "But I don't know. Seems like when they get started, they don't leave a guy nothing." "My Old Man" has received little critical attention, and is more often thought of as one of Hemingway's apprentice story, or as juvenilia. Yet in 1924, only two years later, he would write two of the strongest stories in his canon, "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River". Hemingway critic Thomas Strychaz writes that "My Old Man" is generally accepted as the weakest story Document [29] (Title: The Words (film)) agrees to meet her after the ceremony and returns to the stage, where he continues to read the book. The second part of the reading details Rory’s encounter with "The Old Man" (Jeremy Irons) in New York City's Central Park, who reveals himself as the true author of the manuscript and that it was based on his life in Paris. He explains that he was a young man (Ben Barnes) when first stationed in France by the U.S. Army in the final days of World War II, where he fell in love with Celia (Nora Arnezeder), a French waitress. They Document [30] (Title: Old Man in New World) spirit. In witnessing this event, however, the Old Man sees the seeds of the very things he, in his youth, fought against — falsehood, political will and religiosity. Old Man in New World "Old Man in New World" is a short story by British writer Olaf Stapledon, published as a separate volume by George Allen and Unwin in 1944. It was published through PEN, the international writers' association. The story is set in the late 1990s, and tells of the world that has been rebuilt from the devastation of the Second World War, as seen through the eyes of an Document [31] (Title: James Agee) photographer Walker Evans, living among sharecroppers in Alabama. While "Fortune" did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book titled "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" (1941). It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered. Another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titled "Cotton Tenants," is believed to be the essay submitted to "Fortune" editors. The 30,000 word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013. John Jeremiah Sullivan writes in the Summer 2013 issue of BookForum that, "This is not merely an early, partial draft of Famous Document [32] (Title: Old Man (song)) Taylor played six-string banjo (tuned like a guitar) and sang on the song, and Linda Ronstadt also contributed vocals. In the film "", Young introduces the song as follows: He tells a similar story when introducing the song at a February 23, 1971 performance broadcast by the BBC (in which he says that he purchased the ranch from "two lawyers"). Old Man (song) "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album "Harvest". "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the "Billboard" Document [33] (Title: Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man) Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man is a novel by Joseph Heller, published posthumously in 2000. His final work, it depicts an elderly author as he tries to write a novel that is as successful as his earlier work, mirroring Heller's own career after the success of "Catch-22". The story is of Eugene Pota, a prominent writer who, in his old age, is struggling for that last piece of fiction that could be his magnum opus, or at least on par with his earlier writings. Littered throughout the novel are Document [34] (Title: Look at Life (film)) Look at Life (film) Look at Life is a short student film by George Lucas, produced for a course in animation while Lucas was a film student at USC Film School. The film's running time of exactly one minute was required by the course. This was the first film made by George Lucas, and was heavily influenced by Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett. The film is a montage of various iconic photographs focusing mostly on common themes from youth culture in the 1960s, with a frenetic percussion soundtrack taken from the film "Black Orpheus". The imagery includes photographs of Martin Luther Document [35] (Title: The Old Dude's Ticker) The Old Dude's Ticker "The Old Dude's Ticker" is a short story by American writer Stephen King. Although written decades earlier, it was first published in the "NECON XX Commemorative Volume" in 2000 and later reprinted in "The Big Book of Necon" in 2009. It is a homage to Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", adapted to take place in the Vietnam War era and incorporating the slang of the time Richard Drogan, a veteran of the Vietnam War, lives with an elderly man referred to only as "The Old Dude". The Old Dude has a cataract in one eye Document [36] (Title: My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)) My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) My Old Man is a music hall song written in 1919 by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins, made popular by Marie Lloyd. The song, although humorous, also reflects some of the hardships of working class life in London at the beginning of the 20th century. It joined a music hall tradition of dealing with life in a determinedly upbeat fashion. In the song a couple are obliged to move house, after dark, because they cannot pay their rent. At the time the song was written, most London houses were rented, so moving Document [37] (Title: My Old Man (short story)) "Up in Michigan", also published in "Three Stories and Ten Poems". Critical attention focuses chiefly on three issues: Sherwood Anderson's influence, the story's narrative structure, and the question of whether Joe's father is moral or immoral. The story was the basis for the 1950 film "Under My Skin", and the 1979 television film "My Old Man". Hemingway and his wife Hadley lived in Paris, where he was foreign correspondent for the "Toronto Star" from 1922 until Hadley became pregnant in 1923 when they returned to Toronto. During his absence, Bill Bird's Parisian Three Mountains Press published a small collection of Document [38] (Title: Old Man in New World) Old Man in New World "Old Man in New World" is a short story by British writer Olaf Stapledon, published as a separate volume by George Allen and Unwin in 1944. It was published through PEN, the international writers' association. The story is set in the late 1990s, and tells of the world that has been rebuilt from the devastation of the Second World War, as seen through the eyes of an old revolutionary. The "Old Man" is invited to London to see "The Procession of The Peoples", an event celebrating the new order and the triumph of the human Document [39] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early dust jacket, called the novel a "new classic", and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner's short story "The Bear" and Herman Melville's novel "Moby-Dick". Gregorio Fuentes, who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago, was a blue-eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports, he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. After 82 years in Cuba, Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001. Critics have Document [40] (Title: Man of Constant Sorrow) Man of Constant Sorrow "Man of Constant Sorrow" (also known as "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow") is a traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett, a partially blind fiddler from Kentucky. The song was originally titled "Farewell Song" in a songbook by Burnett dated to around 1913. An early version was recorded by Emry Arthur in 1928, which gave the song its current titles. There exist a number of versions of the song that differ in their lyrics and melodies. The song was popularized by The Stanley Brothers who recorded the song in the 1950s, and Document [41] (Title: James Thurber) Greatest Man in the World", "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox". "The Middle-Aged Man on the Flying Trapeze" has several short stories with a tense undercurrent of marital discord. The book was published the year of his divorce and remarriage. His 1941 story "You Could Look It Up", about a three-foot adult being brought in to take a walk in a baseball game, is said to have inspired Bill Veeck's stunt with Eddie Gaedel with the St. Louis Browns in 1951. Veeck claimed an older provenance for the stunt, but was certainly aware of the Thurber story. In addition Document [42] (Title: Joyce Maynard) an article, which was published under the title "An Eighteen Year Old Looks Back on Life" in the magazine's April 23, 1972 issue. After the article was published, she got a letter from fiction writer J. D. Salinger, then 53 years old, who complimented her writing and warned her of the dangers of publicity. Maynard and Salinger exchanged letters. After her freshman year at Yale, she moved into his house in Cornish, New Hampshire. Salinger and his wife had divorced in 1967. While living with him for eight months, mid-1972 till March 1973, Maynard wrote her first book, a memoir Document [43] (Title: Older Than My Old Man Now) influence on "Older Than My Old Man Now" and the inclusion of his writing, Wainwright noted, "He died in 1988, and I have powerful memories of him. He was a huge presence in my life, and we had difficulties... very typical father-son oedipal clashes, but he was a remarkable guy, and a fine writer. And that’s why I was so excited to be able to include some of his writing on the record, to bring him into the record. Both of my parents are dead, and in a way they've become bigger than ever, more important than ever. I don’t Document [44] (Title: My Old Man's a Dustman) My Old Man's a Dustman "My Old Man's a Dustman" is a song first recorded by the British skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan. It reached number one in the British, Irish, Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand singles charts in 1960. The chorus of the song is: The song was written by Lonnie Donegan, Peter Buchanan (Donegan's manager between 1956 and 1962), and Beverly Thorn; Thorn was not credited on the original release. According to his autobiography, Beverley Thorn was a pseudonym of Leslie Bricusse, the songwriter who wrote hit shows with Anthony Newley. It probably has its origins in "My Father Document [45] (Title: Willard Motley) in 1960. Ella Fitzgerald's music for the film was released on the album "Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from "Let No Man Write My Epitaph"". According to the citation statement for the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame awards, "Motley was criticized in his life for being a black man writing about white characters, a middle-class man writing about the lower class, and a closeted homosexual writing about heterosexual urges. But those more kindly disposed to his work, and there were plenty, admired his grit and heart...Chicago was more complicated than just its racial or sexual tensions, and as a writer his Document [46] (Title: Wilhelm von Kügelgen) from a severe mental illness. During these years, he increasingly turned from painting to writing. In 1870, his memoirs were published by Philipp von Nathusius. They were given the title "Jugenderinnerungen eines alten Mannes" (Childhood Memories of an Old Man). These stories from his youth quickly became popular reading for the German middle-class. Their 230th edition appeared in 1922. An English translation was made under the title "Bygone Days: Or, an Old Man's Reminiscences of His Youth". Several editions in German and English are available as reprints. Since 1993, the Kunstkreis Sachsen-Anhalt in Bernburg has awarded an annual "Wilhelm von Document [47] (Title: Mort Dixon) Mort Dixon Mort Dixon (March 20, 1892 – March 23, 1956) was a noted lyricist. Born in New York City, Dixon began writing songs in the early 1920s, and was active into the 1930s. He achieved success with his first published effort, 1923's "That Old Gang of Mine". His chief composer collaborators were Ray Henderson, Harry Warren, Harry M. Woods and Allie Wrubel. Among his lyrics are: "That Old Gang Of Mine" (1923), "Bye Bye Blackbird" (1926), "I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover" (1927), "Nagasaki" (1928), "Would You Like to Take a Walk?" (1930), "I Found a Million Dollar Document [48] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba. In 1953, "The Old Man and the Sea" was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by Document [49] (Title: Old Man (song)) Old Man (song) "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album "Harvest". "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for the week ending June 3. The song was written for the caretaker of the Northern California Broken Arrow Ranch, which Young purchased for $350,000 in 1970. The song compares a young man's life to an old man's and shows that the young man has, to some extent, the same needs as the old one. James Document [50] (Title: The Old Man and the Sea) , "The Old Man and the Sea" is Hemingway's final full-length work published during his lifetime. The book, dedicated to "Charlie Scribner" and to Hemingway's literary editor "Max Perkins", was featured in "Life" magazine on September 1, 1952, and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days. "The Old Man and the Sea" became a Book of the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity. Published in book form on September 1, 1952, the first edition print run was 50,000 copies. The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard. In Document [51] (Title: An Englishman Looks at the World) An Englishman Looks at the World An Englishman Looks at the World is a 1914 essay collection by H. G. Wells containing journalistic pieces written between 1909 and 1914. The book consists of twenty-six pieces ranging from five to sixty-two pages in length. An American edition was published the same year by Harper and Brothers under the title Social Forces in England and America. Wells organized the essays thematically, inserting a fanciful "synopsis" after the table of contents conveying his view that the book constituted an argument: "Blériot arrives and sets him thinking. (1) He flies, (2) and deduces certain Document [52] (Title: Look at Me (John Lennon song)) Look at Me (John Lennon song) "Look at Me" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, from his debut solo album "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band". Lennon began writing "Look at Me" in India in 1968, during the extended sessions for the Beatles' self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album". He then shelved the song until 1970, when he recorded it for his debut solo album. A different recording of the song was later released on the "John Lennon Anthology" and the compilation album "Acoustic". The pattern of the song is fairly prominent throughout the track. It Document [53] (Title: Charles Fletcher Lummis) but dropped out during his senior year. While at Harvard he worked during the summer as a printer and published his first work, "Birch Bark Poems." This small volume was printed on paper-thin sheets of birch bark; he won acclaim from "Life" magazine and recognition from some of the day's leading poets. He sold the books by subscription and used the money to pay for college. A poem from this work, "My Cigarette", highlighted tobacco as one of his life's obsessions. In 1880, at the age of 21, Lummis married Dorothea Rhodes of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1884, Lummis was working Document [54] (Title: Looks at Life) Looks at Life Looks at Life is singer-songwriter-multi-instrumentalist John Hartford's debut album. It essentially set the pattern for all of his RCA albums over the next four years: a combination of dry wit and superb musicianship, delivered with a warm conversational baritone. This, along with the next five albums, were repackaged in three "twofer" CDs on BMG's Camden Deluxe label in 2002, immediately following his death. Music critic Richie Unterberger, writing for Allmusic, wrote "Though occasional songs skirted commercial country-pop ("Like Unto a Mockingbird," "Minus the Woman") and novelty tunes ("I Shoulda Wore My Birthday Suit" and the kazoo-laden "Jack's Document [55] (Title: Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood) Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood The lives of Bruhs Mero (February 15, 1911 - August 10, 1995) and L. Eugene "Gean" Harwood (1909-2006) are recounted in the book by Harwood, "The Oldest Gay Couple in America: A Seventy-Year Journey Through Same-Sex America". L. Eugene "Gean" Harwood was born in Auburn, New York, where he first studied music. Bruhs Mero and Gean Harwood were partners in life and music. They wrote their first composition, "Come and Take My Hand", in 1933. The text was a poem by Mero, who was forced to live alone in Florida for a period due to Document [56] (Title: Old Folks (Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid song)) Old Folks (Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid song) "Old Folks" is a song recorded by American country music artists Ronnie Milsap and Mike Reid, the latter of whom wrote the song. It was released in March 1988 as the third single from the album "Heart & Soul". The song reached number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song pays homage to two elderly people: a gentleman who, despite being 80 years old still works daily and is still bitter over the Brooklyn Dodgers' franchise move to Los Angeles; and a grandmother who maintains a sweet Question: who wrote old man take a look at my life

Answer: Neil Young Long Answer: "Old Man" is a song written and performed by Neil Young on his 1972 album Harvest. "Old Man" was released as a single on Reprise Records in the spring of 1972, and reached #31 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the week ending June 3. Gold Document ID: 49

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) Spock (Leonard Nimoy) has gone missing and an intelligence scan has placed him on Romulus, raising fears that he may have defected. Picard orders the "Enterprise" to Vulcan to speak to Spock's ailing father, Sarek (Mark Lenard), with whom Picard shares a close bond. Sarek gives Picard the name of Pardek, a Romulan Senator that he knew Spock had been maintaining a dialogue with for several decades. Lieutenant Commander Data (Brent Spiner) discovers a visual record of Pardek from a trade conference and confirms him as being the figure seen on the intelligence scan of Spock on Romulus. The "Enterprise" Document [2] (Title: Development of Spock) character to be very intelligent and possibly green. He asked Lockwood for his advice about who could play the character, and Roddenberry was reminded about Leonard Nimoy, who had made a guest appearance in "The Lieutenant" episode "In the Highest Tradition". Several days afterwards, Roddenberry's secretary Dorothy Fontana read his new "" proposal, asking Roddenberry immediately if he had someone in mind to play Spock. She was handed a glossy photograph of Nimoy in response. It was not until much later that Roddenberry became aware that the character had a namesake, in Dr. Benjamin Spock. Despite having Nimoy immediately in Document [3] (Title: Saavik) to director Nicholas Meyer, writing in his autobiography, "The View from the Bridge", Saavik was dropped from the film and Valeris created when Kirstie Alley proved unwilling to reprise the role, while Leonard Nimoy, in his autobiography "I Am Spock", said there were also second thoughts about casting a popular, established character as a villain. In the novel "Vulcan's Heart", which takes place some years after "Undiscovered Country", an older Saavik marries Spock. Saavik appears again in the "Vulcan's Soul" trilogy of novels published from 2004. In this continuity, the character has risen to the rank of Captain. In the Document [4] (Title: In Search of... (TV series)) Nimoy, stars as Spock in the rebooted "Star Trek" films, will host the revived version of the show on History Channel. The original series ran for six seasons. In February 2012, it was announced that Visual Entertainment, under license from Universal Studios, had acquired the home video rights to the original series for the United States and Canada. "In Search of: The Complete Collection" was released in Canada and the U.S. on December 11, 2012 from VEI's website. The 21-DVD set includes all 144 installments hosted by Leonard Nimoy. Also included are two Rod Serling specials: "In Search of Ancient Document [5] (Title: Star Trek (film series)) Leonard Nimoy (also co-writer of the fourth), best known as the actor playing Spock. Spock's half-brother (Laurence Luckinbill) believes he is summoned by God, and hijacks the brand-new (and problem-ridden) "Enterprise"-A to take it through the Great Barrier, at the center of the Milky Way, beyond which he believes his maker waits for him. Meanwhile, a young and arrogant Klingon captain (Todd Bryant), seeking glory in what he views as an opportunity to avenge his people of the deaths of their crewmen on Genesis, sets his sights on Kirk. This is the only film in the franchise directed by William Document [6] (Title: Star Trek Beyond) crew celebrates Kirk's birthday, they watch the construction of their new ship, the USS "Enterprise"-A—and when the ship is completed, they resume their mission. Jeff Bezos appears as an alien Starfleet crew member. Leonard Nimoy appears in two photo cameos as Spock Prime – individually, and alongside George Takei, Walter Koenig, William Shatner, James Doohan, DeForest Kelley, and Nichelle Nichols as the Prime versions of Sulu, Chekov, Kirk, Scott, McCoy, and Uhura, respectively. Abrams returned only as a producer so he could focus on directing "". Writer-producer Roberto Orci was announced as director in May 2014. He would have been Document [7] (Title: I Am Spock) as far as he is concerned, Spock is still alive and well working on Romulus (as seen in the two-part episode "" of ""). Nimoy played Spock again (alongside a younger Spock played by Zachary Quinto) in the 2009 film "Star Trek" and the 2013 film "Star Trek Into Darkness", both directed by J. J. Abrams. I Am Spock I Am Spock is the second volume of actor and director Leonard Nimoy's autobiography. The book was published in 1995, four years after the release of the last "Star Trek" motion picture starring the entire original cast, and covers the majority Document [8] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) seasons, hosted the documentary series "In Search of...", narrated "Civilization IV", and made several well-received stage appearances. He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series "Fringe". Nimoy's public profile as Spock was so strong that both of his autobiographies, "I Am Not Spock" (1975) and "I Am Spock" (1995), were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character. In 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor. The documentaries "For the Love of Spock" and "Remembering Leonard Nimoy" were produced by his son and daughter respectively; covering his life, career and later Document [9] (Title: Roberto Orci) Orci suggested rebooting the timeline as seen previously in the films and television series, and adding the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock from "". He considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was at the beginning of "Star Trek: The Original Series". Orci felt that the relationship between the James T. Kirk and the younger Spock was reflective of the partnership of himself and Kurtzman, he said that "We didn't even realize we were writing about ourselves until we Document [10] (Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)) crew's actions in the rescue of Captain Spock (Leonard Nimoy) in "". It replaces the original "Enterprise" (NCC-1701), destroyed in "Star Trek III". Though outwardly identical to its refitted and updated predecessor, in its debut, the new ship is beset with teething problems and Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott and Commander Uhura are shown making numerous repairs and reconfigurations to the new ship before deployment. In "", the ship is dispatched to rescue hostages on Nimbus III. The Vulcan renegade Sybok (Laurence Luckinbill) and his followers hijack the ship and take it to a planet at the center of the galaxy, Document [11] (Title: Stephen Manley) in film and television. He is most recognized today from his part as Young Spock at 17 in "". His Pon Farr scene with Saavik at first raised some eyebrows before the studio released the film, almost cut for being too racy for a Star Trek film. However, the scene remained in the film due to Leonard Nimoy. After wrapping the film, Stephen headed off to College and attended the Pasadena Art Center and graduated with a Bachelors in Film and Fine Art. He directed a short film called "Greasepaint" which won honors at the Houston Film Festival and aired Document [12] (Title: Mind Meld) interested in hearing Shatner's supposed flatulence. Laurence Lerman of "Video Business" praised the film for not "rehash[ing] anecdotes that have long been staples of "Star Trek" conventions and behind-the-scenes memoirs", and instead for dealing with such topics as alcoholism, career difficulties, and conflicts on the set of "Star Trek". William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy respectively portrayed James T. Kirk and Spock in "Star Trek", first in the 1960s television series (later retitled ""), then in the 1970s television series "", and subsequently in several "Star Trek" films between 1979 and 1994. In "Mind Meld", they discuss the "Star Trek" media Document [13] (Title: David Canary) Day Massacre", and appeared on the short-lived CBS western "Dundee and the Culhane". A contract dispute that year between Leonard Nimoy and the producers of "" forced Herb Solow, Robert H. Justman, and Gene Roddenberry to compile a list of candidates for consideration to take over the role of Mr. Spock. As revealed in Solow and Justman's book, "Star Trek - The Inside Story", Canary was one of these candidates. David Dortort, the creator/producer of "Bonanza", saw Canary in "Hombre" and cast him in the role of the new ranch foreman; he said that Canary was "the kind of kid Document [14] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) the Klingon ship and head to Vulcan. Spock's "katra" is reunited with his body in a dangerous Vulcan ritual. Spock is resurrected, alive and well, though his memories are fragmented. At Kirk's prompting, Spock remembers Kirk's first name as "Jim", and recognizes his friends. William Shatner reprises the role of Admiral James T. Kirk, Starfleet officer. Shatner remarked that being directed by Leonard Nimoy, his longtime co-star and friend, was initially awkward, although as the shoot went on, it became easier as Shatner realized how confident Nimoy was. To reduce weight, Shatner dieted before the start of production, but as Document [15] (Title: Star Trek (film series)) with the exception of an aged Spock played by Leonard Nimoy. It was directed by J. J. Abrams (who produced it with Damon Lindelof) and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. According to Lindelof, this production was designed to attract a wider audience. It received positive reviews and a number of awards, including the film franchise's only Academy Award, for "makeup and hairstyling". A story that covered the events between "Nemesis" and "Star Trek" was released as the graphic novel "" in early 2009. A Starfleet special agent (Benedict Cumberbatch), coerces an officer into blowing up a secret installation Document [16] (Title: Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)) T. Kirk (William Shatner), First Officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy (DeForest Kelley), and a security force beam down to find one survivor (Tom Troupe) who says the base came under heavy bombardment from an unknown enemy. The landing party find themselves under fire from nearby, with two of the security team killed in the initial volley. The "Enterprise" is also under attack from an unknown vessel, preventing the crew from beaming up the landing party. On the surface, Kirk finds a grenade launcher from the outpost's stores, and uses it to scatter the alien forces. The Document [17] (Title: K/O Paper Products) adding the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock from "". He considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was at the beginning of "Star Trek: The Original Series". Orci felt that the relationship between the James T. Kirk and the younger Spock was reflective of the partnership of himself and Kurtzman, he said that "We didn't even realize we were writing about ourselves until we were halfway through the script, that was a little embarrassing. As of June 2009, "Star Document [18] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) include Robert Hooks as Admiral Morrow, the commander of Starfleet; James Sikking as Captain Styles, the commanding officer of the "Excelsior"; Miguel Ferrer as the "<nowiki>Excelsior'</nowiki>"s First Officer and Helmsman; and Phillip R. Allen as Captain J.T. Esteban, the captain of the ill-fated "Grissom". John Larroquette plays Maltz, a member of Kruge's bridge crew whom Nimoy describes as "the thoughtful Klingon". Catherine Shirriff plays Valkris, Kruge's doomed lover. Grace Lee Whitney, who played Janice Rand in the original "Star Trek" series, made a cameo appearance (wearing a wig) as "Woman in Cafeteria". Scott McGinnis plays a young man whom Uhura Document [19] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) main characters: Captain Kirk (William Shatner), chief engineer Lt. Commander Scott (James Doohan) and Lt. Sulu (George Takei), who served as a physicist on the ship in the second pilot but subsequently became a helmsman throughout the rest of the series. Paul Fix played Dr. Mark Piper in the second pilot; ship's doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley) joined the cast when filming began for the first season, and he remained for the rest of the series, achieving billing as the third star of the series. Also joining the ship's permanent crew during the first season were the communications officer, Lt. Document [20] (Title: Star Trek: The Animated Series) afford the complete cast. He was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances: Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs; and Lieutenant M'Ress, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and M'Ress, respectively. Initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura. Nimoy refused to voice Spock in the series unless Nichelle Nichols and George Takei Document [21] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy (; March 26, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was best known for his role as Spock of the "Star Trek" franchise, a character he portrayed in television and film from shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013. Nimoy began his career in his early twenties, teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s, as well as playing the title role in "Kid Monk Baroni". Foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien, he played Document [22] (Title: Spock) Spock Spock is a fictional character in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the , and also appears in the , a two-part episode of "", eight of the "Star Trek" feature films, and numerous Star Trek novels, comics, and video games. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spock's rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film "". In the 2009 film "Star Trek", Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, who depicted a younger version of the character, existing within an Document [23] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) to distinguish the show within the media franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s. The ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), first officer and science officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening Document [24] (Title: Chris Pine) of "White Jazz", to accept the part of James T. Kirk in the 2009 "Star Trek" film, which was released to critical and viewer acclaim in May of that year. That same month, he made a brief appearance promoting the film on "Saturday Night Live", with co-stars Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy. During the rest of the summer of 2009, he appeared in the Los Angeles production of the Beau Willimon play "Farragut North". Pine appeared in the Los Angeles production of "The Lieutenant of Inishmore" during the summer of 2010, for which he won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Document [25] (Title: Development of Spock) Development of Spock The development of Spock, a fictional character first introduced in the American science fiction television series "", began prior to the start of the series. The first known mention of Spock was in a discussion between Gene Roddenberry and Gary Lockwood, where the latter suggested Leonard Nimoy for the role. Roddenberry agreed with the suggestion, and Nimoy became the first choice actor for the part. However, Roddenberry was required to audition other actors for the role. It was offered to both DeForest Kelley and Martin Landau before Nimoy, who accepted the part. The actor disliked the prosthetic Document [26] (Title: Mark Lenard) Mark Lenard Mark Lenard (born Leonard Rosenson, October 15, 1924 – November 22, 1996) was an American actor, primarily in television. His most famous role was as Sarek, father of the popular character Spock, in the science fiction "Star Trek" franchise, in both and , as well as three films and two episodes of "". He also played a Klingon in "Star Trek The Motion Picture", and a Romulan in an episode of "". Lenard was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a Russian Jewish immigrant, Abraham, and his wife, Bessie, but was raised in the small town of Document [27] (Title: The Pagemaster) Stewart played Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Whoopi Goldberg played , Leonard Nimoy played Mr. Spock, Christopher Lloyd played Kruge in "", Ed Begley Jr. played Henry Starling in a two-part episode of "", George Hearn played Dr. Berel in an episode of "", and B.J. Ward played numerous characters in "Star Trek" computer games, as did Jim Cummings. Composer James Horner was also the composer for "" and "". Frank Welker voiced Spock's screams in "Star Trek III" and the alien creature in the "Star Trek: Voyager" episode "". Robert Picardo played on "". Additionally, both Nimoy and Welker voiced the Document [28] (Title: A Quality of Mercy) responds. Causarano sardonically assures him, "I wouldn't fret. I'm sure there'll be other wars, other countries, other human beings you can knock off." As the platoon withdraws, Katell says to himself, "I hope not. God, I hope not." Some of the cast members became well known in later science-fiction television series. Dean Stockwell became known to science-fiction fans as Al Calavicci in the television series "Quantum Leap", and for another generation, as Cavil in the remake series of "Battlestar Galactica". Leonard Nimoy became known as Spock in "". The episode would later be remade into the first segment of "" Document [29] (Title: Mark Lenard) Nothing". In the mid-1960s, he moved his family to Los Angeles, where he played one of the Three Wise Men in the biblical epic "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965). Lenard is best known for his appearances in the "Star Trek" franchise, particularly in the role of Sarek, the father of Spock (Leonard Nimoy). However, his first Star Trek appearance was in the first season of "", playing the first Romulan ever seen in the series, in the episode "Balance of Terror" (1966). He originated the character of Sarek in the second-season episode "Journey to Babel" (1967), and provided the Document [30] (Title: Sarek (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) current wife Perrin. With the conference successfully completed, Sarek prepares to take his leave. Picard lets Perrin know of Sarek's love for her, and Perrin says she has always known it. Sarek thanks Picard for his kindness, and with deep respect states: "We will always retain the best part of the other, inside us." Following creator Gene Roddenberry's suggestion that "The Next Generation" would be unable to afford an appearance by Leonard Nimoy as Spock, it was suggested in a memo that Mark Lenard could appear as Spock's on-screen father, Sarek. Lenard had made his first appearance as Sarek in Document [31] (Title: The Infinite Vulcan) by Hal Sutherland. Set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (voiced by William Shatner) and the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise". In this episode, the crew visit a planet enhabited by plant-based lifeforms and must save the life of Science Officer Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy) after he is abducted by a giant clone of Dr. Stavos Keniclius (voiced by James Doohan). Koenig was hired to write the script after some of his work was passed from Susan Sackett to series creator Gene Roddenberry. Koenig found the writing process for the Document [32] (Title: Past Prologue) "Star Trek" franchise as she was the wife of Leonard Nimoy, the actor who portrayed Spock in "" and the film series. Also appearing in this episode was Vaughn Armstrong, who would go on to play thirteen different characters within the franchise, including the recurring part of Rear Admiral Maxwell Forrest in "". The episode is best known for the introduction of the recurring character Elim Garak. Fields said of the character at the time, "we didn't want to make him an out and out spy, because then what would you do with him after the episode? You'd have to Document [33] (Title: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home) verges on tongue-in-cheek but isn't; it's as though the characters within the play have a great deal of joy about themselves, a joy of living [and] you play it with the reality you would in a kitchen-sink drama written for today's life". Leonard Nimoy plays Spock, who was resurrected by the effects of the Genesis planet and had his "living spirit" restored to his body in the previous film. DeForest Kelley portrays Doctor Leonard McCoy, who is given many of the film's comedic lines; Kelley biographer Terry Lee Rioux wrote that in the film "he seemed to be playing straight Document [34] (Title: Adam Nimoy) Nimoy's famous "Star Trek" character which the younger planned to direct. Nimoy stated that with his father's passing, the project would now take on a stronger focus on the life and career of Leonard Nimoy, as well as the character of Spock. In March 2015, Nimoy announced plans to crowd-fund the project's $600,000 budget and provide credit and other perks to the fans who contributed. By that June, the project successfully completed funding through Kickstarter.com, raising $621,721, ahead of its July 1 deadline. The documentary, "For the Love of Spock", received the support of interview subjects including William Shatner, George Document [35] (Title: DeForest Kelley) Trek" pilot "". In 1963, he appeared in "The Virginian" episode "Man of Violence" as a "drinking" cavalry doctor with Leonard Nimoy as his patient. (Nimoy's character did not survive.) Perhaps not coincidentally, the episode was written by John D. F. Black, who went on to become a writer-producer on "Star Trek". Just before "Star Trek" began filming, Kelley appeared as a doctor again, in the "Laredo" episode "The Sound of Terror". After refusing Roddenberry's 1964 offer to play Spock, Kelley played Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy from 1966 to 1969 in "". He reprised the character in a voice-over role Document [36] (Title: DeForest Kelley) in "" (1973–74), and the first six "Star Trek" motion pictures (1979 to 1991). In one of the "Star Trek" comic books it was stated that Dr. McCoy's father had been a Baptist preacher, an idea that apparently originated from Kelley's background. In 1987, he also had a cameo in "Encounter at Farpoint", the first episode of "", as Admiral Leonard McCoy, Starfleet Surgeon General Emeritus. Several aspects of Kelley's background became part of McCoy's characterization, including his pronunciation of "nuclear" as "nucular". Kelley became a good friend of "Star Trek" cast mates William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, from their Document [37] (Title: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home) Robert Ellenstein as the Federation President, Michael Berryman as an alien display officer at Starfleet Command, and Brock Peters as Fleet Admiral Cartwright. Grace Lee Whitney reprises her role as Janice Rand from the original television series. Before "The Search for Spock" was released, its director Leonard Nimoy was asked to return to direct the next film in the franchise. Whereas Nimoy had been under certain constraints in filming the previous picture, Paramount gave the director greater freedom for the sequel. "[Paramount] said flat out that they wanted my vision," Nimoy recalled. In contrast to the drama-heavy and operatic events Document [38] (Title: Victor Lundin) Colicos' Kor. Lundin had previously auditioned for the role of Spock, which wound up going to Leonard Nimoy instead. He also appeared in other series such as "The Time Tunnel" and later in his career in "Babylon 5". He was a regular at science fiction conventions, and continued to sing professionally, including making an appearance on a cruise in the early 2000s. Lundin married Christa Friedlander in 1961 and had three children; two sons and a daughter. The marriage ended in 1972 and he retained custody of their 3 children. He raised his three children alone and later met Amelia Document [39] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) that masked their true affection and respect for each other, and their constant arguments became popular with viewers. The show so emphasized dialogue that writer and director Nicholas Meyer (involved with the "Star Trek" films) called it a radio drama, showing an episode to a film class without video to prove that the plot was still comprehensible. The Spock character was at first rejected by network executives, who were apprehensive that his vaguely "Satanic" appearance (with pointed ears and eyebrows) might prove upsetting to some viewers, and (according to Leonard Nimoy) they repeatedly urged Roddenberry to "drop the Martian." Roddenberry Document [40] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) the end of the "Star Trek" series) at the Pheasant Run Playhouse in St. Charles, Illinois. Nimoy was best known for his portrayal of Spock, the half-human, half-Vulcan character he played on "Star Trek" from the first TV episode, in 1966, to the film "Star Trek Into Darkness" in 2013. Biographer Dennis Fischer states that it was Nimoy's "most important role," and Nimoy was later credited by others for bringing "dignity and intelligence to one of the most revered characters in science fiction." The character was to become iconic, considered one of the most popular alien characters ever portrayed on Document [41] (Title: William Shatner) Heart") of the ABC sci-fi anthology series "The Outer Limits". Also that year, he appeared in an episode of the CBS drama "The Reporter" ("He Stuck in His Thumb") and co-starred with Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom, Newman, and Edward G. Robinson in the Western feature film "The Outrage". His iconic, career-defining role was that of Captain James T. Kirk on NBC's series "Star Trek" two years later. In 1965, Shatner guest-starred in "12 O'Clock High" as Major Curt Brown in the segment "I Am the Enemy" and in "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." in an episode that also featured Leonard Nimoy, Document [42] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1)) Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1) The first season of the American science fiction television series . premiered on NBC on September 8, 1966 and concluded on April 13, 1967. It consisted of twenty-nine episodes, which is the highest number of episodes in a season of The Original Series of "Star Trek". Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy. This article also Document [43] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)) Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy. The season originally aired Fridays at 8:30-9:30 pm (EST) on NBC. This is a list of episodes from Document [44] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) in "Star Trek: Original Motion Picture Collection". "The Search for Spock" was remastered in 1080p high-definition from the 2000 DVD transfer. All six films in the set have new 7.1 Dolby TrueHD audio. The disc features a new commentary track by former "", "", and "" television writers Ronald D. Moore and Michael Taylor. The film was briefly removed from Netflix in August 2013 because of inaccurately translated Klingon and Vulcan subtitles. Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Star Trek III: The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by Leonard Nimoy and based on Document [45] (Title: Mark Hamill) Leonard Nimoy, the actor of Spock. Tetsuya Nomura stated that they wanted the two for the roles, as the two characters are rivals, referencing the rivalry between fans of "Star Wars" and fans of "Star Trek". He also narrated "", the title being a reference to the 1980 war film he starred in. Hamill is credited as the narrator in "Ancient Voices", a 1999 series of documentaries on archaeology and ancient history produced by as a BBC/The Learning Channel co-production, and published by Time-Life as a DVD series. He also narrated the Medal of Honor and Silver Star citations of Document [46] (Title: U.S. television science fiction) played by Leonard Nimoy, was the only character carried over from the original 1964 pilot) with a new crew commanded by Captain James T. Kirk, played by William Shatner. The show used a few established science fiction authors. Harlan Ellison wrote “The City on the Edge of Forever”, Richard Matheson wrote "The Enemy Within," and Theodore Sturgeon wrote “Shore Leave” and “Amok Time”. "Star Trek" was also known for its social commentary. The background for this commentary was a set of alien cultures that roughly paralleled the Earth of today. The United Federation of Planets was analogous to America, Starfleet Document [47] (Title: Transformers: Dark of the Moon) "Star Trek" references, partly because scriptwriter Ehren Kruger was a "big Star Trek geek", but also as a nod to the fact that new character Sentinel Prime was voiced by Leonard Nimoy, who originated the iconic role of Spock on "Star Trek" and voiced Galvatron in "". The first "Star Trek" reference is when refugee robots Brains and Wheelie, who live in Sam and Carly's apartment complex, are watching "" episode "Amok Time"; Wheelie comments "I've seen this one. It's the one where Spock goes nuts." The second reference is when Sam meets his girlfriend, Carly Spencer at work, and Document [48] (Title: Guinan (Star Trek)) in the Star Trek franchise, and popular also; TNG's "" (1991) diology featuring Leonard Nimoy as Spock in Part II brought in the highest Nielsen ratings (15.4) of that Season, and the highest for TNG except for the pilot and finale. (see also Star Trek crossovers). The decision was made to feature Goldberg prominently in the first feature film based on "The Next Generation", "Star Trek Generations". This was due in part to her being far more well known to the general public than the majority of the main cast, having won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at Document [49] (Title: Development of Spock) this film showed up to work in the spirit of celebrating his life and his indelible contribution to this franchise... He’s there in a really powerful way." Director Justin Lin confirmed that there would be an indication that Spock from the main timeline had died in the film. Development of Spock The development of Spock, a fictional character first introduced in the American science fiction television series "", began prior to the start of the series. The first known mention of Spock was in a discussion between Gene Roddenberry and Gary Lockwood, where the latter suggested Leonard Nimoy for the Document [50] (Title: David Gautreaux) and "Damages". When Paramount Pictures announced plans to make a new "Star Trek" series in 1977, Leonard Nimoy declined to reprise his role of Spock. The character of Lieutenant Xon – a 22-year-old full Vulcan officer – was created to fill the void. The series was to premiere in 1978, but the studio decided to instead bring the franchise back as a motion picture. With Nimoy now on board, Gautreaux was given the small role of Commander Branch, leader of Epsilon 9, a space station destroyed by the "V'Ger" cloud early in the film. David Gautreaux David Gautreaux (born June Document [51] (Title: Star Trek Generations) by the main cast's stunt doubles. Initially, the entire principal cast of "The Original Series" was featured in the film's first script, but only three members appeared in the film: William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, James Doohan as Montgomery Scott, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. Leonard Nimoy and DeForest Kelley declined to appear as Spock and Leonard McCoy. Nimoy (who was offered the job of directing the film) felt that there were story problems with the script and that Spock's role was extraneous—"I said to everybody concerned [...] that if you took the dozen or so lines Document [52] (Title: The Survivor (Star Trek: The Animated Series)) to protect the "Enterprise" would be taken into consideration. Nored informs the Vendorian that it is very similar to Winston in personality and she offers to return to Earth with the alien. When Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (voiced by DeForest Kelley) jokes that if the Vendorian had turned himself into a second Spock "it would have been too much to take", Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy) quickly replies that "two Dr. McCoys just might bring the level of medical efficiency on this ship to acceptable levels." "The Survivor" is writer James Schmerer's only credit in the "Star Trek" franchise, Document [53] (Title: Star Trek Generations) of Spock dialog and simply changed the name of the character, nobody would notice the difference." "The Next Generation" producer Rick Berman said that "Both Leonard Nimoy and DeForest Kelley felt they made a proper goodbye in the last movie [""]". Nimoy and Kelley's lines were subsequently modified for Doohan and Koenig. In Scotty's case, it created a seeming continuity discrepancy, given Scotty's dialogue in the "TNG" episode "". In that episode, Scotty implied that he believed Kirk to be still alive, although the scene's setting was after Scotty had witnessed Kirk's apparent death in "Star Trek Generations". The official Document [54] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) was also dismayed to discover that NBC's publicity department deliberately airbrushed out Spock's pointed ears and eyebrows from early publicity stills sent to network affiliates, because they feared that his "demonic" appearance might offend potential buyers in the religiously conservative southern states. Spock, however, went on to become one of the most popular characters on the show, as did McCoy's impassioned country-doctor personality. Spock, in fact, became a sex symbol of sorts—something no one connected with the show had expected. Leonard Nimoy noted that the question of Spock's extraordinary sex appeal emerged "almost any time I talked to someone in Document [55] (Title: Star Trek: The Motion Picture) television network. Though Paramount was loath to abandon its work on the film, Roddenberry wanted to bring many of the production staff from the original series to work on the new show, titled "". Producer Harold Livingston was assigned to find writers for new episodes, while Roddenberry prepared a writers' guide briefing the uninitiated on the franchise canon. Of the original cast, only Leonard Nimoy stated he would not return. To replace Spock, Roddenberry created a logical Vulcan prodigy named Xon. Since Xon was too young to fill the role of first officer, Roddenberry developed Commander William Decker, and later Document [56] (Title: Spock) known mention of Spock was in a conversation between "Star Trek"s creator Gene Roddenberry and actor Gary Lockwood, in which Lockwood suggested Leonard Nimoy for the role. The trio had previously worked together on Roddenberry's "The Lieutenant" in the episode "In the Highest Tradition". Roddenberry agreed to the idea, but was required to audition other actors for the part. At the time, Roddenberry sought DeForest Kelley to play the doctor character in the pilot, "The Cage", but both NBC executives and director Robert Butler wanted him to play Spock. Roddenberry offered the part to both Kelley and Martin Landau, but Document [57] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)) the second season of . <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Paramount Home Entertainment. Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard Document [58] (Title: The Pirates of Orion) released in several forms of home media, including VHS, LaserDisc and DVD. On stardate 6334.1, the Federation starship "Enterprise" is on its way to planet Deneb 5 when the Vulcan First Officer, Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy), contracts the disease choriocytosis and is diagnosed by Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (voiced by DeForest Kelley) with having only days to live. The Starfleet freighter SS "Huron" is to rendezvous with the "Enterprise" and deliver medicine direly needed for the cure, when it is attacked by Orion pirates who steal its cargo, which turns out to be primarily a sizable load of Document [59] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) perceived faults had been partly because of the script that they had selected themselves. NBC made the unusual decision to pay for a second pilot, using the script called "Where No Man Has Gone Before". Only the character of Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, was retained from the first pilot, and only two cast members, Majel Barrett and Nimoy, were carried forward into the series. This second pilot proved to be satisfactory to NBC, and the network selected "Star Trek" to be in its upcoming television schedule for the fall of 1966. The second pilot introduced most of the other Document [60] (Title: Star Trek: Phase II) announcement that "Star Trek" was returning as a series on June 17, 1977, Roddenberry began recruiting new crewmembers, including Harold Livingston and Robert Goodwin as executive producers. Other staff returning from "The Original Series" included William Ware Theiss, while Matt Jefferies was hired as a technical advisor and designed an updated version of the USS "Enterprise". The initial order was for a two-hour pilot episode, followed by 13 episodes. Leonard Nimoy turned down the offer by Roddenberry to return as Spock as a recurring character, which necessitated the creation of a new Vulcan character named Xon. David Gautreaux successfully auditioned Document [61] (Title: I Am Spock) I Am Spock I Am Spock is the second volume of actor and director Leonard Nimoy's autobiography. The book was published in 1995, four years after the release of the last "Star Trek" motion picture starring the entire original cast, and covers the majority of Nimoy's time with "Star Trek" in general and Mr. Spock in particular. The book's title was a reference to the first volume of his autobiography, "I Am Not Spock", which had been published in 1975. At that time Nimoy had sought to distance his own personality from that of the character of Spock, although he Document [62] (Title: Harve Bennett) and Leonard Nimoy would have had cameos at the beginning and end of the film to "bookend" the story in flashback form, new actors would have portrayed most of the roles in the film, including the young Kirk and Spock. Although Paramount was initially enthusiastic about the idea, feedback from fans was almost universally negative over a "Star Trek" film without the established actors that fans had come to know and love. Also, Martin Davis who at the time was the head of Gulf & Western, wanted a film featuring the original cast to mark "Star Trek"s 25th anniversary in Document [63] (Title: Star Trek) or ""TOS"" debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship "Enterprise" and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Document [64] (Title: Sarek (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) crew experiences an outbreak of irrational anger amongst themselves. It is revealed that Sarek has Bendii syndrome, which is telepathically causing the problems among the crew. It is only resolved after the Vulcan mind melds with Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart). The appearance of Lenard was originally suggested by Gene Roddenberry as an alternative to an appearance by Leonard Nimoy, as it was suspected that it would be too expensive to have the latter actor reprise the role of Spock on television. Roddenberry had previously barred references to "" in "The Next Generation" although he did pursue having DeForest Kelley Document [65] (Title: Yesterday's Enterprise) characterization and plot issues correctable. The main issue was whether the producers wanted to do a show with time travel. Meanwhile, Ganino and Stillwell struck up a friendship and began to develop ideas for other episodes. Gene Roddenberry had distributed a memo that said the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock would be unlikely due to financial considerations, and suggested that a reasonable alternative would be to feature Mark Lenard, who played Spock's father Sarek. During the same period, Stillwell met Denise Crosby – who played Tasha Yar in the series' first season – at a 1989 fan convention in Document [66] (Title: I Am Not Spock) of Spock in the 2009 film "Star Trek", Zachary Quinto read "I Am Not Spock" for insight about the possibility of being typecast into the role. I Am Not Spock I Am Not Spock is Leonard Nimoy's first autobiography. Published in 1975, between the end of "" and the production of "", the book was criticized by some fans because of the perception that Nimoy was rejecting the character Spock. He maintained he was only clarifying the difference between himself and Spock, whom he always enjoyed playing. However, he later published "I Am Spock" in an attempt to address the Document [67] (Title: Lawrence Montaigne) Mason" episode, "The Case of the Carefree Coronary." In 1966, Montaigne portrayed the Romulan Decius in the "" episode "Balance of Terror"; he had nearly been cast as Mr Spock when it was possible that Leonard Nimoy would appear on "Mission Impossible". A year later, he portrayed the Vulcan Stonn, the paramour of Spock's intended bride T'Pring, in the episode "Amok Time"—a role that he reprised in 2006 in the unofficial mini-series "". Additionally, he guest starred on "Batman", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "The Man From U.N.C.L.E.", "Blue Light", "", "The Time Tunnel", "The Invaders", "Perry Mason", Document [68] (Title: Spock) eleven full episodes between 2013 and 2017. In scientific illustrator Jenny Parks' 2017 book "Star Trek Cats", Spock is depicted as an Oriental Shorthair. There has been a practice of altering the portrait of Canada's seventh prime minister, Wilfrid Laurier, on Canadian five-dollar notes to look like Spock. After the death of Leonard Nimoy in 2015, there was an increase in that practice. Spock Spock is a fictional character in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the , and also appears in the , a two-part episode of "", eight of the "Star Document [69] (Title: Star Trek: Discovery (season 2)) of "Star Trek", and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character. In April 2018, Anson Mount was cast as Pike, which was described as a "key role" for the season, and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks; Kurtzman noted that casting for Spock took into consideration a balance between Vulcan logic and revealing "emotion in the eyes and in the small gestures". Mount revealed in July that he would star for the full season, and that Rebecca Romijn would portray the original series character Number One. In Document [70] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Narab, one of three Martian invaders, in the 1952 movie serial "Zombies of the Stratosphere". In December 1964, he made his first appearance in the rejected "Star Trek" pilot "", and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969, followed by eight feature films and guest slots in the various spin-off series. The character has had a significant cultural impact and earned Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations; "TV Guide" named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters. After the original "Star Trek" series, Nimoy starred in "" for two Document [71] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Star Trek III: The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by Leonard Nimoy and based on the created by Gene Roddenberry. It is the third film in the "Star Trek" film series, and is the second part of a three-film story arc that begins with "" (1982) and concludes with "" (1986). After the death of Spock (Nimoy), the crew of the USS "Enterprise" returns to Earth. When James T. Kirk (William Shatner) learns that Spock's spirit, or katra, is held in the mind of Dr. Leonard "Bones" Document [72] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Friendship with a Remarkable Man". The book was released on February 16, 2016. Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy (; March 26, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was best known for his role as Spock of the "Star Trek" franchise, a character he portrayed in television and film from shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013. Nimoy began his career in his early twenties, teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s, as well as playing the title Document [73] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) films. He played the elder Spock in the 2009 "Star Trek" movie and reprised the role in a brief appearance in the 2013 sequel, "Star Trek Into Darkness", both directed by J. J. Abrams. Following "Star Trek" in 1969, Nimoy immediately joined the cast of the spy series "", which was seeking a replacement for Martin Landau. Nimoy was cast in the role of Paris, an IMF agent who was an ex-magician and make-up expert, "". He played the role during (1969–1971). Nimoy had been strongly considered as part of the initial cast for the show, but remained in the Document [74] (Title: Stephen Hawking) for the home video version of the "A Brief History of Time", Leonard Nimoy, who had played Spock on "Star Trek", learned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show. Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of "" in 1993. The same year, his synthesizer voice was recorded for the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking", and in 1999 for an appearance on "The Simpsons". Hawking appeared in documentaries titled "The Real Stephen Hawking" (2001), "Stephen Hawking: Profile" (2002) and "Hawking" (2013), and the documentary series "Stephen Hawking, Master of Document [75] (Title: Trekkie) be Trekkies, playing the game of "Klingon Boggle" and resolving disputes using the game of "rock-paper-scissors-lizard-Spock". Wil Wheaton of "" fame has made multiple guest appearances playing an evil version of himself. LeVar Burton, Brent Spiner, Leonard Nimoy (as a voice actor), and George Takei have also appeared on the series. There was also the 1997 film "Trekkies" and its 2004 sequel "Trekkies 2" that chronicles the life of many trekkies. Trekkie A Trekkie or Trekker is a fan of the "Star Trek" franchise, or of specific television series or films within that franchise. In 1967, science fiction editor Arthur Question: who played spock on the original star trek Answer: Leonard Nimoy Long Answer: Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock Gold Document ID: 75

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) Spock (Leonard Nimoy) has gone missing and an intelligence scan has placed him on Romulus, raising fears that he may have defected. Picard orders the "Enterprise" to Vulcan to speak to Spock's ailing father, Sarek (Mark Lenard), with whom Picard shares a close bond. Sarek gives Picard the name of Pardek, a Romulan Senator that he knew Spock had been maintaining a dialogue with for several decades. Lieutenant Commander Data (Brent Spiner) discovers a visual record of Pardek from a trade conference and confirms him as being the figure seen on the intelligence scan of Spock on Romulus. The "Enterprise" Document [2] (Title: Development of Spock) character to be very intelligent and possibly green. He asked Lockwood for his advice about who could play the character, and Roddenberry was reminded about Leonard Nimoy, who had made a guest appearance in "The Lieutenant" episode "In the Highest Tradition". Several days afterwards, Roddenberry's secretary Dorothy Fontana read his new "" proposal, asking Roddenberry immediately if he had someone in mind to play Spock. She was handed a glossy photograph of Nimoy in response. It was not until much later that Roddenberry became aware that the character had a namesake, in Dr. Benjamin Spock. Despite having Nimoy immediately in Document [3] (Title: Saavik) to director Nicholas Meyer, writing in his autobiography, "The View from the Bridge", Saavik was dropped from the film and Valeris created when Kirstie Alley proved unwilling to reprise the role, while Leonard Nimoy, in his autobiography "I Am Spock", said there were also second thoughts about casting a popular, established character as a villain. In the novel "Vulcan's Heart", which takes place some years after "Undiscovered Country", an older Saavik marries Spock. Saavik appears again in the "Vulcan's Soul" trilogy of novels published from 2004. In this continuity, the character has risen to the rank of Captain. In the Document [4] (Title: In Search of... (TV series)) Nimoy, stars as Spock in the rebooted "Star Trek" films, will host the revived version of the show on History Channel. The original series ran for six seasons. In February 2012, it was announced that Visual Entertainment, under license from Universal Studios, had acquired the home video rights to the original series for the United States and Canada. "In Search of: The Complete Collection" was released in Canada and the U.S. on December 11, 2012 from VEI's website. The 21-DVD set includes all 144 installments hosted by Leonard Nimoy. Also included are two Rod Serling specials: "In Search of Ancient Document [5] (Title: Star Trek (film series)) Leonard Nimoy (also co-writer of the fourth), best known as the actor playing Spock. Spock's half-brother (Laurence Luckinbill) believes he is summoned by God, and hijacks the brand-new (and problem-ridden) "Enterprise"-A to take it through the Great Barrier, at the center of the Milky Way, beyond which he believes his maker waits for him. Meanwhile, a young and arrogant Klingon captain (Todd Bryant), seeking glory in what he views as an opportunity to avenge his people of the deaths of their crewmen on Genesis, sets his sights on Kirk. This is the only film in the franchise directed by William Document [6] (Title: Star Trek Beyond) crew celebrates Kirk's birthday, they watch the construction of their new ship, the USS "Enterprise"-A—and when the ship is completed, they resume their mission. Jeff Bezos appears as an alien Starfleet crew member. Leonard Nimoy appears in two photo cameos as Spock Prime – individually, and alongside George Takei, Walter Koenig, William Shatner, James Doohan, DeForest Kelley, and Nichelle Nichols as the Prime versions of Sulu, Chekov, Kirk, Scott, McCoy, and Uhura, respectively. Abrams returned only as a producer so he could focus on directing "". Writer-producer Roberto Orci was announced as director in May 2014. He would have been Document [7] (Title: I Am Spock) as far as he is concerned, Spock is still alive and well working on Romulus (as seen in the two-part episode "" of ""). Nimoy played Spock again (alongside a younger Spock played by Zachary Quinto) in the 2009 film "Star Trek" and the 2013 film "Star Trek Into Darkness", both directed by J. J. Abrams. I Am Spock I Am Spock is the second volume of actor and director Leonard Nimoy's autobiography. The book was published in 1995, four years after the release of the last "Star Trek" motion picture starring the entire original cast, and covers the majority Document [8] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) seasons, hosted the documentary series "In Search of...", narrated "Civilization IV", and made several well-received stage appearances. He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series "Fringe". Nimoy's public profile as Spock was so strong that both of his autobiographies, "I Am Not Spock" (1975) and "I Am Spock" (1995), were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character. In 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor. The documentaries "For the Love of Spock" and "Remembering Leonard Nimoy" were produced by his son and daughter respectively; covering his life, career and later Document [9] (Title: Roberto Orci) Orci suggested rebooting the timeline as seen previously in the films and television series, and adding the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock from "". He considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was at the beginning of "Star Trek: The Original Series". Orci felt that the relationship between the James T. Kirk and the younger Spock was reflective of the partnership of himself and Kurtzman, he said that "We didn't even realize we were writing about ourselves until we Document [10] (Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)) crew's actions in the rescue of Captain Spock (Leonard Nimoy) in "". It replaces the original "Enterprise" (NCC-1701), destroyed in "Star Trek III". Though outwardly identical to its refitted and updated predecessor, in its debut, the new ship is beset with teething problems and Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott and Commander Uhura are shown making numerous repairs and reconfigurations to the new ship before deployment. In "", the ship is dispatched to rescue hostages on Nimbus III. The Vulcan renegade Sybok (Laurence Luckinbill) and his followers hijack the ship and take it to a planet at the center of the galaxy, Document [11] (Title: Stephen Manley) in film and television. He is most recognized today from his part as Young Spock at 17 in "". His Pon Farr scene with Saavik at first raised some eyebrows before the studio released the film, almost cut for being too racy for a Star Trek film. However, the scene remained in the film due to Leonard Nimoy. After wrapping the film, Stephen headed off to College and attended the Pasadena Art Center and graduated with a Bachelors in Film and Fine Art. He directed a short film called "Greasepaint" which won honors at the Houston Film Festival and aired Document [12] (Title: Mind Meld) interested in hearing Shatner's supposed flatulence. Laurence Lerman of "Video Business" praised the film for not "rehash[ing] anecdotes that have long been staples of "Star Trek" conventions and behind-the-scenes memoirs", and instead for dealing with such topics as alcoholism, career difficulties, and conflicts on the set of "Star Trek". William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy respectively portrayed James T. Kirk and Spock in "Star Trek", first in the 1960s television series (later retitled ""), then in the 1970s television series "", and subsequently in several "Star Trek" films between 1979 and 1994. In "Mind Meld", they discuss the "Star Trek" media Document [13] (Title: David Canary) Day Massacre", and appeared on the short-lived CBS western "Dundee and the Culhane". A contract dispute that year between Leonard Nimoy and the producers of "" forced Herb Solow, Robert H. Justman, and Gene Roddenberry to compile a list of candidates for consideration to take over the role of Mr. Spock. As revealed in Solow and Justman's book, "Star Trek - The Inside Story", Canary was one of these candidates. David Dortort, the creator/producer of "Bonanza", saw Canary in "Hombre" and cast him in the role of the new ranch foreman; he said that Canary was "the kind of kid Document [14] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) the Klingon ship and head to Vulcan. Spock's "katra" is reunited with his body in a dangerous Vulcan ritual. Spock is resurrected, alive and well, though his memories are fragmented. At Kirk's prompting, Spock remembers Kirk's first name as "Jim", and recognizes his friends. William Shatner reprises the role of Admiral James T. Kirk, Starfleet officer. Shatner remarked that being directed by Leonard Nimoy, his longtime co-star and friend, was initially awkward, although as the shoot went on, it became easier as Shatner realized how confident Nimoy was. To reduce weight, Shatner dieted before the start of production, but as Document [15] (Title: Star Trek (film series)) with the exception of an aged Spock played by Leonard Nimoy. It was directed by J. J. Abrams (who produced it with Damon Lindelof) and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. According to Lindelof, this production was designed to attract a wider audience. It received positive reviews and a number of awards, including the film franchise's only Academy Award, for "makeup and hairstyling". A story that covered the events between "Nemesis" and "Star Trek" was released as the graphic novel "" in early 2009. A Starfleet special agent (Benedict Cumberbatch), coerces an officer into blowing up a secret installation Document [16] (Title: Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)) T. Kirk (William Shatner), First Officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy (DeForest Kelley), and a security force beam down to find one survivor (Tom Troupe) who says the base came under heavy bombardment from an unknown enemy. The landing party find themselves under fire from nearby, with two of the security team killed in the initial volley. The "Enterprise" is also under attack from an unknown vessel, preventing the crew from beaming up the landing party. On the surface, Kirk finds a grenade launcher from the outpost's stores, and uses it to scatter the alien forces. The Document [17] (Title: K/O Paper Products) adding the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock from "". He considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was at the beginning of "Star Trek: The Original Series". Orci felt that the relationship between the James T. Kirk and the younger Spock was reflective of the partnership of himself and Kurtzman, he said that "We didn't even realize we were writing about ourselves until we were halfway through the script, that was a little embarrassing. As of June 2009, "Star Document [18] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) include Robert Hooks as Admiral Morrow, the commander of Starfleet; James Sikking as Captain Styles, the commanding officer of the "Excelsior"; Miguel Ferrer as the "<nowiki>Excelsior'</nowiki>"s First Officer and Helmsman; and Phillip R. Allen as Captain J.T. Esteban, the captain of the ill-fated "Grissom". John Larroquette plays Maltz, a member of Kruge's bridge crew whom Nimoy describes as "the thoughtful Klingon". Catherine Shirriff plays Valkris, Kruge's doomed lover. Grace Lee Whitney, who played Janice Rand in the original "Star Trek" series, made a cameo appearance (wearing a wig) as "Woman in Cafeteria". Scott McGinnis plays a young man whom Uhura Document [19] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) main characters: Captain Kirk (William Shatner), chief engineer Lt. Commander Scott (James Doohan) and Lt. Sulu (George Takei), who served as a physicist on the ship in the second pilot but subsequently became a helmsman throughout the rest of the series. Paul Fix played Dr. Mark Piper in the second pilot; ship's doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley) joined the cast when filming began for the first season, and he remained for the rest of the series, achieving billing as the third star of the series. Also joining the ship's permanent crew during the first season were the communications officer, Lt. Document [20] (Title: Star Trek: The Animated Series) afford the complete cast. He was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances: Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs; and Lieutenant M'Ress, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and M'Ress, respectively. Initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura. Nimoy refused to voice Spock in the series unless Nichelle Nichols and George Takei Document [21] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy (; March 26, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was best known for his role as Spock of the "Star Trek" franchise, a character he portrayed in television and film from shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013. Nimoy began his career in his early twenties, teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s, as well as playing the title role in "Kid Monk Baroni". Foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien, he played Document [22] (Title: Spock) Spock Spock is a fictional character in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the , and also appears in the , a two-part episode of "", eight of the "Star Trek" feature films, and numerous Star Trek novels, comics, and video games. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spock's rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film "". In the 2009 film "Star Trek", Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, who depicted a younger version of the character, existing within an Document [23] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) to distinguish the show within the media franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s. The ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), first officer and science officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening Document [24] (Title: Chris Pine) of "White Jazz", to accept the part of James T. Kirk in the 2009 "Star Trek" film, which was released to critical and viewer acclaim in May of that year. That same month, he made a brief appearance promoting the film on "Saturday Night Live", with co-stars Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy. During the rest of the summer of 2009, he appeared in the Los Angeles production of the Beau Willimon play "Farragut North". Pine appeared in the Los Angeles production of "The Lieutenant of Inishmore" during the summer of 2010, for which he won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Document [25] (Title: Development of Spock) Development of Spock The development of Spock, a fictional character first introduced in the American science fiction television series "", began prior to the start of the series. The first known mention of Spock was in a discussion between Gene Roddenberry and Gary Lockwood, where the latter suggested Leonard Nimoy for the role. Roddenberry agreed with the suggestion, and Nimoy became the first choice actor for the part. However, Roddenberry was required to audition other actors for the role. It was offered to both DeForest Kelley and Martin Landau before Nimoy, who accepted the part. The actor disliked the prosthetic Document [26] (Title: Mark Lenard) Mark Lenard Mark Lenard (born Leonard Rosenson, October 15, 1924 – November 22, 1996) was an American actor, primarily in television. His most famous role was as Sarek, father of the popular character Spock, in the science fiction "Star Trek" franchise, in both and , as well as three films and two episodes of "". He also played a Klingon in "Star Trek The Motion Picture", and a Romulan in an episode of "". Lenard was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a Russian Jewish immigrant, Abraham, and his wife, Bessie, but was raised in the small town of Document [27] (Title: The Pagemaster) Stewart played Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Whoopi Goldberg played , Leonard Nimoy played Mr. Spock, Christopher Lloyd played Kruge in "", Ed Begley Jr. played Henry Starling in a two-part episode of "", George Hearn played Dr. Berel in an episode of "", and B.J. Ward played numerous characters in "Star Trek" computer games, as did Jim Cummings. Composer James Horner was also the composer for "" and "". Frank Welker voiced Spock's screams in "Star Trek III" and the alien creature in the "Star Trek: Voyager" episode "". Robert Picardo played on "". Additionally, both Nimoy and Welker voiced the Document [28] (Title: A Quality of Mercy) responds. Causarano sardonically assures him, "I wouldn't fret. I'm sure there'll be other wars, other countries, other human beings you can knock off." As the platoon withdraws, Katell says to himself, "I hope not. God, I hope not." Some of the cast members became well known in later science-fiction television series. Dean Stockwell became known to science-fiction fans as Al Calavicci in the television series "Quantum Leap", and for another generation, as Cavil in the remake series of "Battlestar Galactica". Leonard Nimoy became known as Spock in "". The episode would later be remade into the first segment of "" Document [29] (Title: Mark Lenard) Nothing". In the mid-1960s, he moved his family to Los Angeles, where he played one of the Three Wise Men in the biblical epic "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965). Lenard is best known for his appearances in the "Star Trek" franchise, particularly in the role of Sarek, the father of Spock (Leonard Nimoy). However, his first Star Trek appearance was in the first season of "", playing the first Romulan ever seen in the series, in the episode "Balance of Terror" (1966). He originated the character of Sarek in the second-season episode "Journey to Babel" (1967), and provided the Document [30] (Title: Sarek (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) current wife Perrin. With the conference successfully completed, Sarek prepares to take his leave. Picard lets Perrin know of Sarek's love for her, and Perrin says she has always known it. Sarek thanks Picard for his kindness, and with deep respect states: "We will always retain the best part of the other, inside us." Following creator Gene Roddenberry's suggestion that "The Next Generation" would be unable to afford an appearance by Leonard Nimoy as Spock, it was suggested in a memo that Mark Lenard could appear as Spock's on-screen father, Sarek. Lenard had made his first appearance as Sarek in Document [31] (Title: The Infinite Vulcan) by Hal Sutherland. Set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (voiced by William Shatner) and the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise". In this episode, the crew visit a planet enhabited by plant-based lifeforms and must save the life of Science Officer Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy) after he is abducted by a giant clone of Dr. Stavos Keniclius (voiced by James Doohan). Koenig was hired to write the script after some of his work was passed from Susan Sackett to series creator Gene Roddenberry. Koenig found the writing process for the Document [32] (Title: Past Prologue) "Star Trek" franchise as she was the wife of Leonard Nimoy, the actor who portrayed Spock in "" and the film series. Also appearing in this episode was Vaughn Armstrong, who would go on to play thirteen different characters within the franchise, including the recurring part of Rear Admiral Maxwell Forrest in "". The episode is best known for the introduction of the recurring character Elim Garak. Fields said of the character at the time, "we didn't want to make him an out and out spy, because then what would you do with him after the episode? You'd have to Document [33] (Title: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home) verges on tongue-in-cheek but isn't; it's as though the characters within the play have a great deal of joy about themselves, a joy of living [and] you play it with the reality you would in a kitchen-sink drama written for today's life". Leonard Nimoy plays Spock, who was resurrected by the effects of the Genesis planet and had his "living spirit" restored to his body in the previous film. DeForest Kelley portrays Doctor Leonard McCoy, who is given many of the film's comedic lines; Kelley biographer Terry Lee Rioux wrote that in the film "he seemed to be playing straight Document [34] (Title: Adam Nimoy) Nimoy's famous "Star Trek" character which the younger planned to direct. Nimoy stated that with his father's passing, the project would now take on a stronger focus on the life and career of Leonard Nimoy, as well as the character of Spock. In March 2015, Nimoy announced plans to crowd-fund the project's $600,000 budget and provide credit and other perks to the fans who contributed. By that June, the project successfully completed funding through Kickstarter.com, raising $621,721, ahead of its July 1 deadline. The documentary, "For the Love of Spock", received the support of interview subjects including William Shatner, George Document [35] (Title: DeForest Kelley) Trek" pilot "". In 1963, he appeared in "The Virginian" episode "Man of Violence" as a "drinking" cavalry doctor with Leonard Nimoy as his patient. (Nimoy's character did not survive.) Perhaps not coincidentally, the episode was written by John D. F. Black, who went on to become a writer-producer on "Star Trek". Just before "Star Trek" began filming, Kelley appeared as a doctor again, in the "Laredo" episode "The Sound of Terror". After refusing Roddenberry's 1964 offer to play Spock, Kelley played Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy from 1966 to 1969 in "". He reprised the character in a voice-over role Document [36] (Title: DeForest Kelley) in "" (1973–74), and the first six "Star Trek" motion pictures (1979 to 1991). In one of the "Star Trek" comic books it was stated that Dr. McCoy's father had been a Baptist preacher, an idea that apparently originated from Kelley's background. In 1987, he also had a cameo in "Encounter at Farpoint", the first episode of "", as Admiral Leonard McCoy, Starfleet Surgeon General Emeritus. Several aspects of Kelley's background became part of McCoy's characterization, including his pronunciation of "nuclear" as "nucular". Kelley became a good friend of "Star Trek" cast mates William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, from their Document [37] (Title: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home) Robert Ellenstein as the Federation President, Michael Berryman as an alien display officer at Starfleet Command, and Brock Peters as Fleet Admiral Cartwright. Grace Lee Whitney reprises her role as Janice Rand from the original television series. Before "The Search for Spock" was released, its director Leonard Nimoy was asked to return to direct the next film in the franchise. Whereas Nimoy had been under certain constraints in filming the previous picture, Paramount gave the director greater freedom for the sequel. "[Paramount] said flat out that they wanted my vision," Nimoy recalled. In contrast to the drama-heavy and operatic events Document [38] (Title: Victor Lundin) Colicos' Kor. Lundin had previously auditioned for the role of Spock, which wound up going to Leonard Nimoy instead. He also appeared in other series such as "The Time Tunnel" and later in his career in "Babylon 5". He was a regular at science fiction conventions, and continued to sing professionally, including making an appearance on a cruise in the early 2000s. Lundin married Christa Friedlander in 1961 and had three children; two sons and a daughter. The marriage ended in 1972 and he retained custody of their 3 children. He raised his three children alone and later met Amelia Document [39] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) that masked their true affection and respect for each other, and their constant arguments became popular with viewers. The show so emphasized dialogue that writer and director Nicholas Meyer (involved with the "Star Trek" films) called it a radio drama, showing an episode to a film class without video to prove that the plot was still comprehensible. The Spock character was at first rejected by network executives, who were apprehensive that his vaguely "Satanic" appearance (with pointed ears and eyebrows) might prove upsetting to some viewers, and (according to Leonard Nimoy) they repeatedly urged Roddenberry to "drop the Martian." Roddenberry Document [40] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) the end of the "Star Trek" series) at the Pheasant Run Playhouse in St. Charles, Illinois. Nimoy was best known for his portrayal of Spock, the half-human, half-Vulcan character he played on "Star Trek" from the first TV episode, in 1966, to the film "Star Trek Into Darkness" in 2013. Biographer Dennis Fischer states that it was Nimoy's "most important role," and Nimoy was later credited by others for bringing "dignity and intelligence to one of the most revered characters in science fiction." The character was to become iconic, considered one of the most popular alien characters ever portrayed on Document [41] (Title: William Shatner) Heart") of the ABC sci-fi anthology series "The Outer Limits". Also that year, he appeared in an episode of the CBS drama "The Reporter" ("He Stuck in His Thumb") and co-starred with Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom, Newman, and Edward G. Robinson in the Western feature film "The Outrage". His iconic, career-defining role was that of Captain James T. Kirk on NBC's series "Star Trek" two years later. In 1965, Shatner guest-starred in "12 O'Clock High" as Major Curt Brown in the segment "I Am the Enemy" and in "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." in an episode that also featured Leonard Nimoy, Document [42] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1)) Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1) The first season of the American science fiction television series . premiered on NBC on September 8, 1966 and concluded on April 13, 1967. It consisted of twenty-nine episodes, which is the highest number of episodes in a season of The Original Series of "Star Trek". Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy. This article also Document [43] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)) Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy. The season originally aired Fridays at 8:30-9:30 pm (EST) on NBC. This is a list of episodes from Document [44] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) in "Star Trek: Original Motion Picture Collection". "The Search for Spock" was remastered in 1080p high-definition from the 2000 DVD transfer. All six films in the set have new 7.1 Dolby TrueHD audio. The disc features a new commentary track by former "", "", and "" television writers Ronald D. Moore and Michael Taylor. The film was briefly removed from Netflix in August 2013 because of inaccurately translated Klingon and Vulcan subtitles. Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Star Trek III: The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by Leonard Nimoy and based on Document [45] (Title: Mark Hamill) Leonard Nimoy, the actor of Spock. Tetsuya Nomura stated that they wanted the two for the roles, as the two characters are rivals, referencing the rivalry between fans of "Star Wars" and fans of "Star Trek". He also narrated "", the title being a reference to the 1980 war film he starred in. Hamill is credited as the narrator in "Ancient Voices", a 1999 series of documentaries on archaeology and ancient history produced by as a BBC/The Learning Channel co-production, and published by Time-Life as a DVD series. He also narrated the Medal of Honor and Silver Star citations of Document [46] (Title: U.S. television science fiction) played by Leonard Nimoy, was the only character carried over from the original 1964 pilot) with a new crew commanded by Captain James T. Kirk, played by William Shatner. The show used a few established science fiction authors. Harlan Ellison wrote “The City on the Edge of Forever”, Richard Matheson wrote "The Enemy Within," and Theodore Sturgeon wrote “Shore Leave” and “Amok Time”. "Star Trek" was also known for its social commentary. The background for this commentary was a set of alien cultures that roughly paralleled the Earth of today. The United Federation of Planets was analogous to America, Starfleet Document [47] (Title: Transformers: Dark of the Moon) "Star Trek" references, partly because scriptwriter Ehren Kruger was a "big Star Trek geek", but also as a nod to the fact that new character Sentinel Prime was voiced by Leonard Nimoy, who originated the iconic role of Spock on "Star Trek" and voiced Galvatron in "". The first "Star Trek" reference is when refugee robots Brains and Wheelie, who live in Sam and Carly's apartment complex, are watching "" episode "Amok Time"; Wheelie comments "I've seen this one. It's the one where Spock goes nuts." The second reference is when Sam meets his girlfriend, Carly Spencer at work, and Document [48] (Title: Guinan (Star Trek)) in the Star Trek franchise, and popular also; TNG's "" (1991) diology featuring Leonard Nimoy as Spock in Part II brought in the highest Nielsen ratings (15.4) of that Season, and the highest for TNG except for the pilot and finale. (see also Star Trek crossovers). The decision was made to feature Goldberg prominently in the first feature film based on "The Next Generation", "Star Trek Generations". This was due in part to her being far more well known to the general public than the majority of the main cast, having won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at Document [49] (Title: Development of Spock) this film showed up to work in the spirit of celebrating his life and his indelible contribution to this franchise... He’s there in a really powerful way." Director Justin Lin confirmed that there would be an indication that Spock from the main timeline had died in the film. Development of Spock The development of Spock, a fictional character first introduced in the American science fiction television series "", began prior to the start of the series. The first known mention of Spock was in a discussion between Gene Roddenberry and Gary Lockwood, where the latter suggested Leonard Nimoy for the Document [50] (Title: David Gautreaux) and "Damages". When Paramount Pictures announced plans to make a new "Star Trek" series in 1977, Leonard Nimoy declined to reprise his role of Spock. The character of Lieutenant Xon – a 22-year-old full Vulcan officer – was created to fill the void. The series was to premiere in 1978, but the studio decided to instead bring the franchise back as a motion picture. With Nimoy now on board, Gautreaux was given the small role of Commander Branch, leader of Epsilon 9, a space station destroyed by the "V'Ger" cloud early in the film. David Gautreaux David Gautreaux (born June Document [51] (Title: Star Trek Generations) by the main cast's stunt doubles. Initially, the entire principal cast of "The Original Series" was featured in the film's first script, but only three members appeared in the film: William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, James Doohan as Montgomery Scott, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. Leonard Nimoy and DeForest Kelley declined to appear as Spock and Leonard McCoy. Nimoy (who was offered the job of directing the film) felt that there were story problems with the script and that Spock's role was extraneous—"I said to everybody concerned [...] that if you took the dozen or so lines Document [52] (Title: The Survivor (Star Trek: The Animated Series)) to protect the "Enterprise" would be taken into consideration. Nored informs the Vendorian that it is very similar to Winston in personality and she offers to return to Earth with the alien. When Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (voiced by DeForest Kelley) jokes that if the Vendorian had turned himself into a second Spock "it would have been too much to take", Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy) quickly replies that "two Dr. McCoys just might bring the level of medical efficiency on this ship to acceptable levels." "The Survivor" is writer James Schmerer's only credit in the "Star Trek" franchise, Document [53] (Title: Star Trek Generations) of Spock dialog and simply changed the name of the character, nobody would notice the difference." "The Next Generation" producer Rick Berman said that "Both Leonard Nimoy and DeForest Kelley felt they made a proper goodbye in the last movie [""]". Nimoy and Kelley's lines were subsequently modified for Doohan and Koenig. In Scotty's case, it created a seeming continuity discrepancy, given Scotty's dialogue in the "TNG" episode "". In that episode, Scotty implied that he believed Kirk to be still alive, although the scene's setting was after Scotty had witnessed Kirk's apparent death in "Star Trek Generations". The official Document [54] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) was also dismayed to discover that NBC's publicity department deliberately airbrushed out Spock's pointed ears and eyebrows from early publicity stills sent to network affiliates, because they feared that his "demonic" appearance might offend potential buyers in the religiously conservative southern states. Spock, however, went on to become one of the most popular characters on the show, as did McCoy's impassioned country-doctor personality. Spock, in fact, became a sex symbol of sorts—something no one connected with the show had expected. Leonard Nimoy noted that the question of Spock's extraordinary sex appeal emerged "almost any time I talked to someone in Document [55] (Title: Star Trek: The Motion Picture) television network. Though Paramount was loath to abandon its work on the film, Roddenberry wanted to bring many of the production staff from the original series to work on the new show, titled "". Producer Harold Livingston was assigned to find writers for new episodes, while Roddenberry prepared a writers' guide briefing the uninitiated on the franchise canon. Of the original cast, only Leonard Nimoy stated he would not return. To replace Spock, Roddenberry created a logical Vulcan prodigy named Xon. Since Xon was too young to fill the role of first officer, Roddenberry developed Commander William Decker, and later Document [56] (Title: Spock) known mention of Spock was in a conversation between "Star Trek"s creator Gene Roddenberry and actor Gary Lockwood, in which Lockwood suggested Leonard Nimoy for the role. The trio had previously worked together on Roddenberry's "The Lieutenant" in the episode "In the Highest Tradition". Roddenberry agreed to the idea, but was required to audition other actors for the part. At the time, Roddenberry sought DeForest Kelley to play the doctor character in the pilot, "The Cage", but both NBC executives and director Robert Butler wanted him to play Spock. Roddenberry offered the part to both Kelley and Martin Landau, but Document [57] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)) the second season of . <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Paramount Home Entertainment. Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard Document [58] (Title: The Pirates of Orion) released in several forms of home media, including VHS, LaserDisc and DVD. On stardate 6334.1, the Federation starship "Enterprise" is on its way to planet Deneb 5 when the Vulcan First Officer, Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy), contracts the disease choriocytosis and is diagnosed by Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (voiced by DeForest Kelley) with having only days to live. The Starfleet freighter SS "Huron" is to rendezvous with the "Enterprise" and deliver medicine direly needed for the cure, when it is attacked by Orion pirates who steal its cargo, which turns out to be primarily a sizable load of Document [59] (Title: Star Trek: The Original Series) perceived faults had been partly because of the script that they had selected themselves. NBC made the unusual decision to pay for a second pilot, using the script called "Where No Man Has Gone Before". Only the character of Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, was retained from the first pilot, and only two cast members, Majel Barrett and Nimoy, were carried forward into the series. This second pilot proved to be satisfactory to NBC, and the network selected "Star Trek" to be in its upcoming television schedule for the fall of 1966. The second pilot introduced most of the other Document [60] (Title: Star Trek: Phase II) announcement that "Star Trek" was returning as a series on June 17, 1977, Roddenberry began recruiting new crewmembers, including Harold Livingston and Robert Goodwin as executive producers. Other staff returning from "The Original Series" included William Ware Theiss, while Matt Jefferies was hired as a technical advisor and designed an updated version of the USS "Enterprise". The initial order was for a two-hour pilot episode, followed by 13 episodes. Leonard Nimoy turned down the offer by Roddenberry to return as Spock as a recurring character, which necessitated the creation of a new Vulcan character named Xon. David Gautreaux successfully auditioned Document [61] (Title: I Am Spock) I Am Spock I Am Spock is the second volume of actor and director Leonard Nimoy's autobiography. The book was published in 1995, four years after the release of the last "Star Trek" motion picture starring the entire original cast, and covers the majority of Nimoy's time with "Star Trek" in general and Mr. Spock in particular. The book's title was a reference to the first volume of his autobiography, "I Am Not Spock", which had been published in 1975. At that time Nimoy had sought to distance his own personality from that of the character of Spock, although he Document [62] (Title: Harve Bennett) and Leonard Nimoy would have had cameos at the beginning and end of the film to "bookend" the story in flashback form, new actors would have portrayed most of the roles in the film, including the young Kirk and Spock. Although Paramount was initially enthusiastic about the idea, feedback from fans was almost universally negative over a "Star Trek" film without the established actors that fans had come to know and love. Also, Martin Davis who at the time was the head of Gulf & Western, wanted a film featuring the original cast to mark "Star Trek"s 25th anniversary in Document [63] (Title: Star Trek) or ""TOS"" debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship "Enterprise" and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Document [64] (Title: Sarek (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) crew experiences an outbreak of irrational anger amongst themselves. It is revealed that Sarek has Bendii syndrome, which is telepathically causing the problems among the crew. It is only resolved after the Vulcan mind melds with Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart). The appearance of Lenard was originally suggested by Gene Roddenberry as an alternative to an appearance by Leonard Nimoy, as it was suspected that it would be too expensive to have the latter actor reprise the role of Spock on television. Roddenberry had previously barred references to "" in "The Next Generation" although he did pursue having DeForest Kelley Document [65] (Title: Yesterday's Enterprise) characterization and plot issues correctable. The main issue was whether the producers wanted to do a show with time travel. Meanwhile, Ganino and Stillwell struck up a friendship and began to develop ideas for other episodes. Gene Roddenberry had distributed a memo that said the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock would be unlikely due to financial considerations, and suggested that a reasonable alternative would be to feature Mark Lenard, who played Spock's father Sarek. During the same period, Stillwell met Denise Crosby – who played Tasha Yar in the series' first season – at a 1989 fan convention in Document [66] (Title: I Am Not Spock) of Spock in the 2009 film "Star Trek", Zachary Quinto read "I Am Not Spock" for insight about the possibility of being typecast into the role. I Am Not Spock I Am Not Spock is Leonard Nimoy's first autobiography. Published in 1975, between the end of "" and the production of "", the book was criticized by some fans because of the perception that Nimoy was rejecting the character Spock. He maintained he was only clarifying the difference between himself and Spock, whom he always enjoyed playing. However, he later published "I Am Spock" in an attempt to address the Document [67] (Title: Lawrence Montaigne) Mason" episode, "The Case of the Carefree Coronary." In 1966, Montaigne portrayed the Romulan Decius in the "" episode "Balance of Terror"; he had nearly been cast as Mr Spock when it was possible that Leonard Nimoy would appear on "Mission Impossible". A year later, he portrayed the Vulcan Stonn, the paramour of Spock's intended bride T'Pring, in the episode "Amok Time"—a role that he reprised in 2006 in the unofficial mini-series "". Additionally, he guest starred on "Batman", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "The Man From U.N.C.L.E.", "Blue Light", "", "The Time Tunnel", "The Invaders", "Perry Mason", Document [68] (Title: Spock) eleven full episodes between 2013 and 2017. In scientific illustrator Jenny Parks' 2017 book "Star Trek Cats", Spock is depicted as an Oriental Shorthair. There has been a practice of altering the portrait of Canada's seventh prime minister, Wilfrid Laurier, on Canadian five-dollar notes to look like Spock. After the death of Leonard Nimoy in 2015, there was an increase in that practice. Spock Spock is a fictional character in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the , and also appears in the , a two-part episode of "", eight of the "Star Document [69] (Title: Star Trek: Discovery (season 2)) of "Star Trek", and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character. In April 2018, Anson Mount was cast as Pike, which was described as a "key role" for the season, and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks; Kurtzman noted that casting for Spock took into consideration a balance between Vulcan logic and revealing "emotion in the eyes and in the small gestures". Mount revealed in July that he would star for the full season, and that Rebecca Romijn would portray the original series character Number One. In Document [70] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Narab, one of three Martian invaders, in the 1952 movie serial "Zombies of the Stratosphere". In December 1964, he made his first appearance in the rejected "Star Trek" pilot "", and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969, followed by eight feature films and guest slots in the various spin-off series. The character has had a significant cultural impact and earned Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations; "TV Guide" named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters. After the original "Star Trek" series, Nimoy starred in "" for two Document [71] (Title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Star Trek III: The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by Leonard Nimoy and based on the created by Gene Roddenberry. It is the third film in the "Star Trek" film series, and is the second part of a three-film story arc that begins with "" (1982) and concludes with "" (1986). After the death of Spock (Nimoy), the crew of the USS "Enterprise" returns to Earth. When James T. Kirk (William Shatner) learns that Spock's spirit, or katra, is held in the mind of Dr. Leonard "Bones" Document [72] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) Friendship with a Remarkable Man". The book was released on February 16, 2016. Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy (; March 26, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was best known for his role as Spock of the "Star Trek" franchise, a character he portrayed in television and film from shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013. Nimoy began his career in his early twenties, teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s, as well as playing the title Document [73] (Title: Leonard Nimoy) films. He played the elder Spock in the 2009 "Star Trek" movie and reprised the role in a brief appearance in the 2013 sequel, "Star Trek Into Darkness", both directed by J. J. Abrams. Following "Star Trek" in 1969, Nimoy immediately joined the cast of the spy series "", which was seeking a replacement for Martin Landau. Nimoy was cast in the role of Paris, an IMF agent who was an ex-magician and make-up expert, "". He played the role during (1969–1971). Nimoy had been strongly considered as part of the initial cast for the show, but remained in the Document [74] (Title: Stephen Hawking) for the home video version of the "A Brief History of Time", Leonard Nimoy, who had played Spock on "Star Trek", learned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show. Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of "" in 1993. The same year, his synthesizer voice was recorded for the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking", and in 1999 for an appearance on "The Simpsons". Hawking appeared in documentaries titled "The Real Stephen Hawking" (2001), "Stephen Hawking: Profile" (2002) and "Hawking" (2013), and the documentary series "Stephen Hawking, Master of Document [75] (Title: Trekkie) be Trekkies, playing the game of "Klingon Boggle" and resolving disputes using the game of "rock-paper-scissors-lizard-Spock". Wil Wheaton of "" fame has made multiple guest appearances playing an evil version of himself. LeVar Burton, Brent Spiner, Leonard Nimoy (as a voice actor), and George Takei have also appeared on the series. There was also the 1997 film "Trekkies" and its 2004 sequel "Trekkies 2" that chronicles the life of many trekkies. Trekkie A Trekkie or Trekker is a fan of the "Star Trek" franchise, or of specific television series or films within that franchise. In 1967, science fiction editor Arthur Question: who played spock on the original star trek

Answer: Leonard Nimoy Long Answer: Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock Gold Document ID: 75

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: And Then There Were None) the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different. "And Then There Were None" was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009, adapted by François Rivière and Document [2] (Title: Jeremiah Rich) no claim that he was the inventor of the system. Rich, however, makes no allusion to his uncle Cartwright in the next book he published only four years later, under the title of "Charactery, or a most easie and exact Method of Short and Swift Writing. … Invented and exactly composed by Jeremiah Rich", London, 1646. In other books he claimed to be the sole author and inventor of the system: in "Semigraphy or Arts Rarity", London, 1654; in "The Penns Dexterity", London, 1659; and in "The World's Rarity", published before 1660. That Cartwright was the original inventor of the Document [3] (Title: And Then There Were None) a card with the hint: "Six little Indians ...bee stung one and then there were five". In this case, the rhyme refers to "Ten Little Fat Boys". (The film's plot bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name.) The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, "doubted that [Christie] had seen "A Study in Scarlet", but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her". "And Then There Were None" has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. It is the isolated location where all the players on Document [4] (Title: And Then There Were None) And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title "And Then There Were None", which is taken from the last five words of the song. All successive American reprints Document [5] (Title: Sam Loyd) 1896. Loyd first claimed in 1891 that he had invented the puzzle, and continued to do so until his death. The actual inventor was Noyes Chapman, who applied for a patent in March 1880. An enthusiast of Tangram puzzles, Loyd popularised them with "The Eighth Book Of Tan", a book of seven hundred unique Tangram designs and a fanciful history of the origin of the Tangram, claiming that the puzzle was invented 4,000 years ago by a god named Tan. This was presented as true and has been described as "Sam Loyd's Most Successful Hoax". One of his best known Document [6] (Title: And Then There Were None) illustrated by Frank Leclercq. Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book, created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría, and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado. And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was released Document [7] (Title: And Then There Were None (miniseries)) And Then There Were None (miniseries) And Then There Were None is a 2015 mystery thriller television serial that was first broadcast on BBC One from 26 to 28 December 2015. The three-part programme was adapted by Sarah Phelps and directed by Craig Viveiros and is based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. The series features an ensemble cast, including Douglas Booth, Charles Dance, Maeve Dermody, Burn Gorman, Anna Maxwell Martin, Sam Neill, Miranda Richardson, Toby Stephens, Noah Taylor and Aidan Turner. The programme follows a group of strangers who are invited to a secluded island where they Document [8] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) "And Then There Were None" decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s. Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway." One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores. The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references. Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Document [9] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) None", wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself. "And Then There Were None" was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie. For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions. Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game, while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director. The Document [10] (Title: Wang Zhen (inventor)) which had slightly over 100,000 written Chinese characters. The Chinese during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. a waterwheel) in working the inflatable bellows of the blast furnace in creating cast iron. This was recorded in AD 31, an innovation of the engineer Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. After Du Shi, Chinese in subsequent dynastic periods continued the use of water power to operate the bellows of the blast furnace. In the 5th century text of the "Wu Chang Ji", its author Pi Ling wrote that a planned, artificial lake Document [11] (Title: And Then There Were None (miniseries)) figurines of soldiers arranged in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses everyone present of murder. Shortly after this, one of the party dies from poisoning, and then more and more people are murdered, all in methods synonymous with a nursery rhyme the island is named after, and the murderer removes a figurine from the dining table each time someone is killed. The remaining people decide to work together. They must discover who the murderer is before they run out of time and nobody remains. "And Then There Were None" was commissioned Document [12] (Title: Lufei Kui) introduce his ideas in educational reforms. In 1909, Lufei published an article titled "General Education Should Use Vernacular Characters" (普通教育应当采用俗体字) "on Jiaoyu Zazhi". This is the first time in history to advocate the promotion of simplified Chinese characters. In 1922, Lufei published another article "Deliverance on Coordinating Chinese Characters" (整理汉字的意见), in which he suggested that educators should respect the simplified characters invented by the folk and should adopt these characters in their teaching. He also proposed to simplify complex characters systematically. Lufei is also known as the founder of Zhonghua Book Company, one of the most influential contemporary publishing company, Document [13] (Title: And Then There Were None (play)) And Then There Were None (play) And Then There Were None is a 1943 play by crime writer Agatha Christie. The play, like the 1939 book on which it is based, was originally titled and performed in the UK as Ten Little Niggers. It was also performed under the name Ten Little Indians. Christie had been pleased with the book, stating in her autobiography "I wrote the book after a tremendous amount of planning, and I was pleased with what I made of it." The book was very well received upon publication and Christie received a request from Reginald Simpson Document [14] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) Adventure Company chose the novel "And Then There Were None" as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area. One major obstacle in the development of "And Then There Were None" was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Document [15] (Title: And Then There Were None (band)) And Then There Were None (band) And Then There Were None was an American rock band from Salem, New Hampshire. They recorded an independent album before releasing their label debut, "Who Speaks for Planet Earth?", on Tooth & Nail Records in 2009. The latter album made Billboard's Christian Albums chart. And Then There Were None formed in 2003 as a metalcore band, and toured across the United States in support of their highly acclaimed self-released EP "6,000 tries". The band supposedly chose the name because as they were searching sparknotes.com, the title for the Agatha Christie novel from which the Document [16] (Title: Chinese characters) in the sky, Cangjie is said to have invented symbols called " () – the first Chinese characters. The legend relates that on the day the characters were created, people heard ghosts wailing and saw crops falling like rain. In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks Document [17] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie's novel of the same name; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game. "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None" was followed by two more games, "" and "". Since they were based on their respective novels, their plots were unrelated to this first game. Reactions to the game were mixed, with many Document [18] (Title: And Then There Were None) title "And Then There Were None" appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback. The sensitivity of the original British title varies across nations, depending on their culture and which words are used to describe people by skin color. In the US, the British title was considered offensive at first publication, and changed to the last line of the rhyme instead of its title. As the estate of Agatha Christie now offers it under one title only in English, "And Then There Were None", it is likely that new foreign language editions will match that title in Document [19] (Title: Chu Bong-Foo) computing, essentially giving up his rights to any royalty. His contribution led many future Chinese systems to come bundled with a free copy of the Cangjie input method, removing the greatest barrier to effective Chinese input systems. Since then, many adaptations of Chu's methods have also appeared. Over generations of upgrades, Chu's Cangjie has included more and more characters. The fifth generation, released in 1985, included 60,000 characters. During the development of Cangjie method, Chu found that his invention is not only an input method, but also a character encoding method for computing systems. Unlike An Wang's encoding method of Document [20] (Title: Cangjie) Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and a Martian rock visited Document [21] (Title: Cangjie) Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi. Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and Document [22] (Title: And Then There Was No One) trilogy, the title is again a variation on an Agatha Christie novel, "And Then There Were None". As opposed to the other novels in the trilogy, in "And Then There Was No One" there is a definitive shift away from the murder mystery and its solution toward "self-referentiality", toward the author and his or her problems. One aspect is plagiarism, which at one point is even discussed as a possible motive for Slavorigin's murder; another is the author's choice of subject. In the years before his violent death, Slavorigin had been in hiding as he had published several essays critical Document [23] (Title: And Then There Were None (1945 film)) And Then There Were None (1945 film) And Then There Were None is a 1945 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's best-selling mystery novel of the same name, directed by René Clair. It was released in the United Kingdom as Ten Little Indians, in keeping with the original title of Christie's novel. The cast included Barry Fitzgerald, Walter Huston, Louis Hayward, Roland Young, June Duprez, Mischa Auer, C. Aubrey Smith, Judith Anderson, Richard Haydn, and Queenie Leonard as the people stranded on the island. The film won the Golden Leopard and the Best Direction Award at the 1946 Locarno International Film Document [24] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game. The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use. "And Then There Were None" features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters. "And Then There Were None" is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large Document [25] (Title: Chinese typewriter) characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters. The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a glyph). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and stroke order writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing. The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Document [26] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story." 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's "Agatha Christie" Document [27] (Title: And Then There Were None (play)) of the story and restored the original ending where both Vera and Lombard die and Wargrave commits suicide. The version of the rhyme and island name used was "Ten Little Soldiers" and "Soldier Island" as per current printings of the novel. Despite some positive reviews, the play closed on 14 January 2006. And Then There Were None (play) And Then There Were None is a 1943 play by crime writer Agatha Christie. The play, like the 1939 book on which it is based, was originally titled and performed in the UK as Ten Little Niggers. It was also performed under Document [28] (Title: Xu Shen) and a postface. Xu intentionally listed headwords in pre-Qin characters in order to provide their earliest possible forms, and thereby allow the most faithful interpretation. It is among the first character dictionaries which examined the evolution of characters in detail, and streamlined the "six category" approach to analyzing Chinese writing. It also created a system of 540 semantically organized radicals. In the postface, Xu gives a brief account of the history of writing. According to legend, Chinese characters were first invented by Cang Jie, who was inspired by footprints to create a system of signs that refer to the natural Document [29] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's "Agatha Christie" series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold. "And Then There Were None" Document [30] (Title: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) and not simply as the word embodying the idea. Some real characters, such as the notation of logic, serve only to facilitate reasoning. Many characters well known in his day, including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Chinese characters, and the symbols of astronomy and chemistry, he deemed not real. Instead, he proposed the creation of a "characteristica universalis" or "universal characteristic", built on an alphabet of human thought in which each fundamental concept would be represented by a unique "real" character: It is obvious that if we could find characters or signs suited for expressing all our thoughts as clearly and as exactly Document [31] (Title: And Then There Was No One) And Then There Was No One And Then There Was No One is a novel by Gilbert Adair first published in 2009. After "The Act of Roger Murgatroyd" and "A Mysterious Affair of Style", it is the third book in the Evadne Mount trilogy. However, rather than being yet another more or less straightforward whodunit, albeit with postmodern overtones, "And Then There Was No One" thoroughly blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction; or rather, reality, fiction, and metafiction. The book is presented in the form of a (fictional) memoir written by a British author called Gilbert Adair who has Document [32] (Title: Patrick Hanan) with detailed analysis of the writing of novelist during the late Ming and Qing era, such as Feng Menglong, Langxian, Ling Mengchu, Li Yu, and Aina. 3. Hanan, Patrick, and ACLS Humanities E-Book. 1988. The Invention of Li Yu. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hanan's third published monograph is The Invention of Li Yu, that invents Li Yu through restoring the writing, life and world of Li Yu, from his drama to fiction, from his habits to personality, from his friends to concubines. 4. Fu, Lin, Jianren Wu, and Patrick Hanan. 1995. The Sea of Regret: Two Turn-Of-The-Century Chinese Romantic Document [33] (Title: And Then There Were None (1945 film)) Owen. Ferried over by a sailor called Narracott, they settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent. When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centerpiece, ten figurines of Indians in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses them all of murder: It turns out that none of the ten knows or has even seen "U. N. Owen," as he signed his instructions to Rogers; they suddenly realize it stands for "unknown." The guests decide to leave, but Document [34] (Title: And Then There Was No One) of the United States and had therefore become, like Rushdie in reverse, the target of a fatwā-like edict pronounced by some obscure Texan multi-millionaire. A third aspect is the author's wish to distance himself from his own creations if not to get rid of them once and for all, to "murder" them—the way Arthur Conan Doyle tried to rid himself of Sherlock Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls and Adair is struggling to dispose of Evadne Mount. And Then There Was No One And Then There Was No One is a novel by Gilbert Adair first published in 2009. After "The Question: who invented the characters in and then there were none Answer: Agatha Christie Long Answer: Dame Agatha Christie Lady Mallowan DBE Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller (1890 - 09 - 15) 15 September 1890 Torquay, Devon, England, United Kingdom 12 January 1976 (1976 - 01 - 12) (aged 85) Winterbrook, Oxfordshire, England Resting place Church of St Mary, Cholsey, Oxfordshire, England, UK Pen name Mary Westmacott Agatha Christie Occupation Novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, memoirist Nationality British Genre Murder mystery, thriller, crime fiction, detective, romance Literary movement Golden Age of Detective Fiction Notable works Creation of characters Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, Murder on the Orient Express, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Death on the Nile, The Murder at the Vicarage, Partners In Crime, The ABC Murders, And Then There Were None, The Mousetrap Spouse Archibald Christie (m . 1914; div. 1928) Sir Max Mallowan (m . 1930--76; her death) Children Rosalind Hicks (1919--2004) Relatives James Watts (nephew) Signature Website agathachristie.com Gold Document ID: 29

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: And Then There Were None) the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different. "And Then There Were None" was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009, adapted by François Rivière and Document [2] (Title: Jeremiah Rich) no claim that he was the inventor of the system. Rich, however, makes no allusion to his uncle Cartwright in the next book he published only four years later, under the title of "Charactery, or a most easie and exact Method of Short and Swift Writing. … Invented and exactly composed by Jeremiah Rich", London, 1646. In other books he claimed to be the sole author and inventor of the system: in "Semigraphy or Arts Rarity", London, 1654; in "The Penns Dexterity", London, 1659; and in "The World's Rarity", published before 1660. That Cartwright was the original inventor of the Document [3] (Title: And Then There Were None) a card with the hint: "Six little Indians ...bee stung one and then there were five". In this case, the rhyme refers to "Ten Little Fat Boys". (The film's plot bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name.) The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, "doubted that [Christie] had seen "A Study in Scarlet", but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her". "And Then There Were None" has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. It is the isolated location where all the players on Document [4] (Title: And Then There Were None) And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title "And Then There Were None", which is taken from the last five words of the song. All successive American reprints Document [5] (Title: Sam Loyd) 1896. Loyd first claimed in 1891 that he had invented the puzzle, and continued to do so until his death. The actual inventor was Noyes Chapman, who applied for a patent in March 1880. An enthusiast of Tangram puzzles, Loyd popularised them with "The Eighth Book Of Tan", a book of seven hundred unique Tangram designs and a fanciful history of the origin of the Tangram, claiming that the puzzle was invented 4,000 years ago by a god named Tan. This was presented as true and has been described as "Sam Loyd's Most Successful Hoax". One of his best known Document [6] (Title: And Then There Were None) illustrated by Frank Leclercq. Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book, created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría, and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado. And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was released Document [7] (Title: And Then There Were None (miniseries)) And Then There Were None (miniseries) And Then There Were None is a 2015 mystery thriller television serial that was first broadcast on BBC One from 26 to 28 December 2015. The three-part programme was adapted by Sarah Phelps and directed by Craig Viveiros and is based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. The series features an ensemble cast, including Douglas Booth, Charles Dance, Maeve Dermody, Burn Gorman, Anna Maxwell Martin, Sam Neill, Miranda Richardson, Toby Stephens, Noah Taylor and Aidan Turner. The programme follows a group of strangers who are invited to a secluded island where they Document [8] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) "And Then There Were None" decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s. Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway." One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores. The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references. Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Document [9] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) None", wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself. "And Then There Were None" was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie. For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions. Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game, while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director. The Document [10] (Title: Wang Zhen (inventor)) which had slightly over 100,000 written Chinese characters. The Chinese during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. a waterwheel) in working the inflatable bellows of the blast furnace in creating cast iron. This was recorded in AD 31, an innovation of the engineer Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. After Du Shi, Chinese in subsequent dynastic periods continued the use of water power to operate the bellows of the blast furnace. In the 5th century text of the "Wu Chang Ji", its author Pi Ling wrote that a planned, artificial lake Document [11] (Title: And Then There Were None (miniseries)) figurines of soldiers arranged in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses everyone present of murder. Shortly after this, one of the party dies from poisoning, and then more and more people are murdered, all in methods synonymous with a nursery rhyme the island is named after, and the murderer removes a figurine from the dining table each time someone is killed. The remaining people decide to work together. They must discover who the murderer is before they run out of time and nobody remains. "And Then There Were None" was commissioned Document [12] (Title: Lufei Kui) introduce his ideas in educational reforms. In 1909, Lufei published an article titled "General Education Should Use Vernacular Characters" (普通教育应当采用俗体字) "on Jiaoyu Zazhi". This is the first time in history to advocate the promotion of simplified Chinese characters. In 1922, Lufei published another article "Deliverance on Coordinating Chinese Characters" (整理汉字的意见), in which he suggested that educators should respect the simplified characters invented by the folk and should adopt these characters in their teaching. He also proposed to simplify complex characters systematically. Lufei is also known as the founder of Zhonghua Book Company, one of the most influential contemporary publishing company, Document [13] (Title: And Then There Were None (play)) And Then There Were None (play) And Then There Were None is a 1943 play by crime writer Agatha Christie. The play, like the 1939 book on which it is based, was originally titled and performed in the UK as Ten Little Niggers. It was also performed under the name Ten Little Indians. Christie had been pleased with the book, stating in her autobiography "I wrote the book after a tremendous amount of planning, and I was pleased with what I made of it." The book was very well received upon publication and Christie received a request from Reginald Simpson Document [14] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) Adventure Company chose the novel "And Then There Were None" as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area. One major obstacle in the development of "And Then There Were None" was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Document [15] (Title: And Then There Were None (band)) And Then There Were None (band) And Then There Were None was an American rock band from Salem, New Hampshire. They recorded an independent album before releasing their label debut, "Who Speaks for Planet Earth?", on Tooth & Nail Records in 2009. The latter album made Billboard's Christian Albums chart. And Then There Were None formed in 2003 as a metalcore band, and toured across the United States in support of their highly acclaimed self-released EP "6,000 tries". The band supposedly chose the name because as they were searching sparknotes.com, the title for the Agatha Christie novel from which the Document [16] (Title: Chinese characters) in the sky, Cangjie is said to have invented symbols called " () – the first Chinese characters. The legend relates that on the day the characters were created, people heard ghosts wailing and saw crops falling like rain. In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks Document [17] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie's novel of the same name; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game. "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None" was followed by two more games, "" and "". Since they were based on their respective novels, their plots were unrelated to this first game. Reactions to the game were mixed, with many Document [18] (Title: And Then There Were None) title "And Then There Were None" appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback. The sensitivity of the original British title varies across nations, depending on their culture and which words are used to describe people by skin color. In the US, the British title was considered offensive at first publication, and changed to the last line of the rhyme instead of its title. As the estate of Agatha Christie now offers it under one title only in English, "And Then There Were None", it is likely that new foreign language editions will match that title in Document [19] (Title: Chu Bong-Foo) computing, essentially giving up his rights to any royalty. His contribution led many future Chinese systems to come bundled with a free copy of the Cangjie input method, removing the greatest barrier to effective Chinese input systems. Since then, many adaptations of Chu's methods have also appeared. Over generations of upgrades, Chu's Cangjie has included more and more characters. The fifth generation, released in 1985, included 60,000 characters. During the development of Cangjie method, Chu found that his invention is not only an input method, but also a character encoding method for computing systems. Unlike An Wang's encoding method of Document [20] (Title: Cangjie) Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and a Martian rock visited Document [21] (Title: Cangjie) Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi. Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and Document [22] (Title: And Then There Was No One) trilogy, the title is again a variation on an Agatha Christie novel, "And Then There Were None". As opposed to the other novels in the trilogy, in "And Then There Was No One" there is a definitive shift away from the murder mystery and its solution toward "self-referentiality", toward the author and his or her problems. One aspect is plagiarism, which at one point is even discussed as a possible motive for Slavorigin's murder; another is the author's choice of subject. In the years before his violent death, Slavorigin had been in hiding as he had published several essays critical Document [23] (Title: And Then There Were None (1945 film)) And Then There Were None (1945 film) And Then There Were None is a 1945 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's best-selling mystery novel of the same name, directed by René Clair. It was released in the United Kingdom as Ten Little Indians, in keeping with the original title of Christie's novel. The cast included Barry Fitzgerald, Walter Huston, Louis Hayward, Roland Young, June Duprez, Mischa Auer, C. Aubrey Smith, Judith Anderson, Richard Haydn, and Queenie Leonard as the people stranded on the island. The film won the Golden Leopard and the Best Direction Award at the 1946 Locarno International Film Document [24] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game. The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use. "And Then There Were None" features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters. "And Then There Were None" is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large Document [25] (Title: Chinese typewriter) characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters. The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a glyph). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and stroke order writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing. The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Document [26] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story." 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's "Agatha Christie" Document [27] (Title: And Then There Were None (play)) of the story and restored the original ending where both Vera and Lombard die and Wargrave commits suicide. The version of the rhyme and island name used was "Ten Little Soldiers" and "Soldier Island" as per current printings of the novel. Despite some positive reviews, the play closed on 14 January 2006. And Then There Were None (play) And Then There Were None is a 1943 play by crime writer Agatha Christie. The play, like the 1939 book on which it is based, was originally titled and performed in the UK as Ten Little Niggers. It was also performed under Document [28] (Title: Xu Shen) and a postface. Xu intentionally listed headwords in pre-Qin characters in order to provide their earliest possible forms, and thereby allow the most faithful interpretation. It is among the first character dictionaries which examined the evolution of characters in detail, and streamlined the "six category" approach to analyzing Chinese writing. It also created a system of 540 semantically organized radicals. In the postface, Xu gives a brief account of the history of writing. According to legend, Chinese characters were first invented by Cang Jie, who was inspired by footprints to create a system of signs that refer to the natural Document [29] (Title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None) Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's "Agatha Christie" series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold. "And Then There Were None" Document [30] (Title: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) and not simply as the word embodying the idea. Some real characters, such as the notation of logic, serve only to facilitate reasoning. Many characters well known in his day, including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Chinese characters, and the symbols of astronomy and chemistry, he deemed not real. Instead, he proposed the creation of a "characteristica universalis" or "universal characteristic", built on an alphabet of human thought in which each fundamental concept would be represented by a unique "real" character: It is obvious that if we could find characters or signs suited for expressing all our thoughts as clearly and as exactly Document [31] (Title: And Then There Was No One) And Then There Was No One And Then There Was No One is a novel by Gilbert Adair first published in 2009. After "The Act of Roger Murgatroyd" and "A Mysterious Affair of Style", it is the third book in the Evadne Mount trilogy. However, rather than being yet another more or less straightforward whodunit, albeit with postmodern overtones, "And Then There Was No One" thoroughly blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction; or rather, reality, fiction, and metafiction. The book is presented in the form of a (fictional) memoir written by a British author called Gilbert Adair who has Document [32] (Title: Patrick Hanan) with detailed analysis of the writing of novelist during the late Ming and Qing era, such as Feng Menglong, Langxian, Ling Mengchu, Li Yu, and Aina. 3. Hanan, Patrick, and ACLS Humanities E-Book. 1988. The Invention of Li Yu. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hanan's third published monograph is The Invention of Li Yu, that invents Li Yu through restoring the writing, life and world of Li Yu, from his drama to fiction, from his habits to personality, from his friends to concubines. 4. Fu, Lin, Jianren Wu, and Patrick Hanan. 1995. The Sea of Regret: Two Turn-Of-The-Century Chinese Romantic Document [33] (Title: And Then There Were None (1945 film)) Owen. Ferried over by a sailor called Narracott, they settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent. When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centerpiece, ten figurines of Indians in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses them all of murder: It turns out that none of the ten knows or has even seen "U. N. Owen," as he signed his instructions to Rogers; they suddenly realize it stands for "unknown." The guests decide to leave, but Document [34] (Title: And Then There Was No One) of the United States and had therefore become, like Rushdie in reverse, the target of a fatwā-like edict pronounced by some obscure Texan multi-millionaire. A third aspect is the author's wish to distance himself from his own creations if not to get rid of them once and for all, to "murder" them—the way Arthur Conan Doyle tried to rid himself of Sherlock Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls and Adair is struggling to dispose of Evadne Mount. And Then There Was No One And Then There Was No One is a novel by Gilbert Adair first published in 2009. After "The Question: who invented the characters in and then there were none

Answer: Agatha Christie Long Answer: Dame Agatha Christie Lady Mallowan DBE Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller (1890 - 09 - 15) 15 September 1890 Torquay, Devon, England, United Kingdom 12 January 1976 (1976 - 01 - 12) (aged 85) Winterbrook, Oxfordshire, England Resting place Church of St Mary, Cholsey, Oxfordshire, England, UK Pen name Mary Westmacott Agatha Christie Occupation Novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, memoirist Nationality British Genre Murder mystery, thriller, crime fiction, detective, romance Literary movement Golden Age of Detective Fiction Notable works Creation of characters Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, Murder on the Orient Express, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Death on the Nile, The Murder at the Vicarage, Partners In Crime, The ABC Murders, And Then There Were None, The Mousetrap Spouse Archibald Christie (m . 1914; div. 1928) Sir Max Mallowan (m . 1930--76; her death) Children Rosalind Hicks (1919--2004) Relatives James Watts (nephew) Signature Website agathachristie.com Gold Document ID: 29